“i x dane ae maaan sided Ri ied re " aid, HANG \y iis ry why yi Cay oy Hos EB ¥) hie id be : 4 A oe 5 es Ae AS FRING RK KAY ny ) <4 BN * ay 139 ni . ty TAA or annie Oe Ox) Need Ue c i \} a BREE ia uy iS ee “i AIIM, aie CAN ve me See iJ ronan ERE OEET EE Pe cet | - if : FUE eK a ae He mS ne Y oy Ws 7 ey ny es MY ‘oy iene “ c yy Le ; eu Fy ERP EERE ELE! RU ON 7 HINES as oy he iu See: hoe SS wate" A % ay oer MA Pee pares if ae it iy Ay ef at Pepin oo NOY aN GS eRe i | as Su BS 1 | BUEN RY A} A ‘ * k ANG HES us . » Oe nf, Wt? a NOK Ha Say) Poy, is y Os Mas vy Mae eee ie SS Rickey AY AN yay u Wax uy. it He hy ik ; Wo a Seis AIO , Soa ee ee peace Vs ; Y Re iy ) Wiis Se ree i . s pint o ye vt - ai PIRES pra HORN Os, RUE MO i Ae His Sy MY a el Le bay Se Wa Ky Tea Nt OS ay BSA AN 3 Cosas asehtehetr , om coy ROR OT SY MSU aoe " = Ue. Ai AN Roti SW ki Yr “V a Raiuneanin eh Or } ooreese a Oe ar Aa —_— © THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, ay Snip ee OO INCLUDING (qid4/2% Holl CEYLON AND BURMA. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE ror InpiA 1N COUNCIL. EDITED BY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D, Cantab., HON. D.Sc. Princeton, F.R.S. ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.S., F.E.S. MOLLUSCA—II (TROCHOMORPHIDAIX—JANELLID/.) LON DON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CALCUTTA : BOMBAY THACKER, SPINK, & CO. THACKER & CO., LIMITED. November, 1914. 1 ALERE @ FLAMMAM. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. Ne = PREFACE. ARVIN AAA RR, Tue first volume of the Land Mollusca, forming part of the ‘Fauna of British India’ series, and comprising the families of Testacellide and Zonitide, was issued in 1908 under the joint authorship of the late Dr. W. T. Blanford and Lieut.- Colonel H. H. Godwin-Austen. It was at first anticipated that the second volume would be the joint production of Lieut.-Colonel Godwin-Austen and the present writer. Unexpected circumstances have, however, unfortunately deprived me of the advantage of the former’s cooperation. ‘This is the more to be regretted as it involves the loss of a considerable quantity of additional anatomical details, the result of his recent researches, which would have greatly imcreased the value of the present volume; and, further, that his own collection and that of the late Dr. Blanford—both very rich in Indiau Mollusca, and both in the custody of the British Museum—have in consequence been inaccessible to me. Very valuable assistance in the preparation of this work has been rendered by many malacologists, both at home and abroad. Foremost among ,these I would thank Mr. E. A. Smith and Mr. John H. Ponsonby for advice on many critical points. The latter, besides giving me free access to his extensive collection, has in addition very kindly looked through the proofs and offered many valuable suggestions. Mr. G. C. Leman, the present owner of the late Colonel Beddome’s collection—unrivalled in its wealth of Indian shells, has very generously placed much valuable material at my disposal, and Mr, G. C, Robson has greatly facilitated iv my research amongst the rich material in the National Collection. Finally, I am under a deep obligation to the following for the loan of specimens from their own collections or from collections in their charge :—Mr. John M. Clark, of the State Museum, Albany, New York ; Dr. L. Doncaster, of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge; Dr. Fritz Haas, of the Senckenbergisches Museum, Frankfart a/M. ; Mr. A. S. Kennard; Major A. J. Peile; Mr. F. R. Rowley, of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter; Dr. R. Sturany, of the Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, Vienna; and Mr. B. B. Woodward. G. K. GUDE, London, November, 1914. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Fam. 1. TRoCHOMORPHID® . 1 Gen. 1. Trochomorpha, Albers... 1 Subgen. ]. Sivella, Blanford. 38 De caste 298i sais sy< ed oie'e's 3 Resa 2 Shy CMON ae OO 4 3. billeana, Morch ...... 4 4 frauenfeldi, Zei. ...... 5 ger Caw st aenieie eines Ge 5 6.hyptiocyclos, Bs....... 5 7. percompressa, Bf. .... 6 Subgen. 2. Videna, ZZ. § A. TACHA) Godbhcc vane t 6 8. andamanica, G-A. .... 56 Os bicolor, ats.. osu .-is b 10, iopharynx, Moreh .. e Ty, Tandtas Mises 6 32°. as 2 ff 12. pseudosanis, Flt. 8 Tey als le 6 Bic bib Ieee & 14. subnigritella, Bedd..... 9 15, sulcipes, Moreh ..-.:. 9 var, major, Mérch.... 9 16. trilineata, Mérch...... 10 Fam. 2. ENDODONTIDE .... 10 Subfam. 1. Thysanotine...... 10 Gen. 1. Thysanota, Albers . 10 1. tabida, Pfr. ......-... 10 2; euerini, Da Pees oie 11 S° figwida, Gude |... 12 AS eviMigera,. 68.0 os ce wssis 12 5. euyita, SYES Treat ce > 12 6. = ie Gen. 2. hispida, Sykes elegans, Prest, .....+.. Glyptaulax, Gude .. I, tartihciosa, GBs: sco. septs) Gen. 3. Philalanka, Godwin- LAN One Tes PO EOD AG OS C 14 Ay BULA fms eta =e = 15 2, subbilirata, G.-A. .... 16 Boe linge hes cone toc 16 4, homfrayi, G.-A. ...... 16 5, tricarinata, Bif. .....- 17 G. quinquelirata, Gude.... 17 7. lamcabensis, Jouss..... 18 8, secessa, G.-A. ... 19 9, daghoba, BUf. ........ 1 10. pirrieana, Pfr. ......-- 20 11. bidenticulata, Bs....... 20 OUe ERTS Ny lata erceertin nn << 21 13. mononema, Bs......... 21 14. bolampattiensis, GizA..- 22 oy febvilis, Bip. swe sy sess, 22 16., tertiana, Biff... casos. 22 qe bid esi ys Liters: cio, <: 1s 23 var. suavis, Jouss..... 23 18. depressa, Prest. ...... 24 19. circumsculpta, Sykes 24 90) sinhila, Gide... cess 25 Gen. 4. Ruthvema, Gude 25 Vy wetifera, PAM Sos) sce 26 2, clathratuloides. Gude.. 27 8. clathratula,; Pfr. ...+... 28 var. compressa, Sykes . 3 4. enliginosa, Sykes ...... 3 B, Bicwiata, Ele ye ees 31 Page Gen. 5. Pupisoma, Stoliczka 398 1. lignicola, Sto/....... a od var. unidentata, G.-A. 3d 2. constrictum, G.-A..... 35 SMOLCULA PA Som lacrsietle tele 36 4. evezardi, Bif. . sogenods 37 DSCTIOlR, Asal ena saute 38 Gamiceyla wis: amet ce sete 38 7. cacharicum, G.-A..... 3 8. longstaffee, G.-A....... 39 Subfam. 2. Pyramiduline 4] Gen. 1. Pyramidula, Fitzinger.. 41 elisa see eo 43 yy. euomphalus, Baines 3 Ge laalliyay cf OUSE tral eieicla te Cele 44 Fam, 3. PHILOMYCID@ ...... 480 Gen. i alncilartarc5ss et teie 480 1. campesttis, G.-A....... 480 DasmonticolanG.— Asean 48] Ram, 4. ARTONID AG ...: seek cc 468 Subfam, 1. Arionine ...... . 468 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Gen. 1. Anadenus, Heynemann. 468 1. altivagus, Theob....... 470 2. giganteus, Heynem..... 474 SIDE DEL Ollie an Mrmr caer 475 4, modestus, Theob....... 476 5. schlagintweiti, Heynem. 477 Gz erdoniyG Asp one) 4. 478 Tiga ArT GI (Epes Aa pies 479 Ramo, “ER Ere rp Zcl eee eee 44 mubfam, 1 Acawne™ Vien. sos. 44 Gen. 1. Acavus, Montfort .... 44 1. hesmastoma, Z...... noee ee) var. melanotragus, BOrir sae see steer) peo WAT. CONUS, Fils ntsc overs 47 var. concolor, P2is. A7 De fastOslisr All ware ee 47 3. prosperus, Alb......... 48 AS phoenix, -Pffis Serica Gone remteele 3 14. munipurensis, G.-A. 94 15. nagaensis, G.-A....... 96 16. kentungensis, Gude.... 97 7: leiophis, Berle tee 99 NSS refug aC ld seater: 102 19. perrierze, Gude........ 108 90. shiroiensis, G.-A.... 105 21. perarcta, Bip .. 2.00. 106 22. brachydiscus, G.-A..... 108 WE, COPANO, JES, 5 oaooeas 110 DAS shanensiseysuol meiner Halil 2b.) bralimipgiGaa anc. viet 113 26; anderson whiner 114 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Page Sect, 38. Endoplon, Gude.... 115 27..smithiana, Gude ...... 115 28.. brachyplecta, Bs....... 117 Sect. 4.. Plectopylis, s.s. Gude 119 29. ponsonbyi, G.-A....... 119 30. lissochlamys, Gude .... 121 ml. magna, Gude ........ 122 | 32. woodthorpei, Gude .... 124 33. leucochila, Gude ...... 126 odmeddent, BY .f.s)3 2c 128 35. cairnsi, Gude ........ 129 DO. GyClas pis, 8.) ew elet 150 37. karenorum, BU. ...... 132 38. linteree, Mildff......... 15 var. fusca, Gude .... 186 | oo. anemia, Gl). iiisios% 156 H0; bensoni, Gude Wns, 4- 138 var. repercussoides, GGL eee orc 14] var. infrafasciata,Gude 142 | var. castanea, Gude ., 145 var. obesa, Gude .... 143 var. venusta, Gude .. 144 var: breviplica, Gude.. 145 4]. repercussa, Gild. ...... 146 Subfam. 3. Camenine........ 149 Gen. 1. Camena (Albers), Pils- Bien Ie Meee octsicie sla 149 Leas i(o2t | Vietoate el) Ee eee ee neR 150 2. ochthoplax YBa. )2)s <6. 150 3), Reunite, (llth Sood gone 151 Gen. 2. Oreobba, Pilsbry .... 152 f- cofonodes, 277. : 3... 152 Gen. 3. Planispira, Beck...... 153 Subgen. 1. Trachia, Albers.. 155 te AUbICOSSAE IIe cosa ciets-= 155 Ze psperella E77. sees s as, = 155 3. atkinsoni, Theob....... 156 A. .contracta, Bs aos... +s 157 He fallaclosa.ped here. cok 157 6. crassicostata, Bs....... 158 a cOllettl. sheddeme ni...) 159 8. footel,, Stole eps. = 2+. 159 9, malaceriGa Ppa «<< «3 159 | 10. nagporensis, Pfr. ...... 160 Ilr .TURIBORR, PER aaa: » x). 16] 12. sordida, Pfr. ........ 161 | Page LS. .proximiay Fer sisdionie ss 162 14. armstrongi, Smith .... 163 UNS epi oo) 00 WE ee 24 ae 164. NGEE vaibteltaee et sen ee 164 var. albina, Grat..... 165 lit, Shanice) Bedi. a. wi se 166 Sy irbllath, Bs. tcc 166 Gen. 4. Chloritis, Beck ...... 166 Subgen. 1. Chloritis, s. s. hy Diiavedtas Ba ones. ae. 167 Subgen. 2. Trichochbloritis, i pW aes os Cae) 2GS 25, PROWUAG UE FI we arcraye ot 169 Bp lic Gy sagan s Ss aec 170 AS lpithie Gude ico th 170 5. wimberleyi, G-A. melee Oe rG@elioraitee ss) 5 eee ee 172 var. procumbens, Gld. 172 var. tasciata, G.-A. .. 173 var. khasiensis, Nev... 173 7. gabata, Gld. .... eer ely} var. merguiensis, Phil. 174 S. eMMO PUA VER. 5 ae en ce 174 cyelotrema, Bs'v.25s2. 175 10.:anserina, Theob. ...... 175 11, theobaldi, Gude ...... 176 Gen. 5. Amphidromus, Albers . 177 1 BETES! 97) Da eR Ger ee 178 2. atricallosus; Gld.....:. . bie) ‘3. moniliferus, Gld....... 180 4. “sylheticus, We... .... 180 De masonite (Grads 22.5... LST 6. lepidus, Gid........... 181 fe SINCHSIS VU Sittin toe 182 var. vicaria, Fult..... 183 var, gracilis, Pult..... 184 8. pala a EG Ts, LOL Subgen. 2. Beddomea, Nevill 185 OQ) PTIEASCIACUS, G77... ='- «-. 187 var. rufopicta, Bs.. 188 10; ‘bontiss, Chemn. ...... 188 Lephyealisy BS cree. a alhizonatis, fy. 2... 189 var. simoni, Jouss. .. 190 13. intermedius, Pfr....... 191 14. ceylanicus, Pfr. ...... 191 15. calcadensis, BYf. Higa 192 Gen.-6. Apatetes, Gude ...... 195 lL. bourdilloni, Theod. .... 195 vu Gen. 7. Ganesella, BI. .. OWE JY ou adoode 2 SCenOMA, S40 tee var. haviola, Bs. A PACA. BS ogee ony <5 Subfam. 4. Helicine...... Gen. 1. Eulota, Hartmann SYSTEMATIC INDEX. CADIUM os eerie Page 195 194 195 196 197 198 198 198 LER bolus AG ae eat. PRICES HUG HAS ore eleisiciens yes ah AMINA, J scogodar 4. extrusa, Tapp....... ate 5. zoroaster, Theob...... : schanorum, Mildff. .... scalpturita, Bs......... pilidiony Beas a. ste . peguensis, Bs. ........ PAGICICOLA aS «wc. » © var. elatior, Mts. .... Gen. 2. Cathaica, Mildf. .... Subgen. 1. Se aoe “ay Gen. 3. Plectotropis ’ Gen. 4. Andreae . ahaa 1. mataianensis, Wen See ays 2. eee NIUE Pen bactriana, Hutt. ... var. burmanica, Gude. von Mar- CONS aia ie moasracenaits Coens 1. huttoni, Pfr.. Stains var. say adiensis, Byer var. radlevi, Jouss. .. 2 Galen, 2h sossonec Sh mAs, CWA scccaoes 4, tapeina, Bs. Re Sct aed lots var. theobaldiana, Tay. var. akow tongensis, Theob. . var, perplanata, Nev. var. bhamoensis, Nev. 5. arakanensis, Theob..... Agista, von Martens. 1. phayrei, Theob. ...... 2. catostoma, Bf. ...... eile, E745 ga0snode clara, G.-A. mitanensis, G.-A. .... . congener, Prest. ...... + Pr coenl, Prést.......++6. SI OU 199 200 200 202 202 205 205 204 205 205 206 207 207 208 208 209 209 210 | 211 211 212 212 215 214 216 216 216 217 503 217 218 219 220 220 221 221 222 | var. dominula, Gude rufistrigata, Rv. ... var. eracilis, ELS: ii 26. Subgen. 3. Seria, Gredler . ) HADic tandianiensis, Kod. ... 28. kuluensis, Kod........ 29. beddomeana, Nev. .... var. typica, Theob. . var. turrita, Z’heob. var. pusilla, Zheob. 30. hazarica, Gude....... 51. nevilliana, Theob. ... Page Gen. 5. Vallonia, Risso ....0. 222 1. -pulchella, Mud. ...... 228 2. Costata, Malls 0s eee! 3. ladakensis, Nev. ...... 226 4, miserrima, Gude ...... 227 Bam. (62, ENED az Zor cine) oe Gen. 1. Ena, Turton ........ 228 Subgen. 1. Mirus, Albers .. 280 1 ‘ceratina, Fo.) Seek. eeu 2; DlAGITICA Ej ia ae ener 3: proletaria, Pitas «| «es eeoe 4, hanleyana, Kob. ...... 282 5. stalix, Bs. . BOP 8 = 24833 6. vicaria, BIS. . teas s devarieieetee 7s, PAROS, BSisn i. haces 2Oe S. smithel, vhs! a. kee Loo Subgen. 2. Subzebrinus, Wes- berlund 2 wie sos = 7200 Os vilo ex iis Laan on ost) 2 LOSslinterss.eAC bse eee ane 237 Isboysiana, RO ccm... 20 1D. arcuate, ACs necnac ie LOO lesa mivicola, fgne sts se vay CLO 14, huttoni, Pfr. ...... ne 2a IB, GOW JEM soda A Reem 16. kunawurensis, Rv. .... 242 17. candelansyej7>) ct. «ae 245 18) simdica, La. Winco crete 210 NSE clormnini, J, soc65 Wea LAO 20. longstati, Gude ...... 246 OM, GREW, JE coaocaocan CEH 2) salsicola;.BS> Pens 248 23. coelebs sheer ato 24, pretiosa, Rv........... 260 25, mainwaringiana, Nev... 251 var. tumida, Gude .. 252 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 1X Page Page Gen. 2. Pupoides, Pfeiffer 259 He MNO BSNS cic ar, 292 1. ccenopictus, Hatt. 259 SO, SermUla te hy ets eats Ok 295 2s SEGRE Sekt: Se. as. 261 z ae 3 tutnlen: Ry 261 | Gen. 4. Boysidia, Ancey ...... 293 . bh eB, 16) wie! 0| 8 0 10.4." 8: -~ L. plicidens Bia 62.6 294 Gen. 3. Cerastus, von Martens . 262 2. salwiniana, Theob. .... 295 iL. abyasimcus, Pfr... 2... 265 Meee : ‘ 2. fairbanki, Bae Mae ees 264 | Gen. 5. Boysia, Pfeiffer ...... 296 3. malabaricus, Pfr... ... 264 Ney BOVRU Efe erat eet 297 Amierdoni, £0. ee eo.13. ke 265 | var, redfieldi, Pfr. 26 | Gen. 6. Hypselostoma, Benson. 288 5). moussonianus, Pef..... 267 | + 6. cs RMAC OE F ie 968 tubifernm, Bs: 25: a... 298 pe es : oe 9A 2, bensonianum, Bif. _ 299 ie QOMENS JE Oana s55 <<): 26 Sunes Stol 300 eh distans, Pfr. ya 270 vo. a! WALULEEE, ADOUEL. 2 wee ew vo ar, chart 271 | Ms char honnieri; Pfr. : | Fam 8. CLausitimpa ......., 301 xen. 4, Rachisellus mr gui- ‘ - NE oa i eae 971 | Gen. 1. Clausilia, Draparnaud 301 ]. adumbratus, Pfr. ...... 972: Subgen. 1. Phaedusa, 1. § A. 2. trutta, Bif. arr sks 273 | Adams ........ 305 3. benzalensis, Lam. 274 : é . ys prietermissus Bif. 975 | ‘Sect. 1. Eupheedusa, Boettger 305 . cow » b] “4 . see -_ 5, pulcher, Gray ......:. 276 | ie bacillom Ae GP e. 305 6. punctatus, dnt. ...... 277 DF WAKO, SEOly a ea: 307 : Oe LOS Sime Or eer aut cae 3035 Gen, 5. Edouardia, Gude 280 | 4. cey lanica, faye Paeee rae tS 309 lvorbus, Blfe cies sce 280 | 5. theobaldi, BYf......... 310 A | 6. burmanica, Gade...... Si. Fam. 7. Purmupx ........ 281 | 7. monticola, Bif......... 31h ; 8. arakanae Stole ee ee. te 312 Gen. 1. Pupilla, Turton ...... 281 OQ. lemaniGudeos: 2% 313 iAcmuscorum, I. oc sic. = 282 = Beas : var. asiatica, Mildg... 288 | Sect. 2. Peendonenia, oe Of KEVIN A ASee ge. cacy orchestras 283 | al Oe ab ea aaa BL ISCLIONA, Se os cies wes 284 | 10; gouldiana, 27? 255 3 314 ASIAN PSISs ERASE ok oie )ehatcr= otal 284 | var. magna, Gude .... 316 SUC oe Saree . 285 11. andersoniana, Mildff ... 317 6. barrackporensis, Gude... 285 12. gracilior, H.§ T. .... 318 Uf. cinghalensis, Gude ,... 286 13. insignis, ‘Cie babe Seeaeeee 319 8. muscerda, Bee eee 286 14. fusiformis, D8) ge eee 321 9. filosa, Theob. §- Stol. 207 15. ferruginea, Bif. ...... 322 10. brevicostis, @......... 288 16. asaluensis, TH oe 323 11. salemensis, Bif, ...... 289 17. loxostomas Bs) .25/ 406 3: 324 : 18. nevilliana, Wildff. .... 325 Gen. 2. Columella, - Westerlund 19 shanica, ep t » in 296 (Sphyradium, auct.).. 40 20. wuellerstorfi, Zel....... 327 1. himalayanum, Bs. 4] 21. nicobarica, Gude ...... 328 Gen. 3. Bifidaria, Sterki ...... 290 Subgen. 2. Garnieria, Bour- | TG. MIE cicceRa ORR 329 1. bathyodon, Bs......... 290 bee 22 hattonianay Basten. 0. 291 DOE GUN BEE OTE AA eork « aoeiwee ao 330 ay, AWRMICR Des! ccm ss 292 | ©3. masoni, Theob......... 331 Gen. 2. Gen. 3. Gen. -L. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Subgen. 5. Oospira, Blanford. Dts pullbus bse eo oe oe 25, philippiana, Pfr 26. ovata, BIf. 27. stoliczkana, Sykes 28. vespa, Gd. eo) Delimte ie vi ie Subgen. 4. Cylindropheedusa, SDOCLLG CTY. Piatt A oe 29. cylindrica, Pfr. 30. turritella, Sowd. Gen. 1. Achatina, Lamarck 1. fusea, Fér. Subfam. 2. Stenogyrine ...... Gen. 1. Subulina, Beek 1. octona, Brug. Bacillum, Theobald daflaense, G.-A. ... erosum,, Bifin. ..... 46 theobaldi, Hanl. . . casiacum, Rv. ....._.. muspratti, Gude obtustims Bye one as sak orthoceras, G.-A. var. austeni, Pils. .... NID SOUR Cobo re Curvella, Chaper © eta) (elrel te 1. sikkimensis, Ro. 2. blanfordi, Gude 5. scrobiculata, Bif....... 4. pusilla, BYE aie th eel. De PUGH POSS. Meteor yee Gra pliciie rn, alg irs ere. ete 7. munipurensis, G.-A. 8. khasiana, G.-A. Opeas, A lbers Ae oracilehiia terete var. panayensis, Pfr. . var. cereus, v........ 2. prestoni, Sykes.....-.. 8. mnocens, Prest. ...... 4. latebricola, Rv. 302 f 339 506 Page Ds marke, Jouss, <.% wee 359 yee Vall lope (Ge oe ee . 36 (leyardl, Bs.) 3) .. sane 360 SB. ssykesi,, Piles... seen. .. 361 Jef pusilla. Ad, ..2ceeeoOl Gen. 5, Prosopeas, Mérch 362 ane bes 26 meee eee ~ « 562 2. terebrale, Theob. ...... 365 Ore \MUIKCM, 85h Goo snadtto 363 4: penler, Wisyor ia. one B64 O. Heuehtoni, aesee. aap 564 6. achates, Mérch ...... 365 7. roepstorfi, Morch 366 Gen. 6. Zootecus, Westerlund.. 366 I. insularis, HArb. ...... 367 2 Nestellus Bs. Mckee 369 On SIKH) AOI Solan anda. 4 370 4. polygyratus, Fv. . 370 Op piullttgwG7ay ae... ala sce 371 6. ‘aprensis, HGQUT 3... < a 372 USEING I aii 5 Be Boe ond & 373 Fam. 10. FERUSSACIDH...... 375 Gen. 1. Cecilioides, Herrmann- SOM ne) Storee, uaa eurtachs vor oe 3738 Subgen. 1. Geostilbia, Crosse. 374 ebalanuisseicuse ne eee 374 2. bensoni, Gude ........ 375 Gen. 2. Coilostele, Benson .... 376 Iescalanis, B35: \ fomets.ct 376 Gen. 3. Glessula, von Mertens. 377 dS stenuispinasr sie sereree 378 O° baculinas a0. li) ee 379 3. pertenuis, BY... 2 sor 380 var. major, Bif....... 381 AENEID aii “Go oédo ne 381 Oy milasirica, Hvssace ees 382 G.shebés ese : 382 7. tairbanki bangs aa 383 SSivadaliicasp sawn iecn 384 9. tamulica, Bif. ........ 385 Ol perro bbenieeey mr eres 386 Ti. preelusivis, as; .5). > - =... 386 12: hucreliyeRne) eich as: 387 13. burrailensis, G.-A. .... 387 Page 14, butler, Gad: ¢......; 388 V5e ChessoniehSeasee sce. 388 Gy Ornensiey Bite ar er. ics 3 389 17. subtornensis, Gude .... 890 18: tema yey seit cledys . 5 390 19. subserena, Bedd....... 391 | 20. amdica, Gude ssc. ss 392 Ze Senator, Hanl. « <.i.8< 4s 595 Delay ISS REED ers mncpace eres gale 393 25. subperrotteti, Bedd..... 394 | 24. canarica, Bedd......... 394 25. anamullica, BUf. ...... 395 26. ingrmatar Pigs aes 5% 595 var. minor, Bedd..... 395 Phen LAO AMA PIB kat: tins 396 28. subinornata, Bedd. .... 396 var, minor, Bedd..... 597 29. reynelli, Gude ........ 5397 var. immitis, Gude .. 398 30. beddomei, BIf......... 398 ol. pallens, Bedd. ........ 399 32. prestoni, Gude ........ 400 33. bollampattiana, Hanl... 401 a4, parabilis, Bs. os. 2..65 402 SI mulll C0) 0 24 f ce ae rene ere aro 402 36. ceylanica, Pfr......... 405 37. punctogallana, Pfr..... 405 Oo. nites, Grater cases <1 - 404 toe TUS GUS: hy? ante crsrest - 405 40, panetha, Bs. 2.265. 406 “Ul, WENO, ING oppoconuoe 406 49. simhils, Priest; ........ 407 AG. layardiy Peg. os... or = 407 4A deshayesi, Pfr....,.... 408 46. pachycheila, Bs. ...... 409 var. taprobanica, Pils. 409 46. pyramis, Bs....... 409 Av, leptospira, Bs. ......2. 410 48. sisparica, Gude... . 410 49. tenuitesta, Gude ...... 411 DOL notigena, B38: 22 sc. 412 OU SAMISSRODS, sty sues: 412 D2 EVELUIND BS. oe aie: 413 oo. hastula, Bae oi pois... 414 54. corrosula, Pfr... ss... 414 55. blanda, Gude ........ 415 56. bensoniana, Pfr. ...... 415 57. tinnevellica, Gude .... 416 58. travancorica, Gude .... 417 59. jeyporensis, Bedd. . .. 417 OO jerdont, Ry. een .s.. 418 61. singhurensis, B/f. .. 418 62) amentum, Av: 72...... 419 | 63. ganjamensis, Gude ..,. 420 | ou E acto env epeeminon cc oe e 42] SYSTEMATIC INDEX, for) = Iss “I TU Oo tS wo) co = 95. 96. 97. ils Ou Co be . crassilabris, Bs. GOA ck Ween oracles! sie) 98 . orobia, Bs. . serutillus, Bs. 5 ema, THE Bac ocep ce s MlushierG ‘Shell subcircular, light yellowish brown; umbilicus wide funnel-shaped and sharply angled; whorls 64, slowly increasing, TROCHOMORPHA, i suture bordered with a depressed and well-defined narrow margin, obliquely striated by growth-lines above and below, last whor! compressed at the margin and acutely keeled; aperture very oblique, lip slightly thickened. “Maj. diam. 14 millim., height 43 millim., width of umbilicus ©} millim.” (/ulton.) Hab. Andamaa Islands: Port Blair. 9. Trochomorpha bicolor, J/artens. Trochomorpha bicolor, Martens, Monatsber. Kon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, p. 267 ; ibid., Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil, ii, 1867, p. 252, pl. 18, fig. 2: Nevill, Hand List, ii, 1878, peor Nanina ( Videna) bicolor, Moreh, Journ, Conchyl. 1876, i 356. Helix (Trochomorpha) bicolor, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ili, 1887, p- 82, pl. 16, figs. 83-85. Discus bicolor, Godwin- Austen, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, i, 1895, p- 285, pl. 19, fig. 3 (anatomy); ibid., P. Z.S. 1895, p. 442. Ty ochomorpha ( Videna) bicolor, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helie. Viv. 1881, p. 88; Wiegmann, Abh. Senck. Natur. Ges. xxiv, 1898, p. 419, pl. 27, figs. eee (anatomy). Original description :— Testa modice umbilicata, depresse conica, carinata, striatula, nitida, supra lineis spiralibus subtilibus sculpta, castanea, zona suturali, carina et regione umbilicali albidis; spira altitudine varians; anfr. 53-6, convexiuscull, ultimus peripheria carinatus et basi prope umbilicum subangulatus, antice haud descendens ; apertura diagonalis, securiformis ; peri- stoma rectum, acutum, margine basali arcuato. “ Diam. maj. 13, min. 12, alt. 5-6, apert. long. 5, lat. 4 mill.” Hab. Nicobar Islands: Teressa and Katchal (Joepstory’) ; Preparis Island (var.) (Wood-dMason); Malaysia: Sumatra, Borneo, Lombok. 10. Trochomorpha iopharynx, Mérch. Nanina (Videna) iopharynx, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 356. Discus topharynx, Godwin-Austen, iP ZS . 1895, p. 442. Original description :—‘'T. depressa, late umbilcata, brunnea, linea, suturali subtilissima, alba; striz incrementi irregularis, rudes, preesertem superne; labio crassiusculo, faucibus violascen- tibus, iridescentibus. “ Diam. maj. 16 millim.; diam. min. 14; alt. 8.” Hab. Nicobar Islands; Katchal (Roepstorpf). Based on a single specimen. Mérch states that Trochomorpha timorensis, Martens, gives a good idea of this species, but that the figure given by von Martens (Ost-As. pl. 13, fig. 6) shows a much narrower umbilicus. 11. Trochomorpha lardea, Martens. Helix zollingeri, Mousson (non Pfeiffer), Zollinger, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, xxi, 1860, p. 317 (nom. nud.). 8 TROCHOMORPHID®. Trochomorpha lardea, Martens, Monatsber. Kon. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864, p. 267; ibid., Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil. 11, 1867, p. 251, pl. 18, fig. 5; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 57. Helix (Trochomorpha) lardea, Tryon, Man, Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1887, p- 83, pl. 16, figs. 98-95. Trochomorpha (Videna) lardea, Kobelt, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges. xxiv, 1898, p. 54; Wiegmann, tom. cit. p. 415, pl. 26, figs. 24-34 (anatomy). Original description :—‘* Testa modice umbilicata, depresse conica, carinata, striatula, nitida, supra lineis spiralibus subtilibus sculpta, castanea, zona suturali, carina et regione umbilicali albidis ; spira altitudine varians ; nine 52-6, convexiusculi, ultimus peripheria carinatus et basi prope umbilicum subangulatus, antice haud descendens; apertura diagonalis, securiformis; peristoma rectum, acutum, margine basali arcuato. “ Diam. maj. 13, min. 12, alt. 5-6, apert. long. 5. lat. 4 mill.” Hab. Nicobar Islands (Stohezka, Rocpstorff). Malaysia: Ceram, Buru, Amboina, Halmaheira. 12. Trochomorpha pseudosanis, Multon. Discus pseudosanis (Nevill), Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1895, p. 442 (nom. nud.). Trochomorpha (Videna) pseudosanis (Nevill), Fulton, A. M. N. H. ser. 6, xx, 1897, p. 213, pl. 6, fig. 5. Original description :—‘* Shell openly umbilicate, dark brown, obliquely striated above and below; whorls 53, slowly increasing, suture with a narrow well-defined margin, last whorl sharply keeled ; aperture oblique; peristome scarcely thickened. “Maj. diam. 13 millim., height 5 millim., width of umbilicus 4 millim.” Hab. Andaman Islands: Port Blair. 13. Trochomorpha sanis, Benson. Helix sanis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vii, 1861, p. 84; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1872, pl. 88, figs. 4 & 7. Trochomorpha sanis, Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 56. Helix (Trochomorpha) sanis, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, 111, 1887,. p. 84, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4. Discus sanis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442. Original description:—* H. testamediocriter umbilicata, conoidea- orbiculata, depressissima, lenticulari, oblique subareuatim striatula, subgranulata, cornea; spira parum elevata, conoideo-depressa, apice obtuso, sutura impressiuscula, marginata; anfractibus 53, subplanulatis, ultimo carina mediana acuta utrinque compressa munito, subtus convexiusculo; apertura obliqua, securiformi ; peristomate recto, acuto ; umbilico infundibuliformis. * Diam. maj. 11, minor 10, axis 34 mill.” Hab. Andaman Islands: Port Blair (Nevill, Roepstorff ). TROCHOMORPHA. 9 14. Trochomorpha subnigritella, Beddome. Trockomonpha subnigritella, Beddome, re Z. 8. 1891, p. 314, pl. 29, figs.!4-6; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, viii, 1893, p- 127, pl. 43, fies, 44-46, Discus subnig gritella, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 442. Original description :—* Shell moderately umbilicate, depressedly turbinate, quite rounded at the apex; whorls 6, very gradually increasing, faintly striated, the last sharply angled at the periphery, nearly flat on the underside; aperture oblique, sub- quadrate ; peristome simple, the margins distant; colour a rich dark brown, shining below. ‘‘ Diameter 3 inch [=12-75 mm. ], height =; inch [=8 mm.] “This species recalls the Pacific forms of ae genus rather than the Indian ones, its nearest ally being 7’. nigritella, which, how- ever, is a larger shell with the last whorl much broader.” Hab, Andaman Islands (Hungerford) ; South Andaman (Godwin- Austei). 15. Trochomorpha sulcipes, Moreh. Nanina (Videna) suleipes, Mirch, Journ. Conchyl. 1872, p. 309. Discus sulcipes, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1895, p. “— Trochomorpha sulcipes, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. « Original description :—** T. tenuis, unicolor fusca, perspective umbilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, acute carinata; strie incre- menti expresse presertim superne ; spiraliter obsolete lirata ; spira vix elevata; sutura linearis, marginata; anfr. 5} convexi- usculi, ultimus descendens, basi convexiusculus ; apertura reni- formis, pevistomate obliquo, margine supero incrassato, infero reflexo ; labio recto, tuberculo (morbo ?) obsoletissimo. st Diam. maj. 13 mill., min. 11; axis 5 mill.” Hab. Nicobar Islands (Stoliczka, Roepstor ff) ; Nancowry (Retn- hardt). Var. major, Morch, tom. cit. p. 309. “T. major, tenuior, planior; peristoma tenue (nondum com- pletum ?) ; anfr. ult. vix descendens, umbilico majore. ** Diam. maj. 15 mill., min. 12; axis fere 5 mill.” Hab, Great and Little Nicobar (2einhardt). ‘“* Animal solea pedis suleo mediano longitudinali postice coch- Jeariformi excavata; notzum sulco profundo, peripherico postice earinato. Porus caudalis, ut mihi videtur, vix cornutus (ex specim. in spiritu conservato). T. fete anfr. primi tres brunnei serie macularum albarum.”’ T’. sanis, Bens., differs in having the spire nearly plane, and in the growth-lines on the upper side being much stronger. 10 ENDODONTIDA. 16. Trochomorpha trilineata, J/érch. Nanina (Videna) sulcipes, var. trilineata, Moérch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 855. Discus sulcipes, var. trilineata, Godwin-Austen, P. Z.S. 1895, p. 442. Discus trilineatus, Godwin-Austen, Proc, Malac. Soc. London, 1, 1895, p. 285, pl. 19, fig. 2 (anatomy). This form was originally described as a variety of 7. sulcipes, and a very short description of it was given by Morch: “ T. pallida, earina candida, utrinque linea brunnea.” Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen in P. Z.S. 1895, also considered it a varietal form only, but in Proc. Malac. Soc. London he raised it to specific rank, at the same time giving an account of its anatomy. ‘There is a discrepancy as to habitat, for in the latter paper he mentions Great Nicobar, whereas in the former Camorta is indicated, which corresponds with the original locality given by Morch. Hab. Nicobar Islands : Camorta (Roepstor ff’). Family ENDODONTIDA, Pilsbry. Subfamily THYSANOTIN A, Godwin- Austen. Genus THYSANOTA, Albers. Thysanota (as section of Nanina), Albers & Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 63; (as section of Trochomorpha) Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. xxiv, 1877, p. 7; (as section of Evwlota) Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 207 ; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, 11, 1907, p. 189. Typn, Helix querini, Pfeiffer. Range. Southern India and Ceylon. Original description :—‘ Testa anguste umbilicata, trochiformis, tenuis ; anfractus 74 vix convexiusculi, basi carinati, pilis rigidis ciliati, ultimus interne subplanatus, medio impressus; apertura angulato-lunaris ; peristoma simplex, acutum, margine columellari brevissime expansiusculo.” Until the anatomy of 7. crinigera was investigated by Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen in 1907, and its relation to Endodontide estab- lished, the systematic position of the genus had remained uncertain. Von Martens placed it between Rotula and Nigritella, Pfeiffer classed it under Zrochomorpha, while Prof. Pilsbry with some doubt considered it as having affinity with Plectotropis, and he therefore ranged it under Hulota as a section. Thysanota, Phila- lanka, and Ruthvenia, on conchological grounds alone, form a very natural group, as proposed by Godwin-Austen (subfamily Thy- sanotine), and one wonders how this idea has not occurred to anyone before. 17. Thysanota tabida, Pfeiffer. Helix tabida, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1855, p. 106; ibid., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1855, p. 45, pl. 12, figs. 11, 12. THYSANOTA, HAL Trochomorpha tabida, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1855, p. 182. Nanina (Thysanota) tabida, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54. Ryssota tabida, Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 53. Trochomorpha (Thysanota) tabida, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 94, pl. 19, figs. 97, 98. Eulota (Thysanota) tabida, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1895, p- 208. Original description :—* T. angustissime umbilicata, turbinata, solidula, conterte rugoso-striata, sub epidermide decidua, fuscula alba; spira convexo-conica, acutiuscula; anfr.8 lentissime accres- centes, vix convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, peripheria subangulatus, superne convexus, basi planiusculus ; apertura vix obliqua, depressa, subangulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine basali versus insertionem leviter incrassato. “ Diam. maj. 174, min. 16, alt. 11 mill.” Hab. India: Nilgiris. Preiffer recognized the affinity between the present species and T. yuerini. It is, however, larger than the latter and not keeled, while the whorls are more tumid and the umbilicus is narrower ; the aperture is also different, being rather semilunate, the colu- mellar margin ascending more obliquely. 18. Thysanota guerini, Pfeiffer. Helix guerini, Pfeiffer, Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 304; ibid., in Philippi, Abb. Beschr. Conchyl. i, 1843, p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 6; ibid., Conch. Cab., Heliceen, ii, 1855, p. 121, pl. 87, figs. 15, 16; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1852, pl. 85, fig. 457 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 55, fig. 1. Nanina (Thysanota) guerini, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p- 63; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54. Lue ochomonpha 9 guerin, Kobelt, Ill. Conch. Buch. 1879, pl. 68, fig. 11. Trochomorpha (Tha PL) guerim, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 82. Helix (Thysanota) guerini, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p- 98, pl. 18, figs. 95, 96. Eulota (Thysanota) guerini, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 208. Thysanota guerini, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 188. Original description :—* T. umbilicata, trochiformis, epidermide fusca, rugosa induta; anfr. 74 vix convexiusculi, basi carinati ; carina pilis confertis dense ciliata; basis convexiuscula ; umbilicus angustissimus, pervius ; apertura lata, lunaris ; peristoma simplex, marginibus callo tenuissimo, nitido junctis. “« Diam. maj. 16, min. 15, alt. 10 mill.” Hab, India: Nilgiries (Perrottet, Blanford) ; Anamullays (Bed- dome). In his guernel description, Pfeiffer gave the following dimen- sions: Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. Subsequently (Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1847, p. 118), the measurements quoted above were indicated without reference to the previous figures. I[ assume the later ones to be correct. 12 ENDODONTID&. 19. Thysanota flavida, Gude. Thysanota flavida, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, xi, 1914, p. 52, text-figure. Original description :—-“ Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed trochiform, finely plicate-striate, pale yellowish-corneous. Spire subconvex, suture impressed, apex obtuse. Whogls 63, increasing slowly and regularly, convex above and below, carinated, the carina exserted, except in the protoconch, with a raised spiral thread a short distance above the carina and densely crowded with im- pressed spiral lines, more distinct on the under than on the upper side ; the carina and spiral thread fringed with deciduous coarse cuticular processes, resembling flattened hairs. Aperture oblique, securiform ; peristome acute, the outer margin subconvex, basal arcuate, columellar almost vertical, slightly dilated. “* Major diam. 12, minor 11°5 mm.; alt. 7 mm.” Hab. India: Nilgiries (Beddome). A specimen received from the late Col. Beddome as 7’. crinigera, Ne is Fig. 1.—Thysanota flavida, (From Proc. Malac. Soe. London.) proved upon examination to differ from that species in being more convex and more elevated in the spire, in the whorls being more convex, and in the narrow umbilicus; the keel is also more ex- serted, while the plicate transverse striz are much less pronounced, those in erinigera being almost lamellate. Mr. Ponsonby possesses two immature specimens which I also refer to the new species. They were likewise received from Col. Beddome as crinigera and, although labelled only South India, are probably from the same locality. 20. Thysanota crinigera, Benson. Helix cringera, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, v, 1850, p. 214; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1852, pl. 125, fig. 746; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 60, fig. 7. Thysanota crougera, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 189 pl. 112, fig. 2 (anatomy). Original description :—* T. anguste umbilicata, depresso-trochi- formis, cornea, radiato-costulata ; apex obtusiusculus ; anfr. 6-63 vix convexiusculi, linea unica elevata supersuturali minuti, ultimus carinatus ; carina suturaque pilis elongatis ciliatis; basis plani- uscula, ad umbilicum compressiuscula, lineis impressis concentricis frequentibus ornata; apertura obliqua, angulato-lunaris, securi- formis ; perist. simplex, acutum. ** Diam. maj. 124, min. 12, alt. 64 mill.” THYSANOTA. 