BERKELEY \

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF j
CALIFORNIA^/

EARTH

SCIENCES

LIBRARY

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

PUBLISHED I'NDEH THE AUTHORITY or THE SECRETARY Of
STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.

EDITED BY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D. Cantab., HON. D.So. Princetom, F.R.S.
ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., F.K.S.

MOLLTISCA.-II.

(TROCHOMORPHID^E— JANELLIDjE.)

BY

G. K. GUDE, F.Z.S.

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
CALCUTTA : I BOMBAY

THACKER, SPINK, & CO. THACKEE & CO., LIMITED.

November, 1914.

ALERK fh FLAM MAM.

POINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
KED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Cat. for
Earth
Sci. '

PREFACE.

THE first volume of the Land Mollusca, forming part of the
4 Fauna of British India' series, and comprising the families
of Testacellidse and Zonitidse, was issued in 1908 under the
joint authorship of the late Dr. W. T. Blanford and Lieut.-
Colonel H. H. Godwin- Austen.

It was at first anticipated that the second volume would
be the joint production of Lieut. -Colonel God win- Austen
and the present writer. Unexpected circumstances have,
however, unfortunately deprived me of the advantage of the
former's cooperation. This is the more to be regretted as it
involves the loss of a considerable quantity of additional
anatomical details, the result of his recent researches, which
would have greatly increased the value of the present
volume ; and, further, that his own collection and that of
the late Dr. Blanford — both very rich in Indian Mollusca,
and both in the custody of the British Museum — have in
consequence been inaccessible to me.

Very valuable assistance in the preparation of this work
has been rendered by many malacologists, both at home and
abroad. Foremost among Lthese I would thank Mr. E. A.
Smith and Mr. John H. Ponsonby for advice on many critical
points. The latter, besides giving me free access to his
extensive collection, has in addition very kindly looked
through the proofs and offered many valuable suggestions.
Mr. G. C. Leman, the present owner of the late Colonel
Beddome's collection — unrivalled in its wealth of Indian
shells, has very generously placed much valuable material
at my disposal, and Mr. G. C. Robson has greatly facilitated

4723

IV

my research amongst the rich material in the National
Collection. Finally, I am under a deep obligation to the
following for the loan of specimens from their own collections
or from collections in their charge : — Mr. John M. Clark, o£
the State Museum, Albany, New York ; Dr. L. Doncaster, of
the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge; Dr. Fritz
Haas, of the Senckenbergisches Museum, Frankfurt a/M.;
Mr. A. S. Kennard ; Major A. J. Peile; Mr. F. R. Rowley,
of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter; Dr. R.
Sturany, of the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Vienna ; and
Mr. B. B. Woodward.

G. K. GUDE.

London, November, 1914.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. 1. TROCHOMORPHIPJE

Page

Gen. 1. Trochomorpha, Albers. . 1

Subgen. ] . Sivella, Stanford. 3

1. castra, Bs 3

2. ceryx, Bs. 4

3. billeana, Morch 4

4. frauenfeldi, Zel 5

5. galerus, Bs 5

6. hyptiocyclos, Bs 5

7. percompressa, Blf. .... 6

Subgen. 2. Videna, H. £ A.

Adams .

8. andamanica, G.-A 6

9. bicolor, M ts 7

10. iopharynx, Morch .... 7

11. Ima, £fft 7

12. pseudosanis, jFwft 8

13. sanis, .Ss 8

14. subnigritella, Bedd 9

1 5. sulcipes, Morch 9

var. major, Miirch. ... 9

16. trilineata, Morch 10

Fam. 2. ENDODONTID^ 10

Subfam. 1. Thysanotince 10

Gen. 1. Thysanota, Albers .... 10

1. tabida,P/r 10

2. guerini, Pfr 11

3. flavida, Gucle 12

4. crinigera, Bs 12

5. eumita, Sykes 12

Page

6. liispida, Sykes 13

7. elegans, Prest 13

Gen. 2. Glyptaulax, Gude 14

1. artificiosa, Bs 14

Gen. 3. Philalanka, Godwin-

Austtn 14

1. bilirata, Blf. 15

2. subbilirata, G.-A 15

3. liratula, Pfr 16

4. homfrayi, G.-A 16

5. tricarinata, Blf. 17

6. quinquelirata, Gude. ... 17

7. lamcabensis, Jouss 18

8. secessa, G.-A 19

9. daghoba, Blf. 19

10. pirrieana, Pfr 20

11. bidenticulata, Bs 20

12. trifilosa, Pfr 21

13. mononema, Bs 21

14. bolampattiensis. G.-A. . 22

15. febrilis, Blf. 22

16. tertiana, Blf. 22

17. thwaitesi, Pfr 23

var. auavis, Jouss 23

18. depressa, Prest 24

19. circumsculpta, Sykes . . 24

20. sinhila, G.-A 25

Gen. 4. Ruthvenia, Gude

25

1. retifera, Pfr. 20

2. clathratuloides. Gude . . 27

3. clathratula, Pfr. ....... 28

var. compressa, Sykes . 30

4. caliginosa, Sykes 30

5. biciliata, Pfr 31

IV

my research amongst the rich material in the National
Collection. Finally, I am under a deep obligation to the
following for the loan of specimens from their own collections
or from collections in their charge : — Mr. John M. Clark, of
the State Museum, Albany, New York ; Dr. L. Doncaster, of
the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge; Dr. Fritz
Haas, of the Senckenbergisches Museum, Frankfurt a/M. ;
Mr. A. S. Kennard; Major A. J. Peile; Mr. F. R. Rowley,
of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter; Dr. R.
Sturany, of the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Vienna ; and
Mr. B. B. Woodward.

G. K. GUDE.

London, November, 1914.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. 1. TROCHOMORPHIF^E

Page

Gen. 1. Trochomorpha, Albers.. 1

Subgen. 1 . Sivella, Blanford. 3

1. castra, Bs 3

2. ceryx, Bs. 4

3. billeana, Morch 4

4. frauenfeldi, ZeJ 5

5. galerus, Bs 5

6. hyptiocyclos, Bs 5

7. percompressa, Blf. .... 6

Subgen. 2. Videna, //. $ A.

Adams 6

8. andamanica, G.-A 6

9. bicolor, Mts 7

10. iopharynx, Morch .... 7

11. lardea,"^s 7

12. pseudosanis, Fult 8

13. sanis, Bs 8

14. subnigritella, Bedd 9

15. sulcipes, Morch 9

var. major, Miirch. ... 9

16. trilineata, Morch 10

Fam. 2. ENDODONTID^: 10

Subfam. 1. Thysanotince 10

Gen. 1. Thysanota, Albers 10

1. tabida, Pfr 10

2. guerini, Pfr 11

3. flavida, Gude 12

4. crinigera, Bs 12

5. euinita, Sykes 12

Page

6. hispida, Sykes 13

7. elegans, Presf 13

Gen. 2. Glyptaulax, Gude 14

1. artificiosa, Bs. ........ 14

Gen. 3. Philalanka, Godwin-
Austen 14

1. bilirata, Blf. 15

2. subbilirata, G.-A 15

3. liratula, Pfr 16

4. homfrayi, G.-A 16

5. tricarinata, Blf. 17

6. quinquelirata, Gude. ... 17

7. lamcabensis, Jouss 18

8. secessa, G.-A 19

9. daghoba, Blf. 19

10. pirrieana, Pfr 20

11. bidenticulata, Bs 20

12. trifilosa, Pfr 21

13. mononema, Bs 21

14. bolanipattiensis. G.-A. . 22
lo. febrilis, Blf. 22

16. terdana, Blf. 22

17. thwaitesi, Pfr 23

var. suavis, Jouss 23

18. depressa, Prest 24

19. circumsculpta, Sykes . . 24

20. sinhila, G.-A 25

Gen. 4. Ruthvenia, Gude 25

1. retifera, Pfr. 26

2. clathratuloides. Gude . . 27

3. clathratula, Pfr. ...... 28

var. compressa, Sykes . 30

4. caliginosa, Sykes 30

5. biciliata, Pfr 31

VJ

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

Gen. 5. Pupisoma, Stoliczka . , 33

1. lignicola, Stol 34

var. unidentata, G.-A. 35

2. constrictuin, G.-A 35

3. orcula, Bs 36

4. evezardi, Blf. 37

5. seriola, Bs 38

6. miccyla, Bs 38

7. cacharicum, G.-A 39

8. longstaffre, G.-A 39

Subfam. 2. Pyramidulince .... 41

Gen. 1. Pyramidula, Fitzinger.. 41

1. humilis, Bs 43

2. euoinphalus, Blf. 43

3. halyi, Jouss 44

Fam. 3. PHILOMYCID.E 480

Gen. 1. Incilaria, Bs.

480

1. campestris, G.-A 480

2. monticola, G.-A 481

Fam. 4. ARIONIDJE 468

Subfam. 1. Arioninee , 468

Gen. 1. Anadenus, Heynemann. 468

1. alti vagus, Theob 470

2. giganteus, Heynem 474

3. beebei, Ckll 475

4. modestus, Theob 476

5. schlagintweiti, Heynem. 477

6. ierdoni, G.-A 478

7. blanfordi, G.-A , 479

Fam. 5. HELICID^: 44

Subfam. 1. Acavinee 44

Gen. 1. Acavus, Montfort .... 44

1. baemastoma, L 45

var. melanotragus,

Born 46

var. conus, Pits 47

var. concolor, Pils. . . 47

2. fastosus, Alb 47

3. prosperus, Alb 48

4. phoenix, Pfr 49

5. superbus, Pfr 49

var. grevillei, Pfr. . . 50
var. roseolabiata, Nev. 51

Page

6. waltoni, Rv 51

var. polei, Collett 52

7. skinneri, Rv , . . . 52

Subfam. 2. Cor Minos 53

Gen. 1. Gorilla, Adams 53

1. adanisi, Gude 56

var. hinidunensis, Nev. 57

2. beddomese, Hani 57

3. anax, Bs 59

4. gudei, Sykes 60

5. humberti, Brot. ., 61

6. odontophora, Bs 62

7. fryee, Gude 64

8. erronea, Alb 66

var. erronella, Gude . . 67

9. carabinata, Per G7

10. colletti, Sykes 69

Gen. 2. Plectopylis, Benson . . 69

Sect. 1. Endothyra, Gude . . 75

1. minor, G.-A 75

2. hanleyi, G.-A 77

3. blanda, Gude 77

4. macromphalus, Blf. . . . . 79

5. sowerbyi, Gude ....... 80

0. plectostoma, Bs 81

var. tricarinata, Gude . 83

var. exserta, Gude. ... 83

7. affinis, Gude 84

8. pinacis, Bs 86

9. fultoni, G.-A 87

Sect. 2. Cherssecia, Gude 89

10. muspratti, Gude ...... 89

11. austeni, Gude 90

12. oglei, G.-A 92

13. serica, G.-A 93

14. munipurensis, G.-A. . . 94

15. nagaensis, G.-A. ...... 96

16. kentungensis, Gude .... 97

17. leiophis, Bs 99

18. refuga, Old- 102

19. perrierse, Gude 103

20. shiroiensis, G.-A 105

21. perarcta, Blf. 106

22. brachydiscus, G.-A 108

23. dextrorsa, Bs 110

24. shanensis, Stol Ill

25. brahma, G.-A 113

26. andersoni, Blf. 114

SYSTEMATIC INDHX.

Vll

Page

Seqt 3. Endoplon, Gude. ... 115

27.. smitbiana, Glide 115

28. brachyplecta, Bs 117

Sect. 4. Plectopylis, s.s. Gude 119

29. ponsonbyi, G.-A 119

30. lissochlamys, Gude .... 121

31. magna, Gude 122

32. \voodthorpei, Gude .... 124

33. leucochila, Gude 126

34 feddeni, Blf. 128

35. cairnsi, Gude 129

36. qyclaspis, Bs 130

37. karenorum, Blf. 132

38. linterse, Mlldff. 134

var. fusca, Gude .... 136

39. anguina, Gld 136

40. bensoui, Gude , . . 138

var. repercussoides,

Gude 141

var. infrafasciata,6rtt«fe 142

var. castanea, Gude . . 143

var. obesa, Gude .... 143

var. venusta, Glide . . 144

var. brafipiioHy Gude. . 145

41. repercussa, Gld 146

Sub fain. 3. Cameenmee 1 49

Gen. 1. Camrena (Afters), Pils-

bnj

149

1. noetliDgi, Mts 150

2. ochtlioplax, Bs 150

3. saturuia, Gld 151

Gen. 2. Oreobba, Pilsbry .... 152

.1. codonodes, Pfr 152

Gen. 3. Planispira, Beck 153

Subgen. 1. Trachia, Albers. . 153

1. albicostis, Pfr 155

2. asperella, Pfr 155

3. atkinsoni, Theob 156

4. contracta, Bs. 157

5. fallaciosa, Fer 157

6. crassicostata, Bs 158

7. .colletti, Bedd 159

8. foo'ei, Stol 159

9. nilagerica, Pfr 159

10. nagporensis, Pfr 160

11. ruginosa, Fer 161

12. sordida, Pfr 161

Page

13. proxima, Fer 162

14. arnistrongi, Smith .... 163

15. trochalia, Bs 164

16. vittata, Mull 164

var. albina, Grot 165

17. sbanica, Bedd 166

18. fritillata, Bs 166

Gen. 4. Chloritis, Beck 166

Subgen. 1. Chloritis, s. 8.

1. bifoveata, Bs 167

Subgen. 2. Trichocliloritis,

Pilsbry. .,. 168

2. propmqua, Pfr 169

3. helferi, Bs. ' 170

4. leitbi, Gude 1 70

5. wimberleyi, G.-A 171

5. delibrata, Bs 172

var. procumbens, Gld. 172

var. faeciata, G.-A. . . 173

. var. kbasiensis, Nev. . . 173

7. gabata, Gld 173

var. nierguiensis, Phil. 174

8. hemiopta, Bs 174

9. cyclotrema, Bs. .=..., 175

10. anserina, Theob 175

11. theobaldi, Gude 176

Gen. 5. Amphidromua, Albers . 177

1. Janus, Pfr 178

2. atricallosus, Gld 179

3. moniliferus, Gld 180

4. syllieticus, Rv 180

5. liiasoni, G.-A 181

6. lepidus, Gld. 181

7. sinensis, Bs 182

var. vicaiia, Fult 183

var. gracilis, Fult 184

8. andamanicus, H. fy T. . . 184

Subgen. 2. Beddomea, Nevill 185

9. trifasciatus, Gm 187

var. rufopicta, Bs 188

10. bontise, Chemn 188

11. physalis, Bs 189

12. albizonatis, Rv 189

var. simoni, Jouss. . . 190

13. intermedius, Pfr 191

14. ceylanicus, Pfr 191

15. calcadensis, Blf. 192

Gen. 6. Apatetes, Gude 193

1. bourdiiloni, Theob. .... 193

Till

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
Gen. 7. Ganesella, Blf. 193

1. acris, Bs 194

2. scenoma, Bs 195

3. capitium, Bs 196

var. hariola, Bs 197

4. galea, Bs 198

Subfam. 4. Helicince 198

Gen. 1. Eulota, Hartmann 198

1. bolus, Bs 199

2. cestus, Bs 200

3. siinilaris, Per 200

4. extrusa, Tapp 202

5. zoroaster, Theob 202

6. schanorum, Mild/. 203

7. scalptiuita, Bs 203

8. pilidion, Bs 204

9. peguensis, Bs 205

10. radicicola, Bs 205

var. elatior, Mts 206

Gen. 2. Cathaica, Mlldff. .... 207

Subgren. 1. Campy locathaica,

Andreae 207

1. niataianensis, Nev 208

2. phaeozona, Mts 208

3. bactriana, Hutt 209

var. burmanica, Gude . 209

Gen. 3. Plectotropis, von Mar-
tens ................

1. kuttom, /y>.... ---- :..

var. savadiensis, Nev.
var. radleyi, Jouss. . .

2. oldhami, Bs .........

3. nutans, Gude ........

4. tapeina, Bs ...........

var. theobaldiana,
Tapp ......... ....

var. akowtongensis,
Theob ...........

var. perplanata, Nev.

var. bhamoensis, Nev.

5. arakanensis, Theob .....

Gen. 4. /Egista, von Martens .

1 . phayrei, Theob

2. catostoma, Blf.

3. emensa, G.-A

4. clara, G.-A.

5. mitanensis, G.-A. . . .

6. congener, Prest

7. coeni, Prest

210

211

211
212
212
213

216

216
216
217
503

217

218
219
220
220
221
221
222

Page
Gen. 5. Vallonia, Risso ...... 222

1. pulchella, Mutt 223

2. costata, Mull 225

3. ladakensis, Nev 226

4. miserrima, Gude 227

Fam. 6. ENID^E 228

Gen. 1. Ena, Turton 228

Subgen. 1. Mirus, Aiders . . 230

1. ceratina, Rv 230

2. nilagirica, Pfr 231

3. proletaria, Pfr 232

4. hanleyana, Kob 232

5. stalix, Bs 233

6. vicaria, Blf. 234

7. panos, Bs 234

8. smithei, Bs 235

Subgen. 2. Subzebrinus, Wes-
terlund . .

9. vibex, Kilst

10. linteree, Kob

11. boysiana, Rv

12. arcuata, Kilst

13. nivicola, Rv

14. huttoni, Pfr

15. eous, Rv

16. kuna\vurensis, Rv.

17. candelaris, Pfr

18. sindica, Rv

19. domina, Bs ,

20. longstaffi, Gude ,

21. eremita, Rv

22. salsicola, Bs

23. ccelebs, Pfr

21. pretiosa, Rv

25. mainwaringiana, Nev. .

var. tumida, Gude .
var. dominula, Gude

26. rufistrigata, Rv

var. gracilis, H. fy T.

236

236
237
238
239
240
241
242
242
243
245
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
253
254

Subgen. 3. Serina, Gredler ~. 254

27. tandianiensis, Kob. .

28. kuluensis, Kob

29. beddomeana, Nev. .

var. typica, Theob.
var. turrita, Theob.
var. pusilla, Theob.

30. hazarica, Gude

31. nevilliana, Theob.

255
256
256
256
256
257
258

SrSTEMATTC INDEX.

Page
Gen. 2. Pupoides, Pfeiffer 259

1. ccenopictus, Hiitt 259

'2. larchus, Pfr 261

3. tutulus> Rv 261

Gen. 3. Cerastus, von Martens . 262

1. abyssinicus, Pfr 263

2. fairban ki, Pfr 264

3. malabaricus, Pfr 264

4. jerdoni, JRv 265

var. redfieldi, Pfr. . . 206

5. moussonianus, Pet 267

6. segregatus, Rv 268

7. densus, Pfr 269

8. distans, Pfr 270

var. cbarbonnieri, Pfr. 271

Gen, 4. Rachisellus, Bourgui-

gnat 271

1. adumbratus, Pfr 272

2. trutta, Elf. 273

3. beng-alensis, Lam 274

4. pvaetermissus, Elf. .... 275

5. pulcher, Gray 276

6. punctatus, Ant 277

Gen. 5. Edouardia, Glide .... 280
1. orbus, Elf. 280

Fam. 7. PUPILLIDJE

281

Gen. 1. Pupilla, Turton 281

1. muscorum, L 282

var. asiatica, Mlldff. . . 283

2. eurina, Bs 283

3. seriola, Bs 284

4. diopsis, Bs 284

5. gutta, Bs 285

6. barrackporeusis, Gude. . 285

7. (ringbalensia, Gude 286

8. muscerda, Bs 286

9. filosa, Theob. $ Stol. . . 2c7

10. brevieostis, Bs 288

11. salemensis, Blf. 289

Gen. 2. Columella, Wester hmd

(Sphy radium, auct.) . . 40

1. himalayanum, Bs 41

Gen. 3. Bifidaria, Sterki 290

1. bathyodon, Bs. 290

2. huttoniana, Bs 291

3. avanica, Bs 292

Page

4. mimula, Bs 292

5. serrula, Bs 993

Gen. 4. Boysidia, Ancey 293

1. plicidens, Bs 294

2. salwiniana, Theob 295

Gen. 5. Boysia, Pfeiffer 296

1. boysi, Pfr 297

Gen. 6. Hypselostoma. Benson . 298

1 . tubiferum, Bs 298

2. bensonianum, Elf. .... 299

3. dayanum, Stol. 300

Fam 8. CLAUSILIID^E 301

Gen. 1. Clausilia, Draparnaud 301

Subgen. 1. Phaedusa, H. $ A.

Adams 305

Sect. 1. Euphsedusa, Boettger 305

1. bacillum, H. $ T. 305

2. waageni, Stol 307

3. ios, Bs 308

4. ceylanica, Es 309

5. theobaldi, Elf. 310

6. burmanica, Gude 311

7. montieoln., Elf. 311

8. arakana, Stol 312

9. lemani, Gude 313

Sect. 2. Pseudonenia,

Boettger

10. gouldiana, Pfr.

var. magna, Gude .

11. andersoniaiaa, Mlldff

12. gracilior, H. & T. .

13. insignis, Gld

14. fusiformis, Blf.

15. ferruginea, Blf.

16. asaluensis, Blf. . . ..

17. loxostoma, Bs

18. nevilliana, Mlldf. .
19 shanica, G.-A

20. wuellerstorfi, Zel. . . .

21 . nicobarica, Gude .. . .

314

314
316
317
318
319
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328

Subgen. 2. Garnieria, Bottr-

guignat 329

22: tuba, Hani 330

23. mafconi, Theob. 331

b

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
Subgen. 3. Oospira, Stanford. 332

24. bulbus, Ss 332

2o. philippiana, Pfr 333

26. ovata, Elf. 334

27. stoliczkana, Sykes .... 335

28. vespa, Old 336

Subgen. 4. Cylindrophaedusa,

Boektger 337

29. cylindrica, Pfr 337

30. turritella, Sowb 3a9

Fam. 9. ACHATINID^E 339

Subfam. 1. Achatinince 339

Gen. 1. Achatina, Lamarck . . 339

1. fusca, Fer 340

Subfam. 2. Stenoyyrina 341

Gen. 1. Subulina, Beck 341

1. octona, Brug 341

Gen. 2. Bacillum, Theobald . . 343

daflaense, G.-A 343

erosurn, Blf. 344

theobaldi, Hani. . . 344

casiacum, Rv . 345

muspratti, Gude 346

obtusum, Blf. 347

orthoceras, G.-A 348

var. austeni, Pils. . . 348

Gen. 3. Curvella, Chaper 348

1. sikkimensis, Rv 349

2. blanfordi, Gude 350

3. scrobiculata, Blf. 350

4. pusilla, Blf. 351

5. puta, Bs 351

6. plicifera, Blf. . .. : 352

7. munipurensis, G.-A. . . 352

8. khasiana, G.-A 353

Gen. 4. Opeas, Albers 354

1. gracile, Hutt 355

var. panayensis, Pfr. . 357

var. cereus, Rv 357

2. prestoni, Sykes 358

3. innocens, Pre&t 358

4. latebricola, Rv. ...... 358

Page

5. manse, Jouss 359

6. nevilli, G.-A 360

7. layardi, Bs 360

8. sykesi, Pils 361

9. ? pusilla, H. Ad 361

Gen. 5. Prosopeas, March .... 362

1. hebes, Blf. 352

2. terebrale, Theob 363

3. walkeri, Bs 363

4. pealei, Try on 364

5. haughtoni, Bs 364

6. achaten, March 365

7. roepstorffi, Morch 366

Gen. 6. Zootecus, Westerlund.. 366

1. insularis, Ehrb 367

2. estellus, Bs 369

3. pertica, Bs 370

4. polygyratus, Rv 370

5. pullus, Gray 371

6. agrensis, Kurr 372

7. chiou, Pfr 373

Fain. 10. FERUSSACID^ 373

Gen. 1. Csecilioides, Herrmann-
sen 373

Subgen. 1. Geostilbia, Crosse. 374

1. balanus,^v 374

2. bensoni, Gude 375

Gen. 2. Coilostele, Benson 376

1. scalaris, Bs 376

Gen. 3. Glessula, von Mortens. 377

1. tenuispira, Bs 378

2. baculina, Blf. 379

3. pertenuis, Blf. 380

var. major, Blf. 381

4. shiplayi, Pfr 381

5. nilagirica,'^v 382

6. hebes, Pfr 382

7. fairbanki, Bs 383

8. vadalica, Bs 384

9. tamulica, Blf. 385

10. perrotteti, Pfr 386

11. prselustris, Bs 386

12. huegeli, Pfr 387

13. burrailensis, G.-A 387

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XI

Page

14. butleri, G.-A 388

15. chessom, Bs 388

16. tornensis, Blf. 389

17. subtornensis, Gude .... 390

18. textilis, Blf. 390

19. subserena, Bedd 391

20. indica, Gude 392

21. senator, Hani 393

22. isis, Hani 393

23. subperrotteti, Bedd. 394

24. canarica, Bedd. . . , 394

25. anamullica, Blf. 395

26. inornata, Pfr 395

var. minor, Bedd 395

27. lankana, Pits 396

28. subinornata, Bedd 396

var. minor, Bedd 397

29. reynelli, Gude 397

var. inimitis, Gude . . 398

30. beddoniei, Blf. 398

31. pallens,J9«ta 399

32. prestoni, Gude 400

33. bollampattiana, Hani. . . 401

34. parabilis, Bs 402

35. fusca, Pfr. . , 402

36. ceylanica, Pfr. 403

37. punctogallana, Pfr 403

38. nitena, Gray 404

39. fulgeris, Pfr 405

40. pansetha, Bx 406

41. serena, Bs 406

42. sinhila, Prcst 407

43. layardi, Pil* 407

44. deshayesi, Pfr 408

45. pachycheila, Bs 409

var. taprobanica, Pits. 409

46. pyramis, Bs 409

47. leptospira, Bs 410

48. sisparica, Gude 410

49. tenuitesta, Gude 411

50. riotigena, Bs 412

51. sarissa, Bs 412

52. veruina, Bs 413

53. hastula, Bs 414

54. corrosula, Pfr 414

55. blanda, Gude 415

56. bensoniana, Pfr 415

57. tinnevellica, Gude .... 416

58. travancorica, Gude .... 417

59. jeyporensis, Bedd. . . . 417

60. jerdoni, Rv 418

61. singhurensis, Blf. .... 418

62. amentum, Rv 419

63. ganjamensis, Gude . . , . 420

64. facula, Bs 421

Page

65. illustris, G.-A 421

66. botellus, Bs 422

67. oropliila, Rv 423

68. arthuri, Bs 423

69. oreas, Rv 424

70. pseudoreas, Nev 425

var. subdeshayesiana,

Nev ' 425

71. crassilabris, Bs 426

72. uaja, Pils 426

73. ornbia, Bs 427

74. scrutillus, Bs 427

75. gemma, Rv 428

var. frurcentum, Rv. . . 429

76. crassula, Rv 429

77. pulla, Blf. 430

78. malabarica, Gude 430

79. paupercula, Blf. 431

var. nana, Bedd. .... 431

80. sattaraensis, H. fy T. .. 432

81. capillacea, 'Pfr 432

82. ccllette, Sykes 433

83. subjerdoni, Bedd 434

84. gracilis, Bedd 434

85. neglecta, Gude 435

86. pusilla, Bedd 436

87. courtallica, Gude 436

88. mullorum, Blf. 437

89. blanfordiana, Nev 437

90. peguensis, Blf. 438

91. brevis, Pfr. '. 439

92. filosa, Blf. 440

var. exigua, Gude. . . . 441

93. subfilosa, Bedd 441

94. lyrata, Blf. 441

var. matheranica, Blf. 442

95. rugata, Blf. 442

96. latestriata, Mlldff. 443

97. simoni, Jouss 444

Gen. 4. Digoniaxis, Jousseaume. 444
1. cingalensis, Bs 444

Fam. 11. SUCCINIIDJE 445

Gen. 1. Succinia, Draparnand . 445

1. indica, Pfr 447

2. plicata, Blf, 448

3. rutilans, Blf. 448

4. godivariana, Gude .... 449

5. collina, H. . $ T. 449

var. aurantiaca, Blf. . . 450

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

6. girnarica, Theob. ...... 451

var. viridescens, Gude. 451

7. rugosa, Pfr 451

8. semiserica, Gld 452

9. baconi, Pfr 452

10. daucina, Pfr 453

11. crassinuclea, Pfr 453

12. vitrea, Pfr 454

13. hanleyi, Gude 455

14. subgranosa, Pfr.. . . 456;

15. bensoni, Pfr 456.

16. ceylaniea,'P#- 456

Wen. 2. Lithotis^ Blanford .... 457

1. rupicola, Elf. 458

2. tumida, Blf... 459

var. subcostal a-ta, Elf. 460

Gea. 3. Camptoeeras,. Benson . . 460

1. terebra, Bs 461

2. au&teni, H. F. Blf. 462

3. lineatum, H. F. Blf. . . 463

Gen. 4. Camptonyx, Benson . . 465
1. theobaldi, Bs. 465

Pap

Fam. 10. VAGINFLID^E 481

Gen. 1. Vagmulus, Fer 481

1. alte, Ftr 482:

2. frauenfeldi, Semp 483

3> templetoni, Humb 484

4. niaoulatus, TempL .... 485

5. reticulatus, West 487

6. sarasinorum, Simr 487

7. birrnanicus, Theob 487

8. proximus, Tapp 489*

9. andersonianus, Tapp. . . 490
10. giganteus, G.-A 491

Gen. 2. Leonardia, Tapparone

Canefm 492:

1. nevilliana, Tapp. . 492:

Fam. 11. JANELLIDJE K.

496

Gen. 1. Hyalimax, H. $ A.

Adams . . 49&

Subgen. 1. Jarava, G.-A. . . 497

1. andamanica, G.-A 498

var. puuctuiata, Cktt. .. 501

2. reinhardti, Morch .... 501

3. viridis, Theob 501

EHEATA.

Page 38, delete Pupisoma seriola.
., 94, 7th line from- the bottom, for Shiroifurar read the Shiroiftirar

Peak.

97, 4th line, for Lauier Eiver read Lanier River..
105, 4th line from the bottom, after Shiroifurar add Peak.
„ 343, 15th line from the bottom, for Bacillum doflaensis read

Bacillum daflaense.
350, llth line from the bottom, for Curvella scrobiculatus read.

Curvella scrobiculata.

„ 361, 14th line from the bottom, for Opeas ? pusillus read Opsas (
gusilium.

Family TEOCHOMORPHID^.

Genus TROCHOMORPHA, Albert.
Trochomorpha, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 116; Martens, Die

London, i, 1895, p. 284.
TYPE, Helix trochiformis, Fer., from Tahiti.

Range. India, Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; Farther
India and adjacent islands ; China and Formosa ; Japan and
Loo-Choo Islands ; Malaysia ; Philippine Islands ; New Gruinea,
Admiralty and Louisiade Archipelagoes; Pelew, Caroline, Mar-
shall, Solomon, New Hebrides, Fiji, Navigator, Tonga, Society,
and Sandwich Islands.

Original description: — "Testa trochiformis, plerumque aperta
umbilicata, angulata vel carinata, apice obtusa, striatula, opaca,
subsolida, fusca, concolor vel fasciata; arifr. 5-8, supra et infra
plauati ; apertura depressa, obliqua, secunformis vel angustius
lunata, peristoma rectum, simplex, margine columellare saepius
paulum incrassato, sensim in basalem trariseunte.

Maxilla laevis, arcuata, medio saepius rostrata. Pallium non
ultra aperturam testae productuin." (Martens, 1867.)

The genus Trochomorpha was established by Albers in 1850.
He included sixteen species, not only of Asiatic and Polynesian
origin, but also one from Central America, two from the Ber-
mudas, and one from the Canary Islands. Of the sixteen species,
eleven have since been referred to other genera. No type was
mentioned. In 1860 von Martens, in the revised edition of
Albers' work, gave a list of 31 species, having eliminated some
and added a number of others, comprising several which have no
affinity with the genus, He indicated trochiformis as the type.
In the ' Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien ' he amended and amplified the
description, which bears evidence of a better conception of the
limits of the group. It was, however, left for Prof. Pilsbry, in
his epoch-making work on the Helicidce, to place the genus
on a sound and permanent basis by giving anatomical details of
several forms, and enumerating all the species known at the time.
Although including it in his work on Helicidce, he distinctly states
that he considers Trochomorpha " a somewhat aberrant genus of
Zonitidce." Further anatomical details of the genus were con-
tributed in 1895 by Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, who, however,
retains the subgeneric name Discus, which, as Pilsbry has demon-
strated, is not available in this group, Fitzinger having previously
employed it for H. rotundata and its allies, so that Videna of
Albers has to be employed instead.

2 TKOCHOMOHPHlDjE.

I append anatomical details copied from Pilsbry's work
referred to : —

"Animal: Foot long and rather narrow; sole flat, with no trace
of longitudinal division ; parapodial groove distinct, bounding a
wide vertically grooved foot margin, and having a shallower
groove above it. Tail depressed above, rounded behind, without a
mucus gland. Back with several indistinct longitudinal rows of
granules ; sides irregularly granular. Shell lappets none ; but
mantle having a wide body-lappet on the right and a small one
on the left. Lung orifice to the left of the superior angle of
aperture.

" Genitalia simple, the penis moderately long, somewhat twisted,
the retractor muscle and vas deferens entering at the apex.
Spermatheca on a short duct. Orifice of genitalia near the pedal
groove, below and slightly back of the right eye-peduncle. Eight
eye-peduncle retracted between branches of genitalia. Kidney
long and narrow.

" In T. castra and T. timorensis the duct of the spermatheca is
very long. In all other features of genitalia, jaw, and teeth they
resemble the typical Trochomorphas. The length of this duct
may warrant the retention of the section Sivella, Blanf.

" Jaw arcuate, smooth, with a small median projection, or none.

" Hadula : central and lateral teeth having the strong mesocones
projecting well over the posterior borders of their basal plates, and
lacking ecto- and entocones. Outer lateral teeth at first sinuated
outside, the sinuation increasing to a denticle on the transition
teeth, and ascending on the mesocone to form the long bifid cusps of
the marginal teeth, which become very oblique.

" "Wiegmann has recently dissected a specimen of

T. planorbis, Less. (Weber's Zool. Ergebn. E,eise Niederl. Ost-
Indien, iii, p. 152, J893). This species shows the lower portion
of the vas deferens to be dilated beyond the axis of the penis,
where the retractor muscle is inserted. The vagina is much
swollen between the lower end of the uterus and the opening
of the spermatheca duct, and at the upper end of this swollen
portion there is inside a whitish gland formed of the one-celled
club-shaped follicles. This internal vaginal gland has not been
noticed in other species. Stoliczka has published the anatomy of
T. castra and T. timorensis (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xlii), finding
these species to have the structure of typical Trochomorpha except
for the very long duct of the spermatheca." (Pilsbry.}

God win- Austen investigated the anatomy of T. trilineatus and
gives the following details :

" Animal. — Has no overhanging lobe at the extremity of the
foot : the slit of the mucous gland cannot be discerned owing,
possibly, to the contracted state of the spirit specimen, though the
wide pallial fringe and the shape of the extremity of the foot
point undoubtedly to its presence. The animal is black in colour,
with a pale foot beneath, and above the pallial margin is finely
papillate. The jaw has a central projection. The radula has

TROCHOMOBPHA. 3

the teeth arranged +9:11:1:11:9+? It was unfortunately
imperfect on both the lateral sides, where the teeth are very
small. The twenty-two centrals are plain straight-sided teeth,
the centre tooth not so hroad as those on either side ; the laterals
are curved, short, and evenly bicuspid.

"The generative organs. — The vas deferens joins the male organ
below the retractor muscle attachment, and at its junction is
closely coiled upon itself ; this was seen in two specimens dis-
sected. The spermatheca is only of moderate length, and thus
these organs have a very distinct construction to that which
Stoliczka describes in Sivella castra. The other parts of the
generative organs do not call for any special mention."

Subgenus SIVELLA, Blanford.

Sivella, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 86 ; Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 3.

TYPE, Helix castra, Benson.

Range. India and China.

Shell depressed, acutely keeled, thin ; umbilicus wide. Sper-
matheca with a long duct.

The only species of this group which appears to have been
examined anatomically is the type. Godwin-Austen states (Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 450): — "It differs in every respect from
Discus [_Videna~], represented by bicolor, sulcipes, &c." As he
refers all the forms from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to
Discus, and as conchologioally the two subgenera are indistin-
guishable, the only logical conclusion appears to be that the con-
tinental species should be classed under Sivella and the insular
ones placed in Videna, until an examination of the soft parts shall
prove the contrary.

1. Trochomorpha castra, Benson.

Helix castra, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, x, 1852, p. 349; Eeeve,

Conch. Icon, vii, 18-53, pi. 172, tig. 1160 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. India, 1872, pi. 83, figs. 1-3.
Trochomorpha castra, Stoliczka, J. A. S.B. 1873, p. 21, pi. i, figs. 14-

16 (shell), pi. ii, figs. 7-9 (anat.) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 56 ;

Martens, Conch. Mitth. ii, 1883, p. 130 ; Collinge, Journ. Malac.

ix, 1902, p. 81.
Sivella castra, Blanford, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 86 ; Godwin-

A usten, Proc. Mai. Soc. London, i, 1895, p. 284, pi. ix, fig. 5

(anatomy).
Trochomorpha ( Videna) castra, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 84.
Helix ( Trochomorpha} castra, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 84, pi. 16, figs. 5-7.

Original description : — ** T. mediocriter umbilicata, depres-
sissimo-coinca, tennis, exiliter oblique acuto-^triatula, cornea ;
spira ad apicem obtusa, sutura marginatis ; anfr. 5| planulati,

B2

4 TKOCHOMOBPHID^E.

ultimo ad peripheriam acutissime carinato, subtus planiusculo ;
apertura oblique subquadrata, margins acuto.

" Diam. maj. 12, inin. 10 J, axis 4 mill."

Hob. Sikkim : Darjeeling (Trotter, StoliczJca fy Mainwaring\
India : Sinkip Island ( Wood-Mason) ; Calcutta (StoliczJca 6f Nevill) ;
Sibsagar (Peal) ; Khasi Hills and Dafla Hills, Assam (Godiuin-
Austeri) ; Naga Hills (CJiennell); Cherrapoonjee, Assam (native
collector, my collection). Burma : Arakan Hills (Kurz) ; Pegu
(StoliczJca). Straits Settlements : Penang (StoliczJca) ; Salang
(Weber); Kwala Aring, Kelantan, Malay Peninsula (Skeat Ex-
pedition).

Nevill records an unnamed variety of this species (collected by
Wood-Mason) from South Andaman Island (Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 56). Lt.-Col. (rod win- A listen, who received a specimen from
the same collector, believes this to be an immature T. sanis(P. Z. S.
1895, p. 449).

2. Trochomorpha ceryx, Benson.

Helix eery x, Benson, A.M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 184 (reprint,

p. 1).
Helix (Trochomorpha) caryx (err. typ.), Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 75.
TrochomorpJia caryx, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 4.

Original description-. — " Testa perforata. turbinato-conica, tenui,
nitidula, oblique striatula, liris pluribus remotis, striisque con-
fertissimis interpositus spiralibus sculpta, translucente, albida,
fasciis duabus labis fuseis, superior! prope suturam, altera infra
peripheriam, ornata ; spira attenuato-conica, apice obtusiusculo ;
anfractibus 4 convexiusculis, ultimo medio carinato ; apertura
obliqua, rotundata, peristomate tenui, acuto, margine columellari
verticali anguste reflexo, perforationem subtegente.

" Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, axis 5 mill."

Hob. Burma : Pie Than, Tenasseriin.

3. Trochomorpha Mlleana, Morcli.

Nanina ( Videna) billeana, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1872; p. 310; ibid.,

1876, p. 355.
Discus billiana, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

Original description'. — "T. substantia dura, unicolor fusca, per-
spective umbilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, acutissime carinata ;
striae increment! obsoletse, lineae spirales vix dete^endas ; supra
parum elevata ; sutura linearis, expansa ; anfra. 5| planiusculi,
pone suturam (vel aciem) excavati, ultimus vix descendens, basi
convexiusculus. Apertura rhombea, peristomate subobliquo,
margine subincressato, labro obliquo, obsolete sinuato.

" Diam. maj. 13, min. llj, axis 4 mill."

Hab. Nicobar Islands : Nancowri, Great and Little Nicobar
(Reinhardt) ; Camorta (Roepstorff).

The form collected at Camorta is distinguished by Morch as

TKOCHO^IOEPHA. O

var. /3, and is stated to be of a brown colour, with a thinner shell.
The species differs from T. sulcipes principally by the narrower
whorls, but the shell is also more solid, the umbilicus is narrower,
the keel is sharper owing to the whorls being excavated above
and below, while the spiral striae are less numerous and more
indistinct.

4. Trochomorpha frauenfeldi, Zelebor.

Helix frauenfeldi, Pfeiffer & Zelebor, Verb. K.K. zool.-bot. Ges.

xvii, 1867, p. 805.
Trochomorpha ? frauenfeldi, Frauenfeld, Verb. K.K. zool.-bot. Ges.

xix, 1869, p. 897.
Itotula frauenfeldi, God win- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 441.

Original description: — " T. perf orata, lenticularis, acute carinata,
tenuis, oblique conferte costulato-striato, parum nitida, trans-
lucida, cornea ; spira parum elevata, vertice obtuso ; sutura
linearis ; anfr. 5 regulariter accrescentes, planiusculi, ultimus noii
descendens, infra carinam levissime crenulatam convexus, Isevior,
nitidus; apertura obliqua, rhombeo-lunaris ; perist. simplex,
rectum, margine basali arcuato, ad insertionem breviter triangu-
latim reflexo.

"Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, alt. 6 mill."

Hob. Nicobar Islands (Zelebor} ; Great Nicobar (Godwin- Austen).

5. Trochomorpha galerus, Benson.

Helix galerus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 96 ; Hanley
& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872, pi. 83, figs. 5 & 6.

Trochomorpha castra, var. galerus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 56.

Trochomorpha (Nigritella) galerus, Pfeiffer & Olessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 81.

Helix ( Trochomorpha} yalerus, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,
p. 75, pi. 14, figs. 2 & 3.

Original description : — " Testa umbilicata, subconoidea-depressa,
lenticulari, ptillide cornea, confertissime oblique striata, striis
spiralibus exiguis decussatse; spira depresse conoidea, sutura
impressa, apice obtusiusculo ; anfr. 5 lente acrescentibus, con-
vexiusculus, ultimo antice majori, non descendente, peripheria
acute carinato, marginato, subtus convexiusculo, margine peri-
omphali obtuse angulato ; umbilico profundo, subanguste per-
spectivo ; apertura subsecuriformi ; peristomate acuto, marginibus
distantibus, columellari brevi, superne reflexiusculo.

" Diam. maj. 9. min. 8, axis 4 mill."

Hob. Ceylon : Kogarna (E. L. Layard).

6. Trochomorpha hyptiocyclos, Benson.

Helix hyptiocyclos, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 89.
Patula ( Gonyodiscus) hyptiocyclos, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 92.

Original descriptions: — " H. testa latissime umbilicata, orbi-

6 THOCHOMOEPHID.E.

culato-planata, planorbiformi, depressa, fragili, oblique striatula
translucente, polita, olivaceo-cornea ; spira concaviuscula, apice
foveolato, suturis profundis ; anfractibus 4|, gradatim incres-
centibus, utrinque convexis, ultimo convexiusculo, peripheria
subcarinata ; apertura valde obliqua, elliptico-limata ; peristomate
tenui, acuto, maginibus coimiventibus, callo tenui junctis.

" Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 1| mill."

Hob. Ceylon : Port M'Donald (Lai/ard).

7. Trochomorpha percompressa, Blanford.

Helix (Sivella) percompressa, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 448.
Trochomorpha percompressa, Nevill, J. A. S.B. 1877, p. 15; ibid., in

Anderson, Zool. Res. Exped. W. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 873, pi. 80,

fig. 7 ; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 56 ; ibid., J. A. S. B. 1881, pt. 2,

p. 133, pi. 5, fig. 22.
Helix (Trochomorpha} percompressa, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 84, pi. 16, figs. 8-10.

Original description'. — "Testa aperta et pervie timbilicata,
perdepressa, lenticularis, tenuis, cornea, acutissime carinata,
nitida, striis increment! oblique curvatis notata. Spira fere plana,
apice vix exserto, sutura impressa marginata. Anfr. 5, convexi,
ultimus carina mediana acuta utrinque compressa instructis, circa
umbilicum turnidior, non descendens. Apertura parum obliqua,
securiformis ; peristoma tenue, rectum.

"Diam. maj. 12, min. 10J, axis 3 mill."

Hob. Burma : Bhamo (Anderson} ; 2nd Irawaddy Defile (An-
derson}.

Subgenus VIDENA, //. $ A. Adams.

Videna, H. £ A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1858, p. 15 (as sub-
genus of Zonites), proposed in lieu of Discus, Albers, 1850, not of
Fitzinger, 1833 ; Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil, ii,
1867, p. 247 (second group of Trochomorpha) ; Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 3.

TYPE not indicated. First species Helix leckiana, Pfeiffer.

Range. Islands East of British India, Malaysia, China, Japan,
Philippines, New Guinea.

Original description : — " Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal,
keeled, flat, or slightly elevated above, convex at the base, last
whorl slightly deflexed at the aperture ; peristorne simple, acute,
or slightly marginate, the margins arcuated." (Adams.)

8. Trochomorpha andamanica (Nevill), Godwin-Austen.

Discus andamanica (Nevill), Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 448.
Trochomorpha ( Videna) andamanica, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6,
xx, 1897, p. 212, pi. 6, fig. 4.

" Shell subcircular, light yellowish brown ; umbilicus wide
funnel-shaped and sharply angled ; whorls 6|, slowly increasing,

TROOHOMOEPHA. 7

suture bordered with a depressed and well-defined narrow7 margin,
obliquely striated by growth-lines above and below, last whorl
compressed at the margin and acutely keeled; aperture very
oblique, lip slightly thickened.

*' Maj. diam. 14 millim., height 4^ millim., width of umbilicus
5 millim/' (Fulton.)

Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair.

9. Trochomorpha tricolor, Martens.

Trochomorpha bicolor, Martens, Mouatsber. Kon. Akad. "Wiss.

Berlin, 1864, p. 267 ; ibid., Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil, ii,
^1867, p. 252, pi. 13, fig. 2 ; Nevill, Hand List, ii, 1878, p. 57.
Nanina ( Videna) bicolor, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 356.
Helix ( Trochomorpha) bicolor, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 82, pi. 16, tigs. 83-85.
Discus bicolor, God win- Austen, Proc. Malac Soc. London, i, 1895,

p. 285, pi. 19. fig. 3 (anatomy) ; ibid., P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.
Trochomorpha ( Videna) bicolor, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 83; Wiegmann, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges. xxiv,

1898, p. 419, pi. 27, figs. 1-18 (anatomy).

Original description : — " Testa modice umbilicata, depresse
conica, carinata, striatula, nitida, supra lineis spiralibus subtilibus
sculpta, castanea, zona suturali, carina et regione umbilicali
albidis ; spira altitudine varians ; anf r. 5|-6, convexiusculi,
ultimus peripheria carinatus et basi prope umbilicum subangulatus,
aatice haud descendens ; apertura diagonalis, securiformis ; peri-
stoma rectum, acutum, margine basali arcuato.

" Diam. maj. 13, min. 12, alt. 5-6, apert. long. 5, lat. 4 mill."
ffab. Nicobar Islands : Teressa and Katchal (Roepstorf) ;
Preparis Island (var.) (Wood-Mason^ ; Malaysia : Sumatra,
Borneo, Lornbok.

10. Trochomorpha iopharynx, Morch.

Nanina ( Videna) iopharynx, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 356.
Discus iopharynx, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

Original description : — " T. depressa, late umbilicata, brunnea,
linea, suturali subtilissima, alba ; strias increment! irregularis,
rudes, prsesertem superue ; labio crassiusculo, faucibus violascen-
tibus, iridescentibus.

"Diam. maj. 16 millim. ; diam. min. 14; alt. 8."

ffab. Nicobar Islands ; Katchal (Roepstorpf).

Based on a single specimen. Morch states that Trochomorpha
timorensis, Martens, gives a good idea of this species, but that the
figure given by von Martens (Ost-As. pi. 13, fig. 6) shows a much
narrower umbilicus.

11. Trochomorpha lardea, Martens.

Helix zollinqeri, Mousson (non Pfeiffer), Zollinger, Natuurk.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, xxi, 1860, p. 317 (nom. nud.).

O TROCHOMORPHIDJi.

Trochomorpha lardea, Martens, Monatsber. Kon. Akad. Wiss.

Berlin, 1864, p. 267 ; ibid.. Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil.

11^18(57, p. 251, pi. 13, fig. 5 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 57.
Helix (Trochomorpha} lardea, Tryon. Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 83, pi. 16, figs. 93-95.
Trochomorpha ( Vidend] lardea, Kobelt, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges.

xxiv, 1898, p. 54; Wiegmann, torn. cit. p. 415, pi. 26, figs. 24-34

(anatomy).

Original description: — "Testa moclice umbilicata, depresse
conica, carinata, striatula, nitida, supra lineis spiralibus subtilibus
sculpta, castanea, zona suturali, carina et regione umbilicali
albidis ; spira altitudine varians ; anfr. 5|-6, convexiusculi, ultimus
peripheria carinatus et basi prope uinbilicum subangulatus, antice
baud descendens ; apertura diagonalis, securitornris ; peristoraa
rectum, acutum, margin e basal i arcuato.

"Diam. maj. 13, min. 12, alt. 5-6, apert. long. 5. lat. 4 mill."
Hob. Nicobar Islands (StoliczJca, Roepstorff}. Malaysia : Ceram,
Buru, Amboina, Halmaheira.

12. Trochomorpha pseudosanis, Fulton.

Discus pseudosanis (Nevill), Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442

(nom. nud.).
Trochomorpha ( Vidend] pseudosanis (Nevill), Fulton, A. M. N. H.

ser. 6, xx, 1897, p. 213, pi. 6, fig. 5.

Original description: — "Shell openly umbilicate, dark brown,
obliquely striated above and below; whorls 5|, slowly increasing,
suture with a narrow well-defined margin, last whorl sharply
keeled ; aperture oblique ; peristome scarcely thickened.

" Maj. cliam. 13 rnillira., height 5 millim., width of umbilicus
4 millim."

ffab. Andaman Islands : Port Blair.

13. Trochomorpha sanis, Benson.

Helix sanis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vii, 1861, p. 84; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872, pi. 83, figs. 4 & 7.
Trochomorpha sanis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 56.
Helix (Trochomorpha} sanis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 84, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4.
Discus sanis, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

Original description : — "H. testa mediocriter umbilicata, conoidea-
orbicuJata, depressissima, lenticulari, oblique subarcuati in striatula,
subgranulata, cornea ; spira partim elevata, conoideo-depressa,
a pice obtuso, sutura impressiuscula, marginata ; anfractibus 5J,
subplanulatis, ultimo carina mediana acuta utrinque compressa
munito, subtus convexiusculo; apertura obliqua, securif'ormi ;
peristomate recto, acuto ; umbilico int'undibuliformis.
" Diam. maj. ll, minor 10, axis 3| mill."
Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Nevill, Roepstorff).

TROCHOMORPHA. 9

14. Trochomorpha subnigritella, Beddome.

Trochomorpha subnigritella, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 314, pi. 29,
figs. 4-6 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893, p. 127, pi. 43,
figs. 44-46.

Discus subnigritella, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

Original description : — " Shell moderately umbilicate, depressedly
turbinaie, quite rounded at the apex ; whorls 6, very gradually
increasing, faintly striated, the last sharply angled at the
periphery, nearly flat on the underside ; aperture oblique, sub-
quadrate ; peristome simple, the margins distant ; colour a rich
dark brown, shining below.

"Diameter \ inch [=12-75 mm.], height -fs inch [=8 mm.]

" This species recalls the Pacific forms of the genus rather than
the Indian ones, its nearest ally beiug T. nigritella, which, how-
ever, is a larger shell with the last whorl much broader."

Nab. Andaman Islands (Hunyerford) ; South Andaman (Godwin-
Austeii).

15. Trochomorpha sulcipes, Morcli.

Nanina ( Videna) sulcipes, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. ] 872, p. 309.
Discus mlcipes, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.
Trochomorpha sulcipes, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 57.

Original description : — " T. tenuis, unicolor fusca, perspective
umbilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, acute cariuata ; striae incre-
menti expresses praesertim superne ; spiraliter obsolete lirata ;
spira vix elevata ; sutura linearis, rnarginata ; anfr. 5^ convexi-
usculi, ultimus descendens, basi convexiusculus ; apertura reni-
f or mis, peristomate obliquo, margine supero incrassato, infero
reflexo ; labio recto, tuberculo (morbo ?) obsoletissimo.

" Diam. maj. 13 mill., min. 11 ; axis 5 mill."

Hob. Nicobar Islands (Stoliczka, Roepstorff) • Nancowry (Rein-
hardt).

Var. major, Morcli, torn. cit. p. 309.

" T. major, tenuior, planior ; peristoma tenue (nondum com-
pleturn ?) ; anfr. ult. vix descendens, umbilico majore.

"Diam. maj. 15 mill., min. 12; axis fere 5 mill."

Hab. Great and Little Nicobar (Reinhardf).

" Animal solea ped.is sulco mediano longitudinali postice coch-
leariformi excavata ; notseum sulco profundo, peripherico postice
carinato. Porus caudalis, ut mihi videtur, vix cornutus (ex
specim. in spiritu conservato). T. fetae anfr. primi tres brunnei
serie macularum albarum."

T. sanis, Bens., differs in having the spire nearly plane, and in
the growth-lines on the upper side being much stronger.

10 EKDODONTIDJE.

16. Trochomorpha trilineata, Morcli.

Nanina (Videnci) sulcipes, var. trilineata, Morcli, Journ. Conchyl

1876, p. 355.

Discus sulcipes, var. trilineata, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.
Discus trilineatus, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i,

1895, p. 285, pi. 19, fig. 2 (anatomy).

This form was originally described as a variety of T. sulcipes,
and a very short description of it was given by Morch : " T. pallida,
carina Candida, utrinque linea brunnea." Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen
in P. Z. S. 1895, also considered it a varietal form only, but in Proc.
Malac. Soc. London he raised it to specific rank, at the same time
giving an account of its anatomy. There is a discrepancy as to
habitat, for in the latter paper he mentions Great Nicobar, whereas
in the former Camorta is indicated, which corresponds with the
original locality given by Morch.

Hob. Nicobar Islands : Camorta (Roepstorff}.

Family ENDODONTID^E, Pihbry.
Subfamily THYSANOTIN^E, Godwin-Austen.

Genus THYSANOTA, Albers.

Thysanota (as section of Nanina), Albers & Martens, Die Heliceen,
ed. 2, 1860, p. 63 ; (as section of Trochomorpha) Pfeiffer, Malak.
Blatt. xxiv, 1877, p. 7 ; (as section of Eulota} Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 207 j Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii,
1907, p. 189.

TYPE, Helix guerini, Pfeiffer.

Range. Southern India and Ceylon.

Original description : — " Testa anguste umbilicata, trochiformis,
tenuis ; anfractus 7^- vix couvexiusculi, basi carinati, pilis rigidis
ciliati, ultimus interne subplanatus, medio impressus ; apertura
angulato-lunaris ; peristoma simplex, acutum, margine columellari
brevissime expansiusculo."

Until the anatomy of T. crinigera was investigated by Lt.-Col.
Godwin-Austen in 1907, and its relation to Endodontida3 estab-
lished, the systematic position of the genus had remained uncertain.
Von Martens placed it between Rotula and Nigritella, Pfeiffer
classed it under Trochomorpha, while Prof. Pilsbry with some
doubt considered it as having affinity with Plectotropis, and he
therefore ranged it under Eulota as a section. Thysanota, Phila-
lanka, and Ruthvenia, on conchological grounds alone, form a very
natural group, as proposed by Godwin-Austen (subfamily Thy-
sanotina3), and one wonders how this idea has not occurred to
anyone before.

17. Thysanota tabida, Pfeiffer.

Helix tabida, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1855, p. 106; ibid.,Novit.
Conch, ser. 1, i, 1855, p. 45, pi. 12, figs. 11, 12.

THYSAtfOTA. 11

Trochomorpha tabida, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1855, p. 132.
Nanina ( Thysanota) tabida, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54.
Ryssota tabida, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 53.
Trochomorplia ( Thysanota) tabida, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 94, pi. 19, figs. 97, 98.
Eulota (Thysanota) tabida, Pilsbiy, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 208.

Original description: — " T. angustissime umbilicata, turbinata,
solidula, conferte rugoso-striata, sab epidermide decidua, fuscula
alba ; spira convexo-conica, acutiuscula ; aufr. 8 lentissime accres-
centes, vix convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, peripheria
subangulatus, super ne convexusv basi planiusculus ; apertura vix
obliqua, depressa, subangulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum,
margine basali versus insertionem leviter incrassato.

" Diam. inaj. 17-J-, min. 16, alt. 11 mill."

Nab. India : Nilgiris.

Pfeiffer recognized the affinity between the present species and
T. tjuerini. It is, however, larger than the latter and not keeled,
while the whorls are more tumid and the umbilicus is narrower ;
the aperture is also different, being rather semilunate, the colu-
inellar margin ascending more obliquely.

18. Thysanota guerini, Pfeiffer.

Helix guerini, Pfeiffer, Eev. Zool. 1842, p. 304 ; ibid., in Philippi,

Abb. Beschr. Conchyl. i, 1843, p. 12, pi. 3, fig-. 6 ; ibid., Conch.

Cab., Heliceen, ii, 1853, p. 121, pi. 87, figs. 15, 16 j Reeve, Conch.

Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 85, fig. 457 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 55, fig. 1.

Nanina (Thysanota) guerini, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
r p. 63; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54.

Trochomorpha guerini, Kobelt, 111. Conch. Buch. 1879, pi. 68, fig. 11.
Trochomorpha (Thysanota) guerini, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 82.
Helix (Thysanota) guerini, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 93, pi. 18, figs. 95, 96.
Eulota (Thysanota) guerini, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 208.
Thysanota guerini, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 188.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, trochiformis, epidermide
fusca, rugosa induta ; anfr. 7J vix convexiusculi, basi carinati ;
carina pilis confertis dense ciliata ; basis convexiuscula ; umbilicus
angustissimus, pervius ; apertura lata, lunaris ; peristoma simplex,
marginibus callo tenuissimo, nitido juuctis.

" Diam. maj. 16, min. 15, alt. 10 mill."

Hob. India: JNilgiries (Perrottet, Blanford) ; Anamullays (Bed-
dome).

In his original description, Pfeiffer gave the following dimen-
sions : Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. Subsequently (Mon. Helic. Viv. i,
1847, p. 118), the measurements quoted above were indicated
without reference to the previous figures. I assume the later
ones to be correct.

12 ENDODONTID^E.

19. Thysanota flavida, Gude.

Thysanotajtavida, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 52,
text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed
trochiform, finely plicate-striate, pale yellowish-corneous. Spire
subconvex, suture impressed, apex obtuse. Whorls 6|, increasing
slowly and regularly, convex above and below, carinated, the cariiia
exserted, except in the protoconch, with a raised spiral thread a
short distance above the carina and densely crowded with im-
pressed spiral lines, more distinct on the under than on the upper
side ; the carina and spiral thread fringed with deciduous coarse
cuticular processes, resembling flattened hairs. Aperture oblique,
securiform ; peristome acute, the outer margin subconvex, basal
arcuate, columellar almost vertical, slightly dilated.

" Major diam. 12, minor 11-5 mm.; alt. 7 mm."

Hab. India : Nilgiries (Beddome}.

A specimen received from the late Col. Beddome as T. crinigera,

Fig. 1. — Thysanota flavida. (From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

proved upon examination to differ from that species in being more
convex and more elevated in the spire, in the whorls being more
convex, and in the narrow umbilicus ; the keel is also more ex-
serted, while the plicate transverse striae are much less pronounced,
those in crinigera being almost lamellate. Mr. Ponsonby possesses
two immature specimens which I also refer to the new species.
They were likewise received from Col. Beddome as criniyera and,
although labelled only South India, are probably from the same
locality.

20. Thysanota crinigera, Benson.

Helix criniyera, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v, 1850, p. 214 ; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 746; Hauley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 60, fig. 7.

Thysanota crinigera, God win- Austen, Moll. India, ii; 1907, p. 189,
pi. 112, fig. 2 (anatomy).

Original description : — " T. anguste umbilicata, depresso-trochi-
formis, cornea, radiato-costulata ; apex obtusiusculus ; anfr. 6-6|
vix convexiusculi, linea unica elevata supersuturali minuti, ultimus
carinatus ; carina suturaque pilis elongatis ciliatis ; basis plani-
uscula, ad umbilicum compressiuscula, lineis impressis concentricis
frequentibus ornata ; apertura obliqua, angulato-lunaris, securi-
formis ; perist. simplex, acutum.

" Diam. maj. ]2|, min. 12, alt. 6| mill."

THYSAXOTA. 13

Hah. India: Nilgiries (Jerdon).

Nevill originally regarded crinigera as an immature form of
guerini (Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54). According to Lt.-Col, G-od win-
Austen (1. c. p. 190), he subsequently considered it distinct. In
this he was, judging from the descriptions, quite justified. The
shell of T. crinigera, besides being smaller, is more depressed, has
more flattened whorls, and the raised spiral line above the peri-
phery is a conspicuous feature which is lacking in T. guerini.

21. Thysanota eumita, Sylces.

Thysanota (?) eumita, Sykes, Proc. Make. Soc. London, iii, 1898,
p. 72, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18 ; Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907,
p. 188.

Original description: — "Testa depresso-conica, anguste umbili-
cata, corneo-virescens, depresso-trochiformis, apice obtusulo ;
sutura impressa ; anfr. 5-5|, piano-con vexi, linea unica spiralis
supersuturalis muniti, transversim subtiliter striata, ultimus
carinatus, carina suturaque pilis elongatis ciliatis ornata, basi
subinflatus ; apertura angulato-lunaris ; peristoma simplex, rectum.

"rDiam. 4-2 mm. ; alt. 2 mm."

Sab. Ceylon: Ambagamuwa; Badulla (Collett).

Is said to resemble a young T. guerini, but is more trochiform
and not so convex.

22. Thysanota Mspida, Sykes.

Thysanota hispida, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898,
p. 160, pi. 10, fig. 2; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907,
p. 188.

Original description : — " Testa trochiformis, periostraco f usco,
rugoso, induta, basi impressa, umbilicus angustus, pervius ; apex
mediocris, applanatus ; anfr. 6-61, convexi, lira unica spiraliter
sculpti, ultimus basi carinatus, lira carinaque pilis longis dense
notatae, apertura lata, luuaris ; peristoma simplex, marginibus
callo tenuissimo junctis.

" Diam. max. 8, alt. 5 mm."

Hab. Ceylon: Haputale (Collett}.

Differs from T. guerini in shape and size ; the single spiral
thread is clothed with club-shaped hairs.

23. Thysanota elegans, Preston.

Thysanota elegans, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 135, pi. 22,
fig. 19.

Original description : — " Shell trochiform, rimate, vitreous,
yellowish white ; whorls 6, the first two rounded, spirally striate,
the remainder sculptured with fine spiral lines crossed by coarser,
transverse, arcuate striae and bearing a strong, peripheral, hairy
liration, the last whorl sharply carinate at the base ; base of shell

14 ENDODONTIDJS.

spirally striate only ; sutures deeply impressed ; umbilicus very
oarrow ; peristome simple ; aperture narrow sublunate.

'; Diam. maj. 1'5 mm. ; alt. 1*75 mm/'

Hab. Ceylon : Uda Pussellawa.

Mr. Preston compares this species with T. liispida, Sykes, from
which it differs by its much smaller size and more graceful form,
while the spiral and arcuate transverse striae, which characterize
his shell, are lacking in the latter.

Genus GLYPTAULAX *, g. n.

Shell discoid, umbilicated, with close revolving lirae and sulca-
tions, decussated by oblique costulae. Anatomy unknown.
TYPE, Helix arttficiosa, Benson.
Range. Burma.

23 a. Glyptaulax artificiosa, Benson.

Helix artificiosa, Benson, A. M N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 249 :
Pfeifter, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, i, 1860, p. 131, pi. 36, figs. 8-10 ;
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 55, fig. 3.

Helix (Patula (Punctum)) artificiosa, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,
iii, 1887, p. 33, pi. 7, fig. 82.

Nanina artijiciosa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54.

Original description: — "Testa anguste umbilicata, orbiculata,
discoidea, nitidiuscula, superne liris confertis sulcisque profundis
spiralibus, costulisque confertis obliquis decussata, subtus liris
remotioribus striisque radiatis ornata, pallide cornea ; spira planu-
lata (interdum omnino planata), apice vix elevato, obtuso ; sutuni
profunda; anfractibus 6^ convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus
superne subangulatus, subtus convexus ; apertura vix obliqua,
subanguste lunaris ; peristomate acuto. leviter sinuato, margine
dextro arcuato, crenulato, columellari brevissimo et basali sub-
stricto leviter reflexis.

"Diam. rnaj. 14, inin. 12, alt. 5 mill/'

Hob. Burma : Tenasserim (Theobald).

The species is unlike any other known to us and its systematic
position is doubtful. The anatomy is unknown. It is placed
provisionally in the subfamily Thysanotinse between Thysanota
and PJiilalanlca.

Genus PHILALANKA, Godiuin-Austen.

Philalanka, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898,
p. 11 (as subgenus of Endodonta) ; ibid., Moll. India, ii, 1907,
p. 190.

Original description : — " Shell small, many-whorled, pyramidal
or trochiform with a single liration, unicoloured. Jaw composed
of numerous squarish plates. Basal plates of teeth of the radula

curved, and av\a$ furrow.

PHILALAJTKA. 15

square or oblong; central teeth tricuspid, laterals multicuspid.
No mucous gland at the extremity of the foot. Generative
organs simple. No amatorial organ and no accessory organs."
TYPE, P. secessa, Godwin- Austen.

Range. South India and Ceylon : Islands off the West Coast of
Sumatra.

In describing the type species, Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen alludes
to the interesting fact that this is the first record of the occurrence
in India of this group of shells. He further states that " nothing
like it has been found to the east of the Bay of Bengal, on the
North-east frontier, or in Burma, but the possibility of its being
a casual introduction is removed by the discovery of another allied
species in the south of the Indian Peninsula by Colonel Beddome."
Since the foregoing remarks were written two species have, how-
ever, been discovered in the Batu Islands oft' the West Coast of
Sumatra. They were subsequently described and figured in the
' Mollusca of India/ part 10, where two other Cingalese species,
previouslv referred to Microcystis and Macrocldamys respectively
are included in Philalanka.

24. Philalanka bilirata, Blanford.

Helix bilirata, Blanford, .1. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 352, pi. i, fig. 7.
Nanina (Sitala) bilirata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 56.
Sitala bilirata, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 40.

Ori'iinal description : — *' Testa perforata, globosa, turbinata,
solidiuscula, cornea, transverse striata ; spira conoidea, apice
obtusula. Anfr. 7 angusti, sensim accrescentes ; superiores
carina una supramediana muniti, ultimus ad peripheriam acute
bicarinatus, subtus tumidus. Apertura subverticalis, angulato
lunaris, perist. rectum, marginibus distantibus, columellari brevi,
verticali. reflexo.

" Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, axis 4| mm."

Hab. India : Shevroy and Kolamullie Hills.

Is stated to differ from P. mononema, Benson, in the rounded
base and less elevated spire.

25. Philalanka subbilirata, Godwin-Austen.

Sitala subbilirata (Nevill MS.), Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882,

p. 39, pi. 10, fig. 11 ; var. fig. 12.
Nanina (Sitala} subbilirat.a, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886,

p. 56, pi. 25, fig. 28.

Original description : — " Shell depressly conoid, rather openly
perforate, covered with a strong epidermis ; sculpture, very fine
longitudinal ribbing, well seen on base, crossed by irregular lines
oF growth; colour dull ochraceous brown ; spire flatly conoid, apex
flat ; whorls 5, with a fine rib on the periphery of the last whorl,
with a single intermediate one above it, sides flat from the suture
to this, slightly convex above ; aperture ovate, subvertical ;

16 ENDODONTIDJS.

peristome rather thickened ; columellar margin slightly oblique,
not reflected.

" Major diain. 2-7, alt. axis 1-3 mm."

Sab. Andaman Islands : Little Brother Island (Nevill) • Batte
Malve.

The shell shown in fig. 12 of plate 10 of Moll. India, from Batte
Malve, was sent to Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen by Nevill from
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, as no. 206, Sagdinella didrichsenii,
Morch, with a note attached, " I doubt it being this species."
He found that it agrees well with typical subbilirata from Little
Brother, except that the shell was not so well grown, and the
apex natter.

26. Philalanka?liratula, Pfeiffer.

Helix liratula, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. I860, p. 135 ; ibid., Malak. Blatt.

vii, 1860, p. 234 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 150,

figs. 5, 6.
Nanina (Thalassia) liratula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 47.
Charopa ( Thalassici) liratula, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886,

p. 215, pi. 63, figs. 74, 75.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, trochiformis, tenuiscula,
striata et liris filiformibus subconfertis cincta, diaphana, oleoso-
micans, pallide corneo-lutescens ; spira conica, apice obtusa ;
sutura impressa ; anfr. 7^, convexiusculi, ultimus angulatus, non
descendens, basi laBvior, convexior; apertura vix obLqua, sub-
angulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, marghie columellari
declivi, juxta umbilicum perangustum subdilatato.

"Diam. maj. 6, min. 5^, alt. 4 mill."

Hob. Ceylon (Thivaites).

Placed here provisionally with some doubt as to its systematic
position.

27. PMlalanka homfrayi, Godwin-Austen.

Sitala homfrayi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 448, fig. A.

Original description : — " Shell dextral, pyramidal, turreted, flat
on base, imperiorate ; sculpture coarse transverse striation, with

Fig. 2—Philalan7ca homfrayi, x 12. (From P.Z.S.)

two ribs on the periphery and fine spiral close ribbing on the
apical whorls ; colour horny grey ; spire conic ; apex blunt and
papillate ; suture shallow ; whorls 4^-, sides angulate, a strong
raised rib on the periphery of the last whorl, and another similar

17

rib above it at the angulation of the whorl, above the vertical
portion ; aperture ovately quadrate, very oblique ; peristome thin,
slightly thickened ; columellar margin vertical.

" Major diam. 1*4. alt. axis 1-4 mm."

Hab. Andaman Islands: South Andaman (Roepstorff).

Differs from P. tricarinata in the pyramidal form and smaller,
narrower aperture. •

28. Philalanka tricarinata, Blanford.

Helix tricarinata, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 355, pi. i,
fig. 10; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 129, tigs. 7, 10.

Sitala tricarinata, Godwin-Austen, Moil. India, i, 1882, p. 39,
pi. 10, fig. 10.

Nanina (Sitala) tricarinata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886,
p. 55, pi. 25, fig. 25.

Original description : — " Testa aperte perforata, depresso tur-
1 inata, tenuis, pallide cornea, oblique striatula, subtus obsolete
decussaia, spira conoidea, apice planulata, perobtusa, sutura
i.npressa. Anfr. 4 convexi, superne carinis duobus fililormibus
rincti ; ultimus tribus medianis circumdatus, non descendens,
subtus rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, rotundato-lunaris ;
peristorna rectum, acutum, marginibus distantibus, sinistro non
reflexo.

"Diam. If, alt. 1 mm."

Hab. India : Nilgiri Hills, Pykara (Blanford}.

A very small form, readily distinguishable by the median revolving
lira being at the periphery, one being below and the other above
t he periphery.

-9. Philalanka quinquelirata, Gude.

Philalanka quinquelirata, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914,
p 51, text-figure.

Original description. — " Shell dextral, pyramidal, narrowly per-
forate, pale yellowish corneous, semi-translucent, covered with a

Fig. 3. — Philalanka quinquelirata. (From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

<ifciduous cuticle; finely arid closely striated, the striae being
tlrxuous on the base, where there are also traces of excessively
minute spirals. Spire convex, apex obtuse, suture deep. Whorls
(>, tumid above, inflated below, increasing slowly and regularly,
with five fine spiral lirae, one at the periphery, the other four
between it and the suture ; the last whorl not descending in

o

18 ENDODONTID^E.

front. Aperture nearly vertical, semihmate ; peristome thin, the
lower margin slightly, the columellar margin strongly reflected
and partly overhanging the narrow perforation.'* (Gude.)

Diara. 5-25, alt. 4-25 mm.

Hob. India: Anam allay Hills (JBeddome).

Five specimens — labelled tricarinata, Blanford — received by
Mr. Ponsonby from the late Col. Beddome, proved upon examina-
tion to be quite distinct, and to differ, in fact, from all other
known forms. My own collection contains two specimens from
the same source.

Philalanka quinquelirata is much larger than P. tricarinata
which measures less than 2 mm. and possesses, moreover, only
three revolving lirse, the lowest of which is below the periphery,
whereas in the present species it is peripheral. The perforation
of P. tricarinata is proportionately wider and the columellar
margin is not reflected, while the aperture is higher in proportion
to its width than is the case in P. quinquelirata.

30. Philalanka ? lamcabensis, Jousseaume.

Plectopylis lamcabensis, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 278, pi. 4, fig. 8.
Plectopylis ? lamcabensis, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 171,

fig. 91 (copied from Jousseaume).

" Shell subperforate, trochiform, stout, somewhat thin, striated
and surrounded on the last whorl by three thread-like ridges,

b
Fig. 4. — Philalanka ? lamcabensis (after Jousseaume).

diaphanous, shining, corneous white, apex obtuse, suture im-
pressed, crenulate ; whorls 7-J-, flattened, the last angulate, not
descending; base more convex, radiately striate ; aperture scarcely
oblique, subaugulate, lunate; peristome simple, straight, colu-
mellar margin sloping, near the umbilicus narrowly dilated.

" Diam. 4, alt. 3 mill."

Hob. Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya (Simon).

Described as a species of Plectopylis, the absence of any
mention of internal folds or denticles makes the generic reference
extremely questionable. Mr. Sykes doubtfully suggests (Proc.
Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 71) that it belongs to the genus
Sitala ; this I consider improbable. The aspect of the shell,
especially the excavated umbilical region, would rather suggest the
genus Philalanka.

PHILALAXKA . 19

31. Philalanka secessa, Godwin- Austen.

Philalanka secessa, Godwin- Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii,
1898, p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 1 (shell), fig. 2 (animal), figs. 3-5 (anatomy) ;
ibid., Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 191.

Original description : — " Shell pyramidal, base convex, narrowly
umbilicated. Sculpture: fine, irregular, costulate transverse lines ;
a single lirate band follows the angulation of the whorl through-
out, with another on and above the suture ; on the underside an
exceedingly fine striation may be seen under a high power ( x 60).
Colour pale ochraceous, with a greenish tinge. Spire conic, sides
nearly flat; apex blunt. Suture shallow, with a thread-like
liration. Whorls 8, narrow, sides very slightly convex below the
liration, flat from that to the suture. Aperture sernilunate,
narrow, vertical. Peristome thin, slightly reflected on the
columellar side, which is suboblique.

" Maj. diam. 7, alt. axis 6 mm." (Godwin- Austen.}

Nab. Ceylon: Ambegamua (Colleti).

32. Philalanka daghoba, Blanford.

Helix dac/hoba, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 356, pi. 2, fig. 2 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 150, fig. 10.
Patula (Actinaria) daghoba, Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Ilelic. Viv.

1881, p. 99.
Helix (Patula (Actinaria}) dayhvba, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 69, pi. 13, fig. 60.
Sesara daglioba, Gude, Journ. Malac. vii, 1900, p. 142.

Original description: — " Testa anguste perf orata, depresse coDoiclea,
oblique striata spiraliter sulcata, carinata, suturae impressse.
Anfr. 7-8 leute accrescentes subconvexi, ultimus non descendens,
valde carinatus, infra convexus, laevis, ad umbilicum vix impressus.
Apertura subrecta, depressa securiformis. Peristoma acutum ad
umbilicum reflexum, itittis 2 dentibus palatalibus munitum.

4iDiam. maj. 6, min. 5'3, alt. 3 mm.; apert. alt. 1*6 mm."
(Blanford.}

Hab. South India : Patchamullay and Kalryenmullay Hills
(Foote).

The shell is stated by Blanford to be nearly allied to TI. retifera,
Pi'r., but to be distinguished from that species by its minute
umbilicus and by the form, number, and position of the internal
teeth, which in H. daghoba are small and compressed, but not
lainelliform, and are situated very near the edge of the peristome.
The absence of parietal lamellae, however, indicates that the
affinity of the present species must be looked for among such
forms as secessa, Gr.-A., and bilirata, Blanf., rather than retifera,
Pfr. The position of the teeth near the peristome induced the
present writer in 1900 to include the species in Sesara, but the
late W. T. Blanford, in a letter dated Sept. 23rd, 1900, pointed
out that daghoba, together with pirrieana and bidenticulata, might
belong to Philalanka, and as Lt.-Col. God win- Austen is of
the same opinion as regards daghoba, I have included it here.

c2

20

Unfortunately I have been unable to find Blanford's type-specimen
and the shells I have seen, purporting to represent the species,
have the palatal teeth much further back, so that I entertain
doubts as to their identity.

33. Philalanka pirrieana, Pfeiffer.

Helix pirrieana, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 55; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

vii, 1854, pi. 191, fig. 1341 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 87, figs. 5, 6.

Helix (Actinaria) pirrieana, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 128.
Helix (Laoma) pirrieana, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 68, pi. 13, fig. 58.
Sesar a pirrieana, Gude, Journ. Malac. vii, 1900, p. 142.

Original description : — " T. perforata, globoso-conica, tennis,
laevigata (sub lente vix striatula), pellucida, cornea ; spira convexo-
conica, acutiuscula ; sutura impressa, marginata; anfr. 7-8 con-
vexiusculi, angustissimi, ultimus carinatus, uon descendens, basi
convexus, intus ter biilentieulatus : denticulis subaequalibus, extus
pellucentibus ; apertura vix obliqua, depressa, angulato-luriaris,
denticnlorum pare antico coarctata ; perist. simplex, rectum,
margine columellari ad perforationem apertam dilatato, reflexo.

" Diam. maj. 5, min. 4|, alt. 4 mill." (Pfeiffer.}

Hab. India : Walaghat, Koondah Mts., near Calicut (Pirrie).

An examination of the type has convinced me that the late
W. T. Blanford was perfectly justified in his surmise, as recorded
under P. daghoba, that this species should be also referred to
Philalanka.

34. Philalanka bidenticulata, Benson.

Helix bidenticulata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ix, 1852, p. 405 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon vii, 1853, pi. 174, fig. 1184; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 60, fig. 6.
Helix (Actinaria) bidenticulata, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. li>8.
Helix (Laoma} bidenticulata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 69, pi. 13, fig. 59.
Sesara bidenticulata, Gude, Journ. Malac. vii, 1900, p. 142.

Original description : — "Testa perforata, depresso-conica, obsolete
radiato-striata, albida (decorticata) ; spira subconica, apice obtuso,
sutura impressa : anfractibus 6. arete convoluti, convexis, omnibus
superne lineis duabus a3quidistantibus, eJevatiusculis instructi,
ultimo carinato, subtus eon vex o ; apertura arete securiformi,
vertical!; peristomatis margine superior! brevissimo, columellari
oblique descend^nte, expanso, superne reflexo, basali arcuato,
dentibus duobus minulis distantibus, submarginalibus, dextro
prominentiore, muriito; perforatione pervi.i.

"Diam. maj. 3, min. 2|, :ixis 2| mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India : Nilgiris (Jerdon).

Cf. remarks under P. daghoba, ante p. 19.

PHILALA.NKA. 21

35. Philalanka trifilosa, Pfeiffer.

Helix trifilosa, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125.

Helix (Trochomorpha) trifilosa, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,
p. 132.

Original description : — " T. perforata, depresse trochiformis,
tenuis, radiato-striata, acute carinata, vix nitidula, pallide cerea ;
spira conoidea. apice hyaliaa obtusula; sutura marginata; anfr.
6|, convexiusculi, arete convoluti, superne carinis 3 filiformibus
muniti, ultiraus non descendens, basi convexior, nitidus ; apertura
verbicalis, depressa, angulato-lunaris ; perist. rectum, acutum,
marginibus remotis, supero brevissimo, basali leviter arcuato,
colinnellari deelivi, superne dilatato, reflexo.

" Diam. maj. 5|, min. 5, alt. 3| mill."

Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites).

This species, described from the Cuming Collection, has never
been figured. Unfortunately, in spite of a diligent search for the
type, Mr. E. A. Smith, until lately Assistant- Keeper of Zoology
at the Natural History Museum, has failed to trace its where-
abouts.

36. Philalanka ? mononema, Benson.

Helix mononema, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 92 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 191, fig. 1339 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 87, figs. 2 & 3.
Helix ( Trochomorpha) mononema, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, I860,

p. 132.

Nanina (Microcystis} mononema, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 41.
Sitala mononema, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 41, pi. 9,

fig. 6 ; Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 57 (monomena, err.

typ.), pi. 25, fig. 33.
Philalanka ? mononema, Godwin- Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,

iii, 1898, p. 12.

Original desertion : — " T. angustissime perforata, trochi-
formis, radiato-striatula, corneo-albida, parum nitida, translucens;
spira conica, apice acutiusculo ; sutura distincta ; anfr. 6|-7 sub-
sequales, superne convexiusculi, filo unico elevato, tenui, mediano
cincti, ultimus acute filoso-caririatus, subtus subplanulatus ;
apertura verticals, depresse securiformis ; perist. rectum, acutum,
marginibus distantibus, columellari brevi, verticali, reflexo, per-
forationem subtegente.

" Diam. maj. 5, min. 4|, alt. 4| mill." (Benson.}

Hab. Ceylon : Heneratgodde (Layard) ; Balapiti (Nevill).

Resembles P. secessa in shape, but is somewhat smaller and
with a more convex spire. The figure given of the species by
Godwin-Austen differs considerably from that of Reeve, but is
more like the one in Conch. Ind.

22 EXDODONTID^E.

37. Philalanka bolampattiensis, Godwin- Austen.

Philalanka bolampattiensis, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Sec.
London, iii, 1898, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 6.

Original description: — " Shell depressedly conoid, rounded and
widely umbilicated below, keeled. Sculpture : a single liration is
situated about one-third the breadth of the whorl on the upper
side, following the sutural thread, which commences on the keel ;
fine vertical irregular lines of growth. Colour pale horny. Spire
depressedly pyramidal, sides flattened, apex flatly rounded. Suture
well marked. Whorls 6, convex below the liration, flat above it.
Aperture narrow, semilunate. Peristome somewhat thickened,
columellar margin reflected and very oblique.

"Maj. diam. 5, alt. axis 2-6 mm." (Godiv in- Austen.}

Hob. India : Bolampatti Hills (Beddome).

While possessing the principal characteristics of the type species
from Ceylon it has a more depressed form, agreeing in this respect
with the other Cingalese species subsequently referred to the
genus.

38. Philalanka febrilis, Blanford.

Helix febrilis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 357, pi. 2, %. 4 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 129, fig. 4.
Sitala febrilis, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882. p. 38.
Nanina (Sitala) febrilis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 55,

pi. 25, fig. 24.

Original description : — " Testa angustissime perforata, globoso-
turbinata, spiraliter lirata. Spira subelevata, couvexa, apice
obtusa. Suturis valde impressis. Anfr. 4| convexi ; ultimus non
descendens, ad peripheriam subdepressus infra planate rotundatus,
IsBvis. Apertura obliqua, oblonga. Peristoma rectum, acutum,
ad basin expansiusculum, marginibus remotis, columellari brevitor
reflexo.

"Diam. maj. 1-5, miu. 1-3, alt. 1-25 mm. ; apert. alt. 0'6 mm.*'
(Blanford.)

Hab. India : Kalryenmullay Hills (Foote).

This species is stated to bear a general resemblance to tricarinata,
but to be readily distinguishable by its higher spire, the absence
of the characteristic triple carination, and the flatness of its basal
surface.

39. Philalanka tertiana, Blanford.

Helix tertiana, Blanford, .1. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 355, pi. 1, fig. 11 j
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 16, fig. 10.

Sitala ? tertiana, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 40. pi. 9.
fijr. 9.

Nanina (Sitala) tertiana, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886; p. 56,
pi. 25, fig. 29.

Original description : — " Testa perforata, depresse turbiuata,

PHILALAXKA. 2^

tennis, pallide cornea, striatula ; spira conoidea, apice obtusa,
sutura impressa. Anfr. 6 angusti, convex!, ultimus baud clescen-
dens, subtus rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, rotundato
lunaris ; peristoma simplex, marginibus distantibus, coiumellari
reflexiusculo.

" Diam. maj. 2£, min. 2|, alt. If mm." (Blanford.)
Hob. India: Nilgiri Hills, Pykara and Neddiwuttom.

40. PMlalanka thwaitesi, Pfeiffer.

Helix thwaitesi, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

vii, 1854, pi. 191, fig. 1336; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1875, pi. 128, figs. 7-10.
Helix (Microcystis) thivaitesi, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 123.
Nanina (Microci/stis) thicaitesi, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886,

p. 118, pi. 39,' fig. 5.
Microcystis nuwara, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 273.
Philalanka thivaitesi, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 19.),

pi. 112, fig. 1 (jaw & radula).

Original description : — " T. aperte perforate, convexo-depressa,
si riatula nitida, cereo-hyalina ; spira breviter conoidea, obtusula ;
sutura profunda, submargiiiata ; anfr. 6| convexi, arete convoluti,
ultimus non desceudens, basi inflatus; apertura verticalis, lunaris ;
perist. rectum, acutum, margine coiumellari arcuatim oblique
d^scendente, ad perforation em vix dilatato.

" Diam. maj. 5, min. 4j, alt. 3 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. Ceylon (Thtvaites) ; Nuwara-Eliya (Simon) ; Ambagaum\va
(Collett).

Under a strong lens the shell is seen to be densely covered with
spiral striae. Mr. E. E. Sykes established the fact (Proc. Malac.
Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 65) that Microcystis nuwara, Jousseaume,
and the present species are identical. Jousseaume, in fact, based
his species upon the figure of thwaitesi in Conch. Icon., which
was drawn from Pt'eiffer's type.

Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen investigated the anatomy and describes
the genitalia, but he gives no figures.

Var. suavis, Jousseaume.

Microcystis suavis, Jousseaume. Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,
p. 273, pi. 4, fig. 3 ; Collett, J. A. S. B. Ceylon Branch, xv, 1897
(1898), p. 12.

Microcystis thwaitesi, var. suavis, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
iii, 1898, p. 65.

Differs from the typical form in having a slightly more depressed
spire, a somewhat larger umbilicus, and in the mouth being some-
what different in shape.

Hob. Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya (Simon); Ambagamuwa (Collett).

24

41. Philalanka depressa, Preston.

Microcystis thwattesi, var. depressa, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii,
1909* p. 135, pi. 22, fig. 6.

Shell depressed-conoid, almost lenticular, pale corneous, trans-
lucent, shining, very finely striated and with excessively minute
spirals ; spire much depressed, suture deep. Whorls 4|, strongly
convex, closely wound. Aperture vertical, reniform ; peristome
acute, upper margin ascending at first, outer and basal evenly
arcu;ite, columeliar slightly dilated, vertical.

Diam. 3*5, alt. 2 mm.

Hab. Ceylon : Uda Pussellawa (Preston).

Mr. Preston considers this form a variety of thivaitesi, stating
that, except in the depressed spire, it appears to be normal. The
figure certainly bears out this view, but it must have been very
badly drawn. A specimen, received by me from the author,
differs from thwaitesi in several important respects, and the fore-
going description has been drawn up from it. The shell is much
more depressed, being almost lenticular ; the whorls are much
more convex above, the umbilicus is much wider, distinctly showine
all the whorls ; on the other hand, the region round the umbilicus
is not excavated as in thwaitesi, and the mouth is also different,
being reniform, not lunate. The whole shell has, in fact, a totally
different aspect, and I have no hesitation in according it specific
rank.

42. Philalanka circumsculpta, Sylces.

Microcystis thwaitesi (non Pfeiffer), Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool.

France, vii, 1894, p. 272.
Macrochlamys ? circumsculpta, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii,

1897, p. 23o, pi. 16, tigs. 3 & 4 ; op. cit. iii, 1898, p. 65.
Philalanka circumsculpta, Godwin - Austen, Moll. Ind. ii, 1907,

p. 194.

Original description : — " Testa perforata, convexo - depressa,
nitidn, cereo-hyalina ; spira breviter conoidea, apice obtusa ;
sutura impressa ; anfr. 5, convexi, arteconvoluti, obsolete spiraliter
lirati, ultimus non desceridens, basi inflatus; apertura lunaris ;
peristoma rectum, acutum, margine columellari ad perforationem
dilatato, subreflexo.

" Diam. max. 5, min. 4-7 mm. ; alt. 3 mm." (SyTces.)

Hab. Ceylon : WataualafCoZZe^) ; Nuvvara-Eliya (Simon).

11 This species is nearly related to the Helix thwaitesi of Pfeiffer
(which is also obsoletely spirally lirate), but may be at once dis-
tinguished by the fact that its breadth is greater in proportion to
the number of whorls. The umbilicus is also slightlv smaller in
the present species, the spire is not so much raised in proportion,
and the nucleus is larger. The sculpture is stronger thun in
H. thwaitesi, and a few of the stronger lines of growth intersect
the revolving lirae, thus giving the shell a decussated appearance
under a lens."

PHILALANKA. RUTHVENIA. 25

Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen examined the animal of a specimen
received from Mr. Collett. He discovered two embryonic shells
inside it, thus establishing the fact that the species is ovo-vivi-
parous, a feature which it probably shares with other species of
the genus.

43. Philalanka? sinhila, Godwin-Austen.

Lamprocystis ? sinhita, God win- Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
ii, 1897, p. 178, pi. 14, fig. 2.

Original description : — <l Shell globose, solid for its size, scarcely
urn bill cated ; sculpture smooth, with a strong periostracum ;
colour ? (bleached). Spire low, depressedly conic, apex very
blunt ; suture shallow ; whorls 5, closely wound, regularly
increasing. Aperture narrowly lunate, vertical; peristorne simple ;
columellar margin suboblique.

44 Maj. diam. 3"t> ; alt. axis 1 mm." (Godwin-Austen.)

Hob. Ceylon : Uda Pussellawa, Watawala (Preston).

A specimen received from Mr. Preston enables me to supple-
ment the foregoing description in one respect, namely, as regards
colour, which is pale corneous. It also shows distinct microscopic
spirals, and agrees therefore with the other members of this
group, a fact which induces me to include it here.

Genus RUTHVENIA, Gude.

Austenia, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii. 1897, p. 390, not Austeuia,

Neyill (1878).
Sykesia, Gude, torn. cit. p. 332 ; ibid, vi, 1899, p. 149, not Sykesia,

Pomel (1883) ; Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 196.
Ruthvenia, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ix, 1911, p. 271.

Dextral, shell translucent, with straight acute edges, acutely
keeled, with one or more fringed spiral lirse. Parietal and palatal
armature present.

TYPE, Helix datliratula, Pfeiffer.

Range. Southern India and Ceylon.

Key to the Species.

A. One transverse parietal plate.

«. Notched about the middle, a short support poste-
riorly above. Habitat, Ceylon.

a. Umbilicus wide, ribs and liras prominent .... clathratula.
/3. Umbilicus narrower, ribs and lirae obsolete . . v. compressa.
b. Not notched.

a. Straight, without support, umbilicus still nar-
rower. Habitat, India , clathratuloides.

0. Sinuous, with a short support anteriorly above ;

umbilicus still narrower. Habitat, India . . retifera.

20 ENDODOXTIDJE.

JJ. Two transverse parietal plates.

a. Shell flattened, no fold below umbilical angula-

tion, umbilicus still narrower. Habitat, Ceylon, caliginosa.
1). Shell conoid, with a double fringe of curved

hairs ; a horizontal fold below umbilical angu-

lation ; umbilicus still narrower. Narrowest

of all. Habitat, Ceylon biciliata.

44. Ruthvenia retifera, Pfeiffer.

Hdix retifera, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 73 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii,

1853, pi. 173, fig. 1170 ; ILinley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,

pi. 87, figs. 8 & 9.

Helix (Plectopylis ?) retifera, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.
Helix (Plectopylis) retifera, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, in, 1887,

p. 161, pi. 34, figs. 63, 64.
Plectopylis retifera, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 :

Gude, Science Gossip, x. s. iii, 1897, p. 301, fig. 43 (shell and

armature).
Plectopylis (Sykesia) retifera, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899.

p. 149.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, obtuse trochiformis,
striato-plicatula, lineis nonnullis concentricis elevatis reticulata,
carinata, diaphana, sericina, pallide cornea ; spira elevata, obtusa ;
anr'r. 6| planiusculi, ultiinus basi subplanus, striatus ; umbilicus
mediocris, pervius ; apertura depressa, securiformis ; perist.
simplex, acutum, margine supero brevi, basali plane arcuato.
" Diam. maj. 7, min. 6J, alt. 4 mill." (Pfeiffer.)
Hob. India : Nilgiris (Metcalf, Jerdon) ; Xoonoor Ghat (Blan-
ford,Nevill) ; Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome) : She vroy Hills (Blanford) ;
Mysore (Parry).

Fig. 5. — Ruthvenia retifera.

The parietal armature consists of a single, strong, vertical plate,
slightly sinuate, but not notched, giving off a slight support
anteriorly a little below the upper extremity (see fig. 5 c,
which shows both the parietal and palatal armatures from the
posterior side). The palatal armature — as in all the members
of the group — is distinctly visible through the shell-wall,
and consists of two series of denticles, the upper series being
composed of : posteriorly, a strong, short, vertical flattened tooth,
and, anteriorly, a minute, horizontally elongated denticle, in a
line with the base of the posterior tooth ; the lower series is com-
posed of : posteriorly, a smaller, flattened, vertical tooth, and

EUTHYEXIA. 27

anteriorly, in a line with its upper extremity, a minute, hori-
zontally elongated denticle, and, in a line with its base, a larger
denticle, elongated obliquely. Above the periphery occurs, in
addition, a small, horizontal denticle, and below the umbilical
nngulation a short horizontal fold. The two specimens figured
lire in Mr. Ponsonby's collection. That shown in fig. 5 b is not
quite mature, the newly-formed palatal armature consisting of
only one horizontal and two vertical denticles. The late
Col. Beddome's collection contains a large series of this species
from the Tinnevelly Hills ; of these, nine full-grown specimens
possess only one set of denticles ; five not quite full-grown
specimens are each provided with two sets of denticles, the older
being complete, while the newly-formed sets consist of one, two,
or three denticles ; four immature specimens have only one set of
denticles ; ten other immature shells possess each two sets of
denticles. Of the latter, three have the older set complete and the
newer set partly formed, five have the older set incomplete (partly
absorbed) and the new set complete; while, finally, the two
remaining specimens have both sets complete. It may, therefore,
be safely inferred that the older set does not become absorbed
until the new set is completed. In a few instances I have
observed that the two lower anterior denticles have become
fused.

45. Ruthvenia clathratuloides. Gude.

Plectopylis clathratiiloides, Gude, Science Gossip, x. s. iii, 1897, p. 332,

fig. 44.

Plectopylis (Sykesia) clathratuloides, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 149.
Sykesia clathratuloides, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 199.

Original description : — " Shell depressed conical, moderately
umbilicated, pale corneous, translucent, finely and regularly pli-
cated by raised ribs above, finely and closely ribbed and a little
shining below ; whorls 5| slowly increasing, slightly convex,
suture impressed. Periphery with an acute compressed keel,
above which revolve two raised spiral ridges, the lower provided
with a fringe of coarse hairs. Aperture subquadrate ; peristome
simple, a little thickened. Umbilicus deep and moderately wide.
Parietal armature, one strong, vertical, simple plate. Palatal
armature in two series ; upper series with one posterior, vertical,
conical tooth and one minute anterior denticle ; lower series, with
one posterior, vertical tooth and a small anterior denticle ; in
addition, one elongated horizontal fold below the umbilical
angulation and a small fold above the peripheral angulation.

" Diam. maj. (5, min. 5'5. ; alt. 3-5 mm." (Gude.)

Hob. India : Auamullay Hills ; Madura (Beddome).

The present species differs from R. clathratula in being more
elevated, in having a narrower umbilicus, and in being less shining
and more tumid below, while from Ii. retifera it differs in the less
elevated spire and the wider umbilicus ; it is, in fact, intermediate

28 EXDODONTIDJE.

between these two species. The parietal armature consists of a
simple, strong, vertical plate, which is not notched, and is with-
out supports (see fig. 6d). The palatal armature is in two
series, the first (upper) series consisting of a posterior vertical

Fig. Q.—Ruthvenia clathratuloides.

tooth and a minute anterior denticle ; the second (lower) series
being composed of a posterior vertical tooth and a small anterior
denticle; below the umbilical angulation there is, besides, an
elongated horizontal fold, and above the peripheral angulation a
small fold (see tig. 6 b, which shows the base of the shell with
the palatal armature visible through the shell-wall). The speci-
men figured is one of the Anamullay Hills specimens in the late
Colonel Beddome's collection. Six specimens from Madura, India,
also in that collection, I refer to this new form ; four of these are
immature and exhibit two sets of armatures, as is the case in
immature specimens of R. retifera.

When describing this species in 1897, I hazarded the opinion
that the specimens referred to under Plectopylis clatliratula by
Ne\ill (Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70) as having been collected in
Sikkim by Stoliczka might pertain to my species. Lt.-Col. Godwin-
Austen, however, rejects this surmise and thinks that there has
been some mixing of specimens. He states that he has never
seen the species in undoubted Darjeeling collections, such as
Blanford's and his own. I am quite prepared to admit the force
of this argument, and it is, in fact, extremely improbable that a
species should occur in two localities so widely separated and so
different faunistically as Sikkim and the southern part of the
Indian Peninsula or Ceylon.

46. Ruthvenia clatliratula, Pfeiffer.

Helix clatliratula^ Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vii, 1850, p. 67 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 65, fig. 336; Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab.

Heliceen, in, 1853, p. 310, pi. 127, figs, 17-20 ; Hanley & Theobald

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 132, figs. 1-4.
Helix (Plectopylis) clatliratula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70;

Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 161, pi. 34, figs. 72, 73.
Plectopylis clatliratula^ Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 277.
Plectopylis (Auntenia) clathratula, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii.

1897, p. 300, fig. 42 (shell and armature).

EUTHVBNIA. 29

Plectopylis (Sykesia) claihratula, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 149.
Helix puteolu*, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 92 ; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 190, tig. 1334.

Original description : — " T. late umbilicata, lenticularis, acute
carinata, superne liris elevatis (in quovis anfractu 2) et costis
distinctis clathrata, paruin nitens, coruea ; spira parum elevata,
obtusiuscula ; anfract. 5 subaeq uales, vix convexiusculi, ultimus
basi radiato-striatus, circa umbilicum subinflatus ; apertura verti-
calis, angusta, angulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum.

" Diam. maj. 5=J, min. 5, alt. 2f mill." (Pfriffer.)

Hob. Ceylon : Kandy, Balapiti, Badulla (Blanford, Layard,
Nevill) ; Ambagamuvva (Collett) ; Balcadua (Simon).

When first described by Pfeiffer tbe habitat was unknown.

Benson, in 1853, described what he thought was a new species
under the name of Helix puteohis, from Balcadua, Ceylon. Pfeiffer
recorded this name as a synonym of his species (Mon. Helic. Viv.
iv, 1859, p. 116) and Benson himself subsequently pointed out the
identity of the two (A. M. JNT. II. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 247).

Fig. 7. — Ruthvenia clatliratula.

The parietal armature consists of a single, slightly oblique,
vertical plate, which is slightly twisted and a little notched in the
middle, and gives off posteriorly above an obliquely ascending
support (see fig. 7 d, which shows the shell with part of the
outer wail removed). The palatal armature appears to be some-
what variable, and consists of various denticles, arranged
principally in two horizontal series, midway between the periphery
and the umbilicus. In the specimen figured, which is in
Mr. Ponsonby's collection, the first series consists of : posteriorly,
a short, strong, flattened vertical tooth, and anteriorly, two short,
slight, horizontal denticles, separated by a short space ; the second
series consists of : posteriorly, a short, flattened, vertical tooth, a
little smaller than the one above it, and, anteriorly, a short,
oblique, curved denticle. Below these two series is a longer, but
thin, horizontal fold, coincident with the umbilical angulation,
while above the vertical tooth of the first series is a minute,
horizontal denticle, coincident with the peripheral keel. The
specimen measures 5 millimetres in diameter, (^g. 7 a shows
both armatures from the posterior side, the anterior palatal
denticles being hidden by the posterior teeth ; fig. 7 b gives the
anterior view of both armatures, but the posterior tooth of the
first series is here hidden by the parietal plate ; fig. 7 c shows

30 EXDODONTID^I.

the palatal folds as they appear from below the shell-wall; all the
figures are enlarged.) Two specimens in my collection — measuring,
major diameter 6 millimetres, minor diameter 5*5, axis 3 milli-
metres— have the anterior portion of the first series consisting of
four horizontal denticles, the first two close together, the third a
little smaller and further distant, and the fourth still smaller and
still further distant ; the anterior portion of the second series
possesses, in addition to the oblique curved denticle, a slight,
straight, horizontal denticle. Another specimen, also in my
collection, measuring 5*5 millimetres in diameter, has three hori-
zontal denticles in the first series, while the second series is similar
to that in my other two specimens. It possesses, however, in
addition, one posterior and two anterior denticles of a previous
set, separated from the mature set by a distance of 1 millimetre.

Var. compressa, Sykes.

Plectopylis (St/kesia) clathratula, var. compressa, Sykes, Proc. Make.
Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 72, pi. 5, figs. 13, 14 ; Gude, Science
Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 75, fig. 101.

Differs from the type in being more elevated, in the more con-
vex spire and the narrower umbilicus, while the raised ribs are
scarcely visible. The armature is similar to that of the type.

Fig. 8. — Riithvenia clathratula var. c&mprcsta.

The specimen figured is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection : it measures
5 millimetres in diameter, altitude 2'5 millimetres.
Hob. Ceylon : Ambagamuwa (Collett).

47. Ruthvenia caliginosa, Sylces.

Original description : — " Testa mediocriter umbilicata, lenti-
eularis, acute carinata, superne costulis obscuris remotis ornata,
parum uitens, corneo-brunnea, apice maguo, obtuso ; sutura bene
impressa; anfr. 5, plano-convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus basi
inflatus, radiato-striatus ; apertura verticalis, angusta, angulato-
lunaris ; peristoma simplex, acutum ; plicae et dentes sicut (?) in
P. clathratula^ sed dentes palatales pauci.

"Alt. 2-9, diam. 6 mm." (Sykes.)

Hob. Ceylon : Ambagamuwa (0. Collett).

" Shell slightly more elevated than P. clatJiratula, whorls a little
flatter, base more inflated, the umbilicus being little more than

IIUTHVENIA. ;*1

half the size, colour more brown ; the spiral liraa are absent, save
for a faint trace above the suture of a single one, and the costae
almost obsolete ; the armature appears to be very similar, save that
the palatal denticles are only three or four in number." (Sykes.)
The parietal armature consists of two simple, sub vertical plates
which are somewhat thickened and truncate at the lower, and
attenuated at the upper extremities ; these plates are separated by a
distance of a quarter of a whorl, and the posterior one is the stronger
(see fig. 9 rf, which shows the parietal wall with its two plates).

Fig. 9. — Ruthvcnia caliglnosa.

The palatal armature is in two vertical series : the anterior series
consists of an obliquely ascending short quadrate tooth near the
periphery, and below this an obliquely descending lamelliforin
tooth, with a slight, horizontally elongated denticle below its
posterior extremity ; the posterior series is similar to the anterior
one, but the teeth are stronger and thicker in the former, while
there is in addition a horizontally elongated denticle on the
anterior side of the upper tooth. The specimen shown in
fig. 9 o-c measures 6 millimetres in diameter, alt. 3 millimetres,
and is in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby. The armatures are
figured from the type-specimen in the collection of Mr. Sykes, who
kindly permitted me to open the shell for the examination of the
armature.

48. Ruthvenia biciliata, Pfeiffer.

Helix bidliata, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 112; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 159, figs. 1 & 4.
Nanina (Hemiplecta) biciliata, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 185(5,

p. 121.
Macroclilamys biciliata, Pfeifter & Clessin, Nomencl. Ilelic. Viv.

1881, p. 45.
Nanina (Kaliellci) biciliata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1880,

p. 67, pi. 28, figs. 7 & 8.
Plectopylis (Sykesia) bicilata, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii.

1898, pp. 66 & 160; Glide, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 1(5,

fig. 99 (shell and armature).
Sykesia biciliata, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 19(5,

pi. 112, fig. 3 (anatomy).

32 BNDODONTID^E.

Original description : — " T. perforata, convexo-lenticularis,
temits, pellucida, cornea, oblique plicata, bicannata : carinis pilis
longis ciliatis ; spira parum elevata, vertici subtili ; anfr. 4£
scalares, ultimus antice non descendens, basi vix convexus ;
apertura snbobliqua, depresse securiformis ; perist. simplex,
rectum, margiriibus subparallelis, columellari vix reflexiusculo.

" Diam. maj. 7j, min. 6J, alt. 31 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Ceylon (Skinner) ; Haputale ( Collett) ; Patapoila (Preston).

The systematic position of this species remained uncertain for
a long time, the shell having been referred by various authors to
such different genera as Hemiplecta, Macrochlamys, and Kaliella.
In 1898, Mr. Sykes, in identifying some shells — collected by
Mr. Preston in Ceylon — as Helix biciliata, referred the species to
Sykesia, a section of Plectopylis proposed by me in 1897 for the
reception of Helix clathratula and H. retifera. When classifying
all the known species of Plectopylis in 1899, I stated that when
the anatomy of the forms referred to this section should come to
be investigated, they would probably be found to differ so widely
from typical Plectopylis that the section would rank as a separate
genus. This has since been demonstrated to be the case by
Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, who has examined the animal of biciliata,
and has found, moreover, that it has close affinity with the
genus Thysanota, placed, \vith some doubt, under Eulota by
Prof. Pilsbry, but which appears to pertain to the Endodontidce.

Fig. IQ.—Buthvenia biciliata.

The parietal armature consists of two simple obliquely ascending
folds, separated by a distance of half a whorl, having the upper
extremities somewhat attenuated and the lower truncate ^see
fig. 10 c£, which shows the parietal wall with its two folds). The
palatal armature is composed of : fir*t, a short, horizontal fold
below the periphery, a little further back but in a line with it a
strong lamellit'orm denticle, ascending obliquely; secondly, three
denticles in a line horizontally and about equidistant, the posterior
one strongest; thirdly, a short slight horizontal told near the
lower suture, rising near the aperture and revolving as far as the
second denticle (cf. fig. 10 e, which shows the inside of the outer

PUPISOMA. 33

wall with the palatal armature). The shell shown in figs. 10 a-c
is one collected by the late O. Collett, and is in Mr. Ponsonby's
collection, while the armatures exhibited in figs. 10 d and e are
drawn from a specimen brought home by Mr. Preston and which
is in Mr. Sykes's possession.

Genus PUPISOMA, Stoliczka.

Pupisoma, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 32 ; Nevill, Hand List,
i, 1878, p. 192 ; von Mollendorff, Nachr. Blatt., D. Malak. Ges. xx,
1888, p. 109 ; ibid., Ber. Senck. naturf. Ges. 1890, p. 223; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 52 ; Godwin- Austen, Land and
Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300 (jaw and radula).

" Shell minute, thin, brown, perforated ; varying from pupi-
form, almost cylindrical, to globose-conoidal ; apex obtuse ; whorls
rounded, with delicate, irregular, cuticular riblets. Aperture ob-
lique, truncate-oval or rouuded, the lip thin, simple or a little
expanded, broadly dilated at the columella, nearly closing the
umbilical perforation ; the columellar edge sometimes slightly
projecting, but hardly dentate." (Pilsbry.}

" The animals have very short pedicles and barely a trace of
tentacles. They generally live on wood." (Stoliczka.)

Genitalia unknown.

" E-adula exceedingly small ; formula (P. miccyla) :

8.6.1.6.8
14 . 1 . 14.

" The centre tooth is smaller than those on either side, it is
tricuspid, the main point long, those on the side basal and wide
apart. The admedian teeth are also tricuspid with indication on
the fourth and fifth of two cusps on the outer side. The laterals
are on long narrow plates, with four teeth alternately long and
short. The jaw is composed of about eighteen vertical plates, not
overlapping each other, each plate being separated by a very
narrow clear space. The cutting-edge is sharply defined. Under
the highest power it seemed apparent that these plates divided at
the base and merged gradually into muscular tissue." (Gochvin-
Austen.}

TYPE, Pupa lignicola, Stoliczka.

Range. India, Ceylon, Borneo, Philippines, Japan, S. Africa.

Stoliczka regarded the group as a subgenus of Pupa, while
von Mollendorff, in 1888, raised it to generic rank, provisionally
placing it between Buliminus arid Pupa, but two years later he
referred it to the Fruticicola series in proximity to Acanihinula
and Zoogenites. Pilsbry, not without some doubt, considered it a
subgenus, a modification of Pyramidula, comparable to the Ameri-
can group Ptychopatula. He did not, however, include it in his
synopsis of families, etc. (vide Index to the Helices, 1895,

D

34 ENDODONTID^E.

p. 122). God win- Austen, finally, again raised it to generic rank
in the Endodontidce. He added descriptions of two new species,
the radula of one being figured as well as the jaw and radula of
P. miccyla. The latter he found so similar to those parts of Phila-
lanka thivaitesi that he was led to place Pupisoma in the same
subfamily Thysanotince, next to Philalanka. With regard to the
animal of Pupisoma miccyla, he further states that the foot is short
and too small to see any details of its anatomy, but that upon the
minute animal being pressed out between covering-glasses, the
eyes were found to be conspicuous, connected with a short dark
streak representing the retractor muscle. He is of opinion that
in life they probably merely reach the surface of the integument.
Nearly every animal examined contained three embryonic shells,
some in an advanced stage of development, showing the apex
of the shell, and being very large compared with the parent
animal.

Mr. Burnup also records its ovoviviparous character, many of
the specimens of P. orcula and P. japonicum, taken in South
Africa, being found to contain one young mollusc furnished with
a shell, and some few containing two, one much larger than the
other.

The presence of the genus in such widely separated localities as
Japan and South Africa — even so far inland as Rhodesia — is very
remarkable. I am inclined to think, however, that this cannot be
its natural range but that these two species — orcula and japoni-
cum — owe their distribution to the agency of man. having probably
been carried with plants, for Mr. Burnup states that they are found
not only on the trunks, branches, and leaves of native shrubs and
trees in woods, but on orange and apple trees in orchards as well.
Benson, when describing P. orcula, states the shells occurred in
mango-groves, but in his description of P. miccyla he mentions that
it was found on the bark of an orange tree, while Lt.-Col. Godwin-
Austen also records the taking of a shell on an aurantiaceous
plant in India (Land and Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301),
and others on orange trees in Ceylon (op. cit. p. 303), so that it
may be presumed that these creatures do occur on cultivated plants
and may thus be transported from one country to another.

49. Pupisoma lignicola, Stoliczka.

Pupa lignicola, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 171, pi. 7, fig. 3.
Pupa (Pupisoma) lignicola, ibid., op. cit. xlii, 1873, p. 32; Nevill,

Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192 ; Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl. Buch, ii,

1878, p. 281, pi. 85, fig. 43; Godwin- Austen, Land and Freshw.

Moll. India, if, 1910, p. 300.
Pyramidula (Pupisoma) lignicola, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 52, pi. 14, figs. 41, 42.

Original description : — " Pupa testa breviter tumide - ovata,
subconk-a, cornea, vix rimata, apice obtusa ; anfractibus 4|,
convexiusculis, costulis modice distantibus, transversalibus, paulo

PUPISOMA. 35

arcuatis, nonnunquam striis tenuioribus alternantibus, tectis, ad
basin convecam otaoletis ; apertura subrotundata : labio tenuis-
simo, levi ; rarissuno denticulo parvulo mediano instructo ; labro
externo tenui, paululum dilatato, edentulo, in anfractum penulti-
muui vix ascendente ; columella ad basin sensim expausiuscula,
regionem umbilicalem tegente, torta, infra subdenticulata.
"Diam. niaj. 1*5 ; d. min. 1-2; alt. 2 min." (Stoliczka.)
Hob. Burma : Moulmein (Stoliczka) ; Rangoon (flunyerford).
" The animal is grey with somewhat darker, very short pedicles
and almost obsolete tentacles. The columella of the shell is at the
base peculiarly expanded, flattened, somewhat twisted, producing
at the lower part a small denticle. The species was found on old
masonry of the Great Pagoda at Moulmein, and on the opposite
bank of the river at Martaban on similar wooden structures."
(Stoliczka.)

Var. unidentata, Godwin-Austen.

Pupa lignicola, toothed variety, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871,
p. 172 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 160, fig. 6.

Pupisoma lignicola, var. unidtntaia, Godwin-Austen, Land & Fresh w.
Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300.

Stoliczka when describing the type states that " out of a great
number of specimens only one was met with which has a small
tooth about the middle of the inner or parietal lip." Hanley and
Theobald in figuring the toothed variety do not mention its source
but give the habitat Moulmein, so that it is probable the shell
illustrated is the one recorded by Stoliczka.

50. Pupisoma constrictum, Godwin-Austen.

Pupa (Pupisoma) constrictus, God win- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 4-50,
fig. B.

Original description : — "• Shell turbinate, perforate ; sculpture
minutely costulate above, from the swollen portion forwards the
surface is smoother ; colour, pale ochraceous ; spire conic ; sides
flat ; apex pointed ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, at the
distance of half a turn in the spiral behind the aperture there is a
sharp swelling of the whorl, marking apparently the position of
the previous aperture, but this is not seen in any of the whorls
above ; aperture ovate, oblique ; peristome much thickened and
reflected, united by a thin callus on the body-whorl ; sinuate
below and on outer margin.

" Major diam. 2-1 ; alt. axis 2-2 mm." (Godwin-Austen.)

Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair, South Andaman.

" Animal not yet seen, and it is difficult to say where this species
should find generic position. I sorted out from a tube full of
minute shells eight specimens of this very curious and interesting
species. Its sculpture is liKe that of Pupisoma liynicola, Stol.,

J>2

ENDODONTID.1S.

from Moulmein, and I think it better to place it near this than to
create a new genus for it, which I at first intended ; I think it
best, however, to wait until someone else can examine the animal."
(Godwin- Austen.)

It will be seen from the foregoing that Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen

V
Fig. II.— Pupisoma constrictum. (From P. Z. S.)

had some doubts as to the generic position of the species. Since,
however, in contour as well as sculpture it accords well with the
other members of the group, it may be retained here until an
examination of the soft parts shall prove other relationship. In
his synopsis of the Indian forms, in Land and Freshw. Moll.
India, ii, 1910, p. 300, Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen does not include
the present species.

51. Pupisoma orcula, Benson.

Helix orcula, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, vi, 1850, p. 251 ; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, vii, 1853, pi. 174, fig. 1176 ; Pfeiffer, Conch. (Jab.,
Helix, iii, 1854, p. 357, pi. 136, fig. 18 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch Ind. 1874, pi. 87, figs. 1, 4.

Pupa (Pupisoma} orcula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192.

Hyalinia (Conulus) orcula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 73.

Zonites (Hyalinia (Conulus)) orcula, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,
1887, p, 177, pi. 53, fig. 67.

Pyramidula (Pupisoma) orcula, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,
p. 52.

Pupisoma orcula, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii,
1910, p. 301 ; Hirase, Conch. Mag. iii, 1909, p. 26, pi. 9, figs. 30,
31 ; Burnup, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1912, p. 45 ; Conolly,
Ann. S. Afr. Mus. xi, 1912, p. 159.

Original description : — " Testa vix perforata, conico-globosa,
cornea, translucente, scabra, oblique irregulariter costulato-
striatissima ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus 3| convexis, ultimo
rotundato, sutura profunda ; apertura obliqua rotundata spiram
vix sequante ; peristomate tenui acuto ; margine columellari
reflexo, perforationem semitegente.

" Diam. 2, axis 2 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. India : between Jounpore and Benares, Dinapore (Bacon),
and whole route from Barrackpore, in Bengal, to borders of Sikkim

PUPISOMA. 37

and thence to Chuprah in Behar. Lucknow and Behar (under
bark o£ trees, Mainwaring) ; N.W. Bengal (Stoliczka). Japan
(Hirase). S. Africa : Cape, Natal, Transvaal, Ehodesia (Burnup,
Conolly, and others).

I have already in the description of the genus referred to the
remarkable distribution of this species and given my reasons for
attributing its presence in such widely separated localities as
Japan and South Africa to the agency of man.

52. Pupisoma evezardi, Blanford.

Pupa evezardi, (Blanford) Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875,

pi. 101, figs. 5, 6.
Pupa (Pupisoma) evezardi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192;

Blandford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 199.
Pupisoma evezardi, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India,

ii, 1910, p. 301.

Original description : — " Testa imperforata, vix subrimata,
conoideo-ovata, tenuis, cornea, lineis elevatis irregularibus fili-
formibus obliquis ornata. Spira snbtus subcylindracea, superne
conoidea, lateribus convexis, apice obtuso, sutura impressa. Anfr.
4J, convexi, regulariter crescentes, ultimus parum major, peri-
pheria atque basi rotundatus, baud antice desceudens. Apertura
diagonalis, truncato-rotunda, edentula; peristoma tenue, rectum,
expansiusculum, marginibus conniventibus, columellari verticali,
ad basin subtorto, adnato-reflexo, regionern umbilicalem tegente.

" Long. 2|, diam. fere 2, long. ap. 1 mm." (Blanford.}

Hob. India : Khandalla, between Bombay and Poona
(Evezard).

" Shell imperforate, with scarcely even a trace of rimation in
the umbilical region, conoidly ovate, thin, horny, with raised hair-
like oblique lines, rather irregularly disposed, on all the whorls.
Spire nearly cylindrical below, conoidal above, the sides convex,
apex blunt, suture impressed. Whorls 4|, convex; increasing in
size regularly ; the last but little larger than the penultimate,
rounded at the periphery and below, not descending in front.
Aperture diagonal, nearly circular, but truncated above, without
teeth ; peristome thin, all in one plane, slightly expanded, margins
converging ; columellar vertical above, slightly twisted below, re-
flected and united to the whorl so as completely to cover the
umbilicus.

" If the form represented by Hanley in the ' Conchologia
Indica ' be precisely the same as that described above, I am
inclined to question the locality given, " Singhur " or, as
Mr. Theobald prefers writing it, " Synghar," presumably Singarh
near Poona. The original specimens were found by Col. Evezard
at Karkalla, near Khandalla, at the head of the Bor-Ghat ;
and I suspect that Hanley's figure was taken from one of them.
There are two or three allied forms found in the Sybadri range

38 ENDODONTID^I.

and the Nilgiris, forms that do not appear hitherto to have been
described.

" .... P. lignicola, a form very closely resembling P. evezardi,
but rather shorter and less ovate." (Stanford.)

53. Pupisoma seriola, Benson.

Ennea seriola, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 359 (ncrni. nud.).
Pupa seriola, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii. 1863, p. 427; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101, fig.' 8.
Pupa (Pupisoma), No. 54, n. sp., Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192.
Pupa (Pupilla) seriola, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 354.
Pupisoma seriola, Godwin- Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii,

1910, p. 301.

Original description : — " P. testa vix perforate,, ovato-oblonga,
subcyliridracea, oblique striatula, sericina, flavescente, cornea,
spira oblonga, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 5,
superioribus convexis, ultimo convexiusculo antice vix ascendente ;
apertura subovata, superne angulata, dente 1 parietali mediano
remotiusculo induta ; peristomatis marginibus callo tenui junctis,
dextro vix, columellari superne late expanse." (Benson.)

Long. 2J, diam. 1J mill.

Hob. India: Cuttack, Orissa (Theoba Id) ; Darjeeling, Terai, and
Nawade near Muddapur (Mainwaring).

The species is included here with some doubt. Benson alluded
to the fact that Blanford considered it an Ennea, but he regarded
it as having more affinity with Bulimus. He also stated that in
one of the specimens the parietal lamina was not apparent.
Hanley and Theobald observe that the type having been smashed,
and an imperfect photograph alone preserved, they cannot vouch
for the correctness of the figure. Although they do not expressly
state the fact, the natural inference is that their illustration has
been prepared from this photograph.

54. Pupisoma miccyla, Benson.

Helix miccyla, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 384 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 129, figs. 8, 9.
Hyalinia (Conulus) miccyla, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 73.
Zonites (Hyalinia (Conulus)) miccyla, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii,

1886, p. 176, pi. 53, fig. 64.
Pyramidula (Pupisoma) miccyla, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 52.
Ernstia miccyla, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 271.
Pupisoma miccyla, Godwin- Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India,

ii, 1910, p. 301, pi. 132, figs. 1, la, lb (shell), fig. 1° (teeth of

radula), fig. ld (jaw).

Original description: — "Testa imperforata, globoso-conoidea,
tenui, striatula, nitidula, fusco-cornea, translucente ; spira trun-

PUPISOMA. 39

cato-couica, sutura impressa, apice obtusissiruo ; anfractibus 4,
convexis, ultimo globoso, antice sensim descendente ; apertura
lunato-rotundata, obliqua, peristomate acuto, margine dextro
arcuato, columellari acuto, vertical!, cum basali angulum t'ere
rectum efFormante." {Benson.)

Long. Ij, diam. 1 mill. •

Hab. Ceylon : Matelle (Layard), "Watawala (Collett).
Benson recognized its affinity to P. orcula, stating that P. mic-
cyla is smaller, destitute of the peculiar sculpture of that species,
and distinguished by its very obtuse apex and by the formation of
the columellar lip. Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, who received from
the late O. Collett a number of shells with the soft parts preserved
in formalin, states that miccyla is smaller than lignicola, has a
greater number of whorls, and is more attenuate than orcella*
while the transverse striso of the cuticle appear to be more
regular. These specimens enabled him to examine and figure the
jaw and radula, and thus to fix the systematic position of the
group.

55. Pupisoma cacharicum, Godwin- Austen.

Pupisoma cacharica, Godwin- Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India,
ii, 1910, p. 303, pi. 132, fig. 4.

Original description : — " Shell scarcely perforate, globosely
conoid, very tumid, corneous ; sculpture, spiral striation, crossed
by fine close thread-like ribbing ; colour pale umber-brown ;
spire moderately high, conic, apex blunt ; suture open ; whorls
3|, rapidly increasing, very convex ; aperture nearly circular,
oblique ; peristome thin, columellar margin perpendicular, re-
flected." (Godwin-Austen.}

Major diam. 1'33, alt. 1*5 mill.

Hab. India : Silchar ( Wood-Mason).

The species is based on specimens sent for determination by
Dr. Annandale from the Indian Museum. They were accompanied
by the following notes : — " From the branches of a Pepul tree,
in scars and other shallow cavities, opposite the Deputy Com-
missioner's Cutchery, Silchar, 3. 4, 81. Only one pair of short,
thick, blunt, sausage-shaped tentacles, at the upper extremity of
which the black eye-spots are placed. Animal semitransparent,
greyish, milky white below, above grey; retractor muscles of
tentacles very plainly visible through integument. No tail-
gland."

56. Pupisoma longstaffae, Godwin- Austen.

Pupisoma longstajfi, Godwin- Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India,
ii, 1910, p. 303, pi. 132, figs. 3 (shell), 3a (jaw), 3b (radula).

Original description : — " Shell imperf orate, very globosely
conoid ; sculpture, a smooth epidermis, with very fine, somewhat
distant costulation ; colour pale brown ; spire depressed ; whorls 3,

40 ENDODONTID^E.

very tumid and well rounded on the periphery ; aperture nearly
circular ; peristome thin ; columellar margin thickened and
slightly reflected and extending as a callus on to the last whorl."
( Godwin- Austen.)

Hab. Ceylon : Kaudy (Mrs. Longstaff).

" This shell is more globose than P. miccyla and not so high in
the spire, which tapers more rapidly. It is also costulate, as in
the Pupisoma figured on plate 132, fig. 2, a single specimen of
which was sent to me by Mr. Sykes, and cannot now be found.
Mrs. Longstaff writes : — " Numerous on palm, Florence Hotel
Garden, Kandy. Animal, body light grey, only one pair of
tentacles, dark. Tail pointed."

" I was fortunate in seeing the radula in the first specimen
I examined. Nothing could be seen of the genitalia. The
mantle-zone was simple, with no shell-lobes.

4 There are not many teeth in the row, only some 15 or 16 ;
all are large quadrate plates. The central tricuspid, the ad-
medians and laterals bicuspid, the inner cusp long, the outer small
and basal. The jaw was crumpled up, and being so minute was
not well seen, but it appeared to be smooth/ (Godivin- Austen.)

Genus SPHYRADIUM, Charpentier.

Sphyradium, Charpentier, Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesells.

Naturw. i, 1837, 2nd art. p. 15 (as section of Pupa) ; Sterki,

Nautilus, x, 1896, p. 75.
Paludinella, Lowe, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 206.
Edentulina, Clessin, Deuts. Excurs. Moll. Fauna, 1876, pp. 189, 208

(non Pfeiffer, 1856, sect. Ennea).
Columella, Westeiiund, Fauna Palaarct. iii, 1887, p. 125.

Range. Europe ; North America ; India.

Shell cylindrical, pupoid ; aperture radial ; peristome simple,
straight, with thin margins.

Anatomy unknown.

" Jaw low, composed of distinct plates. Radula with the teeth
comparatively small, their cusps very short and small ; transverse
rows of teeth in edentulum varying from 116 to 127, each row
containing r+21 (20). The centrals are tricuspid, the laterals
all bicuspid except the last, which is a minute nodule; in the
others there is no difference of laterals and marginals, but that
the plates of attachment become shorter towards the margins and
evanescent in the outer teeth. The radula is 0-55 mill, long,
0-14 wide." (SterJci.)

The species constituting the group Sphyradium were for a long
time regarded as pertaining to Pupa until Dr. Sterki, in 1896,
from an examination of the radula and jaw of S. edentulum, came
to the conclusion that Sphyradium was more nearly allied to
Punctum. On concihological grounds he had already previously
held the opinion that it had no affinity with Pupa. He alludes

SPHYKADIUM. — PTEAMIDULA. 41

to the analogous case of "Pupa" neozelanica, Pfr., which has
much the same form of shell, and was shown by Mr. Suter, a few
years previously, to be a member of the Charopidce.

56 a. Sphyradium himalayanum, Benson.

Pupa himalayana (Button), Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii,
1863, p. 428 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101,
fig. 4 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146.

Pupa (Sphyradium) himalayana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.
Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 352.

Original description : — " P. testa rimato-perforata, ovato-ob-
longa, subcylindracea, oblique minutissime costulata, translucente,
pallide cornea ; spira oblonga, apice obtuso, sutura impressa ;
anfractibus 7, brevibus, convexis, ultimo antice leviter ascendente ;
apertura rotundato-ovata, edentata ; peristomate tenui, margine
expansiusculo, dextro super ne leviter antice progrediente."
(Benson.}

Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill.

Hob. India : Simla and Mussoori (Huttori) ; Panjal Range,
Kashmir (Theobald).

Four specimens in the Theobald collection, in the British
Museum, have enabled me to satisfy myself that this species is
in all probability congeneric with S. edentidum.

Subfamily PYRAMIDULINJE.

Genus PYRAMIDULA, Fitzinger.

Pyramidula, Fitzinger, System. Verz. Oesterr. vork. Weichth. 1833,
p. 95 ; Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct., Binnenconchyl. i, 1889, p. 10
(as group of Patula] ; Pilsbry. Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 42,
pi. 40, figs. 40, 46 (animal), pi. 11, figs. 17-28 (anatomy).

TYPE, Helix rupestris, Drap.

Range. Northern Temperate Land Area.

" Shell openly umbilicated, varying in contour from flattened
and disk-like to conoidal. Generally opaque, often rib-striate.
Unicoloured, spirally banded or flammulate- Whorls subcylin-
drical or keeled, the apex generally smooth. Aperture rounded-
lunate ; lip simple and thin.

" Animal having the sole undivided ; lateral margin of the foot with
a distinct border bounded by a groove, the grooves meeting above the
tail. No caudal mucous pore. Eye-peduucles long and slender.

" Genital system lacking all accessory organs ; vas deferens and
retractor muscle inserted near or at the apex of the penis ; duct
of the sperrnatheca very long ; hermaphrodite duct very long, but
shortened by its extreme convolution.

" Jaw arcuate, its component laminae generally compactly
soldered, and indicated only by fine striae which diverge slightly
from the middle.

42 ENDODONTIDJE.

"Eadula (1) having only the mesocones developed upon central
and inner lateral teeth, or (2) having the centrals tricuspid,
laterals bicuspid lacking the entocoiies, marginal teeth similar but
with short basal-plates ; this being the usual form. In some
species the marginal teeth are multicuspid by the splitting of
their ectocones.

" The dentition as usual, shows considerable variation, even in
species otherwise closely related. As a general rule, the lateral
teeth completely lack entocones, differing in this respect from
Trachycystis and the Endodonta-CJiaropa series ; but in the
section ffelicodiscus, entocones are well developed. The dentition
is quite unlike Trachycystis in the form of the marginal teeth.

" The genus Pyramidula consists of dull- coloured ground-living
snails, species of which occur over the whole northern temperate
land area. Its nearest relatives are Charojoa, Trachycystis, and
Stcphanoda, genera occupying the southern temperate regions of
Australasia, Africa, and South America respectively. All may be
regarded as the remnants of an early fauna, now replaced in the
tropics, and to a large extent in temperate regions also, by higher
groups of Helices. The latter differ widely from these Patuloid
genera in lacking parapodial grooves, in the solid, ribbed jaw,
complex genital system, and other features.

" In treating of the subgenus Patula it will be shown that that
name is not available as a designation for the present genus as a
whole. Pyramidula is the earliest name, and should be accepted.
It may be objected that no diagnosis of Pyramidula was published
by Eitzinger, but the same may be said of Beck's genera. Let
those who repudiate Beck's names cast the first stone at
Eitzinger ! " (PiUbry.)

Section PYRAHIDULA, Fiteinger, s. str.
Pyramidula, Fitzinger, op. cit., p. 95 ; Pilsbry, torn, cit., p. 43.

TYPE, Helix rupestris, Drap.

Range. Europe and Central Asia.

" Shell minute, openly umbilicated, with pyramidal spire and
obtuse smooth apex. Whorls tubular, obliquely striated. Aper-
ture round or nearly so ; lip simple.

" Jaw arcuate, finely striated vertically.

" Eadula having the central teeth unicuspid, the side cusps
being represented by a slight sinuatlon. Laterals bicuspid.
Marginals with low wide basal-plate, the inner bearing two cusps,
the outer becoming multicuspid by splitting of the cusps.

" This section differs from Gonyodiscus and Patulastra m having
the spire conically elevated, and from the former in lacking
rib-striae," (Pilsbry.}

Only two species are known from the Indian Peninsula, and a
doubtful one from Ceylon, these being the most southern outliers
of the section.

PYRAMIDULA. 43

57. Pyramidula humilis, Benson.

Helix humilis (Hutton), Benson, J. A. S. B. vii, 1838, p. 217 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1847, p. 106 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

vii, 1851, pi. 133, fig. 825; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, iii,

1853, p. 322, pi. 129, fig. 28 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1874, pi. 61, figs. 4-6.
Helix (Patula} humilis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 125 ;

Nevill, Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Miss. 1878, Mollusca, p. 18 ;

ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 66.

Vallonia humilis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47.
Patula (Discus} humilis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 90.
Helix (Patula (Discus)} humilis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 22, pi. 3, figs. 4-6.
Pyramidula (s. s.) humilis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 44.

Original description : — " Testa parvula, convexo-depressa, cor-
nea, late et profunde uinbilicata ; aufractibus quinque rotundatis,
ultimo subangulato, penultimo aperturam circularem vix inter-
rumpente ; peritremate acuto.

" Diam. 0'125 poll." [=3 mill.]. (Benson.}

Hob. India : Chur, near Simla (Stoliczka} ; Landour (JReeve} ;
Simla (Stoliczka, Oldliam} ; Murree (Stoliczka} ; Tandiana
(Theobald}.

58. Pyramidula euomphalus, Blanford.

Helix euomphalus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 354 ; Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. v, 1868, p. 138.
Helix euomphalos, Hanley & Theobald. Conch. Ind. 1875. p. 52,

pi. 129, figs. 1-3.
Patula (Patulastra) euomphalus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 87.
Helix (Patula} (Punctum)} euomphalus, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 32, pi. 7, figs. 75-77.
Pyramidula (s. s.) euomphalus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1893, p. 44.

Original description : — " Testa mediocriter umbilicata, sub-
turbinata, depressa, fulvo-cornea, tenuis, oblique striata; spira
conoidea, apice obtusa, sutura valde impressa. Anfr. 4 rotundati,
sensim accrescentes, ultimus vix descendens, subteres. Apertura
obliqua, rotundato lunaris ; peristuma simplex, rectum, marginibus
distantibus, sinistro baud reflexo. Umbilicum perspectivum.

"Diam. maj. 2, min. 1|, alt. 1 mm." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : near Pykara, Nilgiri Hills (Blanford}.

" This shell in its form somewhat resembles a minute H. tapeina,
Bens., with more rounded whorls, deeper sutures, and a non-
expanded lip." (Blanford.}

The species \vas not figured by Blanford, as he states that
unfortunately the specimen, forwarded to him by his brother for
that purpose, was crushed before it reached him. Hanley and
Theobald, however, give a representation of the shell, the specimen
figured probably originating from the same source.

44 HELICID^.

59. Pyramidula? halyi, Jousseaume.

Trichia halyi, Jousseaume, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, Tii, 1894, p. 271,
pi. 4, fig. 2.

Original description : — " Testa parva, late et prof unde umbili-
cata, globoso-conica, irregulariter striatula, vix nitida, subopaca,
corneo fusca, spira conoidea, apice obtusa ; anfr. 4 rotundati,
sutura profunda separati, ultimus non descendens, superne
planulatus ; apertura perobliqua, subcircularis ; perist. simplex,
acutum, rectum, raargine umbilicari non reflexo.

"Diam. et alt. 1-5 mm." (Jousseaume.)

Hob. Ceylon : Nuwara Eliya (Simon).

This species, referred to Trichia by Jousseaume — a genus
certainly not represented within the limits of the Indian Empire
— I place here not without some doubt, but no other genus
appears so well fitted for its reception, and we have already two
species in the Indian Peninsula, one of them in the Nilgiri Hills,
and since the fauna of Ceylon shows many traces of affinity with
that of Southern India, the extension of the genus to Ceylon
offers no insuperable difficulties. One of Jousseaume's figures —
that showing the inferior side — has been drawn by the artist as
a sinistral shell, the other two figures being correctly shown
as dextral.

Family HELICID^E, Pilsbry.

Subfamily ACAVIN^E, Pilsbry.

Genus ACAVUS, Montfort.

Acavus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 234; Semper, Keisen
Arch. Philippinen, Wiss. Res. 2, iii, 1870, p. 99 (anatomy)';
Sarasin, Ergebn. Naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, i, 1888 (embryology) ;
Binney, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii, 1884, p. 92 (dentition) ; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 153 ; Randies, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London, iv, 1900, p. 103 (anatomy).

Oligospira, Ancey, Conch. Exoh. ii, 1887, p. 22.

Acavella, Jousseaume, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 288.

TYPE, Helix hcemastoma, Linne.

Range. Ceylon.

" Shell imperforate, globose depressed or globose trochoidal,
solid, bright coloured. Whorls, less than 5, rapidly increasing,
the several earlier forming the nuclear or embryonic shell, which is
about one-third the diameter of the adult. Last whorl deflexed in
front. Aperture very oblique, the lip vividly coloured and broadly
expanded ; columellar margin long, obliquely descending, broadly
flattened, the columellar lip adnate.

" Animal with undivided sole and no pedal grooves-: lung and

ACAVUS. 45

Jcidney very short, the latter [former ?] opening at the base of the
kidney. Body-lobes of the mantle present, of moderate or small
size.

" Jaw strong, low arcuate, entirely smooth, without median
projection.

" B/adula having the teeth all unicuspid.

" Genital system having no accessory organs. Penis having
terminal retractor, the interior with two longitudinal pilasters
below, with a very short, imperforate papilla at their base, at the
base of which the vas deferens enters. Spermatheca on a very
short duct. Eggs very large, oval, hard-shelled.

" The genus Acavus comprises Ceylonese Helices of large size
and superb colouring. The shell is capacious, with a broad, polished
lip of vivid red, lilac, or intense black hue. The young shells at
the time of their extrusion from the egg are bright coloured, with
round periphery, and are about one-third the size of the adult.
The teeth are all unicuspid, but the marginals have shorter cusps
than in Helicophanta or Panda ; and the shell differs from these
groups in its broad columellar lip and brilliant colouring. They
are arboreal in habit." (Pilsbry.}

60. Acavus haemastoma, Linne.

Helix hcemastoma, Linne", Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, p. 773;
Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1821, pi. 32*>, figs. 1, 2, 5 ; Wood,
Index Testae. 1825, pi. 34, fig. 127 ; Donovan, Natural Kepos.
iv, 1834, pi. 132 ; Sowerbv, Conch. Man. 1839, fig. 267 ; Plart-
mann, Gastr. Schweiz, iii, 1844, pi. 56, figs. 1-5 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-
Cab., Heliceen, i, 1846, p. 31, pi. 3, tigs. 1, 2 ; Chenu, lllustr.
Conchyl. 1851, Helix, pi. 3, figs. 18, 19 ; Eeeve, Conch. Icon, vii,
1852, pi. 71, fig. 366; Adams, Genera, 1858, pi. 77, fig. 6*;
Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, 2, iii, 1870, p. 99, pi. 12,
figs. 8-10 (anatomy); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875,
pi. 127, fig. 2 ; Kobelt, lllustr. Conch. Buch, 1879, pi. 68, fig. 10 ;
Woodward, Man. Moll. ed. 4, 1880, pi. 12, fig. 1 ; Tryon, Struct.
Conch, iii. 1884, p. 45, pi. 95, fig. 75.

Acavus hemastomus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 235, pi. 59 ;
Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 287.

Helix (Acavus} hamastoma, Beck, Index, 1838, p. 37; Nevill,
Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80 ; Westerlund, Vega Exp. Vetensk. Jakt.
iv, 1887, p. 141.

Acavus hcemastoma, Adams, Genera Moll, ii, 1858, p. 195, pi. 77,
fig. 6 a.

Helix (Macroon (Acavus}} hcemastoma, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2.
vi, 1890, p. 78, pi. 18, figs. 22-25.

Acavus hemastomus, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1860, pi. 34, fig. 127 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154, pi. 38, fig. 1 (shell),
pi. 48," fig. 14, pi. 50, fig. 3 (anatomy) ; Eandles, Proc. Malac.
Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 103, pi. 9, figs. 9, 12 (anatomy).

" Shell globose-conical, white, brown above and usually brown
around the umbilicus ; aperture very oblique ; columella not
truncated where it joins the basal lip.

46 HELlCIDjE.

"The shell is solid and opaque, with rounded periphery and
conoidal spire. It is porcelaneous white, but dull, not polished
when in a natural condition ; the whole surface above the peri-
phery is usually of a reddish-brown hue, becoming paler of a
brownish flesh-colour on the embryonic three whorls, and pink on
the inner two ; at and below the periphery there is a white zone
which covers the base, or is limited by a brown tract upon the
umbilical region ; the suture is often edged by a white line. The
surface has rather rude but inconspicuous lines of growth, and
under a strong lens is seen to be covered by a dense minute
pattern of incised criss-cross scratches ; the embryonic whorls
have radiating subregular strise, cut by subobsolete spiral engraved
lines. Whorls nearly 5, convex, the last flattened and sloping
above, a little descending in front. Aperture very oblique,
oblong-truncate, white inside, showing faintly the bands of outer
surface. Entire peristome broadly reflexed, of a bright pinkish-
red colour typically ; columellar margin long, oblique, very broadly
expanded and adnate to the base, flat, with a curved excavation at
the place of the umbilicus ; parietal wall covered by a heavy callus
of the same colour as the lip." (Pilsbry.)

Major diam. 49, inin. 38 mm. ; alt. 39 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Blanford, Nevill, Colletf) • Gralle (Simon).

Morch records the species from Coromandel (Journ. Conchy 1.
xx, 1872, p. 336), and Benson states that it occurs in the JVico-
bars as well as Ceylon (A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 97).
As neither of these records has ever been confirmed, and as, more-
over, the genus is believed to be confined to Ceylon, these two
reputed habitats may without hesitation be disregarded.

The banding varies to some extent in this species, and, assuming
the normal bands to be five, as in the Palsearctic Cepceas, the most
common form is represented by the following formula : (1 23) 0 5 or
(1 2 3) 0 0 ; a specimen in my collection exhibits only two bands —
1200 0 — while another appears to have the five bands confluent
in two series, thus : (123) (4 5), which is also the case with the
shell figured in Conch. Ind. pi. 127, fig. 2. Lastly, a shell I
received from Col. Parry shows four thin bands, 12305, the
second band being a mere thread. I also possess several specimens
without any bands. Analogous arrangements obtain in the var.
melanotragus, specimens in my collection providing the following
formulas: 1(23)00, (123)00, I1 (2 3) 00.

Var. melanotragus, Born.

Helix melanotragus, Born, Index, 1778, p. 400; ibid., Test. Mus.
Cses. Vindob. 1780, p. 388 ; Pfeifter, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, i,
1846, p. 32,"pl. 3, figs. 4, 5 ; Chenu, Illustr. Conchyl. 1851, pi. 5,
fig. 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 127, fig. 3.

Acavus melanotragus, Adams, Genera Moll, ii, 1858, p. 195 ;
Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 287.

Helix (Acavus) melanotragus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.

ACAYUS. 47

Helix (Acavus) h&mastoma, var. melanotragus, Nevill, J. A. S. B.

1, 1881, p. 133.
Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) htemastoma, var. melanotragus, Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 79, pi. 18, fig. 24.
Acavus hfsmastomus, var. melanotrayus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

ix, 1894, p. 154.

" Peristome and a broad band across the parietal wall black ;
a white spot at the insertion of the columella.

" This variety is nearly as abundant as the typical red-lipped
form." (Pilsbry.)

The colouring of the bands is darker than usually obtains in
the typical form, being a blackish brown.

ffab. Ceylon (NeviU, Blanford) : Kandy (Simon).

Var. conus, Pilsbry.

Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) hcemastomus, var. conus, Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 79, pi. 16, fig. 7.
Acavus hcemastomus, var. conus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 154.

Original description : — " More elevated than the type, with
which it agrees in the colour of the outside. The entire peri-
storne, columella, and a broad band across the parietal wall are a
beautiful lilac or purple colour ; a rather deep excavation at the
place of the umbilicus.

" Diarn. 35, alt. 36 mill." (Pilsbry.)

Yar. concolor, Pilsbry.

Helix h&maxtoma, var. concolor, Pilsbry, Nautilus, iv, 1890, p. 59.
Acavus hcemastoma, var. concolor, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi,
1890, p. 303.

Original description : — " Unicoloured chestnut all over, the two
earlier whorls and a narrow umbilical crescent pink ; lip and
parietal wall red. No spiral white zones or bands. Form
normal." (Pilsbry.)

61. Acavus fastosus, Albers.

Helix fastosa, Albers, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 213 ; Pfeiffer, Novit,

Conch, ser. 1, i, 1855, p. 40, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 197 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875,

pi. 127, fig. 5.
Helix melanotragus, Fe"russac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1821, pi. 32 B,

tigs. 2, 3, 4 (non Born).

Helix (Acavux) fastosa, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 144.
Helix (Afiavus) fastuosa, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 172.
Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) faslosa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi,

1890, p. 79, pi. 16, figs. 5/6.
Acavus fa$tosus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154.

Original description :— " T. imperforata, globoso-conica, regu-
lariter confertim striata, albida, oblique fulvo-strigata et multi-

48 HELICIILE.

fasciata ; spira conica, obtusula ; anfr. 4| convexiusculi, rapide
accrescentes, ultimus antice descendens, peripheria obsoletissime
subangulatus ; apertura diagonals, oblique oblonga, intus alba ;
perist. hepaticum, marginibus callo nigro-castaneo nitido, intrante
junctis, supero leviter arcuato, expanse et reflexiusculo, columellari
declivi, piano, perdilatato, adnato.

" Diam. maj. 38, min. 30, alt. 27 mill." (Albert.)
Nearly allied to A. luxmastoma, but appears to differ in being
less solid, having more convex wborls — the base being decidedly
more convex, but not gibbous behind the columellar margin as
in hcemastoma, while the lip is reflexed but not expanded as in the
latter. The numerous narrow encircling bands also distinguish
it. A specimen, however, acquired by me from the H. Nevill
collection, exhibits two blackish-brown zones above the periphery —
one narrow, under the suture, and the other broad, separated
from the first by a narrow light zone and extending to the
periphery — as often observed in hcemastoma. In addition there
are below the periphery five more or less distinct linear bands.
These zones and bands may be indicated by the following formula :
1(23 )3 ** 55. This shell is well represented by figs. 3 and 4 on
plate 32 B of Ferussac's work, except that these show an additional
linear band between the two dark zones.

When describing the shell, Albers gave the Malay Peninsula
as habitat. This was already called in question by Pfeiffer in 1855,
while in 1859 he definitely indicated Ceylon as its origin.

62. Acavns prosperus, Albers.

Helix prospera, Albers, Malak. Blatt. iv, 1857, p. 93, pi. 1, figs. 7,
8 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 150, fig. 4.

HeUx (Acavus) prospera, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860
p. 172.

Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) prospera, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,
vi, 1890, p. 80, pi. 17, figs. 14, 15.

Acavus prosperus, Pilsbry, ibid, ix, 1894, p. Io4.

Original description : — " Testa imperforata, orbiculato-globosa,
solida, distincte striata, unicolor castaneo-purpurascens ; spira
parum prominens, globosula, vertice rosea ; anfractus 4 convexi,
modice accrescentes, ultimus antice non protractus, mediocriter
descendens ; apertura obliqua, oblongo-lunaris, basi rotundata,
intus lactea ; peristoma purpureum, expansum, breviter reflexum,
margine dextro medio innexiusculo, superne arcuato, columellari
stricto, dilatato, vix excavato, sensim in basalem transeunte ;
paries aperturalis callo purpureo obductus.

"Diam. maj. 44, min. 34, alt. 25 millim." (Albers.)

Hob. Ceylon.

It is stated to differ from A. hcemastoma in being more globose,
the depressed spire, rounded above, not conical, and in being
unicolorous.

ACAVUS. 49

63. Acavus phoenix, Pfeiffer.

Helix phoenix, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 53 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 127, fig. 6.
Helix melanotragus, Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1821, pi. 32 B, fig. 6

(var. a) ; Donovan, Natural. Repos. iv, 1834, pi. 133 ; Pfeiffer,

Conch. -Cab., Heliceen, i, 1846, pp. x & 32, pi. 3, fig. 3, pi. 7,

figs. 9, 10 ; Chenu, Illustr. Oonchyl.*, 1851, pi. 5, fig. 1 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 71, fig. 367.
Helix (Acavus} melanotragus, Beck, Index, 1838, p. 37.
Helix (Macroon (Acavus)} phoenix, Pilsbry, Man, Conch, ser. 2,

vi, 1890, p. 80, pi. 17, figs. 10-12.
Acavus phcenix, Adams, Genera Moll, ii, 1858, p. 195 ; Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154, pi. 50, fig. 5 (radula), fig. 4 (egg) ;

Randies, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 103, pi. 9, figs. I,

4, 13 (anatomy).

Original description : — " T. imperforata, globoso-conoidea, tenui-
uscula, leviter rugata, subunicolor castanea, vel fusco, roseo et
luteo radiatim variegata, non fasciata, rarius roseo-albida ; spira
brevis, convexo-conoidea, vertice subtili, obtuso, albido ; sutura
rnediocris, plerumque fusco marginata; anfr. 4 convex!, rapide
accrescentes, ultimus ventrosus, plerumque spiraliter obsolete
sulcatus, antice inflatus, sensim descendens ; apertura perobliquar
truncato-oblonga, intus lactea ; perist. late expansum et reflexuin,
castaneo-limbatura, marginibus callo albo, extus castaneo-
marginato, junctis, dextro superne arcuato, columellari declivi,
substricto, antice subtruncato, sursum perdilatato, piano.

" Diam. maj. 58, min. 43, alt. 38 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

ffab. Ceylon (Blanford, Nevill}.

Readily distinguished from A. hcemastoma by its larger size,
the more inflated whorls, and rather more depressed spire. The
bands or zones of that species are usually lacking, but 1 have
before me two specimens from the H. Nevill collection which
show a subsutural and two supra-peripheral bands, the former
and one of the latter very distinct for the greater part but dis-
appearing on the latter half of the last whorl. Many specimens
from the same collection are transversely streaked, others are
much paler with browrn peristome, some being almost white with
rosy lip, and one is an albino having a pure white peristome.

From A. superbus and A. grevillei it may be separated at once
by the more globose body-whorl and the less truncated columellar
plate.

64. Acavus superbus, Pfeiffer.

Helix superba, PfeifFer, Zeitschr. Malak. vii, 1850, p. 71 ; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 71, fig. 368; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab.,
Heliceen, iii, 1853, p. 342, pi. 133, figs. 1, 2 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 127, fig. 4.

* This work contains two different plates of Helix numbered 5 and two
numbered 8.

50 HELICIDJE.

Helix \Ac.avus) superba, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 144 ;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.
Acavus superbus, Adams, Genera Moll, ii, 1858, p. 195; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154 ; Handles, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London, vi, 1900, p. 103, pi. 9, figs. 3, 14 (anatomy).
Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) superba, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi,

1890, p. 81, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4.

Original description. — " T. imperforata, semigloboso-turbinata,
solida, irregulariter malleata et cingulis obtusis parum elevatis
munita, baud nitida, opaca, castanea ; spira brevis, conoidea,
apice obtusiuseulo pallida ; sutura mediocris ; anfr. vix 4 rapide
accrescentes, vix convexiusculi, ultimas peripheria subangulatus,
basi planus, antice descendens ; apertura perobliqua, angusta,
oblonga, intus coerulescens, nitida ; perist. album, fusco-limbatum,
late expansum, incrassato-reflexum, marginibus subparallelis,
<jallo crasso junctis, columellari calloso, perdilatato, piano,
introrsum clente transverse usque ad marginetn dextrum producto,
munito.

" Diam. maj. 55, niin. 40, alt. 35 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hdb» Ceylon (Nevill, Gardener).

This handsome species may readily be separated from Jicema-
stoma, phoenix, fastosus, and prosperus by the more pronounced
angulation of the periphery. The back of the body-whorl is
provided with some obliquely descending malleations, a feature
lacking in the other species, and the columellar plate is also
broader in most specimens. In some the lip, which varies from
light or dark brown to deep rose, is white on the inner edge,
while I possess two specimens from the H. Nevill collection with
a pure white lip ; these two shells are, moreover, remarkable in
not being unicolorous, the earlier whorls and the first two-thirds
of the last whorl exhibiting dark brown bands on a light ground,
regresented by the formula 0 2 3(4 5), all these bands becoming
confluent on the latter portion of the last whorl.

Var. grevillei, Pfeiffer.

Helix grevillei, Pfeiffer, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 387, pi. 36, fig. 8 ; ibid.,

Novit. Conch, ser. 1, i, 1858, p. 108, pi. 30, figs. 6, 7; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 127, tig. 7.
Helix (Acavus) grevillii, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 172 ;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.
Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) superba, var. grevillei, Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 82, pi. 12, figs. 47, 48.

The peristome, parietal callus, and cohimellar plate are blackish
brown in most specimens, but in a shell from the H. Nevill
collection they are jet-black, the shell itself being greyish-black.
In other respects this form cannot be separated from typical
A. superbus.

AC AT US. 51

Var. roseolabiata, Nevill.

Helix superba, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 127,

fig. 4.
Helix (Acavus) superba, var. roseolabiata, Nevill, .T. A. S. B. 1, 1881,

p. 134.
Helix (Macrob'n (Acavus)) superba, var. roseolabiata, Pilsbrv, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 82, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2.

Like the last it can only be separated from typical A. superbus
by the colour of the lip, which varies from pale to a brilliant deep
rose.

65. Acavus waltoni, Reeve.

Helix valtoni, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 49 j ibid., Conch. System, ii,

1842, pi. 166, fig. 23.
Helix waltoni, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1847, p. 19; Ferussac,

Hist. Nat. Moll. p. 303, pi. 93, figs. 1, 2 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

vii, 1852, pi. 72, fig. 372 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab.,Heliceen, ii, 1853,

p. 267, pi. 121, figs. 1-3 ; Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1859, p. 453,

figs. 3383, 3385 ; Figuier, Vie & Mceura des Aniin. 1866, p. 385,

figs. 204, 205 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 127,

fig. 1 ; Sarasin, Ergebn. Naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, 1, heft 2, 1888

pp. 35-69, pi. 6-8 (embryology).
Helix (Acavus) waltoni, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 109 ; Nevill,

Hand List, i, 1878, p. 81 ; Cooke, Cambr. Nat. Hist, iii, 1895,

p. 304, fig. 204.

Oligospira waltoni, Ancey, Conch. Exch. ii, 1887, p. 22.
Helix (Macroon (Acavus)} waltoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser, 2, vi,

1890, p. 83, pi. 18, figs. 20, 21.
Acavel/a waltoni, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 288.

Acavus valtoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154.
Acavus waltoni, Randies, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900,

p. 103, pi. 9, figs. 6 (radula), 10, 15 (anatomy).

Original description : — " Hel. testa ovata, depressa, anfractibus
ventricosiusculis, ultimo superne productiore, rubido-fusca, radiis
longitudinalibus obsolete picta ; epidermide tenui, peculiariter
maculosa, induta ; apertura subquadrato-ovali, marginibus niger-
rimis disjimctis ; labro acutissime reflexo." (Reeve.)

Major diam. 48-59, minor 32-39 mm., alt. 30-31-5 mm.

Bab. Ceylon.

The hydrophanous patches of the periostracum are very
characteristic of the species and, while being almost obsolete in
some specimens, form definite patterns in others ; in one specimen
in my collection they are disposed in spiral bands, in another
they form obliquely descending patches above and spiral bands
below the periphery, while in a third shell they are so crowded
as practically to cover nearly the whole of the surface. The
peristome and parietal band vary from a deep blackish to light
purplish brown. The sculpture also varies considerably ; the
earlier whorls have the transverse stride cut into granules by
the incised spirals, a feature which in some shells is equally
pronounced on the body-whorl, but in others becomes almost

52

obsolete ; in some the body-whorl is more or less malleated in
places, in others it is covered with spiral furrows.

Var. polei, Collett.

Acavus (Oligospira) poleii, Collett, J. Ceylon Br. R. A. S. xv, 1899,

p. 153, figs. A, B (shell), C (eg-g).
Acavus polei, Handles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 105,

pi. 9, figs. 7, 11, 16 (anatomy).

Hob. Ceylon : Udagama (Pole).

The only character differentiating this form from A. waltoni
appears to be the white peristome and parietal callus. Some
anatomical differences are indicated by Mr. Eandles, but I doubt
these being of sufficient diagnostic value.

66. Acavus skinneri, Eeeve.

Helix skinneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 197, fig. 1387 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Couch. Ind. 1875, pi. Ill, fig. 1 ; Dohrn,

Conch. Cab., Heliceen, iv, 1881, p. 601, pi. 175, figs. 13, 14;

Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, Wiss. Res. 2, iii, 1870, p. 100,

pi. 12, fig. 7 (anatomy), pi. 16, fig. 5 (radula).
Helix (Acavus) skinneri, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 144 ;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 81.
Acavus skinneri, Frauenfeld, Verh. K.-K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix, 1869,

p. 876; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154, pi. 50,

figs. 1, 8, 26 (anatomy, etc.) ; Randies, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,

iv, 1900, p. 103, pi. 9, fig. 5 (anatomy).
Oligospira skinneri, Ancey, Conch. Exch. ii, 1887, p. 22.
Helix (Macrodn (Acavus)), Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890,

p. 84, pi. 18, figs. 17-19.
Acavella skinneri, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894.

p. 288.

Original description : — " Shell subglobosely depressed, thick,
solid, very obliquely produced towards the aperture, everywhere
minutely granulated, spirally broadly superficially grooved, livid
chestnut, spirally freckled with a fulvous epidermis, disposed in
hieroglyphic spots ; spire short, rose-colour beneath, small ;
suture impressed; whorls three to four, last whorl very much
the largest ; aperture subquadrately oblong, lip externally broadly
thickened, interiorly densely callous, continuous over the body-
whorl, everywhere deep purple-violet." (Reeve.)

Major diam. 31-38, min. 22-26 mm. ; alt. 17-22 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Skinner} • Upper Onavah (Layard).

The species is characterized by the callous growth on the
outside of the peristome, evidently formed by the accumulation
of the reflexed portion of the lip. In a specimen in my collection
this growth measures 8 mm. in width. The numerous spiral
ridges on the body-whorl appear to be a constant character. The
earlier whorls have the same decussating incised spirals as in
A. ivaltoni, but the body-whorl is very finely and regularly
granulated, the granules being arranged in quincunx.

CORILLA. 53

Subfamily COBILLIN^E.

Genus CORILLA, Adams.