13 Hab. India: Nilgiries (Jerdon). Nevill originally regarded crinigera as an immature form of guerini (Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54). According to Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen (1. ¢. p. 190), he subsequently considered it distinct. In this he was, judging from the descriptions, quite justified. The shell of 7. crinegera, besides being smaller, is more depressed, has more flattened whorls, and the raised spiral line above the peri- phery is a'conspicuous feature which is lacking in 7’. guerine. 21. Thysanota eumita, Sykes. Thysanota (?) eumita, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iu, 1898, p. 72, pl. 5, figs. 17, 18; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ij, 1907, p. 188. Original description :—“ Testa depresso- conica, anguste umbili- cata, corneo-virescens, depresso-trochiformis, apice obtusulo ; sutura impressa; anfr. 5-55, plano-convexi, linea unica spiralis supersuturalis muniti, transversim subuliter striata, ultimus carinatus, carina suturaque pilis elongatis ciliatis ornata, basi subinflatus: apertura angulato-lunaris ; peristoma simplex, rectum. “Diam. 4-2 mm.; alt. 2 mm.” Hab, Ceylon: Ambagamuwa; Badulla (Collett). Ts said to resemble a young 7’. guerini, but is more trochiform and not so convex. 22. Thysanota hispida, Sykes. Thysanota hispida, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 160, pl. 10, fig. 2; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii,, 1907, Pp: 188. Original description :—* Testa trochiformis, periostraco fusco, rugoso, induta, basi impressa, umbilicus angustus, pervius ; apex mediocris, applanatus ; anfr. 6-61, convexi, lira unica spiraliter sculpti, ultimus basi carinatus, lira carinaque pilis longis dense notate, apertura lata, lunaris ; peristoma simplex, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis. « Diam. max. 8, alt. 5 mm.” Hab. Ceylon: Haputale (Collett). Differs from 7. guerint in shape and size; the single spiral thread is clothed with club-shaped hairs. 23. Thysanota elegans, Presion. Thysanota elegans, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 135, pl. 22, fig. 19. Original description :—“ Shell trochiform, rimate, vitreous, yellowish white ; whorls 6, the first two rounded, spirally striate, the remainder sculptured with fine spiral lines crossed by coarser, transverse, arcuate striz and bearing a strong, peripheral, hairy liration, the last whorl sharply carinate at the base ; ; base of shell 14 ENDODONTID &. spirally striate only ; sutures deeply impressed ; umbilicus very narrow ; peristome simple ; aperture narrow sublunate. * Diam. maj. 1-5 mm.; alt. 1°75 mm.” Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa. Mr. Preston compares this species with 7. hispida, Sykes, from which it differs by its much smaller size and more graceful form, while the spiral and arcuate transverse striw, which characterize his shell, are Jacking in the latter. Genus GLYPTAULAX *, g. n. Shell discoid, umbilicated, with close revolving lire and sulea- tions, decussated by oblique costule. Anatomy unknown. Tren, Heliv artificiosa, Benson. Range. Burma. 23a. Glyptaulax artificiosa, Benson. Helix artificiosa, Benson, A. M a H. ser. 2, xviii, 1856, p. 249 : Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, 1, 1860, p. ist pl. 36, figs. 8-10; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. find 1870, pl. 55, fig. 3. Helix (Patula (Punctum)) artificiosa, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ili, 1887, p. 33, pl. 7, fig. 82. Nanina artificiosa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 54. Original description :—‘* Testa anguste umbilicata, orbiculata, discoidea, nitidiuscula, superne liris confertis sulcisque profundis spiralibus, costulisque confertis obliquis decussata, subtus liris remotioribus striisque radiatis ornata, pallide cornea; spira planu- lata (interdum omnino planata), apice vix elevato, obtuso ; sutura profunda; anfractibus 64 convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus superne subangulatus, subtus convexus ; apertura vix obliqua, subanguste lunaris : peristomate acuto, leviter sinuato, margine deetral arcuato, ecrenulato, columellari brevissimo et pan sub- stricto leviter reflexis. “ Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, ait. 5 mill.” Hab. Burma: Tenasserim (Theobald). The species is unlike any other known to us and its systematic position is doubtful. The anatomy is unknown. It is placed provisionally in the subfamily Thysanotine between Thysanota and Philalanka. Genus PHILALANKA, Godwin-Austen. Philalanka, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, iti, 1898, p- ll (as subgenus of Endodonta) ; ibid., Moll. India, 11, 1907, p- 190. Original description :—“ Shell small, many-whorled, pyramidal or trochiform with a single liration, unicoloured. Jaw composed of numerous squarish plates. Basal plates of teeth of the radula * yurrw curved, and avAag furrow. PHILALANKA. 15 square or oblong; central teeth tricuspid, laterals multicuspid. No mucous gland at the extremity of the foot. Generative organs simple. No amatorial organ and no accessory organs.” Typn, P. secessa, Godwin- Austen. Range. South India and Ceylon; Islands off the West Coast of Sumatra. In describing the type species, Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen alludes to the interesting fact that this is the first record of the occurrence in India of this group of shells. He further states that “nothing like it has been found to the east of the Bay of Bengal, on the North-east frontier, or in Burma, but the possibility of its being a casual introduction is removed by the discovery of another allied species in the south of the Indian Peninsula by Colonel Beddome.” Since the foregoing remarks were written two species have, how- ever, been discovered in the Batu Islands off the West Coast of Sumatra. They were subsequently described and figured in the ‘Mollusca of India,’ part 10, where two other Cingalese species, previously referred to Microcystis and Macrochlamys respectively are included in Philalanka. 24. Philalanka bilirata, Blanford. Helix bilirata, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 352, pl. i, fig. Nanina (Sitala) bilivata, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser, 2, i1, 1886, p. 56. Sitala bilirata, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 40. i {he Oriyinal description :—“ Testa perforata, globosa, turbinata, solidiuscula, cornea, transverse striata; spira conoidea, apice obtusula. Anfr. 7 angusti, sensim accrescentes; superiores carina una supramediana muniti, ultimus ad peripheriam acute bicarinatus, subtus tumidus. Apertura subverticalis, angulato lunaris, perist. reetum, marginibus distantibus, columellari brevi, verticali, reflexo. “Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, axis 43 mm.” Hab. India: Shevroy and Kolamullie Hills. Is stated to differ from P. mononema, Benson, in the rounded base and less elevated spire. 25. Philalanka subbilirata, Godwin-Austen. Sitala subbilirata (Nevill MS.), Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p: 89, pl. 10, fig. 11; var. fig. 12. Nanina (Sitala) subbilirata, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 56, pl. 25, fig. 28. Original description :—* Shell depressly conoid, rather openly perforate, covered with a strong epidermis ; sculpture, very fine longitudinal ribbing, well seen on base, crossed by irregular lines of grdwth; colour dull ochraceous brown ; spire flatly conoid, apex flat ; whorls 5, with a fine rib on the periphery of the last whorl, with a single intermediate one above it, sides flat from the suture to this, slightly convex above; aperture ovate, subvertical ; 16 ENDODONTID &#. peristome rather thickened; columellar margin slightly oblique, not reflected. *“* Major diam. 2-7, alt. axis 1°3 mm.” Hab. Andaman Islands: Little Brother Island (evil!) ; Batte Malve. The shell shown in fig. 12 of plate 10 of Moll. India, from Batte Malve, was sent to Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen by Nevill from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, as no. 206, Sagdinella didrichseni, Moérch, with a note attached, “I doubt it being this species.” He found that it agrees well with typical subbilirata trom Little Brother, except that the shell was not so well grown, and the apex flatter. 26. Philalanka ? liratula, Pfeiffer. Helix liratula, Pfeiffer, P.Z.S. 1860, p. 185; ibid., Malak. Blatt. vii, 1860, p. 284; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 150, figs. 5, 6. Nanina (Thalassia) liratula, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 47. Charopa (Thalassia) liratula, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 215, pl. 63, figs. 74, 75. Original description :—*T. umbilicata, trochiformis, tenuiscula, striata et liris filiformibus subconfertis cincta, diaphana, oleoso- micans, pallide corneo-lutescens ; spira conica, apice obtusa ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 74, convexiusculi, ultimus angulatus, non descendens, basi levior, convexior; apertura vix obliqua, sub- angulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari declivi, juxta umbilicum perangustum subdilatato. “ Diam. maj. 6, min. 54, alt. 4 mill.” Hab. Ceylon ( Thwaites). Placed here provisionally with some doubt as to its systematic position. Lond 27. Philalanka homfrayi, Godwin-Austen. Sitala homfray’, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 448, fig. A. Original description :—* Shell dextral, pyramidal, turreted, flat on base, impertorate; sculpture coarse transverse striation, with Fig. 2.—Philalanka homfrayi, X 12. (From P.Z.S8.) two ribs on the periphery and fine spiral close ribbing on the apical whorls; colour horny grey ; spire conic; apex blunt and papillate ; suture shallow; whorls 43, sides angulate, a strong raised rib on the periphery of the Jast whorl, and another similar PHILALANKA. Af rib above it at the angulation of the whorl, above the vertical portion ; aperture ovately quadrate, very oblique ; peristome thin, slightly thickened ; columellar margin vertical. “‘ Major diam. 1-4, alt. axis 1-4 mm.” Hab. Andaman Islands: South Andaman (Roepstorff ). Differs from P. tricarinata in the pyramidal form and smaller, narrower aperture. 28. Philalanka tricarinata, Blanford. Hehx tricarinata, Blanford, J. A. 5S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 355, pl. i, fig. 10; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 129, tigs. 7, 10. Sitala tricarinata, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, 1, 1882, p. 39, pl. 10, fig. 10. Nanina (Sitala) tricarinata, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 59, pl. 25, fig. 25. Original description :—“‘ Testa aperte perforata, depresso tur- binata, tenuis, pallide cornea, oblique striatula, subtus obsolete decussata, spira conoidea, apice planulata, perobtusa, sutura iiopressa, Anfr. 4 convexi, superne carinis duobus filiformibus cincti; ultimus tribus medianis circumdatus, non descendens, subtus rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, rotundato-lunaris ; peristoma rectum, acutum, marginibus distantibus, sinistro non reflexo. “ Diam. 12, alt. 1 mm.” Hab. India: Nilgin Hills, Pykara (Blan ford). A verysmall form, readily distinguishable by the median revolving lira being at the periphery, one being below and the other above the periphery. 29. Philalanka quinquelirata, Gude. Philalanka quinquelirata, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. Ol, text-figure. Original description.—* Shell dextral, pyramidal, narrowly per- forate, pale yellowish corneous, semi-translucent, covered with a Fig. 3.—Philalanka quinquelirata, (From Proe. Malac. Soc. London.) deciduous cuticle; finely and closely striated, the strie being flexuous on the base, where there are also traces of excessively minute spirals. Spire convex, apex obtuse, suture deep. Whorls 6, tumid above, inflated below, increasing slowly and regularly, with five fine spiral lire, one at the periphery, the other four between it and the suture; the last whorl not descending in fo) 18 ENDODONTID®. front. Aperture nearly vertical, semilunate ; peristome thin, the lower margin slightly, the columellar margin strongly reflected and partly overhanging the narrow perforation.” ( Gude.) Diam. 5:25, alt. 4°25 mm. Hab. India: Anamullay Hills (Beddome). Five specimens—labelled tricarinata, Blanford—received by Mr. Ponsonby from the late Col. Beddome, proved upon examina- tion to be quite distinct, and to differ, in fact, from all other known forms. My own collection contains two specimens from the same source. Philalanka quinguelirata is much larger than P. tricarinate which measures less than 2 mm. and possesses, moreover, only three revolving lire, the lowest of which is below the periphery, whereas in the present species it is peripheral. The perforation of P. tricarinata is proportionately wider and the columellar margin is not reflected, while the aperture is higher in proportion to its width than is the ease in P. quinquelirata. 30. Philalanka? lamcabensis, /ousseawie. Plectopylis lameabensis, Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vil, 1894, p. 278, pl. 4, fig. 8. Plectopylis ? lamcabensis, Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8. v, 1898, p. 171, fig. 91 (copied from Jousseaume). ‘Shell subperforate, trochiform, stout, somewhat thin, striated and surrounded on the last whorl by three thread-like ridges, Fig. 4.—Philalanka ? lamcabensis (after Jousseaume). diaphanous, shining, corneous white, apex obtuse, suture im- pressed, crenulate ; whorls 74, flattened, the last angulate, not descending ; base more convex, radiately striate; aperture scarcely oblique, subangulate, lunate; peristome simple, straight, colu- mellar margin sloping, near the umbilicus narrowly dilated. “ Diam. 4, alt. 3 mill.” Hab. Ceylon: Nuwara Eliya (Simon). Described as a species of Plectopylis, the absence of any mention of internal folds or denticles makes the generic reference extremely questionable. Mr. Sykes doubtfully suggests (Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 71) that it belongs to the genus Sitala; this I consider improbable. The aspect of the shell, especially the excavated umbilical region, would rather suggest the genus Philalanka. PHILALANKA. 19 31. Philalanka secessa, Godwin-Austen. Philalanka secessa, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc, London, iii, 1898, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 1 (shell), fig. 2 (animal), figs. 3-5 (anatomy) ; ibid., Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 191. Original description :—*“ Shell pyramidal, base convex, narrowly umbilicated. Sculpture: fine, irregular, costulate transverse lines ; a single lirate band follows the angulation of the whorl through- out, with another on and above the suture; on the underside an exceedingly fine striation may be seen under a high power ( x 60). Colour pale ochraceous, with a greenish tinge. Spire conic, sides nearly flat; apex blunt. Suture shallow, with a thread-like liration. Whorls 8, narrow, sides very slightly convex below the liration, flat from that to the suture. Aperture semilunate, narrow, vertical. Peristome thin, slightly reflected on the columellar side, which is suboblique. “* Maj. diam. 7, alt. axis 6 mm.” (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambegamua (Collett). 32. Philalanka daghoba, Blanford. Helix daghoba, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 356, pl. 2, fig. 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 150, fig. 10. Patula (Actinaria) daghoba, Pfeitler & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881], p. 99. Helix (Patula (Actinaria)) daghoba, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 69, pl. 15, fig. 60. Sesara daghoba, Gude, Journ. Malac. vii, 1900, p. 142. Original description :—-“Testaanguste perforata, depresse conoidea, oblique striata spiraliter sulcata, carinata, suture impresse. Anfr. 7-8 lente accrescentes subconvexi, ultimus non descendens, valde carinatus, infra convexus, levis, ad umbilicum vix impressus. Apertura subrecta, depressa securiformis. Peristoma acutum ad umbilicum reflexum, intus 2 dentibus palatalibus munitum. ‘* Diam. maj. 6, min. 5°3, alt. 3 mm.; apert. alt. 1:6 mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. South India: Patchamullay and Kalryenmullay Hills (oot¢). The shell is stated by Blanford to be nearly allied to 1. retifera, Pfr., but to be distinguished from that species by its minute umbilicus and by the form, number, and position of the internal teeth, which in HH. daghoba are small and compressed, but noi Jamelliform, and are situated very near the edge of the peristome. The absence of parietal lamelle, however, indicates that the affinity of the present species must be looked for among such forms as secessa, G.-A., and bilirata, Blanf., rather than retiferc, Pfr. The position of the teeth near the peristome induced the present writer in 1900 to include the species in Sesara, but the late W.T. Blanford, in a letter dated Sept. 23rd, 1900, pointed out that daghoba, together with pirrieana and bidenticulata, might belong to Philalanka, and as Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen is of the same opinion as regards daghoba, I have included it here. c2 20 ENDODONTID®. Unfortunately I have been unable to find Blanford’s type-specimen and the shells I have seen, purporting to represent the species, have the palatal teeth much further back, so that I entertain doubts as to their identity. 33. Philalanka pirrieana, Pfeiffer. Helix pirrieana, Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 55; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1854, pl. 191, fig. 1541; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 87, figs. 5, 6. Helix (Actinaria) pirrieana, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 128. Helix (Laoma) pirrieana, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ili, 1887, p- 68, pl. 13, fig. 58. Sesara purrieana, Gude, Journ. Malac. vii, 1900, p. 142. Original description:—‘T. perforata, globoso-conica, tenuis, levigata (sub lente vix striatula), pellucida, cornea; spira convexo- conica, acutiuscula; sutura impressa, marginata; anfr. 7-8 con- vexiusculi, angustissimi, ultimus carinatus, non descendens, basi convexus, intus ter bidenticulatus : denticulis subeequalibus, extus pellucentibus ; apertura vix obliqua, depressa, angulato-lunaris, denticulorum pare antico coarctata; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari ad perforationem apertam dilatato, reflexo. * Diam. maj. 5, min. 44, alt. 4 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Walaghat, Koondah Mts., near Calicut (Pirrie). An examination of the type has convinced me that the late W. T. Blanford was perfectly justified in his surmise, as recorded under P. daghoba, that this species should be also referred to Philalanka. 34. Philalanka bidenticulata, Benson. Helix bidenticulata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ix, 1852, p. 405; Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1853, pl. 174, fig. 1184; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 60, fig. 6. Helix (Actinaria) bidenticulata, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 128. Helix (Laoma) bidenticulata, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ili, 1887, p- 69, pl. 18, fig. 59. Sesara bidenticulata, Gude, Journ. Malac. vii, 1900, p. 142. Original description :—“ Testa perforata, depresso-conica, obsolete radiato-striata, albida (decorticata) ; spira subconica, apice obtuso, sutura impressa: anfractibus 6, arcte convoluti, convexis, omnibus superne lineis duabus equidistantibus, elevatiusculis instructi, ultimo carinato, subtus convexo; apertura arcte securiformi, verticali ; peristomatis margine superiori brevissimo, columellari oblique descendente, expanso, superne reflexo, basali arcuato, dentibus duobus minutis distantibus, submarginalibus, dextro prominentiore, munito; perforatione pervia. ‘Diam. maj. 3, min. 25, axis 23 mill.” (Benson.) Hab, India: Nilgiris (Jerdon). Cf. remarks under P. daghoba, ante p. 19. PHILALANKA. PAL 35. Philalanka trifilosa, Pfeiffer. Helix trifilosa, Pfeiffer, P.Z.S. 1853, p. 125. Helix (Trochomorpha) trifilosa, Pfeitfer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p- 182. Uriginal description :—“T. perforata, depresse trochiformis, tenuis, radiato-striata, acute carinata, vix nitidula, pallide cerea ; spira conoidea, apice hyalina obtusula; sutura marginata; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, arcte convoluti, superne carinis 3 filiformibus muniti, ultimus non descendens, basi convexior, nitidus ; apertura verticalis, depressa, angulato-lunaris; perist. rectum, acutum, marginibus remotis, supero brevissimo, basali leviter arcuato, columellari declivi, superne dilatato, reflexo. * Diam. maj. 53, min. 5, alt. 33 mill.” Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites). ‘This species, described from the Cuming Collection, has never been figured. Unfortunately, in spite of a diligent search for the type, Mr. E. A. Smith, until lately Assistant-leeper of Zoology at the Natural History Museum, has failed to trace its where- abouts. 36. Philalanka? mononema, Beison. Helix mononema, Benson, A. M.N. UH. ser. 2, xii, 1858, p. 92; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1854, pl. 191, fig. 1339; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 87, figs. 2 & 3. Helix (Trochomorpha) mononema, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, . 132. eee (Microcystis) mononema, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 41. Sitala mononema, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 41, pl. 9, fig. 6; Tryon, oy Conch. ser. 2, 11, 1886, p. 57 (monomena, err. typ. ye jue 25, fig. Philalanka ? eae Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 12. Originul description : —‘*'T. angustissime perforata, trochi- formis, radiato-striatula, corneo-albida, parum nitida, translucens ; Spira conica, apice acutiusculo; sutura distincta; anfr. 64-7 sub- equales, superne convexiusculi, filo unico elevato, tenui, inediano cincti, ultimus acute filoso-carinatus, subtus subplanulatus ; apertura verticalis, depresse securiformis ; perist. rectum, acutum, marginibus distantibus, columellari brevi, vertical, reflexo, per- forationem subtegente. * Diam. maj. 5, min. 44, alt. 44 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Ceylon: Heneratgodde (Layard) ; Balapiti (Vevill). Resembles P. secessa in shape, but is somewhat smaller and with a more convex spire. The figure given of the species by Godwin-Austen differs considerably from that of Reeve, but is more like the one in Conch. Ind. 22 BENDODONTID®. 37. Philalanka bolampattiensis, Godwin-Austen. Philalanka bolampattiensis, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 6. Original description: —* Shell depressedly conoid, rounded and widely umbilicated below, keeled. Sculpture: a single liration is situated about one-third the breadth of the whorl on the upper side, following the sutural thread, which commences on the keel ; fine vertical irregular lines of growth. Colour pale horny. Spire depressedly pyramidal, sides flattened, apex flatly rounded. Suture well marked. Whorls 6, convex below the liration, flat above it. Aperture narrow, semilunate. Peristome somewhat thickened, columellar margin reflected and very oblique. «“ Maj. diam. 5, alt. axis 2°6 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Bolampatti Hills (Beddome). While possessing the principal characteristics of the type species from Ceylon it has a more depressed form, agreeing in this respect with the other Cingalese species subsequently referred to the genus. 38. Philalanka febrilis, Blanford. Helix febrilis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 557, pl. 2, fig. 4; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 129, fig. 4. Sitala febritis, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 38. Nanina (Stitala) febrilis, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, 11, 1886, p. 55, pl. 25, fig. 24. Original description :—* Testa angustissime perforata, globoso- turbinata, spiraliter lirata. Spira subelevata, convexa, apice obtusa. Suturis valde impressis. Anfr. 43 convexi; ultimus non descendens, ad peripheriam subdepressus infra planate rotundatus, levis. Apertura obliqua, oblonga. Peristoma rectum, acutum, ad basin expansiusculum, marginibus remotis, columellari breviter reflexo. “Diam. maj. 1-5, min. 1°3, alt. 1°25 mm.; apert. alt. 0-6 mm.” ( Blanford.) Hab. India: Kalryenmullay Hills (ote). This species is stated to beara general resemblance to tricarinata, but to be readily distinguishable by its higher spire, the absence of the characteristic triple carination, and the flatness of its basal surface. 39. Philalanka tertiana, Blanford. Helix tertiana, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 355, pl. 1, fig. 11; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 16, fig. 10. Sttala ? tertiana, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i, 1882, p. 40, pl. 9, fir. 9. Nanina (Sttala) tertiana, Tryon, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 56, pl. 25, fig. 29. Original description :—* Testa perforata, depresse turbinata, PHILALANKA. meh tenuis, pallide cornea, striatula; spira conoidea, apice obtusa, sutura impressa. Antr. 6 angusti, convexi, ultimus haud descen- dens, subtus rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, rotundato lunaris; peristoma simplex, marginibus distantibus, columellari reflexiusculo. “¢ Diam. maj. 24, min. 23, alt. 1? mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Nilgiri Hills, Pykara and Neddiwuttom. 40. Philalanka thwaitesi, Pfeiffer. Helix thwaitest, Pfeitier, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 125; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1854, pl. 191, fic. 1336 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1875, pl. 128, figs, =: Helix (Microcystis) thwaitesi, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 123: Nanina (Micr ocystis) thwaitesi, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 118, pl. 39, fig. 5. Microcystis necara, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, 97 y, 273. Philalanka thwaitesi, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 19.5, pl. 112, fig. 1 (jaw & radula). Original description :—**T. aperte perforata, convexo-depressa, striatula nitida, cereo-hyalina; spira breviter conoidea, obtusula ; sutura profunda, submarginata ; anfr. 63 convexi, arcte convoluti, ultimus non descendens, basi inflatus ; apertura verticalis, lunaris ; perist. rectum, acutum, margine columellari areuatim oblique descendente, ad perforationem vix dilatato. “Diam. maj. 5, min. 43, alt. 3 mill.” (Pfecffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Thwaites) ; Nuwara-Eliya (Simon); Ambagamuwa (Collett). Under a strong lens the shell is seen to be densely covered with spiral strie. Mr. BE. R. Sykes established the fact (Proc. Malac. Soe. London, iii, 1898, p. 65) that Microcystis nuwara, Jousseaume, and the present species are identical. Jousseaume, in fact, based his species upon the figure of thwaztest in Conch. Icon., which was drawn from Pfeiffer’s type. Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen investigated the anatomy and describes the genitalia, but he gives no figures. Var. suavis, Jousseaume. Microcystis suavis, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 273, pl. 4, fig. 3; Collett, J. A. S. B. Ceylon Branch, xv, 1897 (1898), p. 12. Microcystis thwaitesi, var. suavis, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1898, p. 65. Differs from the typical form in havinga slightly more depressed spire, a somewhat larger umbilicus, and in the mouth being some- what different im shape. Hab. Ceylon: Nuwara Eliya (Simon); Ambagamuwa (Collett). 24 ENDODONTID®. 41. Philalanka depressa, Preston. Microcustis thwaitesi, var. depressa, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, 1909, p. 135, pl. 22, fig. 6. Shell depressed-conoid, almost lenticular, pale corneous, trans- lucent, shining, very finely striated and with excessively minute spirals ; spire much depressed, suture deep. Whorls 43, strongly convex, closely wound. Aperture vertical, reniform ; *peristome acute, upper margin ascending at first, outer and basal evenly arcuate, columeliar slightly dilated, vertical. Diam. 3:5, alt. 2 mm. Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston). Mr. Preston considers this form a variety of thwaittest, stating that, except in the depressed spire, it appears to be normal. The figure certainly bears out this view, but it must have been very badly drawn. A specimen, received by me from the author, differs from thwattest in several important respects, and the fore- going description has been drawn up from it. The shell is much more depressed, being almost lenticular; the whorls are much more convex above, the umbilicus is much wider, distinctly showing all the whorls ; on the other hand, the region round the umbilicus is not excavated as in thwaitesi, ‘and the mouth is also different, being reniform, not lunate. The whole shell has, in fact, a totally different aspect, and I have no hesitation in according it specific rank. 42. Philalanka circumsculpta, Sykes. Microcystis thwaitest (non Pfeiffer), Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 272. eo irs: p circumsculpta, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1897, p. 285, pl. 16, figs. 3 & 4; op. cit. iii, 1898, p. 65. Philalank: a circumsculpta, Godwin -Austen, Moll. Ind. ii, 1907, p. 194. Original description :—* Testa perforata, convexo - depressa, nitida, cereo-hyalina; spira breviter conoidea, apice obtusa ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 5, convexi, arte convoluti, obsolete spiraliter lirati, ultimus non descendens, basi inflatus ; apertura lunaris ; peristoma rectum, acutum, margine columellari ad perforationem dilatato, subreflexo. “ Diam. max. 5, min. 4°7 mm.; alt. 3mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon : Watawala (Collett); Nuwara- Eliya (Simon). “This species is nearly related to the Helix thwaitest of Pfeiffer (which is also obsoletely spirally lirate), but may be at once dis- tinguished by the fact that its breadth is greater in proportion to the number of whorls. The umbilicus is also slightly smaller in the present species, the spire is not so much raised in proportion, and the nucleus is larger. The sculpture is stronger than in Hf. thwaitesi, and a few of the stronger lines of growth intersect the revolving lire, thus giving the shell a decussated appearance under a lens.” PHILALANKA.—RUPHVENIA. 20 Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen examined the animal of a specimen received from Mr. Collett. He discovered two embryonic shells inside it, thus establishing the fact that the species is ovo-vivi- parous, a feature which it probably shares with other species of the genus. 43. Philalanka? sinhila, Godwin-Austen. Lamprocystis ? sinhila, Godwin-Austen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1897, p. 178, pl. 14, fig. 2 Original description :—“ Shell globose, solid for its size, scarcely umbilicated; sculpture smooth, with a strong periostracum : colour ?(bleached). Spire low, depressedly conic, apex very blunt; suture shallow; whorls 5, closely wound, regularly increasing. Aperture narrow ly lunate, vertical; peristome simple ; columellar margin suboblique. “ Maj. diam. 3°6; alt. axis 1 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa, Watawala (Preston). A specimen received from Mr. Preston enables me to supple- ment the foregoing description in one respect, namely, as regards colour, which is pale corneous. It also shows distinct microscopic spirals, and agrees therefore with the other members of this group, a fact which induces me to inelude it here. Genus RUTHVENIA, Gude. Austenia, Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii. 1897, p. 590, not Austenia, Nevill "(187 8). Sykesia, Gude, tom. cit. p. 832; ibid. vi, 1899, p. 149, not Sykesia, Pomel (1883) ; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, i ll, 1907, p- 196. Ruthvenia, Gude, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ix, 1911, p. 271. Dextral, shell translucent, with straight acute edges, acutely keeled, with one or more fringed spiral lire. Parietal and palatal armature present. Type, Helix clathratula, Pfeiffer. tange. Southern India and Ceylon. Key to the Species. A. One transverse parietal plate. a. Notched about the middle, a short support poste- riorly above. Habitat, Ceylon. a. Umbilicus wide, ribs and lire prominent .... clathratula. 8. Umbilicus narrower, ribs and lire obsolete .. Vv. compressu. 6. Not notched. a, Straight, without support, umbilicus still nar- rowers Habitqupimodiae vey. tte. sae), eer: clathratuloides. 8. Sinuous, with a short support anteriorly above ; umbilicus still narrower. Habitat, India .. retifera. 26 ENDODONTID&. 15. Two transverse parietal plates. a. Shell flattened, no fold below umbilical angula- tion, umbilicus still narrower. Habitat, Ceylon. caliginosa. 4. Shell conoid, with a double fringe of curved hairs; a horizontal fold below umbilical angu- lation ; umbilicus still narrower. Narrowest oLall- “Habitat,:Ceylon 2.01.6) eas bierliata. +4. Ruthvenia retifera, Pfeiffer. Helix retifera, Pfeitfer, P. Z.S. 1845, p. 73; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1853, pl. 175, fig. 1170; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 87, figs. 8 & 9. Helix (Plectopylis ?) retifera, Nevill, Hand List. i, 1878, p. 70. Helix (Plectopylis) retifera, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 161, pl. 54, figs. 63, 64. Plectopylis retifera, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 146: Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1897, p. 301, fig. 48 (shell and armature). Plectopylis (Sykesia) retifera, Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8. vi, 1899. p- 149. Original description :—‘**T. umbilicata, obtuse trochiformis, striato-plicatula, lineis nonnullis concentricis elevatis reticulata, carinata, diaphana, sericina, pallide cornea; spira elevata, obtusa ; anfr. 63 planiusculi, ultimus basi subplanus, striatus ; umbilicus mediocris, pervius; apertura depressa, securiformis; perist. simplex, ecutum, margine supero brevi, basali plane arcuato. “ Diam. maj. 7, min. 62, alt. 4 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Nilgiris (Metcalf, Jerdon); Koonoor Ghat (Blan- ford, Nevill); Tinnevelly Hills (Beddome): Shevroy Hills( Blanford) ; Mysore (Parry). Fig. 5.—Ruthvenia re tifera. The parietal armature consists of a single, strong, vertical plate, slightly sinuate, but not notched, giving off a slight support anteriorly a little below the upper extremity (see fig. 5, which shows both the parietal and palatal armatures from the posterior side). The palatal armature—as in all the members of the group—is distinctly visible through the shell-wall, and consists of two series of denticles, the upper series being composed of : posteriorly, a strong, short, vertical flattened tooth, and, anteriorly, a minute, horizontally elongated denticle, ina line with the base of the posterior tooth ; the lower series is com- posed of: posteriorly, a smaller, flattened, vertical tooth, and RUTHVENLA, 27 anteriorly, in a line with its upper extremity, a minute, hori- zontally elongated denticle, and, in a line with its base, a larger denticle, elongated obliquely. Above the periphery occurs, in addition, a small, horizontal denticle, and below the umbilical angulation a short horizontal fold. The two specimens figured are in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection. That shown in fig. 54 is not quite mature, the newly-formed palatal armature consisting of only one horizontal and two vertical denticies. The late Col. Beddome’s collection contains a large series of this species trom the Tinnevelly Hills; of these, nine full-grown specimens possess only one set of denticles; five not quite full-grown specimens are each provided with = sets of denticles, the older being complete, while the newly-formed sets consist of one, two, or three denticles ; four immature specimens have only cne set of denticles ; ten other immature sheils possess each two sets of denticles. Of the latter, three have the older set complete and the newer set partly formed, five have the older set incomplete (partly absorbed) and the new set complete; while, finally, the two remaining specimens have both sets complete, It may, therefore, be safely inferred that the older set does not become absorbed until the new set is completed. In a few instances I have observed that the two lower anterior denticles have become fused. 45. Ruthvenia clathratuloides, Gude. Plectopylis clathratuloides, Gude, Science Gossip, N, s. 1, 1897, p. 332, fie. 44. Plectonylis (Sykesia) clathratuloides, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 149. Sykesva clathratuloides, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 199. Original description :—“ Shell depressed conical, moderately umbilicated, pale corneous, translucent, finely and regularly pli- cated by raised ribs above, finely and closely ribbed and a little shining below; whorls 53 slowly increasing, slightly convex, suture impressed. Periphery with an acute compressed keel, above which revolve two raised spiral ridges, the lower provided with a fringe of coarse hairs. Aperture subquadrate ; peristome simple, a little thickened. Umbilicus deep and moderately wide. Parietal armature, one strong, vertical, simple plate. Palatal armature in two series ; upper series with one posterior, vertical, conical tooth and one minute anterior denticle ; lower series, with one posterior, vertical tooth anda small anterior denticle; in addition, one elongated horizontal fold below the umbilical angulation and a small fold above the peripheral angulation. “« Diam. maj. 6, min. 5°5. ; alt. 3°5 mm.” (Gude) Hab. India: Anamullay Hills ; Madura (Beddome). The present species differs from &. clathratula in being more elevated, in having a narrower umbilicas, and in being less shining and more tumid below, while from &, retifera it differs in the less elevated spire and the wider umbilicus; it is, in fact, iteietae 28 ENDODONTID &. between these two species. The parietal armature consists of a simple, strong, vertical plate, which is not notched, and is with- out supports (see fig.6d). The palatal armature is in two series, the first (upper) series consisting of a posterior vertical Fig. 6.—Ruthvenia clathratuloides. tooth and a minute anterior denticle ; the second (lower) series being composed of a posterior vertical tooth and a small anterior denticle; below the umbilical angulation there is, besides, an elongated horizontal fold, and above the peripheral angulation a small fold (see fig. 6 6, which shows the base of the shell with the palatal armature visible through the shell-wall). The speci- men figured is one of the Anamullay Hills specimens in the late Colonel Beddome’s collection. Six specimens from Madura, India, also in that collection, I refer to this new form; four of these are immature and exhibit two sets of armatures, as is the case iu immature specimens of R. retifera. When describing this species in 1897, I hazarded the opinion that the specimens referred to under Plectopylis clathratula by Nevill (Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70) as having been collected in Sikkim by Stoliczka might pertain to my species. Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen, however, rejects this surmise and thinks that there has been some mixing of specimens. He states that he has never seen the species in undoubted Darjeeling collections, such as Blanford’s and his own. J am quite prepared to admit the force of this argument, and it is, in fact, extremely improbable that a species should occur in two localities so widely separated and so different faunistically as Sikkim and the southern part of the Indian Peninsula or Ceylon. 46. Ruthvenia clathratula, Pfeiffer. Helix clathratula, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. vii, 1850, p. 67; Reeve. Conch. Icon. vii, 1852, pl. 65, fig. 336; Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab. Heliceen, iii, 1853, p. 310, pl. 127, figs. 17-20; Hanley & Theobald Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 182, figs. 1-4. Helix (Plectopylis) clathratula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70: Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 161, pl. 34, figs. 72, 73. Plectopylis clathratula, Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 277. Plectopylis (Austenia) clathratula, Gude, Science Gossip, N. S. ili. 1897, p. 3800, fig. 42 (shell and armature). RUTHVENIA. 29 Plectopylis (Sykesia) clathratula, Gude, op. cit. vi, 1899, p. 149. Helix puteolus, Benson, A. M. N.H. ser. 2, xii, 1858, p. 92; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1854, pl. 190, tig. 1334. Original description :—‘“T. late umbilicata, lenticularis, acute carinata, superne liris elevatis (in quovis anfractu 2) et costis distinctis clathrata, parum nitens, cornea; spira parum elevata, obtusiuscula ; anfract. 5 subequales, vix convexiusculi, ultimus basi radiato-striatus, circa umbilicum subinflatus ; apertura verti- calis, angusta, angulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum. “ Diam. maj. 53, min. 5, alt. 23 mill.’ (Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon: Kandy, Balapiti, Badulla (Blanford, Layard, Nevill); Ambagamuwa (Collett) ; Baleadua (Simon). When first described by Pfeiffer the habitat was unknown. Benson, in 1853, described what he thought was a new species under the name of Helix puteolus, from Balcadua, Ceylon. Pfeiffer recorded this name as a synonym of his species (Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 116) and Benson himself subsequently pointed out the identity of the two (A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 247). Fig. 7.—Ruthvenia clathratula. The parietal armature consists of a single, slightly oblique, vertical plate, which is slightly twisted and a little notched in the middle, and gives off posteriorly above an obliquely ascending support (see fig. 7, which shows the shell with part of the outer wall removed). The palatal armature appears to be some- what variable, and consists of various denticles, arranged principally in two horizontal series, midway between the periphery and the umbilicus. In the specimen figured, which is in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection, the first series consists of : posteriorly, a short, strong, flattened vertical tooth, and anteriorly, two short, slight, horizontal denticles, separated by a short space ; the second series consists of : posteriorly, a short, flattened, vertical tooth, a little smaller than the one above it, and, anteriorly, a short, oblique, curved denticle. Below these two series is a longer, but thin, horizontal fold, coincident with the umbilical angulation, while above the vertical tooth of the first series is a minute, horizontal denticle, coincident with the peripheral keel. The specimen measures 5 millimetres in diameter. (Fig. 7 a shows both armatures from the posterior side, the anterior palatal denticles being hidden by the posterior teeth; fig. 7 b gives the anterior view of both armatures, but the posterior tooth of the first series is here hidden by the parietal plate; fig. 7 ¢ shows 30 ENDODONTID®. the palatal folds as they appear from below the shell-wall; all the figures are enlarged.) ‘I'wo specimens in my collection—measuring, major diameter 6 millimetres, minor diameter 5:5, axis 3 milli- metres—have the anterior portion of the first series consisting of four horizontal denticles, the first two close together, the third a little smaller and further distant, and the fourth still smaller and still further distant; the anterior portion of the second series possesses, in addition to the oblique curved denticle, a slight, straight, horizontal denticle. Another specimen, also in my collection, measuring 5°5 millimetres in diameter, has three hori- zontal dentieles in the first series, while the second series is similar to that in my other two specimens. It possesses, however, in addition, one posterior and two anterior denticles of a previous set, separated from the mature set by a distance of 1 millimetre. Var. compressa, Syles. Plectopylis (Sylsesia) clathratula, var. compressa, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, iii, 1898, p. 72, pl. 5, figs. 15, 14; Gude, Science Gossip, N. S. vi, 1899, p. 75, fig. 101. Differs from the type in being more elevated, in the more con- vex spire and the narrower umbilicus, while the raised ribs are searcely visible. The armature is similar to that of the type. Fig. 8.—Ruthvenia clathratula yar. compressa. The specimen figured is in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection ; it measures 5 millimetres in diameter, altitude 2°5 millimetres. Hab, Ceylon: Ambagamuwa (Collett). 47. Ruthvenia caliginosa, Sykes. Plectopylis (Sykesia) ealiginosa, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London. iii, 1898, p. 72, pl. 5, figs. 21, 22; Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8. vi, 1899, p. 75, fig. 100 (shell and armature). Original description :—*“ Testa mediocriter umbilicata, lenti- cularis, acute carinata, superne costulis obscuris remotis ornata, parum nitens, corneo-brunnea, apice magno, obtuso; sutura bene impressa; anfr. 5, plano-convexi, lente accrescentes, ultimus basi inflatus, radiato-striatus ; apertura verticalis, angusta, angulato- lunaris ; peristoma simplex, acutum ; plice et dentes sicut (?) in P. clathratula, sed dentes palatales pauci. “ Alt. 2°9, diam. 6 mm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Ambagamuwa (0. Collett). ‘‘ Shell slightly more elevated than P. clathratula, whorls a little flatter, base more inflated, the umbilicus being little more than RUTHVENIA. 31 half the size, colour more brown ; the spiral lire are absent, save for a faint trace above the suture of a single one, and the cost almost obsolete ; the armature appears to be very similar, save that the palatal denticles are only three or four in number.” (Sykes.) The parietal armature consists of two simple, subvertical plates which are somewhat thickened and truncate at the lower, and attenuated at the upper extremities ; these plates are separated by a distance of a quarter of awhorl,and the posterior one is the stronger (see fig. 9¢, which shows the parietal wall with its two plates). d ¢ Q [Ne SSS ey 2 24 (ee Big. 9.— Ruthvenia caliginosa, The palatal armature is in two vertical series: the anterior series consists of an obliquely ascending short quadrate tooth near the periphery, and below this an obliquely descending lamelliform tooth, with a slight, horizontally elongated denticle below its posterior extremity ; the posterior series is similar to the anterior _ one, but the teeth are stronger and thicker in the former, while there is in addition a horizontally elongated denticle on the anterior side of the upper tooth. The specimen shown in fig. 9 a—c measures 6 millimetres in diameter, alt. 3 millimetres, and is in the collection of Mr. Ponsonby. The armatures are figured from the type-specimen in the collection of Mr. Sykes, who kindly permitted me to open the shell for the examination of the armature. 48. Ruthvenia biciliata, Pfei/fer. Helix biciliata, Pfeiffer, P. ZS. 1855, p. 112; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 159, figs. 1 & 4. Nanina (Hemiplecta) biciliata, Pfeitter, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, Be HE Magan bicithata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Telic. Viv. 1881, p. 45. Nanina (Kaliella) bieitiata, Tryon, Man, Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 67, pl. 28, figs. 7 & 8. Plectopylis (Sykesia) bicilata, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, pp. 66 & 160; Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8. vi, 1899, p. 16, fig. 99 (shell and vrmature). Sykesia bicihata, Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 196, pl. 112, fig. 5 (anatomy). 32 ENDODONTID 2. Original description :—‘ 'l. perforata, convexo-lenticularis, tenuis, pellucida, cornea, oblique plicata, bicarinata: carinis pilis longis ciliatis; spira parum elevata, vertici subtili; anfr. 43 sealares, ultimus antice non descendens, basi vix convexus ; apertura subobliqua, depresse securiformis; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus subparallelis, columellari vix reflexiusculo. “ Diam. maj. 74, min. 64, alt. 35 mill.” (Pferffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Skinner) ; Haputale (Collett) ; Patapoila (Preston). The systematic position of this species remained uncertain for 2 long time, the shell having been referred by various authors to such different genera as Hemiplecta, Macrochlamys, and Kaleella. In 1898, Mr. Sykes, in identifying some shells—collected by Mr. Preston in Ceylon— as Helis biciliata, referred the species to Sykesia, a section of Plectopylis proposed by me in 1897 for the reception of Heliw clathratula and H. retifera. When classifying all the known species of Plectopylis in 1899, I stated that when the anatomy of the forms referred to this section should come to be investigated, they would probably be found to differ so widely from typical Plectopylis that the section would rank as a separate genus. This has since been demonstrated to be the case by Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, who has examined the animal of diedata, and has found, moreover, that it has close affinity with the genus Thysanota, placed, with some doubt, under Eulota by Prof. Pilsbry, but which appears to pertain to the Hndodontide. Fig. 10.—Ruthvenia biciliata. The parietal armature consists of two simple obliquely ascending folds, separated by a distance of half a whorl, having the upper extremities somewhat attenuated and the lower truncate (see tig. 10 d, which shows the parietal wall with its two folds). The palatal armature is composed of: first, a short, horizontal fold below the periphery, a little further back but in a line with it a strong lamelliform denticle, ascending obliquely ; secondly, three denticles in a line horizontally and about equidistant, the posterior one strongest; thirdly, a short slight horizontal fold near the lower suture, rising near the aperture and revolving as far as the second denticle (cf. fig. 10 e, which shows the inside of the outer PUPISOMA, 33 wall with the palatal armature). The shell shown in figs. 10 a-c is one collected by the late O. Oollett, and is in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection, while the armatures exhibited in figs, 10 d and ¢ are drawn from a specimen brought home by Mr. Preston and which is in Mr. Sykes’s possession. Genus PUPISOMA, Stoliczka. Pupisoma, Stoliezka, J. A. 8. B, xlii, 1873, p. 32; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192; von Méllendortf, Nachr. Blatt., D. Malak. Ges. xx, 1888, p. 109; ibid., Ber. Senck. naturf. Ges. 1890, p. 225; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 52; Godwin-Austen, Land and Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300 (jaw and radula). «Shell minute, thin, brown, perforated; varying from pupi- form, almost cylindrical, to globose-conoidal ; apex obtuse ; whorls rounded, with delicate, irregular, cuticular riblets. Aperture ob- lique, truncate-oval or rounded, the lip thin, simple or a little expanded, broadly dilated at the columella, nearly closing the umbilical perforation; the columellar edge sometimes: slightly projecting, but hardly dentate.” (Pelsbry.) ‘The animals have very short pedicles and barely a trace of tentacles. They generally live on wood.” (Stoliczka.) Genitalia unknown. “ Radula exceedingly small; formula (P. miceyla) : SG nk G18 14 01, 4. “The centre tooth is smaller than those on either side, it is tricuspid, the main point long, those on the side basal and wide apart. The admedian teeth are also tricuspid with indication on the fourth and fifth of two cusps on the outer side. The laterals are on long narrow plates, with four teeth alternately long and short. The jaw is composed of about eighteen vertical plates, not overlapping each other, each plate being separated by a very narrow clear space. The cutting-edge is sharply defined. Under the highest power it seemed apparent that these plates divided at the base and merged gradually into muscular tissue.” (Godwin- Austen.) Typn, Pupa lignicola, Stoliczka. Range. India, Ceylon, Borneo, Philippines, Japan, 8S. Africa. Stoliczka regarded the group as a subgenus of Pupa, while von Méllendorff, in 1888, raised it to generic rank, provisionally placing it between Buliminus and Pupa, but two years later he referred it to the Fruticicola series in proximity to Acanthinula and Zoogenites. Pilsbry, not without some doubt, considered it a subgenus, a modification of Pyramidula, comparable to the Ameri- ean group Ptychopatula. He did not, however, include it in his synopsis of families, etc. (vide Index to the Helices, 1895, D 34 ENDODONTID&. p. 122). Godwin-Austen, finally, again raised it to generic rank in the Endodontide. He added descriptions of two new species, the radula of one being figured as well as the jaw and radula of P. miccyla. The latter he found so similar to those parts of Phila- lanka thwaitesi that he was led to place Pupisoma in the same subfamily 7hysanotine, next to Philalanka. With regard to the animal of Pupisoma miccyla, he further states that the foot is short and too small to see any details of its anatomy, but that upon the minute animal being pressed out between covering-glasses, the eyes were found to be conspicuous, connected with a short dark streak representing the retractor muscle. He is of opinion that in life they probably merely reach the surface of the integument. Nearly every animal examined contained three embryonic shells, some in an advanced stage of development, showing the apex of the shell, and being very large compared with the parent animal. Mr. Burnup also records its ovoviviparous character, many of the specimens of P. orcula and P. japonicum, taken in South Africa, being found to contain one young molluse furnished with a shell, and some few containing two, one much larger than the other. The presence of the genus in such widely separated localities as Japan and South Africa—even so. far inland as Rhodesia—is very remarkable. I am inclined to think, however, that this cannot be its natural range but that these two species—orcula and japoni- cum—owe their distribution to the agency of man, having probably been carried with plants, for Mr. Burnup states that they are found not only on the trunks, branches, and leaves of native shrubs and trees in woods, but on orange and apple trees in orchards as well. Benson, when describing P. orcula, states the shells occurred in mango-groves, but in his description of P. méccyla he mentions that it was found on the bark of an orange tree, while Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austen also records the taking of a shell on an aurantiaceous plant in India (Land and Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301), and others on orange trees in Ceylon (op. cit. p. 303), so that it may be presumed that these creatures do occur on cultivated plants and may thus be transported from one country to another. 49. Pupisoma lignicola, Stoliczka. Pupa lignicola, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 171, pl. 7 7, fig. 3. Pupa (Pupisoma) lignicola, ibid., op. cit. xlii, 18738, p. 32; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192; Kobelt, Hilustr. Conehyl. Buch, il, 1878, p. 281, ‘pl. 85, fig. 43; Godwin-Austen, Land and Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300. Pyramidula (Pupisoma) lignicola, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 52, pl. 14, figs. 41, 42. Original description:—‘* Pupa testa breviter tumide - ovata, subeonica, cornea, vix rimata, apice obtusa; anfractibus 443, convexiusculis, costulis modice distantibus, transversalibus, paulo ~- PUPISOMA. 35 arcuatis, nonnunquam striis tenuioribus alternantibus, tectis, ad basin convecam obsoletis ; apertura subrotundata: labio tenuis- simo, levi; rarissimo denticulo parvulo mediano instructo ; labro externo tenui, paululum dilatato, edentulo, in anfractum penulti- mum vix ascendente; columella ad basin sensim expansiuscula, regionem umbilicalem tegente, torta, infra subdenticulata. “‘ Diam. maj. 1°5; d. min. 1°2; alt. 2 min.” (Stoliczka.) Hab. Burma: Moulmein (Stoliezka) ; Rangoon (Hungerford). “The animal is grey with somewhat darker, very short pedicles and almost obsolete tentacles. The columella of the shell is at the base peculiarly expanded, flattened, somewhat twisted, producing at the lower part a small denticle. The species was found on old masonry of the Great Pagoda at Moulmein, and on the opposite bank of the river at Martaban on similar wooden structures.” (Stoliczka.) Var. unidentata, Godwin-Austen. Pupa lgnicola, toothed variety, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 172; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 160, fig. 6. Pupisoma lignicola, var. unidentata, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300. Stoliczka when describing the type states that “out of a great number of specimens only one was met with which has a small tooth about the middle of the inner or parietal lip.” Hanley and Theobald in figuring the toothed variety do not mention its source but give the habitat Moulmein, so that it is probable the shell illustrated is the one recorded by Stoliczka. 50. Pupisoma constrictum, Godwin-Austen. Pupa (Pupisoma) constrictus, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 440, oO o¢ Original description :—* Shell turbinate, perforate; sculpture minutely costulate above, from the swollen portion forwards the surface is smoother; colour, pale ochraceous; spire conic ; sides flat ; apex pointed ; suture impressed; whorls 5, convex, at the distance of half a turn in the spiral behind the aperture there is a sharp swelling of the whorl, marking apparently the position of the previous aperture, but this is not seen in any of the whorls above; aperture ovate, oblique; peristome much thickened and reflected, united by a thin callus on the body-whorl; sinuate below and on outer margin. ** Major diam. 271; alt. axis 2-2 mm.” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. Andaman Islands: Port Blair, South Andaman. ‘Animal not yet seen, and it is difficult to say where this species should find generic position. I sorted out from a tube full of minute shells eight specimens of this very curious and interesting species. Its sculpture is like that of Pupisoma lignicola, Stol., D2 36 ENDODONTID 2. from Moulmein, and I think it better to place it near this than to create a new genus for it, which I at first intended; I think it best, however, to wait until someone else can examine the animal.” (Godwin- Austen.) It will be seen from the foregoing that Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen Fig. 11.—Pupisoma constrictum. (From P.Z.8.) had some doubts as to the generic position of the species. Since, however, in contour as well as sculpture it accords well with the other members of the group, it may be retained here until an examination of the soft parts shall prove other relationship. In his synopsis of the Indian forms, in Land and Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 300, Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen does not include the present species. 51. Pupisoma orcula, Benson. Helix orcula, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, vi, 1850, p. 251; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1853, pl. 174, fig. 1176 ; Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 357, pl. 136, fig. 18; Hanley & Theobald, Conch Ind. 1874, pl. 87, figs. 1, 4. Pupa (Pupisoma) orcula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192. Hyalinia (Conulus) orcula, Pfeitter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 73. Zonites (Hyalinia (Conulus)) orcula, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 177, pl. 53, fig. 67. Pyramidula (Pupisoma) orcula, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, 2 Pupisoma orcula, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 801; Hirase, Conch. Mag. iti, 1909, p. 26, pl. 9, figs. 30, 31; Burnup, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1912, p. 45; Conolly, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xi, 1912, p. 159. Original description :—“ Testa vix perforata, conico-globosa, cornea, translucente, scabra, oblique irregulariter costulato- striatissima; apice obtuso; anfractibus 34 convexis, ultimo rotundato, sutura profunda ; apertura obliqua rotundata spiram vix equante ; peristomate tenui acuto; margine columellari reflexo, perforationem semitegente. “Diam. 2, axis 2 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India: between Jounpore and Benares, Dinapore (Bacon), and whole route from Barrackpore, in Bengal, to borders of Sikkim PUPISOMA. ot and thence to Chuprah in Behar. Lucknow and Behar (under bark of trees, Mainwaring); N.W. Bengal (Stoliczka). Japan (Hirase), S, Africa: Cape, Natal, Transvaal, Rhodesia (Burnup, Conolly, and others). I have already in the description of the genus referred to the remarkable distribution of this species and given my reasons for attributing its presence in such widely separated localities as Japan and South Africa to the agency of man. 52. Pupisoma evezardi, Blanford. Pupa evezardi, (Blanford) Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 101, figs. 5, 6. Pupa (Pupisoma) evezardi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192; Blandford, J. A. S. B. xlix, 1880, p. 199. Pupisoma evezardi, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ui, 1910, p. 301. Original description:—‘ Testa imperforata, vix subrimata, conoideo-ovata, tenuis, cornea, lineis elevatis irregularibus fili- formibus obliquis ornata. Spira snbtus subcylindracea, superne conoidea, latefibus convexis, apice obtuso, sutura impressa. Anfr. 41, convexi, regulariter crescentes, ultimus parum major, peri- pheria atque basi rotundatus, haud antice descendens. Apertura diagonalis, truncato-rotunda, edentula; peristoma tenue, rectum, expansiusculum, marginibus conniventibus, columellari verticali, ad basin subtorto, adnato-reflexo, regionem umbilicalem tegente. “Tong. 22, diam. fere 2, long. ap. 1 mm.” (Slanford.) Hab. India: Khandalla, between Bombay and Poona (EHvezard). ‘“‘Shell imperforate, with scarcely even a trace of rimation in the umbilical region, conoidly ovate, thin, horny, with raised hair- like oblique lines, rather irregularly disposed, on all the whorls. Spire nearly cylindrical below, conoidal above, the sides convex, apex blunt, suture impressed. Whorls 44, convex; increasing in size regularly ; the last but little larger than the penultimate, rounded at the periphery and below, not descending in front. Aperture diagonal, nearly circular, but truncated above, without teeth ; peristome thin, all in one plane, slightly expanded, margins converging ; columellar vertical above. slightly twisted below, re- flected and united to the whorl so as completely to cover the umbilicus. “Tf the form represented by Hanley in the ‘ Conchologia Indica’ be precisely the same as that described above, I am inclined to question the locality given, “Singhur” or, as Mr. Theobald prefers writing it, “Synghar,” presumably Singarh near Poona. The original specimens were found by Col. Evezard at Karkalla, near Khandalla, at the head of the Bor-Ghat; and I suspect that Hanley’s figure was taken from one of them. There are two or three allied forms found in the Syhadri range 38 ENDODONTID 2. and the Nilgiris, forms that do not appear hitherto to have been described. “.... P. lignicola, a form very closely resembling P. evezardi, but rather shorter and less ovate.” (Blanford.) 53. Pupisoma seriola, Benson. Ennea seriola, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 359 (nom. nud.). Pupa seriola, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, xii, 1863, p. 427; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 101, fig. 8. Pupa (Pupisoma), No. 54, n. sp., Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 192. Pupa (Pupilla) seriola, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 354. Pupisoma seriola, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, 1, 1910, p. 301. Original description :—* P. testa vix perforata, ovato-oblonga, subeylindracea, oblique striatula, sericina, flavescente, cornea, spira oblonga, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa ; anfractibus 5, superioribus convexis, ultimo convexiusculo antice vix ascendente ; apertura subovata, superne angulata, dente 1 parietali mediano remotiusculo induta; peristomatis marginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro vix, columellari superne late expanso.” ( Benson.) Long. 23, diam. 14 mill. Hab. India: Cuttack, Orissa (Theobald); Darjeeling, Terai, and Nawade near Muddapur (Maimwaring). The species is included here with some doubt. Benson alluded to the fact that Blanford considered it an Hnnea, but he regarded it as having more affinity with Bulimus. He also stated that in one of the specimens the parietal lamina was not apparent. Hanley and Theobald observe that the type having been smashed, and an imperfect photograph alone preserved, they cannot vouch for the correctness of the figure. Although they do not expressly state the fact, the natural inference is that their illustration has been prepared from this photograph. 54. Pupisoma miccyla, Benson. Helix miccyla, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, v, 1860, p. 384; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 129, figs. 8, 9. Hyalinia (Conulus} miccyla, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 73. Zonites (Hyalinia (Conulus)) miccyla, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1886, p. 176, pl. 53, fig. 64. Pyramidula (Pupisoma) miccyla, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 52. Ernstia miccyla, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, Soils Pepa miccyla, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301, pl. 132, figs. 1, 1, 1b (shell), fig. 1¢ (teeth of radula), fig, 14 (jaw). Original description :—‘‘ Testa imperforata, globoso-conoidea, tenui, striatula, nitidula, fusco-cornea, translucente ; spira trun- PUPISOMA. 39 cato-conica, sutura impressa, apice obtusissimo ; anfractibus 4, convexis, ultimo globoso, antice sensim descendente ; apertura lunato-rotundata, obliqua, peristomate acuto, margine dextro arcuato, columellari acuto, verticali, cum basali angulum fere rectum efformante.” (benson.) Long. 14, diam. 1 mill. Hab. Ceylon: Matelle (Layard), Watawala (Collett). Benson recognized its affinity to P. orcula, stating that P. mic- cyla is smaller, destitute of the peculiar sculpture of that species, and distinguished by its very obtuse apex and by the formation of the columellar lip. Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, who received from the late O. Collett a number of shells with the soft parts preserved in formalin, states that miccyla is smaller than lignicola, has a greater number of whorls, and is more attenuate than orcella, while the transverse strie of the cuticle appear to be more regular. These specimens enabled him to examine and figure the jaw and radula, and thus to fix the systematic position of the group. 55. Pupisoma cacharicum, Godwin-Austen. Pupisoma cacharica, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, il, 1910, p. 303, pl. 182, fig. 4. Original description :—* Shell scarcely perforate, globosely conoid, very tumid, corneous ; sculpture, spiral striation, crossed by fine close thread-like ribbing; colour pale umber-brown ; spire moderately high, conic, apex blunt; suture open ; whorls 34, rapidly increasing, very convex; aperture nearly cireular, oblique; peristome thin, columellar margin perpendicular, re- flected.” (Godwin-Austen.) Major diam. 1°33, alt. 1-5 mill. Hab. India: Silchar (Wood-Mason). The species is based on specimens sent for determination by Dr. Annandale from the Indian Museum. They were accompanied by the following notes :—‘ From the branches of a Pepul tree, in scars and other shallow cavities, opposite the Deputy Com- missioner’s Cutchery, Silchar, 3.4.81. Only one pair of short, thick, blunt, sausage-shaped tentacles, at the upper extremity of which the black eye-spots are placed. Animal semitransparent, greyish, milky white below, above grey; retractor muscles of tentacles very plainly visible through integument. No tail- gland.” 56. Pupisoma longstaffe, Godwin- Austen. Pupisoma longstaffi, Godwin-Austen, Land & Freshw. Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 308, pl. 132, figs. 3 (shell), 38 (jaw), 38> (radula). Original description :—‘“ Shell imperforate, very globosely conoid; sculpture, a smooth epidermis, with very fine, somewhat distant costulation ; colour pale brown; spire depressed ; whorls 3, 40 ENDODONTID&. very tumid and well rounded on the periphery; aperture nearly circular; peristome thin; columellar margin thickened and slightly reflected and extending as a callus on to the last whorl.” ( Godwin- Austen.) Hab. Ceylon: Kandy (Mrs. Longstaff). “This shell is more globose than P. miccyla and not so high in the spire, which tapers more rapidly. It is also costulate, as in the Pupisoma figured on plate 132, fig. 2, a single specimen of which was sent to me by Mr. Sykes, and cannot now be found. Mrs. Longstaff writes:—‘ Numerous on palm, Florence Hotel Garden, Kandy. Animal, body light grey, only one pair of tentacles, dark. Tail pointed.” “JT was fortunate in seeing the radula in the first specimen I examined. Nothing could be seen of the genitalia. The mantle-zone was simple, with no shell-lobes. ‘There are not many teeth in the row, only some 15 or 16; all are large quadrate plates. The central tricuspid, the ad- medians and laterals bicuspid, the inner cusp long, the outer small and basal. The jaw was crumpled up, and being so minute was not well seen, but it appeared to be smooth.’ (Godwin-Austen.) Genus SPHYRADIUM, Charpentier. Sphyradium, Charpentier, Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesells. Naturw. i, 1837, are art. p. 15 (as section of Pupa); Sterki, Nautilus, x, 1896, p. 7 Paludineila, Lowe, P. Z.8 . 1854, p. 206. Edentulina, Clessin, Taney) Exeurs, Moll. Fauna, 1876, pp. 189, 208 (non Pfeiffer, 1856, sect. Ennea). Columella, W esterlund, Fauna Palaarct. iii, 1887, p. 125. Range. Europe; North America; India. Shell cylindrical, pupoid; aperture radial; peristome simple, straight, with thin margins. Anatomy unknown. “ Jaw low, composed of distinct plates. Radula with the teeth comparatively small, their cusps very short and small; transverse rows of teeth in edentulum varying from 116 to 127, each row containing r+21 (20). The centrals are tricuspid, the laterals all bicuspid except the last, which is a minute nodule; in the others there is no difference of laterals and marginals, but that the plates of attachment become shorter towards the margins and evanescent in the outer teeth. The radula is 0°55 mill. long, 0-14 wide.” (Sterki.) The species constituting the group Sphyradium were for a long time regarded as pertaining to Pupa until Dr. Sterki, in 1896, from an examination of the radula and jaw of S. edentulum, came to the conclusion that Sphyradium was more nearly allied to Punctum. On conchological grounds he had already previously held the opinion that it had no affinity with Pupa. He alludes SPHYRADIUM.—PYRAMIDULA. 41 to the analogous case of “ Pupa ” neozelanica, Pfr., which has much the same form of shell, and was shown by Mr, Suter, a few years previously, to be a member of the Charopide. 