Cot-Ma, Adams, -Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 208; Semper, Keisen
Arch. Philippine!!, Wiss. Res. 2, iii, 1870, p. 100 (anatomy) ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, ix, 189-1, p. 147 (anatomy) ; Gude,
Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, pp. 88, 126 (armature) ; Pilsbry,
Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vi, 1905, p. 288 (anatomy) ; Godwin -
Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 199 (anatomy).

Atopa, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 90 (in part).

" Shell planorboid, with nearly plane spire and broadly open
umbilicus, the contour subcircular or oblong ; rather solid, striated
above, brown or yellow. Whorls 5-5|, the last deflected in front.
Aperture oblique, the lip broadly reflexed or recurved, its ends
distant ; parietal wall smooth or armed with a strong entering
lamella. Interior of the last whorl either without laminae or
obstructed by a series of Hades nearly parallel to the direction of
the whorls, but having no transverse barriers.

*' Foot (of C. erronea) with undivided sole and without pedal
grooves. No mantle lappets. Kidney very short.

" Jaw entirely smooth. Radula with about 79-85 teeth in a
transverse row. Central tooth not smaller than the laterals,
having a single cusp, shorter than the basal plate. Lateral?
similar but asymmetrical. Marginals having a large, simple,
oblique cusp longer than the square basal plate.

" Genital system elongated, with no accessory organs on the
female side. Spermatheca having a long duct, which branches
into a very long flagellum-like diverticulum, containing a cylindrical
spermatophore, which extended from the end of the diverticulum
to the vagina. Penis short, swollen distally, continued in the
vas deferens upon which the penis retractor is situated, the distal
end of the retractor being inserted on the uterus. This species
[(7. erronea'] is ovoviviparous, the uterus in the individual figured
containing two young, having a membranous shell of about
5 mill, diam., and more than 3 whorls.

"The shell differs from that of Plectopylis in lacking internal
barriers transversely obstructing the passage. When internal
lamellae are present in Gorilla they run parallel to the sutures or
nearly so, as in Polygyratia. The central teeth are not smaller
than the laterals as in Plectopylis, and there are further differences
in the genitalia." (Pilsbry.}

TIPE, Helix erronea, Albers.

Range. Ceylon ; Southern India (1 species).

When examining the soft parts of Gorilla humberti in 1905, Prof.
Pilsbry found that the additional data obtained threw no light upon
the affinities of the groups with other Helicidse. He further states
that the suspicion he formerly entertained that Gorilla might be
related to the Macroogona is negatived by the knowledge we now

54

have of the lungs of both groups ; and that we do not yet know
enough of the anatomy of Plectopylis, Stegodera, or Traumatopliora,
to demonstrate any relationship between them and Gorilla, though
it is natural to suppose that these genera stand together. The
genus, so far as we now know, stands by itself, he says, and for
it alone a subfamily Corillinae must be erected, which for the
present might be placed next to the Camaenmae.

Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, on the other hand, considers that the
generative organs in Gorilla are remarkably similar to those of
Plectopylis, while another striking character common to both
genera is found in the liver.

Albers in 1850 established the genus Atopa for the reception of
three species previously classed in Helix, i. e. achatina, Gray,
refuga, Gould, and rivolii, Desh. The name being preoccupied in
Coleoptera (Fabricius, in Paykull, Faun. Suec. ii, 1799, p. 116).
H. and A. Adams in 1855 proposed Gorilla in lieu, adding a fourth
species, erronea, Alb. No type was indicated, but the first of the
species enumerated being achatina, the name Gorilla would, under
a strict application of the law of priority, have to be assigned to
Helix achatina and its allies, while Plectopylis would become a
synonym. No useful purpose, however, would be served by such
a process ; on the contrary, much confusion would arise, and it
therefore appears advisable to accept the status of these two
genera as defined by Benson and Pilsbry.

The genus Gorilla is especially remarkable from the fact that
the immature shells are provided with barriers which invariably
differ from those found in full-grown ones. The parietal folds
are not formed until the shell approaches completion, while the
palatal lamellae of immature shells are always much larger, being
almost triangular, overlapping, and reaching nearly to the parietal
wall. From what we know of the retention of ancestral characters
in young individuals, as explained by Darwin (' Origin of Species,'
sixth edition, p. 388), it may, I think, safely be assumed that the
immature form of barriers found in the young shells represents
the form of lamellae which were possessed by the progenitors
from which the existing armed members of the genus have sprung.
Consequently, those species which have to some extent retained
such characters in the adult stage (i. e. Gorilla anacc and
G. beddomece) are the older forms ; while those species which
have diverged most in the adult state (i. e. the group of G. erronea)
are of more recent origin. A singular fact in this connection is
that whereas in the adult state G. adamsi possesses no armature,
immature shells are provided with five palatal lamellae, the same
as obtains in the other members of the genus. When publishing
my observations on the armature of the various species of Gorilla
in 1896 I was ignorant of this fact and I am not aware that this
has e^er been pointed out. Among a number of shells in various
stages of growth, sent to me by the late O. Collett, were several
young specimens of G. adamsi, and upon opening these I
discovered that they were furnished with palatal lamellae similar

COEILLA. 55

in shape and size to those previously observed in the other
species. One specimen having completed nearly three whorls
was provided with these barriers at the beginning of the third
(post-embryonic) whorl. The natural inference is therefore that
these lamellae are formed almost immediately after the young
animal is born.

That structures of this nature serve as a means of defence
against the attacks of carnivorous insects and similar creatures
was suggested as long ago as 1829 by Guilding, who, in speaking
of the teeth and laminae of the Pupidae, observed that " they may
answer the purpose of an operculum to keep out enemies, while
they afford no obstacle to the motions of the soft and yielding
body of the animal " (Zool. Journ. iv, 1829, p. 168, footnote).
Of much interest in this connection is a note by Lt.-Col. Godwin-
Austin, who, in a paper on the genus Pleciopylis, states that
" when breaking up a number of shells to expose the barriers and
ascertain if their characters were constant, I was greatly interested
to find in two instances the presence of small insects that had
become fixed between the teeth." He further remarks that those
shells posssessing such bars to the predatory visits of insects, such
as certain kinds of beetles, ants, or even leeches, all of which
swarm in the forests where the shells are found, would have the
best chance of surviving (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 611).

A careful examination of a number of immature shells, moreover,
has revealed the fact that a new set of palatal lamellae is formed
on the completion of each half of a whorl, after which the
previous set is absorbed by the animal. I have observed several
specimens which contained two sets of barriers at a distance of
half a whorl ; in some cases the older set had almost vanished,
only the foundations of the lamellae being visible from the outside
through the shell- wall.

The fact that C. adamsi upon reaching maturity dispenses with
armature gives some scope for speculation. Without being
acquainted with the local conditions it is of course impossible to
solve the problem, but it may be surmised that the absence of
predatory insects may have produced this result and that the
formation of barriers in the immature shells is simply tue survival
of an ancestral character.

Key to the Species.

A. Mature shell without internal folds.

a. Shell larger, diameter 29 mm adamsi.

b. Shell smaller, diameter 22 mm v. hinidunensis.

B. Shell with internal folds.

a. Palatal folds oblique.

a. Two parietal folds beddomece.

&. Three parietal folds anax.

b. Palatal folds horizontal.

a. One parietal fold humberti.

,3. Two parietal folds odontophora.

56

•y. Three parietal folds.

*. Shell elliptic, palatal folds short, second

scarcely curved.
f. Lip much reflected.

§. Two upper palatal folds terminating

near the peristome colletti.

§§. Palatal folds terminating further

back carabinata.

tt. Lip little reflected.

§. Shell strongly and regularly ribbed . . gudei.
§§. Shell more faintly and irregularly
ribbed.

1. Third palatal fold almost hori-

zontal erronea.

2. Folds very short, nearer aperture,

third palatal fold very oblique,

ascending v. ei'ronella.

**. Shell rounded, palatal folds longer,

second much curved fryce.

67. Gorilla adamsi, nom. mut.

Helix charpentieri, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 127 (non Helix char-
pentieri, Scholtz, Schlesien's Land- und Wasser-Moll. 1843, p. 28) ;
Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 185, fig. 1285; Hanley &
Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 1 ; Brot, Journ. Conchyl.
xii, 1864, p. 22, pi. 2, fig. 11.

Gorilla charpentieri, Frauenfeld, Verh. K.-K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix,
1869, p. 876; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 88,
fig. 1.

Helix ( Corilld) charpentieri, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.

Helix (Atopa) charpentieri, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,
p. 156, pi. 33, figs. 9, 10.

Original description : — " Testa umbilicata, discoidea, solidula,
oblique costato-striata, parum nitida, virenti-cornea ; spira regu-
lari, plana ; anfractibus 5J, lente accrescentibus, modice convexis,

Fig. 12. — Gorilla adamsi.

ultimo rotundato, antice profuude descendente ; urnbilico lato,
conico, subirregulari ; apertura fere horizontal!, rotundato-lunari,
intus albida, prorsus edentula ; peristomate albo, undique late
expanse et reflexo, marginibus convergentibus, infero ad inser-
tionem attenuate." (Pfeiffer.}

Diam. maj. 27^, min. 22, alt. 9 mill.

Hob. Ceylon (Layard, Colleti) ; Nanu Oya jungle (Preston).

Among all the known species of Gorilla the present one is

CORILLA. 57

unique as being devoid of barriers in the mature shell. When
publishing my series of articles on the Armature of Helicoid
Land-shells in Science Gossip, w. s. vol. iii, 1896, et seq. I simply
recorded that Cor ilia charpentieri \_G. adamsi] was devoid of
armature (torn. cit. p. 88). I was not then aware of the remark-
able fact that this statement only applies to full-grown shells and
that at earlier stages the species is furnished with palatal laminae
similar to those found in immature shells of the other species of
Gorilla, except that they are less oblique and consequently less
overlapping. Among a number of shells I received in 1896 from
the late O. Collett and subsequently from Mr. H. B. Preston,
were several specimens of Gorilla adamsi in various stages of
growth, and upon opening some of the latter I was astonished to
discover the palatal barriers. These occurred in specimens which
had only four whorls, others possessed them where 4| whorls had
been completed, while some had two sets of barriers, in one of
which the earlier set had been partly absorbed.

Apart from the absence of barriers in mature shells, Gorilla
adamsi is readily distinguished from all its congeners by its more
rounded outline, its higher axis, the regular and coarser ribs. In
colour it varies from pale corneous to dark chestnut.

Owing to the fact that Helix charpentieri of Scholtz (1843)
antedates Pfeiffer's name (1853) I have been reluctantly compelled
to change the latter. I have associated with the species the
name of the brothers Adams who proposed the name Gorilla.

Var. hinidunensis, Nevill.

Gorilla hinidunensis, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Pneura. Ceylon, 1871,

p. 1.
Gorilla charpentieri, var. hinidunensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

ix, 1894, p. 148, pi. 41, figs. 23-25; Gude, "Science Gossip, N. s.

iii, 1896, p. 127, fig. 15.

Fig. 13. — Gorilla adamsi, var. hinidunensis.

The late Col. Beddome favoured me with the loan of a specimen
received from Nevill, for the purpose of illustration. This speci-
men is here reproduced. It measures 22 millim. in diameter.

68. Gorilla beddomese, Hanley.

Helix (Plectopylis} beddomece, Hanley, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 60 (no

description), pi. ]50, figs. 1, 2.
Plectopylis beddomei, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, sev. 2, ix, Index, 1895,

p. 121.
Gorilla beddomece, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 127,

figs. 13, 14.

58

HELICIDjE.

Shell widely umbilicated, rotundate, discoid, somewhat thin,
dark chestnut or blackish brown, irregularly costate, on the last
whorl the costse are intermingled here and there with obliquely
descending wrinkles, dull above, shining below. Spire plane,
suture a little impressed. Whorls 5^-6, flattened above, tumid
below, bluntly carinated above the periphery, a few traces of
spiral sculpture on the lower surface; the last dilated towards
the mouth, shortly and abruptly descending in front. Aperture
oblique, almost subhorizontal, elliptic-ovate ; peristome livid,
thickened and reflected, upper margin nearly straight, outer
curved, lower straight with a subquadrate callus, columellar very
short, obliquely ascending ; a slight ridge on the parietal callus
connecting the margins of the peristome and giving off a long,
sinuous, entering fold, ascending at first, the posterior extremity
descending, below this occurs a shorter, free, flexuous, horizontal
fold. Palatal folds 4, the first (upper) slightly ascending towards
the aperture, and considerably attenuated anteriorly, the second

Fig. 14. — Gorilla beddomece (type).

Fig. 15. — Gorilla beddomece,
small variety.

and third shorter, more elevated and more oblique, the fourth
subparallel with the lower suture.

Major diam. 17'5-20, minor 14-16, alt. 6-6*5 mm,
Hob. Ceylon ; Haycock Mountain (Beddome) ; Ambegamuwa,
AVatawala, Newara Eliya (Collett).

This shell was formerly extremely rare in collections, but the
late O. Collett sent considerable numbers of it to England.
Prof. Pilsbry, in referring the species to Plectopylis, was probably
guided by its external characters. The absence of vertical or
transverse barriers on the parietal wall, however, amply warrants
its inclusion in Gorilla. It differs in appearance from the other
species, being wrinkled, thinner in texture, and much flattened
above. Eig. 14 shows the type in the late Col. Beddome's col-
lection. It measures 20 mm. in diameter. A small variety, from
Watawala, in Mr. Ponsonby's collection, is shown in fig. 15. It
is less coarsely wrinkled than the type, and is also paler and
smaller, measuring only 16 mm. in diameter. Eig. 15 «, which

GORILLA. . 59

represents the shell with the outer wall removed, discloses the
fact that only two parietal folds are present, corresponding to
the median and lower folds of the species possessing three folds ;
both are visible from the aperture (see fig. 15 b). The median
fold reaches to the parietal callus, and is long and irregularly
flexuous, while the lower fold is very short. Of the four palatal
lamellae, the first arid second only are visible from the aperture.
The first, second, and third are broad, and ascend obliquely
parallel to each other, while the fourth is smaller, narrower, and
revolves horizontally, parallel with the lower suture. Fig. 15 a
shows all six barriers from behind their inner terminations.

69. Gorilla anax, Benson.

Helix anax, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, xv, 1865, p. 12 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 57, figs. 1-3.
Helix (Corilla) anax, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.
Helix (Atopa) anax, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 157,

pi. 33, figs. 16-18.
Corilla anax, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148 ; Glide,

Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 126, fig-. 12 (shell and armature).

Original description. — " H. testa late umbilicata, subovato
discoidea, utrinque concava, solidula, superne oblique costulato-
striata, subtus striata, nitidiuscula, f usco-castanea, subtus Isetiore ;
spira immersa, apice elevatiuscula, sutura subprofunda; anfracti-
bus 5, primis convexiusculis, ultimo convexo, antice descendente,
dilatato, deflexo, ad diametrum minorein angustiore ; apertura
perobliqua, rotundato-oblonga, larnellis 2, parietalibus, albis,
superiore longe intrante, sinuata,inferiore obliqua sinuata, breviore,
ab apertura remotiuscula, palatalibus 3, longiusculis, subprofundis
obliquis parallelis ab apertura conspicuis extus perlucentibus
coarctata ; peristomate casruleo-albido, subcallosa, breviter reflexi-
usculo, marginibus callo albido junctis, inferiore subdentato-
incrassata.

" Diam. maj. 23, min. 17J, axis 8 mill., apertura lata vix 10,
longa 9 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. India : Travancore ; Anamullay Hills (Beddome).

This is the only species of Corilla known to occur outside
Ceylon, being found in the southern part of India. It is of a
dark chocolate colour, and possesses three parietal and four
palatal plates. Eig. 1 6 a shows the entire shell, four of the plates —
two parietal and two palatal— being visible from the aperture.
The parietal plates are much broader than in the other species, the
first curves upwards, while the second reaches as far as the parietal
callus ; but, unlike those of the other species, they are separate.
The third parietal plate is almost horizontal, with but a slight curve,
as will be seen on reference to fig. 16 c, the specimen being there
figured with the outer wall removed. Fig. 16 d shows the same
shell with part of the outer wall broken away, and the plates are
shown as they appear from behind their inner terminations. The

60 HELICIDJE.

palatal plates also are seen to be much broader than in the other
species, and the three upper ones are much more oblique, re-
sembling in this respect the immature plates found by me in three
of the other species. In fig. 16 e a portion of the last whorl is
drawn, in which the palatal plates nos. 1, 2, and 3 are shown as
they appear through the shell, while fig. 16 b shows the entire
shell from below with palatal plates nos. 3 and 4 shining through.
The late Col. Beddome lent me several adult examples of this
species for examination, one of which is of interest from the fact
that it exhibits, in addition to the mature armature, immature
plates which are identical in form and position with those I found
in an adult shell of Corilla odontopliora. With these adult
examples was an immature shell with three whorls completed,

Fig. 16. — Corilla anax.

which is specially noteworthy in that it possesses two sets of
immature plates, one near the end of the third whorl, and the
other a little beyond the place where 2|- whorls have been
completed. It may therefore sai'ely be inferred that the plates
are not absorbed till after completion of the new ones, and it will
be remembered that this is not an isolated case, for two sets of
plates have been observed by me in a full-grown specimen of
Gorilla odontojjhora, and Col. Beddome lent me a shell of this
last-named species, identical in this respect. He informed me
that he collected his specimens of Corilla anax in the Anamullay
Hills, in the Coimbatore District of South India, in moist woods,
at ^000 feet elevation, where it was very abundant on and under
dead logs.

The specimen shown in fig. 16 is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection.

70. Corilla gudei, Sylces.

Corilla gudei, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1897, p. 234,
pi. 16, figs, 8-10 ; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 199,
pi. 114, fig. 3 (anatomy).

Original description :— -" Size and shape similar to those of

CORILLA. 61

C. erronea ; the last whorl, however, more descending and more
contracted at the spot where the lamellae show most conspicuously
through the shell. Sculpture nearly as strongly marked on the
lower as on the upper surface ; C. gudei differing thereby from
all other known Ceylon forms akin to it and recalling the Indian
C. anax. Outer lip slightly more reflexed than in 0. erronea ; the
mouth not so drawn out and slightly more rounded. Palatal and
parietal lamellae the same in number as in C. erronea, but somewhat
shorter ; differing also in situation by being more nearly parallel,
especially (counting from above) the second and third palatal
ones. Umbilical area more impressed in the present species.
Colour a little lighter than in C. erronea ; a few specimens have a
rosy tint.

" Long. 23-22, lat. 16-17, alt. 7-6-5 mm." (Sykes.)

Hob. Ceylon : Karunegala (Collett).

"As compared with C. anax, the present species differs in
having one whorl more, the whorls being more flattened above,
the lip more reflected, and the last whorl not so inflated or
produced." (Sykes.).

In addition to the differentiating features referred to by
Mr. Sykes, C. gudei, in spite of the fact that it possesses nearly a
whole whorl more than C. anax, is about 5 mm. shorter in
its major diameter, the ribs are a little coarser and more widely
spaced, and the mouth is much less dilated transversely. The
second and third palatal lamellae, moreover, are much less oblique
and nearer the aperture.

A number of immature shells of various sizes, received from
the late O. Collett, possess the immature barriers, similar to those
observed by me in all the other species of Gorilla. One specimen
has nearly three whorls completed and is provided with the usual
five palatal lamellae about one-quarter of a whorl beyond the post-
embryonic whorl.

71. Gorilla humberti, Brot.

Helix humberti, Brot, Journ. Conchyl. xii, 1864, p. 21, pi. 2, figs. 5,
6; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 159, fig. 9.

Helix (Corilla) humberti, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.

Helix (Atopd) humberti, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 156.
pi. 33, figs. 22, 23.

Corilla humberti, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148;
Glide, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 92, fig. 11 (shell and
armature) ; Pilsbry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1905, p. 288,
pi. 13, figs. 1-3, pi. 14, figs. 10-12 (anatomy).

Original description: — " T. late et profunde umbilicata, dis-
coidea, subirregularis, solidula, superne costulato-striata, subtus
vix striatula, nitida, unicolor olivaceo-fusca ; spira plana. Anfr. 5
vix convexiusculi, ultimus antice descendens. Apertura obliqua,
obtuse cordata, lamella una parietali, centrali, valida, sinuata et
palatali una profunda, brevi (extus haud conspicua) coarctata.

62 HELICID^E.

Peristoma dilute olivaceo-fuscuin, callosurn, brevissime reflexum ;
marginibus callo elevato junctis, supero subdentato, infero dente
quadrate munito.

" Diam. maj. 25, min. 20, alt. 9 mill." (Brot.}

Hob. Ceylon (Humbert, Collett) ; Newara Eliya and Watawala
(Preston).

Differs from all other species of Corilla, except charpentieri
and beddomece, in being more rounded in outline. From tbe former
it is easily distinguished by its smaller size and in being a trifle
more excentric, while from the latter it may readily be separated
by the rounded whorls. In colour it varies from blackish brown
to olivaceous corneous. Nevill * threw some doubt on the cor-
rectness of Brot's figure of the species. When studying these

Fig. 17. — Corilla humberti.

shells in 1896, I applied to Dr. Brot for the loan of his type and
he was good enough to comply with my request. I was thereby
enabled to confirm Benson's conjecture that the original figure
was slightly misleading, as the basal palatal fold appeared to be
joined to the suture, owing to the position in which the shell had
been placed, but on tilting it from the left side, the fold was found
to be quite unconnected with the suture, and I was therefore in a
position to give a more correct figure, which is now reproduced.
This fold corresponds with the fourth in the other species, while
the parietal fold corresponds with the second of the others. An
examination of several specimens received subsequently from the
late O. Collett and from Mr. Preston, has, however, revealed the
fact that the palatal fold is by no means a constant feature, for
these specimens, without exception, are devoid of all palatal folds.
A few exhibit traces (visible from without) of an immature set of
oblique folds on the penultimate whorl, but the folds themselves
have been absorbed.

72. Corilla odontophora, Benson.

Helix (Corilla) odontophora, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xv

1865, p. 175 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.
Helix odontophora, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 57,

figs. 4-6.

* A. M. N. H. ser. 7, xyi, 1865, p. 175.

COEILLA. 63

Helix (Atopa) odontophora, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887,

p. 157, pi. 33, figs. 24-26.
Gorilla odontophora, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 91, fig. 10 (shell and

armature).

Original description : — " H. testa late umbilicata, rotundato- vel
ovato-discoidea, solidula, castanea vel rufescenti-lutea, superoe
subplanulata, oblique tenuiter costulato-striata, subtus valde
concava, striata, nitida ; spira planiuscula, versus apicem obtusum
elevatiore, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4, primis convexiusculis,
ultimo antice convexiore, turn descendente, dilatato-deflexo, subtus
valde inflate ; apertura perobliqua, obtuse subcordata, lamellis 2
parietalibus (superiore longe intrante curvata, inferiors sub-
parallela, breviore, subcurvata, ab apertura remotiuscula), pala-
talibus 4 brevibus semilunaribus vel sinuatis (omnibus integris ab
apertura conspicuis, extus perlucentibus) coarctata ; peristomate
purpurascenti-albido vel castaneo, calloso, breviter reflexo, margi-
nibus superiore et inferiore subdentato-incrassatis.

" Diaui. maj. 22-26, min. 17-19, alt. 7-8 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. Ceylon: Tort McDonald (Layard); Uda Pussellawa
(Preston).

The figure given of C. edontophora in Conch. Ind. pi. 57, fig. 4,
and copied in Tryon's work, pi. 33, fig. 24, is somewhat misleading,
as it evidently represents an immature specimen, although no
reference is made to this fact. The figures now reproduced
illustrate a specimen in Mr. Ponsonby's collection. On reference
to fig. 18 b it will be seen that only two parietal folds are

Fig. 18. — (Jarilla odontophora.

present. Pig. 18 c exhibits the barriers as seen from behind their
inner terminations, and it will be observed that there are four
palatal folds, the upper three (visible through the shell-wall) are
shown in figs. 18 cZ and 180, while fig. 18 a exhibits the under-
side of the shell with the third and fourth folds showing through.
They are much shorter and less flexuous than in either C. erronea
or 0. fryce and, as stated by Benson, are entirely visible from the
aperture. Another point to be noted is that the outer termin-
ations (i. c. nearest the aperture) of the upper three palatal folds

64 HELICID^B.

form an oblique line parallel with the peristome, the first one
being nearest the aperture, whereas in C. erronea and C. fryce they
form a semi-circle, the second fold being nearest the aperture.
The shell of C. odontophora is more regularly and less coarsely
ribbed than that of C. erronea, and is larger, although composed
of only from 4 to 4| whorls, while the other two species possess
5 whorls. It further differs from C. erronea in that the last whorl
is more deflected in front, more tumid, and then suddenly con-
tracted behind the peristome, more resembling C. fryce in these
respects, as also in the presence of a quadrate tooth on the basal
margin of the peristome. This specimen, moreover, although
adult, exhibits the immature form of palatal folds (see fig. 18 a)
immediately behind the callus of the mouth ; the folds themselves,
however, have already been absorbed.

73. Gorilla fryse, Gude.

Gorilla fryce, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 89, figs. 2,
4, 6, 0.

Original description : — " Testa late umbilicata. ovato-rotundata,
discoidea, solidula, rufo-castanea, planulata, oblique costulata,
subtus valde concava, striata, pernitida ; spira plana, sutura vix
impressa. Anfr. 5, vix convexiusculi, inter suturam et peri-
pheriam valde angulati, ultimus subtus ornatur striis spiralibus
quse secundum latus lineis vel rugis impressis obliquis decussantur ;
antice convexior, valde dilatatus, prof unde descendens. Apertura
obliqua, obtuse subcordata, larnellis 3 parietales (media elongata,
validaque, laterales minores, profundaeque). 4 palatales flexuosse,
longulse, perlucentes, 3 ab apertura visibiles. Peristoma exalbido
purpurescens, vel rufo-castaneus, callosum valde reflexurn, margo
superior sub-dentate crassior, inferior dente valido atquae
quadrat o armatur.

" Diam. maj. 26, min. 20, alt. 8 mm." (Gude.)
Hob. Ceylon : Albion Estate, Lindula Districts (Mrs. Fry} ;
Ambegamuwa (Cottett).

Fig. 19. — Gorilla fry &.

Corilla fryce differs from C. erronea in being more rounded in
outline, larger, darker in colour and more shining beneath, the
ribs are more regular and less coarse ; the whorls are less convex,
almost flattened and distinctly angulated, almost keeled, midway
between the suture and the periphery, while the suture is less

GORILLA. 65

impressed; the last whorl is more constricted, and suddenly
widens towards the aperture, becoming again constricted behind
the peristome, and it is more deeply deflected in front ; the mouth
is much less oblique, the palatal folds are longer and more
flexuous, and the tooth on the basal edge of the peristome is
longer and more quadrate ; in this latter respect, as well as in
contour and shape, it more resembles C. odontopliora. [Fig. 20 b
shows the barriers from behind, a piece of the shell-wall having
been broken away.] A reference to fig. 20 a, which exhibits the
parietal folds, will explain why the upper fold is invisible from
the aperture, being hidden by the median fold with which it unites
about the middle. Figs. 196 and 19 c show that the palatal folds
are distinctly visible through the shell-wall. The specimens de-
lineated in figs. 19, 20, and 21 are all mature and being composed
of five whorls, it follows that the barriers are placed near the end
of the fifth whorl. In fig. 20 c the second palatal fold is shown
by itself, the upper convex line indicating its attachment to the
shell- wall.

> a b c

Fig. 20.— Gorilla fry a.

An immature specimen was found to contain five palatal plates
in the fourth whorl, the upper four being much broader and more
elevated than those in mature shells, reaching nearly to the inner
wall ; they overlap, being placed close together, slanting obliquely

Fig. Ul. — Gorilla fry ee, immature, X 2.

upwards, but scarcely curving ; the fifth (lowest) is very short
and narrow and corresponds in position to the fourth fold in the
full-grown shells. Fig. 21 shows the four upper plates as seen
through the shell-wall. A still younger shell received from the
late Mr. Collett possessed a set of these immature barriers at the
beginning of the third whorl, a short distance from the nepionic
part of the shell, demonstrating that the animal begins to form
these structures almost directly after being hatched.

HBLICID^E.

74. Corilla erronea, Albers.

Helix rivoli, Pfeiffer (non Deshayes), Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1848, p. 407;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 78, fig. 413 ; Pfeifter, Conch.-

Cab., Heliceen, ii, 1852, p. 238, pi. 112, figs. 16-19; iii, 1853,

pi. 160, figs. 8-11, 14, 15.
Helix erronea. Albers, Zeits. Malak. x, 1853, p. 107; Kobelt,

lllust. Conch. Buch, 1879, pi. (58, fig. 37 ; Brot, Journ. Conchyl.

xii, 1864, pi. 2, figs. 7-9.
Anchistoma (Corilla) erroneum. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1865,

p. 208.
Corilla erronea, Frauenfeld, Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix, 1809,

p. 876; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, Wiss. Res. 2, iii

pi

1896, p. 89, fig. 3, p. 90, fig. 7 (shell and armature).
Helix ( Corilla} erronea, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.
Helix (Atopa} erronea, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 157,

pi. 33, figs. 19-21.

Original description: — "Testa latissiine umbilicata, oblongo-
discoidea, superne plana, irregulariter costulato-striata, f usca, basi
laevigata, fusco-olivacea, nitidissima ; anfractus 5, ultimus in
latere testae sinistro angustatus, antice dilatatus, paululum des-
cender; apertura obliqua, obtuse obcordata, iutus margaritacea,
4-lamellata; lamellis tribus in pariete aperturali, media valida,
prominens, laterales breviores, profundae, lamella palatalis singula
profunda, iuterstitio inter lamellam ventralem mediam et sinistram
opposita ; peristoma callosum, breviter reflexum, marginibus callo
mediocri cum lamina ventrali media confluente, junctis, basali
callo oblongo, dentiform! incrassato.

"Diam. maj. 15, min. 18, alt. 7 millim." (Albers.)
Hab. Ceylon : Newara-Eliya (Nevill, Blanford}.

Fig. 22.— Corilla fryee.

Fig. 23. — Gorilla erronea.

CORILLA. 67

The palatal plates are disposed in much the same manner as in
C.fryce, but they are shorter and less curved (see fig. 23 d),
which shows a portion of the inner side of the outer wall with the
palatal plates in situ. The parietal folds are almost identical in
shape and position with those in fryce (see fig. 23 e) but they are
shorter and the union of the first and second (upper and median)
folds is not so complete. The specimen shown in fig. 23 e is of
interest on account of a small adventitious denticle between the
second and third folds. *

Var. erronella, Gude.

Gorilla erronea, var. erronella, Gude, Science Gossip. N. s. iii,
1896, p. 127, fig. 16.

Much smaller and thinner than C. erronea, and the palatal
lamellae much shorter and placed much nearer the mouth of the
shell. The outer terminations of the parietal folds and the whole
of the thin upper palatal lamellae are visible from the aperture
(see fig. 24 a). The third palatal lamella, which in C. erronea is

Fig. 24. — Gorilla erronea, var. erronella.

nearly horizontal, is here strongly oblique and ascending, while the
fourth readies nearly to the peristome (see fig. 24 c). Known
from a unique specimen in the late Col. Beddome's collection.
He received it with the MS. name C. erronella, Nevill.

75. Gorilla carabinata, Ferussac.

HeMcodonta carabinaia, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Liina^ons, 1821, p. 38,

n. 109.
Helix carabinata, Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll.,, Expl. Planches, 1822,

p. iii, pi. 51 B, fig. 3 (shell and armature) ; Bowdich, Elem. Conch.

1822, pi. 7, fig. 19; Deshayes, Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, viii,

1838; 'Delessert, llec. Coq. 1841, pi. 26, fig. 8 ; Guerin, Icon.

Kegne Anim., Moll. 1844, pi. 6, fig. 5; Chenu, 111. Conch. 1850,

pi. 12, fig. 8.

Helix rivolii, Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., Vers, ii, 1830, p. 208 ; ibid,
in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, i, 1839, p. 7 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab.,

pi. 2, fig. 10 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 2.
Helix (Atopa) rovolti, err. typ., Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 90.
Anchistoma (Atopa) rivolii, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1860, p. 463,

figs. 3452-54.
Hcliv (Gorilla) rivolii, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.

68 HELICIDJE.

Gorilla rivolii, Frauenfeld, Verb. K. K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix, 1869,

p. 876; Tryon, Struct. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 33, pi. 94, fig. 24;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148, pi. 41, figs. 20-22 ;

Glide," Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 91, figs. 8, 9 (shell and

armature).
Helix (Atopa) rivolii, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2. iii, 1887, p. 156,

pi. 33, figs. 11, 12.

Original description : — " H. testa alba, vitrea, utroque latere
concavo-planulata, ellipsoidea; spira irregular!, superne striata,
inferne Isevigata ; anfractibus gyratis, ultimo majore, ad aperturain
depressis ; apertura dilatata, tubseformi obliqua, rotundato-semi-
lunari, intus quinquedentata; dente collumellari alteris longiore."

Major diam. 23-25, minor 16-5-17, alt. 6-25-7 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Templetoii) ; .Kandy (Nevill, Preston}.

When describing Helix rivolii in 1830 Deshayes was probably
unaware of the fact that the shell figured by Ferussac as Helix
carabinata was identical with his own. In 1838, however, when
editing the second edition of Lamarck's ' Animaux sans Vertebres/
he acknowledges Ferussac's name and relegates rivolii to the
synonymy, reversing the process when editing Eerussac's Hist.
JSTat. Moll. (vol. i, p. 7, 1839), where he states that doubtless
Eerussac had provisionally so-named the species, and that he has
searched the dictionaries in vain for the meaning of the word
carabinata. For this reason he thought it advisable to retain for
the species the name he had himself proposed for it in 1830.
While a few of the older authors adopted Ferussac's name, every
one dealing with the species since 1850 has recognized Deshayes'
designation. Although Ferussac did not give a description and
livraison x, containing plate 51 B (numbered 101 in some copies)
on which the species is figured, had no text with-it, two sheets
of ' Explication des Planches ' were issued with livraison xvi in
1822 *, on page iii of which the name H. carabinata duly occurs.

Under these circumstances Ferussac's name must be adopted.

b ^T^ "^

d

Fig. 25. — Gorilla carabinata. Fig. 26. — Gorilla carabinata immature.

In fig. 25 a the parietal and palatal barriers are exposed from
behind, while fig. 25 b shows the median parietal fold joining the
callus at the aperture and the anterior terminations of the upper

* A copy of this is in my possession.

CORILLA.. — PLECTOPYLIS. 69

and lower folds. In fig. 26 two immature specimens are de-
lineated, of which a-e exhibit one with four whorls completed,
having five immature palatal plates. In fig. 26 e and / the daggei
indicates the place where the barriers occur, in the former at the
end of the fourth whorl and in the latter where only 3| whorls
have been completed. I also possess one specimen of 2 j whorls
which is provided with a set of barriers at the end. of 2| whorls,
distant about \ whorl from the nepionic shell. Except in size
these barriers do not differ from those in the other immature
shells.

76. Gorilla colletti, SyJces.

Corilla colletti, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1897, p. 233,
pi. 16, figs. 11-13.

Original description: — " Shape strongly recalling that of C.rivolii,
but the new species is much smaller in size. Sculpture also
similar in nature, but finer and more closely set. The mouth in
the present species not so much contracted and not quite so
descending ; the lip not nearly so reflexed and thickened. The
palatal and parietal lamellae are the same in number in both
species, but in C. colletti the former approach more nearly to the
lip, especially the upper two. Of the parietal lamellae, the upper
and lower are more nearly parallel, and not so convergent, while
the middle one is much shorter than in C. rivolii, and does not
enter so far iuto the shell.

" Long. 21-21-25, lat. 14-15-5, alt. 6-5-75 mm." (Syl-es.)

Hob. Ceylon : Balangoda (Collett).

Genus PLECTOPYLIS, Benson.

Plectopylis (section of Helix), Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860,
p. 244 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 217 ; Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 143 ; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi,
1899, pp. 147, 174; Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 201.

Type, Helix achatina (Gray). Pfeiffer [bensoni, Gude].

Range. N.E. India, Burma, Tonkin, South and Central China,
and Loo Choo Archipelago.

" Shell depressed, with flat or low-conical spire and large
umbilicus, dextral or sinistral ; solid or thin, the upper surface
generally sculptured with spiral lines, hirsute in the young.
Aperture half-round or lunate, oblique, the lip reflexed, its end
generally joined by an elevated parietal callus, which usually
bears an entering lamella. Interior of the last whorl obstructed
by a barrier composed of a transverse plate or plates on tlie parietal
wall, and several transverse or longitudinal denticles or plates on
the outer wall.

" Foot short, rarely equalling in length the diameter of the

70 HELICID^E.

shell ; tentacles very short, eye pedicles of moderate length.
Mantle-edge thin, with small right and left body-lappets. Pul-
monary cavity small. Kidney large, triangular.

"Jaw very thin, horny, arched, with a small anterior median
projection ; it is marked transversely with a great number of
more or less distant grooves which divaricate in the centre.
Eadula of moderate width, long, composed of about 100 trans-
verse more or less V-shaped rows of 60-70 teeth. Central tooth
smaller, sometimes much smaller, than the laterals, very narrow, the
reflection small, with three slender cusps. Lateral teeth with
a large inner cusp and simple or bifid outer cusp, and a minute
inner cusp.

" Genital system having the duct of the spermatheca long. An
organ of unknown homology (either a dart sack, a diverticulum
of the spermatheca, or an appendicula) enters the vagina just
above the opening of the spermatheca duct. Uterus containing
few large eggs. Penis simple, receiving the vas deferens and the
penis retractor at its apex, the latter attached distally to the floor
of the lung cavity." (Pilsbry.)

Stoliczka was the first to investigate the anatomy of Plectopylis
(1871), four species, acJiatina [bensoni], cyclaspis, pinacis, and
macromphalus, forming the subject of his memoir. It was not until
thirty-six years subsequently (1907) that Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen
followed with an account of the anatomy of P. cyclaspis. Stoliczka
states that on the whole the form of the body closely resembles
that of Clausilia, and that a comparison of the interior organiz-
ation of the two genera also indicate their close relation. The
jaw he found similar in structure but different in shape. Much
greater, he continues, is the similarity of the Plectopylis jaw to
that of Cylindrella, with the exception that the median projection
is wanting in the latter. The arrangement of the teeth of
P. acJiatina [bensoni'] and P. cyclaspis he also found to agree with
that of Cylindrella in the very small size of the centre tooth, but
this was not found to be a constant character. In P. pinacis the
centre tooth was larger and more of a shape similar to that of the
lateral teeth, which, however, in all the species he found to retain
distinctly the helicoid character.

Godwin-Austen found in P. cyclaspis the penis simple, like that
of Gorilla, but very short in comparison with the great length of
the rest of the genitalia and other organs occupying the closely-
wound many-whorled shell. He states that the vagina soon de-
velops into the thin-walled oviduct, which was found occupied
by about a dozen embryonic shells in various stages of develop-
ment, the anterior ones, very well grown, showed the coiled visceral
sac, and were covered with minute calcareous granules. The
spermatheca was a thin cord with a sac-like expansion at the
free end. The hermaphrodite duct was long, convolute, and
lying attached to the side of the albumen-gland.

The intestine was long and cord-like, the salivary glands small

PLECTOPYLIS. 71

and elongate, the heart situated one whole whorl behind the
aperture, and lying below the oval-shaped kidney. The oviduct
was packed close to the heart.

The jaw he found very thin and delicate, composed of 24
elongate plates which slightly overlap, the central plates being the
largest. These plates were attached to a mass of muscular tissue ,
or, in other words, this muscular tissue merged into the more
solid plates ; in this respect there being a similarity to the jaw
of Succinea ; the resemblance to the ja\v of Tliysanota guerini
being still greater.

The teeth of the radula are stated to be thus disposed :
12. 9. 1.9. 12 or 21. 1.21.

The centre tooth is stated to be small, on a narrow oblong
plate; the plates of the admedian teeth nearly square, there being
an indication of a duplication followed by fusing of parts, the
square plate being divided into a long inner oblong portion and a
shorter outer oblong portion with a well-defined rounded upper
outer angle. At the 10th tooth the very long inner cusp of the
9th tooth he found to become bicuspid into blunt rounded points,
the biscuspid form with a single small cusp outside it continuing
to the outermost teeth. This type of radula, he notes, is peculiar
to the genera Tliysanota^ Sylcesia [JRuthvenia], and Philalanka, to
a greater or less extent with modification of the central and
admedian teeth.

Stoliczka raised Plectopylis to generic rank, but Prof. Pilsbry
in 1890 made it a section of Helix. In 1894, however, he also
accorded it generic status and in his Index to the Helicidae, 1895,
p. 124, it was placed between the groups Macroogona and Teleo-
phallogona. He there included two Chinese groups of uncertain
affinity — Traumatopliora and Stegodera, each containing one
species — but as nothing is known of their anatomy, and as, more-
over, they are devoid of the armature characteristic of Plectopylis,
their inclusion is hardly warranted.

In 1899 the present writer divided the genus into seven sections,
one of which — Sylcesia [Jtuthvenia~] has since been shown to have
affinity with Tliysanota and Pliilalanka and which has already been
dealt with (ante p. 25). Another section — Enteroplax, proposed
for the reception of three Philippine Island species — will probably
share a similar fate when the soft parts come to be examined.

Benson had already noted that Plectopylis achatina [bensoni]
was ovoviviparous, and this was found to be the case with all four
species examined by Stoliczka. I have also observed this fact in
a specimen of P. lissochlamys.

As regards the question concerning the probable primordial
form from which the existing species have been evolved, this
is very problematical, as no fossil forms are known. Stoliczka,
it is true, described three species of fossil Helices, which he
referred to the section Ancliistoma [= Gonostoma~\, stating
that they had affinity with Plectopylis and Gorilla (Cretaceous

72 HELICID^E.

Fauna of Southern India, ii, 1868, p. 9 et seq.). Nevill, who
examined these fossils, however, was of opinion that their appear-
ance did not warrant this theory (J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 128).

It is likewise almost impossible to judge as to which of the
known forms are the most archaic, since the armature of immature
specimens, so far as they have come under my observation, throw
no light on the subject, as they do in the case of Gorilla ; except
in size and in the length of the folds, the barriers of mature and
immature shells are almost identical. There is one exception in
this respect, i. e. Plectopylis ivoodthorpei, in which the palatal folds
of the anterior series are only found in mature specimens. It
may, however, be assumed that the simple armatures preceded the
more complicated structures, and on this assumption P. bensoni
and its allies, with their complex parietal barriers, must be
regarded as the most recent ; while in another direction, P. plecto-
stoma and its congeners, with their biserial palatal folds, have
presumably been evolved from some rnonoserial predecessor, of
which P. sowerbyi may be taken as a less modified representation.

The distribution of the genus is somewhat peculiar. The
centre of distribution appears to be Lower Burma, especially
Pegu and Tenasserim ; while no species occur to the south-east,
the whole of Siam and Cochin China being blanks. Going east
the Burmese Shan States and Laos each possess one species,
while Tonkin has a considerable number. Upper Burma con-
tributes one species from the Bhamo district — P. andersoni, one
from Munipur — P. munipurensis, and three species in the south —
perarcta, ponsonbyi, and woodthorpei. Assam has fourteen species.
Going west we find another blank tract until we reach Sikkim,
the western limit of the genus, where there are five species.
Eastern Thibet provides a single form, P. alphonsi, while Southern
and Central China, including Hongkong, produce no less than
seventeen species, and a single outlier occurs in the Loo Choo
Islands.

Key to the Species.

I. Section ENDOTHYRA, Glide.
(Third Section of Benson.)

Sinistral. Umbilicus moderate. Palatal folds horizontal or oblique.

TYPE, P. plectostoma.

Range. Sikkim, Assam, Burma.

A. Palatal folds in one series.

a. Shell 14-15 mm., horizontal fold below parietal

plate , pinacis.

b. Shell not exceeding1 9 mm., horizontal fold absent, sowerbyi.

B. Palatal folds in two series.

a. Parietal plate without denticles fidtoni.

b. Parietal plate with one denticle posteriorly macromphalus.

c. Parietal plate with two denticles posteriorly.

PLECTOPYLIS. 73

a. Shell not exceeding- 6 mm.

* One upper and one basal palatal fold.

t A short horizontal fold above parietal plate, blanda.

ft Horizontal fold none minor.

** Only one basal palatal fold hanleyi.

13. Shell 8-10 mm.

* Parietal plate gives off anteriorly a horizontal

fold from upper extremity ; one short hori-
zontal fold below plectostoma.

** No horizontal fold proceeding from parietal

plate ; two short horizontal folds below . . affinis.

II. Section CHERSJECIA, Gude.
(Second Section of Benson.)

Sinistral or dextral. Umbilicus wide. Palatal folds horizontal or
oblique, sometimes with one oblique or vertical lamina.

TYPE, P. leiophis.

Range. From Assam through Upper Burma and Laos to Tenasserini.

1. Dextral.

A. Transverse parietal plate simple.

a. Free horizontal parietal folds none.
a. Palatal folds six.

* Connected by a transverse ridge ; shell 27 mm. oglei.

** Not connected ; shell 24-26 mm. . . * andersoni.

j8. Palatal folds Jive ; shell 11 mm serica.

y. Palatal folds seven with two denticles laomontana.

b. A free interrupted horizontal fold in front of

parietal plate ; palatal folds six, four inner
united by a vertical ridge, seven denticles
posteriorly austeni.

B. Transverse parietal plate giving oft' anteriorly above

a short horizontal fold, with a denticle below plate.

Palatal folds siv ; shell 10-11 mm munipurensis.

C. Transverse parietal plate giving off anteriorly below

a long horizontal fold.
«. With a median horizontal fold continuous to the

peristome ; shell 20 mm brachydiscus.

b. With a median horizontal fold interrupted ; shell

16 mm dextrorsa.

2. Simstral.
A. Parietal plate simple.

a. Horizontal fold below transverse parietal plate,
short.

a. No median fold muspratti.

/3. A long median fold present.

* A third short horizontal fold between upper

and lower parietal folds.

t Palatal folds all horizontal ; shell 10 mm.. . perarcta.
tt Four palatal folds horizontal, two oblique ;

shell 12 mm kenytungensis.

74 HELICIDjE.

ttt Palatal folds, one vertical, rest horizontal ;

shell 7'5 mm shiroiensis.

** No third fold present nagaensis.

b. Horizontal fold below transverse parietal plate

long, joined to apertural ridge perrierce.

c. Three short horizontal folds in front of transverse

parietal plate, none below it refuga.

B. Transverse parietal plate giving off anteriorly below

a short horizontal fold ; a long median and a long
lower fold present, joined to apertural ridge.

a. Palatal folds : all horizontal shanensis.

b. Palatal folds : one oblique, rest horizontal ..... leiophis.

C. Transverse parietal plate giving off anteriorly below

a short horizontal fold, two short free horizontal
folds above the latter, and a long one below joining
the apertural ridge brahma.

III. Section ENDOPLON, Gude.

Dextral. Palatal folds horizontal, oblique, or almost vertical.
TYPE, P. bmchyplecta.
Range. Burma, Tonkin.

Shell flattened.

a. Two vertical parietal plates brachyplecta.

b. One vertical parietal plate with two denticl«s in

front smithiana.

IV. Section PLECTOPYLIS, s. s. Gude.
(Typical Section of Benson.)

Sinistral. Shell flattened. Palatal armature : one verticfil lamina
with three horizontal folds above, one below.

TYPE, P. bensoni.
Range. Burma.

A. Two transverse parietal plates.

a. Parietal plates parallel ; upper horizontal palatal

fold bisected. Shell less than 20 mm.
a. Median parietal fold truncate, not joined to

apertural ridge ponsonbyi.

/3. Median parietal fold not truncate, joined to

apertural ridge lissoclilamys.

b. Parietal plates divergent ; upper horizontal palatal

fold not bisected. Shell more than 20 mm magna.

c. Anterior parietal plate giving off a long horizontal

fold above, and
a. A short one below, half the length of upper ;

palatal folds in two series ivoodthorpei.

/3. Lower fold one-quarter of the length of upper ;

palatal folds in one series leucochila.

. Three transverse parietal plates feddeni.

PLECTOPTLIS. 75

C. Parietal plate ramified.

a. Shell acutely keeled. Parietal fold trifurcate; a

short horizontal fold near aperture cyclaspis.

b. Shell not keeled. Parietal fold trifurcate.

«. No horizontal fold below parietal plate, a free

interrupted horizontal fold in front cairnsi.

/3. Parietal fold giving off anteriorly an interrupted
horizontal fold ; a short horizontal fold below

plate lintcrcc.

y. Parietal fold giving off anteriorly a continuous
fold.

* Shell thin karenorum.

** Shell thick.

t Upper arm of parietal fold longest, lower

horizontal fold united to apertural ridge . repercmsa.
ft Lower arm longest, lower horizontal fold

not united to apertural ridge.
§ Whorls much flattened, umbilicus very

shallow anyuina.

§§ Whorls less flattened, umbilicus deeper . bensoni.

I. Section ENDOTHYRA, Gude.
Endothyra, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Sinistral. Umbilicus moderate. Palatal folds horizontal or
oblique.

TYPE, Helix (Plectopylis} plectostoma, Benson.
Range. Sikkim, Assam, Burma.

77. Plectopylis minor, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis} minor, Godwin-Austen, A. M. N. H. ser. 5, iv,

1879, p. 164 ; ibid., J. A. S. B. Ixiv, 1895, pi. 7, fig. 3 (shell and

animal).
? Helix (Plectopylis) macromphalus, var. minor, Blanford, J. A. S. B.

xxxix, 1870, p. 18.
Plectopylis minor, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 11, fig. 47

(shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Endoihyra) minor, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, openly umbilicated, dis-
coidal, hirsute. Sculpture coarse, with irregular transverse
ribbing; colour pale umber, with regularly disposed broadish
transverse bars of sienna brown; spire flat, only the first three
whorls slightly rising above the others ; suture shallow. Whorls 5,
subangular on the periphery of the last, which has four distinct
rows of short hairs, entire at the point. Aperture oblique, slightly
descending ; peristome lunate, slightly flattened on the upper
outer margin, but very little reflected, the inner margins connected
with a distinct ridge on the parietal side.

76

HELICID^E.

" The parietal vertical lamiua is simple, with no distinct hori-
zontal plica below it, as in macromplialus ; the palatal plicae are
six in front, four behind, the basal one in front thin and longer
than the others." (Godwin- Austen.}

Diam. maj. 5, minor 4 millim ; alt. 2-5 millim.

Hob. Sikkim: Darjeeling (Nevill, Stoliczka, Hungerford) ; Eun-
gun Valley (Blanford) -, India: Naga Hills (Beddome); Laisen
Peak, Munipur (Godwin- Austen).

Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, in describing the present species,
expresses the opinion that it is doubtless the form minor of
P. macromphalus alluded to by Blanford in J. A. S. B. 1870,
p. 18.

The parietal armature consists of a strong vertical plate, a little
deflexed below anteriorly, having posteriorly two minute denticles,

Fig. Zl.—

one above and one below. A very thin, free horizontal fold occurs
below the vertical plate, revolving as far as the parietal ridge at
the aperture, where it becomes much attenuated (see fig. 27 f) ;
this fold appears to be somewhat variable, for in a specimen in
Mr. Ponsonby's collection, shown in fig. 27 Z, it is very short, and
scarcely extends beyond the vertical plate; while "in another
specimen, also in Mr. Ponsonby's collection, shown in fig 27 d, it
is absent altogether. Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, in his description
of the species, states : " Parietal vertical lamina simple, with no
distinct horizontal plica below it."

PLECTOPYLIS. 77

The palatal armature is in two series ; the anterior series con-
sists of four thin horizontal folds, and the posterior series of six
horizontal folds, the first of which is very minute, the next four a
little broader and shorter than those of the anterior series, the
fourth or fifth a little defiexed posteriorly, and the sixth very
small and thin (see fig. 27 g\ The specimen shown in figs. 27 a-e
is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection, the one depicted in figs. 27/ and g
is in my own collection, while that delineated in figs. 27 h-l also
belongs to Mr. Ponsonby, who informs me that it was obtained
from Mr. Hungerford, labelled P. plectostoma from Sikkim. An
immature specimen in my collection, with four whorls completed,
has the armature near the end of the fourth whorl and, except
being smaller, identical with that of a mature shell. A specimen
in the late Col. Beddome's collection, from the Naga Hills, labelled
with the MS. name P. minuta, Bedd., I also refer to the present
species; it is, however, a little smaller, measuring only 4 millim. in
diameter ; it is also a little more raised in the spire, and is more
shining and darker.

78. Plectopylis hanleyi, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis) hanleyi, Godwin- Austen, A. M . N. H. ser. 5, iv,

1879, p. 164.

Plectopylis hanleyi, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1899, p. 240.
Plectopylis (Endothyra) hanleyi, Glide, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, depressedly conoid,
openly umbilicated, probably hirsute when young. Sculpture
coarse, irregular, transverse ridges. Colour uniform ochraceous.
Spire conoidal ; apex blunt, smooth. Suture well marked.
Whorls six, close-wound, convex ; aperture semicircular, di-
agonal ; peristome somewhat thickened, white, with a thin
callus on the parietal margin [wall(?)] not to the extent of a
ridge.

"Major diameter, 5-5 ; minor diameter, 5 ; altitude, 3 millim.

" Parietal vertical lamina simple ; palatal plicsB in two rows,
four long in front, four short behind, and one basal long.

" This shell is very distinct ; it has somewhat the form of
P. plectostoma, but is not so angular on the periphery, while the
internal plication is quite different, besides being so much smaller
in size." (Godwin-Austen.)

Hob. Sikkim?

No figure of this shell has been published, and the only speci-
men known was in the collection of the late Sylvanus Hanley.
My endeavours to trace its whereabouts have proved unsuccessful.

79. Plectopylis blanda, Gude.

Plectopylis blanda, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1898, p. 264,
fig. 70 ; ibid. Journ. Malac. vii, 1899, p. 34, fig. 11.

78

HELICIDJB.

Plectopylis (Endothyra) blanda, Glide, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899,
p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, depressed conical, widely
find deeply umbilicated, whitish-corneous, finely and regularly
ribbed. Spire conical, apex prominent, suture distinctly im-
pressed. Whorls 6, tumid above, rounded below, increasing very
slowly and regularly, the last not descending in front, angulated
above the periphery and around the wide perspective umbilicus.
The cuticle is produced into deciduous hairs on the ribs, forming
spiral rows. Aperture oblique, lunate, a little flattened on the
upper, outer margin. Peristome white, a little thickened and
reflexed, the margins united by a slight, flexuous ridge on the
parietal callus. Parietal wall with a strong, vertical plate, slightly
deflected anteriorly and having two minute denticles posteriorly,
the upper elongated vertically, the lower horizontally. A very
thin horizontal fold occurs below the vertical plate and a very

Fig. 28.—Plectopylis blanda.

short fold above it. Palatal folds in two series ; the anterior
consisting of six thin horizontal folds, the first and sixth a
little shorter and placed a little further back than the other
four ; the posterior series consists of four very short folds or
denticles.

" Major diam. 6, minor 5 inillim. ; alt. 3 millim.'"' (Gude.)

Hab. Assam : Naga Hills.

Differs from P. minor in being larger and more elevated, and in
having a wider and deeper umbilicus. The parietal armature
differs in having an additional fold above the vertical plate, and
the anterior denticles are almost united to this fold. The palatal
armature differs in the posterior folds being very short and almost
reduced to denticles. Fig. 28 d gives the posterior view of the
two armatures, e shows the inside of the outer wall with the
folds and denticles, and / a portion of the parietal wall with
the plates, folds, and denticles in situ. All the figures are enlarged.

PLECTOPYLIS. 79

80. Plectopylis macromphalus, Blanford.

Helix (Plectopylis} macromphalus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870,

p. 17, pi. 3, fig. 14; Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 73, fig. 1

(armature).
Helix macromphahis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 83,

figs. 8-10; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 71 ; Tryon, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 160, pi. 34, figs. 65-68.
Plectopylis macromphalus, Pilsbry, ibid, ix, 1894, p. 146; Gude,

Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 10, fig. 46 (armature).
Plectopylis (Endothyra) macromphalus, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description: — "Testa sinistrorsa, late umbilicata, de-
pressa, discoidea, tenuiuscula, pallido-cornea, superneplicisarcuatis
obliquis incrementi et liris spiralibus decussata, ad peripheriam et
subtus fere laevis, striatula ; striis nonnullis spiralibus circa uni-
bilicum aliquando distinguendis ; spira plana ; apice vix emergente ;
sutura leviter impressa. Anfr. 4|-5| planulati, arete voluti;
ultirnus vix latior, supra peripheriam sub-augulatus, ad latus atque
subtus convexus, antice leviter descendens. Apertura irregulariter
lunaris, superne compressa, diagonalis ; peristoma albido-labiatum,
parum incrassatum, reflexiusculum, inarginibus convergentibus,

a
Fig. 29. — Plectopylis macrompkalus.

callo tenui junctis, externo supra peripheriam areuato. Plicatio
interna persimilis ei Helicis pinacis et H. plectostomatis ; e
lamina unica parietali, verticali et plica tenui longuiscula basali,
atque plicis 5 palatalibus : basali tenui simplici, ceteris duplicibus,
constans.

"Diam. maj. 6|, min. 5|, alt. 2f mm." (Blanford.}
Hal. Assam: Mairung, Khasi Hills ( Godwin- Austen) ; Dafla
Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; Naga Hills (Chennell).

The parietal armature (see fig. 29 a) consists of a strong vertical
plate, which has a minute, slightly elongated, horizontal denticle
posteriorly to its lower extremity. The palatal armature is in two
series (see fig. 29 6, which shows the inside of the outer wall).
The anterior series is composed of four short, broad, flattened,
straight horizontal folds. The posterior series consists of six
narrow horizontal folds, which are shorter than those of the
anterior series ; the fourth and fifth are a little obliquely de-
pressed posteriorly. The specimen is in Mr. Ponsonby's collec-
tion, and measures 6 millimetres in diameter. Two specimens
in my collection also measure 6 millimetres in diameter.

80

HELICID^E.

81. Fleet opylis sower by i, Gude.

Plectopylis soiverbyi, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v. 1809, p. 289,

fig. 93 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Endothyra) soiverbyi, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated, dis-
coid, dark corneous, regularly ribbed and radiately distantly
plaited, strongly decussated above by spiral ribs, less distinctly
so below. Whorls six, narrow, increasing slowly and regularly,
somewhat flattened above and rounded below, the last not de-
scending in front. ISix or seven spiral ridges, probably, when
fresh, bearing rows of hairs, pass round the whole of the body-
whorl, the first just above the slightly angular periphery, the
others below it. Aperture ear-shaped ; peristome slightly tinted
with rosy-pink, scarcely thickened, and a little reflexed ; the
upper outer margin a little depressed ; parietal callus slight,

a * f

Fig. 30. — Plectopylis sowerbyi.

without raised ridge at the aperture. Umbilicus deep and wide.
The parietal armature consists of a strong vertical plate, provided
at its lower extremity with a short support anteriorly, and a small
denticle posteriorly. The palatal armature is composed of six
more or less horizontal folds, the first very slight and short, near
the suture, the four next longer and more elevated, a little deflexed
posteriorly, the sixth slight and very short." (Gude.}

Major diam. 7-9, minor 6-25-7*5 mill. ; alt. 3-75-4-75 mill.

Hob. Assam : Khasi Hills.

P. sowerbyi is closely allied to P. plectostoma, from which it can
at once be distinguished by the following characters : it is flatter,
being less raised in the spire ; the umbilicus is more open ; there
are only six whorls, the last not descending in front ; the peri-
stome is scarcely thickened and not much reflexed, and there is
no raised ridge on the parietal callus. In the armature there are
also important differences : the vertical parietal plate in P. plecto-
stoma gives off from its upper extremity anteriorly a horizontal

PLECTOPYLIS. 81

fold, which is absent in P. sowerbyi, where the plate in question
is only provided with a support anteriorly and a denticle pos-
teriorly below, and there is no horizontal fold below it ; so that
in this respect the present species differs from both its allies (see
fig. 30/, which shows part of the parietal wall with its armature).
The palatal armature is in one series, and consists of six horizontal
folds. The first fold is very short and slight ; the second longest ;
the third, fourth, and fifth each a little shorter than its prede-
cessor ; the sixth slight and very short (see fig. 30 e, which shows
the inside of the outer wall with its folds). All the figures are
enlarged.

82. Plectopylis plectostoma, Benson.

Helix plectostoma, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 351 ; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 129, fig. 782 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab.,
Heliceen, i, 1846, p. 367, pi. 64, figs. 19-21 ; Nevill, Hand List,
1878, i, p. 71 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13,
fig. 2.

Helix (Plectopylis} plectostoma, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, I860,
p. 247 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 194 ; Godwin-
Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 612, pi. 73, fig. 2 (armature).

Helix (Atopa (Plectopi/lis) ) plectostoma, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,
iii, 1887, p. 160, pi. 34. figs. 69, 70.

Plectopylis plectostoma, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897,
p. 274, fig. 39.

Plectopylis (Endothyra) plectostoma, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " T. reversa, depresso-conoidea, subtus
tumida; spira exsertiuscula ; anfr. 5 supra planati, radiatim plicati,
rugis transversis decussati, ultimus angulatus : angulo subtus
marginato ; apertura lunata, plica (ut in H. personata) interdum
inconspicua, ultimo anfractui adhserente ; umbilicus prof undus,
anfractus plerosque exhibens." (Benson.)

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8 ; alt. 4*5 mm.

Bab. India: Naga Hills (Chennell); Dana Hills, Khasi Hills
(Godwin- Austen). Burma : Arakan Hills (Kurz) ; Tongoop
(Ingram) ; Bassein, Pegu (Blanford) ; Sylhet (Nevill). Sikkim :
Darjeeling (Blanford, Stoliczka, Mainwaring).

A careful scrutiny of a number of shells in various collections
revealed the fact that two different forms, one with and one
without a horizontal fold given off from the parietal vertical plate,
have been included under P. plectostoma, and it became therefore
necessary to decide which of the two conformed to Benson's type
in the Museum of Zoology at Cambridge. In 1897, through the
kindness of Dr. S. E. Harmer, then in charge of the Museum, I
was able to examine the type specimens, one of which I figured in
' Science Gossip,' and which is now reproduced. Although
Benson's reference to the armature in his amended description
(1860), " lamina 1 parietal! verticali, simplici, lamellis nullis
munita," inclined me to conjecture that the form without the

2 HBLICID^B.

horizontal fold was the true P. plectostoma, the examination of
the types did not bear out this view. All the shells of the Benson
collection labelled Darjeeling, which are without doubt the types of
the species, belong to the form with the horizontal fold, and this
form must, therefore, be taken as the true P. plectostoma. The in-
spection of a large series of the two forms enabled me to obtain
a fairly accurate idea as to the constancy of both forms and to
draw up an amended description, which is now reproduced.

Shell sinistral, disk-shaped, more or less dark corneous brown,
opaque, with a conical spire, deeply but somewhat narrowly
umbilicated ; it is composed of seven narrow, closely and regularly
coiled whorls, which increase slowly and are a little rounded above
and below ; the last whorl scarcely widens near the aperture and
shortly descends in front. The shell is radiately plicate arid
granulated by coarse spiral sculpture above, and decussated below,
while the cuticle is thick and distinctly raised into distant
transverse plaits. Five lines of scattered hairs, placed on raised
ridges, pass round the whole length of the body-whorl, the first on
the periphery, the second a little below it, the third, fourth, and
fifth wider apart, the last being close to the umbilical angulation.

a be

Fig. 31. — Plectopylis plectostoma.

The aperture is broadly ear-shaped ; the peristome is whitish or
rufous, thickened and reflexed, the upper margin widely arcuate ;
the raised ridge of the parietal callus is scarcely curved, and not
perceptibly separated from the margins of the peristome. The
parietal armature consists of a strong vertical plate which gives
off anteriorly a strong, obliquely ascending support below and a
horizontal fold above, slightly notched at the junction; on the
posterior side of the plate are found two minute denticles, one
near the upper and one near the lower extremity. A single, very
short, free horizontal fold is found below the plate. The palatal
armature consists of : first, a thin, short, horizontal fold close to
the suture ; secondly, a thin but longer and broader fold opposite
the upper extremity of the vertical parietal plate, slightly indented
in the middle, with the posterior extremity shortly reflected at an
angle of 100° ; thirdly, a similar shortly reflected horizontal fold,
notched in the middle, and then suddenly deflected vertically ;
fourthly, a short, thin, broad fold, which has posteriorly to it
an almost vertically deflected short broad fold ; fifthly, a similar
short horizontal fold, which has also posteriorly a short, broad,

PLECTOPYHS. 83

descending fold, a little more oblique than the previous one ; and
sixthly, a very short and narrow horizontal fold near the lower
suture, situate below the space between the two preceding series.
Fig. 31 a is from one of the type specimens ; it measures, major
diameter, 9 millimetres ; minor diameter, 8 millimetres ; axis,
5 millimetres. Two other of these specimens measure 8*5 milli-
metres, and one 8 millimetres in diameter. Fig. 31 6, showing the
parietal wall with its armature by itself, and fig. 31 c, showing the
inside of the outer wall with its palatal folds, are from a spe-
cimen in my collection, from the Khasi Hills ; it measures —
major diameter, 8*5; minor diameter, 7*25; axis, 4'5 millim.
The specimens of this form range from 8 to 9 millimetres in
diameter.

Var. tricarinata, Gude.

Plectopylis plectostoma, var. tricarinata, Glide. Science Gossip, N. a.
iii, 1897, p. 275 ; ibid., Journ, Malac. vi, 1897, p. 45, fig. 2.

Differs from the type in being larger and more conical, in
having the periphery acutely keeled, and in having three raised
ridges between the periphery and the suture, revolving as far as
the fourth whorl.

Diam. major 10, minor 9 mm. ; axis 6 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Benson) ; Khasi Hills (H. F. Blanford).

This variety is based on two specimens from the Benson
collection, labelled Bengal. The shell is shown enlarged in

Fig. 32. — Plectopylis plectostoma, var. tricarinata.

fig. 32 a, while a portion of the last whorl, more enlarged, is
depicted in fig. 32 b. The Blanford collection — now in the
British Museum — also contains a specimen collected in the Khasi
Hills by the late H. F. Blanford.

Var. exserta, Gude.

Plectopylis plectostoma, var. exserta, Gude, Journ. Malac. viii, 1901 >
p. 49, fig. 5.

Differs from the type in the peripheral keel being exserted.
The shell is also larger and more solid. More than thirty
specimens were received from a native collector.

G2

84 HELICID.B.

Diam. major 10'5, minor 9*75 mm. ; alt. 7 mm.

Hob. Assam : Khasi Hills.

Fig. 33 d shows the outline of the spire enlarged.

a b c d

Fig. 33. — Plectopylis plectostoma, var. exserta.

83. Plectopylis affinis, Oude.

Plectopylis affinis, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897, p. 276,

fig. 41 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Endothyra) affinis, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, somewhat widely um-
bilicated, disk-shaped, pale yellowish corneous, translucent,
radiately plicate, decussated by spiral lines above, smoother and
shining below. Whorls 7, narrow, increasing slowly, the last
widening towards the aperture, and descending a little in front,
rounded above, flattened below ; four lines of soft pilose hairs
pass round the whole length of the body-whorl, the first on the
angulated periphery, the second a little below it, the third midway
between the second and fourth, which is near the umbilicus.
Aperture ear-shaped, elongated vertically ; peristome white,
thickened and reflexed, upper margin a little depressed ; the
raised flexuous ridge on the parietal callus is separated from the
margins by a slight notch. Umbilicus deep and moderately wide.
The parietal armature consists of a vertical plate with two short
supports anteriorly, one above and one below, and two elongated
denticles posteriorly, one above and one below ; two free, short,
horizontal folds in a line occur below the vertical plate. The
palatal armature is composed of six folds, the first and sixth short,
thin and horizontal, the others longer and broader ; the second a
little indented in the middle, with the posterior termination raised
obliquely ; the third is notched in the middle, and deflects
obliquely posteriorly ; the fourth and fifth are in two series
separated by a short space, the anterior portion straight and
horizontal, the posterior portion crescent-shaped and obliquely
descending." (Gude.)

Diam. major 10, min. 9 mm. ; alt. 5'5 mm.

Nab. Assam : Khasi Hills.

Plectopylis affinis had previously been confused with P. plecto-
stoma. It differs in being larger and much paler in colour, in having
four instead of five rows of hairs, which are not placed on raised
ridges as in that species ; the cuticle is much thinner and not
plaited, while the spiral sculpture is less coarse above and scarcely

PLBCTOPYLIS. 85

perceptible below, where the shell is also more shining than
in P. plectostoma. It is translucent and the armature is
distinctly visible through its wall, while the aperture is more
narrowed laterally and the upper margin of the peristome is less
arcuate, being a little inflected. The umbilicus is also wider
and scarcely angulated, while the base is much more flattened.
The ridge of the parietal callus is more raised and more curved.
The parietal armature consists of a vertical plate with a very short
support anteriorly at the upper and lower extremities, but without
the horizontal fold above as in P. plectostoma. The two denticles

on the posterior side are larger and more elongated, and below
the vertical plate are two short, thin, horizontal folds in a line
w7ith each other (see fig. 34 cZ, which shows the parietal wall by
itself ; and fig. 34 c, which shows both armatures from the posterior
side). The palatal armature is similar to that of P. plectostoma,
but the posterior portions of the third, fourth, and fifth folds,
instead of being straight and almost vertical, are crescent-shaped
and oblique (see fig. 34 6, which shows the palatal folds as they
appear through the shell-wall); an additional semi-circular fold,
posterior to, but a little above, the fifth fold, occurs in this
shell ; this, however, I have not observed in any of the other
specimens. Fig. 34 a shows the entire shell enlarged. My
specimens were obtained from Mr. Fulton some years ago ; the
twenty-five further specimens from the same locality, sent to me
for inspection by him, range from 9 to 11 millimetres in diameter.
Two immature specimens in my collection are composed of five
and a half whorls; one of these has the immature barriers
complete, but the palatal folds are very short and the posterior
oblique portions of the fourth and fifth folds are almost straight
instead of crescent-shaped ; externally a slight trace of previous
folds can be discerned ; in the other specimen the last immature
folds are similar to those of the first specimen, but the remains of
a previous set are in a less advanced stage of disintegration.

86

HBLICID^.

84. Plectopylis pinacis, Benson.

Helix pinacis, Benson, A. M. N. H, ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 268 ; Hanley
& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13, fig. 5; 1874, pi. 84,
figs. 1, 4.

xliv, 1875, pi. 7, tig. 2 (shell and animal).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) pinacis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii.

1887, p. 159, pi. 34, figs. 53-55.
Plectopylis pinacis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897, p. 206, fig. 32 (shell and

armature) ; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 203, pi. 114,

fig. 2 (anatomy).
Plectopylis (Endothyra) pinacis, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899,

p. 148.

Helix (Gorilla) pettos, Martens, Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868, p. 158.
Helix pettos, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iii, 1869, p. 462, pi. 101,

figs. 7-9.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, late umbilicata, orbi-
culato-depressa, superne oblique scabre plicato-striata, liris con-
fertis spiralibus, subtus striis obliquis flexuosis striisque spiralibus
decussata, cornea, epidermide fusca, scabra (junioris ad carinam
praesertim hispida) induta ; spira planata, vix elevatiuscula, apice
planato, sutura leviter impressa ; anfractibus 7| planulatis, lente
et arete accrescentibus, ultimo antice breviter descendenle, superne
subcarinato, subtus valde convexo, circa umbilicum profundum,
perspectivum, conicum, compressiusculo ; apertura valde obliqua,
lunari, peristomate expansiusculo, reflexo, albiclo, marginibus callo
brevi, laminari, elevatiusculo, sinuato junctis.

*' Diam. maj. 14, min. 12^, axis 4J mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Sikkim : Darjeeling (Blanford, Stoliczka, Mainwaring) •
Eungun, Pankabari (Blanford) ; Bungmaval (Blanford) •
Damsang (Godwin- Austen).

Nevill was the first to suspect that Helix (Gorilla} pettos was
identical with Plectopylis pinacis. The type of the former, which
is in the " Kb'nigliche Museum tiir Naturkunde," Berlin, was
forwarded to me for inspection in 1897 by the late Dr. von
Martens, with permission to open the shell for the purpose of
examining its armature, which enabled me to satisfy myself that
the two species were in fact identical, both as regards armature
and shell characters.

The parietal armature (fig. 35 c] consists of a single strong
vertical plate, which is strongly abruptly deflected anteriorly
at the lower extremity, and gives off posteriorly a club-shaped
support ; the upper extremity gives off two slight supports, one
on either side, the posterior one horizontal, and the anterior
one a little lower, oblique, and very short; a little below the
posterior support occurs a small denticle ; a free, thin horizontal
fold is found below the vertical plate ; see also fig. 35 a, which

PLECTOPYLIS.

87

shows the shell with a portion of the outer wall removed, exposing
the parietal and palatal armatures from the anterior side, and
fia:. 35 by which shows the folds from the posterior side. The
palatal armature consists of : first, a thin horizontal fold near the
suture ; secondly, a stronger horizontal fold, deflected in the
middle ; thirdly and fourthly, two shorter, but stronger, equal and
parallel folds descending obliquely ; fifthly a crescent-shaped fold
placed obliquely with the concave side facing the aperture (the
lower surfaces of these folds are seen in fig. 35 a, their upper

bed
Fig. 35. — Plectopylis pinacis.

surfaces in fig. 35 6) ; sixthly, a smaller horizontal fold, which
becomes attenuated posteriorly (see fig. 35 d) ; two minute,
elongated denticles, one below the other, and placed at right
angles to each other, occur between the first and second folds, near
their posterior terminations. The specimen figured is from
Uarjeeling, and is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection ; it measures 15
millimetres in diameter. A specimen in my collection, also from
Darjeeling, measures 14 millimetres. Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen's
figure, quoted supra, shows a short free horizontal fold above the
vertical parietal plate ; no trace of this fold can be seen in either
of the two specimens examined, neither does it occur in the
specimen in the Berlin Museum.

85. Plectopylis fultoni, Godwin-Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis) fultoni, Godwin-Austen, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, x,

1892, p. 300.
Plectopylis fultoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146,

pi. 40, figs. 13-15 (shell); Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896,

p. 178, tig. 23 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Endothyr a] fultoni, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, keeled, widely umbili-
cated, subglobosely discoidal ; colour pale ochraceous ; sculpture a

88 HELICID^E.

fine close flaxy epidermal striation, with four lines of long hairs
arranged upon the periphery of the body-whorl — two closely
adjacent and running with the keel above, one around the
umbilical depression, and one intermediate. Spire depressedly
convex, suture well marked, apex rounded. Whorls seven, closely
wound, side of the last very oblique below and flattened, becoming
rounder near the aperture, where it descends very slightly.
Aperture wide, semi-ovate, very oblique, and slightly reflected
on the margin. Peristome not thickened, continuous over the
parietal side. The internal barriers are not visible on looking
into the aperture. The parietal vertical lamina is simple, with
only a slight horizontal support above on the posterior side j a
very short double-knobbed horizontal parietal lamella is situated
immediately below it. Palatal plicae double, in two rows, the two
apical or highest in position being united together by a low ridge ;
the posterior row are somewhat obliquely arranged." (Godwin-
Austen.')

Major diam. 20, min. 17*3 millim. ; alt. axis 8-5 millim.

Hab. Assam : Khasi Hills.

Plectopylis fultoni is allied on the one hand to P. andersoni, the
parietal armature being almost identical, while the arrangement
and structure of the palatal folds connect it on the other hand
with P. plectostoma. The parietal armature consists of a single
strong vertical plate (see fig. 36 a). Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen,
in describing the armature, states that the parietal plate has only
a slight horizontal support above on the posterior side ; in speci-
mens in my possession, however, this plate has a similar support
below; these supports consist of a tooth united to the vertical

Fig. 36. —Plectopylis fultoni.

plate by a slight callosity. Below this is a short thin horizontal
plate, a little indented in the middle. The palatal armature (see
fig. 36 b) consists of : first, a short horizontal fold, close to and
parallel with the suture ; secondly, a longer and stouter horizontal
flexuous fold ; thirdly, another horizontal fold, slightly indented
in the middle and deflected posteriorly at an obtuse angle ; fourthly
and fifthly, two series each of two short horizontal folds, the
anterior ones slightly oblique, with their lower ends towards the
aperture, and the posterior ones deflected at an obtuse angle
posteriorly ; and sixthly, near the base, a short slightly bent fold,
with the convex side turned towards the lower suture. The
specimen figured, which is not quite mature, bears a second

PLECTOPYLIS.

89

vertical plate on the parietal wall (see fig. 36 a), which appears
to^be the remnant of the immature barriers formed before the
completion of the shell. A young specimen in my collection,
composed of five whorls, possesses the armature a little beyond
the place where four and a half whorls have been completed ; the
barriers are almost identical with the mature ones, except that
the folds are smaller and the second and third palatal folds are
deeply bilobed. A still younger specimen of only four whorls has
the armature near the place when three and a half whorls have
been completed.

II. Section CHERSJECIA, Gude.
Chersaecia, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Sinistral or dextral. Umbilicus wide. Palatal folds horizontal
or oblique. Sometimes with one oblique or vertical plate.
TYPE, Helix leiophis, Benson.
Range. Assam, through Upper Burma and Laos to Tenasserirn.

86. Plectopylis muspratti, Gude.

Plectopylis muspratti, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 10,
fig. 45 (shell and armature) ; ibid., Journ. Malac. yii, 1898, p. 7,
fig. 5.

Plectopylis (Chersaecia) muspratti, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi,
1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, discoid, widely and
deeply umbilicated, pale corneous, streaked transversely with dull

Fig. 37. — Plectopylis muspratti.

brown ; finely striated and decussated with spiral lines which are
very distinct on the upper surface, but less so below. Suture

90 HELICID^E.

impressed, spire a little conical. Whorls six and a half, scarcely
convex, slowly increasing, the last widening towards the aperture,
slightly angular above, descending suddenly in front, and a little
constricted behind the peristome. Aperture roundly lunate ;
peristome white, thickened and reflexed, margins converging.
Parietal callus with a strongly raised flexuous ridge, which is
separated from both margins by a little notch. Umbilicus wide
and deep. Parietal wall with a short entering flexuous fold
united to the ridge at the aperture, becoming attenuated inwardly,
and at one-third of the circumference from the aperture, with a
strong, crescent-shaped vertical plate, which is suddenly deflected
posteriorly at the lower extremity ; below this, on the anterior
side, occurs a very short, horizontal fold. Palatal folds six,
horizontal, short ; the first free, with a small denticle posteriorly ;
the second, third, fourth, and fifth connected with each other by a
vertical ridge, which deflects below the fifth fold posteriorly and
terminates in a small, oblique denticle ; the sixth again free.

41 Major diam. 13 mm., min. 11 mm., alt. 6 mm." (Gude

Hob. Assam : Naga Hills.

P. muspratti somewhat resembles P. nagaensis, but the armature
is quite different. Fig. 37 d gives the posterior view of the
parietal and palatal armatures, while fig. 37 e exhibits the inner
wall with the parietal folds, and fig. 37/ the inside of the outer
wall with the palatal armature.

87. Plectopylis austeni, Gude.

Plectopylis austeni, Gude, Science Gossip, N, s. vi, 1899, p. 15, fig. 97.
Plectopylis ( Chersaecia) austeni, Gude, torn. cit. p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, discoid, widely um-
bilicated, ochreous corneous, covered with a deciduous velvety
cuticle; finely and closely ribbed, decussated by raised spiral
lines, rather distant on the upper side. One of these spiral lines
forms a ridge or keel on the upper angle of the whorls above the
periphery, revolving above the suture as far as the third whorl.
Spire concave, apex a little raised, suture strongly impressed.
Whorls 6^, flattened above, rounded belowr, obsoletely angulated
around the umbilicus : increasing slowly at first, the last widen-
ing rather suddenly, and descending half the width of the whorl
in front; aperture oblique, cordate. Peristome white, strongly
thickened and reflexed, the margins united by a strong raised
flexuous concave ridge, slightly notched at the junctions above
and below. Umbilicus wide and rather shallow.

" Parietal armature consisting of a short median horizontal fold
close to the apertural ridge, and a second, longer and farther back,
rather elevated posteriorly, gradually descending on the shell-wall
anteriorly ; below its posterior extremity occurs a small denticle ;
still farther back is found a strong vertical crescent-shaped
plate, the upper and lower extremities of which are deflected
posteriorly.

PLECTOPYLIS. 91

" Palatal armature composed of six short horizontal folds, the
first longest, near the suture, provided at its posterior extremity
with an elongated denticle ; the second, third, fourth, and fifth a
little obliquely depressed posteriorly where they are united by a
slight vertical ridge, which is continued above the second and
below the fifth folds ; on the posterior side occur five elongated
denticles, the four lower of which correspond to the four folds,

Fig. 38. — Plectopylis austeni.

while the fifth is situate near the upper extremity of the vertical
ridge ; the sixth fold is near the lower suture, and has also an
elongated denticle posteriorly." (Glide.)

Major diam. 17'5-iy, minor 14-75-16-5 mm. ; alt. 5-6 mm.

Hob. Assam : Diyung Valley, Singpho (Ogle).

The present species is allied to P. oglei, but can readily be
distinguished by its concave spire, being besides much smaller
and much more flattened. In its parietal armature it differs in
having a short and a long median horizontal fold and a denticle in
front of the vertical plate, all of which structures are absent in
P. oglei. A comparison of the figures will also reveal differences
in the palatal armatures of these two species.

Plectopylis austeni has further, as regards palatal armature,
some affinity with P. muspratti, but the latter is dextral and the
parietal armature is quite different, as is also the general shape
of the shell.

An immature specimen, which accompanied the three adult ones
from which the description was drawn up, has only 5^ whorls
completed, and is interesting from the fact that it possesses two
sets of armature, a quarter of a whorl distant from each other ;
these differ considerably from the mature barriers, the parietal
armature consisting of only the vertical plate and a very short,
slight, horizontal fold in front of it, while the palatal armature is
similar to that of mature shells, except that the folds, ridge, and
denticles are very small and slight.

HELIOIDJE.

88. Plectopylis oglei, Godwin-Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis} oglei, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879,

p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 2 (shell and parietal armature).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)} oglei, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 159, pi. 36, figs. 29-31.
Plectopylis oglei, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146; Glide,

Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1898, p. 263, fig. 68 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) oglei, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell dextral, widely umbilicated, sub-
discoid, dull pale brown with close- set sienna markings crossing the
whorls. Epidermis thick and nacreous, and somewhat rough.
Apex flat but slightly concave, the whorls rising regularly.
TVhorls 8, the last descends slightly near the aperture, which is
very oblique and ovate. Peristome slightly reflected, white, con-
tinuous on the body-whorl, but not strongly developed. Palatal

Fig. 39. —Plectopylis oglei.

teeth 6, 3rd, 4th, and 5th equal, 6th longer, double. On the
parietal side is one single vertical lamina with buttress-like sup-
ports on posterior side above and below." (Godwin- Austen). ~

Major diam. 27, minor 25 mm. ; alt. 8 mm.

Hob. Assam : Sadiya (Ogle}.

The parietal armature consists of a single strong vertical plate,
which gives off posteriorly two short ridges, one at the upper and
one at the lower extremity (see fig. 39 d, which gives an enlarged
view of a specimen with the outer wall removed). The palatal
armature consists of six horizontal folds : the first, near the
suture, very short and thin ; the second, third, fourth, fifth, and

PLECTOFYLiS. 93

sixth bilobed or bisected about the middle, where a slight vertical
ridge connects their posterior portions ; the posterior portion of
the second fold is sinuous, somewhat S-shaped ; the third, fourth,
and fifth are slightly deflected posteriorly ; the sixth is very un-
equally bisected, the posterior portion being less than a third the
length of the anterior portion, which is raised at first and then
suddenly deflected (see fig. 39 g, which shows the inside of the
outer wall of the shell enlarged). The illustrations were made
from the type specimens in the collection of Lt.-Ool. G-odwin-
Austen, who kindly lent them for examination. Figs. 39 e-g
(enlarged), are taken from a specimen not quite full-grown ;
e shows the parietal and palatal armatures from the anterior
side ; / their posterior aspect, and g the inside of the outer wall
with its folds. This specimen exhibits the remains of a previous
parietal plate, one quarter of a whorl behind the permanent one.
Fig. 39 li shows the inside of the outer shell- wall of the specimen
depicted in fig. 39 d, the armature of which is incomplete, a
portion having been broken away. Two immature specimens in
different stages of growth exhibit armatures identical in all respects
with those illustrated, except that the palatal folds are less bilobed.
The species under consideration is allied to P. serica, but it
is larger, and presents considerable differences in the palatal
armature.

89. Plectopylis serica, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis} serica, God win- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 608,

pi. 73, fig. 5 (shell and armature).
Helix sericata, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 132,

figs. 8, 9.
Helix (Atopa (Plecfopi/lis)) serica, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 159, pi. 34, figs. 49-52.
Plectopylis serica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 140; Gude,

Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897, p. 205, fig1. 31 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecid) serica, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell dextral, very openly umbilicated,
discoid, pale horny brown, very flat above, with regular narrow
oblique bands of brown crossing the whorls. Epidermis thin.
The apex very slightly higher than the adjacent and outer whorls.
Whorls 7, narrow and closely wound, flat above, the last de-
scending near the aperture, which is diagonal ; outer margin cir-
cular ; peristome white, reflected, continuous on the body-whorl
or parietal margin. The palatal teeth, six in number, are situated
rather more than one-third the circumference from the aperture ;
and, counting from above downwards, the first is very minute,
the 4tb, 5th, and 6th largest. On the parietal side of the whorl
there is one single vertical lamina with short bifurcations or
supports above and below." (Godwin- Austen.)

Major diam. 12-5, minor 11 mm.; alt. 4 mm.

Hob. India : Hengdan and Kopamedza Ridge, 5,000 ft, Burrail

94 HELICIDJE.

Kange, Naga Hills (Godwin- Austen) ; North Cachar (H. F.
Blanford).

Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen records the fact that one of the
several specimens he opened, for the purpose of examining the
internal barriers, contained two vertical parietal lamellae, a re-
duplication of structure to which he thinks is clearly due the more
compound forms of the plicae and lamellae in the Burmese species.
I am inclined to think, however, that the second lamella to which
he refers must be the remains of an earlier set of barriers as I
have so frequently observed in other species, these earlier sets
being gradually absorbed after the completion of the later sets.
He states that it is essentially a forest species, found among dead
leaves and moss.

The parietal armature consists of a single vertical plate, which
descends a little obliquely towards the aperture ; the upper ex-
tremity gives off on both sides a very short support, and at the

a be

Fig. 40. — Plectopylis serica.

lower extremity, also on both sides, a stronger support, the
anterior one being a little lower than the posterior one (see
fig. 40 a). The palatal armature consists of five more or less
oblique horizontal folds ; the first is longest, flexuous, and de-
scends a little posteriorly, the second is horizontal, and bifurcates
posteriorly, the upper arm straight, the lower descending obliquely ;
the third, shorter, at first proceeding horizontally, about the
middle deflecting obliquely at an angle of about 100 degrees ; the
fourth is a little longer, ascends a little at first and then deflects
posteriorly at an angle of 90 degrees ; the fifth is shortest, hori-
zontal, near the lower suture and parallel to it (see fig. 40 6, which
shows the armatures, parietal and palatal, from the posterior side,
and fig. 40 c, which shows the inside of the outer wall, with its
palatal folds; all the figures are enlarged). Lt.-Col. Godwin-
Austen (op. cit. p. 608) mentions six palatal folds, and his figure
shows a small one near the upper suture, of which, however,
no trace is found in the specimen now figured, which is from
Shiroifurar, and is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection; it measures
11 millimetres in diameter.

90. Plectopylis munipurensis, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis) munipurensis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 610, pi. 73, fig-. 6 (shell and armature).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)} munipurensis, Try on, Man. Conch

ser. 2, ill, 1887, p. 160, pi. 34, figs. 56-58.

PLECTOPILIS. VO

Plectopylis munipurensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,
p. 146 j Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1898, p. 263, fig. 69 (shell
and armature).

Plectopylis (Chersaecia) munipuremis, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description. — " Shell dextral, openly umbilicated,
tumidly discoid, thick, pale ochry-brown, with distant spots of
colour on the upper surface. Umbilicus open and deep. Spire
very depressedly conoid, suture shallow. Whorls 7, flat, the
last narrowly constricted just behind the aperture and descending
very slightly. At the upper and outer margin of the aperture
is a slight compression giving a waved outline to the lip.
Aperture very oblique, semicircular ; peristome slightly reflected,
white, a low narrow, curvilinear ridge joining the margins. The
parietal vertical lamina is situated one-third of the circumference
from the mouth, having an attached anterior short horizontal
process equal to its length ; short supports on the posterior

Fig. 41. — Plectopylis munipurensis.

extremity and curving slightly forwards on the lower. Palatal
teeth 7, the first and upper minute, the second, third, fourth,
and fifth horizontal, the second being the longest, sixth minute,
seventh rather lengthened, horizontal, backed by a single isolated
small tooth." (Godwin- Austen.)

Major diam. 1O5-11, minor 9-9*5 mm. ; alt. 5 mm.

Hab. Burma: Ihang Valley, Munipur (Gochvin- Austen).

The parietal armature consists of a single, strong, vertical plate,
which is obliquely deflected towards the aperture ; it has two
slight supports posteriorly — the lower a little deflected, the
upper obliquely raised — and gives off anteriorly, at the upper
extremity, a long, slightly raised ridge ; a minute denticle occurs
just below the vertical plate (see fig. 41d, which gives an enlarged
view of the shell with a portion of the outer wall removed). The
palatal armature consists of six more or less horizontal folds :
the first very minute near the suture ; the second loner and
descending a little obliquely towards the middle, with the posterior
end suddenly raised ; the third and fourth also descending a little

96

HELICID^E.

obliquely, their posterior extremities dilated, almost bifurcated ;
the fifth also descending a little, its posterior termination
suddenly deflected ; the sixth, horizontal, with a minute denticle
above, and an elongated one a little farther back, below the
posterior termination of the fold (see fig. 41 g, which shows the
inside of the outer wall of the shell). The figures are from
the type specimens in the collection of Lt.-Col. God win- Austen,
who obligingly lent them to me for this purpose.

Figs. 41 a-c are of natural size, while figs. 41 d-g are enlarged ;
e shows the armatures from the anterior and / from the posterior
side, while g exhibits the inside of the outer shell-wall with the
palatal barriers in situ.

91. Plectopylis nagaensis, Godwin-Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis) nagaensis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 609,

pi. 73, fig. 4 (armature).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis}} nagaensis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 161, pi. 35, figs. 78, 79.
Plectopylis nagaensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 :

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897, p. 206, fig. 33 (shell aud

armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) nagaensis, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description. — " Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated,
discoid, dull ochry-brown, epidermis thick and coarsely striate ;
above depressedly pyramidal. Whorls 7, flat, narrow, and those
near apex closely wound, the last very descending near mouth.
Aperture diagonal, broadly lunular, outer margin well rounded,

Fig. 42. — Plectopylis nagaensis.

peristome very thick, white, reflected. A thick ridge on the
parietal side, separated by slight indentations, connects the
inner margins ; and from the middle of this runs back a
long horizontal lamella, terminating close to, but not connected
with, the single vertical lamina ; this is thick and bifurcate below,
tapering above and curving backwards ; a short free lamella is

PLECTOPYLIS. 97

situated immediately under it. Palatal plicae 0, horizontal, the
first and upper small, the remainder about equal in size.

"Major diam. 12, minor 11 mm.; alt. 6 mm." (Godivin- Austen.)

Bab. India : Prowi, head of the Lauier .River, Naga Hills,
Assam.

A dwarfed variety is mentioned by Lt.-Col. G-od win-Austen,
1. c. p. 610, from Sikhami, on the lowest part of the main water-
shed of the Burrail, measuring only : major diam. 8, minor
6-75 mm. ; alt. 3 mm.

The parietal armature consists of a strong vertical plate, a
little deflected posteriorly at the lower extremity, where it
terminates in a short strong ridge ; it also has a short support
a little higher up on the anterior side, and another short ridge
on the posterior side at the upper extremity. Below this plate
is a free thin horizontal fold, and a little above the middle of the
plate, a short distance from it, rises a strong horizontal plate,
which runs parallel with the whorl, and descends a little at the
aperture, where it is united with the raised ridge of the parietal
callus (see fig. 42 a and 6, which show the shell with part of the
outer wall removed).

The palatal armature consists of : first, a thin bilobed horizontal
fold near the upper suture ; secondly, a stronger horizontal fold,
with a small denticle at its posterior termination (between these
two folds, in a line with their posterior terminations, occurs a
minute denticle) ; thirdly, a horizontal fold, descending a little
posteriorly, where it is slightly notched ; fourthly, a similar
horizontal fold deflected posteriorly at first, then slightly
raised and notched ; fifthly, a shorter but stronger horizontal
fold with the posterior end more strongly deflected, and also
slightly notched ; sixthly, a thinner but longer horizontal fold
near the lower suture, attenuated anteriorly (see fig. 42 d, which
shows the inner side of the outer shell-wall with its palatal folds).

Between the posterior terminations of the fifth and sixth folds
occurs a very slight thin fold extending much further posteriorly
than the main folds ; this may prove not to be constant ; it is
not mentioned by Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen in his description.
The specimen figured is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection, and,
measures : major diam. 11*5, minor, 10 mm. ; alt. 5'5 mm.

92. Plectopylis kengtungensis, Gude.

Plectopylis (Cherstecia) kengtungensis, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London, xi, 1914, p. 54, with text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated,
discoid, corneous. Whorls 6|, narrow, increasing slowly and
regularly, somewhat flattened above, rounded below, the last
abruptly and shortly descending in front and slightly dilated at
the mouth. Spire a little raised, suture impressed. Aperture
obovate, peristome slightly thickened and reflected ; upper margin
nearly straight, outer rounded, columellar ascending ; parietal

n

98 HELICID^E.

callus with a raised flexuous ridge slightly notched at the junctions
above and below.

" Parietal armature (fig. 43 6) composed of a vertical plate,
deflexed posteriorly above, with a short obliquely ascending ridge
below, projecting on both sides ; a long horizontal fold rises a
short distance from the vertical plate, running parallel with the
whorl and joining the raised ridge at the aperture ; below this
occurs a second, but very short fold, 2 mm. long, also rising
close to the vertical plate and in a line with its lower extremity ;
below the vertical plate runs a third, but very thin and slight
horizontal fold close to the lower suture and joining the ridge at
the aperture. The palatal armature (fig. 43 a) consists of : first,
a thin bilobed horizontal fold near the upper suture ; next, two
horizontal rather thin elevated folds, followed by two stouter
and rather less elevated folds, obliquely ascending towards the
mouth ; and lastly, a thin horizontal fold near the lower suture,

Fig. 43.—Plectopylis Jccngtungensis. (From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

longer than the others and gradually attenuated anteriorly ; all,
except the first fold, are provided posteriorly with a slight
denticle, while a low transverse ridge unites their posterior
terminations. Fig. 43 c gives the posterior view of the parietal
and palatal barriers." (Gude.)

Major diam. 12, minor 10, alt. 4'75 mm.

Hob. E. Burma : Kengtung (Woodthorpe).

Three specimens in the Godwin-Austen collection, British
Museum, were found upon examination to be closely allied to
P. nagaensis, G.-A. The new species, however, is more depressed
and lacks the spiral sculpture of its ally which also has the
barriers placed nearer the aperture, and the third, fourth, and
fifth palatal folds more oblique, while Icengtungensis possesses a
short horizontal median fold which is absent in nagaensis. It also
resembles P. muspratti, Gude, in having the palatal folds united
posteriorly by a low ridge and in having the barriers at the same
distance from the aperture, but in the latter species the palatal
folds are much shorter and stouter and it lacks the long horizontal
parietal fold as well as the short median fold, being only provided
with a short fold at the aperture.

PLECTOPYLIS. 99

93. Plectopylis leiophis, Benson.

Helix (Plectopylis) leiophis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860,
p. 246 j Blanf ord, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 94 ; Godwin-Austen,
P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 74, fig. 2 (shell and armature) ; Tryon, Struct.
Conch, iii, 1884, p. 33, pi. 94, fig. 25.

Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) leiophis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,
1887, p. 163, pi. 35, figs. 88, 89.

Plectopylis leiophis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,1894, p. 145; Gude,
Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 16, tig. 76 (shell and armature).

Plectopylis (Chersaecid) leiophis, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Helix refuga, Pfeiffer in Philippi, Abb. Beschr. Conchyl. iii, 1847,
Helix, p. 2, pi. 10, fig. 4 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, i, 1848,
p. 383, pi. 66, figs. 21-23 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 82,
fig. 436; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 249; Hanley &
Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13, fig. 8 (non Gould).

Helix (Plectopylis} pseudophis (Blanford), Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 610, pi.' 74, fig. 3 (shell and armature).

Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) pseudophis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,
1887, p. 162, pi. 36, figs. 80, 81.

Plectopylis pseudophis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 ;
Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 170, fig. 62 (shell and
armature) ; v, 1898, p. 17, fig. 77 (armature).

Plectopylis leiopliis (= pseudophis), Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
viii, 1908, p. 88.

Original description :— " Testa sinistrorsa, late et profunde
umbilicata, subdiscoidea, superne planata, interdum omuiiio plana
vix solidula, oblique et arcuatira rugoso-striata, lineis nonnullis
spiralibus decussata, sub epidermide scabra, fusco-cornea, albida ;
spirae apice vix elevatiusculo laevigato, sutura impressa ; anfractibus
5|-6| angustis, ultimo supra peripheriam angulato, antice valde
deflexo, basi rotundata, apertura valde obliqua subhorizontali,
lunari, peristomate reflexo albido, marginibus lamina sinuosa
elevata, rnedio lamellam profunde intrantem, usque ad januain
attingentem ernittente junctis. Janua pliciformi fauciali prima
remota ; lamina 1 parietali vertical! simplici forti lamellam aper-
turalem valde elongatam superne emittente, infra earn lamellis
duabus brevibus (a lamina spatio brevi separatis) munita ; plicis
6 palatalibus intrantibus, quinta robustiore obliqua.

"Diam. major 11-14, minor 8-11-5, alt. 3-6 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. Burma: Kwadouk, Thyet-Myo (Benson); Akoutoung
(Blanford).

Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen stated (P. Z. S. 1875, p. 44) that
P. leiophis was identical with Gould's Helix refuga, basing this
identification on the specimens in the British Museum, so labelled
by Cuniing. Upon comparing the latter with Benson's type
specimens, obligingly lent to me in 1898 by Dr. S. E. Harmer,
then in charge of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge,
I found they were indeed identical, but the specimens in the
British Museum had been wrongly identified by Cuming and
Pfeiffer. They formed the subject of the illustrations purporting
to represent H. refuga in Philippi's work, quoted above, in
Eeeve's Conch. Icon., and in Conch.-Cab. All these figures
must, therefore, be referred to P. leiophis.

H2

100 HELICID^S.

Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen in 1874 described and figured Plecto-
pylis pseudophis which he considered to be allied to P. perarcta,
evidently overlooking its close relationship with P. leiophis, as
pointed out by me in 1897 and 1898 when I investigated these
forms. The principal points of difference alleged between the
two supposed species appear to be the following : in P. leiophis
the parietal vertical plate is rounded in outline, in pseudophis it
is toothed ; in the former the lower parietal horizontal fold is
continuous, in the latter it is interrupted; leiophis has a very
short horizontal fold between the long upper and the shorter
lower parietal fold, a feature lacking in pseudopliis ; while, lastly,
the latter was said to be more elevated in the spire. 1 was at
first inclined to regard these differences as specifically valid, more
especially as I had not been able to examine the barriers of
P. pseudophis when dealing with that species in 1897, and had to
rely upon Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen's figure. In 1898 the Rev.
Ashington Bullen, since deceased, favoured me with a specimen
which accorded with P. pseudopliis in every respect except that
it had an additional short fold between the long upper and the
shorter lower horizontal parietal fold, resembling leiophis in that
feature, but, as I pointed out at the time, this character appeared
to be inconstant in that species. In 1908, however, I received
three specimens of Plectopylis from Mr. Robert Cairns, which at
first I was inclined to regard as an undescribed form intermediate
between the two species. This led me carefully to examine once
more all the specimens of leiophis in my collection, which had
considerably increased since first I studied these structures.
This examination proved to me conclusively that the features
differentiating the two alleged species are inconstant, for while
some specimens have the elevated spire and the toothed outline
of the vertical lamina of P. pseudophis, and possess the short fold
between the two other horizontal folds, stated to characterize P.leio-
pJiis, others, again, have a depressed spire, although the vertical
lamina is toothed in a varying degree, being entire in some. The
palatal armature is identical in all the specimens examined. It
appears, therefore, that no constant character differentiates
P. leiophis and P. pseudopliis and the two must consequently be
united under one name. Fig. 46 a represents a specimen, labelled
pseudopliis, in the British Museum, while figs. 46 6 and c are
copied from Godwin-Austen's original figures. The shell drawn
in fig. 44 a is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection, showing the anterior
view of the two armatures, 6 represents the posterior aspect of
these, while c shows the parietal wall with its vertical lamina and
horizontal folds. Finally figs. 45 a and b exhibit the parietal
and palatal armatures respectively of the shell I received from
the late Eev. Ashington Bullen, which I had referred to
P. pseudopliis.

The armature of P. leiophis may now be described as follows : —

The parietal barriers comprise: a strong vertical lamina, toothed

or entire, angular above, where it gives off posteriorly an abruptly

PLECTOPYLIS.

101

descending short ridge, while below it deflects obliquely and gives
off on the anterior side a comparatively short horizontal fold ; a
long free horizontal fold rises close to the vertical plate, a little
below its upper extremity, revolving parallel with the whorl as
far as the aperture, when it unites with the ridge on the parietal
callus ; between these two folds sometimes occurs a very short,
free, horizontal fold ; (one immature specimen in my collection
possesses in addition an elongated denticle between this short
fold and the long upper fold). A very thin, free, horizontal fold

Fig. 44. — Plectopylis leiophis.

Fig. 45. — Plectopylis leiophis.

Fig. 46. — Plectopylis psettdophis. («,
original ; b and c, after Grodwin-
Austen.)

rises below the vertical plate, running close to the lower suture
and terminating near the apertural ridge.

The palatal armature consists of : first, a short thin horizontal
fold near the suture ; secondly, a longer horizontal fold, somewhat
deflected posteriorly, with an additional short wedge-like fold
attached to it, which has posteriorly, a little above it, a small
denticle ; thirdly, a shorter horizontal fold widened towards the
posterior extremity, then suddenly attenuated and indented, and
finally again widened a little ; fourthly, a short, slightly curved
horizontal fold, descending a little posteriorly, also slightly

102 HELICIMC.

attenuated and indented near the posterior extremity ; fifthly, a
crescent-shaped, sub-vertical fold (the concave side being towards
the aperture and the lower suture), with a small denticle near its
posterior extremity ; and sixthly, a longer curved horizontal fold,
having its upper edge reflected towards the fifth fold, aiid
possessing a small denticle near its posterior extremity.

94. Plectopylis refuga, Gould.

Helix refuga, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1846, p. 99.
Helix (Gorilla) rufuga, Gould, Otia Conch. 1862, p. 198.
Plectopylis refuga, Blanford, British Burma Gazetteer, i, 1879,

p. 709 ; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 15, fig. 75 (shell

and armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) refuga, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, discoidea, supra plana,
infra concava, viridi-cornea : anfr. 0 arete volutis, confertim
striatis, ultimo prope aperturam deflexo ; sutura impressa ; apertura
perobliqua, subcordiforini, peristomate albo, reflexo, callo sinuoso
connexo ; fauce lamella alba, flexuosa, ad anfractum penultimum
volvente.

" Diam. f [=15-25 mm.] ; alt. 4- pall. [=5 mm.]." (Gould.)

Hob. Burma: Tavoy (Gould) ; Tenasserim, Pegu (Blanford).

Plectopylis refuga has long been confused with P. leiophis and
the two were by most authors regarded as identical. This con-
fusion arose from the fact that the figures, purporting to represent
the former, given by Philippi, Pfeiffer, and Heeve, were based on
the specimens in the Cumin g collection, now in the British
Museum, and, as 1 have already stated when discussing P. leiophis,
wrongly identified as P. refuga by Reeve and Pfeiffer, as careful
comparison with Benson's types has proved to me. The short
description given of the species by Gould might apply equally well
to several distinct shells and is insufficient to enable us to
determine which form he had before him.

The type specimens of this and two other species of Plectopylis
described by Gould — repercussa and anguina — being in the
possession of the New York State Museum, I requested the loan
of them in 1898, but the Trustees decided not to let the specimens
go out of the country. Dr. Merrill, the Director of the Museum,
however, very obligingly had the shells photographed and their
armature sketched for me, and these were reproduced in ' Science
Gossip ' at the time, the same figures doing service on the present
occasion. Dr. Bagg, Dr. Merrill's assistant, kindly communicated
the following notes concerning P. refuga :

" Helix refuga, Gould, catalogue number, 271 ; original number,
A, 562. Two earliest volutions smooth, remainder of shell very
finely striated and hairy. Outer volution on lower side angular.
Greater diameter nearly | inch [=19 mm.]; smaller diameter,
T9^ inch [=14 mm.] ; alt. -f% inch [=4 mm.]; length of horizontal

PLECTOPTLIS. 103

fold at aperture, fa inch [=5 mm.]. Basal denticle [i.e. vertical
parietal plate j cup-shaped."

A discrepancy occurs between the measurements originally given
by Gould and those supplied by Dr. Bagg ; as the diameter indi-
cated by the former, however, agrees with that of the photographs,
allowance being made for their enlargement, Gould's measure-
ments must, I think, be accepted as correct.

From figs. 47 d and «, which have been copied from Dr. Bagg's
sketches, it appears that the parietal armature consists of a
strong vertical plate which is concave posteriorly ; on the posterior

d e

Fig. 47. — Plectopylis refuga.

side there are three short horizontal folds, the upper longest, the
median shortest ; a short horizontal fold at the aperture is united
to the flexuous ridge (see fig. 470, which shows the parietal wall) ;
while the palatal armature appears to consist of six folds : the
first three short and horizontal ; the fourth strong, vertical,
slightly indented about the middle ; the fifth and sixth horizontal
and thin (see fig. 47 d, which gives the posterior aspect of both
armatures). Figs. 47 a-c are reproduced from the photographs of
the type specimens, enlarged two diameters.

95. Plectopylis perrierae, Gude.

Plectopylis perrierae, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1898, p. 231,
fig, 67 (shell and armature) ; ibid., Journ. Malac. vii, 1898, p. 14,
fig. 10.

Plectopylis (Chersaecia) perrierae, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi,
1899, p. 148.

Original description: — " Shell sinistral, discoid, widely and deeply
umbilicated, pale corneous, very finely and regularly striated, and
decussated by spiral lines. Suture slightly impressed, spire

104 HELICIDJB.

flattened, apex a little raised. Whorls six to seven, increasing
slowly and regularly, flattened above, rounded below, the last
angulated above the periphery and round the umbilicus, and
descending shortly and abruptly in front. Aperture heart-shaped ;
peristome white, scarcely thickened, a little reflected ; the mar-
gins united by an elevated sinuous ridge on the parietal callus,
notched at the lower junction. Umbilicus wide and deep. Parietal
wall with a thin vertical plate, strongly deflected posteriorly
below, and giving off a short horizontal ridge at the upper
extremity on each side ; a long horizontal flexuous fold rises
close to the upper extremity of this plate on the anterior side,
descending suddenly at first, then ascending gradually, and after-
wards gradually descending, following the deflection of the last
whorl, becoming united to the ridge at the aperture ; a second,
shorter, horizontal fold occurs below this one, rising close to the

Fig. 48. — Plectopylis perrieres.

lower extremity of the vertical plate, proceeding horizontally at
first, and then ascending a little; another very thin fold rises
below the vertical plate, running parallel to the lower suture as
far as the aperture, where it unites with the ridge. Palatal folds,
five ; the first, rather long and thin, near to and parallel with the
suture, with a deep indentation near the posterior extremity,
dividing it into two unequal parts ; the second, horizontal, a little
deflected posteriorly, with an elongated denticle posteriorly, and a
second, smaller, one above the first ; the third fold much shorter,
strongly curved downwards posteriorly, with a minute denticle
posteriorly ; the fourth fold vertical with an obliquely descending
ridge posteriorly at the upper extremity, and bifurcated at the
lower extremity, the anterior arm of the bifurcation the shorter ;
a minute denticle occurs near the ridge at the upper extremity
and a second one near the middle, both on the posterior side ;
the fifth fold is thin, horizontal, and strongly deflected on both
sides." (Gude.)

PLECTOPYLIS. 105

Major diam. 15, minor 12 mm. ; alt. 5 mm.

Hob. Burma: Thyet-Myo, Pegu; Kyengdwen Valley, N.W.
Burma (Ogle).

In contour this species resembles Plectopylis perarcta, but the
shell is much larger. The parietal armature further connects it
with the species just named, but the palatal armature is more like
that of P. leiophis.

The specimen figured, and one in the late Miss Linter's
collection, have the measurements given in the diagnosis, but my
second specimen measures only 12*5 millimetres in diameter.
Figs. 48 a-c show the shell in three different aspects, natural
size ; figs. 48 d-f are enlarged ; d shows the parietal and palatal
armatures from the posterior side ; /, the inside of the outer wall
with the palatal folds and denticles ; and e, the parietal wall with
its plate and folds.

Two specimens collected by Ogle, in the Grodwin-Austen
collection, now in the British Museum, I refer to this species.

96. Plectopylis shiroiensis, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis} shiroiensis, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 609,

pi. 73, fig. 3 (shell and armature).
Helix shiroiensis. Hanley & Theobald. Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 159,

fig. 7.
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis}} shiroiensis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 163, pi. 35, fig. 90.
Plectopylis shiroiensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, x. s. iii, 1896, p. 155, fig. 20 (shell and

armature), torn. cit. p. 204.
Plectopylis (Ckersaecia) shiroiensis, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description: — "Shell sinistral, openly umbilicated,
discoidal, thin, light brown, very finely striated. Apex flatly
convex ; suture slightly impressed ; umbilicus open and deep.
Whorls 6, the last rounded, sharply compressed on the lower part
behind the aperture and descending to it. Aperture broadly
lunate, very oblique ; peristome white, continuous, reflected.
Prom the centre of the parietal ridge completing the peristome a
lamella runs up that side of the whorl for three-sevenths of the
circumference towards the parietal plication, but does not join it ;
and here a short free horizontal lamella lies parallel to and below
it. The parietal vertical lamina is simple, with one short support
at the lower anterior end ; and below this is another, free, narrow,
horizontal lamella. Palatal teeth consist of 4, that are horizontal ;
the 4th is long, narrow, and curving inwards. Between the 3rd
and 4th is a vertical double-notched tooth, evidently a compound
and representative of two very oblique plicae." (Godwin- Austen.)

Major diam. 8, minor 7 mm. ; alt. 4 mm.

Hob. India: Shiroifurar, N.E. of Munipur.

P. shiroiensis is allied to P. perarcta, and is likewise sinistral but
the shell is smaller, it is more raised in the spire and the last whorl
is deflected in front. There are also differences in the armature :

106 HELICID^E.

of the parietal barriers the principal horizontal lamella is more
flexuous, being somewhat raised towards the vertical plate as well
as towards the aperture before its final deflection at its junction
with the parietal callus ; it is also much broader. The second
horizontal plate is likewise broader and flexuous, while both are a
little further distant from the vertical plate (see tig. 49 a). The
vertical plate is smaller and is rounded at its upper extremity,
while it is not deflected posteriorly below, as is the case in perarcta.
There are, besides, two small very short ridges given off from
the extremities of the vertical plate on its posterior side, and the
third horizontal is a little longer, as well as more flexuous. The
chief difference, however, is in the palatal barriers, as may be seen
on reference to figs. 49 b-d. The first fold is horizontal, small,
and bilobed, close to the suture ; then come two horizontal folds,

Fig. 49._

small but comparatively broad ; next a broad and strong vertical
bilobed lamella, giving off on the posterior side two short ridges
from the base of the lobes, and finally below7 this a small but broad
horizontal fold with a small denticle a little above and posterior to
it. Fig. 49 b shows the barriers from the side of the aperture and
fig. 49 d from behind. The specimen figured is in Mr, Ponsonby's
collection.

97. Plectopylis perarcta, Blanford.

Helix (Plectopylis) perarcta, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 75 ;

Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 74, fig. 4 (shell and armature) ;

ibid., op. cit. 1888, p. 243.
Helix perarcta, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iii. 1869, p. 502, pi. 108,

figs. 13-15 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13, fig. 3.
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis}} perarcta, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 162, pi. 35, %s. 91-95.
Plectopylis perarcta, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 155, fig. 19.
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) perarcta, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description. — "Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated, discoid,
rather thin, white, transversely sinuously striated, with faintly

PLECTOPYLIS. 107

marked decussating spiral lines above and below. Apex minutely
granulate, slightly raised above the flat spire, suture rather deeply
impressed. Whorls 6, convex above and at the periphery, the
last a little compressed behind the mouth, descending suddenly to
the aperture, which is oblique and roundly lunate; peristome
white, expanded all round ; margins joined by a somewhat curved
ridge, from the centre of which a lamella runs up the whorl
towards the parietal plication, which, however, it does not join.
The parietal vertical lamina is single, simple, rather short, slightly
curved, with a rudimentary transverse plait at the top. Two
free horizontal lamellae occur beneath that running to the aper-
ture, the lowest being the longest and thinnest, and running back
beneath the base of the vertical lamina. Palatal teeth 6, all
horizontal except the 4th and 5th, which are slightly oblique.
Umbilicus open, deep, exposing all the whorls.

" Major diam. 11, minor 9 mm. ; alt. 4 mm." (Blanford.)
Hob. Upper Burma : Mya Leit Doung, near Ava (Blanford) ;
Hlindet (Spratt, Coll. Ponsonby).

The specimen here figured is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection and
measures 10 millim. in diameter. The parietal armature is com-
posed of a broad vertical plate, angulated above, but gradually
decreasing towards the base, where it is also slightly deflected
posteriorly. A horizontal lamella rises anteriorly about its middle,
very close to it, yet distinctly separate (see fig. 50 a), proceeding
parallel to the whorl, deflecting with it towards the aperture and
joining the raised flexuous bilobed ridge of the parietal callus,
which is separate from the peristome (see fig. 50 c). Another
horizontal but very short lamella, below the principal one, also
rises close to the vertical plate ; a short free horizontal lamella is

b
a c

Fig. Z&.—Plectopylis perarcta.

seen below the vertical plate, but it does not pass beyond it
posteriorly (see fig. 50 a ; this third horizontal lamella is also
shown sideways in figs. 50 b and c). Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen,
in comparing the present species with Plectopylis pseudophis
[now shown to be synonymous with P. leiophis^, states that
the horizontal lamella is not continuous, and it is shown to be
interrupted in his figure (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 609, pi. 74, f. 4),
and again, in describing Plectopylis brachydiscus (Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xlviii (1879), p. 2), he informs us that that species
resembles P. perarcta in this respect. The specimen here figured,
however, has the principal horizontal lamella continuous, a fact
which induced me at first to doubt the specific identity of the shell

108 HELICID^E.

figured by me with P. perarcta, but as the second horizontal
lamella is joined to the vertical plate in P. pseudophis, and in my
specimen this lamella is quite free, as stated to be the case in
P. perarcta, it is evident that my shell is not P. pseudopliis ; more-
over, Mr. Blanford, in describing the shell, states that from the
centre of the curved ridge at the aperttire, " a lamella runs up the
whorl towards the parietal plication." It may, therefore, safely
be assumed that in the type specimen the horizontal lamella is
not interrupted, and the question arises whether the shell figured
by Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen was perfect in having the hori-
zontal plate interrupted in the manner described. The palatal
armature is simple, and consists of four short, somewhat strong
horizontal folds, equidistant and parallel, with a smaller one above,
close to the suture, and two small ones in a line with each other
below, also near the suture (see figs. 50 b and c, the former figure
showing the posterior, and the latter the anterior ends of the
folds ; of the two bottom folds only one is visible in either
figure).

98. Plectopylis brachydiscus, Godwin-Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis) brachydiscus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlviii,

1879, p. 2, pi. 1, fig. 1 (shell and parietal armature).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) brachy discus, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 162, pi. 36, figs. 32-34.
Plectopylis brachydiscus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 154, fig. 18 (shell and

armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecia] br achy discus, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell dextral, umbilicus very open and
shallow, very discoid, rather strong, dull umber-brown, epidermis
thick with a cloth-like texture, finely and beautifully ribbed longi-
tudinally ; in young fresh shells the upper outer margin is closely
set with a strong regular epidermal fringe about '075 inches long.
Spire quite flat, approaching the concave in some specimens, the
apex itself having'a subpapillate form. Whorls 7, the last rather
flat on the side and angular above, descending at the aperture,
which is very oblique and oblate. Peristonie strongly reflected,
thickened, white, the margins connected by a well raised ridge,
notched above and below. A long horizontal lamella is given off
from the upper middle portion of this towards the vertical parietal
lamina, but only extends for 0*20 inches, then terminates, but at
•15 inches is again developed, becoming thicker and higher as it
approaches the vertical lamina and ending just short of it, in this
respect being similar to P. perarcta.

" The parietal vertical lamina is pointed above and gives off from
the lower basal end a short lamella towards the aperture, and a
very slight short thin, free lamina is to be seen just below the
vertical barriers. Palatal teeth simple, six, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and
5th are the best developed, the 1st and last are small, 2nd the
longest." (Godivin-Austen.)

PLECTOPYLIS. 109

Major diam. 21-24, minor 17-21-5 mm. ; alt. 6-7 mm.

Hob. Lower Burma : Mule-it range, east of Moulmain
(Limborg).

The shell forming the subject of the present illustration is in
Mr. Ponsonby's collection and, being old and weatherworn, does
not possess the marginal fringe of hairs referred to and shown in
Godwin- Austen's figure.

The parietal callus has a strong, raised, flexuous ridge, separated
from the peristome by a notch above and below, and has, in
addition, about the middle, a free lamella, 3 millim. long (see
fig. 51 a). The parietal armature further consists of a broad,
vertical plate, angulated above, and giving off at its lower end,

a be

Fig. 51. — Plectopylis brachydiscus.

towards the aperture, a horizontal plate, 4 millimetres long, which
slopes abruptly towards the parietal wall and gradually loses itself,
while on the posterior side there is a very short ridge abruptly sloping
obliquely downwards (see figs. 51 a and 6) ; about the middle of
the vertical plate a free horizontal plate occurs, about 7 millimetres
long, separated from the vertical plate by a distance of 1 milli-
metre, decreasing in height as it approaches the aperture, and then
suddenly terminating (see fig. 51 «). The palatal armature is very
curious (see fig. 51 c, which shows it in situ), and consists of six
folds ; the first straight and horizontal ; the second also straight
and horizontal, but with a small bifurcation at the posterior end ;
the third partly horizontal and deflecting posteriorly at an obtuse
angle ; the fourth very short horizontally, descending vertically
for a short distance and then deflecting posteriorly ; the fifth very
short, flexuous, and nearly vertical ; while, finally, the sixth is
again almost horizontal. A little below, and to the left of the sixth
fold is a small tooth, wrhile above, posteriorly to the first fold, and
almost in a line with the bifurcation of the second fold, are three
minute teeth.

In looking through the British Museum collection I came
across two immature specimens, which are of interest from the
fact that the armature differs in some important particulars from
the mature type. The parietal vertical plate in these specimens
is sinuous in outline at the upper part, and at its lower extremity
gives off anteriorly a horizontal fold 3 mm. long, which slopes
abruptly and slightly ascends the parietal wall towards the upper
suture ; on the posterior side it is furnished with a short ridge ; a
very short horizontal fold occurs between this vertical plate and

110

HELICID^E.

the lower suture. The free horizontal plate has not yet been
formed. About 3 mm. behind the vertical parietal plate is found
the remnant of a previous barrier, almost absorbed. The palatal
folds are similar to those of mature specimens, but the second is
not bifurcate.

99. Plectopylis dextrorsa, Benson.

Helix (Plectopylis] refuya, var. dextrorsa, Benson, A. M. N. H.

ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 4.
Helix refuga, var. dextrorsa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 13, fig. 9.
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)} refuga, var. dextrorsa, Tryon, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 164, pi. 35, fig. 2.

Helix (Plectopylis) dextrorsa, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 44.
Plectopylis dextrorsa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 156, fig. 21.
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) dextrorsa, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Janua pliciformi fauciali prirna remota;
lamina 1 parietali magna verticali simplice antice lamellam 1 in-
feriorem elongatiusculam etnittente, lamella superiore valde
elongata aperturse laminam parietalem non omnino attingente,
plica basali obsoleta; plicis palatalibus iutrantibus 6, tribus
superioribus et basali elongatis sinuosis, quarta et quinta brevibus,
postice plicis obliquis distinctis munitis." (Benson.)

Major diam. 17, minor 14 mm. ; alt. 5 mm.

Hob. Lower Burma : Phye-than, Tenasserim Valley (Benson).

Originally described by Benson as a variety of P. refuga, it was
raised to specific rank by Lt.-Ccl. God win- Austen in 1875, who
stated that it was very close to P. vseudopliis [ = leiophis], but his

Fig. 52.— Plectopylis dextrorsa.

figure of that species — copied ante p. 101, fig. 46 — does not bear
out this view, and after careful comparison I came to consider its
nearest ally to be P. bracJiy discus. The shell, however, is smaller
than in that species, measuring 16 inillim. in diameter, and there

PLECTOPTLIS. Ill

are important differences in the armature of the two. In the
present species the parietal vertical plate is rounded at the top
and forms a short ridge posteriorly, while another much smaller
ridge is formed at the base, first proceeding a little horizontally
and then becoming deflected towards the lower suture (see
fig. 52 a) ; the principal horizontal fold begins at a little distance
from the vertical plate as in P. Iracliy discus, but it is placed above
the middle and therefore nearer the upper suture than in that
species, and instead of revolving parallel with the suture, it bends
upwards a little and proceeds without interruption as far as its
junction with the raised ridge of the parietal callus (see fig. 52 a)
at the aperture, whereas in its ally this is interrupted. Differences
in the palatal armature will be observed on reference to fig. 52 6,
where the inner side of the shell-wall bearing the folds and
denticles is shown. The first fold is long and horizontal ; the
second is also horizontal and bifurcates as in the other species ;
next come two series of three folds each, the anterior ones hori-
zontal, the posterior ones smaller and descending obliquely ; and
lastly we find a strong broad denticle parallel with and near to
the lower suture, with a smaller one posteriorly in a line with it.
Fig. 52 c shows the barriers — parietal and palatal — from the
posterior side. All the figures are based on a specimen in
Mr. Ponsonby's collection. The Benson collection in the Uni-
versity Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, contains four specimens
of P. dextrorsa; they measure 17 mm. in diameter.

100. Plectopylis shanensis, Stoliczka.

Plectopylis shanensis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 170.
Helix (Plectopylis) shanensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875,

pi. 149, figs. 8, 9 (shell); Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 71

(shawensis).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) shanensis. Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 162, pi. 36, figs. 10, 11.

Helix (Plectopylis) trilamellaris, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. ]875, p. 43.
Plectopylis skanensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. si iv, 1897, p. 36, fig. 48 ; vi, 1899, p. 77,

fig. 105 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) shanensis, Gude, op. cit. vii, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " PI. testa planorbulari, pallide fusca,
apice minutissime exserto, pallido ; anfractibus 6 j, augustis, sutura
indistincte margin ata junctis, primis 2| ad tribus minute rugulosis,
caeteris transversim oblique striatis atque concentrice obsolete
striolatis, ultimo ad peripheriara subrotundato, infra paululum
augustiore, ad aperturam modice deflexo; umbilico spatioso,
anfractus omnes sutura distincte marginata separates exhibente ;
apertura angulum circiter 55° attingentem cum axi formante.
peristomate undique expansiusculo atque incrassato, margaritaceo
lutescente, circumdata, ad utramque terminationem labii subangu-
lati profunde incisa ; labio plicis tribus distinctis iustructo, plica

112

mediana crassissima, ea atque infera multo tenuiore usque ad
peristoma extensis, tertia interposita a margine remote evanescente,
sed usque ad laminam internam verticalem, circiter tertiam partem
unius circuitus a margine aperturali distantem extensa; ultimo
anfractu intus supra laminam verticalem antice plicis sex crassius-
culis, postice plicis decem brevioribus atque tenuioribus instructo.

" Diam. maj. 21'5, min. 17, et 6'5 diam. aut alt. apertune 7*5 mm.

" Diam. spec, secundi minoris sunt : 18'5, 15, 5'8, 6*6 mm."
(Stoliczlca.)

Hob. Burma : Shan States (Stoliczkd) • Kuengan, Pegu
(Theobald).

The two shells collected by Theobald, which were discovered by
Godwin-Austen and Nevill in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and
described as a new species under the name of trilamellaris by
Godwin- Austen, were subsequently found by him to be identical
with Stoliczka's species (J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879, p. 2).

The parietal armature consists of a strong horizontal median
fold, revolving over nearly half of the outer whorl, and united to
the ridge at the aperture, but it is free posteriorly. A short
distance beyond it occurs a strong vertical lunate plate, which is
deflected posteriorly below, where it gives off a short support ; on
the anterior side of this vertical plate, also below, a strong hori-
zontal fold is given off, extending a little over half the length of

Fig. 53. — Plectopylis shanensis.

the median fold. A third horizontal thin fold, close to the lower
suture, commences just below the vertical plate, and is united to
the ridge at the aperture (see fig. 53 d, which shows the shell
with the outer wall removed, and fig. 53 Z>, which gives the
posterior view of the parietal and palatal armature). All three
horizontal folds are visible from the aperture as seen in fig. 53 a.
The palatal armature is in two series : the anterior series consists
of six thin horizontal subequal folds, while the posterior series is
composed of nine short denticles arranged in a vertical row (see
fig. 53 c which shows the inside of the outer wall). The specimen
•figured is in the British Museum, and measures — major diam.
19'5 mm. ; minor diam. 15-5 mm.; alt. 6 mm.; it is from the
Shan States. A specimen in the McAndrew collection in the
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, labelled Plectopylis
repercussa, proved on examination to pertain to the species now
under consideration. It measures — major diam. 20 mm. ; minor
diam. 15 mm. ; alt. 6 mm.

PLECTOPTLI3.

113

101. Plectopylis brahma, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis) brahma, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlviii, 1879,

p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 3 (shell and armature).
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) brahma, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. J64, pi. 36, figs. 35-37.
Plectopylis brahma, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 170, fig. 63 (shell and

armature).
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) brahma, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description-. — "Shell sinistral, rather closely umbili-
cated, discoidal, pale ochry-brown, finely and regularly striate.
Apex flat, yet slightly convex. "Whorls 7, last angular above
and rounded below, slightly compressed behind the aperture and
hardly descending. Aperture lunate, oblique. Peristome slightly
reflected and thickened, white, continued as a callus on the body-
whorl.

" Internal structure complicated ; the parietal vertical lamina is
strong and gives off a short horizontal lamella at the lower end ;
above this are two other and parallel free lamellae (in three cases
out of twelve I examined, the upper lamella was united to the
vertical barrier, but this does not affect the order of position and

Fig. 54. — Plectopylis brahma.

arrangement of all those processes in this species), both short, the
lower being the best developed ; the upper is occasionally united
to the upper end of the vertical barrier. There is a very thin
thread-like lower free lamella extending to the peristome and
uniting with the parietal callus. The palatal plicce are arranged
in two rows, those of the anterior row are few and large, four in
number, the two upper long, narrow, and adjacent, the 3rd is
a flattened dome-like mass, the 4th is long and curving inwards.
Behind this at a short distance is the second row, consisting
of fourteen very minute, closely arranged, thin, longer or shorter
tooth-like processes, those on the upper side being slightly the
largest." (Godtuin- Austen.)

Major diarn. 9, minor 8'5 mm. ; alt. 5 mm.

Hab. Assam : Brahmakhund (Ogle).

Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen states that in external form the present
species resembles P. shiroiensis, from which it may be distin-
guished by the coarser periostracum and more regular striation,
while the last whorl is not constricted near the aperture. The
parietal armature consists of a strong vertical plate having a short

114 HELICIDJS.

support posteriorly above and below, and giving off anteriorly at
the lower extremity a short horizontal fold ; above this are two
free longer horizontal folds, the upper one rising close to the
vertical plate, the lower one longer and rising a little further from
the vertical fold. A minute denticle occurs between the second
and third horizontal folds, and a horizontally elongated denticle
above the upper extremity of the vertical fold ; a very thin slight
fold runs near to and parallel with the lower suture, uniting with
the ridge at the aperture (see fig. 54 c, which shows the parietal
wall with its folds). The palatal armature is in two series, the
anterior one consisting of four elongated horizontal folds, the
second and third being separated by a wider space than the
others, while the posterior series is composed of thirteen or four-
teen minute denticles arranged close together, some a little
elongated. The shell figured is in the British Museum. It
measures — major diam. 8, minor 6-5 mm. ; alt. 4-5. mm.

102. Plectopylis andersoni, Blanford.

Helix (Plectopylis) andersoni, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 448 ;

Godwin-Austen, ibid. 1874, p. 612, pi. 74, fig. 9 (armature) ;

Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Ees. Two Exped. West. Yunnan, i,

1878, p. 876 ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2.

vii, 1889, p. 323.
Helix andersoni, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 112

figs. 8. 9.
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)} andersoni, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 161, pi. 34, fig. 71, pi. 35, figs. 74-75.
Plectopylis andersoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 154, fig. 17.
Plectopylis (Chersaecia) andersoni, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Testa dextrorsa, latissime umbilicata,
discoidea, solidula, albida, epidermide crassula fusca, interdum ad
peripheriam laciniatim fimbriata, induta, sub epidermide decussato-
striata, lineis spiralibus supra distinctis, infra subobsoletis. Spira
plana, apice vix prominente, sutura subimpressa. Anfr. 7|-8,
angusti, arete convoluti, supra planulati, infra in umbilico con-
vexiusculi, ultimus superne ad peripheriam angulatus, subtus
tumidus et circa umbilicum pervium, omnes anfractus rnonstran-
tem, obtuse compressus, pone aperturam leviter decendens, juxta
peristoma constrictus. Apertura perobliqua, rotundato-lunaris ;
peristoma album, undique expansuin, superne ad extremam peri-
pheriam leviter angulatim porrectum, marginibus lamella curvata,
ad ambas extremitates incisa junctis, lamina intranti nulla. Janna
interna remota, ad ^ anfractuum ab apertura sita, e plica unica
vertical! parietali, 4 palatalibus horizontalibus, harum tribus in-
ferioribus versus extremitates altioribus, medio humilibus, postice
subbifidis, una basali etiam horizontal! simplici constans.
" Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 8J mill." (Blanford.)
Hob. Upper Burma : Bhamo, Ava (Anderson, Fea) ; Yunnan :
Hoetone (Anderson).

PLECTOPYLIS. 1 15

The shell is solid, disc-shaped, measuring 24 to 26 millimetres
in diameter, o£ a light brown colour, with alternating streaks of
a lighter shade on the upper surface. It is composed of eight
whorls, distinctly ribbed above and below, and very regularly
decussated above by raised spiral lines reaching as far as the apex
of the shell, the base is also spirally sculptured, but the sculpture
is less distinct ; the mouth of the shell is unarmed, but the parietal
callus forms a raised curved ridge which is distinctly free at both
ends from the peristome. The armature, which is comparatively
simple, occurs a little beyond the middle of the last whorl, and
consists of a simple strong vertical plate on the parietal wall (see
fig. 55 a), giving off at its upper extremity a very small horizontal
tooth on the posterior side and a short horizontal lamella,
1-5 millimetres long, on the anterior side, while a* its lower
extremity there is a slight callus on the posterior side. The
vertical parietal plate is shown sideways in fig. 55 6, where also

a be

Fig. 55. — Plectopylis andersoni.

the palatal teeth are seen as they appear from the posterior side.
Fig. 55 c gives the inside view of the outer wall, exhibiting the
palatal armature, which consists of four principal horizontal
lamellae terminating posteriorly in a triangular conical tooth;
above these are : first a minute tooth, and secondly, higher up, a
small fold near the suture, while at the base of the palatal wall are
also : first a minute tooth, and secondly, nearer the suture, a small
fold. The specimen figured is in Mr. Ponsonby's collection.

III. Section EKDOPLON, Gudc.
Endoplon, Glide, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Dextral. Palatal folds horizontal, oblique, or almost vertical.
TYPE, Helix (Plectopylis) brachyplecta, Benson.
Range. Burma, Tonkin.

103. Plectopylis smithiana, Qude*

Plectopylis smithiana, Glide, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897, p. 274,

fig. 38 (shell and armature).

Plectopylis (Endoplon) smithiana, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

i2

116

HELICID^E.

Original description : — " Shell dextral, discoid, widely umbili-
cated, rufous brown, coarsely and regularly ribbed, with scarcely
visible microscopic sculpture above, but strongly decussated with
spiral lines below, suture impressed. Whorls 6, convex, slowly
increasing, the last rapidly widening towards the aperture, not
angulated above, shortly descending in front. Aperture sub-
triangular ; peristome light brown, a little thickened and reflexed,
the margins converging ; parietal callus with a strongly raised
flexuous ridge, separated from both margins of the peristome.
Umbilicus very wide but shallow. Parietal wall, with an entering
flexuous horizontal fold, united to the ridge at the aperture, and
at one-third of the circumference from the aperture with one
crescent-shaped vertical plate, which has two small denticles, one
above and one below, on the anterior side. Palatal folds 6, the
first and sixth thin and horizontal, the other four short, broad,
and oblique." (Gude.)

Major diam. 27, minor 21 mm. ; alt. 10 mm.

Hob. Burma: Attaram.

c d

Fig. 56.— Plectopylis smithiana.

Two specimens in the Theobald collection in the British
Museum, labelled P. bracliyplecta, in spite of some external resem-
blance to that species, presented sufficient differences to induce
me to suspect that they were quite distinct, and upon opening
one of them the difference in the armature quite confirmed this
suspicion.

P. smithiana differs from P. brachyplecta in being larger and
darker in colour. The ribs are coarser and the whorls more
convex ; the last whorl is not angulated above, and it widens
more towards the aperture. The peristome is less thickened and
more reflected, and the ridge of the parietal callus less stout but
more raised, while the umbilicus is wider and much more shallow.
The horizontal parietal fold deflects more at the aperture, and
there is only one vertical plate (see fig. 56 d), which is crescent-

PLECTOPTLIS. 117

shaped, with tha convex side towards the aperture ; on its anterior
side, in place of a second vertical plate as in P. brachyplecta, are
found two elongated, oblique, converging denticles, one above and
one below. The palatal armature is similar to that of P. brachy-
plecta. Pig. 56 d, which shows the parietal wall, is from one of
the specimens in the British Museum. Figs. 56 a-c are drawn
from a specimen, labelled Attaram, obligingly lent to me by the late
Miss Linter, of Arragon Close, Twickenham, who informed me
that she received it from Mr. Theobald. This was also labelled
P. brachyplecta, lout I had no hesitation in referring it toP.smithiana.
It measures — major diam. 26 ; minor 21 mm. ; alt. 9 mm.

104. Plectopylis brachyplecta, Benson.

Helix (Plectopylis} brachyplecta, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi,
1863, p. 319 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 74, fig. 8 (arma-
ture) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 72.

Helix brachyplecta, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 57,
figs. 7, 10.

Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)) brachyplecta, Tryon, Man. Conch,
ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 163, pi. 35, figs. 76, 77, 82, 83.

Plectopylis brachyplecta, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;
Gude, Science Gossip, N. s, iii, 1897, p. 246, fig. 37 (shell and
armature).

Plectopylis (Endoplori) brachyplecta, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " H. testa dextrorsa, late umbilicata, dis-
coidea, obesiuscula, minute arcuato-striata, striis minutissimis
spiralibus obsolete decussata, opaca, non nitida, rubescenti-
castanea, superne saturatiore, circum apicem succinea : spira
planata, apice vix prominente, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 6,
lente accrescentibus, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, superne
prope suturam subangulato, antice descendente ; apertura obliqua,
rotundato-lunari, subauriculata, intus lilacina ; peristomate ex-
pansiusculo, rufo-castaneo, marginibus remote convergentibus,
plica arcuata prominente parietali junctis, lamina longiuscula
subascendente e niedio plicae intus recedente, plicis 2 parietalibus
remotis verticalibus, quarum externa arcuata internaque curvata,
laminis 6 remotioribus palatalibus, quarum superiore et basali
tenuibus et 4 medianis incrassatis, foveatis ; umbilico lato, concavo.

" Diam. maj. 22, min. 18, axis 8 mill." (Benson.)

Bab. Burma : Moulmain (Gordon) ; Attaran Valley (Theobald).

The shell is disk-shaped, widely umbilicated, dull reddish chest-
nut, with amber- coloured apex, paler below, finely and regularly
ribbed, and decussated by minute spiral sculpture. It is composed
of six or six and a half more or less convex whorls, which increase
slowly, the last being rounded and subangulated above, near the
suture, and shortly and abruptly descending in front. The aper-
ture is ear-shaped, and the peristome brown, strongly thickened
and a little reflected, its slightly converging margins being joined
by a thickened curved ridge, which is slightly notched at the
junctions above and below. A strong entering flexuous fold is

118

HELICIDJE.

given off from the parietal ridge, revolving over less than a quarter
of a whorl. The parietal armature further consists of two strong,
vertical, slightly curved, parallel plates ; the anterior one has a
short horizontal support posteriorly below, and a strong hori-
zontal ridge anteriorly above ; the posterior one gives off on the
posterior side two short supports, one above and one below. A
short, free horizontal fold occurs below the vertical plates.
Tig. 57 d shows the parietal wall with its plates and the fold,
while fig. 57/ gives the anterior view of both parietal and palatal
armatures. The palatal armature consists of : first, a thin hori-
zontal fold near the suture; next, four short, broad, oblique,
nearly parallel folds, whose lower concave sides face the aperture ;
finally, a short thin horizontal fold near the lower suture. A
little above the second fold and united to its posterior extremity
occurs a very short straight fold, while another short, slight
oblique fold is found between the posterior ends of the fifth and

Fig. 57. — Plectopylis brachyplecta.

sixth folds. (See fig. 570, which shows the inside of the outer
wall with its palatal folds.) Eigs. 57 d-f are from one of the
type specimens from Moulmain in the McAndrew collection of
the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, the shells having
been lent for this purpose by Dr. S. E. Harmer. It measures-
major diam. 22, minor 18 mm. ; alt. 8 mm.

Among the shells of the genus Plectopylis in the British Museum,
I found two specimens in the Theobald collection, labelled Plecto-
pylis dathratula, Benson, from Balcadua, Ceylon. I am not
aware that Mr. Benson ever published this name, but Dr. Pfeiffer
described a species belonging to Ruthvenia — a section formerly
believed to pertain to Plectopylis, but now known to have affinity
with Endodonts — from Ceylon, under that name. As no species
of Plectopylis has ever been found in Ceylon, it is probable that
there is a mistake in the locality, and it is certain that the name
is wrong. Judging from the external resemblances to Plectopylis

PLECTOPYLIS. 119

brac7iyplecta, I suspected that these shells would prove to pertain
to that species, and having obtained permission from Mr. Edgar
Smith, the late Assistant Keeper, to open one of the shells, I was
enabled to confirm my suspicion, for the armature proved to be
identical with that of P. bracliyplecta. One of these specimens is
shown in three different positions in figs, 57 a-c. It measures —
major diam. 22, minor 18-5 mm. ; alt. 8 mm.

IV. Section PLECTOPYLIS, s. s., Gude.

(Typical section of Benson.)
Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Sinistral, shell flattened. Palatal armature : one vertical plate
with three horizontal folds above, one below.
TYPE, Plectopylis bensoni, Gude.

Range. Burma.

105. Plectopylis ponsonbyi, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Plectopylis} ponsonbyi. Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1888.
p. 243.

Plectopylis ponsonbyi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 144,
pi. 40, figs. 9-12 (shell and armature) ; Gude, Science Gossip,
N. s. iii, 1896, p. 178, fig. 22 (shell and armature).

Plectopylis (s. s.) ponsonbyi, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated,
discoid, solid ; sculpture, wavy thread-like lines of growth ; colour
pale brown ; spire flat, 2| whorls at apex slightly raised above the
succeeding whorls ; suture very shallow ; whorls 7, closely wound
and flat ; aperture very oblique, descending, horizontally ovate ;
peristome thickened, reflected, the margins connected by a well-
developed ridge, and with slight notches at the inner angles.

"Major diam. 17*5, minor 14, alt. 5 mm." ( Godwin- Austen.)

Sab. Upper Burma : Hlindet (Spratt).

The shell is sinistral, disk-shaped, flattened above, with the apex
a little raised, composed of six and a half whorls, closely and
regularly coiled, rounded and gradually increasing ; it is regularly
and finely ribbed, and has the last whorl deflected in front ; the
parietal callus has a raised flexuous ridge, which is separate above
and below from the peristome. From the aperture may be dis-
cerned a short, free, slightly curved, parietal fold, which follows
the deflection of the last whorl (see fig. 58 a). The parietal
armature further consists of two strong vertical plates, the
posterior one of which is the longer of the two ; it gives off
posteriorly at the upper extremity a very short horizontal ridge,
and at the lower extremity another short, but stronger, ridge,
which descends obliquely ; the anterior plate is shorter but much
stronger and thicker than the posterior one, and it gives off two

1 20 HELICID^E.

strong ridges, one from the upper and one from the lower
extremity, gradually decreasing in height. Below these two
vertical plates there is a very thin horizontal fold terminating
posteriorly a little beyond the posterior vertical plate, and ante-
riorly becoming attenuated till it is scarcely visible at the parietal
ridge, to which, however, it is united. In the figure referred to,
I regret to find this horizontal fold is wrongly shown as termin-
ating a little beyond the anterior vertical plate. The palatal
armature consists of : first, a thin horizontal lamina, parallel with
and near to the suture, a little broader in the middle ; secondly,
a somewhat stouter lamina, slanting downwards a little posteriorly,
also a little broader in the middle, and abruptly decreasing
anteriorly, but very slowly posteriorly, where it is slightly in-
dented ; thirdly, a similar lamina, slanting a little more posteriorly,

Fig. 58. — Plectopylis ponsonbyi.

with a slight indentation ; fourthly, a stout bilobed vertical
lamina, giving off anteriorly at the upper extremity a very slight
ridge and posteriorly from the base of each lobe a short ridge ;
fifthly, a horizontal fold parallel with and near to the lower
suture, raised in the middle, with the apical portion reflexed and
angular; it has a very small denticle on the posterior side.
Another very small denticle is situated a little below the first
horizontal lamina, about its middle, erroneously shown in a line
with it in fig. 58 d. Fig. 58 6 shows the whole of the armature
from the side of the aperture, fig. 58 c the same from behind and
fig. 58 d the inside of the outer shell-wall with the palatal folds
(all magnified) ; while fig. 58 e exhibits the shell restored, from
above, natural size. The type specimen is in Mr. Ponsonby's
collection and measures 18 mm. in diameter. A specimen sent
to me for examination by the late Dr. von Mollendorff, labelled
P. refuga, proved to pertain to the present species ; it measures
21, 17, and 7 mm. respectively, and the fold at the aperture is
longer and nearer to the ridge than is the case in the type.

PLECTOPYLIS. 121

106. Plectopylis lissochlamys, Gude.

Plectopylis lissochlamys, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 70,
fig. 53 (shell and armature) ; Journ. Malac. vii, 1898, p. 11,
fig. 8.

Plectopylis (s. s.) lissochlamys, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899,
p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, solid, discoid, widely and
deeply urnbilicated, polished, corneous, finely and regularly ribbed,
decussated with minute spiral sculpture above. Suture impressed,
apex a little raised, spire depressed. Whorls 7, rounded, in-
creasing slowly, the last twice as wide as the penultimate, widening
towards the aperture, but not constricted behind the peristome.
Aperture rounded, elliptical ; peristome white, rather thin, re-
flexed ; margins a little converging. Parietal callus with a raised
flexuous ridge separated from both margins of the peristome by a
little notch. Umbilicus wide and deep. Parietal wall with a
short, entering, flexuous horizontal fold, which runs close up to
the ridge at the aperture, and at one-third of the circumference
from the mouth there are two rather thin transverse parallel
laminae descending obliquely backwards, the posterior one longest
and writh a short ridge posteriorly both at the upper and the
lower extremity ; the anterior one with a longer ridge anteriorly
at the upper extremity, and two short but stouter ridges at the
lower extremity, one anteriorly and one posteriorly ; below these
laminae occurs a thin horizontal fold close to the lower suture,
becoming attenuated but distinctly perceptible at the aperture,
where it unites with the flexuous ridge. Palatal folds 5, the three
upper horizontal, thin, the first and second with a denticle
posteriorly ; the fourth vertical, the upper part deflected anteriorly,
the lower part deflected posteriorly, with two denticles posteriorly,
one about the middle and one near the lower extremity ; the fifth
short, horizontal, indented at the middle, with a slight curved
denticle posteriorly.

" Diam. major 19-20, minor 16-17 mm. ; alt. 6-7 mm." (Gude.)

Hob. Burma.

The present species was based upon two unnamed specimens
from Burma sent to me by the late Miss Linter. Among a
number of Plectopylis forwarded to me for inspection by the late
Dr. von Mollendorff were two shells labelled P. refuga which
proved to be identical with Miss Linters shells. P. lissochlamys
differs from P. magna in being much smaller and shining, as well
as paler in colour ; in shape and texture it resembles P. pulvinaris
which, however, is dextral and has a totally different armature.
It is allied to P. ponsonbyi but is more solid, darker coloured, and
more coarsely ribbed, while the last two whorls increase more
suddenly, and the last is not constricted behind the peristome as
is the case in that species. The two parietal laminae, moreover,
are much thinner (see fig. 59 e) and the anterior ridges of the
anterior lamina are much shorter and slighter ; they are parallel,

122

HELICID^.

not convergent as in P. magnet. A comparison of the figures will
indicate differences in the palatal armatures of these two species.

The type specimen is here figured and is in my collection ;
it measures 19 mm. in diameter. Figs. 59 a-c are natural size,

Fig. 59. — Plectopylis lissochlamys.

while figs. 59 d-f are magnified. Fig. 59 d shows the parietal
and palatal barriers from the posterior side ; fig. 59 e a part of
the parietal wall with its Iamina3 and fold ; and fig. 59/ the
inside of the outer shell-wall with its folds and denticles.

107. Plectopylis magna, Gude.

Plectopylis magna, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 70,
fig. 52 (shell and armature) ; Journ. Malac. vii, 1898, p. 9, fig. 7.
Plectopylis (s. s.) magna, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899,
p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, solid, discoid, widely and
deeply urabilicated, horny brown, finely and regularly ribbed.
Suture slightly impressed, spire depressed, apex scarcely raised.
Whorls 7|, a little rounded above, tumid below, increasing very
slowly, the last widening a little towards the aperture, descending
somewhat slowly in front, and a little constricted behind the
peristome. Aperture elliptical, peristome white, thickened and
reflexed, margins scarcely converging. Parietal callus with a
raised flexuous ridge, separated from both margins of the peristome
by a little notch. Umbilicus wide and deep. Parietal wall with
a short, entering, flexuous, horizontal fold, which terminates at a
distance of two millimetres from the parietal ridge at the aperture,
and having at one-third of the circumference from the aperture
two strong transverse plates ; the posterior one the longer,
vertical, and a little flexuous, giving off a short, obliquely raised
ridge posteriorly above, and a short, strong, obliquely deflected
ridge posteriorly below ; the anterior one oblique, the upper ex-
tremity converging towards the posterior plate, where it gives off
posteriorly a short, strong ridge, and anteriorly a strong, longer
ridge, which becomes attenuated ; at the lower extremity it gives

PLECTOPYLIS.

123

off two short, strong ridges, one posteriorly and one anteriorly ;
below these plates occurs a thin fold, close to the lower suture,
revolving as far as the aperture, where it unites with the flexuous
ridge. Palatal folds 5 ; the three upper horizontal ; the first
straight and having an elongated denticle below it at about the
middle ; the second a little deflected posteriorly ; the third short,
crescent-shaped ; the fourth vertical, flexuous; the fifth horizontal,
abruptly deflected anteriorly above and posteriorly below. Poste-
riorly between the first and fifth folds occur six denticles, placed
vertically in a row, the first in a line with the elongated denticle
below the first fold, the second a little above and the third a little
below the second fold, the fourth in a line with the upper
extremity, the fifth near the middle, and the sixth a little below
the lower extremity of the vertical fold.

" Major diam. 22-5-25, minor 18-5-21 ; alt. 8 mm." (Gude.}

Hab. Burma : Taunghu, Pegu.

Fig. 60. — Plectopylis magnet.

Like the last species, the present form was based upon material
sent to me by the late Miss Linter and found among a miscel-
laneous collection of Plectopylis from Burma. A shell in the
possession of Mr. E. R. Sykes, labelled P. achatina, was also
referred to this species. Subsequently I discovered two specimens
in the late W. T. Blanford's collection, labelled " Taunghu, Pegu ;
H. E. Blanford." I have also seen two specimens collected by
Theobald, which are now in the possession of Mason's College,
Birmingham, and which were labelled P. repercussa ; the latter
measure respectively : 23-5, 19'5, 9 mm. and 25, 20, 9 mm.

Plectopylis magna differs from P. ponsonbyim being much larger,
more solid, and darker in colour, in having one whorl more, in the

124 HELICIDJB.

last whorl descending less abruptly, and in the whorls being more
rounded. There are also differences in the armature, i. e. the two
parietal vertical laminae are convergent above, and the posterior
one is considerably longer than the anterior one (see tig. 60 e),
while in Plectopylis ponsonbyi they are almost equal and parallel ;
the anterior lamina gives off anteriorly below a short, stout ridge,
not a distinct fold as in P. ponsonbyi, and the thin fold near the
lower suture is distinctly continued to the ridge at the aperture,
without becoming attenuated ; the two upper palatal horizontal
folds are much thinner, the third is very short and crescent-shaped,
and the vertical fold is not bilobed, while there are several more
denticles posteriorly (see fig. 60 /, which shows the inside of the
outer wall). The type specimen figured is in my collection and
measures 25 mm. in diameter, a second specimen measuring
22-5 mm. A third specimen, from the same source, is not quite
mature, the ridge on the parietal callus at the aperture not having
been formed, but the armature is identical with that of the mature
shells. Figs. 60 a, 6, c, and e are of natural size, while d and /
are magnified.

108. Plectopylis woodthorpei, Gude.

Plectopylis woodthorpei, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899, p. 15,

fig. 98 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (s. cs.) ivoodthorpei, Gude, tom. cit. p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell dextral, discoid, widely and deeply
umbilicated, dark corneous, finely and regularly ribbed, closely
decussated by microscopic spiral lines. Spire conical, apex pro-
minent, suture impressed. Whorls 6|, increasing slowly and
regularly, flattened above, tumid below, the last scarcely wider
than the penultimate, bluntly keeled above the periphery, widening
a little towards the aperture, descending deeply in front.
Aperture oblique, cordate ; peristome whitish, strongly thickened
and reflexed, the margins united by a strongly raised flexuous
ridge, which is concave in the middle, and notched at the junctions
above and below.

" Parietal armature consisting of two nearly parallel vertical
laminae, the posterior one longer, slightly reflected posteriorly at its
lower extremity, and provided posteriorly at the upper extremity
with a slight ridge ; the anterior lamina shorter, giving off a hori-
zontal fold anteriorly at each extremity, the lower less than half
the length of the upper, ascending oblique!}*- ; the upper revolving
almost parallel with the suture, following the deflection of the
whorl, and joining the ridge at the aperture. Below the posterior
vertical lamina rises a free, thin, horizontal fold, at first consider-
ably elevated above the shell-wall, but suddenly becoming attenu-
ated and thread-like, running parallel with the lower suture, as
far as the aperture where it is joined to the ridge on the parietal
callus. Palatal armature in two series, the posterior series con-
sisting of: first, a long thin horizontal fold near the suture;

PLECTOPTLIS.

125

secondly, a very long horizontal fold, extending anteriorly beyond
the folds of the second series, with an elevated compressed denticle
posteriorly ; thirdly, a very short horizontal fold, deflected post-
eriorly ; fourthly, a strong vertical lamina, with an indentation at
the middle, giving off posteriorly at its lower extremity an obliquely
descending ridge, and provided at the same place with a small
denticle ; at the base of the upper lobe of the vertical lamina on
the posterior side occurs a slight swelling, while on the same side
from its upper extremity runs a short ridge, connecting this

Fig. 61,—Plectopylis woodthorpei.

lamina with the third horizontal fold ; fifthly, a long thin hori-
zontal fold near the lower suture. The anterior series consists of
three thin horizontal folds, the first longest the third shortest, all
three descending a little anteriorly." (Crude.)

Major diam. 8-75-10, minor 7'25-8 mm. ; alt. 3-25-4 mm.

Hob. Burma : Eort Stedman ( Woodthorpe).

Three specimens — two mature, one young — collected by the
late Col. Woodthorpe, E.E,, after whom the species is named,
were communicated by Lt.-Ool. Godwin- Austen and are now in

126 HELIC1DJ5.

the British Museum. The species is a very interesting one,
forming as it does a connecting link between the two sections
Cherscecia and Plectopylis s. s. On the one hand it resembles
P. ponsonbyi in the posterior portion of the palatal armature (see
fig. 61/), and P. leucochila in the parietal barriers (see fig. 61 e) ; it
differs, however, from the other members of this group in having
a series of horizontal folds anteriorly to the vertical palatal lamina.
On the other hand this biseriate character of the palatal armature
unites it with the group of P. plectostoma. In outward appearance
the shell of P. moodthorpei much resembles P. shiroiensis but it is
much larger. The immature specimen referred to, which has
nearly six whorls formed, has the armature incomplete, and is in-
structive as possibly throwing some light upon the evolution of
these structures. The parietal armature here possesses the two
vertical laminae, but the horizontal folds given off by the anterior
lamina are very short, being only one-quarter of the length of those
in the mature shells ; the thin fold near the lower suture is not
compressed into a lamellar fold below the vertical laminae, as is the
case in the full-grown shells, and it rises much farther back (see
fig. 61 #, which shows portion of the parietal wall with its armature).
Of the palatal armature, only the posterior series of processes is
present, the anterior series having still to be formed ; a fact clearly
pointing to the more recent origin of the biseriate forms. The
vertical lamina is distinctly divided into two subequal portions, in
consequence of the indentation in the middle being carried down
to the base of the lamina ; the ridge connecting the upper ex-
tremity of the vertical lamina with the short horizontal fold above
it is absent, but in its stead occurs near the latter a little denticle,
while posteriorly to the upper half of the vertical lamina is found
a distinct denticle, corresponding to the slight swelling in the same
place, mentioned in the diagnosis (see fig. 61 ft, which shows the
inside of the palatal wall with its armature).

109. Plectopylis leucochila, Gude.

Plectopylis leucochilus, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1898, p. 231,

fig. 66 ; ibid. p. 264 (leucochila).
Plectopylis (s. s.) leucochila, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, rather solid, discoid,
deeply and perspectively umbilicated, pale yellowish corneous,
finely and regularly ribbed, ornamented with minute spiral
sculpture. Suture almost linear, spire depressed, apex scarcely
raised. Whorls seven to seven and a half, a little rounded above,
rather tumid below, increasing slowly and regularly, the last
descending abruptly and rather deeply in front. Aperture
roundly oval ; peristome white, a little thickened and strongly
reflexed, the margins a little converging ; parietal callus with a
slightly raised flexuous ridge, separated from both margins of the
peristome by a little notch. Umbilicus deep, widely perspective.

PLECTOPTLI8. 127

Parietal wall with two transverse oblique laminae converging
upwards, the posterior one rather thin, slightly sinuous, and
having a short ridge posteriorly at the upper and lower extremities,
the anterior one shorter, but much stronger and stouter, having
an ascending ridge posteriorly above and a short stout support
posteriorly below; on the anterior side are found two strong
horizontal folds, the lower stout and short and becoming suddenly
attenuated ; the upper fold long, rather thinner, following the
deflection of the last whorl and terminating close to the ridge at
the aperture, but not being united to it ; a very thin horizontal
fold rises below the transverse laminae close to the lower suture,
runs parallel with it, and terminates at the ridge at the aperture.
Palatal folds, 5 : the first near the suture, straight and nearly
horizontal ; the second a little more oblique and deflected poste-
riorly; the third nearly horizontal, but more deflected posteriorly;
all three have a slight indentation near the posterior extremity
forming a bead-like termination ; the fourth is vertical, deflected
a little anteriorly above and posteriorly below, having posteriorly

Fig. 62. — Plectopylis leucockila.

a small denticle near the lower extremity and another about the
middle ; the fifth is near the lower suture, horizontal and deflected
at both extremities." (Gude.)

Major diam. 15-17, minor 12-14 mm. ; alt. 6-7 mm.

Hob. Burma.

Five specimens received from Mr. Fulton as P. leiopJiis proved
upon examination to be distinct, and to belong, in fact, to a
different section of the genus.

Plectopylis leucochila is allied to P. ponsonbyi, but differs from
it in the more raised spire and in having a deeper and more
perspective umbilicus. In the armature it differs from the other
members of the group of P. ponsonbyi in having the upper parietal
fold uninterrupted. Figs. 62 a-c show the shell in three different
aspects, natural size, while figs. 62 d and e are enlarged ; the
former shows the parietal wall with its laminae and folds, and the
latter the inside of the outer wall with the folds and denticles.

A specimen in the Blanford collection, labelled " H. F. Blan-
ford," I refer to this species.

128

HELICID.E.

110. Plectopylis'feddeni, Blanford.

Helix (Plectopylis) feddeni, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, ] 865, p. 75 ;

Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 611, pi. 74, fig. 7 (parietal

armature) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 71 ; Tapparone Canefri,

Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 47.
Helix feddeni, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 131,

figs. 1-3.
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis}) feddeni, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 163, pi. 35, figs. 84-87.
Plectopylis feddeni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iv, 1897, p. 171, fig. 64 ; vi, 1899,

p. 76, fig. 104.
Plectopylis '(s. s.) feddeni, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — "Shell sinistrorse, very widely urn bilicated,
discoid, flat above, thin, dull white, marked by rather irregular
oblique sculpture both above and below. Spire quite flat, apex
not rising above the surface, suture impressed. Whorls '6|-7,
narrow and closely wound, slightly convex above ; the last much
broader, rounded at the periphery and beneath, descending

Fig. 63.— Plectopylis feddeni.

abruptly close to the mouth. Umbilicus shallow, exposing all
the whorls. Aperture more nearly horizontal than vertical,
subcirculariy lunate. Peristome slightly thickened, expanded
throughout, margins joined by a rib, from the centre of which
a lamina sometimes runs up to the parietal plication, but is
frequently interrupted a short distance within the aperture, and
is always thicker and higher near the mouth than farther back.
Parietal plication consisting of a vertical lamina in front, and a
second, slightly oblique, just behind ; the first giving out the
interrupted lamina running to the aperture from the top, and a

PLEGTOPYLIS. 129

shorter horizontal lamella from the bottom ; the hinder with small
re-entering supports above and below. Beneath both is a narrow
free thread-like horizontal lamella. Palatal teeth 5 : 1st, 2nd,
3rd, and 5th horizontal, 4th vertical and stouter than the others ;
1st and 2nd longer than the remainder." (Blanford.)

Major diain, 16, minor 13 mm. ; alt. 4*5 mm,

Hob. Burma : Prome (Fedden, Blanford, Hungerford, Fea) ;
Thyet-Myo (Blanford}.

111. Plectopylis cairnsi, Gude.

Plectopylis cairnsi, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 171,

fig. 90 (shell and armature).
Plectopylis (s. s.) cairnsi, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " Shell sinistrorse, discoid, solid, widely
urnbilicated, yellowish corneous, finely and regularly ribbed, and
decussated with microscopic spiral lines. Spire depressed, apex
scarcely prominent, suture distinctly impressed ; whorls 5|,
tumid above, rounded below, increasing slowly and regularly, the

/ 9

Fig. 64.— Plectopylis cairnsi.

last descending moderately in front ; aperture oblique, cordate,
a little inflexed at the upper outer margin. Peristome white,
strongly thickened and reflexed ; the margins united by a strong
raised flexuous ridge on the parietal callus, notched at the
junctions above and below. Parietal wall with a strong median
fold given off from the aperturai ridge, revolving round about
a quarter of the last whorl, but interrupted at the middle ; near
its posterior extremity occurs a branched fold in the form of the
Greek letter X, i. e. an obliquely ascending fold, having anteriorly

30 HELICID^E.

at its lower extremity a slightly ascending ridge and posteriorly
a short support ; it is deflected horizontally at its upper extremity,
and at about its middle it gives off an obliquely descending arm,
which deflects horizontally at its lower extremity. Palatal folds
five : the first, thin, horizontal, near the suture, a little indented
and reflexed opposite the upper extremity of the oblique parietal
fold ; the second, horizontal, a little shorter and deflected
posteriorly, provided with a small denticle a little above its
posterior extremity ; the third, still shorter, but broader, hori-
zontal, crescent-shaped, its concave side towards the fourth, which
is vertical, very strong, inclined towards the aperture ; near its
lower extremity on the posterior side occurs a minute denticle ;
the fifth is horizontal, short and very thin." (Gude.)

Major diam. 18'5, minor 15'5 mm. ; alt. 6 mm.

Hob. Probably Burma.

P. cairnsi is flatter and more rounded in outline than P. bensoni ;
the whorls are more rounded and not angulated, the last whorl
widens less at the aperture, the suture is more impressed, 4^e
umbilicus less deep, and the peristome is white. The parietal
armature differs from that of P. bensoni and its allies in the
median fold being interrupted in the middle and separated from
the branched portion which is in the form of the Greek letter X,
and in the total absence of the horizontal fold near the lower
suture (see fig. 64 d, enlarged, which shows the parietal wall with
its folds). In the palatal armature there are also some minor
differences : the first horizontal fold is indented opposite the
upper arm of the branched parietal fold, a feature I have nob
observed in any other species ; the vertical plate is also much
narrower than in P. bensoni^ leaving more space for the soft
parts of the animal to emerge (see fig. 64 e, which shows both
armatures from the anterior side, and fig. 64 /, from the posterior
side, both enlarged) ; and, finally, the denticle behind the fifth
horizontal fold, present in every other known species of the
group of P. bensoni, is absent (see fig. 64 </, enlarged, which
shows the inside of the outer wall with the palatal armature
in situ). The figures are all based on the type which is in my
collection.

112. Plectopylis cyclaspis, Benson.

Helix catinus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 185 (non
H. catinus, Pfeiffer, 1856).

Helix cyclaspis, Benson, torn. cit. p. 273; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13, fig. 10.

Helix (Plectopylis} cyclaspis, Benson, op. cit. v, 1860, p. 245 ; Godwin-
Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 74, fig. 10 (palatal armature) ; Nevill,
Hand List, i, 1878, p. 72.

Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)} cyclaspis, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,
1887, p. 164, pi. 35, fig. 9.

PLECTOPYLIS. 131

Plectopylis cyclaspis, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871. p. 222, pi. 15,

Plectopylis (s. s.) cyclaspis, Glide, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.
Helix revoluta, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. xiv, 1867, p. 64.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, late umbilicata,
lenticulari-depressa, laevigata, superne demum oblique rugata,
ftiscescente ; spira depresse conoidea, apice obtuso, sutura
marginata ; anfractibus 7| lente crescentibus, superne planulatls,
ultimo non descendente, acute cariuato, carina corupressiuscula,
basi convexa, circa umbilicum profundum perspectivum sub-
angulata; apertura perobliqua, rotundato-lunari, peristomate
expanse, reflexo, superne prope carinam proininente, angulato,
marginibus lamina valde elevata lamellam breviter intrantem
emittente junctis.

"Diam. maj. 18, minor 16, axis 6^ millim." (Benson.)

Hob. Burma: Moulmain (Theobald, Stoliczka); Damsang and
E/issom Peak (Godwin- Austen).

A well defined species which may at once be separated from
all its congeners by the keeled periphery. Helix revoluta was
described by Pfeiffer as from the Andaman Islands. Unfortu-
nately, I have been unsuccessful in tracing the whereabouts of the
specimens from which the diagnosis was drawn up, as Mr. Smith,
who kindly searched the collection in the British Museum, has
been unable to find them there ; and the late Professor Boettger
informed me that they are nob in the Pfeiffer collection acquired

Fig. 65. — Plectopylis cyclaspis.

by Dr. Dohrn. This is all the more to be regretted as no Plecto-
pylis has since been discovered in the Andaman Islands. The
late Mr. Stoliczka (J. A S. B. xl, 1871, p. 223) was of opinion that
this shell could hardly be distinct from Plectopylis cyclaspis, his
specimens of which agreed perfectly with the measurements given
by Dr. Pfeiffer. He adds that amongst many thousands of shells
from the Andaman Islands, he never received P. cyclaspis and h&

K2

132 HELICID^E.

doubted its occurrence there as much as that of P. bensoni,
recorded by Tryon in Proc. Asiat. Soc. 1870, p. 88.

The peristome of P. cydaspis is thickened and reflexed and its
margins are united by a raised ridge ; the parietal callus bears
a short, strong, horizontal, entering fold, visible in its entirety
from the aperture (see fig. 65 a). The parietal armature consists
of a strong and very complicated ramified lamina, which ascends
obliquely from the side of the aperture near to the suture, where
it bifurcates* one arm — the upper one — ascending a little, then
proceeding horizontally and finally becomes attenuated ; the lower
and stronger one descends obliquely at an angle of 45° for about
half its length, then deflects almost vertically and gives off
posteriorly at its base a short strong support. The lower ex-
tremity of the main lamina also gives off anteriorly a short strong
support. Below the lamina is a free, short, horizontal fold. The
specimen shown with the outer wall removed in fig. 656 is not quite
mature, and it possesses the former barrier, which is evidently
in course of absorption, as the second descending arm has almost
disappeared, and the lower free fold is also very slight.

The palatal armature consists of five folds : the first thin, near
to and almost parallel with the upper suture ; the second, broad
and flexuous, descending obliquely posteriorly, half above and
half below the peripheral keel ; the third also broad and somewhat
crescent-shaped ; the fourth very strong, broad, and vertical, and
intercalating with the main stem and lower branch of the parietal
lamina; the fifth thin, horizontal, and parallel with the lower
suture. Fig. 65 c shows the parietal and palatal barriers from
the anterior side, while fig. 65 d exhibits the inside of the outer
wall with its palatal folds. At the base of the vertical palatal fold
on the right side — i. e. posteriorly — occurs a small denticle,
shown erroneously on the left side. Fig. 65 a shows a mature
specimen, and is of natural size ; the other figures are all magnified.
Both specimens are from Moulmain and are in Mr. Ponsonby's
collection. The mature shell measures ; major diam. 17, minor
14-5, alt. 7 mm.

113. Plectopylis karenorum, Blanford.

Helix (Plectopylis) karenorum, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865,

p. 73 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, pi. 74, fig. 5 (shell and

armature).
Helix karenorum, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1. iii, 1869, p. 503,

pi. 108, figs. 16-18; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 13, fig. 6.
Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)'} karenorum, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 164, pi. 35, figs. 96-100.
Plectopylis karenorum, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;

Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1887, p. 244, fig-. 35.
Plectopylis (s. s.) karenorum, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description: — "Shell sinistrorse, very widely umbili-
cated, discoid, flat above, solid, white, with rather irregular oblique

PLECTOPYLIS.

133

pale chestnut streaks crossing the whorls, transversely and
sinuously striated with decussating spiral lines above and below ;
epidermis thin, horny. Apex minutely granulate or sub-granulate,
almost imperceptibly raised above the flat spire ; suture not
impressed, very narrowly marginate. Whorls 6, narrow and
closely wound, flat above ; the last angulate above the periphery,
rounded beneath, descending close to the mouth, very slightly
compressed behind the same. Umbilicus very shallow, exposing
all the whorls, aperture diagonal, truncately subcircular ; peristome
white, reflexed throughout, margins joined by a raised bar, from
the centre of which a lamina passes up the parietal side of the
whorl to the plication, which lies at about | the circumference of
the whorl from the mouth, and resembles that of Helix achatina,
Gray ; the parietal transverse lamina being simple and oblique
above, then bifurcating, giving off the lamina which runs to the
mouth, and two short basal supports. A thread-like lamina also
runs along the extreme base of the parietal side of the whorl, and
joins the aperture. Palatal teeth 5, the upper 3 and the lowest
longitudinal, the uppermost very long and thin, the 4th vertical,
corresponding to the fork in the parietal lamina.

" Major diam. 13-18, minor 11-15 mm. ; axis 4-5 mm."
(Blanford.)

Nab. Burma : Banks of Tsanda Khyoung, near Kaintha village,
and Banks of Nungatho Khyoung, Henzada district, Pegu
(Blanford) ; Myanoung, Arakan Hills (Blanford).

The parietal armature consists of a long horizontal fold, united
to the ridge at the aperture, and proceeding parallel with the last

Fig. Q&.—Plectopylis Jcarenorum.

whorl for a quarter of its length, at which point it gives off a
shortly descending arm ; it then rises obliquely for a short distance
and finally bifurcates, the lower arm of the bifurcation being the
longer, and obliquely descending, while the upper arm is slightly
curved backwards ; the single arm first mentioned has posteriorly at
its lower termination a short obliquely descending ridge, and a little
higher up anteriorly a stronger obliquely ascending ridge, while the
lower arm of the bifurcation has posteriorly at its lower termination

134 HELICIDJE.

a short obliquely descending ridge (see fig. 66 a). Below this
complicated plate there is a free, thin horizontal fold close to the
lower suture, also united to the ridge at the aperture (see also
fig. 66 b, which shows both armatures from the side of the
aperture, and fig. 66 c, which gives their posterior view). The
palatal armature consists of : first, a thin and long horizontal fold
parallel with and near the suture ; secondly, another thin but
shorter fold which at first proceeds horizontally, then suddenly
deflects posteriorly with a slight curve backwards, a small denticle
occurring posteriorly in a line with the main horizontal portion ;
thirdly, a short, somewhat stouter, crescent-shaped fold, with its
concave side facing the aperture and lower suture ; fourthly, a
strong vertical fold, with two minute denticles posteriorly near its
lower end ; and fifthly, a thin horizontal fold, slightly deflected in
the middle (see fig. 66 d, which shows the inside of the outer wall).
The specimen figured is in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby ; it
measures 13'5 milliin. in diameter.

In looking over the specimens of Plectopylis of the McAndrew
collection in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, I
found three specimens labelled Plectopylis burmani, Benson,
doubtless a misspelling for P. burmanica, one of Mr. Benson's
MS. names. On comparing them with Plectopylis Jcarenorum, I
found them to belong to that species. As I have reason to think
that P. Jcarenorum exists in some collections under the name of
P. burmanica, and as, moreover, this name was never, to my
knowledge, published by Mr. Benson, I have thought it useful to
mention the above fact.

114. Plectopylis linterse, Mollendorff.

Plectopylis linterae, Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxix,
1897, p. 28 ; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 170, fig. 88.
Plectopylis (s. s.) linterae, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description: — "T. sinistrorsa, latissima umbilicata,
discoidea, solidula, subtiliter plicato-striata, lineis spiralibus tenui-
bus decussata, luteoflava, strigis castaneis regulariter variegata ;
spira vix prominula. Anfractus 6 lente accrescentes, planiusculi,
ultimus supra peripheriam subdistincte angulatus, turn convex-
iusculus, circa umbilicum subangulatus, antice breviter deflexus.
Apertura maxime obliqua, oblique cordif ormis ; peristoma sat
expansum, reflexum, valde incrassatum, albo-labiatum, marginibus
callo vallido elevato continuis. Lamella parietalis marginem
attingens, intus producta, in tertia parte anfractus lainellain
trans? ersam duplicatam attingens ; lamellae palatales 4, superne 2
spirales quarum supera longior, turn verticalis 1 longa, denique
iufera spiralis brevis.

" Diam. 16-5, alt. 6*5 mm." (Mollendorff.)

Hob. Burma : Pegu, Moulmain.

The shell is sinistral, solid, discoid, widely umbilicated, pale
yellow, transversely streaked and flammulated with chestnut,
finely and regularly ribbed, smoother below, decussated with

PLECTOPYLIS. 135

microscopic spiral lines. The spire is slightly conical, the apex
scarcely produced, arid the suture linear. Whorls 6, increasing
slowly and regularly, a little flattened above and rounded below;
the last slightly angulateci above the periphery and around the
umbilicus, and descending rather abruptly and deeply in front.
The aperture is oblique, heart-shaped. The peristoaie is white,
thickened and strongly reflexed ; its margins are united by a
strong flexuous raised ridge on the parietal callus.

The parietal armature is composed of a slight median hori-
zontal fold, which proceeds from the apertural ridge, is interrupted
for a short distance and then continues parallel with the suture
for about a quarter of the last whorl ; it then gives off a shortly
descending, slightly reflexed arm, which is provided anteriorly at
the lower extremity with a short horizontal ridge ; the fold then

a b

Fig. 67. — Plectopylis linteree.

rises obliquely for a short distance and finally bifurcates ; the
lower arm of the bifurcation is the longer, and descends obliquely,
its lower extremity being provided posteriorly with a short
horizontal ridge; the upper arm at first continues to ascend
obliquely, then deflects horizontally close to the suture ; a short,
free, thin, horizontal fold occurs below the two lower arms, not
extending beyond on either side (see fig. 68 d, which shows the
parietal wall with its folds).

The palatal armature consists of : first, a thin long horizontal
fold near the suture and parallel with it ; secondly, a shorter but
stronger broad horizontal fold, which deflects a little and is
slightly indented posteriorly ; thirdly, a still shorter, broad,
straight horizontal fold ; fourthly, a strong broad vertical lamina
\vhich intercalates between the two lower arms of the parietal
fold ; this lamina is inclined towards the aperture, and its edge is
thickened and reflexed ; near its lower extremity on the posterior
side occurs a strong little denticle, which is elongated horizontally ;
fifthly, a short thin horizontal fold close to the lower suture,
having an elongated denticle a little above its posterior extremity.
The species is closely allied to Plectopylis bensoni, but the spire
of the present shell is much more raised, the umbilicus is much
deeper, and the whorls more rounded. In the armature this
species further differs from P. bensoni in the median parietal fold
being interrupted and much slighter, the branched portion being
relatively much more elevated ; the lower free horizontal parietal
fold is very short, so that this part of the armature, while differing
from the typical forms of P. bensoni, recalls the condition which

136 HELICID^E.

obtains in the var. breviplica of that species. The specimen
figured, which I received from the late Miss Linter, was labelled
with the habitat, '* Moulmain." It measures : major diam. 16,
minor 13 mm. ; alt. 6 mm. Another shell from the same source
measures 12'25, 10-5, and 5 mm. respectively.

Var. fusca, Gude.

Plectopylis linterae, var. fusca, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898,
p. 170, fig. 89.

Differs from the type in being unicolorous dark brown, a little
paler below, in being thinner in texture, and in the peristome
being livid.

Major diam. 14-5-16, minor 12-5-1 3'5 mm. ; alt. 5'5-6 mm.

Hab. Burma.

A shell in Mr. Ponsonby's collection, which was labelled
P. pacliy 'stoma, var. minor, I was unable to separate specifically
from P. linterce. It differs, however, from the typical form of

. /

Fig. 68. — Plectopylis linterce, v&r.Jusca.

that species in being of a unicolorous dark brown, in the peri-
stome being livid instead of white, and in the shell being thinner
in texture. The armatures are identical in both forms. Fig. 68 d
shows the parietal wall with its folds, while fig. 68 e gives the
anterior, and fig. 68/the posterior aspect of both sets of barriers
(enlarged). Figs. 68 a-c show the entire shell (natural size).

Four specimens from the Attaran Valley, in the Theobald
collection, British Museum, agree with Mr. Ponsonby's shell,
except in size, measuring 16 mm. in diameter.

115. Plectopylis anguina, Gould.

Helix anguina, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847, p. 218;

Han ley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13, fig. 7.
Plectopylis anguina, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 218 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Concb. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s.

v, 1898, p. 75, %. 79 (shell and armature).
Helix (Plectopylis} anguina, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 72.

PLECTOPYLIS.

137

Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis}) anguina, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 165, pi. 35, fig. 0.
Plectopylis (s. s.) anguina, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. vi, 1899

p. 148.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, distorta, planorboidea,
glabra, fusco-castanea ; infra radiatim flainmulata, vix concava;
spira planulata ; anfr. 5| convexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam
sub-angulato ; apertura despecta, perobliqua, semi-elliptica, peri-
stomate rufo, revoluto, callo angulato baud appresso, coDJuncto ;
lamella alba secundum anfractum penultimum intro-volvente.

"Diam. 1 poll. [=25'5 mm.]; alt. J poll. [=6-25 mm.]."
(Gould.)

Hab. Burma: Manko, Tavoy (Vinton); Kuengan (Tlieolald) ;
Sgwagakin, Salween Valley (Coll. Ponsonby).

By some authorities this species has been considered identical
with P. bensoni. It appears, however, to be perfectly distinct.

The shell is sinistral, much flattened, discoid, varying in colour
from corneous to dark chestnut ; below it is usually paler and

Fig. 69. — Plectopylis anguina.

flammulated with dark chestnut; it is finely striated and de-
cussated by microscopic spiral lines. The spire is depressed, the
suture linear. Whorls 5J, regularly coiled, increasing slowly and
gradually ; slightly flattened above and rounded below. The last
whorl is slightly angulated at the periphery, widening rather
suddenly at the aperture, deeply deflected in front, and somewhat
constricted behind the peristome. The umbilicus is extremely
shallow ; in a specimen in my collection it is only 1*5 mm. in
depth. The aperture is nearly horizontal, cordate ; the peristome
livid or pale brown, a little thickened and much reflexed. A

138 HELICID2E.

sinuous raised ridge on the parietal wall at the aperture connects
the margins of the peristome; at the junctions above and below,
however, there are slight notches. The armature is similar in
most respects to that of P. repercussa, but it is less solid and
heavy; the lower arm of the bifurcation on the parietal wall is
Jonger than the upper, and the thin free horizontal fold near the
lower suture is not united to the ridge at the aperture and does
not proceed beyond the lower arm of the bifurcation as is the case
in P. repercussa. The upper fold of the palatal armature is much
shorter than in that species, terminating posteriorly at the same
point as the shorter upper arm of the parietal bifurcation ; the
second and fifth horizontal palatal folds are much shorter an-
teriorly than in P. repercussa ; while the vertical palatal lamina
(the fourth) is broader, but less stout and less inclined towards
the aperture than in that species.

The specimen shown in figs. 69 d and e is from Moulmain and
is in my collection. It measures : major diam. 28, minor 22,
alt. 7'5 mm. Pig. 69/ shows the posterior aspect of its parietal
and palatal armature. Pigs. 69 a-c are reproduced from photo-
graphs (natural size) of Gould's types in the New York State
Museum, Dr. Bagg having supplied the following notes : " Helix
anguina, Gould. Catalogue number, 251 ; Original number,
A 558. The shell is somewhat banded by brownish and white
alternating, but not in all specimens."

116. Plectopylis bensoni, Gude, nom. mut.

Helix achatina (Gray), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. ii, 1845, p. 86 ; Benson,
A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iv, 1859, p. 59 ; Kobelt, 111. Conch. Buch,
ii, 1879, pi. 71, fig. 9.

Helix (Plectopylis) achatina, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860,
pp. 244, 245 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 71 ; Godwin- Austen,
P.Z.S. 1874, pi. 74, fig. 6 (armature); J.A.S.B. Ixiv, 1895,
pi. 7, fig. 5 (animal) ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva,
ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 47.

Helix (Atopa (Plectopylis)} achatina, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2,
iii, 1887, p. 165, pi. 35, figs. 3-5, 7, 8.

Plectopylis achatina, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 221, pi. 15,
figs. 1-3 (anatomy) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 145 ;
Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 114, figs. 80-82.

Plectopylis (s. s.) achatina, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description : — " T. sinistrorsa, latissima umbilicata,
depressissima, discoidea, laevigata, superne rufa, albido rnaculata
et flammata, basi pallida; spira plana, medio vix elevatiuscula ;
anfr. 6| subplanulati, ultimus a latere subcompressus, antice
subito deflexus ; apertura subhorizontalis, oblongo-subcircularis ;
perist. fusculum, undique expansion et reflexum, marginibus
lamina prominente, lamellam profun.de intrantem emittente
junctis.

" Diam. major. 31, minor 24, alt. 8| mill." (Pfeiffer.)

PLECTOPTLIS.

139

Hob. Burma: Mergui (Philippi); Moulmain (Stoliczka, Theo-
bald, Fea}-, Nattoung (Theobald}-, Pha-thinz (Hungerford).

The name Helix achatina having previously been employed
(Potiez & Michaud, Gralerie de Douai, i, 1838, p. 68), it is neces-
sary to apply another designation to the shell hitherto known as
Plectopylis achatina, and I have much pleasure in associating with
it the name of the naturalist who created the genus Plectopylis.

The shell is sinistrorse, disk-shaped, very widely umbilicated, of
various shades of chestnut, usually paler and sometimes flammu-
lated below, irregularly and finely striated. The apex is usually,
but not invariably, raised slightly above the plane of the whorls.
There are six or six and a half whorls, which increase gradually,
and are more or less flattened above and tumid below ; the first
three and a half are smooth or nearly so, while the next two are

Fig. 70. — Plectopylis bensoni.

somewhat coarsely striated and strongly decussated by spiral
lines, less distinct on the upper side of the last whorl, obsolete at
its side, but reappearing in the umbilical region. The last whorl
is bluntly keeled above and subangulated at the periphery ; this
whorl suddenly widens at the aperture where it is deeply
deflected. The aperture is almost horizontal, elliptic cordate,
while the peristome is thickened and strongly reflected, livid or
purplish-brown in colour, never white-, the margins are united by
a raised sinuous ridge, slightly notched at the junctions above
and below. The parietal armature is of the same type as that of
P. repercussa, but the lower arm of the bifurcation is the longer of
the two (see fig. 70 c, which shows part of the parietal wall with
the posterior portion of its armature), and the lower free hori-
zontal fold close to the lower suture does not reach as far as the
apertural ridge, and does not extend beyond the lower arm of the
bifurcation and its posterior support. Pig. 70 a gives the anterior

140

HELICID<E.

and fig. 70 b the posterior aspect of both armatures. The palatal
armature is also similar to that of P. repercussa, but the first
horizontal fold is shorter in the present species correspondingly
with the reduction in the upper arm of the bifurcation of the
parietal armature, while the vertical lamina is less strong and its
edge less thickened. Plectopylis repervussa is, generally speaking,
a more solid and larger shell, always lighter in colour than
P. bensoni, while its white peristome will at once distinguish it
from the latter species. The lower horizontal parietal fold in
P. repercussa is always distinctly united to the apertural ridge,
whereas in P. bensoni this fold is not visible from the aperture.
That these characters are constant, I have reason to believe from
having opened sixteen or eighteen specimens without finding any
variation in these respects. The specimen shown in figs. 70 a
and b measures : major diam. 22, minor 17, alt. 7 mm., while the

c d

Fig. 71. — Plectopylis bensoni, jur.

one shown in figs. 70 d—f measures 27 : 21 : 8 mm. ; both are
from Moulmain, and are in my collection. Another specimen in
my collection shows no trace of the ridge at the aperture, but is
in all other respects like the mature vshells. In figs. 71 a-d
I have shown an immature shell, received from Mr. J. E. Cooper,
of Highgate; it has only four whorls completed, and is only
furnished with the posterior portion of the parietal armature (see
fig. 71 a), but the palatal armature is quite complete, though
correspondingly reduced in size; an earlier set of barriers is

Fig. 72. — Plectopylis bensoni, JUT.

found three-quarters of a whorl further back ; the parietal folds
of this set have been entirely absorbed, but of the palatal folds
there are only three, the second and third horizontal, and the
vertical fold ; this is shown in fig. 71 b in situ, while its anterior
aspect is given in fig. 71 c • the two arrows in fig. 71 d indicate
the respective positions of the two sets of barriers. In the

PLECTOPYLIS. 141

McAndrew collection, University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge,
is a tablet with three shells, labelled " Nanina lacythis, type,
Benson Coll." ; but subsequently altered in pencil to " P. leio-
phis (?)." I refer these specimens without hesitation to immature
forms of Plectopylis bensoni ; one of them is shown in figs. 72 a-c.
This specimen has four and a half whorls completed, and pos-
sesses the immature barriers half a whorl from the aperture.
The parietal armature is composed of only a crescent- shaped
vertical lamina, corresponding to the upper and lower bifurcation
of the main horizontal fold (see fig. 72 6), while the palatal
armature, as it is seen from the outside through the shell-wall, is
shown in fig. 72 c (enlarged) ; there are only three folds, i. e. the
second and third horizontal ones, which are very short and de-
flected posteriorly, and the vertical fold, with a posterior ridge or
support below ; the arrow in fig. 72 a indicates the position of
this set of barriers. The specimen measures 11 : 10 : 6 mm. ;
the first three and a half whorls are ribbed, the last whorl only
showing spiral sculpture. The cuticle is plaited transversely,
and the whorl is angulated above, at the periphery, and be-
low it; the periphery showing traces of a fringe of laciniae.
Below the aperture are found some traces of another set of
barriers. The other two specimens referred to measure 9-5 : 8-5 :
5 mm. ; the armature is one-half of a whorl from the aperture,
and there are traces of an older set one-quarter of a whorl farther
back; the upper and the peripheral keels are provided with a
fringe of lacinise. These immature specimens are very interesting
and instructive, as they tend to indicate the various stages
through which the armatures pass in their evolution from simple
to complicated barriers.

Stoliczka remarks (J.A.S.B. xl (1871), p. 221) that Plecto-
pylis achatina [bensoni] is " extremely common on all the limestone
hills about Moulmain. Among thousands of specimens not one
dextrorse variety was met with. The larger specimens I have
seen measured in the longer diameter 35 millimetres, but speci-
mens of half that size, and even smaller than that, often have
all the appearance of being full-grown." As it is so abundant
a species, it is not surprising that it is so frequently seen in
collections. It is the most variable of all the species of
Plectopylis.

The following varieties may be distinguished.

Var. repercussoides, Gude.

Plectopylis achatina, var. repercussoides, Gude, Science Gossip
N. s. v, 1899, p. 333.

This variety is intermediate between typical P. bensoni and
P. repercussd) having the contour and the white peristome of the
latter, but the armature of the former. It further differs from
typical P. bensoni in being angulated above at the periphery and
below around the umbilicus, a feature it shares with P. repercussa.

142 HELICID^E.

In colour the shell is chestnut-brown above, while the umbilical
region is white, in which it resembles the variety infrafasciata.
The present variety is based on a shell in my collection, but
the Museum of Mason's College, Birmingham, possesses three
specimens identical with it.

"Var. infrafasciata, Gude.

Helix achatina, Pfeiifer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, i, 1848, p. 382,
pi. 66, figs. 28-30 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 57,
figs. 8, 9.

Plectopylis achatina, var. infrafasciata, Gude. Science Gossip, N. s.
v, 1898, p. 133, fig. 84.

Differs from the type in being more rounded in contour, and in
the last whorl not widening at the aperture; the umbilicus is
more shallow and the peristome more flattened and reflexed ; the
right margin is a little depressed ; the shell is blackish or purplish
brown above, with a white or bluish white band below, reaching
from the umbilical angulation to the lower suture ; the peristome
is purplish brown, the left margin being paler.

Major diam. 22, minor 18 mm. ; alt. 8 mm.

Hob. Burma : Moulmain ; Mergui (Pliilippi).

Plectopylis lensoni, var. infrafasciata, is still darker than the

c

Fig. 73. — Plectopylis bensoni, var. infrafasciata.

variety obesa, being of a blackish or purplish brown. Like that
variety it is rounded in contour, but it is larger and more flattened ;
while the umbilicus is a little more shallow and the peristome
more flattened and reflexed than in the type. The peristome is
livid purplish in colour, the left margin being paler and the right
margin a little inflected. A whitish or bluish-white band below
reaches from the umbilical angulation to the lower suture. The
armature is similar to that of the type, but the horizontal parietal
fold near the lower suture is visible from the aperture and ter-
minates close to the ridge. The specimen figured was received
by me from the late Robert Cairns. Four specimens in the
collection of the late E. L. Layard and one specimen in the
McAndrew collection (the latter labelled " Plectopylis refuga ")
all belong to this form. The late Robert Cairns also sent me for

PLECTOPYLIS. 143

inspection a specimen measuring 21 mm. in diameter, and four
immature shells, in various stages of growth, all showing sets of
barriers similar to that of the immature Plectopylis bensoni shown
in fig. 71 a.

Var. castanea, Gude.

Plectopylis achatina, var. castanea, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v,
1898, p. 134, fig. 86.

Differs from the type in being smaller in diameter and pro-
portionately higher ; it is darker in colour, being blackish-brown
above and a little paler below. It resembles the variety obesa in
being more rounded in outline, in the last whorl not widening
suddenly at the aperture, in the sloping underside, and in the
median parietal fold not reaching quite to the apertural ridge ;
the last 2^- whorls are more strongly decussated above and below
than in any other form. An obsolete keel is visible at the
periphery.

Major diam. 21, minor 19 mm. ; alt. 8 mm.

Hab. Burma.

The variety castanea is darker than the other forms of P. bensoni

c
Fig. 74. — Plectopylis bensoni, var. castanea.

except the variety infrafasciata, being of a blackish-brown above,
a little paler below. It is, however, larger than that variety, and
does not possess the white band below ; the umbilicus is also
much deeper, the shell being in that respect more like the variety
obesa, which it also resembles in the sloping underside ; the
aperture is proportionately larger than in that variety. The
spiral lines on the last 2^ whorls are visible without the aid of a
lens. The specimen figured was received by me from the late
Miss Linter. '

Var. obesa, Gude.

Plectopylis achati
p. 115, fig. 83.

Differs from the type in being more compressed and higher in

Plectopylis achatina, var. obesa. Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898.
p. 115, fig. 83.

144 HELICIDjl.

proportion to the diameter ; in the last whorl not widening
suddenly at the aperture, and in the lower side sloping from the
periphery to the umbilical angulation ; the right margin of the
peristome is depressed ; the umbilicus is deeper, and the hori-
zontal median parietal fold does not quite reach the apertural
ridge. The shell is darker in colour and more strongly ribbed.

Major diam. 19, minor 15 mm. ; alt. 7 mm.

Hob. Burma : Moulmain.

The variety obesa is darker in colour than the type, being of a
fuscous chestnut. It is more compressed and distinctly ribbed ;
the shell is higher in proportion to the diameter, and the umbilicus

c
Fig. 75. — Plectopylis bensoni, var. obesa.

is deeper ; the last whorl does not widen suddenly, and the right
margin of the peristome is depressed, the aperture being conse-
quently somewhat ear-shaped; the lower side slopes from the
peripheral region to the umbilical angulation. The armature
does not differ materially from that of the type, except that the
median horizontal parietal fold does not quite reach the apertural
ridge. Six specimens were received by me from the late Miss
Linter, five of these being more or less decorticated.

Var. venusta, Gude.

Plectopylis achatina, var. venusta, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v,
1898, p. 134, fig. 85.

Differs from the type and the other varieties in being smaller.
It resembles the variety obesa in the deeper umbilicus, in the
sloping underside, in the comparative height of the shell, and in
the median parietal fold not reaching the apertural ridge, but the
last whorl widens more, as in the type. In colour it is pale
yellowish-white, flammulated with chestnut above and at the side.
The peristome is livid brown, the left margin paler, the right
margin a little depressed.

Major diam. 17, minor 14 mm. ; alt. 7 mm.

Hob. Burma.

The variety venusta is smaller than any form of P. bensoni I
have seen. It is pale yellowish-white in colour, flammulated with

PLECTOPYLIS. 145

chestnut above and at the sides. The specimen figured was received
by me as Plectopylis pachystoma, Theobald ; but as I am not aware
that this name was ever published I consider it expedient to
discard the name altogether. A specimen in the collection of the

b

Fig. 76. — Plectopylis bensoni, var. venusta.

late Dr. von Mollendorff, likewise labelled P. pachystoma, I am
unable to separate from the present variety, although it shows no
flammulation and the peristome is white ; in other respects it is
identical.

Var. breviplica, Gude.

Plectopylis achatina, var. breviplica, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v.
1898, p. 134, fig. 87.

Differs from the type and all the other known varieties by the
much more shallow umbilicus. It resembles the variety infra-
fasciata in outline, but it is of a uniform dark brown, with a
somewhat polished surface, and the last whorl widens more
suddenly at the aperture. The basal horizontal parietal fold is
very short, not extending on either side beyond the two lower
arms of the main median fold ; the first palatal horizontal fold is
considerably more elevated than in the other forms, and is bilobed ;
the second and third horizontal folds are also more elevated, the
latter fold has a short fold above its posterior portion ; the vertical
lamina is also more elevated, and in place of the usual denticle
posteriorly to its lower extremity is an elevated ridge, quite united
to the plate.

Major diarn. 19, minor 16 inm. ; alt. 7 mm.

Hab. Burma.

Plectopylis bensoni, var. breviplica has a much shallower umbilicus,
and is thinner and more fragile than any other form of P. bensoni
known to me. It is somewhat like the variety infrafasciata, but
it is devoid of the white band on the lower side ; the last whorl
also widens a little more than in that variety, but is less deflected,
and the aperture is more sloping from top to base ; there are also
important differences in the armature, the lower horizontal parietal
fold being very short, not extending on either side beyond the

146 HELICIDJE.

two lower arms of the main fold (see %. 77 c, which shows part
of the parietal wall with its folds). Of the palatal armature, the
first, second, and third folds are more elevated ; the first is bilobed,
and above the posterior portion of the second occurs a very short
additional fold. The vertical lamina is also more elevated, and in

c
Fig. 77. — Plectopylis bensoni, var. breviplica.

place of the usual denticle posteriorly to its lower extremity is
found an elevated ridge quite united to the plate. Eig. 77 a shows
the anterior and fig. 77 b the posterior aspect of both armatures.
The specimen figured is in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby.

117. Plectopylis repercussa, Gould.

Helix repercussa, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1856, p. 11;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 13, fig. 4.
Helix (Plectopylis} repercussa, Stoliczka, J . A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 218 ;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 72.
Plectopylis repercussa, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. v, 1898, p. 74,

fig. 78.
Plectopylis (s. s.) repercussa, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 148.

Original description: — "T. sinistrorsa, discoidea, supra planulata,
infra concava, plicato-striata etlineis volventibus superne insculpta,
castanea ; anf r. utroque 6 + , ultimo vix angulato, prope aperturarn
deflecto ; apertura despiciens, oblique lunata, peritremate reflexo,
postice callo angulato juncto ; lamellis palatinis duabus intro
volventibus, quarum una ad angulum inconspicua.

Diam. 1 [=25-5 mm.], alt. -£$ poll. [=7'75 mm.]."

Hal. Burma : Tavoy and Mergui (Benjamin} ; Moulmain
(Theobald, StoliczkaJ.

The diagnosis by Gould is somewhat vague, and as the species
was not illustrated, subsequent authors considered it to be
synonymous with P. bensoni, from xvhich species, however, it
differs in outward appearance as well as in its armature. The
shell is sinistrorse, disk-shaped, pale corneous, finely striated, the
upper side being strongly decussated by spiral lines, almost

PLECTOPYLIS.

147

obsolete at the side, but reappearing in the umbilical region.
The spire is a little raised, the suture linear. There are seven
regularly coiled whorls, which increase slowly and gradually, and
are flattened above and tumid below. The last whorl is tri-
carinated, one keel being at the periphery, one above, and another
below (in young shells these keels are provided with a fringe of
coarse hairs) ; this whorl widens suddenly at the aperture, where
it is deeply deflected. The aperture is almost horizontal, elliptic
cordate ; the peristoine white, thickened, and strongly reflected ;
the margins united by a raised flexuous ridge, slightly notched
above and below at the junctions. The parietal armature is very

Fig. 78. — Plectopylis repercussa.

complicated, being of the same type as in Plectopylis Tcarenorum.
These two species, together with Plectopylis bensoni, P. anguina,
and P. linUrce, form a distinct group, connected with the group
of P. ponsonbyi by a transition form, P. cairnsi. A long, stout,
horizontal median fold, given off at the apertural ridge, proceeds
parallel with the last whorl for a quarter of the length of that
whorl, when it gives off a shortly descending, slightly reflected

L2

148 HELICID^E.

arm, provided anteriorly at the lower extremity with a short,
abruptly descending horizontal ridge ; the fold then rises obliquely
for a short distance, and finally bifurcates ; the lower arm of the
bifurcation the shorter, and descending almost vertically ; it is
provided posteriorly with a short horizontal ridge at its lower
extremity ; the upper arm at first ascends obliquely, then proceeds
horizontally close to the suture, and gradually attenuates. Below
these complicated structures, there is a free, thin, horizontal fold
close to and parallel with the lower suture, and extending from,
the aperture to a little beyond the lower arm of the bifurcation
and its posterior support (see fig. 78 e, which shows part of the
parietal wall). At the aperture this fold is distinctly united to the
transverse sinuous ridge (see fig. 78 d). The palatal armature con-
sists of : first, a strong long horizontal fold near the suture and
parallel with it, as well as with the posterior portion of the upper
arm of the parietal bifurcation, with which it terminates at the
same point posteriorly ; secondly, a shorter, but much stronger
and broader horizontal fold, which deflects with a sharp curve
posteriorly, having a little above its posterior termination, and
almost in a line with its anterior portion, a slight elongated
horizontal denticle ; thirdly, a very short, but strong and broad
crescent-shaped fold, deflected at both extremities ; fourthly, facing
the concave side of the last-mentioned fold, is a very strong and
broad vertical lamina, strongly inclined towards the aperture, with
a much reflected and thickened edge,- this lamina intercalates
between the two lower arms of the parietal armature ; on the
posterior side of the lamina and near its lower extremity occurs a
stout little denticle, and a little lower and still farther back is
found a slight elongated swelling, not amounting to a fold or
denticle (yet present in all four mature specimens, as well as in
an immature one, examined by me) ; fifthly, a thin horizontal
fold, the anterior part straight, but curved in the posterior half,
with the concave side facing the vertical lamina (see fig. 78/,
enlarged, which shows the inner side of the palatal wall with its
folds and denticles). Figs. 7&g-i (also enlarged) show an
immature specimen of 5|- whorls, in Mr. Ponsonby's collection ;
the armature is almost identical with that of the mature specimens,
but the main median parietal fold is very short and does not rise
from the aperture, while the denticle in front of the lower part of
the palatal vertical lamina is very strongly developed, and it is
united to it so as to form a steep ridge. A second set of barriers,
identical in every respect except in being a little smaller, occurs
in this specimen | of a whorl further back. The mature specimen
shown in fig. 78 d is also in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby,
and measures : major diam. 31, minor 24, alt. 9 mm. ; while
the immature specimen measures 17 mm. in diameter. Three
specimens in my collection measure respectively 29 : 23 : 9 mm. ;
25 : 20 : 8'5 mm*. ; 23 : 18 : 7*5 mm. The types of the species are
in the New York State Museum, at Albany, N.T., and are shown

PLECTOPTLIS. — CAMJEXA. 149

in figs. 78a-c, which are reproduced from the photograph kindly
supplied by Dr. Merrill. The following particulars are taken from
Dr. Bagg's notes which accompanied the photographs : " Helix
repercussa, Gould. Burmah. Catalogue No., 236 ; original No.,
A 564. Major diameter, 1J inch [=28*5 millimetres]; minor
diameter, § inch [=22 millimetres] ; altitude, -f% inch [ = 8 milli-
metres] ; greatest diameter of aperture, T76 inch [ = 11 milli-
metres]." Gould states that the species was taken in the Mergui
Archipelago.

Subfamily CAM^NIN^E.

Genus CAM-SNA (Afters), Pilsbry.

Camcena, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 85, in part; Martens,
Die Heliceen, ed. 2, I860, p. 165 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,
vi. 1891, p. 197 ; viii, 1893, p. 265 ; ix, 1894, p. 101 ; ibid., Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892, p. 398 (anatomy).

Eucochlias. Theobald in Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 81.

TXPE, Helix cicatricosa, Miiller.

Range. Southern China to Burma and southward.

" Shell rather large, varying from depressed-globose or conoidal
to elevated and short pupiform ; dextral or sinistral, solid, yellow
or brown usually encircled by chestnut bands or lines. Surface
closely malleated or ivrinlcled all over ; whorls about 5-5|, the
upper ones flattened, the last subglobose or carinated ; peristome
expanded or reflected, its ends not converging, colurnellar margin
dilated over or partly over the narrow umbilicus. The columella
is rounded. The nuclear shell is rather large (about one-fifth the
diameter of the shell), consisting of 2-2| whorls, its junction
with the aftergrowth marked by a (generally) distinct line. The
young shells are acutely carinated.

" Animal having the sole very indistinctly tripartite ; lateral
edges of foot with no trace of a foot-margin, sides of foot granulated
in irregular pattern, the tail rather long, rounded above, ivith an
indistinct slightly impressed longitudinal median line; anteriorly
there are a few indistinct longitudinal grooves from mantle to
head. Mantle-margin with a small triangular right body -lappet,
and a longer left one.

" Jaw arcuate, strong, typically with numerous, strong, sepa-
rated ribs.

" Dentition : Central and lateral teeth having the mesocones only
developed, the cusps large, cutting-points small. Marginal teeth
with a long, oblique, bifid mesocone united at the base with
the ectocone, which becomes bifid on the outer teeth.

" Genitalia : Vestibule short ; penis stout, continued above in
an epiphallus, in which the retractor and then the vas deferens is
inserted, and terminating in Jlagellum ; penis corrugated within,

150 HELIOIDJE.

and having a large papilla at its apex. Vagina stout, bound to
the body-wall by a, band of muscles ; duct of the spermatheca
long." (Pilsbry.)

118. Camaena noetlingi, von Martens.

Helta,' (Camena) noetlinyi, von Martens, Naclir. Blatt Dents. Malfk.

Ges. xxix, 1897, p. 178.
Helix (Camaena) noetlinyi, von Martens. Arch. Naturges. 1899,

p. 32, pi. 4, fig. 1.

Original description : — " T. sinistrorsa, anguste umbilicata, sub-
depressa, confertiin tenuiter striolata, fuscescenti-fulva, unicolor ;
ant'r. 4|, sat celeriter crescentes, priores 1^ laeves, supra valde
convexi, sequentes leviter convexi, spiram ~depresse conoideam
efficientes, ultimus ad peripheriam subangulato-rotundatus, infra
magis convexus. Apertura valde obliqua, lunato senriovata, peri-
stomate expanse, crassiuscule albolabiato, margine supero paulum
arcuato, rapide in basalem valde arcuatum transeuntef marg.
columellari arcuatim ascendente, superne dilatato et reflexo,
umbilici partem tertiam tegente, callo parietali tenuissimo, fauce
fuscerite.

"Diam. maj. 28, min. 24, alt. 21, apert. diam. 18, lat. obliqua
15 mm." (von Martens.)

Hob. Upper Burma ; Pyawbwe, Yamettsin District (Notling}.

The author states that Camcena noetlingi resembles C. cicatricosa,
but lacks the sculpture of that species. The soft parts were
examined by Herr Fr. Wiegmaim who stated that they indicate
an odontognathous Helicoid with Haplogonous genitalia, agreeing
with Camcena.

119. Camsena ochthoplax, Benson.

Helix ochtlioplax, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, vi, I860, p. 190 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 13, pi. 26, fig. 4

(octhoplax) ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 24.
Nanina (Oxytes) ochthoplax, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886,

p. 129, pi. 43, fig. 30 j PKobelt, Conch. -Cab., Helix, v, 1904,

p. 1145, pi. 287, tig. 1.
Helix (Camana) ochthopla.r, Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, vi, 1891,

p. 202, pi. 61, figs. 23, 24.
Helix (Eucochleas) ochthoplax, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 81 •

Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. Ixiv, 1895, p. 152, pi. 7, fig. 1.
Helix (Phania) ochthoplax, Martens, Arch. Naturges. Ixv, i, 1899,

p. 33.
Camcena ochthoplax, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 104.

Original description : — " Testa profunde et anguste subobtecte
umbilicata, depressa, superne convexa, subtus convexiore, solidi-
uscula, oblique rugoso-striata, obsolete granulata, rugis nonnullis
obsoletis spiralibus distantibus subtus confertioribus decussata,
rufo-castanea ; spira valde obtusa, sutura lineari, demum impressi-
uscula; anfractibus 5 planiusculis, ultimo antice convexiusculo ;

CAMJENA. 151

peripheria carinata, carina antice mitiore ; apertura obliqua,
quadrato-lunari, peristornate expanse, albido, marginibus callo
tenui arcuato junctis, basali reflexiusculo, incrassato, antice
arcuato, columellari brevi, declivi, reflexo, sinuato, umbilicum
subtegente.

"Diani. maj. 54, minor 46, axis 26 mill." (Benson.}

Hab. India; Moyang, Khasi Hills, and Asaloo, North Cacliar
(Godwin- Austen) ; tipper Burma: Maingkhwan, Hukong Valley
(Notling). Pegu ?

The type was said to be from Pegu, but Blanford thought the
locality was in all probability erroneous, the shell having never
been met with either by Theobald, Fedden, or himself. Nevill
places the following note by Blanford on record : — " A true Helix,
nearly black, with pale tawny markings, surface granulate ; jaw
grooved."

The species resembles C. illustris in its general characters, but
is more depressed and umbilicated. The sculpture is less distinct,
while the lip is expanded but not reflexed. Pilsbry states that as
0. ochfhoplax is a genuine Camcena of the cicatricosa type, Eucochlias
must be regarded as an absolute synonym of Camcena.

] 20. Camaena saturnia, Gould.

Helix saturnia, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1845, p. 98;

ibid., Otia Conch. 1862, p. 198; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 25, tig. 3.
Helix (Phania) saturnia, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 157.
Helix (Camcena) saturnia, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1891,

p. 203, pi. 60, fig. 5.

Hemiplecta ? saturnia, Godwin-Austen, Moll. Ind. ii, 1898, p. 73.
Camcena saturnia, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 104.

Original description : — " Testa magna, lenticularis, pallide
rubido-cornea, ad peripheriam costato-carinata, late et profunde
umbilicata ; anfractibus 5 planulati ; spira depresso-conica ;
sutura profunda, marginata ; subtus convexa, costulis obsoletis
cincta ; apertura ampla, rhomboidea, peristomati revoluto."

" Major diam. 47, minor 39. alt. 28 mm. ; apert. lat. 20, alt.
15 mm." (Gould.)

Hab. Burma : Tavoy (Mason) ; Tenasserim (Theobald).

Shell perspectively umbilicated, depressed-conoid, distantly
plicate- striate, buff corneous. Spire depressed, suture shallow,
apex obtuse. Whorls 4j, granulated, increasing rapidly, sub-
planate, slightly sulcate above the suture; the last obtusely keeled,
slightly compressed above and below the keel, the latter half
becoming more convex above towards the mouth, slightly dilated
at the aperture ; the base flattened, sloping from the periphery
to the umbilicus, becoming more convex towards the mouth,
angulated around the deep funnel-shaped umbilicus, and exhibiting

152 HELICID^I.

traces of spiral sulci; aperture subrhomboid, peristome pinkish,
margins approaching, reflexed, upper and outer curved, basal
nearly straight, columellar thickened, strongly reflexed and
triangularly dilated over the umbilicus.

The species was originally found at Tavoy, but a specimen is in
the British Museum collection, taken by Theobald at Tenasserira.
Although this shell is in a worn condition and appears to have
been varnished, it has enabled me to amplify Gould's original
meagre description. Opinions as to its systematic position have
been considerably at variance. Von Martens referred the species
to Phania \=Pyrochilus~], and Godwin-Austen to Eemiplecta,
whereas Pilsbry places it (correctly I think) in Camcena. Its
nearest ally appears to be Camcena vanbuensis, Smith.
J2*A second specimen in the British Museum, forming part of the
Cuming collection, is also dead and worn, but has been preserved
in its natural condition. The base is ornamented with spiral
sulci and the shell is considerably larger than the one in the
Theobald collection, measuring : — Major diam. 53, minor 45,
alt. 32 mm.

Genus OREOBBA, Pilsbry.

Oreobba, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 109 (as submenus ?

of \Obba).
Janira, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 124; non Janira, Leach,

1813 (Crustacea), Oken, 1815 (Acalepha), Schumacher, 1817

(Mollusca).

TYPE, Helix codonodes, Pfeiffer.

Range. Nicobar Islands.

"Shell globose-conoidal, bullet - shaped, composed of about
5 whorls which are car/mated in mature shells ; the embryonal
portion not differentiated ; last whorl deflexed in front. Surface
shining, microscopically spirally striated. Aperture truncate-
rounded ; entire lip well reflexed, at the columella expanded
partly over the narrow umbilicus, and armed with a callous tooth
on the inner edge." (Pilsbry.)

Animal unknown.

121. Oreobba codonodes, P/eiffer.

Helix codonodes, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 112 ; Pteeve, Conch.
Icon, vii, 1851, pi. 22, fig. 91; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Helix,
ii, 1853, p. 232, pi. Ill, figs. 15, 16; iii, 1854, pi. 128,
figs. 3, 4; Kobelt, 111. Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1879, pi. 78,
figs. 19, 20.

Helix (Janira} codonodes, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 124;
Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 115.

Stylodonta (Janira) codonodes, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1860,
p. 451, fig. 3363.

OREOBBA. — PLANI8PIRA.

153

Helicostyla (Janira) codonodes, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872,

p. 312.
Helix (Obba) codonodes, Pilsbrj, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1891,

p. 236, pi. 53, figs. 8, 9, 10.
Obba (Oreobba) codonodes, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,

p. 109, pi. 19, fig. 11.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, globoso-conoidea, solida,
oblique striatula, lineis spiralibus confertis subtilissime sculpta,
nitida, alba vel straniinea, castaneo 1-2 fasciata ; spira cam-
panulata, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 5| vix convex!, ultimas antice
clescendens, basi juxta aperturam gibboso-subconstrictus; apertura
obliqua, subquadrangulari-rotundata ; perist. incrassatum, re-
flexum, marginibus subapproximatis, callo nitido junctis, colu-
mellari intus protuberantia dentiformi munito, extus dilatato,
patente, sinuoso.

" Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 17 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. Nicobar Islands : Car Nicobar (Kjellerup), Camorta, Great
Nicobar (Eoepstorff, Wood-Mason, Stoliczka, Pliilippi); Kondul
(Roepstorff, Wood-Mason, Stoliczka).

The species varies considerably in stature, the height of some
specimens equalling the major diameter. Morch describes three
varieties : minor, subcylindrica (height 27 mm.), and edentula
(height 28 mm.), while Godwin-Austen enumerates in addition :
efasciata, subcarinata, and albolabris, all nomina nuda of Nevill.
Morch also mentions a unicolorous form from Car Nicobar, which
is probably Nevill's efasciata.

Genus PLANISPIRA, Beck.

Planispira, Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 29; Pilsbry, Man. Conch,
ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 110.

Subgenus TRACHIA, Albers.

Trachia, (Albers) von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 160 ;

Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 223 (anatomy) ; Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 114, pi. 32, figs. 44, 45 ; pi. 34, figs. 4-6 ;

pi. 42, fig. 39 (anatomy).
Eurystoma, Albers, Die" Heliceen, 1850, p. 126 (non Rafinesque,

1818).

TYPE, Helix asperella, Pfeiffer.

Range. India, Burma, Ceylon, Mergui Archipelago, Andaman
Islands.

" Shell varying from discoidal to depressed-globose, umbilicate,
the surface rather roughly sculptured, hairy when young, micro-
scopically granulated, sometimes ribbed when adult ; the apex
typically showing no distinct sculpture. Last wliorl strongly
deflexed in front. Aperture very oblique, small, the lip well
expanded, reflexed below, the terminations approacliing and some-
times connected by a raised callus.

154

HELICID^E.

" Animal (of P. delibrata) having the left body -lappet of the
mouth represented by a simple thickening ; right lappet reaching
anteriorly over the back and rapidly becoming narrower below.
In P. vittata the sole is distinctly tripartite.

"Jaw arcuate, the entire anterior surface ribbed, the seven
median ribs stronger. In P. vittata there are five very high
ribs, strongly denticulating the margin.

" Radula (of P. delibrata) very long, with 124 transverse rows
of 22 (to 18) 20 . 1 . 20 . 18 (to 22) teeth. Central and inner
lateral teeth with a large rnesocone and obsolete side cutting-
points ; outer laterals and marginal teeth with the ectocone
developed. In P. vittata the formula is about the same ; central
and inner 14 laterals unicuspid ; outer laterals with an ectocone.
At the 25th tooth the mesocone becomes bifid, and outwardly the
bifid mesocone becomes shorter, the outermost marginals having
three subequal cusps.

" Genitalia having the female side free from all accessory
organs, the duct of the spermatheca very long. Penis terminating
in an epiphallus, near the root of which the retractor is in-
serted ; epiphallus long, terminating in a short flagellum and
the vas deferens. The genitalia of P. vittata are similar ; penis
with a spirally coiled flagellum. In P. penangensis the penis bears
an epiphallus ending in a short flagellum, and has an accessory
sack, perhaps an ' appendix.'

" These shells are characterized by the deeply descending whorl
at the aperture, and the strongly converging ends of the lip.
The anatomy is in essential agreement with either Chloritis or
Planispira, although the strong ribbing of the jaw is most like
the former group. On the other hand, the general form of the
shell, the deep descent of the last whorl to the very oblique
aperture and the system of colouring, agree more nearly with
Planispira. The sculpture of the shell varies considerably in the
different species. The more typical, such as fallaciosa, nilagirica,
proximo,, as well as vittata exhibit an apparently smooth apex ;
but propinqua, tanqueryi, and a few others, show an excessively
fine quincuncial punctulation of the apical whorls, such as occurs
in Chloritis, in combination with the characteristic shell contour
of Trachia. Until we know by the examination of numerous
species, how and to what extent the characters of jaw and
genitalia are correlated with the above-mentioned shell structures,
no consistent zoologist will be justified in drawing rigid lines of
demarcation between the Chloritis and Planispiras of South-
Eastern Asia. It is better to recognize frankly that in this area
the two groups are represented by some forms which, so far as
shell characters show, are undifferentiated or separated by feeble
characters only." (Pilsbry.)

Stoliczka was of opinion that faltaciosa, ruginosa, nilagerica,
vittata, proxima, and crassicostata pertain to Planispira, s. s., but
Pilsbry refers them, correctly I think, to the subgenus Trachia
and I have followed him in this respect.

PLANISPIRA. 155

122. Planispira albicostis, Pfeiffer.

Helix albicostis, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 134 ; Malak. Bliitt. vii,

1861, p. 238.
Helix (Trachia) albicostis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 181.
Planispira (Trachia) albicostis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116.

Original description :— " T. sublate umbilicata, depressa, tenuis,
granulato-rugosa et pilis brevibus obsita, cornea, costulis obliquis
albidis munita; spira parum elevata ; anfr. 4 convexiusculi,
ultimus superne subangulatus, supra angulum leviter sulcatus,
antice deflexus ; apertura perobliqua, ovalis ; perist. tenue, mar-
ginibus fere contiguis, supero expansiusculo, basali breviter
reflexo.

" Diam. maj. 9|, min. 8, alt. 44 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Ahmednuggar.

The species bears a superficial resemblance to P. crassicostata,
but in the latter the costse are much more prominent and more
widely spaced, the umbilicus is a little more contracted, and the
periphery is acutely keeled, the keel being pinched above and
below, and, owing to the strong costae, it is crenulate, whereas in
P. albicostis the periphery is simply angulated with a shallow-
furrow above it. The principal character, however, differentiating
the two species is the presence in P. albicostis of crowded short
hairs, placed on raised tubercles, arranged in rows which obliquely
intersect the lines of growth.

123. Planispira asperella, Pfeiffcr.

Helix asperella, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846, p. 78;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 752 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-

Cab., Helix, ii, 1853, p. 93, pi. 82, figs. 22-25; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind, 1875, pi. 131, figs. 8, 9; Kobelt, 111.

Conch. Buch, ii, 1879, pi. 76, fig. 7.

Helix (Planispira) asperella, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Trachia} asperella, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 160; Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 62, pi. 14,

fig. 58.
Planispira (Trachia) asperella, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116, pi. 19, fig. 25 (shell) ; pi. 34, fig. 4 (radula).
Helix granifera, Benson, MS.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, depressa, granulis
minutis undique exasperata, sordide albida, fasciis run's varie
cingulata ; spira vix elevata ; anfr. 4 planiusculi, ultimus basi
convexus, antice parum descendens, juxta umbilicuui mediocrem,
infundibuliformem subcompressus ; apertura obliqua, lata, sub-
orbicularis ; perist. undique expansum, marginibus approximatis,
callo tenui junctis." (Pfeiffer.)

Major diam. 13-16, minor 10-13, alt. 6J-8J mm.

Hab. India : Bundelkhund (Benson) ; Chanda (Nevill).

166 HELICIDJE.

Eesembles Chloritis propinqua, Pfr., but may be distinguished
by the roughened granules. The bands vary considerably, but the
commonest form appears to be one with a dark, well-defined,
supra-peripheral band, with two paler linear ones above it and
four or five narrower and paler ones below it. Specimens without
bands also occur.

124. Planispira atkinsoni, Theobald.

Helix atkinsoni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 305 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 15, fig. 9, 1874,

pi. 84, figs. 2, 3.
Helix (Trachia) atkinsoni, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888,

p. 56, pi. 12, figs. 83-85.
Planispira (Trachia) atkinsoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116.

Original description : — " Testa depressa, infundibuli-forme-
umbilicata, lineis transversis rugose striata, lineisque spiralibus
obscure leviter decussata, obtuse carinata, sordide albida (forsan
in meliore specimine cornea) semitranslucente, sutura impressa.
Anfract. 5 convexiusculis, apertura obliqua. Perist. leviter
incrassato, non reflexo.

"Diam. 0'54, alt. 0-20." (Theobald.)

Hob. Burma : Moulmain (Atkinson) • Tenasserim (Beddome).

A specimen collected at Tenasserim, received from the late
Col. Beddome, enables me to supplement the above meagre
description, which must have been drawn up from a dead and
worn specimen.

Shell moderately umbilicated, lenticular, pale fuscous ; suture
shallow but well marked; whorls 5, slightly convex, increasing
slowly and regularly, the last slightly dilated at the mouth ; the
apical whorl shining, very finely rugosely striated, the strisB
intersected by spiral lines, the transverse striae becoming more
accentuated and the spiral lines becoming deeply incised as the
growth of the shell proceeds, the former being cut into sub-
quadrate granules by the latter on the later whorls, giving the
upper and outer side of the shell a rough rasp-like texture;
the spiral incised lines cease somewhat abruptly a short distance
below the periphery, and the transverse strise also almost dis-
appear on the underside, which is therefore almost smooth and
shining. Aperture oblique, subquadrate-ovate, margins of the
peristome approaching, upper sinuate, inflected, acute, the others
slightly thickened and reflexed ; outer regularly curved, basal
almost straight, columellar ascending ; umbilicus funicular.

Major diam. 12, minor 10, alt. 475 mm.

The species, if correctly referred to Trachia, is a somewhat
abnormal member of this group owing to its coarsely granulated
upper and lateral surface and the acute inflected upper margin of
the peristome.

PLANISPIRA. 157

125. Planispira contracta, Benson.

Helix contracta (ITutton) Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864,

p. 137; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 55, figs.

8 & 9.

Helix (Planispira) contracta, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Trachia) contracta, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 181.
Helix (Plectotropis (Trachia}) contracta, Try on, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 65, pi. 14, figs. 61, 62.
Planispira (Trachia) contracta, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116.

Original description : — " H. testa late umbilicata, depressa,
discoidea, oblique striatula, laevigata, nitidula, albida, fascia
rufescente supra angulum superiorem cincta ; spira planata,
apice vix elevatiore, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 4, sensim
accrescentibus, convexiusculis, ultimo supra peripheriam com-
pressiusculo subangulato, antice latiore oblique descendeote, subtus
convexo, umbilicuui mediocrem, medio anguste excavatum, sutu-
raque brevi profunda munitum circumstante ; apertura valde
obliqua, lata, ovato-luriari ; peristomate non continuo, superne
expausiusculo, subhorizontali, infra reflexiusculo, marginibus
conniventibus approxiraatis.

" Diam. raaj. 18, inin. 10, alt. 4 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. India : Malwa ; Pooree, Bhagulpur (Rabari) ; Benares
(Mainwaring) ; Delhi, Eoorkee ( Wood-Mason).

Apparently a rare species, intermediate between P. nilagerica
and P. asperella.

126. Planispira fallaciosa, Ferussac.

Helix (Helicella) fallaciosa, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst, Limacons, 1821,

p. 43 (uom. nud.) ; ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll. 1832, pi. 71, figs. 1-3,

Expl. PI. p. iii (Livr. xxviii).
Helix fallaciosa, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, 1842, p. 27 ;

Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, i, 1850, p. 54 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 85, fig. 459; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab.,

Helix, ii, 1853, p. 93, pi. 82, figs. 18-21 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 85, figs. 8, 9.
Helix ( Camccna) fallaciosa, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1860, p. 455,

fig. 3397.
Helix ( Trachia) fallaciosa, von Martens, Die Helic. ed. 2, 1860,

p. 160.

Helix (Planispira) fallaciosa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Plectotropis ('Trachia)) fallaciosa, Tryon, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 64, pi. 14, figs. 68, 69.
Planispira ( Trachia) fallaciosa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116.
Trachia fallaciosa, Jousseaume, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 285.

"H. testa orbiculato-depressa, discoidea, laevigata, alba, fusco-
zonata ; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo cylindraceo, aliquando

158 HELlCIDjE.

superne obtuse angulato ; basi umbilico angusto perforate ;
apertura ovato-transversa ; inarginibus albis, reflexis, conjunctis.

" Diam. 17, axis 7 mm." (Desliayes.)

The foregoing short diagnosis is amplified, from specimens in
my own collection, as follows : —

Shell perspectively umbilicated, depressed-conoid, from whitish
to pale or dark fuscous, unicolorous or variously banded with
brown. Apex scarcely raised, spire depressed, suture linear.
Whorls 4-4|, finely striated, densely and minutely granulated,
rather flattened above, subangulated at the periphery, convex
below, angulated around the umbilicus ; the last suddenly dilated
towards the mouth, shortly and abruptly descending in front,
constricted below behind the peristome. Aperture ovate -
rotundate, margins approaching, united by a thin callus on the
parietal wall; peristome rather thin, slightly expanded and
reflexed, upper and outer margins curved, basal margin nearly
straight, columellar curved, triangularly dilated and slightly
overhanging the umbilicus, which shows nearly half of the
penultimate whorl.

Major diam. 11-15*5, minor 9-12'5, alt. 5*5-8 mm.

Nab. India : Coimbatore (Lesclienavlt) ; Trichinopoly (Elan-
ford}. Ceylon (Templeton, Blanford, Nevill).

An elegant species, apparently not uncommon. It is uni-
colorous or variously ornamented with bands ; the commonest
form seems to be the one with a rather broad supra-peripheral
band, one or two narrow ones above and several (five or six)
below it ; occasionally a broad infra-peripheral band occurs.

127. Planispira crassicostata, Benson.

Helix crassicostata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. ~2, ii, 1848, p. 159 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 747 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 60, fig-. 10.

Helix (Plttmspira) crassicostata, Nevill, Hand List, i. 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Trachia) niffinosa, var. crassicostata, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 181.
Helix (Plectotropis (Trachia}} ntginosa, var. crassicostata, Try on.

Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 64, pi. 14, fig. 67.
Planispira (Trachia) ruffinosa, var. crassicostata, Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, iy, 1894, p. 116.

Original desertion : — " T. late umbilicata, depresso-planata,
albida, plicis validis irregularibus obliquis, juxta carinam incras-
satis, munita ; spirse apice Ia3vigato, vix elevato ; anfractibus
4 planatis, ultimo carinato, subtus valde convexo, antice deflexo ;
umbilico infundibuliformi ; apertura subhorizontali, transverse
ovato-rotundata, marginibus conniventibus reflexis, callo brevi
junctis.

" Diam. maj. 13, min. 10, axis 4 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India : S. India (Jerdon) • Poona (Blau/ord, FairbanJc).

PLAiNTSPIBA. 159

128. Planispira colletti, Beddome.

Helix (Planispira} colletti, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 314, pi. 29,

figs. 7-9.
Chloritis (Trichochloritis) colletti, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii.

1893, p. 274, pi. 51, figs. 36-38 ; ix, 1894, p. 124.

Original description : — " Shell openly urabilicate, orbiculato-
depressed, rather thin ; spire nearly flat ; whorls 5, the last
obsoletely angulate at the periphery, not descending, very promi-
nently and coarsely striated obliquely ; colour light fawn, with a
dark band at the periphery ; aperture somewhat oblique, Innately
suborbicular ; peristome simple, very slightly reflexed, margins
not joined." (Beddome.}

Major diam. 19, minor 16, alt. 9'5 rnm. Width of umbilicus
5 mm.

Hob. Burma : Shan States (BoxalT).

129. Planispira footei, Stoliczka.

Trachia footei, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 170.

Helix footei, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 149,

fig. 10.

Helix (Planispira} footei, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Plectotropis (Trachia) footei, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 64, pi. 14, fig. 84.
Planispira (Trachia) footei^ Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,

p. 116.

Original desertion : — " Trachia testa albida, orbiculata, supra
deplanata, infra inflata, versus medium angustata, perspective
modice umbilicata, undique dense granulifera ; anfractibus 4 ad
4*5, gradaturn accrescentibus, primis duobus aut tribus convexius-
culis, transversim striatis, caeteris magis deplanatis, transversim
costulis insequalibus et obliquis ornatis, ultimo ad peripheriam
valde carinato, costulis in carina evanescentibus, ad aperturam
valde descendente atque fere omniuo deflexo ; basi circa umbili-
cum rotundate subangulata, similariter costulata, costulis usque ad
peripheriam extensis ; apertura fere horizontaliter deflexa, margine
dilatato fere undique libero, ad angulum umbilici angustissime
adnato, circumdata.

" Diam. maj. 13-3, diam. min. 11-2, alt. totius testae 6, altitude
apert. cum peristomate 5-5, ejusdern latitude 6'8 mm." (Stoliczka.)

Nab. India : Belgaum, Bombay Presid. (Stoliczka).
B * Allied to P. crassicostata, but with more elevated spire and
angulated around the umbilicus.

130. Planispira nilagerica, Pfeiffer.

Helix nilagerica, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 130; ibid., in Philippi,
Abb. Beschr. ii. 1846, Helix, p. 87, pi. 7, fig. 11 ; Keeve, Conch.

160 HELICIDjE.

Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 84, fig. 450 j Pfeiffer, Conch .-Cab., Helix, ii,

1853, p. 92, pi. 82, figs. 15-17 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 55, figs. 6, 7.
Helix (Trachia) nilagirwa, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 160.

Helix (Planispira) nilagirica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Plectotropis {Trachia]} nilagherica, Try on, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 65, pi. 14, figs. 70, 71.
Planispira (Trachia} nilagirica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116.

Original description : — " T. late umbilicata, depressa, discoidea,
striata, corneo-albida, linea rufa supra peripheriam cincta ; spira
planiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus
antice abrupte deflexus ; umbilicus latissimus, anfractum penulti-
mum late monstrans, medio angustus, pervius ; apertura parva,
horizontalis, rotundato-ovalis ; perist. continuum, album, sub-
labiatum, reflexum." (Pfeiffer.)

Diam. maj. 10-75-14-5, min. 8-75-12, alt. 3-5-5-5 mill.

Hob. India : Nilgiries (Blanford) ; Trichinopoly (Blanford).

A distinct and well marked species, the convolute character of
the underside of the shell strongly resembling many of the North-
American species of Polygyra, such as P. cereolus. The supra-
peripheral band mentioned in the original diagnosis is frequently
absent, and many specimens instead have the latter portion of the
last whorl dark fulvous, while others again exhibit transverse,
alternately light and dark bands, or they may be uniformly pale
ochraceous. The shell is densely, minutely granulated under
the deciduous cuticle, which, when fresh, bears very short, stiff,
densely crowded hairs, neither of which fact is referred to in the
diagnosis.

131. Planispira nagporensis, Pfeiffer.

Helix naaporensis, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 135 ; Malak. ibid.,

Blatt. vii (1860), 1861, p. 235.
Helix (Patula (Patulasira}) nayporensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 90.

Original description : — " T. latissime umbilicata, depressa,
tenuiuscula, oblique striata, opaca, carneo-albida ; spira medio vix

Fig. 79. — Planispira nagger ensis.

proniinula ; anfr. 4 vix convexiusculi, ultimus subtus vix latior,
antice deflexus et subtus subconstrictus ; apertura perobliqua,

PLAtflSPIRA. 161

transverse ovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus,
supero recto, basali breviter reflexo.

"Diam. rnaj. 10, min. 8, alt. 4 mill." (Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India : Nag pore (Jerdon).

This species appears to have escaped all the recorders as, with
the exception of Pfeiffer's and Clessin's * Noinenclator/ the name
does not figure in any text-book or faunal list. It is allied to
P. nilayerica, and may indeed be only a variety of that species.
The last whorl, however, is not contracted below behind the
peristome, the umbilicus is narrower and does not show as many
whorls, while the aperture is nearly horizontal and the margins
are not continuous. In colour it is corneous white. A specimen
in the Cuming collection measures 13-5 : 11 : 4 mm.

The species — hitherto unfigured — is now illustrated from the
type in the British Museum.

132. Planispira ruginosa, Ferussac.

Helix (Helicella) ruginosa, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., Lima9ons, 1821 ,
p. 43 (noni. nud.) ; ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll. 1832, pi. 71, fig. 4,
Expl. PI. p. iii (Livr. xxviii).

Helix ruginosa, Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, i, 1839,

p. 38 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 748 ; Pfeiffer,

"3, p. 60, pi. 76, figs. 7-J~
Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 85, figs. 2, 3.

Conch.-Cab., Helix, ii, 1853, p. 60, pi. 76, figs. 7-10 ; Hanley &

Helix (Trachia) ruginosa, von Martens, Die Helic. ed. 2, I860,

p. 160.

Helix (Planispira) ruginosa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Plectotropis (Trachia)) ruginosa, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 63, pi. 14, figs. 65-66.
Planispira (Trachia) ruginosa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, be,

1894, p. 116.

" H. testa subdiscoidea, supra plana, ad peripheriam subangu-
lata, subtus convexa, late uinbilicata, alba, lineis fuscis bicincta ;
anf ractibus longitudinaliter rugoso-plicatis, rugis, plurisque irregu-
laribus ; apertura ovato-rotundata, perobliqua ; marginibus albis,
continuis.

"Diam. 11, alt. 6 mm." (Deshayes.)

Hob. India : Bengal (Leschenault) ; Trichinopoly (Stanford) ;
Madura (Beddome).

Allied to P. asperella, but with more elevated spire and not so
smooth.

133. Planispira sordida, Pfeiffer.

Helix sordida, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, 1842, p. 39.
Planispira (Trachia) sordida, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,
p. 116.

Original description : — " T. perforata, globoso-depressa, striis
incrementi rugosa, epidermide sordide cornea induta, obtuse cari-
nata ; spira depressa ; anfr. 4| vix convexiusculis, ultimo subtus

M

162 HELICIDjE.

inflate ; umbilico angustissimo, non pervio ; apertura lunato-
rotundata ; perist. sirnplice, reflexiusculo.

" Diam. 11, alt. 7 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Pondicherry.

Known only from Pfeiffer's description. I have not seen
specimens.

134. Planispira proxima, Ferussac.

Helix (Helicella) proxima, Fe"russac, Tabl. Syst., Lima9ons, 1821,

p. 43 (nom. nud.) ; ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll. 1832, pi. 71, fig. 5,

Expl. PL p. iii (Livr. xxviii).
Helix proxima, Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, i, 1839,

p. 29 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Helix, ii, 1853, p. 58, pi. 76, tigs. 4-6 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 210, fig. 1487 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 28, fig. 5.
Helix (Planispira) proxima, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Helix (Trachia) proxima, Pfeifler & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 181.
Helix ( Plectotropis (Trachia)) proxima, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 63, pi. 14, fig. 72.
Planispira (Trachia) proxima, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116.

Original description : — " H. testa orbiculato-depressa, albo-
fucescente, obscure striata, late umbilicata ; ultimo anf ractu cylin-
draceo ; apertura ovato-rotundata ; margine albo, reflexo ; peri-
stomate continue." (Deshayes.)

Two specimens — labelled: Anamullay Forest, Nilgiries —
forming part of the Cuming collection in the British Museum,
enable me to supplement the foregoing brief diagnosis.

Shell moderately umbilicated, depressed-conoid, finely striated,
here and there showing traces of minute spirals ; whitish, be-
coming pale fawn-coloured on the last whorl, mouth dark fuscous ;
unicolorous or variously ornamented with dark or pale brown
bands. Whorls 5|, .convex above, flattened below, increasing
rather rapidly, the last dilated towards the mouth. Spire de-
pressed, apex obtuse, suture rather deep. Aperture elliptic-
ovate, margins approaching, united by a thin callus on the
parietal wall ; peristome somewhat thickened ; upper margin
broadly expanded, scarcely reflected, with an acute edge, regularly
curved ; outer margin curved, expanded and slightly reflected,
basal margin strongly reflected, straight, columellar margin
ascending, broadly triangularly dilated and overhanging the
moderate umbilicus, which shows half of the penultimate whorl,
when it suddenly becomes contracted.

Major diam. 21, minor 17, alt. 12 mm.

Hob. India: Coimbatore (Leschenault) ; Pulney Hills (Fair-
bank) ; Trichinopoly (Stoliczka) ; Anamullay Forest, Nilgiries
(Mus. Cuming).

Like several other species of the subgenus Trachia, P. proxima
exhibits bands variable in 'size and number. I have not seen any

PLANISPIRA. 163

unicolorous forms, the shells of the Cuming collection in the
British Museum showing a broad supra-peripheral band which
ascends the spire and is visible above the suture on all the
whorls, while below the periphery several narrow bands occur.
The shells figured by Ferussac, Pfeiffer, and in Conch. Ind. are
banclless.

135. Planispira ? armstrongi, Smith.

Helix (Plectotropis) armstrongi, Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
i, 1895, p. 219, text-figure.

Original description : — " Testa depresse conica, in medio acute
carinata, late umbilicata, solidiuscula, albida, zona purpureo-rufa
latiuscula, spiram ascendente, supra ornata ; spira breviter conica.
ad apicem obtusa ; anfractus 6-6 j, lente et regulariter accrescentes
leviter convex iusculi, supra suturam perspicue marginati, costulis
confertis obliquis arcuatis et pulcherrimegranulatis ornati, ultimus
infra carinam subserratam convexiusculus, prope carinam im-
pressus, costulis vel plicis curvatim radiantibus granulatis instruc-
tus, antice paulo descendens, circa umbilicum perspectivum
rotundatus ; apertura angulariter lunata, obliqua, inferne recedens,
zona externa supra carina picta ; peristoina superne tenue, leviter
expansum, obliquum, vix arcuatum, margine inferiore valde
arcuato, paulo incrassato, subreflexo, supero callo crasso recto
juncto.

"Diam. maj. 28, min 25, alt. 14 mm.; apertura 7 longa,
11 lata." (Smith.)

Hob. Burma (Armstrong).

" The costulations on the upper surface become stronger as the
shell increases, and the granules are also stronger upon the body-
whorl than upon the rest of the spire. The acute periphery has
a finely scalloped appearance when the shell is viewed from above
or below." (Smith.)

The present species stands somewhat isolated in the Indian
and Burmese fauna, rather recalling some species of Pleurodonte
(section Caracolus), such as P. bornii, Pfr., and P. fozonaZis, Desh.,
from the West Indies. In form it approaches nearest to Plani-
spira (Trachia) trochalia, Benson, from the Andaman Islands, but
that species has a narrower umbilicus and the margins of the
peristome are not united by a raised ridge on the parietal wall,
and it also lacks the strongly granulated transverse costae of
P. armstrongi.

It is not without hesitation it is placed in Planispira in the sub-
genus Trachia, but until specimens with the soft parts are taken,
and their examination shall prove the contrary, this appears to be
the only course to adopt. Mr. Smith referred the species to
Plectotropis, but in this view I am unable to concur, as I do not
know any species of that group possessing so solid a shell and
with such coarse granulated costae.

M2

164 HELICID^E.

] 36. Planispira trochalia, Benson.

Helix trochalia, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, vii, 1861, p. 82 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 28, fig. 7 ; Stoliczka,

Proc. A. S. B. 1870, p. 87 ; Pilsbiy, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vii, 1891.

p. 88, pi. 18, figs. 67, 68.
Ampdita (Helix) bigsbyi, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, 1869,

p. 110, pi. 10, fig. 3.

Helix (Planispira) trochalia, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 77.
Planispira (Trachia) trochalia , Pilsbiy, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, pp. 115, 116, pi. 34, figs. 4, 5 (jaw and radula).
Planispira trochalia, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

Original description : — " H. testa anguste umbilicata, solidius-
cula, orbiculato-conoidea, subtrochiformi, irregulariter arcuato-
striatula, striis nonnullis prominentioribus, castanea, apicem versus
albida ; spira conoidea, apice valde obtuso, sutura leviter impressa ;
anfractibus 5, primis convexiusculis, cseteris planiusculis, ultimo
acute eompresso-carinato, antice breviter descendente, subtus
convexo ; apertura obliqua, elliptico-lunata ; peristomate tenui,
undique expanse concolori, marginibus subconniventibus, colu-
mellari dilatato, umbilicum profundum seinitegente." (Benson.)

Diam. maj. 17'5-23'5, min. 15-5-20-5, alt. 12-15 mill.

Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Ifaughton).

A peculiar form readily recognized by its trochoid spire. No
reference is made in the description to the fact that the last whorl
is suddenly contracted behind the peristome, nor to the presence
of a hydrophanous cuticle. The shell, moreover, is covered above
and below — except at the protoconch, which is smooth and
shining — with excessively minute and densely crowded, wavy,
spiral lines ; the base has in addition a few distant spirals. In
colour the species varies from, pale fuscous to chestnut. Godwin-
Austen mentions a variety, conico-elata — one of Nevill's MS.
names — but gives no definition.

137. Planispira vittata, Mutter.

Helix vittata, Miiller, Verm. terr. fluv. ii, 1774, p. 76; Wood,
Index Test. 1825, pi. 34, fig. 93 ; Orbigny, Diet. Hist. Nat. Atlas,
iii, 1849, pi. 19, figs. 3, 4 ; Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll,
i, 1850, p. 233; Chenu, Illustr. Conchyl., Helix, 1851, pi. 10,
figs. 6, 7 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 78, fig. 412 ; Pfeiffer,
Conch.-Cab., Helix, i, 1853, p. 329, pi. 58, figs. 15, 16, 18, 19 ;
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 130, fig. 10 ; Kobelt,
Illustr. Conch. Buch, ii, 1879, pi. 73, fig. 21.

Helix (Helicoffena) vittata, Femssac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1822, pi. 25 A,
fig. 9, pi. 26, figs. 4-6.

Helix spinolce, Villa, Disp. Syst. Conch. 1841, p. 55.

Helix zonula, Wood, Index Test, Suppl. 1828, pi. 7, fig. 8.

Helix (Planispira) vittata, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 76.

Helix (Eurystoma) vittata, Albers, Die Helic. 1850, p. 126 ; Tryon,
Struct. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 40, pi. 95, fig. 58; Tryon, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 120, pi. 33, figs. 59, 60, 62 ;' Godwin-

PLAKISPTBA. 165

Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1904, p. 48, pi. 4

(anatomy).
Planispira ( Trachia) vittata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,

p. 115 (anatomy), p. 116, pi. 19, tig. 24 (shell).
Eurystoma vittata, Jousseaume, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 286.

Shell perforate, depressed-conoid, solid, whitish or yellowish
corneous, usually ornamented with various narrow and broad
yellow or brown bands, from 1 to 10 in number ; nepionic whorls
smooth, shining, pale fuscous or blackish brown, the remaining
whorls finely and irregularly striated, minutely granulated and
occasionally slightly wrinkled in places. Spire convex, suture
impressed, apex obtuse. Whorls 4|-5, subplanulate or convex
above, tumid below, increasing slowly and regularly, the last
suddenly dilated towards the mouth and deeply descending in
front. Aperture obovate, oblique, usually black or dark brown,
occasionally pale fuscous ; margins convergent, united by a
sinuous callus on the parietal wall ; peristome a little thickened,
rather widely expanded and reflexed, usually of the same colour
as the mouth, but sometimes edged with a paler colour, and
occasionally whitish or yellowish ; upper and outer margin
regularly curved, basal margin nearly straight, columellar margin
strongly dilated and reflexed, overhanging the umbilicus.

Major diam. 22-28, minor 17'5-21-5, alt. 15-19 mm.

Hob. India : Tranquebar, Coromandel (MorcJi) ; Trichinopoly
(Blanford) ; Malabar ; Travancore. Ceylon (Stoliczka, NevilT).

A somewhat variable shell, especially as regards banding. A
single specimen in the Indian Museum labelled " Java " is
recorded by Nevill, but this record must be based either on a
wrongly identified shell or, which is far more likely, on an
accidental mixing of labels.

Var. albina, Gmteloup.

Helix vittata, var. albina, Grateloup, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xi,

1840, p. 401, pi. 1, fig. 19.
Helix vittata, var., PfeiiFer, Conch. -Cab., Helix, i, 1853, p. 330,

pi. 58, fig. 17.
Helix {Eurystoma) vittata, var. spinolce (non Villa), Tryon, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 120, pi. 33, fig. 61.
Planispira (Trachia) vittata, var. spinolce, Pilsbry, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, ix, 1894, pi. 19, fig. 23.

Differs from the typical form in being smaller, without bands,
and in the aperture being less dilated transversely.

Major diam. 22, minor 16, alt. 15 mm.

The shell figured by Tryon (copied from Conch. -Cab.), and the
one by Pilsbry as spinolce, do not agree with the description of
Helicc spinolcK by Villa, which differs simply from the type by its
smaller size and less numerous bands.

166 HELICID^l.

138. Planispira shanica, Beddome.

Helix shanica, Beddome, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 314, pi. 29, figs. 10-12.
Chloritis (Trichochloritis] shanica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii,

1893, p. 275, pi. 51, figs. 39-41 ; ix, 1894, p. 124.

Original description : — " Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressedly
turbinate, rather solid; whorls 5, gradually increasing, rather
convex, the last subangulate at the periphery, slightly descending
towards the mouth, all furnished with a fine oblique striation,
more prominent on the last whorl ; colour a light fawn, darker at
the apex of the shell and near the mouth, a narrow dark band
just above the periphery ; aperture oblique, rotundately lunar ;
peristome slightly reflexed, dark fawn-coloured, the margins
distinct." (Beddome.)

Major diam. 14, minor 13, alt 9'5 mm.

Nab. Burma : Shan States (Boxall}.

A close examination of the type, in the British Museum, has
convinced me that this species is a Tracliia, not a Chloritis. There
is no sign of any hair-scars. In the original description the shell
is said to be finely striated, the striae being more prominent on
the last whorl. I find, however, that the last whorl is distinctly
plicate-striate, almost ribbed, approaching P. crassicostata in this
respect.

139. Planispira fritillata, Benson.

Helix fritillata, Benson, A.M.N.H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 320;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi, 86, figs. 8-10.
Helix (Patula (Punctum)) fritillata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 33, pi. 22, figs. 17-19.

Original description: — " H. testa perspective umbilicata, depresso-
subconoidea, arcuatim costulato-striata, subtus Ia3viore polita,
superne striis confertis spiralibus impressis decussata, interstitiis
conspicue quadrato-granulatis, pallide cornea ; spira convexa,
subconoidea, apice obtuso, Ia3vigato, sutura profunda ; anfracti-
bus 6, angustis, lente accrescentibus, convexis, ultimo dernum
latiusculo, extus depresso, antice vix descendente, subtus valde
convexo, circa umbilicum excavate ; apertura obliqua, oblique
semiovato-lunata, peristomate superne tenui, valde arcuato, subtus
breviter expansiusculo, arcuato, extus marginato, marginibus
remotioribus.

"Diam. maj. 13, min. 12, axis 7 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. Burma, Pegu.

Genus CHLORITIS, Beck.

Chloritis, Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 29; Gray, P.Z.S. 1847,
p. 172 ; Albers, Die Helic. 1850, p. 91 ; von Martens, ibid,
ed. 2, 1860, p. 161 ; Mollendorff, P.Z. S. 1891, p. 335; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1891, p. 242; viii, 1893, p. 270; ix,

1894, p. 117, pi. 28, figs. 1, 2 (anatomy ; C. porteri).

CSLOKIT1S 167

Erigone, Albers, Die Helic. 1850, p. 92 j Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.

ii, 1855, p. 202.
Semicornu (Klein), Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 202.

"Shell varying from discoidal and biconcave to depressed
subglobose with convex spire ; the apical whorl flattened or
sunken, and showing under a lens regularly arranged granules
or hair-points, which often persist over the whole shell. Aperture
lunate, the lip reflexed.

" Animal with undivided sole, the edges of the foot lacking a
foot border ; sides irregularly granulated ; tail rounded, above
with an impressed longitudinal median line ; back from mantle to
head having a few longitudinal grooves. Mantle edge bearing a
small right body-lappet.

"• Jaw strong and ribbed. Radula having the middle cusp only
developed on central and inner lateral teeth, the cutting points
about as long as the basal plates ; side cusps completely absent,
but represented by small cutting points. Lateral teeth with
a long, oblique, bifid mesocone and a small ectocone.

"G-enital system characterised by the lack of dart-sack or
other accessory organs on the female side, the spermatheca duct
rather long and closely bound to the uterus. Penis without
appendix, its cavity containing at the apex an imperforate fleshy
papilla, situated beside the opening of the epiphallus ; epiphallus
long, the penis retractor inserted upon it ; terminating in a
flagellurn and vas deferens." (Pilsbry.)

140. Chloritis bifoveata, Benson.

Helix bifoveata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 251 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 8.
Helix (Chloritis} bifoveata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1891,

p. 245, pi. 50, fig. between 36 and 42.
Chloritis ( Trichochloritis) bifoveata, Pilsbry, op. cit. ix, 1894, p. 124.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, subglobosa, utrinque
concava, oblique striata et minutissime granulata, luteo-fusca,
translucens ; spira profunde excavata, perspective umbiliciformis ;
anfr. 4J angusti, convexi, recedentes, ultimus prominens, inflatus,
superne compressus, caBteros occultans, subtus circa umbilicum
mediocrem perspectivum compresse angulatus ; apertura verticalis,
longissima, utrinque testam superans, angustissime lunata, superne
et inferne subangulata ; perist. simplex, acutum, expansiusculum,
marginibus remotis convergentibus, coluinellari brevi, subverticali,
leviter expanse.

"Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.; long, apert. 7, lat. vix
2 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. Burma: Therabuin, Tenasserim Valley (Theobald}.

A peculiar form, readily recognized by the sunken spire, in
which feature it approximates such species as C. ungulina, from
Ceram, and C. unguiculina, from Buru, while the umbilicus much
resembles that of C. Uconcava from China.

168 HELICIDjE.

Section TRICHOCHLOEITIB, Pilsbry.

Trichochloritis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1891, p. 267; ix,
1894, p. 123 ; Wiegmann in Weber, Zool. Forsch. Reise Niederl.
Ost-Indien, iii, 1893, p. 189, pi. 13, fig. 10 (anatomy; C. crassula).

" Shell depressed, rather thin, the spire low-convex or flat, the
base generally obtusely angled around the umbilicus. Epidermis
not deciduous ; apex and the whole shell hirsute or marked by
hair-scars arranged in regular lines ; lip thin, expanded or
narrowly reflexed."

TYPE, Helix breviseta, Pfr.

Range : Southern China to Borneo.

Prof. Pilsbry states (1. c.) that the anatomy is unknown,
although in the next paragraph he refers to the genital system
of C. crassula having been figured by Wiegmann, and he proceeds
to compare this with that of C. porteri which, he says, it re-
sembles "except that the enlargement at the apex of the penis
is long and curved — so long that Wiegmann calls it a penis gland,
although in my opinion it is not glandular, but simply a pouch-
like enlargement of the penis for the accommodation of a large
imperforate papilla."

He continues: "The epiphallus bears the retractor, and is
continued beyond the insertion of the vas deferens in a short
flagellum. The duct of the spermatheca is much and abruptly
swollen at the base and the swelling is doubtfully interpreted
as a dart-sack and mucus gland by Wiegmann, who did not
open it, however. If his view is correct, the species must be an
Eulotella ; but I prefer to consider the structure as a mere
muscular enlargement of the spermatheca-duct, probably with
plicate internal walls, such as is often found in the Helices. The
union of dart-sack with spermatheca-duct would be an extremely
unusual character, if confirmed.'"'

Pilsbry, while admitting that the sections of Chloritis appear
to intergrade by rather easy stages throughout, retains the name
Trichochloritis for the group of small, thin species having the
same distribution as Camama, and of the Indian species he includes
in it hemwpta, propinqua, shanica, colletti *, and bifoveata, while
delibrata, gabata, and helfori, which Mbllendorff on conchological
grounds included in Chloritis, he refers to Trachia. The generative
organs of delibrata, as figured by Pilsbry, show scarcely any dif-
ference from those of Chloritis, except that in the latter the cavity
of the penis contains an imperforate fleshy papilla at the apex.
Under these circumstances I prefer to follow Mollendorff in
his classification.

* skanica and colletti, the types of which I have examined, certainly have
no immediate affinity with Chloritis, being undoubtedly Trachias.

CHLOEITTS. 109

141. Chloritis propinqua, Pfeiffer.

Helix propinqua, Pfeiffer, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 109; ibid. Novit. Conch.

ser. 1, iii, 1869, p. 498, pi. 107, figs. 15-17 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 30, fig. 10.
Helix unieincta (Bens. MS.), Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864,

p. 242 (nom. nud.) ; Blanford, op. cit. xxxiv, 1865, p. 104.
Helix (Plectotropis (Trachia)) propinqua, Tryon, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 63, pi. 14, figs. 55-57.
Chloritis (Trichochloritis) propinqua, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

ix, 1894, p. 124.
Helix (Planispira) propinqua, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 79;

Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. Ixiv, 1895, p. 156, pi. 7, fi<r. 4.
Helix (Trichochloritis) propinqua, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. xi, 1897, p. 134; Blanford, op. cit. xii, 1899, p. 326.

Original description : — " T. umbilicata, globoso-depressa, tenuis,
striatula, albida aut pallide fuscula, fascia 1 angusta castanea
supra medium ornata ; spira brevissime conoidea ; anfr. 4-5
convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, antice deflexus ; umbilicus
angustus, pervius ; apertura diagonalis, lunato-subcircularis ;
perist. album, sublabiatum, marginibus convergentibus, uudique
late expansis.:' (Pfeiffer.)

Diam. rnaj. 14-19, min. 11-5-15^, alt. 7|-9f mm.

Shell moderately umbilicated, depressed-conoid, shining under
a deciduous cuticle, white, with a reddish-brown, supra-peripheral
band. Whorls 4|, increasing slowly, finely striated, flattened
above, convex below, subangulated around the umbilicus ; the
last widening rather suddenly towards the mouth, slightly
constricted above behind the peristome, shortly descending in
front ; protoconch microscopically granulated, the later whorls
densely crowded with minute hair-scars arranged in quincunx and
usually disappearing in weathered specimens on the last whorl,
which is slightly and sparsely spirally wrinkled in places below.
Aperture oblique, obovate, margins approaching, united by a thin
callus on the parietal wall ; peristome white, thickened and
reflexed ; upper, outer, and basal margins regularly curved,
columellar margin ascending, triangularly dilated and slightly
overhanging the deep umbilicus, which at first is moderately
wide, showing half of the penultimate whorl, when it becomes
suddenly contracted.

The above description is drawn up from a specimen, from
Poona, in my collection.

Major diam. 19, minor 15, alt. 11 mm. »

Hob. India: Bombay, Satara (Peile}; Broach, Khandala, Poona,
Mahableshwar (Blanford) $ Belgoan (Foote); Ganjam (Beddome) ;
Pulney Hill (Theobald).

The Theobald collection in the British Museum contains four
specimens from Pulney Hill and labelled H. fallaciosa, which
without hesitation I refer to 0. propinqua. These measure :
major diam. 14-5-16-5, minor 11'75-13'5, alfc. 8'5-9'5 mm. They
exhibit the hair-scars over the whole surface of the shell, but
another specimen from Poona, in the same collection, shows the

170 HELICIDJE.

hair-scars only in places, the last whorl being totally devoid of
them. This appears to be the case when the shell is considerably
worn and has completely lost the periostracum. I have seen
unhanded specimens in Major Peile's collection.

142. Chloritis helferi, Benson.

Helix helferi, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 3, vi, I860, p. 191 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 29, figs. 8, 9.
Helix (Trachia) helferi, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 181.
Helix (Fleet otropis (Trachia)) helferi, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 63, pi. 14, figs. 59, 60.
Planispira ( Trachia) helferi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894.

p. 116.
Planispira helferi, God win- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, pp. 442, 449.

Original description : — " Testa profunde et anguste perspective
umbilicata, orbiculata, subdepressa, oblique striatula, foveolis
conspersa, sub epidermide rufescente, sparsim hispida, albida,
fascia rufa angusta superne ornata ; spira depresse conoidea,
apice valde obtuso, sutura impressa, submarginata ; anfractibus
4| convexiusculis, angustis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo antice
descendente, supra peripheriam obsolete angulato, circa umbilicum
subito excavatum compressiusculo ; apertura obliqua, transverse
ovato-lunata, peristomate undique expanso, raarginibus approxi-
matis, callo tenui junctis.

" Diam. major 12, minor 10, axis 6 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Andaman Islands.

This species was stated by Benson to be nearly related to
asperella and fallaciosa, but in build and texture it certainly
approximates much more to C. gabata. Two specimens in my
collection, one of which is efasciate, have the periostracum in a
well preserved condition, and show the rather sparsely distributed
hairs detected by Benson, " on the portion of the caducous
epidermis remaining in the single specimen received for examina-
tion." Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen records (I. c.) the finding in
de RoepstorfE's collection from the Nicobars of a young shell of
this species, but he considers this habitat requires confirmation,
as it might have got among them accidentally.

143. Chloritis leithi, Gude.

Chloritis (Trichochloritis) leithi, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
xi, 1914, p. 53, text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell rather widely urnbilicated, de-
pressed-conoid, thin, transparent, corneous, with a narrow chestnut
supra-peripheral band, finely plicate-striate, somewhat sparsely
covered with soft hairs placed in pits and arranged in quincunx.
Spire low, apex sunken, suture deep. Whorls 4, convex above,
tumid below, increasing rapidly, the last exceeding in width the
total of the other three, dilated at the mouth, not constricted

CHLORITIS. 171

behind the peristorne, shortly but deeply descending in front,
subangulated around the umbilicus, which is rather wide at first,
showing the greater part of the penultimate whorl, when it
suddenly contracts, leaving only a very narrow perforation.
Aperture subcircular, margins approaching ; peristome scarcely
thickened, expanded but not reflexed ; the columellar margin
triangularly dilated and slightly overhanging the umbilicus.

Major diam. 14-5, minor 11-5, alt. 7 mm." (Gude.}

Hob. India : Bombay (Leith).

From G. helferi, an Andaman species, G. leithi differs in being-
much thinner in texture, in having the hairs, which are larger
and softer, much more crowded, and in being coiled differently

Fig. W.—Chloriiis leithi. (From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

as it has the last whorl proportionately wider. It also bears
some superficial resemblance to Ghloritis propintpta, but that
species is a much stouter shell, with a more elevated spire, while
in G. leithi the umbilicus, although wider at first, becomes
more contracted. There are two other shells in the British
Museum also collected by Dr. Leith, but they are slightly
damaged. A specimen in Mr. Ponsonby's collection is a trifle
smaller than the type, measuring 14 : 10*75 : 6'75 mm.

None of the specimens is quite adult, the peristome apparently
not having been quite completed.

144. Chloritis wimberleyi, Godwin-Austen.

Planispira wimbcrleyi, Godwin- Austen, P.Z. S. 1895, p. 449.

Original description : — " Shell depressedly orbiculate, nai-rowly
umbilicated, very finely hirsute ; sculpture, when this is abraded
the surface is covered with minute regular papillation, which is
much coarser than that of //. helferi ; colour horny-grey ; spire
rounded ; apex rounded ; suture impressed ; whorls 4, not fully
developed, slightly convex ; aperture and peristome probably
slightly expanded and reflected.

" Maj. diam. 10-2, min. 8-9 ; alt. axis 5*7 mm.

" Nab. Nicobars.

" The species is nearest to H. lielferi, but may be distinguished
by its narrower umbilicus and the great difference in sculpture,
and the whorls above are not so flat. This is probably No. 102
of Nevill's Hand List (p. 76), collected by Ferd. Stoliczka."
( Godwin- Austen.}

172 HELICIDJE.

145. Chloritis delibrata, Benson.

Helix delibratus, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 352.

Helix delibrata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ii, 1848, p. 162;

Blanford, J.A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 10 ; Nevill in Anderson, Zool.

Results Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 873.
Trachia delibrata, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 225, pi. 16,

figs. 1-3 (anatomy).

Helix (Planispira) delibrata, Nevill, Hand List, 1878, p. 76.
Helix (Trachia) delibrata, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 325.
Helix (Plectotropis {Trachia)} delibrata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2.

iv, 1888, p. 64, pi. 14, fig. 75.
Planispira (Trachia) delibrata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 116, pi. 32, figs. 44, 45 (anatomy).
Chloritis (Trichochloritis) delibrata, Glide, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London, vii, 1906, p. 115.

Shell discoid, rather widely umbilicated, thin, semi-transparent,
pale fuscous or ochraceous, finely striated, shining under a velvety
cuticle, covered in the fresh condition with close-set stiff bristles
arranged in quincunx. Spire plane, apex depressed or immersed,
suture deep. Whorls 3|-4, convex, subangulated around the
umbilicus, increasing rather suddenly, the last twice as wide as
the penultimate, slightly dilated towards the mouth, slightly
gibbous belo\v behind the peristome, shortly and abruptly
descending in front. Aperture oblique, obovate-auriculate,
margins approaching; peristome white or pale fulvous, scarcely
thickened, reflexed ; upper margin ascending at first, curved ;
outer and basal regularly curved, columellar obliquely ascending,
triangularly dilated and overhanging the umbilicus, which shows
half of the penultimate whorl, when it suddenly contracts.

Major diam. 17-22, minor 14-17, alt. 8-10-5 mm.

ffab. India : Sylhet ; Assam (Stoliczka, Peal) : Darjeeling
(Stoliczka, Mainwariny); Khasi Hills and Dafla Hills (Godwin-
Austen). Burma : Bhamo (Anderson) ; Thagata .Tuva, Mouleyit
Mt. (Fea).

Apparently a common shell, having been collected by several
naturalists. The original diagnosis by Benson is very short and
might apply to several allied forms — a very unusual occurrence
with Benson's species. The above description is drawn up from
a number of specimens collected for the writer by a native in the
Khasi Hills.

The following varieties are admitted : —

Yar. procuHibens, Gould.

Helix procumbens, Gould, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 1844,
p. 453, pi. 24, fig. 1 ; Philippi, Abb. Beschr. Conchyl. iii, 1847,
Helix, p. 3, pi. 10, fig. 5; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 82,
fig. 435.

Helix delibrata, Pfeiffer, Coneh.-Cab., Helix, iv, 1854, p. 352,
pi. 135, figs. 8, 9.

Helix delibrata, var. procumbens, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 76.

Differs from the type in having the last whorl more dilated

CHLORITIS. 173

towards the mouth and more deeply descending in front ; the
spire is more raised and the umbilicus narrower.

Hob. Burma : Tavoy and Moulmain (Stoliczka) ; Bassein and
Arakan Hills (Stanford, Kurz).

Var. fasciata, Godwin- Austen.

Helix delibrata, var. fasciata, God win- Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv,

1875, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Helix (Plectotropis (Trachia)) delibrata, var. fasciata, Tryon, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 64, pi. 14, fig. 76.

Variously ornamented with brown bands. The commonest
form appears to be one with a single supra-peripheral band.

Hob. India: W. Khasi Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; Sibsagar (Peal).

Var. khasiensis, Nevill.

Helix delibrata, Hartley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14,

fig. 9.
Helix (Trachia) delibrata, var. khasiensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi,

1877, p. 21.

Characterized by the raised and rounded whorls, less open
umbilicus and contracted aperture.
Hob. India: Khasi Hills, Naga Hills.

146. Chloritis gabata, Gould.

Helix (Caracolla) gabata, Gould, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, iv,

1844, p. 454, pi. 24, fig. 9.
Helix gabata, Keeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 127, fig. 766 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 4 ; Pfeiffer,

Conch.-Cab., Helix, iii, 1881, p. 482, pi. 159, figs. 15-17.
Plectotropis gabata, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 408.
Trachia gabata, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 228.
Helix (Planispira) gabata, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70.
Helix (Philidora) gabata, von Martens, Journ. Linn. Soc. London,

xxi, 1887, p. 162.
Helix (Plectotropis) gabata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888,

p. 57, pi. 14, fig. 82.
Helix (Trachia) gabata, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ.

Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 325.
Planispira (Trachia) gabata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894,

p. 116.
Chloritis (Trichochloritis) gabata, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,

vii, 1906, p. 115.

(h^iginal description : — " Testa albido-cornea, supra planulata,
infra valde convexa, late et prof unde umbilicata ; anfr. 41, leviter
striatis, ultimo carina castanea circiundato ; apertura subquadrata,
labro albo reflexo.

"Shell pale horn-color, shining, showing about four and a
half whorls above, which compose a nearly discoidal spire ; suture
distinct ; the last whorl somewhat channelled near the periphery,
which consists of a prominent, obtuse, compressed, chestnut-
coloured carina, fully developed to the lip ; beneath, greatly

174 HELICIDJE.

convex, descending suddenly into a broad, deep, tunnel-shaped
umbilicus, passing nearly through the shell ; surface faintly
marked by the stride of growth ; aperture rendered somewhat
quadrangular by the junction of the lips, and the two angles at
the keel, and the ridge at the umbilicus ; lip white, reflected,
commencing below the keel, then rising to a level with it.

Diam. 4- inch r = 20'25 mm.]; height less than I inch
[ = 10 mm.']." (Gould.)

Hob. Burma : Tavoy (Gould) ; Moulmain (Stoliczlca, Fea), var.
India : Khasi Hills (Stoliczka) ; Cachar (Godwin- Austen).

A well-marked species, characterized by the flattened spire and
carinated whorls.

Wallace mentions the species from Menado, Celebes (P. Z. S.
1865, p. 408) but this record was based on a mistaken identifica-
tion. The Celebes form has since been made the type of another
species— pilisparsa— by vori Martens (Sitz.-Ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr.
Berlin, 1885, p. 192). '

Var. merguiensis. Philippi.

Helix merguiensis, Philippi, Zeits. Malak. iii, 1846, p. 192 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 177, fig. 1205: Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 7.
Helix (Plectotropis) gabata ( = merguiensis), Tryou, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 57, pi. 14, fig. 83.
Planispira ( Trachia) gabata, var. merguiensis. Pilsbry, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 116.

Hob. Burma : Mergui (Philippi) ; Mergui Archipelago, King
Island (Anderson).

Differs from typical gabata in having the spire raised, the
supra-peripheral keel less acute and more compressed, the
umbilicus narrower, and the margins of the peristome more
reflexed.

147. Chloritis hemiopta, Benson.

Helix hemiopta, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 318-
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 30, fig. 4, pi. 53. fi". 8 •
Pfeitfer, Novit. Conch, v, 1877, p. 37, pi. 143, figs. 1-8 ; Dolrn,
Conch.-Cab., Helix, iv, 1894, p. 578, pi. 170, figs. 5-7.

Hdix (Planispira) hemiopta, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 78.

Helix (Obba (Neocepolis)) hemiopta, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser 2 vi
1891, p. 238, pi. 31, figs. 21, 25, pi. 64, figs. 67-72.

Chloritis (Trichochloritis) hemiopta, PilsLry, Man. Conch, ser 2 ix
1894, p. 124.

Planispira hemiopta, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442.

Original description : — " H. testa anguste uinbilicata, depresso-
conoidea, vix striatula, laeviuscula, minutissiine granulata, opaca,
albida ; anfractu ultimo superne castanea, versus peripheriam
suturiatore ; spira convexo-conoidea, apice obtuso, sutura vix
impressa; anfractibus 4|, convexiusculis, sensim acrescentibus,
ultimo superne prope peripheriam obtuse angulatam concavi-

CHLOEITIS. 175

usculo, subtus convexiusculo ; apertura obliqua, subquadrato-
lunata, intus concolore, peristomate expausiusculo, superne antice
arcuato, subtus breviter reflexo, marginibus remotis, coluinellari
superne valde dilatato, umbilicum subtegente.

"Diam. maj. 16, min. 13J, axis 10 mm." (Benson.}
Hab. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Stoliczka, Nevill, Wood-
Mason, Roepstorff).

A rather striking species of Trichochloritis, exhibiting a con-
siderable amount of variation as regards ornamentation and color-
ation. Pfeiffer figures several distinct forms. Lt.-Col. G-odwin-
A usten mentions two varieties (unifasciata and albina, both MS.
names of Nevill). The commonest form appears to be the one
with a dark chestnut or blackish -brown peripheral band. The
colour of the shell is usually white, but some forms have the
penultimate and last whorls reddish brown or dark fuscous above
the periphery, with or without the peripheral band, or the two
whorls may be entirely fuscous. White shells without band also
occur. The last whorl, moreover, is characterized by a girdle-
like swelling at the periphery bounded above by a corresponding
depression, \vhile the upper part of the whorl again is inflated.
The peristome is usually white, but when the last whorl is
entirely dark brown it is reddish violet.

148. Chloritis cyclotrema, Benson.

Helix cyclotrema, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 88 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 28, %. 10.
Ariophanta cyclotrema, Theobald, Cat. Shells Brit. India, 1876,

p. 22.
Nanina (Ariophanta) cyclotrema, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii,

1886, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 22.
Helix (Planispira or Trachia) cyclotrema, Blanford, Proc. Malac.

Soc. London, iii, 1899, p. 283.

Original description : — " H. testa sinistrorsa, obtecte umbilicata,
couoideo-subglobosa, oblique striatula, granulata, sub epidermide
cornea, albida ; spira conoidea, apice obtuse, subfoveata, suturis
impressis ; anfractibus 4j, convexis, gradatim crescentibus, ultimo
ad peripheriam obtuse angulato, unifasciato, antice lato, longe
descendente, subtus convexo ; apertura valde obliqua, rotundata,
peristomate dilatato, reflexiusculo, marginibus conniventibus,
approximatis, callo brevi junctis, columellari late auriculato um-
bilicum celante.

"Diam. maj. 22, min. 18, axis 11 mm." (Benson.)
Hob. India: Sumeysur, base of Himalayas (Theobald).

149. Chloritis anserina, Theobald.

Helix anserina, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866, p. 276 (nom.

mid.) ; ibid, xxxix, 1870, p. 395 (nom. mid.).
Helix anserina, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 112,

fiffs. 7 & 10.

176 HELICIDJE.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-globose, pale corneous,
finely striated transversely, densely covered with hair-scars arranged
in quincunx ; spire depressed, apex obtuse, suture linear. Whorls 5,
convex, increasing rather rapidly, the last much dilated towards
the mouth and slightly constricted behind the peristome, the base
inflated towards the mouth, not angulated at the periphery or
around the umbilicus. Aperture broadly auriculate ; margins
slightly approaching, united by a thin flexuous callus on the
parietal wall ; peristome white, thickened, and reflexed, upper
margin nearly straight, outer and basal curved, columellar ver-
tical, broadly triangularly dilated and reflexed over the narrow
umbilicus.

Major diam. 30, minor 25, alt. 18'5 mm. ; apert. width 13,
height 14 mm.

Hob. Burma : Shan States (Fedden).

The species, although well illustrated in Conch. Ind., has never
been described. The above description is drawn up from the
shell — probably the type — in the Theobald collection in the
British Museum. I have adopted the later spelling of the specific
name, the earlier one in the J. A. S. B., in both cases, being
evidently due to a printer's error.

This and the next species bear a striking resemblance to
C. franriscanorum, Gredler, a Chinese form.

150. Chloritis theobaldi, Gude.

Chloritis ( Trichochloritis) theobaldi, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
xi, 1914, p. 54, text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell moderately umbilicated, depressed-
conoid, pale corneous, with a very faint supra-peripheral band,
finely striated transversely, and densely covered with hair-scars
arranged in quincunx. Spire conoid, apex prominent, suture
rather deep. Whorls 5 j, convex, increasing slowly and regularly,
the last widening towards the mouth, not constricted behind the
peristome, slightly angulated at the periphery at first, the angu-
lation disappearing near the mouth ; angulated around the deep
umbilicus, which shows nearly the whole of the penultimate whorl.
Aperture subcircular, margins distant, united by a thin sinuous
callus on the parietal wall ; peristome white, thickened and shortly
reflexed; margins regularly curved, columellar ascending, trian-
gularly dilated, and slightly overhanging the umbilicus.

" Major diain. 24-5, minor 21, alt. 16 mm. ; apert. width 10,
height 9-5 mm." (Gude.)

Hob. Burma : Shan States (type) ; Bhamo.

The shell on which this species is based occurred with the
specimen of C. anserina in the Theobald collection. It differs
from the latter in having a more conical spire and a wider
umbilicus, the base is less inflated, and in consequence the aper-
ture is more dilated laterally. It is also differently coiled, for,
although it measures one-fifth less in its diameter, it possesses

CHLORITIS.— AMPHIDBOMUS. 177

half a whorl more ; the hair-scars, moreover, are much finer and
more crowded, while the presence of a supra-peripheral band,
although only a faint one, still further differentiates it from
C. anserina.

Fig. 81. — Chloritis theobaldi. (From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

A specimen in the Hungerford collection of the British Museum
I also refer to C. theobaldi. It is a trifle smaller than the type,
measuring 24 : 20 : 15 mm., and exhibits a very faint trace only of
the supra-peripheral band near the peristome.

The two species approach (?. franciscanorum, Gredler, a Chinese
form. C. theobaldi especially bears a striking resemblance, but
has the umbilicus a little more contracted, the spire is relatively
higher, and the aperture is less dilated laterally, while the
columellar margin ascends less obliquely ; the hair-scars are also
finer.

Genus AMPHIDROMUS, Albers.

Amphidromus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 138 (in part) ; Pfeiffer,
Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 146 (in part) ; von Martens, Die Heliceen,
ed. 2, 1860, p. 184 ; ibid., Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil, ii,
1867, pp. 77 & 332 ; Semper, Reisen, Arch. Philipp. 2te Theil,
vol. iii, 1877, p. 146 ; Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xvii, 1896, p. 66 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 127.

TYPE, Helix perversa, Linn.

Range. India (Sylhet), Burma, Farther India, Malay Archipelago,
and Philippine Islands.

" Shell of moderate size, dextral or sinistral, long-ovate, with
6-8 moderately convex whorls ; smooth (rarely ribbed) and light or
bright-colored, yellow predominating, often with green or brown
streaks, flames, or bands. Apical whorls smooth or obsoletely
pitted. Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate, not contracted by teeth
or folds ; peristome more or less thickened, expanded, or reflexed,
the columellar margin reflexed, with a very weak fold or none.

" Jaw thin and weak, with flat ribs crenulating the edges.
Eadula with broad V-shaped rows, the teeth of ' arboreal ' type,
with the side cusps brought near the median cusp, all the cusps
broad ; outwardly the side cusps are split. Kidney extremely long
and narrow, with reflexed ureter and closed secondary ureter.
Grenitalia of typically epiphallogonous structure ; receptaculum

178 HELICID^E.

seminis on a long, simple duct ; penis short, with the retractor
muscle inserted low, and ending in a flagellum and the vas
deferens. Nervous and retractor systems Helicine." {Pilsbry.}

The genus Amphidromus as originally proposed by Albers
included several species since then referred to Helicostyla. Von
Martens was the first correctly to define the group, which owes
its name " to the peculiar circumstance that several species occur
either dextral or sinistral, with equal frequency ; others are
sinistral only, still others dextral." Many of the species were
originally described as Bulimi, while the group remained to be
considered as a section of the genus Bulimus, until Pilsbry in 1900
proved that the genus did not belong to " the Bulimulidce, but to
that group of Helicidce called Epiphallogona, of which the genera
Chloritis, Obba, Planispira, and Papuina are leading members."

The Indian region contains bnt a limited number of species,
which is not surprising when we bear in mind the fact that it is on
the confines of the area of distribution of the genus.

Bulimus andamanensis (coll. Mousson) has been referred to by
von Martens in Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, 1867, p. 339, as from the
Andaman Islands ; it was described and figured by Pfeiifer in
Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iv, 1871, p. 35, pi. 116, figs. 7-10, and
referred to Amphidromus inversus as a small form by Pilsbry (Man.
Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 169, pi. 56, figs. 94-97). Pfeiffer
himself stated that it approached B. inversus, and might perhaps
be regarded as a dwarf variety. Pulton states (A. M. N. H. ser. 6,
xvii, 1896, p. 70) that the small form of A. inversus has been
found at Sarawak and Sirhassen Island by Everett, and as no
Amphidromus has been found in the Andaman Islands by recent
collectors, it must be assumed that the record is based on an error,
probably due to a mixing of labels.

151. Amphidromus janus, Pfeiffer.

Bulimtis janus, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 85; ibid., Conch.-Cab.,
Bulimus, 1854, p. 156, pi. 48, figs. 1-4 ; Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn.
Bordeaux, xxiv, 1861, p. 253, pi. 5, fig. 5.

Bulimus (Amphidromus) janus, Pfeifi'er, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,
p. 147 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. xi, and foot-
note 1, pi. 19, fig. 5 (atricallosus in explan. plates, p. 10).

Cochlostyla (Canistrum) janus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855
p. 143.

Amphidromus janus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 126 ; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 156, pi. 58, figs. 14-18.

Original description : — " B. testa imperforata, dextrorsa vel sini-
strorsa, subfusiformi-oblonga, solida, vix nitidula, lutea fasciis 3
extus opace viridibus, intus nitide atro-castaneis, peristoma non
attingentibus, basali latissima, varicibusque castaneis sparsis ornata ;
spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfractibus 6-7 convexiusculis, ultimo
|- longitudinis subaequante, basi attenuate ; columella verticalis,
stricta ; apertura obliqua, semiovalis, basi subangulata ; peristo-

AMPHIDROMUS. 179

mate subincrassafco, breviter reflexo, albo, marginibus callo nigro-
castaneo junctis.

" Long. 47, diam. 20 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. Burma : Tavoy, Mergui (Theobald).

Pfeiffer, when describing the species, gave the habitat " New
Hebrides "from information supplied by Cuming, whose " habitats"
have on so many occasions proved erroneous or unreliable.
Gassies attributed the species to New Caledonia, also on the
strength of a specimen, so-labelled, received by him from Cuming !
Both these localities may be ignored and Burma taken to be the
true habitat, the species having been collected at Mergui by
Theobald, as recorded by Nevill in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in
the Indian Museum.' The shell, moreover, figured in Conch. Ind.
as atricallosus, from Tavoy, has been referred — correctly I think —
to the present species by Pilsbry, who considers that it " stands
•quite alone for an Amphidromus, having no close companions."

152. Amphidromus atricallosus, Gould.

Bulimus atricallosus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844,
p. 140 ; ibid., Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 1844, p. 457, pi. 24,
fig. 3 ; Deshayes in Fe"russac, Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, part 2, 1851,
p. 51, pi. 130, figs. 9, 10.

Bulimus perversus, var. 8, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 308 j
ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. vi, pi. 40, figs. 10, 11.

Bulimus (Amphidromus) atricallosus, von Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-
Asien, Zool. Theil, ii, 1867, p. 77 ; ibid., Conch. Mitth. ii, 1883,
pp. 130, 131 ; ibid., Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xxi, 1887, p. 163.

Amphidromus atricallosus, Semper, Reisen Arch. Philipp. 2te Theil,
iii, 1877, p. 147, pi. 16, f. 20 (teeth) ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 126 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, eer. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 165, pi. 58,
figs. 19-21.

Amphidromus perversus, var. atricallosa, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6,
xvii, 1896, p. 69.

Bulimus eques, Pfeiffer, Malak. BLatt. iv, 1857, p. 158.

Original description : — "Testa solida, imperforata, oblongo-ovata,
vix striata, sulphurea ; anfr. 7 convexiusculis, ad suturam con-
strictis ; apertura lunato-ovali, basi sub-effusa, labro albo, reflexo,
marginibus callo atro junctis.

" Long. 2$, lat. 1 poll."

" Shell imperf orate, elongated ovate, solid, smooth, and shining,
of a sulphur-yellow colour; whorls seven, moderately convex,
somewhat girt in near the suture ; last whorl nearly two-thirds
the length of the shell ; aperture ovate-lunate, somewhat angular
at base, and slightly effuse; lips white, widely revolute, not
flattened ; columella white, the callus uniting the extremities of
the peristome, and, as far within the shell as can be seen, pitchy-
black ; from the midst of it, extending across the penult, whorl, is
a line of the same color, showing the termination of a former
.stage of growth.

" Length 2^ [ = 59 mm.] ; breadth 1 inch [=25 mm.]." (Gould.)

180 HELICIDjE.

Hob. Burma : Tavoy (Mason) ; Mergui forest and King Island
(Anderson). Salanga (Weber) ; Penang (Martens) ; Saigoon (Mus.
Owning, Semper).

Both dextral and sinistral shells occur, but the former appear to
be more common than the latter.

153. AmphicLronras moniliferus, Gould.

Bulimus moniliferus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1846,

p. 99 ; ibid., Otia Conch. 1862, p. 198.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) moniliferus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 147 ; von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 185.
Amphidromus moniliferus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 126;

Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xvii, 1896, p. 90, pi. 7, fig. 9;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 179, pi. 62, figs. 73, 74.
Bulimus theobaldianus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857,

p. 329 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, fig. 10 ;

1876, p. xi, and footnote 8.
Amphidromus theobaldianus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 187,

pi. 14, fig. 8.
Amphidromus schomburgki, var. theobaldi, Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 126.
Buliminus (Rhachis) theobaldianus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 672, pi. 102, fig. 14.

Original description : — " Testa conico-oblongata, plerumque sini-
strorsa, Isevis, luteo-cinerea flammulis longitudinalibus, fascia
suturali lineari, et fascia subsuturali interrupta fuscis ; regione
umbilicali fusca, fascia lutea divisa ; aufr. 7, ultimo subcarinato ;
apertura subovata, basi angulata, sub-effusa ; labro reflexo, rubro-
purpureo, ad columellam dilatato ; fauce purpurea.

"Long.li [=30-5 mm.] ; lat. ^ poll. [ = 17'75 mm.]." (Gould.}

Hab. Burma : Tavoy (Mason).

154. Amphidromus sylheticus, Reeve.

Bulimus sylheticus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. 1849, pi. 77, fig. 664;

Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 68, pi. 20, figs. 25, 26 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, fig. 9; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 316.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) sylheticus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 147.
Amphidromus sinensis, var. sylhetica (Benson), Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 127.
Amphidromus sylheticus, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xvii, 1896,

p. 79 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 189, pi. 63,

figs. 97, 98.

" Shell sinistral, umbilicate, ovate-conic, polished, striatulate, the
first whorl weakly puuctulate ; greenish-yellow below the periphery,
paler above, fading on the spire, the early whorls and apex whitish.
Whorls 5^, slightly convex, the last but weakly convex above, very
convex, full, and sack-like below. Aperture ovate, oblique, slightly
brown or ochre-tinted within ; the peristome white, reflexed j

JLMPHIDROMUS. 181

columella ivith slightly convex inner edge, broadly dilated, guttered
at its union with the body of the shell ; the dilated edge overhanging
a rather large umbilicus, and a little thickened where it passes
upon the parietal wall. Parietal callus thin and translucent."
(Pilsbry.)

Alt. 26, diam. 15, longest axis of aperture 14 mm.

Alt. 24, diam. 14, longest axis of aperture 12'5 mm.

Hab. India : southern slopes of Khasi and G-aro Hills, Assam
( Godwin- Austen).

Attributed to Sylhet, Eastern Himalayas, by Reeve. Lt.-Col.
God win- Austen states that its habitat is the southern slopes of the
Khasi and G-aro Hills, whereas Sylhet is a district in the plains of
Lower Bengal, south of the Khasi Hills, and the specific name is,
therefore, as Godwin-Austen points out, unfortunately misleading
and inappropriate.

The distinctly greenish-yellow colour of the lower portion, the
sack-like base, and the sort of gutter at the root of the columella
are said to be characteristic features.

155. AmpMdronros masoni, Godwin-Austen.

Bulimus masoni, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 316.
Amphidromtis masoni, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xvii, 1896, p. 81,

pi. 6, fig. 2 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 189, pi. 62,

fig. 72.
Amphidromus dqflaensis (Godwin- Austen), Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 127 (nom. nud.).

Original description : — " Shell sinistral, acuminately oblong,
thick, side of spire rather flat, whorls 7, smooth and shiny, under
lens finely and spirally striate, colour sea-green, intenser below the
keel, paling towards the apex, the columella dark purple, a narrow
fillet of same colour borders the suture closely below, commencing
at the upper and outer angle of the aperture. Aperture oval,
angular above, lip slightly reflected. The last whorl slightly
keeled." ( Godwin- Austen.)

Alt. 1*2 [=30'5 mm.], major diam. 0'5 inch [=12"7o mm.].

Hab. India: Dihiri Parbat, Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen).

4i Similar in form to A. sylheticus, but the latter shell is smaller
exhibits no trace of spiral striation, has its surface more polished,
while the columellar margin and outer lip are pure white ; and in
dozens I have collected no trace of band is ever seen. In colour
too sylheticus differs in being lemon-yellow with a greenish tinge
on the body-whorl." (Godwin-Austen.)

156. Amphidromus lepidus, Gould.

Bulimus lepidus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1856,
p. 12 ; ibid., Otia Conch. 1862, p. 219 ; JIanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1872, pi. 84, fig. 6.

Amphidromus lepidus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 190,
pi. 63, fig. 99.

182 HELICIDJE.

Original description : — " T. parva, plerumque sinistra, vix per-
forata, ovato-conica, elevata, polita, citrina ; anfr. 6 convexis,
ultimo ventricoso ; sutura bene impressa ; apertura subcircularis ;
peristomate albo, reflexo, ad coluinellam dilatato, extremitatibus
approxiniatis."

" Axis § [ = 22-5 mm.], diam. J poll. [=12-5 mm.]." (Gould.)

Hab. Mergui Archipelago (Benjamin).

" A pretty shell, grouping with Icevus, adamsi, and monilifera,
but smaller, proportionally shorter and more ventricose, and
differing entirely in colouring, texture, and the broadly rounded
form of the aperture,'*'

Mr. Fulton considers lepidus and sylheticus identical. He
states* that the types of both are in the British Museum. A shellr
labelled lepidus, is certainly marked " type " in the same hand-
writing, but the word " type " there is undoubtedly meant in the
sense of " typical form," as the type on which Gould based his
description is in the Albany Museum. The same label bears the
name sylheticus in Pfeiffer's handwriting.

Prof. Pilsbry is of opinion that as sylheticus is a species of the
hills, and lepidus inhabits a region rather different faunally, the
latter should be allowed to stand pending further comparisons of a
good series of the Mergui form with Beeve's species. A. lepidus has
a more pyramidal shape. Hanley and Theobald while admitting
that the two forms approximate observe that Gould's shell is-
shorter, with more rounded whorls, and lacks the notch at the
commencement of the pillar-lip.

157. Amphidromus sinensis, Benson.

Bulimus sinensis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, vii, 1851, p. 264;.

Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 67, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2 j

Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 94.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) sinensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 147 ; von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 185.
Amphidromus sinensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 126 ; Fulton,

A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xvii, 1896, p. 80 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,,

xiii, 1900, p. 190, pi. 62, figs. 64, 65.

Original description : — "Testa perforata sinistrorsa, ovata-conica,
glabra, lutescente, subtus purpureo-castaneo bifasciata ; spira
conica, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 5| convexiusculis, ultimo
spiram sequante, fasciis submediani basalique intra aperturam pro-
ductis ; columella subtorta ; apertura obliqua, oblique ovata, peri-
stomate planato-reflexo, livide purpureo, postice livide fusco,
marginibus callo albido vix junctis, columellari albidp breviter
superne dilatato.

" Long. 30, lat. 18 mill. ; long, apert. 16, lat. 12 mill." (Benson.)
Hab. Burma: ~Pegu (Theobald, Stoliczka),~Prome, Tongoop, Akyab
(Blanford) ; India : Khasi Hills (Nevill). S. China (Cantor).

* A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xvii, 1896, p. 80.

AMPHIDEOMUS. 183

Mr. Fulton states that the type of this species cannot be found
in the Benson collection, in the Cambridge Museum, and Prof.
Pilsbrj suggests that it may not have been returned by Pfeiffer
and is now perhaps in Dohrn's collection. As Pfeiffer, however,
distinctly states that the type is in the Benson collection (Mon.
Helic. Yiv. iii, 1853, p. 320), and as, moreover, the Benson
collection has experienced many vicissitudes, so that some other
types likewise are not traceable, the more likely explanation, in
my opinion, is that the shell must have gone astray.

A. sinensis is said to resemble A. syllieticus in the globose base
and groove at root of the columella, but to differ in being stouter
in form, two-banded below, and with a brown streak behind the
lip, which is said to be pale lilac.

I possess, however, two specimens from Laos, received in
exchange from the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt a./M., which
are ochreous yellow on the last whorl and bandless ; one exhibits
a very narrow dark brown patch occupying the groove at the root
of the columella and extending a short way behind the basal lip ;
it can also distinctly be traced beneath the parietal callus around
the columellar fold. This specimen has a white lip.

Var. vicaria, Fulton.

JBulimus sinensis, Forbes & Hanley, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21,

figs. 5, 6.
Amphidromus sinensis, var. vicaria, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6,

xvii, 1896, p. 80 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900, p. 191

(vicarius), pi. 62, tigs. 67-69.

" In most collections as sinensis, from which it differs in being
not so broad in proportion to its length and in coloration. It is
broader than sylheticus, and instead of being of an uniform green
colour, it is yellow, with two (sometimes three) more or less
distinct dark brown bands encircling lower part of last whorl.
This variety varies a great deal in size and form. I give here the
dimensions of two specimens out of a series in the British Museum :
Long. 33 ram., maj. diam. 17 mm. ; long. 21 mm., maj. diam.
14mm." (Fulton.)

Hob. Burma : Pegu ; Chittagong.

With regard to its being " not so broad in proportion to its
length," this is a character not always to be relied upon, as I possess
a specimen, received from Mr. Fulton, which measures ; Long. 20,
diam. 12 mm. The same remark applies to its relative proportion
as compared with A. sylheticus, as will be seen from the following
observation.

" A specimen from Chittagong (fig. 69) is more slender than
A. sylheticus, not 'baggy' below, and almost white with a faint
ochre band above each of the purple-black ones. The apical whorls
are corneous-white, and weakly punctate, and there is a perceptible
groove at the root of the columella. The peristorne is pure white,

184 HELICIDJE.

and there is no dark stripe behind the lip. Alt. 26, diam. 14'5,
longest axis of aperture 13 mill." . (Pilsbry.)

Var. gracilis, Fulton.

mphidromus sinensi f

xvii, 1896, p. 80, pi. 6, fig. 10; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xm,

Amphidromus sinensis. var. oracilis, Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. ^6,
xvii, 1896, p. 80, pi. 6, fig. ^ ™~1~- ™~- n-^ OAr 9
1900, p. 192, pi. 62, fig. 71.

"A very narrow solid form; pale yellow, with two purple-
brown bands at lower part of last whorl ; the third and fourth
whorls encircled with four rows of light brown spots ; lip and
columella thickened and expanded." (Fulton.)

Pilsbry suggests that this form may belong nearer A. flavus ;
but gracilis is much more slender and has a more elongated
aperture.

Hob. Burma: Pegu.

158. Amphidromus andamanicus, Hanley $- Theobald.

Bulimus andamanicus (Thorp MS.), Hanley & Theobald, Conch.
Ind. 1875, p. 59, pi. 148, fig. 10.

Amphidromus sp., Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 127, no. 21.

Amphidromus andamanicus, var. nicobarica (Nevill MS.), Godwin-
Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 450.

Amphidromus furcillatus, var. andamanica, Fulton, A. M. N. H.
ser. 6, xvii, 1896, p. 77.

Amphidromus andamanicus, Pilsbry. Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiii, 1900,
p. 217, pi. 66, fig. 41.

Shell sinistral, elongate-conoid, smooth and glossy, finely striated
and covered with close minute spirals ; the protocouch white or
buff-white with a pale or dark brown apex, the later whorls pale
or dark buff, marked with transverse (sometimes oblique) broad
dark brown or blackish bars, some of which are occasionally forked
at the upper extremity ; they increase in width and become more
distant on the later whorls, but on the last whorl decrease and
become more crowded, the lower half of the whorl being covered
by two rather broad spiral bands, one infra-peripheral and the
other placed around the columella, the two sometimes coalescing ;
the latter part of the last whorl is sometimes covered with light or
dark green which is occasionally disposed in transverse streaks ; a
narrow brown sub-sutural band, edged with white, ascends the
greater part of the spire. "Whorls 6-6|, convex. Aperture semi-
ovate, three-sevenths the length of the shell ; peristome white,
rather thin, slightly expanded, not reflexed ; parietal callus very
thin ; columella white, vertical, straight, making a distinct angle
with the basal margin, reflexed and adnate at the insertion, leaving
a slight narrow slit of the umbilicus.

Length 35, diam. 19 mm. ; height of aperture 15, width 8-5 mm.

Length 30, diam. 16-5 mm.; height of aperture 13, width
7'5 mm.

AMPHIDBOMTJS. 185

Hah. Andaman Islands : Cocos Island and Port Blair (Godwin-
Austeri)', Mt. Harriet, Andaman Island (Roepstorff , Nevill^
Stoliczkd). Nicobar Islands : Katchall (Stoliczka).

This species has not previously been described and is known
only from the figure in Conch. Ind. copied by Pilsbry. The
above description is drawn up from a number of specimens in my
own collection. Mr. Fulton considers it variety of A. furcillatus,
Mousson, a Javanese shell, but Prof. Pilsbry, while admitting that
the similarity in colouring to that species and A. quadrasi, from
Balabac, is remarkable, thinks it inadvisable, on account of the
widely separated localities, to unite cmdamanicus with either. I
do not, however, consider the similarity in colouring particularly
striking, as in the other two species the prevailing ground-colour
is a bright yellow, and I have never seen the infra-peripheral and
columellar bands, so characteristic a feature in A. andamanicus, in
either. A. furcillatus, moreover, is a more slender species and
has the columella more oblique and the aperture proportionally
less high.

On the other hand A. pictus, Fulton, also from Java, bears a
striking resemblance in its pattern of marking to the Andaman
shell, having several of the transverse bars forked above and
exhibiting likewise the infra-peripheral and columellar spiral
bands. It has also the same conical contour, but lacks the green
colouring on the last whorl frequently seen in A. andamanicus.

Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, in discussing the form from the
Nicobar group, states that " it is somewhat larger than Andaman
shells, and in colour is far paler and with few markings, and those
pale. These differences might not hold good in a large series."

Subgenus BEDDOMEA, Nevill.

Amphidromus, subgenus Beddomea, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 127 ; Pilsbry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1901, p. 158, pi. 16
(anatomy) ; ibid., Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 1, pi. 2,
figs. 21-23 (anatomy).

TYPE, Bulimus ceylanicus, Pfeiffer.

Range. Southern India and Ceylon.

" Shell umbilicate or perforate, oblong-conic, often carinated at
the periphery, white or with brown bands or streaks ; aperture
usually quite oblique ; peristome reflexed.

"Genitalia of typically epiphallogonous type, the nagellum
longer than and the ephiphallus about as long as the penis.
Duct of the oblong or ovate spermatheca lengthened, more than
double the length of the penis. Penis with a large apical
papilla.

" Lung having the pulmonary vein without large branches, the
venation densest on the intestinal side and near the pneumostoma,
weak or well developed on the cardiac side. Kidney long and

186 HBLICID^E.

narrow, nearly or quite the length of the pericardium. Ureter
reflexed, the secondary ureter a closed tube.

" Muscles : Betractor of the penis inserted on the diaphragm
as usual. The pharyngeal retractor is united to the right ocular
and pedal band far forward ; the left ocular muscle passes to the
right of the genitalia, not between the male and female branches.

"Jaw well arched, thin, with its lower margin crenulated by
10-14 flat ribs, which seem separated by narrow intervals in the^
median part, but are contiguous or overlapping towards the ends.
It is similar to that of some species of Papuina, intermediate
between the plaited and the ribbed types.

" Radula of the usual form in Helicida?. The transverse rows
of teeth bent at a wide angle in the middle. Rhachidian and
admedian teeth with single, long, broadly rounded cusps. These
pass by a gradual transition to the lateral type, in which the tooth
is inclined and bears a three-lobed cusp.

" The shell does not have the brilliant coloring of many
Amphidromus, and is minutely pimctulate, at least on the spire.
The area of distribution is separated from that of true Amphi-
dromus. I have elsewhere shown that Beddomea agrees with
Amphidromus in the long, band-like kidney, the pattern of lung-
venation, the arrangement of the muscles (except the eyes and
retractors), the reproductive system, and the jaw. It differs from
Amphidromus in having the eye retractor muscles to the right of>
instead of between the branches of the genitalia, in having the
cusps of the teeth of the median fold of the radula broadly
rounded and simple instead of deeply cloven into three cusps, as
all the side-teeth are in the restricted group of Amphidromus ; and
finally in having the radula longer than in Amphidromus.

" In view of the general agreement, it scarcely seems well-
advised to accord Beddomea higher rank than that of a subgenus
of Amphidromus. None of the three structural differences
mentioned is of much importance, though I do not doubt that
they will prove constant in Beddomea. "When some of the species
of Amphidromus which are conchologically nearest; Beddomea
(such as A. sylheticus) come to be examined, transitions may not
unlikely be "found in the dentition. In the long flagellum,
Beddomea is more like the larger, amphidrome species of Amphi-
dromus than the smaller, invariably sinistral species, which, so far
as known, have this organ much shorter." (Pilsbry.)

Key to the Species.

i. Solid and opaque, variegated with brown bands or
stripes.

a. Shell elongate-conoid trifasciatus

b. Shell pyramidal bontice.

ii. Rather thin, very pale or white, without dark

markings.

AMPHIDKOMUS. 187

a. Periphery rounded ceylanicus.

b. Periphery angular.

61. Shell elongate-conoid, whorls convex .... intermedius.

62. Shell pyramidal, whorls flattened physalis.

c. Periphery strongly carinate.

c1. Dextral ; Ceylon albizonatus.

ca. Sinistral ; Southern India cakadensis.

159. Amphidromus trifasciatus, Gmelin.

Helix trifasciatus tranquebarica, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2,

1786, p. 155, pi. 134, figs. 1215.

Helix trifasciata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, part 6, 1790, p. 3642.
Bulimus trifasciatus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Me*th., Vers, i, 1789,

p. 317; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, 1848, pi. 39, fig. 237;

Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 50, pi. 10, figs. 6, 7, var.

pi. 41, figs. 16, 17 ; Layard, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 226;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21, fig. 3.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) trifasciatus, Pieiifer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 147.
Buliminus ( Cerastus) trifasciatus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 232; Nevill, Hand Liot, i, 1878, p. 132.
Amphidromus trifasciatus^ Jousseauine, Me*m. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 295.
Buliminus (Beddomea) trifasciatus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 677, pi. 102, fig. 22.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) trifasciatus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, eer. 2,

xiv, 1901, p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 1-6, 8.
Ehachis trifasciata, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. D. Malak. Gesells.

1903, p. 39.
Bulimus ceylanicus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. ]1,

pi. 21, fig. 2 ; 1875, p. 59, pi. 148, fig. 9.
Buliminus (Beddomea) ceylanicus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, pi. 103, figs 5, 6.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) ceylanicus, Pilsbry, Proc, Malac. Soc.

London, iv, 1901, p. 159, pi. 16, fig. 3 (jaw).
Bulimus fuscoventris, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 96

(=juvl).

" T. umbilicata, ovato-oblonga, solidula, minutissima striatula,
nitida, albida, fulvido-nebulosa, fasciis pluribus (plerumque 3)
castaneis ornata; spira conica, acutiuscula; anfr. 6 planiusculi,
ultimus ^ longitudinis sequans ; columella subrecta ; apertura
oval is ; perist. album, late expansum, margine columellari dilatato,
patente." (Pfeiffer.)

" Long. 27, diam. 13 mill. Ap. intus 11 mill, longa, 7 lata."

Hob. India : Tranquebar (Chemnitz) [?]. Ceylon : Tamanka
(Layard)-, Matella, Colombo, Uda Pussellawa (Collett).

The species varies in size. I possess specimens 30 mm. long,
16 mm. in diameter. One has the upper two bands confluent,
forming a broad zone which ascends the whole spire ; another
shows one distinct narrow band, with two indistinct ones on
either side on the upper portion of the latter part of the last whorl,

188 HELICID^E.

while the lower portion is ornamented with a broad dark brown
band below the peripheral white girdle and a narrow one around
the umbilicus. Another specimen is almost unicolorous white
with a narrow brown band around tlje umbilicus. The original
habitat — Tranquebar — recorded by Chemnitz, I consider extremely
doubtful. It is a well known fact that formerly less importance
was attached to locality than is the case at the present day.

Var. rufopicta, Benson.

Bulimus rufopictus, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 2, xviii, 1856,

p. 96 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21, fig. 10.
Bulimus (Cerastus) rufopictus, Nevill, Hand List, ii, 1878, p. 132.
Amphidromus rufopictus, Jousseaume, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 295.
Buliminus (Beddomea} rufopictus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 670, pi. 102, fig. 11.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) trifasciatus, var. rufopictus , Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 9.

Smaller than typical trifasciata and having the upper portion of
the spire usually streaked transversely.

Hob. Ceylon : Akurambode (LayarcT) ; Kandy (Collett).

160. Amphidromus bontiae, Chemnitz.

Helix bontia, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. ix, part 2, 1786, p. 156, pi. 134,

figs. 1216, 1217.

Bulimus bontia, Gray, Ann. Philos.. N. s. ix, 1825, p. 414.
Bulimus bontiae, Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1841, pi. 10,

figs. 8, 9 ; 1853, p. 51 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, 1848,

pi. 48, fig. 315 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,' p. 34,

pi. 80, fig. 5.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) lontice, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 128.
Buliminus (Beddomea} bontiae, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 669, pi. 102, fig. 10.
Rhachis bontiae, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 37.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-conoid, thin, faintly striated
transversely, with microscopic impressed spiral lines above and
below, white, with three narrow pale brown bands, the middle
one at the periphery. Spire conoid, apex acute, suture shallow.
"Whorls 5, slightly convex ; the last ventricose, scarcely descending
in front, equalling in height the remainder of the spire, at first
subangulate at the periphery, becoming rounded towards the
mouth. Aperture pyriform-obovate ; peristome thin, margins
slightly expanded, columellar margin dilated and reflexed over the
narrow perforation of the umbilicus.

Long. 28, diam. 18 mm.

Hob. India : Bengal (Konig) ; Southern India (Jerdon,
Stoliczka).

AMPHIDEOMUS. 189

This species in contour approximates most nearly to A . physalis,
but the shell is thinner and is ornamented with narrow pale brown
spiral fasciae. The specimen figured in Conch. Ind. only possesses
two bands, whereas the type, figured by Chemnitz, has three.
The shell depicted by Reeve, from Benson's collection, is also
encircled by three bands. The specimen in the Benson collection
— presumably the one figured by Reeve — kindly forwarded to me
for inspection by Dr. L. Doncaster, in charge of the University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, has somewhat deteriorated, having
a considerable hole in the body-whorl and two small ones near the
parietal callus ; the peristome is also damaged. This is probably
owing to its having been stuck on a tablet. The above diagnosis
has been drawn up from this shell.

161. Amphidromus physalis, Benson.

Bulimus physalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 328 ;

Blanford, J. A. S. B., xxxv, 1866, p. 38; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21, fig. 9.
Helix ( Geotrochus) physalis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 168.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) physalis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 127; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 8, pi. 1,

fig. 13.
Helix ( Corasid) physalis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 200.
Buliminus (Beddomea) physalis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 678, pi. 103, fig. 1.

Original description : — " Testa subobtecte perforata, ovato-conica,
tenuiuscula, oblique striatula, albida, nitente ; spira conica, apice
obtusato ; sutura leviter impressa ; anfractibus 5| superne sub-
planatis, primis granulatis, cseteris striis spiralibus minutissimis
decussatis, ultimo tumidiusculo -J longitudinis sequante, ad peri-
pheriam plerumque angulato, apertura ampla, obliqua, truncato-
pyriformi ; peristomate expanse, marginibus reflexis, callo tenui
junctis, columellari superne latissimo, appresso, oblique leviter
impresso, umbilicum angustum pervium fere tegente." (Benson.)

Long. 27-28, diam. 16-17 mm. ; long. ap. 14-16, lat. 9-10 mill.

Hob. India : Khoonda Grhat, Nilgiris (Jerdon) ; Anamullay
Hills (Beddome).

" "Well distinguished from the Cingalese species : albizonatus,
ceylanicus, and intermedius, by its ventricose form, the more ample
aperture, and the mode of sculpture. A perfect specimen in the
Museum of Indian House and a young one from Dr. Jerdon have
the periphery angulate, an adult specimen of Dr. Jerdon's being
deficient in this feature." (Benson.)

162. Amphidromus albizonatus, Reeve.

Bulimus albizonatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, Bulimus, 1849, pi. 81,

' *tol ). 330; ibid., Conch.-
Hanley & Theobald,

M/l/<///*WO tCfiy **»l/f C.LK, M/O } J-V^t/VG-f \S\Jll\;l±, J-^Ull* V. JJ U/Vl //C-W-O

fig. 604 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 330 ; ibid., Conch.-
Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 155, pi. 49, figs. ] , 2 ; Hanle;

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21, tig. 8.

190 HELICID^.

Bulimus ceylanicus, var. albizonatus, Layard. A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xi,

1853, p. 226.
Helix (Geotrochus) albizonata, von Martens. Die Heliceen. ed. 2. 1860,

p. 168.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) albizonatus, Pfeiffer, Malak.Bliitt. ii, 1856.

p. 147.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) albizonatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

E. 127 ; Pilsbry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1901, p. 159, pi. 16,
gs. 1, 5 (anatomy) ; ibid., Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 7, pi. 1,
figs. 14-16.
Cochlostyla (Phengus) albizonata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 210.

Buliminus (Beddomea) albizonatus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-
minidae, 1900, p. 680, pi. 103, fig. 4.

" T. perf orata, elongato-conica, solidiuscula, oblique striatula, vix
nitidula, sub epidennide pallide straminea albida ; spira conica,
obtusa ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. 6 plani, ultimus spira paulo
brevior, infra medium acute angulatus et albo zonatus ; columella
leviter arcuata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovalis, subtetragona ;
perist. late expansum, marginibus subparallelis, callo tenui junctis.

" Long. 24, diam. 15 mill. Ap. c. perist. 13'5 mill, longa, 10 lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Ceylon (Nevill); Matella (Layard)', Galle (Reeve);
Udagama (Collett).

In discussing the present species, Prof. Pilsbry states " numerous
specimens before me are smaller than Reeve's type, measuring
from length 29, diam. 18, to length 23, diam. 14 mill. The thin
cuticle is more or less yellow tinted beneath, and the periphery
either marked by a white line or not. The angle is frequently
almost completely obsolete on the face of the whorl, even when
strong on the back. The spire is punctulate or densely sub-
.granulose, at least above, but not on the last whorl."

He continues " Kobelt (Conch.-Cab. p. 680) states that he gives
the figure from Conch. Icon, on his plate 103, fig. 4, but he
evidently did not do so." Here Pilsbry confuses Conch. Icon, with
Conch. Ind., for Dr. Kobelt states that his figure is copied from
the latter, and a comparison with that work at once establishes
the fact that the figure there given constituted the basis of his
illustration.

Var. simoni, Jousseaume.

Phengus simoni, Jousseaume, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 296, pi. 4, fig. 7.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) albizonatus, var. simoni, Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 17, 18.

Is said to differ from typical albizonatus in having one whorl
less, a more prominent keel, more flattened whorls, in the shell
l>eing white, and in the absence of a white keel-zone. Pilsbry
figures a shell from Udagama, received by him from Collett. I
have not seen authentic specimens, but the variety does not appear
to me to be well differentiated.

AMPHIDROMUS. 191

163. Amphidromus intermedius, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus intermedius, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 291 ; ibid., Novit.

Conch, ser. 1, i, 1855, p. 30, pi. 8, figs. 10, 11 ; Haniey & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, figs. 6, 8.
Helix (Geotrochus) mesogena (nom. mut.), von Martens, Die Heliceen,

ed. 2, 1860, p. 168.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) intermedius, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii,

1856, p. 147.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) intermedius, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 127 ; Pilsbiy, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1901, p. 158, pi. 16,

figs. 2, 4, 6, 7 (anatomy).
Cochlostyla (Phengus) intermedia, Pf eiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 210.
Buliminus (Beddomea) intermedius, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 679, pi. 103, figs. 2, 3. ^
Amphidromus ( Beddomea) ceylanicus, var. intermedius, Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 6, pi. 1, tigs. 10-12.

Original description : — " T. perforata, elongato-conica, solidula,
oblique striatula et puncturata, nitida, alba; spira conica,
obtusula; sutura levis, simplex; anfr. 6 planiusculi, ultimus |-
longitudinis subaequans, infra medium subangulatus, basi turgidus ;
columella leviter plicata, subrecedens ; apertura obliqua, truncato-
ovalis ; perist. sublate expansum, reflexiusculum, marginibus callo
tenui junctis, columellari plario, dilatato, triangulari.

41 Long;. 34, cliam. 16 mill., ap. c. perist. 17 mill, longa, intus 8
lata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. Ceylon (Thwaites, Nevill).

A. intermedius is more angulate at the periphery than
A. ceylanicus, the apex is more obtuse and the columellar margin
more triangularly dilated and flattened.

164. Amphidromus ceylanicus, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus ceylanicus, Pfeiffer, Synib. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846, p. 83 ;

ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 59 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v,

Bulimus, 1848, pi. 43, fig. 274; Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist.

Nat. Moll, ii, part 2, 1851, p. 70, pi. 145, figs. 5, 6 ; Layard,

A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 226 ; Haniey & Theobald, Conch.

lud. 1870, pi. 21, tig. 2.
Bulimus (Amphidromus) ceylanicus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850,

p. 139.
Helix ( Geotrochus) ceylanica, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 168.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) ceylanicus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 127 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 5, pi. 1,

tig. 7.
Cochlostyla (Phengus) ceylanica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 210.
Buliminus (Beddomea) ceylanicus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 680 (excl. figures).

Original description : — " T. aperte perforata, ovato-conica, solida,
-oblique striatula, nitidula, alba ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6

192 HBLIOIDJB.

planiusculi, ultimus f longitudinis subaBquans ; columella leviter
arcuata; apertura truncato-ovalis ; perist. late expansum,
reflexiusculum, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, patente."
(Pfeifftr.)

Long. 27, diam. 14 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Templeton) ; S. Prov. (N'eviU).

165. Amphidromus calcadensis, Man ford.

Bulimus calcadensis (Beddome MS.), Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix,

1870, p. 18 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 148,

figs. 2, 3.
Geotrochus calcadensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 187, pi. 14,

fig. 7.
Amphidromus (Beddomea) calcadensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 127 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xiv, 1901, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 19,

20.
Cochlostyla (Phengus) calcadensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 210.
Buliminus (Beddomea) calcadensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Bull-

minidae, 1900, p. 681, pi. 103, figs. 7, 8.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, sub-obtecte perforata,
elevato trochiformis, solidula, striatula, albida, epidermide fulva ?
(vel flavescenti, forsan varie eolorata) obtecta ; spira conica ; apice
obtuso ; sutura impressa. Anfr. 5| convexi, regulariter crescentes,
ultimus fy longitudinis sub-£equans, carinatus, subtus convexus,
antice tumidior. Apertura diagonalis, sub-rhomboidea ; peristoma
non incrassatum, expansiusculuin, marginibus distantibus, callo
tenui junctis, columellari triangulatim reflexo, perforationem fere
tegente.

"Long. 23, diam. 17 mm., ap. c. perist. 11 mill, longa, intus 8
lata." (Blanford.}

Hob. India : Calcad Hills, Travancore (Beddome).

" Of this peculiar sinistral heliciform Bulimus a solitary
specimen, much weathered but perfect, was found by Major
Beddome. It is evidently a coloured shell but only traces of the
epidermis remaining. It is allied to B. albizonatus, Ev., and
B. intermedius, Pfr., of Ceylon, but is sinistral and has a shorter,
more conical form." (Blanford.)

A specimen in the Theobald collection in the British Museum,
probably the one figured in Conch. Ind., although also rather
weathered, has the periostracum intact on some parts of the last
whorl and exhibits traces of extremely minute spiral sculpture, a
feature also observed in other species of Beddomea. The peri-
pheral keel is ornamented with a narrow pale brown band which
can be traced some distance up the spire, and the protoconch is
pale fuscous. It measures : length 19, diam. 14-5 mm.

APATETES. — GANESELLA. 193

G-enus APATETES,* g. n.
Shell conoid, rather thin, carinate, covered perforate.

166. Apatetes bourdilloni, Theobald.

Corasia bourdillonii, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 185, pi 15,

fig. 3.

Nanina bourdilloni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 30.
Cochlostyla (Corasia) bourdillonii, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vii,

1891, p. 127, pi. 33, fig. 55.

Original description : — " Testa conoidea, obtecto-perforata,
carinata, tenui, polita, albida, translucente, sub epiderinide pallide
straminea et decidua lineis exilissimis flexuosis spiraliter ornata.
Anfractibus 4J, celeriter crescentibus, ad apicem mainmillatum
paulo convexis, sed ultimo supra planato et circa umbilicum paulo
inflate. Apertura magna subquadrata ; marginibus simplicibus
callo tenuissimo junctis.

"Diam. maj.25'4, min. 19'5, alt. 14'8, aperturae alt. 16, ejusdem
lat. 14 mm." (Theobald.)

Hob. India : Trevandrtun, prov. Travancore (Theobald).

As Prof. Pilsbry correctly observes : " judging from the sharp lip,
as well as the locality, this is no Corasia. It may prove to be a
Nanina" Pending further information he, however, considered, it
advisable to retain it there, although in vol. ix of the Manual of
Conchology he does not include it in the genus. Its position is
very uncertain, and it is not at all improbable that the thin,
sharp, peristome is an indication that the specimens are not full-
grown. I was at first inclined to regard it as a member of the
genus Euplecta^ but the elevated conoid spire and its superficial,
incised, close, wavy spirals — so totally different from the sharply
cut, decussating spirals to be observed in that genus — are features
which do not, I consider, permit its inclusion there. The texture
of the shell rather approaches that exhibited by the subgenus
Beddomea and I, therefore, propose to place this new genus
provisionally next to Amphidromus.

Genus GANESELLA, Blanford.

Ganesella, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 86 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 168, pi. 60, figs. 1,2, frontispiece,

figs. 1, 2 (anatomy) (G. japonica).
Satsuma, A. Adams, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, i, 1868, p. 463 ; Kobelt in

Semper, Reisen Philipp. x, 1906, p. 53.
Trochomorphoides, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.
Fniticotrochus, Kobelt, Fauna Moll. Extramar. Japoniae, 1879,

p. 48.

TYPE, Helix capitium, Benson.

* aTrarqrTjs, a deceiver.

194 HEL1CID.E.

Range. India and Farther India to China and Japan, Malay
Archipelago and Philippine Islands.

" Shell more or less trochiform, umbilicated (or rarely imper-
forate), rather thin ; light coloured, plain or with a peripheral
line ; surface with growth-lines only or densely spirally striate ;
whorls 4| to 6, the last a little descending iu front. Aperture
oval or angular-lunate, oblique, toothless or with a blunt columellar
fold ; lip expanded, broadly dilated at columellar insertion.

" Animal (of G. japonica) with the foot very long and narrow,
sole not distinctly tripartite ; upper surface finely and feebly
granular, back with a pair of dorsal grooves, no facial grooves ;
tail narrow, long, witli a median longitudinal groove above.

" Jaw arcuate, with about 9 ribs denticulating the lower margin.

" Eadula of the type usual in ground snails. Middle tooth with
mesocone ouly developed, shorter than basal plate, side-cusps
represented by slight lateral extensions. Laterals similar but with
the cusp longer. Marginals with oblique, bifid inner cusp and an
ectocone.

" Genital system having the penis long and twisted, ending in a
curved blind sack with corrugated inner walls ; epiphallus long,
bearing the retractor, terminating in a flagellurn and the vas
deferens. Vagina extremely long, the spermatheca duct inserted
high. Spermatheca oblong, on a stout duct, neither duct nor
bulb being bound to uterus. No dart sack or mucus glands."
(Pilslry.)

167. Ganesella acris, Benson.

Helix acris, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 367 ; Ilanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 54, fig. 6.
Helix (Trochomoi-phoides) acris, God win- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv,

1876, p. 312 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.
Helix (Patula (Trochomorpha)) acris, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 74, pi. 14, fig. 1.

Ganesella acris, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 170.
Helix piiellula (Benson, MS.), Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxiii, 1858,

p. 319 (nom. nud.).

Original description : — " Testa anguste umbilicata, elevato-
conica, trochiformi, oblique striatula, obsolete granulosa, subtus
minutissime spiraliter striata, albida; spira elougato-conica,
lateribus planis, apice obtusiusculo, sutura leviter impressa ;
anfractibus 6| planulatis, ultimo vix descendente, ad peripheriam
acute carinato, basi planiusculo ; apertura valde obliqua, tetragono-
lunata, peristomate superne expansiusculo, subtus expanse,
reflexiusculo, margine columellari late angulato-reflexo, umbilicutn
partim celante.

" Diain. maj. 10, min. 9, axis 9 mill." (Benson.)
Hal. India: Khasi Hills, Teria Ghat (Theobald, Godwin-
Austen) ; Naga Hills (Roberts) ; Dana Hills (Godwin- Austen).