56a. Sphyradium himalayanum, Benson. Pupa himalayana (flutton), Benson, A.M. NOEL. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 428; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 101, fig. 4; Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146. Pupa (Sphyradium) himatlayana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 352. Original description :— P. testa rimato-perforata, ovato-ob- longa, subcylindracea, oblique minutissime costulata, translucente, pallide cornea; spira oblonga, apice obtuso, sutura impressa ; anfraetibus 7, brevibus, convexis, ultimo antice leviter ascendente ; apertura rotundato-ovata, edentata ; peristomate tenui, margine expansiusculo, dextro superne leviter antice progrediente.” ( Benson.) Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. Hab. India: Simla and Mussoori (Hutton); Panjal Range, Kashmir (Theobald). Four specimens in the Theobald collection, in the British Museum, have enabled me to satisfy myself that this species is in all probability congeneric with S. edentulum. Subfamily PYRAMIDULIN &. Genus PYRAMIDULA, /itzinger. Pyramidula, Fitzinger, System. Verz. Oesterr. vork. Weichth. 1838, p. 95; Westerlund, Fauna Paliarct., Binnenconchyl. i, 1889, p. 10 (as group of Patula) ; Pilsbry. Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 42, pl. 40, figs. 40, 46 (animal), pl. 11, figs. 17-28 (anatomy). Typn, Helix rupestris, Drap. Range. Northern Temperate Land Area. “Shell openly umbilicated, varying in contour from flattened and disk-like to conoidal. Generally opaque, often rib-striate. Unicoloured, spirally banded or flammulate. Whorls subcylin- drical or keeled, the apex generally smooth. Aperture rounded- lunate ; lip simple and thin. « Animal having the sole undivided ; lateral margin of the foot with a distinct border bounded by a groove, the grooves meeting above the tail. No caudal mucous pore. Eye-peduncles long and slender. “Genital system lacking all accessory organs; vas deferens and retractor muscle inserted near or at the apex of the penis ; duct of the spermatheca very long ; hermaphrodite duct very long, but shortened by its extreme convolution. “Jaw arcuate, its component lamine generally compactly soldered, and indicated only by fine strize which diverge slightly from the middle. 42 ENDODONTID&. ‘* Radula (1) having only the mesocones developed upon central and inner lateral teeth, or (2) having the centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid lacking the entocones, marginal teeth similar but with short basal-plates; this being the usual form. In some species the marginal teeth are multicuspid by the splitting of their ectocones. “‘The dentition as usual, shows considerable variation, even in species otherwise closely related. As a general rule, the lateral teeth completely lack entocones, differing in this respect from Trachycystis and the Endodonta-Charopa series; but in the section Helicodiscus, entocones are well developed. The dentition is quite unlike Trachycystis in the form of the marginal teeth. “The genus Pyramidula consists of dull-coloured ground-living snails, species of which occur over the whole northern temperate land area. Its nearest relatives are Charopa, Trachycystis, and Stephanoda, genera occupying the southern temperate regions of Australasia, Africa, and South America respectively. All may be regarded as the remnants of an early fauna, now replaced in the tropics, and to a large extent in temperate regions also, by higher groups of Helices. The latter differ widely from these Patuloid genera in lacking parapodial grooves, in the solid, ribbed jaw, complex genital system, and other features. ‘In treating of the subgenus Patula it will be shown that that name is not available as a designation for the present genus as a whole. Pyramidula is the earliest name, and should be accepted. It may be objected that no diagnosis of Pyramidula was published by Fitzinger, but the same may be said of Beck’s genera. Let those who repudiate Beck’s names cast the first stone at Fitzinger !” (Pilsbry.) Section Pyramipuna, Fitzinger, s. str. Pyramidula, Fitzinger, op. cit., p. 95; Pilsbry, tom. cit., p. 43. Typw, Helivw rupestris, Drap. Range. Europe and Central Asia. “Shell minute, openly umbilicated, with pyramidal spire and obtuse smooth apex. Whorls tubular, obliquely striated. Aper- ture round or nearly so; lip simple. ‘‘ Jaw arcuate, finely striated vertically. ‘‘Radula having the central teeth unicuspid, the side cusps being represented by a slight sinuation. Laterals bicuspid. Marginals with low wide basal-plate, the inner bearing two cusps, the outer becoming multicuspid by splitting of the cusps. ««This section differs from Gonyodiscus and Patulastra in having the spire conically elevated, and from the former in lacking rib-strie.” (Pilsbry.) ; Only two species are known from the Indian Peninsula, and a doubtful one from Ceylon, these being the most southern outliers of the section. PYRAMIDULA. 43 57. Pyramidula humilis, Benson. Helix humilis (Hutton), Benson, J. A. 8. B. vii, 1838, p. 217; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1847, p. 106; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1851, pl. 133, fig. 825; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, iii, 1858, p. 822, pl. 129, fig. 28; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 61, figs. 4-6. Helix (Patula) humilis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 125; Nevill, Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Miss. 1878, Mollusca, p. 18; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 66. Vallonia humilis, Theobald, J. A. 8S. B. 1, 1881, p. 47. Patula (Discus) humilis, Pfeitter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 90. Helix (Patula (Discus)) humilis, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser, 2, 111, 1887, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 4-6. Pyramidula (s. s.) humilis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1893, p. 44. Original description :—* Testa parvula, convexo-depressa, cor- nea, late et profunde umbilicata ; anfractibus quinque rotundatis, ultimo subangulato, penultimo aperturam cirecularem vix inter- runmpente ; peritremate acuto. ** Diam. 0°125 poll.” [=3 mill.|. (Senson.) Hab. India: Chur, near Simla (Stoliczka); Landour (Leeve) ; Simla (Stoliczka, Oldham); Murree (Stoliezka); 'Tandiana (Theobald). 58. Pyramidula euomphalus, Slanford. Heliv euwomphalus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 554; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. v, 1868, p. 158. Helix euomphalos, Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1875, p. 82, pl. 129, figs. 1-3. Patula (Patulastra) euomphalus, Pfeitter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 87. Helix (Patula) (Punctum)) euomphalus, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. 32, pl. 7, figs. 75-77. Pyramidula (s. 8.) ewomphalus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1895, p. 44. Original description :—‘* Testa mediocriter umbilicata, sub- turbinata, depressa, fulvo-cornea, tenuis, oblique striata; spira conoidea, apice obtusa, sutura valde impressa. Anfr. 4 rotundati, sensim accrescentes, ultimus vix descendens, subteres. Apertura obliqua, rotundato lunaris ; peristuma simplex, rectum, marginibus distantibus, sinistro haud reflexo. Umbilicum perspectivum. ‘Diam. maj. 2, min. 12, alt. 1 mm.” (lanford.) Hab. India: near Pykara, Nilgiri Hills (Llanford). ‘This shell in its form somewhat resembles a minute H. tapeina, Bens., with more rounded whorls, deeper sutures, and a non- expanded lip.” (Blanford.) The species was not figured by Blanford, as he states that unfortunately the specimen, forwarded to him by his brother for that purpose, was crushed before it reached him. Hanley and Theobald, however, give a representation of the shell, the specimen figured probably originating from the same source. 44 HEUICID. 59. Pyramidula? halyi, Jousseaume. Trichia halyz, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 271, pl. 4, fig. 2. Original: description :—‘* Testa parva, late et profunde umbili- cata, globoso-conica, irregulariter striatula, vix nitida, subopaca, corneo fusca, spira conoidea, apice obtusa; anfr. 4 rotundati, sutura profunda separati, ultimus non descendens, superne planulatus ; apertura perobliqua, subcircularis; perist. simplex, acutum, rectum, margine umbilicari non reflexo. * Diam. et alt. 15 mm.” (Jousseaume.) Hab. Ceylon: Nuwara Eliya (Simon). This species, referred to Trichia by Jousseaume—a genus certainly not represented within the limits of the Indian Empire —I place here not without some doubt, but no other genus appears so well fitted for its reception, and we have already two species in the Indian Peninsula, one of them in the Nilgiri Hills, and since the fauna of Ceylon shows many traces of affinity with that of Southern India, the extension of the genus to Ceylon offers no insuperable difficulties. One of Jousseaume’s figures— that showing the inferior side—has been drawn by the artist as a sinistral shell, the other two figures being correctly shown as dextral. Family HELICID, Pilsdry. Subfamily ACAVIN A, Pilsbry. Genus ACAVUS, Montfort. Acavus, Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 234; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, Wiss. Res. 2, ii, 1870, p. 99 (anatomy); Sarasin, Ergebn. Naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, i, 1888 (embryology) ; Binney, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. iii, 1884, p.92 (dentition); Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 153; Randles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 103 (anatomy). Oligosptra, Ancey, Conch. Exch. ii, 1887, p. 22. Acavella, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 288. Tren, Heli hemastoma, Linné. Range. Ceylon. ‘Shell imperforate, globose depressed or globose trochoidal, solid, bright coloured. Whorls less than 5, rapidly increasing, the several earlier forming the nuclear or embryonic shell, which is about one-third the diameter of the adult. Last whorl deflexed in front. Aperture very oblique, the lip vividly coloured and broadly expanded ; columellar margin long, obliquely descending, broadly flattened, the columellar lip adnate. “ Animal with undivided sole and no pedal grooves ; lung and ACAVUS. 45 kidney very short, the latter [former ?] opening at the base of the kidney. Body-lobes of the mantle present, of moderate or small size. “Jaw strong, low arcuate, entirely smooth, without median projection. * Radula having the teeth all unicuspid. “Genital system having no accessory organs. Penis having terminal retractor, the interior with two longitudinal pilasters below, with a very short, imperforate papilla at their base, at the base of which the vas deferens enters. Spermatheca on a very short duct. Eggs very large, oval, hard-shelled. “The genus Acavus comprises Ceylonese Helices of large size and superb colouring. The shell is capacious, with a broad, polished lip of vivid red, lilac, or intense black hue. The young shells at the time of their extrusion from the egg are bright coloured, with round periphery, and are about one-third the size of the adult. The teeth are all unicuspid, but the marginals have shorter cusps than in Helicophanta or Panda; and the shell differs from these groups in its broad columellar lip and brilliant colouring. They are arboreal in habit.” (Pilsbry.) 60. Acavus hemastoma, Linné. Helix hemastoma, Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, 1758, p. 773; Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1821, pl. 32b, figs. 1, 2, 5; Wood, Index Testac. 1825, pl. 34, fiy. 127; Donovan, Natural Repos. iv, 1834, pl. 182; Sowerby, Conch. Man. 1839, fie. 267; Hart- mann, Gastr. Schweiz, ili, 1844, pl. 56, figs. 1-5; Pfeiffer, Conch.- Cab., Heliceen, i, 1846, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 1,2; Chenu, Lllustr. Conchyl. 1851, Helix, pl. 3, figs. 18, 19; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1852, pl. 71, fig. 866; Adams, Genera, 1858, pl. 77, fig. 68; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, 2, iii, 1870, p. 99, pl. 12, figs. 8-10 (anatomy); Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 127, fig. 2; Kobelt, Illustr. Conch. Buch, 1879, pl. 68, fig. 10; Woodward, Man. Moll. ed. 4, 1880, pl. 12, fig. 1; Tryon, Struct. Conch. iii. 1884, p. 45, pl. 95, fig. 75. Acavus hemastomus, Montfort, Conch, Syst. ii, 1810, p. 235, pl. 59; Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 287. Hehx (Acavus) hemastoma, Beck, Index, 1838, p. 37; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80; Westerlund, Vega Exp. Vetensk. Jakt. iv, 1887, p. 141. Acavus hemastoma, Adams, Genera Moll. 11, 1858, p. 195, pl. 77, fig, 6a. Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) hemastoma, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 78, pl. 18, figs. 22-265. Acavus hemastomus, Chenu, Man, Conchyl. i, 1860, pl. 34, fig. 127 ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154, pl. 38, fig. 1 (shell), pl. 48, fig. 14, pl. 50, fig. 3 (anatomy); Randles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 108, pl. 9, figs. 9, 12 (anatomy). * Shell globose-conical, white, brown above and usually brown around the umbilicus; aperture very oblique; columella not truncated where it joins the basal lip. 46 HELICID#. “The shell is solid and opaque, with rounded periphery and conoidal spire. It is porcelaneous white, but dull, not polished when in a natural condition; the whole surface above the peri- phery is usually of a reddish-brown hue, becoming paler of a brownish flesh-colour on the embryonic three whorls, and pink on the inner two; at and below the periphery there is a white zone which ‘covers the base, or is limited by a brown tract upon the umbilical region ; the suture is often edged by a white line. The surface has rather rude but inconspicuous lines of growth, and under a strong lens is seen to be covered by a dense minute pattern of incised criss-cross scratches ; the embryonic whorls have radiating subregular striz, cut by subobsolete spiral engraved lines. Whorls nearly 5, convex, the last flattened and sloping above, a little descending in front. Aperture very oblique, oblong-truncate, white inside, showing faintly the bands of outer surface. Entire peristome broadly reflexed, of a bright pinkish- red colour typically ; columellar margin long, oblique, very broadly expanded and adnate to the base, flat, with a curved excavation at the place of the umbilicus ; parietal wall covered by a heavy callus of the same colour as the lip.” (Pélsbry.) Major diam. 49, min. 38 mm. ; alt. 39 mm. Hah. Ceylon (Blanford, Nevill, Collett); Galle (Suinon). Mirch records the species from Coromandel (Journ. Conchvyl. xx, 1872, p. 336), and Benson states that it occurs in the Nico- bars as well as Ceylon (A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 97). As neither of these records has ever been confirmed, and as, more- over, the genus is believed to be confined to Ceylon, these two reputed habitats may without hesitation be disregarded. The banding varies to some extent in this species, and, assuming the normal bands to be five, as in the Palearctic Cepeas, the most common form is represented by the following formula : (123) 05 or (123) 00; aspecimen in my collection exhibits only two bands— 12000—while another appears to have the five bands confluent in two series, thus: (123) (45), which is also the case with the shell figured in Conch, Ind. pl. 127, fig. 2. Lastly, a shell I received from Col. Parry shows four thin bands, 12305, the second band being a mere thread. I also possess several specimens without any bands. Analogous arrangements obtain in the var. melanotragus, specimens in my collection providing the following formulas: 1(23)00, (123)00, 1°(23)00. Var. melanotragus, Born. Helix melanotragus, Born, Index, 1778, p. 400; ibid., Test. Mus. Ces. Vindob. 1780, p. 388; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, i, 1846, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5; Chenu, llustr. Conchyl. 1851, pl. 5, fig. 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 127, fig. 3. Acavus melanotragus, Adams, Genera Moll. 11, 1858, p. 195; Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 287. Helix (Acavus) melanotragus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80. ACAVUS. 47 Helix (Acavus) hemastoma, var. melanotragus, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, 1881, p. 138. Helix (Macr on (Acavus)) hemastoma, var. melanotragus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 79, pl. 18, fig. 24. Acavus hemastomus, var. melanotragus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154. “‘ Peristome and a broad band across the parietal wall black ; a white spot at the insertion of the columella. “This variety is nearly as abundant as the typical red-lipped form.” (Pilsbry.) The rola of the bands is darker than usually obtains in the typical form, being a blackish brown. Hab, Ceylon (Nevill, Blanford): Kandy (Simon). Var. conus, Pilsbry. Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) hemastomus, var. conus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 79, pl. 16, fig. 7. Acavus hemastomus, var. conus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154. Original description :—“ More elevated than the type, with which it agrees in the colour of the outside. The entire peri- stome, columella, and a broad band across the parietal wall are a beautiful lilac or purple colour; a rather deep excavation at the place of the umbilicus. * Diam. 35, alt. 36 mill.” (Pilsbry.) Var. concolor, Pilsbry. Helix hemastoma, var. concolor, Pilsbry, Nautilus, iv, 1890, p. 59. Acavus hemastoma, var. concolor, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 308. Original description :—‘* Unicoloured chestnut all over, the two earlier whorls and a narrow umbilical crescent pink; lip and parietal wall red. No spiral white zones or bands. Form normal.” (Pilsbry.) 61. Acavus fastosus, Albers. Helix fastosa, Albers, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 213; Pfeiffer, Novit, Conch. ser. 1, i, 1855, p. 40, pl. 11, figs. 1,2; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 197; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1875, pl. 127, fig. 5 Helix melanotragus, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1821, pl. 328, figs. 2, 3, 4 (non Born). Helix (Acavus) fastosa, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i1, 1856, p. 144. Heliv (Acavus) fastuosa, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 172. Helix (Macroon (Acavus)) fastosa, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 79, pl. 16, figs. 5, 6. Acavus fastosus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154. Original description:— T. imperforata, globoso-conica, regu- lariter confertim striata, albida, oblique fulvo-strigata et multi- 48 HELICID®. fasciata; spira conica, obtusula; anfr. 43 convexiusculi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus antice descendens, peripheria obsoletissime subangulatus ; apertura diagonalis, oblique oblonga, intus alba ; perist. hepaticum, marginibus callo nigro-castaneo nitido, intrante junctis, supero leviter arcuato, expanso et reflexiusculo, columellari declivi, plano, perdilatato, adnato. “Diam. maj. 38, min. 30, alt. 27 mill.” ( Albers.) Nearly allied to A. hamastoma, but appears to differ in being less solid, having more convex whorls—the base being decidedly more convex, but not gibbous behind the columellar margin as in hemastoma, while the lip is reflexed but not expanded as in the latter. The numerous narrow encircling bands also distinguish it. A specimen, however, acquired by me from the H. Nevill collection, exhibits two blackish-brown zones above the periphery— one narrow, under the suture, and the other broad, separated from the first by a narrow light zone and extending to the periphery—as often observed in hemastoma. In addition there are below the periphery five more or less distinct linear bands. These zones and bands may be indicated by the following formula: 1(23)3 4455, This shell is well represented by figs. 3 and 4 on plate 32 B of Férussae’s work, except that these show an additional linear band between the two dark zones. When describing the shell, Albers gave the Malay Peninsula as habitat. This was already called in question by Pfeiffer in 1855, while in 1859 he definitely indicated Ceylon as its origin. 62. Acavus prosperus, Albers. Helix prospera, Albers, Malak. Blatt. iv, 1857, p. 98, pl. 1, figs. 7, 8; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 150, fig. 4. Helix (Acavus) prospera, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860 p. 172. Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) prospera, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 80, pl. 17, figs. 14, 15. Acavus prosperus, Pilsbry, ibid. ix, 1894, p. 154. Original description :—‘ Testa imperforata, orbiculato-globosa, solida, distincte striata, unicolor castaneo-purpurascens ; spira parum prominens, globosula, vertice rosea; anfractus 4 convexi, modice accrescentes, ultimus antice non protractus, mediocriter descendens ; apertura obliqua, oblongo-lunaris, basi rotundata, intus lactea ; peristoma purpureum, expansum, breviter reflexum, margine dextro medio inflexiusculo, superne arcuato, columellari stricto, dilatato, vix excavato, sensim in basalem transeunte ; paries aperturalis callo purpureo obductus. “Diam. maj. 44, min. 34, alt. 25 millim.” (Albers.) Hab. Ceylon. It is stated to differ from A. hemastoma in being more globose, the depressed spire, rounded above, not conical, and in being unicolorous. ACGAVUS. 49 63. Acavus phenix, Pfeffer. Helix phoenix, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 53; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 127, fig. 6. Helix melanotragus, Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1821, pl. 328, fig. 6 (var. a); Donovan, Natural. Repos. iv, 1834, pl. 153; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, i, 1846, pp. x & 32, pl. 5, fig. 3, pl. 7, figs. 9, 10; Chenu, Illustr. Conchyl.*, 1851, pl. 5, fig. 1; Reeve, Conch, Icon. vii, 1852, pl. 71, fig. 367. Helix ( Acavus) melanotragus, Beck, Index, 1888, p. 37. Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) phenix, Pilsbry, Man, Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 80, pl. 17, figs. 10-12. Acavus phenix, Adams, Genera Moll. ii, 1858, p. 195; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154, pl. 50, fix. 5 (radula), fig. 4 (egg) ; Randles, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, iv, 1900, p. 103, pl. 9, figs. 1, 4, 15 (anatomy). Original description :—* T. imperforata, globoso-conoidea, tenui- uscula, leviter rugata, subunicolor castanea, vel fuseo, roseo et luteo radiatim variegata, non fasciata, rarius roseo-albida ; spira brevis, convexo-conoidea, vertice subtili, obtuso, albido; sutura mediocris, plerumque fusco marginata; anfr. 4 convexi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus ventrosus, plerumque spiraliter obsolete sulcatus, antice inflatus, sensim descendens ; apertura perobliqua, truncato-oblonga, intus lactea ; perist. late expansum et reflexum, castaneo-limbatum, marginibus callo albo, extus castaneo- marginato, junctis, dextro superne arcuato, columellari declivi, substricto, antice subtrunecato, sursum perdilatato, plano. “ Diam. maj. 58, min. 43, alt. 38 mill.” (DPferffer.) Hab. Ceylon (Blanford, Nevill). Readily distinguished from A. hemastoma by its larger size, the more inflated whorls, and rather more depressed spire. The bands or zones of that species are usually lacking, but I have before me two specimens from the H. Nevill collection which show a subsutural and two supra-peripheral bands, the former and one of the latter very distinct for the greater part but dis- appearing on the latter half of the last whorl. Many specimens from the same collection are transversely streaked, others are much paler with brown peristome, some being almost white with rosy lip, and one is an albino having a pure white peristome. From A. superbus and A. grevillei it may be separated at once by the more globose body-whorl and the less truncated columellar plate. 64. Acavus superbus, Pfeiffer. Helix superba, Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. Malak. vii, 1850, p. 71; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1852, pl. 71, fig. 368; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, iii, 1853, p. 342, pl. 183, figs. 1, 2; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 127, fig. 4. * This work contains two different pilates of He/iz numbered 5 and two numbered 8. EB 50 HELICID®. Helix \ Acavus) superba, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 144; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 80. Acavus superbus, Adams, Genera Moll. ii, 1858, p. 195; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154; Randles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1900, p. 103, pl. 9, figs. 3, 14 (anatomy). Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) superba, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 81, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4. Original description—* T. imperforata, semigloboso-turbinata, solida, irregulariter malleata et cingulis obtusis parum elevatis munita, haud nitida, opaca, castanea ; spira brevis, conoidea, apice obtusiusculo pallida; sutura mediocris; anfr. vix 4 rapide accrescentes, vix convexiusculi, ultimus peripheria subangulatus, basi planus, antice descendens ; apertura perobliqua, angusta, oblonga, intus ceerulescens, nitida ; perist. album, fusco-limbatum, late expansum, incrassato-reflexum, marginibus subparallelis, cailo crasso junctis, columellari calloso, perdilatato, plano, introrsum dente transverso usque ad marginem dextrum producto, munito. “ Diam. maj. 55, min. 40, alt. 85 mill.” (Pfeiffer) Hab. Ceylon (Nevill, Gardener). This handsome species may readily be separated from hema- stoma, phoenix, fastosus, and prosperus by the more pronounced angulation of the periphery. The back of the body-whorl is provided with some obliquely descending malleations, a feature lacking in the other species, and the columellar plate is also broader in most specimens. In some the lip, which varies from light or dark brown to deep rose, is white on the inner edge, while I possess two specimens from the H. Nevill collection with a pure white lip; these two shells are, moreover, remarkable in not being unicolorous, the earlier whorls and the first two-thirds of the last whorl exhibiting dark brown bands on a light ground, regresented by the formula 023(45), all these bands becoming confluent on the latter portion of the last whorl. Var. grevillei, Pfeiffer. Helix grevillei, Pfeiffer, P.Z.S. 1846, p. 387, pl. 36, fig. 8; ibid., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, 1, 1858, p. 108, pl. 30, figs. 6,7; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 127, fig. 7. : Fielix (Acavus) grevillii, Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 172 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 80. Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) superba, var. grevillei, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 82, pl. 12, figs. 47, 48. The peristome, parietal callus, and columellar plate are blackish brown in most specimens, but in a shell from the H. Nevill collection they are jet-black, the shell itself being greyish-black. In other respects this form cannot be separated from typical A, superbus. ACAVUS. 51 Var. roseolabiata, Nevill. Helix superba, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl 125 fie. 4. Helix (Acavus) superba, var. roseolabiata, Nevill, 1. A. S. B. 1, 1881, 134 Helix ( Macrodén (Acavus)) superba, var. roseolabiata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 82, pl. 16, figs. 1, 2. Like the last it can only be separated from typical A. superbus by the colour of the lip, which varies from pale to a brilliant deep rose, 65. Acavus waltoni, Jiceve. Helix valtoni, Reeve, P.Z.S. 1842, p. 49; ibid., Conch. System. ul, 1842, pl. 166, fig. 23. Helix waltoni, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. i, 1847, p. 19; Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. p. 303, pl. 98, figs. 1,2; Reeve, Conch. Teon. vii, 1852, pl. 72, fig. 372; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Heliceen, ii, 1853, p. 267, pl. 121, figs. 1-3; Chenu, Man. Conchyl, i, 1859, p. 4538, figs. 3383, 3385 ; Figuier, Vie & Mceurs des Anim. 1866, p. 385, fies. 204, 205; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 18765, pl. 127, fiy. 1; Sarasin, Ergebn. Naturw. Forsch. Ceylon, 1, heft 2, 1888 pp- 35-69, pl. 6-8 (embryology). Helix (Acavus) waltoni, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 109; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 81; Cooke, Cambr. Nat. Hist. ii, 1895, p. 304, fig. 204. Oligospira waltont, Ancey, Conch. Exch. ii, 1887, p. 22. Helix (Macroén (Acavus)) waltoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 88, pl. 18, figs. 20, 21. Acavella waltoni, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vu, 1894, . 288. Acavus valtoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154. ‘Acavus waltoni, Randles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p- 103, pl. 9, figs. 6 (radula), 10, 15 (anatomy). Original description :—“ Hel. testa ovata, depressa, anfractibus ventricosiusculis, ultimo superne productiore, rubido-fusca, radiis longitudinalibus obsolete picta ; epidermide tenui, peculiariter maculosa, induta; apertura subquadrato-ovali, marginibus niger- rimis disjunctis; labro acutissime reflexo.” ( Reeve.) Major diam, 48-59, minor 52-39 mm., alt. 830-31°5 mm. Hab. Ceylon. The hydrophanous patches of the periostracum are very characteristic of the species and, while being almost obsolete in some specimens, form definite patterns in others ; im one specimen in my collection they are disposed in spiral bands, in another they form obliquely descending patches above and spiral bands below the periphery, while in a third shell they are so crowded as practically to cover nearly the whole of the surface. The peristome and parietal band vary from a deep blackish to light purplish brown. The sculpture also varies considerably ; the earlier whorls have the transverse strie cut into granules by the incised spirals, a feature which in some shells is equally pronounced on the body-whorl, but in others becomes almost B2 52 HELICID®. obsolete ; in some the body-whorl is more or less malleated in places, in others it is covered with spiral furrows. Var. polei, Collett. Acavus (Oligospira) poleti, Collett, J. Ceylon Br. R. A.S. xv, 1899, p- 153, figs. A, B (shell), C (egg). Acavus polei, Randles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 105, pl. 9, figs. 7, 11, 16 (anatomy). Hab. Ceylon: Udagama (Pole). The only character differentiating this form from A. waltone appears to be the white peristome and parietal callus. Some anatomical differences are indicated by Mr. Randles, but I doubt these being of sufficient diagnostic value. 66. Acavus skinneri, Meeve. Helix skinneri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1854, pl. 197, fig. 1387 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind, 1875, pl. 111, fig. 1; Dohrn, Conch. Cab., Heliceen, iv, 1881, p. 601, pl. 175, figs. 13, 14; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, Wiss. Res. 2, iil, 1870, p. 100, pl. 12, fig. 7 (anatomy), pl. 16, fig. 5 (radula). Helix (Acavus) skinneri, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 1, 1856, p. 144; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 81. Acavus skinneri, Frauenfeld, Verh. K.-K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix, 1869, p- 876; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 154, pl. 50, figs. 1, 8, 26 (anatomy, etc.) ; Randles, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iv, 1900, p. 108, pl. 9, fig. 5 (anatomy). Oligospira skinneri, Ancey, Conch. Exch. 1, 1887, p. 22. ; Helix (Macroén (Acavus)), Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, vi, 1890, p. 84, pl. 18, figs. 17-19. Acavella skinnert, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 288. Original description :—“ Shell subglobosely depressed, thick, solid, very obliquely produced towards the aperture, everywhere minutely granulated, spirally broadly superficially grooved, livid chestnut, spirally freckled with a fulvous epidermis, disposed in hieroglyphic spots; spire short, rose-colour beneath, small ; suture impressed; whorls three to four, last whorl very much the largest ; aperture subquadrately oblong, lip externally broadly thickened, interiorly densely callous, continuous over the body- whorl, everywhere deep purple-violet.” (Zteeve.) \ Major diam. 31-38, min. 22-26 mm.; alt. 17-22 mm. Hab. Ceylon (Skinner); Upper Onavah (Layard). The species is characterized by the callous growth on the outside of the peristome, evidently formed by the accumulation of the reflexed portion of the lip. In a specimen in my collection this growth measures 8 mm. in width. The numerous spiral ridges on the body-whorl appear to be a constant character. The earlier whorls have the same decussating incised spirals as in A. waltoni, but the body-whorl is very finely and regularly granulated, the granules being arranged in quincunx. ' CORILLA. ao Subfamily CORILLIN A. Genus CORILLA, Adains. Corilla, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 208; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, Wiss. Res. 2, iii, 1870, p. 100 (anatomy) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch., ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 147 (anatomy) ; Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8. ili, 1896, pp. 88, 126 (armature) ; Pilsbry, Proc. Mal. Soc. London, vi, 1905, p. 288 (anatomy) ; Godwin - Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 199 (anatomy). Atopa, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 90 (in part). “Shell planorboid, with nearly plane spire and broadly open umbilicus, the contour subcircular or oblong; rather solid, striated above, brown or yellow. Whorls 5-53, the last deflected in front. Aperture oblique, the lip broadly reflewed or recurved, its ends distant; parietal wall smooth or armed with a strong entering lamella. Interior of the last whorl either without lamine or obstructed by « series of blades nearly parallel to the direction of the whorls, but having no transverse barriers. “ Boot (of C. erronea) with undivided sole and without pedal grooves. No mantle lappets. Kidney very short. “Jaw entirely smooth. Radula with about 79-85 teeth in a transverse row. Central tooth not smaller than the laterals, having a single cusp, shorter than the basal plate. Laterals similar but asymmetrical. Marginals having a large, simple, oblique cusp longer than the square basal plate. “Genital system elongated, with no accessory organs on the female side. Spermatheea having a long duct, which branches into a very long flagellum-like diverticulum, containing a cylindrical spermatophore, which extended from the end of the diverticulum to the vagina. Penis short, swollen distally, continued in the vas deferens upon which the penis retractor is situated, the distal end of the retractor being inserted on the uterus. This species [C. erronea] is ovoviviparous, the uterus in the individual figured containing two young, having a membranous shell of about 5 mill. diam., and more than 3 whorls. “The shell differs from that of Plectopylis in lacking internal barriers transversely obstructing the passage. When internal lamelle are present in Coville they run parallel to the sutures or nearly so, as in Polygyratia. The central teeth are not smaller than the laterals as in Plectopylis, and there are further differences in the genitalia.” (Pilsbry.) Tyrpr, Helix erronea, Albers. Range. Ceylon ; Southern India (1 species). When examining the soft parts of Corilla humberti in 1905, Prof. Pilsbry found that the additional data obtained threw no light upon the affinities of the groups with other Helicide. He further states that the suspicion he formerly entertained that Coril/a might be related to the Macroégona is negatived by the knowledge we now 54 HELICIDA. have of the lungs of both groups; and that we do not yet know enough of the anatomy of Plectopylis, Stegodera, or Traumatophora, to demonstrate any relationship between them and Cori/la, though it is natural to suppose that these genera stand together. The genus, so far as we now know, stands by itself, he says, and for it alone a subfamily Corilline must be erected, which for the present might be placed next to the Camenine. Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen, on the other hand, considers that the generative organs in Corilla are remarkably similar to those of Plectopylis, while another striking character common to both genera is found in the liver. Albers in 1850 established the genus Atopa for the reception ef three species previously classed in Heliv, i. e. achatina, Gray, vefuga, Gould, and rivolti, Desh. The name being preoccupied in Coleoptera (Fabricius, in Paykull, Faun. Suee. ii, 1799, p. 116). H. and A. Adams in 1855 proposed Cori/la in lieu, adding a fourth species, erronea, Alb. No type was indicated, but the first of the species enumerated being achatina, the name Corilla would, under a strict application of the law of priority, have to be assigned to Helix achatina and its allies, while Plectopylis would become a synonym. No useful purpose, however, would be served by such a process; on the contrary, much confusion would arise, and it therefore appears advisable to accept the status of these two genera as defined by Benson and Pilsbry. The genus Corilla is especially remarkable from the fact that the immature shells are provided with barriers which invariably differ from those found in full-grown ones. The parietal folds are not formed until the shell approaches completion, while the palatal lamelle of immature shells are always much larger, being almost triangular, overlapping, and reaching nearly to the parietal wall. From what we know of the retention of ancestral characters in young individuals, as explained by Darwin (‘ Origin of Species,’ sixth edition, p. 388), it may, I think, safely be assumed that the immature form of barriers found in tlhe young shells represents the form of lamelle which were possessed by the progenitors from which the existing armed members of the genus have sprung. Consequently, those species which have to some extent retained such characters in the adult stage (i.e. Corilla anav and C’. beddomee) are the older forms; while those species which have diverged most in the adult state (7. e. the group of C. erronea) are of more recent origin. A singular fact in this connection is that whereas in the adult state C. adamsi possesses no armature, immature shells are provided with five palatal lamella, the same as obtains in the other members of the genus. When publishing my observations on the armature of the various species of Cordla in 1896 I was ignorant of this fact and I am not aware that this has ever been pointed out. Among a number of shells in various stages of growth, sent to me by the late O. Collett, were several young specimens of C. adamsi, and upon opening these I discovered that they were furnished with palatal lamelle similar CORILLA, 55 in shape and size to those previously observed in the other species. One specimen having completed nearly three whorls was provided with these barriers at the beginning of the third (post-embryonic) whorl. The natural inference is therefore that these lamelle are formed almost immediately after the young animal is born. That structures of this nature serve as a means of defence against the attacks of carnivorous insects and similar creatures was suggested as long ago as 1829 by Guilding, who, in speaking of the teeth and lamine of the Pupide, observed that “they may answer the purpose of an operculum to keep out enemies, while they afford no obstacle to the motions of the soft and yielding body of the animal” (Zool. Journ. iv, 1829, p. 168, footnote). Of much interest in this connection is a note by Lt.-Col. Godwin- Austin, who, in a paper on the genus Plectopylis, states that ‘‘when breaking up a number of shells to expose the barriers and ascertain if their characters were constant, I was greatly interested to find in two instances the presence of small insects that had become fixed between the teeth.” He further remarks that those shells posssessing such bars to the predatory visits of insects, such as certain kinds of beetles, ants, or even leeches, all of which swarm in the forests where the shells are found, would have the best chance of surviving (Proe. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 611). A careful examination of a number of immature shells, moreover, has revealed the fact that a new set of pelatal lamelle is formed on the completion of each half cf a whorl, after which the previous set is absorbed by the animal. I have observed several specimens which contained two sets of barriers at a distance of half a whorl ; in some cases the older set had almost vanished, only the foundations of the lamellz being visible from the outside through the shell-wall. The fact that C. adamsi upon reaching maturity dispenses with armature gives some scope for speculation. Without being acquainted with the local conditions it is of course impossible to solve the problem, but it may be surmised that the absence of predatory insects may have produced this result and that the formation of barriers in the immature shells is simply the survival of an ancestral character. Key to the Species. A. Mature shell without internal folds. a. Shell larger, diameter 29mm............... adamsi. b. Shell smaller, diameter 22 mm. ............ vy. hinidunensis. B. Shell with internal folds. a, Palatal folds oblique. 4 a. Lwo'parietalfoldsyrg.s. 2 0..0eevevcc sc stele beddomee. p. Chree parietulbtoldse.- oso... soe. sk. on anaxr. b. Palatal folds horizontal. a» One parietal folds 2 je. aaah. SiS o,chorateyolen humbertt. See ENWOYParietaOldRIN Reyes ciwecss'a ss odontophora. 56 HELICID &. y. Three parietal folds, *, Shell elliptic, palatal folds short, second scarcely curved. +. Lip much reflected. §. Two upper palatal folds terminating Near the PEMStOMIe 2. gene ses 5 oes e colletti. §§. Palatal folds terminating further Dake Ok: eReks Gee eee carabinata. Tt. Lip little reflected. §. Shell strongly and regularly ribbed... gudei. §§. Shell more faintly and irregularly ribbed. J. Third palatal fold almost hori- ZOTUAN nas otc toate ei CK tee erronea, 2. Folds very short, nearer aperture, third palatal fold very oblique,® BSCSNGUND SE a iSeaie alclels Melepoveie ate v. erronella. **, Shell rounded, palatal folds longer, Second Much CURVE, « ..sjecie owen rade Srye@. 67. Corilla adamsi, nom. mut. Hehx charpentieri, Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1853, p. 127 (non Helix char- pentiert, Scholtz, Schlesien’s Land- und Wasser-Moll. 1843, p. 28) ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii, 1854, pl. 185, fig. 1285; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 14, fig. 1; Brot, Journ. Conchyl. xii, 1864, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 11. Corilla charpentiert, Frauenfeld, Verh. K.-K. zool.-bot. Ges. xix, 1869, p. 876; Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8. iii, 1896, p. 88, fig. 1. Felv2 (Corilla) charpentieri, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70. Helix (Atopa) charpentieri, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p- 156, pl. 33, figs. 9, 10. Original description :—** Testa umbilicata, discoidea, solidula, oblique costato-striata, parum nitida, virenti-cornea ; spira regu- lari, plana ; anfractibus 51, lente accrescentibus, modice convexis, Fig. 12.—Corilla adamsi. ultimo rotundato, antice profunde descendente; umbilico lato, conico, subirregulari ; apertura fere horizontali, rotundato-lunari, intus albida, prorsus edentula; peristomate albo, undique late expanso et reflexo, marginibus convergentibus, infero ad inser- tionem attenuato.” ( Pfeiffer.) Diam. maj. 274, min. 22, alt. 9 mill. Hab. Ceylon (Layard, Collett); Nanu Oya jungle (Preston). Among all the known species of Corilla the present one is CORILLA. 57 unique as being devoid of barriers in the mature shell. When publishing my series of articles on the Armature of Helicoid Land-shells in Science Gossip, N. 8. vol. ili, 1896, e¢ seq. I simply recorded that Corilla charpentieri [C. adamsi} was devoid of armature (tom. cit. p. 88). [was not then aware of the remark- able fact that this statement only applies to full-grown shells and that at earlier stages the species is furnished with palatal lamine similar to those found in immature shells of the other species of Corilla, except that they are less oblique and consequently less overlapping. Among a number of shells I received in 1896 from the late O. Collett and subsequently from Mr. H. B. Preston, were several specimens of Corilla adamsi in various stages of erowth, and upon opening some of the latter I was astonished to discover the palatal barriers. These occurred in specimens which had only four whorls, others possessed them where 4} whorls had been completed, while some had two sets of barriers, in one of which the earlier set had been partly absorbed. Apart from the absence of barriers in mature shells, Corila adamst is readily distinguished from all its congeners by its more rounded outline, its higher axis, the regular and coarser ribs. In colour it varies from pale corneous to dark chestnut. Owing to the fact that Heliv charpentiert of Scholtz (1843) antedates Pfeiffer’s name (1853) I have been reluctantly compelled to change the latter. I have associated with the species the name of the brothers Adams who proposed the name Corilla. Var. hinidunensis, Vevil/. Corilla hinidunensis, Nevill, Enum, Helic. Pneum. Ceylon, 1871, Dale Hs gated Corilla charpentiert, var. hinidunensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148, pl. 41, figs. 23-25; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. ii, 1896, p. 127, fig. 15. Fig. 15.—Corilla adamsi, var. hinidunensis. The late Col. Beddome favoured me with the loan of a specimen received from Nevill, for the purpose of illustration. This speci- men is here reproduced. It measures 22 millim. in diameter. 68. Corilla beddomex, Hanley. Helix (Plectopylis) beddomee, Hanley, Conch. Ind. 1875, p. 60 (no description), pl. 150, figs. 1, 2. Plectopylis beddomet, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, Index, 1898, p. 121. Corilla beddomee, Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8S. ii, 1896, p. 127, figs. 13, 14. 58 HELICID &. Shell widely umbilicated, rotundate, discoid, somewhat thin, dark chestnut or blackish brown, irregularly costate, on the last whorl the cost are intermingled here and there with obliquely descending wrinkles, dull above, shining below. Spire plane, suture a little impressed. Whorls 51-6, flattened above, tumid below, bluntly carinated above the periphery, a few traces of spiral sculpture on the lower surface; the last dilated towards the mouth, shortly and abruptly descending in front. Aperture oblique, almost subhorizontal, elliptic-ovate ; peristome livid, thickened and reflected, upper margin nearly straight, outer curved, lower straight with a subquadrate callus, columellar very short, obliquely ascending; a slight ridge on the parietal callus connecting the margins of the peristome and giving off a long, sinuous, entering fold, ascending at first, the posterior extremity descending, below this oceurs a shorter, free, flexuous, horizontal fold. Palatal folds 4, the first (upper) slightly ascending towards the aperture, and considerably attenuated anteriorly, the second \ie Fig. 14.— Corilla beddomee (type). Fig. 15.— Corilla beddomee, small variety. and third shorter, more elevated and more oblique, the fourth subparallel with the lower suture. Major diam. 17°5—20, minor 14-16, alt. 6-6°5 mm, Hab. Ceylon; Haycock Mountain (Beddome); Ambegamuwa, Watawala, Newara Eliya (Collett). This shell was formerly extremely rare in collections, but the late O. Collett sent considerable numbers of it to England. Prof. Pilsbry, in referring the species to Plectopylis, was probably guided by its external characters. The absence of vertical or transverse barriers on the parietal wall, however, amply warrants its inclusion in Corilla. It differs in appearance from the other species, being wrinkled, thinner in texture, and much flattened above. Fig. 14 shows the type in the late Col. Beddome’s col- lection. Jt measures 20 mm. in diameter. A small variety, from Watawala, in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection, is shown in fig. 15. It is less coarsely wrinkled than the type, and is also paler and smaller, measuring only 16 mm. in diameter. Fig. 15 ¢, which CORILLA. 59 represents the shell with the outer wall removed, discloses the fact that only two parietal folds are present, corresponding to the median and lower folds of the species possessing three folds ; both are visible from the aperture (see fig. 156). The median fold reaches to the parietal callus, and is long and irregularly flexuous, while the lower fold is very short. Of the four palatal lamellee, the first and second only are visible from the aperture. The first, second, and third are broad, and ascend obliquely parallel to each other, while the fourth is smaller, narrower, and revolves horizontally, parallel with the lower suture. Fig. 15¢ shows all six barriers from behind their inner terminations. 69. Corilla anax, Benson. Helix anax, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xv, 1865, p. 12; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 57, figs. 1-3. Helix (Corilia) anax, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 70. Helix (Atopa) anax, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, iii, 1887, p. ily pl. 33, figs. 16-18. Corilla anax, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148; Gude, Science Gossip, N. s. iii, 1896, p. 126, fig. 12 (shell and armature). Original description— H. testa late umbilicata, subovato discoidea, utrinque concava, solidula, superne oblique costulato- striata, subtus striata, nitidiuscula, fusco-castanea, subtus leetiore ; spira immersa, apice elevatiuscula, sutura subprofunda; anfracti- bus 5, primis convexiusculis, ultimo convexo, antice descendente, dilatato, detlexo, ad diametrum minorem angustiore; apertura perobliqua, rotundato-oblonga, lamellis 2, parietalibus, albis, superiore longe intrante, sinuata, inferiore obliqua sinuata, breviore, ab apertura remotiuscula, palatalibus 3, longiusculis, subprofundis obliquis parallelis ab apertura conspicuis extus perlucentibus coarctata ; peristomate crruleo-albido, subcallosa, breviter reflexi- usculo, marginibus callo albido junctis, inferiore subdentato- incrassata. “ Diam. maj. 23, min. 174, axis 8 mill., apertura lata vix 10, longa 9 mill.” (enson.) Hab. India: Travancore; Anamullay Hills (Beddome). This is the only species of Corilla known to occur outside Ceylon, being found in the southern part of India, It is of a dark chocolate colour, and possesses three parietal and four palatal plates. Fig. 16 a shows the entire shell, four of the plates— two parietal and two palatal—being visible from the aperture. The parietal plates are much broader than in the other species, the first curves upwards, while the second reaches as far as the parietal callus; but, unlike those of the other species, they are separate. The third parietal plate is almost horizontal, with but a slight curve, as will be seen on reference to fig. 16 ¢, the specimen being there figured with the outer wall removed. Fig. 16d shows the same shell with part of the outer wall broken away, and the plates are shown as they appear from behind their inner terminations. The 60 HELICID &. palatal plates also are seen to be much broader than in the other species, and the three upper ones are much more oblique, re- sembling in this respect the immature plates found by me in three of the other species. In fig. 16¢a portion of the last whorl is drawn, in which the palatal plates nos. 1, 2, and 3 are shown as they appear through the shell, while fig. 166 shows the entire shell from below with palatal plates nos. 3 and 4 shining through. The late Col. Beddome lent me several adult examples of this species for examination, one of which is of interest from the fact that it exhibits, in addition to the mature armature, immature plates which are identical in form and position with those I found in an adult shell of Corilla odontophora. With these adult examples was an immature shell with three whorls completed, Fig. 16.—Cerilla anax. which is specially noteworthy in that it possesses two sets of immature plates, one near the end of the third whorl, and the other a little beyond the place where 2} whorls have been completed. It may therefore safely be inferred that the plates are not absorbed till after completion of the new ones, and it will be remembered that this is not an isolated case, for two sets of plates have been observed by me in a full-grown specimen of Corilla odontophora, and Col. Beddome lent me a shell of this last-named species, identical in this respect. He informed me that he collected his specimens of Corilla anaw in the Anamullay Hills, in the Coimbatore District of South India, in moist woods, at 2000 feet elevation, where it was very abundant on and under dead logs. The specimen shown in fig. 16 is in Mr. Ponsonby’s collection. 70. Corilla gudei, Sykes. Corilla gudei, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, ii, 1897, p. 254, pl. 16, figs. 8-10; Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, ii, 1907, p. 199, pl. 114, fig. 3 (anatomy). Original description :—-“ Size and shape similar to those of CORILLA. 61 C. erronea; the last whorl, however, more descending and more contracted at the spot where the lamelle show most conspicuously through the shell. Sculpture nearly as strongly marked on the lower as on the upper surface; C. gudei differing thereby from all other known Ceylon forms akin to it and recalling the Indian C.anax, Outer lip slightly more reflexed than in C. erronea ; the mouth not so drawn out and slightly nore rounded. Palatal and parietal lamellz the same in number asin C’. erronea, but somewhat shorter ; differing also in situation by being more nearly parallel, especially (counting from above) the second and third palatal ones. Umbilical area more impressed in the present species. Colour a little lighter than in C. erronea ; a few specimens have a rosy tint. “ Long. 23-22, lat. 16-17, alt. 7-6-5 mm.” = (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Karunegala (Collett). “As compared with C. anav, the present species differs in having one whorl more, the whorls being more flattened above, the lip more reflected, and the last whorl not so inflated or produced.” (Sykes.) In addition to the differentiating features referred to by Mr. Sykes, C. gudez, in spite of the fact that it possesses nearly a whole whorl more than C. anax, is about 5 mm. shorter in its major diameter, the ribs are a little coarser and more widely spaced, and the mouth is much less dilated transversely. The second and third palatal lamelle, moreover, are much less oblique and nearer the aperture. A number of immature shells of various sizes, received from the late O. Collett, possess the immature barriers, similar to those observed by me in all the other species of Corz/la. One specimen has nearly three whorls completed and is provided with the usual five palatal lamelle about one-quarter of a whorl beyond the post- embryonie whorl. 71. Corilla humberti, Brot. Helix humberti, Brot, Journ. Conchyl. xii, 1864, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 159, fig. 9 Helix (Co orilla) humberti, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. Fo. Helix (Atopa) humberti, Tryon, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ii, 1887, p. 156, pl. 33, figs. 22, 23. Corilla humberti, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, ix, 1894, p. 148; Gude, Science Gossip, N. 8s. ii1, 1896, p. 92, fig. 11 (shell and armature) ; Pilsbry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vi, 1905, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 1-38, pl. 14, figs. 10-12 (anatomy). Original description :—“, 3; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 80, fio. il. Bulimus (Mer digerus) coelebs, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 180. Bulimulus (Ena) celebs, Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 160. Bulimus (Ena) coelebs, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt, ii. 1856, p- 1538. Buliminus (Napaeus) coelebs, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 234. Buliminus (Petraeus) coelebs, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134. Napeus celebs, Theobald, J. A.S. B. xlvil, 1878, p: 145. Bulimina (Ena) coelebs, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomenel. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 290. 250 ENID®. Buliminus (Ena) coelebs, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1901, p. 687, pl. 103, fig. 21 (corrected to Subzebrinus on page 1007) (1902). Buliminus (Subzebrinus) coelebs, Kobelt & Moéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 19038, p. 47. Original description :—“ T. profunde rimata, oblongo-acuminata, tenuis, striatula, lineis confertis, spiralibus sub lente decussatula, pallide cornea, diaphana, strigis obliquis, albidis, opacis variegata ; anfr. 7-8 vix convexiusculi, ultimus + longitudinis subequans, basi turgido-subcompressus; apertura ovalis; perist. tenue, ex- pansum, intus sublabiatum, marginibus subconniventibus, colu- mellari brevi, dilatato, patente. “Long. 20, diam. 73 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Mussoorie (Hutton); Almorah, N.W. Prov. (Pfeiffer); Naini Tal (Stoliczka); Kumaon, W. Himalayas (Benson); Kashmir (Theobald). Ena celebs resembles H. domina in outline, but it is smaller, thinner in texture, and its sculpture is less coarse. It is provided with dense wavy spirals like Z. pretiosa, but has a more contracted aperture than that species, and the peristome is more expanded, while the spire is more convex. The British Museum possesses fifteen specimens collected by Hutton at Mussoorie, measuring : long. 18-19, diam. 7 mm., and twelve shells from Almorah, received from the same naturalist, ranging in size from 17:5 x 8°25 to 15x 8 mm. 222. Ena pretiosa, /tceve. Bulimus pretiosus (Cantor), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v. 1849, Bulimus, pl. 83, fig. 619; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 351 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 70, pl. 20, figs. 27, 28; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 23, fig. 7. Bulimulus (Ena) pretiosus, Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 161. iar (Ena) pretiosus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i1, 1856, p. 1538. Buliminus (Petraeus) pretiosus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134. Napeus pretiosus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146. Bulimina (Ena) pretiosa, Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 18815. 291 Buliminus (Subzebrinus) pretiosus, Kobelt & Molendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 49. Original description :—* Shell cylindrically ovate, compressly umbilicated, whorls smooth or finely striated, columella broadly vertically dilated, aperture rather small, nearly orbicular, lip thinly reflected ; pale horny, transparent, waved with numerous opake-white streaks.” (Jeeve.) Long. 21, diam. 10 mm. (ew zcon.). Hab, India: Chillianwalla, Banks of Jhilum, Kashmir (Cantor); Jhilum Valley (Vheobald) ; 'Tinali (Stoliczka). Theobald states that the species occurs sparingly throughout the Jhilum Valley below Uri, but is nowhere common except ENA. 951 about Kathai fort on the right bank, where it is abundant, although he saw only dead shells. He further observes that its range must be very limited, not having noticed it to the eastward, or anywhere in the cis-Ravi country. E. pretiosa has a close affinity with such species as LZ. erenta and &. celebs, but is more conoid in the spire than the former and considerably smaller than the latter, being also differently marked. From £. rujistrigata, another ally, it may be separated by the broader base and the more convex spire. Three specimens in the Theobald collection are from the type locality. They agree with Reeve’s figure, except in size, measuring 16 x 7°) mm. They are rather thin in texture, and are densely covered with excessively minute, wavy spirals, a feature not mentioned in the original description. The upper margin of the peristome strongly arches forward. In the British Museum are also five specimens collected by Major Spratt at Lundi Kotal. These range in size between 21 x 8, 18°57, and 167 mm. 223. Ena mainwaringiana, Nevill. Buliminus (Petreus) mainwaringianus, Nevill, Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Miss., Moll. 1878, p. 19, fig. 28. Napeus mainwaringianus, Theobald, J. A. S, B. 1, 1881, p. 47. Buliminus (Subzebrinus) mainwaringianus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam, Buliminidae, 1902, p. 937, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2. Original description: —“ Narrowly and _ superficially rimate, subcylindrically conical, of stout, smooth, and polished substance ; striated, stris less oblique than in the preceding [stoliczkanus|, fewer and more regular, not crowded together in the same way, here and there one more developed than the others, with inter- mediate ones more or less obsolete ; light horny-brown, variegated with opaque white markings, as in /. pretiosus ; these markings are fewer, of a more zigzag, broader, and more irregular nature than those of the preceding; spire produced, apex scarcely obtuse ; whorls 7, the three apical ones unusually short compared with the others, last whorl compressed; aperture very small, almost as broad as high, peristome pure white, outer margin con- siderably thickened; columella very broadly reflected, straighter than in the preceding, slightly subangulate, instead of rounded, at base. “Long. 10, diam. 44 (last whorl to base of aperture, 53); apert. alt. 33, lat. 3 mm.” Hab. India: Murree (Stoliezka); Pakli Valley, Tandiani Hills, 4000-5000 ft. (Theobald): Lundi Kotal (Spratt). “There is no Indian species with which I can compare this species. As to shape, the nearest I know of are some small dwarf forms of Cylindrus insularis ; the species is, however, next allied to B. pretiosus and B. rufistrigatus.” (Nevill.) Theobald collected what he took to be a variety of this shell on the hills north-west of the Pakli Valley from 4000 to 5000 feet, 252 ENIDR. where he says it is not rare locally. He continues, “ It has one whorl less than the type (which is described as having 7), but is slightly larger, a difference probably due to the lesser elevation at which my specimens lived. Shell with six whorls, outer edge of aperture not quite so convex, or full, as in Nevill’s plate. In most other respects corresponding with the description of the type. The surface under a lens displays a microscopically de- cussated sculpture, not mentioned in the type. Two varieties occur: var, major, long. 15, lat. 6°2 mill.; var. intermedia, long. 12, Jat. 4:4. This last I do not term ‘minor’ as it is actually larger that the type from Mari.” Fig. 92.—Ena mainwaringiana, large form. 3. The species is characterized by the large body-whorl and the strong decussated sculpture. It varies in size like most of the members of the group. Dr. Kobelt records specimens from Tandiani, in the Modllendorff collection, 14°5 x 7-5 mm., while the Theobald collection contains shells from the same locality, measur- ing from 13°75x5 tollx45 mm. The same collection com- prises a series from the Jhilum Valley, above Kohala, considerably larger than typical mainwaringiana. Two of these are here figured; they have the following dimensions :—-165 x 85 and 15x 7 mm.; while two others appear sufficiently distinct to base two new varieties upon them. Var. tumida, nov. Twice the length of the type and nearly three times its diameter. No . Fig. 98.—Ena mainwaringiana, var. tumida. Long. 21°5, diam. 11 mm. ENA. 253 Var. dominula, nov. Twice the length of the type and more than twice its diameter. Fig. 94.—Ena mainwaringiana, var. dominula, 3. Long. 21°5, diam. 9°5 mm. 9294, Ena rufistrigata, Reeve. Bulimus rufistrigatus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 78, fig. 570; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p- 350; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 69, pl. 20, figs. 29, 30, pl. Ae nee 16,17; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, 1. 23, fic. 10. ee (Ena) rufistrigatus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, D. : Balenvis (Ena) rufistrigatus, Pfeitfer, Malak. Blatt. ii. 1856, p. 153. Buliminus rufistrigatus, von Martens, Malak. Blatt. xv. 1868, . 158. Bulimants (Petraeus) rufistrigatus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 134. Nee rufistrigatus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146; Westerlund, Katal. Paliarct. Binnenconch. 1890, p. 91; ibid., Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palarct. i, 1897, p. 11. Buliminus rufistrigatus, Kobelt in Rossmassler, Iconogy. vii, 1880, p. 44, pl. 198, figs. 1991-1993. Bulimina (Ena) rufistrigata, Pfeiffer & Classin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 290. Buliminus (Chondrulopsis) rufistrigatus, Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconchyl. iii, 1887, p. 70. Buliminus (Subzebrinus) rufistrigatus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1905, p. 49. Original description :— Shell cylindrically oblong, compressly umbilicated, whorls eight in number, flatly convex, smooth, minutely crenulated at the sutures, aperture rather small, nearly orbicular ; fulvous horny, irregularly finely streaked with opake- white.” (Reeve.) Long. 17, diam. 7 mm. (¢@ zcon.). Hab. India: base of the lower range of the Himalayas, between 254 ENIDZ. the rivers Jumna and Sutlej (Hutton); Jhilum Valley (Stoliczka). Common on the outer hills from the Jumna to the Indus [Kashmir] (Zheobald) ; Lundi Kotal (Spratt). “ Communicated to Mr. Benson by Capt. Hutton with the title Pupa strigata, of which the specific name is occupied in the present genus.” (ZLteeve.) Hanley considers rufistrigatus a somewhat doubtful species (Conch. Ind. p. 12), running into pretiosus and eremita, while Theobald (J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146) states that “ closely allied to this species and with difficulty separable in a large series, are zremita, sindicus, salsicola, and speleus.” Var. gracilis (Benson), Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 10, pl. 20, fig. 4; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 134. Smaller and slenderer than the type. Length 11 mm. Hab. India: Kashmir (Stoliczka) ; Kakerhati (7'heobald). With the foregoing observations I entirely associate myself, but would exclude speleus, as being absolutely synonymous with eremita, while I would add domina. With tie large series of these species before me I have experienced great difficulty in defining their limits. On the whole, I would consider rufistrigata as being the smallest of the group and distinguishable from eremita by the more convex spire. Like most of the other members of the group, it occurs in sinistral as well as dextral specimens, the former being represented by a shell in the British Museum, collected at Simla by Hutton, and measuring 17 x 7 mm., together with three dextral ones. ‘he species has also been found at Lundi Kotal by Major Spratt. The variety gracilis, again, con- nects the species with EL. beddomiana, but differs principally from that species in having the last whorl proportionately larger. Five specimens of this variety from Kakerhati are in the Theobald collection. Subgenus SERINA, Gredler. Serina, Gredler, Gymnasialprogr. Bozen, 1898, p. 10 (as Genus) ; Mollendorff, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersburg, vi, 1902, p. 356 (as Subgenus of Buliminus); Wiegmann, tom. cit. p. 270 (anatomy); Kobelt & Mollendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1908, p. 58. Typn: (first species) Serina cathaica, Gredler. Range: China, India. Shell more or less eylindrical-turreted, many-whorled ; whorls convex, aperture oblong-rovuudate, peristome widely expandea, scarcely reflexed, margins united by a distinct callus. Jaw scarcely or not at all dilated towards the sides. Radula transverse, with 41-48 teeth, of which the central and the first 4 or 5 laterals are in some species unicuspid, sometimes showing rudiments of outer side cusps. PNA. 255 Genital system approaching the general type of Pupinidius, Petreomastus, and Subzebrinus, being especially characterised by the unusual length of the spermatheca duct which, after separating from the ovisperm duct, with its diverticulum reaches far beyond the albumen gland, greatly exceeding the latter together with the ovisperm duct in length, in some species even 42 or 5 times. The appendix of the penis, on the other hand, is much shorter, not reaching as far as the albumen gland, and attaining only 1 or at most 3 the length of the penis. (Wiegmann.) 225. Ena tandianiensis, Kobelt (emend.). Buliminus (Subzebrinus) tandjanensis, Wobelt, Conch. -Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 939, pl. 132, figs. 5, 6. Original description:—“ Testa angusta rimata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, striatula, albida, strigis fuscis crebris ornata, summo luteo-fusco. Spira regulariter conica lateribus vix convexius- culis, apice submamillato ; sutura linearis, anfractus 7 vix con- vexiusculi leniter accrescentes, ultimus major, postice altitudinis 2 superans, basi rotundatus, initio obscure subangulatus, antice haud ascendens. Apertura vix obliqua, truncato-ovalis, intus strigis translucentibus ; peristoma acutum, tenuiter albolabiatum, expansum, marginibus vix convergentibus, haud junctis, colu- mellari brevi, subarcuato. “ Alt. 10°5, diam. max. 5:5, alt. apert. obl. 4-5 mm.” (Kobelt.) Hab. India: Tandiani Hills, Punjab. This species has affinity with #. kuluensis, but possesses a shorter, more conoid spire, composed of seven whorls, whereas in kuluensis eight whorls may be counted. The aperture of tandia- niensis is also more dilated. It is quite possible that with larger series the two forms will be found to intergrade insensibly. 226. Ena kuluensis, Kobelt. Buliminus (Subzebrinus) kuluensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli- minidz, 1902, p. 958, pl. 182, figs. 3, 4. Original description :—“ Testa breviter rimata, ovato-turrita, subfusiformis, obsoleta striatula, tenuiuscula, parum nitens, albida, strigis fuscis subregulariter picta, summo fusco. Spira primum cylindrica, dein conica, apice obtusulo ; sutura linearis, parum impressa. Anfractus 8 lente ac regulariter crescentes, ultimus postice = altitudinis occupans, subcylindricus, basi rotundatus, antice vix ascendens. Apertura fere verticalis, ovata, parum lunata; peristoma tenue, expansum, marginibus vix conniven- tibus, externo et basali albolabiatis, columellari vix dilatato, Alt. 13, diam. max. 5, alt. apert. obl. 4 mm.” (Kobelt.) Hab. India: Kulu, W. Himalayas. 256 ENIDS. Received by Mollendorff from the late Miss Linter as B. rufo- strigatus var. gracilis. Five specimens in the Theobald collection, from Kakerhati, I refer to H. kuluensis. It is shorter and more conoid than rufi- strigata. 