GANESELLA. 195

Benson states that it approaches the larger U. capitium, of the
hill region south of the Grangetic angle ; but besides the absence
of the peculiar colouring of that species, it is distinguished by its
more elongate and regular conical form and by the flatter base.
He continues, " I had affixed the MS. name of puellula to this
shell in my report to Mr. Theobald ; but on account of its
similarity to H. puella of the late Mr. W. J. Broderip, I have
deemed it advisable to adopt a more distinct and expressive
designation on publishing a description."

The shell Benson had before him when describing the species
was much weathered, and he thought that the sculpture and colour
might eventually require an amended description. He referred to
a faint rufous tint, not to be detected elsewhere, towards the
termination of the keel. A specimen in my collection, with the
periostracum in excellent condition, enables me to confirm this and
to supplement the description in this respect. The shell is whitish
corneous and the keel has a narrow rufous border above and below ;
this can be traced a long way up the spire.

Dautzenberg and Fischer * unite with the present species a shell
from Tonkin previously described by them as Satsuma lantenoisi.
Another form from Perak, described by Crosse as Helix (GeotrocJius)
perakensis, they consider merely a variety of G. acris.

168. Ganesella scenoma, Benson.

Helix scenoma, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, xi, 1863. p. 319;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 53, fig. 5, var.' figs. 3, 4.
Helix (Planispira) scenoma, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 79.
Helix (Geotrochus} scenoma, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helie

Viv. 1881, p. 193; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva,

ser. 2, vii, 1899, p. 325.
Helix (? Satsuma) scenoma, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vii, 1891,

p. 83, pi. 18, fig. 54, var. fig. 53.
Ganesella scenoma, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 170.

Original description : — " H. testa anguste infundibuliformi-
umbilicata, subgloboso-conoidea, oblique irregulariter striata, striis
minutissimis spiralibus decussata, sub epidermide cornea albida,
carina interdum fascia rufo-castanea ornata ; spira conoidea, apice
obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis,
ultimo antice vix descendente, ad peripheriam obtuse subcompresso-
carinato, subtus convexo, circa umbilicurn compresso; apertura
obliqua, subquadrato-lunata, peristomate expansiusculo, margine
columellari reflexiusculo." (Benson.)

Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, axis 11 mill.

Hob. Burma: Moulrnain (Benson, Fea}; Pegu (Theobald
NeviH).

* Journ. Conchy 1. Ivi, 1908, p. 13).

o2

196 HELICJILE.

The most depressed of all the Indian forms of Ganesella, some-
what resembling the Siamese G. rostrella. The peripheral band is
sometimes absent. A slightly more elongated variety is figured in
Conch. Ind. (pi. 53, figs. 3, 4).

Some shells labelled H. pilidion, in the Theobald collection,
British Museum, proved upon examination to pertain to the
present species. One of these, measuring 15 : 13 : 9*25 mm., has
the peripheral band on the pinched keel, but the others are without
the band ; they are all more depressed than typical scenoma, while
the umbilicus is somewhat narrower.

169. Ganesella capitium, Benson.

Helix capitium, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ii, 1848, p. 160 ;

ileeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 749 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-

Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 291, pi. 125, figs. 3, 4 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 5 j Morelet, Ser. Conch.

iv, 1875, p. 254.
Nanina ( Trochomorpha) capitium, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 61.

Helix (Planispira] capitium, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 78.
Helix (Ganesella) capitium, Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two

Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 880.
Trochomorpha (Nigritelld) capitium, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Ilelic. Viv. 1881, p. 81.
Helix (Patula (Trochomorpha)} capitium, Try on, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 74, pi. 14, fig. 99.
Trochomorpha capitium, Morelet, Journ. Conchyl. xxxvii, 1889,

p. 125; P. Fischer, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, iv, 1891,

p. 108.
Ganesella capitium, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 170,

pi. 55, fig. 18 ; Blanford, Proc. Malac. Soc. Loudon, v, 1903,

p. 278.

Eulota (Ganesella) hariola, subsp. carinella, Mollendorff, Nachr.
' Blatt D. Malak. Ges. xxxiv, 1902, p. 158.

Original description: — "Testa perforata, globoso-conica, sub-
trochiformi, lsevigata,absque nitore, rufescente cornea, subdiaphana,
opaciter albido-laciniato-strigata et marmorata ; spira conica, apice
obtuso; anfractibus 5| convexiusculis, ultimo carina filiformi
cincto, basi convexa ; sutura impressa, marginata ; apertura
rotundato-tetragona ; peristomate recto, supra expansiusculo, infra
subreflexo ; margine columellari late reflexo perforationeni semi-
tegente." (Benson.')

Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, axis 11 mm.

Hali. India : Sikrigali, Behar (Boys). Upper Burma : Ava
(Blanford), Kabyuet and Kalawat (Anderson). Siam (Bocourt,
Pavie, Daly, Roebelen, Fruhstorfer). Cambodia (Mouhot, specimens
in Cuming Coll. Brit. Mus.).

A brightly coloured species, the dark brown cuticle being
irregularly covered by flammulated streaks of opaque creamy white.

GAtfESELLA. 197

This bright coloration would naturally lead to the inference that
the animal is of arboreal habit and it is not, therefore, surprising
to find that Blanford records with regard to hariola — a closely
allied form — that it is found chiefly on trees. A feature, to which
no reference appears to have been made by any writer, is the
presence, not only on the protoconch but as far as the third whorl,
of densely crowded, minute pits, apparently arranged in obliquely
descending spirals. I have not observed these pits beyond
the third whorl in any specimen to which I have had access.
Mollendorff records specimens from Siam measuring 16*8 mm.
in diameter, thus considerably exceeding the type.

Var. hariola, Benson.

Helix hariola, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 251 ;

Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, i, 1860, p. 134, pi. 36, figs. 21, 22 ;

Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 93; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 14, fig. 6.
Helix (Planispira) capitium, var. hariola, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 78.
Helix (Patula (Trochomorpha)) capitium, var. hariola, Tryon, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 74, pi. 14, fig. 100.
Helix (Ganesella) hariola, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 242

(-f-var. carinata as of Blanford) ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus.

Civ. Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 328.
Ganesella capitium, var. hariola, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1894, p. 170.
Helix (Ganosella) hariola^ von Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixv, i, 1899,

p. 32.

Hob. Burma: ThyetMyo (Theobald) • Prome (Anderson) ; Puppa
Hill, near Pagan (Blanford) ; Khagan and Hlindet (Spratt) ;
Prome (Fea) ; Pyinthia near Mandalay (Nb'tling) • Northern Chin
Hills (Watson, specimens Brit. Mus.).

This form resembles G. capitium in colouring and marking
and appears to be distinguished purely by ite rounded periphery.
Its claim to varietal rank is even questionable, since connecting
links occur. Blanford collected at Puppa Hill an intermediate
form between the carinate stage and typical hariola, while von
Martens states that Notling brought home from Pyinthia, a place
28 miles from Mandalay. three specimens, one of which was
distinctly keeled, the second angulated, and the third with
completely rounded periphery. Grod win- Austen in his paper on
Spratt's shells states that two specimens were collected, one like
the type and the other keeled, which he called var. carinata of
W. T. Blanford's collection. I am not aware that Blanford ever
published this varietal name and it may be assumed that this form
is typical capitium. Nevill in his Hand List records specimens
from South India taken by Stoliczka. Although this naturalist
was admittedly careful I cannot help thinking that some error
must have crept in, and until confirmed by other collectors 1
think it advisable to discard this record.

198 HELICULE.

170. Ganesella galea, Benson.

Helix galea, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 388 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 54, fig. 7.
Nanina (Sesara) galea, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 53.
Trochomorpha (Nigritelld) galea, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 82.
Helix (Patula ( Trochomorpha)) galea, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 75, pi. 14, fig. 4.
Ganesella galea, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 170.

Original description: — " Testa vix perforata, conica, trochiformi,
oblique striatula.striisconfertissimisspiralibus granulosis decussata,
albida (decorticata) ; spira regulariter conica, apice acutiusculo,
suttira impressiuscula, submarginata ; anfractibus 7, superioribus
convexiusculis, turn planulatis. ultimo non descendeate, acute
carinato, subtus planulato, prope carinam leviter excavato ;
apertura valde obliqua, trans versa, anguste angulari-lunata,
peristomatis margine superior! recto, basali arcuato, intus
incrassato, columellari superne reflexiusculo perforationem sub-
tegente."

" Diam. maj. vix 9, min. 8, axis 5 J mill." (Benson.}

Hob. India: Teria Ghat (Theobald)-, Naga and Khasi Hills
(Godwin-Austen, W. Roberts).

The systematic position ot" this species is somewhat uncertain.
Nevill referred it to Sesara, a genus with which it does not seem
to have any affinity. Pfeiffer and Clessin included it in
Trochomorpha, which appears equally wide of the mark. Professor
Pilsbry, with his usual acumen, in placing it in Ganesella, has
shown a truer appreciation of its relationship as far as shell-
characters enable us to judge. Nevertheless the microscopic, but
distinctly strong, decussation of the upper side is somewhat
abnormal in the genus, but until an examination of the animal
shall prove the contrary I consider it advisable to retain the species
in Ganesella. The only specimen I have seen is in the Theobald
collection and agrees well with Benson's description, except that
the last whorl is shortly and abruptly deflected in front. Like
the type this shell is much decorticated, and it is probably one of
the original lot.

Subfamily HELICLNUE
Genus EULOTA, Hartmann.

Eulota, Hartmann, Erd- imd Siissw. Gastr. Schweiz, 1842, p. 179 ;
Mollendorff, Nachr. Blatt D. Malak. Ges. xxiv, 1892, p. 87 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, pp. 200, 202, pi. 65,
figs. 1-6, pi. 66, figs. 18-24 (anatomy).

TYPE, Helix fruticum, Miiller.

Range. Asia. Central Europe (one species).

" Shell globose-conoid or globose-depressed, umbilicated, rather

EULOTA. 199

thin, the surface smoothish, generally with minute spiral striae ;
colour varying from sub-translucent white to light brown or
yellowish, often with a supra-peripheral band (rarely several
bands). Whorls 5-6, convex, the last hardly descending in
front. Aperture round-lunate, toothless ; peristome thickened
within and expanded, dilated at coluinellar insertion.

"Jaw arched, with 4-11 ribs denticulating the concave margin.

" E/adula of E. fruticum having the median cusp of middle
teeth as long as basal plate, side cusps subobsolete. Laterals
with longer rnesocones. Marginals with long bifid inner and
011 the outer ones bifid outer cusps.

" Genitalia : penis short, swollen, passing into a long epi-
phallus which receives vas deferens and retractor, but lacks
flagellum. Dart sack globose, containing a round, conical dart,
and communicating at base with an empty accessory sack which
bears the mucus glands ; these consist of 2-4 oval glands, closely
bound together, and flattened on their adjacent sides, their ducts
uniting into one canal which opens into the accessory sack.
Duct of sperm atheca long, inserted high on vagina.

" Eulota is here used for a considerable number of oriental
snails having essentially the organisation of the European
E. fruticum. The penis lacks flagellum ; the dart sack generally
bears an accessory empty sack into which the many- or few-
lobed mucus gland empties ; and the dart is round in section
•or but little flattened, the shell being globose with conoidal,
though low, spire.'*' (Pilsbry.)

171. Eulota bolus, Benson.

Helix bolus, Benson, A.M.N.H. (2) xviii, 1856, p. 252; Theobald,
J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 242 ; Blanford, op. cit. xxxiv, 1865,
p. 89 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 53, fig. 7.

Helix (Dorcasia) bolus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 107 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 22 ; ibid, in Anderson,
Zool. Res. Two Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 881 ; Tapparone
Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 327 ; Try on,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii, 1887, pi. 48, fig. 77.

Helix (Planispira) bolus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.

Original description : — " Testa anguste umbilicata, globosa,
tennis, oblique striatula, stnis minutissimis confertissimis spira-
libus sub lente sculpta, nitidula, translucens, pallide cornea, inter-
du3i fascia unica rufa supra peripheriam ornata ; spira conoidea,
apice obtusiuscula ; sutura leviter impressa ; anfr. 5 convexiusculi,
ultimus non descendens, inflatus ; apertura vix obliqua, rotundato-
lunaris ; peristomate tenue, expansiusculum, albidum, margine
colurnellari latiore, superne umbilicum semitegente.

"Diam. maj. 14-15|, min. 12-14, alt. 10i-llJ mill. Apert.
majoris 9 mill, longa, 8 lata." (Benson.)

Hab. Burma: Prome (Theobald, Fea\ Thyet Myo (StoliczJca\
Pagan (Anderson). China : Ponsee and Sanda, Yunnan (Anderson).

200

172. Eulota cestus, Benson.

Helix cestus, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 353 ; ibid., A. M. N. H.

ser. 2, ii, 1848, p. 162 ; Eeeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125,

fig. 751 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Helix, i, 1853, p. 339, pi. 60,

figs. 19, 20 ; Mabille & Lemesle, Journ. Conchyl. 1866, p. 127 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 29, fig. 7.
Helix (Dorcasia) cestus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 107.
Helix (Trachea) cestus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876,

p. 312.

Helix (Planispira) cestus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.
Helix (Helicella (Dorcasia)) cestus, Trvon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 206, pi. 47, figs. 31, 32.
Eulota (s. s.) cestus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 204.

Original description, amended : — " Testa perforata, subdepresso-
conoidea, fuscescente-cornea, subplicato-striata, supra angulum
castaneo-unizonata ; spira subconoidea, apice obtusato ; ant'ract-
ibus 5, leviter convexis, supra planulata, ultimi peripheria
angulata, basi convexiuscula ; apertura obliqua, depressa, minime
transversa (altitudine latitudinem sequante), rotundato-lunari,
superne labro-antrorsum arcuato, expansiusculo, niargine colum-
ellari basalique reflexis illo dilatato, perforationem semitegente.

" The greater narrowness of the perforation which is nearly
concealed by the reflected columellar lip, the more obtuse apexr
more planulate whorls, less convex base, the oblique, sinuous, and
less transverse depressed aperture and the more angular periphery,
serve, independently of colour, to distinguish H. cestus from any
of the varieties of H. similaris" (Benson 1848.)

Major diam. 13-25-16-5, min. 11-5-15-25 mm. ; alt. 8*75-
12 mm.

Hob. India : Sylhet, Assam (Mainwaring, my collection) ;
Durrang Plains, Dafla Hills, Assam (Godivin- Austen). Cambodia :
Moth-Kasa (Mabille $ Lemesle).

Pfeiffer originally considered H. cestus to be synonymous with
H. similaris (Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1848, p. 336), but subsequently
modified bis opinion, stating that he had been misled by speci-
mens received under that name from China and which proved
to pertain to H. similaris (op. cit. iii, 1853, p. 228). Try on also
thought it was perhaps only a variety of that species. Eulota
cestus appears to me quite distinct, however, as it can readily be
separated from the numerous forms of E. similaris by several
characters, as pointed out by Benson in his amended description.
The species, in fact, rather resembles Planispira shanica in shape
and contour, but it is not plicate, the umbilicus is narrower, the
peristome more expanded and the columellar lip more reflected.

173. Eulota similaris, Ferussac.

Helix (Helicella) similaris, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Limacons, 1822..
no. 262 (-j-a unicolor, fi zonulata) (nom. nud.).

EULOTA. 201

Helix (Helicofjena) similaris, FerussRC, Hist. Nat. Moll. livr. xv,

1822, pi. 25 B, fig. 1 (var. a), fig. 4 (var. 3), livr. xxiii, 1832,

pi. 27 A, figs. 1-3 (var.).
Helix similaris, Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, i, 1850,

p. 171 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 88 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 53, fig. 1.
Helix (Fruticicola) similaris, Albers, L>ie Heliceen, 1850, p. 70 ;

Collett, J. A. S. B. Ceylon Branch, xv, 1904, p. 12.
Helix (Dorcasia) similaris, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 107 ; Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exped. West.

Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 880 ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 326.

Helix (Planispird) similaris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 79.
Helix (Fruticicola (Dorcasia}} similaris^ Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 205, pi. 46, figs. 27-30.
Fruticicola similaris, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 285.

Eulota (s. s.) similaris, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 205.
Helix (Helicogena} addita, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Lin^ons, 1822,

p. 71 (67), no. 38 bis ; ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll. livr. xv, 1822,

pi. 25 B, figs. 2, 3.

Helix translucens, King, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, p. 339.
Helix woodiana, Lea, Trans. Philos. Soc. Philadelphia, v, 1837,

p. 57, pi. 19, fig. 69.
Helix epixantha, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vii, 1850, p. 70; ibid.,

Conch.-Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 349, pi. 134, figs. 13-15.

Original description : — " H. testa subdepresso-globosa, minute
striata, diaphana, pallide cornea, unicolore vel rufo-unizonata ;
spira magis nrinusve elata; aufractibus convexiusculis, ultimo
basi convexo, perforata ; apertura rotundato-lunari ; peristomate
albo, reflexo, margine columellari subdilatato.

"Diam. maj. 16. min. 14, alt. 12 mm." (Deshayes).

Hob. India : Bengal (Reeve). Burma : Prorne, Pagan, and
Bahmo Sanda (Anderson} • Beeling (Stoliczka) ; Thyet Myo
(Tapparone}. Ceylon : Nawalapitiya (Simon} ; Ambagamuwa
(Collett}.

No other land mollusc has so wide a geographic range as
Eulota similaris. It is probably indigenous in Central and
Southern China, Burma, Cochin China, Siam, the Malay
Peninsula and Singapore, Java, Celebes, Timor, and the Philip-
pine Islands, but, " by the unconscious intervention of commerce
it has become colonized," as Prof. Pilsbry remarks, in Japan,
Formosa, Hongkong ; Bengal ; Ascension, Eodriguez, Eeunion
(Bourbon), Mauritius, the Seychelles, the Comoros, Madagascar,
and Natal ; New South Wales ; the Sandwich Islands ; Bermuda,
Cuba, and Barbados ; Brazil and Argentina. Deshayes was,
I believe, the first to draw attention to its wide distribution
when he questioned if there was another instance of a terrestrial
mollusc occurring in so many remote habitats, adding that it
would be of great interest to examine the animals from the
various localities, so as to make sure that they belonged to the
same species. It has long been considered that it owed its wide

202 HELICIDJE.

range to its having been distributed with coffee plants, but this
theory has recently been called in question. Prof. Pilsbry thinks
that it has followed the cultivation of sugar-cane, and this appears
to be a rather plausible theory, seeing that in many places it is
commonly found on the borders of cane-fields.

The bibliography of Eulota similaris is very voluminous and
I have confined myself to the essential portion of it with reference
to the geographical limits of this work. A number of varieties
have been established, but these have also been disregarded as
they likewise are outside the scope of the Fauna of British India.
Deshayes included under the synonymy of similaris, Helix cestus,
Benson, but in this I do not consider he was justified, since the
latter appears to me quite distinct, as already stated when dealing
with that species.

174. Eulota extrusa, Tapparone.

Helix similaris, var., Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 53,

fig. 2.
Helix (Dorcasia) extrusa, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 326.
Helta: (Eulota) extrusa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893,

p. 218, pi. 54, fig. 100.
Eulota (s. s.) extrusa, Pilsbry, op. cit. ix, 1895, p. 204.

Original description : — " H. testa anguste uinbilicata, sub-
globosa, corneo-alba, pellucida, per longitudinem oblique striata,
lineis tenuissimis appressis sub lente conspicuis, basi precipue
spiraliter exarata ; spira conoidea, parum elevata, apice obtusius-
culo. Anfractibus 5, regulariter accrescentes, convexiusculi,
sutura impressa, subirregulari sejuncti ; ultimus magnus, sub-
globosus, antice vix descendens, ad peripheriam interduin per-
obscure subangulatus. Apertura rotundato-lunata, parum obliqua ;
peristoma simplex, acutum, basi subreflexum, marginibus remotis ;
columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbilici mediam partem obtegente.

"Dtain. maj. 15, min. 13; alt. 10 a 11 mill." (Tapparone.)

Hob. Burma : Katha, Upper Irrawaddy (Fea).

175. Eulota zoroaster, Theobald.

Helix zoroaster, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 306 ; Blanford,

op. cit. xxxiv, 1865, p. 88 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1874, pi. 86, figs. 2, 3 (var. concolor).
Helix (Dorcasia) zoroaster, Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two

Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 881.

Helix (Planispira) zoroaster, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 79.
Helix (Helicella (Dorcasia)) zoroaster, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 211, pi. 48, fig. 93.
Eulota (s. s.) zoroaster, Pilsbry, Man. Couch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 205.

Original description : — " Testa umbilicata, depresso-globosa,
minute striata, cornea, ad peripheriam rufo unifasciata (interdum

EULOTA.

203

non cincta, pallide cornea sive vitrea). Anfract. 5. Apertura

parum obliqua, rotundato lunari. Peris fc. tenui, reflexiusculo.
" Diam. 0-62 [=16 ram.] ; alt. 0-34 [=9 mm.]." (Theobald.)
Hab. Burma : Banks of Irrawaddy, between Ava and Prome

(Theobald); Prome, Thyet Myo, Tsagain, Pagan, Manwyne

(Anderson, Blanford).

176. Eulota schanorum, Mdllendorff.

Eulota schanorum, Mollendorff, Naclir. Blatt D. Malak. Ges. xxxi,
1899, p. 165.

Original description : — " T. anguste et semiobtecte umbilicata,
conoideo-globosa aut globoso-conoidea, solidula, leviter striata,
spiraliter minute lineata, pallide luteo-cornea. Spira plus
mimisve conoidea. Anfr. 5^-6 modice convex!, ultimus supra
medium obtuse subangulatus, antice breviter descendens, circa
umbilicum sat distincte angulatus. Apertura modice obliqua,
subcircularis, sat excisa, peristoma modice expansum, intus
sublabiatum, margo columellaris superne valde dilatatus, umbilicum
medium obtegens.

" Diam. 24-5, alt. 18, apert. lat. 15, long. 13-5. alt. 12 mm.

" „ 21-5, „ 23, „ „ 13-5, „ 12, „ 10-25 mm."
(Mollendorff).

Hab. Burma : Shan States (Hunyerford) ; Kalow, S. Shan
States (Strubell).

Fig. 82. — Eulota schanorum.

I have not seen the species but Dr. Fritz Haas of Frankfurt
a/M. has been good enough to supply me with photographs of
the type, in the Senckenbergisches Museum, from which the
accompanying illustrations have been reproduced.

177. Eulota scalpturita, Benson.

Helix scalpturita (Benson), Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 248

(nom. mid.) ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 391 ;

Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 88 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 53, fig. 9.
Helix (Planispird) sculpturita, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 79

Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 242.

204

Helix (Acusta (Fruttcicola)) scalpturita, PfeifFer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 119.
Helix (Helicella (Dorcasia)) scalpturita, Trvon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 211, pi. 48, fig. 94.
Helix (Dorcasia} scalpturita, Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two

Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 881 ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann.

Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 51.
JEulota (s. s.) scalpturita, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 205.

Original description : — " Testa umbilicata, globoso-depressa,
striatula, confertiin spiraliter acuducto-striata, nitidiuscula, albida,
versus apicem et antice pallide rufescente, aliquando unifasciata ;
spira conoidea, apice obtuso, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 5J sensim
accrescent! bus, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, antice parum
breviter descendente ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-lunata, peri-
stomate tenui, expansiusculo, margine columellari dilatato-expanso,
umbilicum angustum profundum partim celante."

"Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, axis 14 mill."

" Var. depressior : Diam. maj. 20|, min. 18, axis 11 mill."
(Benson.)

Hob. Burma : Ava (Oldham) ; Tsagain, Ava, and Mandalay
(Blanford, Anderson) ; Mandalay (Fea) • Shan Hills {Godwin-
Austen) ; Thyet Myo or Prome {Theobald).

Benson, in describing the species, states that " independently
of size, colour and greater solidity, there would be little to
distinguish this shell from the true H. similaris, Fer., were it
not for its peculiar sculpture." The comparison, to my mind,
is not a happy one as scalpturita, apart from its sculpture, has a
totally different contour. Benson also refers to a still more-
depressed, and smaller, variety than that of which the measure-
ment is given, found by Mr. Theobald at Thyet Myo or Prome,
but he gives no dimensions. I possess some specimens from Ava
which measure : diam. maj. 18'5, min. 16*5, axis 10 mm. On
the other hand, the British Museum contains specimens, from
the Upper Irrawaddy, measuring : — 28 : 24 : 22 mm., and some
shells from Pegu without the peripheral band.

178. Eulota pilidion, Benson.

Helix pilidion, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860, p. 191;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 53, tip;. 6.
Helix (Planispira) pilidion, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80.
Helix (Camaena) pilidion, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 191 ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2,

vii, 1889, p. 326 (piliodon).
Helix (Euhadra] pilidion, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890,

p. 114, pi. 31, fig. 20.
Eulota (s. s.) pilidion, Pilsbry, op. cit. ix, 1895, p. 204.

Original description : — " Testa anguste umbilicata, subgloboso-
conoidea, tenuissima, laevigata, leviter striatula, striis remotius-
culis elevatioribus corneo-fuscis, alteris confertissimis spiralibus
decussantibus, translucente, albida, fascia unica peripherica rufa

EULOTA. 205

ornata ; spira couoidea, apice obtusiusculo, sutura leviter
impressa ; anfractibus 4 j, senshn accrescentibus, convexiusculis,
ultimo antice vix descendente, subtus convexo ; aperfcura obliqua,
quadrato-lunata ; peristomate acuto, tenui, undique expansiusculo,
marginibas remotis, subconniventibus, callo tenni junctis, colu-
mellari latiore triangulato-expanso."

"Diam. maj. 16, min. 13, axis 9 mill." (Benson.}
Hob. Burma : Pegu (Benson) ; East of Moulmain (Stoliczka) ;
Tenasserim (Davison) ; Bhamo (Fed). Cambodia (Morelet).

This appears to be a rare species. I have not seen specimens.
Some shells in the Theobald collection, British Museum, were
labelled H. pilidion, but upon examination they proved to be
Ganesella scenoma.

179. Eulota peguensis, Benson.

Helix peguensis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860, p. 192 ;

Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 58, fig. 6.

Helix (Planispira) peguensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 79.
Helix (Euhadrd) peguensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890,

p. 113, pi. 31, fig. 22.
Eulota (s. s.) peguensis, Pilsbry, op. cit. ix, 1895, p. 204.

Original description : — " Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-
depressa, solidiuscula, oblique rugoso-striatula, nitidiuscula, trans-
lucente, rufocornea, obscure unifasciata ; spira conoidea, apice
obtuso, sutura profundiuscula, rugose submarginata ; anfractibus 5,
vix convexis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato, supra peri-
pheriam obtuse angulato, antice leviter descendente, circa
urnbilicum compressiusculo ; apertura obliqua, rotundato-lunari,
peristomate expansiusculo, livide albido-violaceo, marginibus
remotis subconniventibus, columellari expanse, reflexiusculo,
umbilicum leviter occultante.

" Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, axis 13 mill." (Benson.)

Hal). Burma : Sheoay-Gheen, Pegu (Haughton), Thyet Myo,
Pegu (Theobald).

" The umbilicus is wider in some specimens than in others, and
the angle above the periphery is variable, and occasionally more
pronounced. In dead specimens the livid violaceous colour of the
aperture and lip is changed into white, and the obscure fuscous
band at the periphery is scarcely to be detected." (Benson.)

180. Eulota radicicola, Benson.

Helix radicicola, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ii, 1848, p. 161 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 753 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-

Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 379, pi. 141, figs. 13, 14; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 62, fig. 10.
Helix (Helicella (Dorcasia)) radicicola, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 210, pi. 48, tig. 85.
Eulota (s. s.) radicicola, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1905, p. 205.

206 HELICIDjE.

Original description : — " Testa perforata, subglobosa, tenui,
virescente-cornea. translucente, subtus nitidiori, radiato-striata,
striis concentris delicatissimis decussantibus ; spira elata conoidea,
apice obtuso.; anfractibus 4 convexis, ultimo obtuse angulato ;
apertura obliqua, subquadrato-rotundata ; peristomate recto
(acuto), margine columellari verticaliter descendente, supra late
reflexo, perforationem semitegente.

"Diam. maj. 10 mm.; axis 7 mill." (Benson.)

ffab. India : Landour (Bacon, Benson) ; Mussoorie (Huttori) ;
Simla (Theobald) ; Sikkim (Beddome).

The Benson collection at Cambridge contains a tablet with
six specimens, the largest of which measures : diarn. 11*5,
alt. 10*75 mm., the smaller ones being immature. No locality
is recorded on the tablet and it is rather doubtful whether the
type is one of them. A specimen in the Theobald collection of
the British Museum, from Simla, is likewise not quite mature,
the peristome not being quite developed. It measures : 11 : 9 :
11 mm.

Yar. elatior, Martens.

Helix (Arionta) elatior, von Martens, Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868,

p. 157.
Helix elatior, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iii, 1869, p. 461,

pi. 101, figs. 4-6.
Htlix (Planispira) radicicola, Hutton, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 78 ( = H. elatior, Martens).
Helix (Fruticicola (Dorcasia)} elatior, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iii,

1887, p. 210, pi. 52, figs. 14-15.
Eulota (s. s.) elatior, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 204.

Original description : — " Testa subobtecte perforata, globoso-
conica, striatula et malleata, nitidula, pallide viridi-flavida fascies
2 pallide fuscis latis picta ; spira elevata, conica acutiuscula ;
ant'r. 5, convexiuscula, ultimus rotundatus, antice paulum des-
cendens ; columella recta, crassa ; apertura diagonalis, truncato-
ovalis ; peristoma incrassatum, breviter patulum album, margine
columellari paulum arcuato, supra dilatato, perforationem maxima
e parte tegente.

"Diam. maj. 15|, min. 13, alt. 15; apert. lat. = alt., 8| mill."
(von Martens.)

Hob. Himalaya.

Dr. Thiele, the Director of the Konigl.-Zool. Museum, Berlin,
has obligingly sent me the type of von Marten's Helix elatior for
inspection, and a careful examination has convinced me that it can
at the most be only regarded as a variety of E. radicicola. It is
certainly a larger and more solid shell than typical radicicola, the
peristome is distinctly thickened and expanded, but scarcely
reflexed, while the columellar margin is broadly dilated and
reflexed, almost completely closing the umbilicus, a mere slit
being left, scarcely large enough to admit a very fine needle. On
some of the whorls very minute spirals can be detected with a

EULOIA. — CATHAICA. 207

strong lens, while the last quarter of the penultimate and the
whole of the last whorl is more or less regularly malleated, giving
the appearance here and there of being furnished with spiral or
obliquely descending ridges. The shell, moreover, is ornamented
with two pale fuscous bauds, one comparatively narrow, midway
between the suture and periphery, the other practically covering
the base of the shell from the periphery downwards, but becoming
rather diffused about the umbilicus.

A specimen from Sikkim, in the Beddome collection, agrees
fairly well with elatior, but it is without the bands and is
subangulated at the periphery except towards the mouth. It is
also a trifle broader in proportion, measuring 16'5 mm. in diameter,
alt. 15 mm.

Genus CATHAICA, Mollendorff.

Cathaica, Mollendorff, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges. xi, 1884, p. 339 (as
group of Helix) ; Pilsbry, Man, Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893, p. 204
(as section of Helix), ix, 1895, p. 205 (as section of Eulota) •
Andreae, Mitt. Roemer Mus., no. ]2, 1900, p. 2; Mollendorff,
Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, iv, 1899, p. 101 ;
ibid., op. cit., vi (1901), 1902, p. 302.

TYPE, Helix fasciola, Drap. (=pyrr7iozona, Phil.).

Range. North and Middle China, Central Asia, Kashmir and
Burma.

" Testa umbilicata, depressa, striis vel costis ruditer sculpta,
anfr. 5-7, convexiusculi, ultimus plerumque ad peripheriam
angulatus vel carinatus, apertura obliqua, peristorna intus in-
crassatum margine supero plerumque recto, externo et infero
plus minusve expansis, columellari dilatato." (Mollendorff.)

" Animal with the tail rounded above, no longitudinal groove.
Sole indistinctly tripartite.

" Jaw arcuate, with 3 to 7 weak ribs.

" Eadula with blunt mesocones on median and lateral teeth ;
marginals with the ectocone simple or bifid.

" Genitalia: penis slender, ending in a long retractor and the
terminal vas deferens. Dart sack large, opening into atrium, one
dense cluster of about 10 club-shaped, glandular mucus glands
inserted near its base. Spermatheca duct long." {Pilsbry.}

Subgenus CAMPYLOCATHAICA, Andreae.

Campylocathaica, Andreas, Mitt. Roemer Mus. no. 12, 1900, p. 5;
Mollendorff, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, vi
(1901), 1902, p. 306.

TYPE, Helix przewalskii, von Martens.

Range. Central Asia and Burma.

Shell less solid than in the subgenera Eueaihaica and

208 HELICIDjE.

Pliocaihaica, frequently with translucent patches or dappled with
brown. Aperture more oblique than in Eucathaica, the reflexed
margin less thickened within, the tooth, characteristic of Cathaica,
but faintly indicated, generally only present in the smaller forms.
The last whorl shows an indication of an augulation at the upper
portion. Frequently two brown bands are present, which oc-
casionally are partly dissolved or interrupted. (Andreae.)

181. Cathaica mataianensis, Nevill.

Helix (Fruticicola) mataianensis, Nevill, Scient. Res. Second Yar-

kand Mission, 1878, p. 3, figs. 7-9.
Helix (Trachia) mataianensis, von Martens, Me"m. Acad. Imp. Sci.

St. Petersburg, ser. 7, xxx, no. 11, 1882, p. 49.
Helix (Plectotropis (Pseudiberus}} mataiensis (err. typ.), Tryon,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 89, pi. 12, figs. 6-8. "
Eulota (Pseudiberus) mataianensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix.

1895, p. 207.
Cathaica (Pseudiberus) mataianensis, Andreae, Mitt. Roemer Mus.

no. 12, 1900, p. 5.
Cathaica (Campylocaihaicd) mataianensis, Mb'llendorff, Ann. Mus.

Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, vi (1901), 1902, p. 306.

Original description : — " Shell a little smaller than H. plectotropis^
in many respects a good deal resembling it, but of much thinner
and more delicate texture; openly umbilicate, depressedly conoidal;
whorls five and a half, with excavated suture and without a raised
keel, in both of which respects it materially differs from the
preceding [ZT. plectotropis'], last whorls with a medium-sized keel,
base convex, above sculptured irregularly, with more or less strongly
developed ribs, beneath sculpture obsolete, almost smooth ; white,
irregularly mottled with pale horn colour, apex horn brown ;
aperture ovate, subangulate at periphery, almost as high as broad ;
peristome lightly reflexed, columella expanded.

" Diam. 13'5, alt. 7 mm. ; apert. diarn. 6'75, alt. 675 mm.

Hob. Kashmir : Mataian, Dras Valley, at 11,200 ft.

" Unfortunately most are quite young shells, only one or two
being sufficiently full grown to show the reflexed outer lip.
Stoliczka describes the animal in his journal as * uniform greenish
dusky, no trace of a tail gland, the body very short, the posterior
part of the foot shorter than the anterior.' " (Nevill.)

182. Cathaica phaeozona, von Martens.

Helix phaeozona, von Martens, Imp. Obsh. Lyuhi. Estest. Antrop.

Etnoghr. xi, part 1, 1874, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 8 (shell), pi. 3, fig. 39

(radula).
Helix (Fruticicola} phceozona, Nevill, Sci. Res. Second Yarkand

Mission. 1878, p. 2, figs. 1-3; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 92;

von Martens, Meni. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, ser. 7, xxx,

no. 11, 1882, p. 11, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.

CATHAICA.

Helix (Helicetta (Dorcasia')) phceozona, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 205, pi. 46, figs. 25, 26.
Helix (Eulota) phaeozona, Kobelt, Rossmassler's Iconogr., Neue

Folge, vi, 1893, p. 75, pi. 169, fig. 1087.
Eulota (Eulota) phesozona, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 204.

Helicella (Theba) phaozona, ibid., op. cit. 1895, p. 266.
Cathaica pheeozona, Mollendorff, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci.

St. Petersburg, iv, 1899, p. 126.
Helix phceozona, Wiegmann, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci.

St. Petersburg, v, 1900, p. 131 (anatomy).

Original description : — " Testa anguste umbilicata, conoidea,
semiglobosa, ruditer striata, lineis spiralibus subtilissimis confertis,
alba, fascia unica latiuscula, castanea, peripherica ; spira conoidea ;
anfractus 5£, convexiusculi, ultimus basi convexus, antice vix
descendens ; apertura parum obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; peristoma
leviter incrassatum, inargine supero recto, basali patulo, columellari
dilatato patente." (Martens.)

Diam. maj. 14-17, min. 11-5-14-5, alt. 8-14-5, apert. lat. 7-8-5,
alt. 6-5-7 mm.

Hob. Turkistan (Fedtschenko, Przewalski, Stoliczka). India:
Hunza, Kashmir (Conway).

Five specimens — of which only two are adult — collected at
Hunza, Kashmir, and presented to the British Museum in 1893
by Mr. W. M. Con way, I refer to von Martens's species. They
are smaller and more depressed than the shells figured by von
Martens and Nevill, measuring 14 : 11-5 : 8*5 mm. respectively,
but both authors state that the species varies considerably in this
respect, the latter recording a depressed variety from Pasrobat,
west of Tarkand, measuring : diam. 16, alt. 14'5 mm.

183. Cathaica bactriana, Hutton.
Var. burmanica, var. nov.

Helix bactriana, Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, 1849, p. 651 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon, vii, 1854, pi. 195, fig. 1376 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 130, tigs. 1, 4.

Helix (Fruticicola) bactriana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 93.
Helix (Helicella (Dorcasia)} bactriana, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iii, 1887, p. 212, pi. 49, figs. 13, 14.
Eulota (Eulota) bactriana, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 204.

Original description: — "Animal straw coloured, with the superior
tentacula very long and black ; shell carried obliquely horizontal ;
foot short and rather tapering posteriorly.

" Shell fuscous or pale earthy brown, but varying to reddish
brown, and in some to sandy brown ; in living specimens dotted
over with darker spots or blotches from the animal being apparent
through it ; subglobose ; spire obtuse, scarcely exserted ; whorls 6 ;
aperture ovate-lunate, oblique; whorls obliquely and finely wrinkled

210 HELICID^E.

with the striae of growth ; peristome acute, pillar lip partially re-
flected over the umbilicus; a strong white rib within the aperture,
showing usually a rufous band externally, umbilicus moderate,
exposing a portion of the penultimate whorl. Some have a pale
line along the periphery of the body whorl, which is slightly
angular.

-"Diameter -f$ inch [=15 mm.]." (Hutton.}

Hob. Afghanistan, Candahar (Hutton), type. Burma (Cuming
Coll), var.

The var. burmanica differs from the type in being more de-
pressed, more widely umbilicated, in having the periphery sub-
angulated and the basal margin of the peristome nearly straight
and obliquely ascending towards the columellar margin. The
specimen in the Cuming collection of the British Museum, upon
uhich this new variety is based, is also considerably paler than
the type, but, notwithstanding, shows the peripheral pale band
distinctly.

Genus PLECTOTROPIS, Martens.

Thea, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 118 (not Thea, Coleoptera,
Mulsant, 1846).

Plectotropis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 121, as
section of Helix ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 208, as
section of Eulota, pi. 65, figs. 13, 14, pi. 66, figs. 33, 34 (anatomy).

TYPE, Helix elegantissima, Pfeiffer.

Range. India, Burma, Farther India, Japan, China and adjacent
Islands, south to the Malay Archipelago.

" Shell depressed and carinated, widely umbilicated, dull and
brown, with more or less shaggy cuticle and usually a peripheral
fringe of hairs ; whorls numerous (5 to 8), narrow and slowly
increasing. Aperture small, angulate-lunar, oblique; lip narrowly
expanded, reflexed below.

" Jaw high-arched, with many (10-19) ribs, more or less
denticulating the basal margin.

" Radula having the middle tooth without side cusps, but with
a lateral bulging, middle cusps about the length of basal plate ;
laterals with a small ectocone. Marginals with the long inner
cusp bifid, ectocone split into two.

" Genitalia ; penis rather long, epiphallus short, strongly bent
at the attachment of retractor, continued in a rather short, blunt
flagellum. Dart sack large, containing a long, slightly curved
dart, lens-shaped in section. Mucus gland inserted high on dart
sack, divided into two glandular branches which are wide, flattened
and rather incoherent, the dart sack and glands bound loosely to
vagina. Duct of spermatheca very long and slender, without
diverticulum, bound to oviduct." (Pilsbry.)

The species constituting the group of Plectotropis appear to me
so well characterized conchologically that it is here accorded

PLECTOTBOPIS. 211

generic rank. Without in any way presuming to criticise Prof.
Pilsbry's views, the conchological characters seein to be correlated
with certain anatomical details. In Plectotropis a flagellum occurs
which is wanting in Eulota s.s. In the former the epiphallus is
long and the duct of the spermatheca is bound to the oviduct, in
the latter it is inserted high on the vagina and the epiphallus is
short. In Plectotropis the jaw possesses 10-19 ribs, in Eulota it
is provided with only 4-11 ribs.

184. Plectotropis huttoni, Pfeiffer.

Helix orbicula, Button, J. A. S. B. vii, 1838, p. 271 (non H. orbicula,

Orbigny, 1835).
Helix huttoni, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. ii, 1842, p. 82; ibid.,

MOD. Helic. Viv. i, 1848, p. 202; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852,

pi. 129, fig. 786; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 15, fig. 8 ; Theobald,

J A. S. B., xxxix, 1870, p. 395 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Helix, iii,

1881, p. 399, pi. 144, figs. 9, 10.

Fruticicola huttoni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 144.
Helix (Plectotrojns) huttoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 73 ; Try on,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 54, pi. 11, fig. 56.
Eulota (Plectotropis} huttoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 209.

" T. umbilicata, orbiculato-convexiuscula, subdiaphana, pallide-
cornea, epidermide scabra induta ; anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ultimus
angulatus, antice vix descendens ; umbilicus latiusculus, per-
spectivus ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplex,
niarginibus conniventibus, dextro recto, basali breviter reflexo,
columellari subdilatato, patente." (Pfeiffer.)

" Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 5| mill."

Hab. India: Simla and Landour (Hutton, Stoliczlca, Oldham) ;
D.irjeeling (Stoliczlca, Mainwaring) ; Kashmir (Theobald); Naga
Hills (Roberts); Dana Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; Shevroy Hills,
(my collection). Burma : Upper Salween Valley (Fedden) ;
Puppa Hills, near Ava (Blanford). China: Ponsee, Yunnan
{Anderson).

Var. savadiensis, Nevill.

Helix (Plectotropis) huttoni, var. savadiensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi,
1877, p. 20 ; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 73 ; ibid, in Anderson,
Zool. Res. Two Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 879.

Diam. 12-5, axis 5'25 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma : Sawady (Anderson).

Differs from the type by its more raised spire, stouter texture,
;and less open umbilicus. Nevill considers the shell represented
in Conch. Ind. pi. 15, fig. 8, not to be a typical specimen from
the North-West Himalayas, but rather a specimen from -Darjeeling.
The former, he states, is a smaller, more rounded, and less solid
shell, scarcely keeled at the periphery, with a higher spire and

p2

212 HELICID^!.

less produced aperture. The Darjeeling specimen measures : diam.
12-25, axis 5-25 mm. Specimens from Darjeeling in my collection
measure : diam. 10-5, axis 5, but they are distinctly keeled. A
form found by Dr. Anderson abundantly at Ponsee and Ava is
said to be nearer the Darjeeling form ; the spire being slightly
higher, with the apex more central.

A variety is recorded by Nevill (Hand List, i, 1878, p. 74)
from Great Cocos Island (Stoliczka) and Little Cocos Island ( Wood-
Mason), but no characters or dimensions are mentioned.

Var. radleyi, Jousseaume.

Hygromia radleyi, Jousseaume, M<§m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 284, pi. 4, fig. 6.
Helix huttoni, var. radleyi, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898,

p. 161.

Diam. 9-2-11, alt. 4-6-5 mm.

Hob. Ceylon : Nuwara-Eliya (Simon), Uda Pussellawa (Qollett).

Scarcely separable from typical huttoni, but it appears to be
smaller, more elevated in the spire, and somewhat more closely
coiled. I possess specimens from Uda Pussellawa, measuring:
diam. 10-5, alt. 5*5 mm., being intermediate, therefore, between
Jousseaume's and Sykes' specimens as regards elevation of spire.
Nevill records a variety (Hand List, i, 1878, p. 73) from Fort
McDonald, Ceylon, which is probably identical with Jousseaume's
variety.

185. Plectotropis oldhami, Benson.

Helix oldhami (Benson), Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvi, 1857, p. 248

(nom. nud.) ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, iii, 1859, p. 185 ;

Blanf ord, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 15, fig. 7.
Helix (JEgista) oldhami, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 122.
Helix (Plectotropis) oldhami, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 73; ibid.,

in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 878.
Helix (Plectotropis (JEgista)) oldhami, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 61, pi. 13, fig. 25.
Eulota (Plectotropis) oldhami, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2. ix, 1895,

p. 209.

Original description : — " Testa late umbilicata, orbiculato-de-
pressa, tenui, oblique irregulariter flexuoso-striata, cornea?; spira
vix elevata, vel depressissime conoidea, apice exsertiusculo, obtuso,
sutura impressa; anfractibus 6J lente crescentibus, planulatis,
ultimo antice breviter rapide descendente, superne obtuse cari-
nato, subtus convexo, circa umbilicum profundum perspectivum
angulato; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, peristomate expansiusculo,
reflexiusculo, marginibus conniventibus, approximatis."

" Diam. major 13, minor 11, axis 6 mill/' (Benson.)

PLECTOTROPIS. 213

Hctb. Burma: Ava (Oldham, Anderson); between Prome and
Tongoop, Arakan Hills (Blanford) ; Pegu (Stoliczka). India :
Assam (Stoliczka).

When describing the species Benson referred to H. oculus as its
nearest ally. It is, however, much nearer to tapeina, from which
it may be distinguished by the wider and more open umbilicus, the
slightly blunter periphery, more depressed spire, and more closely
coiled whorls, for although considerably smaller in size it possesses
a whorl more. A third specimen on the same tablet in the
Benson collection, in fact, I refer to P. tapeina, var. alcowton-
yensis-, while measuring 16 mm. in diameter, it is only composed
of 5^ whorls, the last whorl is less deflected in front and a
little less angulated at the periphery, although the whorls are
more flattened. This variety appears to approximate still nearer
to P. oldhami, although usually more depressed in the spire, less
deflected in front, and possessing only five whorls. The latter,
however, is invariably more angulated around the umbilicus than
either P. tapeina or its variety akowtongensis.

The shell recorded by Blanford * as H. oldhami from Siam is
quite distinct and belongs to Trachia, being nearer to nilagerica.

186. Plectotropis nutans, Gude.

Plectotropis nutans, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914,
p. 65, text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell depressed conoid, rather widely
and perspectively umbilicated, thin, light corneous under a pale
yellowish deciduous cuticle, finely and irregularly striated,
very minutely spirally striated above, the base covered with
much coarser, incised, slightly wavy spirals. Spire low, suture
linear, apex acute. Whorls 5)-5|, increasing slowly and regularly
at first, the last rather suddenly ; flattened above, the last convex
below, keeled at the periphery, the keel being rather pinched
above and below, angulated around the umbilicus, not dilated at
the mouth, very shortly and slightly descending in front. Aperture
oblique, subhastate, margins approaching, united by a very thin
callus on the parietal wall; peristome rather thin, scarcely thickened,
but distinctly expanded, slightly reflexed ; upper margin slightly
curved, forming an obtuse angle with the outer margin, which is
also slightly curved, the basal margin strongly curved, slightly
angulated at the junction with the columellar margin, which is
almost straight, ascending obliquely, triangularly dilated, but not
overhanging the umbilicus." (Gude.)

Major diam. 16'5-17, minor 14-14'5 ; alt. 8 mm.

Hob. India : Habiang, Garo Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; West
Khasia, Assam (Beddome).

* Proc. Malac. Soc. London, v, 1903, p. 278.

214 HELICID^l.

In shape P. nutans somewhat resembles the var. theobaldiana of
P. tapeina, but the shell is much thinner, the whorls are more
flattened above and less tumid below, the keel is more pronounced
and pinched and the aperture quite different. The principal char-
acter, however, separating it from P. tapeina and its varieties lies in
the absence of cuticular granules or squamse and in the deciduous
cuticle. I found specimens in Mr. Leman's collection and in the
British Museum — both the Blanford and the general collection —
with the MS. name Trachia nutans, Blf.

Fig. 83. — Plectotropis nutans.
(From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

The specimen in the general collection is a trifle larger,
measuring 18 mm. in diameter, and more solid, while the last
whorl descends for a considerable distance, but this does not seem
to me to be a normal feature. Mr. Ponsouby possesses two
specimens, received from Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, labelled "Habi-
ang, Garo." One of these also measures 18 mm. in diameter and
it has the aperture more dilated and the basal and columellar
margins more curved than the other specimens I have seen.

187. Plectotropis tapeina, Benson.

Helix tapeina, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 352; ibid., A. M. N. H.

ix, 1842, p. 486 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. 125, fig. 750 ;

Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 334, pi. 131, figs. 14, 15 ;

Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 15, fig. 6 ; Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res.

Two Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 876.
Helix huttoni, var. tapeina, Godwin- Austen. J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876,

p. 312.
Helix (Plectotropis) tapeina, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 74 ;

Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vii, 1889,

p. 324 ; Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv, 1888, p. 53, pi. 12,

fig. 71.
JEulota (Plectotropis) tapeina, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,

p. 209.

Original description : — " Testa subconoidea, supra convexa,
subtus tumida ; epidermide minutissime corrugata ; periphseria
angulata, peristomate non continue, subreflexo. Umbilico medi-
ocri, prof undo ; omnes anfractus exhibente." (Benson.)

<' Diam. 0-6 poll. [ = 15 mm.]."

PLEOTOTEOPIS. 215

Hob. India : Silhet (Benson) ; Khasi Hills, Assam (Godwin-
Austen, StoliczJca) j Cherrapoonjee, Assam (Anderson) ; Harmutti,
Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen, Stoliczka). Burma: Prome (Fea).

The species varies considerably in size, specimens from Cherra-
poonjee, in the writer's possession, sent by a native collector,
ranging from H'5-10'5-6 to 16'5-14*75-9'5 mm. A specimen in
the Benson collection is abnormally high in the spire, measuring :
diam. 11*5, alt. 8*75 mm.

P. tapeina has been confused with P. rotatoria, v. d. Busch, a
Java species, and P. trichotropis, Pfr., a Chinese form. Nevill, in
fact, records a variety rotatoria, Buchanan (apparently a misprint
for v. d. Busch), from Bhamo, Manwyne, and Shan Hills near
Ava, and Assam. P. rotatoria, however, is quite distinct, having
more flattened whorls, a sharp keel at the periphery, and a deeper
and wider umbilicus. Tapparone Canefri recognised that the
form recorded as var. "'otatoria was distinct from that species, and
he separated the Burmese form, thus named, as P. iheobaldiana.

Nevill regarded akoivtongensis and rotatoria as doubtfully sepa-
rable *, thinking the differences might " be merely perhaps
incidental to individuals, and not even to local races."

In the same paper (p. 19) he refers some specimens taken by
Godwin-Austen in the Khasi Hills to P. trichotropis, Pfr., stating
his belief that one of them is represented by pi. 15, fig. 4, of
Conch. Ind.

I do not think this Chinese species occurs in the Indian region,
and am firmly convinced that Nevill wrongly identified his speci-
mens. P. trichotropis, which bears no resemblance to the figure
quoted, has a more trochoid spire, the whorls are more flattened
above and the suture is consequently much shallower, while the
whorls below are much more inflated ; the keel is more pronounced
and situate higher up, and is, moreover, ornamented with a fringe,
a feature I have never observed in any of the Assam or Burma
shells, in however fresh condition. The aperture further differs
in being less dilated transversely, being in fact almost auriculate,
and the colurnellar margin is more oblique and, being straight, it
forms an obtuse angle with the basal margin. The umbilicus, too,
although not wider is more open and distinctly angulated. The
sculpture, finally, is also quite different in trichotropis, consisting
of elongated squamae, both above and below.

Nevill further mentions a variety subcatostoma from the Naga
Hills and Bhamo f, but he gives no description.

The shell reproduced on plate 15, fig. 6, of Conch. Ind. has the
last whorl descending for some distance below the periphery of
the penultimate whorl. Although similar forms frequently occur
I do not consider this typical, the normal form having the last
whorl abruptly deflexed in front.

* J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 17.
t Hand List, i, 1878, p. 74.

216 HELIC'IDjE.

Var. theobaldiana, Tapparone Oanefri.

Helix rotatoria, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 318 ; Blanford,

J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 15, fig. 5 (non H. rotatoria, v. d. Busch).
Helix (Plectotropis) tapeina, var. rotatoria (Buchanan !), Nevill,

Hand List, i, 1878, p. 74.
Helix (Plectotropis) tapeina, var. rotatoria, Tryon, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, iv, 1888,_p. 54, pi. 12, fig. 77.
Helix (Plectotropis) theobaldiana, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus.

Civ. Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 324.

I have already shown that the form referred to rotaloria by
Theobald is quite distinct from the Java species. Erom typical
tapeina it differs in having the whorls flattened, and in the
periphery being sharply keeled as far as the aperture. In size it
varies considerably like the type, specimens in my possession
from Cherrapoonjee, received from a native collector, ranging
from diam. maj. 11*5, min. 10*5, alt. 6 mm. to 17 : 15 : 8*5 mm.

Sab. Burma : Teria Ghat (Theobald), Manwyne and Bhamo
(Anderson), Shan Hills, near Ava (Blanford) ; Upper Irrawaddy
(Fea). India : Assam (Stoliczka).

Var. akowtongensis, Theobald.

Helix akowtongensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 306.
Helix akoutonqensis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 89 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 15, fig. 4.
Helix (Plectotropis) tapeina, var. akoutongensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B.

xlvi, 1877, p. 17 ; ibid, in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exped. West.

Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 876 ; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 74.
Helix (Plectotropis) akowtongensis, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, iv,

1888, p. 57, pi. 12, fig. 73.
Eulota (Plectotropis) akoutongensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1895, p. 209.

Diam. 13-5-14-5, alt. 5-5-6-25 mm.

Hob. Burma : Akowtong, Pegu, banks of Irrawaddy (Theobald),
Thyet Myo (Blanford), Ava and Tsagain (Anderson).

Differs from typical tapeina in being more depressed in the
spire, consequently more widely umbilicated, and in the last
whorl being more deflexed in front, while the peripheral keel is
also more acute and the aperture more transverse. The elongated
granules of the periostracum, moreover, are much more pronounced
and coarser.

Var. perplanata, Nevill.

Helix (Plectotropis) perplanata, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 19 ;

ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 73 ; ibid, in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two

Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 878.
Helix (^Egistd) perplanata, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 133, pi. 5,

fig. 21.
Helix (Plectotropis) perplanata, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, 1888,

p. 57, pi. 13, figs. 49-51.

PLECTOTBOPIS. ^GISTA. 217

Eulota (Plectotropii) perplanata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,
1895, p. 209.

When first publishing the name, Nevill was undecided whether
it was a distinct form, a variety of H. trichotropis, or of H. tapeina
(near var. rotatoria). I have already stated my reasons for con-
sidering that neither P. trichotropis nor P. rotatoria occur within
the limits of the Indian region, and I regard H. perplanata simply
as a form closely allied to the variety akowtongensis, from which it
may be separated by the larger diameter and the more depressed
spire.

Var. bhamoensis, Nevill.

Helix (Plectotropis) tapeina,VAr. bhamoensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi,
1877, p. 18 ; ibid., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exped. West.
Yunnan, 1878, p. 877.

*' Distinguished from typical H. tapeina by the last whorl, which
is only slightly angular and not distinctly keeled ; the aperture is
smaller and less produced, while the columellar margin is slightly
oblique and angular at the base. It is smoother and less depressed
than the var. rotatoria, with squarer aperture and without the
acute keel at the periphery. The raised spire and angulate (not
keeled) periphery agree with those of H. phayrei ; it is, however,
smoother, less openly umbilicated, with more contracted aperture
and less developed sculpture than that species. This variety
connects H. tapeina almost insensibly with H. catostoma and its
varieties. Plate 15, fig. 10 of Conch. Ind. is much more like it
than H. arakanensis" {Nevill.)

Diam. 12*5, axis 6'5 mm.

Hob. Burma: Bhaino (Anderson). India: Naga Hills (Godwin-
Austen).

I have not seen any specimen answering to NevilFs definition
of this variety, and it is somewhat difficult to understand what he
means when he states that it differs from tapeina " by the last
whorl, which is slightly angular and not distinctly keeled," winding
up with the statement that " plate 15, fig. 10, of Conch. Ind. is
much more like it than H. arakanensis" seeing that the figure
referred to is distinctly keeled.

Genus JEGISTA, von Martens.

JEffista (Albers), von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 121.
jEgista, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 210, as section of
Eulota, pi. 65, fig. 10 (jaw), fig. 9 (radula).

TYPE, Helix oculus, Pfeiffer.

Range. India, Burma, Farther India, Japan, China and
adjacent islands, south to the Malay Archipelago.

" Shell depressed and broadly umbilicated, solid, striated ;
brown, unicolored or with a light peripheral band ; spire low,
composed of many narrow whorls, the last not keeled, descending

218

in front. Aperture round lunar, oblique, peristome toothless,
narrowly expanded, somewhat thickened within, reflexed at base,
ends converging.

" External anatomy and genitalia unknown. Jaw arcuate, with
about 6 wide, low. but separated ribs. Radula showing the same
characters described for Plectotropis, but the outer marginals have
the ectocone bifid.

" Shells of this section differ from Plectotropis in lacking the
peripheral keel and in the smoother surface, but there are some
intermediate species. It has the same geographic range, extend-
ing northwards to Kiusiu Island, Japan. The jaw of the only
species examined has fewer ribs than in Plectotropis, but this is not
likely to prove a constant difference." (Pilsbry.)

188. JEgista phayrei, Theobald.

Helix phayrei, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 306 ; Blanford,

J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 90 j Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 15, fig. 1.
Helix (Plectotropis) phayrei, Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two

Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 879 ; Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 55, pi. 12, fig. 78.
Helix ( Camaena) phayrei, Pf eiff er & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 191.
Helix (Euhadrd) phayrei, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, vi, 1890,

p. 114, pi. 32, fig. 53.
JSulota (dEgista) phayrei, Pilebry, op. cit. ix, 1895, p. 210.

Original description : — " Testa lenticulari, infundibuliforme-um-
bilicata, obtuse-carinata, lineis transversis flexuosis et confluenti-
bus fortiter striata ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, sutura impressa,
apertura obliqua, subquadrata. Perist. tenui, reflexiusculo.

"Diam. 0-68 [ = 17 mm.], alt. 0-30 [=7'75 mm.]." (Theobald.)

Hob. Burma : between Ava and Prome, banks of Irrawaddy
(Oldham).

Three specimens, from Ava, in the late Col. Beddome's collec-
tion, kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. Leman, its present
owner, enable me to supplement the somewhat meagre original
description.

Shell depressed conoid, moderately but deeply umbilicated,
rather solid, fuscous corneous, coarsely striated and densely
covered with elongate papillae, which coincide more or less with
the striae. Spire depressed, suture rather shallow, apex acute.
Whorls 5|-6, increasing slowly and regularly, flattened, the last
convex below, angulated at the periphery and around the um-
bilicus, slightly dilated towards the mouth, not perceptibly
descending or deflexed in front. Aperture oblique, ovate-circular,
margins slightly approaching, united by a thin callus on the
parietal wall ; peristome a little thickened and shortly reflexed ;
upper, outer, and basal margins regularly curved, columellar
margin forming a slight angle with the basal margin, obliquely

jEQISTA. 219

ascending, triangularly dilated, scarcely reflexed over the um-
bilicus, which is funiculate and moderately wide, exhibiting the
whole of the penultimate whorl. Major diam. 15-17, minor 13-5-
15 mm. : alt. 7'25-9 mm.

189. JEgista catostoma, Blanford.

Helix (Trachia) catostoma, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 447 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 56, figs. 2, 3.
Helix (Plect.otropis) catostoma, Nevill in Anderson, Zool. Res. Two

Exped. West. Yunnan, i, 1878, p. 878 ; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 73.
Helix (Plectotropis (jEgista)) catostoma, Try on, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

iv, 1888, p. 62, pi. 13, figs. 36, 37.
Eulota (Plectotropis) catostoma, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix,

1895, p. 209.

Original description :— " Testa late umbilicata, depressa, sub-
discoidea, cornea, tenuis, striata. Spira depresso-convexa, sutura
leviter impressa. Anfr. 7, convexi, arete convoluti, ultimus
rotundatus, circa umbilicum subcompressus, antice abrupte de-
flexus, valde descendens, pone aperturam subconstrictus. Apertura
fere horizontalis, truncato-ovata ; peristoma album, renexum,
antice et postice prope ant'ractum penultimatum arcuatum, mar-
ginibus subdistanter convergentibus, callo tenui junctis ; umbilicus
latissimus pervius." (Blanford.)

Maj. diam. 16-18, min. 14-5-16, alt. 8-5-9-5 mm.

Hob. India : Dihing, Khasi Hills (Godivin- Austen) ; Naga Hills
(Chennell). Burma : Bhamo (Hungerford). China : Ponsee,
Yunnan (Anderson).

Blanford called it a peculiar form, resembling H. oldhami, but
with the mouth somewhat as in H. nilagirica. In contour it
certainly somewhat assimilates with the former, but the mouth I
consider more like that of atlcinsoni. The last whorl suddenly
and deeply descends in front, the superior margin of the peristome
is sinuous in outline, projecting forward in the middle. In a
specimen I received from the late Col. Beddome the base of the
last whorl is decidedly flattened for a short distance behind the
peristome and the basal margin is accordingly almost straight, with
a dentiform callus on the inner side. Mr. Ponsonby possesses a
similar specimen also received from Col. Beddome, and both agree
well with the figure in Conch. Ind. in this respect as they do in
size, the major diameter being only 13*5 mm. The junction of
the basal and columellar margins forms nearly a right angle and
the aperture may in fact be called subquadrate. Two specimens
in the British Museum, however, collected by Hungerford at
Bhamo, do not possess the flattened base, nor the denticle on the
basal margin of the peristome, but have the mouth gibbous behind
the peristome. These distinctly show spiral stria? below the
periostracum, regular above and irregular below the periphery,

220 HELICID^E.

the peristracum itself bearing elongate papillae. One of these
specimens measures 18 : 16 : 9*5 mm. and the other 16*5 : 14'5 :
8*5 mm.

190. JEgista emensa, Godwin-Austen.

Helix ( Trachid) emensus, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 242.
Eulota (Plectotropis) emensus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,
p. 209.

Original description : — " Shell subdiscoid, widely umbilicated ;
sculpture ill-defined irregular transverse striation ; colour horny
or pale ochraceous ; spire subconoid, apex blunt ; suture shallow ;
whorls 7, regular, flat, closely wound, the last descending

Fig. 84. — Mgista emensa.

suddenly, subangulate on periphery ; aperture nearly circular,
oblique ; peristome much reflected below, the margins joined by
callus on body-whorl.

" Size : maj. diam. 13-5, min. 11*8, alt. axis 4*8 mm." (Godtuin-
Austen.)

Nab. Burma : Hlindet (Spratt).

" This species belongs to the widely distributed group in this
part of India represented by H. akoutongensis, oldhami, etc. This
form is much smaller, and differs sufficiently from all the species
I know."

The present species is allied to P. catostoma, but the last whorl
is less deflexed in front and keeled at the periphery instead of
angulated, the upper portion being slightly impressed above the
keel. It further differs from that species by the umbilicus being
not quite so infundibuliform and a little wider, showing more of
the penultimate whorl. The periostracum is papillate.

The above figures have been prepared from the type in the
British Museum.

191. JSgista clara, Godwin- Austen.

Helix (Trachid) clarus, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 242.
Eulota (Plectotropis) clarus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895,
p. 209.

Original description : — " Shell subdiscoid, openly umbilicated ;
sculpture irregular, close transverse striation ; colour white (but
both specimens are bleached) ; spire depressedly conical, apex
rounded ; suture shallow ; whorls 5, flat subangulate on periphery,
the last slightly descending ; aperture oval, very oblique ; peri-
stome thin, slightly reflected.

^IGISTA. 221

"Size: maj. diam. 9-5, min. 8-5, alt. axis 4 mm." (Godwin-
Austen.')

Nab. Burma : Hlindet (Spratt).

" This species belongs to the Helix huttoni group of shells, but
is quite distinct, especially in the shape of the aperture."

A specimen in my collection is distinctly papillate and pale

Fig. 85. — Mgista clara.

corneous. It has a peripheral keel slightly impressed above and
below and is subangulated around the wide open umbilicus. It is,
moreover, a trifle larger than the type, measuring 10 mm. in
diameter.

The above figures have been prepared from the type in the
British Museum.

192. JEgista mitanensis, Godwin-Austen.

Helix (Mgista) mitanensis, Godwin- Austen, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, iii,

1889, p. 108.
Helix (Mgista) mitanensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893,

p. 195. '
JEulota (Plectotropis) mitanensis, Pilsbry, op. cit. ix, 1895, p. 209.

Original description : — " Shell globosely pyramidal, openly um-
bilicated ; sculpture smooth, the shell covered with a thick
epidermis, having a finely papillate structure ; colour dark olive-
green or pale umber ; spire conic, high, apex blunt ; suture
impressed ; whorls 6, rather convex and rounded below, the last
descending abruptly at the aperture ; aperture circular ; peristome
strong, white, with a sinuate margin above; columellar margin
oblique."

" Diam. maj. 10'9 ; min. 9'4 ; alt. axis 6*7 ; body-whorl 5-2 mm."

Hob. Burma : Mitan, under Mouleyit E-ange, Moulmein
(Limborg).

" Animal with dark tentacles, long and fine ; body papillate
near the head, pale, dusky on the upper surface ; foot short
behind and pointed. In some specimens the head and tentacles
were jet-black, the rest of the body pale indigo." (Godwin-
Austen.)

193. JEgista congener, Preston.

Mgista congener, Preston, Pr
text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell differing from Helix catostoma in

gista congener, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 20,
text-figure.

222 HELICID^E.

its more exserted spire and much narrower umbilicus, and in the
shape of the aperture, which is much more open and circular in
that species." (Preston.}

"Major diam. 12, min. 10 mm. ; alt. 10 mm. Apert. alt. 4'25,
diam. 3-5 mm. (type)."

Hob. India : Naga Hills.

" The series of this shell which I have before me varies con-
siderably in diameter." (Preston.}

The foregoing meagre description may be supplemented from
the type in the British Museum as follows : —

Shell depressed trochoid, light corneous, finely and rather
regularly striated, the upper side in places covered with excessively
minute spiral striae, more distinct on the lower side. Apex
obtuse, spire depressed, suture deep. Whorls 6, increasing
slowly and regularly, slightly convex, obscurely angulated at the
periphery, somewhat flattened below and obscurely angulated
around the umbilicus, last whorl dilated towards the mouth,
shortly descending in front. Aperture ovate-rotundate, oblique,
peristome white, slightly thickened, shortly reflexed ; margins
approaching, columellar slightly dilated. Umbilicus wide, per-
spective.

jEgista mitanensis is proportionately much higher in the axis
and the umbilicus, consequently, is more contracted ; it has the
periphery keeled and is darker in colour. The measurements of the
type of JEgista congener, including the peristome, are as follows : —
major diam. 11, minor 10, alt. 6 mm.

194. JEgista coeni, Preston.

jEgista coeni, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 19,
text-figure.

Original description : — " Shell broadly turbinate, dark reddish
brown ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, not very convex, marked
with closely-set, oblique growth striae ; base of shell also marked
with lines of growth and very finely spirally striate ; suture well
marked ; umbilicus wide and deep ; columella whitish, diaphanous,
rather broadly expanded above, obliquely descending ; labrum not
thickened, narrowly reflexed ; aperture obliquely subcircular."
(Preston.}

Maj. diam. 9'5, min. 8*25 mm. ; alt. 6 mm.

Hob. India : Naga Hills.

Genus VALLONIA, Risso.

Vallonia, Risso, Hist. Nat. EuropemSrid. iv, 1826, p. 101 ; Westerlund,
Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconch. i, 1889, pp. 2, 14 ; Sterki, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, p. 234 (jaw and dentition) ;

YALLONIA. 223

ibid., Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893, p. 247 ; Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 282, pi. 70, fig. 29 (jaw), fig. 38

(radula), pi. 63, figs. 9, 10 (genitalia).
Lucena, Hartmann iu Sturm, Deutschlands Fauna, vi, part 5, 1821,

p. 40 (non Oken, 1815) ; Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Nat. Moll.

France, ii, 1856, p. 140.
Amplexis, Brown, 111. Conch. Great Britain, 1827, expl. pi. 41 ;

Amplexus, ibid., ed. 2, 1844, p. 45.
Zurama (Leach), Turton, Man. 1831, p. 64.
Chilostoma (partim), Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterreichs, iii,

1833, p. 98.

Circinaria (partim), Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 23.
Glaphyra (partim), Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 87.

TYPE, Helix pulchella, Miiller.

Range. North America south to Texas ; Japan, China, India ;
Europe, Northern Africa, and Atlantic Islands.

" Shell minute, openly and widely umbilicate, depressed, the
spire low-convex, consisting of 3-4| whorls, color light and
uniform; surface smooth or ribbed; periphery rounded; last
whorl usually descending in front. Aperture oblique, circular or
short-oval ; peristome continuous or nearly so, expanded or reflexed,
often thickened within.

" Foot small, short/, with no pedal grooves ; edge of sole some-
what crenulated ; sole undivided ; eye-peduncles cylindrical, not
enlarged distally ; tentacles short ; labial lobes well developed.

" Jaw arcuate, with a slight median projection or none, sculp-
tured with numerous (18 to 25) crowded, low riblets, denticulating
the margins.

" Radula having 23 to 33 teeth in a transverse row. Median
teeth decidedly narrower than laterals, tricuspid, the mesocone not
half as long as basal plate, side cusps smaller. Laterals with large
square basal plates, the mesocone extending to its edge, ectocone
small. Marginal teeth wide and low, multicuspid.

" G-enitalia having the penis short, with terminal retractor ;
epi phallus short, bearing a flagellum. Dart sack present, single,
containing a straight, bladeless dart. No mucus glands. Duct
of spermatheca long, branchless." (Pilsbry.)

195. Vallonia pulchella, Muller.

Helix pulchella, Miiller, Verm. Terr. Fluv. Hist, ii, 1774, p. 30;

Rossmassler, Iconogr. ii, 1838, fig. 440 ; Binney, Boston Journ.

Nat. Hist, iii, 1840, p. 375, pi. 9, fig. 2 ; ibid., Terr. Moll.

United States, i, 1851, pi. 9, figs. 7-9 (anatomy), iii, 1857, pi. 17,

fig. 1 (shell) ; Lehmann, Leb. Schnecken Stettins, 1873, p. 90,

pi. 11, fig. 30 (^anatomy).
Helix (Amplexis) paludosus, Brown, 111. Conch. 1827, pi. 41.

figs. 76, 77.
Helix (Ampkxus) pulchella, Brown, 111. Conch, ed. 2, 1844, p. 45,

pi. 14, figs. 76, 77.
Helix (Glaphyra) pulchella, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 87.

224 HBLICIDjE.

Helix ( Vallonia} pulchella, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 101 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 75.

Vallonia pulchella, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll. United States, v,
1878, p. 344, pi. 17, fig. 1 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878,
p. 144 ; Sterki, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, p. 246,
pi. 8, figs. A, G (radula), H, I, K, L (jaw) ; ibid., Man. Conch,
ser. 2, viii, 1893, p. 248, pi. 32, figs. 1-5 ; Pilsbry, op. cit. ix,
1895, p. 283, pi. 55, figs. 31, 32.

Original description : — " Helix testa umbilicata, subdepressa,
alba, glabra, apertura circinnata ; labro tereti, reflexo.

" Testa tota alba, glabra, subpellucida, supra planiuscula, subtus
aliquantum convexa. Vertex testae, durn limax earn inhabitat,
luteolus. Anfractus vix quatuor, subtus unicus. Apertura fere
circularis, limbo elevato, tereti, reflexo. Teste quidem striata est,
at stri* microscopic tantnm visibilis." (Muller^)

The above cursory description has been supplemented by Sterki
in his admirable and exhaustive treatment o£ the genus Vallonia
as follows : —

" Moderately umbilicated, more widely for the last half whorl ;
convex or depressed conic above; straw colored, transparent,
with fine and dense strice which are more regular at the suture and
umbilicus ; smooth at the nucleus ; whorls 3-|-4, rather rapidly
increasing, v ith a moderately deep suture, the last comparatively
large, well rounded, little expanded towards the aperture, not
descending in front, or slightly so at the suture. Aperture
moderately oblique and inclined, forming five-sixths of a circle;
peristome abruptly everted, with a strong white lip, thinner at
either end."

Greater diain. 2*4, lesser 2 ; alt. 1'2 mm.

Hob. Circumboreal Europe ; Northern and Eastern Asia, as far
south as Kashmir; Northern Africa; the Azores and Madeira;
greater part of North America.

" The last whorl is slightly ascending or descending in front, in
a good part of the specimens. Sometimes the shell is whitish,
inilky-opaque, in living examples ; this seems to be a local varia-
tion, as all the specimens in certain places show this peculiarity.
The size of the shell varies from 2*1 to 2*7 greater diarn., 2'4
being the average.

" Jaw rather strongly curved, with obtuse ends ; no median
projection on the cutting edge, which is denticulated, corresponding
to the 10-20 rather sharp, longitudinal ribs, quite irregular in
size, course, and distribution, but wanting at the side ends of the
jaw. The radula has 65-68 transverse rows of 27 teeth ; of the
five laterals the fifth has a small plate and the ectodont double
pointed."

There is nothing to be added to this excellent account. I have
refrained from giving the complete bibliography of the species,
or the whole synonymy, as this would not serve any useful
purpose.

VALLOSTA. 225

196. Vallonia costata, Milller.

Helix costata, Miiller, Verm. Terr. Fluv. Hist, ii, 1774, p. 30 ;

Kossrnassler, Iconogr. ii, 1838, fig. 439 ; Chenu, Man. Conchy 1.

i, part 2, 1860, p. 452, fig. 3368.
Helix (Amplexis] crenellus, Brown, 111. Conch. 1821, pi. 41, figs. 78,

79.
Helix- (Amplexus) crenella, ibid., ed. 2, 1844, p. 45, pi. 14, figs. 78,

79.

Helix ( Glaphyra) costata, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 87.
Helix ( Vallonia) pulchella, var. costata, von Martens, Die Heliceen,

ed. 2, 1860, p. 101 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 75.
Vallonia costata, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 144 ; Sterki,

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893, p. 259, pi. 8, fig. 0

(radula), N (jaw) ; ibid., Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893, p. 252,

pi. 32, figs. 18-22, 27, pi. 33, fig. 54.

Original description : — " Helix testa subdepressa, umbilicata,
cinerea ; spiris costatis ; apertura circular! ; labro albo reflexo.

" Testa convexiuscula, opaca, supra fuscescens, subtus pallida.
Anfractus quatuor externe costati, sive plicis transversis armati ;
in majori anfractu triginta numeravi; hie subtus glaber est.
Apertura circularis ; vix duodecima peripherisB pars ab anfractu
opposite intersecatur, cum in antecedente fere quarta. Costse, si
testa lumiiii obvertatur, in sola apertura transparent. Labrum
album, planum,reflexum." (Miiller.)

*' Moderately umbilicated, more widely so for the last half
whorl, depressed convex above, or nearly flat ; greyish to light or
reddish horn colored, with rather regularly set membranous ribs
and finer striae between them ; nucleus with fine revolving lines.
Whorls 3 j, slightly flattened above and below the periphery, at
the circumference somewhat angular, with a deep suture, rather
rapidly increasing ; the last whorl expanding to the aperture
shortly and moderately descending in front, more so at the suture
than on the back. Aperture rather oblique and inclined, almost
circular, a little flattened above, ends of margin much approximat-
ing, slightly protracted and auricled, connected by a thin callus ;
peristome strongly and abruptly everted, with a strong white lip."

Greater diam. 2-5, lesser 2-1, alt. 1*1 mm.

Hab. Circumboreal Europe ; Northern and Eastern Asia, as
far south as Kashmir ; Northern Africa ; greater part of North
America.

" Jaw rather curved. Eadula with 69-72 transverse rows of
27 or 29 teeth ; 5 perfect laterals, on which the cusps are com-
paratively small, especially the ectodonts. On the marginals the
6-7 cusps stand immediately on the plate, not on a common

" V. costata has, by most authors, been regarded as a variety of
pulcliella ; but it is sufficiently different to be distinguished at first
sight ; the less elevated spire, with the deeper suture, the whorls
not so well rounded, the last descending in front, the more oblique
and more circular aperture with approximate margins, characterize

Q

226 HELICIDJB.

quite a different shell, even if we omit mention of the most
conspicuous feature of fresh specimens, the membranous ribs,
which this species has in common with a number of other forms
of this group and the next [group of V. cyclophorella]. Between
each pair of these ribs are 3 to 6 finer striae; and under the
microscope very fine lines are seen, nearly parallel to the lines of
growth at the suture, while on the periphery they are variously
intercrossing. The nucleus, or embryonal whorls, bear a number
of microscopic revolving lines, in this as well as in the other species
of this group.

" V. costata is rather variable. The largest measure 2'7, the
smallest 2-1 mm. greater diameter. Always the sutural part of
the last whorl descends more to the aperture than the back or
peripheral part of the whorl, and sometimes the latter keeps
exactly in the horizontal direction to the very margin of the lip.
The number of ribs was found to be from 23-35 in the type.
Some forms differ so much that they are to be considered varieties."
(Sterki.)

197. Vallonia ladakensis, Nevill.

Helix ( Vallonia) ladacensis, Nevill, Scient. Results Second Yarkand

Mission, Mollusca, 1878, p. 4 ; von Martens, Me"m. Acad. Imp.

Sci. St. Petersburg, ser. 7, xxx, no. 11, 1882, p. 3, pi. 3, fig. 3.
Helix ( Vallonia) pulchella, var. ladakensis, Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 75.
Vallonia ladacensis, Sterki, Man. Conch, ser. 2, viii, 1893, p. 260,

pi. 56, figs. 19-21 ; Mollendorff, Ann. Mas. Zool. Acad. Imp.

Sci. St. Petersburg, iv, 1899, p. 142.

Original description : — " I have long separated this form, which
can be distinguished from all the varieties of H. costata at a glance
by its much more open umbilicus, at least half as open again. ; it
is a much larger shell than typical H. costata, about the same size
(a trifle larger) as the above described var. asiatica ; the sculpture
is finer, closer together, and more beautifully regular ; the spire
is flatter, the suture more excavated; the base is scarcely, if at
all, subangulate near the umbilicus, as it is in so marked a way in
the preceding ; one of the best characteristics of H. ladacensis is
the considerably higher and more expanded aperture with a cor-
responding less oblique columella ; the umbilicus is so much more
open that the whorls within can be clearly traced up to the apex
itself." (Nevill)

Diam. 3|, alt. 1J mm.

Hab. India : Kashmir, Mataian, Dras Valley, Ladak (StoliczJca) t
Leh, Ladak (StoliczJca)', Spiti, Punjab (StoliczJca). W. Tibet
(Sioliczka), Turkestan : Tian-shan Mountains (Potanin).

YALLONIA. 227

198. Vallonia miserrima, Gude.

Vallonia miserrima, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1907,
p. 307, text-figures.

Original description : — " Shell widely umbilicated, depressed
turbinate, greyish white, translucent ; nepionic whorls smooth,
the remainder finely and clbsely ribbed. Spire depressed, apex
obtuse, suture deep. Whorls nearly 4, tumid, not sloping towards
the umbilicus, increasing regularly, except the last quarter whorl,
which widens suddenly, descending deeply in front and dilated
behind the peristome. Aperture obovate, oblique ; margins con-
vergent, united by a thin callus on the parietal wall ; peristome
thin, slightly expanded and reflexed ; margins evenly rounded,

Fig. 86.— Vallonia miserrima. (From Proc. Malac. Soc. London.)

columellar margin triangularly dilated and impinging upon the
wide open umbilicus." (Gude.)

Diam. major 3, min. 2-5 mm,

Hob. India : Anamullay Hills (Beddome}.

This form is allied to V. laddkensis, Nevill, but it is more
excentric than that species, and the last whorl descends more
deeply in front, the whorls are more tumid, the body-whorl is
more compressed, the suture deeper, and the last quarter whorl
is more dilated, while the umbilicus is more open and the colu-
mellar margin more dilated.

The shells from which this species was described were collected
by the late Col. Beddome in the early sixties of last century in
the interior of the Anamullay Hills, at an elevation of about
3000 feet. When in 1907 he handed the shells to me for
description, he informed me that no European had visited the
locality previously. No Vallonia had at that time been recorded
so far south in Asia, and the occurrence in Southern India of a
species belonging to so typically palsearctic and nearctic a genus
is somewhat disconcerting, especially since, in view of the fact
that Beddome was the first European to visit the locality, the
possibility of its introduction with plants is excluded.

228 ENID^E.

Family ENID^E.
Genus ENA, Tvrton.

Ena (Leach MS.), Tin-ton, Manual, 1831. p. 80: Gray, in Turton,
Man. Ed. n. 1840, p. 181.

Bulimina, Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Anim. Evert, ser. 1, Moll.
1831; decas prima, signature d, fourth page (non Btdimina.
D'Orbigny, 1826).

JBuliminus, Beck, Index Mollusc. 1839, p. 68 ; von Martens, Die
Heliceen, ed. 2, I860, p. 228; Lehmann, Leb. Schn. Stettins,
1873, p. 130 ; Hesse, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xii, 1885, p. 48
(anatomy) ; Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. iii, 1887, p. 1 ; von
Martens, Besch. Weichth. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, 1897, p. 59;
Jacobi, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xii, 1898, p. 76, pi. 6, figs. 113-
115 (anatomy) ; Wiegmann, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersburg, vi,
1901, p. 220 (anatomy) ; Beck, Jenaische Zeit. Nat. xlviii, 1912,
p. 187 (anatomy).

TYPE, Bulimus montanus, Draparnaud.

Range. Europe, Africa, Continental Asia.

Shell perforate, from shortly ovate and ovate-conoid to fusiform-
cylindrical. Aperture elongate, generally equalling 3 or ^ of the
total height ; peristome simple or thickened, straight, expanded,
or reflexed, the margins usually connected by a thin callus, with
or without a denticle near the upper margin ; columellar margin
straight.

Animal (E. obscura) elongate-ovate, scarcely attenuated in
front, almost truncate, tail elongate, pointed ; greyish-yellow,
with dark grey head, back, and tentacles ; the latter frequently
giving off two dark stripes which run along the back.

Jaw semicircular, slightly curved, with about 20 fine ribs
denticulating the margins. Eadula leaf -like anteriorly, attenuated
posteriorly, bearing 50 longitudinal and 125 transverse rows of
teeth. Middle tooth smaller than the laterals, with square basal
plate and hooked middle cusp, which is sharp, conical, simple.
Laterals with a pointed base and one or two short side cusps.

Genitalia : the hermaphrodite gland is of the usual form, the
long chain-like ovisperm duct connecting it with the uterus, from
the base of which the vas deferens proceeds to the penis. The
penis is of peculiar shape, its lower portion being attenuated
towards the cloaca, and becoming dilated distally ; the latter short,
stout portion divides into two branches, the one proceeding up-
wards at a right angle, when it suddenly becomes twisted and,
forming another right angle, continues in a horizontal direction,
terminating in a rounded bulb, the latter receives the vas deferens.
The rather long retractor muscle is attached to the lower part of
the vertical portion. The other branch at first proceeds in the
same direction, then curves upwards at an obtuse angle, decreasing

ENA. 229

in size and becoming filiform, undulating, and terminating in a
curved, thin, long and club-shaped flagellum. The albumen gland
is elongate, Ungulate; the uterus broad, strongly wrinkled, the
vagina in length almost equalling the uterus. The vagina
branches above the penis, but on the other side, into the
spermatheca duct, which is moderately long and strong, equalling
the vagina in length and terminating in the spermatheca.
(Lehmann.)

Jacobi, in his paper entitled " Japanische Bescbalte Pulmo-
naten"*, when dealing with the Japanese Buliminus reinianus,
Kobelt — referred to the subgenus Mirus by Mollendorff — alludes
to the fact that Lehmann had already drawn attention to the
presence in Buliminus [Ena] obscurus of a peculiar organ — the
appendix — proceeding from the penis close to the atrium. In
reinianus this organ is also present but possesses some special
characters. While having the same diameter and possessing
equally solid walls as in obscurus, it is here only one-third its
length, while at its apex, after suddenly becoming attenuated it
is produced into an enormous flagellum equalling in length the
whole genital apparatus and slightly swollen at the extremity.
The appendix proper, near its contracted portion, is covered
internally with a mucous membrane, invested with an epithelium.
A little below this a powerful retractor muscle is attached. Prom
various considerations Jacobi comes to the astounding conclusion
that this organ is homologous to a second penis. While admitting
that cases of duplication of the sexual organs are unknown in
Mollusca, he refers to the presence of a double penis in many
snakes ! A far more rational interpretation of this organ is
provided by Dr. Sim roth, in a footnote on page 82 of Jacobi's
paper, where he suggests that it is a dart sac with dart glands and
retractor muscle, but without dart, as it is known to occur in
Urocyclus and Parmarion.

The Indian species of Ena have a somewhat remarkable distri-
bution and those referred to the subgenera Subzebrinus and Serina
at least must, I think, be regarded as immigrants from the
Palaearctic region ; the former, numbering eighteen species, show
a close affinity with Afghan, Turkestan, and Tibetan forms, while
the latter, comprising only five species, are probably more nearly
related to Chinese members of the group. Both subgenera are
confined to the north-western portion of India. The subgenus
Mirus, on the other hand, has three species in Ceylon, and two
occurring both in Southern India and Assam, one of the latter
having also been recorded from the Shan States, while only two
have been described from North- Western India. To judge from
its distribution this subgeuus must therefore be regarded as
endemic.

* Journ. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, xii, 1898, p. 76.

230 EKED^E.

None of the Indian species appears to have had its anatomy
investigated and their reference to these three subgenera is, there-
fore, based purely on conchological grounds.

It is somewhat surprising to find that many continental
malacologists continue to use the name Buliminus for the genus
in spite of the fact that as far back as 1903 Mr. B. B. Woodward
had pointed out * that this name is preoccupied and that Ena
must be adopted in its stead. The only exception to this, to
my knowledge, appears to be Dr. J. Thiele. Kobelt in 1900
and Mollendorff in 1902, indeed, have already used the name Ena
but only in its restricted sense, i. e. for the group of montanus
for which in 1850 Albers proposed Merdigerus.

Sugenus MIRUS, Albers.

Mirus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 184 (as section of Bulimus) ;
Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 165 ; Chenu, Man. Conchyl.
i, 1860, p. 442 (as subgenus of Chondrus) ; Mollendorff, Ann.
Mus. Zool. St. Petersburg, vi, 1902, p. 314 ; Kobelt & Mollendorff,
Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 55 (as subgenus of
Buliminus) .

TYPE, Bulimus cantori, Philippi.

Range. Central Asia, India, China.

Shell rimately perforate, subcylindrica], or convexly-cylindrical,
last whorl anteriorly slightly ascending; columella arcuate,
aperture ovate ; peristome expanded, callused within, the margins,
united by a more or less thick callus, with or without a denticle
near the upper margin.

Anatomy unknown.

199. Ena ceratina, Reeve.

Bulimus ceratinus (Benson), lieeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus,

pi. 77, fig. 569 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. llelic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 352 ;

ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 77, pi. 21, figs. 6, 7.
Bulimus (End) ceratinus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 153.
Bulimus ccelebs, var. ceralina, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1874, pi. 80, fig. 2.
Buliminus (Petraeus) coelebs, var. ceratina. Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 134.
Bulimina (Ena) ceratina, Pfeiffer £ Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 289.

Original description : — " Shell acuminately oblong, thin, com-
pressly umbilicated, whorls six to seven in number, convex, some-
what obscurely irregularly striated in a grooved manner, columella
broadly vertically reflected, aperture rather small, nearly orbicular;
transparent horny." (Reeve.)

Long. 14, diam. 7 mm. (ex icon.).

* Journ. Conohol. x, 1903, p. 358.

ENA. 231

Hob. India : Alinorah, Kumaon, N.W. Prov. (Boys).

This species is allied to E. nilagirica, Pfeiffer, but is considerably
smaller in size with a more conoid spire and a smaller aperture.
The Theobald collection comprises specimens measuring 14 x 5-5
mm. and 12*5 x 6-25 mm., the former being marked with transverse
hydrophanous streaks.

200. Ena nilagirica, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus nilagiricus, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 41 ; ibid., Mon.
Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 119; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1848,

Bulimus, pi. 46, fig. 291 (nilayaricus) ; Blanford, J. A. S. B.

xxxv, 1866, p. 38 ; ibid., xxxix, 1870, p. 24 ; Theobald, torn. cit.

p. 395 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 317.
BulimuluB (End) nilagiricus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 160.

Bulimus (Ena} nilagiricus, Pfeiffer. Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 153.
Buliminus (Petraeus) nilagiricus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 135.
Bulimina (Ena} nilagirica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 291.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus} nilagiricus, Kobelt, Conch. -Cab., Fam.

Buliminidae, 1902, p. 950, pi. 133, fig. 5.

Original description: — "Bui. testa rimato-perforata, oblongo-
turrita, solida, opaca, lineia impressis confertissimis subundulatis
obsolete sculpta, f usca, albido oblique strigata ; spira regulariter
turrita, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8 vix convexiusculis.
ultimo J longitudinis subsequante, basi subcompresso ; apertura
ovali; peristoniate expanso, late albo-labiato, margiue dextro
superne subangulato, columellari usque ad basin dilatato,
patents.

" Long. 28 j, [?] diam. 8 mm." (Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India : JSTilgiris, Anamullays (Blanford) ; Khasi Hills,
Dafla Hills (Godivin-Austen) ; Shan States (Theobald}-, Pulney
Hills (Fairbank}.

Nevill, in Hand List, i, p. 135, enumerates, but does not
describe, two varieties — elongata and pulneyana.

The shell figured as nilagiricus in Conch. Ind. does not pertain
to Pfeiffer's species and has been separated by Kobelt as
B. Tiarileyanus.

The length indicated by Pfeiffer in the original description —
28^ mm. — is probably a misprint for 18 J, since of three specimens
from the Cuming collection, mounted on a tablet which bears a
label in Pfeiffer's writing, two measure 19*5 x 8 mm. and the
third is 17'5 mm. long with a diameter of 6 mm. They are
marked with some transverse, whitish, diaphanous streaks and
bear very close, incised, wavy spirals, two features not mentioned
in the diagnosis. In the Beddome collection are some shells
ranging from 16-25 x 6'25 to 15 x 6 mm.

E. nilagirica differs from E. ceratina in having a more slender
spire, and a greater number of whorls ; the aperture is less dilated,
and the upper and outer margins of the peristome are less curved.

232

201. Ena proletaria, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus proletarius, PfeifFer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 292 ; ibid., Mon.

Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 417 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1874, pi. 80, fig. 3.
Bulimus (Ena) proletarius, PfeifFer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 158.
Bulimus (Ena) proletarius, Nevill, Enuin. Helic. Ceylon, 1871,

p. 3.

Buliminus (Petraeus) proletarius, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 135.
Bulimina (Ena) proletaria, PfeifFer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 289.
Ena proletaria. Jousseaume, M^m. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1894,

p. 297.
Buliminus (Ena) proletarius, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1900, p. 673, pi. 102, fig. 16.

Original description : — " B. testa compresse umbilicata, oblongo-
turrita, solidula, sublente minutissime granulata, nitidula, corneo-
fusca ; spira elongata, obtusula ; anfract. 7, convexis, ultimo 5
longitudinis vix superante, antice subasceudente, basi subcom-
presso ; apertura vix obliqua, oblonga ; perist. albo-labiata,
inarginibus approximatis, dextro expanse, superne perarcuato,
columellari dilatato, patente.

" Long. 15, diam. 6 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Ceylon: Matelle East (LayarcT); Bintenne (Coll.
Ponsonby).

E. proletaria is allied to E. nilagirica and E. hanleyana, but has
the whorls more tumid than either, the spire is less convex and
the spiral lines are a little coarser and not quite so close. The
single specimen I have seen is in the Cuming collection, in all
probability the type.

202. Ena hanleyana, Kobelt.

Bulimus nilagiricus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 23,
fig. 3 (not B. nilagiricus, PfeiiFer) ; Mollendorff coll., ex
Beddome.

Buliminus (Ena) hanleyanus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-
minidae, 1902, p. 931, pi. 131, figs. 3-5.

Original description : — " Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-conica,
solidula, sat ruditer oblique striata vel costellato-striata, obsolet-
issime grauulata, baud nitida, sub-epidermide fusca decidua albido-
cornea. Spira couica, lateribus vix convexiusculis, apice obtuso,
Ia3vi, nitido. Anfractus 7-7J convexiusculi, sutura impressa inter
inferos subcrenulata discreti, ultimus postice |- altitudinis parum
superans, basi rotundatus, subcompressus, antice ascendens.
Apertura irregulariter ovata, alata, intus albido-cornea ; peristoma
acutum, expansum sed haud reflexum, marginibus subparallelis,
distantibus, haud junctis, externo supra tantum oblique versus

ENA. 233

axin protracto, dein vix arcuato, basali cum columellari brevi
triangular! patente, intus obsolete plicifero angulum formante.

" Alt. 15-5, diam. 7'5, alt. ap. 6, lat. 5 mill." (Kobelt.)

Hob. India : Nilgiris (Beddome).

This species is based upon specimens in the Mb'llendorff col-
lection, received as E. nilagirica from the late Col. Beddome. The
figure in Conch. Ind., supposed to represent that species, and
copied by Kobelt, is also referred to it. In looking through the
Beddome collection, by kind permission of Mr. Leman its present
owner, I found a box with several specimens labelled nilagirica,
seven of which agree with Tianleyana and range in size between
14x7 and 12*25x7 mm. The Theobald collection also yielded
two shells of this form from the Nilgiris, the larger measuring
15 x 6-5 and the smaller 1375 x 5 mm.

E. hanleyana differs from nilagirica principally in the shorter
spire and broader base, the fewer whorls, and relatively larger
aperture ; the umbilicus is also more open, but it agrees in being
similarly provided with close incised spirals, more or less obsolete
in places.

203. Ena stalix, Benson.

Bulimus stalix, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 322;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 61 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 22, fig. 3.

Bulimus (End) stalix, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3.
Buliminus (Petraeus) stalix, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 135.
Bulimina (Ena) stalix, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 289.
Ena stalix, Jousseaume, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 297.
Buliminus (Ena) stalix, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1900, p. 673, pi. 102, fig. 15.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) stalix, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description: — " B. testa rimato-perforata, oblongo-
conica, solidiuscula, oblique irregulariter plicatulato-striata,
epidermide spiraliter confertissime striulata, castanea, strigis
obliquis, sutura, basi apiceque albidis ; spira elongato-conica, apice
obtusiusculo, sutura impressiuscula, nonnunquam marginata;
anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, ultimo ad basin compressiusculo,
antice vix ascendente ; apertura subobliqua, anguste pyriformi,
intus castanea, peristomate sensim dilatato, vix reflexiusculo,
albido, marginibus remotis. non conniventibus, columellari lato,
callo obliquo superne castaneo junctis.

" Long. 20, diam. 7 mill," (Benson.)

Hob. Ceylon : Upper Ourah (F. Layard) ; Nuwara Eliya
(Simon)-, Borlande (Theobald)-, Uva, 6000 feet (coll. Ponsonby).

Another form of the group of E. nilagirica, but the shell is
smaller than that species and the sculpture much coarser. In the

234 ENID^E.

Theobald collection is a shell taken at Borlande, Ceylon, which
agrees with the figure in Conch. Ind. and is probably the one
from which the illustration was made.

204. Ena vicaria, Blanford.

Bnlimus vicarius, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. IS, pi. 3,

fig. 15 ; Theobald, torn. cit. p. 395 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1872, pi. 22, fig. 2; Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. viii, 3877,

p. 87.

Buliminus (Petraeus) vicariiis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 135.
BuUmina (Ena} vicaria, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 291.
Buliminus (Napaeus) vicarius, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1899, p. 566, pi. 88, figs. 22, 23.
Buliminus (Subsebrinus) vicarius, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description : — " Testa profimde rimata, oblongo-
turrita, tenuiuscula, opaca, fulvescente-castanea, oblique striatula,
lineis minutis confertissimis flexuosis subobsolete decussata; spira
turrita, lateribus convexis ; apice obtuso ; sutura impressa. Anfr.
8 convexi, ultimus l longitudinis sub-sequans, basi subcompressus,
antice sub-ascendens. Apertura fere verticalis, truncato-ovalis ;
peristoma undique expansum, album, marginibus convergentibus
callo tenui junctis, colurnellari verticali.

"Long. 15, diam. 5, apert. cum perist. 5, longa, 4 lata."
(Blanford.)

Hob. India : Habiang, Garo Hills and Khasi Hills, Assam
(Godwin- Austen).

"The nearest ally to this shell is B. nilagaricus, Pfr., which,
singularly enough, also occurs in the Khasi Hills, having been
found by Major Godwin-Austen. The present form is distin-
guished by greater slenderness and smaller mouth." (Blanford.)

Its nearest ally I consider E. stalix, from which it may be
distinguished by the more contracted last whorl and the very fine
sculpture. In the Theobald collection are two shells, one from
JNaini Tal, and the other from the Shan States, without precise
indication of locality.

205. Ena panos, Benson.

Bulimus panos, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 94;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 417.
Bulimus (Ena) panos, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt, ii, 1856, p. 153;

Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3.
Buliminus (Petrceus) proletarius var. panos, Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 135.
Bulimina (Ena) panos, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 289.
Ena panos, Jousseaume, Me*m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 297.

Original description : — ** Testa rimata, ovato-oblonga, subrugose
striata, cornea, spira elongato-conica, sutura mediocri, apice

ENA. 235

obtuso ; anfractibus 6£ convexiusculis, ultimo f long, sequante,
antice sub-ascendente~ apertura ovata, edentula ; peristomate

Fig. 87. — Enapanos. f.

exparisiusculo, acuto, marginibus conniventibus, columellari
breviter dilatato, albido.

" Long. 11, diam. 5 mill." (Benson.)
Hob. Ceylon : Nalande (Layard) ; Ceylon (Nevill).
Appears like a small form of E. proletaries, but the base is not
so broad as in that species. I have only seen a single specimen,
which is in the Theobald collection and is from Nalande, the type
locality ; as the species has not hitherto been illustrated I take
the opportunity of giving two views of this shell.

206. Ena smithei, Benson.

Bulimus smithei, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xv, 1865, p. 15 ;

Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 56 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 20, fig. 3.

Napaus smithii, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146.
Napceus smithei, Theobald, op. cit. 1, 1881, p. 48.
Buliminus (Petraeus) smithei, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 135.
Bulimina (Ena) smithei) Pfeiffer & Clessin, NoniencL Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 288.
Buliminus (Ena) sinithi, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1900, p. 682, pi. 103, fig. 10.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) smithei, Kobelt & Mollendorff', ISachr.

Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description: — "Testa perforata, ovato-oblonga, ir-
regulariter rugoso-striata, striis tenuibus plus minusve decussata,
sub epidermide cornea albida, non nitente ; spira oblongo-turrita
lateribus convexiusculis ; apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ;
anfractibus 7|, convexiusculis, ultimo antice leviter ascendente ;
apertura vix obliqua, subovata, peristomate tenui reflexiasculo,
marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari perforationem sub-
tegente.

" Long. 13, diam. 5, apert. long. 4, lat. 3| mill." (Benson.)

Hah. India : Hills on right side of the river Sutlej, Punjab
(Smithe); Fagoo (Theobald)- JN"aini Tal (Stoliczka) ; Jhilum
Valley, Kashmir and Marl [Murree], Punjab (Theobald).

The present species is related to E. vicaria, but it is more
cylindrical in contour, with less convex spire and more contracted

236 ENIDJE.

aperture, owing to the right margin of the peristome being more
inflexed.

A single shell in the Theobald collection, from the N.W.
Himalayas, is probably the one on which the figure in Conch.
Ind. is based.

Subgenus SUBZEBRINUS, Westerlund.

Subzebrinus, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. iii, 1887, p. 66 (as section
of Buliminus) ; Mollendorff, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersburg, vi,
1902, p. 327 (as subgenus of Buliminus) ; Wiegmann, torn. cit.

&241 (anatomy) ; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak.
es. 1903, p. 47.

TYPE : (first species) Bulimus eremitus, Reeve.

Range. Central Asia, India, China, Japan.

Shell subcylindrical, whitish, generally transversely streaked
with pale brown; margins of peristome united by a more or less
strong callus, with or without a denticle near the upper margin.

Jaw aulacognathous, distinctly dilated towards the sides.

Radula with 61-89 teeth, corresponding in most species to the

formula i^i.+i-^ra:' bllt in a few to nr •

Genitalia: the spermatheca duct, including the diverticulum,
after separating from the ovisperm duct, which is contiguous to
both, reaches far beyond the albumen gland, frequently being
twice, in some cases three times, the combined length of the
albumen gland and ovisperm duct.

The neck of the uterus, which in the genus usually exceeds the
vagina in length, is here practically twice as long, in one case
(B. melinostoma) more than three times its length. B. dolicho-
stoma, in which, on the contrary, the vagina is about one-third
longer than the neck of the uterus, is an exception in this respect.
The penis is moderately long, attaining only from two-thirds to
three-quarters of the length of the spermatheca duct and diverti-
culum. The appendix is somewhat longer than the penis and
reaches beyond the albumen gland. In one species, however
(B. melinostoma), the appendix is about one-third shorter than the
penis, agreeing in this respect with the section Pupinidius. As
compared with the ovisperm duct, including the albumen gland,
the appendix is from 1^ to 2^ times as long. A rudimentary
caecum, situate about the middle of the penis, appears as a diminu-
tive tubercle. In one species (B. melinostoma) it is wanting.
( Wiegmann.)

207. Ena vibex, Raster.

Bulimus vibex (Hutton), Kiister, Conch.-Cab*, Bulimus, 1845, p. 57,
pi. 17, figs. 5, 6 ; Pfeitfer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 118 ;
Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1848, Buliminus, pi. 47, fig. 299; Hanley
& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 20, fig. 5 (? var.), pi. 22, fig. 8
(var.), pi. 23, fig. 2.

Bulimulus (Ena) vibex, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 161.

237

Bulimus (End) vibex, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.
Buliminus (Napaeus) vibext von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, •

p. 234.

Buliminus (Petraeus) vibex, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 136.
Bulimina (End) vibex, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 291.
Buliminus (End) vibex, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1900, p. 683, pi. 103, figs. 11-13.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) vibex, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Dents. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description : — " B. testa sinistrorsa, rimato-perforata,
ovato-cylindracea, apice attenuata, tenuiuscula, oblique striata,
livido-cornea, anfractibus 8 vix convexiusculis, angustis; sutura
profunda ; apertura rotundato-trigona, oblique truncata, intus
flavida ; peristomate sublabiato, reflexo, plumbeo, margine acuto ;
columellari dilatato." (Kuster.)

" Long. 11, diam. medio 4i mill., ap. 3f mill, longa, intus 2 lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Simla (Hutton, Stoliczka), Landour (Benson), Mus-
soorie (Nevill).

A. series of twenty-seven specimens of E. vibex in the British
Museum from Simla, received from Hutton, range in size from
12x4-5 mm. to 11x4 mm., while a specimen in the Cuming
collection, without habitat, measures : length 16, diani. 5*5 mm.

Fig. 88.— Ena vibex. |.

The shell here figured is one of a batch from Landour, acquired
by purcbase in 1848 by the British Museum, and measures
11*5 x3'5 mm.

E. vibex, E. linterce, E. boysiana, E. arcuata, E. nivicola, and
E. huttoni form a rather homogeneous group in the genus, charac-
terized by the opaque white transverse streaks on a dark corneous
or fuscous ground, the sinistral convolutions, and the compara-
tively short stature, none of the species exceeding 20 mm. in
length. As regards contour, E. vibex and E. nivicola are the two
extremes of the series, the former being the most cylindrical and
the latter tho most ventricose in outline.

208. Ena linterae, Kobelt.

Buliminus (Napaeus) linterae, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-
minidae, 1899, p. 560, pi. 88, figs. 6, 7.

Buliminus (Subzebrinus) linterae, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.
Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 48.

238

Original description: — "Testa sinistrorsa, profimde rimata,
cylindracea, ruditer suboblique striatula vel striato costata, griseo-
alba, in anfractibus superis corneo obsolete strigata, summo rufo-
cornea. Spira supra coDico-atteDuata, apice acutiusculo. An-
fractus 9 vix convexiusculi, leniter ac regulariter crescentes, sutura
impressa, inter iiiferos submarginata discreti, ulthnus basi rotuud-
atus, postice altitudinis 1 vix superans, antice vix ascendens.
Apertura subsemicircularis, albida ; peristoma album, undique
expansum, acututn, tenue, tenuissime labiatum, marginibus baud
junctis, columellari parum dilatato, patente, cum pariete apertu-
rali angulum distincte formante.

" Alt. 10. diam. anfr. ult. 7'5, alt. apert. 6-5 mm." (Kobelt.)

Hal. ? Northern India.

The specimens on which the species is based were sent to
Dr. Kobelt by the late Miss Linter as B. arcuatus, var., but the
form is evidently nearer to E. vibex, from which it differs by its
more slender, more cylindrical shape and the more distinct sculp-
ture ; the markings are also more distinct and the aperture is
proportionately larger and wider. The Theobald collection in the
British Museum contains three specimens from Mahasu, which I
refer to E. linterce ; they range in size from 15'5 x 6*5 to 20 x
8 mm.

209. Ena boysiana, Reeve.

Bulimus boysianus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus,

pi. 78, fig. 575 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 432 ; ibid.,

Concli.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 69, pi. 20, figs. 9, 10 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872, pi. 22, fig. 6.
Bulimus (Bulimulus) boysianus. Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856.

p. 161.

Buliminus (Petraeus) boysianus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 136.
Bulimina (Chondrula) boysiana, Pfeifter& Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 296.

Buliminus boysianus, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconchyl.
. iii, 1887, p. 74 j ibid., Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palsearct. i,

1897, p. 13.
Buliminus ( Chondrulopsis) boysianus, Westerlund, Katal. Palaarct.

Binnenconch. 1890, p. 92.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) boysianus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 47.

Original description: — " Shell cylindrically oblong, sinistral,
scarcely umbilicated, whorls eight in number, convex, rather
coarsely striated, very finely plicated at the sutures, minutely
decussated beneath the lens with spiral lines ; horny brown, varie-
gated with waved opake-white lines." (Reeve.)

Length 19, diam. 8 mm. (ex icon.).

Hob. India : Kumaon, W. Himalayas (Boys) ; Naini Tal
(Stoliczka, Nevill) ; Darjeeling (coll. Ponsonby).

I have not seen specimens ; the type, like so many of Benson's,
has apparently gone astray. Judging from the figures the species

239

is intermediate between E. arcuata and E. vibeoo, being less convex
in outline than the former, while the latter is more fusiform.
The shell figured by Reeve, which must be regained as the type,
is larger than the specimens represented in Conch. Ind. and
Conch.-Cab., which measure only 17 X 7 mm.

210. Ena arcuata, Kuster.

Bulimus arcuatus (Hutton), Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1845*
p. 56, pi. 17, figs. 1, 2 ; Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 118 ;
Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus, pi. 67, fig. 478 ; Han-
ley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 20, fig. 2 ; var., fig. 7.

Bulimulus (End) arcuatus, Adams, Gen.Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 160.

Bulimus (Ena) arcuatus, Pfeifler, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.

Buliminus (Napaeus) arcuatus. von Martens. Die Heliceen, ed. 2,
1860, p. 234.

Napceus arcuatus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 145.

Buliminus ( Petraeus) arcuatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 136.

Bulimina (Ena) arcuata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 291.

Buliminus (Ena} arcuatus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,
1900, p. 684, pi. 103, figs. 14, 15.

Buliminus (Subzebrinus) arcuatux, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.
Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 47.

Original description :— " B. testa sinistrorsa, rirnata, ovato-
conica, tenuiuscula, subnitida, minutissime costulato-striata,
corneo-flava, lutescenti-arcuatim fasciata; anfractibus 7 convexi-
usculis ; apertura oblongo-ovali, intus flava ; peristomate pallide-
corneo, margine sinistro arcuato, columellari breviter dilatato."
(Kuster.}

Length 15 mm. ; diam. 6 mm. (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Himalayas (v. d. Busch) ; Mahassu, ~W. Himalayas
(Hutton)-, Kashmir (Theobald); Simla and Narkandi (Oldham,
Stoliczka).

Fig. 89.— Ena arcuata. f .

Kobelt gives a poor copy of the figure iu Conch. Ind., repre-
senting E. nivicola, which is supposed to be cospecific with
arcuata, but which is certainly distinct. Pfeiffer and Clessin
quote Pupa sylvatica, of Hutton, as a variety of arcuata, with
Bulimus nivicola as a synonym. The habitat " Moulmain " given
in Conch. Ind., Theobald points out, is an error. Ena arcuata

240 ENID.K.

has a more convex spire than E. vibeoc, and the body-whorl is pro-
portionately larger. From E. nivicola, on the other hand, it may
be distinguished by its less globose form ; it is, in fact, inter-
mediate between these two species. Although the latter has been
regarded by some authors as merely a variety of arcuata, I con-
sider them quite distinct. Of the two first-named considerable
series have passed through my hand, and I have never hesitated
to which form to refer them.

The specimen here figured is one of three in the Cuming collec-
tion labelled " India " ; it measures 13*25 x 5 mm.

The name arcuata has a rather peculiar history. A tablet in
the British Museum, with twenty-six specimens received from
Hutton in 1856, bears on its back the following legend, appa-
rently copied from Button's letter or label : — " Pfeiffer mistook
ornatus for arcuatus. Ornatus being preoccupied I changed it to
sylvaticus, but the mischief is done." This accounts for the fact
that Pfeiffer quotes Pupa sylvatica as a synonym. The largest of
this series measures 16 x 7 mm. and the smallest 12x5<25mm.
Another shell in the British Museum, from Simla, measures 17*5 x
8-25 mm., while four specimens from Mukraj, Salt Eange, which
I also refer to the present species, are rather different from all I
have seen, being of a chalky white, with pale corneous transverse
streaks ; these range in size between 18 x 7'5 mm. and 16 x
6-25 mm.

211. Ena nivicola, Reeve.

Bulimus nivicola (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus,
pi. 69, fig-. 496 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Lid. 1870, pi. 22,
fig. 9.

Sulimina (Ena) arcuata, var. sylvatica (= nivicola) , Pfeiffer &
Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 291.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically ovate, stout, ventri-
cose, sinistral. compressly umbilicated, whorls seven in number,
convex, obliquely striated, somewhat obscurely crenulated at the
sutures, coluinella rather broad, appressed, aperture small, lip
slightly expanded ; red-brown, marked here and there with
irregularly interrupted oblique white streaks, covered with a thin
yellowish epidermis." (Reeve.)

Length ] 1, diam. 5*75 mm. (ex icon.).

Hob. India : Liti Pass, W. Himalayas, 14,000 feet (Hutton).

" Mr. Benson is of opinion that this species, distinguished by
its stout cylindrical form and reversed growth, which has been
upwards of twelve years in his collection, is the Pupa sylvatica of
Hutton, described in M'Clelland's Journal for January 1841, as
being found among jumper bushes at Burrenda Pass, and of
which the name is preoccupied in the present genus to which this
species strictly belongs. It is remarkable for its stout cylindrical
form and reversed growth." (Reeve.)

ENA. 241

After some considerable search I have succeeded in tracing
Hutton's name Pupa sylvatica, referred to by Reeve when de-
scribing and illustrating Ena nivicola, and by Pfeiffer*, both on
the authority of Benson, neither having seen the original. The
complete reference is as follows : — Calcutta Journal of Natural
History (Edited by McClelland), i, 1841, p. 479. No question of
priority, however, is involved, since no description is given by
Hutton ; but on account of Eeeve's misleading statement — " Pupa
sylvatica of Hutton, ' described ' in M'Clelland's Journal for
January 1841" — I have thought it useful to place this fact on
record.

Fig. 90. — Ena nivicola. f .

E. nivicola is the most ventricose member of the group. The
British Museum possesses six specimens received from Hutton
and labelled " Snowy Range." Some of these exceed the type in
their dimensions, ranging in size from Il'5x6'5 mm. to 12x6
and 14x7 mm.

The shell here figured is one of six from the Snowy Range
received by the British Museum from Hutton in 1856.

212. Ena huttoni,

Bulimus cylindricus (Hutton), Ktister, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1845
explanation of plate on cover, pi. 17, figs. 3, 4 (not Bulimw
cylindricus, Gray, 1825, not Bulimus cylindricus, Menke, 1830).

Bulimus huttoni, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846, p. 55, nom
mut. ; ibid., Mon. Helic." Viv. ii. 1848, p. 118 ; Kiister, Conch.-
Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 57.

Bulimus (Ena) huttoni, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.

Buliminus (Subzebrinus) huitoni, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.
Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 48.

Original description: — "T. sinistrorsa, rimato-perforata, oblongo-
conica, oblique ruguloso-striata, cornea ; spira oblonga, apice
attenuata, obtusiuscula ; anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus f- longitu-
dinis subsequans ; columella arcuata ; apertura ovalis, intus fulves-
cens ; perist. vix sublabiatum, margine exteriore vix expansiusculo,
flexuosa, columellari dilatato, reflexo,

" Long. 15, diam. 6 mill. Ap. 6 mill, longa, 3 lata," (Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India.

* Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 350.

242

Intermediate between E. vibex and E. arcuata, being more
convex in the spire than the former and more cylindrical than the
latter.

213. Ena eous, Reeve.

Bulimus eous, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Bulimus, pi. 86*.

fig. 640; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 361.
Bulimina (Petraeus) coa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 287.
Buliminus (?) eous, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliininidae, 1902.

p. 951, pi. 133, fig. 6.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically oblong, rather stout,
compressly urabilicated, whorls six in number, convexly flattened,
colurnella vertical, broadly dilated, aperture nearly orbicular, pro-
duced, margins joined together by a lamina ; white." (Reeve.)

Long. 28, diam. 13 mm. (ex icon.).

Hal. India (Griffiths).

Said by Reeve to be allied to B. griffitlii, but the figure does not
exhibit much resemblance to that species, being much shorter in
the spire and having a much less dilated aperture. I have not
seen specimens, having failed in tracing the type.

214. Ena kunawurensis, Reeve.

Bulimus kunawurensis (Hutton), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v. 1849,
Bulimus, pi. 62, fig. 426 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii. 1853,

6349 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 68, pi. 20, figs. 3, 4 ;
anley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, fig. 3.
Bulimulus (Ena) kunawurensis, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 160.

Bulimus (Ena) kunaivurensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.
Buliminus (Petraeus) kunawurensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 136.
Bulimina (Zebrina) kunawurensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 294.
Buliminus kunawurensis, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnen-

conchyl. iii, 1887, p. 73 ; ibid., Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palse-

arct. i, 1897, p. 12; ibid., Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890,

p. 92.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) kunawurensis, Kobelt & Mollendorff,

Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 48.

Original description : — " Shell elongately turreted, sinistral,
compressly umbilicated, whorls twelve in number, smooth or
obscurely roughly striated, minutely crenulated at the sutures,
aperture small, lip and columella expanded; brownish horny
colour, marked here and there with opake white streaks, lip
snow-white within." (Reeve.)

Long. 36, diam. 9 mm. (ex icon.).

"Long. 34, diam. 7| mill. Ap. 8 mill, longa, intus 4 lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

* The text accompanying plate 86 is marked 76 owing to a printer's error.

BXA. 243

Hob. Tibet : Chini, Kunawur ; banks of the Sutlej (Hutton).
India : Landour, W. Himalayas ( Theobald) .

The species varies considerably in length. The type, according
to .Reeve's figure, measures 36 mm., the shell illustrated by
Hanley & Theobald being 31 mm. long, while a specimen from
Chini in the Theobald collection only reaches 27*5 mm. in length,
Math a diameter of 7*5 mm. Hutton's five specimens from
Kunawur, in the British Museum, range from 31 x 9 to 28 X 7 mm.
Two shells in the Cuming collection are fulvous-corneous, strongly
streaked transversely with greyish white.

E. Tcunawurensis has the earlier whorls very finely spirally
striated, the spirals becoming obsolete on the later whorls. From
E. candelaris it may be separated by its more cylindrical shape
and the smaller aperture ; it also has the peristome less thick-
ened, with acute edges, and the outer margin is less curved.

A small specimen from Kunawar, received by the British
Museum from Hutton, approaches E. sindica in form, but that
species is more tapering towards the apex.

215. Ena candelaris, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus candelaris, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 40 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. ii, 1848, p. 127; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus,

pi. 60, fig. 408 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872, pi. 19,

fig. 2.

Bulimulus candelaris, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 159.
Bulimus (Ena) candelaris, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 152.
Bidiminus candelaris, von Martens, Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868, p. 160 ;

Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 19 ; Westerlund,

Fauna Palaaret. Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887, p. 74; Ancey, Bull.

Soc. Zool. France, xviii, 1893, p. 42; Westerlund, Syn. Moll.

Extramar. Reg. Palaearct. i, 1897, p. 12 ; ibid., Katal/Palaarct.

Binnenconch. 1890, p. 92.

Napceus candelaris, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 144.
Buliminus (Petraeus) candelaris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 136.
Bulimina (Petraeus) candelaris, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 288.
Buliminus (Napaeus) candelaris, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab.. Fain. Buli-

minidae, 1899, p. 561, pi. 88, figs. 8-12; ibid., in Rossmassler,

Iconogr., N. F. ix, 1899, p. 21, figs. 1604-5.
• Buliminus (Subzebrinus) candelaris, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Dents. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 47.

Original description : — " Bui. testa sinistrorsa, profunde rimata,
cylindracea, apice sensim attenuata, acutiusculo, suboblique
striatulo, sordide albo ; anfractibus 9 planiusculis, ultimo minus
oblique descendente, J- longitudinis vix aequante, basi subrotun
dato ; apertura semiovali, intus uitida, alba ; peristomate albo,
undique expanso, marginibus eallo tenui junctis, columellari dila-
tato, patente.

"Long. 27, diam. 8 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India: Fort Lockhart, N.W. India (Watson}-, Jhilum

E2

244 ENIDvE.

Valley, above Kokala (TJieobald) ; Kashmir (Atkinson) • Takht-i-
Suliuian (Thomson) ; Tiuali (Stoliczlca). Tibet (Pfeiffer).

When first described by Pfeiffer its habitat was UD known. In
1859, however, he recorded Tibet (Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, p. 426) as
its native country, without stating the source of his information.
Benson (A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 327) gave Takht-i-
Suliman, Kashmir, as habitat, while Theobald (J. A. S. B. 1878,
p. 144) mentioned it as common about Mari and in various places
in Kashmir, usually above 6000 feet, but occasionally lower. He
further states that

" Sinistral shells are most numerous, but dextral ones also
occur not rarely. My largest sinistral shell measures 35-6 x
9-2 and my smallest 27*7 X 8*7 mm. The dextral shells are
smaller, ranging from 33x8-8 to 24x8-5 mm. The shells
vary somewhat in a large series, in tumidity and in the
attenuation of the spire, and even in the number of whorls,
a remark which applies to all the species of the genus, and
proves the risk of creating new species from single examples.
" I do not think that N. domina, B., can be separated, as
the main distinction seems to be in the texture of the shell ;
but in this group the texture varies from horny and sub-
diaphanous, in which the striped markings are conspicuous,
to creamy porcellanous, in which they are more or less if not
wholly obsolete. The difference too in this respect is con-
siderable between the living and dead shells, and largely
depends (unless I am much mistaken) on the conditions of
climate and alimentation under which the animal lived.

" A slender form is seen in places, with a thinner shell
than the type, and indicating a passage to N. Jcunawarensis,
Hutton. A typical example of this variety measures 26-5 x
8 mill."

J3. candelaris and B. domina are, to my mind, two perfectly
distinct and valid species, notwithstanding Theobald's observations
to the contrary. The latter species, apart from its markings, is
much more convex in outline than the former with its attenuated
spire. It is, of course, possible that Theobald had not seen the
true domina.

The Theobald collection in the British Museum contains even
smaller sinistral specimens than those referred to by Theobald ;
they measure 21*5 x7"5 mm., and are from the Jhilum Valley
above Kokala. Dextral shells from the same locality -are also
present. Theobald's Kashmir specimens range from 36 x 8'5 mm.
to 24 x 8-5, both dextral and sinistral.

Dr. Kobelt records three shells from Northern India, in the
Mo'llendorff collection, measuring 29 mm. in length, and being
slightly angulated. Ho observes that some shells have corneous
transverse streaks on the upper whorls, a feature which I have
likewise noticed in some specimens.

ENA. 245

216. Ena sindica, Reeve.

Bulimus sindicus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1848, Bulimus,

pi. 47, fig. 303 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 355; ibid.,

Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 71, pi. 20, figs. 23, 24 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Couch. Ind, 1870, pi. 20, fig. 6.
Bulimus (Ena) sindicus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 153.
Buliminus (Petraeus) sindicus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134.
Napceus sindicus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 145.
Bulimina (Zebrina) sindica, Pfeiffer & Clessiu, Nomeucl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 294.
Buliminus sindicus, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886,

p. 49 ; Ancey, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xviii, 1893, p. 43 ; Wester-

lund, Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconchyl. 1890, p. 92 ; ibid., Syn.

Moll. Extramar. Reg\ Palaearct. i, 1897, p. 11.
Buliminus (Chondndopsis) sindicus, Westeiiund, Fauna Palaarct.

Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887, p. 72.
Buliminus (Ena) sindicus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1901, p. 685, pi. 103, fig. 17 (corrected to Subzebrinus on p. 1007)

(1902).
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) sindicus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

IJeuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically elongated, broadly
umbilicated, whorls nine in number, fla.tly convex, smooth or con-
centrically striated, aperture small, lip and columella expanded,
but slightly reflected ; greyish white, here and there obliquely
marked with pellucid streaks." (Reeve.)

Hob. India : near the head- waters of the Sinde (Benson} ;
Sub-Himalayan Range, left bank of Sutlej (Hutton); l)arjeeling
(Hanley <Sf Theobald)-, Jliilum Valley, Kashmir and Salt Range
(Theobald)-, Maudi (StoliczJca); Kussial Ghat, Punjab (Theobald).
Afghanistan: Khyber Pass (Barr) ; Cherat (Ancey).

The present species and E. Icunawurensis are closely related,
but whereas the latter is sinistral, E. sindica is dextral and has
the last whorl proportionately much higher. The Theobald
collection contains shells from various localities, those from the
hills between the Sutlej and the Jumna being transversely streaked
with a rufous tint and constituting a connecting-link with E. nifi-
striyata, but the latter has a more convex spire and its aperture
is not so high; they measure 24x7*5 mm. Others from the
Salt Range vary in dimensions between 21 x 7*5 to 17 x 6-5 mm.
A shell from Kussial Ghat, Punjab, measures 19'5x 6 mm., while
two pure white Kashmir specimens attain a length of 32 mm.
with a diameter of 10 mm.

217. Ena domina, Benson.

Bulimus domina, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 327 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 425 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 22, fig. 5.
Buliminus (Petraeus) dominat Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 136.

246 ENID*;.

Bulimina (Zebrina) domina, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 294.

Napmis domina, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47.
Buliminus dominus, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconchyl.

iii, 1887, p. 74 ; ibid., Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890, p. 92 ;

ibid., Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palaearct. i, 1897, p. 13.
Bulimmus(?) domina, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliininidae,

1900, p. 684, pi. 103, fig. 16.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) domina, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 48.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, rimato-perforata,
ovato-cylindrica, oblique striatula, albida, strigis obliquis rufo-
corneis picta ; spira cylindrica, superne celeriter attenuata, apice
acutiusculo ; sutura impressa ; anfractibus 8 convexiusculis,
ultimo -J testae vix a3quante, basi rotundata ; apertura vix obliqua,
semiovali ; peristomate undique expanso, marginibus conniventibus,
callo brevi junctis, sinistro superne arcuato, columellari dilatato.

" Long. 23, diam. 9 mill., long. ap. 9, lat. 6 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. India : Kashmir (Lady Gomm} ; Murree, Kashmir (Theo-
bald) ; Tandiaui, Hazara, Punjab (Theobald}.

According to Theobald the present species cannot be separated
from E. canddaris, Pfeiffer, as he considered the main distinction
to be in the texture of the shell. A careful examination of a con-
siderable number of the two species, however, has convinced me
that they can be readily distinguished, not by the texture, but by
the shape of the shell, domina having a much greater diameter in
proportion to its length, while it is also much more marked with
dark transverse streaks, candelaris being generally of a chalky white,
only the upper whorls occasionally being variegated in this manner.

The Theobald collection contains dextral forms of E. domina,
from Tandiaui, Hasara, a station at an elevation of 5000 feet, and
sinistral specimens from Mari [Murree]. The former range from
29-5 x 9-5 to 26-5 x 9-25 mm., and the latter measure 30-5 x 10 mm.
There are besides in the British Museum two shells collected by
Major Spratt at Lundi Kotal.

218. Ena longstaffi, sp. n.

Shell moderately umbilicated, fusiform-pyramidal, white, shining,
distantly and irregularly striated, the striae crossed by obsolete
spirals. Whorls 9, the protoconch — consisting of 2 whorls —
smooth and polished, rather convex, the remainder more flattened,
increasing rather rapidly, the last slightly ascending, equalling J
of the spire. Spire subconoid, suture shallow. Aperture scarcely
oblique, obovate ; margins connivent, united by a thin callus on
the parietal wall ; peristome slightly thickened, expanded, and
reflexed, with acute edges ; upper, outer, and basal margins regu-
larly curved ; columellar margin vertical, triangularly dilated ;
umbilicus narrow, rimate, subangulated around the base of the
shell.

EN A.

247

Length 31, diameter 12 mm.; aperture diam. 11-5, height
8 mm.

Nab. India : Samana Tsuk (6740 feet), near Upper Kuram
Valley, N.W. Frontier Prov. (Dr. T. G. Long staff.) Type in
the British Museum.

This new species is allied to E. griffiihi, Reeve, from Afghanistan.
I was, in fact, at first inclined to regard it merely as a variety of
that species. Although possessing one whorl more, it is con-
siderably shorter than grijfitki, which measures 40 mm. in length,
it is less slender in the spire, the last whorl is relatively smaller,
and the aperture is much less expanded, especially towards the

Fig. 91. — Fna longstaffi. f .

base. E. longstaffi also bears traces of affinity to eremita, Reeve,
and E. domina, Benson, but may readily be distinguished from
either by its less conoid, more attenuated spire. From E. can-
delaris, Pfeiffer, another allied form, it differs in the greater
relative length of the last whorl, the conoid spire, the widened
aperture, and the more developed peristome.

Dr. Longstaff, who collected the shell in 1906, presented five
specimens, which range in size from 31 x 12 ram. (type) to
26x11-75 mm.

The illustrations represent the type in the British Museum.

219. Ena eremita, Reeve.

Bulimu* eremita (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, jBulimus,
pi. 78, fig. 573; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab. Bulimus, 1853, p. 71,
pi. 20, figs. 21, 22 ; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 356 ;
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 23, fig. 6; Ancey,
Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 35.

Bulimus (Ena) eremita, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 153.

248 ENID.E.

Buliminus eremita, von Martens, Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868, p. 161 ;
ibid., Imp. Obsh. Lyubi. Estest. Antrop. Etnoghr. xi, part 1,
1874, p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 13 ; Ancey, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xviii,
1893, p. 43; Westerlund, Syn.Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palzearct. i,
1897, p. 7.

Buliminus (Petraeus) eremita, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134.

Bulimina (Petraeus) eremita, Pfeiffer & Olessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 287.

Buliminus (Subzebrinus) eremita, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct.
Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887, p. 66 ; ibid., Katal. Palaarct. Binnen-
conch. 1890, p. 90; Kobelt in Eossmassler, Iconogr. iv, 1876,
p. 62, pi. 135, fig. 1330, New Series, iii, 1888, pp. 38, 39, pi. 100,
figs. 574, 575, 578, x, 1903, p. 55, pi. 291, fig. 1872 ; ibid.,
Conch.-Cab., Farn. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 951, pi. 133, fig. 7.

Pupa spelaa, Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, 1849, p. 653.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically oblong, rather deeply
umbilicated, whorls eight in number, convex, obscurely rather
irregularly striated, aperture obliquely produced, columella broad,
lip a little expanded ; bluish white." (Reeve.)

Long. 18-22, diam. 7'5-9 mm.

Hob. India : Salt Range, Punjab (Theobald) ; Subathor, near
Simla (Hutton) ; Lundi Kotal (Spratt). Tibet (Mus. Cuming).
Afghanistan : Bolan Pass (Hutton).

Two specimens in the British Museum labelled " Pupa spelcea,
Bolan Pass," received from Capt. Hutton, have convinced me that
this form is cospecific with Bulimus eremita. They are indeed a
trifle darker in colour and have the outer margin of the peri-
stome not quite so much curved, but these slight differences are
insufficient for separating the two forms. Both names having
been published in 1849, 1 was at first uncertain which had priority.
The sheet accompanying plate 78 of the Conchologia Iconica is
dated September 1849, and although I have been unable to trace
the actual date on which the part of the Journal of the Asiatic
Society, containing Hutton's description, was issued, Mr. C. D.
Sherborn informs me that it was certainly after September.
Under these circumstances Reeve's name must be adopted for the
species.

Ena eremita varies considerably, and some forms approach
E. sindica on the one hand, and E. salsicola on the other. It has,
however, a larger diameter in proportion to its length than the
former, and is less convex in the spire than the latter.

220. Ena salsicola, Benson.

Bulimus salsicola, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 327 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 423 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 20, fig. 8.

Buliminus (Petraeus) salsicola, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134.
Bulimina (Petraeus) salsicola, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 287.

ENA. 249

Buliminus (Napaeus) salsicola, Kobelt, Conch. -Cab., Fam. Bulimi-

nidae, 1899, p. 564, pi. 88, figs. 17, 18.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) salsicola, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Dents. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description : — " Testa rimata, ovato-cylindrica, tenui,
sursum conica, Iseviuscula, oblique obsolete striatula, albida,
maculis quibusdam translucent! bus obscuris uotata ; sutura im-
pressiuscula ; apice subpapillari, obtusiusculo ; ant'ractibus 6^
planiusculis, ultimo ^ testae superante, subtus prope rimarn com-
pressiusculo ; apertura vix obliqua, truncato-ovata ; peristomate
plane reflexo, marginibus conniventibus, dextro arcuato, callo
parietali brevissimo, crassiuseulo, tuberculum obsoletum angu-
larern exhibente, junctis.

"Long. 18, diain. 8 mill., long, apert. 8, diam. 6 mill."
(Benson.)

Hob. India: Pentepotomia (Theobald) ; Salt Range (Theobald).

" It is possible that this shell may exhibit coloured markings,
like those of some other Punjab species, B.pretiosus, sindicus, etc.,
when in tine condition. It has a strong resemblance in form to
the larger B. bertheloti, Pfr., and is also allied to the Levantine
B. ehrenbergi." (Benson.)

The type of E. salsicola appears to have shared the fate of
several other Bensonian types, for Dr. Doncaster informs me that
it cannot be found. When Benson compared this species with
B. bertheloti he must have overlooked eremita, to whicli it bears a
far greater resemblance ; it has, however, a more convex spire
than the latter. It also approaches domina, but is not so strongly
sculptured, while it is more distinctly subangulated around the
umbilicus, which is also more open. Several specimens in the
Theobald collection, from the Salt Eange, Punjab, measure
22 x 10 mm. and 21 x 9*75 mm.

The shell figured by Dr. Kobelt in Conch.-Cab. is different
from that in Conch. Ind., and possesses one whorl more.

221. Ena ccelebs, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus ccelebs (Benson), Pfeifter, Symb. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846,
p. 83; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 119; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. v. 1848, Bulimus, pi. 47, fig. 301 ; ibid., 1849, pi. 69,
fig. 498, juv. ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1856, p. 260,
pi. 70, figs. 12, 13; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874.
pi. 80, fig. 1.

Bulimus (Merdigerus) coelebs, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 180.

Bulimulus (Ena) ccelebs, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 160.

Bulimus (Ena) coelebs, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bliitt, ii. 1856, p. 153.

Buliminus (Napaeus) coelebs, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,
1860, p. 234.

Buliminus (Petraeus) coelebs, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134.

Napceus coelebs, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 145.

Bulimina (Ena) coelebs, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 290.

250 ENID^E.

Buliminus (End) coelebs, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,
1901, p. 687, pi. 103, fig. 21 (corrected to Subzebrinus on
page 1007) (1902).

Buliminus (Subzebrinus) coelebs, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.
Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 47.

Original description : — " T. profunde rimata. oblongo-acuminata,
tenuis, striatula, lineis conf'ertis, spiralibus sub lente decussatula,
pallide cornea, diaphana, strigis obliquis, albiclis, opacis variegata ;
anfr. 7-8 vix convexiusculi, ultimus ^ longitudinis subaequans,
basi turgido-subcompressus; apertura ovalis ; perist. tenue, ex-
pansum, intus sublabiatum, marginibus subconniventibus, colu-
mellari brevi, dilatato, patente.

" Long. 20, diam. 7J mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Mussoorie (Huttori) ; Almorah, N.W. Prov.
(Pfeiffer] ; Naini Tal (StoliczJca) ; Kumaon, W. Himalayas
(Benson); Kashmir (Theobald).

Ena coelebs resembles E. domina in outline, but it is smaller,
thinner in texture, and its sculpture is Jess coarse. It is provided
with dense wavy spirals like E. pretiosa,\)ut has a more contracted
aperture than that species, and the peristome is more expanded,
while the spire is more convex. The British Museum possesses
fifteen specimens collected by Hutton at Mussoorie, measuring :
long. 18-19, diam. 7 mm., and twelve shells from Almorah,
received from the same naturalist, ranging in size from 17'5 x 8*25
to 15x8 mm.

222. Ena pretiosa, Reeve.

Bulimus pretiosus (Cantor), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v. 1849, Bulimus,

pi. 83, ficr. 619 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 351 ;

ibid., Conch. -Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 70, pi. 20, figs. 27, 28 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 23, fig. 7.
Bulimulus (Ena) pretiosus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 161.

Bulimus (Ena) pretiosus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 153.
Buliminus (Petraeus) pretiosus. Nevill, FJand List, i, 1878, p. 134.
Napceus pretiosus, Theobald, .T.' A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146.
Bulimina (Ena) pretiosa, Pfeiffer & Olessin, Nomericl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 291.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) pretiosus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr.

Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically ovate, compressly
umbilicated, whorls smooth or finely striated, columella broadly
vertically dilated, aperture rather small, nearly orbicular, lip
thinly reflected ; pale horny, transparent, waved with numerous
opake-white streaks." (Reeve.)

Long. 21, diam. 10 mm. (ex icon.).

Hab. India : Chillianwalla, Banks of Jhilum, Kashmir (Cantor);
Jhilum Valley (Theobald) ; Tinali (StoliczJca).

Theobald states that the species occurs sparingly throughout
the Jhilum Valley below Uri, but is nowhere common except

251

about Kathai fort on the right bank, where it is abundant,
although he saw only dead shells. He further observes that its
range must be very limited, not having noticed it to the eastward,
or anywhere in the cis-Ravi country.

E. pretiosa has a close affinity with such species as E. eremita
and E. ccelebs, but is more conoid in the spire than the former
and considerably smaller than the latter, being also differently
marked. From E. rufistrigata, another ally, it may be separated
by the broader base and the more convex spire. Three specimens
in the Theobald collection are from the type locality. They
agree with Reeve's figure, except in size, measuring 16x7'5 mm.
They are rather thin in texture, and are densely covered with
excessively minute, wavy spirals, a feature not mentioned in the
original description. The upper margin of the peristome strongly
arches forward. In the British Museum are also five specimens
collected by Major Spratt at Lundi Kotal. These range in size
between 21 x 8, 18-5 x 7, and 16 x 7 mm.

223. Ena mainwaringiana, Nevill.

Buliminus (Petrceus) mainwaringianus, Nevill, Sci. Res. Second

Yarkand Miss., Moll. 1878, p. 19, fig. 28.

Napcevs mainwaringianus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) mainwaringianus^ Kobelt, Conch.-Cab..

Fam, Buliminidae, 1902, p. 937, pi. 132, figs. 1, 2.

Original description :— " Narrowly and superficially rimate,
subcylindrically conical, of stout, smooth, and polished substance ;
striated, strisB'less oblique than in the preceding \_stoliczJcanus\y
fewer and more regular, not crowded together in the same way,
here and there one more developed than the others, with inter-
mediate ones more or less obsolete ; light horny-brown, variegated
with opaque white markings, as in B. pretiosus ; these markings
are fewer, of a more zigzag, broader, and more irregular nature
than those of the preceding ; spire produced, apex scarcely
obtuse ; whorls 7, the three apical ones unusually short compared
with the others, last whorl compressed ; aperture very small,
almost as broad as high, peristome pure white, outer margin con-
siderably thickened ; columella very broadly reflected, straighter
than in the preceding, slightly subangulate, instead of rounded,
at base.

"Long. 10, diam. 4J (last whorl to base of aperture, 5|) ;
apert. alt. 3|, lat. 3 mm."

Hob. India : Murree (Stoliczka) ; Pakli Valley, Tandiani Hills,
4000-5000 ft. (Theobald}-, Lundi Kotal (Spratt).

" There is no Indian species with which I can compare this
species. As to shape, the nearest I know of are some small
dwarf forms of Cylindrus insularis ; the species is, however, next
allied to B. pretiosus and B. ruftstngatus." (Nevill.}

Theobald collected what he took to be a variety of this shell on
the hills north-west of the Pakli Valley from 4000 to 5000 feet,

252

ENIDJB.

where he says it is not rare locally. He continues, " It has one
whorl less than the type (which is described as having 7), but is
slightly larger, a difference probably due to the lesser elevation at
which my specimens lived. Shell with six whorls, outer edge of
aperture not quite so convex, or full, as in Nevill's plate. In
most other respects corresponding with the description of the
type. The surface under a lens displays a microscopically de-
cussated sculpture, not mentioned in the type. Two varieties
occur : var. major, long. 15, lat. 6*2 mill. ; var. intermedia,
long. 12, lat. 4*4. This last I do not term. ' minor ' as it is
actually larger that the type from Mari."

Fig. Q2.—Ena mainwaringiana, large form. ^.

The species is characterized by the large body-whorl and the
strong decussated sculpture. It varies in size like most of the
members of the group. Dr. Kobelt records specimens from
Tandiani, in the Mollendorif collection, 14-5x7*5 mm., while the
Theobald collection contains shells from the same locality, measur-
ing from 13'75 x 5 tollx4'5 mm. The same collection com-
prises a series from the Jhilum Valley, above Kohala, considerably
larger than typical mainwaringiana. Two of these are here
figured ; they have the following dimensions : — 16*5 X 8'5 and
15x7 mm.; while two others appear sufficiently distinct to base
two new varieties upon them.

Var. tumida, nov.

Twice the length of the type and nearly three times its
diameter.

Fig. 93. — Ena mainwanngiana, var. tumida. f .
Long. 21-5, diam. 11 mm.

EN A.

253

Var. dominula, nov.

Twice the length of the type and more than twice its diameter.

Fig. 94. — Ena mainwaringiana, var. dominula. f .
Long. 21-5, diarn. 9'5 mm.

224. Ena rufistrigata, Reeve.

Bulimus i*ufistrigatus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849,

Bulimus, pi. 78, fig. 570; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853,

p. 350 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 69, pi. 20, figs. 29,

30, pi. 21, figs. 16, 17 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 23, fig. 10.
Bulimulus (End) rufatri-gatw, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 161.

Bulimus (Ena) rufistrigatus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii. 1856, p. 153.
Buliminus ruf&trigatus, von Martens, Malak. Blatt. xv. 1868r

p. 158.
Buliminus (Petraeus) rufistrigatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,.

p. 134.
Napaus rufistrigatus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146;.

Westerlund, Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890, p. 91 ; ibid.,

Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palsearct. i, 1897, p. 11.
Buliminus rufistrigatus, Kobelt in Rossmassler, Iconogi\ vii, 1880,.

p. 44, pi. 198, figs. 1991-1993.
Bulimina (Ena) rufistrigata, Pfeiffer & Classin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 290.
Buliminus (Chondrulopsis) rufistrigatus, Westerlund, Fauna

Palaarct. Binneuconchyl. iii, 1887, p. 70.
Buliminus (Subzebrimis) rujistrigatus, Kobelt & Molleudorff,

Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49.

Original description: — "Shell cylindrically oblong, compressly
umbilicated, whorls eight in number, flatly convex, smooth,
minutely crenulated at the sutures, aperture rather small, nearly
orbicular ; fulvous horny, irregularly finely streaked with opake-
white." (Reeve.)

Long. 17, diam. 7 mm. (ex icon.).

Hob. India : base of the lower range of the Himalayas, between

254

the rivers Jumna and Sutlej (Button) ; Jhilum. Valley (StoliczJca).
Common on the outer hills from the Jumna to the Indus
[Kashmir] (Theobald) ; Lundi Kotal (Spratt).

" Communicated to Mr. Benson by Capt. Hutton with the title
Papa strigata, of which the specific name is occupied in the present
genus." (Reeve.)

Hanley considers rufistrigatus a somewhat doubtful species
(Conch. Ind. p. 12), running into pretiosus and eremita, while
Theobald (J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146) states that " closely
allied to this species and with difficulty separable in a large series,
are eremita, sindicus, salsicola, and spelceus."

Var. gracilis (Benson), Hanley fy Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,
p. 10, pi. 20, fig. 4 ; Nevill, Haiid List, i, 1878, p. 134.

Smaller and slenderer than the type. Length 11 mm.
Hob. India : Kashmir (StoliczJca) ; Kakerhati (Theobald).

With the foregoing observations I entirely associate myself,
but would exclude spelceus, as being absolutely synonymous with
eremita, while I would add domina. With the large series of these
species before me I have experienced great difficulty in defining
their limits. On the whole, I would consider rufistrigata as
being the smallest of the group and distinguishable from eremita
by the more convex spire. Like most of the other members of
the group, it occurs in sinistral as well as dextral specimens, the
former being represented by a shell in the British Museum,
collected at Simla by Hutton, and measuring 17x7 mm., together
with three dextral ones. The species has also been found at
Lundi Kotal by Major Spratt. The variety gracilis, again, con-
nects the species with E. beddomiana, but differs principally from
that species in having the last whorl proportionately larger.
Five specimens of this variety from Kakerhati are in the Theobald
collection.

Subgenus SEBJNA, Gredler.

Serina, Gredler, Gymnasialprogr. Bozen, 1898, p. 10 (as Genus) ;
Mollendorff, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersburg, vi, 1902, p. 356
(as Subgenus of Buliminus) ; Wiegmann, torn. cit. p. 270
(anatomy) ; Kobelt & Mollendorfi, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.
1903, p. 58.

TYPE : (first species) Serina cathaica, Gredler.

Range : China, India.

Shell more or less cylindricaJ-turreted, many-whorled ; whorls
convex, aperture oblong-rouindate, peristome widely expanded,
scarcely reflexed, margins united by a distinct callus.

Jaw scarcely or not at all dilated towards the sides.

Radula transverse, with 41-48 teeth, of which the central and
the first 4 or 5 laterals are in some species unicuspid, sometimes
showing rudiments of outer side cusps.

9 255

Genital system approaching the general type of Pupinidius,
Petrceomastus, and Subzebrinus, being especially characterised by
the unusual length of the spermathecaduct which, after separating
from the ovisperm duct, with its diverticulum reaches far beyond
the albumen gland, greatly exceeding the latter together with
the ovisperm duct in lengtb, in some species even 4| or 5 times.
The appendix of the penis, on the other hand, is much shorter,
not reaching as far as the albumen gland, and attaining only ^ or
at most \ the length of the penis. (Wiegmann.)

225. Ena tandianiensis, Kobelt (emend.).

Bulimintis (Subzebrinus) tandjanensis, Kobelt, Conch. -Cab.,
Fain. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 939, pi. 132, figs. 5, 6.

Original description: — "Testa angusta rimata, ovato-conica,
tenuiuscula, striatula, albida, strigis fuscis crebris oriiata, summo
luteo-fusco. Spira regulariter conica lateribus vix convexius-
culis, apice submamillato ; sutura linearis, anfractus 7 vix con-
vexiusculi leniter accrescentes, ultimus major, postice altitudinis
f superans, basi rotundatus, initio obscure subangulatus, antice
baud ascendens. Apertura vix obliqua, truncato-ovalis, intus
strigis translucentibus ; peristoma acutum, tenuiter albolabiatum,
expansum, niarginibus vix convergentibus, baud juuctis, colu-
mellari brevi, subarcuato.

" Alt. 10-5, diam. max. 5-5, alt. apert. obi. 4-5 min." (Kobelt.)

Nab. India : Tandiani Hills, Punjab.

This species has affinity with E. kuluensis, but possesses a
shorter, more conoid spire, composed of seven whorls, whereas in
kuluensis eight whorls may be counted. The aperture of tandia-
niensis is also more dilated. It is quite possible that with larger
series the two forms will be found to intergrade insensibly.

226. Ena kuluensis, Kobelt.

Bulimimis (Subzebrimis) kuluensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-
, 1902, p. 938, pi. 132, figs. 3, 4.

Original description: — "Testa breviter rimata, ovato-turrita,
subfusifonnis, obsoleta striatula, tenuiuscula, parum niteiis, albida,
strigis fuscis subregulariter picta, summo fusco. Spira primum
cylindrica, dein conica, apice obtusulo ; sutura linearis, parum
impressa. Anfractus 8 lerite ac regulariter crescentes, ultimus
postice | altitudinis occupans, subcylindricus, basi rotundatus,
antice vix asceodens. Apertura fere verticalis, ovata, parum
lunata ; peristoma tenue, expansum, niarginibus vix conniven-
tibus, externo et basali albolabiatis, columellari vix dilatato.

" Alt. 13, diam. max. 5, alt. apert. obi. 4 mm." (Kobelt.)

Hob. India : Kulu, W. Himalayas.

256

Received by Mollendorff from the late Miss Linter as B. rufo-
strigatus var. gracilis.

Five specimens in the Theobald collection, from Kakerhati, I
refer to E. Tculuensis. It is shorter and more conoid than rufi-
strigata.

227. Ena beddomeana, Nevill.

Buliminus (Petrceus) beddomeanus, Nevill, Sci. Res. Second Yar-

kand Miss., Mollusca, 1878, p. 20, fig. 29.
Napaus beddomeanus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) beddomeanus (Nevill), Kobelt, Conch .-

Cab., Fam. Btiliminidae, 1902, p. 939, pi. 132, figs. 15, 16.

Original description : — " This is a very interesting species,
resembling somewhat, in shape of the whorls and aperture,
B. smiihei, ' Conchologia Indica/ pi. xx, fig. 3, but it is still
nearer B. eremita, Bens., I. c. fig. 8, from which its produced
spire, narrower whorls, and aperture easily distinguish it.
Narrowly rimate, subcylindrically turreted, of solid, scarcely
polished substance ; closely, obliquely striate, striae more regular
and crowded together than in the two preceding forms [stolicz-
Tcanus and mainwaringianus] ; of a very pale horn-colour, only

* 6

Fig. 95. — Ena beddomiana, var. turrifa. |.

here and there discernible, on account of the crowded striae,
which are of a ch alk- white colour ; spire much produced, apex
obtuse ; whorls 10, increasing very gradually and regularly, last
whorl compressed; aperture very small, peristome white, outer
margin broadly reflected, very slightly arcuate (much as in pi. xx,
fig. 3, 2. c.); columella dilated, obliquely rounded at base.

" Long. 13f , diam. 4f (last whorl to base of aperture, 5) ;
apert. alt. 3^, lat. 2| mm." (Nevill)

Hob. India : Murree, Punjab (Nevill) • Tandiani, Hazara
(Theobald) • Campbellpur (Yerbury).

Three varieties are indicated by Theobald as occurring at Tan-
diani, the hill station of Hazara, the most northern portion of the
Punjab and bordering on Kashmir, where he says the species is
rather common. The varieties he mentions are : var. typica,
10 whorls, long. 12'4, lat. 2-6 mill.; var. turrita, 11 whorls,
long. 12-4, lat. 3 mill. ; var. pusilla, 9 whorls, long. 8'5, lat.

ENA. 257

2-5 mill. The var. turrita is here illustrated from a specimen in
the Theobald collection in the British Museum, fig. 95 c, showing
the aperture enlarged. Theobald further states that it is the
most aberrant species of the genus, and that the flat expanded
peristome, it sometimes displays, suggests a relationship to some
Pupce, such as P. ccenopicta.

Kobelt, when describing and figuring the species, appears to
have been ignorant of the fact that a description and figure of it
had already been published by Nevill. Kobelt's specimen is some-
what smaller than Nevill's type, the dimensions of the former
being given as : alt 10, diam. 4, ap. alt. 3 mm.

The Theobald collection contains four specimens which may
be considered typical, having ten whorls and measuring 12 mm.
in length ; these are from Kakerhati, on the Simla Road. Four
other shells have nine whorls, and measure 9 mm. in length,
and may be referred to Theobald's var. pusilla ; they agree with
Kobelt's figures based on specimens from Tandiani in the Mollen-
dorff collection, while, finally, four more specimens of eleven
whorls, from Tandiani, pertain to the var. turrita ; one measures
13'25x3'5 mm., and another, which is here figured, has the
following dimensions: length 11'25, diam. 3-5 mm. The British
Museum further possesses a specimen of the latter variety,
collected by Major Yerbury at Campbellpur, situate to the
south-west of the Hazara Hills.

228. Ena hazarica, sp. n.

Shell turreted-fusiform, finely obliquely striated, pale corneous,
rather solid. AVhorls 11, slightly convex, increasing slowly and
regularly, the last scarcely wider than the penultimate, slightly

Fig. 96.— Ena hazarica. f .

ascending near the aperture. Spire straight, apex blunt, suture
impressed. Aperture subquadrate-ovate, margins distant, united
by a callus on the parietal wall, with a denticle near the upper
margin ; peristome thickened, strongly and flatly expanded, upper,
outer, and basal margins evenly curved, columellar margin tri-
angularly dilated, slightly curved, forming an obtuse angle with
the basal margin. Umbilicus contracted, leaving only a narrow
perforation.

Length 13, diam. 2'75 mm.

258 ENIDJE.

Hob. India: Tandiani, Hazara, N.W. Frontier (Theobald).
Type in the British Museum.

The shell on which this new species is based occurred with
several specimens of E. beddomiana, var. turrita in the Theobald
collection. It differs from that form in the more slowly in-
creasing whorls, the last being scarcely wider than the penultimate,
and in the smaller aperture ; it also differs in its dimensions, the
length being a little greater and the diameter somewhat smaller,
while the peristorne is more expanded but not reflexed. The shell
consequently has quite a different facies, and can be readily picked
out from among its congeners.

Tandiani, the spot where the shell was taken in company with
E. beddomiana, is the hill station situate in the Hazara hills, near
the Afghan frontier, at an elevation of 8500 feet, where the pre-
vailing rock appears to be limestone *.

Figs. 96, a & 6, give the front and back view of the shell, while
fig. 96 c shows the aperture.

229. Ena nevilliana, Theobald.

Peronceus nevillianus, Theobald, J. A. S. B, 1, 1881, p. 48. ^
£uliminus (Ena) nevillianus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab.,Fam. Buliminidae,

1902, p. 880, pi. 128, figs. 1, 2.
Buliminus (Subzebrinus) nevillianus, ibid. torn. cit. p. 1045.

Original description. — "Testa turrita, rimata, costanea [cas-
tanea], anfr. 8 ad 9 convexiusculis, transverse plicatis, lineisque
spiralibus leviter decussatis, ultimo brevissime ascendenie. Aper-
tura oblonga, verticali. Margine pallido, simplici, expansiusculo,
et juxta columellam breviter reflexo.

" Long. 15-7, lat. 4-1 mill., ad long. 11-9, lat. 4 mill." (Theo-
bald.)

Hob. India: Tandiani, Hazara hills, Punjab, 8500 ft. (Theobald)-,
Lundi Khotal (Sjpratt).

Fig. 97.— Ena nevilliana. Shell |, sculpture |.

The species had remained unfigured until Dr. Kobelt illustrated
it from a specimen in the Mollendorff collection. The shell is
strongly irregularly costulate-striate, the striae being cut by coarse
incised spirals ; it is dark fuscous in colour, not flammulated.

* Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47.

PUPOIDES. 259

The Theobald collection contains two batches of the present
species, both from Tandiani ; one of four specimens was duly so
labelled by Theobald and marked type. One of these is shown,
together with the enlarged sculpture, in fig. 97 a. The second
batch consists of five shells which were unnamed by Theobald ;
although the spirals cutting the transverse ribs are not quite so
far apart as in the other shells, and the resulting bead-like sculp-
ture is consequently not quite so coarse, I have no hesitation in
referring this form likewise to E. nevilliana. One shell is depicted
in fig. 97 b.

Genus PUPOIDES, Pfeiffer.

Pupoides, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 192 (as section ofBttlimus,
for B. nitidulus, Pfeiffer, and B. marginatus, Say) ; Pilsbry &
Vanatta, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, p. 585 (genus) ;
Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 917; Kobelt &
Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 70.

Leucochila, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 296 (as section
of Pupa).

Leucockiloides, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 292
(as subsection

TYPE, (first species) Bulimus nitidulus, Pfeiffer.

Range. Southern Asia, Equatorial Africa, Australasia, North
America, Antilles, and South America.

Shell small, elongate-ovate, rather smooth, corneous ; spire
elongate, conoid; whorls 5|-7|, convex, the last ascending in
front ; aperture provided with a parietal lamella ; peristome widely
and flatly expanded, reflexed, acute, margins approximating,
united by a callus, edentulous.

Some Australian and African species are sinistral, one — P. con-
trarius, Smith — being amphidrome.

Anatomy unknown.

230. Pupoides ccenopictus, Button.

No. 7, Pupa, Hutton, J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, p. 85 ; No. 7, Pupa
(mini) coe.nopic.ta ?, ibid., torn. cit. p. 93.

Bulimus ccenopictus, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus, pi. 69
fig. 492 ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, iv, 1849, p. 127 ; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 349 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus.
1854, p. 152, pi. 39, figs. 17-19 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv,
1865, p. 94 ; ibid., op. cit. xlv, 1875, p. 45 ; Hanley & Theobald
Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 23, fig. 9.

Bulimulus (Ena) ccenopictus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855
p. 160.

Bulimus (Napaeus) coenopictus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,
p. 153.

Pupa coenopicta, Morelet, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, iii, 1872, p. 200.

Pupa (Leucochila) ccenopictus, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 23 ;
ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 193 (coenopicta) ; ibid., in Anderson,
Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882 (coenopicta) : Peile
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131.

s2

260

Peronceus cccnopictns, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 144.
Bulimina (JEna (Leucochiloides)) coenopicta, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 292.
Buliminus (Leucochiloides) coenopicta, Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch.

iii, 1884, p. 54, pi. 99, fig. 65.
Buliminus ccenopictus, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xviii, 1893,

p. 42.
Pupoides coenopictus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902,

p. 918, pi. 130, figs. 22, 23.
Buliminus (Pupa) fallax, Jickeli, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin,

1873, p. 5.
Buliminus (Napaeus) fallax (Say), Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.-

Carol. Akad. Naturf. xxxvii, 1874, p. 97, pi. 2, fig. 1 (jaw), pi. 5,

fig. 1 (shell).

Original description: — " Shell about 21 lines in length ; whorls 8 ;
spire rather obtuse ; colour brown ; aperture rounded, margins
reflected and interrupted by the body-whorl.

" Animal with four tentacles, buttoned at the tips, the upper
pair longest and bearing the eyes at the summit ; colour blackish."
(Button, 1834.)

" Shell cylindrico-pyramidal, with 6 whorls, minutely striate ;
body-whorl ventricose, the others gradually tapering to an obtuse
apex ; aperture ovato-lunate, lips sub-reflected and white within ;
a single tooth at the junction of the outer lip with the body- whorl ;
colour brown." (Button, 1849.)

Length 4-4-5, diam. nearly 2 mm.

Hob. India: Salt Eange, Kashmir, N.W. Punjab (Theobald)-,
Agra (Button); Delhi, Koorkee ( Wood-Mason) • Patna (Main-
waring) ; Kutch (Stoliczka) ; Trichinopoly, Erode (Stanford,
Fairbank) ; Travancore (Becldome) ; Dinapore, Kurnal (Bacon) ;
Bombay Is. (Peile, West} ; Ceylon (Nevitt, Beddome). Afghanistan
(Button, Laidtaw). Abyssinia (Blanford).

In colour the shell varies from pale and dark corneous to fulvous,
in some cases even rufous ; it is usually more or less shining, and
there are from 6 to 7 whorls, some specimens have a more elongate
spire than others and the body-whorl is somewhat ventricose. In
a small percentage of shells the parietal denticle near the upper
margin of the peristome is obsolete or even entirely wanting.

Jickeli has united under the collective name of Buliminus
(Napaeus) fallax, Say, practically all the forms of the genus known
to him at the time of writing, stating that the different species
have been based on characters which may occur in specimens from
the same locality. Bourguignat, as might have been anticipated
strongly protested against this method of uniting forms from the
four quarters of the globe under a common designation and pro-
ceeded to add another new species *. While admitting that the
various forms closely approximate each other, on geographical
grounds alone I must consider it advisable to separate them, while,

* Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 6, xv, art. 2, 1883, p, 62.

PUPOIDES. 261

moreover, a careful scrutiny of large series of specimens has con-
vinced me that P. fallax and P. coenopictus, at least, may readily
be separated by the characters of the peristome, which in fallaoc is
much more strongly developed, thickened, and expanded, and has
the upper margin more deflexed towards the body-whorl, forming
an obtuse angle \vith the outer margin which is but slightly
curved, whereas in ccenopicta the upper and outer margins together
form a regular curve.

231. Pupoides lardeus, Pfeiffer.

Btdimus lardeus, Pfeiffer, P. Z, S. 1852, p. 157 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. lii, 1853, p. 348; ibid., Conch.-Cab.} Bulimus, 1854, p. 151,

pi. 39, figs. 14-16.
Bulimulus (Napceus) lardeus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 162.

Bulimus (Napaeus) lardeus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 153.
Buliminus (Napaeus) lardeus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 234.
Buliminus (Leucochiloides) lardeus, Kobelt, 111. Conchyl. Buch, ii,

1878, p. 273, pi. 84, fig. 12.
Bulimina (Ena (Leucochiloides)) lardea, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 292.
Pupoides lardeus, Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902,

p. 918.

Original description : — " B. testa snbperforata, oblongo-ovata,
solidula, striata, lardeo-rnicante, rufo-cornea; spira convexo-
turrita, apice obtusa ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo J longi-
tudinis vix superante, basi subcornpresso ; apertura subverticali,
truncato-ovali ; perist. intus labiato, subangulatim patente mar-
ginibus reuiotis, callo tenui juxta insertionem dextri obsolete
pliciferi junctis.

" Long. 5|, diam. 21 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India.

The Cumiiig collection in the British Museum contains five
specimens of Pupoides lardeus. This form, which is perhaps only
a variety of P. ccenopictus, is larger, possessing one more whorl,
and is more conoid in the spire.

232. Pupoides tutulus, Reeve.

Bulimus tutulus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus,

pi. 84, fig. 625.
Pupa tutula, Krister, Conch.-Cab., Pupa, 1852, p. 133, pi. 17,

figs. 8-10 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 535 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 156, fig. 6.
Pupa (Pupilla} tutula, Adams, Gen. Roc. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 170 ;

Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 176.
Pupa (Leucochila) tutula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 194 (=P.

ccenopicta, var.) ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 351.

262 XNIDJE.

Pupoides tutulus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.
1903, p. 71.

Original description : — *« Shell conical, rather broad at the base,
compressly umbilicated, whorls six in number, rounded, very
minutely striated, coluraella broadly vertically dilated, with a small
callosity above, aperture nearly round, lip slightly reflected ; light
chestnut, somewhat horny, callosity white." (Reeve.)

Long. 5|, diam. 3 mill. Ap. 2 mill, longa, If lata. (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India: Humeerpore, Bundelkhuud (Benson); Delhi and
Nagpore ( Wood- Mason) • Kutch and Sind (Stoliczka, Blanford) ;
Patna (Maimuaring).

Reeve, in illustrating the species, makes no mention of the fact
that his figure is enlarged, which is especially misleading owing to
his invariable habit of omitting all measurement in the ' Conch ologia
Iconica.' There is, indeed, a note at the bottom of the page
stating, "All exceedingly minute," but this is apt to be over-
looked. As 1 have not seen any specimens I have been obliged
to quote Pfeiffer's measurements taken from Benson's shells.
Pupoides tutulus differs from its congeners at a first glance by its
much broader base.

Genus CERASTUS, von Martens.

Cerastus (Albers), von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 232 (as
section ofBuliminus) ; Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.-Oarol. Akad.
Naturf. xxxvii, no. 1, 1874, p. 103, pi. 2, fig. 2 (jaw and radula,
Buliminus abyssinicus) j Schacko, in Mobius, Beitr. Meeresf.
Mauritius u. Seychellen, 1880, p. 340 (radula of abyssinicus) ;
Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286 ; Kobelt
& Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 40 (genus).

TYPE, (first species) Bulimus distans, Pfeiffer.

Eange. India, Africa.

Shell rimate, ovate, costulate or striate, thin, corneous ; whorls
6-7 convex, last whorl about equalling the spire ; aperture
rotundate- ovate, peristome reflexed, margins approaching, united
by a thin callus. "

Jaw 1*5 mm. across, slightly curved, yellowish corneous, strong,
and exhibiting distinct, fairly regular lines of growth, which are
crossed by stronger transverse striae, which under a more powerful
lens appear as irregular fine riblets. (Jickeli.')

Eadula 4 mm. long, 1-5 mm. broad, tapering anteriorly, with
133 transverse rows, which ascend towards the margin, then
descend and terminate horizontally. Longitudinal rows from 91
to 1 01. Central tooth varying from 0-030 to 0-036 mm. in length.
Laterals characterized by prominent cutting edges on either side,
and a basal plate elongated posteriorly and projecting somewhat
wing-like towards the outer side. (Jickeli.)

Grenitalia unknown.

CBEASTUS. 263

233. Cerastus abyssinicus, Pfeiffer.

Buliminus habessinicus (Riippell), Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 68

(nom. nud.).
Bulimus abyssinicus (Riipp.), Pfeiffer, Zeit. Malak. ii, 1845, p. 157 ;

ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 110 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v,

1848, Bulimus, pi. 46, fig. 296 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus,

1854, p. 149, pi. 39, figs. 6, 7 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868,

p. 55 ; Morelet, Voy. Welwitsch, Moll. 1868, p. 40 ; ibid., Ann.

Mus. Civ. Geneva, iii, 1872, p. 197 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1870, pi. 21, fig. 1 ; Bourguignat, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 6,

xv, 1883, art. 2, p. 55, pi. 9, fig. 59 ; ibid., Moll. Afr. Equat.

1889, p. 50.
Bulimus (Petraeus) abyssinicus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 184 ;

Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.
Bulimulus (Petrceus) abyssinicus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 162.
Buliminus abyssinicus, var. ventrosa, Martens, Malak. Blatt. xvi,

1869, p. 210.
Buliminus (Petraeus) abyssinicus, Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol.

Akad. Naturf. xxxvii, no. 1, 1874, p. 103, pi. 2, fig. 9 (jaw and

radula), pi. 5, fig. 2 (shell).
Buliminus (Cerastus} abyssinicus, Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl. Buch,

ii, 1878, p. 273, pi. 84, fig. 6 ; Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,

xiii, 1898, no. 313, p. 6.
Bulimina (Cerastus) abyssinica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 286.
Buliminus ( Cerastus) abessynicus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab^, Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1899, p. 532, pi. 84, figs. 9-12.
Cerastus abessinicus, Kobelt & Mollendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 40.
Buliminus abyssinicus, var., Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi,

1908, p. 131.

Original description: — "Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-acuminata,
termi, regulariter et confertirn arcuato costata, diaphana, corneo-
albida; spira elongata, conica; anfr. 7, convexis, ultimo £ longi-
tudinis subsequante ; columella subrecta, intus subtorta; apertura
oblongo-ovali ; perist. acuto, margine dextro arcuato, breviter ex-
panso, columellari dilatato, patente.

"Long. 21, diam. 11 mill" (Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India: Malwa (Theobald)', Manda, Nerbudda Valley
(Blanford) ; Poona (Beddome) ; Bombay Island (Peile). Abyssinia
(Blanford, Jickeli, Bourguignat).

The occurrence of this species in such widely separated countries
is somewhat startling, but may be accounted for by the intro-
duction into India with plants. In a letter to Pfeiffer (recorded
in Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, p. 55) Benson suggested that it had been
imported with Adansonia digitata.

The shell appears to vary to a certain extent, and some of the
specimens figured by Jickeli seem to be immature. This same
author suggested that Bulimus harrisi, Reeve, is identical, but
Reeve's figure does not bear out this contention.

G. abyssinicus is closely related to G. distans but the shell is

264 ENID^E.

more diaphanous, the spire is shorter, the body-whorl is more in-
flated and the ribs are more distant. The interstices between the
costae are closely and minutely spirally striated. The figure in
Conch. Ind. shows a more elongated spire, the last whorl is less
swollen and the aperture narrower than in typical abyssinica.

In size the species varies from 20x12 and 19x11*5 to
16x10-5 mm.

234. Cerastus fairbanki, Pfeiffer.

Bulimusfairbanki, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 109 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 410; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 20, fig. 9.
Buliminus ( Cerastus) scalaris (Hairburn), von Martens, Die Ileli-

ceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 232.
Buliminus (Cerastus) fairbanki, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 133 ;

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Bulhninidae, 1900, p. 677, pi. 102,

fig. 23.
Bulimina (Cerastus) fairbanki, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 286.
Cerastus fairbanki, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Dents. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 40.

Original description : — " T. anguste et compresse umbilicata,
ovato-conica, tenuuiscula, conferte striata et costis irregulariter
distantibus cornpressis subarcuatis sculpta, sub lente exilissime
spiraliter striata, haud nitens, fulvescenti-albida ; spira conica,
apice obtusa ; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus spira vix brevior, juxta
umbilicum compressus ; apertura parum obliqua, elliptico-ovalis ;
perist. album, marginibus conniventibus clextro mediocriter ex-
panso, columellari stricto, late patente.

" Long. 19, diatn. 9| mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Ahmednuggar (Fairbank).

This is the best characterized of all the Indian species of
Cerastus, on account of the prominent and widely spaced ribs,
which are about 2 mm. apart. Five specimens in the Beddome
collection, from Ahmednuggar, the type-locality, show that two
forms may be recognized. The one typical, broadly conoid, the
other with more elongated spire and narrower base ; the ribs are
neither quite so widely nor so regularly spaced, and the form
would almost constitute a passage to C. distans.

235. Cerastus malabaricns, Pfeiffer.

Btdimus malabaricus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bliitt. iv, 1857, p. 156 j ibid.,

Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 411.
Buliminus (Cerastus) deccanensis (Blanford), Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 133 (nom. mut).
Bulimina ( Cerastiis) malabarica, Pfeiffer & Clessiu, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881. p. 286.
Cerastus malabaricus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 41.

CEEASTUS. 265

Original description : — " T. anguste uinbilicata, conico-ovata,
solidula, conferte striata, parum nitida, sordide albida; spira
elongato-conica, apice obtusa ; arifr. 6 convexi, ultimus i longi-
tudinis subsequans, juxta umbilicum leviter compressus ; apertura
obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus approximates,
callo tenuissirao, superne tuberculifero junctis, dextro perarcuato,
breviter expanse, columellari dilatato, breviter patente.

"Long. 14, diam. 7J mill. Ap. 6| mill, longa, 4 lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Ahmednuggar, Deccan (Fairbank, JBlanford).

The species never having been figured, I have taken the
opportunity of illustrating the type in the Cuming collection.
The shell bears some resemblance to that of C. redfieldi, Pfeiffer,
being similar in shape, but it is smaller and has a narrower
umbilicus. It is furnished with very fine spirals on the body-
whorl, where the transverse striae are less distinct than on the
other portions of the shell.

Fig. 98. — Cerastus 'malabaricus. f.

I have seen five specimens in the Beddome collection, also from
Ahmednuggar, which are a trifle larger than the type, measuring
15x9 mm., and are a little more fuscous, with the body-whorl
not quite so tumid.

Blanford appears to have found it necessary to alter the specific
name* on the plea that the habitat is not in Malabar, as Pfeiffer
erroneously thought, but in the Deccan. In view of the admitted
fact, however, that a specific name is intended to " designate, not
to describe," I have found it expedient to disregard the latter name
and to revert to Pfeiffer s original designation.

236. Cerastus jerdoni, Reeve.

Bulimus jerdoni (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1848, Bulimus,

pi. 46, fig. 297 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p 335 ;

ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bidimus, 1853, p. 73, pi. 20, figs. 11, 12.
Bulimus (Petraeus) jerdoni, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.
Euliminus (Cerastus) jerdoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 132 ;

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab'., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 893, pi. 127,

figs. 17, 18.

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 133.

266

ENIDJE.

Bulimina (Cerastus} jerdoni. Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Yiv. 1881, p. 286.
Cerastus jerdoni, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 40.

Original description: — "Shell somewhat shortly ovate, largely
umbilicated, spire rather short, acuminated, whorls six in number,
swollen, rounded, columella broadly reflected, aperture nearly
orbicular, lip expanded, scarcely reflected ; dirty olive-brown.'7
(Reeve.)

Long. 18, diam. 11*5 mill, (ex icon.).

Hob. India : Deccan (Benson) ; Poona (Blanford).

A shell from Ahmednuggar in the Benson collection, kindly sent
for inspection by Dr. L. Doncaster, agrees with Reeve's figure,
except in being paler in colour, which may be due to fading, and
the outer margin of the peristome being narrower and damaged,
probably as the result of rough handling. I am consequently
disposed to regard this specimen as the type. The form figured
by Hanley and Theobald is larger and with a less convex spire,
and I refer this to the var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer.

The species differs from 0. densus, Pfeiffer, in being of shorter
and stouter build, of thinner texture, more finely, not plicately,
striated, and in being covered with rather close, wavy spirals.

Var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus redfieldi, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 66.

Bulimus jerdoni, var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859,

p. 410.'
Bulimus jerdoni, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21,

fig. 7. '
Bulimina (Cerastus} jerdoni, var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286.

Original description: — "T. profunde et compresse umbilicata,
ovato-conica, tenuis, oblique confertim striata, pellucida, parum
nitens, cereo-albida ; spira conica, apice obtusa ; anfr. 6 convexi,
ultimus spiram aequans, infra suturam subturgidus, juxta umbilicum
compressus ; columella fere verticalis, medio introrsum subplicata ;
apertura obliqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus con-
vergentibus, dextro perarcuato, expanse, subdilatato, columellari
lato, patente.

"Long. 20, diam. 11 mill. Ap. 10 mill, longa, intus 5| lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Ahmednuggar (Eedfield) ; Poona (Beddome).

Described originally as a distinct species, evidently before he
had seen C. jerdoni, Pfeiffer subsequently reduced it to varietal
rank. The shell figured by Hanley and Theobald as jerdoni I
refer to this variety. Three specimens from Ahmednuggar in the
CumiDg collection, accompanied by a label bearing the legend
11 B. jerdoni" in Pfeiffer's handwriting, also agree with the de-
scription and dimensions of redfieldi. The Beddome collection

CERASTUS. 267

further comprises five specimens from Poona. These range in
dimensions from 21x12 to 19x1 1*5 mm., and have the trans-
verse striae more pronounced and more regular than is the case in
typical jerdoni ; the spiral incised lines, on the other hand, are
not so wavy and not quite so apparent, while the peristome is
more expanded, the columellar margin especially being very
broadly triangular.

237. Cerastus moussonianus, Petit.

Bulimus moussonianus, Petit, Journ. Conchyl. ii, 1851, p. 266, pi. 7,

fig. 4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 346; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 21, fig. 4.
Buliminus (Cerastus) moussonianus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 182 ; Kobelt, Oonch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 676,

pi. 102, fig. 21 : torn. cit. 1902, p. 892, pi. 127, figs. 12-16.
Bulimina ( Cerasiiis) moussoniana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Mon. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 286.
Cerastus moussonianus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 41.
Buliminus moussonianus, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi,

1908, p. 131.

Original description : — " B. testa ovato-ventricosa, tenui, trans-
lucida, umbilicata, pallide cornea ; spira conica ; anfractibus senis
convexis, longitudinaliter minuteque striatis ; striis obliquis ;
apertura subrotundata ; labro tenui, expanso, subreflexo ; um-
bilico parvo.

" Long. 16, larg. 9 mill." (Petit.)

Hob. India : Bombay (Charbonnier) • Ahmednuggar (Fairbank) ;
Baroach, Khandala, and Surat (Blanford, Fairbank) ; Sholapur
(West)-, Bombay Island (Peile) ; Kutch (Stoliczka).

Petit states that it is near B. abyssinicus, but shorter and not

Fig. 99. — Cerastus moussonianus, var. Shell f , sculpture f .

as widely umbilicated, while Kobelt considers it probably a variety
of that species. Pfeiffer and Clessin, on the other hand, are
rather inclined to regard it as synonymous with B. char-
bonnieri, Pfr.

To judge from Petit's original figures I must consider it nearer
to C. abyssinicus, but it has a more inflated body-whorl and the
ribs appear more crowded. From C. charbonnieri it may be

268 JSSJDM.

separated by the shorter, more compressed spire, and from
C. distans by the shorter spire, the broader base, and the coarser
and more distant ribs, while, on the other hand, it agrees with
C. densus in having the columellar margin of the peristome broadly
and triangularly dilated, forming a distinct angle with the basal
margin.

I here figure a shell (fig. 99) in the British Museum from
Sholapur, Central India, received from Arthur A. West, which
has a more elongated spire than typical moussonianus, measuring
18xll'5 mm. and somewhat approaches C. distans in shape,
while fig. 100 represents another specimen in the British
Museum, labelled " India " only ; the latter approximates closely
to Petit's original figure, except in being a trifle smaller, measuring
15-5 x 10'5 mm.

Fig. 100.— Cerastus moussonianus. Shell |, sculpture f .

Three specimens in the Cuming collection, collected by Fairbank
at Ahmednuggar, are labelled moussonianus, Pfeiffer ; they are
larger than the type, being 18 mm. long.

238. Cerastus segregatus, Reeve.

Bulimm segregatus (Bensoii), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus,

pi. 79, fig. 587; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 440 ;

ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 77, pi. 21, figs. 8, 9 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 80, fig. 10.
Bulimus (Napaeus) segregatus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856.

p. 153.
Bulimimis segregatus, var. minor, von Martens, Imp. Obsh. Lyubi.

Estest. Antrop. Etnoghr. xi, part i, 1874, p. 21, pi. 2, fig. 16.
Napceus segregatus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 145.
Bulimina (Pachnodtts) segregata, Pfeifter & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 284.
Buliminus segregatus, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886,

p. 46; Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887,

p. 72 ; ibid., Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890, p. 92 ; ibid.,

Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palsearct. i, 1897, p. 11.
Buliminus (Chondrulopsis) segregatus, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct.

iii, 1887, p. 72.
Buliminus (Ena ?) segregatus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1901, p. 687, pi. 103, fig. 20, corrected to (Subzebrinus)

on page 1007 (1902).

Original description : — " Shell ovately conical, somewhat pyra-
midal, rather swollen at the base, umbilicated, whorls seven in

CEEASTUS. 269

number, convex, obliquely striated, columella broad, vertical,
aperture small, rounded, lip thin; dull horny." (Reeve.)

Long. 11, diam. 6 mm. (ex icon.).

Nab. India : Simla (Benson) ; Chinab Valley, Kashmir (var.
pusillus, Theobald). Turkestan : Hills near Schachimardan (var.
minor, Fedtschenko).

Theobald records the finding in Kashmir of a single specimen
of what seemed to him a variety of segregatus, but it had an ab-
normal look about it. It measured 11*2x5 mm. and had the
ordinary horny appearance of ccelebs and its allies. A smaller
form, which he names var. pusillus, he also considered to pertain
to this species and was far from rare in the Chinab Valley above
6000 feet. It only measured 9 x 3'8 mm. Pfeiffer records the
following measurements from shells in the Benson collection :—
Long. 13, diam. 7 mm. Ap. 5 mm. longa, 8-5 lata.

I have not seen specimens, and the type appears to be lost.

239. Cerastus densus, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus (Petraeus) densus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154.
Bulimus densus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 424 : ibid.,

Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iii, 1868, p. 377, pi. 87, figs. 25, 26;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 6.
Buliminus ( Cerastus} densus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 286 ;

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1901, p. 686, pi. 103,

fi* 18.
Bulimina (Cerastus) densa, Pfeiffer & Clessin,Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 286.
Cerastus densus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 40.

Original description : — " T. profunde rimata, subperforata, ovato-
conica, solidula, densecostulato-striata, vix nitidula, pallide carnea;
spira conica, obtusiuscula ; sutura obsolete marginata ; anfr. 6,
convexiusculi, ultimus spira vix brevior, basi compressus ; colu-
mella leviter arcuata ; apertura parum obliqua, elliptico-ovalis ;
perist. albo-labiatum, marginibus conniventibus, dextro arcuato,
expanse, columellari late patente.

"Long. 20, diam. 10 mill. Ap. c. perist. 10 mill, longa, 7£
lata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. India : Malabar (FairbanJc) • Ahmednuggar (Stanford) ;
Poona (Stoliczka).

Pfeifi?er indicates a var. (3 " elongatus, basi subai?gulatus ; long.
24j, diam. 10 mill."

The Beddome collection contains five specimens, from Ahmed-
nuggar, which were labelled jerdoni, but which, without hesitation,
I refer to densus.

C. densus differs from (7. jerdoni in having a more attenuated
spire, the whorls increase less rapidly, and the lip, while more
thickened, is less reflexed. The sculpture is also different, the
transverse striae being a trifle coarser and more regularly spaced,

270 ENIDJE.

especially on the last whorl, and the spirals are much less in
evidence, being not only much more minute, but more or less
obsolete.

A specimen in the British Museum, acquired by purchase, from
Bombay and labelled B. fairbanJci, I also refer to the present
species.

240. Cerastus distans, Pfeiffer.

JBulimus distans, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 331 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 409.
Buliminus {Cerastus} distans, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 232; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Earn. Buliminidae, 1902,

p. 966.
Bulimina (Cei'astus) distans, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 286.
Cerastus distans, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 40.

Original description : — 4' T. cornpresse-umbilicata, ovato-conica,
tenuiuscula, costis subarcuatis, chordaeformibus, subdistantibus
sculpta, subdiaphana, albida ; spira elevato-conica, obtusula ;
anfr. 7 convexi, ultimus -| longitudinis subaequans, basi rotun-
datus ; columella profunde subtorta ; apertura parum obliqua,
acuminato-subovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus,
dextro breviter expanso, columellari dilatato, patente.

" Long. 22 j, diam. 10J mill. Ap. 10 mill, longa, 5| lata."
(Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India : Poona (Beddome). Karak L, Persian Gnlf (Mm.
Cuming).

The present species and C. cJiarbonnieri, both as from Karak
Island, in the Persian Gulf, were described by Pfeiffer in the
same paper, being based upon specimens in the Cuming
collection. After a careful examination of the types of both, now
in the British Museum, I am unable to separate the two forms
specifically, the only differences between them being that char-
bonnieri has one whorl less and is a smaller shell, its dimensions
being : length 15, diam. 8 mm. ; ap. 7 mm. long. 4'5 wide, while
the ribs are finer and more crowded. It can, at the most, be only
regarded as a variety. From C. abyssinicus it differs in being of a
more solid texture, in having a more elongated spire, and in the
ribs being more crowded.

Although Pfeiffer mentioned only the habitat Karak Island for
C. distans, von Martens recorded the fact that Albers7 collection
contained specimens labelled Malabar. Providing the latter term be
understood in its wider application, as in the case of C. malabaricus,
there would be no inherent improbability in its occurrence farther
north in India and I was, therefore, not surprised to find several
specimens from Poona in the Beddome collection which, although
erroneously labelled jerdoni, were absolutely undistinguishable

CEBASTFS. — KACHISELLTJS. 271

from the type of distans. They range in size from 19x10 to
18-5x9 mm. Pfeiffer in describing Bulimus distans alluded to
the fact that it differed from B. abyssinicus in its more elongated
spire and the sculpture.

Fig. 101. — Cerastus distans. Shell -|, sculpture £.

As neither C. distans nor C. charbonnieri has been illustrated
before, I add figures of the two from the types in the Cuming
collection, with an enlarged view of the sculpture of the former.

Var. charboimieri, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus charbonnieri, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1856, p 331 : ibid., Mon.
Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 410.

Fig. 102. — Cerastus charbonnieri. f.

Genus RACHISELLUS, Bourguiynat.

Rachisellus, Bourguignat, Moll. Afr. Equat. 1889, p. 68; Thiele,

Wiss. Ergebn. Deuts. Zentr.-Afr. Exp. iii, Zool. 1911, p. 201.
Rhachisellus, Connolly, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. xi, 1912, p. 164.

TYPE, Bulimus punctatus, Anton.

Range. India, Tropical Africa.

Shell elongate-oblong, last whorl shorter than the spire,
attenuated at the base ; umbilical perforation open and deep,
more or less covered by the much reflexed columellar margin, the
base of the last whorl subangulated around the umbilicus. Upper,
outer, and basal margins of peristome straight, acute, not thickened
or reflected.

272

The straight, acute margins of the peristome, giving the shell
an Achatinoid aspect, so different from typical Ena, are a
character sufficient, in my opinion, to warrant the retention of
the group as a separate genus, and I therefore follow Bour-
guignat's lead in this respect.

The radula closely approximates that of Ena obscura, according
to Schacko *. A specimen of R. punctatus from Tette is reported
on by him as follows : — Central tricuspid, very small ; laterals, ,
strong, with a large, obliquely truncate central plate ; marginals
very abundant, with 7 side cusps.

This genus, established in 1889 by Bourguignat, had been uni-
versally relegated to the synonymy of Rachis, Albers (Rhachis,
Pfeiffer and von Martens), but recently Dr. Thiele t has stated
that an examination of the radula of punctatus has satisfied him
that this species does not pertain to the latter genus but to Ena
in its wider sense. He consequently revives Rachisellus but
reduces it to a subgenus of Ena. Although von Martens indi-
cated punctatus as the type of the former, at the same time,
following in Pfeiffer's footsteps, altering its orthography to
Rhacliis, Dr. Thiele points out that as this species was not in-
cluded by Albers in 1850 when the section Rachis was established
by him, with Bulimus pollens, Jonas, as first species, the latter
must be regarded as type.

241. Rachisellus adumbratus, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus adumbratus, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 291 ; ibid., Mon.

Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 472; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1876, pi. 148, fig. 8.
Bulimus (Rhachis) adumbratus. Pfeiffer, Malak. Bla'tt. ii, 1856

p. 161.
Buliminus (Rhachis) adumbratus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 231 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 130 ; Kobelt. Conch.-

Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 675, pi. 102, fig. 19.
Bulimus adumbratus, Nevill, Enum. Ilelic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3.
Bulimina (Rachis} adumbrata, Pfeiffer & Clessin. Nomeucl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 285.
Rachis adumbratus, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894.

p. 296.
Rhachis adumbratus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Dents. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 37.

Original description : — " T. subobtecte perforata, ovato-conica,
solidula, Iffivigata, albido et roseo adumbrata, strigis distant! bus
roseo-fuscis et punctis sparsis pellucidis signata ; spira conica,
apice acuta, nigra ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, ultimus spira paullo
brevior, basi rotundatus, fascia 1 castanea notatus ; columella
subverticalis ; apertura obliqua, oblongo-ovalis ; perist. simplex,

* In Mobius, Beitr. Meeresfauna Ins. Mauritius u. Seychellen, 1880, p. 340.
f \Viss. Ergebn. Deuts. Zentr.-Afr. Exp. iii, Zool. 1911, p. 201.

KACHISELLUS. 273

rectum, margine coluinellari papyraceo, fornicatim reflexo,
subadnato.

" Long. 20, diam. 9^ mill. Ap. 9£ mill, longa, 6 lata." (Pfeiffer. )

Hab. Ceylon (Nwill).

242. Rachisellus trutta, Blanford.

Bulimits trutta, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 42; Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 125 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1874, pi. 80, fig. 4.
Buliminus (Rhachis) trutta, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 131 ;

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 668, pi. 102,

fig. 20.
Bulimina (Rachis) truita, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 285.
Ehachis trutta, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 39.

Original description : — " Shell perforated, conically ovate, thin,
finely striated, light yellowish, with two spiral rows of sub-distant
chestnut spots, sub-quadrate in form, on all the whorls, and two
spiral chestnut stripes, the lower sometimes very faint, upon the
last whorl below the periphery. Spire conical, apex acute, sutures
impressed. Whorls 5|, convex. Aperture nearly oval, slightly
oblique. Peristome thin, margins united by a thin callus, colu-
mellar margin vertical, narrowly reflexed, the reflexed portion
meeting the penultimate whorl at an angle.

" Length 14, diam. 9 millim. Aperture 7 mill, long, 4| broad."
(Blanford.)

Hab. India : Anamullay Hills (Beddome, Blanford).

"There is some doubt whether the shells above described be
adult. They have a somewhat immature appearance, but all the
specimens sent, four in number, are of precisely the same size, and
the thin peristome is characteristic of the group of Bidimus
Bengalensis, to which the present species belongs. From that
species and its allies, it is easily distinguished by its short conical
form." (Blanford.}

Most of the specimens of this species I have seen are larger
than the type. Three shells in the British Museum measure
19 x 10-5 mm., two in the Theobald collection 18 x 10 mm. ; while
five specimens in the Beddome collection range from 16 x 10 to
12*5 x 8 mm., the latter being immature. All possess the two
narrow, chestnut, spiral infra-peripheral bands and the two supra-
peripheral spiral rows of subquadrate spots, referred to in the
original diagnosis.

The species appears to be confined to the Anamullay Hills, as I
have neither seen specimens from any other locality nor traced
any record of such.

274

243. Kachisellus bengalensis, Lamarck.

Bulimus bengalensis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert, vi, part 2, 1822,

p. 124; Deshayes, ibid., ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 233; Delessert,

Recueil Coq. 1841, pi. 28, fig. 4 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii,

1848, p. 194; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1848, Bulimus, pi. 45,

fig. 289 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 80, fig. 7 ;

ibid., 1875, pi. 148, fig. 6.
Bulimus (Mesembrinus) bengalensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 158.
Bulimus (Rhachis) bengalensis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 231.
Buliminus (Rhachis) bengalensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 130);

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 668, pi. 102,

figs. 8, 9.
Bulimina (Rachis) bengalensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 285.
Buliminus (Rachis) bengalensis, Jousseaume, M6m. Soc. Zool.

France, vii, 1894, p. 296 ; Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

xi, 1908, p. 131.
Rhachis bengalensis, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 37.

" H. testa ovato-acuta, perforata, tenui, diaphana, glabra, albo-
lutescente, fusco-fasciata, ultimo anfractu subventricoso, bifasciato;
suturis linea nigra marginalia ; labro subreflexo." (Deshayes.)

Long. 10 lin.

Hob. India : Bengal (Deshayes) ; Bombay (Peile) • Chittagong
(Eaban) ; Raneegunge (Stoliczka) ; Chaudernagore, Calcutta,
Barrackpore (Nevill, Maimvaring) ; Bengal and Anamullays
{Beddome).

The foregoing brief description may be supplemented as
follows : —

Shell perforated, ovate - acute, thin, diaphanous, smooth,
yellowish-white, usually encircled by two, rarely three, bands,
one bordering the suture. Spire conical, apex acute, black.
Whorls 6, slightly flattened, the last convex, about equalling the
remainder of the shell in height. Aperture spacious, oval ; peri-
stome simple, acute, columellar margin dilated.

Long. 22, diam. 10 mm.

The present species may be distinguished from its nearest ally —
R. prceter missus — by its broader base and more conoid spire. It
is, besides, usually paler in colour and is furnished with dense
minute spirals, a feature I have not observed in the other species.
It is thinner in texture than either E. pulcher or E. adumbratus.
The third and fourth bands are most persistent, but many speci-
mens have the second band represented by a thin line. Seven
specimens from the Anamullays, in the Beddome collection,
labelled prcetermissa, I refer to bengalensis. The Theobald
collection contains six specimens, labelled Bengal, three of which
are immature and possess four bands ; three others have three
bands interrupted transversely, the third becoming entire towards
the aperture.

RACHISELLUS. 2?5

244. Rachisellus prsetermissus, Blanford.

Bulimus prcetermissus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 360 ;

Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 131 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, tig. 4.
Buliminus (BJiachis) prcetermissus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 130.
Bulimina (Rackis] praetermissa, Pfeiifer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 285.
Buliminus (Rhackis) praeter missus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam.

Buliminidae, 1900, p. 670, pi. 102, fig. 12.
Rhachis praetennissus, Kobelt & Mb'llendorff, Nachr. Dents. Malak.

Ges. 1903, p. 38.

Original description : — " Testa perforate,, oblongo-conica, tenuis,
nitida, striata, luteo-albida. varie rufo vel fusco spiraliter fasciata
et transverse strigata, plerumque uni- vel trifasciata, interdum
unicolor albida. Spira conica, apice acutiuscula plerumque nigra.
Anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus f longitudinis subaequans, basi
rotundatus. Apertura vix obliqua, subovalis ; peristoma simplex,
rectum, margine columellari verticali, fornicatim reflexo.

" Long. 19, diam. 10 mm. Ap. 8 alta, 5| lata." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Orissa (Blanford, Stoliczka, Theobald) ; Salem
district (King)' Bengal (Old/tarn)^ Bombay (Leiih)-, Madura
Hills (Beddome).

"This species is intermediate between B. mavortius, Reeve, and
B.punctatus, Anton, on the one hand, and B. Bengalensis, Lam.,
on the other. It resembles the two first-named in form, but
differs from both in the absence of the transparent spots on the
whorls. It is less solid than B. mavortius and broader in pro-
portion to its length than B. punctatus. From B. Bengalensis it is
distinguished by its small mouth and by less tumidity. It varies
considerably in marking, of which we have the following
varieties : —

"1. Yellowish white throughout; apex the same.

" 2. Yellowish white with a single brown stripe round the
lower portion of the last whorl ; apex white.

" 3. Upper whorls transversely obliquely striped with pale
reddish lines ; last whorl purplish, with a dark brown stripe round
the lower portion. Apex black.

" 4. Yellowish white, two pale reddish brown lines round the
lower portion of the last whorl, the upper running along the
suture above. The upper part of the whorls obliquely striped
with interrupted streaks of the same colour. Apex black.

" 5. Three rather broadish and irregular brown stripes around
the last whorl; two on the upper ones, becoming purplish black
near the apex ; apex black,

"6. 3 stripes of dark brown on the lower whorl, 2 on the upper
ones. Apex black. Similar to the marking in B. Bengalensis.

11 We have no specimens with more than 3 stripes around the
last whorl.

T2

276 ENLD^E.

" 7. Whorls obliquely and undulately striped with brown, one
stripe round the lower part of the last whorl. Suture near the
top purplish black ; apex black.

" Specimens of B. prcetermissus were first found by ourselves
5 years ago in the tributary mehals of Cuttack, in Orissa ; and
were by us long considered as a variety of B. Bengalensis. The
first six varieties came thence ; JSTo. 7, which is rather more highly
coloured, occurs amongst the shells sent from S. India by
Mr. King, who found it on detached hills, N.E. of Conaniputty,
in the Salem district." ( W. T. and H. F. Blanford.}

Rachisellus prcetermissus is allied to R. benyalensis but has a
narrower base and a more slender spire. It appears rather more
variable as regards banding than any of the other Indian species
of RachiseUus. Among a number in the Beddome collection, from
the Madura Hills, occur two shells which possess four bands, more
or less interrupted by transverse streaks, especially the upper
three, and a faint indication of a fifth band around the umbilicus.
Four others have only the fourth (sub-peripheral), while a fifth
has in addition a broad pale reddish zone between the suture
and the periphery, apparently the result of the fusion of the first
three bauds, and a coloured columella. One specimen is bandless.
All are subangulated at the periphery. Another batch in the
same collection, labelled S. India, contains two unhanded shells,
one of which is of a pale fuscous colour, becoming darker towards
the aperture, especially below the periphery. A third specimen
is ornamented with six bands, three of which — interrupted — are
supra-peripheral, aud three infra-peripheral, the fourth rather
broad and entire, dark chestnut, the fifth narrower, paler, and
interrupted, the sixth darker and broader, entire, and giving off
a paler fuscous zone reaching as far as the umbilicus. The
Theobald collection in the British Museum comprises two shells
from Orissa, which measure 22 x 12-5 mm. and have the third and
fourth bands faint and interrupted. Two specimens, collected at
Bombay by A. H. Leith, are labelled mavortius, var. ; these I refer
to prcetermissus.

245. Rachisellus pulcher, Gray.

Bulimus pulcher, Gray, Ann. Philos. new series, ix, 1825, p. 414 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 210.
Helix pulchra, Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 7, fig. 19.
Bulimus mavortius, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus, pi. 77,

fig. 561 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Btdimiis, 1853, p. 74, pi. 20,

figs. 13, 14; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 423; Nevill,

Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1876, pi. 148, fig. 5. ^
Buliminus (Rhachis] mavortius, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2^

1860, p. 231.
Buliminus (Rhachis} pulcher , Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 130;

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 671, pi. 102,.

fig. 13.

RACHISELLUS. 277

Biilimina (Rachis) pulchm, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Noinencl. Ilelic.

Viv. 1881, p. 285.
Ithachis pulchra, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 38.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-conica, tennis, albida ;
fasciis tribus purpureo-f uscis ornata ; anfractibus convexiusculis.
Peristomate simplici, labio interior! roseo." {Gray.)

Length 23, diam. 10 mill. Ap. 10 x 6 mill.

Hab. Ceylon (Gardiner, Benson, Layard) ; Balapiti (Nevill).
India : Trichinopoly ; Travancore and Tinnevelly (Beddome).

When first described by Gray its habitat was unknown, and it
was believed by Pfeiffer to be an African species until Benson
sent him authentic Cingalese specimens.

The type of Bulimus mavortius, Reeve, which is in the British
Museum, measures 14'5 x 7*25 nun., and is more slender of spire
than pulclier, Gray, so that it is perhaps advisable to distin-
guish this form as a variety. All the specimens possess three
bands, one peripheral, one below and one above the periphery.
The two forms are more solid than any of the other Indian species
of Racliisellus. The Cnming collection contains three specimens,
collected by Mr. Gardiner, which are more or less speckled and
have only two bands, one at the periphery and the other below,
agreeing in this respect with the shell figured in Conch. Ind. as
mavortius (copied by Kobelt as pidcher) ; in addition they are
ornamented with a diffused pink internal patch on the columella.
Another shell in the British Museum also possesses two similar
bands, while a second specimen is without bands but has the four
apical whorls blackish purple. These measure 22 x 10 mm. Four
shells in the Beddome collection are yellowish white, with a few
scattered freckles and only one band, the third (infra-peripheral)
of a bright pink. Four others, from Travancore, in the same
collection, are provided with four bands (two supra-peripheral),
the upper one not reaching to the aperture and the other three
being more or less interrupted by transverse streaks towards the
margin. These bands are all bright pink and the columella is
similarly coloured. The apical whorls are purplish black, which
colour becomes gradually diffused lower down. Lastly, of four
specimens from Tinnevelly, also in the Beddome collection, two
have the usual three bauds and two are provided only with the
peripheral and one infra-peripheral band of a chestnut colour.

246. Rachisellus punctatus, Anton.

Bulimus punctatus, Anton, Verz. Conch. 1839, p. 42 ; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 212 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849,
Bulimus, pi. 65, fig. 452; IJeshayes, in Ferussac, Hist. Nat.
Moll, ii, part 2, 1851, p. 86, pi. 157, figs. 7, 8 ; Pfeiffer, Conch. -
Cab., Btdimus, 1854, p. 229, pi. 62, fig-s. 22-24 ; Morelet, Ser.
Conchyl. livr. 2ie:ne, 1860, p. 66; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.
Ind. 1870, pi. 20, fig. 10.

278

Bulimus (Rhachis) punctatus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 185G,

p. 161 ; Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 49, pi. 99, fig. 62.
Buliminus (Rhachis) punctatus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 231 ; ibid., Malak. Blatt. vi. I860, p. 212 ; ibid., in von

der Decken, Reiseii in Ost-Afrika, iii, Abth. 1, 1869, p. 59;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 130; Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl.

Buch, ii. 1878, p. 273, pi. 84, fig. 14.
Buliminus punctatus, von Martens, Nachr. Dents, Malak. Ges.

1869, p. 153.

Bulimus punctatus, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3.
Rhachis punctatus, Schacko, in Mobius, Beitr. Meeresfauna Ins.

Mauritius u. J?eychellen, 1880, p. 340 (radula) ; Smith, Fauna

and Geogr. Maldive and Laccadive Arch, i, part 2, 1902, p. 143.
Bulimina (Rachis) punctata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 285.
Rachisellus punctatus, Bourguignat, Moll. Afr. Equat. 1889, p. 69 ;

Thiele, Wiss. Ergebn. Dents. Zentr.-Afr. Exp. iii, Zool. 1911,

p. 201.
Rachis punctatus, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 297.
Rhachis punctata, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1903, p. 38.
Bidiminus (Rachis) punctatus, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131.

Bulimus solutus, Benson MS. quoted by Pfeiffer and Deshayes.
Bulimus solatus, Benson MS. quoted by Reeve.

Original description-. — " Oval- con isch, Gewinde massig lang;
6 flaclie Wiudungen ; wenig gliinzend, glatt, \\eiss, t'ein brauu
punctirt, au£ der Mitte der letzten Winclung ein schmales braunes
Band, Wirbelspitze schwarz, glanzend ; durchbohrt ; Miindung
lang oval ; Mundsaum scharf ; Spindel mit eineni Blattchen
belegt." (Anton.}

Length 10, diaui. 5 mm. Apert. 4*5 mm. long, 3 broad.

Hob. India : Bundelkhuncl (Benson, Jerdon, Mus. Cum.) ;
Oolooberiah, near Calcutta and Benares (Mainwaring) ; Madras
(Henderson)-, Poona, Ahmednnggar (Blanford); Trichinopoly,
Nullamullays (Blanford) ; Travancore (Beddome) ; Orissa (Ball) ;
Bombay Island (Peile, West\ Ceylon (Layard, Nevill). Laccadive
Archipelago (Stanley Gardiner Exp.}. Africa : Zanzibar ( Vesco,
von der Declcen, firauns) ; Mozambique : Tette and Querimba
Island (Peters) ; Benguella (Ansorge).

No habitat was given originally by Anton, Benson being the
first to identify specimens as B. punctatus from Bundelkhuncl and
Ceylon as recorded by Pfeiffer and Keeve. Many other Indian
localities were indicated subsequently by Nevill, while in 1860
von Martens and Morelet recorded specimens from Zanzibar, the
former adding Mozambique in 1869. He mentioned that shells
from Zanzibar were contained in Albers' collection, but they were
labelled B. Ferussaci, Dunker, adding that the true West African
fernssaci, indeed, scarcely differs from punctatus, except in the
white coloration and pale apex. He draws attention, however, to
the fact that Pfeiffer attributes a corneous apex to punctatus,

EACHISELLUS. 279

whereas the descriptions by Anton and Reeve agree with his
specimens from Mozambique and Ceylon in having a black or
blackish apex. The specimens from Querimba Island, he states,
are somewhat larger — 15 mill, long and 7 broad — and are more
whitish than those from Tette. The shells recorded in 1860 by
von Martens were obtained from Herr W. Brauns, an oil manu-
facturer, who picked them out, together with many other species,
from Sesamum seed received in large quantities from Zanzibar.
In addition to normal specimens, he observed one form, very
conspicuous on account of the width and size of the aperture, the
measurements being: length 22'5 mm., maj. cliam. 8, length of
aperture 7, but which otherwise agreed with punctatus, more
especially as regards coloration and markings. Amongst numerous
specimens of this species he invariably found but a single distinct
band, but frequently in addition some ill-defined band-like shading
at the base. Again, in dealing with R. ferussaci *, he alludes to
its close resemblance to E. African and Indian specimens of
K. punctatus, stating that the latter is somewhat more slender, but
differs especially in the last whorl and the aperture, the colouring
and marking being similar, although a little darker.

With regard to banding, R. punctatus is certainly the most
constant, as among the numerous specimens which have passed
through my hands, I have not in a single instance observed the
one infra-peripheral band missing, but occasionally it is interrupted
by the transverse streaks. Now and again there may be an indi-
cation of a second band below it, as in some shells from Pulney
received by Mr. Leman from the late E-obert Cairns' collection ;
the same may be observed in some shells obtained by the Stanley
Gardiner Expedition in S. Mahlos Atoll, Maldive Archipelago.
Many specimens from Travancore are strongly marked with
transverse fuscous streaks. Some shells received by the British
Museum from Hutton, from the plains of India, are characterized
by a dark zone on the columella. In size R. punctatus varies
considerably : Button's shells measuring 13 x 6 mm., some
Bombay specimens received from A. A. West 14-5 x 5'5 mm.,
others from Bundelkhund in the Cuming collection reaching
15 x 6 mm., and shells from Madras, sent by J. R. Henderson,
16x6 mm., while three specimens collected by Pirrie in the
Koondah Mountains attain 21 x 9 mm. The latter were labelled
B. ferussaci by Pfeiffer. Finally, it appears worth while to place
on record three specimens collected in Benguella by Dr. Ansorge,
and acquired by the British Museum. These can only be distin-
guished from typical punctata by the larger size — the largest
measuring 23 x il-5 mm.— and by the more distinctly angulated
umbilicus. They are creamy white with a pale fuscous infra-
peripheral band and minute spots.

* Jahrb. Dents. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 247.

280 ENTDJ3.

Genus EDOUARDIA (nom. mut.).

Conulinus, von Martens, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxvii, 1895,
p. 180 (section of Buliminus, for B. uyandce, kildebrandti, and
metula, no definition), not Conulina, Bronn, 1835; ibid., Besch.
Weichth. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, 1897, p. 64 (as section of Buli-
j type B. comilus, Pfeiffer).

TYPE, Bulimus conulus, Pfeiffer.

Range. East Africa. India (one species).

.Rounded conical, with comparatively small last whorl, weak
sculpture ; generally brown, often somewrhat shining ; peristome
with outer and lower margins straight ; columellar margin reflexed,
frequently rather oblique in relation to the axis, without fold.

Anatomy unknown.

The name Conulina, proposed by Bronn in 1835 for a genus of
Polyzoa, being easily confused with Conulinus, I feel compelled to
change the latter and I have associated with the genus the first
name of that able malacologist, the late Professor Edouard von
Martens, for so many years in charge of the Mollusca section of
the Berlin Museum. To this genus I refer the only known
species from India, which does not assimilate with any known
Indian group, but closely approximates, conchologically, to the
African forms. At the outset there is nothing improbable about
this distribution of the genus in view of the fact that India and
East Africa share, besides, such species as Cerastus abyssinicus,
Pupoides coenopictus, and Zootecus insularis.

247. Edouardia orfous, Blanford.

Bulimus orlus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 361, pi. l,fig. 14 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 150 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 20, fig. 1.
Buliminus (Rhachis) orbits, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 130;

Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Bulimiuidae, 1900, p. 667, pi. 102,

n>. 7.
Bulimina (Hapalus) orba, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 299.

Original description : — " Testa subperforata, oblongo-turrita,
cornea, tenuis, oblique striatula ; spira conica, apice obtusiuscula,
sutura impressa. Anfr. 7 convexi, ultimus ^ longitudinis
subsequans. Apertura obliqua, rotundato - ovalis ; peristoma
simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro arcuato, ad
anfr. penultimum valde antice porrecto, columellari breviter
reflexo, perforationem subtegente.

" Long. 10, diam. 5 mm. Ap. 3| alta, 2| lata." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Cullygoody, near Trichinopoly (Blanford) ; Poona
and Ahmednuggar (Blanford, Fairbank).

" We are not acquainted with any Indian type of Bulimus to
which the shell can be compared. Its horny texture, elevated,

PTJPILLID^E. 281

conical spire, and rounded mouth, with the upper margin of the
thin peristorne running to a considerable distance forward along
the penultimate whorl, form a very peculiar combination of
characters." (W. T. $ H. F. Stanford.)

Three specimens in the Gaining collection have 7J whorls, one
measuring 13'5 x 6 mm. : they are dark greyish corneous, and
finely obliquely striated. Two shells in the Theobald collection,
without locality, have 6| whorls and measure 9 mm. in length,
while three others from Ahmednuggar, in the same collection, are
pale corneous and measure 13-5x6 mm. The British Museum
possesses, besides, two specimens from Poona, received in 1868
from A. West ; these are also pale corneous.

Family PUPILLIDJE.

Genus PUPILLA, Turton.

Pupilla (Leach), in Turton, Man. Land and Freshw. Shells, 1831,
p. 99 ; Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 83 (as subgenus of Pupa) ;
Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 176 (as section of Pupa) -.von
Martens, Die Heliceen. ed. 2, 1860, p. 290 (as subgenus) ;
Locard, Prod. Malac. Francaise, 1882, p. 173; ibid., Coq. terr.de
France, 1894, p. 327; Ball, Nautilus, xvii, 1904, p. 115 ;
Cockerell, op. cit. xviii, 1905, p. 104 ; Pilsbry, torn. cit. pp. 105
& 116 ; Dall, torn. cit. p. 114 ; Kennard & Woodward, List Brit.
Non-Marine Moll. 1914, p. 2.

Pupa, Draparuaud, 1801, and subsequent authors (not Pupa,
Humphrey, 1797, Bolten, 1798, Lamarck, 1801) ; Lehmann, Leb.
Schn. Musch. Stettins, 1873, p. 144, pi. 14, fig. 50 (anatomy
P. muscorum).

Jaminia, B. B. Woodward, Journ. Conch, x, 1903. pp. 354, 360
(not Jaminia, Risso, 1826).

TYPE, Turbo muscorum. Linne.

Range. Europe, Asia, Africa.

Shell small, shortly cyliudrico-ovate, frequently rather solid ;
spire convex, apex obtuse ; whorls compact, the last not or
scarcely wider than the penultimate. Aperture semi-ovate,
usually with one or more denticles and occasionally with spiral
folds. Umbilicus oblique, narrow.

The name Pupa was used almost universally for this genus until,
in 1903, Mr. B. B. Woodward pointed out that it was not available
for this group, when he substituted Jaminia for it. Dr. Dall,
Prof. Cockerell, and Prof. Pilsbry subsequently shed additional
light upon the subject, establishing the fact that Jaminia
could riot be used in lieu of Pupa either, but that Pupilla, first pub-
lished by Turton in 1831, had to be adopted, and this course
was followed by M. Louis Germain in Moll, de la France et
des regions voisines, ii, 1913, p. 184, and by Kennard and

282

Woodward, in their 'List of British Non-Marine Mollusca,'(1914).
The name Pupilla, bad, indeed, already previously been used
generically, i. e., by Morse in 1864, and Locurd in 1882, but only
in its restricted sense for P. muscorum and its immediate allies.

" Animal usually slender, body attenuated posteriorly, the eye-
bearing tentacles moderately long, cylindrical, somewhat thickened
at the extremities, the lower tentacles very small.

"Jaw (P. muscomim) flatly semilunate, with pointed angles,
almost horizontal, the convex margin slightly thickened, trans-
parent, whitish yellow, without perceptible striation, very short
and narrow.

"Eadula foliolate anteriorly, stalked posteriorly, £ mm. long,
J mm. wide, \vith 31 longitudinal and 90 transverse ro\vs of teeth.
The central tooth equals the lateral in size, is symmetrical, with
truncated base and tri-cuspid. The middle cusp is broadly
conoid, the side cusps small but pronounced. The laterals
become bi-cuspid, and in the outer longitudinal rows comb-like
3-4 cuspid.

" The hermaphrodite gland is connected by a filiform winding
hermaphrodite duct with the spermoduct. The latter proceeds by
the side of the uterus taking up the vas cleferens, which is 1*5 mm.
long and enters the penis distally, the latter being prolonged into
a whip-like appendix, 2 mm. long. A short retractor muscle
proceeds from the penis below the junction of the latter with the
appendix. The penis is cylindrical for O5 mm. of its length
below the retractor muscle, and close to its entering the cloaca, it
is provided with a second whip-like appendix 1*5 mm. in length,
which is cylindrically dilated below, then becomes filiform, and
again dilates, its terminal portion being long club-shaped. The
albumen gland is broadly Ungulate, short ; the uterus broad, with
a moderately long vagina into which the stalk of the ovate
spermatheca terminates." (Lehmann.)

The Indian forms, unfortunately, have not been investigated
anatomically, at least nothing has been published on the subject.

Two species — P. brevicostis and P. salemenensis — will, I believe,
when they come to be examined, be found to differ from typical
Papilla.

248. Pupilla muscorum, Linne.

1822,

p. Ill ; Deshayes. Encycl. Meth., Vers, ii, 1830,V 405 ; ibid.,
Anira. sans vert. ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 180; Kiister, Conch. -Cab.,
Pupa, 1841, p. 12, pi. 2, tigs. 1-5 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Ilelic. Viv. ii,
1848, p. 311 ; Haniey, Ipsa Linn. Conch. 1855, p. 352, pi. 4,
fig. 6 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146 ; Pilsbry, Naut.
v, 1801, p. 45.

PUPILLA. 283

Pupa marginata, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, 1801, p. 58 ;

ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll. France, 1805, p. 61, pi. 3, figs. 36-38 ;

Turton, Man. Land & Freshw. Shells British Islands, 1831,

p. 99.
Pupilla marginata (Leach), Turton, op. cit. p. 99 (as synonym of

Pupa marginata).
Pupa (Pupilla) marmnata, Gray in Turton, op. cit. new edit. 1840,

p. 190, pi. 7, fig, m

Pupilla badia (Adams), Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist, i,

1864, p. 37, fig. 89 (shell), fig. 91 (jaw), pi. 10, fig. 92 (radula).
Pupilla muscorum, Morse, torn. cit. p. 37, fig. 90.
Pupilla muscontm, Germain, Moll. France & Reg. Vois. ii, 1913,

?. 185 ; Kennard & Woodward, List Brit. Non-Marine Moll.
914, p. 8.

Shell perforate, subcylindrical, rather solid, opaque, light brown
or yellowish corneous, finely and closely striated. Spire short,
apex obtuse, suture moderately deep. Whorls 6-7, increasing
slowly and regularly, the last rather suddenly, slightly convex.
Aperture roundly ovate, truncated above ; peri stome thickened and
margins reflexed, with a strong whitish rib or crest externally, the
margins approaching and united by a thin parietal callus, upper
margin shortly curved, outer and basal margins rounded, coluuiellar
margin obliquely ascendiug, almost straight. The parietal wall
is usually provided with a small denticle. Umbilicus narrow.

Length 3-3*25 mm., diam. If75 mm.

Hah. Circumpolar.

Var. asiatica, Mollendorff.

Pupilla muscorum, subsp. asiatica, Mollendorff, Ann. Mus. Zool.
Aoad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, vi (1901), 1902, p. 381.

•' Always toothless, usually more slender, palatal crest less
developed." (Mollendorff.)

Hob. India : Kashmir (Theobald) ; W. Himalayas (Stoliczlca).
Central Asia (Stoliczka, Potanin, Fedtschenko, Przewalski). China
(Potanin, Loczy, Mollendorff).

The shells recorded by Theobald as Pupa muscorum, from
Kashmir, probably belong here.

249. Pupilla eurina, Benson.

Pupa eurina) Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 139 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 300 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101, fig. 7.
Pupa (Pupilla) eurina, Pfeiffer & Clessin. Nouiencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 353.

Original description : — "P. testa perforata, ovato-cylindrica,
solidiuscula, suboblique striatula, rufo-castanea, nitidula ; spira
ovato-cylindrica, apice obtuso, sutura impressa, submarginata ;
anfractibus 7-7i, convexis, ultimo antice ascendeDte; apertura

284 PUPILLID^.

semiovata, subobliqua, edentula ; peristomate expansiusculo, albido,
margine dextro extus postice incrassato.

" Long. 2j, diam. 1 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India : Tribeni Ghat, Nepal (Theobald).

Eight specimens from the Benson collection at Cambridge, sent
to me for inspection by Dr. L. Doncaster, agree with the figure of
the species in Conch. Ind., but the columellar margin is more
obliquely ascending than is shown in the figure. They vary in
length between 3 and 3*5 mm. The shell somewhat resembles a
large P. seriola.

250. Pupilla seriola, Benson.

Ennea seriola, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 359 (nom.

n ud.).
Pupa seriola, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 427;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 304 ; Ilanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101, fig. 8.
Pupa (Pupilla) seriola, Pfeifter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 354.

Original description : — " P. testa vix perforate, ovato-oblonga,
subcylindrica, oblique striatula, sericina, flavescente, cornea ; spira
oblonga, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5,
superioribus convexis, ultimo convexiusculo, antice vix ascendente ;
apertura subovata, superne angulata, dente 1 parietali mediano
remotiusculo induta ; peristomatis marginibus callo tenui junctis,
dextro vix, columellari superne late expanse.

"Long. 2^, diam. 1^ millim." (Benson.)

Hab. India : Orissa, Cuttack (Theobald).

I have not seen this species. Judging from the figure in
Couch. Ind. it is allied to P. eurina, Benson.

251. Pupilla diopsis, Benson.

Pupa diopsis, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 427 ;

Pfeifter, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 306 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101, fig. 10.
Pupa (Pupilla) diopsis, Pfeifter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881 , p. 354.

Original description : — "P. testa perforate, oblongo-ovata, oblique
striatula, striis nonnulis remotis elevatiusculis, sub epidermide
cornea albida ; spira oblonga, versus apicem obtusiusculum
conoidea, sutura impressiuscula ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis,
ultimo autice leviter ascendente ; apertura oblongo-ovata, superne
angulata, bidentula, plica parietali mediana angusta oblique
intrante denteque columellari obliquo remote superne munita ;
peristomate tenui. margine dextro simplici recto, columellari
expanse.

" Long. 2, diam. 1 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India : Nerbudda Valley.

PUP1LLA. 285

252. Papilla gutta, Benson.

Pupa gutta, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 138 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 298; Hanley& Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101, tig. 9; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii,

1878, p. 146.
Pupa (Pupilla) gutta, Pfeiffer & Olessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 353.

Original description : — " P. testa obsolete riinata, oblongo-ovata,
Isevigata, tenui, pallide cornea, translucente ; spira obtuse ovata,
sutura impressa; ant'ractibus 4|, convexiusculis, ultimo antice vix
ascendeute ; apertura obliqua, edentula, angulato-rotundata ;
peristomatis marginibus remotis, dextro recto, acuto, columellari
expansiusculo.

" Long. If, diam. 1 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. India : Spiti Valley, Kunawur (Benson).

" P. himalayana, Hutton, an elongate and strongly sculptured
shell, is the only edentate species previousljr described from the
Himalayan liegion." (Benson.)

I have not seen this species. The shell figured in Conch. Ind.
does not look as if mature, and the fact that Benson in his
diagnosis describes the right margin of the peristome as " straight,
acute," makes it appear that the same remark applies to the type.
It does not seem to have much affinity with Sphyradwm liima-
layanum (ante p. 41).

253. Pupilla barrackporensis, nom. mut.

Pupa indica, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p, 295 (not Pupa indica,

Benson, 1849) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p." 679 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 160, tig. 8 ; Sowerby,

Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa, pi. 7, fig. 63.
Pupa (Pupilla) indica, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 177 ,

Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 355.

Original description : — " P. testa breviter rimata, cylindraceo-
ovata, tenui, levissime striatula, oleoso-micante, fulvo-cornea ;
spira apice conoideo-rotundata ; anfract. 5, su peris 3 convexis.
penultimo planiore, ultimo -^ longitudinis forrnante, basi compresso,
antice biscrobiculato ; apertura vix obliqua, oblonga, dentibus
4 coarctata : 1 plicaeformi parietali, 1 columellari, 2 profundus,
brevibus palatalibus ; perist. albido, breviter expauso.

« Long. 2, diam. 1 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Barrackpore.

The name Papa indica, proposed by Pfeiffer in 1854, is not
available for the present species having already been employed by
Benson in 1849, and I have therefore been obliged to substitute a
new one.

The Me Andrew collection at Cambridge contains several
specimens labelled breuicostis, but which I refer without hesitation
to the present species, having compared them with the type in the
Cuming collection. Nevill, when stating that he considered these

286 PUPTLLIDJE.

two species identical * may possibly have had specimens of
barrackporensit [indica, Pir., uon Benson] labelled brevicostis
before him, and was thus misled. The two are perfectly distinct
as will be seen on comparison of the figures.

254. Pupilla cinghalensis, sp. n.

Shell narrowly perforate, almost riniate, cylindrical-ovate, rather
solid, very minutely striatulate, the earlier whorls corneous, the
later ones rufous. Spire convex, apex obtuse, suture impressed.
"Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last flattened and scrobiculate
behind the peristome, shortly ascending, slightly compressed and
subangulated around the extremely narrow perforation of the
umbilicus. Aperture oblique, broadly obovate, furnished with
seven denticles ; 2 compressed, elongate, on the parietal wall,
2 very minute and deeply seated, on the columella, 3 also very

Fig. 103. — Pupilla cinghalcnsis.

minute and deeply seated, on the palatal wall. Peristome rufous,
slightly thickened and reflexed ; outer margin slightly inflexed,
basal margin rounded, columellar margin obliquely ascending and
slightly dilated above.

Long. 2, diarn. 1 mm.

Hob. Ceylon. Type in the British Museum.

This new species is based on a specimen from Ceylon, without
precise indication of habitat, acquired by me some years ago at a
sale. It differs from P. barrackporensis, its nearest ally, in
having se\7en instead of four denticles in the aperture, and in
having the peristome fulvous instead of white.

255. Pupilla muscerda, Benson.

Pupa muscerda, Benson, A. M, N. H. ser. 2, xii. 1853, p. 94 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 680; 'Nevill, Enum.

Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1876, pi. 160, fig. 2; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa,

pi. 7, tig. 56.
Pupa (Pupilla) muscerda, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bla'tt. ii, 1856, p. 177 ;

Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomeiicl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 355.
Pupa (Vertigo) muscerda, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 198.
Original description : — " Testa rimata, ovato-oblonga, striatula,
cornea, spira elongata, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 5|-6, convexius-

* Hand List, i, p. 197.

PUPILLA. 287

culis, ultimo tertiam partem testae sequante, vix ascendente ;
apertara ovata, tridentata, peris tomate expanse, acuto, marginibus
conniventibus, columellari dilatato, albido, plica parietal i 1,
columellari 1, profundiusculis, dente palatali 1, depresso, obtuso.

" Long. 4, diain. 1 1 mill." (Benson.)

Hal. Ceylon : Cape Pedro (Layard) ; Baticalva (Preston) ;
Jaffna (Linter). India : Erode (Beddome).

" In old posts and on Palmyra trees (Borassus flabelliformis)."

The present species resembles coenopicta in shape and contour,
but can be readily distinguished by the more acute apex, the
slightly inflexed outer margin, and especially by the presence of
the teeth in the aperture. In the Beddome collection I found a
considerable number intermixed with Pupoides ccenopicta, collected
at Erode. The British Museum contains four specimens from
Cape Pedro, which are probably a part of the original lot, as they
are accompanied by a label in the late Edgar Layard's hand-
writing ; one of these measures 4-5 mm. in length. There are,
besides, six shells presented by Mr. H. B. Preston, who collected
them at Baticalva. I have also seen five specimens in the late
Miss Linter's collection, now in the Royal Albert Memorial
Museum, Exeter, which, with other shells in the same collection,
were kindly forwarded to me by the curator, Mr. E. E. Rowley.
These measure 4-25 x 2 mm., and are labelled " Jaffna."

256. Pupilla filosa, Theobald $ Stoliczka.

Pupa Jilosa, Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872. p 333

pi. 11, fig. 8; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 160.

tig. 5; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa. pi. 7, fiff. 59 •

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 401.
Pupa ( Vertigo) Jilosa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 196.
Pupa ( Vestigo (Alaea)) Jilosa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic

Viv. 1881, p. 359.

Original description : — " P. testa ovato-cylindracea, cornea,
pellucida, apice obtusiuscula, rimate umbilicata ; anfractibus
4^ convexiusculis, sutura simplici junctis, transversim striis
cuticularibus, obliquis, filiformibus ornatis ; ultimo spira breviore,
basi vix angustato, convexiusculo ; apertura subquadrangulari'
recta, intus dentibus quinque instructa, labro undique paulo
expansiusculo, atque iucrassato, infra suturain subangulato, ad
latus dentibus duobus parvis profunde sitis instructo ; labio
tenuissimo, prope medium dentibus pliciformibus duobus
approximatis, antiore multo minore, praBdito ; columella uni-
dentata.

Long. 2, diam. max. 1mm.; apert. cum perist. O^
antice 0-55, postice 0-75 mm. lata." (Theobald $ Stoliczka.)

Hob. Burma: Arakan {Theobald).

" A well marked species, both by its peculiarly subcylindrical
shape aud by the denticulations of 'the apertural margins ; it is
not uncommon on the Arakan coast."

288 PUPILLIDjE.

In addition, the strong and close costulation differentiates
P.filosa from its nearest allies.

257. Pupilla brevicostis, Benson.

Pupa brevicostis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, iv, 1849, p. 127 ;

Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Pupa, 1852, p. 136, pi. 17, tigs. 20-22 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 560.

Vertigo (Alcea) brevicostis, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 172.
Pupa ( Vertigo] brevicostis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 177 ;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 197.
Pupa (Pupilla) brevicostis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 355.

Original description : — " T. rimato-perforata, cylindraceo-ovata,
cornea, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4J, longitudine celeriter
crescentibus ; ultimo antice nou ascendente, g longitudinis testa?
sequante, superioribus convexis, superne remote semicostulatis,
ultimo et penultimo subplantilatis, dimidioque inferiori caeterorum
sericeis, mutius ; apertura rotundato-ovata, 5-6 plicata ; plica 1
angulari, brevi : secunda parietali, profundiore, obliqua ; columel-
lari unica ; palatalibus 2-3 proi'undis ; peristomate expanse,
subreflexo.

" Long. Ik mill., lat. vix 1 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. India : Barrackpore, Bengal (Bacon).

" Taken by Dr. J. P. Bacon on the trunk of a tamarind tree at
the Cantonment of Barrackpore, near Calcutta, during the rainy
season of 1848. Out of several individuals forwarded to me
overland, by letter in a quill, two reached me alive, and creeping
about when supplied with moisture enabled me to verify their
affinities. The lower pair of tentacula is deficient or incon-
spicuous, as in Vertigo ; the upper pair carry the eyes at their
summits ; the shell is often carried at an angle of 45°/' (Benson.)

Fig 104. — Pupilla brevicostis. \2.

Nevill (Hand List, i, p. 197) was of opinion that Pupa indica,
Pfeiffer [barraclcporensis, mihi] and the present species were
identical. A comparison of specimens does not bear out this
view, as Pfeiffer's species is larger and more cylindrical, the suture
is deeper, it has half a whorl more, and is provided only with
four plicae in the apertum.

The figure given by Kiister is not a very good representation of
the shell, and as this is the only one published I have considered
it desirable once more to illustrate the species from a specimen in

PUPILLA. 289

the Cuming collection in the British Museum, measuring
1*75 x 1*1 mm. The type cannot, unfortunately, be found,
Dr. Doncaster informing me that a diligent search for it has
proved fruitless. The species is characterized by the lamellate
striae and the short spire as compared with the diameter.

The true position of this species is somewhat doubtful. Adams,
Pfeiffer, and JSTevill placed it in Vertigo, doubtless owing to
Benson's observation that "the lower pair of tentaculais deficient
or inconspicuous, as in Vertigo" As the latter is characterized by
the absence of the lower pair of tentacles and Benson does not
definitely state that these organs are absent in the species, the
reference to Vertigo does not seem warranted, especially since the
shell does not, as regards texture, shape, and conformation,
assimilate well with the other forms of that genus. Pfeiffer
appears to have modified his original opinion, for in the ' Nomen-
clator ' the species was placed in the section Pupilla of the genus
Pupa. While its inclusion in the group of P. muscorum is out of
the question, brevicostis may be retained in the genus Pupilla in
its wider sense, as now understood, until an investigation of its
anatomy shall prove the contrary.

258. Pupilla salemensis, Blanford.

Ennea salemensis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 359.

Pupa salemensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 318 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 160, fig. 9.
Pupa salemanensis, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa, pi. 7,

iig. 62.
Pupa (Pupilla) salemensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 354.

Original description : — " Testa rimata, ovato-oblonga, oblique
striata, fulvida : spira elevata, conoidea, apice obtuso : sutura
impressa ; anfr. 4^; superiores convexiusculi, inferiores sub-
planulati, ultimus pone aperturam medio excavatus, f longitudinis
subsequans, antice arcuatim ascendens. juxta suturam et infra
compressus. Apertura reniformis ; columella recedens, superne
callosa. Dentes parietales 2 compressi. Peristoma expansum,
labio externo flexuose excavate 1 dentato.

"Long. 1-6, diam. maj. 1, apert. alt. O6 mm." (Blanford.)

Hal). India : Kalryen Hills (Foote).

" This little shell belongs to a type distinct from that of Ennea
pirriei and the other S. Indian species, and is more closely allied
to the Cuttack sp. E. seriola. From this it is distinguished by its
more conoidal form and the possession of two well-developed
parietal, and one palatal tooth, whereas the Cuttack shell has but
one minute parietal tooth. Moreover, the mouth is smaller and
more constricted. Two specimens were received from Mr. Foote,
both somewhat weathered." (Blanford.)

290 PUPILLID^.

Benson states * that, it has more affinity with Bulimus. In one
of the two specimens received by him the parietal lamina was
not apparent. I have not; seen specimens, but to judge from the
figure in Conch. Ind. neither Blanford nor Benson appears to me
to have been happy in their comparison, as salemensis seems much
nearer to brevicostis.

Genus BIFIDARIA, Sterki.

Bijidaria, Sterki, Nautilus, vi, 1892, pp. 4, 99 (as subgenus of Pupa) ;
Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, p. 590 (as genus
ofPuptda).

TYPE, (1st species) Pupa hordeacea, Gabb.

Range. North and Central America, North Coast of South
America, "West Indies, Bermudas, Eastern Asia, Islands of the
Pacific and Indian Seas.

Shell small, few exceeding 3 mm. in height, varying in shape
from cylindric and turriculate, to conic and ovoid. Colour
lighter or deeper corneous, chestnut or whitish. Surface smooth,
polished, finely striate, or with fine ribs. Parietal lamella more
or less complex, composed of a parietalis — inner — and supra -
parietalis — outer, or angular — almost separate, side by side in
some species, united to almost a simple one in others, com-
paratively small in some, the supraparietal very small or almost
obsolete in others. The columellar lamella, equally constant, is
generally also somewhat complex. Typical inferior and superior
palatal plicae always present, sometimes quite small, as a rule
deep-seated, never reaching the margin ; in some species one
or the other is in a peculiar oblique position. Generally, but not
always, there is a tooth or short fold at the base. In many
species additional dentiform or lamelliform plicae, sometimes very
small, are found ; one on the parietal wall, between the parietal
and the columella, constant or inconstant, one above the upper
palatal, one between the two palatals, inconstant. (Sterki.)

259. Bifidaria bathyodon, Benson.

Pupa bathyodon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 426;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 326 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 100, fig. 7 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1876,

Pupa, pi. 4, fig. 33, pi. 16, fig. 152.

Pupa (Scopelophila) bathyodon, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192.
Pupa (Pupilla) bathyodon^ Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 355.

Original description : — " P. testa profunde rimato-perforata,
ovato-conica, oblique striatula, fusco-cornea, translucente ; spira

* A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 428.

BIFIDAEIA. 291

conica, apice obtuso, sutura subprofunda ; anfractibus 5, convexis,
ultimo antice ascendente circa umbilicum excavatum coinpressius-
culo; apertura quaclrato-ovata, niarginibus, expansis subreflexis con-
coloribus callo parietali expanse superne junctis, 4-dentata, dente
parietal! 1 entrante majore, palatalibus 2 miuutis remotiusculis,
columellari 1 profundo.

"Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. India : Teluk Sendur, near Hoshungabad, not far from
tbe Nerbudda Eiver (Theobald] ; Mul Eiver, Western India
(Theobald).

This appears to be a rare form. I have not seen specimens.
Benson in his diagnosis states that there are four denticles, one
being columellar, but the figure in Conch. Ind. shows five, two of
which are situate on the columella.

260. Bifidaria huttoniana, Benson.

Pupa huttoniana, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, iv, 1849, p. 126 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 550 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 101, fig. 3 ; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii,

1878, p. 146.
Pupa (Pupilld) huttoniana, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 169.

Pupa (Leiostyla) huttoniana, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 176.
Pupa ( Vertigo} huttoniana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 197.
Carychium boysiamim, Benson (fide Stoliczka), MS., Nevill. Hand

List, i, 1878, p. 197.
Pupa (Vertigo (Alaea)) huttoniana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 358.

Original description : — " Testa rimata, ovato-obliqua, subcylin-
dracea, hyaliua, glabra, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 5, convexis ;
apertura ovato-rotundata, quinqueplicata ; peristornate expaiisi-
usculo, marginibus callo tenui junctis ; plica unica irregulari,
sinuata, parietalis, columellaribus duobus, palatalibus duobus
profundis.

" Long. 1| mill., lat. vix 1 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. India : Simla (Hutton) • Siud (Blanford) ; Kashmir and
Deccan (Stoliczka) ; Ahmeduuggar (Theobald)-, Wadale (Fair-
lank) ; Kashmir : Panjal Range (Theobald).

Some shells from Simla in the Theobald collection are referred
here with some doubt. The parietal plica is bifid and in some
specimens there is an additional plica nearer the columella;
others have only one columellar plica. The shells range in
length from 1*75 to 2 mm. A number of himalayana from
Simla, presented to the British Museum by Hutton in J856,
comprised a specimen of huttoniana. The Beddome collection
also contains ten shells of huttoniana collected in Kashmir by
Stoliczka; these have likewise a bifid parietal plica, while a single
columellar plica occurs in some and two in others.

292 PUPILLID7E.

261. Bifidaria avanica, Benson.

Pupa avanica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 428; Blanford,
J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 95 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868,
p. 335 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 160, fig. 7 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx. 1876, Pupa, pi. 7, fig. 60

Pupa ( Vertigo) avanica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 197.

Pupa (Pupilla) avanica, Pfeiffer £ Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 355.

Original desertion : — " P. testa umbiiicata, ovato-oblonga, sub-
cylindrica, vix striatula, nitida, fusco-cornea, translucente ; spira
oblonga, versus apicem obtusiusculum couica, sutura valde im-
pressa; anfractibus 5|, subconvexis, ultimo antice ascendente ;
apertura ovata, superne obtusa sexdentata, plica parietali 1
duplicata, intrante, dentibus columellaribus 2 profundis et
palatalibus 3 profundis munita ; peristomate undique expanse,
marginibus tenuibus callo parietali lato jimctis.

" Long. 2^, diam. 1^ mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Burma: Ava (Theobald) • Mandalay (Blanford).

The species is characterized by the very convex whorls and the
deep suture, resembling mimula in that respect, but it is more
conoid and the last whorl becomes more contracted, while in
mimula the aperture is more rotundate. A specimen in the
Hungerford collection in the British Museum shows a slight
additional parietal denticle nearer the columella. A shell in the
Beddome collection has only two palatal plicae.

262. Bifidaria mimula, Benson.

Pupa mimula, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 95 ; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 676 ; Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon,
1871, p. 3 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 160, fig. 4 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa, pi. 7, fig. 61.

Pupa (Leiostyla) mimula, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 176.

Pupa (Vertigo) mimula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 198.

Pupa ( Vertigo (Alaea)) mimula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 358.

Original description : — " Testa rimata, ovato-oblonga, subcylin-
dracea, oblique tenuiter plicatula, pallide cornea, apice obtuso,
sutura profundiuscula ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo vix ascen-
dente ; apertura ovata, verticalis, 5-plicata, peristomate tenui,
expanse, marginibus callo tenui expanse junctis, plica 1 intrante,
majuscula, parietali, 1 columellari, 1 basali prof unda, 2 palatalibus
profundis.

" Long. 2, diam. 1 mill." (Benson.)

Nab. Ceylon : Cape Pedro (Layard).

"Nearly allied to and somewhat larger than the Himalayan
P. huttoni, Nobis." (Benson.)

A well-characterized form. The parietal lamella is compressed
and largest of all, the columellar one being somewhat smaller,
while the three palatals are very minute. I have seen four

BIFIDAHIA. BOYSIDIA. 293

specimeDS in the British Museum, recently acquired by purchase,
which are from Cape Pedro, and are accompanied by a label in
the late Edgar Layard's handwriting ; they are in all probability
some of the original lot. There are, besides, three shells in the
Hungerford collection and eight in the Theobald collection, so
that the species appears fairly common.

203. Bifidaria serrula, Benson.

Pupa sernda, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 427 ; Pfeiffer,

Mori. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 319.
Pupa (Vertigo (Alaea)} serrula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 358.

Original description : — " P. testa rimata, ovato-couica, oblonga,
oblique subcostulato-striata, albida ; spira elongato-conica, apice
obtuso ; sutura profunda crenulata ; anfractibus 5, superioribus
valde convexis, ultimo antice ascendente ; apertura quadrato-
ovata, sexdentata, lamina parietali 1 subduplici, columellari 1
superiore denteque minuto inferiore, dente minuto basali ; pala-
tali 1 superiore laminaque inferiore profunda munita ; peri-
stomate undique expanso, marginibus tenuibus callo lato superne
junctis.

"Long. 2, diam. | mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India : Central India (Theobald).

Is stated by Pfeiffer to be similar to P. mimula. I have not
seen any specimens ; the type, like so many other of Benson's
shells, having apparently gone astray. It appears to be a rare
species.

Genus BOYSIDIA, Ancey.

JBoysidia, Ancey, Le Naturalists, No. 47, 1881, p. 373 (as section

of Pupa).
Gredleriella, Mollendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xi, 1884, p. 179

(for Pupa hunana).
Bemonella, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, p. 591,

footnote.

TYPE, Pupa dorsata, Ancey.

Range. India, Farther India, China, Malaysia.

Shell minute, rimate, conoid, with closely coiled, convex whorls,
last whorl ascending in front, dilated towards the aperture,
tumid below. Aperture armed with several plicae or lamellae.
Peristome continuous.

Anatomy unknown.

Ancey, in describing Pupa dorsata, from China, states that it
pertains to the Asiatic group of P.plicidens. He proceeds: —
u Benson found a certain resemblance or rather established a
connection between these forms and the species of a certain
group (Boysia), equally peculiar to Asia. These Pupas appear
to me to constitute a distinct section, which I propose to name
Boy&idia, on account of the resemblance to the genus referred to."

294 PUPILL1D.E.

Prof. Pilsbry in proposing the subgenus Bensonella in 1900,
with Pupa plicidens as type, seems to have ignored the fact that
Ancey had already included the species in the section Boysidia,
established for the reception of Pupa dorsata, for he makes no
allusion to it, although on the next page he reduces Boysidia to a
subgenus under Hypselostoma, a procedure in which 1 am unable
to follow him, for I believe a greater affinity exists between
plicidens and liunana than between the latter and the genus
Hypselostoma.

Besides the two species referred to, some other Chinese forms
belong here, i.e. Pupa liunana, Grredler*, P. stropJiostoma, Mollen-
dorff t, P. angulina, Gredler J.

264. Boysidia plicidens, Benson.

Pupa plicidens, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, iv, 1849, p. 126; Kiister,

Conch.-Cab., Pupa, 1852, p. 136, pi. 17, figs. 23, 24; Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 553 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1874, pi. 100, fig. 8 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa,

pi. 16, fig. 151.
Vertigo (Odontocy das) plicidens, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 173.
Pupa (Scopelophila) plicidens, von Martens, Die Ileliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 296.

Pupa (Scarabella) plicidens, PfeifFer, Malak. Bla'tt. ii, 1876, p. 175.
Pupa (Odontocy das) plicidens, PfeifFer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 350.
Pupa (Boysidia} plicidens, Ancey, Le Naturaliste, No. 47, 1881,

p. 373.
Bifidaria (Bensonella) plicidens, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 1900, p. 591.
Jnv.?=sHydrocena milium (Benson), Godwin-Austen, P. Z.S. 1872,

p. 515, pi. 30, fig. 3.

Original description : — " T. urnbilicata, ovato-conica, subtrochi-
formi, glabriuscula, obscure striata, cornea ; anfractibus quinque
convexis, ultimo ventricoso, antice ascendente, ad basin tumido ;
sutura impressa ; apice obtuso ; apertura irregular! subtriangulari,
9-plicata ; peristomate continuo, sinuato, expanso, marginibus
callo appresso expanso junctis ; dextro medio extus impresso,
intus tuberculato-incrassato ; plicis parietalibus 3, quarum 2
superioribus elongatis, columellari dentiformi, unica, palatalibus
5, quarum 2 sub-basalibus, minutis ; margine basali extus callo
prsedito ; umbilico angusto.

"Long. 2, lat. 1| mill." (Benson.)

Hal. India : Landour (Hutton) ; Mussoorie ; Cherra Poonjee,
Assam ( Godwin- Austen) .

* Gredler, Jahrb. Deufcs. Malak. Ges. viii, 1881, p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 5; Heude,
Moll. Terr. Vail. Fl. Bleu, 1882, p. 76, pi. 18, fig. 25.

t Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xii, 1885, p. 395, pi. 11, fig. 23.
+ Conchyl. Fauna von China, viii, 1885, p. 7.

BOYS1DIA. 295

"This shell is very peculiarly formed, and seems to indicate
the transition from Pupa to Anostoma. The animal has four
tentacula, the superior pair bearing the percipient points or eyes,
the inferior very short. The foot is hyaline, the tentacula and
neck fuscous. The shell is carried horizontally." (Benson.)

The only known Indian form of this genus. It somewhat re-
sembles Hypselostoma bensoni, but is more conoid, the umbilicus
is a mere puncture, too small even to admit a bristle, and the
last whorl is much less dilated towards the aperture. Of the
three parietal lamellse, the two principal ones are deeply entering ;
the upper or outer runs as far as the margin of the peristome ;
the second is compressed, much more elevated anteriorly, being
triangular, and terminates a little further from the peristome ;
the third (inner) or infra-parietal is very small and deep-seated.
The palatal denticles are rather deep-seated, elongated, com-
pressed, and usually five in number, the three upper largest,
the other two basal, minute, especially the fifth ; another com-
pressed elongated denticle occurs on the columella. All these are
distinctly visible through the shell-wall from the outside. In
addition there is a small conical denticle on the edge of the
outer margin of the peristome, with a corresponding scrobi-
culation on the outer side. This latter feature is not mentioned
by Benson.

The species appears fairly common, for the British Museum
possesses forty specimens from Mussoorie presented by Hutton,
fifteen specimens from Landour, and in the Theobald collection
there are seven shells from Cherra Poonjee. The McAndrew
collection also contains a considerable number.

265. Boysidia salwiniana, Theobald.

Pupa salwiniana, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1871, p. 400;

Hanley £ Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 100, fig. 9 ; Sowerby,

Conch. Icon, xx, 1876, Pupa, pi. 16, fig. 150; Pfeifter, Mon.

Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 403.
Pupa (Scopelophila) salwiniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 23 ;

ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192 ; ibid., in Anderson, Zool. Res.

Two Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882.
Pupa (Pupilla] salwiniana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 355.
Pupa sahvineana, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 244.

Original description : — " Testa pyramidata, rimata, fusco-cornea,
epidermide laevi induta ; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, sutura
impressa junctis, ultimo ad aperturam breviter ascendente ; aper-
tura rotunde oblonga, parum dilatata et tertiain longitudinis
superante, dentibus quinque, albidis instructa : dente primo
parietali magno, lamellari, mediano, alteroque parietali miuimo
juxta suturam posito, tertio parvo umbilicum juxta, quarto
quintoque in labro submediano et ad basin sitis, modicts, sequi-
distantibus ; labro simplici, non reflexo.

296 PUPILLIDJE.

"Long. -16 [=4 mm.], lat. -09 [=2-25 mm.], aperturse alt.
•06 unc. [=1-25 mm.]." (Theobald.}

Hob. Burma: Shan States (Fedden) ; Bhamo (Anderson).
Pingourig, Shan Hills (Godwin- Austen).

Theobald states that the species resembles P. batJiyodon, Benson,
but is more acuminately and regularly pyramidal. I have not
seen bathyodon, but to judge by the figures in Conch. Ind. the
comparison is not a happy one. B. sahuiniana appears to me to
assimilate rather with plicidens. The spire, however, is more
attenuated, and the shell is about twice as large. There is also
an inflection of the right (outer) margin of the peristoine, which
is continued as a horizontal superficial groove on the outer wall,
corresponding with an elongated horizontal fold on the inside of
the right margin, a feature which still further tends to connect
this species with plicidens, and induces me to place it in the
genus Boysidia.

Two specimens in the Bed dome collection (British Museum),
labelled Burma, are rather larger than the type, measuring
5*2 x 3*5 mm. including the peristoine.

Godwin-Austen, who records it from Pingoung, Shan Hills,
at an altitude of 2500 feet, mentions that the only perfect
specimen found was bleached, but a smaller imperfect one was
covered with a brown epidermis. He calls it a very beautiful
little shell, which undoubtedly it is.

Genus BOYSIA, Pfeiffer.

Boysia, Pfeiffer, Zeit. Malak. vi, 1849, p. 105 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. iii, 1853, p. 528 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab. Helix, ii, 1853, p. 6 ;

Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1855. p. 167 : Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1,

1881, p. 128 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 343.
Hypostoma, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 130 (non Hypostoma,

Rudolphi, 1809, Venues, non Hypostoma, auct. (Hypostomus,

Lacepede, 1803), non Hypostoma, Gray, 1841, Ecliinod.).
Hypotrema, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 304 (noni.

mut. as section of Pupa).

TYPE, B. boysi, Pfeiffer.

Range. India.

Shell globose-conoid, thin, rimate, last whorl arcuately ascend-
ing ; aperture oblique, directed upwards, subrotundate,, con-
tinuous, edentulate.

Anatomy unknown.

The only known species of this genus has had a somewhat
checkered career. Described originally by Pfeiffer in 1846 as
Tom,ogeres boysii (evidently a misprint for Tomigerus), it was in
1847 transferred by the same author to Anostoma, both the
generic and specific designation being apparently suggested by
Benson, who published the name in 1848. Pfeiffer having
arrived at the conclusion in 1849 that the species could not be
retained in Anostoma, created the genus Boysia for its reception,

BOTSIA. 297

placing it near Pupa. At the same time he altered the specific
name to bcnsoni, to do which he had no right and for which,
moreover, there was no need. Curiously enough, with one
exception, every subsequent author who has referred to the
species has acquiesced in this arbitrary procedure. In 1850,
Albers, unaware apparently that Pfeiffer had already proposed a
new genus, introduced Hypostoma, placing it between Anostoma
and Tomigerus. The name having already been employed in
three different classes in zoology, von Martens, in 1860, altered
it to Hypotrema, at the same time reducing it to a section
of Pupa.

In 1867 Stoliczka described a fossil shell, from a cretaceous
fresh-water deposit in the North-Eastern Alps, under the name
of Boysia lleussii*. Nevill in referring to this fossil f states that
it is a well characterized form and considers, judging from the
figure, that it is possibly correctly referred to Boysia.

With all due deference to the weighty opinion of so eminent a
naturalist as Stoliczka or that of Nevill, I do not think the
association of two such different forms in one genus a very
happy one. The recent Indian shell has the aperture on the
same level as the penultimate whorl, forming not a rectangle
but a very acute angle, and on the last whorl the mouth is
vertical, whereas the European cretaceous shell has the mouth
inclined at a very acute angle. Saridberger certainly had a much
truer perception of its affinity, I believe, when he referred the
fossil to the genus Stroplwstoma J.

Quite recently Professor Cockerell has also referred two Tertiary
species from Wyoming, U.S.A., to the genus Boysia §. One of
these, B. phenacodorum, to judge from the figure, bears a striking
resemblance to the Indian recent species. I am inclined to
think, however, that this is simply a case of convergence. For
another closely allied form he creates a new genus, Protoboysia.

266. Boysia boysi, Pfeiffer.

Tomaqeres boysii (Anostoma) (Benson), Pfeiffer, Syinb. Hist. Helic.

Hi, '1846, p. 82.
Anostoma boysii (Benson), Pfeiffer, Men. Helic. Viv. i, 1847, p. 2 ;

Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ii, 1848, p. 164.
Boysia bensoni, Pfeifter, Zeit. Malak. vi, 1849, p. 105 ; ibid., Conch.-

Cab., Helix, ii, 1853, p. 6, pi. 101, figs. 25-28 ; Adams, Gen. Rec.

Moll, ii, 1855, p. 167, pi. 76, fig. 2 ; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

Hypostoma boysii, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 130.
Pupa (Hypotrema) boysii, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 305.

* Sitz.-Ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wieu, xxxviii, 1859, p. 493, pi. 1, fig. 17.

t J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 128.

J Land- und Sussw. Couch. Vorwelt, 1871, p. 80, pi. 3, fig. 12.

§ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York, xxxiii, 1914, p. 324.

298 PUPILLID^E.

Pupa (Boysid) bensoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 194.
Boysia boysii, Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 278,
pi. 85, tig. 10.

Original description : — " T. arcuato-rimata, compresso-conica,
tenuis, Isevigata, diaphana, pallide cornea ; spira oblique conoiden,
obtusiuscula ; anfr. 5 convexi, ultimus arcuatim ad marginem
superiorum aatepenultimi ascendens ; apertura subtriangulari-
rotundata, edentula ; perist. subsiinplex, expansiusculum, mar-
ginibus lamina breviter soluta junctis.

" Diam. maj. 3|, alt. 3 mill/' (Pfeijfer.)

Hab. India : Chittore, Eajputana, and Azmere (Boys} ; Nerbudda
Valley (Nevill, StoliczJca).

The Cuming collection contains two specimens from Bengal,
while there are some shells from Mandata, on the Nerbudda,
in the Theobald collection. The latter are smaller than the
type, their dimensions being : — major diam. 2-5, minor 2, alt.
2'5 mm.

Genus HYPSELOSTOMA, Benson.

Tanystoma, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 130.
Hypselostoma, Benson, torn. cit. p. 342 (nom. mut.) ; Fischer, Man.

Conchyl. 1885, p. 478; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1900, p. 592.

TYPE, Tanystoma tubiferum, Benson.

Range. Burma, Farther India, China, Malaysia, Philippine
Islands, and Loo Choo Archipelago.

Shell deeply umbilicate, depressed, conoid, whorls few, the last
solute, twisted ; aperture oblique or horizontal on a level with
the apex, denticulate.

Anatomy unknown.

A peculiar genus of Mollusca, the type of which is, as
Prof. Pilsbry aptly observes, one of the most extreme modi-
fications and not a fair criterion. He considered the genus
rather nearer to Nesopupa and even Torquilla than to Bifidaria.

Burma has produced three species, the other two, unlike the
type, having the aperture but slightly oblique, almost vertical,
instead of horizontal, in a plane with the apex.

267. Hypselostoma tubiferum, Benson.

Tanystoma tubiferum, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 130.

Hanley & Theobald, Couch. Ind. 1870, pi. 8, fig. 3; Kobelt,
Illustr. Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 278, pi. 85, fig. 44 ; Tryon,
Struct. Syst. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 56, pi. 100, fig. 99; Cooke,
Cambr. Nat. Hist, iii, 1895, p. 302, fig. 202 A.
Pupa (Hypselosioma) tubifera, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 193.

Original description : — " Testa depresso-conoidea, radiato-striata,

HTPSELOSTOMA. 299

conica, sutura excavata, spira breviter conoidea, apice obtusiusculo ;
anfractibus 3, convexis, ultimo tubain protractain, sursum tortam,
altiorem quam apice, efformante, ad periphseriain valide et obtuse
carinato, superne baltea tumida, a periphaeria sulco prof undo
separata, rnunito, subtus convexo, margine umbilici aperti per-
spectivi angulato, angulo usque ad aperturam extendente ; apertura
horizontali sursum spectante, 6-7 dentata, dentibus lamelli-
formibus duabus parietalibus, supera validiori duplicata, inferiori
minore profunda, 1 coluinellari mediocri, 4 palatalibus, quarum
superiori duplicata tertiaque majoribus ; peristomate libero, valde
expanso, reflexiusculo,

"Diam. maj. 4, min. 3, axis 2 mill." (Benson.)

ffab. Burma : Thyet Mio (Blanford, Theobald, OlcUiam) ; Mya
Leit Doung, Tsagyen Hills, and Pegu as far south as Henzada
(Blanford).

The animal of H. tubiferum has been observed both by Blanford
and Stoliczka. The latter gave a figure and described the speci-
mens seen as " pale grey ; they had the eye pedicles rather more
elongated than usually in species of Pupa, and more resembling
those of Helix; the tentacles at the base of the rostrum were
very minute, both blackish. The rostrum itself is thick and very
minutely notched at the front edge. The foot is short, ovately
elongated, roundly truncate posteriorly. The animal, when
moving, carries its shell in a reverse position. On the whole it
greatly resembles that of Anostoma, as figured by Fischer in
Journ. de Conch, for 1869, vol. ix, pi. xi, figs. 1, 2.""

Hypselostoma tubiferum is the largest and most depressed of the
Burmese forms of the genus. It is, moreover, readily separated
from its congeners by the aperture being horizontal and on a
level with the spire. The parietal entering lamellae are some-
times bidentate. The species appears to be fairly common and
occurs in many collections. Some specimens in the Cuming and
Theobald collections are somewhat larger than the type, measuring:
major diam. 4'25, minor 3'10, alt. 3*5 mm.

268. Hypselostoma bensonianum, Blanford.

Hypselostoma bensonianum^ Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxii, 1863, p. 326 ;
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. v, 1868, p. 437 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 8, fig. 2; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 344.

Pupa (Hypselostoma) bensoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 193.

Original description : — "Shell moderately umbilicated, turbinate,
not distinctly striated, thin, horny. Spire conical, apex papillar
and with the axis oblique, suture deep. Whorls 4, the upper ones
flattened, the last bulging below the suture, and again at the
periphery (where it bears a prominent rounded keel), rounded
beneath, and compressed towards the umbilicus. It rises some-
what towards the mouth, which is round, nearly vertical,
slightly turned upwards, free from the other whorls, and furnished

300 PUPILLID^E.

inside with 5 lamellar teeth, 4 of which are equidistant and
opposite to each other, at the upper and lower corners of the
mouth, so as to form a partial St. Andrew's cross, while the fifth,
which is smaller, is close to and above that at the upper corner of
the parietal margin. Peristome free, simple, broadly expanded
and trumpet-shaped." (Stanford,)

Major diaiii. 3, minor 2'2, alt. 2 mm. Diam. of peristome
1 mm.

Hab. Burma : Mya Leit Doung, Ava (Blanford, Oldliam).

" The differences between this shell and Hypselostoma tubiferum,
Benson, hitherto the only known species of the genus, are
numerous. That shell has the spire scarcely exserted, while
the last whorl ascends so much that the mouth, which is hori-
zontal, is on a level with the apex. In the present species the
spire is conical, the mouth nearly vertical, and the last whorl
only ascends very slightly. In H. tubiferum also, there are more
teeth in the mouth, they are situated further back from the
aperture, and are somewhat differently disposed, the upper two
lamellae being produced in front of the others, and forming an
imperfect tube. There are also minor differences in striation,
umbilicus, etc. Nevertheless the general appearance of the two
species is strikingly similar, and the peculiar shape of their whorls
and mouth recalls those of the Brazilian genus Anostoma, Lam."
(Blanford.)

Some specimens in the Theobald collection measure : major
diam. 3, min. 2, alt. 2 mm. (including the peristome).

269. Hypselostoma dayanum, Stoliczlca.

Hypselostoma dayamim, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 172, pi. 7,
fig. 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 147, fig. 10;
Pfeiffer, Mon. Ilelic. Viv. vii, 1876, p. 488; Pfeiffer & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p^ 344.

Pupa (Hypselostoma} dayana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 193.

Original description: — " Hypselostoma testa minuta, conoidea,
solidula, pallide brunnea, apice obtusiuscula, late profundeque
perspective umbilicata ; anfractibus 4, convexis, stituris profundis
sejuuctis, primo Isevigato, submammillato, ceteris striis increment]
subobsoletis notatis, ultimo maximo, fere plane voluto, supra ad
peripheriam subangulato, deinde sensim angustiore et ad marginem
umbilici rursus obtuse angulato ; apertura fere verticali, vix
descendente, conspicuiter dilatata, subcirculari; marginibus junctis,
intus crassiusculis et plicose dentatis ; labio adnato modice ex-
pansiusculo, bidentato, dente superiore majore ; labro six-dentato ;
dentibus duobus in regione columellari sitis subdistantibus, alteris
duobus, in margine externo, similariter inter se remotis, seel
duobus in marg. basali sitis approximates, parvis.
"Diam. maj. I'l, d. min. 0*8 ; altitudo 1 mm."
Hab. Burma : Damotha near Moulmain. (Stoliczka.)
" It is the third known species of the genus. In general form

CLAUSILIID^E. 301

it resembles Blanford's H. Bensonianum from near Ava, but
differs in the shape of the last whorl, and in the dentition of
the aperture. The latter is in both species almost vertical, not
turned entirely upwards, as in the type of the genus, H. tubi-
ferum. As regards form, the present species indicates still more
distinctly the affinities of Hypselostoma to Pupa, than does
H. Bensonianum." (Stoliczka.)

In addition to the fore-mentioned differentiating characters
H. dayanum may at once be distinguished by its smaller size,
being the smallest member of the group. It appears to be a rare
species and I have not seen any specimens.

Family CLAUSILIID^.

Genus CLAUSILIA, Draparnaud.

Clauxilia, Draparuaud, Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. Fluv. France, 1805,

§p. 24, 29 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 173 (anatomy) ;
oettger, Palaxmtogr. 3rd Suppl. 1877 ; ibid., 17 & 18 Ber.
Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 18 ; Wiegmann, Jahrb.
Deuts. Malak. Ges. v, 1878, p. 157 (anatomy).

TYPE, (first species) Turbo Udens, Linn.

Ranye. India, Ceylon and Nicobars, Farther India, China,
Japan, Malay Archipelago ; Asia Minor ; Northern Africa,
Madeira; Europe; South America and Porto Rico.

Shell sinistral in the great majority of species (invariably so in
the Indian forms), cylindrical or fusiform, more or less solid,
usually striated or ribbed transversely, generally more strongly so
behind the aperture ; spire usually turreted, with acute or obtuse
apex; aperture small, usually pear-shaped, sometimes subquadrate-
ovate, sometimes with a sinus at the upper angle, provided with
two spiral entering folds usually on the parietal lip, the lower
sometimes on the outer lip, both continued internally as far as the
seat of attachment of the pedicle of the clausilium ; the upper
follows the spiral convolution of the columella and becomes the
columellar fold (inferior lamella of Pfeiffer) ; a second fold further
back, known as the subcolumellar (columellar of Eossmassler)
fold, its termination sometimes visible from the aperture ; these
two folds form a long flexuous groove, slightly dilated towards
the aperture, but further down becoming again contracted. In
addition there is a curved flexuous, tongue- shaped, elastic plate,
known as the clausilium, which higher up becomes contracted
into a narrow twisted pedicle, its distal extremity attached to the
inner shell-wall, between the distal extremities of the columellar
and subcolumellar folds, the groove between these, lower down,
receiving the clausilium as it is pushed to one side by the animal's
extrusion. In. addition to these processes there are a varying

302 CLAUS1LIIDJE.

number of palatal plicae behind the aperture, and usually showing
through the shell-wall. In some species two of these plicae have
their posterior extremities curved and approximating, ultimately
uniting and forming the so-called lunella. Peristome continuous.
Umbilicus usually very slight, and consisting of a narrow,
oblique slit behind the columellar margin.

"The animal of Cl. philippiana is black with a greenish tinge
on the posterior part of the body, which is covered with rather
coarse warts ; the pedicles are moderately elongated, pinkish,
slightly swollen at the tips which bear the small eyes centrally ;
tentacles very short, but distinct ; foot moderately elongated,
strong, posteriorly obtusely pointed.

" The mantle has a free entire edge, and is internally somewhat
thickened, especially on either side of the pulmonary orifice. At
the place of the labial fold the edge is simply grooved. Corre-
sponding to the columellar rib the groove is much stronger arid
deeper, extending with free raised edges to the mantle-margin.
The lower (or anterior) of these lamellar edges is semicircular! y
enlarged, and towards the end folded over ; it secretes the
columellar fold, with its internal laminar projection for the
support of the clausilium. The upper (or posterior) edge is
smaller and evidently secretes the clausilium ; it becomes folded
over the former when the animal protrudes out of its shell.

"As regards the internal structure there is nothing very
distinct from the anatomy of the HELICIDS.

" The pulmonary cavity is narrow and long, the mantle
forming it being rather thick and of a deep pinkish black
colour. The kidney is of a large sub-triangular form, and one
portion of it almost entirely envelopes the heart. The mouth is
small and the salivary glands lie immediately behind it, covering
the anterior part of the alimentary canal, while in most HELICID^B
they are on long peduncles and situated at the lower anterior
base of the stomach. The oral parts and the salivary glands are
pinkish grey. The intestines make only a slight bend, and the
rectum is accompanied by a very narrow albuminous gland, along
which also the duct leading from the kidney appears to lie.

" The retractor muscle of the body is divided in two very broad
and strong parts ; they are attached to the anterior end of the
foot, below the mouth, and divide posteriorly again into several
thin branches. The retractor muscles, supporting the buccal
parts, are shorter and also bipartite. The nervous ganglion ring
lies immediately behind the mouth and is covered up by the
anterior part of the salivary glands ; it is very thin and gives only
a few very thin branches to the lips, the pedicles and to the
generative organs. The small extent of the nervous system is
very striking, as compared with the same organs in the HELICID^E
and ZomTiDyi;.

" The generative organs fill the anterior part of the body
nearly entirely. The uterus is comparatively thin, of grey colour;
the albuminous gland, attached to it, very large, nearly as long

CLAUSILIA. 303

as the uterus, and more than double its thickness. The recepta-
culum seminis is an oval peduneulated gland, lying either along
the uterus, or obliquely across the body, a short distance below
the hermaphrodite opening, enveloped in soft tissue. It is pro-
vided with a long appendage, attached along the uterus, and equal
in length to it. This appendage contains an orange coloured,
tough flagellum, filled with a whitish substance, and possibly
represents the arrow (or armatorial) sac.

" I have not observed the presence of spermatozoa in the so-
called ' receptaculum seminis ' ; it was filled with flattened
transparent bodies and some colouring matter. The vas deferens
branches off about half way from the uterus, makes a few twists,
attaches itself to the tissue just below the hermaphrodite opening,
and then shortly after becomes thickened, being at this place
fixed with a small and thin retractile muscle. The penis makes
three distinct twists, or almost coils ; it is very long and the
terminal half is more thickened than the other ; it ends with a
thin flagellum.

" The jaw is sernilunar, narrow, thin, concentrically very finely
and radiately distantly and indistinctly, striated, the anterior
concave edge is nearly perfectly entire.

" The radula is long, moderately narrow, consisting of about 80
transverse, slightly angular series of teeth, there being 53 teeth in
each series. The centre tooth is smaller than the adjoining, with
a simple, inflected and pointed tip ; it is contracted towards the
base. The 14 inner laterals are longer and stronger than the 12
outer laterals. They are all tri-cuspid ; ut first the median cusp
is by far the largest, gradually the lateral increase in size,
while at the same time the median cusp decreases, until on the
outermost lateral teeth, the three cusps are almost equal. On
the whole the form of the teeth agrees better with that of the
HELICID^: than with the ZOISTITID^E. The dental formula is 12 +
14 _ 1 _ 14 + 12." (Stoliczka.)

The characteristic and peculiar feature of the present genus —
the clausilium — has been described by several authors. The first
to draw attention to it appears to be Daubenton * who referred
to it as an " opercule a ressort." Miiller t was the next to give a
short description of it under Helix \_Clausilia] bidens, but more
elaborate accounts were given by J. S. Miller J, Dr. Gray §,
Caillaud j| and Fischer^]", the latter two elucidating their observ-
ations with figures. Finally a lucid description, illustrated by
elaborate figures, by E. A. Smith and B. B. Woodward ** will be

* Hist, et Mem. Acacl. Sci. Paris, 1743, p. 47.

t Verm. Terr. Fluv. ii, 1774, p. 117.

J Ann. Philos. N. s., iii, 1822, p. 378.

§ Zool. Journ. i, 1824, p. 212.

|| Jouru. Conchyl. iv, 1853, p. 420, pi. 13, figs. 1-4.

f Man. Conchyl. 1883, pp. 484, 485, figs. 251-255.

** Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, v, 1890, p. 209.

304 CLAUSILIIDJE.

found very useful. While the animal is retracted within its shell
the elastic pedicle causes the clausilium to rest against the sub-
columellar fold on the inner side and against the shorter palatal
plicae or the lunella, when present, on the outer side, the anterior
angle of its inner margin slightly projecting inwardly over the
subcolumellar fold, an arrangement which effectively prevents the
clausilium being forced to one side from without, thus securing
the animal against intruding enemies. During extrusion of the
animal the clausilium is pushed sideways into the groove between
the columellar and subcolumellar folds, only its anterior portion
being pressed slightly forward at the dilated part of the groove.
The clausilium may, therefore, be regarded to act as a sliding door,
and while closed during retraction of the animal, the spaces
between the palatal plica? are sufficient to admit air for breathing
purposes. This peculiar sliding action of the clausilium I have
not seen referred to by any of the authors mentioned, which may,
perhaps, be explained by the fact that the species which have
served as a basis for investigation are rather small and their
examination is consequently somewhat difficult. This difficulty
may be overcome by utilizing some of the larger Japanese forms-
such as 0. nwrtensi, Herkl., and C. valida, Pfeiffer. By the aid
of a watchmaker's eye-glass and a needle mounted in a pen-
holder, the action of the clausilium can be observed with ease and
accuracy. The various folds do not in every species rise at the
same point. In some the lower palatal fold rises some distance
below the columellar and the subcolumellar folds, in others again
the latter rises half way between the other two. The point where
the pedicle of the clausilium is attached to the shell-wall, however,
is invariably above the termination of any of the folds, at least in
all the species — both Indian and extra-Indian — which I have
examined. In all the Indian forms the clausilium has the margins
entire, but in some Palsearctic species the margin has a short sinus
on the outer side and in others again, the anterior margin is in
addition bidenticulate. Five species belonging to the Palaearctic
subgenus Alopia, i. e. haueri, cyclostoma, glauca, livida, and lactea,
are without clausilium. I must own that at first I entertained
considerable doubt as to this, but having by the kind permission of
the authorities at the British Museum opened specimens of the
species in question, I have satisfied myself that this is actually
the case.

The distribution of the genus Clausilia within the limits of the
Indian Empire is somewhat peculiar. Eleven species are known
from India but these are all confined to the north, especially the
Himalayan region, while none occurs in the whole of southern
India, but a single species is known from Ceylon. Burma has
no less than fourteen species, while two are found in the Nicobars
and the Mergui Archipelago has one,

A large number of sections or subgenera have been established :
one of these — Oospira, with five species — is confined to Burma,

CLAUSILIA. 305

and another — Garnieria — has two species in Burma, one in China
and one in Cambodia. The remainder of the Indian Clausilias
belong to three sections, Pseudonenia having twelve species, Euphce-
dusa claiming nine, and Cylindroplicedusa with two. Boettger
established a subsection Acroplicvdusa, for the reception of
C. monticola and C. aralcana, but without having seen specimens
for investigation. As this subsection appears to me of doubtful
value I have included the species in Euplicedusa.

Subgenus PHJEDUSA, //. $ A. Adams.

Phadusa, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 184 (first species
Clausilia cochinchinensis, Pfeiffer) ; von Martens, Die fleliceen,
ed. 2, 1860, p. 274 (type C. corticina v. d. Busch) ; Boettger,
Palseontographica, 3rd suppl. 1877, p, 54; Pfeifter & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 390.

" Shell smooth, more or less solid, yellowish or rufo-corneous ;
lunule none or, very rarely, obsolete ; spiral lamella usually dis-
joined ; last whorl appressed, rounded at the base ; peristome
continuous, free." (Adams.)

Section EUPH^DUSA, Boettger.

Euphaedusa, Boettger, Palseontographica, 3rd suppl. 1877, p. 57 ;
ibid., Ber. Offenbucher Ver, Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 53 (first
species C. bacillum) ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Elelic. Viv.
1881, p. 390.

TYPE, Clausilia bacillum, Hanley & Theobald.

Range. India, Burma, China, Japan, Malay Archipelago.

Clausilium very wide, frequently subquadrate, somewhat dilated
below, strongly curved backwards below, acuminate towards the
middle. Upper parietal plica long, below it a smaller one united
with the rudimentary, interrupted, or small lunella (rarely absent)
which at its lower extremity sends off posteriorly a small branch.
The upper parietal fold is marginal and nearly vertical, deeply
entering ; the lower parietal fold approaching the upper, more or
less spirally twisted ; the subcolumellar more or less immersed.
Aperture subvertical, usually pyriform, with strongly thickened
margins. The small shell has convex whorls, a deep suture, is
usually thin, shining, and corneous, smooth or finely striated,
rarely finely ribbed.

270. Clausilia bacillum, Hanley $ Theobald.

Clausilia ignota, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1858, p. 321

(nom. nud.).
Clausilia bacillum (Benson), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 24, fig. 1 (non Theobald) ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx,

X

306 CLAUSILIID^E.

1875, Clausilia, pi. G, fig. 48 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii,

1877, p. 503.

Clausilia (? Medora) bacillum, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,

p. 200, pi. 9, fig. 3; Stoliczka, torn. cit. p. 207.
Clausilia (Phaedusa) bacillum (Theobald), Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 184; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2,
vii, 1889, p. 328.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (EuphaedusaJ) bacillum, Boettger, Ber. Offen-
bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 53; Pfeifer & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 390.

"Testa subrimata, fusiformis, solidula, glabra, vix striatula,
nitidula, superficie ssepe in exemplis veteribns erosa, albido-vel
cereo-cornea ; spira superne regulariter attenuata ; apice obtuso,
papillari ; sutura simplice impressa. Anfr. 9 convexi, ultimus
validus striatus, pone aperturam vix compressus ; apertura
verticalis, piriformi-oblonga, lamella supera validiori, columellari
antice vix conspicua, parum torta, intus subfurcata; lunella
distincta, plicis palatalibus 2, suturae parallelibus, supera elongata,
altera brevi, a lunella vix disjuncta. Peristoraa continuum,
solutura, album, breviter expansum et incrassatum, margine
parietali vix sinuato.

" Long. 15, anfr. penult, diam. 3-5 mm. ; apert. cum peristomate
3-33 longa, 2'33 mm. lata." (Blanford.}

Hab. India : Nanclai, Khasi Hills (Theobald, Godwin- Austen} ;
Naga Hills (Chennell) ; Asalu, Cachar (Godwin- Austen)-, Burma:
Schegoo (Fea).

" The species varies considerably both in the form and length
of the shell. The specimen figured may be taken as the type,
but others longer and slenderer are quite as common, they very
closely resemble Theobaldi in form, differing from it by their
smooth shining surface. One of the most slender specimens
measures : total length 15, thickness 3 mm. ; it has 10| whorls
and is much attenuated towards the apex.

" The representation in the 4 Conch. Indica ' must evidently be
taken as that of true bacillum, of which, the authors of that
work say, two specimens were known at that time : one in Benson's
and the other in Theobald's collection. These are the two
specimens to which Theobald (J. A. S. B. 1858, p. 321) refers
under the name of ignota, as a provisional name, while the single
specimen which he quotes 1. c. as ' C. bacillum, B.' is a somewhat
worn Cl. asaluensis, and hence Theobald's reference that the
species is of the type of C. insignis. I have carefully examined
with Mr. Theobald his type specimens, and the question as regards
the synonymy may be considered as settled ; the species must
stand as recorded by Blanford." (Stoliczka.)

CLAUSILIA. 307

271. Clausilia waageni, Stoliczka.

Clausilia waageni, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 209, pi. 9,
% 19 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 520 ; Theobald,
J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 147 ; ibid., op. cit. 1, 1881, p. 48.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) waayeni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 185.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (Euphaedusa)) waageni, Boettger, Ber. Often-
bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 53 ; Pfeiffer & Olessin,
Noinencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description : — " Cl. testa conoideo-turrita, corneo-
fusca, apice obtusiuscula, sub-rimata; anl'ractibus 11, paulo
convexis, sutura simplici junctis, lateraliter apicem versus paulu-
lum concava ; omninis transversim oblique confertim costulato-
striatis, ultimo antecedente vix latiore, prope aperturam costulato,
basi pauluni contracto, convexiusculo ; apertura rerticali, postice
(vel supra) angulata ; peritreinate modice incrassato, vix expanse,
albescente, antice recedente, interne soluto, antice rectiusculo,
biplicato, plica postica (aut superiore) brevi, altera vix conspicua ;
lunella distincta, plica longa, tenuissima superposita, altera brevi,
a terminatioiie supera lunellae haud separata.

" Long, tota 18, diam. 4 ; loug. apert. obliq. 4, ejusdeni lat.
2-7 mm." (Stoliczka.)

Hab. India: Changligalli, near Murree, W. Himalayas, alt.
9000 feet ( Waagen, Stoliczka) ; Tandiani, Hazara (Theobald).

11 This is the most westerly known species of the genus in
India. A single, but perfect, specimen was found by Dr. W.
Waagen, together with Cl. cylindrica, under the bush of an old
tree at the above mentioned locality. The nearest allied species
is 0. ids, but the larger size of the shell, comparative shortness of
the two last whorls, larger and more straight aperture readily
distinguish this new form." (/Stoliczka.)

The author in referring to C. ios as the nearest ally of this
species, appears to have overlooked C. monticola, described by
Blanford in the same paper, a form which has still closer affinity
with it. From this it differs in having the upper part of the
spire less attenuated and the striae are a little coarser.

Eour specimens, from Tandiani, in the Theobald collection are
somewhat larger than the type, their length being 19-5 mm.
Having, by kind permission of the authorities at the British
Museum, opened one of these shells, I am in a position to report
on the internal armature. The upper parietal fold is interrupted
and the inner portion becomes more elevated, gradually decreasing
again as it ascends. The subcolumellar fold rises about the
beginning of the last whorl close to the coluinella and becomes a
rather broad flexuous fold at once, terminating even more abruptly
at a distance of about 0'25 mm. behind the peristome, half-way
between the termination of the coluinellar fold and the lunella.
The columellar fold rises a little higher up at the commencement
of the last whorl and continues as a fine thread for about half a
whorl, when it suddenly increases in height and becomes a flexuous

308 CLA.FSILIID.E.

fold, following the winding of the columella and together with the
subcolumellar fold forms a groove — somewhat wider towards the
base — into which the clausilium slides when pushed to one side
by the animal's extrusion. The pedicle of the clausilium rises
about the beginning of the penultimate whorl. The upper
parietal fold rises nearly one quarter of a whorl lower than the
subcolumellar fold and becomes a broad fold at once. The
palatal plica3 1 find are not quite as described by Stoliczka, there

Fig. 105. — Clausilia waageni.
(Showing inside of last whorl with the palatal plicae.)

being no true lunella, although, looking from the outside, it some-
what resembles one. The upper plica is, as usual, long and runs
parallel with the suture ; the second plica is short and parallel
with the upper; between them occurs a short denticle almost
uniting them, and from the anterior termination of the second
plica a nearly vertical plica runs down, forming a right angle,
with a slight oblique support posteriorly from its free lower
extremity and terminating close to the subcolumellar fold near
the aperture. Fig. 105 shows the inner side of the last whorl
with the palatal plicae in situ.

272. Clausilia ios, Benson.

Clausilia ids, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, x, 1852, p. 351 ; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 318, pi. 8, fig. 13.

Clausilia jo's, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 612.

Clausilia ios, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fig. 10.

Clausilia (? Medora) ids, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872. p. 200,
pi. 9, fig. 2.

Clausilia jos, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia, pi. 8>
fig. 75 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (Euphaedusa}} joes, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher
Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 53 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.
Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description: — "Testa vix rimata, fusiformi, oblique
costulato-striata, pallide cornea, spira gradatim atteuuata, apice
obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8-9, vix convexiusculis, ultimo ad basin
rotundato, antice fortius remotiusque costulato ; apertura pyri-
formi, larnellis subaBqualibus, inferiori furcata ; plicis palatalibus
duabus, lma longissiina, a sutura remotiori, 2nda obliqua, brevi,
a lunella satis distincta, interdum vix divisa, subcolumellari
immersa, peristomate continue, superne soluto, undique breviter
reflexo.

" Long. 13, diarn. 3, apert. long. 3, lat. 2 mill." (Benson.)

CLAUSILIA. 309

Hob. India: Darjeeling, Sikkiin (Trotter, Stoliczka, Maimvaring,
Blanford) ; Bhutan (Blanford) ; Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-
Austen).

" Hob. Temperate regions of Sikkim and Butan, in the Eastern
Himalayas, from about 5000 to 9000 feet. It doubtless also
exists in Nipal. It is generally met with at the roots of oaks and
other large trees.

"In this species, as was noticed by Mr. Benson, the lunule
is sometimes broken up into short oblique plaits above, and con-
sequently the number of palatal plicae varies. Sometimes there is
only the long lamellar plait above the lunule, in other specimens
there are, besides the long one, two short plicae." (Blanford.)

Clausilia ios appears to be one of the commonest species, to
judge by the number of specimens in collections. There are shells
in the British Museum, presented by Blanford in 1860, which
have 10 whorls —therefore with one whorl more than Blanf ord's
type — and measure 13*5x3 mm. .Four specimens in the Cuming
collection, also of 10 whorls, attain a length of 14 mm. The
Beddome collection is particularly well supplied, as I have counted
no less than two dozen : these are from Darjeeling. The species
somewhat resembles C. tJieobaldi but it is smaller and the palatal
plicae are nearer the aperture.

273. Clausilia ceylanica, Benson.

Clausilia ceylanica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 89 ;

Pfeitfer, MOD. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 427 ; Nevill, Enum. Helic.

Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 118,

fig.l.
Clausilia (? Medora) ceylanica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,

p. 201, pi. 9, fig. 4.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) ceylanica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184.
Clausilia (Phaedasa (Euphaedusa)) ceylanica, Boettger, Ber. Offen-

bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 53 ; Pfeifter & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.
Euphcedusa ceylanica, Jousseaume, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 290.

Original description : — " C. testa vix rimata, fusiformi, oblique
confertissime costulata, costulis nonnullis undulatis, fuscescenti-
olivacea ; spira gradatim atteuuata, lateribus convexiusculis, apice
obtusiusculo, sat urn. impressa ; anfractibus 8, convexiusculis, ultimo
ad basin rotuudato ; apertura subobliqua, pyriformi, lamellis
contiguis, inferiore valde exserta, torta, plicis palatalibus 2,
subaequalibus, elougatis, columellari immersa ; peristomate con-
tinue, superne soluto, undique subexpanso, renexiusculo.

" Long. 12, diam. 24 mill., apert. long. 3, lat. 2 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Ceylon (H. Nevill) ; Fort McDonald (Layard).

" Found by Mr. F. Layard at an altitude of 4500 feet in the
central mountain mass of Ceylon. The nearest Indian ally in
form is the Darjiling C. ios, from which it may at once be

310 CLAUSILIID^E.

distinguished by its sculpture, texture, and the internal plicae."
(Benson.}

Blanford, when figuring Clausilia ceylanica, states that Benson,
in describing the species, overlooked the lunule, which is as well
developed as in C. ios and C. bacillum.

The only known species from Ceylon. In addition to the
features mentioned by Benson it may be said to be characterized
by the short upper parietal fold. The shell figured by Hanley and
Theobald has been presented to the British Museum by
Mr. Harvey. It is a trifle more convex than Benson's type, its
diameter being 3 mm., whereas Benson, in his original description,
mentions 2'5 mm. Like most species of Clausilia it varies some-
what in size, for two specimens in the Beddome collection, both
of eight whorls, measure !O5x2'75 mm. and 11x3 mm.
respectively.

274. Clausilia theobaldi, Blanford.

Clausilia (? Medora) theobaldi, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,

p. 201, pi. 9, fig. 5.

Clausilia theobaldi, Pfeifter, MOD. Ilelic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 521.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Euphaedma}) theobaldi, Boettger, Ber. Offen-

bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 53; Pfeifter & Clessin,

Nomencl. Ilelic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description : — " Testa rimata, fusiformi turrita, cornea,
coufertim flexuose costulata, transluceus. Spira turrita, sensim
attenuata, lateribus superne subrectis, apice acutiusculo, sutura
impressa. Anfr. 11 convexi, antepenultimus et penultimus
majores, ultimus juxta suturam tumidiusculus infra plicam
palatalem superam compressus, subtus rotundatus. Apertura vix
obliqua, piriformis, lamellis approximatis, mediocribus, supera
acuta, infera iramersa, lunella distincta, plicis palatalibus 2, supera
elongata, altera brevi. Peristoma rectum, expansum, solutum,
margine palatali haud sinuato.

"Long. 22, diam. 3'5 mm.; apert. 3'5 mm. longa, 2'6 lata."
(Stanford.}

Hob. Burma: Tonghu (Theobald, Blanford}; Mai-i, Arakan
Coast (Theobald).

There are two specimens in the Theobald collection in the
British Museum, from hills to the east of Tonghu, the type
locality, whose length is less than that indicated in the original
description, the dimensions being 17'75x3'5 mm. although they
possess half a Avhorl more. The figure given by Blanford in
J. A. S. B. is still smaller, measuring only 16 mm. The Beddome
collection also contains specimens which reach only 17 mm. in
length, the diameter, nevertheless, being 3-5 mm. In the Theobald
collection I found three shells labelled " arakana, Stoliczka, Mai-i,
Arakan Coast," one of which undoubtedly belongs to the present
species.

CLAUSILIA. 311

Blanford in his diagnosis only mentions two palatal folds, but I
have found a third, which, however, is not visible without opening
the shell.

275. Clausilia burmanica, sp. n.

Shell rimate, fusiform, fuscous, translucent, very closely in-
vested with fine wavy striae, traversed by rather irregular,
somewhat indistinct spirals. Spire turreted, gradually attenuated,
the sides not concave ; apex acute ; suture impressed. Whorls 11|,
convex, last scarcely narrower than penultimate, not compressed
below upper palatal plica. Aperture vertical, subqiiadrate.
Parietal folds rather distant, the upper not interrupted, lower
rather elongated before entering. Palatal plicae three, upper long,
parallel with the suture ; the other two curved, almost meeting
posteriorly, rather distant, one being close to the upper plica,
the other nearer the aperture. Peristome solute, the margins
expanded and reflexed, outer margin descending obliquely.

Long. 21, diam. 4 mm.

Hob. Burma: Tough u (Theobald}.

Type in the British Museum.

Fig. 106. — Clausilia burmanica.

The specimen upon which this new species is based occurred
with two shells of Clausilia iheobaldi, from which it differs by the
much more wavy, closer, and finer striae, the presence of spirals,
and the subquadrate aperture ; the two lower palatal plica?,
moreover, instead of being straight and rather close together, as
in theobaldi, are rather distant and curved, their posterior termina-
tions nearly meeting, as seen in fig. 106 6, which shows the inside
of the last whorl with the palatal plicae in situ ; finally, the last
whorl is not compressed below the upper palatal plica, the parietal
folds are more distant, the upper is not interrupted and the lower
longer before entering, proceeding horizontally.

The Hungerford collection in the British Museum contains two
specimens from Bhamo, which 1 also refer to this new species ;
they possess twelve whorls.

276. Clausilia monticola, Blanford.

Clausilia (Phtedusa) monticola (Godwin-Austen, MS.), Blanford,
.T. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 204, pi. 9, fig. 13 ; Nevill, Hand List, i,
1878, p. 183.

312 CLAUSILIID./E.

Clausilia monticola, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 118,
tig. 7 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 467.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (Acrophaedusa)) monticola, Boettger, Ber.
Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 57 ; Pfeiffer & Olessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392.

Original description : — " Testa rimata, exilis, elongata, f usiformi-
subulata, solidula, brunnea vel brunnescente-grisea, parum nitida ;
superficie saepe erosa ; spiraB lateribus antice rectis, apicem
papillarem versus concaviusculis ; sutura simplice, impressa.
Anfr. 13 convex!, primi 4 fere cylindrici, antepenuitimus vix quam
penultiraus major, ultimus ad basin rotundatus, hand compressus.
Apertura piriformis, fere verticalis, lamella palatali sinisfcrorsim
deflexa, acuta ; colurnellari subprofunda ; lunella nulla, plicis
palatalibus fere parallelis 6-7, supera valde elongata. Peristoma
continuum, vix solutum, leviter sinuatum, superne repandum,
expansiusculum, mediocriter incrassatum, album, margine parietal!
leviter sinuato.

"Long. 2l, diam. anfr. penult. 4 mm.; apert. cum perist.
3-66 longa, 2-66 lata." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Burrail Hills, Assam ; Nortb Cachar, alt. 6500 ft.
( Godwin- Austen) .

" This species is well distinguished from its allies by its slender
shape and numerous whorls." (Blanford.)

The relatively long last whorl and the strongly reflexed and
expanded right and basal margins of the peristome are also
striking features separating it from the other Indian Clausilias.
It bears some resemblance to C. waageni but the upper portion
of the spire is more slender and attenuated. A specimen from
the Hanley collection, presented to the British Museum by
Mr. Harvey, is presumably the one figured in Conch. Ind., but it
has the aperture more pear-shaped than is shown in the figure,
the outer margin being more curved. It possesses 14 whorls and
measures 22 mm. The figure given by Blanford and Stoliczka in
J. A. S. B. is more accurate. A shell with no precise habitat,
presented to the British Museum in 1869 by Dr. Horsfield, and
labelled C. cylindrica, is perhaps a small form of G. monticola. It
has 12 whorls and measures 16x3 mm. Two specimens from
North Cachar in the Beddome collection are both composed of 1 2
whorls, and have a diameter of 3-75 mm., but whereas one
measures 21 mm. the other only attains a length of 18*5 mm.

277. Clausilia arakana, Stoliczka.

Clausilia arakana (Theobald), Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,
p. 210, pi. 9, fig-. 20 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875,
pi. 118, tigs. 8, 9 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia,
pi. 9, tig. 78 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p, 467.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) arakana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (Acrophaedusa)) arakana, Boettger, Ber.
Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 57 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392.

CLAUSILIA.

Original description: — " Cl. testa stramineo-albida,subf usiforme-
turrita, apice attenuata, aperturam versus subaugustata, non
rimata ; aufractibus 10-12, paulum eonvexiusculis, sutura profunda
siinplici junctis, transversim oblique capillaceo striolatis ; apertura
rectiuscula, sub-rectangulari, antice subrotundata, inarginibus
inodice dilatatis et incrassatis, labio breviter libero, fere recto,
biplicato, plica antica (seu int'eriore) valde oblique intrante; plicis
palatalibus quinque, fere aequidistantibus et inter se parallelis,
supera longissima, caeteris subaequalibus.

" Long. 17-20 ; lat. 3-8-4 ; long, apert. 4-4-4, lat. 3-3'2 mm."
(Stoliczka.)

Hob. Burma: Tonghu and hills S.E. of Akyab, Arakaii, and
Mai-i, Sandoway district (Theobald).

" This is the new Arakan species to which Mr. Blauford alludes
at p. 205, when speaking of Cl. monticola ; it differs from this
last by its more fusiform instead of conoidally turreted shape, its
thinner texture, larger aperture and somewhat differently arranged
palatal folds. I have given illustrations of a shorter form with
ten whorls, and of another with twelve whorls ; the former is a
single specimen from the hills S.E. of Akyab, the other was
collected by Mr. Theobald at Mai-i, in the Sandoway district.
These two forms represent the extreme variations which were
noticed among a large number of specimens." (Stoliczka.)

Two shells, from Mai-i, in the Theobald collection, measure
20x4 mm., and distinctly show the five palatal plicae indicated in
the diagnosis.

•

278. Clausilia lemani, sp. n.

Shell rimate, fusiform, fuscous corneous, rather solid, opaque,
finely striate, closely ribbed behind the aperture on the last whorl,
some indistinct, very fine spirals perceptible on the later whorls.
Spire turreted, the sides slightly concave ; apex slightly obtuse ;
suture shallow, especially on the later whorls. Whorls 11, the

Fig. 107. — Clausilia lemani.

earlier slightly convex, the later ones flattened, the last but little
narrower than the penultimate, with a shallow furrow below the
lower palatal plica behind the peristome and gibbous around the
umbilical slit. Aperture a little oblique, subovate. Parietal folds
rather close together, upper not interrupted, lower deflexed
towards the columella and descending with the columellar margin.
Palatal plicae three, rather near the aperture, the upper rather

314 CLAUSILIID^E.

short, parallel with the suture ; the second very short, parallel
with the upper; the third longer and oblique, entirely visible from
the aperture. Peristome slightly thickened, not expanded and
but little reflexed, the parietal margin not solute, without sinus at
the upper parietal fold, eolumellar margin curved, obliquely
descending, basal margin curved, outer margin a little inflexed.

Long. 16, diam. 4-2 mm.

Hob. Burma : Arakan.

Type in Mr. Leman's collection.

Two specimens in the late Colonel Beddome's collection, now
in the possession of Mr. Gr. C. Leman, were labelled C. arakanensis,
but upon examination they proved to be quite distinct, and in
basing a new species upon them I have much pleasure in asso-
ciating with the new form the name of Mr. Leman, who upon
several occasions has readily given me access to this important
collection, so rich especially in Indian and Burmese shells.

The new species, while allied to C. arakanensis, may readily be
separated by its more convex spire, its more obtuse apex, and the
more closely coiled whorls, for although shells of 10 whorls of
C. arakanensis measure 17 mm. in length, C. lemani with 11 whorls
only attains 16 mm. ; the shell, moreover, is striated, not ribbed.
The palatal plicae are also less in number, and instead of all being
parallel, the lowest is nearly vertical, and they are all much
nearer the aperture.

Section PSEUDONENTA, Boettgtr.

Pseudonenia, Boettger, Palaeontographica, 3rd suppl. 1877, p. 59 ;
ibid., Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. ]878, Mitt. p. 39 (first
species C. gouldiana) ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 391.

TYPE, Clausilia gouldiana, Pfeiffer.

Range. India, Burma, China, Japan, Malay Archipelago.

Clausilium attenuated below, the blade somewhat elongated and
dilated below. The palatal plica3 varying in number, the upper
rather long. Lunula nearly always absent. The upper parietal
fold more or less oblique, subcolumellar fold hidden. Aperture
large, protracted below, the right upper margin always more or
less sinuate towards the upper parietal fold, the peristorne strongly
expanded and reflexed. The shell has few whorls, usually an acute
apex, is corneous and more or less finely striated.

279. Clausilia gouldiana, Pfeiffer.

Clausilia youldiana, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. iii, 1857, p. 259 ; ibid.,
Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 724 ; ibid., Novit. Conch, ser. 1, i,
1860, p. 123; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl.$118,
figs. 2, 3 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia, pi. 16,
fig. 148.

CLAUSILIA. 315

Clausilia (Pheedusa) gouldiana, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,
p. 203, pi. 9, fig. 10; Stoliczka, torn. cit. p. 208.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) gouldiana, Boettger, Ber. Offen-
bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 54 j Pfeitter & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 148.

Original description : — " T. leviter rimata, fusiformis, solida,
conferiissime capillaceo-striata, sericea, rubicunda ; spira sursum
regulariter attenuata, apice alba, obtusula ; anfr. 11-11J, suinmi
convexi, sequentes planiores, ultimus augustatus, basi non com-
pressus; apertura piriformis; lamellae mediocres, infera alte
ascendens ; lunella nulla ; plicae palatales 5-6, supera 1 elougata,
4-5 brevissimae, subparallelae, locum lunellae obtinentis ; sub-
columellaris inconspicua ; perist. continuum, roseum, intus
callosum, imdique expaosum et reflexiusculurn, margine supero
repando.

" Long. 24|, diam. infra medium 6 mill. Ap. oblique fere
6 mill, longa, 4jf lata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Burma: Mergui (Gould) ; Moulmain (Blanford) ;
Phaloung and Zwagabin (Theobald, Huny erf or d); Tenasserim and
Salween Valley (Beddome) ; Gethebian ku and Phabougku (Theobald).

Is stated by Pfeiffer to be very closely allied to Cl. insiynis,
Gould, and philippiana, but well distinguished.

Stoliczka observes that it is also " one of the most variable
species, both in colour and form. Young specimens are either
brown or of a beautiful rosy tinge ; older shells, after they become
solidified, either retain the brown or pink colour, or the lip
becomes yellowish-brown or perfectly white ; the 3-5 top- whorls
are always white. The form differs from fusiform to highly
turreted, as may be indicated by the following measurements : —

a. long. 23, lat. 6, long, apert. 5-2, ej. lat. 4-2 mm.

b. „ 28, „ 6-3, „ „ 6-2, „ „ 5 „

c. „ 32, „ 6-5, „ „ 6, „ „ 5 „

All three specimens are from Moulmain: a is almost exactly
identical with Pfeiffer's original figure of the species ; b and c are
a white and a yellowish lipped variety from Mr. Theobald's
collection ; c has an almost abnormally small aperture as compared
with the length of the shell."

A fairly common species. The Ginning collection contains three
specimens from Mergui, with pale rufous pink peristome and com-
posed of 10^ and 11 whorls. There are several specimens in the
Theobald collection : three from Moulmain, with 10J whorls,
measure 26 x 6'75 mm. ; three from Phabougku, with 11|- and 12
whorls, reach a length of 26-5 mm., with a diameter of only
6mm.; three from Gethebian Ku, with 10 J and 11| whorls,
measure 25 x 6 mm. ; while three more from Zwagabin, near
Moulmain, have a pink mouth and possess 11 whorls but only
attain a length of 22 mm., with a diameter of 5-5 mm. In the
Beddome collection I found a specimen from the Salween Valley,
pale fuscous in colour with a pink mouth, with 10 whorls,

316 CLAUSILIID^E.

measuring 22x6 mm., aud three shells from Tenasserim, also
pale fuscous, but more solid in texture, composed of 11 whorls,
and measuring 25 x 6, 25 x 6-25, and 24 x 6-25 mm. respectively.
"Finally, the late Miss Linter's collection, now in the Exeter
Museum, yielded two specimens from Phabougku, one of a
decided pink colour, with pale pink peristome, each of 11 whorls,
and measuring 21-5 x 6 mm.

Clausilia gouldiana is closely allied to C. insignis, but may be
distinguished by its smaller size, smaller aperture, and lighter
colour, but more especially by the more acute apex, a feature by
which it may readily be separated from its ally. The 3 or 4
apical whorls also are usually wiiite or pale corneous. The whorls
increase very slowly at first, then rather rapidly, the upper part
of the spire, consequently, being more concave ; the later whorls
are rather more convex than in insignis. There are from four to
six palatal plicae, the first always long, the others vary in length
but are very short comparatively; they may be equal in length or
the second and fifth may be longer and the third and fourth very
short, or they may gradually decrease in length.

Fig. 108. — Clausilia gouldiana (Harvey collection).

The shell figured in Conch. Ind. pi. 118, figs. 2 & 3, which has
been presented to the National collection by Mr. Harvey, is rather
short and ventricose ; it possesses 9| whorls, and measures
23-5x6 mm. This, according to Hanley and Theobald, may be
insignis of Gould not of Pfeiffer, but I prefer to regard it as a
form of gouldiana.

I give a figure of this shell and a view of the inside of the
last whorl, with the palatal plicae in situ. The upper plica
(partly shown) is long, near to and parallel with the suture, the
second is stouter, its anterior extremity curving obliquely down-
wards ; the third very short, oblique ; the fourth a trifle longer,
also oblique ; the fifth still longer, nearly vertical, its anterior
extremity giving off a slight ridge below near the subcolumellar
fold.

Var. magna, nov.

Differs from the type in being less ventricose. A specimen
from Moulmain, in the Theobald collection, possesses 13| whorls,
and measures 32 mm. in length with a diameter of 6'5 mm.

CLAUSILIA.. 317

There are seven palatal plicae : the upper long, near to and parallel
with the suture, the second one quarter of the length of the
upper, the third still shorter but parallel with the first two ; the
fourth very short and oblique; the fifth considerably longer,
oblique, with a short support below near its posterior extremity ;
the sixth also oblique and bifurcate posteriorly ; the seventh
curved, near the parietal margin of the peristome. This shell is
here delineated.

Fig. 109. — Clausilia gouldiana var. magna.

A second specimen from Phaboo, in the Hungerford collection,
measures 12-5 x 6 mm. and possesses 12| whorls.

280. Clausilia andersoniana, Mdllendorff.

Clausilia (Pseudonenia) andersoniana, Mollendorffj J. A. S. B. li,
pt. 2, 1882, p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 12.

Original description: — "Testa ventriculoso-fusiformis, solidula,
subtilissime striatula, fere laevigata, pallide corneo-fusca, apice
obtusiusculo ; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, ultimus valde attenuatus,
subtus rotundatus, distinctius striatus ; apertura parum obliqua,
oblique piriformis, peristoma continuum, valde solutuin, expansum,
reflexiusculum, pallide corneum. Lamella parietalis supera obliqua,
sat valida, cum spirali continua, infera crassa ante marginem
subabrupte desinens, subcolumellaris immersa. Plica principalis
valde elongata, palatales tres subveutrales, divergentes, infima
arcuata. Clausilium ?

" Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4|, lat. 3^ mm." (Mollendorff.)

Nab. Mergui Archipelago (Anderson).

" Nearly related to insic/nis, Gould. Differs by the smaller size,
less ventricose shape, the number of whorls 10 instead of 9, the
more elongate and oblique aperture, the freer and more protruding
peristome, and its paler colouring and by the closing apparatus.
The latter is much more immersed inasmuch as the palatal plaits
of Cl. insignis are lateral, while those in the new species are
nearly ventral and are, together with the inner end of the very

318 CLATJSILIID^E.

long principal plait, conspicuous in the penultimate whorl above
the aperture. Besides, the number of palatal plaits is only three
against five of Cl. insignis" (Mollendorff.}

A doubtful species not seen by me. J udging from the figure it
is more nearly related to C.gouldiana than toinsignis. Specimens
of the former from Mergui, in the British Museum (Cuming col-
lection), resemble it, but they are a trifle more ventricose and of a
pinkish colour ; they are composed of 10£ whorls and measure
23 mm. It should be borne in mind that G. gouldiana varies
considerably, and I strongly suspect that MoileudorfPs species will
not stand the test of comparison of actual specimens.

281. Clausilia gracilior, Hanley fy Theobald.

Clausilia insignis, var gracilior, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.
1870, p. 12, pi 24, fig. 8.

Shell subrimate, fusiform, turreted, rather solid, pale corneous,
finely and closely striated, the striae coarser and more distant
behind the aperture, some minute spirals on the later whorls.
Spire turreted, apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 9, slightly
convex, increasing slowly, last whorl but little narrower than
penultimate, flattened near the suture, not compressed below the
upper palatal plica. Aperture slightly receding below, pear-
shaped ; parietal folds rather distant, the upper compressed,
elevated at first, becoming depressed after entering, and again
more elevated higher up, the lower very stout, obliquely entering.

Fi g. 1 10. — Clausilia gracilior.

Palatal plicae 5, the upper long and parallel with the suture, the
second about one-third the length of the upper, parallel at first,
its anterior extremity deflexed, the third and fourth very short,
oblique, the fifth a little longer, curved, about parallel with the
lower suture; the fourth and fifth folds, as well as the sub-
columellar fold and the anterior part of the clausilium, are visible
from the aperture. Peristome thickened, expanded, and reflexed,
solute, the parietal margin with a slight sinus at the upper
parietal fold.

Long. 26, diam. 5 mm.

Nab. Burma: Moulmain.

CLAUSILIA. 319

Hanley, when figuring this form, considered it a variety of
Ql. insignis, and in his explanation of plates indicated Pfeiffer as
being responsible for the name gracilior, giving the following
reference : " Clausilia insignis, var. gracilior, Pf eiffer (as of Gould),
Mon. Helic. vol. 3, p. 589 ; Novit. Conch, vol. i." Now, Pfeiffer,
at the place cited, simply quotes Clausilia insignis^ Gould, giving
a description based upon a specimen in the Cuming collection, but
he mentions no variety whatever, and in Novit. Conch, vol. i,
pi. 34, figs. 15-17, illustrates typical insignis. The present form
I consider quite distinct from Gould's and worthy of specific
rank. It is more cylindrical in shape, the apical whorls increasing
more gradually, the last whorl is not obliquely deflexed, the
aperture is more dilated, and the parietal margin of the peristome
is more widened and sinuous, while the shell is pale corneous not
dark chestnut.

The shell figured by Hanley and Theobald having been pre-
sented to the British Museum by Mr. Harvey, I have taken the
opportunity of giving a more faithful representation of it,
together with an enlarged view of the last whorl showing the
palatal plicae. As, moreover, it was never described, I have also
added a full description.

282. Clausilia insignis, Gould.

Clausilia insignis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844,
p. 140 ; ibid., Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 1844, p. 458, pi. 24,
tig. 8; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 423; ibid., Zeits.

iDia., uoncn. URD., Ulatmtta, i»oi,p. 3UU, pi. 34, ngs. 10, 11;
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fig. 2 ; Sowerby,
Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia, pi. 6, fig. 53, pi. 7, fig. 53 b.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) insignis, Pfeifter, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 180 ;
von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 275; Blanford,
J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 204, pi. 9, fig. 11 (insignis of Gould),
fig. 12 (insignis of Pf eiff erj ; Stoliczka, torn. cit. p. 208.

Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)} insignis, Boettger, Ber. Ofien-
bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 55; Pfeiffer & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description : — " Testa fusiformi, sinistrorsa, solida,
castanea ; anfr. 9 convexis, leviter striatis, apertura purpurea,
rotundata, lamellis duabus fortibus postice, et quinque tenuibus
per testam apparentibus, intus instructa ; labro valde reflexo.

" Shell reversed, solid, large, fusiform, ventricose, of a dark
chestnut-browTn ; whorls eight, convex, very delicately and regu-
larly striated, shining, summit inainillated ; aperture ovate,
broadly rounded in front, with a sinus behind, produced by one of
the two large folds which are there found ; on breaking away
half of a volution, we find five other very delicate laminae, which
may be seen externally, by looking at the umbilical aspect of the

320 CLAUSILTID^l.

shell ; the posterior one is near the suture and extends nearly a
whole volution ; the others intervene at nearly regular intervals,
between it and the umbilicus ; throat purplish ; lip very broad,
flattened, white, tinted with purple.

" Length 1 inch [= 25-25 mm.], breadth i of an inch
[=5 mm.]." (Gould.}

Hob. Burma : Tavoy (Gould) ; Tethebian, near Moulmain
(Stoliczka) ; Tenasserim (Beddome) ; Zwagabin (Theobald):, Kargan,
near Moulmain (Theobald).

There is a discrepancy with regard to the number of whorls
between Gould's latin diagnosis and his English description, the
former stating that there are nine, whereas the latter mentions
eight. The figure of the shell, although not very clear, rather
favours the former.

Stoliczka also refers to a slight discrepancy undoubtedly exist-
ing between Gould's original figure and description.

" He states the number of whorls to be 8 or 9, and the apex
' mamillated,' while the figure shews it shortly pointed ; then again
he gives ' length 1 inch, breadth i- of an inch.' The original
figure (whether enlarged or not, it is not stated) represents a
shell of 28 mm. in length and 7 in thickness ; the second dimen-
sion is, therefore, only one fourth of the total length, instead of
one fifth ; if the latter were the case, the shell would be an
extremely slender one, and comparing it with gouldiana, as a shell
of the same type, I would prefer to consider Gould's figure as
more probably correct than his measurement. Now, allowing
for these discrepancies in Gould's original statements, I am
inclined to think that Pfeiffer's species is very closely allied to, if
not exactly identical with, true insignia, but Hanley and Theobald's
figures certainly seem to be somewhat different from both the
preceding ; however, they do not exclude the possibility of repre-
senting mere variations of one and the same species. Whether
the form of the aperture in Gould's original figure is slightly
exaggerated or not, I think the great expansion of the outer lip
is decidedly somewhat abnormal, and setting aside this point the
remaining differences between the shells figured as insignia are
not greater than those between the different varieties of Zo.ro-
stoma or gouldiana."

In order to try and solve the question raised by Stoliczka, as
to the discrepancy between Gould's figure and description, I
applied to Dr. John M. Clarke, the Director of the Albany State
Museum, but to my regret that gentleman informs me under
date of July 1, 1914, that no specimens of Clausilia insignia can be
found in the collection. He states that no such species is listed
in the catalogue of the Gould collection prepared by Dr. Gould's
daughter, and as this catalogue is an approximately accurate list
of the shells delivered when the collection was purchased in 1867,
he thinks that they probably never had the type of that species.

dausilia insignis appears to be fairly common, and I have

CLAUSILIA.. 321

seen a considerable series, but 1 have not observed the same
amount of variation as in Clausilia gouldiana. It has close
affinity with the latter, but may at once be distinguished by the
more obtuse apex, the apical whorls being stouter and increasing
at once, not gradually as in gouldiana, the upper part of the
spire is consequently more cylindrical and not concave. The
number of whorls ranges between 81 and 10, and the palatal
plicae vary in number from five to seven, the last being more
nearly vertical than in gouldiana. The shell is generally of more
solid texture, darker, and unicolorous, not whitish or pale
corneous, as in its ally, and the peristome dark.

In the Cuming collection I found two shells from Tavoy,
labelled by Pfeiffer, which are rufous corneous, with the early
whorls paler; one has 9^ whorls, and measures 26 x 6-5 mm., the
other has 10 whorls, and attains a length of 27*5 mm., the
diameter being the same as in the first. Another tablet in the
Cuming collection bears three shells, also from Tavoy, which are
pale corneous with the peristome almost white, one of which has
10 whorls and measures 26 x 6 mm., but a second with 9 whorls
does not exceed 24'5 mm. in length, although its diameter is also
6 mm. The Beddome collection contains four specimens, very
solid and dark chestnut in colour, with a dark fuscous peristome ;
one of 8j whorls measures 26x7 mm., another of 9 whorls is
27 X 7 mm., while the other two have each 9| whorls and measure
respectively 28 x 7 and 30 x 6'5 mm. Lastly, a variety from
Zwagabin in the Theobald collection is pale corneous and less
ventricose than the type, possesses 10 whorls and measures
27 X 6 mm.

283. Clausilia fusiformis, Blanford.

Clausilia fusiformis, Blaiiford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 80 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 410 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fipr. 6; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx.

1875, Clausilia, pi. 7, fig. 62 j Pfeiffer, Moil. Helic. Viv. viii,

1877, p. 464.
Clausilia {Phfedusa} fusiformis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,

p. 203, pi. 9, fig. 9; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) fusiformis, Boettger, Ber.

Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 54 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description : — " Shell not rimate, fusiform, horny,
thin, white ; obliquely, very closely and finely costulately striated
throughout. Spire diminishing slowly at first above the middle,
then rapidly attenuate towards the acute apex ; suture simple,
scarcely impressed, deeper towards the apex. Whorls 9, convex
above, flattened below, the last very little narrower than the
penultimate. Aperture semioval (nearly semicircular) ; upper
parietal plait very fine ; internal palatal teeth 7, the uppermost
by far the longest. Peristome thin, expanded, not continuous,

T

322 CLATJSILIIDJG.

the margins being distant, and united by a thin callus ; columellar
margin straight and very long posteriorly.

" Length 23, diameter 6 mm." (Blanford.}

Hob. Burma : Arakan bills, west of Henzada (Blanford) ; Pegu
(Theobald).

4 But a solitary specimen was met with belonging to tbis form,
which is more tumid in the centre than any of its allies, 0. in-
signis, Gould, etc. The non-continuity of the peristome may be
due to immaturity in the specimen found. The shape of the
mouth may also possibly be slightly modified in older examples,
but the general form doubtless remains the same, and is alone
sufficient to distinguish the species." (Blanford.)

The shell figured in Conch . Ind. has been presented, with other
shells from the Hanley collection, to the British Museum by
Mr. Harvey ; it measures 22'5 x 6 mm. Three specimens in the
Theobald collection have a length of 23 mm. and a diameter of
6'5 mm., while the Beddome collection contains two specimens
measuring 23 x 6-5 mm. All are from the Arakan Hills. The
species tends to connect C. insignis with such forms as C. philip-
piana, C. ovata, and C. bulbus, but it is more acuminate and lacks
the very obtuse apex of the section Oospira, to which these species
belong. The upper parietal fold occurs on the outer edge of
the parietal margin of the peristome, the lower and the sub-
columellar folds only reach the inner edge ; there are six palatal
plicae, the upper long, the other five short.

284. Clausilia ferruginea, Blanford.

Clausilia (Phcedusa) ferruyinea, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,

p. 202, pi. 9, fig. 7: Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184 (incl. var.

tumida).
Clausilia ferruginea, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 118,

figs. 5, 6 ; Pf eiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 466.
Clausilia (Phaedusa) (Pseudonenia)) ferruginea, Boettger, Ber.

Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 54 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description : — " Testa subrimata, elongato-fusiformis,
solida, fere glabra, striatula, haud nitida, sordida et interdum
pallide ferruginea; spira alta, lateribus sursum subrectis, apice
obtuso papillari, sutura impressa, valde crenulata. Anfr. 11 con-
vexi, ultimus capillaceo-striatus, basi rotundatus. Apertura fere
verticalis, subtrapezoidalis, rnarginibus lateralibus fere parallelis,
basali rotundato ; lamella supera acuta, sinistrorsim inflexa,
columellari mediocri, plicis palatalibus circa 5, supera elongata,
haud procul ab apertura desinente, suturae parallela, cseteris magis
obliquis curvatisque. Peristoma continuum, album, expansum,
parum incrassatum, margine supero repando, leviter sinuato.

"Long. 30, diam. 55 mm.; apert. cum perist. 6-5 longa,
4-66 lata." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Naga Hills, Assam (Masters).

" Var. tumida, anfractibus ultimus aperturaque majoribus.

CLAUSILIA. 323

" Long, circa 33, diain. 6-5 mm. ; apert. 7 longa, 5 lata."
(Blanford.)

Hob. India : Gologhat, Assam (Masters, Theobald) ; North
Cachar (Godwin- Austen) ; Naga Hills (OhennelT).

" This fine species, the largest hitherto found in Assam or the
Himalayas, resembles C. loxostoma in its strongly crenulated
sutures and in form, but differs in its larger size and more
numerous whorls. It was first found by Mr. Masters in 1860,
in the hills south of Gologhat, together with Spiraculum mastersi
and other interesting shells. The more tumid variety has lately
been obtained in North Cachar by Major Godwin-Austen."
(Blanford.}

The Beddome collection contains two specimens, one of which
is decollated, but the second is entire, and while, like the type,
composed of eleven whorls, it only measures 27 X 5*25 mm. In
the Theobald collection is a shell from Gologhat, where the species
was first discovered.

285. Clausilia asaluensis, Blanford.

Clausilia (Phcedtisa) asaluensis (Godwin- Austen), Blanford,

J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 202, pi. 9, fig. 8.
Clausilia asaluensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 159,

fig. 5 ; Peiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 466.
Clausilia (Phaedusa) asaluensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) asaluensis, Boettger, Ber.

Offenbacher Ver. Natimv. 1878, Mitt. p. 54 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original desertion : — " Testa non rimata, f usiformi-turrita,
alba vel pallide castanea, solidula, striata, ad anfractus duos
ultimos capillaceo-striata. Spira sensim attenuata lateribus su-
perne concaviusculis, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa, con-
fertirn minuteque crenulata. Anfr. 12-13, convexi, antepenul-
timus maximus, penultimus parum minor, ultimus ad latus
compressus, ad basin rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, piri-
formis, lamella supera compressa, columellari immersa, lunella
nulla, plica palatali supera elongata, suturae parallela, secunda
etiam parallela, mediocri, caeteris obliquis. Peristoma leviter
sinuatum, album, incrassatum, continuum, breviter solutum.

" Long. 23-5, diam. 5 mm. ; apert. c. perist. 5 longa, 3*66 lata."
(Blanford.)

Hob. India: Asalu, North Cachar, alt. 7000 feet (Godwin-
Austen)-, Khasi Hills (Theobald).

"This species is easily distinguished from both C. loxostoma
and C.ferruginea by its more numerous whorls and finely crenu-
late sutures. In size it is intermediate between the two, some
specimens beini* as much as 26 mm., or rather more than an inch
in length." (Blanford.)

Clausilia asaluensis is, as might be inferred from Blanford's
remarks, although he does not actually say so, intermediate in its
characters between C. loxostoma and C. ferruginea, the sutures

Y2

324 OLAUSILIID^E.

being finely crenulate. The Beddome collection comprises two
specimens from North Cachar, which were labelled monticola, but
which without hesitation I refer to asaluensis. One of these
is composed of twelve whorls and measures 24x4 mm., while the
other, which is a trifle more ventricose, has only eleven whorls,
and attains a length of but 21 mm., although its diameter reaches
4 mm. The Theobald collection, on the other hand, was found
to contain a shell labelled " bacillum, Theobald (non Benson)"
from the Khasi Hills, which also pertains to the present species.
It has twelve whorls and is a trifle more ventricose than the type,
for although its length is 22 mm., its diameter attains 4'75 mm.

286. Clausilia loxostoma, Benson.

Clausilia loxostoma, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 353 ; Pfeiffer,

MOD. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 404 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fig. 7.
Clausilia lenyalensis (v. d. Busch), Pfeiffer, Symb. ii, 1842, p. 60;

Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Clausilia, 1847, p. 24, pi. 2, figs. 11-13.
Clausilia (Phcedusa) loxostoma, Adains, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 184 ; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 180 ; Blanford,

J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 201, pi. 9, fig. 6; Stoliczka, torn. cit.

p. 1^08 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonem'a)) loxostoma, Boettger, Ber.

Offenbach er Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 55; Pfeiffer & Olessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391.

Original description : — " Testa sinistrorsa, fusiformi, medio-
ventricosa, corneo-grisescente ; anfractibus, convexis, laevigatis,
striis obsoletis ; suturis confertissime crenulatis ; apertura elon-
gata, obliqua, bi-plicata, supra angustiori, infra dilatata, peris-
tomate reflexo ; columella praearcuata.

" Long. 0-85 poll." [21'5 mm.]. (Benson.)

Hob. India : Sylhet (Benson) ; Bengal (Pfeiffer) ; Teria Ghat
(Godiuin- Austen, Theobald)-, Naga Hills (Beddome) ; Cherra-
poonjee, Assam (Cantor ; native collector, my collection).

" Out of a collection of 32 European Clausilice I find none with
a similar obliquity of mouth, from which character I have named
the species. The outer lip projects beyond the plane of the
aperture. The crenulations of the sutures differ altogether from
the papillary appearance which is common to several species, such
as papillaris, alboguttata, etc., and they are not elongated as in
C. nitida." (Benson.)

Nevill (Hand List, i, p. 184), mentions but does not describe a
var. striatacostata collected by Lt.-Col. G-od win- Austen at Teria
Ghat, while Stoliczka states that " a white solid variety occurs on
the Khasi Hills ; in form it tolerably agrees with Blanford's
fig. 6 b, plate 9 ; some specimens are, however, still a little
thicker, and the transverse costulation on all the whorls is very
distinct, while the crenulation along the suture is generally not
so coarse as in typical loxostoma, though evidently stronger than

CLAUSILIA. 325

in asaluensis, which latter also differs by a more slender shape
and smaller aperture." This form is referred to by Clessin as
var. solidior, Stoliczka (Nomencl. p. 391), although Stoliczka did
not so name it.

Blanford states that the species varies considerably in form,
some specimens being much more fusiform than others. He
iigures three varieties, of which he considers the first as the
typical form. He further states that "the locality usually
assigned to this shell, Bengal, conveys a false impression, as
neither this nor any other Clausilia is found in the plains of
India. Teria Ghat, the locality mentioned in the ' Conchologia
Indica,' is at the southern base of the Khasi Hills, and the shell
is found at many places along the range, from the base up to
a height of, I believe, 4000 or 5000 feet. Major Godwin-Austen
sent me this species from Habiang on the Khasi plateau. I do not
know if C. loxostoma occurs also on the northern or Assam flank
of the range ; I have never seen specimens from any place in that
direction, and as the climate is much drier, many of the shells
common on the southern watershed are wanting to the north."

When describing Cl. bengalensis in 1842, Pffeifer appears to
have been unaware of the fact that Benson's species, published in
1836, was identical. In 1848*, however, he recognized that the
two were inseparable, and be relegated bengalensis to the synonymy
of lozcostoma.

The crenulations at the suture are rather distant in some
specimens and the shell varies, not only inform, as referred to by
Blanford, but also in size. A couple of shells from the Naga
Hills, having nine whorls, measure 23 x 5 mm. and 25*5 x 5'5 mm.
The palatal folds — not mentioned by Benson — are five or six in
number, and are distinctly visible from the aperture. Again,
three shells from Teria Ghat, in the Theobald collection, com-
posed of 9J whorls, measure 24-5 x 5-25 mm. On the other hand,
some shells from Cherra-poonjee collected by Cantor, and now in
the British Museum, only reach a length of 20*5 mm.

287. Clausilia nevilliana, Mollendorff.

Clausilia nevilliana^ Mollendorff, J. A. S. B. li, part 2, 1882, p. 11,
pi. 1, tig. 11 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443.

Original description : — " Testa elongate fusiformis, subtiliter
oblique striatula, f usca, nitidula ; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, apertura
mediocris, fere verticalis, elongato-piriformis, sinulo recto per-
longo, peristoma continuum, solutum, tenue, brevissimeexpansum,
superne profunde smuaturn fere angulatum. Lamella supera
obliqua, marginalis, valida cum lamella spirali continua, infera a
supera valde remota, spiraliter recedens, brevissime conspicua.

* Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, p. 405.

326 CLAUSILIID.E.

Plica principalis longa, palatales duae majores profundae, ventrales
(antice intuenti supra aperturam conspicuae), lunella nulla. Clau-
silium ? (non vidi).

" Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 3 mill." (Mollendorff.)

Hob. Nicobar Islands : Kamorta (Roepstorff).

"Nearly related to Cl.javana. Pfr., and should find its place
in Bottger's second section of Plicedusa (Pseudonenia\ and in the
fifth subgroup of Cl.javana"

I have not seen this species, but/ judging from the figures it
appears to have a much more obtuse apex than Clausilia wueller-
storffi, also a Nicobar form.

288. Clausilia shanica. Godwin- Austen.

Clausilia (Pseudonenid) shanica, Godwin-Austen. P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 244.

Original description : — '; Testa breviter rimata, fusiformi-clavata,
corneo-grisea, solidula ; spira concavo-turrita, valde elongata ;
apex minutus, acutissimus. Anfr. 13|, lentissime accrescentes,
convexiusculi, sutura impressa disjunct!, subtiliter striati, ultimus
penultimo parum major, subtus leviter attenuatus, cervice rotun-
datus. Apert. parva, obliqua, late piriformis ; perist. continuum,
breviter solutum, expansiusculum. Lamellae modicaB, compressae,
approximates ; supera marginalis, parum alta, intus humillima,
cum spirali ut videtur continua ; infera sublimis, subhorizontaliter

Fig. 111. — Clausilia shanica. Fig. 112. — Clausilia shanica.
(Type specimen.)

in mediam aperturam prosiliens, antice in denticulurn desinens, a
basi intuenti valde spiraliter torta ; subcolumellaris subemersa,
oblique intuenti distinctissima. Plica principalis profunda, late-
ralis, in apertura antice vixaconspicua ; palatales 2, altera supera,
principali approximata et parallela, altera infera cum clausilio
perspicuo lunellum lateralem, magis minusve distinctum, fiu-
gente."

" Alt. 19 j, diain. 4 mm. ; alt. apert. 3f , lat. apert. 2| mm."

Hab. Burma : near Pingoung, Shang Hills, 2500 feet (Boettger).

It would appear that the foregoing description is the joint

production of the late Professor Oscar Boettger and Mr. John

Ponsonby, for Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen places it in inverted

commas, and adds " This description is somewhat amended by

OLAUSILIA. 327

Mr. Ponsonby from one by Dr. Boettger, who considered it to
be allied to C. affinis of the JSTaga Hills. On comparison it proves
to be very different in every way."

In fig. 112 a specimen in the British Museum from the Shan
States is delineated, fig. 112 b showing the inside of the last
whorl with the palatal plicae in situ, while fig. Ill shows the type,
which has the apex broken off.

289. Clausilia wuellerstorfi, Zelebor.

Clausilia wullerstorfi, Zelebor, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xvii,

1867, p. 806 ; Pfeifter, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 411.
Delima wullenstorfli, Frauenfeld, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xix,

1869, p. 875.
Clausilia (Phaedusa) (Hemipkaedusa)) wullerstorfi, Boettger, Ber.

Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 59 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 394.
Clausilia (Phaedusa) wittlerstorffi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895,

p. 443.

Original description : — " T. vix rimata, f usiformi-turrita, tennis,
confertim oblique striata, sericina, pellucida, rufo-cornea ; spira
sensim attenuata, vertice obtusulo ; sutura subsimplex ; anfr. 10
modice convexi, apicales laevigati, ultimus basi rotundatus, antice
dense costulato-striatus ; apertura vix obliqua, subtriangulari-
piriformis ; lamellae parvulae, supera marginalis, infere substricte
adscendens ; lunella nulla ; plicae palatales 3, suprema elongata,

Fig. 113. — Clausilia wuellerstorfi.

secunda mediocris, tertia brevis ; subcolumellaris inconspicua ;
perist. continuum, breviter solutum, superne cum lamella supera
sinulum rotundatum formans, undique breviter expansum, margine
extern© fere rectilineari.

"Long. 19, diam. 4J mm.; aperturae long. 4|, lat. 3J mm."
(Zelebor.)

Hob. Nicobar Islands (Novara Exped.) ; Kamorta, Nancoury
( Godwin- Austen} .

This appears to be a rare shell, the only specimen I have
seen being the type, which is in the Vienna Museum, and has
been kindly lent by Dr. Sturany. I avail myself of the oppor-
tunity to give a figure of it, the species not having been hitherto
illustrated. The shell is not quite mature, the peristome having

328 CLATTSILIID^E.

only just been formed, and the margins are consequently not
thickened or dilated, while there is a sinus at the upper parietal
fold. The walls of the shell also are thin and translucent.

290. Clansilia nicobarica, sp. n.

Shell rimate, fusiform, fuscous, very closely invested with fine
slightly wavy striae, more prominent and wavy on the last whorl,
and showing traces here and there of indistinct spirals. Spire
turreted, gradually attenuated, the sides almost straight ; apex
acute ; suture superficial. Whorls 10-J-, slightly convex, the last
considerably narrower than the penultimate. Aperture oblique,
the basal margin curving forward, pyriform. Parietal folds diver-
gent, the upper interrupted, rather slight and low; the lower
more elevated and stouter, deflexed towards the right margin,
not reaching the edge of the peristome. Palatal plicae two, the
upper long, parallel with the suture ; the lower close to the upper,
short, curved. Peristome solute, the margins expanded and

Fig. 114. — Clausilia nicobarica.

reflexed, scarcely thickened, left margin descending obliquely
outwards, parietal margin without a sinus at the upper fold.

Long. 24'5, diam. 5-2 mm.

Hob. Nicobar Islands. Type in Mr. Leman's collection.

The shell upon which this new species is based occurred in the
Beddome collection, and was labelled wuellerstorfi, but it is quite
distinct. It differs in being darker, more solid and opaque, and
is also considerably larger, although it only possesses one half
whorl more than ivuellerstorfi ; the aperture is larger and of a
different shape, the left margin descending outwardly, besides
being obliquely directed forward below, whereas in its ally it is
directed backwards. The parietal margin of the peristome has
no sinus at the upper fold, the latter, moreover, being interrupted,
while the lower fold approaches nearer to the upper, is stouter
and more elevated, and obliquely deflexed towards the right
margin, but does not reach the edge of the peristome, as is the
case in the other species. Lastly, there are only two, instead of
three, palatal plicae.

CLAUSILIA. 329

Subgenus GARNIERIA, Bourguignat.

Garnieria, Bourguignat, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 6, v, 1877, art. 4, p. 2 ;
Gredler, Drei Neue Clausilia-Arten aus China, Bozen, 1883,
p. 1 (as section of Clausilia) ; ibid., Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges.
xi, 1884, p. 147 ; Mollendorff, op. cit. xiii, 1886, p. 207 ; ibid.,
Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 77 (as subgenus of
Clausilia}.

TYPE, Clausilia mouhoti, Pfeiffer.

Range. Burma, Farther India, China.

Last whorl produced, with the umbilical slit above the parietal
margin of the peristome, which is solute and more or less hori-
zontal ; aperture wider than high, with extended wing-like margins.
Clausilium visible from the aperture, more or less doubled on itself
lengthwise, forming a deep gutter, the proximal end truncate
with a slight indentation (mouhoti) or tongue-shaped with a more
or less shallow groove, the proximal end pointed and faintly
tubercled (ardouiniana, orientalis, tuba), sliding over the columellar
fold, not between the columellar and subcolumellar folds or only
partly so. Upper palatal plica, which is comparatively short, and
lunella visible from the aperture.

Bourguignat considered the clausilium of 0. mouhoti so funda-
mentally distinct from that in typical Clausilia, that he created a
separate genus for the reception of this and a few allied forms.
While admitting that this structure in mouhoti is very remarkable
it should be borne in mind that it is only this species which, so
far as known at present, exhibits this extreme form of clausilium
and that the other species form connecting links with the normal
character in this respect, and although the produced last whorl,
the transversely dilated, almost subquadrate aperture, the almost
horizontal and solute parietal margin and the wing-like expansion
of the other thin margins of the peristome, constitute well-
marked features, sufficient to warrant the species thus character-
ized being segregated from their whilom congeners, I do not
regard them of generic value. Gredler and Mollendorff were
evidently of the same opinion, a fact which induces me all the
more readily to reduce Garnieria to subgeneric rank.

Only two known species occur in Burma, while Mollendorff
in 1898, in addition enumerated ten species : trachelostropha,
Mollendorff, and/wc/m, Gredler, from China ; schomburgi, Schmacker
& Boettger, from Hainan ; ardouiniana, Heude, orientalis, Mabille,
and horrida, Mabille, from Tonkin ; moulwti, Pfeiffer, massiei
Morlet, and davtzenbergi, Morlet, from Laos and Cambodia ;
rugifera from Annam. To these may be added dorri, Bav. &
Dautz., yiardi, H. Fischer, and messageri, Bav. & Dautz., from
Tonkin.

330 CLAUSILIID^E.

291. Clausilia tuba, Hanky.

Clausilia tuba, Hanley, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, i, 1868, p. 343;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fig. 9; Sowerby,

Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia, pi. 8, fig. 72 ; Pfeiffer, Mon.

Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 540 ; Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver.

Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 80 (inc. sed.).
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Hemiphaedusa}} tuba, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 394. '
Clausilia (Garnieria) tuba, Mollendorff, Jahrb. Dents. Malak. Ges.

xiii, 1886, p. 207 ; ibid., Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898,

p. 77.

Original description. — "Testa (pro genere) magna, sub-
cylindraceo-fusiformis, apicem versus cylindracea, albido-cornea,
unicolor, tennis, subdiaphana, hand rimata, lineis elevatis vix
continuis et (prsesertim in anfractu ultimo, ubi remotiores fiunt)
oblique corrugata. Anfractibus 10-12, sutura profunda et
minime crenata divisi ; apicales unice convexi, subsequales ;
cseteri convexi, et satis rapide crescentes ; penultimus major,
altior ; ultimus curvatus, verticaliter descendens, infra suturam

Fig. 115.— Clausilia tuba.

submargiuatam subcoarctatus, denique insigniter dilatatus, basi
rotundata nequaquam cristatus. Apertura permagna, soluta,
porrecta, subcordato-rotundata, undique patentissima. Peristoma
continuum, late expansum ; lamella supera conspicua, angusta,
arcuatim subverticalis ; lamella infera adjacens, obliqua, magisque
profunda ; plica subcolumellaris parvula, verticalis ; plica palatalis
(si sit ulla) labrum baud attingens ; lunella opacitate conspicua.

" Long. 1J poll. [=31-5 mm.]/' (Hanley.)

Hob. Burma : Upper Salween Valley, Shan States (Feclderi).

Apparently a rare species. It resembles an exaggerated C.
masoni with wing-like margins of the peristome, but the sub-
columellar fold does not reach so far and is placed lower on the
columellar margin. The lunella is almost united to the palatal
plica above and to the subcolumellar fold near the inner edge
of the peristome below. Hanley stated that it most closely re-
sembles the American C. epistomium, not a very happy comparison.
It certainly has much closer affinity with C. masoni, while it also

CLAUSILTA. 331

bears some resemblance to C. orientalis, Mab. but is less inflated
about the middle. I have only seen two specimens which are
in the British Museum. One of these is the type figured in
Conch. Ind., measuring 33-5 x 5-75 mm., presented by Mr. Harvey
who acquired the Hanley collection by purchase. Hanley's figure
is enlarged (41 mm. length), although there is no indication of
this fact on the plate. The other shell (here figured with
its detached clausilium and the palatal plicae) is in the Theobald
collection and is composed of 12| whorls, measuring 32 x 5'75 mm.
The latter is a very fine specimen, possessing a peristome with
more expanded margins.

292. Clausilia masoni, Theobald.

Clausilia masoni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, part 2, 1864, p. 246 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fig. 8 ; Sowerby,

Conch. Icon, xx, Clausilia, 1875, pi. 8, fig. 69 ; Pfeiffer, Mon.

Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 540.
Clausilia (? Nenia) masoni, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 206,

pi. 9, fig. 18.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) masoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Hemiphaedusa)} masoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 394.
Clausilia (Gamier ia) masoni, Mb'llendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak.

Ges. xiii, 1886, p. 207 ; ibid., Nachr. Dents. Malak. Ges. xxx,

1898, p. 77.

Original description : — " Testa arcuato-rimata, f usiformi, tenui,
costulato-striata, pallide castanea. Apice intacto. Sutura ex-
cavata. Anfractibus decem, sub-planatis, ultimo angustiore, supra
aperturam fortiter striato, juxtaque suturam fossa, laminae interi-
oris cursuin monstrante, notata. Lunella distincta ; interdum
non. Lamellis quiuque, duabus parietalibus tenuibus, distinctis,
intus conniventibus ; reliquorum binis fortibus ad aperturam
divergentibus ; tertia post lunellam valde tenui, inconspicua.
Apertura rotundato-auriformi-soluta. Peristomate expanse,
renexiusculo.

"Longit. 21 ad. 29 mm. lat. 4 ad. 5 mm." (Theobald.}

Hab. Burma : Tonghu (Theobald}.

In the present species three folds are visible on the upper
or parietal margin of the peristome, for in addition to the two
parietal folds, present in most species, the subcolumellar fold here
also reaches the inside margin, while the upper palatal plica runs
close to the peristome. Of the two parietal folds the upper
terminates at the outer edge of the peristome, but the lower does
not reach quite so far. The clausilium is likewise visible for the
greater portion of its length upon looking into the aperture.
Clausilia masoni is characterized by the rather distant, fine,
plicate-striate ribs, which are especially prominent on the latter
half of the last whorl.

332 CLATISlLIJDjE.

Subgenus OOSPIRA, Blanford.

Oospira, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 205 (type Clausilia
philippiana, Pfeiffer) ; Boettger, Paleeontographica, 3rd suppl.
1877, p. 64 (as section of Phaedusa) j ibid., Ber. Oftenbacher Ver.
Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56: Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 392.

TYPE, Clausilia pliilippiana, Pfeiffer.

Range. Burma.

" Shell with but few whorls, usually five or six, and of a
peculiar more or less oval form with a very blunt apex. Lunule
wanting, palatal plaits as in Phcedusa.

" The known shells of this section are solid deeply coloured
Clausilise, smooth or with very slight sculpture. So far as is
hitherto known, the type is peculiar to Martaban and Tenasserim."
(Blanford.)

293. Clausilia bulbus, Benson.

Clausilia bulbus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 321 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 409 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 24, fig. 5; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx,

1875, Clausilia, pi. 6, tig. 51.
Clausilia (Oospira) bulbus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 206,

pi. 9, fig. 16.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Oospira)) bulbus, Boettger, Ber. Offenbucher

Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56 j Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392.

Original description : — " C. testa siuistrorsa, vix rimata, oblongo-
obovata, pupiformi, regulariter oblique striata, rubenti-ferruginea ;
spira obovata, superne ventricosa, versus apicem obtusum con-
camerata, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 5J, convexiusculis, primis
rapide accrescentibus,antepenultimo tumido, penultimo angustiore,
pone aperturam obliqua, oblique auriformi, peristomate continue,
margine late expanse, reflexiusculo, albido-rubente, lamella
superiore acuta, promiuente, longe, intus intrante, spirali, infera
forti, oblique spiraliter ascendente, subcolumellari immersa ; plicis
palatalibus 7, superiore valde elongata, late erecta, intus cum
lamella superiore rimam angustam efformante, 6 inferioribus
brevibus, subparallelibus, lunella nulla.

"Diam. anfract. antepenultimi 9, ultimi supra aperturam 5,
axis 23 mill. ; ap. (oblique), louga 8, lata 7 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Burma : Banks of the Attaran River, near Moulmain.

" This most singular form in the genus was found by Col.
Robert Gordon. The bulbous pupiform figure of the shell at
once distinguishes it from Cl. pnilippiana, Pfr., an inhabitant of
the Farm Caves, as well as from any other known species. The
upper lamella runs spirally up the aperture, forming a narrow slit
between it and the upper knife-like plica." (Benson.)

CLAUSILIA. 333

Clausilia bulbus resembles a large ovata, but the striae are much
coarser and farther apart, and there are a few coarse distant
spirals, while the last whorl becomes more attenuated behind the
peristome. The only shell of bulbus I have seen is from Moulmain
in the National collection ; it is 25 mm. in length, the penultimate
whorl measuring 9-5 and the last whorl 5'5 mm. This species,
C. philippiana and O. ovata constitute a natural group, character-
ized by the very convex spire and the very obtuse apex.

294. Clausilia philippiana, Pfeiffer.

Clausilia philippiana, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 69 ; ibid.,

Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 423 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Clausilia,

1850, p. 100, pi. 11, figs. 7-9 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Tnd.

1875, pi. 118, fig. 10 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia,

pi. 4, fig. 35.
Clausilia (Ph<edusa) philippiana, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 184 ; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 180 ; von Martens,

Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 275.
Clausilia (Phedusa) philippiana, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871,

p. 174, pi. 6, figs. 7-10 (anatomy).
Clausilia (Oospira) philippiana, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,

p. 205, pi. 9, fig. 14 : Kobelt, Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 289,

pi. 86, fig. 29 ; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva,

ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 329.
Clausilia (Phaedusa ( Oospira)) philippiana, Boettger, Ber. Offen-

bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392.

Original desertion : — " T. vix rimata, abbreviato-fusiformis,
crassa, solida, subtilissime striatula, castanea ; spira ventrosa, apice
obtusissima; anfr. 6, primi 3 planiusculi, penultimus convexus,
ultimus angustior, basi rotundatus ; apertura verticalis, oblique
semiovalis ; lamellae validae, approximatae ; plica lunata imperfecta
vel obsoleta, palatalis 1 longa, suturae parallela, columellaris im-
mersa ; perist. crassura, continuum, superne subadnatum,
marginibus late expansis, columellari perobliquo, externo
strictiusculo.

" Long. 21, diam. 7| mill. ; ap. oblique 7 mm. longa, 5 lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Burma : Mergui (Philippi) ; Farm Caves, Moulmain
(Stoliczka, Theobald, Hungerford, Fea)\ Attaran Valley and
Tenasserim (Theobald). Mergui Archipelago : Sullivan Island
(Anderson fide Tapparone Canefri).

Clausilia philippiana forms a connecting link between C. bulbus
and C. ovata, differing from the latter in the length being greater
in proportion to the diameter, in the upper part of the spire being
more slender, and in the wider aperture, while it is decidedly less
ventricose about the middle than the former. The palatal plicae
vary from seven to nine in number, the first being very long, the
second about half the length of the first, and the remainder very
short ; they are all nearly parallel.

334 CLAUSILILDJE.

The specimen figured by Hartley has been presented to the
British Museum by Mr. Harvey ; it is composed of 6| whorls
and measures 26 x 8'25 mm. Three shells in the Cuming collection,
from Moulmain, range in size between 22-5 mm. and 23 mm. and
in diameter from 7*75 mm. to 8 mm. The Theobald collection
contains shells also from Moulmain and Mergui, of 6 and 6|
whorls, measuring 21'5x7'5 and 25*5x8 mm. respectively.
Lastly some specimens in the Beddome collection are blackish
brown in colour, varying in length from 21-5 to 23*5 mm., and in
diameter from 6'25 to 7*5 mm.

295. Clausilia ovata, Blanford.

Clausilia (Oospira) ovata, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p 206

pi. 9, fig. 17 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183.
Clausilia ovata, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 118,

fig. 4 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia. pi. 7, fio- 60 •

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 469.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Oospira}} ovata, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher

Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392.

Original description : — " Testa vix subrimata, elongata-ovata,
pupiformis, intense rufo-ferruginea, regulariter confertimque
striata; spira tumida, apice convexo, sutura parum impressa.
Anfr. 5*5 convexiusculi, primi rapide accrescentes, antepenultimus
maximus, penultimus vix minor, ultimus ad basin rotundatus.
Apertura auriformis, fere verticalis, juxta anfractum penultimum
repanda, lamella supera acuta, antice validiore, fere vertical],
infera stricta ; lunella nulla, plicis palatalibus 7, supera producta,
in fauce aperturse conspicua, suturae parallela, secunda curvata,
caeteris brevibus obliquis.

"Long. 19, diam. 7 mm.; apert. oblique 6 longa, 4-5 lata."
(Blanford.)

Hob. Burma: Nattouug near Moulmain (Theobald)- Attaran
Valley (Hungerford).

" It is more ovate than C. Philippiana and C. vespa, smaller
and less tumid than C. bulbus." (Blanford.)

In addition to the differentiating characters alluded to by
Blanford, C. ovata has a shorter spire which increases more
suddenly than in phiUppiana, the whorls are less tumid, and it
possesses fine spirals, which are lacking in its ally. There are
some shells in the British Museum from Pathingtoun, Attaran
Valley, measuring 18 x 6-75 mm., others from Nattoung, the type
locality, and Moulmain have the spire still more convex, the
former having a diameter of 7 mm. with a length of 17'75 mm.,
and the latter being 18x8 mm. The shell figured by Hanley is
also in the National collection, having been presented by
Mr. Harvey ; it measures 18x7 mm.

CLAUSILIA. 335

296. Clausilia stoliczkana, Sykes.

Clausilia (Oospira) vespa, Blanford & Stoliczka (non Gould),
J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, pp. 205 & 209, pi. 9, figs. 15, 15 a.

Clausilia vespa, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 468.

Clausilia (Oospira) stoliczkana, Sykes, The Conchologist, ii, 1893,
p. 166.

Original description : — " Cl. testa ovato-cylindricea, ad apicem
obtusa, albida, medio subinflata, ultimo anfractu sensim attenuata,
baud rimata, f usco-castanea ; anfractibus sex, convexiusculis,
sutura simplicijunctis, transversim oblique et confertissime strio-
latis ; apertura subovata, postiee rotundate subangulata, antice
late sub-effusa, intus violaceo-rufa, peritremate modice expanse,
interne oblique fere recto, libero ; lamellae sub-parallelaB, fuscsD,
ad marginem attingentes ; plicae palatales 8-9, suprema (princi-
palis) longa, alterae breviores et inter se valde inaequales.

"Alt. 25 millim., lat. 7 millim. ; apert. alt. 6| uiillim., lat.
5 millim." (Stoliczka.)

Hob. Burma : Tavoy.

The above description of what Blanford and Stoliczka regarded
as Gould's Clausilia vespa, is copied by Mr. Sykes, who considered
that neither the description nor the figures represented Gould's
species. He observes " The specimen figured by Mr. Stoliczka is,
I believe, one which has been since received by the British
Museum from Mr. Theobald. There are two species in the British
Museum under the name of vespa, Gould ; one which I regard as
really that species from the Hungerford collection, and the other
from Mr. Theobald, which I regard as the species and specimen
described and figured by Mr. Stoliczka. "What the shell is which
is figured by Dr. Blandford [Blanford] as vespa is, the absence of
description makes it hard to say ; Dr. Blandford himself says it is
hard to separate from philippiana , and it is probably only an
elongated specimen of that species."

He states that Gould's description is very brief, which he
then quotes, and continues " The description will not fit Mr.
Stoliczka's shell, as in this latter the colour is not ' intense rufa,'
the apex is blunt not ' anjr. apicalibus cito descrescentibus,' i. e.,
resembles the end of a cylinder rather than the point of a cone,
no whorl can be said to be ' corpulentus,' the suture is not ' vice
marginata,' but simple, the aperture is not * ovata ' but subovate,
the lip is not ' late refleocus ' or ' rufus.'

11 On the other hand, so far as it goes, Gould's description
does fit the Hungerford shell, which is not very blunt in the
apex like the others of the Oospira section, which is a dusky red,
like pTiilippiana, and has a very thick and expanded dark lip.

" I therefore consider Mr. Stoliczka's shell as not vespa ; it
is as far as I know, an undescribed species, and I adopt his
description of it and call it Stoliczkana"

An examination of the shell in the Theobald collection, upon
which Mr. Sykes has based his new species, has convinced me that

336 CLAUSILIID^E.

as regards outline, it fits Blanford's figure (fig. 15) better than
Stoliczka's (fig. 15 a) but in the former the striae appear more
distant, and it shows rather more sinus at the upper parietal fold.

297. Clausilia vespa, Gould.

Clausitia vespa, Gould, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vi, 1859,
p. 13; ibid., Otia Conch. 1862, p. 220; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.
Viv. vi, 1868, p. 409 ; Sykes, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 166,
3 text-fio'ures.

Clausilia (Oospira) vesjm, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183.

Original description : — " T. solida, sinistrorsa. vespseformis,
deflecta, Isevis, intense rufa ; anfr. 6, anteriori raptim attenuate,
proximo corpulento apicalibus cito descrescentibus ; sutura im-
pressa vix marginata ; apertura ovata ; columella biplicata ;
peritremate late reflexo, rufo.

"Long. 1 [ = 25-25 mm.], iat. f\- poll. [=7'5 mm.]." (Gould.)

Hob. Burma : Tavoy (Mason) ; Hooden Koo, Salween Valley
(Hungerford) ; Tenasserini (? Mason).

Mr. Sykes, as already stated under C. stoliczkana, has pointed
out that the shell described and figured by Stoliczka and Blanford
as C. vespa — which he believes has been received by the British
Museum from Mr. Theobald — differs in several respects from
Gould's species, and he regards it as a new form. On the other
hand a shell in the British Museum, from the Hungerford col-
lection, he believes to be the true vespa and adds a diagnosis,
based upon this specimen, to supplement the very brief description
by Gould. His diagnosis is as follows : —

" Cl. testa solida, sinistrorsa, fusiform is, medio inflata, apex
obtusiuscula, subtile et indistincte decussata, haud nitida, intense
rufa, ad apicem pallidior ; anfr. 6, apicales cito decrescentes,
penultimus et ante penultitnus inflati, corpulenti ; sutura impressa
vix marginata ; apertura ovata, peritremate late et valde reflexo,
rufo ; lamella superior valida, obliqua, rufa, fere ad marginem
attingens, 1. inferior valida rufa subparallela ; plicae palatales 5-6,
suprema (principalis) longa, secunda brevior, descendens, reliquse
parvae, subaequales descendentes.

"Alt. 27 millim., Iat. 8 millim. ; apert. alt. 7 millim., Iat.
5 1 millim.

~" Cl. vespa, Gould, must be withdrawn from the Oospira
section both on the ground of shape and its sculpture (an indis-
tinct decussation) and Cl. stoliczkana should take its place."
(SyJces.)

Through the courtesy of Dr. John M. Clarke, the Director of
the State Museum of Albany, N.T., I have been able to examine
one of the two specimens of Gould's C. vespa, and I am in a
position to confirm Mr. Sykes' surmise that the shell figured as
vespa by Stoliczka is quite different from Gould's species. The
specimen sent to me by Dr. Clarke is smaller than the one in the
Hungerford collection, figured by Mr. Sykes, measuring: length 25,

CLA.T7SILIA. 337

breadth 7*6 min. and, except in being rather weatherworn, it
completely resembles the latter. Dr. Clarke informs me that
the second Gouldian specimen is almost exactly like the one
sent, except that it is a trifle shorter and stouter, measuring
24 x 8 mm., the last whorl especially being proportionately shorter
and less contracted, although there is very little difference in the
apertures. I have taken the opportunity of giving an illustration
of Gould's shell.

Fig. 116. — Clausilia vespa .
(From one of Gould's original specimens.)

I am unable to follow Mr. Sykes when he states that C. vespa
must be removed from the Oospira section, for in spite of the
fact that in establishing this section Blanford described the apex
as very blunt, and that vespa has the apex rather acute, the whole
aspect and consistency of the shell of vespa resemble those of
the other members of the group to such an extent that I prefer to
retain it as a member of the section, abnormal only in the apex.

Subgenus CYLINDROPHJEDUSA, Boettger.

Cylindrophaedusa, Boettger, Palseontographica, 3rd suppl. 1877,
p. 64 ; Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 42 (only
species Clausilia cylindrica} ; Pf eiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 392.

TYPE, Clausilia cylindrica, Pfeiffer.

Range. India.

Principal fold long, palatal plicae 2 aequidistant, deep seated.
Lunella absent. Upper parietal lamella oblique, marginal, con-
tiguous with the spiral fold ; lower parietal lamella almost straight,
.ascending obliquely, becoming bifurcate inside. Subcolumellar
fold very deep-seated, not visible from outside. Aperture small,
rhomboid-ovate, the margins of the peristome scarcely thickened
and slightly reflexed. Shell small, usually decollate, almost
cylindrical, with slowly increasing whorls, corneous, striated or
costulate-striate.

298. Clausilia cylindrica, Pfeiffer.

Clausilia cylindrica (Gray), Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846,
p. 93 ; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 428 ; ibid., op. cit. iii,
1853, p. 590 ; ibid., Zeit. Malak. vi, 1849, p. 95 ; Kiister, Conch.-

z

338 CLAUSILIID^!.

Cab., Clausilia, 1850, p. 101, pi. 11, figs. 12-16 ; Blanford, J. A.

S. B. xli, 1872, p. 199, pi. 9, tig. 1 ; Stoliczka, torn. cit. p. 207 ;

Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia, pi. 2, fig. 18^

Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146 ; ibid., op. cit. 1, 1881,

p. 48.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) cylindrica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 185.
Clausilia (Phaedusa (Cylindrophaedusa)) cylindrica, Boettger, Ber.

Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 57 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 393.
Clausilia elegans (Hutton MS.) Pfeiffer, Zeit. Malak. vi, 1849,

p. 95 (as synonym of C. cylindrica).

" T. subrimata, adulta plerumque truncata, subcylindrica,
oblique striata, nitide cornea vel rufescens ; sutura submargiuata ;
anfr. superst. 6-7 subaequales, ultimus antice costulato-striatus,
basi rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, pyriformis ; lamellae
parvulae, conniventes, infera substricte ascendens, superne furcata;
lunella nulla ; plicae palatales 3 parallelae, suinma elongata,
reliquae breves, subcolumellaris inconspicua; perist. continuum,.
vix solutum, albidum, breviter reflexum.

"Long, (trunc.) 13, diam. 3 millim. ; ap. 3 mm. longa, 2 lata."
(Pfeiffer, 1853.)

Hob. India: Landour (Gray} ; Mussoorie (Beddome)-, Dharm-
sala, east of the Eavi (Theobald, 1878); Tandiani and Mari
[Murree], Punjab (Theobald, 1881) ; Murree (Stoliczka) ; Nairn Tal
and Simla (Stoliczka, Oldliam) ; Tezpur, Assam (Stoliczka).

Fig. 117. — Clausilia cylindrica.

" The figure in the ' Conchologia Indica ' is that of a specimen
which, although adult, has retained its apex. This is a very rare-
occurrence. The figure now given represents the shell as it is
usually found.

" Three palatal plaits, the upper elongate, are always present,
and beneath them there is occasionally to be found a rudi-
mentary lunella. The characters both of the shell and of the
internal plication differ widely from those of typical PTicedusa, in
which sub-genus I do not think that the present species can be
included. It stands by itself, and I am inclined to look upon it
as the type of a peculiar section." (Blanford.)

The species seems to be fairly common since I have seen large
numbers in various collections. As mentioned by Blanford, the
shells are nearly always decollated. It is rather surprising that
in drawing attention to the specimen figured by Hariley &
Theobald he failed to notice that the figure in question does not

339

represent cylindrica, but quite a distinct form which has since
been separated and named Clausilia turritella by Sowerby.
Amongst the numerous specimens of C. cylindrica examined by
me the only entire shells I have seen are two in my own col-
lection, which were acquired many years ago amongst a miscel-
laneous lot at a sale. One of these is now figured. It is composed
of 14 whorls, the first seven being opaque white, owing to the
withdrawal of the animal from that portion of the shell. That
this is a case of true decollation I have satisfied myself by
examining numerous shells with six or seven whorls ; in eachcase^
the newly formed apex could distinctly be seen.

299. Clausilia turritella, Soiuerby.

Clausilia cylindrica, Hanley & Theobald (non Pfeiffer), Conch. Ind^

1870, p. 12, pi. 24, fig. 4.
Clausilia turritella, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clausilia,

pi. 7, fig. 65.
Clansilia elegans, Hutton, MS.

Original description: — "Shell yello\v, very narrow elongated,,
pyramidal ; whorls 14, slowly increasing, rather convex, last
oblong ; aperture oblong, rather square, with a single plait over
the columella, columella straight."

Long 16-75 mm. (ex icon.}.

Hab. India : Landour.

The shell from Landour figured by Hanley & Theobald as
Clausilia cylindrica of Gray, copied by Sowerby, is altogether
different from that species as described and figured by Pfeiffer, so
that Sowerby was quite justified in giving it a new name. In
turritella the \vhorls are more convex, the aperture is much
narrower and higher, and the shell much paler in colour. It is
rather unfortunate that the whereabouts of Jtanley's specimen is
unknown. It was not amongst the shells from Hanley's collection,
presented to the British Museum by Mr. Harvey.

Family ACHATINIDJE.
Subfamily ACHATININ^E.

Genus ACHATINA, Lamarck.

Achatina, Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, An vii (1799) T
p. 75; Fischer, Man. Conchvl. 1883, p. 486; Pilsbry, Man,
Conch, ser. 2, xvii, 1904, p. 1.

TYPE, Bidla achatina, Linne.

Range. Tropical Africa (one species naturalized in India).
Shell ovate or oblong, with conic spire and small apex, two or
three earliest whorls smooth, forming a trochiform nucleus, obtuse

<340 ACHATINID.fi.

at the apex. Aperture ovate, the outer lip unexpanded ; columella
concave or straight, truncate as though cut off below.

Reproduction oviparous, the eggs small, oval and pale yellow,
numerous.

300. Achatina Mica, Ferussac.

Helix fulica, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Lima$ons, 1821, p. 49 (p. 53 of
some editions), no. 347 (nom. nud.) j ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll,
pi. 124 A, fig. .1, pl. 125, figs. 3-5.

Achatina fulica, Ueshayes, Anim. sans vert. ed. 2, viii, 1838,
p. 297, footnote ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 254 :
.Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Achatina, pl. 2, fig. 8, pl. 3, fig. 8 /;;
Deshayes in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, part 2, 1851, p. 162 ;
Benson, Journ. Couchyl. vii, 1858, p. 266 ; Semper, Reisen Arch.
Philippine!!, Landmoll. 1873, p. 143, pl. 12, fig. 17 (anatomy) ;
Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 145; Kobelt, 111. Conchyl. Buch,
ii, 1878, p. 262, pl. 81, fig. 1 ; Bourguignat, Moll. Afrique Equat.
1889, p. 76 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xvii, 1904, p. 55,
pis. 36, 37; Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, 1907, p. 176,

Achatina (Achatinus) fulica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 266.

Shell ovate-conoid, pale yellowish, streaked transversely with
brown, somewhat glossy, more or less irregularly decussated with
fine spirals, except on the last whorl. Spire convex, suture im-
pressed, apex acule. Whorls 8, convex, the last nearly equalling
half the entire length of the shell. Aperture elliptic ovate, white
or pale lilac within ; peristome straight, acute, the margins con-
nected by a callus on the parietal wall ; columella slightly concave,
truncate.

Length 94, diam. 45 mm. ; apert. 48 mm. (Calcutta specimens).

Hab. India : Calcutta (introduced) (Nevill). Madagascar ;
Mascarenes ; Seychelles ; Comoro Islands ; Zanzibar.

A native of Madagascar, Achatina fulica was, according to
Lesson, introduced in Mauritius and Bourbon. In addition, it
has been recorded from the Seychelles, the Comoro Islands, and
.Zanzibar. Although not being, strictly speaking, a native of
India, it has been thought advisable to include it since it appears
to have established itself thoroughly.

The history of its earlier transport is not known, but Benson
has placed on record how he carried living specimens from the
Mauritius to Calcutta, where they were turned loose. After his
return to England he received news that it had multiplied in
neighbouring estates and was spreading. Hutton took some
specimens from Calcutta to Mussoorie, where they continued to
breed, but a severe winter exterminated them. Dr. Annandale
reports that it is common in gardens in Calcutta and neighbour-
hood, and that it is said to be spreading in other parts of India.
Pilsbry figures a shell from the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta.

SUBULINA. 341

Subfamily STENOGYRIN^.

Genus SUBULINA, Beck.

Subulina, Beck, Index Moll. 1837, p. 76 (in part) ; Gray, P. Z. S,
1847, p. 177; Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Malac. ii, 1849, p. 522;,
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, pp. 71, 220.

TYPE, Bidimus octonus, Bruguiere.

llanye. Tropical America and Africa ; one species — octona — -
introduced into India.

" Shell imperforate at all stages of growth, narrow, turrited, or
subulate, thin, corneous or brownish, usually more or less trans-
lucent; apex obtuse, rounded; the embryonic shell either smooth,,
plicate below the sutures or vertically ribbed. Last whorl angular
or rounded at the periphery. Aperture small, oblique, ovate, the-
columella conceive above, obliquely or abruptly truncate at base. Eggs
with a calcareous, oblately spheroidal capsule.

" Beck originally proposed the name Subulina for the following
species : — (i) S. cyanostoma Riipp., (2) turritellata Desh., (3) stria-
tella Rang, (4) malayuetana Hang, (5) monoceros Beck, (§}propinqua
Beck, (7) terebraster Lam., (8) octona Oh., (9) crotalariae Schum.,
(10) carinulata Beck, (11) pupaeformis Beck, (12) S. ? sericata Beck^
The first species of the list was made type of Homorus by Albers,
1850; species 6, 10, 11, 12, are nude names; 7 is an Obeliscus ;
2 and 4 are species of uncertain generic relationships ; leaving:
species 3, 5, 8, 9 to represent the group of /S. octona. Gray in
1847 and Herrmatmsen, 1849, agreed in selecting as type of
Subulina the commonest and best known species, S. octona — a
course approved by practically all later writers who have
recognized the group." (Pilsbry.)

301. Subulina octona,

Bnlimus octonus, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., Vers, i, 17^9, p. 325.

Achatina octona^ Gray, Ann. Philos. N. s. ix, 1825, p. 414 ; Menker
Syn.Meth. ed. 2, 1830, p. 29; Potiez & Michaud, Galerie Douai,
i, 1838, p. 129, pi. 11, figs. 13, 14; Orbigny in Ramon de la
Sagra, Hist. tis. pol. nat. Cuba, Moll, i, 1841, p. 168, pi. 11,.
tigs. 4, 6; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 266; Reeve,
Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Achatina, pi. 17, fig. 84 ; Sowerby, Conch..
Man. 1852, fig-. 514; Pfeiffer, Couch.-Cab., Achatina, 1854, p. 342,,
pi. 37, figs. 19, 20.

Subulina octona, Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 77 ; Adams, Gen. Rec,
Moll, ii, 1855, p. 110, pi. 71 , fig. 3 a ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,
xviii, 1906, p. 72, pi. 12, iigs. 8, 9 ; p. 222, pi. 39, tigs. 28-37,

O«Jj *iU.

Stenogyra (Subulina) octona, Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl. Buch, ii,
1878, p. 276, pi. 84, tig. 29 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 326.

342

Stenogyra octona, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xii, 1909,

p. 785.
Subulinn crotattaria (Schumacher). Morch, Journ. Conchvl. 1872.

p. 337.

Original desertion : — "Bulimus, testa cylindrica, turrita, cornea,
anfractibus octo, apice obtuso.

;' La coquille n'est point ombiliquee ni perforce, elle est cylin-
clrique, turriculee, rousse, transparente et composee de huit tours
presque applatis, qui sont separes par des sutures profondes. Le
sommet de la spire est obtus ou arrondi, il est ordinairement plus
transparent que les tours inferieurs et tres fragile. Leur super-
n'cie est luisante et marquee de quelques stries lougitudinales,
ecartees, qui sont les traces des accroissemens successifs de la
coquille. Son epiderme est brun, mais facile a enlever, excepte
dans les sutures ou il en reste toujours assez pour y paroitre comine
une ligne spirale noiratre. L'ouverture est ovale, une fois plus
iongue que large, elle est un peu oblique, arrondie a son extrcmite
inferieure et retrecie au bout superieure. La levre droite est
simple, tres mince et tranchante, la gauche manque tout-a-fait,
mais sa region est lisse, tres luissante et aussi diapbane que les
trois derniers tours du sommet." (Bruguiere.)

"Shell thin, translucent, yellowish corneous, turrited, almost
regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, very glossy, rather
coarsely and irregularly striatulate. Whorls 9, quite convex,
separated by a deeply impressed suture, the first three turns of
which are regularly crenulated by a border of short folds. On
the later whorls it is also irregularly crenulate in places. Last
whorl rounded. Aperture oblique, ovate ; columella concave
above, obliquely truncate at its base." (Pilsbry.)

Length 15-5-19, diam. 4-4-5 mm.

Hab. India : Tranquebar (Spenyler fide March) ; Bombay (Peile,
Beddoine coll.). Ceylon (Collett).

" Reproduction begins before the shell has attained two-thirds
its maximum size, and usually several eggs may be seen through
the shell within the penultimate whorl. The egg-capsules are
hard-shelled, white and flattened, measuring 1-8x1*5 mm."
(PMry.)

Subulina octona is certainly one of the most widely distributed
molluscs, being found not only in the "Western Hemisphere,
believed to be its original home, but also in the Eastern Hemi-
sphere, having apparently followed in the wake of tropical and
subtropical cultivation. Prof. Pilsbry has examined numerous
specimens from the West. Indies, North and South America,
West Africa, the Seychelles, Ceylon, Sumatra, and Ternate, and
he is satisfied of their identity. The species has also been recorded
from East Africa, Mauritius, many other East Indian islands, New
Caledonia, and as far as the New Hebrides, while its occurrence
in hot-houses in Europe and North America lends colour to the
theory of its dispersal through cultivation.

BACILLUM. 343

Bruguiere's description is not very clear and I have therefore
added the diagnosis given by Pilsbry in his admirable account of
the species. The bibliography covers more than two octavo pages,
but I have limited myself to the principal references and those
having any bearing on its occurrence in the Indian region.

The Beddome collection in the British Museum contains,
amongst specimens from numerous widely separated localities,
three shells from Bombay, composed of ten whorls and measuring
19 mm. in length.

Genus BACILLUM, Theobald.

Bacillum, Theobald in Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 17
(as subgenus of Achatina for A. obtusa, Blanford, and A. casiaca,
Benson) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 1.

TYPE, Achatina casiaca, Benson.

Range. Eastern India.

" Shell rather large, solid, imperforate, turrited, many-whorled,
a little contracted near the obtuse, rounded summit, the em-
bryonic shell cylindric ; sculpture of vertical rib-striae beginning
somewhere upon the first whorl : the post-embryonic whorls being
obliquely, regularly rib-striate. Aperture oblique, Achatinoid,
the columella concave, truncate at the base, outer lip simple.
Internal axis slender, strongly sigmoid within each whorl. Soft
anatomy unknown." (Pilsbry.)

" This group would hardly be thought distinct from ffomorus,
were it not well separated geographically from that African genus,
at least in the recent fauna. Almost the sole distinguishing feature
is the stronger sculpture of Bacillum. Both groups are merely
large and solid forms of the Subulina type, so far as the shells are
concerned." (Pilsbry.)

302. Bacillum daflaensis, Godwin-Austen.

Glessula daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 316,
pi. 8, fig. 10.

Original description : — " Shell elongately turreted, thick, ob-
liquely striate, covered with a thick olive-green epidermis with a
few dark streaks. Spire turreted, slightly convex in outline, apex
blunt ; whorls 11, rather flat, specimens with the apex preserved
shewing erosion of the surface. Suture well marked. Aperture
oblique, suboval, pale grey. Peristome acute, columellar margin
slightly curved and but little thickened.

"Alt. 1-9 [=48 mm.], major diam. 0-41 [ = 10-5 mm.], alt.
ap. 0*42 [ = 11 mm.]." (Godwin- Austen.)

Hob. India : Shengorh Peak, Dana Hills (Godwin- Austen).

" This shell would appear to have a close connection with
Q. erosa, H. Blf., from Darjiling, but its much longer form,

344 ACHATINTDJE.

greater number of whorls, and the different colour of its epi-
dermis (which is uniform throughout), at once distinguish it. As
in G. erosa, the position of the former apertures is distinctly
indicated on the whorls." (Godiv in- Austen.)

This species appears to have been overlooked by Pilsbry when
monographing the genus in the Manual of Conchology.

303. Bacillum erosnm, Blanford.

Glessula erosa, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 43, pi. 2, fig. 7 ;

Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 172 ; Pfeiffer & Clessiu, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 188], p. 331.
Achatina (Electro) erosa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,

pi. 78, fig. 5.

Achatina erosa, Pfeitf'er, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 283.
Bacillum erosum, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 4, pi. 1.

figs. 9-11.

Original description : — "Testa elongato-turrita, crassula, parum
nitens, baud diaphana, longitudinal! ter oblique striata, epiderinide
f usco-straminea induta. Spira turrita, lateribus convexiusculis ;
apice truncato. Anfractus apicales carentes ; superstites 7 sub-
planati ; superiores pleruraque plus miuusve decorticata et erosi ;
sutura impressa. Peristoma simplex, acutum. Columeila leniter
arcuata, ad basin oblique truncata.

" Alt. 35, diam. 10, aperturae alt. 10, lat. 5 mm.

" Alt. 36, diam. 10'5, aperturae alt, 10, lat, 5 mm.

" Alt. 34, diam. 9, aperturae alt. 9, lat. 5 mm." (Blanford.)

Nab. Sikkim : Darjeeling (Atkinson $ Stoliczka).

"This species is easily distinguished from its local associate
0. tenuispira, Bens., by its thickness and opacity, and by the
character of the surface, which has none of the vitreous lustre
so characteristic of the genus. The upper whorls are generally
much eroded ; the lower, which retain the epidermis, are of a
dark straw colour with darker oblique bands at intervals, ap-
parently marking stages of growth. Under a lens very fine dark
spiral lines are also perceptible. I received several specimens of
this shell in 1863 from. Mr. W. S. Atkinson, but it has not hitherto
been described. It appears to be a rare species. Dr. Stoliczka
only got two specimens in forest at the waterfall about 1000 feet
below Darjeeling." (Blanford.)

The only specimen I have seen is one presented by Dr. Joseph
Hooker to the British Museum, and probably collected by him
during his famous travels in the Sikkim Himalayas. This shell is
decollated, seven whorls remaining, and it measures : length
38 mm., diameter 12 mm.

304. Bacillum theobaldi, Hanley.

Achatina (Electni) theobaldi, Hanley MS., Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 9, pi. 17, fig. o.

BACILLUM. 345

Achatina (Glessula) theobaldi, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1871,

p. 395 (no description).

Achatina theobaldi, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 290. ^
Stenoffyra (Glessula) theobaldiana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 172.
Stenogyra (Subulina) theobaldi, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
JBacillum theobaldi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 4, pi. 1,

tig. 8.

Original description : — " Differs from A. cassiaca, of which it
has been considered a variety, by its smoothness, more convex
whorls, &c." (Hartley $ Theobald.)

Long. 42, diara. maj. 11 inm. (ex icon.).

I have not seen specimens.

305. Bacilluni casiacum, Reeve.

Achatina cassiaca (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Achatina,

pi. 17, fig. 86 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 499 ; ibid.,

Conch.-Cab., Vidimus, 1856, p. 310, pi. 25, fig. 1.
Subulina cassiaca, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 3855, p. 110.
Achatina (Subulina) cassiaca, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bla'tt. ii, 1856,

p. 169.
Achatina (fiacillum) cassiaca, Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 17,

pi. 36, fig. 5.

Achatina casiaca, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 517, footnote.
Glessula casiaca, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 3 ; xlv,

1876, p. 316.

Stenoffyra (Glessula) casiaca, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 172.
Stenoffyra (Subulina) cassiaca, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Bacillum cassiacum, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 3,

pi. 1, figs. 5-7.

Original description : — " Shell elongately subulate, apex some-
what papillary, whorls fourteen to fifteen in number, flat,
obliquely very closely and somewhat rudely sculptured with
rib-like striae, sutures impressed. Columella arched, abruptly
truncated ; whitish, covered with a thin olive-brown epidermis.
The rib-like stria3 of this fine species, contributed by Mr. Benson,
have an oblique plicate growth." (Reeve.}

Bab. India : Naga Hills (Roberts) ; Toruputu, Naga Hills and
Dana Hills (Godwin- Austen) : N. Cachar Hills (Pilsbry).

Reeve, when describing and figuring the species, attributed it
to the Cassia [Khasi] Hills, but Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen states
(P. Z. S. 1872, p. 517, footnote) that he obtained it in the Naga
Hills, never in the Khasi. Later he again referred to it (J. A. S. B.
xlix, 1875, p. 3) saying that he suspected Griffith's specimens were
obtained in the Naga Hills and sent to Benson, who imagined
they were from the Khasi Hills.

346

The Beddome collection contains four specimens, from the Naga
Hills, which have the following dimensions : —

1°. Length 64 mm., diam. 12 mm. (14 whorls).

2°. „ 74'5 mm., „ 12'5 mm. (14 whorls, apex broken).

3°. „ 74 mm., „ 13-5 mm. (15 whorls).

The first shows the remains of an epiphragm and contained a
spherical calcareous egg 2-7 mm. in diameter; two of the shells
are provided with a thick callus on the parietal wall, one forming
a raised ridge.

There are besides in the British Museum, from the Khasi Hills,
four specimens measuring 58 x 11 mm.

306. Bacillum muspratti, sp. n.

Shell elongate-turrite, solid, dull, closely and irregularly striated,
showing indistinct traces of spirals, covered with a deciduous straw-

Fig. 118. — Bacillum muspratti.

coloured cuticle. Spire elongate with straight sides, suture rather
shallow, apex obtuse. Whorls lOj, flattened, increasing slowly at
first, then rather suddenly, the last whorl equalling about i of the

33ACILLUM. 347

entire length of the shell. Aperture oblique, pyriform, peristome
thickened, not reflexed or expanded, the margins united by a thick
callus on the parietal wall ; outer margin curving forward, basal
margin slightly arcuate, coluraella curved, only slightly truncate.

Length 59, diain. 12 mm. ; apert. height 13, width 6 mm.

Hob. India : Naga Hills, Assam (Beddome).

Type iii the British Museum.

Differs from B. casiacum in the smaller number of whorls, which
increase more rapidly, in the absence of costaB, and in the apical
portion being more acuminate.

A single unnamed specimen in the Beddome collection I also
refer to this species. It is in a rather worn state, but the later
whorls show a portion of the periostracum in fair condition.

307. Bacillum obtusum, Blanford.

Achatina (Glessula) obtusa, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 449.
Achatina (Bacillum} obtusa, Hanley & Theobald, Uonch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 36, tig. 6.

Achatina obtusa, Pfeitfer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 290.
Glessula obtusa, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 25; ibid., in

Anderson, Zool. Res. Kxp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 886.
Stenoyyra (Subulina) obtusa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Bacillum obtusum, Pilsbry, Mau. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 1,

pi. 1, fig. 1.

Original description : — " Testa elongato-turrita, albido-cornea,
cerea, solidiuscula, confertim flexuose plicato-striata, infra suturain
plicata. Spira elongata, ad apicem subcylindracea, apice perobtuso
papillari, sutura vix impressa subcorrugata. Aufr. 12-14, fere
planulati, ultimus ad peripheriam subangulatus. Apertura obliqua,
subovata ; peristoma simplex, rectum.

"Long. 48-52, diain. 10-11; ap. long. 10-11, lat. 5-5| mill. ;
apex 3 mill, latus." (Blanford.)

Nab. Burma : Bhamo (Anderson).

''Very close to A. cassiaca Bens., but distinguished by finer
sculpture, narrower and less numerous whorls, and much more
obtuse apex." (Blanford.)

On close examination B. obtusum looks quite distinct from
casiacum, owing to the spire being concave near the apex ; this
arises from the fact that, the first and second whorls are a trifle
wider than the third and fourth, and the apex consequently
becomes very obtuse. The later whorls increase very slowly and
regularly. The base is also broader proportionately than in
B. casiaca.

The Theobald collection contains three specimens from the type
locality measuring 51 x 11 mm.

348 ACHATINIDJE.

308. Bacillum orthoceras, Godwin- Austen.

Glessula orthoceras, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 2,.

pi. 1, fig. 4 ; op. cit. xlv, 1876, p. 310.
Achatina orthoceras, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 159,.

fig. 6.

Stenogyra (Glessula) orthoceras, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 172.
Stenogyra (Subulina) orthoceras. Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

ViV. 1881, p. 327.
Bacillnm orthoceras, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 2,.

pi. 1, figs. 2, 3, 12.

Original description. — " Shell very slender and elongate, pale
grey or white, very finely and regularly ribbed throughout, very
solid, apex blunt; whorls 13-14, slightly rounded, suture well
impressed; aperture oblique, rounded below, outer lip sharply
edged and continued as a well developed callus upon the strong
thickened columellar margin.

"Length 2-32 [59 mm.], major diam. 0-4 inch [10 mm.].""
( God win- Austen.)

Hob. India : W. Khasi Hills ; J^songumlai ; Laudomodo (God-
win-Austen) ; Harmutti, Dana Hills ( Godwin- Austen}.

" The species can at once be distinguished from G. casiaca^
Bens., by its white colour and by the absence of the dark brown
epidermis that covers the latter; the whorls also are much more-
rounded, whereas in casiaca they are nearly flat." (Godwin-
Austen.)

In addition to the differentiating characters noted by Godwin-
Austen, orthoceras has a narrower base and the costa3 are finer and
more crowded.

Yar. austeni, Pilsbry.

Bacillum orthoceras austeni (subsp.), Pilsbry, Man. Conoh. ser. 2,,
xviii, 1906, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 4.

Original description : — " Shell with the grey color, deficient
cuticle and convex whorls of B. orthoceras, but much more rapidly-
tapering, the last whorl being much wider ; striation coarser.
Spire straiglitly tapering, very slender above. The early whorls
are broken from the type specimen, 9| remaining. Length,
(broken) 53'8, diam. 12, length of aperture 12-5 mm." (Pilsbry.),

Hab. India : Naga Hills.

Genus CURVELLA, Chaper.

Hapalus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 140 (section of Bulimus,.
only species B. qrateloupi, Pfeifl'er) ; von Martens, Die Heliceen,
ed. 2, 1860, p. 238; non Hapalus, Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera).

Curvella, Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, p. 49; Pilsbrv,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 46.

TYPE, 0. sulcata, Chaper.

Range. India, China, Philippine Islands, West, East, and South
Africa.

CURYELLA. 349

" Coquille regulierement conique, mince, non ombiliquee, recou-
verte d'un epiderme tres mince, luisant, olivatre ; de cinq a six
'tours de spire, pea globuleux, ornes de stries ou cotes d'accroisse-
ment, coiumelle droite ou courbe ; ouverture a bords tranchants ;
bord columellaire legerement etale en arriere ; bord externe forte-
ment arque en avant dans sa partie moyenne, se recourbant
brusquement en sens contraire vers sa base de fac,on que la suture
en. soit fortement reportee en arriere." (Chaper.)

" This genus is separated from Opeas by tbe forwardly arched
outer lip, the shorter, wider contour, and usually smaller number
of whorls. The columella is frequently sinuous. In some cases
the separation from Opeas seems somewhat arbitrary, and the
boundaries of the two groups in detail are still unsettled. The
species were considered Bulimi in the older classifications, but
there is no doubt that they are Achatinoid.

" Central tooth of the raclula narrow, laterals tricuspid. Repro-
duction is by globular eggs, small and calcareous-shelled, as in the
<?losely related group Opeas." (Pilsbry.)

-309. Curvella sikkimensis, Reeve.

Bulimus sikkimensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Bulimus, pi. 87,

fig. 651 (/wy.); Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 436;

ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 78, pi. 21, figs. 10, 11 ;

Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 464 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, tig. 7.
Bulimm (Rhachis) sikkimensis, Pfeiifer, Malak. Blatt, ii, 1856,

p. 161.

Hapalus sikkimensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174.
Stenogyra (Spira.vis (Nothus)) sikkimensis, Pfeiifer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 188], p. 324.
Curvella sikkimensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 66.

pi. 9, figs. 59, 60.

Original description : — " Shell ovate, somewhat inflated, spire
•rather short, obtuse at the apex, whorls four in number, the last
much the largest, concentrically finely striated, sutures im-
pressed, columella slightly twisted, thinly reflected, nperture
oblong, slightly sinuated at the upper part, pale olive, semi-
transparent.'7 (Reeve.)

Hab. India : Darjeeling, Sikkim {Benson, Blanford, Stoliezka^
Mainwaring).

" The shell figured in * Conchologia Iconica ' as Bulimus sikkim-
ensis, Reeve, proves to be an extremely young specimen of a fine
Spiraxis, of which an example with seven whorls, was obtained at
Darjeeling by Mr. W. T. Blanford, measuring 27 mill, in length
by nearly 10 in diameter." (Benson.)

Four specimens in the British Museum measure only 17 mm.
in length, with a diameter of 6-5 mm., but these are probably
immature.

350 ACHATIN1D.E.

310. Curvella blanfordi, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, rather solid, finely and closely striated,
dull, greenish corneous. Spire narrow conoid, with straight
sides ; suture shallow ; apex acute. Whorls 7|, flattened,
increasing rapidly, the last equalling f the entire length of the
shell. Aperture elliptic-reniform, peristome thin, the margins
united by a thin callus on the parietal wall ; outer margin nearly
vertical and straight, basal margin curved, columellar margin
reflexed, much twisted.

Length 27'5, diam. 10 mm. ; apert. height 11, width 4 mm.

Fig. 119. — Curvella blanfordi. %.

Hab. India: Darjeeling, Sikkim (W. T. Blanford). Type in
the British Museum.

A specimen in the British Museum, presented by the late W.
T. Blanford in 1860, was labelled Bulimus sikkimensis, but differs
from that species in the sinuous columella, the flattened whorlsr
and the covered umbilicus ; it is besides a larger shell. It may
be separated also from Curvella munipurensis by the more flattened
whorls and the more twisted columella.

311. Curvella scrobiculatus, Blanford.

Bulimus scrobiculatus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 77 :
Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 151 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 9.

Bulwiina (Hapalus) scrobiculata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Noinencl.
Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 300.

Hapalus scrobiculatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 175.

Original description : — " Shell subobtectly perforated, turritedly
ovate, thin, horny, yellowish white, marked with vertical, sub-
arcuate, rather irregular, closely set, raised lines. Spire turrited,
apex obtuse, suture simple, impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the

CURVELLA. 351

last rounded beneath. Aperture vertical, truncately ovate ; peri-
stome simple, thin ; right margin considerably curved forwards ;
columellar vertical, curving to the left near the base, frequently
straight, rather broadly re flexed.

" Length 7, diam. 3| mill., length of apert. 3J mill."
(Blanford.)

Hal). Burma : Pegu, west of the Irawaddy (Blanford).

" The nearest ally of this species is its congener B. putus, Bens.,
which inhabits the same localities, and differs in its greater
tumidity and less marked sculpture. There is, however, much
variation in the first named character, and despite the great
difference between the two forms in general, there is some
appearance of a passage. Two specimens of B. putus which I
possess, measuring respectively 7 and 8| millem. in length, are
both 5 millem. in diameter. Both these shew a tendency to a
passage to Spiraxis" (Blanford.)

I have seen two specimens in the British Museum which
measure 6 mm. in length with a diameter of 3'5 mm., but they
are probably immature.

312. Curvella pusilla, Blanford.

Spimxis pusilla, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 78 ; Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 192 ; Hauley & Theobald, Conch,

Ind. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 8.

Hapalus pusillus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174.
Stenogyra (jSpiraxu (Euspiraxis)) pusilla, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 324.
Curvella pusilla, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 64,

pi. 9, % 48.

Original description :— " Shell imperforate, ovate, thin, horny,
yellowish white, costulately striated. Spire conically pyramidal ;
sides straight; apex rather acute ; suture impressed. Whorls 5,
convex ; the last longer than the spire (ratio = 4: 3) and rounded
beneath. Aperture rather oblique, subpyriform ; peristome simple,
acute, much curved forwards on the right margin ; columella
scarcely twisted, re flexed, appressed on the whorl.

" Length 6, diam. 3|, length of aperture 3| mill." (Blanford.)

Nab. Burma: Prome, Pegu (Blanford).

" I am not quite sure if all of the few specimens I possess of
this peculiar small form came from Akoutoung, or whether some
may not be from Thayet Myo. The shell resembles young
specimens of Bulimus putus., Bens., so closely, that it can only be
distinguished by the absence of any perforation." (Blanford!)

313. Curvella puta, Benson.

Bulimus putus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 330 :
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 502 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B.
xxxiv, 1865, p. 94; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 80,
tig. 9.

352 ACHA.TINIDJB.

Hapalus putus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 175.

Bulimina (Hapalus) puta, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Yiv.

1881, p. 299.
Buliminus (?) putus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1901,

p. 689, pi. 103, fig. 23.

Original description: — "Testa perforata, ovato-acuta, tenui,
striatula, sub epidermide tenui cornea albida ; spira conica, apice
obtusiusculo, sutura satis impressa ; anfractibus 6 convexis,
ultimo dimidium testae vix superante ; apertura verticali, semi-
ovali irmjuscula ; peristomate acuto, recto, margine columellari
reflexiusculo.

" Long. 7, diam. vix 5 mill., long, apert. vix 4, diam. 2J mill."
(Benson.}

Hob. Burma: Tavoy (Theobald):, Akoutoung, Thyet Myo, and
Bassein District (Blanford).

314. Curvella plicifera, Blanford.

Bulimus plicifer, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 77; Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 151 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1874, pi. 80, fig. 8.
Bulimina (Hapalus) plicifera, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 300.
Buliminus (? n. s.) plicifer, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1901, p. 688, pi. 103, fig. 22.
Curvella plicifera. Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 63,

pi. 9, fig. 45.

Original description. — " Shell obtectly perforated, ovately conical,
rather thin, horny, finely striated. Spire conical, apex obtuse;
suture marginate, scarcely impressed. Whorls 5, pianulately
convex above, the last longer than the spire, somewhat tumid,
rounded at the base. Aperture vertical, truucately oval, sub-
pyriforni ; peristome simple ; right margin curved forwards ;
columellar callous, subvertical, slightly curved, rather broadly
reflexed ; margins united by a callus bearing a small entering
lamella about the centre.

"Length 9, diam. 5| mill.; apert. 5 mill, high, 2| broad."
(Blanford.)

Hob. Burma: Thyet Myo, Pegu (Blanford) • Prorne (Theobald}.

UA more tumid shell than B. putus, Bens., and easily dis-
tinguished from all other Indian and Burmese forms of the genus
by the re-entering parietal plait." (Blanford.}

Pilsbry places it in Curvella with some doubt, stating that its
systematic position is uncertain.

315. Curvella munipurensis, Godwin- Austen.

Bulimus (Harpalus) munipurensis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872,

p. 516, pi. 30, fig. 8.
Bulimus (Hapalus) munipuremis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1876, pi. 148, figs. 1, 4.

CUETELLA. 353

Bulimus munipurensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877,

p. 182.

Hapalus munipurensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174.
Bulimina (Hapalus} munipurensis, PfeifFer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 299.
Curcella munipurensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906,

p. 65, pi. 9, figs. 51, 52.

Original description \ — " Shell rimate, elongately turreted, thin,
covered with a pale ochre or straw-coloured epidermis, and
strongly and obliquely striated ; spire turreted, apex blunt ;
whorls 7j, convex, suture strongly impressed ; aperture oblique,
rounded below, milky white inside ; peristome acute, outer and
upper margin arched well forward ; columellar margin straight,
strong, and slightly twisted forward ; a thin white callus on the
parietal margin. Animal pale orange, fainter tint above the head ;
foot short ; eye-peduncles short, swollen at the base, lower ten-
tacles very short blunt projections.

"Alt. 0-88 inch [ = 22-25 mm.], diam. 0-30 [=7'5 mm.]; apert.
alt. 0-35 [=9 mm.], lat. O17 [=4-25 mm.]." (Godwin-Austen.)

Hab. India: Hengdan Peak, 7000 ft. On the Munipur
boundary (Godwin- Austen).

This species is intermediate between C. sikkimensis and
G. khasiana, but it has the last whorl proportionately much wider
than the latter, nearly equalling half of the entire length of the
shell. The shell is firmly plicare-striate and decussated. Two
specimens in the British Museum measure 16 x 6*5 mm.

316. Curvella khasiana, Godivin-Austen.

Bulimus (Harpalus) khasianus, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872.

p. 516, pi. 30, fig. 7.
Bnlimus (Hwpalus) khastacus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv,

1876, p. 317.
Bulimus (Hapalus) khasidnus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1876, pi. 148, tig. 7.

Bulimus khasianus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 183.
Hapalus khasianus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174.
Bulimina (Hapalus) khasiana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 299.
Curvella khasiana, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 65

pi. 9. figs. 53-55, 58.

Original description : — " Shell subperf orate, ovately turreted or
acutely ovate, thin, diaphanous, fresh specimens often glossy,
becoming dull white or pale straw-colour with age; minutely
striated under lens ; spire conical, apex blunt, suture moderate';
whorls 6-7, slightly convex, the body-whorl large and tumid :
aperture vertical, semi-oval ; peristome simple, sharp, rounded
and arched considerably forward at the upper angle ; the colurnellu
is curved forward from behind, and the margin slightly reflected.

"Alt. 0-59 inch [ = 14'75 mm.], diam. 0-28 [ = 7 mm.], apert.
diam. 0-16 [ = 4 mm.], alt. 0-29 [=7'25 mm.]. Large sp.

354 ACHATINID.E.

" Alt. 0-41 inch [ = 10-5 mm.], diam. 0-20 [ = 5 mm.], apert.
diam. 0-12 [=3 mm.], alt. 0-23 [=6 mm.].

*' Animal with a short foot, pointed behind, pale yellow tint ;
eye-tentacles dark to the base, lower very short." (Godwin-
Austen.}

Hob. India : Khasi, Oaintia, and Naga Hills (Godwin- Austen) ;
Dikrang Valley, Dana Hills, 2500 ft. (Godwin- Austen) ; Naga
Hills (Roberts) ; Darjeeling, Sikkirn (Stoliczka).

" It appears to be very close to Bui. putus, Bens., from Tavoy.
Specimens differ very much in size from different collections.
The shell is very finely developed in the high parts of the North
Cachar Hills at 6000-7000 feet (fig. 7). At Cherra Poonjee it
assumes a more 'tumid form (fig. 7 a), and it is very frequently
dwarfed to the length of only 0'36 inch [ = 9 mm.], especially in
its lower habitats; but these variations are not of sufficient
specific importance." (Godwin- Austen.)

Jousseauine expressed the opinion * that C. khasianus and
G. munipurensis are identical in form. A glance at the figures
will convince anyone that this suggestion is not borne out by
facts.

The British Museum possesses four specimens from the Khasi
Hills, measuring 12x5*5 mm.

Genus OPEAS, Albers.

Opeas, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 175 (as subgenus of Uttlimus),
first species Bulimus subula, Pfeiffer ; Martens, Die Heliceen,
ed. 2, 1860, p. 265 (as subgenus of Stenoyym}, type Helix
goodalii, Miller ; Crosse & Fischer, Miss. Scient. Mexique, Moll,
i, 1877, p. 592 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 122.

TYPE, Bulimus suoula, Pfeiffer.

Range. Throughout tropical and subtropical regions, except
Australia.

" Shell small, thin, turrite, usually perforate, with large, obtuse,
rounded apex and convex or flattened whorls, corneous or
yellowish. Embryonic whorls smooth. Aperture small, ovate,
the outer lip thin, usually arched forward, eolumella straight or
concave, not sinuous, the columellar lip reflexed, curving into the
basal lip and not toothed or truncate below. Oviparous, the
egg-capsules large and spheroidal.

" Opeas contains small, thin, oviparous stenogyriiie snails with
the apex large, obtuse, rounded and smooth, and the columellar
margin reflexed, rounded below, or at least not distinctly truncate.
The species are spread throughout tropical and subtropical
regions, but as yet none is known from Australia. A few species
colonize freely, and have spread wherever commerce reaches in
suitable climates. Others, restricted to special stations not to be

* Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, p. xxii.

. OPE AS. 355

found in cultivated areas, are as local as most other land snails.
Owing to the similarity of the shells, their determination is
difficult, and demands the greatest application.

" Opeas stands very close to the groups Prosopeas and Curvella.
The former differs by merely such minor features as the rougher,
often minutely lauiellose sculpture, the greater size and natter
whorls, but these give the shell a rather different aspect. Curvella
in its typical form differs by the short and Bulimoid shape ; but
some of the species are arbitrarily referred to one or the other
genus. The distinction between Opeas and Curvella is by no
means convincing ; yet even small differences have significance
which may usefully be recognized in dealing with large groups of
similar species.

" Opeas and Subulina begin to reproduce before the shell
has attained its full size, usually when it is about two-thirds
grown.

" In many species two forms co-exist in the same colony,
a more slender and a stouter ; all other features remaining the
same. Intermediate contours usually occur if a large gathering
is at hand. This dimorphism must be kept in mind, especially
when dealing with small sets.

'•Excepting a few forms spread by commerce or other means,
the Old and New World species are distinct. Most of the
Eastern forms belong to typical Opeas.

" Several species in each hemisphere have been enabled, b}
their hardiness and adaptability to life in cultivated areas, to
colonize over a large part of the tropical and subtropical zones.
There cannot be much doubt that the carriage of living plants
from place to place has been a chief factor in the dispersal of
Opeas .... and other snails as well. The habits of these forms
are such that they find practically the same environment anywhere
in zones of similar temperature, and their spread from new
centres is often very rapid. Opeas gracile is probably the most
widely distributed land snail in the world." (Pilsbry.)

I have quoted at some length from the admirable account of
this difficult genus by Professor Pilsbry, which sets forth all the
known facts in an extremely lucid fashion. His observations
with regard to dimorphism — to which he is, I believe, the first to
draw attention — are particularly valuable, and should be borne in
mind by every couchologist when about to describe supposed new
species.

317. Opeas gracile, Hutton.

No. 5, Bulimus ?, Hutton, J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, p. 84 ; No. 5r
Bulimus? (mihi) grac-ilis?, ibid., torn. cit. p. 93; Pfeiffer, Mon.
Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 157 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Buli-
mus, pi. 69, fig. 495; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 94 :
Pfeifler, Conch.-Cab., Bulimtis, 1853, p. 79, pi. 21, figs. 18, 19;
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1 870. pi, 23, fig. 4 ; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 317.

2A2

356 AC'HATINID^.

Bulimu* (Opeas} gracilis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 156.

Stenogyra (Opeas) yraeilis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, I860,
p. 265 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 25 ; ibid., Hand List, i,
1878, p. 164 ; ibid., Zool. lies. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 885 ;
Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 321.

Spiraxis gracilis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 362.

Stenogyra gracilis, von Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool.
Theil, ii, 1867, p. 375, pi. 19, tig. 5, pi. 22, fig. 13; Westerlund,
Vega Exp. Vetensk. Jakt. ' iv. 1887, p. 187 ; Peile, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131.

Opeas gracilis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146 ; Godwin-
Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443 ; Collett, J. A. S. Ceylon, xv, 1898,
p. 17 ; Smith, Fauna and Geogr. Maldive & Laccadive Arch, i,
part 2, 1902, p. 141.

Opeas gracile, Mollendorff, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 151 ; Pilsbry, Man.
Conc'h. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 125, pi. 18, tigs. 3-6.

Bulimus indicus, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 40 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.
Viv. ii, 1848, p. 157.

Opeas indiciis, Dautzenberg & Fischer, Journ. Conchyl. liii, 1905,
p. 102.

Opeas apex, Mousson, var. nicobarica, Morch, Journ. Conchvl. 1872,
p. 313.

Original description : — " Sliell transparent, thin and pale
coloured or rather colourless ; spire gradually tapering ; whorls
12, body-whorl equal to the two preceding ones ; length 6^ lines*.
Aperture longer than broad, serai-ovate ; pillar-lip straight and
slightly reflected ; right lip edged." (Hutton.)

Hob. India: Mirzapore (Hutton) ; Calcutta, Kajmehal, Chandipal,
Patua (Nevill, Mainwaring) ; Erode, Poona, Bombay (Blanford,
FairbanTc)', Bombay Island (Peile); Assam (Stoliczlca) ; Khasi
Hills (Adams); Dana Hills (God win- Austen)-, Madras (Blanford) ;
Kashmir (Theobald); Nairn Tal, Salt Eange, lloorkee (Stoliczka).
Burma : Zwagabin, Arakan, Rangoon, Moulmain (Stoliczlca,
Theobald) ; Tsagain, Bliaiuo (Anderson) ; Ava, Pegu, Arakan,
Moulmain (Blanford). Ceylon : Point de Galle (Martens, Vega
Exped.) ; Ambagamuwa (Collett). Andaman Group (Stoliczka,
Nevill) ; Port Blair (Godwin- Austen). Nicobar Group : Teressa
(Godwin- Austen) ; Nancoury (Morch). Laccadive Islands (Stanley
Gardiner). Samui Islands (Mollendorff).

In addition to the foregoing localities within the Indian region,
the species has been recorded from China, Formosa, and Japan,
the Malay Archipelago, the Mascarenes, and Polynesia. The
bibliography here quoted is limited to its bearing on the Indian
Fauna, and I have omitted all references to it^ occurrence outside
the Indian region. The bibliography, including varieties, contained
in the Manual of Conchology, comprises upwards of two whole
pages. Pilsbry includes 0. subula, Pfeiffer, under its synonymy,
but the identity of the two forms I do not consider has been
established, and 1 prefer to confine the designation of 0. gracile

* I have only one of this length, the generality being about 5 lines. It has
also 12 whorls, while the others have about 9 or 10.

OPEAS. 357

to the Old "World form, retaining 0. subula for the American
shells.

The British Museum possesses specimens received from Button
who collected them at Mirzapore ; these measure 13'5 x 3'5 mm.
My own collection contains specimens composed of nine whorls
and measuring 13 mm. in length. One of these contained four
spherical calcareous eggs 0*75 in diameter. Major Peile has
collected the species at Bassein and Bombay Island, some of the
latter having the periostracuin in a beautiful fresh state, a rather
rare occurrence.

Var. panayensis, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus panayensis, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 33 ; ibid., Mon,

Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 156.
Stenogyra panayensis, von Martens, Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool.

Theil, ii, 1867, pp. 83, 376, pi. 22, fisr. 8; Tapparone Canefri,.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, xix, 1883, p. 87; ib., xx, 1884, p. 144;

Semper, Reisen Arch. Philipp. 2** Teil, iii, 1885, p. 137, pi. 8,

fig. 15 (shell), pi. 11, fig. 17 (anat.), fig. 21 (dentition) : Wester-

lund, Vega Exped. Vetensk. Jakt. iv, 1887, p. 187; Hidalgo,

Jouru. Conchyl. xxxvi, 1888, p. 34 ; Fischer £ Dautzenberg,.

Mission Pavfc, iii, 1904, p. 411.
Stenogyra (Opeas) panayensis, Pfeiffer £ Clessin, Nomencl. Helic..

Viv. 1881, p. 321 ; von Martens in Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn,

Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, ii, 1891, p. 243.
Opeas f/racile, var. panayensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii,

1906, p. 131, pi. 18, figs. 1, 2.

Original description: — "Bui. testa imperforata, subulata, tenui,
laBvigata, pellucida, cereo-hyalina ; spira elongata, apice obtuso ;
anfractibus 8, latis, vix convexiusculis, ultimo | longitudinis vix
a3quante, columella brevi, strictiuscula ; apertura ovali-oblongay
basi subangulata; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari
breviter reflexo, appresso.

" Long. 11, diam. 2| mill." (Pfnffer.}

Hab. Ceylon : Point de Galle ( WesterluncT).

Said to have a general distribution from Indo- China to the
Moluccas and Aru Islands. Collected in Ceylon by the Vega
Expedition.

Var. cereus, Reeve.

Hulimus cereus, Reeve, Couch. Icon, v, Bulimus, 1849, sp. 50Ir

Achatina, pi. 17, fig. 81.
Bulimus aracilis, var. ? ceretis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1853y

p. 399. '
Stenoc/yra (Opeas) yracilis, var. cereus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 321.
Opeas gracile, var. cereus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906,

pp. 127, 128, pi. 18, fig. 7.

Original description : — " Shell subulate, umbilicated, thin, whorls

358

ten in number, convex, arcuately concentrically striated, columella
reflected, aperture small, lip simple ; transparent straw-colour.

" Whorls appear more convex than in B. cjracilis" (Reeve.)

Hob. India : Moradabad.

318. Opeas prestoni, Sylces.

Opeas prestoni, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 73

pi. 5, fig. 4.
Opeas mauritianum, var. prestoni, Pilsbrv, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

xviii, 1906, p. 134, pi. 17, figs. 98-100. *

Original description : — " T. subperforata, elongato-cylindrica,
translucida, tenuis, cornea vel cereo-cornea, apice obtusiusculo ;
anfr. 8^, plano-convexi, longitudinaliter lineis incrementibus
striati, ultimus -$$ longitudinis subsequans, sutura bene impressa,
apertura elongato-ovata ; peristoma simplex, acutum, margine
columellari ad basim breviter reflexo, perforationem fere tegente.

" Alt. 11, diam. 3-25 mm. , alt. ap. 3, lat. ap. 1-8 mm." (Sylces.)

Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston).

"The apex is much more obtuse and the earlier whorls are
broader than 0. gracilis, and the shell generally is more cylindrical
and not so needle-shaped ; it appears to be variable in colour.
[ have given the dimensions of an average specimen ; one found
by Mr. Preston measures alt. 14, diarn. 4 mm." (Sykes.)

319. Opeas innocens, Preston.

Opens innocens, Preston, Rec. Indian Mus. v, 1910, p. 33, fig. 2.

Original description : — " Shell bluntly subulate, whitish, thin ;
whorls 8, flat, rather sharply shouldered above and below, trans-
versely striate with lines of growth ; sutures deeply impressed ;
columella descending in a slight curve, extending above into a
thick, parietal callus which joins the margin of the lip above ;
labrum acute, simple, aperture elongately ovate.

"Altitude 5-5, diam. major 1-25, apert. alt. '75, diam. -25 mm."
(Preston.)

Hab. Burma : Khayon Cave, near Moulmain (Annandale).

Appears to be closely related to, if not identical with, 0. gracile.

320. Opeas latebricola, Reeve.

JBulimus latebricola (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Buli-

mus, pi. 80, fig. 572 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 401 ;

ibid., Conch. -Cab., Butimus, 1853, p. 74, pi. 20, figs. 5,6; Hanlev

& Theobald, Conch. Jnd. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 7.

Bulimus (Opeas) latebricola. Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 156.
Stenogyra (?) latebricola, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174.
Bulimina (Hapalus} latebricola, Pfeifter tfc Clessin, Nomencl. Helic

Viv. 1881, p. 299.
Opeas latebricola, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906. p. 162,

pi. 19, figs. 20, 23.

359

Original description : — " Shell acuminately oblong, compressly
umbilicated, whorls six in number, somewhat rounded, smooth, or
concentrically striated; transparent straw-colour, polished. A
very delicately coloured, transparent species." (Reeve.)

ilab. India : Landour, Western Himalayas (Benson) ; Darjeeling
(Blanford, Stoliczka, Maimvaring) ; Khasi and Dafla Hills (Godwin-
Austen).

The above cursory description is supplemented by Pfeiffer as
follows : —

" T. subperforata, turrito-oblonga, tenuicula, striatula, vix
nitidula, diaphana, albido-straminea ; spira turrita, apice obtusius-
cula ; anfr. 6-6| vix convexi, ultimus ^ longitudinis paulo superans,
basi rotundatus ; columella substricta, verticalis, oblonga ; perist.
simplex, rectum, marginibus subparallelis, columellari anguste
reflexo.

"Long. 7^, diam. 3 mill. Ap. 2f mill, longa, If lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

The British Museum possesses five specimens from Landour,
received from the Indian Museum, which are smooth and polished,
and very finely striated, while the columella has a slight, revolving
plait, to which neither Reeve nor Pfeiffer makes any reference.
These specimens only measure 5*5 mm. in length, whereas the
shell figured by Reeve has an indicated length of 7 mm. Prof.
Pilsbry considers the species related to 0. layardi, but the latter
has the outer margin of the peristome inflected, a feature lacking
in 0. latebricola.

321. Opeas mariae, Jousseaume.

Opeas maria, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,
p. 290, pi. 4. fig. 9 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906,
p. 159, pi. 4, fig. 9.

Original description : — " Testa subperforata, elongato-turrita,
solidula, opaca, arcuatim striata, alba, epiteste flavido-alba, vix
nitens, spira elongata, apice obtusa, sutura immersa, crenulata;
anfr. 8, convexiusculi, ultimus -J longitudinem sequans ; apertura
oblongo-ovalis, superne oblique truncata; perist. simplex acutum ;
margine dextro superne depresso, fere recto, columellari ad
suturam late dilatato-reflexo, perforationis partem formante.

" Long. 9 mill. ; diam. 2 mill." (Jousseaume.)

Hab. Ceylon : Kandy (Simon).

Mr. Sykes suggests (Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 73)
that it is "suspiciously near" to 0. gracile^ but Jousseaume's
figures do not bear out this contention, as the whorls are much
more flattened and proportionately higher, while the outer lip of
the peristome is considerably more straightened.

360 ACRATINIDvE.

322. Opeas nevilli, Godwin- Austen.

Opeas nevilli, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 315, pi. 8,

fig. 12.
Stenogyra (Opeas) nevilli, "G. Ad.", Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p 165.

Original description : — " Shell turreted, very elongate, pale,
silky with a green tinge, older specimens of a pale straw-colour,
covered with a thin epidermis, beautifully striate under lens.
Whorls 11-12, moderately rounded and very gradually diminishing
in size to the apex, which is blunt ; suture impressed ; aperture
angular above, outer lip thin.

"Alt. 0-55" [ = 14 mm.], major diam. 0-10" [=2-5 mm.].
Largest specimen 0-90" [ = 23 mm.]." (Godwin- Austen.}

Hob. India: Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin- Austen}.

" This very delicate elongate shell was common on Toruputu
Peak, but far finer specimens, equal in size to the figure, were
obtained on the banks of the Pichola ]Srulla out in the plains.
I am not satisfied with this figure ; the whorls being rather too
flat and the apex too sharp." (Godwin-Austen.}

Prof. Pilsbry (Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 157) states,
" Nevill in his Hand List Ind. Mus. i, p. 165, lists Stenogyra
(Opeas} nevilli, G. Ad., from the Dafla Hills. It is undescribed
and unknown to me." The " Gr. Ad." in NevilPs Hand List is
evidently a printer's error for " G-.-A." and this probably put
Pilsbry off the track.

323. Opeas layardi, Benson.

Spiraxis layardi, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 90 ; Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 190 ; Hanlev & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1874, pi. 79, figs, 2, 3.

Stenogyra (?) layardi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174.
Stenogyra (Spiraxis (Euspiraxis)} layardi, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 323.
Euspiraxis layardi. Jousseaume, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii. 1894,

p. 291.
Opeas layardi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 158, pi. 4,

figs. 19, 20 ; pi. 16, figs. 82, 83.
Opeas (Totnopeas} layardi, Pilsbry, 1. c. p. 123.

Original description : — -" S. testa imperforata, elongato-turrita,
tenui, arcuato-striatula, albida, epidermide tenui polita cornea
iuduta ; spira elongata, apice obtuso, sutura profuudiuscula, non-
nunquam eroso-deiitata ; anfractibns 7|, couvexis, ultimo pone
columellam impresso : apertura oblonga, elongato-ovata, superne
aiigustata ; peristomate tenui, acuto ; labro arcuato, margine
columellari incrassato, modice torto.

" Long. 12|, diam. 4 mill. ; ap. long. 4, diam. vix 2 mill."
(Benson.}

Hob. Ceylon : Moopana, Badulla, Kandookare (Layard} ; Caltura
(Nevill).

OPEAS. 361

The species is referred to Opeas by Pilsbry with some doubt,
who considers that " the subtruncate, calloused columella recalls
Tortaxis, yet the delicacy of the shell, its small apex, and the
oviparous reproduction, are characters of Opeas. It is probably
related to 0. avetiacert, Morel., javanicum, Eve., etc., which have
the columella similarly truncate."

I have only seen one specimen, which is in the British Museum.
It is from Kancly and measures: length 16*5 mm., diam.
4'25 mm.

324. Opeas sykesi, Pilsbry.

Opeas si/kesi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1900, p. 157, pi. 21,
figs. 1, 2.

Original description : — " Shell perforate, resembling 0. gracile
in sculpture, but with the whorls much shorter, more compactly
coiled, more numerous in shells of the same length. Spire
straightly and regularly tapering to the small apex. Whorls
8| to 10, the embryonic 1| smooth except for a minute subsutural
radial striation, which becoming stronger on the post-embryonic
whorls, produce a fine, irregularly developed crenulation of the
suture, the latter becoming smooth again lower down. Later
whorls somewhat flattened. Suture well impressed. Aperture
vertical, much shorter than in 0. gracile ; outer lip weakly arcuate,
a little arched forward ; basal margin well arched ; columella
rather straightened, the edge reflexed.

" Length 11, diara. 3 '4, aperture 2*9 mm. ; whorls 8J.

" Length 12-9, diam. 3-5, aperture 3-1 ; whorls 10." (Pilsbry.)

Hab. Ceylon.

"This form is readily selected from among 0. gracile by its
short whorls and small, wider mouth, with a deep bay where the
columella joins the parietal wall. I do not see, in the great
number of 0. gracile before me, any approach to this form."
(Pilsbry.}

325. Opeas ? pusillus, //. Adams.

Bulimulus (End) pusillus, H. Adams, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 307, pi. 19,

% 17.

Stenoc/yra pusillus, Nevili, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3.
Bulimus (Bulimulus) pusillus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877,

p. 186.
Bulimulus (Leptomerus) ptisillus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 234.
Ena pusilla. Jousseaume, Me'm. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894.

p. 297.

Original description :— " B. testa sinistrorsa, rimato-perforata,
cylindrico-turrita, tenui, ina3qualiter striata, vix nitidula, olivaceo-
f usca ; spira elongata, sursum parum attenuata, apice obtusiuscula,
sutura distincta ; anfr. 7, convexiusculis, ultimo ^ longitudinis vix

362

sequante, basi rotundato ; apertura verticali, semiovali ; perist.
recto, margine columellari subverticali, superne dilatato, patente.

" Long. 5, diam. 2 mill." (H. Adams.}

Nab. Ceylon ; Matelle (F. Layard).

Fig. 120.— Opeas ? pusillus. (Enlarged.)
(From P. Z. S.)

" Peculiar from being, at least so far as I know, the only sinistral
land-shell that has yet been met with in the island." (H. Adams.)

Referred with some doubt to Opeas ; it certainly has nothing to
do with Ena. It may possibly be a monstrosity. I give a copy
of Adams's figure.

Genus PROSOPEAS, Morch.

Prosopeas, Morch, Journ. Conchy!. 1876, p. 358, as section of Bulimus
for B. roepstorf', Morch, and B. achates, Morch (no description) ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 14.

TYPE, Bulimus roepstorffi, Morch.

Range. Farther India, including Malay Peninsula, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, China, Malay Archipelago, Philippine
Islands.

" Shell Stenogyroid, of moderate or large size, imperf orate or
nearly so, with rather small, sernigloboseapex, the first two whorls
typically smooth (but ribbed in the s. g. Paropeas), later whorls
very densely sculptured ivith fine oblique strice which are arched
forward above and retracted to the suture. Aperture ovate ; colu-
mella straight or concave, continuous with the basal margin below,
slightly or not folded above, with a reflexed, adnate margin.
Axis slender, straight or nearly so. Reproduction by globular,
calcareous-shelled eggs, as in Opeas.

326. Prosopeas hebes, Blanford.

Spiraxis hebes, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 361, pi. 1,

fig. 15 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 190 ; Hanley &

Theobald, Conch. Iiid. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 10.
Stenogyra (Opeas) hebes, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166.
Stenooyra (Spiraxia (Euspiraxis}} hebes, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Hel'ic. Viv. 1881, p. 323.
Prosopeas hebes, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 32,

pi. 12, fig-. 6.

Original description : — " Testa imperf orata, turrita, cornea, rugoso-

PEOSOPEAS. 363

striata; spira subulata, apice perobtusa, sutura albido-niarginata.
Anfr. 7 param convex!, ultimus ^ longitudiriis subaequans, basi
rotundatus. Columella paruin callosa, vix subtorta. brevis. Aper-
tura fere verticalis, elongate ovalis ; peristoma simplex, rectum,
margine dextro superne arcuato.

"Long. 15, diaui. 4 mm.; ap. 4| alta, 2 lata." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Nilgiris.

"The above are the dimensions of the largest specimen found.
It is, however, possible that this shell may attain a greater size.
The sole Indian species to which it appears to be related is
Sp. (Bid.) gracilis, Hutt., from which, however, it may be easily
distinguished by its very obtuse apex, less numerous whorls, etc."
(Stanford.)

327. Prosopeas terebrale, Theobald.

Stenogyra (Opcas) terebralis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1871,
p. 401 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 106 ; Pfeiffer & Clessio,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 321.

Bulimus (Stenogyra) terebralis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877,
p. 133.

Prosopeas terebrale, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 31.

Original description : — " Testa elongata, imperforata, tenui,
cornea, uon polita, anfractibus 10|, depresse convexis, sutura
impressa junctis, confertiin striatis ; ultimo tertiain longitudinis
vix aequante, epidermide scabra; perist. acuto, margine columel-
lari brevissime reflexo, leviter torto.

"Long, testae '95 [ = 24 mm.]; lat. max. *17 [=4*5 mm.], alt.
aperture '22 unc." [=575 mm.]. (Theobald.)

Hab. Burma : Shan States (Fedden).

328. Prosopeas walkeri, Benson.

Spiraxis walkeri, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 90;
Pfeitfer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 189; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 4.

Opeas walkeri, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1871, p. 395; Godwin-
Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443 ; Blanford, Proc. Malac. fc>oc. London,
v, 1903, p. 280.

Stenogyra (Opeas) walkeri, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 165.

Stenogyra (Spiraxis (Euspiraxis)) walkeri, Pfeiffer & Clessin,
Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 188.1 , p. 323.

Prosopeas walkeri, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 29,
pi. 6, fig. 70.

Original description : — " S. testa, imperforata, cylindraceo-turrita,
urcuato-striatissima, sub epidermide albida, spira gracili, apice
obtuso, sutura profundiuscula ; anfractibus 9, convexiusculis ;
apertura obliqua, elliptica ; margine dextro tenui, acuto, superne
arcuato, columellari calloso, subito revoluto.

" Long. 14, diam. 3 j mill." (Benson.)

364 ACHATINIDjE.

Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (ffaiighton) ; Cocos Island,.
Andaman Island (StoliczTca). Burma: Shan States (Fedden).
Siam : Lam pun (Daly}.

Some specimens from Port Blair, presented by B. MacAndrew
to the British Museum, are smaller than the type, for, although
possessing nine whorls, they measure only 12x3 mm.

329. Prosopeas pealei, Tryon.

Opeas (Bulimtis) pealei, Tryon, A.mer. Journ. Conch, v, 1869, p. 110,,

pi. 10, fig. 5.

Bulimus pealei, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 128.
Stenogyra (Spiraxis (JSiispiraxii)) pealei. Pfeiffer & Clessin, NomencL

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 323.
Prosopeas pealei, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 29r

pi. 6, tigs. 80, 81.

Original description : — " Shell turreted elongate, slender, rather
solid ; whorls eight, flatly convex, suture slight ; apex papillary ;
aperture ovate, small ; lip simple ; columella perpendicular, form-
ing an angle with the lip at the base. Light greenish horn-color,,
white within.

"Length 35, diam. 9 mill." (Tryon.)

Hab. Andaman Islands.

" E/esembles Bulimus elongatulus, Pfr., but may be distinguished
from it by the whorls being less convex and the columella straight
instead of incurved.''* (Tryon.)

The type-specimen is figured by Pilsbry, who states that it
differs from P. haughtoni, Bens., to which it has been referred as
a synonym, by the non-sinuous columella, which does not form
an angle with the parietal wall, by the narrower mouth, mort*
numerous whorls and slenderer shape. He further compares it
with the var. oxynter of Benson, which, while nearly as slender
as pealei, differs by having the columella at an angle with the
parietal wall.

330. Prosopeas haughtoni, Benson.

Spiraxis haughtoni, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 90;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 189 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 19, fig. 1.
Stenogyra (Prosopeas) haughtoni, Nevill, Hand Lis>t, i; 1878, p. 173 ;

Godwin- Austen, P. Z. 8. 1895, p. 443.
Stenogyra (Spiraxis (Euspiraxis)) haughtoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 323.
Prosopeas haughtoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 28,

pi. 6, figs. 76, 78, 79.

Original description : — " S. testa imperforata, oblougo-conicar
subturrita, solida, striata, versus sutnram et apicem costulato-
striata, albida, epidermide olivacea minutissime corrugata induta;
spira elongato-conica, versus apicem obtusiusculum subito at-
tenuata, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 7, vix convexiusculis, sub-

PKOSOPEAS. 365

planulatus, ultimo ad peripheriarn subangulato ; npertura vix
obliqua, ovato-elliptica, intus coeruleo-albida, margine dextro tenui,
-acuto, columellari calloso, planato, expansiusculo, versus basin
leviter einarginato, marginibus callo tenui expanse junctis.

"Long. 20-30, diam. 10-11 mill.; ap. long, li, lat. 5 mill."
(Benson.)

Hub. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Haughton) ; Andaman
Island (Stoliczka, Roepstorff^ Nevill).

"Two typical examples of this species before me measure:
length 27, diam. 1O7, length of aperture 1O5 mm., and 28, 11,
1O7 mm., botb having a trifle over seven whorls. They are solid,
strong shells, nearly denuded of the thin, olivaceous-yellow cuticle.
The columella is distinctly sigmoid, and the parietal callus arising
from it is wholly appressed at the edge, not raised seam-like as in
P.pealei." (Pilsbry.)

Var. oxynter, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 90 ;
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 5 (var. un-
named) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 28, pi. 6,
figs. 77, 82-84.

" Testa elongato-turrita, graciliore. Long. 30, diam. 8 mill.
There is a tendency in the stouter form to verge towards the
variety which I have called occynter, although the extreme speci-
mens might be considered as separate species." (Benson.)

Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Haughton).

Two specimens referable to this form are figured by Pilsbry.
He states that " the cuticle is dark olive. They differ from
P. peahi chiefly in the shape and direction of the columellar
margin, whicli is less sinuous than in P. liauylitoni. Length 34,
diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mm. ; whorls 8|."

331. Prosopeas achates, Morch.

Bulimus (Prosopeas} achafes, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1875, p. 359.
Stenoyyra (Prosopeas) achafes, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 173.
Stenogyra (Opeas) achates, Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 320.
Prosopeas achates, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 27.

pi. 12, figs. 4, 5.

Original description : — "Differt a prseeedente \B. (Pr.) roepstorji]
testa miiiore, abbreviate, obtecte perforate.

" Long. 14 mill. ; lat. 5 ; long. ap. circ. 6." (March.)

Hab. Jsicobar Islands (Stoliczka) ; Kamorta, Nancouri (Roep-
-storff) ; Kamorta, Katchal, var. /3 (Roepstorff) ; Nancouri, var. y
(Roqxtorff).

Morch quotes Stenogyra acJiatinacea, Pfeiffer, as a synonym,
without, as Prof. Pilsbry aptly says, explanation of so irregular a
course. The latter figures a Nicobar shell which he considers to
*be referable to Morch's form. "It is rather obese below, sub-

366 ACHATINID.TE.

regularly tapering to the obtuse, smooth apex, sculptured with
narrow, spaced, thread-like riblets which curve forwards above the
periphery and are much weaker below it. Whorls slightly more
than seven, moderately convex. The aperture is long, the outer
lip arched forward above, and the columella reflexed narrowly,
leaving a narrow umbilical fissure. Length 13-3, diam. 4'5, length
of aperture 5'5 ram.

" This form seems to differ from P. acliatmaceum by its larger
aperture," (Piltbry.)

Nevill also was of opinion that it differed from the latter (Hand
List, i, 1878, p. 173).

Morch records a variety ft from Kamorta, Katchal, as smallerr
rather smooth, length 11, width 9, length of aperture 5 mm., and
a var. y, from jSTancouri, as rather solid, length 13, width 4J>
length of aperture 4 mm.

332. Prosopeas roepstorffi, Morch (em.).

llulimus (Prosopeas) roepstorji, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 358.
Stenogyra (Prosopeas} roepstorffi, Nevill, Hand List,"i, 1878, p. 173.
Stenoqyra (Opeas] ropstorjl, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 320.
Prosopeas roepstorfi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 27..

pi. 3, figs. 97-99.

Original description: — " Stenogyra elonc/atula, " Pfr.," Martens,
1. c. [Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool., ii, 1867] p. 379, t. 22, f. 12,
affinis, sed differt : T. straminea, costulato-striata, suturis pro-
fundis ; apertura dilatata, fere ficiformi, faucibus albis, columella
torta, imperforata.

"Long. 22± millim., diam. 6; long, apert. 7g." (Morch.}

Holy. JNTicobar Islands (Stoliczka} ; Kamorta (Hoepstorff) ; Little
Coco Island ( Wood-Mason}.

The species remained unillustrated until Prof. Pilsbry figured
a specimen. It contains " nearly 8 whorls, the first globose
and smooth, the rest moderately convex and sculptured with
forward! v arcuate, thread-like striae. The aperture is quite
oblique, lon£ and narrow, the thin outer lip arched forward, the
columellar lip narrowly reflexed above and imperfectly appressed.
The columella is concave, slightly folded at the upper insertion.
Length 16, diam, 4*7, length of aperture 5'2 mm."

Genus ZOOTECUS, Westerlund.

Zootecus, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887,
pp. 3, 75 ; Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixi, 1895, 1, p. 103, pi. 8,
figs. 5, 6 (jaw and radula, Stenogyra insularis), figs. 7, 8 (St.
pulla] ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 104.

Chilogymnus, Jousseaume, M<5m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 289.

Shell rather small, pale or white, perforate, pupiform, cylindric

ZOOTECUS. 367

with conic summit or cylindric tapering, composed of 7 to 10
compactly coiled whorls, the last rounded below ; striate or decus-
sate, glossy. Summit conic, entire, the protoconch striate like the
following whorls, not bulbous. Axis slender and straight, narrowly
perforated throughout. Aperture small, widely ovate, the peri-
stome thickened, blunt, columellar margin straight or concave, with
reflexed edge, continuous with the basal lip. Reproduction
viviparous. Dentition Achatinoid." (Pilsbry.)

TYPE, Pupa insularis.

Range. Cape Verd Isles and the Sahara eastward to Arabia,
India, and Burma, chiefly in arid or barren regions.

" A group of small, Pupiform snails, largely eremitic in habits,
generally occurring in large numbers, and varying within wide
limits in size and degree of taper. Most gatherings from one
place show shorter and longer individuals, as in Holospira and
Cerion ; the diameter remaining more constant for any one colony.
The proportion of diameter to length is therefore individually
variable. There is a good deal of local variation in size and
texture, and hence a superabundance of names.

" The group was instituted by Westerlund as a section of
Bull-minus. Kobelt, in his great monograph of the Buliminidce,
also leaves Zootecus therein, though uncertain as to its position.
Bourguignat struck nearer the mark in referring the species to
Ruinina, for I find the dentition to be of the Stenogyroid type.
It is, however, not closely related to Rumina, which differs
markedly by its smooth, globose protoconch and attenuated,
cylindric, subsequent neanic whorls. Riebeckia is perhaps the
nearest akin to Zootecus. Opeas and its brood belong to another
line of differentiation.

" Captain Hutton found the large Indian form (pullus) to be
viviparous, three or four young shells lying in the oviduct. I
have confirmed this by opening dry shells of Z. insularis. The
young are ovate-conic, perforate, of two or three whorls, and like
the adults have the columella entire below.

"There seems to be only two well-marked species, but
Z. insularis has a multitude of local races." (Pilsbry.)

Yon Martens figured and described the jaw and radula of
Zootecus insularis and Z. pullus, attributing them to the genus
Stenogyra. He observes, moreover, that the name Zootecus should
be spelled Zootocus, but this procedure is inadvisable as the name
would in that case clash with Zootoca, Wagler, 1830 (Eeptilia),
and I prefer, therefore, to adopt Westerlund's mode of spelling, as
Pilsbry has done.

333. Zootecus insularis, Ehrenberg.

Pupa insularis, Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Anim. Evert, ser. 1, Moll.
1831, decasprima, signature d, third page ; Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic.
Viv. ii, 1848, p. 307. '

368 ACHATINID^E.

No. 6, genus Pupa, Button, J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, p. 85 ; No. 6,

Pupa (mihi) cylindrical ? ibid., torn. cit. p. 93.
Bulimus (Cylindrus) insularis, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 180.
Bulimus insularis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 403; ibid.,

Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 125, pi. 36, figs. 26-28 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 22, fig. 10 ; Bourguignat, Ann.

Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 6, xv, 1883, art. 2, p. 65.
Chondrus (Mastus) insularis, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 165.
Buliminus (Cylindrus) insularis, Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol.

Akad. Wiss. xxxvii, no. 1, 1874, p. 108, pi. 5, fig. 4 ; Kobelt,

Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 273, pi. 84, fig. 21.
Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 22 ;

ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 195 ; ibid., in Anderson, Zool. Res.

Exp. W. YunnaD, i, 1879, p. 882.

Cylindrus insularis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146.
Bulimina (Mastus) insular is, Pfeiff'er, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 18 SI,

p. 293.
Rumina insularis, Bourguignat, Moll.Choa, 1885, p. 22 ; Jousseaume,

Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 359.
Buliminus (Zootecus^ insularis, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnen-

conchyl. iii, 1887, p. 75 ; Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890,

p. 92.
Buliminus insularis, Pollonera, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. xiii, 1888,

p. 70 ; von Martens, Nachr. Dents. Malak. Ges. 1889, p. 151 ;

Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i, 1894, p. 142.
Chilogymnus insularis, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 289.
Stenoyyra insularis, von Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixi, 1895, 1, p. 103,

pi. 8, figs. 6, 6 (jaw and radula).
Buliminus (Mastus) insularis, Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino,

xiii, 1898, no. 313, p. 6 ; Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

xi, 1908, p. 131.
Zootecus insularis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 106,

pi. 26, fig. 21.

Original description: — "Pupa insularis, subcylindrica, apice
attenuata, subacuta, nitida, albido-cornea, subtilissime transverse
striata, striis apicem versus angustioribus, pellucida, apertura
semiovata, margine paululum reflexo, leviter calloso ; anfractibus
7 ad 8, tribus primis diametro subaequalibus.

"Max. sp. long. 5^ lin., lat. If, 8 spirae anfr. Alia sp. D\ long.,
1| lata, anfr. 7." (Ehrenberg.)

Hab. Caraeran Island. Red Sea (type locality, Ehrenberg),
India : Delhi, Bundelkund (Hanley fy Theobald) ; Kudapah, Tinali
(Stoliczlca) ; Patna (Mainwaring) ; Northern and Central India
(Theobald, Huttori) ; Saharunpore ( Wood-Mason) ; Kutch and Sind
(StoUczka, Blanford) • Pooua (Blanford, FairbanJc) ; Salt Range
and Lake Sambhur (Theobald, Wynne) ; Burwani Hills (Blanford) ;
Rajputana (Hackett) ; Kashmir (Theobald) ; Bombay Island (Peile) •
Trichinopoli (Nevill, Blanford). Burma : Pagan (Anderson, Nevill).
Ceylon (Nevill, Blanford, Simon).

Zootecus insularis and its varieties havre a very wide range out-
side the Indian region, extending, according to Pilsbry, from the

ZOOTECUS. 369

Cape Verde Islands and Senegambia eastward to Egypt, Abys-
sinia, Southern Arabia, to JBeluchistan. To the somewhat cursory
original description, he adds the following particulars. " The
sculpture consists of fine, close, subvertical striae, a little bent near
the suture, and intersected by several (usually three to six) very
narrow smooth spiral bands. These may be obsolete on the last
whorl or two, though usually persistent. The whorls are mode-
rately convex, the last ascending a trifle to the aperture. The
outer lip is somewhat thickened inside, giving the appearance of a
low white welt behind it externally. The edge itself is obtuse
but not expanded. The columellar margin is dilated, thickened,
and arches over the very small umbilicus. The species is exces-
sively variable, but the typical form is small, specimens measuring
as follows : —

" Length 10, diain. above aperture 3-8 mm., whorls 85.

" Length 9, diain. above aperture 3-3 mm., whorls 7 j.

"Length 8, diam. above aperture 3*2 mm., whorls 7|.

" This small form is common in Arabia and India. The shell is
thinner and usually more whitish-corneous, less opaque-white than
the large forms.

" Shells of the same general type but more robust have been
found in both Africa and India, and numerous nominal species
have been based upon them. It is quite likely that some of these
may be found to be local races worthy of recognition by name."

334. Zootecus estellus, Benson.

Bulimus estellus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 327 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 462; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Lid. 1870, pi. 22, fi>. 4.
Pupa (Cylindms) insularis, var. estellus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 195.
Bulimina (Mastus) estella, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 293.
Buliminus (Zootecus} estellus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 675, pi. 102, figs. 16, 17.

Original description : — " Testa arete perforata, oblonga, cylin-
drica, subremote spiraliter sulculosa, interstitiis confertissime
costulato-striolatis, albida; spira cylindrica, apice conico, acuti-
usculo ; sutura impressa ; anfractibus 8 vix convexiusculis, ultimo
ant ice asoendente, 3 testae paruma3quante, basi circa perforation em
leviter impressa ; apertura verticali, aYigulato-ovali, peristomate
obtuso, margine columellari verticali, incrassato-reflexo.

" Long. 18, diam. 6 mill." (Benson.}

Hob. India : Sind (Baker) ; Kudapah ; Balmir, Jodhpore
(Stoliczka).

" At once distinguishable from the allied B. pullus, Gray, by its
stouter form, and by the ascent of the last whorl near the
aperture." (Benson.}

2s

370 ACHATINIDJE.

335. Zootecus pertica, Benson.

Bulimus pertica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 328 ;

Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 462 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 22, fig. 7.
Pupa (Cylindrus) pertica, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 297.
Bulimina (Mastus) pertica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 293.
Bulimivius (Zootecus) pertica, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1900, p. 682, pi. 103, fig. 9.
Zootecus insularis, var. pertica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii,

1906, p. 113, pi. 26, fig. 23.

Original description : — " Testa imperforata, exacte cylindrica,
elongatissirua, confertissime arcuato-striolata, sulcis nonnullis in-
conspicuis spiraliter sculpta, alba ; spira cylindrica, apice conico,
obtusiusculo ; sutura impressa ; anfractibus 10 subplanulatis,
ultimo -I- testae sequaote, antice leviter descendente, basi rotundata ;
apertura valde obliqua, pyriformi ; peristomate tenui, margin e
basali incrassato, subeffuso, columellari expanse, appresso.

" Long. 20, diam. 5 mill." (Benson.}

Hab. India (Baker}-, Sind (Hanley $ Theobald).

At once distinguishable from Z. pullus and its allies by its
lengthened cylindrical form, its slenderness, and by the obliquity
of the aperture. It may be considered as the extreme form of the
series. According to Nevill it is based on an abnormal specimen
of Zt polygyratus.

336. Zootecus polygyratus, Eeeve.

Bulimus polygyratus, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus, pi. 79,

fig. 578 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 404 j Issel, Mem.

Real. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, xxiii, 1866, p. 416.
Chondrus (Mastus} polygyratus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 165.
Bulimus (Cylindrus) polygyratus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 155.

Mastus polygyratus, Chenu,Man. Conchyl. i, I860, p. 442, fig. 3246.
Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis, var. polygyrata, Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 195.
Bulimina (Mastus} polygyrata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 293.
Rumina polygyrata, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886,

p. 63.
Zootecus polygyratus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902,

p. 947, pi. 132, figs. 26, 27.
Zootecus insularus, var. polygratus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii,

1906, p. 113, pi. 26, fig. 31.

Original description : — " Shell pyramidally turreted, minutely um-
bilicated, whorls nine to ten in number, rather narrow, rounded,
finely plicately striated, columella reflected, aperture small, lip
simple; bluish-white." (Eeeve.)

ZOOTECUS. 371

Hab. India : Rohra Hills, Sind (Stanford). Beluchistan :
Gwadar (Blanford). Persia: Bendes Abbas (Issel). Arabia: Aden
(Blanford).

When described and figured by Reeve the habitat was unknown.
It is more cylindrical than Z. insularis, forming a connecting link
between that and Z. pertica. The type, which is in the British
Museum, is composed of 9| whorls and measures : length 12 mm.,
diameter 4 mm.

337. Zootecus pullus, Gray.

Bulimus pulhis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 66; Th. Miiller, Syn. Test.

Viv. Anno 1834 promulg., 1836, p. 15 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv.

ii, 1848, p. 162 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Bulimus, pi. 67,

fig. 476 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 94 ; Adams, Journ.

Conch, vii, 1892, p. 81.

Pupa, No. 6, Button, J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, p. 85.
Pupa cylindrical?, Hutton, J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, p. 93.
Pupa indica (Benson), Hutton (uom. mut.) (not P. indica, Pfeiffer,

1854), J. A. S. B. xviii, 1849, p. 653.

Bulimus (Opeas) pullus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 175.
Pupa (Cylirtdrus) pidla, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 297; ibid., Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868, p. 160 ( = P. cylindrica,

Hutton).
Bulimina (Mastus) pidla, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic Viv

1881, p. 293.

Rumina pulla, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 61.
Stenogyra pulla, von Martens, Arch. Naturg. Ixi, 1895, 1, p. 103,

pi. 8, figs. 7, 8 (jaw and radula).
Zootecus insularis, var. pullus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii

1906, p. 110, pi. 26, figs. 26-28.

Original description : — " Bui. testa ovata, subcyliudrica, sub-
imperforata, pellucida, albida, tenuiter striata, apice conico, obtusi-
usculo, pellucid o ; anfractibus novem vel decem vix elevatis ;
apertura parva, subrotunda. semilunata ; labiis subincrassatis
rotundatis.

" Axis 10, diam. 4| lin.'? (Gray.)

Hab. India : Bank of Ganges (Royle, teste Miiller) ; Ava (Blan-
ford} ; Delhi, Bundelkhund (Reeve) ; Kutch, Agra, Trichinonoli
(B. M.).

Gray, who omitted to indicate the habitat when describing the
species, states that it resembles B. kingii, but is more solid and has
a dark apex and pillar. His brief description may be supplemented
by Hutton's observations on the species in 1849, when he sub-
stituted the MS. name Pupa indica of Benson for P. cylindrica
proposed by himself in 1834, on account of the latter name having
previously been employed by Michaud.

" The large variety has 9-10 whorls ; is cylindriform and tapers
suddenly to an obtuse apex ; colour of living shells pale fuscous or
earthy, but generally white ; whorls closely wrinkled by coarse
waving lines of increase ; in fresh specimens faintly scored with

2s2

372 ACHATINIDjE.

obsolete longitudinal furrows ; shell wide, polished, thick and
opaque. Aperture subquadrafce, margins thickened and subre-
flected ; varying from ^ to j-f- inches in length. Animal dusky ;
ovo-viviparous.

" Var. A. — This is in all respects a perfect miniature of the
foregoing, but it never seems to have more than eight whorls, and
seldom exceeds ^ an inch in length, it is far less ventricose and
generally shows the obsolete longitudinal furrows more plainly.
This variety occurs both in India and near Quettah in
Afghanistan.

" Var. B. — With the general sculpture of the last, but shorter,
seldom exceeding T7^- of an inch ; whorls ventricose and spire more
suddenly obtuse than either of the foregoing ; with scarcely more
than half the length of P. indica, it still rivals it in breadth, and
the longitudinal furrows appear to be constant and better defined.
Whorls usually seven in number, rarely eight." (Button.)

Specimens from Kutch, presented by A. T. Daniel to the
British Museum, possess 9| whorls and measure 16x5 mm.;
others, composed of eight whorls, only reach u length of 14 mm.,
with a diameter of 5 mm.

338. Zootecus agrensis, Kurr.

Bulimus agrensis, Kurr, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 107; Pfeiffer,

Novit. Conch, ser. 1, i, 1856, p. 57, pi. 16, figs. 9, 10 ; ibid., Mon.

Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 463 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 23, fig. 1.

Bulimus (Cylindrus) agrensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 155.
Pupa (Cylindrus) agrensis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 297.
Bulimina (Mastus) agrensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 293.
Buliminus (Zootecus) agrensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli-

minidae, 1901, p. 686, pi. 103, fig. 19.
Zootecus insularis, var. agrensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii,

1906, p. Ill, pi. 26, figs. 24, 25.

Original description: — "T. perforate, cylindraceo-turrita, laevi-
gata, nitida, alba ; spira elongata, sursum sensim attenuata, apice
acutiuscula ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 9 convexiusculi, ad suturam
striati, ultimus ^ longitudinis non attingens, antice subascendens,
basi rotundatus; apertura verticalis, rotundato-lunaris ; perist.
simplex, rectum, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari sub-
verticali, auguste fornieatim reflexo.

" Long. 46, diam. 6 mill. ; ap. 5 mill, longa, 3% lata." (Kurr.)

Hob. India : Agra (JTwr).

Apparently a rare species, which differs from Z. insularis in
being smoother and in having the later whorls distantly radiately
plicate-striate ; the aperture is also a little more transversely
elongate.

FERUSSACID^E. 373

339. Zootecus chion, Pfeiffer.

Bulimus chion, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 332 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 463 ; Hauley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870.

pi. '22. fig. 1 ; Adams, Journ. Conch, vii, 1892, p. 81.
Pupa (Cylindnts) chion, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 297. .
Pupa (Cylindrus) insular is, var. chion, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 195.
Bulimina (Mastus) chion, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 293.

Rumina chion, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 60.
Mastus chion, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xviii, 1893, p. 44.
Bidiminus (Zootecus} chion, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae,

1900, p. 675, pi. 102, fig. 18.
Zootecus insularis, forma chion, Pilsbry, Man. Couch, ser. 2, xviii,

1906, p. 112, pi. 26, fig. 32.

Original description : — " B. testa perforata, oblonga, solida,
striatula, alba ; spira elougata, in conum acutiusculum terminata ;
anfr. 7-8 modice convexis, ultimus 5 longitudinis paulo superante.
antice subascendente, basi rotundato ; apertura verticalis, ovato-
lunari ; perist. calloso, marginibus callo juuctis, columellari brevi,
substricto, dilatato, patente.

" Long. 12, diam. 5^ mill. Ap. oblique 4^ mill, longa, fere 3
lata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Kurrachee, Punjab (Slripley, Stoliczka, Adams} ;
Kutch, and Solirnan Kange (Stoliczka); Umarkote, Sind (Blan-
ford) ; Sahanmpore (Wood-Mason). Afghanistan (Ancey).

Specimens from Hyderabad, presented by Dr. Falconer to the
British Museum, measure 14 x 6 mm.

Pfeiffer mentions a var. p. " Gracilior, minor; long. 11, diam.
4 mill."

Family FERUSSACID.E.

Genus (LffiCILIOIDES, Herrmannsen.

Acicida, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Me'rid. iv, 1826, p. 81 (eburnea

only species), noil Acicula, Hartmann, 1821.
Caecilioides, Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Malac. i, 1846, p. 150, for

Cecilioidcs, Ferussac.
Cacilioides, Smith, Journ. Conch, vi, 1891, p. 342 ; Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 1.
Ccp-cilianella, Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool. viii, 1856, p. 378 ; Fagot,

Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 49 ; Norman, A. M. N. H.

ser. 6, vi, 1890, p. 337.
Aciculina, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarkt. Binnencouch. iii, 1887,

p. 175 (as section of

TYPE, Buccinum acicula, Mtiller.

llanye. India and most tropical and subtropical countries and
Europe.

374 FEKITSSACID^E.

" The shell is imperforate, very small and slender, very nar-
rowly lanceolate, with obtuse, rounded, smooth apex ; smooth,
fragile, transparent (weathering to opaque white) ; aperture
usually less than half the total length, piriform ; outer lip arching
forward in the middle, acute; columella concave, more or less
distinctly truncate at base, usually somewhat calloused. Animal
blind, or at least without pigmented eyes. Jaw composed of many
narrow plaits. Eadula with 11,1,11 teeth in C. acicula, 18, 1, 18
in C. gundlachi, the central tooth much smaller than the laterals,
with a tricuspid reflection. Laterals symmetrical, tricuspid.
Marginal teeth low, wide, with two low denticulate cusps. The
genitalia, as figured by Lehmann for C. acicula, have the duct of
the spermatheca very short. An appendix, enlarged at the end,
is terminal on the penis. There is also a short accessory organ
anteriorly to the penis." (Pilsbry.}

Subgenus GEOSTILBIA, Crosse.

Geostilbia, Crosse, Journ. Conchyl. xv, 1867, p. 184 ; Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 43 (as section of Ceecilioides).

TYPE, G. caledonica, Crosse.

Range. India, Philippine Islands, New Caledonia, Hawaiian
Islands, West Indies, New Jersey, St. Helena, East Africa,
Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoro Group, Nossi Be.

Differs from typical Ccecilioides in having the columella not
distinctly truncate, and having the outer lip thickened.

The subgenus consists of a small number of species, some of
them of doubtful status. Two species are known from India.
Some seem to owe their distribution to tropical cultivation,
possibly that of sugar-cane, in a manner similar to that of Opeas
yracile and Subidina octona.

340. Caecilioides balanus, Reeve.

Achatina balanus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Achatina,
pi. 20, fig. 109; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 506;
ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 315, pi. 25, figs. 18, 19;
Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 137 ; Hanley & Theo-
bald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, fig. 10 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B.
xlv, 1875, p. 43.

Glandina balanus, Morelet, Journ. Conchyl. iii, 1852, p. 34. .

Oleacina (Ferussacia) balanus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,
p. 106.

Achatina (Caecilioides) balanus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,
p. 170.

Cionella (Acicula) balanus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 261.

Francesia balanus, Paladilhe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, iii, 1872,
p. 11.

Caecilianella (Geostilbia) balanus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 162,

Geostilbia balanus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 147.

, (LECILIOIDES. 375

Cionella (Cecilioides) balanus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 335.
Ccecilioides (Geostilbia) balanus, Pilabry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx,

1908, p. 46, pi. 4, figs. 60, 61.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically oblong, somewhat
fusiform, whorls four in number, smooth, shining, apex obtuse,
columella arched, truncated, aperture small ; dull white." (Reeve.)

Hob. India: Agra (Boys)- Banks of the Jumna, near Humeer-
pore, Bundelkhund (Benson) ; Kattiwar, near Agra (Theobald) ;
Deccan and Sind (Blanford, Theobald) ; Kashmir (Theobald).

" T. subcylindraceo-acicularis, laevjgata, hyalina ; spira sub-
cylindracea, vix attenuata, obtusa ; anfr. 4 planiusculi ultimus
| longitudinis subaequans, basi dilatatus ; columella substricte
recedens. ad basin aperturae late angulato-ovalis vix truncata ;
perist. simplex, rectum, acutum.

" Long. 3, diam. vix 1 mill. ; ap. 1^ mill, longa." (Pfeiffer.)

Blanford was of opinion * that the shell described by Crosse as
Geostilbia caledonica t, from New Caledonia, was co-specific with
balanus. but the figure of the former does not lend any colour
to this view.

341. "Caecilioides bensoni, sp. n.

Shell narrowly cylindrico-conoid, almost fusiform, rather thin,
opaque white, smooth and glossy. Spire narrow, with straight
sides ; suture linear, submarginate ; apex obtuse. Whorls 6,
flattened, increasing slowly at first, the last four very rapidly.

Fig. 121.— Cacilioides bensoni.

Aperture oblique, pyriform, the margins united by a thin callus
on the parietal wall ; peristome slightly thickened ; outer margin
straight, obliquely descending and curving forward ; basal margin
regularly curved ; columella slightly curved and slightly truncate.

Length 5, diam. 1*25 mm.

Hab. India : Plains. Type in the British Museum.

This new species differs from 0. balanus, besides being con-

* J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 43.

t Journ. Conchy!, xv, 1867, p. 186, pi. 7, fig. 4.

370 FERTISSACIDJE.

siderably larger, in having a wider base, and the whorls increase
less rapidly at first, while the basal margin of the aperture is more
curved.

Genus COILOSTELE, Benson.

Coilostele, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 136 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, xix, J908, p. 338.
Ccelostele, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1875, p. 42.
Ccelestele, Bourguignat, Descr. div. Esp. Ccelestele et Pafadilhia, 1880,

p. 6.

TYPE, C. scalaris, Benson.

Range. India, Aden, Syria, Abyssinia, Egypt, Southern Spain.
Mexico (? introduced).

" Shell minute (3 to 4 ram. long), fragile, somewhat transparent,
imperforate, long and narrow, subcylindric, or tapering slightly to
the very obtuse rounded summit, composed of 6 to 8 flattened
whorls separated by deep sutures, the first 2| or 3 whorls smooth,
the rest either smooth, striate, or ribbed. Aperture small, oblong,
more or less oblique, the outer lip usually expanded slightly in
fully adult shells, straight in profile. Columella having a low
fold at its junction with the parietal wall. Internal jxirf&tbnj
absorbed in adult shells, leaving only the internal spiral cord along
the sutures. Soft anatomy unknown.

" A genus of uncertain position, remarkable for the cylindrical
shape of the minute, fragile, slender shell, and the absorption of
the internal partitions, which I have verified in C. tampicolensis.
They have been found up to this time only as dead shells in the
drift debris of rivers and streams, where they occur in great pro-
fusion though it seems quite locally. Nothing is known of the
life-history or soft parts.'* (Pilsbry.}

The genus has a rather remarkable distribution. The occur-
rence, however, in Mexico of a single species may be due to
importation from Spain, as suggested by Prof. Pilsbry. A fossil
species from the Eocene of Italy has been referred to Coilostele *,
and, if correctly so assigned, the centre of the distribution of the
genus may possibly be that region.

342. Coilostele scalaris, Benson.

Coilostele scalaris, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 136 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 156, fig. 5 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, xix, 1908, p. 339, pi. 50, fig. 3.
Ccelostele scalaris, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1875, p. 42 ; Theobald,

op. cit. xlvii, 1878, p. 147 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 162 ;

Try on, Struct. Syst. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 95, pi. 102, fig. 79.
Ccelestele scalaris, Bourguignat, Descr. div. Esp. Ccelestele et Pala-

dilhia, 1880, p. 10.

* Coelostele eocaena, Oppenheim, Zeits. Dents. Geol. Gesells. xlvii, 1895,
p. 119, pi. 3, fig. 10.

COILOSTELE. GLESSULA. 377

Original description : — " C. testa imperfor«ata, elongato-cylin-
drica, laevi, hyalina, nitida ; spira elongata, gradatim scalariter
attenuata, apiee obtuso, sutura profunda: anfractibus 6, con-
vexiusculis, superne obtuse angulatis, penultimo cylindraceo ;
apertura subobliqua, semiovata, subpyriformi ; peristomate tenui,
recto, marginibus remotis, margine columellari crassiusculo, plica
spiral! obliqaa elongata superne intrante munito.

" Long. 3, diam. vix 1 mm. Apert. J, lata j mm." (Benson.)

Hob. India : Humeerpore, Bundelkhund, banks of Jumna and
Betwa Bivers (Benson} • Kashmir (Theobald) ; Sind (Blanford).

The British Museum contains three specimens, the only ones
I have seen, labelled "Northern India"; they measure : length
4 mm., diam. 1*5 mm.

Genus GLESSULA, von Martens.

Electra, Albers, Die HeliceeD, 1850, p. 194 (as section of Achatina),
only species, A. ceylanica (non Electra, Lam. 1816, uon Electra,
Steph. 1829, nou Electra, Loew, 1845); Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll.
ii, 1855, p. 105 (as subgenus of Oleacina) ; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt.
ii, 1856, p. 168 (as section of Achatina).

Glessula, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 254 ( as sub-
genus of Cionella^ type A. gemma, Benson; Pfeiffer & Clessin,
Alon. Helic. Viv. 188J, p. 329; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166
(as subgenus of Stenogyra) ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
vii, 1906, p. 160 ; Pils'bry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 50,
pi. 15; figs. 2, 3 (anatomy).

TYPE, Achatina ceylanica, Pfeiffer.

Range. India, Ceylon and Burma, South-Western China, Farther
India ; Sumatra, Java, and Borneo ; East and West Africa.

'* The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic or turrite, brown or
corneous-brown, glossy, and usually without strong sculpture ;
apex obtuse. Aperture irregularly oval ; outer lip unexpanded,
acute or blunt ; columella short, more or less deeply concave,
abruptly truncate at the base.

" Sole without distinct median area ; no pedal margin ; an outer
mantle lobe on the left side. Kidney very long, band-like.
Genitalia peculiar ; there is a feather-like gland where the vas
deferens enters the penis. The latter contains a short conic,
perforated papilla, and two longitudinal folds. The prostrate
gland of the hermaphrodite duct consists of entirely separated
narrow follicles, as in Acliatina. The spermatheca has a short
duct. Uterus containing several large shells with fully 2 whorls.

" The jaw is very finely striate, almost smooth. Radula has
about 110 teeth in a transverse row. The central tooth is very
small, tricuspid ; laterals with three cusps ; outer marginal teeth
very finely 3- or 4-cusped (G. orophila, from Madras, according
to Semper).

" Glessala was associated with " Cionella " (that is the EEEUS-
SACIDJE as herein understood) by Professor von Martens in 1860.

378

Various other authors, both before and since, have thought the
group Achatinoid, belonging to ^Stenogyra* in the former wide
limits of that term. We know too little of its anatomy to give a
definite opinion, but the presence of a glandular appendage
(appendix or flagellum) at the end of the penis is a feature unlike
any Acliatinidce. The homology of this appendage is not certain,
however. The position of the ureter is unknown. 1 have been
unable to obtain alcoholic material necessary for an investigation
of the relations of Glessula to Subulina, Hoinorus, Bacillum, and
Pseudoylessula.

" In most (but perhaps not all) species, the lip becomes slightly
blunt and smooth in fully adult shells, thereby differing from
Subulina, which has an acute lip at all stages of growth.

" In G. orophila, Semper found in the uterus 4 large embryos
with shells having fully two whorls, and a small one with a half
whorl and very large caudal vesicle. Various other species have
been found to be viviparous, while others bring forth globular
eggs like those of Subulina. Like that genus, also, the Glessulw
reproduce before attaining full size.

" Glessula has been studied mainly by specialists on the Indian
fauna. Benson, W. T. Blanford, Beddome, and God win- Austen
have chiefly contributed to the literature. Blanford's ' Contri-
butions to Indian Malacology,' continued through many years of
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, contain a great mass
of information on this genus, as on many others of the Indian
fauna. Hanley and Theobald illustrated most of the types of
Benson, amongst others, in their ' Couchologia Indica.' Finally,
Colonel B. H. Beddome has recently reviewed the genus in his
* Notes on Indian and Ceylonese Species of Glessula.'

" From the purely conchological standpoint we may be said to
have an extensive knowledge of Glessula, yet various characters of
the first importance have been neglected. The embryonic ivhorls
of tlie types must all be re-examined and their sculpture described.
Our ignorance of the embryonic sculpture of many forms prevents
any natural classification of the species. The surface of the later
whorls in all the species should be examined under high power,
since some species have a minute sculpture not visible with an
ordinary hand-lens.

" No fossil species of Glessula are known to me." (Pilsbry.)

343. Glessula tenuispira, Benson.

Achatina tenuispira, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 353; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 262 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849,
Achatina, pi. 16, fig. 76 ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860,
p. 464 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimue, 1860, p. 310, pi. 25,
figs. 6, 7 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 95.

Subulina tenuispira, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 110.

Achatina (Subulina) tenuispira, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,
p. 169.

GLESSI7LA. 379

Achatina (Electro) tenuispira, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 36, fig. 8.

Stenogyra (Glessula) tenuispira, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169.
Stenogyra (Subulina) tenuispira, PfeifFer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Glessula tenuispira, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 160; Pilsbrv, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 88, pi. 9,

figs. 1, 4.

Original description : — " Testa elongato-turrita, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter striata, versus apicem attenuata, columnari ; anfractu
ultimo interdum fasciis quibusdain albidis transversis ornata,
suturis impressis ; apice obtuso.

"Long. 1 poll. [=25 mill.] circiter, lat. 0'55 [ = 14 mill.]."
(Benson.}

Hob. India: Sylhet (Benson) ; Darjeeling (Stoliczlca, Blanford,
Sf Maimuaring} ; N. Canara (Beddome) ; Khasi and Dafla Hills
(Godwin- Austen). Burma: Akoutong and further south (Blan-
ford) ; banks of Irawaddy (Theobald).

The measurement given by Benson — width 0'55 inch — is
evidently a lapsus or a printer's error for 0'25, as the Cumingian
specimens measure 7 mill., i. e. a trifle over 5 inch, the length
being 28 mill., a little exceeding one inch, therefore.

Many specimens found in collections are evidently immature.
The Beddome collection contains a shell, composed of fourteen
whorls, which measures 41-5 mm. in length and 9 mm. in diameter.

344. Glessula baculina, Blanford.

Glessula baculma, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 43, pi. 2,

fig. 6 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 160.
Achatina (Electra) baculina, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Jnd.

1874, pi. 78, fig. 6.

Achatina baculina, Pfeifler, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 291.
Stenogyra (Glessula) baculina, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.
Stenogyra (Subulind) baculina, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Glessula tenuispira, var. baculina, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx,

1909, p. 88, pi. 9, fig. 2.

Original description : — " Testa elongato-turrita, gracilis, tenui-
uscula, oblique striata, fusco vel fulvo cornea, epidermide nitescente
induta. Spira turrita, apice obtusulo. Anfractus 13|, parum
convexi ; inferiores subsequales ; sutura impressa, minute denti-
culata. Apertura obliqua, ovato-triangularis ; peristoma simplex,
acutum. Columella abrupte arcuata, oblique producta, ad basin
verticaliter truncata." (Blanford.)

Alt. 38 mm. ; diam. 6'5-7'5 mm. Aperturse : alt. 7, lat. 4 mm.

Hab. Sikkim Himalayas, Khersiong (Stoliczlca) ; Darjeeling
(Blanford, Maimvariny) ; Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen).

" This species appears to have escaped the notice of all previous
collectors in Sikkim ; it was found in association with its near

3SO

ally G. tenuispira, Bens., by Dr. Stoliczka during a recent visit.
It is easily distinguished from the latter species by its slenderness
(the diameter being J of the length), and the comparative narrow-
ness of its whorls ; moreover, by the form of the columella, the
lower part of which is bent abruptly almost at right angles with
the slope of the inner lip; while in G. temdspira, G. erosa, and
other allied forms, the curvature is at the utmost obtuse. Speci-
mens, the shell of which has been slightly weathered, shew fine
spiral markings, but these are not visible unless the shell has
become somewhat opaque. The animal is dark leaden grey, some-
what paler at the sides of the foot." (Blanford.)

Beddome thought this only a more slender form of tenuispira,
and Pilsbry reduced it to varietal rank, but I consider bacv.lina
sufficiently distinct to retain it as a species. The shell is more
cylindrical and more strongly striated than tenuispira, while it is
distinguished from shiplayi in being more shining and in having
the whorls more flattened.

A specimen from Darjeeling, in the Beddome collection, is
composed of 12^ whorls and measures 32 x 6 mm.

345. Glessula pertenuis, Blanford.

Achatina pertenuis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 79 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 237.
Achatina (Electra) pertenuis. Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 18, fig. 5.

Stenoyyra (Glessula) pertenuis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169.
Stenogyra ( Subulitia) pertenuis. Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Glessula pertenuis, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 160.
Glessula tenuispira, var. pertenuis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx,

1909, p. 89, pi. 9, fig. 3.

Original description : — " Shell very slender, turrited, thin, light
horny, polished, closely, minutely, and rather irregularly striated.
Spire subulate, somewhat acuminate towards the blunt apex ;
suture impressed, subcrenulate. Whorls 11-12, convex, the last
about i the length of the spire. Aperture oblique, ovately
pyriform, peristome thin, margins united by a thin callus, colu-
mella moderately curved, obliquely truncated." (Blanford.}

Length 20, diam. 4^, length of aperture 4 mm.

Hal>. Burma : Tongoop, Arakan (Blanford} ; Arakan (StoliczJca) ;
Akoutong (Theobald) ; Thyet Myo (Hungerford). India: Assam
(Stoliczka)', Garo Hills (Godwin- Austen) .

" A much more slender species than A. tenuispira, Bens, (a
variety of which also abounds in parts of Pegu), though there are
signs of a passage. The present appears to replace A. tenuispira
in Arakan and Bassein. Mr. Benson, to whom I sent a specimen,
observes that it is intermediate between A. tenuispira and
A. hastula, Bens." (Blanford.)

GLESSULA. 381

Beddome considered this species probably an immature form of
tenuispira, and Pilsbry regards it as a variety. The more flattened
whorls and the acuminate upper portion of the spire, however,
appear to me to warrant its being accorded specific rank.

Var. major, Blanford.

Length 26^ mm. ; diameter 6 ; length of aperture 6. Of an-
other specimen : length 23 mm. ; diameter 5| ; length of
aperture 5^ mm.

Hob. Burma : Pyema Khyoung, Bassein district, Pegu.

346. Glessula shiplayi, Pfeiffer.

Achatina (Subulina) shiplayi, Pfeiffer, Malak. , Bliitt. ii, 1855,

p. 169.
Achatina shiplayi, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, i, 1856. p. 82,

pi. 22, figs. 13, 14 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 364.
Achatina (Electro) shiplayi, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 36, fig. 9.

Stenogyra (Glessula) shiplayi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Stenoyyra (Subulina) shiplayi, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.
Glessula shiplayi, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 161 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 61, pi. 9,

fig. 8.

Original description : — " T. turrita, tenuissima, sublaevigata,
pellucicla, nitida, cornea ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice obtusa ;
sutura substriata ; anfr. 13 couvexi, ultimus i longitudinis paulo
superans, rotundatus, distinctus striatus ; columella substriete
procedens, basi sublate truncata; apertura paruni obliqua,
rotundato-ovalis ; perist. rectum tenuissimuni." (Pfeiftr.)

Long. 25^, diam. 6^ mill. Ap. 5| mill, longa, 3^ lata.

Hob. India : Nilgiri Hills (Shiplay, Nevill} ; Patchamully and
Kalryenimillay Hills (Blanford) ; Shevroy Hills (Beddome}.

Beddome states that full-grown specimens were very rarely
found by him, " though young, halt'-, and three-quarter-grown
ones are most abundant on the Nilgiris. This and some other
species certainly breed before the shell attains full size or a
hardened peristome, as I have taken eggs from such shells. The
peristorne differs much in mature specimens, sometimes being
very thick and solid, sometimes quite thin, but, even then, firm
and not breaking or becoming jagged at the least touch, which is
the sign that the shell has not finished its growth. Full-grown
examples of shiplayi are very like tenuispira, but smaller. The
species is, in fact, intermediate between the latter and baculina,
but the whorls are more convex and increase more suddenly than
is the case in either of the other two species. It also runs
nilayirica very closely, but the latter has a stronger sculpture, and
is broader at the base."

382 FERUSSACIDJE.

347. Glessula nilagirica, Reeve (em.).

Achatina nilayarica (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, pi. 21,

fig. 87.
Achatina perrotteti, var. nilagirica, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Yiv. iii,

1853, p. 494.
Achatina perrotteti, var., Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860,

p. 324, pi. 25, figs. 2, 3.
Achatina (Electra) perrotteti, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 35, fig. 6 (non Pfr.).
Stenogyra (Glessula) nilagirica, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 188], p. 136,

pi. 5, fig. 15.
Glessula perrotteti, var. nilagirica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Mon. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 330.
Glessula nilagirica, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 161.
Glesstila nilagarica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 90,

pi. 9, fig-. 5.

Original description : — " Shell pyramidally turreted, whorls
ten in number, convex, very finely crenulated at the sutures, then
striated, eolumella rather deeply arched, aperture small ; brown-
horny." (Reeve.)

Hcib. India : Nilgiris (Jerdon).

" The shell I take to be this species is the one described by
Nevill. I collected it both on the Nilgiris and Nullamullays
(Kurnool). It is of the same length and has the same number of
whorls as sliiplayi, and is very like the full-grown shell of that
species, only it has a more prominent striation, and is considerably
broader towards the base. The young shell is conical from a broad
base, the young of shiplayi being much more cylindrical. If
Reeve's figure, copied by Nevill, is this species, it must be a small
form of it. It is more probably perrotteti.^ (Beddome.)

348. Glessula hebes, Pfeiffer.

Achatina hebes (Blanford), Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868,

p. 230 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 159, fig. 2.
Glessula hebes, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 21, pi. 3,

fig. 21 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 161 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 62, pi. 9, fig. 6.
Achatina (Glessula) hebes, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876,

p. 315.

Stenogyra (Glessula) hebes, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.
Stenogyra (Subulina) hebes, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.

Original description : — " T. ventroso-turrita, pertenuis, irregu-
lariter, praesertim ad suturam striata, pellucida, sericina, fulvo-
coruea ; spira elongata, apice obtusa ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 10
convexiusculi, ultimus ^ longitudinis subaequans, basi rotundatus ;
apertura verticals, rhombeo-elliptica ; eolumella perarcuata,
oblique anguste truncata ; perist. simplex, tenue.

GLESSULA. 383

" Long. 17, diam. 5 mill. Ap. oblique 4\ longa, 2f lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hab. India : Deo Ghat, Poona (Evezard) ; Shevroy Hills
(Beddome) ; Dana Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; Pulney Hills (Fair-
bank)^ Koonoor Pass (Nevill) ; Mahableshwar (Beddome).

"When first described by Pfeiffer he was unaware of the habitat
of the species, although the specimens were forwarded direct to
Cuming by Major Evezard. Two years after Blanford again
described the species, and, as his diagnosis is based on better and
more ample material, I append it.

" Testa sub-cylindrico turrita, tennis, pallido-cornea, translucens,
polita, striatula; spira elevata, subtus sub-cylindrica, latetibus
versus apicem obtusum convexis ; sutura impressa. Anfr. 9-10^
convexi, regulariter crescentes, ultimus brevis, |— I- longitudinis
subaequans. Apertura ovato-oblongo, parum obliqua ; peristoma
tenue ; columella valde arcuata, antice oblique truncata.

" Long. 17-22, diam. 5 mill. Ap. 4-4| longa, 2§-3 lata.

" The nearest ally to this species appears to be G. tamulica, "W.
and H. Blanf., from near Trichonopoli, which is distinguished
by greater diameter in proportion to the length, and a more
regularly tapering spire. Intermediate forms may hereafter be
found, however.

" A specimen from the Shevroy Hills, near Salem in Southern
India, sent to me by Major Beddome, only differs from G. hebes in
being longer and slightly more attenuate towards the apex. It
has 13 whorls." (Blanford.)

Beddome expressed considerable doubt as to its distinctness
from G. fairbanki, stating that all the specimens of G. hebes he had
seen were young, with unformed lip. He adds : " If full grown,
or nearly so, it must be a much smaller species than shiplayi. It
runs the young of that species rather closely, but the apex is
generally blunter. Specimens collected by me on the Shevroys
are referred here by Blanford ; they are, however, immature, and
appear rather to belong to fairbanki, if that species is distinct,

which I doubt Hanley's figure of hebes has the tapering

apex of young shiplayi and is unlike my type of hebes."

Glessula hebes has the whorls more narrowly coiled than fair-
banki ; other differences are indicated under the latter. The
figure given by Blant'ord is rather poor, the striae being more pro-
nounced. Two specimens from the Shevroy Hills, in the Beddome
collection, possess 9£ whorls, one measures only 12 mm. and the
other 13 mm.

349. Grlessula fairbanki, Benson.

Achatina fairbanki, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xv, 1805, p. 14 :

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 232.
Achatina (Electr a) fairbanki, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 18, fig. 3.

384

Stenoyyra (Subulma)fairbanki,Pfeifte?k Clessin, Nomencl. Ilelic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.
Glessula fairbanki, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 162; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 63, pi. 9,

fig. 7.

Original description: — "A. testa subcylindraceo-turrita, stria-
tula, obsolete et. minutissime spiraliter decussata, polita, trans-
lucente, luteo-cornea ; spira versus apicem ad latera subconvexa,
vertice obtuso, sutura distincte impressa ; anfractibus 8, sub-
convexis, brevibus, 4 ultimis in diainetro lente accrescent] bus,
ultimo subtus rotundato J longitudinis sequante ; apertura sub-
obliqua, ovata, superne subtusque angtilata, margiuibus callo
junctis, columellari leviter arcuato, oblique truncate, dextro
basalique teuuibus.

" Long. 12, lat. 4 mill. Apert., long. 3, lat. 2| mill." (Benson.}

Hob. India : Mahableshwar (FairbanJc).

" The nearest Mlgiri form is A. corrosula, Pfr. The more
cylindrical form below, the sculpture, shorter whorls, &c., safely
distinguish it." (Benson.}

" A type-specimen sent me from Mahableshwar by Mr. Pair-
bank, and a few other examples I have seen in the Benson
collection and elsewhere, are all young shells with unformed lips.
It is smaller than litbes, but I cannot point out how it differs
otherwise." (Beddome.}

While agreeing that the two forms are closely allied, they
appear to me sufficiently distinct to be retained as separate
species. G. Jiebes is not only proportionately larger but the last
whorl is shorter in proportion to the spire than is the case in
fairbanki, a feature which would still further be emphasized if one
or two whorls were added to the latter, whereas the reverse
would be the case if it were an immature form of Jiebes.
Glessula fairbanki differs from G. liebes principally in the convex
upper part of the spire which becomes cylindrical at the last
three whorls. It further differs in being more polished, in the
striae being much finer, and in the whorls being less closely
coiled; all, except the last \\horl, show numerous opaque,
narrow, spiral lines. Hanley's figure of the species is very
good.

A specimen in the British Museum, from the type-locality,
possesses 8| whorls, but it has the same dimensions as the

type-
Major Peile possesses a single specimen from Mahableshwar
composed of eight whorls.

350. Glessula vadalica, Benson.

AcJiatina vadalica, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, xv, 1865, p. 15 ;

Pfeitfer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 229.
Achatina (Electro) vadalica, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870.

pi. 35, fig. 5.

GLESSULA. 385

Stenogyra (Glessula) vadalica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Glessula vadalica, PfeifFer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 162 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 64, pi. 9, fig. 11.

Original description : — "A. testa turrito-elongata, striatula,
solidula, polita, translucente, luteo-cornea ; spira versus apicem
convexiusculo-turrita, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; an-
fractibus 11, convexis, brevibus, superioribus costulato-striatis ;
ultimo subtus rotundato, ^ longitudinis vix sequante; apertura
vix obliqua, elliptico-ovata, niarginibus callo junctis, coluinellari
leviter arcaato, albido, oblique truncate, dextro basal ique tenuibus.

" Long. 34, diam. 9 mill. Apert., long. 8, lat. 5 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. India : Wadale, near Ahmednuggar (FairbanTc).

" The convex sides of the upper part of the spire, the shorter
whorls, with the sculpture and polish of this shell, distinguish it
as well from the Mlgiri A. perrotteti as from the neighbouring
A. notic/ena, which has an attenuate spire and costulate sculpture
in all the whorls." (Benson.)

In addition to the above differentiating characters, the last
whorl of vadalica is more tumid at the base, while in perrotteti it
is more sloping towards the columella.

351. Glessula tamulica, Blanford.

Achatina tamulica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 362;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic Viv. vi, 1868, p. 232.
Achatina (Electro) tamulica, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 17, fig. 9.

Stenogyra (Glessula) tamulica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Stenogyra (Subulina) tamulica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.
Glessula tamulica, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 190(5,

p. 162 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 64, pi. 9,

fig. 12.

Original description : — " Testa turrita, tenuis, pellucida, nitida,
cornea, striatula ; spira regulariter attenuata, apice obtusa ;
anfr. 10 convexi, ultimus | longitudinis paulo superans, rotun-
datus ; columella valde arcuata, oblique truncata. Apertura
parum obliqua, subovalis ; peristoma simplex, tenue, niarginibus
callo tenuissimo junctis.

"Long. 20, diam. 6 mm. Ap. 5| alta, 3 lata." (Blanford.)

Hab. India : Cullagoody, near Trichinopoli (Blanford).

"Near sliiplayi, Pfr., but distinguished by the smaller number
of whorls, more obtuse apex, etc." (Blanford.)

Beddome states that Blanford's types, his own specimens
received from him, and all other specimens he has seen are not
mature, the lip being quite fragile, and he considers it very near
vadalica, having all the appearance of being the young of that
species.

While agreeing with Beddome that its affinity is with vadalica,
rather than with shiplayi, I do not think tamulica can be the

2c

386 FERUSSACIDjE.

immature form of the former, being considerably broader at the
base, a feature which would be emphasized if another whorl were
added. The later whorls, moreover, increase more rapidly than
in vadalica, which is more conoid, with straight sides to the
spire.

352. Glessula perrotteti, Pfeiffer.

Achatina perroteti, Pfeiffer, Revue Zool. 1842, p. 305; ibid., Symb.

Hist. Helic. ii, 1842, p. 59.
Glandina perroteti, Philippi, Abb. Beschr. Conchyl. i, 1844, p. 135,

Glandina, pi. 1, fig. 12.
AcJiatina perrotteti^ Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 260 ;

ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 324, pi. 26, figs. 16, 17.
Achatina (Subulina) perrotteti, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 195.
Okacina (Electro) perrotteti, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 106.
AcJiatina (Electra) perrotteti, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 168.
Cionella (Glessula) perroteti, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,

1860, p. 254.
Stenoqyra (Glessula) perotteti, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168,

ibid., J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 137, pi. 5, figs. 17, 17 a.
Glessula perrotteti, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 330; Beddome. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 162 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 65, pi. 9, figs. 9, 10.

Original description : — " Testa elongato-conica, apice obtusius-
cula, nitide cornea, diaphana ; sutura profunda ; anfractibus con-
vexiusculis, ultimo tertiam longitudinis partem sequante ; columella
valde incurvata, abrupte truncata, apertura ovali.

" Long. 25, diam. 11 mill." (Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India : Nilgiris (Perrottet) • Neddoowutton, Mlgiris
(Stanford) ; Pulney Hills (Beddome).

353. Glessula prselustris, Benson.

Achatina pralustris, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 462 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 221.
Achatina (Electro) prcelustris, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 17, fig. 6; var. fig. 7.
Stenoqyra (Glessula) praelustris, Nevill, Hand List, \, 1878,

p. 171.
Glessula pralustris, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 329 ; Jousseaume, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,

p. 293 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 162 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 68, pi. 9, figs. 15, 16 ;

Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus. vii, 1912, p. 33.

Original description : — •* Testa ovato-oblonga, pertenui, fragili,
irregulariter plicato-striata, nitente, pallide luteo-cornea ; spira
pyramidata, apice obtuso, sutura profundiuscula, subcrenulata ;
anfractibus 8| convexiusculis, superna prope suturam tumidius-
culis ; ultimo 3 test® superante, subinflato ; apertura verticali,

GLESSULA. 387

semiovali, latiuscula, columella subrecta, vix curvata, basi oblique
truncata, peristomate recto, acuto.

" Long. 33, diani. 17 mill. ; apert. 15 mill, longa, 9 lata."
(Benson.)

Hob. India : Midnapore, Balasore, and C attack, prov. Orissa
(Theobald)-, Ganjam and Eaneegunge (Ball, Stoliczka), Paresnath
Hills, W. Bengal (Annandale) ; Orissa and Ganjam districts,
E. Madras (Beddome).

354. Glessula huegeli, Pfeiffer.

Achatina hilgeli, Pf eiff er, Syinb. Hist. Helic.ii, 1842, p. 58 ; Philippi,

Abb. Beschr. Conchyl. i, 1844, p. 135, Glandina, pi. 1, fig. 8 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 259 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

v, 1849, Achatina, pi. 15, fig. 68 ; Pfeiffer, Coiich.-Cab., Bulimus,

1860, p. 334, pi. 29, figs. 2, 3.
Achatina (Archachatina) hngelii, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850,

p. 190.

Oleacina (Electro) hugeli, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii. 1855, p. 105.
Achatina (Electro) hugeli, Pfeifter, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168 :

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, p. 33, pi. 78, fig. 2.
Glessula hiigeli, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nornencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 162 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 91, pi. 9, figs. 13, 14.

Original desertion : — " T. ovato-turrita, pallide cornea, longi-
tudinaliter striata, nitida, fragili ; spira elongata, apice obtusius-
cula; sutura profunda ; anfr. 10-11 planiusculis, ultimo f- longi-
tudinis subaequante; apertura oblongo-elliptica; columella valde
arcuata ; perisfc. simplice, acuto.

" Long, 37, diam. 13 mill." (Pfaffer.)

Hob. India : Kashmir (von HugeT).

When first described its origin was unknown. Kashmir was
first given as its habitat by Hanley and Theobald. The species
is allied to G. cliessoni, but it is more solid in texture. The
Cuming collection contains three specimens from Kashmir, with
a label in Pfeiffer's handwriting.

355. Glessula burrailensis, Godwin-Austen.

Glessula burrailensis, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875. p. 3,
pi. 1, tig. 6 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,
p. 329 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 92, pi. 7, figs. 9, 10.

Achatina burrailensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 277.

Original description : — " Shell turreted elongate, solid, in fresh
state brown and lustrous, finely longitudinally striated ; whorls 10,
rather flat, suture shallow, apex blunt ; aperture subvertical,
fusiform, angular above, peristome very thick, paler brown on
margin, columella strong.

" Alt. 1-37 [=34-75 mm.], major diam. 0'4 inch [ = 10 mm.]."
(Godwin- Austen.)

2c2

388 TERUSSACID^E.

Hob. India : Peak of Khunho, Eastern Burrail Kange ; Japvo,
7000 ft.

"This species is an extremely elongate solid form of the
crassilabris section of Glessula, and one of the most distinct."
( Godwin-Austen. )

From chessoni it differs apparently in having a more obtuse
apex, while from liuegeli it may be distinguished by the* more
flattened whorls and the concave tipper part of the spire. 1 have
not seen any specimens.

356. Glessula butleri, Godwin- Austen.

Glessula butleri, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 4, pi. 1,
fig. 7 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330 ;
Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 92, pi. 11, figs. 1, 2.
Achatina butleri, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 278.

Original description :— " Shell elongately turreted, very thin
and brittle, tumid, pale corneous, glassy, very minutely striated,
apex very blunt ; whorls 8, rather rounded, suture deep, body-
whorl swollen and capacious ; aperture vertical, pear-shaped, lip
rather thin.

"Alt. 1-13 [=29 mm.], major diam. 0'45 inch [=11-25 mm.]."
( Godivin- Austen.)

Hob. India : Eastern Burrail Eange, 6000 ft.

A species I have not seen. It is apparently rare.

357. Glessula chessoni, Benson.

Achatina chessoni, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, I860. p. 462 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1868, p. 222.
Achatina (Electro) chessoni, Hauley £ Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872

pi. 17. fig, 8.

Stenogyra (Glessula} chessoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.
Glessula chessoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 329 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 68, pi. 11, fig. 5.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-turrita, superne attenuata,
scabre plicato-striata, striis rninutissimis confertis obsoletis spirali-
bus decussata, fulvo-cornea, vel purpureo-fusca, translucente,
nitidula; spira turrita, apicem versus obtusiusculum attenuata,
sutura impressa, crenulata ; anfractibus 11| convexiusculis, ultimo
3 testae superante inffatiusculo ; apertura subverticali, semiovali,
latiuscula, columella subrecta, albiclo-callosa, basi vix oblique
truncata, peristomate recto, tenui." (Benson.)

Long. 37, diam. 15 mill. ; apert. 14 mill, longa, 8 lata.

Hob. India: Mahableshwar Hills ( Chesson, Theobald) ; Igatpuri
(StoliczJca) ; Torna and Purandhar (Blanford, Fairbank); North
Canara forests and Sircee (Beddome).

This species is allied to G. huegeli but the spire has a more
acuminate apex with concave sides and a broader base ; it is also
thinner in texture and the suture is more crenulate.

GLESSULA. 389

A shell in the Theobald collection, from Mahableshwar, is in
very fresh condition and shows rather irregular incised spirals.
Three specimens from the same locality, in the Ciiming collection,
are darker in colour; they measure 30x10*5 mm. The Beddome
collection contains three shells from Poona, one of which has
11| whorls and measures 34x12 mm., while another possesses
12 whorls and attains a length of 36-5 mm., with a diameter of
only 11 mm.

358. Glessula tornensis, Blanford.

Glessula tornensis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 22,
pi. 3, fig-. 22; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,
p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ;
Pilsbvy, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 69, pi. 11, figs. 3, 4.

Achatina (Electro) tornensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.
1874, pi. 78, fig. 3.

Achatina tornensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. yiii, 1877, p. 278.

Stenogyra (Glessula) tornensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.

Original description : — " Testa ovato oblonga, tenuiuscula, levi-
gata, nitida, polita, sub-obsolete striatula, fulvo cornea ; spira
elongate conoidea, lateribus convexis ; apice valde obtuso ; sutura
iinpressa, stiperne sub-corrugata. Anfr. 7-7i convexi, ultimus |
longitudinis superans, subtus rotundatus. Apertura sub-verticalis,
oblongo semiovalis ; peristoma rectum, teuue, marginibus callo
tenui junctis ; columella valde arcuata, albesceus, antice fere
verticaliter truucata.

" Long. 25, diam. 14 mill. ; apert. oblique 12 mill, longa, 7 lata."
(Blanford.)

Hab. India : Torua Hill, Poona (Euezard, Blanford) ; Anaraul-
lays, Tinnevelly, and Travancore Ghats (Beddome).

" This rather fine species abounds on the hill mentioned, where
it has been procured in large numbers by Major Evezard. I only
found a few specimens myself. It is amongst the finest of the
species of Western India. In form it is remarkably similar to
G. textilis, W. Blauf., from the Anatnullay hills, but it entirely
wants the coloured markings of that species." (Blanford.)

Beddome observes in connection with the species : " My
Travancore specimens were labelled subtornensis by Nevill, but I
cannot see how they differ. I took a very beautiful dark chocolate-
coloured variety on the Calcad Hills in Tinnevelly."

I have been unable to find the Travancore specimens referred
to by Beddome, but of three Auamullay shells, labelled sub-
tornemis, two undoubtedly pertain to G. tornensis, while the third,
which differs in several respects, has been made the type of
subtornensis.

Four specimens from Poona, also in the Beddome collection,
range in size from 27 X 13-5 mm. to 26 x 14 mm., while two shells
from Torna Hill, in the Theobald collection, measure 26*5 x 14 mm.

390 FEEUSSACIDJE.

359. Glessula subtornensis, sp. n.

Shell oblong-conoid, rather thin, translucent, very finely striated,
smooth and strongly polished, pale corneous. Spire conoid, with
straight sides ; suture impressed, subcrenulate ; apex rather pro-
minent, very slightly obtuse, almost acute. Whorls 8, scarcely
convex, slightly shouldered above, increasing rather slowly and
regularly at first, the last three rather suddenly ; last whorl
nearly equalling in width f- of the entire length of the shell.
Aperture subvertical, broadly truncately semi-oval; peristome
scarcely thickened, outer margin scarcely curved and descending
nearly vertically, basal margin deeply curved ; columella arcuate,
forming an obtuse angle at the junction with the parietal wall,
very obliquely truncate at the base ; the margins united by a thin
callus.

Length 26-5 mm., diam. 15 mm.

Hob. India : Anamullays (Beddome). Type in the British
Museum.

Fig. 122. — Glessula subtorttensis.

Differs from G. tomensis in having a much more acute apex
and a broader base; the spire in consequence is acuminate in the
upper part instead of convex as in its ally. The earlier whorls
are also more closely coiled, and the suture is less distinctly
crenulate ; finally the shell is less solid and more shining.

I found three shells, labelled subtornensis, Nevill, MS., in the
Beddome collection. Two of these, however, proved to be simply
tomensis, while the third has been made the type of the new
species.

360. Glessula textilis, Blanford.

Achatina textilis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 41 4 Pfeiffer,

Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 220.
Achatina (Electro) textilis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 17, fig. 10.

Stenoyyra (Glessula) textilis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Glessula textilis, Pl'eiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 329 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1£09, p. 69, pi. 11, figs. 6, 7.

Original description. — " Shell ovate-oblong, rather solid, trans-
lucent, striated near the suture, smooth, polished, dark chestnut

GLESSULA. 391

with close vertical and horizontal lines of a greyish-yellow colour,
varying in breadth and resemhling the threads of an irregularly
woven cloth. Spire elongated, conoidal with convex sides, apex
obtuse, sutures impressed. Whorls 7, convex, the last about f of
the entire length, rounded beneath. Aperture vertical, truncately
semioval, milky within ; peristome slightly thickened, white, right
margin slightly sinuate towards the base, columella deeply curved,
obliquely truncated beneath, margins united by a thin callus.

" Length 26, diam. 13 rnillim. Aperture 1(H mill, long,
7 broad." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Anamullay Hills, 6000 ft. (Beddome, Stoliczka) ;
Pulney Hills (Fairbank) ; Tinnevelly and Travancore Ghats, South
Canara (Beddome) ; Mahableshwar (Peile).

" This is the only indigenous Indian AcJiatina with which I am
acquainted, possessing coloured markings. In form it approaches
some of the Ceylon Achatinee, and also an undescribed Deccan
species." (Blanford.)