227. Ena beddomeana, Vevill. Buliminus (Petreus) beddomeanus, Nevill, Sci. Res. Second Yar- kand Miss., Mollusca, 1878, p. 20, fig. 29. japeus beddomeanus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 47. Buliminus (Subzebrinus) beddomeanus (Nevill), Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 939, pl. 132, figs. 15, 16. Original description :—‘* This is a very interesting species, resembling somewhat, in shape of the whorls and aperture, B. smither, ‘ Conchologia Indica,’ pl. xx, fig. 3, but it is still nearer B. eremita, Bens., 1. ¢. fig. 8, from which its produced spire, narrower whorls, and aperture easily distinguish it. Narrowly rimate, subcylindrically turreted, of solid, scareely polished substance; closely, obliquely striate, strize more regular and crowded together than in the two preceding forms [stolicz- kanus and mainwaringianus|; of a very pale horn-colour, only Fig. 95.—Ena beddomiana, var. turrita. 3 2. here and there discernible, on account of the crowded strie, which are of a chalk-white colour; spire much produced, apex obtuse ; whorls 10, increasing very gradually and regularly, last whorl compressed; aperture very small, peristome white, outer margin broadly reflected, very shghtly arcuate (much as in Plcexe fig. 3, 7. ¢.); columella dilated, obliquely rounded at base. “Long. 134, diam. 4} (last whorl to base of aperture, 5) ; apert. alt. 33, lat. 2% mm.” (Nevill.) Hab. India: Murree, Punjab (Nevill); Tandiani, Hazara (Theobald) ; Campbellpur (Yerbury). Three varieties are indicated by Theobald as occurring at Tan- diani, the hill station of Hazara, the most northern portion of the Punjab and bordering on Kashmir, where he says the species is rather common. The varieties he mentions are: var. typrem, 10 whorls, long. 124, lat. 2°6 mill.; var. turrita, 11 whorls, long. 12:4, lat. 3 mill.; var. pusilla, 9 whorls, long. 8°5, lat. ENA. 257 2:5 mill. The var. twrrita is here illustrated from a specimen in the Theobald collection in the British Museum, fig. 95 c, showing the aperture enlarged. Theobald further states that it is the most aberrant species of the genus, and that the flat expanded peristome, it sometimes displays, suggests a relationship to some Pupee, such as P. cenopicta. Kobelt, when describing and figuring the species, appears to have been ignorant of the fact that a description and figure of it had already been published by Nevill. Kobelt’s specimen is some- what smaller than Nevill’s type, the dimensions of the former being given as: alt 10, diam. 4, ap. alt. 3 mm. The Theobald collection contains four specimens which may be considered typical, having ten whorls and measuring 12 mm. in length; these are from Kakerhati, on the Simla Road. Four other shells have nine whorls, and measure 9 mm. in length, and may be referred to Theobald’s var. pusilla; they agree with Kobelt’s figures based on specimens from Tandiani in the Méllen- dorff collection, while, finally, four more specimens of eleven whorls, from Tandiani, pertain to the var. turrita; one measures 13°25 3:5 mm., and another, which is here figured, has the following dimensions: length 11:25, diam. 3-5 mm. The British Museum further possesses a specimen of the latter variety, collected by Major Yerbury at Campbellpur, situate to the south-west of the Hazara Hills. 228. Ena hazarica, sp. n. Shell turreted-fusiform, finely obliquely striated, pale corneous, rather solid. Whorls 11, slightly convex, increasing slowly and regularly, the last scarcely wider than the penultimate, slightly a Fig. 96.—-Ena hazarica. 3, ascending near the aperture. Spire straight, apex blunt, suture impressed. Aperture subquadrate-ovate, margins distant, united by a callus on the parietal wall, with a denticle near the upper margin; peristome thickened, strongly and flatly expanded, upper, outer, and basal margins evenly curved, columellar margin tri- angularly dilated, slightly curved, forming an obtuse angle with the basal margin. Umbilicus contracted, leaving only a narrow perforation. Length 18, diam. 2°75 mm. 258 ENIDA. Hab. India: Tandiani, Hazara, N.W. Frontier (Theobald). Type in the British Museum. The shell on which this new species is based occurred with several specimens of E. beddomiana, var. turrita in the Theobald collection. It differs from that form in the more slowly in- creasing whorls, the last being scarcely wider than the penultimate, and in the smaller aperture; it also differs in its dimensions, the length being a little greater and the diameter somewhat smaller, while the peristome is more expanded but not reflexed. The shell consequently has quite a different facies, and can be readily picked out from among its congeners. Tandiani, the spot where the shell was taken in company with E. beddomiana, is the hill station situate in the Hazara hills, near the Afghan frontier, at an elevation of 8500 feet, where the pre- vailing rock appears to be limestone *. Figs. 96, a & 6, give the front and back view of the shell, while fig. 96 c shows the aperture. 229. Ena nevilliana, Theobald. Peroneus nevillianus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 48. Buliminus (Ena) nevillianus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 880, pl. 128, figs. 1, 2. Buliminus (Subzebrinus) nevillianus, ibid. tom. cit. p. 1045, Original description. Testa turrita, rimata, costanea [cas- tanea|, anfr. 8 ad 9 convexiusculis, transverse plicatis, lineisque spiralibus leviter decussatis, ultimo brevissime ascendente. Aper- tura oblonga, verticali. Margine pallido, simplici, expansiusculo, et juxta columellam breviter reflexo. ‘“¢ Long. 15:7, lat. 41 mill., ad long. 11:9, lat. 4 mill.” (Theo- bald.) Hab. India: Tandiani, Hazara hills, Punjab, 8500 ft. (Theobald); Lundi Khotal (Spratt). b Fig. 97.— Ena nevilliana. Shell 3, sculpture °. The species had remained unfigured until Dr. Kobelt illustrated it from a specimen in the Mollendorft collection. The shell is strongly irregularly costulate-striate, the striw being cut by coarse incised spirals; it is dark fuscous in colour, not flammulated. * Theobald, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 47. PUPOIDES, 259 The Theobald collection contains two batches of the present species, both from Tandiani; one of four specimens was duly so labelled by Theobald and marked type. One of these is shown, together with the enlarged sculpture, in fig. 97a. The second batch consists of five shells which were unnamed by Theobald ; although the spirals cutting the transverse ribs are not quite so far apart as in the other shells, and the resulting bead-like sculp- ture is consequently not quite so coarse, | have no hesitation in referring this form likewise to 2. nevilliana. One shell is depicted in fig. 97 6. Genus PUPOIDES, Pfeiffer. Pupoides, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 1, 1854, p, 192 (as section of Bulimus, for B. nitidulus, Pfeiffer, and B. marginatus, Say); Pilsbry & Vanatta, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1900, p. 585 (genus) ; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 917; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 70. Leucochila, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 296 (as section of Pupa). Leucochilordes, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomenel. Helic. Viv, 1881, p. 292 (as subsection of Ena). Typ, (first species) Bulimus nitidulus, Pfeiffer. Range. Southern Asia, Equatorial Africa, Australasia, North America, Antilles, and South America. Shell small, elongate-ovate, rather smooth, corneous; spire elongate, conoid; whorls 54-74, convex, the last ascending in front ; aperture provided with a parietal lamella; peristome widely and flatly expanded, reflexed, acute, margins approximating, united by a callus, edentulous. Some Australian and African species are sinistral, one—P. con- trarius, Smith—being amphidrome. Anatomy unknown. 230. Pupoides ceenopictus, Hutton. No. 7, Pupa, Hutton, J. A.S. B. ii, 1834, p. 85; No. 7, Pupa (mihi) cwnopicta ?, ibid., tom. cit. p. 93. Bulimus cenopictus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 69, fig. 492; Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, iv, 1849, p. 127; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 349; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 152, pl. 39, figs. 17-19; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 94; ibid., op. cit. xlv, 1875, p. 45; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 23, fig. 9. Bulimulus (Ena) cenopictus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1855, . 160. Banhies (Napaeus) coenopictus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, . 153. ree coenopicta, Morelet, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, iii, 1872, p. 200, Pupa (Leucochila) cenopictus, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 23; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 193 (canopicta) ; ibid., in Anderson, Zool. Res, Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882 (caenvpicta) ; Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131. 260 ENIDZ. Peroneus cenopictus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 144. Bulimina (Ena (Leucochiloides)) coenopicta, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencel. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 292. Buliminus (Leucochiloides) canopicta, Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch. iii, 1884, p. 54, pl. 99, fig. 65. Buliminus cenopictus, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xviii, 1893, . 42. Pupenies coenopictus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p- 918, pl. 180, figs. 22, 25. Buliminus (Pupa) fallax, Jickeli, Sitz. Ber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1873, p. 5. Bile (Napaeus) fallax (Say), Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.- Carol. Akad. Naturf. xxxvii, 1874, p. 97, pl. 2, fig. 1 (jaw), pl. 5, fig. 1 (shell). Original description :—-‘ Shell about 2} Imes in length ; whorls 8 ; spire rather obtuse ; colour brown; aperture rounded, margins reflected and interrupted by the body-whorl. * Animal with four tentacles, buttoned at the tips, the upper pair longest and bearing the eyes at the summit ; colour blackish.” (Hutton, 1834.) “‘ Shell cylindrico-pyramidal, with 6 whorls, minutely striate ; body-whorl ventricose, the others gradually tapering to an obtuse apex ; aperture ovato-lunate, lips sub-reflected and white within ; a single tooth at the junction of the outer lip with the body-whorl ; colour brown.” (Hutton, 1849.) Length 4-45, diam. nearly 2 mm, Hab. India: Salt Range, Kashmir, N.W. Punjab (Theobald) ; Agra (Hutton); Delhi, Roorkee (Wood-Mason); Patna (Main- waring); Kutch (Stoliczka); Trichinopoly, Erode (Blanford, Fairbank) ; Travancore (Beddome); Dinapore, Kurnal (Bacon) ; Bombay Is. (Peile, West); Ceylon (Nevill, Beddome). Afghanistan (Hutton, Laidlaw). Abyssinia (Blanford). In colour the shell varies from pale and dark corneous to fulvous, in some cases even rufous ; it is usually more or less shining, and there are from 6 to 7 whorls, some specimens have a more elongate spire than others and the body-whorl is somewhat ventricose. In a small percentage of shells the parietal denticle near the upper margin of the peristome is obsolete or even entirely wanting. Jickeli has united under the collective name of Buliminus (Vapaeus) fallaw, Say, practically all the forms of the genus known to him at the time of writing, stating that the different species have been based on characters which may occur in specimens from the same locality. Bourguignat, as might have been anticipated strongly protested against this method of uniting forms from the four quarters of the globe under a common designation and pro- ceeded to add another new species*. While admitting that the various forms closely approximate each other, on geographical erounds alone I must consider it advisable to separate them, while, * Ann, Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 6, xv, art. 2, 1888, p. 62. PUPOIDES. 261 moreover, a careful scrutiny of large series of specimens has con- vinced me that P. fallaw and P. cwnopictus, at. least, may readily be separated by the characters of the peristome, which in fallax is much more strongly developed, thickened, and expanded, and has the upper margin more deflexed towards the body-whorl, forming an obtuse angle with the outer margin which is but slightly curved, whereas in ccnopicta the upper and outer margins together form a regular curve. 231, Pupoides lardeus, Pfeiffer. Bulimus lardeus, Pfeiffer, P. Z, S. 1852, p. 157; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ili, 1853, p. 848; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 151, pl. 59, figs. 14-16. Bulimulus (Napeus) lardeus, Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1835, . 162. Pune (Napaeus) lardeus, Pfeifer, Malak. Blitt. ii, 1856, p. 158. Buliminus (Napaeus) lardeus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p- 234. Buliminus (Leucochiloides) lardeus, Kobelt, U1, Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 273, pl. 84, fig. 12. Bulimina (Ena (Leucochiloides)) lardea, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 292. Pupoides lardeus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p- 918. Original description :—* B. testa subperforata, oblongo-ovata, solidula, striata, lardeo-micante, rufo-cornea ; spira convexo- turrita, apice obtusa ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo 1 longi- tudinis vix superante, basi subcompresso; apertura subverticali, truncato-ovali; perist. intus labiato, subangulatim patente mar- gimibus remotis, callo tenui juxta insertionem dextri obsolete pliciferi junctis. “‘ Long. 53, diam. 24 mill.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India. The Cuming collection in the British Museum contains five specimens of Pupordes lardeus. This form, which is perhaps only a variety of P. cenopictus, is larger, possessing one more whorl, and is more conoid in the spire. 232. Pupoides tutulus, Zceve. Bulimus tutulus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 84, fig. 625. Pupa tutula, Kuster, Conch.-Cab., Pupa, 1852, p. 133, “pl. 17, figs. 8-10; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 585; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 156, fig. 6. Pupa (Pupilla) tutula, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 170; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 176. Pupa (Leucochila) tutula, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 194 (=P. ceenopicta, var.) ; Pfeifter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 351, 262 ENID®, Pupoides tutulus, Kobelt & M@llendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1908, p. 71. Original description :—* Shell conical, rather broad at the base, compressly umbilicated, whorls six in number, rounded, very minutely striated, columella broadly vertically dilated, with a small callosity above, aperture nearly round, lip slightly reflected ; light chestnut, somewhat horny, callosity white.” (eeve.) Long. 53, diam. 3 mill. Ap. 2 mill. longa, 13 lata. (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Humeerpore, Bundelkhund (Benson); Delhi and Nagpore (Wood-Mason); Kutch and Sind (Stoliezka, Blanford) ; Patna (Mainwaring). Reeve, in illustrating the species, makes no mention of the fact that his figure is enlarged, which is especially misleading owing to his invariable habit of omitting all measurement in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica.’ There is, indeed, a note at the bottom of the page stating, “‘ All exceedingly minute,” but this is apt to be over- looked. As 1 have not seen any specimens I have been obliged to quote Pfeiffer’s measurements taken from Benson’s shells. Pupoides tutulus differs from its congeners at a first glance by its much broader base. Genus CERASTUS, von Martens. Cerastus (Albers), von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 232 (as section of Buliminus) ; Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Naturf. xxxvii, no. 1, 1874, p. 103, pl. 2, fig. 2 (jaw and radula, Buliminus abyssinicus) ; Schacko, in Mobius, Beitr. Meeresf. Mawitius u. Seychellen, 1880, p. 540 (radula of abyssinicus) ; Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286; Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 40 (genus). Typ, (first species) Bulimus distans, Pfeiffer. Range. India, Africa. Shell rimate, ovate, costulate or striate, thin, corneous ; whorls 6-7 convex, last whorl about equalling the spire; aperture rotundate-ovate, peristome reflexed, margins approaching, united by a thin callus. Jaw 1:5 mm. across, slightly curved, yellowish corneous, strong, and exhibiting distinct, fairly regular lines of growth, which are crossed by stronger transverse striz, which under a more powerful lens appear as irregular fine riblets. (Jickelz.) Radula 4 mm. long, 1°5 mm. broad, tapering anteriorly, with 133 transverse rows, which ascend towards the margin, then descend and terminate horizontally. Longitudinal rows from 91 to 101. Central tooth varying from 0-030 to 0-036 mm. in length. Laterals characterized by prominent cutting edges on either side, and a basal plate elongated posteriorly and projecting somewhat wing-like towards the outer side. (/ickeli.) Genitalia unknown. CBRASTUS. 263 233. Cerastus abyssinicus, Pferffer. Buliminus habessinicus (Riippell), Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 68 (nom. nud.). Bulimus abyssinicus (Riipp.), Pfeiffer, Zeit. Malak. ii, 1845, p. 157 ; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 110; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1848, Bulimus, pl. 46, fig. 296 ;- Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 149, pl. 39, figs. 6, 7; Pfeitfer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p- 55; Morelet, Voy. Welwitsch, Moll. 1868, p. 40; ibid., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, tii, 1872, p.197; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 21, fig. 1; Bourguignat, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 6, xv, 1883, art. 2, p. 55, pl. 9, fig. 59; ibid., Moll. Afr. Equat. 1889, p. 50. Bulimus (Petraeus) abyssinicus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 184; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 154. Bulimulus (Petreus) abyssinicus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, 162: m Bulan abyssinicus, var. ventrosa, Martens, Malak. Blatt. xvi, 1869, p. 210. Buliminus (Petraeus) abyssinicus, Jickeli, Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Naturf. xxxvii, no. 1, 1874, p. 103, pl. 2, fig. 9 (Jaw and radula), pl. 5, fig. 2 (shell). Buliminus (Cerastus) abyssinicus, Kobelt, IMustr. Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 273, pl. 84, fig. 6; Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xill, 1898, no. 313, p. 6. Bulimina (Cerastus) abyssinica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Buliminus (Cerastus) abessynicus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli- minidae, 1899, p. 532, pl. 84, figs. 9-12. Cerastus abessinicus, Kobelt & Mollendorft, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 40. Buliminus abyssinicus, var., Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131. Original description: —‘‘' Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-acuminata, tenui, regulariter et confertim arcuato costata, diaphana, corneo- albida; spira elongata, conica; anfr. 7, convexis, ultimo 4 longi- tudinis subeequante ; columella subrecta, intus subtorta; apertura oblongo-ovali ; perist. acuto, margine dextro arcuato, breviter ex- panso, columellari dilatato, patente. “ Long. 21, diam. 11 mill.” (Pfecffer.) Hab. India: Malwa (Theobald); Manda, Nerbudda Valley (Blanford) ; Poona (Beddome); Bombay Island (Petle). Abyssinia (Blanford, Jickeli, Bourguignat). The occurrence of this species in such widely separated countries is somewhat startling, but may be accounted for by the intro- duction into India with plants. In a letter to Pfeiffer (recorded in Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, p. 55) Benson suggested that it had been imported with Adansonia digitata. The shell appears to vary to a certain extent, and some of the specimens figured by Jickeli seem to be immature. This same author suggested that Bulimus harrisi, Reeve, is identical, but Reeve’s figure does not bear out this contention. C. abyssinicus is closely related to C. distans but the shell is 264 ENIDZE. more diaphanous, the spire is shorter, the body-whorl is more in- flated and the ribs are more distant. The interstices between the cost are closely and minutely spirally striated. The figure in Conch. Ind. shows a more elongated spire, the last whorl is less swollen and the aperture narrower than in typical abyssinica. In size the species varies from 20x12 and 19x11°5 to 16 x 10°5 mm. 234. Cerastus fairbanki, Pfeiffer. Bulimus fairbanki, Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 109; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 410; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 20, fig. 9. Buliminus (Cerastus) sealaris (Hairburn), von Martens, Die Heli- ceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 232. Buliminus (Cerastus) fairbanki, Nevill, Hand List. i, 1878, p. 133 ; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 677, pl. 102, fig. 23. ee (Cerastus) fairbanki, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Cerastus fairbanki, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges, 1903, p. 40. Original description :—“T. anguste et compresse umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuuiscula, conferte striata et costis irregulariter distantibus compressis subarcuatis sculpta, sub lente exilissime spiraliter striata, haud nitens, fulvescenti-albida ; spira conica, apice obtusa; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus spira vix brevior, juxta umbilicam compressus ; apertura parum obliqua, elliptico-ovalis ; perist. album, marginibus conniventibus dextro mediocriter ex- panso, columellari stricto, late patente. *« Long. 19, diam. 93 mill.” (Pfetffer.) Hab. India: Ahmednuggar (/airbank). This is the best characterized of all the Indian species of Cerastus, on account of the prominent and widely spaced ribs, which are about 2 mm. apart. Five specimens in the Beddome collection, from Ahmednuggar, the type-locality, show that two forms may be recognized. The one typical, broadly conoid, the other with more elongated spire and narrower base ; the ribs are neither quite so widely nor so regularly spaced, and the form would almost constitute a passage to C. distans. 235. Cerastus malabaricus, Pfeiffer. Bulimus malabaricus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. iv, 1857, p. 156; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 411. Buliminus ( Cerastus) deccanensis (Blanford), Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 133 (nom, mut.). Bulimina ( Cerastus) malabarica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencel. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Cerastus malabaricus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1908, p. 41. CERASTUS, 265 Original description :—“T. anguste umbilicata, conico-ovata, solidula, conferte striata, parum nitida, sordide albida; spira elongato-conica, apice obtusa; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus 2 longi- tudinis subeequans, juxta umbilicum leviter compressus ; apertura obliqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus approximatis, callo tenuissimo, superne tuberculifero junctis, dextro perarcuato, breviter expanso, columellari dilatato, breviter patente. “Long. 14, diam. 72 mill. Ap. 63 mill. longa, 4 lata.” (Pjeiffer.) Hab. India: Ahmednuggar, Deccan (Fairbank, Blanford). The species never having been figured, I have taken the opportunity of illustrating the type in the Cuming collection. The shell bears some resemblance to that of C. redfieldr, Pfeiffer, being similar in shape, but it is smaller and has a narrower umbilicus. 1t is furnished with very fine spirals on the body- whorl, where the transverse striz are less distinct than on the other portions of the shell. Fig. 98.—Cerasius malabaricus. 3, I have seen five specimens in the Beddome collection, also from Ahmednuggar, which are a trifle larger than the type, measuring 15x9 mm., and are a little more fuscous, with the body-whorl not quite so tumid. Blanford appears to have found it necessary to alter the specific name* on the plea that the habitat is not in Malabar, as Pfeiffer erroneously thought, but in the Deccan. In view of the admitted fact, however, that a specific name is intended to “ designate, not to describe,” I have found it expedient to disregard the latter name and to revert to Pfeiffer’s original designation. 236. Cerastus jerdoni, /teeve. Bulimus jerdont (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1848, Bulimus, pl. 46, fig. 297; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p 335; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1858, p. 73, pl. 20, figs. 11, 12. Bulimus (Petraeus) jerdoni, Pfeitter, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 154. Buliminus (Cerastus) jerdoni, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 182; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p. 893, pl. 127, fios. 17, 18. * Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183. 266 ENIDZ. Bulimina (Cerastus) jerdoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Cerastus jerdoni, Kobelt & Méllendortf, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 40. Original description: —‘‘ Shell somewhat shortly ovate, largely umbilicated, spire rather short, acuminated, whorls six in number, swollen, rounded, columella broadly reflected, aperture nearly orbicular, lip expanded, scarcely reflected; dirty olive-brown.” (Reeve.) Long. 18, diam. 11°5 mill. (ea 2con.). Hab. India: Deccan (Benson); Poona (Llanford). A shell from Ahmednuggar in the Benson collection, kindly sent for inspection by Dr. L. Doncaster, agrees with Reeve’s figure, except in being paler in colour, which may be due to fading, and the outer margin of the peristome being narrower and damaged, probably as the result of rough handling. I am consequently disposed to regard this specimen as the type. ‘The form figured by Hanley and Theobald is larger and with a less convex spire, and I refer this to the var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer. The species differs from C. densus, Pfeiffer, in being of shorter and stouter build, of thinner texture, more finely, not plicately, striated, and in being covered with rather close, wavy spirals. Var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer. Bulimus redfieldi, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1854, p. 66. Bulimus jerdoni, var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 410. Bulimus jerdoni, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 21, 10 [f- Bulimina (Cerastus) jerdoni, var. redfieldi, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Original description :—*T. profunde et compresse umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuis, oblique confertim striata, pellucida, parum nitens, cereo-albida ; spira conica, apice obtusa; anfr. 6 convexi, ultimus spiram aequans, infra suturam subturgidus, juxta umbilicum compressus ; columella fere verticalis, medio introrsum subplicata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovalis; perist. tenue, marginibus con- vergentibus, dextro perarcuato, expanso, subdilatato, columellari lato, patente. “ Long. 20, diam. 11 mill. Ap. 10 mill. longa, intus 53 lata.”’ (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Abmednuggar (2edfield) ; Poona (Leddome). Described originally as a distinct species, evidently before he had seen C. jerdoni, Pfeiffer subsequently reduced it to varietal rank. The shell figured by Hanley and Theobald as gerdoni I refer to this variety. Three specimens from Ahmednuggar in the Cuming collection, accompanied by a label bearing the legend “ B. jerdoni” in Pfeiffer’s handwriting, also agree with the de- scription and dimensions of redfieldi. The Beddome collection CERASTUS. 267 further comprises five specimens from Poona. These range in dimensions from 21x12 to 19x11:5 mm., and have the trans- verse strive more pronounced and more regular than is the case in typical jerdoni ; the spiral incised lines, on the other hand, are not so wavy and not quite so apparent, while the peristome is more expanded, the columellar margin especially being very broadly triangular. 237. Cerastus moussonianus, Petit. Bulimus moussonianus, Petit, Journ. Conchyl. ii, 1851, p- 266, pl. 7, fig. 4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1858, p. 346; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 21, fig. 4. Buliminus (Cerastus) moussonianus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 132; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 676, pl. 102, fig. 21; tom. cit. 1902, p. 892, pl. 127, figs. 12-16. Bulimina (Cerastus) moussoniana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Cerastus moussonianus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr, Deuts, Malak, Ges. 1903, p. 41. Buliminus moussonianus, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. xi, 1908, p. 131. Original description :-—*< B. testa ovato-ventricosa, tenui, trans- lucida, umbilicata, pallide cornea ; spira conica; anfractibus senis convexis, longitudinaliter minuteque striatis; striis obliquis ; apertura subrotundata ; labro tenui, expanso, subreflexo ; um- bilico parvo. ‘‘ Long. 16, larg. 9 mill.” (Petit.) Hab. India: Bombay (Charbonnier); Ahmednuggar (Fairbank) ; Baroach, Khandala, and Surat (Blanford, Fairbank) ; Sholapur (West); Bombay Island (Pele) ; Kutch (Stoliczka). Petit states that it is near B. abyssinicus, but shorter and not Fig. 99.—Cerastus moussonianus, var. Shell 3, sculpture ¢. as widely umbilicated, while Kobelt considers it probably a variety of that species. Pfeiffer and Clessin, on the other hand, are rather inclined to regard it as synonymous with B. char- bonnieri, Pfr. To judge from Petit’s original figures I must consider it nearer to C. abyssinicus, but it has a more inflated body-whorl and the ribs appear more crowded. From C. charbonnieri it may be 268 ENIDE. separated by the shorter, more compressed spire, and from C. distans by the shorter spire, the broader base, and the coarser and more distant ribs, while, on the other hand, it agrees with C. densus in having the columellar margin of the peristome broadly and triangularly dilated, forming a distinet angle with the basal margin. I here figure a shell (fig. 99) in the British Museum from Sholapur, Central India, received from Arthur A. West, which has a more elongated spire than typical moussonianus, measuring 18x11°5 mm. and somewhat approaches C. distans in shape, while fig. 100 represents another specimen in the British Museum, labelled “‘ India” only ; the latter approximates closely to Petit’s original figure, except in being a trifle smaller, measuring 15°5 x 10°5 mm. Fig. 100.—Cerastus moussonianus. Shell 3, sculpture 3. Three specimens in the Cuming collection, collected by Fairbank at Ahmednuggar, are labelled moussonianus, Pfeiffer; they are larger than the type, being 18 mm. long. 238. Cerastus segregatus, /teeve. Bulimus segregatus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 79, fig. 587; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1855, p. 440; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 18538, p. 77, pl. 21, figs. 8,9; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 80, fig. 10. Bulimus (Napaeus) segregatus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, », 158. Bae segregatus, var. minor, von Martens, Imp. Obsh. Lyubi. Kstest. Antrop. Etnoghr. xi, part 1, 1874, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 16. Napeus segregatus, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 145. Bulimina (Pachnodus) segregata, Pfeitter & Clessin, Nomencel. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 284. Buliminus segregatus, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, . 46; Westerlund, Fauna Palaarct. Binnenconchyl. ii, 1887, p. 72; ibid., Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890, p. 92; ibid., Syn. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palzearct. i, 1897, p. 11. Buliminus (Chondrulopsis) segregatus, Westerlund, Fauna Paliarct. ii, 1887, p. 72. Buliminus (Ena?) segregatus, WKobhelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli- minidae, 1901, p. 687, pl. 105, fig. 20, corrected to (Subzebrinus) on page 1007 (1902). Original description :—*“ Shell ovately conical, somewhat pyra- midal, rather swollen at the base, umbilicated, whorls seven in CERASTUS. 269 number, convex, obliquely striated, columella broad, vertical, aperture small, rounded, lip thin; dull horny.” (Reeve.) Long. 11, diam. 6 mm. (ex icon.). Hab. India: Simla (Benson); Chinab Valley, Kashmir (var. pusillus, Theobald). Turkestan: Hills near Schachimardan (var. minor, Fedtschenko). Theobald records the finding in Kashmir of a single specimen of what seemed to him a variety of segregatus, but it had an ab- normal look about it. It measured 11°25 mm. and had the ordinary horny appearance of celebs and its allies. A smaller form, which he names var. pusilus, he also considered to pertain to this species and was far from rare in the Chinab Valley above 6000 feet. It only measured 9x38 mm. Pfeiffer records the following measurements from shells in the Benson collection :— Long. 13, diam. 7 mm. Ap. 5 mm. longa, 3°5 lata. I have not seen specimens, and the type appears to be lost. 239. Cerastus densus, Pfeiffer. Bulimus (Petraeus) densus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 154. Bulimus densus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 424; ibid., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, iii, 1868, p. 377, pl. 87, figs. 25, 26; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 79, fig. 6. Buliminus (Cerastus) densus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 286 ; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1901, p. 686, pl. 103, fig. 18. Bulimina (Cerastus) densa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Cerastus densus, Kobelt & Mélendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 40. Original description :—‘ T. profunde rimata, subperforata, ovato- conica, solidula, dense costulato-striata, vix nitidula, pallide carnea; spira conica, obtusiuscula ; sutura obsolete marginata; anfr. 6, conyexiusculi, ultimus spira vix brevior, basi compressus ; colu- mella leviter arcuata; apertura parum obliqua, elliptico-ovalis ; perist. albo-labiatum, marginibus conniventibus, dextro arcuato, expanso, columellari late patente. “Long. 20, diam. 10 mill. Ap. c. perist. 10 mill. longa, lata.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Malabar (Fairbank); Ahmednuggar (Blanford) ; Poona (Stoliczka). Pfeiffer indicates a var. 6 ‘“ elongatus, basi subangulatus ; long. 242, diam. 10 mill.” The Beddome collection contains five specimens, from Ahmed- nuggar, which were labelled jerdonz, but which, without hesitation, I refer to densus. C. densus differs from C. jerdont in having a more attenuated spire, the whorls inerease less rapidly, and the lip, while more thickened, is less reflexed. The sculpture is also different, the transverse strie being a trifle coarser and more regularly spaced, ‘ BI 2 270 ENIDE. especially on the last whorl, and the spirals are much less in evidence, being not only much more minute, but more or less obsolete. A specimen in the British Museum, acquired by purchase, from Bombay and labelled B. fairbanki, I also refer to the present species. 240. Cerastus distans, Pfeiffer. Bulimus distans, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 331; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 409, Buliminus (Cerastus) distans, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 232; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, . 