" Varies in diameter from 10 to 14 mm. I have specimens
from the Tinnevelly Grhats in which the textile colouring is reduced
to a single narrow band on each of the three lower whorls, or is
entirely obsolete." (Beddome*)

The species is variously ornamented with dark spiral bands and
lines, but occasionally specimens occur without either. One shell
from South Canara, in the Beddome collection, exhibits some
indistinct spiral lines and in addition some opaque transverse lines.
Another shell from the Pulney Hills, in the same collection,
measures : length 30 mm., diameter 13'5 Him., while two speci-
mens from Tinnevelly are dark fuscous, without bands but with a
narrow pale sublateral zone; they consist of 6^ whorls and
measure 25-5 x 14 mm.

361. Glessula subserena, Beddome.

Gks,mla subserena, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 166, pi. 15, fig. 7.
Glessula jeyporensis Pilsbry (non Beddome), Man. Conch, ser. 2,

xx, 1909, p. 75, pi. 8, tigs. 13, 14.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-turrita, solidiuscula, politis-
sima, obsolete striatula, fulvo-cornea, pellucida ; spira subturrita,
apice obtusato ; sutura impressa, marginata, crenulata ; anfractus
7 planiusculi, ultimas i longitudinis vix aequans ; apertura semi-
ovalis ; columella valde arcuata, albido-callosa, marginibus callo
junctis, ad basin abrupta et oblique truncata.

"Long. 22, diam. 11 mm.; apertura 10 mm. longa, 5 lata."
(Beddome.)

Hal. India : Peermede (Travancore), Sispara, Mlgiris, S. Canara,
and Anamullays (Beddome).

" The last whorl is longer, and the spire less elevated than in
the Ceylonese serena, and the whorls, especially the upper ones,
are less convex." (Beddome.)

392 FERUS8ACIDJE.

Prof. Pilsbry, in copying Beddome's figures, has unfortunately
interchanged the numerals on the plate of the preseut species and
G. jeyporensis.

G. wbserena is allied to G. textilis but is devoid of the spiral
bands and lines of the latter.

The Beddoine collection contains several shells from the type-
locality and two from Sispara, one of which is dark fuscous and a
little more conoid than the type ; it has 6| whorls and measures
21xll'25 mm. The same collection contains three specimens
which were labelled G. inornata, from S. Canara, but which per-
tain to the present species. Of these two, composed of 6| whorls,
measure 20 x 9 mm., while the third, of 7| whorls, attains a length
of 25 mm., with a diameter of 11 mm.

362. Glessula indica, sp. n.

Shell oblong-conoid, rather thin, translucent, finely striated,
smooth, slightly polished, pale corneous. Spire elongate conoidal,
with straight sides, suture rather deep, apex acute. Whorls 9,
convex, increasing rather slowly and regularly, last whorl less
than f of entire length. Aperture vertical, truncately semi-oval ;
peristome slightly thickened, corneous, outer margin regularly
curved, columellar margin rather wide, deeply curved, obliquely
truncate at the base ; margins united by a thin callus.

Length 25*5, diam. 11-5 mm.

Hal. India : Tinnevelly Hills, type (Beddoine) ; Anamullay
Hills (Beddome). Type in the British Museum.

Fig. 123. — Glessula indica. f.

This new species is based upon five specimens labelled G. textilis,
in the Beddome collection (British Museum). It differs from that
species in the shell being of a thinner texture, in being smoother
but less polished, in the spire having straight sides, and in the
apex being more acute. The whorls are also more numerous and
more closely coiled, the last whorl being consequently less high
in proportion to the entire length of the shell. One of these

GLESSULA. 393

shells possesses only eight whorls and measures 20 x 9'5 mm. ; it
is ornamented with a single, narrow, fuscous, supra- peripheral
band below which occur several fuscous spiral lines. The
Beddome collection also contains eight specimens from the
Anamullay Hills, labelled G. subserena, which I refer to the new
species. None of these is ornamented with any fuscous spiral
bands or lines.

363. Grlessula senator, Hanley.

Achatina (Glessula) senator, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 606.
Achatina senator, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 155,

fig. 5 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 616.
Glessula senator, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Make. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 70, pi. 11, tig. 8.

Original description: — " T. subovato - couoidea, nonnunquam
angustior. tenuis, nitida, laevigata, chocolati colore tincta, vitta
flavescente seu pallida conspicue oruata. Anfractus convexi,
multo latiores quam alti (in exemplo imperfecto 6|), celeriter
accresceutes, infra suturam valde impressam vitta perangusta, et
supra suturain vitta lata (in anfractu ultimo paululum supra
medium posita) picti. Spira circiter dimidium testa3 occupans ;
apex pallidior, subito obtusus. [Columella brevis, pallidior,
subito obtusus.] Columella brevis, pallida, arcuata, late truncata.

" Long. 1 inch." (Hanley.}

Hob. India : Cottyam Hills (Hanley} ; Peermede Hills,
Travancore (Beddome).

The portion of the diagnosis placed in square brackets has
evidently crept in through some printer's error and greatly
puzzled me at first until this fact dawned upon my mind.

Beddome states that the species only differs from G. textilis
and G. tornensis, both of Blanford, in its beautiful coloration.

Pour specimens in the Beddome collection, from Peermede,
only differ from G. textilis in having a broad pale zone just above
the periphery, while some have narrow subsutural lines and a
patch on the columella. Hanley's figure of the species is more
conoid than these.

364. Glessula isis, Hanley.

Achatina (Glessula) isis, Hanley, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 606.

Achatina isis, Ilanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 155, fig. 5 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii. 1877, p. 616.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) isis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Stenogyra (Subulina) isis, Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 325.
Glessula isis, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 163 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 71, pi. 11, fig. 9.

Original description : — " T. turrito-subcylindracea, Isevis, tenuis,
nitidissima, albida seu pallida, nonnunquam vitta augusta fulva,

394 FERUSSACIDjE.

lineis perparvis fulvis confertis circumcincta : vitta variabilis seu
ssepius versum basim anfractuum superiorum et supra medium
anf. ultimi posita. Anfractus circiter 10, convex!, sensim
accrescentes, ad suturam prof undam sub lente obsolete subcrenati,
multo latiores (ultimo excepto) quam alti : apex obtusus. Apertura
angusta, quartam partem totius altitudinis paululum superaus.
Columella brevis, arcuata, oblique contorto-truncata.

" Long. 1| poll. [=32 mm.], lat. f poll. [=7 mm.]." (Hanley.)

Hob. 8. India (Hanley) ; Pulney Hills (Fairbauk, Beddome).

"The hair-like lines and narrow fillet seem peculiar to the
species : the fillet, however, is neither constant, nor fixed as to
position." (Hanley.)

According to Beddome Glessula isis has much the colouring of
O. textilis, but the shell is very different in form, being elongated
and narrow.

365. Glessula subperrotteti, Beddome.

Glessula subperrotteti, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. vii, 1906, p. 163,
pi. 15, fig. 1; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 71, pi.' 8,
figs. 1, 2.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-turrita, superne attenuata,
nitidissima, leviter plicato-striata, i'ulvo-cornea ; spira turrita,
apicem versus obtusiusculum attenuata ; sutura impressa, crenu-
lata ; anfractus 9, vix convexiusculi, ultimus |- testae subaequans ;
apertura semi-ovalis ; columella subrecta, albido-callosa, peri-
stomate recto, tenui, marginibus callo albido junctis.

" Long. 28, diain. 9 mm. ; apertura 10 mm. longa, 5 lata."
(Beddome.)

Hob. India : Travancore Hills, above Calcad.

"Intermediate between cJiessoni, Bens, and perrotteti, Pfr.
The sculpture is much less prominent than in the former."
(Beddome.)

The British Museum possesses a specimen, received from the
late Colonel Beddome, which is more conoid than the type, since
it is only 26'5 mm. long, while the diameter is 10 mm.

366. Glessula canarica, Beddome.

Glessula canarica, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, vii, 1906,
p. 164, pi. 15, fig. 4 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 72,

pi. 8, tigs. 7, 8.

Original description : — "Testa turrito-oblonga, teuuiuscula, spira
oblonga, apice obtuso, politissima, purpureo-fusca, distincte et
confertim subcostulato-striata, sub lente confertim decussata,
sutura impressa, anfractus 9, subplaniusculi, ultimus § longitudinis
sequans ; apertura verticalis, oblongo- semi-ovalis ; peristoma
tenue ; columella valde arcuata, antice fere verticaliter truncata.

"Long. 25, diam. 9 mm.; aperture 8 mm. longa, 4 lata."
(Beddome.}

GLESSULA. 395

Hob. India : South Canara Ghats (Kudra Mukh).

"In its blunt oblong spire it resembles the large form of
amentum as figured by Hanley. It is a beautifully sculptured
shell."' (Beddome.)

The species is somewhat variable in the length of spire for
some shells in the Beddome collection, with a diameter of
9'5 mm., measure 25 mm. in length, while others with the same
diameter only attain 213-5 mm.

367. Glessula anamullica, Blanford.

Achatina anamullica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 37 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 223.
Glessula anamullica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 329 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soo. London, vii, 1906, p. 164 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 72.

Original deselection : — -"Shell turrito-ovate, thin, finely striated,
horny with high vitreous lustre. Spire turrited, sides convex,
apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 8, scarcely convex, the
last rounded beneath. Aperture oblique, peristome thin,
columella moderately arcuate, obliquely truncated below.

"Length 27, diam. 12 millim. Aperture 10 millimetres high,
6| broad." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Anarnullay Hills and Travancore Hills (Beddome).

u Intermediate in character between A. nilagarica, Bens, and
the oblong ovate Acliatina of Ceylon." (Blanford.)

"Though a good many of this fine dark chocolate -coloured
species were taken, none of them had a firm lip, and though eggs
taken from some of them, they are probably not full-grown. It
is not very like any one species, the nearest to it being per-rotteti."
(Beddome.)

Two specimens in the Hungerford collection in the British
Museum are pale corneous, opaque, with narrow spiral bands ;
while possessing, like the type, eight whorls, they only measure
26'SxlO'S mm. Some Travancore specimens, presented in 1906
to the British Museum by the late Colonel Boddome, have the
peristome very thin ; they consist of 7^ whorls, the largest
measuring only 24x10 mm. The Beddome collection further
contains shells, also from Travancore, composed of eight whorls,
and which only measure 26 x 10*5 mm.

368. Glessula inornata, Pfeiffer.

Achatina inornata, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 259 ; Pfeiffer, Mon.

Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 490 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, I860,

p. 322, pi. 26, figs. 8, 9 ; pi. 37, figs. 1, 2 (var.).
Okacina (Electra) inornata, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 105.
Achatina (Electra) inornata, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872, pi. 17, fig. 2, var. fig. 3.
Stenogyra (Glessula) inornata, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 171.

396 FERUSSACIDJE.

Glessula inornata, Nevill, Enum. Ilelic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ;
Pfeiffer & Clessin, Noraencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 329 ; Jousseaume,
Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 292 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac.
Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 164 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx,

1908, p. 53, pi. 6, figs. 10, 114 14-17.

Original description : — " A. testa turrito-oblcmga, solida, cou-
fertim striata, pallide fulva, strigis saturatioribus variegata ; spira
turrita, apice obtusiuscula ; sutura Isevi, confertissime crenulata ;
anfractibus 7J, plaDiiisculis, ultimo f longitudinis subsequante,
basi vix compresso, laeviore ; columella perarcuata, albo-callosa,
oblique abrupte truucata ; apertura sinuoso-semiovali, intus alba ;
peristomate simplice, obtuso, margiue dextro repando.

"Long. 28, diam. 11 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Ceylon (Layard}; Kandy (Nevill, Simon)- Matelle East
and Ma Ellia (Layard). India : 'South Canara forests (Beddome?).

Var. minor, Beddome, 1. c. p. 164.
Ceylon (Beddome).

369. Glessula lankana, Pilsbry.

Glessula lankana, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 54, pi. 7,
figs. 1-3.

Original description: — "Shell oblong-turrite, thin but rather
solid, yellow or tawny, with some narrow darker or chestnut
streaks on the spire. Surface very glossy, finely and deeply
striate, the striae unequal, in places being as narrow as the
intervals, but occasionally much wider. Under the compound
microscope a very faint spiral striation is visible, the spirals being
weakly beaded in places. The first 2| whorls are smooth. Spire
conic with straight sides and obtuse apex. Suture irregularly
crenulate. Aperture vertical, flesh-tinted inside. Outer lip
obtuse, forming a regular arch. Columella moderately concave,
obliquely truncate at base.

"Length 27*2, diam. 11, length op. 10 mm.; whorls 83.

"Length 27, diam. 11-2, length ap. 10-5 mm.; whorls 84."
(Pilsbry.)

ffab. Ceylon : Matelle District (Layard).

" Closely related to G. inornata, but more glossy and having

much less distinct microscopic granulation The outlines of

the spire are straighter ; there are more whorls in the - same
length, and the aperture is smaller. G. beddomei has a more
prominent and more deeply truncate columella." (Pilsbry.)

370. Glessula subinornata, Beddome.

Glessula subinornata, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii,
1906, p. 164, pi. 15, fig. 3; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx,

1909, p. 73, pi. 8, figs. 5, 6.

Original description : — " Testa oblongo-turrita, solida, confertim

GLESSTJLA. 397

stria ta, striis minutissiinis obsoletis spiralibus decussata, fulva,
nitida, apice obtusiusculo, sutura leviter impressa, confertissime
crenulata ; anfractus 8, planiusculi, ultimus f loagitudinis sequans,
convexiusculus ; spini elongate- turrita ; columeUa arcuata, albo-
callosa, oblique abrupte truncata ; apertura triangulari-semiovata,
intus albida ; peristoma simplex, obtusum.

"Long. 26, diam. 8 mm.; apertura 10 mm. longa, 5 lata."
(Beddome.)

Bab. India : Sispara Ghat, on the Nilgiris.

" Allied to the Ceylonese inornata and parabilis. Smaller and
narrower than the former ; larger and with a more elongated
spire than the latter." (Beddome.}

Var. minor, Beddome, 1. c. p. 164 ; Pilsbry, 1. c. p. 73.

" Long. 21, diam. 7 mm. ; apertura 8 mm. longa, 4 lata.
Brumagherry Hills, Wynaad.

" Of a pale steel colour, otherwise only differing in size from
the type. Very near parabilis, but with a rather longer spire and
smaller aperture." (Beddome.}

The Beddome collection contains a number of shells labelled
" var. minor" They consist of 7| whorls and measure 21 mm.
in length, but with the addition of half a whorl they would equal
the type.

371. Glessula reynelli, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, rather thin, opaque, a little shining,
finely costulate-striate, covered with a thin deciduous cuticle ;
pale yellowish corneous, here and there marked with dark
corneous or fulvous flammules and transverse streaks. Spire

Fig. 124.— Glessula reynelli. f.

convex-conoid ; suture rather shallow, crenulated ; apex obtuse.
Whorls 8, slightly convex, increasing rather rapidly, the last
whorl equalling about ^ the entire length of the shell. Aperture

398 FEEUSSACID^.

nearly vertical, obovate-pyriform, the margins united by a thin
callus on the parietal margin ; outer margin gently curved, basal
margin arched, columellar margin regularly curved, obliquely
truncate.

Length 26, diam. 1O25 mm.; aperture: length 9, width
5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon. Type in the British Museum.

Several specimens presented in 1907 to the British Museum
by Mr. H. B. Preston, differ from any known form, and in basing
a new species upon them J have much pleasure in dedicating it
to a former Secretary of the Malacological Society of London,
Mr. Alexander Reynell, who has added considerably to our know-
ledge of the anatomy of many Mollusca.

The new species is unlike any Ceylon Glessula and can only be
compared with G. beddomei, but that species has a broader base, a
concave upper spire, a thicker shell, and is differently coloured,
being of a uniform dark fulvous, while the striae are also coarser
and stouter. G. reynelli varies considerably in size. One shell
composed of 7^ whorls measures 22'5 x 9'5 mm., while another
possessing 9^ whorls attains a length of 32-5 and a diameter of
11'5 mm. One specimen, measuring 28x11 mm., has a slightly
broader base and is not nammulated like the type.

Var. immitis, n.

Differs from the type in being dull and lustreless, and in being
plicate-striate.

Hob. Ceylon. India : Anamullays.

Two specimens also presented in 1907 by Mr. Preston were
labelled 6r. inomata, var., but this form is certainly nearer to
G. reynelli. A specimen in the Beddome collection, labelled
G. beddomei, I also refer without hesitation to the preseiat form.
Several shells of G. beddomei from the Anamullays, in the
Beddome collection, were accompanied by a single specimen
which, while approaching that species in colouring and length,
differs in having a narrower base, a convex apex and finer striae,
characters which induce me to refer the specimen here. It
measures 30-5 x 12 mm.

372. Glessula beddomei, Blanford.

Achatina beddomei, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 41 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 222 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, fig. 8 ; 1876, p. 63, pi. 156, fig. 4.
Stenogyra (Glessula} beddomei, "N evill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Glessula beddomei, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 329 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 165 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 73, pi. 11, figs. 10, 11.

Original description : — Shell turrito-ovate, solid, finely and
closely sub-costulately striated, dark purplish brown, epidermis in

GLESSULA. 399

parts having a tendency to assume a dirty cream colour, especially
in dead specimens. Spire convex below, slightly acuminate
above, apex obtuse, rather inclined to the right, suture impressed.
Whorls 7|-8, convex, the last J- of the entire length, rounded at
the base. Aperture nearly vertical, sub-pyriforrn, milky within ;
peristome thickened, white, outer margin rather straight, not
arcuate, columella deeply curved, lined with callus, sub-obliquely
and rather broadly truncated at the base.

"Length 30, diarn. 11| millim. Aperture 10 millim. long,
6 broad." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Anamullay Hills, 5000 to 7000 feet (Beddome}.

" This is a more solid form than any of the Nilgiri species, and
it differs from all of them, and also from the solid Ceylonese
forms, in its sub-acuminate apex. It is a well-marked species."
(Stanford.)

Beddome records the species from Ceylon, stating that specimens
from that island are slightly narrower but do not otherwise differ.
I have not seen any Cinghalese specimens which can be referred
to G. beddomei, the only specimen so labelled in the Beddome
collection being a variety of G. reynelli (q. v.).

373. Glessula pallens, Beddome.

Glessula beddomei, var. pallens, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
vii, 1906, p. 165 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 74.

Shell ovate-conoid, somewhat thin, finely and closely striated,
pale straw-coloured with irregular fuscous transverse streaks,
variously spaced. Spire convex conoid, suture deep, apex acute.

Fig. 125. — Glessula pattens, f.

Whorls 8J, convex, the last equalling | the entire length of the
shell, convex at the base. Aperture a little oblique, obovate-
pyriforin, pearly within, the margins united by a thin callus ;
peristome scarcely thickened, outer margin regularly curved,

400 FERUSSACID^;.

basal margin arcuate, columella deeply arcuate and strongly curving
forward, obliquely truncated at the base.

Length 30*5, diam. 13'25 mm.

Hob. Ceylon (Beddome}. Type in the British Museum.

This form was stated by Beddome to differ from G. beddomei
only in being of a straw colour, but I find that the spire is not
concave near the apex, the shell is more convex in outline, with a
broader base, the striae are more crowded and finer, and the
aperture is wider. "Under these circumstances I have no hesita-
tion in according this form specific rank. A second specimen
has more convex whorls and measures 31*5 x 13-5 mm.

Beddome hazards the opinion that the present form is G. in-
ornate^ var. /j of PfeifFer *. This statement appears to me to be
based on a misconception, for I find a specimen of true inamata
occurs in the same box with pattens.

374. Glessula prestoni, sp. n.

Shell cylindro-conoid, rather solid, opaque, a little shining,
finely and closely, irregularly costulate-striate, the striae sinuous
near the suture, with excessively minute spirals in the interstices ;
a shallow groove, bordered by a few irregular spirals below it,
runs parallel with and close to the suture from the beginning of

Fig. 126. — G-lessula prestoni. |.

the third whorl. Spire convex conoid ; suture linear, margined ;
apex obtuse. Whorls 8, increasing rapidly, flattened, yellowish
corneous with fuscous transverse streaks, the last whorl exceeding
^ of the entire length of the shell, subangular at the periphery.
Aperture nearly vertical, obovate, margins united by a thin callus
on the parietal wall ; peristome thickened, outer margin slightly

* Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, I860, pi. 37, figs. 1, 2.

GLESSULA. 401

curved, basal margin arcuate, columella truncate, slightly curving
forward.

Length 33-5, diam. 13 mm. ; apert. 12 mm. high, 5 rum. wide.

Hob. Ceylon. Type in the British Museum.

This species is based upon a single specimen presented to the
British Museum in 1907 by Mr. H. B. Preston. Its nearest ally
is G. pollens, but it may readily be separated from that species
since the spire is less conoid, the whorls are less convex, fewer in
number, and increase more rapidly, the striae are less prominent
and more crowded, while finally the suture is quite different, being
very shallow and margined.

375. Glessula bollampattiana, Hanley (em.).

Achatina botttimpotana (Beddome), Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1876, pi. 156, fig. 1.
Stenogyra (Glessula} bottampotana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,

p. 168.
Stenociyra (Glessula) bollampattiana, (em.) Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1,

1881, p. 139.
Glessula bottampotana, Jousseaume, M<§m. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 293 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 74, pi. 11

fig. 12.
Glessula bolumpattiana, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii,

1906, p. 165.

Shell ovate-conoid, rather solid, opaque, scarcely shining, finely
and closely costulate-striate, the stria3 cut into minute granules
by intersecting fine wavy spirals, varying from greenish corneous
to dark fuscous. Spire conoid, with straight sides ; suture
shallow, margined ; apex acute. Whorls 7|-8, flattened, increasing
slowly at first, the last two rather suddenly, the last whorl
equalling g the entire length of the shell. Aperture little oblique,
obovate, the margins united by a distinct callus on the parietal
wall ; peristome thickened, outer margin slightly curved, basal
margin arcuate, slightly curving forward ; columella deeply arcuate,
obliquely truncate.

Length 22-25, diam. 9'5-10'5 mm.; apert. height 9, width
3-8 mm.

Hab. India: Palghat Hills, Madras ; Bollampatty Hill (Beddome).

Readily distinguished from all its allies by the finely decussate
sculpture, the costulse being cut into granules by the spirals,

The name of this species has been variously spelt by different
authors. The one originally given by Hanley was due to a
misreading of the label, and in the amended form it was published
in 1881 by Nevill, who stated that Colonel Beddome informed
him that it is found on the Bollampatty Hill, near Coimbatore, at
7000 ft., and that the name should be spelt as now given.

The species has never been described and I have drawn up the
foregoing diagnosis from a shell in the Beddome collection which
agrees fairly with Hanley 's figure.

2D

402 FERUSSACID^E.

376. Glessula parabilis, Benson.

Achatina parabilis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xviii, ] 856, p. 96 ;
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 606.

Achatina (Electra) parabilis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.
1870, pi. 35, fi&. 7.

Glessula parabilis, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ;
Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330; Jousse-
aume, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 294 ; Beddome,
Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 204; Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 54, pi. 7, tig. 4.

Stenogyra (Glessula) parabilis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 171.

Original description: — "Testa oblongo - ovata, solidiuscula,
nitida, rugose striata, striis mimitissimis obsoletis spiralibus
decussata, sub epidermide luteo-cornea albida ; spira elongato-
conica, apice obtuso, sutura leviter impressa, subcrenulata ;
anfractibus 6, subplanulatis, ultimo convexiusculo, f testae vix
jequante ; apertura triangulari seiniovata, intus albida ; peri-
stomate leviter inflexo, niarginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro
sinuato, obtusiusculo, columellari perarcuato, oblique valde
truncate.

"Long. 20, diam. 10, long. ap. 9, lat. 5 mill." (Benson.)

Hob. Ceylon (Layard, II. Nevill) ; Kandy ( G. Nevi II) ; Maturata
(Simon).

Hanley & Theobald state this species is near, if not identical
with, A. fusca, H. Ad.

377. Glessula fusca, Pfeiffer.

Achatina fusca, Pfeifter, P.Z. S. 1852, p. 67; ibid., Mon, Helic.

Viv. iii, 1853, p. 491 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1863, p. 337,

pi. 43, tigs. 8, 9.

Oleacina (Electra) fusca, Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 105.
Achatina (Electra) fusca, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168.
Glessula fusca, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 330 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 101, pi. 7,

figs. 14, 15.

Original description: — "A. testa oblongo-turrita, teuui, con-
fertissime capillaceo-striata (striis singulis validioribus, varici-
formibus), sericina, fusca; spira vix curvilineari, apice obtusa;
sutura marginata, subfcilissime denticulata ; anfractibus 7, con-
vexis, ultimo f longitudinis sequante, basi rotundato ; columella
albo callosa, leviter arcuata, abrupte breviter truncata : apertura
verticali, sinuato-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, recto.

" Long. 22, diam. 9 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. — ?

The present species is included in the .Fauna of British India
with some doubt, its habitat being unknown. Hanley & Theobald
(Conch. Ind. p. 33) considered it near to, if not identical with,
G. parabilis, but it differs in the much more contracted aperture.
The sculpture is rather striking.

GLESSULA. 403

378. Glessula ceylanica, Pfeiffer.

Achatina ceylanica, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. ii, 1845, p. 157 ; Philippi,

Abb. CoEch. ii, 1847, p. 214, Achatina, pi. 1, fig. 3 ; Pfeitier,.

Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 258 ; ibid., Conch.-Oab., Bulimus,

I860, p. 313, pi. 25, figs. 14, 15.
Achatina (Electra) ceylanica, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 194 ;

Pfeiffer, Malak. Bliitt. ii, 1856, p. 168; Hanley & Theobald,.

Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 17, fig. 4.

Glandina ceylanica, Morelet, Journ. Conchyl. iii, 1852, p. 34.
Oleacina (Electro,} ceylonica, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 105,
Glessula ceylanica, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 f

Kobelt, lllustr. Conchylienbuch, ii, 1878, p. 276, pi. 85, fig. 6;

Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330; Jouss-

eaurne, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 292 ; Beddome,.

Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 165; Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 57, pi. 6, figs. 7, 8.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) ceylanica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 172 f

Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 61, pi. 99, fig. 89.

Original description: — "Testa ovato-oblonga, striatula, sericinar
tenui, fulvo-cornea ; spira pyramidata ; apice obtusa ; anfr. 7
convexiusculis, ultimo |- longitudinis aequante, inflate ; columella
brevi, arcuata, abrupte truncata; apertura latiuscula, semiovali.

" Long. 16, diam. 8 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Ceylon (Templeton, Layard) ; Balapiti and Colombo-
(Nevill) ; Maturata (Simon).

Beddome found some specimens in the Natural History Museum
much larger than he ever came across in Ceylon, measuring
30 mm. long by 14 in diameter.

379. Glessula punctogallana, Pfeiffer.

Achatina ceylanica, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Achatina, pi. 15,,

fig. 59 (non Pfr.).
Achatina punctogallana, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. ix, 1852, p. 150 ;:

ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 493 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab.,.

Bulimus, 1860, p. 323, pi. 26, figs. 14, 15 ; Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, fig. 4.
Oleacina (Electra) punctogallana, Adains, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855.

p. 106.
Achatina (Electra) punctogallana, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,.

p. 168.
Cionella (Glessula) punctogallana, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2'

1860, p. 254.
Glessula punctogallana, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3;

Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330 ; Jouss-

eaunie, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 292 ; Beddome,

Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 165.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) punctogallana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,.

p. 172.
Glessula nitens, var, punctogallana, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx,

1908, p. 56, pi. 6, figs. 3-5.

Original desertion: — " T. oblongo-ovata, vix striatula, glabrar
nitida, pellucida, corneo-fulva ; spira pyramidata, apice obtusa;

2D2

404 FERUSSACID2E.

ant'r. 7|, convex!, ultimus -| longitudinis subaequans, basi rotund-
atus ; columella perarcuata, longe procedens, abrupte truncata ;
apertura verticalis, subtriaDgulari-semiovalis ; perist. simplex,
inargine dextro regulariter arcuato.

" Long. 16, diam. 8 mill. Ap. 7 mill. longa, 41ata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. Ceylon : Point de Galle (Benson} ; Balapiti (Nevill).

Is stated by Pfeiffer to differ from his //. ceylanica in having
a smoother, more glossy shell with longer spire, shorter last
whorl, and in the columella being more arched forward. His
figure of ceylanica in Conch.-Cab., however, has the last whorl
actually less high than punctogallana. Bedd'ome was unable
satisfactorily to distinguish it from ceylanica, except that the
latter is generally larger. Pilsbry, on the other hand, reduces
punctogallana to varietal rank under G. nitens. He figures a shell
received as ceylanica (pi. 6, fig. 5) which he refers to punctogallana,
but it appears to pertain rather to nitens, which has a con-
siderably more elongated spire than the former.

After examining considerable series of both I find they may be
readily separated by the c-haracter o£ the columella, which is
decidedly shorter in the present species, which, moreover, has the
base more contracted, and the whorls more closely coiled. Most
of the specimens I have seen labelled ceylanica pertain to puncto-
gallana.

380. Glessula nitens, Gray.

Acliatiwi nitens, Gray, Ann. Philos. N. s. ix, 1825, p. 415; ibid.,
Spicil. Zool. 1830, p. 5 (refers to plate 6, n>. 10, but plate not
published) ; Pfeiffer, Mou. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 260 ; Deshayes
in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, part 2, 1851, p. 165, pi. 134,
figs. 25-27 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1865, p. 365, pi. 43,
figs. 10-12.

Oleadna (Electm} nitens, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 105.

Achatina (Electro) nitens, Pfr. Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168:
Hanley £ Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 17, fig. 1.

CioneUa\Glessula) nitens, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 254.

Glessula nitens, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ; Pfeiffer
& Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc.
Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 165; Pilsbry, Man. Conch,
ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 55, pi. 6, tigs. 1, 2.

Stenogyra (Gletsula) nitens, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 171.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-conica, turrita, hyalina,
cornea, Ia3vi polita, apice obtusiuscula ; anfractibus 8 convexis ;
apertura ovata, peristomate tenui.

"Axis 7-10 r=17*75 mm.], diam. 3-10 unc. [=7*5 mm.]."
(Gray, 1825.)

" Shell turreted, shining, pellucid, horn colour ; spire conical ^
apex blunt ; whorls 7-8, gradually enlarging, convex. Aperture
I the length of the shell, ovate. Columella sharply curved.

"Axis -|, diam. J of an inch." (Gray, 1830.)

GLESSULA. 405-

Hob. Ceylon (Layard, H. Nevill) ; Kandy (G. Nevill).

G. nitens has a broader base and a shorter columella than
G. pancetha. A shell in the Beddome collection has 7| whorls
and measures : length 15'5 mm., diameter 8 mm.

In the Beddome collection I also found four shells labelled
G. serena, but they are undoubtedly G. nitens. Their measurements
are as follows : —

1\ whorls, length 18'5 mm., diam. 8'5 mm.
8^ „ ,, 20*5 mm., ,, 9*5 mm.

The Cuming collection comprises some shells — no habitat
recorded — which possess 7 5 whorls and measure 18x7*5 mm.;
they were labelled botellvs by Beddome, but I do not accept this
identification. Some shells, from Hinidun, presented to the
British Museum by Mr. H. B. Preston, are pale corneous ; these
consist of 6 whorls and measure 11*5 x 5*5.

381. Glessula fulgens, Pfeiffer.

Acliatina fulffens, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. v, 1858, p. 238 ; ibid.,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 27 ; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 18(38, p. 225.

Glessula fulgens, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,
p. 330 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 101.

Original description : — " T. oblongo-ovata, solidula, laevigata,
pellucida, nitida, corneo-fulva ; spira ovato-conica, apice obtusula :
anfr. 6 convexiusculi, ad suturam auguste marginatam striatuli,
ultimus f longitudinis subaequans, basi rotundatus ; columella
perarcuata, albo-callosa, oblique sublate truncata ; apertura
verticalis, sinuato-elliptica ; perist. rectum, obtusum.

" Long. 12-J, (Jiam> 52 mill. Ap. o.i mill, longa, 3 lata."
(Pfeiffer.)

Hah. Ceylon : Hinidun (Preston).

This species, the habitat of which has hitherto remained

Fig. 127. — Glessula fulgcns. |.

unknown, is allied to G. nitens. Never having been illustrated, I
have thought it useful to add a figure of the type in the British
Museum.

The late E. L. Layard presented some shells to the British
Museum, which consist of 6,1 whorls and measure 13'5 x 6'25 mm.

406 FERUSSACIDJE.

382. Glessula panaetha, Benson.

Achatina pancetha, Benson, A. M. N, II. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 384 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 226.
Achatina (Electra) pancetha. Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 36, fig. 2.
Glessula pancetha, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3; Pfeiffer

& Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330 ; Jousseaume, Mem.

Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 264 (pancetha} ; Beddorce, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 165.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) pancetha, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 171.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-oblonga, tenui, obsolete
striatula, nitidissima, pellucida, olivaceo-cornea ; spira ad apicem
obtusiuscala, lateribus convexiusculis, sutura valde impressa, vix
marginata, crenulata ; anfractibus 6| convexiusculis, superne
prope suturam breviter convexis, ultimo ^ longitudhiis superante
ad basin compressiusculo ; apertura subverticali, subtriangulari-
ovata, peristomate crassiusculo, obtuso, polito, albido, margiuibus
callo inconspicuo junctis, coluraellari arcuato, ad basin oblique
truncate, intus plica obliqua spiraliter ascendente.

" Long. 13, diam. 6 mill. ; apert. 5 mill, longa, 3 lata." (Benson.)

Hab. Ceylon : Ellegamme Nalande, Matelle (Layard) ; Cevlon
(Nevill).

This species approaches G. miens, but it has the last whorl
wider and the aperture higher. Some specimens in the Beddome
collection are composed of 7| whorls and measure : length 15 mm.,
diameter 6 '25 mm.

383. Q-lessula serena, Benson.

Achatina serena, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 384:

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 223.
Glessula serena, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ; Pfeiffer

& Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p.* 330 ; Jousseaume, Mem.

Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 294 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London, vii, 1906, p. 166 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2,xx, 1908,

p. 59, pi. 6, fig. 9.
Achatina (Electro} serena, Hauley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,

pi. 78, fig. 8.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-pyramidata, solidiuscula,
politissima, obsolete vix striatula, fulvo-cornea, pellucida ; spira
elongata, subturrita, apice subito obtusato, sutura impressa, sub-
marginata, crenulata ; anfractibus 6|-7 subconvexis, superne
prope suturam breviter convexis, ultimo ad basin vix compresso ;
apertura vertical! |- lougitudiuis sequante, subtriangulari-ovata.
peristomate recto obtusiusculo, margine columellari valde arcuato,
albido-calloso, ad basin abrupte et oblique truncate.

" Long. 20-21, diam. 9-9| mill. ; apert. 9 mill, longa, 5| lata."
(Benson.)

Hab. Ceylon : Akurambodie, South Matelle (Layard).

GLESSULA. 407

The shells on which Benson based his species must have been
immature, for I find specimens in the Beddome collection of 7^-
and 7| whorls ; the former measuring 27 X 13 mm. and the latter
27 X 12 mm. A box in the same collection contained four speci-
mens labelled " lankana=inornata," two of which pertain to the
present species, while one is inornata and the other parabilis \

384. Glessula sinhila, Preston.

Glessula sinhila, Preston, Rec. Indian Mus. iii, 1909, p. 135, pi. 22,
fig. 14 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1910, p. 320, pi. 43,
fig. 7.

Original description : — " Shell moderately thin, polished, dark
yellowish horn colour, obtusely lanceolate ; whorls 7-j, marked with
very faint lines of growth only ; sutures impressed ; columella
descending in a very oblique curve; peristome simple, bent
slightly inwards above ; aperture inversely, elongately auriform.

" Alt. 21*75, diam. major 9 mm. ; aperture, alt. 7'75, diam.
4 mm." (Preston.)

Bab. Ceylon (Preston).

Mr. Preston compares the present species with G. inornata, Pfr.,
from which, he says, it is easily distinguished by its much more
slender form. Judging from the figure it appears to me to be
much more nearly allied to G. serena, Benson. It has, however,
a less attenuated spire than the latter, and is a trifle more
cylindrical in shape.

385. Glessula layardi, Pilsbry.

Glessula layardi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 59, pi. 7,
figs. 6, 7.

Original description : — " The shell is oblong-turrite, yellow-
corneous with profusely scattered whitish dots and spots (produced
by disintegration of the surface), paler towards the summit.
Surface very glossy, without noticeable microscopic sculpture, but
marked with unevenly spaced grooves, which are rather weaker on
the last whorl, and obsolete on the base. The summit is obtuse,
rounded, first whorls smooth. Whorls 6|, moderately convex.
Suture elegantly but somewhat irregularly denticulate. Aperture
vertical ; outer lip obtuse ; columella very short, moderately or
deeply concave, subhorizontally and very deeply truncate.

" Length 14, diam. 6, leugth of aperture 5-9 mm.

" Length 13*5, diam. 6-1, length of aperture 5'9 mm."
(Pilsbry.)

Hob. Ceylon (Layard).

" This species differs from G. ceylanica by its very much less
deeply concave columella. It is a smaller and more slender shell
than G. serena which seems to be its nearest ally. The denticu-
latiou of the suture is a prominent feature. Though * live ' shells,

408 FERUSSACIDJE.

the surface is eroded iu places. The whitish flecks will probably
not be found on shells from stations where they are less liable to
erosion." (Pilsbry.}

A single specimen of Ghssula layardi, in the Beddonie collection,
was labelled G. amentum ; it consists of 7| whorls and measures
16'5 x 7'5 mm., while a shell in my own collection has 7 whorls,
its dimensions being : length L6, diam. 7 mm.

386. Grlessula deshayesi, Pfeiffer.

Achatina deskayesi,PM&er, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 86; ibid., Mon.Helic.
Viv. iii, 1853, p. 495; vi, 1868, p. 226; ibid., Conch.-Cab.,
-Bulimus, 1865, p. 366, pi. 43, figs. 14-16; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, fig. 2.

Oleacina (Electro) deshayesi, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 105.

Achatina (Electro) deshayesi, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168.

Cionella (Glessula) deshayesi, YOU Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 254.

Glensida deshayesi, Nevill, Enum. Ilelic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ;
Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331; Jous-
seaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 291 ; Beddonie,
Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 166 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch,
ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 57, pi. 6, figs. 6, 12, 13.

Original description : — " A. testa turrito-ovata, tenuiuscula, sub-
laevigata, nitida, corneo-fusca ; spira elongata, convexa, apice
obtusula ; sutura simplice, subprofunda ; anfractibus 7 convexis,
ultimo | longitudiuis subaequante, basi rotundato ; columella
subtorta, late et oblique truncata ; apertura vix obliqua,
rhombeo-seiniovali ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine dextro
subrepando.

" Long. 11, diam. 5 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. Ceylon : Point Pedro (Layard). India : Koondah
Mountains, Calicut (Pfeiffer).

Pilsbry notes " smaller than G. nitens, and of a richer brown
colour, but otherwise it is closely related. The whorls are
strongly convex and the surface is very brilliant. Some of the
post-embryonic whorls are rather distinctly striate. The suture
is much less distinctly crenulate than in G. nitens, nearly simple.
The sides of the spire are slightly convex."

The British Museum possesses three specimens, received from
E. L. Layard, from Pt. Pedro, in the extreme north of Ceylon ;
these have seven whorls and measure 12 x 6 mm. There are also
some specimens in the Cuming collection bearing Pfeiffer's own
label ; they are from Koondah, Calicut. The base is rather
narrow and the shells are of a paler colour than the typical form ;
they are also composed of seven whorls but, like the type, only
measure 11x5 mm.

GLESSULA. 409

387. G-lessula pachycheila, Benson.

Achatina pachycheila, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 94;

Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 132 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 608.
Achatina (Electra) pachycheila, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 168.
Glessula pachi/cheila, Nevill, Eniim. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ;

Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331 ; Jous-

seaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 295 ; Beddome,

Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 166 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch.

ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 58.
Stenoyyra (Glessula} pachycheila, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 172.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-oblonga. striatula, striis
exilissimis cont'ertis, obsoletis, spiraliter sublente decussata, nitida
fuscescente-cornea, translucente, spira elongata, subcouica, apice
obtuso, sutura leviter impressa; anfractibus 6, vix convexiusculis,
ultimo f longitudinis vix sequante ; apertura vertical!, oblongo-
ovata; peristomate intus albido-marginata, columella praearcuata,
margine basal i incrassato.

"Axis 11, diam. 5 mill/' (Benson.)

Hab. Ceylon : Heneratgodcle (Layard).

" This little species of a group, which has so many representatives
in Ceylon, the Nilgherries, and the damp woody mountains of
North-eastern India, with a more slender form than A. oreas,
Nohis, is well distinguished from the allied forms by its peculiar
sculpture under the lens, and by the internal incrassation of the
peristome, a feature .which is also observable in the species
A. crassilabns, Nobis, from North-eastern India." (Benson.)

Beddome states that this species and G. deshayesi, Pfr., are
closely allied, and often confused in collections, but G. pacliyclieila
is a narrower shell than the latter.

Var. taprobanica, Pilsbry : (subspecies) 1. c. p. 58, pi. 7, fig. 16.

" Shell smaller, very pale yellow. Sculpture of fine vertical
grooves ; close on the spire but rather widely, unevenly spaced on
the last two whorls ; no perceptible spiral lines ; two whorls at
the summit smooth. Aperture small, the outer lip rather thick ;
columella moderately concave, subvertically and not very deeply
truncate at the base.

" Length 8-5 to 8-8, diam. 3-2, aperture 3 mm. ; whorls 6=1."
(Pilsbry.}

Hab. Ceylon : Kandookerre (Layard).

388. Glessula pyramis, Benson.

Achatina pyramis, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 463 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 226.
Achatina (Electra) pyramis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 18, fig. 6.

410 FBEUSSACIDjE.

Glessula pyramis, Godwin-Austen, 3. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 3 ;

Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 26 ; Nevill in Anderson, Zool.

Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1878, Moll. p. 886 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London, vii, 1906, p. 166 ; Pilsbiy, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909,

p. 92, pi. 12, fig. 1.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) pyramis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169 ;

var. major, Nevill, op. cit. p. 169.

Original description : — "Testa oblongo-turrita, solidula, IsBvigata,
striatula, nitida, luteo-cornea; spira turrita, lateribus convexius-
culis, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 8, convex-
iusculis, ultimo ^ testae sequante, antice obsolete plicato ; apertura
subverticali, elliptico-semiovali, columella arcuata, callosa, basi
oblique truncata, peristomate recto obtuso, intus albido-labiato.

" Long. 15, diam. 6 mill. ; apert. 5 mill, longa, 2| lata."
(Benson.)

Hob. ludia: Teria Grhat, Khasi Hills (Theobald, Godwin- Austen).
Var. major, China : Ponsee, Yunnan (Anderson).

This species resembles G. bensoniana in shape and general
appearance, but although a much smaller shell it has the same
number of whorls, which are more closely coiled.

The shell is distantly and irregularly ribbed. There are four
specimens in the Theobald collection in the British Museum,
from the Khasi Hills, consisting of 8| whorls, and measuring
14x6 mm.

389. Glessula leptospira, Benson.

Achatina leptospira, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xv, 1865, p. 14 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 233.
Achatina (Electra) leptospira, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 35, fig. 2.

Stenogyra (Glessula) leptospira, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 171.
Stenoyyra (Subulina) leptospira, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.
Glessula leptospira, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 166 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx. 1909, p. 65, pi. 12, fig. 2.

Original description: — "A. testa oblongo-turrita, striatula,
nitente, pallide t'usco-cornea ; spira subanguste turrita, apice
obtuso, sutura profundiuscula, crenulata ; anfractibus 9, con-
vexiusculis, superioribus brevibus convexioribus, ultimo l longi-
tudiuis non aequante ; apertura subobliqua, elliptica, marginibus
callo junctis, columellari arcuato, oblique truncate, dextro tenui.

" Long. 16, lat. 6 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India: Soomeysur Hills (Theobald).

390. Glessula sisparica, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, translucent, pale fuscous, finely and
densely costulate-striate, the striae slightly flexuous close to the
suture. Spire narrow, with straight sides ; suture rather deep ;

GLESSULA. 411

apex acute. Whorls 9, a little convex, shightly gibbous at the
upper suture, the last whorl equalling in width -J- of the entire
length of the shell. Aperture slightly oblique, pyriform ; peri-
stome with acute margins, the callus on the parietal wall scarcely

Fig. 128. — Glessula sisparica.

perceptible ; upper margin scarcely curved and nearly vertical,
basal margin deeply curved ; columella slightly arcuate, truncate.

Length 17'75, diam. 5-75 mm. ; apert. height 5-5, width 3 mm.

Hab. India : Sispara, Nilgiris (Beddome).

Type in the British Museum.

This new species differs from G. tenuitesta in having an acute
apex, a deeper suture, in the whorls being gibbous at the upper
suture, in the last whorl being more sloping behind the columella,
and lastly in being distinctly costulate-striate. From G. leptospira
it may be separated by the straight sides of the spire, the acute
apex, and the narrower base. One specimen possesses 9-J- whorls,
and measures 18'25 x 6 mm. Two of the earlier whorls appear
to have been fractured at an early stage, so that the shell has the
spire slightly tilted.

391. Glessula tenuitesta, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, pale corneous, thin, translucent, polished,
shining, densely covered with minute impressed lines. Spire
slightly convex ; suture shallow, apex obtuse. Whorls 8|, slightly
convex, increasing rather rapidly, the last whorl equalling in width

Fig. 129. — Glessula tenuitesta.

nearly J- of the entire length of the shell, tumid below behind the
columella. Aperture a little oblique, broadly obovate ; peristome
with acute margins, connected by a thin callus on the parietal
wall ; outer margin slightly curved, basal margin arcuate ; columella
deeply arcuate, obliquely truncate.

Length 18, diam. 6 mm. ; apert. height 5, width 3 mm.

Hab. India: Sispara, Nilgirifl (Beddome).

Type in the British Museum.

412 FERUSSACIDJE.

Two specimens, labelled G. bensoniana, were found in the-
Beddome collection, but they differ from that species in having a
convex spire, a narrower base and smaller aperture, while the
whorls are more narrowly coiled. The new species is allied to-
G. leptospira but it is thinner in texture, smoother and more
glossy, and not striated, the whorls are less convex and the last
whorl is wider. Prom the next species it may be separated by
the convex spire, the more obtuse apex, the smaller number of
whorls which increase more slowly, and the more tumid last
whorl. The second specimen is composed of only 8 whorls and
measures 13'5 x 5 mm.

392. Glessula notigena, Benson.

Achatina notigena, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 462 ;.

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. \7iv. vi, 1868, p. 229.
Achatina (Electro) notigena, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 35, figs. 8, 9.
Stenogyra (Glessula) notigera, as of Blanford, Nevill, Hand List, \r

1878, p. 167.
Glessula notigena, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 166;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 66, pi. 12, figs. 3, 4, 9.

Original description : — "Testa elongato-conica, superue attenuate,,
tenui, subcostulato-striata, fulvo-cornea, nitida, pellucida ; spira
turrita, superne attenuatn, apice obtuso, sutura impressa, irregu-
lariter crenulata ; anfractibus 9-10 convexiusculis, ultimo -J- testas
non attingente ; apertura subverticali, anguste semiovali, columella
vix arcuata, subverticali, basi suboblique truncata, peristomate
recto, tenui, marginibus callo teuui juuctis.

" Long. 20, diarn. 7 mill. ; apert. 6 mill, longa, vix 4 lata.""
(Benson.)

Hab. India: Mahableshwar Hills (Chesson) • Poona and
Khandala (Blanford, FairbanTc) ; nr. Bombay (Theobald); Sikkim:
Darjeeling (Beddome).

Three specimens in the Theobald collection from Mahableshwar,
measure 23'5 x 7 mm. Pour shells from Darjeeling, in the
Beddome collection, were labelled tenuispira, but I refer these to-
notigena ; they measure : length 35, diam. 7*5 mm.

393. Glessula sarissa, Benson.

Achatina sarissa, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 463 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 234.
Achatina (Electro) sarissa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 35, fig. 10.

Stenogyra (Glessula) sarissa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.
Stenogyra (Subulina) sarissa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.
Glessula sarissa, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,.

p. 167 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 93, pi. 12, fig. 1L

Original description : — " Testa elongato-conica, tenui, Isevigata,

GLE3SULA. 413

striatula, anfractibus ultimis sub lente confertim obsolete decus-
satis, nitidissima, olivaceo-cornea ; spira elongato-pj-ramidata,
apice obtuso, sutura impressa; anfractibus 9| convexiusculis,
ultimo -f- testsB superante ; zipertura subverticali, ovato-elliptiea,
coluiuella obliqua, leviter arcuata, albido calloso, basi oblique
truncata, peristomate recto, tenui.

" Long. 16, diam. 5| mill. ; apert. 5 mill, longa, 3| lata."
(Benson.)

Hob. India: Comercolly, Banks of Granges, Bengal (Cantor)'
Oolooberiah, Moisraka, and Jessore District (Nevill) ; Bombay
Ghats (Beddome).

The figure in Conch. Ind. has considerably larger dimensions,
*. e. 21 x 8'25 mm., than those indicated by Benson, and it is,
therefore, doubtful if the shell represented is identical with
Benson's species. I have not seen specimens.

-394. Glessula veruina, Benson.

Achatina veruina, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xii, 1853, p. 94 ;

Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 132; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 615.

Achatina (Subulina) veruina, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt, ii, 1856, p. 169.
Stenogyra (Glessula} veruina, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 171.
Stenogyra (Subulina) vemina, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Glessula veruina, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3;

Jousseauine, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 295 ; Beddome,

Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 167; Pilsbry, Man.

Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 60.

Original description : — "Testa cylindraceo-turrita, valde elongata,
•sordide albida, iuaequaliter striata, spira superne sensim attenuata,
sutura impressa, crenulata, apice obtuso; anfractibus 12|-13
angustis cylindricis, ultimo -^- longitudinis vix aequante ; apertura
verticali, truncato-ovali, peristomate recto, acuto, margine
•columellari leviter arcuato.

i4 Long. 25, diam. 5 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. Ceylon : JNalande (Layard).

Fig. 130. — Glessula veruina. f.

I have only seen a single specimen, which is in the Theobald
•collection, in the British Museum. It is composed of only nine
whorls and measures 19x4 mm., but it agrees with the

414

description. As the species has never been illustrated I have
thought it advisable to give a figure of this specimen.

The type, unfortunately, appears to have been lost, as it cannot
be found in the McAndrew collection at Cambridge.

395. Glessula hastula, Benson.

Achatina hastula, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3. v, 1860, p 461 •

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 235.
Achatina (Electro) hastula, Hanlev & Theobald, Conch. Ind 18.70,

pi. 18, fig. 4.

Stenogyra (Glessula) hastula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169.
Stenoffyra (Subulina) hastula, Pfeiffer & Olessin. Nomencl. Helic

Viv. 1881, p. 327.
Glessula hastula, Theobald & Stojiczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 334 ;

Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 167 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 93, pi. 12, fig. 12.

Original description: — "Testa turrito-subulata, tenui, oblique
capillaceo-striata, fusco-cornea, nitidula ; spira subulata, apice
obtuso, sutura profundiusctila ; anfractibus 9, primis convexis,
postremis convexiusculis, ultimo f testae vix attingente ; apertura
vix obliqua, ovato-elliptica, peristomatis marginibus callo tenui
junctis, dextrali recto acuto. columellari arcuato calloso albido,
basi oblique truncata.

•'Long. 12|, diara. 3| mill. ; long, apert. 3£ mill." (Benson.)
Hab. India : Pankabari near Darjeeling (Stanford). Burma :
Kuniah Hill and Mai-i, Saudoway District, Arakan (Theobald &
Stoliczka).

396. Glessula corrosula, Pfeiffer.

Achatina corrosula, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 35; ibid., Novit.

Conch, ser. 1, i, 1858, p. 104, pi. 29, figs. 9, 10; ibid., Mon.

Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 612.
Achatina (Electro) corrosula, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870r

pi. 18, fig. 2.

Stenoyyra (Glessula) corrosula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.
Stenogyra (Subulina) corrosula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic*

Viv. 1881, p. 326.
Glessula corrosula, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 167 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 67, pi. 12r

figs. 5, 6.

Original description : — " A. testa turrita, solidula, sublaevigata,
punctatim corrosula, pallide cornea; spira convexiusculo-tufrita,
apice acutiuscula ; sutura levi, subcrenulata ; anfr. 9 vix convex-
iusculis, ultimo -f longitudinis vix sequante, basi rotundato ;
col umella perarcuata, oblique distincte truncata; apertura parum
obliqua, sinuato-semiovali ; perist. simplice, tenui.

" Long. 15, diam. 6J- mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. India : Nilgiris (Shiplay, Blanford) ; Kurnool (Stoliczka)..

Three specimens in the Cuming collection, from the Nilgiris,.
measure 14-5 x 4 mm.

GLESSULA. 415

397. Glessula blanda, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, opaque, rather thin, pale yellow, glossy,
very finely striated. Spire narrow, scarcely convex ; suture
shallow, inarginate ; apex a little obtuse. Whorls 8 j, flattened,
increasing slowly at first, the last four rather suddenly, the last
whorl equalling in width nearly 3 of the entire length of the
shell. Aperture oblique, narrowly obovate, the margins united
by a thin callus on the parietal wall : peristome with acute mar-
gins ; outer margin scarcely curved, basal margin deeply curved ;
columella arcuate, obliquely truncate.

Length 15-5, diam. 5 mm. ; apert., height 5, width 2-5 mm,

Fig. 131.— Glessula Uanda.

Hob. India : Anamullays (Beddome). [Type in the British
Museum.

Several specimens without name in the Beddome collection
were found to pertain to an undescribed form. The new species
somewhat resembles a miniature G. bensoniana, but the outline is
a little more cylindrical, the spire is a little more convex, the
apex a little more obtuse, the base narrower, while the shell is
more glossy and the striae are much finer.

A single specimen occurs with narrower base and with more
convex whorls. Some of the shells are of a very pale yellow,
almost approaching white, while several are dark fuscous, and
others again pale fuscous and very translucent.

398. Glessula bensoniana, Pfeiffer.

Achatina bensoniana^ PfeiflTer, Zeits. Malak. viii, 1851, p. 27 ; ibid.,

Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 494 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bidimus,

1860, p, 325, pi. 26, figs. 12, 13.
Oleacina (Electro,} bensoniana, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 105.
Achatina (Electro) bensoniana, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 168.
Stenoqyra (Glessula) bensoniana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167;

ibid., J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 137, pi. 5, fig. 16.
Glessula bensoniana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 330 ; Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 293 ;

Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 167 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch., ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 67, pi. 12, figs. 13, 14.

Original description: — "T. oblongo-subulata, tenuis, vix stria-
tula, nitida, subpellucida, i'ulvo-cornea ; spira subturrita, apice

416

obtusiuscula; sutura subimpressa, confert-im denticulata ; anfr.
8| planiusculi, ultimus g longitudinis paulo superans, basi attenu-
atus ; colurnella leviter avcuata, paulo supra basin aperturae
subsemiovalis breviter truncata ; perist. simplex, acutum, mar-
gine dextro leviter arcuato.

" Long. 18, diam. 6| mill." (Pfeiffer.)

ffab. India: Nilgiris (Perrottet) ; Anamullays (Beddome)', Kota-
gherry and Ootacainund (Stoliczka).

Jousseaume attributes this species to Ceylon, quoting Benson
as his authority, but, as I have been unable to trace any state-
ment to that effect by Benson, the only possible explanation
appears to be that Jousseaume must have confused the species
with some other.

The British Museum contains three specimens from Vizagapa-
tam, which were labelled botellus by Beddome, but which are
undoubtedly forms of bensoniana. They have eight whorls, two
shells measuring 18'5 x 8 mm., and the third 18 x 8-5 mm.

399. G-lessula tinnevellica, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, rather solid, more or less opaque, polished,
finely costulate-striate, the striaB crossed by excessively fine close
spirals, which are more prominent and distinctly incised at the
base near the parietal callus. Spire narrow with straight sides ;
suture superficial, crenulate ; apex acute, prominent. Whorls 8|,
increasing slowiy and regularly, the earlier ones flattened, fulvous

Fig. 132.— G-lcssula tinnevellica. f .

corneous, the later ones slightly convex, dark chestnut with a
pale subsutural narrow band ; last whorl equalling in width -J the
entire length of the shell. Aperture oblique, narrowly obliquely
pyriform ; peristome \\ith acute margins, united by a thin callus
on the parietal wall ; outer margin descending nearly vertically,
basal margin slightly curved, obliquely descending, columellar
margin slightly curved elongate.

Length 18, diam. 7 mm. ; apert. height 7, width 3 mm.

ffab. India : Tinnevelly (Beddome).

Three specimens in the Beddome collection (British Museum),
labelled G. anamullica, proved quite distinct upon examination,
being in fact nearer 0. bensoniana but differing from the latter in

GLESSULA. 417

having a Darrower base and more acute apex, a more slender spire,
more closely coiled whorls and a subangular periphery. A second
specimen has the aperture a little higher and is fuscous above
the periphery, dark chestnut below it. A third specimen is
greenish corneous, with a yellowish subsutural band, which widens
at the penultimate and reaches the periphery on the last whorl.

400. Glessula travancorica, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, thin, translucent, fuscous corneous,
glossy, very finely and rather regularly striated, the striae flexuous
near the upper suture, while under a strong lens very dense spiral
sculpture may be detected. Spire narrow, with straight sides ;
suture impressed, margined ; apex acute, prominent. "Whorls 8|,
slightly convex, increasing slowly and regularly at first, the last
three rather suddenly, the last whorl equalling in width f- of the
entire length of the shell. Aperture oblique, semi-ovate ; peri-
stome acute, the margins united by a thin callus on the parietal

Fig. 133. — Glessula travancorica.

wall : outer margin slightly curved, basal margin arcuate ; colu-
mella slightly curved, obliquely truncate.

Length 14, diam. 4*75 mm. ; apert. : height 4*5, width 2 mm.

Hab. India: Peermede, Travancore (Beddome). Type in the
British Museum.

This new species resembles a miniature G. tinnevellica, but apart
from its much smaller size, the whorls are more convex and more
closely coiled, and the last whorl is less tumid. It is also thinner
and more translucent. Only four specimens were found in the
Beddome collection, two of which are a trifle more conoid than
the type, measuring 12 x 5 mm. and 11*5 x 4*75 mm. respectively.

401. Glessula jeyporensis, Beddome.

Glessula jey 2)0 rensis, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 167, pi. 15, fig. 6.
Glessula subserena, Pilshry (non Beddome), Man. Conch, ser. 2,

xx, 1909, p. 75, pi. 8, figs. 11, 12.

Original description : — " Testa oblongo-turrita, tenuis, striatula,
nitida, luteo-cornea ; spira subturrita, ad apicem obtusa ; sutura

2E

418 FEBUSSACID^;.

impressa, crenulata ; anfractus 8 subplaniusculi, ultimus ^ longi-
tudinis fere sequans ; columella valde arcuata, ad basim truncata ;
apertura serni-ovalis ; peristoma simplex.

" Long. 18, diam. 6 mm. ; aperture 5 mm. longa, 3 lata." (Bed-
dome.)

Hob. India : Jeypore Hills.

Said to be " allied to bensoniana, but with a shorter, blunter
spire." An examination of the type in the British Museum has
convinced me that jeyporensis bears no resemblance to bensoniana,
which is a many-whorled species. It is very nearly related to
jerdoni, but is a little more shining and the whorls are somewhat
shouldered near the upper suture. It appears to me, however,
to be a doubtful species. Five shells in the Beddome collection,
from the type locality, have a somewhat broader base than the
type, measuring 17*5x7 mm. (7^ whorls).

402. Glessula jerdoni, Reeve.

Achatina jerdoni (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Achatina,

pi. 21, fig. 80 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 494 ; ibid.,

Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 312, pi. 25, figs. 10, 11.
Oleacina (Electro] jerdoni, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 105.
Achatina (Electro) jerdoni, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 78, fig. 10.
Stenogyra (Glessula) jerdoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168;

ibid., J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 136, pi. 5, fig. 14.
Glessula jerdoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 168 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 75, pi. 12, figs. 16-18.

Original description : — " Shell somewhat pyramidally oblong,
whorls seven to eight in number, convex, smooth polished, finely
margined at the sutures, columella arched, conspicuously trun-
cated, aperture small ; brown horny." (Reeve.)

The following dimensions are given by Pfeiffer (Mon. Helic.
Viv. iii, p. 495) : «* Long. 14, diam. 5 mill. Ap. 4| mill, longa,
medio 2| lata," from Bensonian specimens.

Hob. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon, Blanford, JVevill); Pulney Hills
(Fairbank) ; Anamullays and Cherra Poonjee (Beddome).

403. Glessula singhurensis, Blanford.

Glessula singhurensis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 19
pi. 3, fig.' 17 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,
p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 168 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 76, pi. 10, fig. 5.

Achatina (Electra) Jilosa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,
pi. 78, fig. 7.

GLESSULA. 419

Achatina singhurensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877,

p. 280.
Stenogyra (Glessula} singhurensi?, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878r

p. 106.

Original description : — " Testa pyramidali, turrita, tenuis, cornea,
polita, nitida, levis, vix striatula ; spira elongate conica ; apice
sub-acuto ; sutura impressa, minute corrugata. Anfr. 8 convex!,
ultimus £ longitudinis vix sequans, subtus rotundatus. Apertura
fere verticalis, ovato-oblonga ; peris torn a obtusum, albescens ;.
coluniella valde arcuata, antice oblique truncata.

" Loug. 12|, diam. 4'4, ap, long. 4, lat. 2| mm." (Stanford.)

Hob. India : Singhur near Poona (Blanford).

" This is allied to the Nilgiri G.jerdoni, Bens., but the sides of
the spire are less convex, the shell being more regularly pyramidal
with a less obtuse apex. In some of the specimens of this species-
collected alive, but in which the animal had subsequently dried
up, I found young shells. It would thus appear to be viviparous.
I have observed the same circumstance (the ocurrence of youngf
inside the old one) in G. cassiaca, Bs. In other species of this
genus I have found small round eggs with a calcareous shell, but
these may be hatched, before they are deposited by the parent."
(Blanford.)

The Cuining collection in the British Museum comprises five
specimens from the type locality, which measure 12 x 4-5 mm,
I possess shells from Poona, received from the late Colonel
Beddome, which are a little darker in colour than the type and
have the apex a little more acute.

G. singhurensis is allied to G. naja, Pilsbry, but it is smaller
and has the last whorl proportionately higher.

404. Glessula amentum, Reeve.

Achatina amentum (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Acha-
tina, pi. 17, fi^r. 82 : Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 499 ;
ibid., Conch .-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 311, pi. 25, figs. 4, 5 ; Ben-
son, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 464.

Oleacina (Electro) amentum, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,.
p. 105.

Achatina (Electro} amentum, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168 ;:
Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 35, fig. 3.

Cionella (Glessula) amentum, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2,.
1860, p. 254.

Stenogyra (Glessula} amentum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169 ,-
ibid., J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 138, pi. 5, fig. 10.

Glessula amentum, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,
p. 331 : Beddome, Proe. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 168 f
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 77, pi. 10, figs. 1-4.

Original description : — " Shell cylindrically turreted, very thiny
whorls nine in number, rounded, obscurely very finely plicately

212

420 FERUSSACIDJE.

striated, columella arched and twisted attenuately truncated ;
transparent horny." (Reeve.}

Pfeiffer supplies the following measurements from specimens
sent to him by Benson (Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, p. 499) ; " Long. 22,
diam. 7 mill. Ap. oblique 7| mill, longa, medio 4 lata."

Hub. India : Howrah near Calcutta (Reeve, Benson) ; Gran jam
(Ball, Beddome) ; Orissa (Beddome).

" I found the smaller variety very abundant on the top of
Myhendra Hill (Gran jam). The larger variety, found near
Calcutta and in Central India, and well figered by Haoley, is a
rare shell. It has a shorter and blunter apex and fewer whorls
than vadalica, but specimens of that species sometimes do duty
for it in collections." (Beddome.)

The " smaller variety,'' referred to by Beddome, is quite a dis-
tinct form on which I have based the next species.

405. G-lessula ganjamensis, sp. n.

Shell cylindrico-conoid, opaque, rather solid, a little shining,
finely and closely striated under a greenish or yellowish deciduous
cuticle, the striae slightly nexuous near the upper suture. Spire
convex ; suture impressed, crenulate ; apex obtuse. Whorls 7,
slightly convex and somewhat gibbous at the upper suture, the
last whorl equalling in width about ^ of the entire length of
the shell. Aperture nearly vertical, sub-ovate ; peristome a little
thickened, parietal callus scarcely perceptible ; outer margin
slightly curved, basal margin deeply curved ; columella deeply
.arcuate, obliquely truncate.

Length 16-25, diam. 7 mm. ; apert. : height 6, width 3'5 mm.

Fig. 134:. — G-lessula ganjamensis.

Hub. India: Myhendra Hill, Ganjam (Beddome).

Type in the British Museum.

This is the form referred to by Beddome as " the smaller variety
[of G. amentum'] very abundant on the top of Myhendra Hill."
It is, however, quite distinct from G. amentum, being not only
considerably smaller but more solid, with a more convex spire, a
less obtuse apex, a more tumid and relatively higher last whorl,
and a narrower aperture. The cuticle appears to be rather
deciduous and many specimens have the apex corroded. One
specimen with 8 whorls measures 17 mm. in length. Another

GLESSULA, 421

shell, composed o£ 7j whorls, only attains 14*75 min. in length
with a diameter of 5'25 mm.

406. Glessula facula, Benson.

Achatina perrotteti, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Achatina, pi. 21r

tig. 102 (non Pfr.).
Achatina facula, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 466 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 224.
Achatina (Electro) facula, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 35, fig. 1.
Stenogyra (Glessnla) facula, Nevill, J. A.S.B. 1, 1881, p. 137,,

pi. 5, fig. 18.
Glessula facula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,.

p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 168 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 77, pi. 10, figs. 8, 9.

Original description : — " Testa turrito-ovata, teimi, laBvigata,
irregulariter striatula, translucente, nitida, pallide fulvo-cornea ;
spira turrito-conica, apice obtuso, sutura profundiuscula, irregu-
lariter vix crenulata; anfractibus 7|, subconvexis, ultima f testae
vix attingente, antice leviter remote plicato-striato ; apertura
subverticali, semiovali, coluinella breviter valde arcuata, callosa,
basi oblique truncata, peristomate recto, tenui, marginibus callo
tenui junctis.

" Long. 1 8, diam. 8 mill. ; apert. 7 mill, longa, 4^ lata." (Benson.}
Hal). India : Nilgiri Hills (Jerdon) ; Pulney Hills (Nevill) ;
Kurnool, Anamullay Hills, and Jeypore Hills (Beddome].

407. Glessula illustris, Godwin- Austen.

Glessula illustris, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 3, pi. 1,
fig. 5; ibid., xlv, 1876, p. 315; Pfeiffer & Clessin, , Nomencl.
Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
vii, 1906, p. 168 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 95,
pi. 11, figs. 13-16.

Achatina illustris, Hanlev & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102,
fig. 9 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 279.

Stenogyra (Glessula) illustris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.

Original description : — "Shell elongately o\7al, greenish horny,
finely striated longitudinally; whorls 7, very slightly rounded,
suture moderately impressed, the lip thickened, columellar margin
slightly curved and strong, apex blunt.

"Length 0'75 [ = 19 mm.], major diam. 0'3 [ = 7-5 mm.];
length of aperture 0'3 inch [=7*5 mm.]." (Godivin- Austen.)

Hob. India : Hengdan Peak, N. Cachar Hills, 7000 ft. ; Nenglo,
6000 ft. ; Luka Valley, Jaintia Hills, 1000 ft. (Godivin- Austen).

u This species is an elongate and larger form of Glessula crassi-
labris, of which G. pyramis is a closer variety, but its much more
elongate form and stronger striatiou make it a good connecting

422

species with O. butltri described further on. The form from the
Luka Valley is a tumid departure from the type figured. One
specimen measures: alt. 0'75 [=19 mm.), major diam. O38 inch
[ = 9*25 mm.], another 0*65 [=16-25 mm.], major diam. 0-35 inch
[=9 mm.].

" I look on all these species as properly varieties, and G. crassi-
labris, very abundant in all the grass country of the Khasi Hills,
may be taken as the type ; a difference in elevation and conditions
of habitat, from damp dark forest to hot grassy slopes, having
produced modifications of form."

Pilsbry points out that in G. illustris the embryonic ivhorls are
closely and finely striate vertically as in G. notigena and that hence
it has no affinity to G. crassilabris. He continues : " It is a much
less robust shell and less polished ; and on the last whorl there
are traces of fine spiral striation, as shown in fig. 13. The sculp-
ture of the later whorls is irregular ; there seem to be unequally
separated grooves, with finer striae and grooves in the intervals,
but quite unequally developed. The suture is crenulate. On the
last whorl or two some traces of spiral striae appear in places.
The outer lip is a little sinuous, being retracted above ; it is
moderately thickened or obtuse."

Beddome was unable to distinguish this species in any way from
G. facula, but the latter lias the whorls much more closely coiled.

A specimen from N. Cachar, in the Beddome collection, com-
posed of seven whorls, measures only 16 mm. in length and 7mm.
in diameter.

408. Glessula botellus, Benson.

Achatina botellus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, I860, p. 465;

Pfeiffer, MOD. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 22l>.
Achatina (Electro] botellus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. t!5, fig. 4.

Stenoc/yra (Glessula) botellus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Glesmla botellus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 168 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 78, pi. 10, fig. 6.

Original description : — " " Testa oblonga, solidiuscula, laevigata,
leviter striatula, sub Jente indistincte confertim, spiraliter, minu-
tissime acuducta, polita, fulvo-castanea ; spira ovato-oblonga, apice
valde obtuso, sutura impressa, leviter crenulata ; anfractibus 7
convexiusculis, ultimo vix latiore ; apertura subobliqua, serniovali,
intus albida, columella valde arcuata, albido-callosa, basi subverti-
caliter truncata, peristomate recto, marginibus callo tenui junctis,
dextrali latiusculo, planato, non incrassato." (Benson.}

Long. 18, diam. 7^ mill. ; apert. 7 mill, longa, 3| lata.

Hal. India, Nilgiri Hills (Jerdoii) ; Pykara, Nilgiris (Stanford).

This species is characterized by the flattened whorls and

GLESSULA. 423

shallow suture. It resembles G. subperrotteti, but is more
polished, the suture is not margined, and the base is narrower.

Some specimens from the Nilgiris in the Beddome collection
were labelled G. facula, but I refer them without hesitation to
G. botellus ; one composed of 7J whorls, measures 19-5 x 8 rum.
Three shells from Pegu, in the Theobald collection, are composed
of seven whorls, and measure 16x7 mm.

409. Glessula orophila, Reeve.

Achatina orophila (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1849, Achatina,

pi. 19, fig. 105 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 493 (as

synonym of A. ceylanica, Pfr.) ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v,

I860, p. 465.
Oleacina (Electro) orophila, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 106.
Cionella ( Glessula) orophila, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,

p. 254.
Stenogi/ra (Glessula) orophila, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 137,

pi. 5, fig. 19.
Glessula orophila. Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 168; Pliably, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 79, pi. 10,

fig. 10.

Original description: — "Shell conically ovate, spire acuminated,
sutures impressed, whorls seven in number, rounded, peculiarly
obscurely indented, columella short, deeply arched and truncated,
aperture rather small ; olive-horn.

" Distinguished by the deeply arched curvature of the columella,
and by the whorls being rather more numerous than is usual in
species of this form." (Reeve.}

Hub. India : Mahableshwar, Anamullays, and S. Canara (Bed-
dome}. Burma : Pegu (Theobald}.

No measurements are given by Reeve, but three specimens from
Mahableshwar, in the Beddome collection, possessing 7| whorls,
measure 18x9'5 mm.; the same collection contains numerous
shells from South Cauara and the Anamullays, composed of eight
whorls, and measuring 18x9 mm. The Theobald collection com-
prises five shells from Pegu, one of which has nine whorls and
measures : length 21*75 mm., diameter 10 mm.

Many of the specimens I have seen distinctly show incised lines,
evenly spaced.

410. Glessula arthuri, Benson.

Achatina arthuri, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 209 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 224.
Achatina (Electra) arthuri, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 36, tig. 3.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) arthuri, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.

424

Glessula arthuri, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881
p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 168 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 79, pi. 10, fig. 7 (as
synonym of G. orophila).

Original description : — " A. testa ovato-conica, irregulariter
plicato-striata, luteo-fulva, polita, translucente; spira ovato-conica,
apice obtuso, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 7-J-, convexiusculis,
prope suturam subcrenulatis ; apertura subvertioali, elliptico-
ovata ; peristomate crassiusculo, callo parietal! infra albido ;
margiue columellari oblique truncato.

" Long. 19, diain. 10, apert. long. 8 mill/' (Benson.)

Hab. India : JS'eher, Mahableshwar (A. E. Benson, FairbanJc,
Blanford).

Beddome believed this species to be identical with G. orophila,
and Pilsbry placed it under the synonymy of the latter, but,
although closely allied, I consider the two sufficiently distinct,
being readily distinguished from G. oripliila by the absence of im-
pressed transverse striae, in being costulate-striate and less shining.
I have seen two shells from Mahableshwar in Major Peile's col-
lection, while a single specimen, without habitat, in the Theobald
collection, possesses eight whorls and measures : length 22 mm.,
diam. 12 mm. ; it accords well with Blanford's description and
Hanley's figure. No habitat was recorded. There were besides
several other shells labelled " arthuri" but these all pertain to
orophila.

411. Glessula oreas, Reeve.

Acliatina oreas (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v? 1850, Aclmtma,

pi. 21, tig. 113 ; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, I860, p. 464.
Oleacina (Electro) oreas, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 105.
Electra oreas, Frauenfeld, Verb. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xix, 1869,

p. 873.
Achatina (Electra) oreas. Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,

p. 33, pi. 78, fig. 9.
Stenogyra (Glesnula) oreas, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881. p. 135, pi. 5,

fig. 11.
Glessula oreas, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, \ii, 1906,

p. 169 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 80, pi. 10,

fig. 11.

Original description : — " Shell oblong-conical, whorls seven in
number, convex, finely margined at the sutures, longitudinally
obscurely impressly striated, columella arched, aperture small ;
brown horny." (Reeve.}

The following dimensions are given by Nevill (J. A. S. B. 1,
p. 135) from a Travancore specimen he received from Beddome :
"Long. 14J, diam. 7j mill."

Hob. India : Nilgiri Hills (Jerdoii) ; Tinnevelly and Travan-

GLESSULA. 425

core Hills, South Canara Ghats, Nullamullays, and Kurnool
(Beddome).

Beddome thought Glessula paviei, Morlet, from Tonkin was
identical with the present species, but the former has one whorl
more and is considerably more slender.

Some shells from Travancore in the Beddome collection, com-
posed of seven whorls, measure: length 14 mm., diam. 7 mm.,
while others from the Anamullays, also possessing seven whorls,
only attain a length of 13 mm. and a diameter of 6-5 mm. The
same collection contains specimens from Kurnool, possessing
seven whorls and measuring 12'75 x 6 mm. One of these had
the aperture closed by an opaque epiphragm, and contained five
spherical eggs.

412. Glessula pseudoreas, Nevill.

Achatina oreas, Pfeiffer, Mori. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 495: ibid.,

Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, I860, p. 312, pi. 25, figs. 8, 9 (not A. oreas

(Bens.), Reeve).

Stenoffyra (Glessula) oreas, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.
Stenoqyra (Glessula) pseudoreas, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 136;

Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 169 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 80, pi. 10, figs. 12, 13.
Glessula oreas, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomeocl, Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 330.
Glessula pseudoreas, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

p. 169; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 80, pi. 10,

figs. 12, 13.

Original description : — " T. subturrito-ovata, tenuis, laevigata,
parum nitida, fusco-cornea ; spira turrito-conica, apice obtusa;
sutura submarginata, impressa ; anfr. 7 vix convexiusculi, ultimus
-| longitudinis suba3quans, basi rotundatus ; columella perarcuata,
albo-callosa, supra basin aperturae elliptico-semiovalis oblique
truncata ; perist. rectum, acutum, margine dextro leviter arcuato.

"Long;. 12£, diam. 5 mill., ap. 5 mill, loiiga, medio 2| lata."
(Pfvffer.)

Hob. India : Nilgiris (Jerdon, Stanford) ; S. Oanara Ghats and
Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome}.

" Nilgiri specimens collected by Mr. Blanford (which I take
for my type) measure — long. 11, diam. 5 (vix) mill, and are of
six whorls only." (Nevill.)

Var. subdeshayesiana, Nevill, 1. c. p. Io6 ; Pilsbry, 1. c. p. 80.

" Anfr. 6 ; long. 11, diam. 4| mill. Type var. from the
Anamullays (Beddome) ; also from the Puluey Hills (Fairbunk)"
(Nevill.)

426 TEEUSSACIDTE.

413. Glessula crassilabris, Benson.

Achatina crassilabris, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 353 ; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 261 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850,
Achatina, pi. 21, fig. 81 ; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860,
p. 313, pi. 25, figs. 12, 13; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860,
p. 464 (small var.) 5 Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 95
(dwarf var. 11x6 mm.).

Oleacina (Electro] crassilabris, Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1855,
p. 105.

Achatina (Electro) crassilabris, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,
p. 168 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 36, fig. 1.

Cionella (Glessula) crassilabris, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860,
p. 254.

Stenoyyra (Glessula} crassilabris, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.

Glessula crassilabris, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, pp. 3,
315; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330;
Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 190(5, p. 169 ; Pilsbiy,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, p. 96, pi. 10, figs. 14, 15.

Original description : — " Testa turrito-conica, Isevi, cornea,
longitudinaliter striata; anfractibus convexis, suturis excavatis ;
labro intus incrassato ; columella praearcuata ; apice obtuso.

"Long. 0-7 [ = 17-75 mill], lat, 0-3 poll. [ = 7'75 milliin.]."
(Benson.)

Hob. India : Sylhet (Benson) ; Khasi Hills (Maimvariny) ;
Teria G-hat (dwarf var. Theobald) ; Darjeeling (Stoliczkd) ; Shen-
gorb and Toruputu, Dafla Hills, Naga Hills (Godwin- Austen).
Burma : Arakan (small var. Blanford).

" This shell lias the habit of a Ceylon species, which I believe
to be A. nitens of Gray. It differs in greater size, in its incras-
sated outer lip, in its somewhat more ventricose form, and its
sculpture." (Beddome.)

414. Glessula naja, Pilslry.

Glessula naja (Blanford), Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909,
p. 90, pi. 12, fig. 10.

Original description : — " Shell slender, turrite, thin, yellow-
corneous, glossy, weakly striulate. and having vertical grooves at
unequal intervals; this sculpture is most evenly developed just
below the suture. Under the compound microscope glimpses of
excessively weak, close spiral granule-lines may be seen in places.
Outlines of the spire nearly straight, a trifle contracted near the
apex. Whorls 9^, moderately convex, separated by a deeply
impressed simple suture. Aperture a little oblique ; outer lip
thin : columella rather long, regularly concave, truncate at the
base.

" Length 19, diam. 6'6, length of aperture 6-5 mm." (Pilsbry.)

Hob. India : Assam (Nevill).

" The later whorls are decidedly longer than in G. tenuispira

GLESSULA. 427

and its immediate allies. The specimens were received from
Nevill under the name used above; they may possibly be Gletsula,
No. 80 of his Hand List, since they seem related to G. subfusi-
formis." (Pilsbry.)

415. Glessula orobia, Benson.

Achatina orobia, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1800, p. 461 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 224.
Achatina (Electra) orobia, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 18, tig. 7 ; var. fig'. 8.

Stenogyra (Glessnla*) orobia, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.
Glessula orobia, Pfeitfer & Clessiu, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 330 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 169 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 96, pi. 10, fig. 16.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-oblonga, solidiuscula, laevi-
gata, leviter striata, striis uonnullis remotiusculis profunde im-
pressis sculpta, nitida, olivaceo-cornea ; spira convexe pyramidata,
apice obtuso, sutura inijiressa; anfractibus 6|-7| convexiusculis, •
ad humerum angulatis, creuulatis, ultimo 3 testa3 superante ;
apertura vertical! semiovali, columella valde arcuata, callosa,
basi oblique truncata, peristomate recto, crassiusculo, obtuso.

"Long. 11, diam. 5 mill.; apert. 4 mill, longa, 3 lata."
(Benson.)

Hal). India: Sinchul and Darjeeling (Blanford) ; Naga Hills
(Beddome).

Some specimens in the Beddome collection, from the Naga
Hills, composed of 6| whorls, measure 8x3'5 mm. Another
shell, possessing only six \vhorls, is rather convex, measuring
6'5x3 mm.

416. Glessula scrutillus, Benson.

Achatina scrutillus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 463 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 227.
Achatina (Electra) scrutillus, Hanlev & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1870, pi. 18, fig. 1.

Stenogyra (Glessula) scrutillus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.
Glessula scrutillus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 169 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 81, pi. 10, fig. 17.

Original description: — "Testa oblonga, solidiuscula, laevigata,
subremote striatula, nitidula, fulvo-cornea ; spira ovato-oblonga,
apice obtuso, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5| couvexiusculis,
ultimo ^ testae superante ; apertura verticali, ovato-elliptica,
columella valde arcuata, basi subito et profunde truncata, peri-
stomate recto, obtuso, marginibus callo crassiusculo junctis.

"Long. 6 mill., diam. 2|; long, apert. 2J millim." (Benson.)

428 FERUSSACIDjE.

Hob. India: Cuttack, prov. Orissa, and upper valley of the
Nerbudda (Theobald).

Allied to G. gemma, but more cylindrical, with a convex spire^
A specimen in the Theobald collection, from the Nerbudda
Valley, with six whorls, measures 5*5x2-75 mm. Another shell
from Malabar, having 6| whorls, has the following dimensions L
length 7 mm., diameter 3 mm.

417. Glessula gemma, Reeve.

Achatina gemma (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Achatina,

pi. 22, fig. 123 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 496 ;

ibid., Conch.-Cab.. Bulimus, 1860, p. 314, pi. 25, figs. 24, 25 ;

Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 464 (large var.).
Oleacina (Electro} gemma, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 105.
Achatina (Electro] gemma, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168-

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 36, fig. 7.
Cionella (Glessula) gemma, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, I860,.

p. 254.

Stenogyra (Glessula) gemma, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170.
Glessula gemma, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Vivr. 1881,

p. 331 ; Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 276, pi. 85,

fig. 7; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 169;

Pilsbry, Man, Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 97, pi. 13, figs. 1, 3.

Original description : — " Shell oblong-conical, rather solid,
whorls six in number, rounded, smooth, col urn ell u arched,,
abbreviated, aperture nearly round ; purple-black, shining."
(Reeve.)

" Of a much darker purple-black colour than any other of the-
Indiaii species, and of shorter growth, with a shining, polished
surface." (Reeve.)

Hob. India : Borrackpore (Benson) ; Chandpore (Bacon) -
Jessore District, Chandbally, and Moisraka (Nevill)', Rajmahal
(Raban) ; Chandernagore ( Mainwaring) ; Garo Hills (Godwin-
Austen) ; Malabar plains and Bey pur (Beddome). Burma :
Chittagong (Uaban) ; Arakan (Kurz).

The following measurements are supplied by Pfeiffer from
specimens in his own collection (Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, p. 496): —
"Long. 8J, diam. 4 mill., ap. 3 mill, longa, 2 lata," while Benson
(A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, p. 464) indicates a large variety,
8x3| mm.

It is allied to G. scrutillus, but that species is more cylindrical
with a convex spire. A specimen in the British Museum of 5|
whorls measures 6 mm. in length.

GLESSULA. 429

Var. frumentum, Reeve.

Achatina frumentum, Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Achatina,

pi. 22, fi0*. 124 ; Deshayes, in Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, part 2,

1851, p. 169, pi. 134, figs. 22-24,
Achatina gemma, var. frumentum, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii,

1853, p. 496.
Oleacina (Electro,} frumentum, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 105.
Cionella (Glessula) gemma, var. frumentum, von Martens, Die

Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 254.
Glessula gemma, var. frumentum, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909,

p. 98, pi. 13, fig. 2.

The whorls are less rounded, less polished, and of a uniform
lighter colour than in the type.

Hal. India : Chandpore, Bengal (Bacon}.

This is generally paler than the type, the whorls are less
numerous, and the spire is more conoid.

The British Museum contains five specimens, labelled " Chand-
pore " ; they are composed of six whorls and measure 6*5 x 3-1 mm.

418. Glessula crassula, Reeve.

Achatina crassula (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon, v, 1850, Achatina,

pi. 22, tig. 120; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 496;

ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 314, pi. 25, figs. 16, 17.
Oleacina (Elect ru} crassula, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855,

p. 105.
Achatina (Electro) crassula, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 168;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 36, fig. 4.
Stenoyyra (Glessula} crassula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169.
Glessula crassula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 169 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 98, pi. 13, fig. 4.

Original description : — " Shell pyramidally couical, whorls seven
in number, flatly convex, longitudinally impressly striated, sutures

•/ \ / * J o V

Mainwarintj) ; Khasi, Dana, and ISTaga Hills (Godwin-Austen};
-Jaiutia Hills (Beddome).

Reeve, in accordance with his invariable rule, did not mention
any dimensions, but Pfeiffer gave the following measurements
(Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, p. 496) from Bensonian specimens: —
"Long. 9, diam. 4 mill., ap. 3| mill, longa, vix 2 lata." The
British Museum possesses specimens from the Kliasi Hills, one
•of which is composed of 7j whorls and measures 15-5 x7'5 mm.,
while another, consisting of 8 whorls, only attains a length of
14 mm., with a diameter of 6 mm.

430 FERUSSACIDjE.

419. Glessula pulla, Stanford.

Glessula pulla, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 21, pi. 3,

fig-. 20 ; Beddome, Proc. Make. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 169 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 81, pi. 13, figs. 5, 6.
Achatina (Electro) pulla, Hanlev & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,

pi. 78, fig. 1.

Achatina pulla, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 287.
Stenogyra (Glessula) pulla, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166.
Stenogyra (Subulina) pulla, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.

1881, p. 326.

Original description : — " Testa parva, turrita, tennis, f usco-
cornea, parum nitens, levigata, striatula ; spira elongate sub-
conica, lateribus convexiusculis ; apice obtuso; sutura impressa.
Anfr. 7-8 convexi, breves ; ultimus \ longitudinis sub-aequans,
subtus rotundatus. Apert. obliqua, sub-ovata ; peristoma tenue ;
columella arcuata, antice oblique truncata.

** Long. 7, diam. 2f, ap. long. 2, diam. 1| mm." (Blanford.}

ffab. India : Torna, near Poona (Evezard, Blanford).

" This is allied to A. FairbanJci, Bs., bat distinguisl>ed b^y its
more conical spire, smaller size, and darker colour." (Blanford.)

420. Glessula malabarica, sp. n.

Shell cylindrico-conoid, rather solid, translucent, pale corneous,
slightly shining, with impressed transverse lines, regularly spaced.
Spire conoid, slightly convex ; suture impressed, subcrenulate ;

Fig. 135. — Glessula malabarica.

apex slightly obtuse. Whorls 7|, very slightly convex, gibbous
near the upper suture, the last equalling in width J of the entire
length of the shell, shortly ascending in front. Aperture vertical,
semi-ovate, parietal callus scarcely perceptible ; peristome thick-
ened ; outer and basal margins regularly curved, columella arcuate,
truncate.

Length 7'5, diam. 3 mm.

Hab. India: Malabar (type), Travancore (Beddome). Tvpe in
the British Museum.

The Beddome collection contains five specimens from Malabar,
one being whitish corneous, arid a dozen from Travancore,

GLESSULA. 431

labelled ';n. sp. near pulla." G. malabarwa differs from that
species in having a more convex spire and in being oi; more solid
texture, with a thickened peristome, while the last whorl shortly
ascends in front. Some of the Travancore specimens are a trifle
larger, measuring 8-5 mm. in length, and several are of a darker
fuscous colour.

421. Glessula paupercula, Blanford.

Achatina paupercula., Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 362,

pi. 1, tig. 16; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 227;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, tig. 1.
Stenogyra (Glessula} paupercula, Neyill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169.
Glessula paupercula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 170;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 81, pi. 13, fig. 9.
Glessula inconspicua (Nevill), Beddome, 1. c. p. 170.

Original description : — " Testa turrito-oblonga, solidula, niti-
dula, fulvo cornea, impresso-striata ; spira turrita, lateribus vix
convexis, apice obtusa, sutura sub-marginata. Anfr. 7, parum
convexi, ultimas J longitudinis subeequans. Columella valde
arcuata, basi antice truncata. Apertura ovali-pyriformis ; peri-
stoma rectum, intus vix labiatum, marginibus cailo junctis.

" Long. 9, diam. 3| mrn., ap. 3 alta, 2 lata." (Blanford.)

Nab. India : Kolamullays, Patcharnullays, and Shevroy Hills
(King, Foote); Shevroy (Oldham) ; Salem, Anamullays, Tinne-
velly, Travaucore Hills, and Kurnool Hills (Beddome).

" The nearest ally to this small species appears to be the
Darjiling A. crassula, B. From this it is mainly distinguished by
the shape of the spire, which is more convex at the side, by its
smaller breadth compared with its length, and by its more
marked and slightly marginate sutures. A. paupercula is probably
common upon the Shevroys. All the specimens, however, found
by Mr. King at that locality are bleached, two specimens from the
Kolamnllies alone retaining their original texture." (Blanford.}

Var. nana, Beddome, 1. c. p. 170.

" A shorter more obtuse form, occurring occasionally with the
type form, and very like satlaraensis, but shorter." (Beddome.)

I found some specimens of the form nana from Tinnevelly in
the Beddome collection, having only six whorls and measuring
5 mm. in length. It approaches subjerdoni, especially the var.
minor, but the latter has a more convex spire. In the same col-
lection I found a large quantity of shells, from the Kurnool Hills,
labelled " G. inconspicua, Kevill MS.," which I am unable to
separate from paupercula. I hesitated before recording this fact
and thus adding another superfluous MS. name to literature,
already encumbered with so many of these, but having found

432 FERUSSACJD^.

specimens similarly labelled in Major Peile's possession, it appears
probable that shells have been distributed under this name, and
therefore may be found in many other collections.

422. Grlessula sattaraensis, Hanley $ Theobald.

Achatina fusca, H. Adams, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 15 (not Achatina

fusca, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 67).
Achatina (Electra) sattaraensis (H. Adams), Hanley & Theobald,

Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 78, fig. 4.

Achatina sattaraensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 281.
Stenogyra ( Glessula) sattaraensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.
Glesstila sattaraensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 293 ;

Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 170 ; Pilsbry,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 82, pi. 13, figs. 7, 8.

Original description : — " Gr. testa oblongo-turrita, solidiuscula,
Isevigata, obscure striata, nitida, fusco-cornea ; spira turrita, apice
obtusiusculo, sutura impressa, crenulata ; anfr. 7, convexiusculis,
ultimus § testae paulo superaute ; apertura parum obliqua, ovale ;
columella callosa, valde arcuata, oblique truncata ; perist. recto,
obtuso, albido marginato, marginibus callo tenui junctis.

" Long. 8|, diam. 4 mill." (Adams.}

Hob. India: Sattara, Bombay Pres. (Layard). Ceylon: Saha-
rurnpore (Hanley & Theobald}-, Ram baddy Ghats (Beddome);
Nuwara Eliya (Simon).

Beddome gives Glessula fusca, H. Adams, as a synonym of
G. parabilis, Bens. (Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, p. 204), evi-
dently owing to a lapsus for G. fusca , Pfeiffer, as on page 170
(torn, cit.) he correctly enumerates the former under the synonymy
of G. sattaraensis. G. fusca of Pfeiffer was believed by Hanley and
Theobald to be near if not identical with G. parabilis.

The only specimen of G. sattaraensis I have seen is in the
British Museum and is from the collection of H. Adams. It
agrees in every respect with the description and with the figure
in Conch. Ind.

423. Glessula capillacea, Pfeiffer.

Achatina capillacea, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 294; ibid., Mon.

Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 614 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.

1876, pi. 156, fig. 3.
Achatina (Subulina} capillacea, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856,

p. 169.
Glessula capillacea, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ;

Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 292;

Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 170 ; Pilsbrv,

Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 55, pi. 7, fig. 5.
Stenoqyra (Subulina) capillacea, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 326.

GLESSULA. 433

Original description: — " T. turrita, tenuis, sub lente capillaceo-
striata, nitida, pellucida, virenti-cornea ; spira elougata, apice
obtusula ; anfr. 7| convex!, ultimus 3 longitudinis vix aequans,
peripheria obsolete angulatus ; apertura vix obliqua, sinuato-
ovalis ; columella arcuata, oblique truncata ; perist. simplex.

" Long. 9, diam. 4 mill., ap. 3 mill, longa, 2 lata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hub. Ceylon (Thwaites) ; Haycock Mountain (Beddome).

The type in the Cuming collection only measures 3'5 mm. in
diameter, not 4 as stated by Pfeiffer. There are also three speci-
mens, presented by Mr. Preston, one of which is composed o£
nine whorls and measures 12 mm. in length and 3*5 mm. in
diameter.

This species is allied to G. collettce, but has the whorls more
closely coiled and a broader base.

424. Glessula collettae, Sylces.

Glessula colletta, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 73,
pi. 5, fig. 1 ; Collott, J. A. S. Ceylon Branch, xvi, 1900, p. 138 ;
Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 170 ; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 60, pi. 7, fig. 13.

Original description : — " Testa elongata, tenuis, laevigata, obscure
longitudinaliter striata, nitida, brunnea vel fusco-cornea, apice
obtusiusculo ; sutura irnpressa ; anfr. 6-&J, convexiusculi, ultimus
^ altitudinis testae sequans ; apertura fere verticalis, lunato-ovalis,
inargine columellari calloso, pallidiore oblique truncate.

" Alt. 8, lat. 2-8 mm." (Sylces.)

Hab. Ceylon : Ambagamuwa (Mrs. Collett).

"Allied to G. sattaraensis, H. Ad. (=G. fusca, H. Ad., nom.
prceocc.), which is recorded from " Saharumpore, Ceylon," in the
Couch. Ind. ; but I do not know on whose authority. It was
described and Hgured from " Sattara, Bombay," by Adams, and it
may be remarked that the figure in the Conch. Ind. (pi. Ixxviii,
fig. 4) does not quite resemble that given by Adams (Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, pi. iv, fig. 10). I expect that the G. sattaraensis of
Dr. Jousseaume, cited from JVuvvara Eliya, is the present species,
which is more elongate and slender than the true G. sattaraensis"
(Sykcs.)

"Topotyes before me are rather dark yellowish chestnut
colored, with sculpture of impressed vertical grooves. These
are rather widely separated on the later whorls, but close above.
Nearly two whorls at the summit are smooth. Length 8, diam.
2-9, aperture 2'9 mm. long whorls 6|. Compared with G. p.
taprobanica, this is a more slender shell ; hence the whorls appear
longer, and they are more evenly convex, the suture being less
narrowly impressed." (Pilsbry.)

I find G. collettce is allied to G. gracilis, Bedd., but it is darker
in colour, the spire is a little more slender, and the aperture

434 FEKUSSACIDjE.

narrower. In the British Museum are three unnamed specimens
from Ousalava, Ceylon, presented by Mr. Preston. These un-
doubtedly pertain to the present species.

425. Grlessula subjerdoni, Beddome.

Glessula subjerdoni, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,
p. 170, pi. 15, tig. 2 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 83,
pi. 8, figs. 3, 4.

Original description : — " Testa oblongo-turrita, tenuis, leviter
striatula, nitida, subpellucida, fulvo-cornea ; spira subturrita,
ad apicem obtusiuscula ; sutura impressa ; anfractus 7-8, sub-
planiusculi, ultimus ^ longitudinis vix sequans, basi attenuatus ;
columella leviter arcuata, paulo supra basin aperturse truncata ;
apertura verticalis, semi-ovalis ; peristoma simplex, obtusiusculum.

"Long. II, diam. 3'5 mm.; apertura 2-5 mm. longa, 2 lata."
(Beddome.)

Hob. India : Jeypore and Grolcondah Hills, east side of
Madras Presidency ; Anamullays ; Tinnevelly, Sikkim, Darjeeling
(Beddome).

" A smaller and more slender shell than jerdoni, and much
larger than pauper cula, of which it may be a large form."
(Beddome.')

" A specimen evidently near subjerdoni, but purchased as
G. jerdoni, and said to be from the Nilgiris, is figured pi. 12,
fig. 16. Below the suture there are vertical grooves, strong and
regular on the shoulder, but rapidly weakening downwards. The
lip is rather thick and whitish-edged. It is a wider shell than
C. p.taprobanensis, which seems to be closely related. Length 9'2,
diam. 3'9, aperture 3-25 mm. ; whorls 7." (Pilsbry.)

Several shells from the Golcondah Hills, in the Beddome col-
lection, do not exceed 10'5 mm. in length, although the diameter
measures 4 mm., but some specimens from Darjeeling measure
11-5x4 mm. The same collection contains shells from Tinne-
velly, having seven whorls and measuring 8-25 mm. in length,
and several from Jeypore, labelled var. minor, 8'5 mm. in length.
Finally I found specimens from the Anamullays, which were
labelled paupercula, but which certainly must be referred to
G. subjerdoni.

426. Glessula gracilis, Beddome.

Glessula gracilis, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,
p. 170, pi. 15, fig. 9 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 83,
pi. 8, figs. 17, 18.

Original description: — "Testa parva, cylindrico-turrita, soli-
dula, vix nitens, evidenter striatula ; spira elongata, ad apicem
obtusa ; sutura impressa, crenulata ; anfractus 8 planiusculi,

GLESSULA. 435

ultimas -| longitudinis vix aequans, basi parum attenuatus ;
columella parum obliqua, paulo supra basiu aperturae truncata ;
apertura verticalis, semi-ovalis ; peristoina intus albidum, obtusum.

"Long. 11, diam. 2 mm.; apertura 2-5 mm. longa, 1*5 lata."
(Beddome.)

flab. India : Nilgiri Hills, Jeypore, and Shevroy Hills ;
Travancore (Beddome).

" The Jeypore specimens are slightly larger, the whorls rather
more convex, and slightly angular close to the sutures."
(Beddome.}

The type in the British Museum has the upper margin of the
peristome slightly damaged and the outer margin descends nearly
straight, a fact not mentioned in the diagnosis ; and whereas its
length is given as 11 mm., it only measures 9'5 mm. A specimen,
from the Shevroy Hills, in the Beddome collection possesses nine
whorls, which are a trifle less convex than in the type ; it measures
11 mm. in length. The same collection also contains specimens
from the Shevroy Hills, which were unnamed.

427. Glessula neglecta, sp. n.

Shell elongate-conoid, translucent, rather thin, fuscous corneous,
glossy, finely and regularly striated. Spire narrow, scarcely con-
vex ; suture rather deep, subcrenulate ; apex obtuse. Whorls 7,
convex, increasing slowly and regularly, the last equalling in
width f of the entire length of the shell, ascending a little in

Fig. 136. — Glessula neglecta.

front. Aperture nearly vertical, broadly obovate, the margins
united by a thin callus on the parietal wall. Peristome thickened,
outer and basal margins curved ; columella slightly arcuate,
obliquely truncate.

Length 9, diam. 3*5 mm.

Hob. India : Anamullays (Beddome). Type in the British
Museum.

Seven specimens of an undetermined species were found in the
Beddome collection. Its nearest ally appears to be G. gracilis,
but that species has a narrower base, is much more strongly
striated, the whorls are less convex, the last whorl is narrower,

2r2

436 PERUSSACIDvE.

the spire is more cylindrical, and the aperture smaller, while
finally it is of a different hue and its texture is much less glossy.

Some of the specimens are immature, but one possesses
7| whorls and measures 10x3*5 mm.

428. Glessula pusilla, Beddome.

Glessula pusilla, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906,
p. 171, pi. 15, fig. 5; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909,
p. 84, pi. 8, figs. 9, 10.

Original description : — " Testa turrito-oblongo, tenuis, nitidula,
luteo-cornea, leviter striatula ; spira turrita, ad apicem obtusa ;
sutura crenulata ; anfractus 6-6^, parum convexi, ultimus f longi-
tudinis sequans ; columella valde arcuata, basi antice fere verti-
caliter truncata ; apertura semi-ovalis ; peristoma rectum,
albidum.

"Long. 5-5-5, diam. 1*75-2 mm.; apertura 1*5 mm. longa,
1 lata." (Beddome.)

Hob. India : Anamullay Hills, Shevroys, Nilgiris (Beddome).
Ceylon : Rambaddy Grhat (Beddome).

"Much smaller than collettce, its nearest ally, with weaker
sculpture and paler colour." (Beddome.)

There is something wrong about the measurements given by
Beddome, since the type, which was presented by him in 1906
to the British Museum, composed of 6| whorls, measures
6-5x2-5 mm.

429. Glessula courtallica, sp. n.

Shell cylindrico-conoid, thin, polished, translucent and dark
fulvous corneous when in fresh condition, very minutely striulate.
Spire narrow, with nearly straight sides ; suture impressed ; apex
obtuse. Whorls 6|, convex, increasing regularly, the last rather

Fig. 137. — Glessula courtallica.

suddenly. Aperture oblique, subovate, peristome with acute
margins, no perceptible callus on the parietal wall ; outer margin
slightly curved, sinuous in outline ; basal margin regularly curved ;
columella deeply arcuate, obliquely truncate.
Length 6-5, diam. 2 mm.

GLESSULA. 437

Bab. India : Courtallum, Tinnevelly (Beddome). Type iu the
British Museum.

This new species is nearly allied to G. pusilla, Beddome, but is
more cylindrical, with more narrowly coiled whorls, a narrower
base, and a narrower aperture. Several shells were found in the
Beddome collection, labelled G. courtallica, a name which has
never been published. The type has the periostracum of a milky
hue, the result, probably, of exposure, since the other specimens
are all of a dark fulvous colour. These, however, only possess
from 5 to 5^ whorls. One specimen, with the last whorl broken,
is composed of 7 whorls and measures 7 mm. in length.

430. Glessula mullorum, Blanford.

Achatina mullorum, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 362, pi. 1,

tig. 17; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 228 ; Hanley

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, fig. 5.
Stenoyyra (Glessula) mullorum, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.
Glessula mullorum, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 171 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 84, pi. 13, fig. 10.

Original description : — " Testa turrito-oblonga, solidiuscula,
pallide cornea, diaphana, subremote leviter striata ; spira turrita,
apice obtusa, sutura impressa. Anfr. 6 convexi ; ultimus ^ longi-
tudinis subsequans, basi rotundatus. Columella brevis, arcuata,
vix callosa, oblique truncata. Apertura fere semicircularis, verti-
calis ; peristoma rectum, obtusum, marginibus callo tenui junctis.

" Long. 7j, diam. vix 4 mm. Ap. 2| alta, If lata." (Blanford.)

Hal). India : Madras (Blanford).

" This is one of the group of small Indian Achatinas comprising
A. gemma, Bens., and A. scrutillus, B. From these two shells the
present species is distinguished by its conical spire with straight
and not convex sides, its paler colour and sculpture. Both
varieties were found abundantly crawling on banks, in a garden
at Nungumbaukuin, a suburb of Madras." (Blanford.)

The two varieties to which Blanford refers are the type and a
form he records as " var. a. anf ractus ultimus nitidior, tumidior,"
but does not name.

431. Glessula blanfordiana, Nevill.

Glessula blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 26 ; ibid.,
in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1878, Mollusca,
p. 886 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 171 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Couch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 98, pi. 13, fig. 11.

Stenoffyra (Glessula) blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881,
p. 188, pi. 5, fig. 12.

"Shell ovately turreted, solid, of a dark brown colour, two
apical whorls smooth, the others sculptured with raised, coarse,
longitudinal, nearly perpendicular striae, much crowded together

438 EERUSSACID^.

and slightly flexuous on the last whorl ; spire turreted, with
very obtuse apex and excavated suture ; whorls six, scarcely
convex, the last one rounded at base ; aperture vertical, sub-
quadrilateral, with a much thickened white peristome ; col u ID ell a
broadly reflected, thickened, white, curved, forming an acute
tooth, with a well developed incised notch at its base.

" Long. 7, diam. 3 mill." (Nevill, 1881).

Hcib. Burma : Bhamo. China : Ponsee, Yunnan (type)
(Anderson}.

"This species closely resembles Glessula peyuensis, Blanford,
but is less convex, that is, more slender, and of thicker texture ;
it can also be easily distinguished by the characteristic, crowded,
well-developed, nearly perpendicular, longitudinal striation, vary-
ing slightly in direction on each whorl, much as in many species
of Pomatias. The columella also is peculiar." (Nevill.)

When first publishing the name Glessula blanfordiana, Nevill
only added very few words of description and gave no dimen-
sions. This referred to the type from Ponsee, in Yunnan,
collected by Anderson. Althougli he does not expressly state
this, it may be presumed that the Bhamo specimens were also
collected by Anderson. He subsequently, in 1881, gave a full
description which has here been copied. Although the type is
stated by Nevill to be in the Indian Museum, the species is not
included in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum.'

432. Glessula peguensis, Blanford.

Achatina pegiiensis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 78:
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 228 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102, fig. 6.

Glessula peyuensis, Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872,
p. 334 j Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331 ;
Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 171 ; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 99, pi. 13, fig. 12.

Stenogyra (Glessula) peguensis , Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878. p. 171.

Original description : — " Shell oblong ovate, rather solid, dark
reddish brown, horny, marked with distinct and regular impressed
lines. Spire convexly conical; apex obtuse; suture impressed,
subcrenulate. Whorls 6|, slightly convex ; the last ascending a
little towards the mouth, and exceeding ^ of the shell in length.
Aperture vertical, truncately semicircular ; peristome obtuse,
slightly thickened ; margins joined by a callus ; colnmella very
much curved, projecting forwards at the base, sub vertically
truncated within the peristome.

" Length 7, diam. 2 j, length of aperture 2} millim ." (Blanford.)
Eal>. Burma : Irawadddy Valley, Pegu and Thyet Myo (Blan-
ford} ; Arakan Hills (Kurz) ; Kumah Hill and near Mai-i, Saii-
doway District, Arakan (Theobald $ Stoliczka) ; Chittagong
(Raban).

GLESSULA. 439

" A pretty little species, darker in colour than any of its allies,
except perhaps A. gemma, Bens., and easily distinguished from all
by the columella being more arcuate, also by its more acuminate
spire and blunted apex, and its much stronger sculpture." (Elan-
ford.}

The species is also allied to sattaraensis, but the base is pro-
portionately broader, the shell is more shining, and the striae are
less prominent.

Pilsbry figures a specimen which slightly exceeds Blanford's
measurements, being 8'9 mm. in length, diarn. 3*9, longest axis of
aperture 3mm.; whorls 6J. The apex is smooth; the rest of
the shell is closely and rather deeply but irregularly striate, and
very glossy.

Pour specimens from Pegu, in the Beddome collection, measure :
length 6'5, diam. 7'5 mm.

433. Glessula brevis, Pfeiffer.

Achatina brevis, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 387 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. vi, 1868, p. 227.
Achatina (Electra) brevis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,

pi. 18, fig. 10.
Stenogyra (Glessula) brevis, as of Blanford, Nevill, Hand List, i,

1878, p. 166.
Glessula brevis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nornencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 331 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 171 ;

Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 85, pi. 13, fig. 13.

Original description : — " T. conico-ovata, tenuis, pellucida,
f ulvo-cornea ; spira conica, apice obtusulo ; anfr. 6, modice con-
vexi, striis a sutura descendentibus deorsum evanescentibus dis-
tiucte sculpti, ultimus spira paulo brevior, rotundatus ; columella
antrorsum torta, fere horizon taliter truncata ; apertnra fere
verticalis, sinuato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, tenue.

" Long. 8-9, diam. 5-5J mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India : Ahmednuggar ; Poona (Blanford) ; Jeypore Hills
(Beddome).

Beddome observes that Hanley's figure is too broad towards
the base, and does not show the sculpture, which is peculiar.
He also states that his Jeypore specimens were named microsculpta
MS., by Nevill, but he could not see how they differed from
brevis. It is unfortunate, I consider, that he burdened literature
with another MS. name.

In the Cuming collection I found four specimens accom-
panied by a label in Pfeiffer's handwriting; they consist of 6|
whorls and measure 11-75 mm. in length and 6 mm. in diameter.
The Beddome collection also contains three shells from Poona,
which agree fairly well with the type.

440

FERUSSACIDjK.

434. Grlessula filosa, Blanford.

Glessula filosa, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 19, pi. 3, fig. 16 ;
Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330; Bed-
dome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 171 ; Pilsbry,
Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 85, pi. 13, fig. 14.

Achatina (Electro) filosa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,
pi. 36, fig. 10.

Achatina filosa, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 279.

Stenogyra ( Glessula) filosa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 168.

Original description : — " Testa sub-rimata, turrita, tenuis, cornea,
verticaliter plicato-striata, par urn nitida; spira elevata; apice
obtuso, brevissimeconico, sub-mucronato ; sutura impressa. Anfr.
8 convexi, ultimus ^ longitudinis sub-eequans, basi rotundatus.

a.

Fig. 138.— Glessula filosa.

Apertura verticalis, lunato sub-ovalis ; peristoma rectum, tenue ;
columella arcuata, albida, lamelliforrniter extante, tenui, oblique
truncata.

"Long. 21, diam. 9 mm. Apert. 7 mill, longa, 5 lata/'
(Blanford.)

Hob. India : Travancore and Tinnevelly (Beddome) ; Shevroy
Hills (Henderson).

" A peculiar form easily distinguished by its strong sculpture,
abrupt subconical apex, and by the columella standing out from
the last whorl, so as to have a groove running along its side."
(Blanford.)

Fig. 139. — Grlessula fflosa, var. exigua.

This species varies considerably in contour and size, but the
groove by the side of the columella, referred to by Blanford, is not
always perceptible. The four shells from Travancore here figured,
which are in the Beddome collection, give some idea of the range

GLESSULA. 441

in size and shape ; their dimensions are as follows : — fig. 138 a,
26xl2mm.; fig. 1386, 25 x 11-25 mm.; tig. 138 c, 24x9-75 mm.;
fig. 138 d, 23-75 x 9 mm. In the British Museum are four
shells from Timievelly, composed of 8| whorls and measuring
19 x 7'75 mm.

Var. exigua, n.

Differs from typical jilosa, besides being smaller, in having
the whorls more tumid and the suture deeper ; the last whorl also
contracts somewhat towards the aperture.

Length 12-5 mm., diam. 6 mm. (8 whorls).

Hob. India : Sirumullay Hills, Dindigul.

This form I found in the Beddome collection intermixed with
G. subfilosa.

435. Glessula subfilosa, Beddome.

Glessula subfilosa, Beddome, Proc. Make. Soc. London, vii, 1906,
p. 171, pi. 16, tig. 8; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909,
p. 86, pi. 8, figs. 15, 16.

Original description : — " Testa elongato-turrita, tenuis, fulvo-
cornea, distincte plicato-striata ; spira elongata, ad apicem sub-
obtusa, elongato-conica ; sutura impressa ; anfractus 10 planiusculi,
ulthnus subcariuatus ^ longitudinis tortius vix asquans ; apertura
lunato-subovalis ; peristoma tenue ; columella valde arcuata,
oblique abrupte truncata.

"Long. lb', diam. 5 mm.; apertura 5 mm. longa, 3 lata."
(Beddome.)

Hob. India : Sirumullay Hills, Dindigul ; Kurnool (Beddome).

"The prominent sculpture is like that of filosa, but it is a
very much smaller shell, with a much more elongated apex."
{Beddome.)

The type, which is in the British Museum, appears not quite
full grown ; it possesses 9| whorls, and measures : length 17'5 mm.,
diameter 6*5 mm. It will be seen that these details do not agree
with those given by Beddome when describing the species.

The principal character separating this species from G.filosa is
the attenuated spire, concave near the apex, which is obtuse, not
acute as in the latter. The aperture is also less high in proportion
to its width.

436. Glessula lyrata, Blanford.

Glessula lyrata, Blanfovd, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 20; Pfeiffer
& Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 331 ; Beddome,
Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 172; Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 86, pi. 13, fig. 15.

Achatina (Electro) rugata, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870,
pi. 18, fig. 9.

Achatina rugata, Pfeitf'er, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 281.

Stenogyra (Glessula) lyrata, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 167.

442 FEKFSSACID^l.

Original description : — " Testa ovato-turrita, solidula, cornea,
parum nitida, verticaliter costulato-plicata, sub-lente lineis minu-
tissiinis confertis spiralibus, sa3pe obsoletis, decussata ; spira
pyrumidalis, lateribus vix convexis ; apice obtusulo ; sutura pro-
funda. Anfr. 7| convex!, infra suturarn obsolete sub-angulati,
ultimus antice paulo ascendens. Apertura verticalis, truncata,
semiovalis ; peristoma obtusum ; columella mediocriter arcuata,
antice oblique truncata.

" Long. 12, diam. 5 j, ap. long. 4, lat. 2± inm." (Blanford.)

Hal. India : Mahableshwar, and Khandala, W. Ghats (Blan-
ford).

" This shell resembles in form A. oreas, Bens., but it is distin-
guished from that and all other allied species by its stronger
sculpture. Possibly the two varieties should be ranked apart, as
there is considerable difference between them. A third form,
shorter and more tumid, occurs near Poona. As other intermediate
varieties probably exist, I prefer for the present classing all in
one species, but it may hereafter be desirable to distinguish
them.

Var. matheranica, Blanford, 1. c. p. 21, pi. 3, fig. 19 ; Pilsbry,
torn. cit. p. 87, pi. 13, fig. 16.

Stenogyra (Glessula) matheranica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 167.

" Minor, magts polita, lineis spiralibus carentibus, sculptura in
anfractu ultimo obsolescenti.

"Long. 10, lat. 4| mill." (Blanford.)

Hab. India : Matheran, near Bombay.

It is rather surprising that Blanford should have compared this
species with oreas, while overlooking its much closer affinity with
filosa described in the same paper, the sculpture being very
similar. The latter is, however, a larger shell with broader base
and acute apex.

In typical specimens of G. lyrata the last whorl is not wider
than the penultimate and ascends a little in front, while the spire
is concave. The variety matheranica, on the other hand, has a
convex spire ; it is, moreover, considerably smaller, and the
sculpture is much less apparent on the base. The two forms are,
perhaps, as suggested by Blanford, entitled to rank as distinct
species, but I have not seen sufficient material to form a definite
opinion. Major Peile has sent me for inspection some shells
from Mahableshwar, one of which possesses 8 whorls and measures
13x6 mm. ; another, of 7| whorls, measures 11-5 X 5'25.

437. Glessula rugata, Blanford.

Glessula rugata, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 20, pi. 3,
fig. 18 ; Beddome, Proc. Malak. Soc. London, vii, 1906,

GLESSULA. 443

p. 172; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 87, pi. 7,

figs. 11, 12.
Achatina rugata, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pi. 102,

fig. 7 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Vir. viii, 1877, p. 293.
Stenoyyra (Glessula,} rugata, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166.
Stenogyra (Subulina) rugata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 328.

Original description :— " Testa turrita, cornea, tenuis, parum
nitida, verticaliter confertirn plicato striata : striis sub-lente
minute et regulariter granulatis, interstitiis lineis urinutis con-
fertis transversis (spiralibus) in anfractibus superis validioribus,
decussatis ; spira elongate conica ; apice obtuso ; sutura prof unda.
Anfr. 7 1 convexi, ultimus \ longitudinis sub-sequans. Apertura
obliqua fere ovata ; peristoina tenue, rectum; columella valde
arcuata, antice oblique truncata.

" Long. 6, diam. 2 mtn., ap. 1J mill, longa, 1 lata." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Singhur near Poona (Blanford) ; Poorundhur
(Evezard}.

" No described Indian species of Glessula possesses sculpture at
all resembling that of the present small form. Under an ordi-
nary lens the shell appears to have a plicate striation, but beneath
a stronger power the striae are seen to be regularly nodose, and
the decussating lines become distinctly visible. The markings
are very elegant and regular, almost resembling those on some
"West Indian forms of Cydostomidce, as Choanopoma." (Blanford.}

The form taken by Evezard at Poorundhur, in the Bombay
Presidency, is separated by Blanford as " var. major, long. 7 mill."

The Beddome collection contains several specimens from Sin-
ghur Hill. These are rufous corneous and exhibit the decussating
spirals referred to by Blanford, which are excessively h'ne and
close, being especially noticeable in fresh shells. The Cumiug
collection also contains four specimens.

438. G-lessula latestriata, Mollendorff.

Glessula latestriata, Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1899,
p. 166 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1909, p. 172 ;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 100.

Original description : — " T. ventricosulo-oblonga, tenuiuscula,
subpellucida, striis impressis sat distantibus peculiariter sculpta,
corneo-flavescens. Spira modice elongata lateribus convexiusculis,
apice acutulo. Anfr. 7 modice convexi, sutura bene impressa,
subcrenulata disjunct!. Apert. fere verticalis, rotundato-rhom-
boidalis, peristoma rectum, obtusum, columella sat torta, abrupte
truncata.

44 Diam. 4-5, alt. 10, apert. long. 3'5, lat. 2-25 mm."
dorff.}

Hab. Burma : Southern Shan States (Strubell).

A small form not seen by me.

444 FERUSSA.CIDJE.

439. Glessula simoni, Jousseaume.

Glessula simoni, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894,
p. 293, pi. 4, fig. 10 ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii,
1906, p. 172; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 61,
pi. 7, fig. 8.

Original description : — " Testa parva ovata, tenuis, costulata,
nitida, pellucida, t'ulvo-cornea, spira conoidea apice obtusiuscula,
sutura impressa ; anfr. 5-6 convex!, ultimus demidium longitu-
dinis sequans, basi vix attenuatus, rotundatis ; apertura verticalis,
semiovalis ; perist. rectum, tenue, acutum, margine dextra minus
arcuato ; columella callosa, subrecta, valde arcuata, oblique trun-
cata ad umbilicum appressa et depressa.

" Alt. 3 mill. ; diam. 1*5 mill." (Jousseaume.)

Haly. Ceylon : Slopes of Pedro, Nuwara Eliya (Simon).

Four live specimens were taken by Simon, but two of tbem
were younger than the one made the type by .Tousseaume, which
he considered immature.

" This minute form has about the size of a Tornatellina, but
seems to be more strongly sculptured than is usual in that genus.
The embryonic whorls are smooth, a litttle darker than the rest of
the shell." (Pilsbry.) The latter statement is evidently a lapsus,
for Jousseaume distinctly states that they are less dark than the
remainder of the shell,

Genus DIGrONIAXIS, Jousseaume.

Diqoniaxis, Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 349;
Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xix, 1908, p. 288.

'; Ce genre est reinarquable par son axe columellaire autour
duquel se deroulent deux lamelles tres saillantes, dont la plus
forte s'aper^oit sur tout le prolongement de 1'axe, grace a Fextreme
termite du test ; par son dernier tour meplan a la partie mediane
et sur une etroite zone circumsuturale, et caracterise par deux
angulosite's, dont 1'une superieure separe la zone ine'plane-tecti-
forme du pourtour de la suture de la surface plane mediaue, et dont
1'autre limite cette surface a la partie inferieure.*' (Jousseaume.)

" A genus of uncertain position, possibly near Calaxis, as
M. Jousseaume believes, but differing in the longer spire and the
strong development of a spiral lamella superposed upon the upper
part of the columella. There are no parietal or palatal lamellae.
The internal axis, as seen through the shell, is strongly spiral, the
upper lamella penetrating deeply, according to Jousseaume. It
is possible, however, that the spiral condition is due to the basal
lamella." (Pilsbry.)

440. Digoniaxis cingalensis, Benson.

Spiraxis cingalensis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 91 ;
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 191 : Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 79, fig. 1.

SUCCIXEID^E. 445

Stenogyra (Spiraxis (Euspiraxis)) cingalensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin,

Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 323.
Digoniaxis cingalensis, Jouseeaume, Menu Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 29l; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, pi. 4,

fig. 18; xix, 1908, p. 289.

Original description : — " S. testa subrimata, subulato-turrita,
gracili, solida, polita, striatula striis minutis confertissimis undu-
latis spiralibus decussata ; spira elongata, superne sensiin attenuata,

apice ? ; sutura vix impressa, irregular! ; anfractibus super-

stitibus 11 (apicalibus deficientibus), planulatis, ultimo ad basin
rotundato ; apertura subobliqua, emarginato-elliptica ; peristomate
recto, intus ad angulum superiorem calloso ; margine dextro
superne arcuato, basali incrassato, columellari calloso, expan-
siusculo, subreflexo, superne plica obliqua spirali solida munito.

"Long. 14, diam. 3 mill., ap. long. 3, diam. 1J mill." (Benson.)

Hab. Ceylon : Weelgamoowe, Matelle (Layard).

" A Syrnola-like shell, differing from Tortaxis by the spiral
plait on the upper part of the columella. Its solidity causes me to
place it in Digoniaxis with some doubt, especially since it belongs
to a different 'fauna." (Pilsbry.)

Family SUCCINEIDJE.

Genus SUCCINEA, Draparnaud.

Succinea, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. Terr. fluv. France, 1801, p. 55 ;
C. Pfeiffer, Syst. Anordn. Beschr. Land- und Wasserschn. 1821,
p. 66 ; Gray in Turton, Manual, 1840, p. 177 ; Pfeiffer, Mon.
Helic. Viv. i, 1848, p. xiv ; Adams, Gen. Kec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 128 ;
Lehmann, Leb. Schn. Musch. Umg1. Stettins, 1873, p. 49 (anatomy);
Ihering, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. iv, 1877, p. 138 (anatomy) ;
Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1883, p. 490, fig. 261 (radula).

Type: (first species) Helix putris, Linne ( = Succinea oblong 'a,
Draparnaud).

Range. All parts of the globe.

Shell imperforate, oval, thin, horny, more or less translucent ;
spire conical, short, whorls rapidly enlarging, the aperture large,
oblong, columella simple, peristome simple, acute.

Animal with a large foot; tentacles short, the upper pair
conoid, swollen at the base, the lower pair scarcely visible, some-
times absent.

" The hermaphrodite gland, both as regards structure and
position, does not exhibit any special features ; the same applies
to the thick, sausage-shaped hermaphrodite duct which is very
prominent on account of its dark coloration, derived from the
superimposed pigmented cells of the connective tissue. Both
before and after pairing time I found it crowded with sperma-
tozoa. The epithelium is not vibratory. Where it approaches

446 SUCC1KEID2E.

the albumen gland it contracts considerably, enlarging inside the
latter to a pouch of about 2 mm. in size. This inflation, which
I propose to designate as a fecundation pouch, has not been
described either in Succinea or other Pulmonates. The same
applies to the two seminal vesicles opening out into it. The
latter are two club-shaped vesicles, whose solid walls consist of an
integument of connective tissue and a non-vibratory epithelium.
These large seminal vesicles at once arrest the attention during
preparation, without the aid of a lens. Close to t his occurs the
opening of the hermaphrodite duct. The efferent ducts of the
albumen gland open out on the opposite side. Downwards the
fecundation pouch is continued in the uterus on the one hand,
and on the other in the male duct, which does not, as in Heliv,
run for some distance as a groove in the wall of the uterus, but
separates above from the uterus at the albumen gland. The
fecundation pouch is invested with a cylinder epithelium, which
is raised into numerous broad folds, of which sometimes one, at
other times several, are covered with epithelium. Immediately
below the fecundation pouch the uterus is provided with a short
caecum-like appendage, invested by a cylinder epithelium, the
walls of which are repeatedly thrown into folds and, on account
of their white colour, very prominent. Thence the uterus descends
in numerous spiral twists around a vessel-trunk, serving as axis.
The walls assume a transparent gelatinous aspect. Upon micros-
copic examination, the outer layer is found to consist of a
homogeneous tender membrane with embedded granules, and
invested anteriorly with a large-meshed network of fine vessels,
the interstices being occupied by large globular pale cells. It
might easily be imagined these were unicellular glands, but no
efferent openings could be observed in any of them.

" If therefore these cells are concerned in the secretion of
mucus, in which the perfect ova are embedded, their contents
must penetrate into the cavity of the uterus through the delicate
membrane of these cells. The lower part of the uterus is some-
what more dilated and not coiled. It is very prominent owing
to its reddish colour. The narrow and rather short duct of the
receptaculum seminis joins the uterus not far from the external
genital orifice.

"The lower portion of the uterus, from this point to the
external orifice, may be fitly designated as the vagina. The female
genital orifice occurs on the right side, somewhat below and
behind the upper tentacle, close to the male orifice. In Succinea,
therefore, we do not find a common genital cloaca or vestibule, as
in Helix, but, as in Limncea, the male and female genitalia have
distinct external apertures.

" The vas deferens descends along the coiled portion of the
uterus and bears where the latter passes into the straightened
portion, a rather large, laterally appressed gland — the prostate.
The penis, which is provided with a single retractor muscle, is a
thick-walled muscular simple tube. It is situate in front of the

SUCCINEA. 447

vagina, and between them lies the right upper tentacle, which
winds around the penis and next proceeds backwards between
the latter and the vagina. The outlet of the penis is at the side
but in front of that of the vagina.

"In the distinct outlet of the excretory ducts the generative
organs in Succinea present a condition resembling Limncea. The
resemblance is nevertheless slight, to which no weight is to be
attached in view of the undoubted close relationship between
Succinea and the HELICIDJE. In this respect I feel bound to
follow Semper, but I am unable to agree with his opinion that
the quadrate plate of the jaw found in Elasmognatha also occurs,
only less strongly chitinized, in the HELICIDJS." (Ikenng.)

441. Succinea indica, Pfeiffer.

Succinea indica, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 133 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.
Viv. iii, 1853, p. 8 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Succinea, 1855, p. 45,
pi. 4, figs. 39, 40 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea,
pi. 1, fig. 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 67,
figs. 1, 4; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 212.

Succinea ( Tapada) indica, Pfeiffer, & Clessin, Noinencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 412.

Original description : — " S. testa depresse oblonga, tenuissima,
longitudinaliter plicatula, pellucida, pallide cornea ; spira brevi,
obtusiuscula ; anfractibus vix 3, penultimo convexiusculo, ultimo
f longitudinis aequante ; columella substricte fere ad basin rece-
dente, superne calloso-rnarginata ; apertura axi fere parallela, basi
recedente, ovali-oblonga, angulata, intus nitidissima ; peristomate
acuto, margine dextro leviter arcuato.

"Long. 17, diam. 7?, alt. 6 mill.; ap. 12 mill, longa, infra
medium 7 lata." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. In.lia : Bbeemtal (Pfeiffer) • Srinuggar (Stoliczka) ; Hima-
layas (Mus. Cum.} ; Kashmir (Thomson).

A thin and transparent species with a slender spire. Some
shells in the British Museum from the type locality are rather
small and whitish corneous, while four, labelled Himalayas in the
Cuming collection, are amber coloured. Four unnamed specimens
from Kashmir, in the British Museum, presented by Dr. J.
Thomson, I also refer to 8. indica, but they only possess 2|
whorls and measure 11 mm. in diameter, while several shells
collected by Stoliczka in the same country form part of the
Beddome collection in the British Museum ; one of these,
possessing 2f whorls, measures : length 20, diam. 9 mm.

Jickeli records the species from the neighbourhood of the
Mahmudi Canal, near Alexandria*, stating that his specimens
differ from the Indian shell by their firmer texture, darker colour,
and more slender form. I have not seen the Egyptian shells, but
to judge from the figures they appear quite distinct, not only

* Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol. Akad. xxxvii, no. 1, 1874, p. 167, pi. 6,
%. 11.

448 STJCCINEID^E.

being of more slender form but the spire is considerably shorter
in proportion to the last whorl, which is also much more tumid at
the base and has the basal margin more truncate.

442. Succinea plicata, Blanford.

Succinea plicata, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 80 ; Pfeiffer,
Mon. Helic. Viv. v, 1868, p. 29 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872.
Succinea, pi. 2, fig. 11 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874,
pi. 67, fig. 8 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 212.

Succinea ( Tapada) plicata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv.
1881, p. 412.

Original description: — "Shell depressly subovate, very thin,
irregularly, obliquely and more or less coarsely plaited, pale amber
in colour, horny. Spire short ; apex minutely papillar. Whorls
2J ; the last about -i of the entire length. Aperture oblique,
curved backwards at the base, nearly oval, openly angulate above ;
peristome simple ; columellar margin regularly bow-shaped ;
right margin rather straighter.

" Length 17, diam. 9| milliin., height 6 millim. Aperture
14 millim. long, 8 broad." (Blanford.}

Hob. Burma : Tongoop, Arakan. and south of Bassein, Pegu
(Blanford).

"This species approaches S. semiserica, Gould, but is dis-
tinguished from that and from all other Indian species by its
coarse sculpture. It has also a larger spire than S. semiserica.
It is not common : indeed species of the genus Succinea are
generally but very locally distributed in India and Burma."
(Blanford.)

Apparently a rare species not seen by me.

443. Succinea rutilans, Blanford.

Succinea rutilans, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, p. 23, pi. 3,
fig. 23 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea, pi. 2,
fig. 14; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 67, fig. 10;
Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vii. 1876, p. 37 ; Nevill, Hand List, i,
1878, p. 211.

Succinea (Tapada) rutilans, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description : — " Testa sub-ovata, tenuis, aurantiaca,
striatula, nitidula ; spira conoidea ; apice sub-papillato ; sutura
impressa. Anfr. 2|, penultimus convexus, ultimus tumidus
| longitudinis formans, basi rotundatus. Apertura obliqua,
ovata ; peristoma rectum ; columella regulariter arcuata, sub-
simplex. Long. 10J, diam. 6|, alt. 4J, ap. long. 8, lat. infra
medium 5 mm." (Blanford.)

Hob. India: Cherra Poonjee, Assam (Godwin- Austen).

" A more regular ovate shell than 8. daucina, Pfr., which it
otherwise resembles." (Blanford.)

SUCCIKEA. 449

Reeve indicates Calcutta as the habitat, but, as his localities are
notoriously unreliable, this must be accepted under reservation.

I have only seen three specimens from the Khasi Hills, which
are in the Beddome collection.

444. Succinea godivariana, sp. n.

Shell minutely rimate, depressedly subovate, finely obliquely
striated, pale greenish corneous. Spire very short, apex minutely
papillate, suture deep. Whorls 2^, tumid, the last equalling about
f of the total length of the shell. Aperture oblique, obovate ;
peristome simple ; columella slightly thickened and reflexed,
covering the exceedingly minute umbilical slit ; outer and basal
margins regularly curved.

Fig. 140.— Succinea godivariana.

Long. 3*5, diam. 2'5, alt. 1*5 mm. Apert. 2'5 mm. long,
1'75 inni. broad.

Type in Mr. G. C. Leman's collection.

Hob. India : Gorge Hill, Godivari (Beddome).

Seven unnamed specimens in the Beddome collection — now in
Mr. Lernan's possession — proved on examination to pertain to
an undescribed form.

The new apecies is the smallest Succinea known, and somewhat
resembles a miniature S. rutilans, but that species is twice as
large and differs besides in colour.

445. Succinea collina, Hanley $ Theobald.

Succinea collina (Blanford MS.), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind.
1870, p. 30, pi. 68, figs. 8, 9, var. fig. 10 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon,
xviii, 1872, Succinea, pi. 1, fig. 1 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 212 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 200.

" Testa conico-ovata, tenuiuscula, parum nitida, distincte atque
flexuose striata, viridiscente-cornea. Spira scalaris, apice acuti-
uscula, sutura valde impressa. Anfr. vix 3, perconvexi, ultimus

longitudinis subaequans. Apertura ovata, obliqua; peristoma
tenue, margine dextro mediocriter arcuato; columella arcuata,
recedens, callosa.

" Long. 17, diam. 10, alt. (v. diam. mm.) 6 mm., apertura
13 mm. longa, vix 9 lata." (Blanford.}

450 SUCCINEIDJE.

Var. aurantiaca v. rufo-cornea.

Hob. India : Western Ghats, Mahableshwar (Blanford) ; var.
Torna Hills (Blanford); Pondicherri (Mus. Cuming); Poona (Bed-
dome Coll.}.

" Shell conically ovate, rather thin, but little polished, distinctly
and nexuously striated, greenish horny in colour. Spire step-
like, apex rather pointed, suture much impressed. AVhorls
scarcely 3, very convex, the last about -| of the length. Aperture
oval, oblique ; peristome thin, the right margin moderately curved
forwards ; the columella arcuate, receding, and covered with a
thin callus. The largest shell 1 possess measures 20 mm. in
length. A rufous variety occurs at Torna Hill, near Sinhgarh,
west of Poona.

"This is a rock-inhabiting species, found on cliffs and large
blocks of basalt at Mahableshwar and Torna, and is allied to
S. girnarica, a larger and thicker form, rather differently shaped,
found by Mr. Theobald on the basaltic rocks of Girnar Hill, in
Kattywar. The animal of 8. collina bears a considerable external
resemblance to that of the subgenus Lithotis, which has a similar
habit. The figures in the ' Conchologia Indica' give a fair idea
of the species, but the spire in fig. 8 is rather too large."
(Blanford.)

Both S. collina and S. girnarica are somewhat variable, and
differ practically only by the former having a more slender spire,
more distant and coarser stria3 — being almost ribbed in fact —
and in being usually greenish corneous ; but some shells in the
Beddome collection, from the Bombay Ghats, are amber coloured ;
they range from 13 to 16 mm. in the greater diameter.

The type, illustrated in Conch. Ind. pi. 68, figs. 8 and 9, has
been presented to the National Collection by Mr. Harvey, as well
as the shell shown in fig. 10 on the same plate, from the type
locality. This latter form is very distinct, with very tumid
whorls, and although it has a mature appearance it is composed of
only 2% whorls and has a diameter of 7'5 mm. On the other hand,
three shells in the Theobald collection, also from Mahableshwar,
measure 15 mm. in diameter. The Cuming collection contains
three specimens from Pondicherri, labelled S. rugosa, but they
are not that species and, although a pale form, I refer them with-
out hesitation to S. collina ; they measure : — 16 X 10 x 6 mm.
The variety aurantiaca is also very distinct from the type in
appearance, being of a dark amber colour ; three specimens from
the Bombay Ghats, in the Beddome collection, possessing three
whorls, measure : length 19, diam. 11 mm. The same collection
comprises some shells from Mahableshwar which are rather paler
than the typical form and are in beautiful fresh condition, ex-
hibiting some distant irregular spirals ; they are also composed of
three whorls, but measure : length 24, diam. 15 mm., and are
therefore considerably larger than the type.

SUCCINEA. 451

446. Succinea girnarica, Theobald.

Succinea girnarica, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxviii, 1859, p. 309 ;

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. v, 1868, p. 29 ; Reeve, Concli. Icon.

xviii, 1872, Succinea, pi. 1, h'g. 5 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch.

Ind. 1874, pi. 67, figs. 5. 6; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 212.
Succinea (Tapada] girnarica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description : — " Testa oblongo-ovata, solida, non polita,
tumicla, fortiter striata, rubro flavescente magis minusve rutilo,
aliquando pallescenti ; anfract. 2% rapidissime crescentibus, ultimo
capacissimo. Apertura rotundata. Perist. tenui.

"Diam. 1-07 [ = 27 mm.], 0-61 [=15-25 mm.]; alt. 0-42 poll.
[ = 0-5 mm.]." (Theobald.}

Hob. India: Girnar Hills, Kattywar (Theobald, Foote).

u Few specimens attain the dimensions here given. The largest
shells are found on the peaks of the eastern portion of the Girnar
Hills, and at a lower elevation of about 2000 feet the shells are
much smaller and paler coloured." (Theobald.}

Generally speaking, S. fjirnarica may be readily distinguished
from S. collina by its larger size, its bright amber colour, sometimes
shading to pink, by the more rapidly increasing whorls and the
consequently more dilated aperture.

Three shells in the Theobald collection range in size between
27 and 18 mm., although they all possess 2| whorls, while three
m the Cuming collection measure 19 mm. and have the last whorl
tinted with a pink hue outside. All these are from Girnar Hill.
The specimen figured in Conch. Ind. has been presented to the
British Museum by Mr. Harvey ; it measures 23'5 mm., although
the line, indicating its size, on the plate is only 21 mm. The
Blanford collection contains specimens collected in the type
locality by Foote ; they measure 15 x 11 X 6*5 mm.

Var. viridescens, nov.

Two shells of unknown origin in the British Museum, labelled
"highest pinnacle of Mt. Girnar" are sufficiently distinct from
the type to rank as a variety. They are of a very pale greenish
corneous colour, and measure : major diam. 16, minor 10, alt.
6 mm. The Blanford collection also comprises two specimens
from Kattywar.

447. Succinea rngosa, Pfeiffer.

Succinea rugosa, Pfeiffer, Syinb. Hist. Helic. ii, 1842, p. 56 •
ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 517; ibid. Conch.-Cab..
Succinea, 1855, p. 53, pi. 5, tigs. 36, 37.

Succinea (Brachyspira) rugosa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic
Viv. 1881, p. 410.

Original description. — " T. ovato-ventricosa, tenui, oblique

452 SUCCIXEID^E.

rugosa, nitide fulvescente ; spira brevissima ; anfr. 2J, ultimo
inflate; apertura ovali, margiue sinistro valde arcuato ; perist.
simplice, membranaceo.

"Long. 14, diam. 10 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. India: Pondicherri (Guerin).

Only known from the description and figure. I have not seen
any shells which can be referred to this species.

448. Succinea semiserica, Gould. \

Succinea semiserica, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1846,
p. 100; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Yiv. iii, 1853, p. 10; iv, 1859,
p. 805 ; Gould, Otia Conch. 1862, p. 199 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 67, figs. 2, 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 212.

Succinea semisericea, Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea,
pi. 2, fig. 9.

Succinea (Brachyspira) semiserica, Pfeiffer & Clessin. Nomencl.
Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 410.

Original description : — " Testa fragilis, ovalis, a tergo depressa,
postice straminea, antice albido-sericea, longitudinaliter plicoso-
striata ; anfr. 2|, ultimo maximo ; apertura ovata, patula, facie m
inferiorum fere adequante.

"Long, £ [ = 12-75 mm.]; lat. r37 [=7'6 mm.]; alt. fo poll.
[=3-8 mm.]." (Gould.)

Hob. Burma : Tavoy (Gould) ; Eangoon, Moulmain (Stoliczka) ;
Chittagong (Raban) ; Pegu (Theobald); Mergui (Mus. Brit.).

" Its shape is like S. tigrina, Fer., and it is well characterized
by the peculiar silky-white or pearly surface of the anterior half
of the shell." (Gould.)

Nevill considered /S. plicata, Blanford, and perhaps S. baconi,
Pfeiffer, cospecific with semiserica. The three forms are, however,
quite distinct. The present species has an extremely short spire
and is finely, distantly ribbed. Owing to a deficiency of calcareous
matter the shell is very brittle. This applies especially to some
shells from Rangoon, in the Theobald collection, which are
labelled S. rangoonensis — a name never published — but which
pertain to the present species ; they are extremely thin, almost
transparent, and of a fuscous corneous colour. Their dimensions
exceed those given by Gould, i.e. 15 x 9 x 3. Three specimens
from Pegu, in the Theobald collection, are pale greenish corneous.
The Cuming collection comprises shells from Tavoy measuring
14x8x3*5 mm., which therefore also exceed Gould's type in
size ; on the other hand, there are specimens from Mergui in the
general collection of the British Museum which attain a size only
of 8x4-5x2 mm.

449. Succinea baconi, Pfeiffer.

Succinea baconi, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 298 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.
Viv. iv, 1859, p. 804 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea,

SUCCINEA. 453

pi. 1, fig. 6; Ilanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 68,
fip-s. 1, 4 ; Xevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 214.

Succinea (Brachyspira) baconi, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 410.

Original description :• — " S . testa semiovato-acuminata, tenuissima,
longitudinaliter subundulato-plicata, pellucida, nitida, pallide
cornea ; spira parvula, submucronata ; anfract. 2 cum apiculo
punctiformi, penultimo convexo, ultimo | longitudinis formante,
basi subattenuato ; coluniella filosa, superne subplicata ; apertura
obliqua, subregulariter acuminato-ovali, non incumbente ; perist.
simplice, margine dextro antrorsum areuato.

" Long. 15, lat. 10, alt. 6 mill." (Benson.)

Hab. India : Calcutta (Bacon) • South Canara (Beddome).

Of this species I have seen two specimens in the Cuming
collection, bearing Pfeiffer' s own label. S. baconi is very fragile
and thin, whitish corneous, and may be regarded as intermediate
in character between S. semiserica and S. daucina, but some
specimens in the Blanford collection are somewhat amber coloured
and, although possessing 2^ whorls, only measure : length 14,
diam. 9 mm. In the Bedolome collection are some shells from
South Canara.

450. Succinea daucina, Pfeiffer.

Sucdnea daucina, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 298 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 810; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea,

pi. 3, tig. 19; Ilanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 67,

tig. 7 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 212.
Succinea ( Tapada) daucina, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description : — " S. testa ovato-conica, solidula, leviter
striatula, oleoso-micante, lutescenti-rubella ; spira conica, apice
subpapillata ; anfract. 3, penultimo convexo, ultimo f longi-
tudinis formante, basi parum attenuate ; columella filari, leviter
arcuata ; apertura obliqua, incumbente. acuminato-ovali, basi lata ;
perist. simplice, margin ibuj subsymmstricis.

" Long. 9f , lat. 6, alt. 4| mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. India: Calcutta (Bacon) ; Port Canning (Nevill).

The present species is readily distinguished from its nearest
allies by the slightly indexed outer margin of the peristome. In
the Cuming collection are four shells, labelled by Pfeiffer himself,
none of which, however, exceeds 9 mm. in diameter. The specimen
figured by Hanley and Theobald has been presented to the National
Collection by Mr. Harvey.

451. Succinea crassinuclea, Pfeiffer.

Succinea crassinuclea (Benson), Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vi, 1849,

p. 110.
Succinea crassiuscula, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 9 ;

Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea, pi. 1, fig. 4 ; Hanley

454 SUCCINEIDjE.

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 68, figs. 5, 6 ; Nevill, Hand
List, i, 1878, p. 212.

Succinea (Tapada) crassiuscula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description : — " T. ovato-conica, solida, striata, punctis
impressis notata, vix nitidula, corneo-albida ; spira scalar! s,
papillata ; anfr. 3, penultimus perconvexis, ultimus inflatns,
rotundatus, J longitudinis aequans ; columella subcallosa, arcuatini
recedens ; apertura lata, ovalis, intus margaritacea ; perist. simplex,
obtusum, margine dextro regulariter arcuato.

" Long. 9, diam. 7, alt. 4 mill. Apert. 6J mill, longa, 4^ lata."
(Pfeiffer.}

Hob. India : Bundelkhund (Theobald) ; Calcutta and Port
Canning (Nevill) ; Salt Range and Kutch (Stoliczka).

The species was originally published as S. crassinuclea, from a
Cuming label, but four years later Pfeiffer altered it to crassiuscula ,
as communicated to him in a letter by Benson, and the latter name
has been adopted by every subsequent author dealing with the
species.

The shell is of a delicate whitish corneous appearance and more
or less connects S. daucina with S. vitrea. I have seen several
specimens which exceed the type in diameter, one in the Cuming
collection and four, presented to the National collection by Hutton,
measuring 10 mm., while the Theobald collection contains shells
which even attain 11 and 12*5 mm. in diameter. On the other
hand, specimens presented by Colonel AVilmer, who collected them
at Fort William, Calcutta, although full-grown, only measure
6'5 mm.

452. Succinea vitrea, Pfeiffer.

Succinea vitrea, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 298 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.
Viv. iv, 1859, p. 810 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea,
pi. 3, tig. 20; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 68,
tigs. 2, 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 214 ; Smith, Fauna and
Geogr. Maldive & Laccadive Arch, i, part 2, 1902, p. 142;
Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131.

Succinea (Tapada) vitrea, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Noinencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description : — " S. testa ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, con-
fertim plicato- striata, nitida, albo-hyalina ; spira conica, sub-
papillata ; anfr. 3 convexis, ultimo | longitudinis formante, inflato,
basi attenuate ; columella filosa, arcuata ; apertura parum obliqua,
incumbente, ovali, superne vix angulata ; perist. sirnplice, ruar-
ginibus callo opaco junctis, subsymmetricis.

" Long. 12, lat. 8, alt. 5 mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hab. India: Calcutta (Bacon)- Fort William, Calcutta (Wil-
mer); Bombay Island (Peile). Andaman Islands, Fort William
( Wilmer). Laccadive Archipelago (Stanley Gardiner Expedition).

Mr. Smith considers this species " scarcely separable from

SUCCINEA. 455

S. crassiuscula, Benson." It certainly approaches that species in
several respects, but the last whorl does not increase so rapidly
and the spire is more produced.

Several specimens from Bombay measure 13-5 mm. in diameter
thus exceeding the type which is in the Cuming collection. Three
shells from Calcutta in the Theobald collection also have a diameter
of 13 mm. On the other hand three specimens in the British
Museum collected in 1880 by Col. Wilmer on brickwork at Fort
William, Andaman Islands, which I refer to this species, do not
exceed 9 mm. and a still smaller form, collected by him at .Fort
William, Calcutta, only measure 6'5 mm. The shells collected
by the Stanley Gardiner Expedition, in the Maldive group —
which are also in the British Museum — belong to a rather slender
form, pale greenish corneous, and almost transparent.

453. Succinea hanleyi, sp. n.

Succinea subgranosa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Jnd. 1876, pi. 158,
fig. 9 (nonPfeiffer).

Shell imperforate, elongate-conoid, finely and closely, somewhat
irregularly, plicate-striate, pale amber coloured. Spire elongate,
apex minutely papillate, suture moderately deep. Whorls 3|,
rather tumid, the last about ^ of the total length of the shell.
Aperture oblique, obovate, the margins slightly thickened, colu-
mellar margin shortly reflexed, with a slight elongate tubercle at
the junction with the basal margin.

Long. 7, diam. 4, alt. 3-5 mm. ; apert. 4 mm. long, 3 mm.
broad.

Fig. 141. — Succinea hanleyi.

Hab. India: Calcutta.

Type in the British Museum.

The British Museum contains four specimens from Calcutta
labelled Succinea subgranosa, but which differ from that species by
the more slender spire and in being of a pale amber colour. The
new species has also some relationship with S. bensoni, but the
aperture is less high in proportion to the spire. One of the
specimens has 3J whorls completed and measures nearly 8 mm.
in length. The shell figured in Conch. Ind. I also refer here.

456 SUCCINEIDJE.

454. Succinea subgranosa, Pfeiffer.

Succinea subgranosa, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 132 ; ibid., Mon.
Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 9 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Succinea, 1855,
p. 41, pi. 4, figs. 12-14; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872,
Succinea, pi. 4, fig. 24 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 212.

Succinea (Tapada) snbgranosa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description-. — " S. testa elliptico-ovata, tenui, sub-
granulato-striata, diaphana ; parum nitida, pallide cornea ; spira
brevi, obtusiuscula ; anfractibus vix 3 convexis, ultimo basi
attenuate ; columella substricte recedente, superne leviter callosa ;
apertura parum obliqua, subangulato-ovali, intus nitidissima, peri-
stomate simplice, acuto, margine dextro mediocriter arcuato.

" Long. 8-1, diarn. 5, alt, fere 4 mill. : ap. 6 mill, longa, 4 lata."

Hob. India: Kurnool ; Bombay (Fairbmik) ; Kutch (StoliczJca) ;
Calcutta (var. /3. ventrosior, albida, Pfeiffer).

The present species approaches some forms of S. crassinuclea,
but has a shorter spire and is less translucent. The Cuming
collection contains specimens bearing a label in Pfeiifer's hand-
writing. These have a slightly more slender spire than the figure
in the Conch.-Cab., but the shell illustrated by Hanley and
Theobald in Conch. Ind. is altogether different and pertains to
the new species described, supra.

455. Succinea bensoni, Pfeiffer.

Succinea bensoni, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 133; ibid., Mon. Helic.
Viv. iii, 1853, p. 9 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Succinea, 1855, p. 46,
pi. 4, figs. 41-43 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872, Succinea,
pi. 1, fig. 7; Hanley & Theobald, Couch. Ind. 1874, pi. 67, fig. 9.

Succinea (Tapada) bensoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv. 1881, p. 412.

Original description. — " S. testa ovato-conica, tenui, regulariter
confertim striata, pellucida, sericina, luteo-cornea ; spira conica,
acutiuscula ; anfractibus 3, penultimo convexiusculo, ultimo f-
longitudinis sequante ; columella callo tenui induta, vix arcuata,
recedente, apertura ovali ; peristomate tenui, margine dextro
mediocriter arcuato.

" Long. 8, diam. 5, alt. 3^ mill. ; ap. 5 mill, longa, 3 lata."
(Pjeiffer.)

Hob. India : Moradabad (Benson).

This species is allied to S. Tiarileyi. A small form, measuring
6-5 mm. in length, from the type locality, is in the Cuming
collection. The shells, five in number, are accompanied by a label
in PfeifFer's handwriting.

SUCCINEA. — LITHOTIS. 457

456. Succinea ceylanica, Pfeiffer.

Succinea ceylanica, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 297 ; ibid., Mon. Helic.

Viv. iv, 1859, p. 810 ; Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3 ;

Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 158, fig. 10; Nevill

Hand List, i, 1878, p. 212 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895,

p. 443 (var.).
Succinea ( Tapada] ceylanica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic.

Viv. 1881, p. 413.
Neritostoma ceylanicnm, Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vii,

1894, p. 269.

Original description : — " S. testa ovato-comca, solidula, distincte
striata, diaphana, hyalino-albida, plerumque luto obducta ; spira
eonica, submucronata ; anfract. 3 cum apice punctiformi, superis
convexis, ultimo f longitudinis formante, basi parum attenuate ;
columella angulatim a ventre anfractus penultinii recedente, sub-
stricta ; apertura obliqua, angulato-ovali ; perist. siinplice, margine
dextro regulariter arcuato.

" Long. 7£, lat. 4, alt. 3J mill." (Pfeiffer.)

Hob. Ceylon (Layard) ; Kandy (Nevill). Nicobar Islands :
Batte Malve (var. Godivin- Austen).

Three shells, collected by Layard, with Pfeiffer's label are in the
Cumin g collection. These are probably part of the original con-
signment, but none of them can be the type as they measure only
6-75x4x3-5 mm.

Genus LITHOTIS, Blanford.

Lithotis, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 186 (as
subgenus of Succinea); Bland & Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. New York, x, 1874, p. 346 (jaw and radula) ; Binney,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1874, p. 54, pi. 5, figs. 3-6
(jaw and radula of L. rupicola) • Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1883,
p. 492 (as genus).

TYPE, Succinea (Lithotis) rupicola, Blauford.

Range : Central India.

Shell auriculate-ovate, thio, with a very short spire, a supra-
peripheral keel extending from the apex to the aperture, with a
corresponding furrow internally ; whorls l;j-2i ; aperture large,
ovate ; peristome simple, acute.

Bland and Binney have examined the jaw and radula of
L. rupicola and state that the former is " arcuate, with a de-
pression or excavation at the centre of its upper margin ; scarcely
attenuated towards the ends ; cutting edge with a decided median
projection ; anterior surface with vertical striae, but no trace
of ribs."

| iThe lingual ribbon they find " as usual in the Helicinae, the
marginal teeth being quadrate, not aculeate. The centrals are
long and narrow, with lateral expansions at the lower margin ;
the reflected portion has one stout median cusp with a point

458 SUCCIKEIDjE.

reaching nearly to the lower margin of the tooth, the side cusps
being subobsolete. The lateral teeth are like the centrals but
unsymmetrical. The marginal teeth are about as wide as high,
with one stout, pointed inner cusp, and two short side cusps."

The genus is confined to Central India, and only two species are
known. Although Blanford only regarded it as a subgenus of
Succinea, I consider, apart from the totally different build of the
shell, the presence of an internal furrow for a siphon sufficient
warrant to rank it as a separate genus, as was done by Fischer.

457. Lithotis rupicola, Blanford.

Succinea (Lithotis} rupicola, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii,
1863, p. 186, pi. 4, figs. 8-10 j Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878,
p. 214.

Succinea rupicola, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iv, 1871, p. 11,
pi. 112, figs. 1-4 ; ibid., Hon. Helic. Viv. vii, 1876, p. 35.

Lithotis rupicola, Bland & Binney, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New
York, x, 1874, p. 349 (jaw and lingual dentition, description) ;
Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1874, p. 54, pi. 5,
figs. 3-6 (jaw and lingual dentition, figures) ; Hanley & Theo-
bald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 81, fig. 7 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl.
Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 231; Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch, iii, 1884,
p. 88, pi. 100, fig. 40.

Original description : — " Testa ovata, pertenuis, succinea, cur-
vate costulato-striata ; spira plana, sutura vix depressa ; anfracti-
bus 1J, ultimo prope aperturam descendente ; carina ex apice
oriens, spiralis, peristomatis ad marginem dextrum, 2 mm. a
sutura, desinens ; apertura perinagna, ovata, continua, intus
politissima, nitida ; peristomate tenue, rectum, margine columel-
lari callose appresso.

" Diam. maj. 7 mill., min. 5, alt. 2|." (Blanford.}

Hob. India : Western Grhats ; Khandala (Blanford}.

" Combines the characters of Camptonyx and Otina, belonging
to the Auricidacea, with those of Succinea and its allies. From
the shell alone, which has the form of Otina, with the substance,
texture, and peculiar external ridge and internal furrow of Camp-
tonyx, I should have supposed the present species to belong to the
last named genus ; but the retractile eye-bearing peduncles prove
its place to be in the neighbourhood of Succinea, from which
genus the internal furrow for a siphon distinguishes it as a well-
marked subgenus. Tentacles are extremely small and rudimentary
in several of the subgenera of Succinea, and, in the present case,
appear to be wanting ; if present, they are certainly very incon-
spicuous. The animal of Helisiga, Less.*, as represented in Adams,
Gen. Eec. Moll. pi. 73, closely resembles that of Lithotis, but has
a larger foot, while the shell only differs in the absence of the
siphonal furrow.
" Lithotis abounds adhering to the precipitous basaltic rocks of the

LITHOTIS.

459

Western Ghats, like Cremnobates, but apparently in more exposed
situations, being perhaps more purely an air-breather, and requiring
less moisture than its congener. Both probably feed upon the
confervoid vegetation covering the surface of the rocks to which
they adhere." (Stanford.)

Four shells from Bhor Ghat, presented by A. A. West to the
National Collection, only measure 6-25 mm. in diameter, but
three specimens from Khandala, near Bombay, presented by
Dr. A. H. Leith, are considerably larger than the type, their
dimensions being 9 x 6*5 x 3-5 mm. The same measurements are
attained by four shells from Sinhgarh Hill, Poona, in the Theobald
collection.

A very depressed form without any spire, a feature by which it
principally differs from L. tumida.

458. Lithotis tumida, Blanford.

Succinea (Lithotis) tumida, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870,

p. 23, pi. 3, fig. 24 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 214.
Succinea tumida, Pieiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iv, 1871, p. 12,

pi. 112, tigs. 6-7 ; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. vii, 1876, p. 35.
Lithotis tumida, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 81,

tigs. 8, 9; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881,

p. 231.

Original description : — " Testa ovata, oblique elliptica, tenuis,
rubello-cornea, parum nitida, oblique striata ; spira brevi ; apice
papillart ; sutura profunda. Anfr. 2-2| tumidi, lira infra-suturali
obtusa, antice in exemplis veteribus aliquaudo fere obsolescent!.
Apertura obliqua, rnagaa, ovalis, postice non angulata ; peristoma
tenue, rectum, continuum, inargine columellari tenuiter calloso,
appresso.

"Long. 6|, diam. 5, alt. 3, ap. long. 5£, diam. vix 4 millim."
(Blanford.)

Hab. India : Sinhgarh, Poona (Blanford).

" This is a second species of the remarkable sub-genus Lithotis^
much more tumid than the type Succinea (Lithotis) rupicola, and
with a proportionally more developed spire ; it serves to connect
that form with the typical rock inhabiting Succinece of Western
India, such as S. yirnarica, Theobald, and a new species from
Mahableshwar, the animal of which is very similar to that of
Lithotis.

" The specimens figured are not the largest that have been
found. Major Evezard possesses shells from Poorundhur
measuring 9 millimetres in length, 6 in diameter, and 4 in
height (when laid with the aperture downwards). In these the
sculpture is much less regular and weaker than in the accom-
panying figure which represents a young specimen. The largest
Singh ur [Sinhgarh] specimen in the same collection measures 8,
6, and 3| millimetres in its three dimensions, the aperture being
6 mill. l>y 4." (Blanford.)

460 % SUCCINEIDJE.

Yar. subcostulata, Blanford.

Blanford, torn, cit., p. 23 ; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch, ser. 1, iv, 1871,
p. 13, pi. 112, fig. 5; Theobald, Cat. Laud and Freshw. Shells
Brit. India, 1876, p. 32.

" Costulato-striata, lira infra- suturali validiori." (Blanford.)

Hob. India : Pooruiidhur.

Differs from L. rupicola principally by the raised spire, but the
siphonal furrow is less pronounced than in its ally.

The British Museum contains three specimens from the collec-
tion of H. Adams, which are smaller than the type, since they
only measure 5 x 3-75 x 1*75 mm. On the other hand, four shells
in the Cuming collection, without indication of habitat, are 7 mm.
in length.

Genus CAMPTOCERAS, Benson.

Camptoceras, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist, iii, 1843, p. 465 ;
A. M. N. H. ser 2, xv, 1855, p. 10 ; Adams, Gen. llec. Moll, ii,
1855, p. 258; Godwin- Austen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London,
xxxviii, 1882, p. 220 ; Fischer, Man. Conchyl, 1883, p. 511.

TYPE, C. terebra, Benson.

Range : India.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, elongate-elliptic, spire solute, apex
somewhat acute, suture widely and deeply excavated. Whorls
3-4, narrow, elongated, keeled above and below, flattened, apical
whorl elongate-acuminate, exserted. Aperture solute, entire,
large, not equalling the spire, elongate-elliptic, narrow above,
arcuately angulated above and below. Peristome acute.

Animal with two filiform, obtuse tentacles. Eyes large, placed
between the tentacles. Mantle not extending beyond the lips
of the shell. Foot short, scarcely exceeding the length of the
aperture.

Anatomy unknown.

Considerable difference of opinion appears to exist regarding
the systematic position of this genus. Benson considered it to be
intermediate between Limncea and Ancylus, while Nevill was con-
vinced, from the recorded habitat, as well as from the characters
of the shell itself, that it would prove to be a sinistral form, closely
allied to Succinea. Chenu and Fischer, on the other hand, placed
it near Plujsa. The animal unfortunately has never been examined
anatomically, arid the point can consequently not be definitely
settled. I am inclined to favour Nevill's views and therefore
retain it in the family Succineid*.

In 1882 Lieut.-Colonel Godwin-Austen referred a fossil form
from the Eocene, found at Sheerness, to the present genus *. The
piece of rock containing these fossils, several in number, now

* Camptoceras priscurn, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxxviii, 1882,
p. 220. pi. 5, figs. 1-5, and var. obtusum, pi. 5, figs. 6, 7.

CAMPTOCERAS. 461

being in the British Museum. I have been able to subject them to
a careful scrutiny, and I must admit a remarkable resemblance
between the two Indian species — G. terebra and O. austeni — and
the British fossil form. Whether this is simply a case of con-
vergence or actual affinity can of course never be determined. In
spite of the weight of opinion — that of Dr. Henry Woodward as
well as Godwin-Austin's — in favour of the latter, I am inclined
to attribute it to the former.

459. Camptoceras terebra, Benson.

Camptoceras terebra, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. iii; 1843,
p. 465 ; ibid., A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xv, 1855, p. 10, text-fig. ;
Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 258, pi. 84, fig. 1 ; Chenu,
Man. Oonchyl. i, 1860, p. 481, fig. 3544 ; H. F. Blanford, J. A.
S. B. xl, 1871, pp. 39, 40, pi. 2, fig. 1 ; Hanley & Theobald,
Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 158, figs. 1, 2; Godwin-Austen, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxxviii, 1882, pi. 5, fig. 8 ; Fischer,
Man. Conchyl. ]883, p. 611 ; Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch, iii,
1884, p. 104, pi. 100, fig. 35; Coek'e, Cambridge Nat. Hist, iii,
1895, p. 302, fig. 202 B.

Original description : — " Testa diaphana, elongata, anfractibus
tribus compressis, biangulatis, transverse striolatis, lineis longi-
tudinalibus depressis decussatis. Animali fuscato, versus spiram
rubescente." (Benson.)

* lo.

Fig. 142. — Camptoceras terebra.
(Copied from J. A. S. B.)

This short description was subsequently amended by Benson in
1855, in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' as
follows: — "Testa elongato-elliptica, hyalina vel albido-cornea,
lineis spiralibus exiguis, vix elevatis, striis obliquis confertissime

462 SUCCINEIDJE.

decussatis; apertura vertical!, elliptica ; peristornate acuto, vix
expansiuscula.

" LoDg. vix 9, plerumque 6 ad 7 mill. Diam. 3 mill, longa,
apert. exempl. majoris 4 mill."

Hob. India: Moradabad, Kohilkhund (Bacon).

"Animal. Tentaculis duobus filiforrnibus, obtusis, oculis
majoris inter tentacula sitis, proboscideque mediocri munitum ;
pallio labia testa3 baud transeunte; pede brevi, longitudinem
aperturse vix superante.

" The form of the tentacles and the position of the eyes,
situated between the filiform tentacles and sessile on the head
(not as in Lymncea occupying the fore part of the widened base
of the triangular tentacles) at once distinguishes the animal from
that of Lymncea. In Camptoceras the eyes are large in proportion
to the size of the animal. Shell very local." (Benson.}

Although the species appeared to be sufficiently plentiful when
first found — some forty specimens being taken by Bacon and
Benson — their subsequent searches for it proved fruitless, and it
is apparently rare in collections. I have not seen the species.

460. Camptoceras austeni, H. F. Blanford.

Camptoceras austeni, H. F. Blanford, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 40,
pi. 2, fig. 2 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 158,
figs. 3, 4; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 215; Godwin-Austen,
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, xxxviii, 1882, pi. 5, fig. 9.

Original description: — " Testa sinistrorsa,elongato, albido-cornea,
epidermide tenui induta, striis spiralibus et transversis minutissime
obliquiter decussata. Spira elongato acuminata. Apex acutius-
culus. Anfractus 2, soluti. Apertura subobliqua, regulariter
ovalis, superne haud complanata. Peristoma integrum, con-
tinuum, f us co-margin at urn.

"Alt. 3*75, diam. 1 mm. Aperturse alt. 3/6, diam. 0'9 mm."

Halt. India : Nazirpur, Mymensing Prov., Dacca (Godwin-
Austen).

" In form this species closely resembles C. terebra, Bens., but
is distinguished by its much smaller size, the smaller number of
its whorls, and especially the regular oval form of its aperture ;
that of C. terebra being much flattened on the inner upper
margin. Other differences are presented by the specimen of the
latter species here figured and which I received some years since
from the late Mr. Benson. The aperture of C. terebra is equal to
more than half the length of the shell, while that of C. austeni is
less than half the same length ; the proportions in the former
case, as determined by accurate measurement, being 53 per cent.,
in the latter 42 per cent. My specimen of C. terebra is probably
not full-grown, since it has but 2| whorls, and the margin of the
peristome is sharp, unlike that of the specimens both of C. austeni
and the following species. All the specimens of these exhibit a

CAMPTOCERAS. 463

thickening of the epidermis around the peristome, which I con-
sider characteristic o£ the full-grown shell. C. austeni would
appear to be rare at the locality, since only five specimens were
found among a large number of the following species. It is
possible, however, that it may have been overlooked, owing to its
smallness." (H. F. Blanford.)

Both this species and C. lineatum were found together by
Lieut.-Col. Godwin-Austen, adhering to plants in a dried-up
lake.

Fig. 143. — Camptoceras austeni.
(Copied from J. A. S. B.)

A specimen, presented in 1909 by the late W. T. Blanford to
the British Museum, is from the original locality, but as it only
measures 3 x 0'75 mm. it cannot be the type. The same remark
applies to a shell in the Godwin-Austen collection (British
Museum), which, although labelled type, only measures 3 mm. in
length. A second shell, which only attains 2'4 mm. in length, is
provided with an epiphragm, a fact which confirms my surmise
that Camptoceras is a genus of land mollusca.

461. Camptoceras lineatum, H. F. Blanford.

Camptoceras ? lineatum, II. F. Blanford, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 40.

pi. 2, fig. 3.
Camptoceras lineata, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pi. 158,

figs. 5, 6.
Camptoceras lineatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 215.

464

SUCCINETD^E.

Original description: — " Testa elongate- ovata, sinistrorsa, albido
cornea ; epidermide tenui induta ; lineis elevatis, fuscis, sequidi-
stantibus,spiralibus ornata; interspatiis minute decussatis. Spira
valde exserta. Apex acutiusculus. Anfractus 2|, approxiniati,
attingentes ; ultimus pone aperturam omnino solutus. Apertura
subobliqua, ovalis, superne subcomplanata. Peristonia continuum,
integrum, fusco-marginatuin.

"Alt. 4'5 mm.; diam. 2-3 mm. Apertura? alt. 3'5, lat.
1-7 mm." (H. F. BlanforcL}

Hob. India: Nazirpur, Mymensing Prov., Dacca (Godivin-
Austen}.

, "It is not with entire confidence that (not having seen the
animal) I attribute this species to the genus Camptoceras, since
it differs from the typical species in having the whorls contiguous,
except behind the peristome. Tn most specimens that I have
examined, little more than the peristome is free, but in one or

* to

Fig. 144. — Camptoceras llneatum.
(Copied from J. A. S. B.)

two, at least a quarter of the last whorl is not in contact with the
penultimate whorl, as may be seen if the shell be held up to the
light or over a sheet of white paper in a proper position. The
character of the peristome and of the shell surface closely
resemble those of the more typical species of Camptoceras, and
that the habits of the animal are similar may be inferred from its
association with the preceding species [(7. austeni]. As far as can
be judged, therefore, the evidence is preponderant in favour of
this generic alliance I have adopted. Perhaps it may not be
irrelevant to add that no species of Pliysa has yet been discovered
in India " (H. F. Blanford.}

Two shells from the original locality, in the Godwin-Austen
collection (British Museum), are marked " type." One of these
shows the remains of an epiphragm. Three other shells only

CAMPTOCERAS. — CAMPTONYX. 465

measure 2-4 x 1*5 inm. One of these has the second whorl
solute.

I found a series of twelve specimens from the original locality
in the British Museum, presented in 1909 by the late W. T.
Blanford. The largest of these only measures 3*5x2 mm., and
is therefore smaller than the type.

The species is included in Camptoceras with some doubt, it
differs considerably in several characters from the other two
known species. Benson himself had some misgivings on the
subject. I do not, however, think it advisable, without anatomical
data to guide us, to establish a separate genus.

Genus CAMPTONYX, Benson.

Camptonyx, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 336, pi. 12,
figs. 1-6 (shell and animal), fig. 7 (jaw and radula) ; Stabile,
Atti Soc. Sci. Nat. Milano, vii, 1864, p. 122 ; Nevill, Hand List,
i, 1878, p. 215; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 200, footnote ;
Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1883, p. 502 ; Tate, in Woodward, Man.
Moll, appendix, 1890', p. 43 ; Cooke, Cambridge Nat. Hist, iii,
1895, pp. 302, 438.

TYPE, C. theobaldi, Benson.

Range : India.

Shell pileiform, obliquely conical, reddish brown; apex sub-
spiral, free, obliquely incurved, turned towards the right side ;
whorls 1|, the last almost constituting the entire shell ; a dorsal
rib, resembling an obtuse subspiral keel and corresponding in-
teriorly to a siphonal furrow, runs from the apex to the right
margin ; aperture large, symmetrical, regularly ovate, margins
expanded.

Fischer in 1858 * united Qamptonycc with Valenciennesia, a
genus of fossil species occurring in Miocene beds in the Crimea,
Turkey, Eoumania, Croatia, Slavonia, and Hungary, but subse-
quently in his " Manuel " he modified his views so far as to
separate the two, although still regarding them as closely allied.
With all due deference to so eminent an authority, I am unable
to concur in his view, for, although undoubtedly having some
features in common, the mere fact of Camptonyx being furnished
with a spirally convoluted apex, while Valenciennesia has a non-
spiral apex, apart from the enormous difference in size, militates
against the assumption of close affinity.

462. Camptonyx theobaldi, fienson.

Camptonyx theobaldi, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 336,
pi. 12, fiefs. 1-6 (shell and animal), fig. 7 (jaw and radula);
Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1858, p. 644, pi. 138, fig. 10; Hanley

* Journ. Conchyl. vii, 1858, p. 316.

2H

466

STJCCINEID^E.

& Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pi. 81, figs. 5, 6 ; Tryon, Struct.
Syst. Conch, iii, 1884, p. 98, pi. 103, fig-. 4; Nevill, Hand List,
i, 1878, p. 215 ; Tate in Woodward, Man. Moll. 1890, appendix,
p. 43; Cooke, Cambridge Nat. Hist, iii, 1895, p. 302, fig. 202 c.
Valenciennesia theobaldi, Fischer, Journ. Conchyl. vii, 1858, p. 319.

Original description : — " Testa (supina) cornucopiam siinulante,
tenui, concentrice rugosa, purpureo-fusca, dorso ad latus sinistruin
compressiusculo, coata carinaeformi subspirali, sulco postico ad-
jecto, ab apice usque ad marginera dextrum aperturae descendente ;
apice obtuso; apertura ovali, intus purpureo-lutescente, nitida,
peristomate acuto.

" Long. 10, diam. dorsali 4| milL ; apert. 8 mill, longa, 6 lata."
( Benson.)

Hal. India: Girnar Hills, Peninsula Guzerat (Theobald).

" This singular shell, sent to me by Mr. "W. Theobald, Jr., as a
cap- shaped Succine a, was found by him in abundance on the central
peak of Mount Girnar in Kattiwar, on the peninsula which
separates the Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay. He states that these
hills form an amphitheatre, with a central crateriform clump, the
peak rising to an altitude of 2500 feet.

Fig. 145. — Camptonyx theobaldi (all enlarged).
(Copied from J. A. S. B.)

" A piece of the weathered rock forwarded by him contains in a
space of 2 inches square twenty-six young individuals, adhering
most tenaciously to the surface like limpets or Ancyli." (Benson.)

Benson thought it probable " that Camptonyx holds an inter-
mediate place between Testacella, Plectrophorus, and Succinea, and
that it bears the same relation to the latter that Ancylus does
(through the intermediate Indian genus Camptoceras) to Lymncea.

" The external rib and furrow on the shell have a corresponding
depression and ridge internally, but they are less strongly marked.
In the animal the sole is oblong, of a pale colour, transversely

CAMPTONTX. 467

corrugated, and surrounded on all sides by a thick greyish hyaline
mantle, which completely hides the sole during aestivation, exuding
a gluten, most tenacious when dried.

" Mr. Theobald was doubtless justified, by the situation in which
he found his specimens, on a high peak, where the drought at the
time of his visit had driven the largest example of a gigantic
Succinea into inaccessible crevices in the rock, in attributing
terrestrial habits to the animal."

Mr. S. P. Woodward writes (I.e. p. 338):— "The respiratory
orifice is quite on the edge of the mantle. The tentacles are
rather conical than angular, and the mouth appears to me rather
peculiar, unlike Physa and Lymncea. The upper mandible is con-
spicuous, slightly lobed, but destitute of the ridges seen in the
HELICID^: and of the lateral elements which are added in Lymncea.
The lingual ribbon is '036 long and '014 wide with 86 rows of

teeth, 87 in a row — ~ — ; they have simple obtuse hooks, as in

Ancylus , the central row only differs in being symmetrical; the
laterals diminish gradually from the 14th to the 43rd, and a
second (outer) cusp makes its appearance, and increases until the
three near the margin are regularly bicuspid. The tongue is more
like Ancylus than any other, but differs from it in the absence of
those unarmed marginal plates which give a peculiar appearance
to the lingual ribbon of Ancylus and are still more conspicuous in
Velletia."

The British Museum contains five specimens, labelled "Kat-
tiwar," the largest of which measures : long. 6'5, alt. 2-5 mm.,
apert. 5'5 x 4*25 mm. The shell figured in Conch. Ind. is also in
the British Museum, having been presented, together with two
others, by Mr. Harvey.

2n2

468 ABIONID-ffl.

SLUGS.

It has been found convenient to deal with the land slugs
collectively. For their systematic position reference should be
made to the systematic index at the commencement of this
volume.

Family ARIONID^E.

Subfamily ARIONIN^E.

Genus ANADENUS, Heynemann.

Anadenus, Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. x, 1863, p. 138 ; Godwin-
Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 46.

Original description (in German) : — " Anadenus (without tail
gland). Body fused with the sole for the whole length. Mantle
covering the anterior part of the body. Respiratory orifice placed
behind the middle of the right side of the mantle. Genital orifice
behind the right upper tentacle. Two upper and two lower
retractile tentacles. Back flatly convex (without keel, without
tail-gland). Sole tripartite. Jaw with close transverse ribbing.
The curve of the transverse rows of the radula practically in a
plane. Tooth-plates rectangular with projecting sides. Central
tooth unilateral, triangular with lateral spines. Laterals scarcely
differing from central, with a lateral spine on the outer side.
Internal shell present, white, calcareous, without epidermis on
the margin. Nucleus lateral.

" The animal superficially resembles our German Arions and
Limaces. It is -related to Avion, but only resembles Limax. Its
relationship with Arion is established by the jaw which has
transverse ribs as in Arion empiricorum. On the other hand
it differs in the following particulars : —

Arion. Anadenus.

Caudal gland : present. absent.

Respiratory orifice : in front of placed further back.

middle of the mantle.

Internal shell : absent. present, with distinct growth-

(the mantle contains only lines.

scattered calcareous particles).

" The principal character in which Anadenus differs from Arion
is the absence of the caudal gland ; somewhat less weight must

ANADENTJS. 469

be attributed to the situation of the lung-orifice, as this has not
been observed in living specimens. In dead examples of Anadenus
it is indeed practically in the middle, but the anterior, free, part
of the mantle invariably contracts far more than the posterior
adherent portion, and since in dead specimens of Limax, this
opening is likewise in the middle while in the living state it is
placed further back, it is not likely to be different in Anadenus.

" The new genus is probably nearest to Geomalacus occurring in
Great Britain, which hitherto I have not had an opportunity of
examining, but from which it may be distinguished by the
following characters : —

Geomalacus. Anadenus.

Tail portion : round. pointed.

Respiratory orifice : at the behind the middle.

middle of the mantle.

Caudal gland : present. absent.

Internal shell : absent. present.

" Although similar, not only in general form, but also as regards
the position of the respiratory and genital orifices, as well as in
the presence of an internal shell, it must not be confounded with
Limax, for in addition to the difference in the jaw, it is
distinguished by the form of the tail portion which, in Limax, is
invariably keeled while in Anadenus it is without any trace of
keel.

" If we could only observe living specimens or obtain an accurate
description of them, undoubtedly further differentiating characters
between similar or allied forms would be found, such as the shape
of the rugae of the mantle and of the body.

" As I have already observed on a former occasion, in dead
specimens the wave-like rings on the mantle of Limax disappear.
Nor can it be stated whether the mantle of Anadenus is granulated
as in Arion, Amalia, and Geomalacus, or whether it has the well-
known structure of Limax. The ruga3 on the back likewise
become depressed and no accurate description of them can be
made from spirit-specimens ; yet, it is evident from the illustration,
which I give of the skin of the back of a dead Anadenus, that it
really differs from all known forms. A furrow runs along the
middle of the back, from which lateral furrows, obliquely directed
backwards, branch off. The areas enclosed by these furrows are
covered with a double row of irregularly diverging ruga3."

The only extralimital species known is A. sinensis, Mollendorff *,
from Se-Chuen.

Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, iv, 1899, p. 49.

470

463. Anadenus altivagus, Theobald.

Limax altivagus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxi, 1862, p. 489.

Anadenus altivagus, Theobald, Cat. Land and Fresh w. Shells Brit.
India, 1876, addenda, p. i ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 65 ;
Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47 ; Godwin- Austen. Moll. India,
i, 1882, p. 49, pi. 6, fig. 1 (animal), figs. 2-7 (anatomy), pi. 7,
fig. 1 (shell), figs. 5, 6 (anatomy) ; Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, i,
1885, p. 249, pi. 59, fig. 62 (animal) ; *Pilsbry, Proc. Malac. Soc.
London, iii, 1898, p. 95, pi. 7, figs. 1-3, 5-7 (anatomy).

Anadenus (Altivagus) altivagus, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii,
1893, p. 192.

Original description : — " Corpore limaciforini, pallio lente-
granuloso, dorso rugose reticulato, more frohdis brassicae, colore
virescente-fusco sive lutescente-fulvo, interduin nigrescente, et
rarissime pallide aurantiaco pallio, minus colorato corpore.
Tentaculis quatuor nigris, capite nigro, infra pallescente. Ano ad
dextrum latus pallii, prope marginem posito, ad inediam partem
vix attingente.

•" Longitudinis (corpore extenso), 9 unc." (Theobald.)

Hob. Cissutlej Hills, near Fagu, Narkanda, Saraon, etc., 6000
to 9000 ft.

" This Limax is rather variable in colour, and large specimens,
when in motion and extended, exceed 9 inches in length, though
their ordinary dimensions is about 6. It feeds on fungi."

Fig. 146. —Anadenus altivagus.
(Shell. Copied from Land, and Freshw. Moll. India.)

This somewhat cursory description is amplified by the excellent
account given by Godwin-Austen as follows : —

External description of animal (from spirit specimen) collected at
Simla : — " Slug-like, rounded above ; foot rather pointed behind ;
no gland, with a narrow segmented pedal margin. Mantle closely
fitted to the foot behind, only slightly overlapping on the sides ;
the neck-lobes only partially developed near the respiratory orifice,
with a fine papillate surface. The respiratory and anal orifices

AtfADEtfUS.

471

situated together just above the centre of the mantle-margin.
The generative orifice at a moderate distance (about 8 or 10 mm.)
behind eye-tentacle.

" Total length 70'0, mantle length 30-0, mantle breadth 20'0 mm.

" Largest spec. : Shell quadrate, flat, thin, horny, white, with
concentric lines of growth, nucleus on right central margin.

" Major diam. 15-0 mm., minor 10-0 mm.

" Odontophore, &c. The jaw is solid and composed of 13 ribs.

at.

vd.

Fig. 147.— Anadenus altivagus.
(Genital system. Copied from Land- and Freshw Moll. India.)

In the radula the centre tooth is broad, with two small pointed
projections at the base ; the adjacent laterals are also broad, with

Fig. 148. — Anadenus altivagus.
(Jaw and radula. Copied from Land and Freshw. Moll. India.)

a single small blunt tooth on the exterior side ; about the 28th from
the centre they become much more elongated, and the outer basal

472 ABIONIDJE.

tooth is rather sharper. The outermost laterals are oblong at the
base, with one long blunt tooth and one or two small teeth dis-
united and separate from it, but rising from the same base. These
outer teeth are very characteristic of the genus, for nothing like
them is to be found in either Avion or Limax. The teeth of this
species do not certainly agree with the radula described and figured
by Heynemann ; there is a similarity only so far as the straight
form of the central teeth ; but he distinctly says all the laterals

Fig. 149. — Anadenus altivagus.
(Copied from Land and Fresh w. Moll. India.)

are straight and with no basal cusp, and he thus figures the 55th
of giyanteus ; and the 40th tooth of A. schlagintweiti has this small
basal tooth, but he adds that on the extreme laterals it disappears.
There were 106 rows in a very complete radula I got out arranged
thus :— 55 . 1 . 55.

" The jaw and radula are found to be like that of Geomalacus,
to which genus Anadenus has, in this respect, some affinity.

" Generative organs. The ovotestis is bilobed, and situate quite
within the folds of the liver-lobe, and is of a pale green tint ; the
hermaphrodite-duct is rather long, a good deal convoluted near its
lower end, but is straight for a short distance before it joins the
albumen-gland ; this organ is very large, and lies on the left
anterior side of the animal. The oviduct is of the usual form.
The vas deferens is given off just above the duct of the spermatheca ;
it is very long, and is coiled on itself at one point, about the middle
of its length ; this coil lies well forward on the left anterior side
behind the left tentacle, and doubles back on itself, and passing up
the side of the male organ enters it at the hard rounded posterior
end, close to where the retractor muscle is given off. The attach-
ment of this muscle is at the posterior margin of the mantle-cavity ;
it is so much contracted in the spirit-specimen as to bring the
posterior end of the penis close up to it and the attachments of the
eye-tentacles, etc. The spermatheca is about the same length as
the penis, pear-shaped.

AN ADEN US. 473

" All the six specimens sent to me from Simla (where they were
collected during the rains in June and July, at the period when
they are in full activity and development), show the generative
orifice much expanded, with the male organ partly protruding.
This discloses the existence of several small, sharp, curved spines
fixed upon the surface of this reversed portion. On further
opening the generative orifice these curved spines were discovered
to be only the most advanced of a much greater number arranged in
two parallel rows and extending upwards, gradually lengthening,
and forming part of a very complicated and beautiful arrangement
of far longer and stronger calcareous spines. The frontal side of
this curious apparatus was found covered by a large and longi-
tudinally perforated plate, which had evidently been built up by
the union together at their upper and lower extremities of.
originally parallel spines. On the posterior side of this basal
portion of the male organ one very large, long, spear-shaped spine
was situated ; this measured 8 mm. in length. The whole of this
complicated structure must therefore be regarded as representing
the simple dart-sac with a single dart, as seen in other genera of
the HELICID^;, for the fixed position of the bases of these spines in
the integument of the lower swollen portion of the male organ
precludes the idea of its being a spermatophore. On following
the large duct of the penis upwards towards the junction with it
of the vas deferens, the end of the penis is seen, occupying the
upper swollen portion ; so that here we have apparently the penis
and the dart-sac almost united together, instead of, as is usual, the
dart contained in a distinct and long sac of its own ; but this,
after all, is only a question of degree, for the transition is seen in
such rudimentary pouches of the dart in Helix piscina (vide
pi. xix, fig. 16, Moquin-Tandon's ' Mollusques de France,' and
Helix bulimoides, pi. xx.).

" Can it be that in this species the great development of spines
and this plate has converted this organ into one of a holding or
clipping nature on their interlocking or entanglement prior to, or
during the act of copulation ? for after expansion or protrusion
the muscular contraction would draw these spines together very
tightly.

" One of the most interesting points in the anatomy of this
species is the relative position of the heart and renal organ, in
which respect it has a considerable similarity to what is seen in
Avion and Qeomalacut, encircling the heart. The position of the
ventricle is, however, different, on the posterior edge of the
mantle-cavity and directed backwards ; it is large and flatly pearl-
shaped.

"The renal organ is ovate and is divided into two portions by
a main secretory duct, the inner portion forming a nearly complete
narrow disk round the ventricle and commencing from near where
the aorta is given off. The renal organ is quite free for three
quarters of its anterior margin, the dorsal surface being spread
over with the network of the pulmonary veins, the ventral surface

474 ARIONID.E.

of the pulmonary sac being shown in the figure. The retractor
muscles of the eye-tentacles, odontophore, and penis are all
situated in a line close together at the posterior margin of the
mantle ; and in this they are thus somewhat more like Arion, only
that the muscle of the buccal mass has a more posterior position
for its attachment." ( Godiuin- Austen.*)

Hab. India : Tandiani (Theobald) ; Changligali, near Murree,
Kashmir (Stoliczka) ; Simla (Godwin-Austen) ; Nepal (Nevill).

Lieut.-Col. Godwin Austen originally considered Anadenus
giganteus, Heynemann, the same as Theobald's altivagus, the
description as regards texture of the epidermis of the mantle
and foot agreeing well, although he admitted that specimens of
the former (contracted in spirit) measured from 80 to 100 mm.
in length, while the shell was 20 mm. long and 12 mm. broad.
Theobald also inclined to this view, but Nevill was of opinion that
what he considered giganteus, of which he had seen specimens from
Nepal, was a larger and distinct species*.

God win- Austen, however, subsequently appears to have modified
his opinion, for in the copy of his * Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of India,' at the Natural History Museum, is a note in pencil, from
his hand, on page 48 as follows : — pi. vi, fig. 1 " Simla. This sp.
is not giganteus. A sp. of true giganteus has been received from
Kadmandu."

The Nepal specimens referred to by Nevill as giganteus,
on the other hand, Godwin-Austen named insignis as recorded
under A. jerdoni.

464. Anadenus giganteus, Heynemann.

Anadenus giganteus, Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. x, 1863, p. 140,
pi. 1, figs. 1 «-!/ (dentition), fig. 1 (/ (interior shell), tig. 1 h
(part of back); Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 48;
Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, i, 1885, pi. 59, fig. 63 (shell).

Anadenus (Altivagus) giganteus, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii,
1893, p. 192.

Original description (in German): — " Length of contracted
animal 80 to 100 mm. Length of the mantle '30 to 40 mm.

" Colour isabelline, brownish.

" Internal shell 20 mm. long, 12mm. wide, flat, very thick.

" Jaw with about fourteen ribs, more or less distinct from each
other in front. The terminal ribs are fused.

" Eadula : 110 transverse rows. Central tooth slender, long-
necked, with a long point and indication of side cusps. Laterals
scarcely different, inclining towards the middle, with still longer
points and similar indications of side cusps. The less developed
teeth towards the margin have much longer points but no side
cusps.

" The upright position of the points, especially noticeable in the
laterals, is also characteristic of Arion.

* Sci. Res. Second Yarkancl Mission, Mollusca, 1878, p. 21.

ANADENUS. 475

" From the size of the contracted animal, from the circumference
of the internal shell, and from the size of the teeth-plates it may
be assumed with some amount of certainty that this species is of
extraordinary length. Limax Dorice, Bourguignat, to which a
length of from 360 to 450 mm. is attributed by its author, has
scarcely so large an internal shell in the figure (Rev. Mag. pi. 8,

Fig. 150. — Anadenus giganteus.
(Shell. Copied from Land and Fresh w. Moll. India.)

June 1861), although I do not suppose that this astounding length
could be attained by giganteus. It may be equally striking in the
living state from its bright colour, which doubtless does not differ
greatly from that of spirit-specimens.'"' (Heynemann.}

Hob. India : Shimpti (Shipki ?), Kumaon ; Badrinath to
Massuri, G-arhwal (Schlagintiueit).

Originally Lieut.-Col. Grodwin-Austen considered the present
species identical with Theobald's altivagus, but, as recorded under
the latter, he subsequently modified his view and admitted
giganteus as a distinct form.

465. Anadenus beebei, Cockerell.

Anadenus beebei, Cockerell, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, xxxii,
1913, p. 617, figs. 1-7 (anatomy).

Original description : — " Color (in alcohol) warm ochreous, the
neck suffusedly blackish above ; lateral areas of sole dark plumbeous.
Mantle irregularly reticulate with deep furrows ; body with the
usual oblique grooves, the primary ones below and behind the end
of the mantle 2-2 1 mm. apart ; sole, except anteriorly, irregularly
reticulated with deep furrows, and with very distinct plumbeous
lateral areas, which are narrow and obsolescent anteriorly, gradually
widened caudad, but become narrow at the hind end ; in the
middle of the animal each lateral area is as wide as the middle
one.

" Length (in alcohol) 106 mm. ; length of mantle 36 mm., its
width (flattened out) 27 mm., the respiratory orifice 23 mm. from
anterior end ; width of sole 17 mm/'

Hal. India : Garhwal, ]NT.W. Prov. (C. W. Beebe).

476 ARIONIDJE.

" Jaw dark chestnut brown, with eight very strong flattened
ribs, but the ends (about | mm.) ribless. Lingual teeth normal
for the genus in general characters ; central teeth long and narrow,
with the ectocones poorly developed ; lateral teeth without or
with only poorly developed accessory denticles. Stomach very
large, containing vegetable matter, which includes quite large
pieces of leaves. Lung normal. Kidney considerably longer than
wide. Shell a membranous plate containing minute calcareous
granules, much more numerous and smaller than those of Arion.
Penis-sac narrow apically, rather abruptly broadening above the
middle, the basal part very stout ; the inside walls are strongly
plicate, and on one side bear very many tapering fleshy
filaments.

" By the character of the teeth, and also the oblique lateral
grooves of the body (except that in A. beebei they are closer
together), this resembles A. giganteus, Heynemann, but it differs
entirely in the shell. The jaw of A. giganteus has fourteen ribs,
whereas that of A. beebei has only eight. The color of the sole is
also distinctive.

"A. beebei cannot be the species named A. insignia by Godwin-
Austen, but scarcely described, as that is said to resemble
A.jerdoni, and to differ in the character of the dorsal and lateral
grooves from A . giganteus.

" The shell, jaw and teeth readily distinguish our slug from
A. altivagus. Pilsbry and Godwin-Austen both show the kidney
of A. altivagus as very broadly oval ; in A. beebei it is considerably
narrower. I do not find calcareous spines in the penis-sac, but
instead very numerous tapering fleshy processes. Pilsbry found
minute processes in the specimen he dissected, which he referred
to A. altivagus. The penis-sac in our slug is not at all like that
figured by Pilsbry ; it is rather similar in type to Godwin- Austen's
figure of A. altivagus, but differs in the proportion of the parts.

" Comparison with the other Indian species does not indicate
any close similarity, and the more recently described A. dautzenbergi,
Collinge, A. sechuenensis, Collinge, and A. sinensis, MollendorfF
are also evidently distinct." (Cockerell.)

466. Anadenus modestus, Theobald.

Umax modestus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxi, 1862, p. 489.
Anadenus modestus, Theobald, Cat. Land and Freshw. Shells Brit.

India, 1876, addenda, p. i; Nevill, Sci Kes. Second Yarkand

Mission, Mollusca, 1878, p. 21 ; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 65 ;

Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 53.
Anadenus {Altivagus} modesttis, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii,

1893, p. 192.

Original description : — " Corpore liinaciformi, postea acuminate,
colore cinereo, fuscis punctis notato ; dorso duobus lineis macu-
losis cateniformibus ornato, a sese et a margine equidistantibus et
a pallio usque ad extremitatem extensis, spatio his lineis iucluso

A^ADENTTS. 477

paullo fuscente et elegante fuscis lineis striato et marmorato.
Tentaculis quatuor rubro-fuscis.

" Longitudinis Ij unc. [=38 mm.]." (Theobald.}

Hob. India : Cissutlej Hills near Fagu, Narkanda, Saraon, etc.

" It is ' much smaller and rather more elegantly shaped,' and is,
perhaps, rather more numerous than altivagus, though this is far
from uncommon.

" There is a very small species in the British Museum in the
same bottle with A. giganteus, mentioned above, which appears
immature, but is certainly another species. It measures : — Total
length 20 mm., mantle 9-0 ; breadth 5'5. It maybe distinguished
by its olive-brown colour and having the mantle speckled with
black, and two well-marked lines of this colour on either side of
the extremity of the foot ; it agrees well with modestus of Theobald.
I hope shortly to receive a collection of slugs from Darjeeling
which may contain this species, for there is now some doubt
whether giganteus of Heynemann was ever obtained there. This
may possibly be the young of A. schlagintweiti, described by
Heynemann on p. 141, I. c. ; but he does not give any dimensions."
( Godwin- Austen.)

467. Anadenus schlagintweiti, Heynemann.

Anadenus schlagintweiti, Heynemann, Malak. Blatt. x, 1863, p. 141,

pi. 1, fig". 2 a-d (teeth), fig. 2 e (shell) ; Godwin-Austen, Moll.

Ind. i, 1882, p. 51, pi. 7, fig. 3 (shell) ; Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2,

i, 1885, p. 250, pi. 59, fig. 61 (shell).
Anadenus (? section) schlagintweiti , Cockerell, The Conchologist,

ii, 1893, p. 192.

Original description (in German) : — " Length of contracted
animal 45 to 60 mm. Length of mantle 25 mm. Colour ashy-
grey to blackish.

" Internal shell 11 mm. long, 7| mm. broad, moderately thick,
flat.

" Jaw with about 16 ribs ; the outer coherent, the inner appear
somewhat beak-like, in front they are all separate.

" Radula, 125 transverse rows, 90 longitudinal rows.
110 80

Fig. 151. — Anadenus schlagintweiti.
(Shell. Copied from Land and Freshw. Moll. India.)

" Central tooth broadly triangular with moderately long points.

478 AEIONTD.E.

Side cusps placed on somewhat broader base. Laterals scarcely-
different from central tooth, inclined towards the middle. The
shape does not perceptibly vary towards the margin, only the side
cusp ultimately vanishes.

" The young animal : a black spot occurs on the posterior part
of the mantle, terminating in a point anteriorly and enclosing a
small area lighter in colour than the rest of the mantle. The
sides of the mantle are spotted with black. On both sides the
body is marked with a broad, black band, sharply defined towards
the back but gradually shading off towards the sole. The back
itself is again somewhat darker.

" It may be presumed that, as is the case with many European
slugs which in their immature state are elegantly coloured in a
similar manner, this marking disappears later through darkening
of the rest of the pigment.

u Since the entire collection is comprised of these two species
[A. gigantem and A. schlagintweiti] and these were obtained in
several localities, the genus may be regarded as widely distributed
and common." (Ifeynemann.}

Hob. India : Simla ; Simla to Sultaupore ; Bias at Bishisht,
Kulu ; Bias Kund, Rotang Pass (Schlagintweit).

Lieut. -Col. Godwin- Austen thinks this species is externally
very similar to A. altivagus, but smaller. He doubts the Sikkim
locality.

468. Anadenus jerdoni, Godwin- Austen.

Anadenus jerdoni, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 52, pi. 7,
fig. 7 (animal) ; Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, i, 1885, p. 250, pi. 59,
fig. 64 (animal).

Anadenus (sidcati) jerdoni, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893,
p. 192.

Original description (from spirit-specimen) : — " Animal large.
The mantle apparently finely papillate in life. The foot above
very coarsely wrinkled, rounded at extremity. No gland. A very
narrow pedal margin. The respiratory orifice at the posterior
right margin or about one third the length of the mantle from the
posterior side. The eye-tentacles would appear to be very large
at the base. The mantle viewed from above, is rather circular in
form. The foot has a wide central area.

" Total length 101-6, mantle 38'0, breadth 31-8 mm.
„ „ 4, „ 1-5, ,. 1-25 inch,

" Jaw is well ribbed, and 0-2 inch or 5'1 mm. wide."

Hob. India : Kashmir (Jerdon).

" There is only one specimen at the British Museum and there-
fore I am unable to give any details of the anatomy of this species,
of which no doubt some will be found in the Indian Museum
Collection, Calcutta. The gigantic specimens alluded to by

479

Mr. G-. Nevill, in the Mollusean portion of the ' Scientific Besults
of the Second Tarkand Mission,' under Anad. altivagus, I well
remember his showing me in Calcutta. They are certainly very
distinct from the Simla specimens I have seen, and much nearer
A. jerdoni in outward appearance. Heynemann's name .would
have well suited these gigantic Nepalese slugs ; but his description
certainly applies to a much smoother animal, so well shown in his
figure of a portion of the foot viewed from above (plate 1, fig. Ih),
and which I reproduce on plate vii, fig. 4. The Nepalese species
I propose to distinguish by the name insignis." (Godwin- Austen.)
It is rather unfortunate that Lieut.-Colonel Godwin- Austen,
when naming this species, did not give a full description.

Fig. 152. — Anadenus jerdoni.
(Copied from Land and Freshw. Moll. India.)

469. Anadenus blanfordi, Godwin-Austen.

Anadenus blanfordi, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 53 ;
Coekerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 192.

Original description : — " From the single spirit-specimen it
would appear to have been of a dark ochraceous brown, with some
dark grey rnottlings on the upper part of the foot. It may be
distinguished by the very different arrangement of the warty pro-
tuberances on the epidermis, these being well raised, isolated, and
elongately diamond-shaped.

"Total length 44, Jength of mantle 16, breadth 11 mm."
( Godwin-Austen.)

Hob. India : Darjeeling, about 7000 ft. (Blanford).

" There is no doubt of its distinctness from all other species I
have seen, but I defer figuring it until I receive a large collection
in spirit now on its way from Sikkim." (Godwin- Austen.)

480 PHILOMYCID^E.

Family PHILOMYCID^.

Grenus INCILARIA, Benson.

Limacella, Blainville, Journ. Phys. Paris, Ixxxv, 1817, p. 443 (not
Limacella, Brard, 181/5) ; Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893,
p. 193.

Indiana, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 1, ix, 1842, p. 486.

TYPE, /. bttineatug, Benson.

Range : India, China.

" Body limaciform, entirely naked : foot equalling the body, but
separated from it by a groove. Orifices of the generative organs
distant, connected by a furrow occupying the entire right side of
the body." (Blainville.}

Professor Cockerell, in his Check-list of Slugs*, has adopted
Limacella, Blainville, 1817, for the present genus, in spite of the
fact that Brard had already, in 1815, utilized the name. The
latter simply being a synonym of Limax, Prof. Cockerell considers
that the rule " once a synonym always a synonym " should be
suspended in this case. As this would give rise to confusion I
have felt it necessary to substitute the next name available for
these oriental slugs, discarding Philomycus, Rafinesque (1820),
Tebennophorus, Biuney (1842), Pallifera, Morse (1864), Meglia-
tinum, Hasselt (1824), and .Sum^Ztw, Bafineaque (1820), the first
three applying to American forms and the last two as being
insufficiently defined.

470. Incilaria campestris, Godwin-Austen.

Philomicus (Incillaria] campestris, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv,

1876, p. 315, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Limacella campestris, Cockerell, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, vi, 1890, p. 385 ;

ibid., The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 193.

Original description : — " No shell. Animal pale ochre, with a
longitudinal dark stripe on the side of the body. Tentacles very
short, only 0*13" [ = 3-5 mm.].

"Total length 1-65* [ = 42 mm.]." (Godwin-Austen.)

Hob. India : Kholabari, Dafla Hills, Assam.

This cursory description may be supplemented by the following
observations by Prof. Cockerell, who regarded the form as a
subspecies of Limacella bilineata : — " Ochraceous yellow, with an
obscure dorsal and lateral pale brown band, narrow and more or
less interrupted. Sole finely laterally transversely wrinkled.
Length 23 millim., respiratory orifice 4 millim. from anterior
border of mantle ; sole 4 millim. broad.

The Conchologist, ii, 1893, pp. 193, 215.

481

" Shape of slug cylindrical, tapering posteriorly. Jaw pale,
ribbed. Differs from confusa in its non-tuberculose sole and
different markings and its ribbed jaw. Described from five
specimens in the British Museum from Dukhun.

" Although (rod win -Austen gives but a short description and
rather indifferent figure of his type of campestris from Kholabari,
and says nothing about the jaw, I think there can be no necessity
for considering our Dukhun form distinct from campestris, since,
so far as we know, there is not any important difference between
them. Should the type of campestris be found later on not to
have a ribbed jaw, it will be time to propose a new subspecific
name for the slugs described above. The discovery of a group of
Limacella with ribbed jaw in Asia is very interesting and tends
to endorse the opinion that this is not a generic character."

471. Indiana monticola, Godwin-Austen.

Philomicus monticohts, Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876,

p. 315.
Limacella tnoniicola, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 193.

Original description : — " Animal white, tinged with pale lilac,
having intensely black spots scattered over body, with one lon-
gitudinal band of same colour along the side, and one central down
middle of back; foot white below; tentacles very short, brown,
the two lower ones wide apart and very short indeed. Extremity
of foot pointed."

"Total length 1 inch" [=25-5 mm.]. (Godivin-Austen.}
Hob. India : Hills bordering Kopili River, North Cachar Hills.

Family VAGINULID^E.

Genus VAGINULUS, Ferussac.

Vagmulm, Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Fam. Limaces, 1821, pp. 9, 13 ; ibid..
Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, part 1, 1823, pp. 96™, 96?.

Vaginula (ern.), Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, xvii,
1864, p. 123 ; Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vii,
1871, p. 156 ; ibid., Man. Conchyl. 1883, p. 493 (in part) ; Sarasin,
Land-Moll. Celebes, 1899, p. 72 (anatomy and embryology) ;
Pelseneer, M<§m. Acad. Eoy. Belg. liv, fasc. 3, 1901, p. 23, pi. 6,
figs. 49-55 (anatomy).

TYPE, (first species) V. taunaisi, Ferussac.

Range. India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, South
America.

Body more or less elongated, oblong in the contracted state,

2i

482 YAGINULIDJE.

narrow and linear when extended, acuminate posteriorly, some-
times rounded.

Mantle covering the whole of the upper part of the body,
separated from the sides by a lateral margin, smooth and united in
the extended state, without internal shell or calcareous particles.

Foot consisting of numerous, crowded, narrow, well-marked
rings ; separated from the sides by a deep furrow and projecting
on either side, covering the furrow with a thin edge, sometimes
projecting beyond the mantle posteriorly, where it is flat,
acuminate or rounded, free and distinct from the side.

Head distinct, consisting of a buccal mass, provided with an
internal jaw and terminal papilla, disposed in a circle as in
Limaces, consequently without lips or buccal tentacles ; it can be
withdrawn under the mantle, which, together with the sides
and the anterior portion of the foot, forms a kind of case for its
reception.

Tentacles four, unequal, contractile ; the upper pair long, cylin-
drical, blunt, bearing the eyes at the apex, the lower pair short,
slightly lateral, and subpalmate or subdigitate at the extremity.

Pulmonary cavity situate anteriorly on the right side at about
two-fifths of the total length, communicating with the outer air
by a lateral duct which opens out at the posterior part of the
body, between the mantle and the free portion of the foot, in a
kind of pocket, where the anal duct, placed below the respiratory
duct and separated from it by a membrane, also has its outlet.

Generative organs distinct and separate.

Orifice of male organ near and below the lower right tentacle.

Female orifice below the mantle on the right side, near the foot,
towards the middle of the body.

No terminal mucous pore.

472. Vaginulus alte, Fermsac.

Vaginulus alte, Fe"russac, Tabl. Syst. Fam. Limaces, 1821, p. 14 ;

ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll, ii, part 1, 1823, p. 96 *, pi. 8 A, fig. 8,

pi. SB, fig. 6.
Vaginula alte, Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 1871,

p. 157.
Veronicella alte, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 193.

Original description: — "La forme generale de cette espece se
rapproche tellement de celle de Fonchidie du Typha de Buchanan,
que nous crumes au premier coup d'reil que c'etoit elle : vivant
dans les memes contrees, cette circonstance rendoit notre sup-
position assez probable ; mais Pexamen que nous en avons fait,
en nous montrant quatre tentacules et une organisation ex-
terieure semblable a celle des especes precedentes, nous tira de
notre erreur. II faudroit supposer, chez le docteur Buchanan,
une meprise singuliere, qui ne peut se presumer, malgre toute
1'analogie exterieure de ces deux limaces. Selon Mr. Leschenault,
la vaginule alte est ainsi nominee, parce qu'elle ressemble a une

VAGINULUS. 483

sangsue dont le nom du pays esfc Alte. L'etiquette du Museum
1'inclique comtne etant des eaux douces, ce qui nous paroit meriter
confirmation." (Ferussac.}

Fig. 153. — Vagi-nidus alte.
(Copied from Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll.)

Length 52 mm., breadth 19*5 mm. (ex icon.).
Hab. India: Pondicherri (Leschenault).

473. Vaginulus frauenfeldi, Semper.

Vaginula frauenfeldi, Semper, Reisen Arch. Philipp. 2te Teil, iii,

1 885, P: 324, pi. 27, fig. 32.
Veronicella frauenfeldi, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893,

pp. 193, 215.

Original description (in German) : — " Roundly truncated an-
teriorly and posteriorly ; skin rather smooth, the tubercles very-
small and crowded, each provided at the apex with a pit which,
in large specimens especially, is of considerable size. The dorsal
surface is greyish-brown with black spots, with a median yellow
line which at neither end reaches quite to the mantle. Lower
surface light yellowish-brown, upper tentacles bluish-black.

" Length 24 mm., breadth 10'5 mm. Sole 4 mm. wide, •
„ 43 mm., „ 16 mm. ,, 6 mm. wide."

Hob. India: Madras (Vienna Museum}. (Semper.}

The folds of the foot-sole are at the rate of 40 to 10 mm.

484

VAGUSTTLIDJE.

In the smaller specimen the female genital orifice is 10 mm.
distant from the posterior extremity, in the larger one 19 mm.,
in both it is very near the edge of the foot.

474. Vaginulus templetoni, Humbert.

Vaginula ?, Templeton, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, pl.2B,

fig. 6.
Vaginula templetoni, Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.

Geneve, xvii, 1864, p. 126, figs. 3-3 K; Fischer, Nouv. Arch.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vii, 1871, p. 157 ; Semper, Reisen Arch.

Philipp. 2te Teil, iii, 1885, p. 324, pi. 27, fig. 32 (anatomy) ;

Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool! France, vii, 1894, p. 268; Collett,

J. A. S. Ceylon Branch, xvi, 1900, p. 138.
Veronicella templetoni, Theobald, Cat. Land and Freshw. Shells

Brit. India, 1876, p. 33.

Fig. 154. — Vaginulus templetoni. Fig. 155. — Vaginulus templetoni.

(Copied from (Copied from A. M. N. H.)

Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve.)

Original description : — Arrondie en dessus, sans carene dorsale
bien marquee ; une ligne tuberculeuse mediane de couleur claire

YAGIXULUS. 485

s'etendant sur les deux tiers environs de la longueur du manteau
(dans 1'etat de contraction). Parties superieures d'un brun
chocolat, tres finement granuleuses. Des tubercules un peu plus
gros, arrondis, noirs, semes assez regulierement sur toutes les
parties superieures du manteau ; d'autres de meme forme et a
peu pres de meme grosseur, mais blancs, sur les regions laterales.
Parties inferieures du manteau et du pied d'un jaunatre uniforme.
Dessous du manteau tres-finement granuleux.

"Pedoncles oculaires d'un chocolat clair ; tentacules de la
meme couleur avec leur appendice inferieure blanchatre." (Hum-
bert.')

Length 65 mm., breadth 16 mm. (animal extended).

Hob. Ceylon : Peradenia (Humbert, Simon) ; Eatnapoora (Tem-
pleton}.

In contracting the body becomes shorter, broader, and higher,
until it assumes an almost spherical shape. Humbert was of
opinion that this species is the same as the form from Ratna-
poora, figured, but neither named nor described, by Templeton.

It is stated to differ from V. maculatus by the following
characters : —

1. The colour of the tentacles of the upper parts and especially
of the under surface of the mantle.

2. The absence of a distinct dorsal keel.

3. The dimensions of the granules of the mantle, the largest of
which are almost invisible to the naked eye.

4. The less attenuated margins of the mantle and by the body
less flattening itself against the ground.

5. The genital orifice a little nearer to the foot (?).

475. Vaginulus maculatus, Templeton.

Vaginula maculata, Templeton, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 49,
pi. 2 B, fig. 1 ; Humbert, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve,
xvii, 1864, p. 123 ; Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
vii, 1871, p. 156 ; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philipp. 2U Teil, in,
1885, p. 322, pi. 27, fig. 30 (anatomy) ; Jousseaume, Mem. Soc.
Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 268.

Vagi-nidus maculatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 198.

Veronicella maculata, Theobald, Cat. Land and Freshw. Shells
Brit. India, 1876, p. 33 ; Cockerell, The Conchologlst, ii, 1893,
p. 193.

Original description : — " Body ovate-oblong, depressed, rounded
behind ; the dorsum dark or brownish-grey, densely studded with
minute papill* ; speckled with black, angular or irregular maculae ;
a yellow mesial line down the back ; margins edged with a
yellowish or pale baud; superior pair of horns hyaline, the
buccal pair yellowish-grey.

" The body never makes any approach to linear, even when
most extended; it is always rather broad, and fully rounded
posteriorly, less so at the anterior extremity. There is no

486

VAGINULID^E.

defined margin separating the central part from the edges ; the
latter are merely a little flatter ; there is not the least trace of
solid material in the covering or in the substance of the body.
The superior pair of horns are cylindrical, somewhat longisb, and
terminate in a little rounded bulb, on the upper surface of which
the minute black eye is imbedded ; the buccal pair is bilobed, but
not deeply sulcated, appearing exactly as if two short cylinders
were under a skin. The foot terminates a little before the end
of the mantle ; it occupies in breadth about one-fifth or rather

Fig. 156. — Vaginulus maculatus.
(Copied from A. M. N. H.)

Fig. 157. — Vaginulus maculatus.
(After Templeton.)

more of the under surface, and is separated by a deep groove
from the mantle, so that it appears as if winged ; it has about
200 transverse ruga3 in the inch, which, in the advancing move-
ment of the animal, present precisely the same appearance as the
legs of Julus, a wave running from behind forward, about six
ruga3 forming each wave, with an interval of fourteen to eighteen
between them. The under surface of the body of the animal on
each side of the foot is covered with minute papilla or tubercles,
about 180 in an inch.

"The habits of the animal, as far as I had an opportunity of

VAGINULUS. 487

examining them, appear to differ in no respect from those of
Limax" ( Templeton.)

Length 51 mm. (ex icon.}.

Hob. Ceylon: Colombo (Templeton) • Point de Galle (Semper) •
Peradenia, Ballacadua Pass (Humbert).

The specimen recorded by Humbert was stated to measure :
at rest 35 mm. long, 18 mm. broad; in motion 60 mm. long,
17 mm. broad.

476. Vaginulus reticulatus, Westerlund.

Vaginulus reticulatns, Westerlund, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges.

1883, p. 49; ibid., Vega Exped. Vetensk. Jaktag. iv, 1885,

p. 192.
Veronicella reticulata. Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893,

p. 193.

Original description : — " Pallium densissime punctatum, ru-
gosum et granulis parvis confertis obsitum, non carinatum,
olivaceum, nigro-maculatum, striga mediana aurantia distincta
notatuni; infra pallidum, concolor; pes flavidus." (Westerlund.)

Length of mantle (spirit -specimen) 50, breadth 23 mm.
Breadth of foot 6 mm.

Sab. Ceylon : Point de Galle.

Probably allied to, if not identical with, V. maculaius. No figure
has been published and I have not seen specimens.

477. Vaginulus sarasinorum, Simroth.

Vaginula, n. sp. (No. 3), Siinroth, Sitz. Ber. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig,

17 & 18 Jahrg. 1892, p. 66.
Vaginula sarasinorum, Simroth, torn. cit. p. 85.
Veronicella sarasinorum, Cockerell, The Concholo°lst, ii, 1893,

p. 193.

Original description (in German) : — " Likewise a Pleurocaulier
with the highest degree of development of the penis (in conse-
quence of protracted isolation in mountains?). This organ has
the aspect of the head and neck of a cock with a very large comb,
the orifice being in the bill ; the comb, ringed with deep polygonal
honey-combs, forms the glans. Dart glands, intestines, salivary
glands, etc., similar. Papillae of the dart glands simple, shortly
conical. Tentacles more or less prominent." (Simroth.)

It is unfortunate that no description or figure of the animal of
this species has been published.

478. Vaginulus birmanicus, Theobald.

Vaginulus birmanicus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 243 ;

Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, part 2, p. 23 ; ibid., Zool. Res.

Two Exp. West. Yunnan, i, 3878, p. 883; Blanford in Nevill,

Hand List, i, 1878, p. 199.
Veronicella birmanica, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xlii, part 2, 1873,

488 VAGINULTDJE.

p. 34 ; Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 193 ; Coliinge,

Journ. Malac. iii, 1894, p. 1.
Veronicella barmanorum, Theobald, Cat. Land and Freshw. Shells

Brit. India, 1876, p. 33.
I'iK/inula birmanica, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civr. Genova,

s'er. 2, vii, 1889, p. 337.

Original description : — " Corpore elongate, laevi, ante et pone
eleganter rotundato, colore fusco, rninutissime flavo maculate,
subter albescente. Pede transversim rugoso, totius corporis
longitudinis, sex vix ad quartam partem latitudinis attingente.
Tentaculis quatuor ; binis superioribus fuscis, oculiferis ; in-
ferioribus minus elongatis quamquam robustis, et papillam
retractilem, sensa acutissimo praeditam, subter gerentibus.

" Long. 50 mill." (Theobald.)

Hob. Burma: Eangoon, Pegu, Thyet Myo, etc. (Theobald);
Bhamo (Nevill, Pea). India : Calcutta, Moisraka (Stoliczka,
Nevill). Penang (Stoliczka).

" This slug is pretty common at Rangoon and is found har-
bouring under potsherds, bricks, and rubbish in moist spots."
(Theobald.}

Mr. Coliinge having obtained some spiritrspecimens, found the
description of the foot sole very inadequate and redescribed it
as follows : —

"The specimens average from 28 to 38 mm. in length and
10 to 18 mm. in breadth. The ground-colour is yellowish brown,
minutely marked with a series of black dashes and spots, these
being absent in the median line of the dorsum, on which runs a
pale yellow line. Nevill states that the sole of the foot is nearly
white, with faint, transverse, white lines ; now in the specimen

1 have, the foot is very similar to the ground-colour of the dorsal
surface and it is certainly not white or even pale yellow. The
foot sole may be divided into, seven distinct parts. On either
side is a plain lateral plane, finely and regularly marked, next a
distinct line separating the lateral plane from, what I shall term,
the inner plane, which is divided in a regular manner by a series
of transverse lines or grooves at intervals of about | inillim.
The two inner planes stand out more prominently than any other
portion of the foot, so that the median plane is somewhat con-
cave, but possibly this is only due to the effect of the alcohol.
The median plane is also marked by a series of fine transverse
lines,

"In the largest specimen, measuring 38 mm. in length and
18 mm. in breadth, the lateral planes are 1 mm. broad, the inner
plane | mm., and the median plane 1 mm.

" The median plane is really the outer wall of the pedal gland,
and passes from just beneath the mouth to the posterior end of
the body, gradually becoming narrower and terminating about

2 mm. from the extreme edge of the foot sole."

VA.GINTILUS.

489

479. Vaginulus proximus, Tapparone Canefri.

Vayinula proximo,, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva,

ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 338, pi. 7, figs. 8, 9 (animal).
Veronicella proxima, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 193.

Original description : — " V. corpora convexiusculo, anguste
oblongo, antice posticeque attenuato. Pallium superne minu-
tissime et creberrime gran ulato-rugosiuscul um, fusculuin, liuea
pallida postice evideritiore in medio uotatum et utrinque usque
ad marginem maculis parvis lineolisque nigrescentibus reticu-
latum ; infra pallidum, unicolor. Pes pallidas, valde angustus,
tertiam totus latitudinis partem non aequans, antice subdilatatus,
postice in maculam fusco-plumbeam desinens, undique lineis
teuuibus, crebris, regularibus transverse exaratus. Orificium
genitale femmineum, infra, in parte pallii dextera, 2 mill, a pede,
paruni infra medium totius longitudinis erumpens." (Tapparone
Canefri.}

Length 40 mill. ; breadth 12 mill.

Hob. Burma : Bhaino (Fed).

This species is stated to have great affinity with V. birmanica,
Theobald, but to differ in the following characters : — (1) It is

Fig. 158. — Vaginuhts proximus. f.
(Copied from Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva.)

more contracted in proportion to its breadth ; (2) it is less
depressed and generally darker in colour ; (3) the female genital

490 VAGI^ULID^E.

orifice is situate below the middle of the total length of the
body, whereas in its ally this is exactly in the middle ; (4) the
foot terminates posteriorly in a blackish point, while numerous
specimens of the allied form have the foot entirely of one colour.

480. Vaginulus andersonianus, Tapparone Canefri.

Vaginnla andersoniana, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ.

Geneva, ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 338, pi. 7, figs. 6, 7.
Veronicella andersoniana, Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893,

p. 193.

Fig. 159. — Vaginulus andersonianus. f.
(Copied from Ann. Mus. Civ. G-enova.)

Original description : — " V. corpore convexiusculo, oblongo,
antice posticeque vix attenuate, marginibus lateralibus fere
parallelis. Pallium superne minutissime et creberrime granulato-
corrugatum, rnaculis confluentibus parvis parum distinctis, sub-
nigrescentibus, in seriebus duabus lateralibus ad margines pro-
pinquioribus dispositis depictum, linea in medio marginibusque
pallidioribus ; inferne pallidum, unicolor. Pes pallidus, valde

VAGINULUS. 491

angustus, transversim regulariter et crebre tenuistriatum. Orifi-
cium genitale inferius in parte pallii dextera versus medium
4 mill, a pede erumpens." (Tapparone Ganefri).

Length 59, breadth 18 mill.

Hob. Burma : Thigyan, Upper Irawaddy (Fea).

This species is considerably larger than F. proximus and some-
what broader in proportion to its length. The body has almost
the shape of an elongated rectangle, the lateral margins of the
mantle being nearly parallel, while the anterior and posterior
margins are scarcely attenuated and almost truncate. The
mantle, in the upper part, is densely covered with minute granules
and rugae, and marked with small confluent blackish spots, dis-
posed in two lateral series, nearer to the margin than to the
median line, which at the middle of the margin is paler. The
lower part of the mantle and the foot are pale without a trace of
spots. The foot is rather narrow and furnished, as in the other
species, with numerous thin transverse striae. The female genital
orifice is placed at the middle of inferior right side ot: the mantle
at a distance of about 4 mm. from the foot.

481. Vaginulus giganteus, Godwin- Austen.

Vayimdus yiyanteus, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, pp. 443. 451.

Original desertion: — " Animal elongate in form; female orifice
28*5 mm. from the extremity of the foot. 6 from the middle line
of the foot, 1-5 from the pedal groove. The colour in the
spirit-specimen is above grey, with dark mottlings, paler near
the head, and a narrow pale line down the centre of the back ;
below dull ochre. Upper surface smooth to the eye, under the
lens closely pitted. The sole of the foot narrow, slightly wider
than the adjacent under surface. The foot is crossed by rather
close, very regular folds, which form distinct grooves across it,
very thin, even in width ; there are twenty-two such folds in
10 mm. of length, and each transverse fold is divided by a very
fine secondary groove. The tentacles, although contracted, are
large.

" Total length 68 mm. ; total breadth 23 ; breadth of foot 9."

Hob. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Harold Godwin- Austen] .

"This is a remarkably large species, 13 mm. larger than
anything described by Semper from the Indian region ; the
largest mentioned and figured by him is V. voigtii, described
from a specimen in the Copenhagen Museum. Locality unknown.
It differs from Seinper's drawing of this species in being nar-
rower as compared with its length, and in the sole of the foot
Semper's drawing is life-size and could not fail to show the
transverse ridges." (Godwin-Austen.}

492 VAGHSULID^E.

Genus LEONARDIA, Tapparone Canefri.

Leonardia, Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva, ser. 2, viii,
1889, p. 331.

TYPE, L. nevilliana, Tapparone Canefri.

Range. Burma.

Animal resem bling that of Vaginulus. Body elliptical, depressed ;
head retractile, lower tentacles scarcely bilobed ; mantle carinated
at the side, which posteriorly on the lower surface and near the
anal orifice exhibits an aperture, which is probably the female
genital orifice, differing in this respect from the species of the
allied genus Vaginulus.

This genus, while in fact very nearly allied to Vayinulus, never-
theless presents important anatomical differences. The author
relates an interesting fact communicated to him by Signor Fea,
who collected two specimens. Upon being irritated the animal
stretched itself, becoming contorted, and ejected a reddish muci-
laginous liquid covering the dorsal surface.

482. Leonardia nevilliana, Tapparone Canefri

? Veronicella, n. sp., Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 23.

Leonardia nevilliana } Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva,
ser. 2, vii, 1889, p. 332, pi. 8, figs. 1-3 (animal), pi. 7, tigs, l-o
(anatomy) ; Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 195.

Original description : — " L. corpore elliptico-elongato, antice
subtruncato, postice subrotundato. Caput infra subalbidum,
superne nigrescens, teiitaculis pallidioribus. Pallium fusculuin,
interne pallidior, superne colore ad marginem precipue intensiore
et undique patina cinerea indutum ; obsolete rugosiusculum,
papillis minutis rubicundis irregulariter sparsis ornatum, in medio
lineani longitudinalem impressam gereus. Pes ochraceo-luteus,
linea impressa f uscula per longitudinem divisus et undique lineis
incisis minutis frequentissiuris transversis exaratus." (Tapparone
Canefri.)

Long. 98, lat. 40 mm. (Larger spirit-specimen.)
Long. 90, lat. 31 mm. (Smaller spirit- specimen.)
Hal). Burma : Catcin-Cauri Hill, East of Bhamo (Fea) ;
? China : Ponsee, Yunnan (Anderson}.

The body of this large mollusc is of an elongated elliptical form,
somewhat truncate anteriorly and regularly curved posteriorly.
The head, whitish below, becomes more or less blackish above,
but the tentacles are invariably somewhat paler and occasionally
may be slightly reddish.

The mantle is distinguished from the foot by a yellowish-brown
tint and is variously variegated iu living specimens, paler at the
inferior lateral portion, becoming darker above, especially near
the margin. A slightly impressed line runs along the middle of the

LEONABDIA.

493

body. The foot, yellow in living examples, pale yellowish in
spirit-specimens, is marked with a brown impressed line in the
middle and exhibits numerous impressed transverse equidistant
lines.

The accompanying figures have been copied from Tapparone
Canefri's plates, fig. 161 having been prepared from originals
drawn on the spot from living specimens by Signer Leonardo
Fea.

Fig. 160. — Leonardia nevilliana.
(Copied from Ann. Mus. Giv. Genova.)

The species is surmised by Tapparone Canefri to have been
collected by Anderson, for, from Nevill's remarks, he inferred
that the species alluded to by the latter as a Veronicella from
Ponsee was identical. A spirit-specimen measured 93 mm. in
length.

Reproductive System. — As in all the members of this family
there are two distinct apertures, one from which the male organ
is extruded and the other the female genital orifice. The former,
as usual, is situated directly under the inferior tentacle ; the exact
place where the latter opens out has not been ascertained, but it
appeared to communicate with a small cavity situated near the
spot where the mantle comes in contact with the foot, exactly
above the anal orifice. The duct leading from the orifice to the

494

base of the ovary likewise has not been ascertained, but no doubt
is left that the female genital orifice does not occur on the
lower surface of the mantle, as is the case without exception
in all Vaginuli, an anatomical feature of sufficient importance to
warrant generic separation.

The male organ is near the head (fig. 160a#, m, n, o) and, with
the external aperture, placed directly behind the lower tentacle ; it
consists here of a penis (fig. 160a B, w), very small as compared with

Fig. 161. — Lconardia nevilliana.
(Copied from Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva.)

the size of the animal — perhaps dependent upon seasonal change —
and a curious and relatively enormous multifid gland (fig. 160a #,
m) communicating with it. This gland has also been observed in
many species of Vaginulus but in the present case it attains an
exceptional development. It consists of a vestibule 7 mm. long,
writh a diameter of about 2-5 mm. which gradually increases arid
from which from 60 to 70 casca branch off like the roots of a tree-
trunk (fig. 160b a) of a pearly white, long, filiform (about | mm.
in diameter), densely ramified, folded upon themselves at various
intervals and gathered into a bundle by a pellucid membrane.

LEONAEDIA. 495

This gives rise in this manner to a large body, cylindrical in the
middle and attenuated at the two extremities.
P The vas deferens enters the posterior part of the penis, and is of
a deep red (fig. 16Qa^, o, fig. 160b 6), relatively large and rather
long, and as usual twisted and contorted in various ways. At the
opposite extremity the vas deferens enters the interior of the
integument near the multifid gland described above. Here the
integument, reduced to a very slender tube (fig. 160bc) with a
diameter of little more than half a millimetre, buries itself for a
considerable length and descends about as far as the middle of
the body ; afterwards, upon emerging again, it terminates in the
excretory tube of a small reniform gland (fig. 160b/&) which enters
the duct of another cistiform body which is fixed in the neck of
the ovary, and which may be regarded as a female seminal vesicle.
The ovary equals in length twice that of the body, but is much
more slender ; this may be owing to the animal examined not
having probably attained full development (fig. 160a B, p, q,
fig. 160* j).

Fig. 162. — Leonardia nevilliana.
(Copied from Ann. Mus. Civ. Geuova.)

This long ovary in its natural state, moreover, is foWed upon
itself and apparently twisted in such a manner as to form a single
large body, to which are united the forementioned gland and the
albuminous gland (fig. 160a^,p), only the hermaphrodite gland,
supplied with a long duct, remaining free and directly resting
against the liver.

The fact of the vas deferens being concealed for some distance
in this integument finds its counterpart in Limnseidse and in
Oncidiidae ; the genus Leonardia must, in my opinion, be placed

496 JANELLIDJE.

near the latter, i. e< between Oncidium and Vac/iniila, having the
greatest resemblance and affinity with the latter especially in the
general form and several characters. (Tapparone Oanefri.)

Family JANELLID^.

Subfamily HYALIMACIN^E.

Genus HYALIMAX, H. $ A. Adams.

Hyalimax, H. & A. Adams, Genera Kec. Moll, ii, 1855, p. 219
(as sub-genus of Limax} \ Fischer, Journ. Conchyl. xv, 1867,
p. 218, pi. 10, figs. 5-9 (anatomy) ; Godwin- Austen, Moll.
India, i, 1882, p. 55.

TYPE, Lima® perlucidus, Quoy & Gaimard.

Range. Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Mascarene
Islands.

Orifice of respiratory aperture in the middle of the right side
of the mantle ; animal pellucid. (Adams.)

The genus was exhaustively dealt with by Fischer when de-
scribing a new form from Bourbon — H. maillardi. The anatomy
being figured in detail at the same time, his account fully supple-
ments the cursory description by the brothers Adams.

" L'animal est long d'environ 15 millimetres ; le manteau est
forme completement sur le dos et ne laisse apercevoir aucun rudi-
ment de test ; ses bords torment cuirasse en avant et en arriere
de la masse viscerale. L'orifice pulmonaire est eitue a la partie
moyenne du rebord du manteau (cote droit) ; le pied, assez large,
se terrnine en arriere par une poirite, sans pore muqueux. L'orifice
genital est place a droite, a e'gale distance du grand tentacule et
du bord du manteau ; en dessous, la tete est separee du reste du
corps par un sillon bien marque.

" En enlevant les teguments du dos on decouvre une limacelle
a peu pres arrondie, tres-mince, un peu bombee a sa face superi-
eure, et qui me parait manquer de rudiment spiral ; mais peut-
etre le trouverait-on sur des individus frais.

" La machoire est visible a 1'exterieur par son bord inferieur;
elle est tres-remarquable et se compose d'un fer a cheval brim,
epais, largement ouvert, tres-finement strie vers les extreinites, a
bord tranchant simple, rion festonne, muni d'une dent obtuse a
sa partie moyenne. Au-dessus du fer a cheval existe une lame
ou support subquadrangulaire, allonge, etroit, analogue a celui des
Succinea et des genres voisins.

" La plaque linguale est construite d'apres le type ordinaire des
Pulmoncs herbivores ; la denticulatiou mediane est etroite et son
bord inferieur est tricuspide, mais les pointes descendent tres-peu ;

HYALIMAX. 497

les denticulations laterales, plus larges, portent en dedans une
pointe assez longue et deux on trois petites saillies externes ; les
dents marginales ne consistent plus qu' en series, presque lineaires,
de dentieulations egales entre elles et extremement, petites. Les
dents liuguales sont disposees sur des lignes plus obliques quedans
le genre Xanthonyx.

" Les organes genitaux offrent tres peu de complication : la
verge est longue, simple, enroulee sur elle-meme ; vers son
extremite, on trouve uu muscle retracteur. Le canal deferent la
suit dans toute sa longueur et s'accole a une matrice tre«s cori-
tournee et festouuee, sans renflement special pres de 1'orifice
commun genital. La glande albuminipare est globulense, divisee
en lobes tres-nombreux ; le canal excreteur de la glande en grappe
est tres tortueux au point ou. il s'accole a la glande albuminipare.

" La poche copulatrice, placee a I'extremite d'un col tres-long
et simple, est petite, arrondie; un muscle retracteur s'insere sur
ses parois.

" Le mollusque du Bourbon est done un Limacien par sa coquille
completemeut interne, mais sa machoire le rapproche des Succinea ;
le peu de complication des organes genitaux etablit un rapport de
plus entre ceux-ci et le genre Hyalimax.

"II existe, par consequent, parmi les mollusques du groupe des
Succinea, une serie tres-complete analogue a celle des Arionidce ou
des Limacidce, et dorit les principaux termes sont : —

" 1° Cuquille contenant eutierement le Mollusque : Succinea,
Simpulopsis ;

k'^° Coquiile ne recouvrant qu'une portion de l'ammal ;
Omalonyx.

" 3° Coquille cachee completement par le manteau : Hyalimax ;

" 4° Coquille absente ou tout-a fait rudimentaire : Janellia,
Aneitea, etc.

" La forme de la machoire des Hyalimax les distingue de ces
divers genres ; c'est une combinaison des caracteres de celle des
Zonites (pour le bord) et des Succinea (pour le support) ; le genre
Hyalimax est done etabli tres legitimement ; mais nous sotumes
certain que MM. Adams ne pensaient pas, en le creant, qu'il
vieudrait un jour se ranger aupres des Succinea"

Subgenus JARAVA, Godwin- Austen.

Jarava, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 59; Coclierell,
The Conchologlst, ii, 1893, p. 195.

Respiratory orifice just behind the centre of right side of
mantle, a short distance above its lower edge. Anal orifice some
distance (3 mm.) behind it, and concealed by the mantle, on the
right posterior margin.

Jaw without indication of a central projection.

Dental formula : 265 . 1 . 265.

Shell ovate, thin, flat, apex solid and quadrate (Godwin-Austen).

498

483. Hyalimax andamamca, Godwin-Austen.

Ili/alimax (Jarava) andamanica. Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ir
1882, p. 57, pi. 11, figs. 1-4; Cockerell, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, vi,
1890, p. 389 ; ibid., The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 195.

Original description : — " The animal is thus described by my
brother, Mr. Harold Grodwin-Austen, who sent me four specimens.
Pale watery green, yellower on the mantle, with alternate stripes
of torquoise-blue and chocolate on the upper part of the neck.
These darker lines I suspect are the retractor muscles of the eve-
tentacles ; the animal when living would appear to have a much

A

Fig. 163. — Hi/oUmax andamanica.
a, shell (nat. size). f>, shell (enlarged), c, animal.
(Copied from Moll. India.)

flattened wide foot, thin, and spreading at the margin, for in the
spirit-specimen it is much wrinkled; the extremity of the foot is
pointed, with no mucous gland. There is no denned pallia!
margin to the foot ; distinct grooves run at intervals from the
dorsal edge of the mantle to the side of the foot: and two of
the specimens show a few distinct dark spots on the upper surface
of the extremity of the foot. An indistinct median area on the
sole of the foot. Eye -tentacles apparently stout. I am in doubt
regarding the oral tentacles ; and if present, they are probably
small. The mantle is continuous over the shell, and covered with

HYALIMAX. 499

minute papillae ; there is no division into right and left shell-
lobes ; the dorsal lobes are very much reduced in size, the right
dorsal lobe particularly so, being very narrow and only extending
to the posterior margin ; the left dorsal lobe is also very narrow,
and only just separated from the mantle, terminating on the left
anterior side. The respiratory orifice is just behind the centre
of the right side of the mantle, a short distance above its lower
edge. The anal orifice is some distance (3 mm.) behind it, and
concealed by the mantle, its position being quite on the right
posterior margin.

" The shell is ovate, thin, flat, transparent, milky white, with
close concentric ridges of growth, very thin and delicate on the
margin ; the apex rather more solid and quadrate at that end, the
nucleus being on the right margin.

" Size : major diarn. 5 mm., minor diam. 3*3 mm.

" Length of spirit-specimen 16, mantle 11, breadth 5*5 mm."

Hah. Andaman Islands : Port Blair (Harold Godwin,- Austen).

" Odontophora, cf'c. — The buccal mass is large ; the strong
retractor muscle has its attachment, together with that of the
eye-tentacles, in the usual position at the posterior side of the
mantle-margin ; but the posterior portion of the buccal mass is
very different to what we find in other species ; it is more
truncate ; and that part where the lingual ribbon takes its origin,
and which in all species I have hitherto examined presents a
shortish blunt knob-like process, in this species is represented by
two coils, which are really the posterior edges of the lingual
ribbon, turned up on each side and coiled on itself inwards. The
lingual ribbon is broader than it is long; and 92 rows were
counted, each containing at least 530 teeth :

265 . 1 . 265

" The central tooth is 4-cuspid and much hooked. The laterals
are all alike, very gradually becoming smaller on the outside ;
they bend over in a claw-like form, and are edged with four cusps,
of which the two outermost are slightly longer than the two
inner ; a very minute cusp can just be discerned in some of the
largest laterals near the centre, at the exterior base of, and next
the first long inner cusp.

"The jaw is very peculiar. It is a very dark umber colour ;
the cutting or frontal edge forms an oblique angle ; and the
muscular attachment is very strong and extends back at right
angles, equal in length to the width of the jaw, which is T-shaped
as in Succinea, &c.

"The- heart is situated on the left anterior margin of the
mantle. The position of the anus is very far back on the right
posterior side, quite removed from the neighbourhood of the
respiratory orifice, its usual position in most genera ; and this is
perhaps the most interesting point in the anatomy of this species.
The intestine terminates in a large expanded sac just within the
aperture.

500

JANELLID.E.

" Generative Organs. — The ovotestis, hermaphrodite duct, and
albumen-gland were not made out. The oviduct is much con-
voluted for a short distance and then extends in a long straight
duct to the generative aperture ; the prostate is of some length,
the vas deferens running parallel to the straight portion of the
oviduct down to a short bulbous expansion, to which it is probable
the retractor muscle is given off ; but this was not found in either
specimen examined. The spermatheca is of very great length ; a
long thin tube terminating in a round ball-like expansion, which
is like in this respect to H. maillardi. Hyalimax andamanica,
however, differs from the Bourbon species (1) in the form of the
jaw, which has no indication of a central projection ; (2) there is
considerable divergence in the shell, and I give a drawing of that
of H. perlucidus, from Mauritius, received by me from .Mr. G.
Nevill, which shows the apex to be very attenuate and sharp, and

Fig. 164. — Hfjalimax andamanica. Jaw and raclula.
(Copied from Moll. India.)

there is a distinct greenish epidermis ; (3) the dental formula is
different; (4) Fischer does not indicate the position of the anal
aperture, which, situated in H. andamanica so far back on the
posterior right margin, is of extreme importance, so that if other-
wise in Hyalimax of Bourbon, and in its usual position adjacent
to the respiratory orifice, it may render it necessarv to place the
Indian form in another subgenus, which I would name Jarava,
from the name of the aboriginal tribe that inhabited the South
Andaman Islands. In this case a subfamily HYALIMACINJE would
include 1. Hyalimax (perlucidus, Isle of France; mauritianus,
Isle of France; maillardi, Bourbon), and 2. Jarava (reinltardi,
Nicobars ; andamanica, Andamans ; viridis, Arracan).

IIYALIMAX. 501

"In the form of the buccal mass, the broad radula and its
numerous teeth, andamanica resembles in a remarkable manner
the curiously formed New Zealand slug Janella antipodarum, Gray,
described and figured by Mr. C. Knight in the ' Transactions of
the Linnean Society,' vol. xxii, read June 2, 1859; and they all
must be regarded, with Succinea and others, as one great group,
indicated so well and on such good grounds by Mr. P. Fischer."
( Godwin- Austen.}

Prof. Cockerell refers to a specimen in the British Museum,
labelled " Andaman Islands, Dr. J. Anderson," as being typical,
but having the mouth strongly curved, colour yellowish-white,
without markings, and the foot slightly orange-tinted.

Var. punctulata, Cockerell.

Hyalimax andamanica, var. punctulatus, Cockerell, A. M. N. H.
'ser. 6, vi, 1890, p. 389 ; ibid., The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 195.

" Yellowish white ; foot slightly orange-tinted. Minute grey
specks on mantle and grey streaks on hind part of body."
(Cockerell.)

Nab. Andaman Islands (Anderson).

"The mantle of this specimen is flattish, so that the outline of
the slug is greatly depressed compared with the typical one. The
jaw does not seem quite like that figured by Godwin-Austen for
the type ; but I was notable to sufficiently examine it. It seemed
to me that it had some sort of central projection. It is possible
that punctulatus may be a distinct species ; but there is not yet
sufficient evidence for classing it as such." (Cockerell.}

Nevill refers to a new species of Hyalimav, found by de Eoep-
storff at the Anclamans *, but he does not describe it, and it is
not, therefore, at all impossible that his slug was the same as the
present, species.

484. Hyalimax reinhardti, March.

Hyalimax reinhardti, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. xx, 1872, p. 314 ;

ibid., op. cit., xxiv, 18/6, p. 353.
Hyalimax (Jarava) reinhardi, Godwin- Austen, Moll. India, i,

1882, p. 59.
Hyalimax (Jarava) reinhardti^ Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii,

1893, p. 195.

Original description : — " C. linguae forme, postice acuminatum,
pallide increscens [virescens]. Ommatophoria cserulea. Tentacula
brevissima. Pallium ellipticum, prasinum, orificis respiratorio in
medio marginis dextri sito. Notaeum pedis sulcis radiantibus
distantibus et sulco obsolete peripherico circuradatuni. Testa
scapulseformis, latere dextro recto. Maxillae crista muscularis
angusta, longitudinis fere dimidium maxillae.

* J. A. S. B., L, part 2, 1881, p. 142.

502

"Long. 45 mill.; long, pallii 22 mill.; lat. 11 mill.; long,
noisei pedis 17 mill, (ex icone).'' (Mbrch.)

Hab. Nicobar Islands : Pulo Panjang and Sambelong.

The species is stated to have been collected on the under side
of the leaves of Calderon and other plants with thick leaves.
Mb'rch further mentions that the animal generally remains
stationary and contracted, assuming an oval form, and that the
muscular attachment of the jaw is narrower and more elongated
than in H. maillardi, Eischer.

Lieut. -Col. Godwin - Austen considers it very similar to
II. andamanica, although larger, but until they can be compared
together in greater detail he thinks it best to keep them separate.

485. Hyalimax viridis, Theobald.

Limax viridis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, 1864, p. 244.
Hyalimax (Jarava) viridis, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882,
p. 60 ; Cockerell, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 195.

Original description : — " Corpore expanse, pone acuminate,
flavo cinereo. Pallio magno, Isete colorato viridi-flavo limonis.
Tentaculis superioribus, longis, pallidis, oculos parvos nigros
gerentibus ; et linea pallide smaragdina ad basin notatis. Tenta-
culis inferioribus minutissimis."

Hab. Burma : Pegu.

"This elegant little Limax is very active, and creeps about
briskly on the green foliage of the salt swamps, which (i. e. the
leaves) it resembles in colour." (Theobald.)

Lieut.-Col. Godwin-Austen thinks there can be but little doubt,
from the above description and the habitat, that the species must
find a place here ; he also considers it would be interesting to
learn how far it extends north, and whether Hyalimax occurs in
the Sunderbunds.

APPENDIX. 503

APPENDIX,

To follow No. 186, p. 213 :—

Plectotropis arakanensis, Theobald.

Helix tapeina, var. arakanensis, Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pi. 15,

tig. 10.
Helix (Plectrotopis) arakanensis, Nevill. Hand List, i, 1878, p. 73.

Shell conoid, rather narrowly deeply utnbilicated, rather solid,
rufous corneous, finely and somewhat irregularly striated, densely
covered with extremely minute granules above and below. Spire
convex, suture impressed in the early whorls, rather shallow in
the later ones, apex obtuse. Whorls 5|, the first three rather
convex, the later ones becoming gradually flattened and slightly
concave near the lower suture, the underside of the last whorl
convex, distinctly concave near the sharp keel, which becomes
pinched near the aperture, a little dilated behind the peristome,
very shortly and slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique,
subhastate ; margins slightly approximating, united by a very thin
callus on the parietal wall ; peristome slightly thickened and
reflexed, not expanded ; the upper margin slightly curved, outer
angular, basal arruate, columellar obliquely ascending, slightly
dilated, but scarcely overhanging the moderate umbilicus.

Major diam. 12' 75. minor 11'75, alt. 7 mm.

Hob. Burma : Arakan Hills (Kurz, Blanford) ; Moulmain
(StoliczJca).

The present form, regarded as a variety of P. tapeina by
Theobald, is quite distinct. The umbilicus is narrower, the spire
is relatively higher and more convex, the last whorl is not con-
stricted below behind the peristome, the keel is considerably
sharper, and instead of close spirals the shell is densely covered
with minute granules.

The species has never been described and the foregoing
description has been drawn up from a specimen acquired by me
years ago at an auction sale with other shells. It was labelled
" Burma." The specimen figured in Conch. Ind. is a trifle larger,
measuring 13'5 mm. in diameter.

DOUBTFUL AXD SPURIOUS RECORDS.

Bulimus folliculas, Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846, p. 83;
ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 81 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon, v,
Bulimus, 1850, pi. 87, fig. 644.

When described by Pfeiffer, he stated it was received as
Caryclihun costatum, Mutton, from Metcalfe. Me makes no

504 APPENDIX.

further reference to the species in any of the subsequent volumes
of the ' Monograph Heliceorum Viventium/ nor does it occur in
the ' Nomenclator,' and it must therefore be assumed that he
did not admit it as a valid species.

Bidimus pleiiroplwrus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix. 1857,
p. 329.

Further material convinced Benson that the species was
erroneously referred to Bulimus, and he placed it in Pomatias
(A. M. N. H. ser. 3, hi, 1859, p. 183).

Hapalus travanlcoricus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 186,
pi. 14, fig. 5.

Blanford states (J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 215) that he is satisfied
Theobald's specimens were immature and he believes them to be
the young of Cataulus colcadensis or some nearly allied species.

Helix (Thela) epiglottidea, Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 15.
Hab. Tranquebar (nom. nud.}.

Morch in Journ. Conchy 1. xx, 1872, p. 336, states that this is
Helix dehnei, Rossinassler, a Moroccan species.

Helix Jicematostoma, Crist. & Jan, Mantissa, p. 2. Perhaps a
printer's error for licemasloma.

Trochomorphoides conulus, Martens, Godwin -Austen, P. Z. S.
1895, p. 450. A Malay Archipelago species recorded by Godwin-
Austen from Kat chal, Nicobar Group, on the authority of
lloepstorff.

The following are nomina nuda : —

Helix mensula, Benson, J. A. 8. B. 1857, p. 249.

Helix petit a, Benson, torn. cii. p. 249.

Htlix precaria, Benson, torn. cit. p. 250.

Pupa ceylanensis, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 6.

Pupa oleosa, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 6.

Pupa solitaria, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 6.

Pupa terricolor, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 6.

Limax memnon, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1864, p. 244.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

All names printed in italics are synonyms.

When more than one reference is given, the page on which the description
occurs is indicated by thickened numerals.

abessinicus (Cerastus),

263.
abessynicus ( Cerast us),

263.
abyssinica ( Cerastus),

263.
abyssinicus ( Buliminus),

263.
obi/ssinicus ( Bulimus),

263.
abyssinicus (Cerastus),

263.
abyssinicus (Petr&us),

263.
abyssinicus, var. ventrosa

(Buliminus), 263.
Acavella, 44.
ACAVIN/E, 44.
Acavus, 44.
achates (Opeas), 365.
achates (Prosopeas), 365.
Achatina, 339.
aehatina (Sulla), 339.
achatina (Helix}, 69, 138,

142.
achatina (Plectop//lis),

138.
a.chatina, var. breviplica

(Plectopylis), 145.
acliatina, var. castanca

(Plectopylis), 143.
achatina, var. in.frafa.s-

ciata (Plectopylis), 142.
achatina, var. obcsa

(Plectopylis), 143.
achatina, var. repercus-

soides ( Plefitopylis) ,

141.
achatina, var. venusta

(Plectopylis}, 144.

AcilATJNIDjE, 339.

ACHATININiE, 339.

Acicida, 373.

acicula (Bucciimm), 373.

Aciculina, 373.

acris (Ganesella), 194.

acris (Helix), 194.

acris ( Trochomorphoides'),

194.

adamsi (Gorilla), 56.
ftt/t/i/n. (Helicogena), 201.
adumbrata (Jiachis), 272.
adttmbratua (Bulimus),

272.
adumbratus (Iiachis),

272.
adumbratu-(Kachisellus),

272.
adumbratus (Rhachis),

272.

^gista, 217.
affinis (Endothi/ra), 84.
affinis (Plectopylis;, 84.
agrensis (Bulimus), 372.
anrensis (Cylindnis), 372.
agrensis (Mastus), 372.
agrensis (Zootecns), 372.
akoutongensis ( Helix),

216.
akoutongensis (Plecto-

tropis), 216.
akowtongensis ( Helix),

216.
akowtongensis (Plecto-

tropis), 21G.
albicostis (Helix), 155.
albicostis (Planispira),

155.

albicostis (Trachia), 155.
albina (Planispira), Ki5.
albizotia ta ( Cochlozti/la),

190.

albizonata (Geotrochm),

190.
albizonata (Phengus),

190.
albizonatus (Arnphi-

dromus), 189.
a.lbizonatus (Beddomea),

190.
albizonatus (Bulimus'),

189.
a.lbizonatus, var. simoni

(Beddomea), 190.
alte ( Vagimila), 482.
alte (Vaginnlus), 482.
alte ( Veronicellci), 482.
altivagus (Altivagus), 470.
altivagus (Anadenns),

470.

altivagus (Limax), 470.
amentum (Achatina),

419.

amentum (Electro), 419.
amentum (Grlessula), 419.
Ampliidromus, 177.
Ample.xis, 223.
Amplexus, 223.
Anadenns, 468.
anamullica (Achatina),

395.
anamullica (Glessula),

395.

anax (Atojw), 59.
anax (Gorilla), 59.
anav (Helix), 59.
anda.manica, (Discus), 6.
andamanica (Hyaiimax).

498.
andamanica (Jarava),

498.

andamanica (Trocho-
morpha), 6.

2L

506

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

andamanica ( Vidend),

6.
andamanicus (Amphi-

droinus), 184.
andamanicus (Bulimus),

184.
andamanicus, var. nico-

barica (Amphidromus),

184.
andersoni (Chersaecia),

114.

andersoni (Helix), 114.
andersoni (Plectopylis),

114.
andersoniana (Clansilia),

317.
andersoniana (Pseudo-

nenia), 317.
andersoniana ( Vaginuld),

490.
andersoniana, ( Veroni-

cella), 490.
andersonianus (Vagi-

nulus), 490.
anguina (Helix), 136.
anguina (Plectopylis),

136.

anserina (Chloritis), 175.
anserina (Helix), 175.
ansorina (Helix), 175.
Apatetes, 193.
apex, var. nicobarica

(Opeas), 356.
arakana (Acrophaedusd),

312.

arakana (Ciausilia), 312.
arakana (Phaedusa), 312.
arakanensis (Plectopylis),

503.

arcuata (Ena), 239.
arena/a, var. sylvatica

(Ena), 240.

arcuatus (Bulimus), 239.
arcuatus (End), 239.
arcnatus (Napceus), 239.
arcuatus (Nupaeus}, 239.
arcuatus (Petraeus), 239.
arcuatus (Subzebrimts),

239.

AREONID.E, 468.
AUIONIN.E, 46S.
armstrongi (Planispira),

163.
a.rmstronji ( Plectotropis),

163. '

ctrtliuri (Achaf/na), 423.
arthuri (Elcctra), 423.
arthuri (Glessula), 423.
artificiosa (Glyptaulax),

14.
artificiosa (Helix), 14,

artificiosa (Nanina), 14.
artificiosa (Punctum),

14.
asaluensis (Clausilia),

323.
asaluensis (Phadusa),

323.
asaluensis (Phacdusa\,

323.
asaluensis ( Pscudonenid),

323.

asiatica (Papilla), 283.
asperella (Helix}, 153,

155.
asperella (Planispira),

155.

asperella (Trachia), 155.
' atkinsoni (Helix), 156.
atkinsoni (Planispira),

156.

atkinsoni (Trachia), 156.
^opa, 53.

atrioallosus (Amphi-
dromus), 179.
atricallosus (Bulimus),

179.
aurantiaca, v. rnfo-cornea

(Succinea), 450.
austeni (Bacilluin), 348.
ausleni (Camptoceras),

462.

austeni (Chersaecia), 90.
austeni (Plectopylis),

90.

Aitstenia, 25.
avanica (Bifidaria), 292.
avanica (Pupa), 292.
avanica (Pupilla), 292.
avanica (Vertigo), 292.

Bacilluin, 343.

bacillum (Ciausilia), 305.

bad I lit m ( Euphaedusa) ,

306.

bacillum (Medord), 306.
bacillum (Phaedusa), 308.
baconi (Brachyspird),

453.

baconi (Succinea), 452.
bactriana (Cathaica),

209.

bactriana (Dorcasia), 209.
bactriana (Enlofa\ 209.
bactriana (Fruticicola),

201).

bactriana, (Helix), 209.
bactriana, var. bur-

manica, 209.
bacnlina (Achatina), 379.
bacilli na (Elcctra), 379.

baculina (Glessula), 379.
baculina (Subulina), 379.
badia (Pupilla), 283.
balanus (Achatina), 374.
balanus (Acicula), 374.
balanus (Oaecilioides).

374.
balanus ( Cecilioides),

375.
balanus (Ferussacia),

374.

balanus (Francesia), 374.
balanus (Geostilbia),

374.
balanus (Glandina),

374.
barmanorum ( Veroni-

cella), 488.
barrackporensis (Pupilla),

285.
bathyodon (Bifidaria),

290.

bathyodon (Pupa), 290.
bathyodon (Pupilla),

290.
bathyodon (Scopelophila),

290.

beokiana (Helix), 6.
Beddomea, 185.
becldomea (Gorilla), 57.
beddomea (Plectopylis),

57.

beddomeana (Ena), 256.
bcddomcanus (Nap&us),

256.
beddomcanus (Petrceus)

256.
beddomeanus (Subze-

brinus), 256.
beddomei (Achatina),

398.
beddomei (Glessula),

398.
beddomei (Plectopylis),

57.
beddomei, var. pallens

(Glessula), 399.
beebei (Anadenus), 475.
6e ;? qalensis ( Bulim us) ,

274.
ben qalensis ( Clausilia ),

324.
benqalcnsis(Mesembrinus),

274.
benqalensis (Rachis),

274.
bengalensis (Racliisellus),

274.
benqalensis (Rhachis),

274.
Bensonella, 293.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

507

bensoni (Boysia), 297.
bensoni (Cacilioides),

375.
bensoni (Hypselostoma),

299.
bensoni (Plectopylis),

138.

bensoni (Succinea), 456.
bensoni (Tapada), 456.
bensoniana (Achatina),

415.

bensoniana (Electra), 415.
bensoniana (Glessula),

415.
bensonianura (Hypselo-

stoma), 299.
bhamoensis (Plecto-

tropis), 217.
biciliata (Helix), 31.
biciliata (He mi pled a),

31.

biciliata (Kaliella), 31.
biciliata (Macro-

chlamys), 31.
biciliata (Ruthvenia), 31.
biciliata (Sykxia), 31.
bicolor (Discus), 7.
bicolor (Trocbomorpha),

7.

bicolor ( Videna), 1.
bidens (Turbo), 301.
bidenticulata (Actinaria),

20.

bidenticulata (Helix), 20.
bidenticulata ( Laoma),

20.
bidenticulata (Phila-

lanka), 20.
bidenticulata ( Sesara),

20.

Bifidaria, 290.
bifoveata(Cliloritis), 167.
bifoveata (Helix), 167.
bifoveata (Trichochlo-

' ritis), 167.
bigabyi (Helix), 164.
bilineatus (Indiana),

480.

bilirata (Helix), 15.
bilirata (Philalanka), 15.
bilirata (Sitala), 15.
billeana (Trochoinorpha),

billeana ( Tidena), 4.
billiana (Discus), 4.
birmanica ( Vaqinula],

488.
birmanica ( Veronicella),

487.
birmanicus (Vaginulus),

487.

blanda (Endotliyrd) , 78. °
blanda (Glessula), 415.
blanda (Plectopylis), 77.
blanfordi (Anadenus),

479.
blanfordi (Curvella),

350.
blanfbrdiana (Glessula),

437.

bolampattiensis (Phila-
lanka), 22.

bollampattiana (Gles-
sula), 401.
bolumpattiana ( Glessula),

401.

bolus (Dorcasia). 199.
bolus (Eulota), 199.
bolus (Helix), 199.
bolus (Planispira), 199.
bontia (Bnlimus), 188.
bontia (Helix), 188.
bont.ije (Amphidromus),

188.

bontits (Beddomea), 188.
bontice (Bulimus), 188.
bontia (Ehackif), 188.
botellm (Achatina), 422.
botellus (Electro), 422.
botellus (Glessula), 422.
bottampotana ( Glessula),

401.
bourdilloni (Apatetes),

193.
bonrdilloini (Corasia),

193.
bourdillon i (Nan in a),

193.

boysi (Boysia), 297.
Boysia, 296.
boysiana (Ckotidrula),

'238.

boysiana (Ena), 238.
boysianum ( Carychium),

291.
boysianus ( Buliminus),

238.
boysianus ( Bulim ulus),

238.

bot/sianus (Bulimus), 238.
boysiamis (Chondru-

lopsis), 238.
boysianus (Petraeus),

2sa

boysianus (Subzebrinui),

238.

Boysidia, 293.
boysii (Anostoma), 297.
boysii (Boy&ia), 298.
boysii (Hi/postoma), 297.
boysii (Ht/potrema),

297.

boysii ( Tomogeres), 297.
brachydiscus ( Chersaecia),

108.

brachydiscus (Plecto-
pylis), 108.
brachyplecta (Endoplon),

117.
brachyplecta (Helix),

117.

brachyplecta (Plecto-
pylis), 117.

brahma (Chersaecia), 113.
brahma (Plectopylis),

113.

brevicostis (Alcsa), 288.
brevicostis (Pupa), 288.
brevicostis (Pupilla),

288.
brevicostis (Vertigo),

288.
breviplica (Plectopylis),

145.

brevis (Achatina), 439.
brevis (Electro.}, 439.
brevis (Glessula), 439.
breviseta (Helix}, 168.
bulbus (Clausila), 532.
bulbus (Oospira), 332.
Bulimina, 228.
Buliminus, 228.
burmanica (Cathaica),

209.
burmanica (Clausilia),

311.
burrailensis (Achat ina),

387.
burrailensis (Glessula),

387.

butleri (Achatina), 388.
butleri (Gle.'sula), 388.

cacharica (Pupisoma), 39.
caobarioum (Pupisoma),

39.

Ctecilianella, 373.
Cascilioides, 373.
cairnsi (Plectopylis),

129.

calcadensis (Amphidro-
mus), 192.
calcadensis (Beddomea),

192.
calcadensis (Bulimus),

192.
ca Icadensis ( Coch lostyla),

192.
calcadensis (Phengus),

192.
caledonica (Greostilbia),

374.

2L2

508

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

caligiuosa (Ruthvenia),

30.

caliginosa (Syfasia), 30.
Caniaena, 149.
CAM.ENIN.E, 149.
campestris (Incilaria),

480.
campestris (Limacella),

480.

Camptoceras, 460.
Camptonyx, 465.
Cnnipylocathaica, 207.
canarica (Glessula), 394.
candelaris (Buliminus),

243.
candelaris (Bidimulus),

243.
candelaris (Bulimus),

243.

candelaris (Ena), 243.
candelaris ( Nap&ns),

243.
candelaris (Petraeus),

243.
candelaris (Subzebrinus),

243.

cantori (Bulimus), 230.
capillacea (Achatina),

432.
capillacea (Glessula),

432.
capillacea (Subnlina),

43-2.
capitiutn (Ganesella),

196.
ca pit him (Helix}, 193,

196.
capit. him ( Nigritella),

196.
capitium ( Planispira),

196.
capitium ( Trochomorpha),

196.
capitium, var. hariola

(Ganesella), 197.
capitium, var. hariola

(Planispira), 197.
capitium, var. hariola

(Trochomorpha), 197.
carabinata (Gorilla), 67.
carabinata ( Helicodon to},

67.

carabinata (Helix), 67.
caryx (Trochomorpha), 4.
casiaca (Achatina), 343,

345.

casiaca (Glessula), 345.
casia^um (Bacillum),

345.

cassinca (Achatina), 345.
cassia ca (BaciV.tim'), 345.

cassiaca (Suhulina), 345.
castanea (Plectopylis),

143.

castra (Helix), 3.
castra (Sivella), 3.
castra (Trochomorpha),

3.

castra, ( Videna), 3.
castra, var. galerus ( Tro-
chomorpha), 5.
Catlmica, 207.
cathaica (Serin a), 254.
catinus (Helix}, 130.
catostorna (vEgista), 219.
catostoma ( Plectofropis},

219.
catostoma (Trachia),

219.

Cerastus, 262,
ceratina (Ena), 230.
ceratinus (Bulimus), 230.
ceratinus (Ena), 230.
cereus (Bulimus), 357.
cereus (Opeas), 357.
cerijx (Helix), 4.
ceryx (Trochomorpha),

4.

cestus (Dorcasia), 200.
cestus (Eulota). 200.
cestus (Helir), 200.
cestus (Plant spira), 200.
cest its (Trachea), 200.
ceylanensis (Pupa), 504.
ceylanica (Acha/ina), 377,

403.
ceylanica (Clauailia),

309.
ceylan tea ( Coch lostyla},

191.

ceylanica (Electro), 403.
cet/lanica (Euphadusa),

'309.
ceylanica (Gcotrochus),

191.
cet/lanica (Glan dina ) ,

403.
ceylanica (Glessula),

403.
cet/lanica (Phaedusa,),

'309.

ceylanica (Phengus), 191.
ceylanica (Succinea), 457.
ceylanica ( Tapadd), 457.
ceylanicam (Neritostoma),

'457.
ceylanic'iis (Amphiclro-

inus), 191.
ceyla.nicus (Beddomea),

187, 191.
ceyla.nicus (Bulimus), 185,

187, 191.

ceylanicus, var. albizona-

tus (Bulimus), 190.
ceylanicus, var. interme-

dius (Beddomea.), 191.
cei/lonica (Electra), 403.
charbonnieri ( Bnlimus),

271.
charbonnieri (Cerastus),

271.

charpentieri (Atopa), 56.
charpentieri ( Corilla),

charpentieri (Helix), 56.
charpentieri, var. hini-

dunensis (Gorilla,), 57.
Chersaecia, 89.
chessoni (Achatina)

388.

chcssoni (Electra), 388.
chessoni (Glessula),

388.

Chilogt/mnus, 366.
Chilostoma, 223.
chion (Bulimus), 373.
Cylindrus), 373.
(Mastus), 373.
chion (Rumina), 373.
chion (Zootecus), 373.
Chloritis, 166.
cicatricosa (Helix), 149.
cingalensis (Digouiaxis),

444.
c/w gale» sis ( Eusjriraxis) ,

445.
cingalensis (Spiraxis),

444.
cinglinlensis (Pupilla),

2£6.

Circinaria, 223.
circumsculpta (Macro-

chlamys), 24.
circumsculpta (Phila-

lanka), 24.
clara (JEgista), 220.
clarus (Plectotropis),

220.

clarus (Trachia). 220.
clathratula (Austenia^),

28.
clathratula (Helix), 25.

28.
clathratula

28.
clathratula (Ruthvenia),

28.

clathratula (SyJccsia), 29.
clathratula, var. ro??<-

pressa (Plectopylis),

30.

clathratuloides ( Plecto-
'

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

509

clathratuloides (Ruth-

venia), 27.
clathratuloid.es (Sykesia),

27.

Clausilia, 301.
CLAUSILIIDJJ:, 301.
coa (Petraeus), "242.
codonodes (Helix), 152.
codonodes (Janira), 152.
codonodes (Obba), 153.
codonodas (Oreobba),

152.

calebs (Bulimus), 249.
coelebs (Ena), 2-49.
coelebs (Merdiqerus),

249.

calebs (Nap&us), 249.
coelebs (Petraeus), 249.
coelebs (Subzebrinus),

250.

ccelebs, var. ceratina (Bu-
limus), 230.
coelebs, var. ceratina

(Petraeus), 230.
Ccelcstele, 37(5.
Ccelostele, 376.
coeni (^Egista), 222.
cocnopicta (Leucochi-

loides), 260.
coenopicta (Pupa), 259.
coenopictus (Buliminus),

260.
ctsnopictiis (Bulimus),

259.

c<enopictus (Ena), 259.
coenopictus (Leucochila),

259.
coenopictus (Napacus),

259.
canopictus (Peronceus) ,

260.
coenopictus (Pupoides),

259.

Coilostele, 376.
collettw (Glessula), 433.
colletti (Gorilla), 69.
colletti (Planispira),

159.
colletti ( Trichochloritis).

159.

colliua (Succinea), 449.
Columella, 40.
conipressa (Euthvenia),

concolor (Acavus), 47.
congener (jEgiata), 221.
constrictum (Pupisoma),
35.

coi/strictus (Pup isoma),

35.
contracta (Helix), 157.

contracta (Planispira),

157.

contracta (Trachia), 157.
Conulinus, 280.
conuhts (Bulimus), 280.
conulus ( Trochomor-

pf/oides), 504.
coiius (Acavus), 47.
Gorilla, 53.
GORILLIN.E, 53.
corrosula (Achatina), 414.
corrosula (Elecira], 414.
corrosula (Glessula),

414.
corrosula (Siibitlina),

414.

ctjstata (Glaphyra), 225.
costata (Helix), 225.
costata (Vallonia), 225.
courtallica (Glessula),

436.
crassicostata (Helix),

158.

cr.issicostata (Plani-
spira), 158.
crassilabris (Achat in a ) ,

426.
crassilabris (Electra),

426.
crassilabris (Glessula),

426.
ci'assinuclea (Succinea),

453.
crassiuscula ( Succinea),

453.
crassiuscula ( Tapada),

454.

crass ula (Achalina), 429.
crassula (Electro), 429.
crassula (Glessula), 429.
crenella (Amplexus), 225.
crenellus (Amplexis), 225.
crinigcra (Helix), 12.
crinigera (Thysanota),

12.
crotallaria ( Subulina),

342.

Curvella, 348.
cyclaspis (Helix), 130.
cyclaspis ( Fleet opylis),

130.
c(jclotrema (Ariophanta),

175.
cyclotreuia (Chloritis),

175.

cyclotreuia (Helix), 175.
cyclotrema (Planispira),

175.

cyclotreuia ( Trachia), 175..
cylindrica (Clausilia),

337, 339.

cylindrica ( Cyliiidrophae-

dtisa), 338.
cylindrica ( Phaedusa),

338.

cylindrical (Pupa), 371.
cylindricus (Bulimus),
* 241.
Gylindropliacdusa, 337.

daflaeuse (Bacillum),

343.
dafla en sis( Amplddr omits) ,

181.
daflacnsis (Glessula),

343.

daghoba (Actinaria), 19.
daghoba (Helix), 19.
daghoba (Philalanka), 19.
daghoba (Scsara), 19.
daucina (Succinea), 453.
daucina ( Tapada), 453.
dayana (Hypselostoma),

300.

dayauum (Hypselo-
stoma), 300.
deccancnsis (Cerastus),

264.
delibrata (Ghoritis),

172.
delibrata (Helix), 172,

173.
delibrata ( Plan ispira ) ,

172.

delibrata (Trachia), 172.
delibrata ( Trichochlori-
tis), 172.
delibrata, var. fasciata

(Helix}, 173. "
delibrata, var. fasciata

(Trachia), 173.
delibrata, var. khasiensis

(Trachia), 173.
delibrata, var. procumbcns

(Helix), 172.
delibratus (Helix), 172.
c?eyi,«a (Cerastus), 269.
densus (Bulimus), 269.
densus (Cerastus), 266.
rfewsws (Petraeus), 269.
depressa( Philalanka), 24.
deshayesi (Achatina),

408.

deshayesi (Electra), 408.
deshayesi (Glessula), 408.
dextrorsa ( Chersaecia),

110.
dextrorsa (Plectopylis),

110.
Digoniaxis, 444.

), 284.

510

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

diopsis (Papilla), 281.
distans (Bulimus), 262,

270.

distans (Cerastus), 270.
domin a ( Bidiminus) ,

246.

domina (Bulimus), 245.
domina (Ena), 245.
domina (Napceus), 246.
domina (Petraeus), 245.
domina (Subzebrinus),

246.

domina (Zebrina), 246.
dominus (Bulimimis),

246.

doniinula (Ena), 253.
dorsata (Pupa), 293.

Edentulina, 40.
Edouardia, 280.
elatior (Arionta), 206.
elatior (Dorcasia), 206.
elatior (Eulota), 206.
elatior (Helix), 206.
Electra, 377.
elegans (Clausilia), 338,

339.

elegans (Thysanota), 13.
elegantissima (Helix),

210.

einensa (Mg\sta), 220.
emensus (Plcctotropis),

220.

emensus (Trachia), 220.
Ena, 228.
ENDODONTID/E, 10.
Endoplon, 115.
Endothyra, 75.
ENID.E, 228.
cons (B'liliminus), 242.
eous (Btilimus), 242.
ecus (Ena), 242.
epiglottidca (Thcba),

504.

epixantha (Helix}, 201.
eques (Bulimus), 179.
eremita (Buliminus),

248.

eremita (Bulimus), 247.
eremita (Ena), 247.
eremita (Petraeus), 248.
eremita ( Subzebrinus) ,

248.
Erigone, 167.

(Achatina), 344.
(Electro), 344.
(Glessula), 344.
erosuin (Bacillnm), 344.
erronea (Atopa), 66.
erronea (Gorilla), 66.
erronea (Helix), 53, 60.

erronea, y«r. erronella

(Gorilla), 67.
erronella (Gorilla), 67.
erroneum (Gorilla), 66.
(?sfe^/r/. (Mastus), 369.
<?sfe//os (Bulimus), 369.
estellus (Zootecus). 369.
Eulota, 198.
euinita (Thysanota), 13.
eiiomphalos (Helix), 43.
euompkalics (Helix), 43.
enomphalus (Patulastra),

43.
euomphalus (Punctum),

43.
euompbalus (Pyra-

inidula), 43.
Euphasdnsa, 305.
Eupkaedusa, 305.
curina (Pupa), 283.
eurina (Papilla), 283.
Eurystoma, 153.
evezardi (Pupa), 37.
evezardi (Pupisoma), 37.
exigua (Glessula), 441.
exserta (Plectopylis), 83.
cxtrusa (Dorcasia), 202.
extrusa (Eulota), 202.

facula (Achatina), 421.
facida (Electra), 421.
'lacula (Glessula), 421.
fairbanki (Achatina),

383.

fairbanki (Bulimus), 264.
fairbanki (Cerastus),

264.

fairbanki (Electra), 383.
iairbanki (Glessula), 383.
fairbanki ( Subulina),

384.
fallaciosa ( Camcsna),

157.
fallaciosa (Helicella),

157.

fallaciosa (Helix), 157.
fallaciosa (Plauispira),

157.

fallaciosa (Trachia), 157.
'/flWa* (Napaeus), 260.
/a&tt? (Pwpa), 260.
f'aseiata (Ghloritis), 173.
fasciola (Helix), 207.
fastosa (Acavus), 47.
./a^os« (Helix), 47.
fastosus (Acavus), 47.
fasfaiom (Acavus), 47-
/«A«7«j (^efe), 22.
iebrilis (Pbilalanka), 22.
febrilis (Sitala), 22.

feddeni (Helix), 128.
feddeni (Plectopylis),

128.
ferruginea (Olausilia),

322.

ferruginea

322.
ferruginea (Pseudonenia),

322.

FBRUSSACID.E, 373.
filosa (Achatina), 440.
/fesa (Alaea), 287.
//osa (Electra), 418,

440.

filosa (Glessula), 440.
yi/osa (Pupa), 287.
filosa (Pupilla), 287.
filosa (Vertigo), 287.
flavida (Thysanota), 12.
folliculus (Bulimus), 503.
./bofoi (Helix), 159.
footei (Planispira), 159.
footei ( Trachia), 159.
frauenfeldi (Helix), 5.
frauenfeldi (Itotula), 5.
frauenfeldi (Trocbo-

morpba), 5.
frauenfeldi ( Vaginula),

483;
frauenfeldi (Vaginulus),

483.
frauenfeldi ( Veronicella),

483.

fritillata (Helix), 166.
fritillata (Planispira),

166.

fritillata (Punctum), 166.
frumentum (Achatina),

429.
frumentum (Electra),

429.
frumentum (Glessula),

429.

Fruticotrochus, 193.
fruticum (Helix), 198.
fryte (Gorilla), 64.
fulgens (Achatina), 405.
fulgens (Glessula), 405.
fulica (Achatina)j 340.
(Achatinus), 340.
ca (Helix), 340.

(Endothyra), 87.
fultoni (Plectopylis), 87.
furcillatus, var. aw^a-

manica (Amphidro-

mus), 184.
/"wsca (Achatina), 402,

432.

/tfsca (Electra), 402.
fusca (Glessula), 402.
fusca (Plectopylis), 136.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

511

fuscoventris (Bulimus),

187.
fusifonnis (Clausilia),

321.

fusiformis (Pkcedusa),3"21.
fusiformis (Pseudonenia),

321.

gabata (Caracolla), 173.
gabata (Chloritis), 173.
gabata (Helix), 173.
gabata (Philidora), 173.
gabata (Planispira), 173.
gabata (Plcctotropis), 173,

174.

gabata ( Trachia), 173.
gabata ( Trichochloritis),

173.
gabata, var. merguiensis

(Trachia), 174.
galea (Ganesella), 198.
galea (Helix), 198.
galea (Nigritella), 198.
galea (Sesara), 198.
<7a/ea (Trochomorpha),

198.

galerus (Helix), 5.
galerus (Rigritella), 5.
galerus (Trochomorpha),

5.

Ganesella, 193.
ganjarnensis (Glessula),

420.

Garnieria, 329.
gemma (Achatina), 428.
gemma (Electra), 428.
gemraa (Glessula), 428.
gemma, var. frumentum

(Achatina), 429.
gemma, var. frumentum

(Glessula), 429.
Geostilbia, 374.
giganteus (Altivagus),

474.
giganteus (Anadenus),

474.
giganteus (Vaginulus),

491.

girnarica (Succiuea), 451.
girnarica (Tapada), 451.
Glaphyra, 223.
Glessula, 377.
Glyptaulax, 14.
godivariana (Succinea),

449.

gouldiana (Clausilia), 314.
gouldiana (Ph&dusa),

315.
gouldiana, (Pseudonenia),

315.
gracile (Opeas), 3f>5.

gracile, var. cereus
(Opeas), 357.

gracile, var. panayensis
(Opeas), 357.

gracilior (Clausilia), 318.

gracilis (Amphidromus),
184.

gracilis (Bulimus), 355.

gracilis (Ena), 254.

gracilis (Glessula), 434.

gracilis (Opeas), 356.

gracilis (Spiraxis), 356.

gracilis (Stenogyra), 356.

gracilis, var. cereus (Buli-
mus), 357.

gracilis, var. cereus
(Opeas), 357.

qranifera (Helix), 155.

Grcdleriella, 293.

grevillei (Acavus), 50.

grevillei (Helix), 50.

grevillii (Acavus), 50.

gudei (Gorilla), 60.

guerini (Helix), 10, 11.

guerini (Thysanota), 11.

gucriui ( Trochomorpha),

gutta (Pupa), 285.
gutta (Pupilla), 285.

habcssinicus (Buliminus).

263.

hasmastoma (Acavus), 45.
Juemastoma (Helix), 44,

45.
hcemastoma, var. concolor

(Acavus), 47.
hcemastoma, var. concolor

(Helix), 47.
hamastoma, var. melano-

tragus (Acavus), 46.
hcemastomus (Acavus), 45.
hj-emastomus, var. conus

(Acavus), 47.
hajniastoinus.var. melano-

tragus (Acavus), 47.
h&matostoma (Helix),

504.

halyi (Pyramidula), 44.
halyi ( Trichia), 44.
hanleyana (Ena), 232.
hanleyanus (Ena), 232.
hanleyi (Endothyra), 77.
hanleyi (Plectopylis), 77.
hanleyi (Succinea), 455.
Hapalus, 348.
hariola (Ganesella), 197.
hariola (Helix), 197.
hariola. subsp. carinella

(Ganesella), 196.
hastula (Achatina), 414.

hastula (Electra), 414.
hastula (Glessula), 414.
hastula (Subulina), 414.
haugh toni ( Euspiraxis),

364.
haughtoni (Prosopeas),

hatightoni (Spiraxis),
364.

hazarica (Ena), 257.

hebes (Achatina), 382.

hebes (Euspiraxis), 362.

liebes (Glessula), 382.

hebes (Opeas), 362.

hebes (Prosopeas), 362.

hebes (Spiraxis), 362.

hebes (Subulina), 382.

helferi (Cbloritis), 170.

helferi (Helix), 170.

helferi (Planispira), 170.

heljeri (Plectotropis), 170.

helferi ' ( Trachia), 170.

HELICID.E, 44.

HELICIN^E, 198.

hemiopta (Chloritis), 174.

hemiopta (Helix), 174.

hemiopta (Neocepolis),
174.

hemiopta (Planispira),
174.

hemiopta( Trichochloritis) ,
174.

himalayana (Columella),
ix.

himalayana, (Pupa), 41.

him alaya na ( Sph y ra-
dium), 41.

himalayanum (Sphy ra-
dium), 41.

hinidunensis (Corilla),
57.

hispida (Thysanota), 13.

homfrayi (Philalanka),
16.

homfrayi (Sitala), 16.

hordeacea (Pupa), 290.

huegeli (Glessula), 387.

hugeli (Achatina), 387.
li (Electra), 387.
li (Glessula), 387.

huqelii (Archachatina),
387.

humberti (Atopa). 61.

htimberti (Corilla), 61.

humberti (Helix), 61.

humilis (Discits), 43.

humilis (Helix), 43.

7«<w«fe (Patula), 43.

humilis (Pyramidula),
43.

humilis (Vallonia), 43.

512

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

hu ttoni (Bulimus), 241.
h u ttoni (Bna), 241.
hu ttoni (Fruticicola),

211.

huttoni (Helix), 211.
hu ttoni (Plectotropis),

211.
hu ttoni ( Subzebrinus),

241.
huttoni, var. radleyi

(Helix), 212.
huttoni, var. savadiensis

(Plectotropis), 211.
huttoni, var. tapeina

(Helix), 214.
huttoniana (Alaea), 291.
huttouiana (Bifidaria),

291.
huttoniana (Leiostyla),

291.

huttoniana (Pupa), 291.
huttoniana (Pupilla),

291.
huttoniana ( Vertigo'),

291.

HYAT.IMACIN^E, 496.
Hyalimax, 496.
Hypostoma, 296.
Hypotrema, 296.
Hypselostoma, 298.
hyjjtiocyclos ( Gonyodis-

cus), 5.

hyptiocyclos (Helix), 5.
hyptiocyclos (Trooho-
inorpha), 5.

iqnota (Clausilia), 305.
illustris (Achatina), 421.
illustris (Glessula), 421.
imrnitis (Glessula), 398.
Incilaria, 480.
inconspicua ( Glessula),

431.

indica (Glessula), 392.
indica (Pupa), 285, 371.
indica (Pupilla), 285.
iudica (Succinea), 447.
indica (Tapada), 447.
indie us (Bulimus), 356.
indicus (Opcas), 356.
infrafasciata (Plecto-

pylis), 142.

innocens (Opeas), 358.
inornata (Achatina), 395.
inornata (Electro), 395.
inornnta (Glessula), 395.
insignis (Clausilia), 319.
insignis (Phaedusa), 319.
insignis ( Pseudonenia) ,

319.

insignis, var. gracilior

(Clausilia}, 318.
inmlaris (Buliminus),

368.

insularis (Bulimus), 368.
insularis ( Ckiloqt/mnus),

368,
insularis ( Cylindrus),

3(58.

insularis (Mast us), 368.
insularis (Pupa), 367.
insularis (Rumina), 368.
insularis ( Stenogyra),

368,

insularis (Zootecus), 367.
insularis, var. agrensis

(Zootecus), 372.
insularis, var. cfo'ow

(Cylindrus), 373.
insularis, var. estellus

(Cylindrus), 369.
insularis, var. pertica

(Zootecus), 370.
insularis, var. polygyrata

(C//lindrus), 370.
insularis, var. polygratus

(Zootecus), 370.
insularis, var. pulius

(Zootecus), 371.
iw ter media, ( Cochlostyla),

191.
intermedia (Phengus),

191.
intei'medius (Arnphidro-

inus), 191.
intermedius ( Beddomea),

191.
intermedium (Bulimus),

191.

iopharynx (Discus), 7.
iopharynx (Trochoinor-

pha), 7.

iopharynx ( Videna), 7.
ios (Clausilia), 308.
eos (Clausilia), 308.
«os (Medora), 308.
z«ts (Achatina), 393.
isis (Glessula), 393.
wt's (Subulina), 393.

Jaminia, 281.
JANKLLID^E, 496.
Janira, 152.
janus (Aniphidromus),

178.

y«wws (Bulimus), 178.
janus ( Canistmm), 178.
janus ( CocMostyla), 178.
Jarava, 497.
jerdoni (Achatina), 418.

jerdoni (Anadenus), 478.
jerdoni (Bulimus), 265,

266.

jerdoni (Oerastus), 265.
jerdoni (Electra), 418.
jerdoni (Glessula), 418.
jerdoni (Petraeus), 265.
jerdoni, var. redfieldi

(Bulimus), 266.
jerdoni. var. redfieldi

(Cerastus), 266.
jeyporensis (Glessula),

391,417.

^'oes (Euphaedusa), 308.
;os (Clausilia), 308.
>s (Clausilia), 308.

karenorum (Helix), 132.
karenorum (Plectopylis),

132.
kenqtungensis ( Chers&cia),

97. "

kengtungensis (Plecto-
pylis), 97.
khasiacus (Harpalus),

353.

khasiana (Curvella), 353.
kh'isiana (Hapalus), 353.
khasianus (Bulimus),

353.
khasianus (Hapalus),

353.
khasianus (Harpalus),

353.
khasiensis (Chloritis),

173.

kuluensis (Ena), 255.
kuluensis (Suhzebrinus),

255.
kunaiourensis ( Bulimi -

MIM), 242.
kunawurensis ( Bulimus),

242.

kunawarensis (Ena), 242.
kunaivurensis (Petraeus),

242.
kunaw urensis ( Subze-

brinus), 242.
kunawurensis ~ (Zebrina),

242.

ladacensis ( Vallonia),

226.
ladakensis (Vallonia),

226.
lamcabensis (Phiialanka),

18.
lamcabensis (Plectopylis).

18.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

513

lankana (Glessula), 396.
lardea (End), 261.
lardea (Leiicochiloides) ,

261.
lardea (Trochoinorpha),

7.

lardea ( Videna), 8.
lardeus (Bulimus), 261 .
lardeus ( Leiicochiloides),

261.

lardeus (Napteus), 261.
lardeus (Napaeiis), 261.
lardeus (Pupoides), 261.
latebricola (Bulimus),

358.
latebricola (Hapalus),

358.

latebricola (Opeas), 358.
latebricola (Stenoqyra),

358.
latestriata (Glessula),

443.
layardi (Euspiraxis),

360.

layardi (Glessula), 407.
layardi (Opeas), 360.
layardi (Spiraxis), 360.
layardi (Stenogyra), 360.
layardi ( Tomopeas), 360.
Itiopkis (Chersaecia), 99.
leiophis (Plectopylis), 99.
leitbi (Chloritis). 170.
leithi (TrichocJdoritis),

170.

lemani (Clausilia), 313.
Leonardia, 492.
lepidus (Amphidroinus),

181.

lepidus (Bulimus), 181.
leptospira (Achatina),

410.

leptospira (Electro), 410.
leptospira (Glessula),

410.
leptospira (SubiUina),

410.

Leucochila, 259.
leucochila (Plectopylis),

126.

Leiicochiloides, 259.
lignicola (Pupa}, 33, 34,

35.
lignicola (Pupisoina),

34.
lignicola, var. unidentata

(Pnpisoma), 35.
Limacella, 480.
lin eata ( Camptoceras) ,

463.
lineatuiu (Cauiptocoras),

463.

lincatus (Camptoceras),
463.

linterse (Ena), 237.

lintcrae (Napacus), 237.

linterje (Plectopylis),
134.

lintcrae ( Subzebrinus),
237.

linterse, yar.fusca (Plecto-
pylis), 136.

liratula (Helix), 16.

liratnla (Philalanka),
16.

Liratula (Thalassia), 16.

lissochlainvs (Plectopy-
lis), 121".

Lithotis, 457.

longstaflfae (Pupisoina),
39.

longstaffi (Ena), 246.

lougstaffi (Pupisoma), 39.

loxostoma (Clausilia),
324.

loxostoma (Phadusa),
324.

loxostoma (Psciidonen ia) ,
324.

Liicena, 223.

lyrata (Glessula), 441.

macromphalus (Endo-

thyra), 79.
macromphalus (Heiix),

79.

macromphalus (Plecto-
pylis), 79.
macromphalus, var. minor

(Plcctopylii,), 75.
maculata ( Vaginula),

485.
maculata ( Veronicclla),

485.
maculatus (Vaginulus),

485.

magna (Clausilia), 316.
niagna (Plectopylis),

122.
mainwaringiana (Ena),

251.
mainwaringianus (Na-

paus), 251.
mainwaringianus (Pet-

rcBus), 251.
mainwaringianus (Sub-

zebrinns), 251.
major (Glessula), 381.
major (Trochomorpha),

9.
malahanca ( Cerastus),

264.

malabarica (Glessula),

430.
malabaricus (Bidimus),

264.
malabaricus (Cerastus),

264.

marffinata (Pupa], 283.
marginata (Pupilla),

283.

marise (Opeas), 359.
masoni (Ampbidromus),

181.

masoni (Bulimtis), 181.
masoni (Clausilia), 331.
masoni (Garnieria), 331.
rnaso ni ( Hemiphaedusa) ,

331.

masoni (Nema), 331.
maxoni (Phaedusa), 331.
mataianensis ( Campylo-

cathaica), 208.
mataianensis (Cathaica),

208.
mataianensis (Frutici-

cola), 208.
mataianensis (Pseudi-

berus), 208.
mataianensis ( Trachia),

208.
mataiensis ( Pseudiberus),

208.
mutheranica (Glessula),

442.
maurttianum. var. pres-

toni ( Opeas), 358.
mavortius (Bulimus),

276.
mavortius (Rhachis),

276.
melanotragus (Acavus),

46, 49.
melanotragus (Helix), 46,

47, 49.

memnon (Limax), 504.
mensula (Helix), 504.
merguiensis (Chloritis),

174.

merguiensis (Helix), 174.
mesoqena ( Geotrochus),

191.

miccyla (Conidus), 38.
miccyla (Ernstia), 38.
miccyla (Helix), 38.
miccyla (Pupisoma), 38.
milium (Hydrocena),

294.

mimula, (Alaea), 292.
mimula (BijBdaria), 292.
mimula (Leiostyla), 292.
mimula (Pupa), 292.
mimula ( Vertigo), 292.

514

IttDEX.

minor (Endothyra), 75.
minor (Glessula), 396,

397.

minor (Plectopylis), 75.
Mirus, 230.
mieerrima (Vallonia),

227.
mitanensis (JEgista),

221.
mitanensis ( Plectotropis),

221.
modestus (Altivagus},

476.
modestus (Anadenus),

476.

modestus (Limax}, 476.
moniliferus (Amphi-

dromus). 180.
moniliferus ( Bulimics'),

180.

mononema (Helix), 21.
mononema (Microcystis},

21.
niouonema (Philalanka),

21.

mononema (Sitala), 21.
mononema ( Trocho-

morpha), 21.
montanus (Bulimus),

228.
monticola (Acrophaedusa),

312.
monticola (Clausilia),

311.
monticola (Incilaria),

481.
monticola (Limacella),

481.
monticola (Phcedusa),

311.
monticolus (Philomicus],

481.

mouhoti (Clausilia}, 329.
moussoniana ( Cerastus),

267.
moussoniaims (Buli-

minus), 267.
moussonianus (Bulimus},

267.
moussonianus (Cerastus),

267.
mullorum (Achatina},

437.
mulloruin (Glessula),

437.
munipurensis (Bulimus) ,

353.
munipurensis ( Chersae-

da), 95.

munipurensis (Curvella),
352.

munipurensis (Hapalus),

352.
m unipurenbis ( Harpa lus\

352.

rnunipuvensis (Plecto-
pylis), 94.

muscerda (Pupa), 286.
inuscerda (Pupilla), 286.
muscerda ( Vertigo}, 286.
muscorum (Helix), 282.
muscorum (Pupa), 282.
muscorum (Pupilla),

282.
muscorum (Turbo), 281,

282.
muscorum, subsp. asicitica

(Pupilla), 283.
muspratti (Bacillum),

346.
muspratti (Chersaecia) ,

89.
muspratti (Plectopylis),

89.

nagacnsis (Chersaecia),

96.
nagaensis (Plectopylis),

96.
nagporcnsis (Helix},

160.
nagporcnsis (Patulastra),

160.
nagporensis (Planispira),

160.

naja (Glessula), 426.
nana (Glessula), 431.
neglecta (Glessula), 435.
nevilli (Opeas), 360.
nevilliana (Clausilia),

325.

nevilliana (Ena), 2£8.
nevilliana (Leonardia),

492.

nevillianus (Ena), 258.
nevillianus (Peronceus),

258.
n evillianus ( Subzebrin us) ,

258.
nicobarica (Clausilia),

328.
nilagarica (Achatina),

nilagarica ( Glessula},

nilagerica (Helix}, 159.
nilagerica (Planispira),

159.
n ilagherica, ( 7 rachia),

160.
nilagirica (Ena), 231.

nilagirica (^Glessula),

382.
nilagirica ( Trachia),

160.
n ilagiricus (Bulimus),

231.
nilaoiricus (Ena}, 231,

2^2.
nilagiricus (Petraeus),

231.
nilagiricus (Subzebrinus),

231.

nitens (Achatina), 404.
nitens (Electro}, 404.
nitens (Glessula), 404.
nitens, var. punctogallana

(Glessula), 403.
nit idu lus ( Bu'im us),

259.

nivicola (Bulimus), 240.
nivicola (Ena), 240.
noetlingi (Carnaena),

150.
notigena (Achatina},

412.

notigena (Electro), 412.
notigena (Glessula), 412.
notigera (Glessula), 412.
nulans (Plectotropis),

213.
nuwara (Microcystis}, 23.

obesa (Plectopylis), 143.
obtnsa (Achatina}, 347.
obtusa (Bacillum), o47.
obtusa ( Glessula}, 347.
obtusa (Subulina), 347.
obtusum (Bacillum),

347.
ochthoplax (Camaena),

150.
ochthoplax (Eucochlcas),

150.

ochthoplax (Helix}, 150.
ocht hoplax ( Oxytes},

150.
ochthoplax (Phania),

150.

octona (Achatina), 341.
octona (Stenogyra}, 342.
octona (Subulina), 341.
octonus (Bulimus), 341 .
oculis (Helix), 217.
odontophora (Atopa), 63.
odontopbora (Gorilla),

62.

odontophora (Helix), 62.
off lei ( Chersaecia), 92.
oglei (Plectopylis), 92.
oldhami (JEgista), 212.

ALPHABETICAL INI>EX.

515

oldkami (Aegista), 212.
oldhami (Helix), 212.
olclliuiiii (Plectotropis).

212.

oleosa (Pupa), 504.
Oligospira, 44.
Oospira, 332.
Opeas, 354.
orba (Hapalus), 280.
orbicula (Helix), 211.
orbits (Bulimus), 280.
orbus (Edouardia), 280.
orbus (Rhachis), 280.
orcula (Conulus), 36.
orcula (Helix), 36.
orcula (Pupisorna). 36.
orcas (Achatina), 424,

425.

oreas (Electro), 424.
oreas (Glessula), 424,

425.

Oreobba, 152.
orobia (Achatina), 427.
orobia (Electro), 427.
orobia (Glessula), 427.
orophila (Achatina),

423.

orophila (Electro), 423.
orophila (Glessula), 423.
orthoceras (Achatina),

348.
orthoceras (Bacillum),

348.
orthoceras (Glessula),

348.
orthoceras (Subulina),

348.

orthoceras austeni (Bacil-
lum), 348.

ovatn (Clausilia), 334.
ovata (Oospira}, 334.
oxynter (Prosopeas),

365.

pachuctoila (Achatina),

409.
pachycheila (Electro),

409.
pachycheila (Glessula),

409.

pallens (Glessula), 399.
Paludinella, 40.
paludosus (Amplcxis),

223.

paneetha (Achatina), 406.
pancetha (Electro), 406.
pansetha (Glessula), 406.
panayensis (Bulimus),

357.
panayensis (Opeas), 357.

panayensis (Stenogyra),

357.

panos (Bulimus), 234.
panos (Ena), 234.
panos (Petrous), 234.
parabilis (Achatina), 402.
parabilis (Electro), 402.
parabilis (Glessula), 402.
pattpercula, (Achatina),

431.
paupercula (Glessula),

431.

pealei (Bulimus), 364.
pealei (Euspiraxis), 364.
pealei (Prosopeas), 364.
peyuensis (Achatina),

438.

liegucnsis (Euhadra), 205.
peyuensis (Eulota), 205.
peguensis (Glessula), 438.
peguensis (Helix), 205.
peguensis (Planispira),

205.
perarcta (Chersaecid),

106.

perarcta (Helix), 106.
perarcta (Plectopylis),

106.

percompressa (Sivella), 6.
percompressa (Trocho-

morpha), 6.

perlucidus (Umax), 496.
perotteti ( Glessula], 386.
pcrplanata (JEgista), 216.
perplauata (Plectotropis),

216.
perrierts ( Chersaecia),

103.
perrierae (Plectopylis),

103.

perroteti (Achatina), 386.
perroteti ( Glandina),

386.

perroteti (Glessula), 386.
perrotteti (Achatina), '382,

386, 421.
perrotteti (Electro), 382,

386.
perrotteti (Glessula),386.

421.
perrotteti (Subulina),

386.
perrotteti, var. nilagirica

(Achatina), 382.
perrotteti, var. nilagirica,

(Glessula}, 382.
pertcnuis (Achatina'), 380.
pertenuis (Elcctra), 380.
pertenuis (Glessula), 380.
pertenuis (Subulina), 380.
pertica (Bulimus), 370.

pertica (Cylindrus), 370.
pertica (Mastus), 370.
pertica (Zootecus), 370.
perversa (Helix), 177.
perversus (Bulimus), 179.
per versus, var. atricallosa

(Amphidromus), 179.

•ila (Helix), 504.
(Gorilla), 86.
(Helix), 86.
Phgedusa, 305.
phaeoxona (Cathaica),

208.
phaozona (Dorcasia],

209.

phaozona, (Eulota), 209.
phceozona (Fruticicola),

208.
phaeozona (Helix), 208,

209.

phaosona ( Theba), 209.
phayrei (^gista), 218.
phayrei (Camaena), 218.
phayrei (Euhadra), 218.
phayrei (Helix), 218.
phat/rei (Plectotropis),

218.
phenacodorum (Boysia),

297.

Philalanka, 14.
philippiana (Olausilia),

332, 333.
philippiana ( Oospira),

333.
philippiana (Phadusa),

333.

PlIILOMYCID^l, 480.

phoenix (Acavus), 49.
phoenix (Helix), 49.
physalis (Amphidromus),

189.
physalis (Beddomea),

189.

physalis (Corasia), 189.
physalis (Geotrochus),

189.

pilidion (Camaena), 204.
pilidion (Euhadra), 204.
pilidion (Eulota), 204.
pilidion (Helix), 204.
pilidion (Planispira),

204.

pinacis (Endothyra), 86.
pinacis (Helix), 86.
pinacis (Plectopylis), 86.
pirrieana, (Actinaria),

20.

pirrieana (Helix), 20.
pirrieana (Laoma), 20.

516

ALt SABEflCAL INDEX.

pirrieana (Philalanka),

20.

pirrieana (Sesara), 20.
Planispira, 153.
Plectopylis, 69, 119.
plectostoma (Endothyra},

81.

plectostoma (Helix), 81.
plectostoma (Plectopy-
lis), 75, 81.
plectostoina , var. exserta

(Plectopylis), 83.
plectostoma, var. trieari-

nata (Plectopylis), 83.
Plectotropis, 210.
pleuropkorus (Bulimus),

504.

plicata (Succinea), 448.
plicata (Tapada), 448.
plicidens (Bensonclia),

294.

plicidens (Boysidia), 294.
plicidens (Bifidaria), 294.
plicidens ( Odontccyclas),

294.

plicidens (Pupa), 294.
plicidens (Scarabella),

294.
plicidens (Scopelophila),

294.

plicidens ( Vertigo), 294.
plicifer (Buliminus), 352.
plicifer ( Bulimus}, 352.
plicifera (Curvella), 352.
plicifer a (Hapalus), 352.
polei (Acavus), 52.
poleii (Oligospira), 52.
polygrata \Mastus), 370.
polygrata (Eumina}, 370.
polygyratus (Bulimus),

370.
polygyratus (Cylindrus},

370.
polygyratus (Mastus},

370.
polygyratus (Zootecus),

370.
ponsonbyi (Plectopylis),

119.
prcelustris (Achatina},

386.

pralustris (Electra}, 386.
pruelustris (Glessula),

386.
prcetermissa (Eachis},

275.
prcetermissus (Bulimus),

275.
prater-missus (Rachi-

sellus), 275.

prcetermissus (Ehachis),

275.
practermissus (Ehachis),

275.

precaria (Helix), 504.
prestoui (Glessula), 400.
prestoni (Opeas), 358.
preticsa (Ena), 250.
pretiosus (Bulimus}, 250.
pretiosus (Ena), 250.
pretiosus (Napes us), 250.
pretiosus (Petraeus), 250.
pretiosus (Subzebrinus),

250.
procumbens (Ckloritis),

172.

procumbent (Helix). 172.
proletaria (Ena), 232.
proletarius (Bulimus),

232.

proletarius (Ena), 232.
proletarius (Pelraeus),

232.
proletarius, var. panos,

(Petr&us), 234.
propinqua (Chloritis),

!69.

propinqua (Helix), 169.
propinqua (Planispira),

169.
propinqua ( Trachia),

169.
propinqua ( Tricho-

chloritis), 169.
Prosopeas, 362.
prospera (Acavus), 48.
prospera (Helix), 48.
prosperus (Acavus), 48.
Protoboysia, 297.
proxima (Helicella), 162.
proxima (Helix}, 162.
proxima (Planispira),

162.

proxima ( Trachia}, 162 .
proxima ( Vaginula), 489.
proxima ( Feronicella),

489.
proximus (Vaginulus),

489.

przewalskii (Helix), 207.
Pseudonenia, 314.
pseudophis (Plectopylis),

99.
pseudoreas (Glessula),

425.

2iseudosanis (Discus), 8.
pseudosanis (Trocho-

inorpba), 8.

pseudosanis ( Videna), 8.
puellula (Helix), 194.

pulchflla (Amplexus),

223.
pulchella ( Grlaphiira),

223.

pulchella (Helix), 223.
pulchella (Vallonia), 223.
pulchella, var. costata,

( Vallonia), 225.
pulchella, var. ladakensis

(Vallonia}, 226.
pidcher (Bulimus), 276.
pulcher (llachisellus),

276.

pulcher (Khachis), 276.
pulcltra (Helix}, 276.
piilchra (Eachis), 277.
pulchra (Ehachis), 277.
pz^/a (Achatina), 430.
pulla (Cylinclrus), 371.
/>^/a (Electra), 430.
pulla (Glessula), 430.
^w//a (Mastus), 371.
9?^/a (Eumina}, 371.
a (Stcnogyra}, 371.
/a (Subulina), 430.
/*<//«« (Bulimus), 371.
piMus (Opcas), 371.
pullus (Zootecus), 371.
panctata (Eachis}, 278.
punctata (Ehachis), 278.
punctatus (Buliminus},

278.
punctatus (Buiimus\,

271, 277.

punctatus (Eachis}, 278.
punctatus (Racbisellua),

277.

punclatus (Rhachis), 278.
pimctogallana (Achatina),

403.
pimctogallana (Electra),

403.
pimctogallana (Glessula),

403.
punctulata (Hyalitnax),

501.

Pwpa, 281.
Papilla, 281.

PUPII.MD.-E, 281.

Pupisoma, 33.
Pupoides, 259:
pusilla (Curvella), 351.
p««7to C®ia), 361.

pusilla (Euspiraxis),

351.

pusilla (Glessula), 436.
pusilla (Spiraxis}, 351.
pusillum (Opeas), 361.
pusillus (Bulimulus), 361.
pusillus (Ena), 361.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

517

pusillus (Hapalus), 351.
pusillus (Leptomerus),

361.

pusillus (Stenogyra), 361.
puta (Curvella), 351.
puta (Hapalus), 352.
puteolus (Helix), 29.
putris (Helix), 445.
putus (Buliminus), 352.
put us (Bulimus), 351.
putus (Hapalus), 352.
Pyrarnidula, 41.
PYRAMIDUMN,E, 41.
pyramis (Ac ha tin a), 409.
pyramis (Electro), 409.
pyramis (Glessula), 409.

quinquelirata (Phila-
lanka), 17.

Kachisellus, 271.
radicicola (Dorcasia),

205.

radicicola (Eulota), 205.
radicicola (Helix), 205.
radicicola (Planispira),

206.
radicicola, var. elatior,

(Eulota), 206.
radleyi (Hygromia), 212.
radleyi (Plectotropis),

212.

redfieldi (Bull mm), 266.
redfieldi (Cerastus). 266.
ref'uga (Plectopylis). 102.
refuga, var. dextrorsa

' (Plectopylis), 110.
reinhardi (Jarava), 501.
reinhardti (tlyalinmx),

501.

reinhardti (Jarava), 501.
rcpercussa (Helix), 146.
reperoussa (PJectopylis),

146.
repercussoides (Plecto-

reticulata ( Vcronicella),

487.
reticulatus (Vaginulus),

487.

ret if era (Helix), 26.
retifera (Plectopylis), 26.
retit'era (Kuthvenia), 26.
retifera (Sykesia\ 26.
reussii (Boysui), 297.
renssii (Strophostouia),

°97

revoluta (Helix), 131.
reynelli (Glessula), 397.

Ehachisellus, 271.
rivoli (Helix), 66.
rivolii (Atopa), 67, 68.
rivolii (Corilla), 67, 68.
rivolii (Helix), 67.
roepstorffi (Bulimus\ 362.
roepstorffi (Prosopeas),

366.
roepstorfi (Prosopeas),

366.

ropstorfi ( Opeas), 366.
roseolabiata (Acaviis),

51.

rotatoria (Helix), 216.
rovolii (Afopa), 67.
rufistrigata (Ena), 253.
rufistrigatus (Buliminns),

253.
rufistriga tits ( Bu limus),

253.
rufistrigatus ( Chondru-

lopsis), 253.

rufistrigatus (Ena), 253.
rufistrigatus (Napaus),

253.
rufistrigatus (Petraeus),

253.
rufistrigatus (Subzehri-

nus), 253.
rufopicta (Araphidro-

rnus), 188.
rufopictus (Ampliidro-

mus), 188.
rufopictus (Beddomca),

188.
rufopictus (Bulimus) ,

'188.
rufopictus (Cerastus).

188.

refuga (Chersaecia), 102.
re/w^a (Gorilla'). 102.
r«/«#a (Helix}, 99, 102.
refuga (Plectopylis), 102.
rugata (Achatina), 441,

443.

rugata (Electro), 441.
rugata (Glessula), 442.
rugata (Subulina), 443.
ruginosa (Helicella). 161.
ruginosa (Helix), 161.
ruginosa (Planispira),

161.

ruginosa (Trachia), 161.
rughwsa, var. crassicos-

'tata (Trachia), 158.
rugosa . (Brachyspira),

451.

rugosa (Succinea), 451.
rupicola (Litliotis), 457,

458.
rupicola (Succinea), 458,

Ruthvenia, 25.
rutilans (Succinea), 448.
rutilans ( Tapada), 448.

salemanensis (Pupa), 289.
salemensis (Ennea), 289.
salemensis (Pupa), 289.
salemensis (Pupilla),

289.

salsicola (Bulimus), 248.
salsicola (Ena), 248.
salsicola (Napaeus), 249.
salsicola (Petraeus), 248.
salsicola (Subzebrinus),

249.

salwineana (Pupa), 295.
salwiniana (Boysidia),

295.

salwiniana (Pupa), 295.
salwiniana (Pupilla), 295.
salwiniana ( Scopelophila) ,
295.

(Discus), 8.
(Helix), 8.
sanis (Trochomorpha), 8.
sarasinorum ( Vaginula),

487.
sarasinorum (Vaginulns),

487.
sarasinorum ( Veroni-

cella), 487.

sarissa (Acliatina), 412.
sarwsa. (Electra), 412.
sarissa (Glessula), 412.
sarissa (Subulina), 412.
Satsuma, 193.
satfaraensis (Achatina),

43-2.
sattaraensis ( Electro),

432.
sattaraensis (Glessula),

432.

saturnia (Camasna), 151.
saturnia (Helix), 151.
saturnia (Hemiplecta),

151.

saturnia (Phania), 151.
savadiensia (Plectotro-
pis), 21 1 .

scalar is (Cerastus), 264.
scalaris (Ccelestele), 376.
scalaris (Coelostele), 376.
scalaris (Coilostele), 376.
scalpturita (Dorcasia},

204.

scalpturita (Eulota), 203.
scalpturita (Fruficicola),

204.

scalpturita (Helix), 203.
scenoma(Ganesella), 195.

518

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

scenoma ( Geotrochus),

195.

scenoma (Helix), 195.
scenoma (Planispira),

195.

scenoma (Satsuma), 195.
schanorum (Eulota), 203.
schlagintweiti (Anade-

nus), 477.
schomburgki, var. theo-

baldi (Amphidromus),

180.
scrobiculata (Curvella),

350.
scrobiculata (Hapalus),

350.
scrobiculatits (Bulimus),

350.
scrobiculatus (Hapalus),

350.

scrutillus (Achatina\ 427.
scrutillus (Electro), 427.
scrutillus (Glessula), 427.
sculpturita (Planispira),

203.

secessa (Philalanka), 19.
segregata (Pachnodus),

268.
segregatus (Buliminus) ,

268.

segregatus (Bulimus), 268.
segregatus (Cerastus),

268.
segregatus (Chondru-

lopsis), 268.
segregaius (End), 268.
segregatus (Napaus),

'268.
segregatus, var. minor

' (Buliminus), 268.
Semicornu, 107.
semiserica (Brachytpira),

452.
semiserica (Succinea),

452.
semisericea (Succinea),

452.

senator (Achatina), 393.
senator (Glessula), 393.
serena (Achatina), 406.
serena (Electro), 406.
serena (Glessula), 406.
serica ( Chersaecia), 93.
serica (Plectopylis), 93.
sericata, (Helix}, 93.
Serina, 254.

seriola (Ennea), 38, 284.
seriola (Pupa), 38, 284.
seriola (Pupilla), 38,

284.
seriola (Pupisoma), 38,

serrula (Alaea), 293.
serrula (Bifidaria), 293.
serrula (Pupa), 293.
shanensis (Chersaecia),

111.
shanensis (Plectopylis),

111.

shanica (Clausilia), 326.
shanica (Helix), 166.
shanica (Planispira),

166.
shanica (Pseudonenia),

326.
shanica ( Trichochloritis),

166.

shiplayi (Achatina), 381.
shiplayi (Electro), 381.
shiplayi (Glessula), 381.
shiplayi (Subulina'), 381.
shiroiensis ( Chersaecia),

105.

shiroiensis (Helix], 105.
shiroiensis (Plectopylis),

105.
sikkimensis (Bulimus),

349.
sikkimensis (Curvella),

349.
sikkimensis (ffapalus),

349.

sikkimensis (Nothus), 349.
sikkimensis ( Rhachis),

349.

similaris (Dorcasia), 201.
similaris (Eulola), 200.
similaris (Fruticicola),

201.

similaris (Helicclla), 200.
similaris ( Helicoqena),

201.
similaris (Helix}, 201,

202.
similaris (Planispira),

201.
simoni (Araphidromns),

190.

simoni (Glessula), 444.
simoni (Phengus), 190.
sindica (Ena), 245.
sindica (Zebrina), 245.
sindicus (Bulim inus ) ,

245.

sindicus (Bulimus), 245.
sindicus ( Chondrulopsis),

245.

sindicus (Ena), 245.
sindiciis (Petraeus), 245.
sindicus ( Subzebrinus),

245.
sinensis (Ainphidromus),

182.

sinensis (Bulimus), 182,

183.
sinensis, var. gracilis

(Amphidromus), 184.
sinensis, var. sylhetica

(Amphidromus), 180.
sinensis, var. vicaria

(Amphidromus), 183.
singhurensis (Achatina),

419.
singhurensis (Glessula),

418.

sinhila (Glessula), 407.
sinhila (Lamprocystis),

25.
sinhila (Philalanka),

25.

sisparica (Glessula), 410.
Sivella, 3.

skinneri (Acavella), 52.
skinneri (Acavus), 52
skinneri (Helix), 52.
skinneri ( Oligospira),

52.

smUhei (Bulimus), 235.
smithei (Ena), 235.
smithei (Napceus), 235.
swz'Mez (Petraeus), 235.
smithei (Sub zebr inus),

235.

s?7zzYA* (A'wa), 235.
smithiana (Endoplon),

115.
smithiana (Plectopylis),

115.

smithii (Napceus), 235.
solatus (Bulimus), 278.
solitaria, (Pupa), 504.
soluttis (Bulimus), 278.
sordid a (Helix), 161.
sordida (Planispira),

161.

sordida (Trachia), 161.
sovwrbyi (Endothyra),

80.
sowerbvi (Plectopylis),

80.

*pe/«a (Pupa), 248.
Sphyradium, ix, 40.
spinolce (Helix), 164.
s^a//ar (Bnlinms), 233.
stalix (Ena), 233.

(Petraeus), 233.
(Subzebrinus), 233.
STENOGYRIN.E, 341.
stoliczkana (Clausilia),

335.
s/ oliczka na ( Oospira) ,

335.

suavis (Microcystis), 23.
suavis (Philalanka), 23.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

519

subbilirata (Philalanka),

15.

subbilirata (Sitala), 15.
subcostulata (Lithotis),

460.
subdeshayesiana (Gles-

sula), 425.
subfilosa (Glessula),

441.
subgranosa (Succinea),

455, 456.
subgranosa (Tapada),

456.
subinornata (Glessula),

396.
•ubjerdoni (Glessula),

434.

subnigritella (Discus), 9.
subnigritella (Trocho-

morpha), 9.
subperrotteti (Glessula),

394.
subserena (Glessula),

391,417.
subtornensis (Glessula),

390.

subula (Btdimus), 354.
Subulina, 341.
Subzebrinus, 236.
Succiuea, 445.
SUCCINEID/E, 445.
sulcata (Curvella), 348.
sulcipes (Discus), 9.
sulcipes (Trochoinorpha),

9.

sulcipes ( Videna), 9.
sulcipes, var. trilineata

(Videna}, 10.
super ba (Acavus), 50.
superba (Helix), 49, 51.
superba, var. grevillei

(Acavus), 50.
superba, var. roseolabiata

(Acavus), 51.
superbus (Acavus), 49.
sykesi (Opeas), 361.
Sykesia, 25.
sylheticus (Amphi-

dromus), 180.
sylheticus (Bulimus), 180.

tabida (Helix), 10.
tabida (Rt/ssota), 11.
tabula (Thysanota), 10,

11.
tabida ( Trochomorpha),

11.

tamulica (Acliatina), 385.
tamulica (Electro), 385.
tamulica (Glessula), 385.

tamulica (Subulina),

385.

tandianiensis (Ena), 255.
tandjanensis (Sub-
zebrinus), 255.
Tanystoma, 298.
tapeina (Helix), 214.
tapeina (Plectotropis),

214.
tapeina, var. akoutongen-

sis (Plectotropis), 216.
tapeina, var. arakanensis

(Helix), 503.
tapeina, var. bhamoensis

(Plectotropis), 217.
tapeina, var. rotatoria

(Plectotropis), 216.
taprobanica (Glessula),

409.
taunaisi ( Vaqinulus),

481.
templetoni ( Vaginula),

484.
templetoni (Vaginulus),

484.
templetoni (Vcronicella),

484.
tenuispira (Achatina),

378.

tenuispira (Electro), 379.
tenuispira (Glessula),

378.
tenuispira ( Subulina),

378.
tenuispira, var. baculina

(Glessula), 379.
tenuispira, var. pertenuis

(Glessula), 380.
tenuitesta (Glessula),

411.
terebra (Camptoceras),

460, 461.
terebi-ale (Prosopeas),

363.

terebralis (Opeas), 363.
terebralis ( Stenogyra),

363.

terricolor (Pupa), 504.
tertiana (Helix), 22.
tertiana (Philalanka),

22.

tertiana (Sitala), 22.
textilis (Achatina), 390.
ter/*7ts (Electra), 390.
textilis (Glessula), 390.
TA««, 210.

theobaldi (Achatina), 345.
theobaldi (Bacillum),

344.
theobaldi (Camptonyx),

465.

theobaldi (Chloritis),

176.
theobaldi (Clausilia),

310.

theobaldi (Electra), 344.
theobaldi (Euphaedusa) ,

310.
theobaldi ( Glessula),

345.

theobaldi (Medora), 310.
theobaldi (Subulina),

345.
theobaldi( Trichoch loritis) ,

176.
theobaldiana ( Glessula) ,

345.

theobaldiana (Plecto-
tropis), 216.
theobaldianus (Amphi-

dromus), 180.
theobaldianus (Bulimus),

180.
theobaldianus (Rhachis),

180.

thwaitesi (Helix), 23.
thwaitesi (Microcystis),

23, 24.
thwaitesi (Philalanka),

23.
thwaitesi, var. depressa

(Microcystis), 24.
thwaitesi, var. suavis

(Microct/stis), 23.
Thyaanota, 10.

TlIYSANOTIKLE, 10.

tinnevellica (Glessula),

416.

tornensis (Achatina), 389.
tornen&is (Electra), 389.
tornensis (Glessula), 389.
Trachia, 153.
translucens ( Helix) ,

201.
travancorica (Glessula),

417.
travankoricus (Hapalus),

504.

tricarinata (Helix), 17.
tricarinata (Philalanka),

17.
tricarinata (Plectopylis),

83.

tricarinata (Sitala), 17.
Trichochloritia, 168.
trifasciata (Helix), 187.
trifasciata (Rhachis),

187.
trifasciatus (Amphi-

droraus), 187.
trifasciatus (Beddomea),

187.

520

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

trifasciatus (Bulimus),

187.
trifasciatus ( Ccrastus),

187.
trifasciatus tranqiiebarica

(Helix}, 187.
trifasciatus, var. rufo-

pictus (Beddomea),

188.

trifilosa (Helix), 21.
trifilosa (Philalanka),

21.
irifilosa (Trochomorpha),

21.
trilamellaris(Plectopylis),

111.

trilineata (Trocho-
morpha), 10.
trilineatus (Discus), 10.
trochalia (Ampelita),

164.

trochalia (Helix), 164.
trochalia (Planispira),

164.

trochalia (Trachia), 164.
trochiformis (Helix), 1.
Trochomorpha, 1.

TROCIlOMORPlIlDje, 1.

Trochomorphoides, \ 9'^.
trutta (Bulimus), 273.
trutta (Kachis), 273.
trutta (Rachisellus),

273.

trutta (Rhachis), 273. •
tuba (Clausilia), 330.
tuba (Grarnieria), 330.
tuba (Hemiph(iedusn\

330.
tubifera (Ht/pselostoma),

298.
tubifennn (Hjpselo-

stoina), 298.
tubiferum ( Tanustoma),

298.

tumicla (Ena), 252.
tumicla (Lithotis), 459.
tumida (Succinea], 459.
turrit.ella (Clausilia),

339.

tutula (Leucochila), 261.
tutula (Pupa), 261.
tutula, (Pupilla), 261.

tutulus (Bulimus), 261.
tutulus (Pupoides), 261.

unicincta (Helix), 169.
uniclenlata (Pupisoma),
35.

vadalica (Achatina), 384.
vadalica (Klectra), 384.
vadalica (Glessula), 384.
Faffinula, 481, 487.
VA'GINULID/E, 481.
Vaginulus, 481.
Vallonia, 2'22.
valtoni (Acavus), 51.
valtoni (Helix), 51.
venusta (Plectopylis),

144.

Veronicclla,, 492.
veruina (Achatina], 413.
veruina (G-lessula), 413.
veruina (Subulina), 413.
vedpa (Clausilia), 335,

336.
vespa ( Oospira), 335,

336.

vibex (Bulimus), 236.
vibex (Etaa), 236.
vibex (Napaeus), 237.
vibex (Petraeus), 237.
w<6^r (Subzebrinus), 237.
vicnria (Aniphidronms),

183.

vicaria (Ena), 234.
vicarius (Bulimus), 234.
vicarius (Napaeus), 234.
vicarius (Pelracus), 234.
vicar i us" ( Sub^ebrinus),

234.

Videna, 6.
viridescens (Succinea),

451.

viridis (Hyalimax). 502.
viridis (Jarava), 502.
viridis (Limax), 502.
vitrea (Succinea), 454.
vitrea, ( Tapada), 454.
vitfata (Eurystoma), 164,

165.

vitfata (Helicogena), 164.
t^/a/a (Helix), 164, 165.
vittata (Planispira). 164.

vittata (Trachia), 165.
vittata, var. albina

(Helix), 165.
vittata, var. spinola

(Eurystoma), 165.
vittata, var. spinolte

(Trachia), 165.

waageni (Clausilia), 307.
waageni (Euphaedusa),

307.
waageni (Phaedusa),

307.
walkeri (Euspiraxis),

363.

walkeri (Opeas), 363
walkeri (Prosopeas),

363.

walkeri (Spiraxis), 3(>3.
waltoni (Acavella), 51.
waltoni (Acavus), 51.
waltoni (Helix), 51.
waltoni ( Oligospira), 51.
wimberleyi (Chloritis),

171.
wimberleyi ( Planispira ) ,

171. "

woodiana (Helix), 201.
woodthorpei (Plecto-
pylis), 124.
wuellerstorfi (Clausilia),

327.
unlllenstorffi (Delima),

327.
wiillerstorffi ( Phaedusa),

327.
wullerstorfi ( Clau silia),

327.
wullerstorfi (Hcmi-

phaedusa), 327.

z oiling eri (Helix), 7.
sonula (Helix), 164.
Zootecus, 366.
zoroaster (Dorcasia), 202.
zoroaster (Eulota). 202.
zoroaster (Helix), 202.
zoroasfer (Planispira),

202.
Zurama, 223.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR ANP FRANCIS, RED WON COURT, FLEET STREET.

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Fauna of British India.

IN the "FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA" Series
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