966. Baie (Cerastus) distans, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 286. Cerastus distans, Kobelt & Moéllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 40. Original description :—* T, compresse-umbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, costis subarcuatis, chordeformibus, subdistantibus sculpta, subdiaphana, albida; spira elevato-conica, obtusula ; anfr. 7 convexi, ultimus # longitudinis subequans, basi rotun- datus; columella profunde subtorta; apertura parum obliqua, acuminato-subovalis ; perist. tenue, marginibus convergentibus, dextro breviter expanso, columellari dilatato, patente. “Long. 224, diam. 103 mill. Ap. 10 mill. longa, 5% lata.” (Pfeiffer.) Hab. India: Poona (Beddome). Karak I., Persian Gulf (A/us. Cuming). The present species and C. charbonniert, both as from Karak Island, in the Persian Gulf, were described by Pfeiffer in the same paper, being based upon specimens in the Cuming collection. After a careful examination of the types of both, now in the British Museum, Iam unable to separate the two forms specifically, the only differences between them being that char- bonnieri has one whorl less and is a smaller shell, its dimensions being: length 15, diam. 8 mm.; ap. 7 mm. long. 4°5 wide, while the ribs are finer and more crowded. It can, at the most, be only regarded as a variety. From C. abyssinicus it differs in being of a more solid texture, in having a more elongated spire, and in the ribs being more crowded. Although Pfeiffer mentioned only the habitat Karak Island for C. distans, von Martens recorded the fact that Albers’ collection contained specimens labelled Malabar. Providing the latter term be understood in its wider application, as in the case of C. malabaricus, there would be no inherent improbability in its occurrence farther north in India and I was, therefore, not surprised to find several specimens from Poona in the Beddome collection which, although erroneously labelled jerdoni, were absolutely undistinguishable CERASTUS.—RACHISELLUS. 271 from the type of distans. They range in size from 19x10 to 18:5x9mm. Pfeiffer in describing Bulimus distans alluded to the fact that it differed from B. abyssinicus in its more elongated spire and the sculpture. Fig. 101.— Cerastus distans. Shell 3, sculpture }. As neither C. distans nor C. charbonniert has been illustrated before, I add figures of the two from the types in the Cuming collection, with an enlarged view of the sculpture of the former. Var. charbonnieri, Pfeiffer. Bulimus charbonnert, Pfeiffer, P, ZS. 1856, p 331; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 410. Fig. 102.—Cerastus charbonnicri. 3. Genus RACHISELLUS, Bourguignat. Rachisellus, Bourguignat, Moll. Afr, Equat. 1889, p. 68; Thiele, Wiss. Ergebn. Deuts. Zentr.-Afr. Exp. iii, Zool. 1911, p. 201. Rhachisellus, Connolly, Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xi, 1912, p. 164. Typr, Dulimus punctatus, Anton. Range. India, Tropical Africa. Shell elongate-oblong, last whorl shorter than the _ spire, attenuated at the base; umbilical perforation open and deep, more or less covered by the much reflexed columellar margin, the base of the last whorl subangulated around the umbilicus. Upper, outer, and basal margins of peristome straight, acute, not thickened or reflected. ie ENIDA. The straight, acute margins of the peristome, giving the shell an Achatinoid aspect, so different from typical Hna, are a character sufficient, in my opinion, to warrant the retention of the group as a separate genus, and I therefore follow Bour- guignat’s lead in this respect. ~ The radula closely approximates that of Hna obscura, according to Schacko *. A specimen of A. punctatus from Tette is reported on by him as follows :—Uentral tricuspid, very small ; laterals, strong, with a large, obliquely truncate central plate ; marginals very abundant, with 7 side cusps. This genus, established in 1889 by Bourguignat, had been uni- versally relegated to the synonymy of Rachis, Albers (hachis, Pfeiffer and von Martens), but recently Dr. Thiele 7 has stated that an examination of the radula of punctatus has satisfied him that this species does not pertain to the latter genus but to Ena in its wider sense. He consequently revives Rachisellus but reduces it to a subgenus of Lna. Although von Martens indi- cated punctatus as the type of the former, at the same time, following in Pfeiffer’s footsteps, altering its orthography to Rhachis, Dr. Thiele points out that as this species was not in- cluded by Albers in 1850 when the section Rachis was established by him, with Bulimus pallens, Jonas, as first species, the latter must be regarded as type. 241. Rachisellus adumbratus, Pfeiffer. Bulimus adumbratus, Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 291; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 472; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 148, fig. 8. Bulimus (Rhachis) adumbratus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, ». 161. Bilimeies (Rhachis) adumbratus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 231; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 130; Kobelt, Conch.- Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 675, pl. 102, fig. 19. Bulimus adumbratus, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3. Bulimina (Rachis) adumbrata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 285. Rachis adwnbratus, Jousseaume, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 296. Rhachis adumbratus, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 87. Original description :—* T. subobtecte perforata, ovato-conica, solidula, lmvigata, albido et roseo adumbrata, strigis distantibus roseo-fuscis et punctis sparsis pellucidis signata; spira conica, apice acuta, nigra ; anfr. 6 vix convexiusculi, ultimus spira paullo previor, basi rotundatus, fascia 1 castanea notatus; columella subverticalis; apertura obliqua, oblongo-ovalis ; perist. simplex, * In Mobius, Beitr. Meeresfauna Ins. Mauritius u. Seychellen, 1880, p. 340. + Wiss. Ergebn. Deuts. Zentr.-Afr. Exp. iii, Zool. 1911, p. 201. RACHISELLUS. 273 rectum, margine cclumellari papyraceo, fornicatim — reflexo, subadnato. * Long. 20, diam. 94 mill. Ap. 94 mill. longa, 6 lata.” (Pfeiffer. ) Hab. Ceylon (Nevill). 242. Rachisellus trutta, Blanford. Bulimus trutta, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 42; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 125; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 80, fig. 4. Buliminus (Rhachis) trutta, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 151; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 668, pl. 102, fio. 20. Bulimina (Ruchis) trutta, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 285. Rhachis trutta, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1905, p. 59. Original description :— Shell perforated, conically ovate, thin, finely striated, light yellowish, with two spiral rows of sub-distant chestnut spots, sub-quadrate in form, on all the whorls, and two spiral chestnut stripes, the lower sometimes very faint, upon the last whorl below the periphery. Spire conical, apex acute, sutures impressed. Whorls 53, convex. Aperture nearly oval, slightly oblique. Peristome thin, margins united by a thin callus, colu- mellar margin vertical, narrowly reflexed, the retlexed portion meeting the penultimate whorl at an angle. “ Length 14, diam. 9 millim. Aperture 7 mill. long, 43 broad.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Anamullay Hills (Beddome, Llanford). “There is some doubt whether the shells above described be adult. They have a somewhat immature appearance, but all the specimens sent, four in number, are of precisely the same size, and the thin peristome is characteristic of the group of Bulinws Bengalensis, to which the present species belongs. From that species and its allies, it is easily distinguished by its short conical form.” (Dlanford.) Most of the specimens of this species I have seen are larger than the type. Three shells in the British Museum measure 19x 10°5 mm., two in the ‘heobald collection 18 x 10 mm.; while five specimens in the Beddome collection range from 16 x 10 to 12°5x8 mm., the latter being immature. All possess the two narrow, chestnut, spiral infra-peripheral bands and the two supra- peripheral spiral rows of subquadrate spots, referred to in the original diagnosis. The species appears to be confined to the Anamullay Hills, as I have neither seen specimens from any other locality nor traced any record of such. 274. ENIDA. 243. Rachisellus bengalensis, Lamarck. Bulimus bengalensis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. vi, part 2, 1822, p. 124; Deshayes, ibid., ed. 2, vii, 1838, p. 233; Delessert, Recueil Coq. 1841, pl. 28, fig. 4; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1, 1848, p. 194; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1848, Bulimus, pl. 45, fig. 289; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 80, fig. 7; ibid., 1875, pl. 148, fig. 6. Bulimus (Mesembrinus) bengalensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, ». 158. Banas (Rhachis) bengalensis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 281. Buliminus (Rhachis) bengalensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 150); Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, i900, p. 668, pl. 102, fies. 8, 9. Bulimina (Rachis) bengalensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 285. Buliminus (Rachis) bengalensis, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vil, 1894, p. 296; Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 131. Rhachis bengalensis, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 37. “ H. testa ovato-acuta, perforata, tenui, diaphana, glabra, albo- lutescente, fusco-fasciata, ultimo anfractu subventricoso, bifasciato ; suturis linea nigra marginatis ; labro subreflexo.” (Deshayes.) Long. 10 lin. Hab. India: Bengal (Deshayes); Bombay (Petle); Chittagong (Raban); Raneegunge (Stoliczka); Chandernagore, Calcutta, Barrackpore (Vevill, Mainwaring); Bengal and Anamuilays (Beddome). The foregoing brief description may be supplemented as follows :— Shell perforated, ovate-acute, thin, diaphanous, smooth, yellowish-white, usually encircled by two, rarely three, bands, one bordering the suture. Spire conical, apex acute, black. Whorls 6, slightly flattened, the last convex, about equalling the remainder of the shell in height. Aperture spacious, oval; peri- stome simple, acute, columellar margin dilated. Long. 22, diam. J0 mm. The present species may be distinguished from its nearest ally— R. pretermissus—by its broader base and more conoid spire. It is, besides, usually paler in colour and is furnished with dense minute spirals, a feature I have not observed in the other species. It is thinner in texture than either /. pulcher or EH. adumbratus. The third and fourth bands are most persistent, but many speci- mens have the second band represented by a thin line. Seven specimens from the Anamullays, in the Beddome collection, labelled preetermissa, I refer to bengalensis. The Theobald collection contains six specimens, labelled Bengal, three of which are immature and possess four bands; three others have three bands interrupted transversely, the third becoming entire towards the aperture. RACHISELLUS. 275 244. Rachisellus pretermissus, Blanford, Bulimus pretermissus, Blanford, J. A. 8S. B, xxx, 1861, p. 360; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 131; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 19, fig. 4. Buliminus (Rhachis) pretermissus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, ». 130. ane (Rachis) practermissa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 285. Buliminus (Rhachis) praetermissus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 670, pl. 102, fig. 12. Rhachis praetermissus, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1905, p. 38. Original description :—* Testa perforata, oblongo-conica, tenuis, nitida, striata, luteo-albida, varie rufo vel fusco spiraliter fasciata et transverse strigata, plerumque uni- vel trifasciata, interdum unicolor albida. Spira conica, apice acutiuscula plerumque nigra. Anfr. 7 convexiusculi, ultimus 2? longitudinis subequans, basi rotundatus. Apertura vix obliqua, subovalis ; peristoma simplex, rectum, margine columellari verticali, fornicatim reflexo. * Long. 19, diam. 10 mm. Ap. 8 alta, 5} lata.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Orissa (Blanford, Stoliczka, Theobald); Salem district (King); Bengal (Oldham); Bombay (Leith); Madura Hills (Beddome). «This species is intermediate between B. mavortius, Reeve, and B. punctatus, Anton, on the one hand, and LB. Bengalensis, Lam., on the other. It resembles the two first-named in form, but differs from both in the absence of the transparent spots on the whorls. It is less solid than B. mavortius and broader in pro- portion to its length than B. punctatus. From B. Bengalensis it is distinguished by its small mouth and by less tumidity. It varies considerably in marking, of which we have the following varieties :— “1. Yellowish white throughout; apex the same. “2. Yellowish white with a single brown stripe round the lower portion of the last whorl ; apex white. “3. Upper whorls transversely obliquely striped with pale reddish lines ; last whorl purplish, with a dark brown stripe round the lower portion. Apex black. “4. Yellowish white, two pale reddish brown lines round the lower portion of the last whorl, the upper running along the suture above. The upper part of the whorls obliquely striped with interrupted streaks of the same colour. Apex black. “5. Three rather broadish and irregular brown stripes around the last whorl; two on the upper ones, becoming purplish black near the apex; apex black. “6, 3 stripes of dark brown on the lower whorl, 2 on the upper ones. Apex black. Similar to the marking in 2. Bengalensis. ‘We have no specimens with more than 3 stripes around the last whorl. T 2 276 ENID®. “7, Whorls obliquely and undulately striped with brown, one stripe round the lower part of the last whorl. Suture near the top purplish black ; apex black. «Specimens of &. pretermissus were first found by ourselves 5 years ago in the tributary mehals of Cuttack, in Orissa; and were by us long considered as a variety of L. Bengalensis. The first six varieties came thence ; No. 7, which is rather more highly coloured, occurs amongst the shells sent from 8. India by Mr. King, who found it on detached hills, N.E. of Conaniputty, in the Salem district.” (W. 7. and H. F. Blanford.) Rachisellus pretermissus is allied to R. bengalensis but has a narrower base and a more slender spire. It appears rather more variable as regards banding than any of the other Indian species of Rachisellus. Among a number in the Beddome collection, from the Madura Hills, oceur two shells which possess four bands, more or less interrupted by transverse streaks, especially the upper three, and a faint indication of a fifth band around the umbilicus. Four others have only the fourth (sub-peripheral), while a fifth has in addition a broad pale reddish zone between the suture and the periphery, apparently the result of the fusion of the first three bands, and a coloured columella. One specimen is bandless. All are subangulated at the periphery. Another batch in the same collection, labelled S. India, contains two unbanded shells, one of which is of a pale fuscous colour, becoming darker towards the aperture, especially below the periphery. A third specimen is ornamented with six bands, three of which—interrupted—are supra-peripheral, and three infra-peripheral, the fourth rather broad and entire, dark chestnut, the fifth narrower, paler, and interrupted, the sixth darker and broader, entire, and giving off a paler fuscous zone reaching as far as the umbilicus. The Theobald collection in the British Museum comprises two shells from Orissa, which measure 22 x 12°5 mm.and have the third and fourth bands faint and interrupted. T'wo specimens, collected at Bombay by A. H. Leith, are labelled mavortius, var.; these I refer to preternussus. 245. Rachisellus pulcher, Gray. Bulimus pulcher, Gray, Ann. Philos. new series, ix, 1825, p. 414 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 11, 1848, p. 210. Helix pulchra, Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pl. 7, fig. 19. Bulimus mavortius, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. fic. 561; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 74, pl. 20, figs. 18, 14; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 423; Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 3; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 148, fig. 5. Buliminus (Rhachis) mavortius, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 231. Buliminus (Rhachis) pulcher, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 150; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 671, pl. 102, fie, 15. edad ie RACHISBLLUS. 277 Bulimina (Rachis) pulchra, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 285. Rhachis pulchra, Kobelt & Méllendorff, Nachy. Deuts. Malak. Ges, 1903, p. 38. ; Original description :--** Testa ovato-conica, tenuis, albida ; fasciis tribus purpureo-fuseis ornata; anfractibus convexiusculis. Peristomate simplici, labio interiori roseo.” (Gray) Length 23, diam. 10 mill. Ap. 10 x6 mill. Hab. Ceylon (Gardiner, Benson, Layard); Balapiti (Nevill). India: Trichinopoly ; Travancore and Tinnevelly (Beddome). When first described by Gray its habitat was unknown, and it was believed by Pfeiffer to be an African species until Benson sent him authentie Cingalese specimens. The type of Bulimus mavortius, Reeve, which is in the British Museum, measures 14°5 x 7:25 mm., and is more slender of spire than pulcher, Gray, so that it is perhaps advisable to distin- guish this form as a variety. All the specimens possess three bands, one peripheral, one below and one above the periphery. The two forms are more solid thanany of the other Indian species of Rachisellus. The Cuming collection contains three specimens, collected by Mr. Gardiner, which are more or less speckled and have only two bands, one at the periphery and the other below, agreeing in this respect with the shell figured in Conch. Ind. as mavortius (copied by Kobelt as pulcher); in addition they are ornamented with a diffused pink internal patch on the columella. Another shell in the British Museum also possesses two similar bands, while a second specimen is without bands but has the four apical whorls blackish purple. ‘These measure 22x 10mm. Four shells in the Beddome collection are yellowish white, with a few scattered freckles and only one band, the third (infra-peripheral) of a bright pink. Four others, from Travancore, in the same collection, are provided with four bands (two supra-peripheral), the upper one not reaching to the aperture and the other three being more or less interrupted by transverse streaks towards the margin. These bands are all bright pink and the columella is similarly coloured. The apical whorls are purplish black, which colour becomes gradually diffused lower down. Lastly, of four specimens from Tinnevelly, also in the Beddome collection, two have the usual three bands and two are provided only with the peripheral and one infra-peripheral band of a chestnut colour. 246, Rachisellus punctatus, Anion. Bulimus punctatus, Anton, Verz. Conch, 1839, p. 42; Pteiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 212; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 65, fig. 452; Deshayes, in Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. ii, part 2, 1851, p. 86, pl. 157, figs. 7,8; Pieiffer, Conch.- Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 229, pl. 62, figs. 22-24; Morelet, Sér. Conchyl. livr. 2***, 1860, p. 66; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1870, pl. 20, fig. 10. 278 ENIDZ. Bulimus (Rhachis) punctatus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 161; Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch. ii, 1884, p. 49, pl. 99, fig. 62. Buliminus (Rhachis) punctatus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 231; ibid., Malak. Blatt. vi. 1860, p. 212; ibid., in von der Decken, Reisen in Ost-Afrika, iii, Abth. 1, 1869, p. 59; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 1830; Kobelt, Illustr. Conchyl. Bueh, ii. 1878, p. 273, pl. 84, fig. 14. Buliminus punctatus, yon Martens, Nachr. Deuts, Malak. Ges. 1869, p. 153. Bulimus punctatus, Nevill, Enum. Helic, Ceylon, 1871, p. 5. Rhachis punctatus, Schacko, in Mobius, Beitr. Meeresfauna Ins. Mauritius u. Seychellen, 1880, p. 340 (vadula); Smith, Fauna and Geogr. Maldive and Laccadive Arch. 1, part 2, 1902, p. 145. Bulimina (Rachis) punctata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 285. Rachisellus punctatus, Bourguignat, Moll. Afr. Equat. 1889, p. 69 ; Thiele, Wiss. Ergebn. Deuts. Zentr.-Afr. Exp. iii, Zool. 1911, . 201. nae punctatus, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, » 297. Rhachis punctata, Kobelt & Mollendorff, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1903, p. 38. Buliminus (Rachis) punctatus, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 1381. Bulimus solutus, Benson MS. quoted by Pfeiffer and Deshayes. Bulimus solatus, Benson MS. quoted by Reeve. Original description :—‘* Oval-conisch, Gewinde miissig lang ; 6 flache Windungen; wenig gliinzend, glatt, weiss, fein braun punetirt, auf der Mitte der letzten Windung ein schmales braunes Band, Wirbelspitze schwarz, glinzend; durchbohrt; Miindung lang oval; Mundsaum scharf; Spindel mit einem Blattchen belegt.”” (Anton.) Length 10, diam. 5 inm. Apert. 4°56 mm. long, 3 broad. Hab. India: Bundelkhund (Benson, Jerdon, Mus. Cum.) ; Oolooberiah, near Calcutta and Benares (Maimwaring) ; Madras (Henderson); Poona, Ahmednuggar (Slanford); Trichinopoly, Nullamullays (lanford); Travancore (Leddome); Orissa (Ball) ; Bombay Island (Peile, West). Ceylon (Layard, Nevill). Laccadive Archipelago (Stanley Gardiner Exp.) Africa: Zanzibar (Vesco, von der Decken, Brauns); Mozambique: Tette and Querimba Island (Peters) ; Benguella (Ansorge). No habitat was given originally by Anton, Benson being the first to identify specimens as B. punctatus from Bundelkhund and Ceylon as recorded by Pfeiffer and Reeve. Many other Indian localities were indicated subsequently by Nevill, while in 1860 von Martens and Morelet recorded specimens from Zanzibar, the former adding Mozambique in 1869. He mentioned that shells from Zanzibar were contained in Albers’ collection, but they were labelled &. Ferussact, Dunker, adding that the true West African ferussaci, indeed, scarcely differs from punctatus, except in the White coloration and pale apex. He draws attention, however, to the fact that Pfeiffer attributes a corneous apex to punctatus, RACHISELLUS. 279 whereas the descriptions by Anton and Reeve agree with his specimens from Mozambique and Ceylon in having a black or blackish apex. The specimens from Querimba Island, he states, are somewhat larger—15 mill. long and 7 broad—and are more whitish than those from Tette. The shells recorded in 1860 by von Martens were obtained from Herr W. Brauns, an oil manu- facturer, who picked them out, together with many other species, from Sesamum seed received in large quantities from Zanzibar. In addition to normal specimens, he observed one form, very conspicuous on account of the width and size of the aperture, the measurements being: length 22°5 mm., maj. diam. 8, length of aperture 7, but which otherwise agreed with punctatus, more especially as regards coloration and markings. Amongst numerous specimens of this species he invariably found but a single distinct band, but frequently in addition some ill-defined band- like shading at the base. Again, in dealing with &. ferussaci*, he alludes to its close resemblance to E. African and Indian. specimens of Ai. punctatus, stating that the latter is somewhat more slender, but differs especially in the last whorl and the aperture, the colouring and marking being similar, although a little darker. With regard to banding, A. punctatus is certainly the most constant, as among the numerous specimens which have passed through my hands, I have not in a single instance observed the one infra-peripheral band missing, but occasionally it is interrupted by the transverse streaks. Now and again there may be an indi- cation of a second band below it, as in some shells from Pulney received by Mr. Leman from the late Robert Cairns’ collection ; the same may be observed in some shells obtained by the Stanley Gardiner Expedition in 8. Mahlos Atoll, Maldive Archipelago. Many specimens from Travancore are strongly marked with transverse fuscous streaks. Some shells received by the British Museum from Hutton, from the plains of India, are characterized by a dark zone on the columella. In size &. punctatus varies considerably : Hutton’s shells measuring 136 mm., some Bombay specimens received from A. A. W est 14:5 x 55 mim., others from Bundelkhund in the Cuming collection reaching 15x6 mm., and shells from Madras, sent by J. R. Henderson, 16x6 mm., while three specimens collected by Pirrie in the Koondah Mountains attain 21x9 mm, The latter were labelled B. ferussact by Pfeiffer. Finally, it appears worth while to place on record three specimens collected j in Benguella by Dr. Ansorge, and acquired by the British Museum. These can only be distin guished from typical punctata by the larger size—the largest measuring 23 x 11°5 mm.—and by the more distinctly angulated umbilicus. They are creamy white with a pale fuscous infra- peripheral band and minute spots. * Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. ix, 1882, p. 247. 280 ENID®. Genus EDOUARDIA (nom. inut.). Conulinus, von Martens, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxvii, 1895, p- 180 (section of Buliminus, for B. ugande, hildebrandtz, and metula, no definition), not Conulina, Bronn, 1835; ibid., Beseh. Weichth. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, 1897, p. 64 (as section ‘of Buli- minus, type B. conus, Pfeiffer). Typr, Bulimus conulus, Pfeiffer. Range. East Africa. India (one species). Rounded conical, with comparatively small last whorl, weak sculpture ; cenerally brown, often somewhat shining ; peristome with outer and lower margins straight ; columellar mar gin reflexed, frequently rather oblique i in relation to the axis, without fold. Anatomy unknown. The name Conulina, proposed by Bronn in 1835 for a genus of Polyzoa, being easily confused with Conulinus, I feel compelled to change the latter and I have associated with the genus the first name of that able malacologist, the late Professor Edouard von Martens, for so many years in charge of the Mollusea section of the Berlin Museum. To this genus I refer the only known species from India, which does not assimilate with any known Indian group, but closely approximates, conchologically, to the African forms. At the outset there is nothing improbable about this distribution of the genus in view of the fact that India and oe Africa share, besides, such species as Cerastus abyssinicus, Pupoides coenopictus, and Zootecus wsularis. 247. Edouardia orbus, Bianford. Bulimus orbus, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 561, pl. 1, fig. 14 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 150; ‘Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 20, fig. 1. Buliminus (Rhachis) orbus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 150; Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 667, pl. 102, WO Phe Bulimina (Hapalus) orba, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 299. Original description : — Testa subperforata, oblongo-turrita, cornea, tenuis, oblique striatula ; spira conica, apice Gaireneculey sutura impressa. Anfr. 7 convexi, ultimus 4 longitudinis subequans. Apertura obliqua, rotundato-ovalis; peristoma simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro arcuato, ad anfr. penultimum valde antice porrecto, columellari breviter reflexo, perforationem subtegente. “Long. 10, diam.5 mm. Ap. 3j alta, 23 lata.’’ (Blanford.) Hab. India: Cullygoody, near Trichinopoly (Blanford) ; Poona and Ahmednuggar (Llanford, Hairbank). “We are not acquainted with any Indian type of Bulimus to which the shell can be compared. Its horny texture, elevated, PUPILLID&. 28] conical spire, and rounded mouth, with the upper margin of the thin peristome running to a considerable distance forward along the penultimate whorl, form a very peculiar combination ot characters.” (W. 7. & H. F. Llanford.) Three specimens in the Cuming collection have 74 whorls, one measuring 13°56 mm.; they are dark greyish corneous, and finely obliquely striated. ‘lwo shells in the Theobald collection, without locality, have 63 whorls and measure 9 mm. in length, while three others from Ahmednuggar, in the same collection, : are pale corneous and measure 13°56 mm. The British Museum possesses, besides, two specimens from Poona, reeeived in 1868 from A. West; these are also pale corneous. Family PUPILLID.%. Genus PUPILLA, 7'urton. aa (Leach), in Turton, Man. Land and Freshw. Shells, 1831, 99; Beck, Index Moll. 1838, p. 83 (as subgenus of Pupa) ; Pioiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 176 (as section of Pupa): von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 290 (as subgenus) ; Locard, Prod. Malac. Francaise, 1882, p. 173; ibid., Coq. terr. de France, 1894, p- 327 ; Dall, Nautilus, xvii, 1904, p. 115; Cockerell, op. cit. xviii, 1905, p. 104; Pilsbry, tom. cit. pp. 105 & 116; Dall, tom. cit. p. Clee Kennard & W oodward, List Brit. Non-Marine Moll. 1914, Dp Pupa, Draparnaud, 1801, ee subsequent authors (not Pupa, Humphrey, 1797, Bolten, 1798, Lamarck, 1801); Lehmann, Leb. Schn. Musch. Stettins, 1873, p. 144, pl. 14, fig. 50 (anatomy P. muscorum). Jaminia, B. B. Woodward, Journ. Conch. x, 1905, pp. 554, 360 (not Jaminia, Risso, 1826). Typr, Zurbo muscorum. Linne. Range. Europe, Asia, Africa. Shell small, shortly cylindrico-ovate, frequently rather solid ; spire convex, apex obtuse ; whorls compact, the last not or scarcely wider than the penultimate. Aperture semi-ovate, usually with one or more denticles and occasionally with spiral folds. Umbilicus oblique, narrow. The name Pupa was used almost universally for this genus until, in 1903, Mr. B. B. Woodward pointed out that it was not available for this group, when he substituted Jaminia for it. Dr. Dall, Prof. Cockerell, and Prof. Pilsbry subsequently shed additional light upon the subject, establishing the fact that Jaminta could not be used in lieu of Pupa either, but that Pupilla, first pub- lished by Turton in 1831, had to be adopted, and this course was followed by M. Louis Germain in Moll. de Ja France et des regions voisines, ii, 1913, p. 184, and by Kennard and 282 PUPILLID ©. Woodward, in their ‘List of British Non-Marine Mollusca,’ (1914). The name Pupilla, had, indeed, already previously been used generically, i. ¢., by Morse in 1864, and Locard in 1882, but only in its restricted sense for P. muscorum and its immediate allies. ‘¢ Animal usually slender, body attenuated posteriorly, the eye- bearing tentacles moderately long, cylindrical, somewhat thickened at the extremities, the lower tentacles very small. “Jaw (P. muscorum) flatly semilunate, with pointed angles, almost horizontal, the convex margin slightly thickened, trans- parent, whitish yellow, without perceptible striation, very short and narrow. “ Radula foliolate anteriorly, stalked posteriorly, 4 mm. long, 4mm. wide, with 31 longitudinal and 90 transverse rows of teeth. The central tooth equals the lateral in size, is symmetrical, with truneated base and tri-cuspid. The middle cusp is_ broadly conoid, the side cusps small but pronounced. The laterals become bi-cuspid, and in the outer longitudinal rows comb-like —4 cuspid. “The hermaphrodite gland is connected by a filiform winding hermaphrodite duct with the spermoduct. The latter proceeds by the side of the uterus taking up the vas deferens, which is 1-5 mm. long and enters the pens distally, the latter being prolonged into a whip-like appendix, 2mm. long. ) 99 C. 39 32, $9 65, 39 29 6, 399 9 5 29 All three specimens are from Moulmain: @ is almost exactly identical with Pfeiffer’s original figure of the species; 5 and ¢ are a white and a yellowish lipped variety from Mr. Theobald’s collection: ¢ has an almost abnormally small aperture as compared with the length of the shell.” A fairly common species. ‘he Cuming collection contains three specimens from Mergui, with pale rufous pink peristome and com- posed of 104 and 11 whorls. There are several specimens in the Theobald collection: three from Moulmain, with 103 whorls, measure 26x 6:75 mm.; three from Phabougku, with 115 and 12 whorls, reach a length of 26:5 mm., with a diameter of only 6mm.; three from Gethebian Ku, with, 103 and 112 whorls, measure 256 mm.; while three more from Zwagabin, near Moulmain, have a pink mouth and possess 11 whorls but only attain a length of 22 mm., with a diameter of 55mm. In the Beddome collection I found a specimen from the Salween Valley, pale fuscous in colour with a pink mouth, with 10 whorls, 316 CLAUSILIID ©. measuring 22x6 mm., and three shells from Tenasserim, also pale fuscous, but more solid in texture, composed of 11 whorls, and measuring 25 x 6, 25 x 6°25, and 24 x 6°25 mm. respectively. Finally, the late Miss Linter’s collection, now in the Exeter Museum, yielded two specimens from Phabougku, one of a decided pink colour, with pale pink peristome, each of 11 whorls, and measuring 21-5 x 6 mm. Clausilia gouldiana is closely allied to C. insignis, but may be distinguished by its smaller size, smaller aperture, and lighter colour, but more especially by the more acute apex, a feature by which it may readily be separated from its ally. The 3 or 4 apical whorls also are usually white or pale corneous. The whorls increase very slowly at first, then rather rapidly, the upper part of the spire, consequently, being more concave ; the later whorls are rather more convex than in ¢nsignis. There are from four to six palatal plicee, the first always long, the others vary in length but are very short comparatively ; they may be equal in length or the second and fifth may be longer and the third and fourth very short, or they may gradually decrease in length. Fig. 108.—Clausilia gouldiana (Harvey collection). The shell figured in Conch. Ind. pl. 118, figs. 2 & 3, which has been presented to the National collection by Mr. Harvey, is rather short and ventricose; it possesses 93 whorls, and measures 25°56 mm. ‘This, according to Hanley and Theobald, may be msignis of Gould not of Pfeiffer, but I prefer to regard it as a form of gouldiana. I give a figure of this shell and a view of the inside of the last whorl, with the palatal plice in situ. The upper plica (partly shown) is long, near to and parallel with the suture, the second is stouter, its anterior extremity curving obliquely down- wards ; the third very short, oblique; the fourth a trifle longer, also oblique; the fifth still longer, nearly vertical, its anterior extremity giving off a slight ridge below near the subcolumellar fold. Var. magna, nov. Differs from the type in being less ventricose. A specimen from Moulmain, in the Theobald collection, possesses 133 whorls, and measures 32 mm. in length with a diameter of 6°5 mm. CLAUSILIA. coll 7 There are seven palatal plice: the upper long, near to and parallel with the suture, the second one quarter of the length of the upper, the third still shorter but parallel with the first two ; the fourth very short and oblique; the fifth considerably longer, oblique, with a short support below near its posterior extremity ; the sixth also oblique and bifurcate posteriorly ; the seventh curved, near the parietal margin of the peristome. This shell is here delineated. Fig. 109.—- Cleusilia gouldiana var. magna. A second specimen from Phaboo, in the Hungertord collection, measures 12-5 x 6 mm. and possesses 123 whorls. 280. Clausilia andersoniana, Mollendorff. Clausilia (Pseudonenia) andersoniana, Mollendorti, J. A. S. B. li, pt. 2, 1882, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 12. Original description :—* Testa ventriculoso-fusiformis, solidula, subtilissime striatula, fere levigata, pallide corneo-fusca, apice obtusiusculo; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, ultimus valde attenuatus, subtus rotundatus, distinctius striatus; apertura parum obliqua, oblique piriformis, peristoma continuum, valde solutum, expansum, reflexiusculum, pallide corneum. Lamella parietalis supera obliqua, sat valida, cum spirali continua, infera crassa ante marginem -subabrupte desinens, subcolumellaris immersa. Plica principalis valde elongata, palatales tres subventrales, divergentes, infima arcuata. Clausilium ? “ Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long. 43, lat. 31mm.” (Méllendorff.) Hab. Mergui Archipelago (Anderson). * Nearly related to ¢nsignis, Gould. Differs by the smaller size, less ventricose shape, the number of whorls 10 instead of 9, the more elongate and oblique aperture, the freer and more protruding peristome, and its paler colouring and by the closing apparatus. The latter is much more immersed inasmuch as the palatal plaits of Cl. insignis are lateral, while those in the new species are nearly ventral and are, together with the inner end of the very 318 CLAUSILIID®. long principal plait, conspicuous in the penultimate whorl above the aperture. Besides, the number of palatal plaits is only three against five of Cl. insignis.” (Modllendorff.) A doubtful species not seen by me. Judging from the figure it is more nearly related to C. gouldiana than to insignis. Specimens of the former from Mergui, in the British Museum (Cuming col- lection), resemble it, but they are a trifle more ventricose and of a pinkish colour; they are composed of 103 whorls and measure 23 mm. It should be borne in mind that C. gouldiana varies considerably, and I strongly suspect that Méilendorff’s species will not stand the test of comparison of actual specimens. 281. Clausilia gracilior, Hanley § Theobald. Claustlia insignis, var gracilior, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind, 1870, p. 12, pl. 24, fig. 3. Shell subrimate, fusiform, turreted, rather solid, pale corneous, finely and closely striated, the striz coarser and more distant bebind the aperture, some minute spirals on the later whorls. Spire turreted, apex obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 9, slightly convex, increasing slowly, last whorl but little narrower than penultimate, flattened near the suture, not compressed below the upper palatal plica. Aperture slightly receding below, pear- shaped; parietal folds rather distant, the upper compressed, elevated at first, becoming depressed after entering, and again more elevated higher up, the lower very stout, obliquely entering. Fig. 110.— Clausilia gracilior. Palatal plice 5, the upper long and parallel with the suture, the second about one-third the length of the upper, parallel at first, its anterior extremity deflexed, the third and fourth very short, oblique, the fifth a little longer, curved, about parallel with the lower suture; the fourth and fifth folds, as well as the sub- columellar fold and the anterior part of the clausilium, are visible from the aperture. Peristome thickened, expanded, and reflexed, solute, the parietal margin with a slight sinus at the upper parietal fold. Long. 26, diam. 5 mm. Hab. Burma: Moulmain. CLAUSILIA. 319 Hanley, when figuring this form, considered it a variety of Cl. insignis, and in his explanation of plates indicated Pfeiffer as being responsible for the name gracilior, giving the following reference: ‘ Clausilia insignis, var. gracilior, Pfeiffer (as of Gould), Mon. Helic. vol. 3, p. 589; Novit. Conch. vol. i.” Now, Pfeiffer, at the place cited, simply quotes Clausilia tmsignis, Gould, giving a description based upon a specimen in the Cuming collection, but he mentions no variety whatever, and in Novit. Conch. vol. 1, pl. 34, figs. 15-17, illustrates typical signis. The present form I consider quite distinct from Gould’s and worthy of specific rank, It is more cylindrical in shape, the apical whorls increasing more gradually, the last whorl is not obliquely deflexed, the aperture is more dilated, and the parietal margin of the peristome is more widened and sinuous, while the shell is pale corneous not dark chestnut. The shell figured by Hanley and Theobald having been pre- sented to the British Museum by Mr. Harvey, I have taken the opportunity of giving a more faithful representation of it, together with an enlarged view of the last whorl showing the palatal plice. As, moreover, it was never described, I have also added a full description. 282. Clausilia insignis, Gould. Clausilia insignis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1844, p- 140; ibid., Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist. iv, 1844, p. 458, pl. 24, tiz. 8; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 11, 1848, p. 423; ibid., Zeits. Malak. vi, 1849, p. 94; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 589 ; ibid., Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i. 1860, p. 122, pl. 34, figs. 15-17; ibid., Conch. Cab., Clausilia, 1861, p. 300, pl. 34, figs. 10, 11; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 24, fig. 2; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1875, Clauszla, pl. 6, fig. 53, pl. 7, fig. 53d. Clausilia (Phaedusa) insignis, Pfeitter, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 180; von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 275; Blanford, J. A. 8S. B. xli, 1872, p. 204, pl. 9, fig. 11 (cnsegnis of Gould), fie. 12 (cnsignis of Pfeiffer) ; Stoliczka, tom. cit. p. 208. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) insignis, Boettger, Ber. Offen- bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 55; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391. Original description:—*Testa fusiformi, sinistrorsa, solida, castanea; antr. 9 convexis, leviter striatis, apertura purpurea, rotundata, lamellis duabus fortibus postice, et quinque tenuibus per testam apparentibus, intus instructa ; labro valde reflexo. ‘‘ Shell reversed, solid, large, fusiform, ventricose, of a dark chestnut-brown; whorls eight, convex, very delicately and regu- larly striated, shining, summit mamillated; aperture ovate, broadly rounded in front, with a sinus behind, produced by one of the two large folds which are there found; on breaking away half of a volution, we find five other very delicate laminz, which may be seen externally, by looking at the umbilical aspect of the 3820 CLAUSILIIDA. shell; the posterior one is near the suture and extends nearly a whole volution; the others intervene at nearly regular intervals, between it and the umbilicus; throat purplish; lip very broad, flattened, white, tinted with purple. “Tength 1 inch [= 25°25 mm.|, breadth + of an inch [=5 mm.].” ( Gould.) Hab. Burma: Tavoy (Gould); Yethebian, near Moulmain (Stoliczka) ; Tenasserim (Beddome) ; Gwagabin (Theobald); Kargan, near Moulmain (Zheobald). There is a discrepancy with regard to the number of whorls between Gould’s latin diagnosis and his English description, the former stating that there are nine, whereas the latter mentions eight. The figure of the shell, although not very clear, rather favours the former. Stoliczka also refers to a slight discrepancy undoubtedly exist- ing between Gould’s original ficure and rea “e He states the number of whorls to be 8 or 9, and the apex ‘mamillated,’ while the figure shews it shortly pointed 5 then again he gives ‘length 1 inch, breadth + of an inch.’ The original figure (whether enlarged or not, it is not stated) represents a shell of 28 mm. in length and 7 in thickness ; the second dimen- sion is, therefore, only one fourth of the total length, instead of one fifth; if the latter were the case, the shell would be an extremely slender one, and comparing it with gouldiana, as a shell of the same type, I would prefer to consider Gould’s figure as more probably correct than his measurement. Now, allowing for these discrepancies in Gould’s original statements, I am inclined to think that Pfeiffer’s species is very closely allied to, if not exactly identical with, true insignis, but Hanley and ih eobald’s figures certainly seem to be somewhat different from both the preceding ; ; however, they do not exclude the possibility of repre- senting mere variations of one and the same species. Whether the form of the aperture in Gould’s original figure is slightly exaggerated or not, I think the arene expansion of the outer lip is decidedly somew hat abnormal, and setting aside this point the remaining differences between the shells figured as insignis are not oreater than those between the different varieties of lowo- stoma or gouldiana.” In order to try and solve the question raised by Stoliczka, as to the discrepancy between Gould’s figure and description, I applied to Dr. John M. Clarke, the Director of the Albany State Museum, but to my regret that gentleman informs me under date of July 1, 1914, that no specimens of Clausilia insignis can be found in the collection. He states that no such species is listed in the catalogue of the Gould collection prepared by Dr. Gould’s daughter, and as this catalogue is an approximately accurate list of the shells delivered when uke collection was purchased in 1867, he thinks that they probably never bad the type of that species. Clausilia insignis appears to be fairly common, and I have CLAUSILIA. ook seen a considerable series, but 1 have not observed the same amount of variation as in Clausilia gouldiana, It has close affinity with the latter, but may at once be distinguished by the more obtuse apex, the apical whorls being stouter and increasing at once, not gradually as in gouldiana, the upper part of the spire is consequently more cylindrical and not concave. The number of whorls ranges between 8; and 10, and the palatal plice vary in number from five to seven, the last being more nearly vertical than in gouldiana. The shell is generally of more solid texture, darker, and unicolorous, not whitish or pale corneous, as in its ally, and the peristome dark. In the Cuming collection I found two shells from Tavoy, labelled by Pfeiffer, which are rufous corneous, with the early whorls paler; one has 97 whorls, and measures 26 x 6-5 mm., the other has 10 whorls, and attains a length of 27-5 mm., the diameter being the same as in the first. Another tablet in the Cuming collection bears three shells, also from Tavoy, which are pale corneous with the peristome almost white, one of which has 10 whorls and measures 26 x 6 mm., but a second with 9 whorls does not exceed 24:5 mm. in length, although its diameter is also 6mm. The Beddome collection contains four Specimens, very solid and dark chestnut in colour, with a dark fuscous peristome ; one of 83 whorls measures 26x 7 mm., another of 9 whorls is 27 x7 mm., while the other two have each 93 whorls and measure respectively 28x 7 and 30x65 mm. Lastly, a variety from Zwagabin in the Theobald collection is pale corneous and less ventricose than the type, possesses 10 whorls and measures 27 x6 mm. 283. Clausilia fusiformis, Blanford. Clausilia fusiformis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 80; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv, vi, 1868, p. 410; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 24, fig. 6; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx. 1875, Clausilia, pl. 7, fig. 62; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viy. Vili, 1877, p. 464. Clausilia (Phedusa) Susiformis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 203, pl. 9, fig. 9; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) fusiformis, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p- 54; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p- 391. Original description :—“ Shell not rimate, fusiform, horny, thin, white ; obliquely, very closely and finely costulately striated throughout. Spire diminishing slowly at first above the middie, then rapidly attenuate towards the acute apex ; suture simple, scarcely impressed, deeper towards the apex. Whorls 9, convex above, flattened below, the last very little narrower than the penultimate. Aperture semioyal (nearly semicircular) ; upper parietal plait very fine; internal palatal teeth 7, the uppermost by far the longest. Peristome thin, expanded, not continuous, Y By, CLAUSILIID&. the margins being distant, and united by a thin callus ; columellar margin straight and very long posteriorly. “ Length 23, diameter 6 mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Arakan hills, west of Henzada (Blanford) ; Pegu (Theobald). ‘ But a solitary specimen was met with belonging to this form, which is more tumid in the centre than any of its allies, C. in- signis, Gould, etc. The non-continuity of the peristome may be due to immaturity in the specimen found. The shape of the mouth may also possibly be slightly modified in older examples, but the general form doubtless remains the same, and is alone sufficient to distinguish the species.” (Blanford.) The shell figured in Conch. Ind. has been presented, with other shells from the Hanley collection, to the British Museum by Mr. Harvey; it measures 225x6mm. Three specimens in the Theobald collection have a length of 23 nm. and a diameter of 6-5 min., while the Beddome collection contains two specimens measuring 23x6:5 mm. All are from the Arakan Hills. The species tends to connect C. tsignis with such forms as C. philip- piana, C. ovata, and C. dulbus, but it is more acuminate and lacks the very obtuse apex of the section Oospira, to which these species belong. The upper parietal fold occurs on the outer edge of the parietal margin of the peristome, the lower and the sub- columellar folds only reach the inner edge; there are six palatal plicw, the upper long, the other five short. 284. Clausilia ferruginea, Blanford. Clausilia (Phedusa) ferruginea, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p- 202, pl. 9, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184 (incl. var. tumida). Clausilia ferruginea, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 118, figs. 5, 6; Pfeiffer, Mon, Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 466. Clausilia { Phaedusa) (Pseudonenia)) ferruginea, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 54; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391. Original description :—“ Testa subrimata, elongato-fusiformis, solida, fere glabra, striatula, haud nitida, sordida et interdum pallide ferruginea; spira alta, lateribus sursum subrectis, apice obtuso papillari, sutura impressa, valde crenulata. Anfr, 11 con- vexi, ultimus capillaceo-striatus, basi rotundatus. Apertura fere verticalis, subtrapezoidalis, marginibus lateralibus fere parallelis, basali rotundato ; lamella supera acuta, sinistrorsim inflexa, columellari mediocri, plicis palatalibus circa 5, supera elongata, haud procul ab apertura desinente, suture parallela, ceteris magis obliquis curvatisque. Peristoma continuum, album, expansum, parum incrassatum, margine supero repando, leviter sinuato. ‘Long. 30, diam. 55 mm.; apert. cum perist. 6°5 longa, 4-66 lata.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Naga Hills, Assam (Masters). “Var. tumida, anfractibus ultimus aperturaque majoribus. CLAUSILIA. 323 “Long. circa 33, diam. 6°5 mm.; apert. 7 longa, 5 lata.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Gologhat, Assam (Masters, Theobald); North Cachar (Godwin-Austen) ; Naga Hills (Chennell). “This fine species, the largest hitherto found in Assam or the Himalayas, resembles C. lowostoma.in its strongly crenulated sutures and in form, but differs in its larger size and more numerous whorls. Jt was first found by Mr. Masters in 1860, in the hills south of Gologhat, together with Spiraculum mastersi and other interesting shells. The more tumid variety has lately been obtained in North Cachar by Major Godwin-Austen.” (Blanford.) The Beddome collection contains two specimens, one of which is decollated, but the second is entire, and while, like the type, composed of eleven whorls, it only measures 275-25 mm. In the Theobald collection is a shell from Gologhat, where the species was first discovered. 285. Clausilia asaluensis, Blanford. Clausilia (Phedusa) asaluensis (Godwin-Austen), SBlanford, J. A.S. B. xli, 1872, p. 202, pl. 9, fig. &. Clausilia asaluensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1876, pl. 159, fig. 5; Peiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vill, 1877, p. 466. Clausilia (Phaedusa) asaluensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) asaluensis, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 54; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391. Original description:— Testa non rimata, fusiformi-turrita, alba vel pallide castanea, solidula, striata, ad anfractus duos ultimos capillaceo-striata. Spira sensim attenuata lateribus su- perne concaviusculis, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa, con- fertim minuteque crenulata. Anfr. 12-13, convexi, antepenul- timus maximus, penultimus parum minor, ultimus ad latus compressus, ad basin rotundatus. Apertura subverticalis, piri- formis, lamella supera compressa, columellari immersa, lunella nulla, plica palatali supera elongata, suture parallela, secunda etiam parallela, mediocri, ceteris obliquis. Peristoma leviter sinuatum, album, incrassatum, continuum, breviter solutum. “ Long. 23°5, diam.5 mm.; apert. c. perist. 5 longa, 3°66 lata.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Asalu, North Cachar, alt. 7000 feet (Godwin- Austen); Khasi Hills (7'heobald), “This species is easily distinguished from both C. lowostoma and C. ferruginea by its more numerous whorls and finely crenu- late sutures. Im size it is intermediate between the two, some specimens being as much as 26 mm., or rather more than an inch in length.” (Blanford.) Clausilia asaluensis is, as might be inferred from Blanford’s remarks, although he does not actually say so, intermediate in its characters between C. lowostoma and C. ferruginea, the sutures x2 324 CLAUSILIID ®. being finely crenulate. The Beddome collection comprises two specimens from North Cachar, which were labelled monticola, but which without hesitation I refer to asaluensis. One of these is composed of twelve whorls and measures 24 x 4 mm., while the other, which is a trifle more ventricose, has only eleven whorls, and attains a length of but 21 mm., although its diameter reaches 4mm. The Theobald collection, on the other hand, was found to contain a shell labelled “ bacillwm, Theobald (non Benson)” from the Khasi Hills, which also pertains to the present species. It has twelve whorls and is a trifle more ventricose than the type, for although its length is 22 mm., its diameter attains 4°75 mm. 286. Clausilia loxostoma, Benson. Clansilie loxostoma, Benson, J. A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 353; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 404; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 24, fig. 7. Clausilia bengalensis (v. d. Busch), Pfeiffer, Symb. ii, 1842, p. 60; Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Clausilia, 1847, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 11-13. Clausilia (Phedusa) loxostoma, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 184; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1856, p. 180; Blanford, J.A.S. B. xli, 1872, p. 201, pl. 9, fig. 6; Stoliczka, tom. cit. p- 208; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Pseudonenia)) loxostoma, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 55; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 391. Original description :—‘‘ Testa sinistrorsa, fusiformi, medio- ventricosa, corneo-grisescente ; anfractibus, convexis, levigatis, striis obsoletis; suturis confertissime crenulatis ; apertura elon- gata, obliqua, bi-plicata, supra angustiori, infra dilatata, peris- tomate reflexo; columella prarcuata. “ Long. 0°85 poll.” (21-5 mm.]. (Benson.) Hab. India: Sylhet (Benson) ; Bengal (Pfeffer); Teria Ghat (Godwin-Austen, Theobald); Naga Hills (Beddome); Cherra- poonjee, Assam (Cantor ; native collector, my collection). * Out of a collection of 32 European Clausilie I find none with a similar obliquity of mouth, from which character I have named the species. The outer lip projects beyond the plane of the aperture. The crenulations of the sutures differ altogether from the papillary appearance which is common to several species, such as papillaris, alboguttata, etc., and they are not elongated as in CO. nitida.” (Benson.) Nevill (Hand List, i, p. 184), mentions but does not describe a var. striatacostata collected by Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen at Teria Ghat, while Stoliezka states that ‘‘a white solid variety occurs on the Khasi Hills; in form it tolerably agrees with Blanford’s fig. 66, plate 9; some specimens are, however, still a little thicker, and the transverse costulation on all the whorls is very distinct, while the crenulation along the suture is generally not so coarse as in typical lowostoma, though evidently stronger than CLAUSILIA, 325 in asaluensis, which latter also differs by a more slender shape and smaller aperture.’ This form is referred to by Clessin as var. solidior, Stoliczka (Nomencl. p. 391), although Stoliczka did not so name it. Blanford states that the species varies considerably in form, some specimens being much more fusiform than others. He figures three varieties, of which he considers the first as the typical form. He further states that “the locality usually assigned to this shell, Bengal, conveys a false impression, as neither this nor any other Clausilia is found in the plains of India. Teria Ghat, the locality mentioned in the ‘ Conchologia Indica,’ is at the southern base of the Khasi Hills, and the shell is found at many places along the range, from the base up to a height of, I believe, 4000 or 5000 feet. Major Godwin-Austen sent me this species from Habiang on the Khasi plateau. I donot know if C. lovostoma occurs also on the northern or Assam flank of the range; I have never seen specimens from any place in that direction, and as the climate is much drier, many of the shells common on the southern watershed are wanting to the north.” When describing Cl. bengalensis in 1842, Pffeifer appears to have been unaware of the fact that Benson’s species, published in 1836, was identical. In 1848 *, however, he recognized that the two were inseparable, and be relegated bengalensis to the synonymy of lovostoma. The crenulations at the suture are rather distant in some specimens and the shell varies, not only inform, as referred to by Blanford, but also in size. A couple of shells from the Naga Hills, having nine whorls, measure 23 x 5 mm. and 25°65 x 5°0 mm. The palatal folds—not mentioned by Benson—are five or six in number, and are distinctly visible from the aperture. Again, three shells from Teria Ghat, in the Theobald collection, com- posed of 94 whorls, measure 24°5 x 5"25mm, On the other hand, some shells from Cherra-poonjee collected by Cantor, and now in the British Museum, only reach a length of 20°5 mm. 287. Clausilia nevilliana, MJollendor/. Clausilia nevilliana, Molendorff, J. A. 8. B. li, part 2, 1882, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 11 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 445. Original description :—‘ Testa elongato fusiformis, subtiliter oblique striatula, fusca, nitidula; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, apertura mediocris, fere verticalis, elongato-piriformis, sinulo recto per- longo, peristoma continuum, solutum, tenue, brevissime expansum, superne profunde sinuatum fere angulatum. Lamella supera obliqua, marginalis, valida cum lamella spirali continua, infera a supera valde remota, spiraliter recedens, brevissime conspicua. * Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, p. 405. 326 CLAUSILIIDZ. Plica principalis longa, palatales du majores profunde, ventrales (antice intuenti supra aperturam conspicuz), lunella nulla. Clau- silium ? (non vidi). “ Alt. 20, lat. 4, apert. long. 4, lat. 3 mill.” (Mollendorf-) Hab. Nicobar Islands: Kamorta ( Koepstorf). “Nearly related to Cl. javana, Pir., and should find its place in Béttger’s second section of Phedusa (Pseudonenia), and in the fifth subgroup of Cl. javana.” I have not seen this species, but judging from the figures it appears to have a much more obtuse apex than Clausiha wueller- storffi, also a Nicobar form. 288. Clausilia shanica, Godwin-Austen. Clausilia (Pseudonenia) shanica, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 244. Original description :—‘ Testa breviter rimata, fusiformi-clavata, corneo-erisea, solidula; spira concavo-turrita, valde elongata ; apex minutus, acutissimus. Anfr. 133, lentissime accrescentes, convexiusculi, sutura impressa disjuncti, subtiliter striati, ultimus penultimo parum major, subtus leviter attenuatus, cervice rotun- datus. Apert. parva, obliqua, late piriformis; perist. continuum, breviter solutum, expansiusculum. lLamelle modice, compresse, approximate ; supera marginalis, parum alta, intus humillima, cum spirali ut videtur continua; infera sublimis, subhorizontaliter . 4 i f ined ai ie Pils 5 By Fig. 111.—Clausilia shanica. Fig. 112.— Clausilia shanica. (Type specimen.) in mediam aperturam prosiliens, antice in denticulum desinens, a basi intuenti valde spiraliter torta; subcolumellaris subemersa, oblique intuenti distinctissima. Plica principalis profunda, late- ralis, in apertura antice vix,conspicua ; palatales 2, altera supera, principali approximata et parallela, altera infera cum clausilio perspicuo lunellum lateralem, magis minusve distinctum, fin- gente.” « Alt. 192, diam. 4 mm.; alt. apert. 33, lat. apert. 22 mm.” Hab. Burma: near Pingoung, Shang Hills, 2500 feet (Boetiger). It would appear that the foregoing description is the joint production of the late Professor Oscar Boettger and Mr. John Ponsonby, for Lt.-Col. Godwin-Austen places it in inverted commas, and adds “This description is somewhat amended by OLAUSILIA. 327 Mr. Ponsonby from one by Dr. Boettger, who considered it to beallied to C. affinis of the Naga Hills. On comparison it proves to be very different in every way.” In fig. 112 a specimen in the British Museum from the Shan States is delineated, fig. 112 showing the inside of the last whorl with the palatal plice in situ, while fig. 111 shows the type, which has the apex broken off. 289. Clausilia wuellerstorfi, Zelebor. Clausilia wiillerstorfi, Zelebor, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xvii, 1867, p. 806; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 411. Delima wiillenstorfi, Frauenfeld, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xix, 1869, p. 875. Clausilia (Phaedusa) (Hemiphaedusa)) wiillerstorfi, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 59; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 394. Clausilia (Phaedusa) wiillerstorfi, Godwin-Austen, P.Z.S. 1895, p- 445. Original description :—*'T. vix rimata, fusiformi-turrita, tenuis, confertim oblique striata, sericina, pellucida, rufo-cornea ; spira sensim attenuata, vertice obtusulo ; sutura subsimplex ; anfr. 10 modice conyexi, apicales levigati, ultimus basi rotundatus, antice dense costulato-striatus ; apertura vix obliqua, subtriangulari- piriformis ; lamella parvule, supera marginalis, infere substricte adscendens ; lunella nulla; plice palatales 3, suprema elongata, Fig. 113.— Clausilia wuellerstorfi. secunda mediocris, tertia brevis; subcolumellaris inconspicua ; perist. continuum, breviter solutum, superne cum lamella supera sinulum rotundatum formans, undique breviter expansum, margine externo fere rectilineari. «Long. 19, diam. 42 mm.; aperture long. 43, lat. 3; mm.” (Zelebor.) Hab. Nicobar Islands (Novara Exped.); Kamorta, Nancoury (Godwin-Austen). This appears to be a rare shell, the only specimen I have seen being the type, which is in the Vienna Museum, and has been kindly lent by Dr. Sturany. I avail myself of the oppor- tunity to give a figure of it, the species not having been hitherto illustrated. he shell is not quite mature, the peristome having 328 CLAUSILIID#. only just been formed, and the margins are consequently not thickened or dilated, while there is a sinus at the upper parietal fold. The walls of the shell also are thin and translucent. 290. Clausilia nicobarica, sp. n. Shell rimate, fusiform, fuscous, very closely invested with fine slightly wavy striz, more prominent and wavy on the last whorl, and showing traces here and there of indistinct spirals. Spire turreted, gradually attenuated, the sides almost straight ; apex acute ; suture superficial. Whorls 101, slightly convex, the last considerably narrower than the penultimate. Aperture oblique, the basal margin curving forward, pyriform. Parietal folds diver- gent, the upper interrupted, rather slight and low; the lower more elevated and stouter, deflexed towards the right margin, not reaching the edge of the peristome. Palatal plic two, the upper long, parallel with the suture; the lower close to the upper, short, curved. Peristome solute, the margins expanded and Fig. 114.—Clausilia nicobarica. reflexed, scarcely thickened, left margin descending obliquely outwards, parietal margin without a sinus at the upper fold. Long. 24°5, diam. 5°2 mm. Hab. Nicobar Islands. Type in Mr. Leman’s collection. The shell upon which this new species is based occurred in the Beddome collection, and was labelled wuellerstorfi, but it is quite distinct. It differs in being darker, more solid and opaque, and is also considerably larger, although it only possesses one half whorl more than wuellerstorfi; the aperture is larger and of a different shape, the left margin descending outwardly, besides being obliquely directed forward below, whereas in its ally it is directed backwards. The parietal margin of the peristome has no sinus at the upper fold, the latter, moreover, being interrupted, while the lower fold approaches nearer to the upper, is stouter and more elevated, and obliquely deflexed towards the right margin, but does not reach the edge of the peristome, as is the case in the other species. Lastly, there are only two, instead of three, palatal plice. CLAUSILIA, 329 Subgenus GARNIERIA, Bourguignat. Garnieria, Bourguignat, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 6, v, 1877, art. 4, p. 2; Gredler, Drei Neue Clausilia-Arten aus China, Bozen, 1883, p: 1 (as section of Clausilia) ; ibid., Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xi, 1884, p. 147; Mollendorff, op. cit. xiii, 1886, p. 207 ; ibid., Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, p. 77 (as subgenus of Clausilia). Typn, Clausilia mouhoti, Pfeiffer. Range. Burma, Farther India, China. Last whorl produced, with the umbilical slit above the parietal margin of the peristome, which is solute and more or less hori- zontal ; aperture wider than high, with extended wing-like margins. Clausilium visible from the aperture, more or less doubled on itself lengthwise, forming a deep gutter, the proximal end truncate with a slight indentation (mouwhoti) or tongue-shaped with a more or less shallow groove, the proximal end pointed and faintly tubercled (ardouwiniana, orientalis, tuba), sliding over the columellar fold, not between the columellar and subcolumellar folds or only partly so. Upper palatal plica, which is comparatively short, and lunella visible from the aperture. Bourguignat considered the clausilium of C. mouhoti so funda- mentally distinct from that in typical Clausilia, that he created a separate genus for the reception of this and a few allied forms. While admitting that this structure in mouhoti is very remarkable it should be borne in mind that it is only this species which, so far as known at present, exhibits this extreme form of clausilium and that the other species form connecting links with the normal character in this respect, and although the produced last whorl, the transversely dilated, almost subquadrate aperture, the almost horizontal and solute parietal margin and the wing-like expansion of the other thin margins of the peristome, constitute well- marked features, sufficient to warrant the species thus character- ized being segregated from their whilom congeners, I do not regard them of generic value. Gredler and Mollendorft were evidently of the same opmion, a fact which induces me all the more readily to reduce Garnieria to subgeneric rank. Only two known species occur in Burma, while Méllendorff in 1898, in addition enumerated ten species: trachelostropha, Mollendorff, and fuchs?, Gredler, from China; schomburgi, Schmacker & Boettger, from Hainan ; ardowiniana, Heude, orientalis, Mabille, and horrida, Mabille, from Tonkin; mouhoti, Pfeiffer, massiei Morlet, and dautzenbergi, Morlet, from Laos and Cambodia ; rugifera from Annam. ‘To these may be added dorri, Bav. & Dautz., giardi, H. Fischer, and messageri, Bav. & Dautz., from Tonkin. 330 CLAUSILIID&. 291. Clausilia tuba, Hanley. Clausilia tuba, Hanley, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, i, 1868, p. 343; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 24, fig. 9; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1875, Clausilia, pl. 8, fig. 72; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 540; Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 80 (ze. sed.). Clausilia (Phaedusa (Hemiphaedusa)) tuba, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 394. Clausilia (Garnieria) tuba, Mollendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. sr ake p- 207 ; ibid., Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xxx, 1898, Dade Original description.‘ Testa (pro genere) magna, sub- cylindraceo-fusiformis, apicem versus cylindracea, albido-cornea, unicolor, tenuis, subdiaphana, haud rimata, lineis elevatis vix continuis et (presertim in anfractu ultimo, ubi remotiores fiunt) oblique corrugata. Anfractibus 10-12, sutura profunda et minime crenata divisi; apicales unice convexi, subsequales ; ceteri convexi, et satis rapide crescentes; penultimus major, altior ; ultimus ecurvatus, verticaliter descendens, infra suturam Fig. 115.— Clausilia tuba. submarginatam subcoarctatus, denique insigniter dilatatus, basi rotundata nequaquam cristatus. Apertura permagna, soluta, porrecta, subcordato-rotundata, undique patentissima. Peristoma continuum, late expansum; lamella supera conspicua, angusta, arcuatim subverticalis; lamella infera adjacens, obliqua, magisque profunda; plica subcolumellaris parvula, verticalis ; plica palatalis (si sit ulla) labrum haud attingens ; lunella opacitate conspicua. “ Long. 1 poll. [=31:5 mm.]}.” (Hanley.) Hab. Burma: Upper Salween Valley, Shan States (Hedden). Apparently a rare species. It resembles an exaggerated C. masonit with wing-like margins of the peristome, but the sub- columellar fold does not reach so far and is placed lower on the columellar margin. The lunella is almost united to the palatal plica above and to the subecolumellar fold near the inner edge of the peristome below. Hanley stated that it most closely re- sembles the American C. epistomium, not a very happy comparison. Tt certainly has much closer affinity with C. masonz, while it also CLAUSILTA. Bll bears some resemblance to C’. orientalis, Mab. but is less inflated about the middle. I have only seen two specimens which are in the British Museum. One of these is the type figured in Conch. Ind., measuring 33°5 x 5:75 mm., presented by Mr. Harvey who acquired the Hanley collection by purchase. Hanley’s figure is enlarged (41 mm. length), although there is no indication of this fact on the plate. The other shell (here figured with its detached clausilium and the palatal plice) is in the Theobald collection and is composed of 123 whorls, measuring 32 x 5°75 mm. The latter is a very fine specimen, possessing a peristome with more expanded margins. 292. Clausilia masoni, 7heobald. Clausilia masoni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiii, part 2, 1864, p. 246 ; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 24, fig. 8; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, Clausilia, 1875, pl. 8, fig. 69; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 540. Clausitia (2 Nenia) masoni, Blanford, J. A. 8, B. xli, 1872, p. 206, pi. 9; fie; 138 Clausilia (Phaedusa) masoni, Neyill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 184. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Hemiphaedusa)) masoni, Pfeitier & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 394. Clausilia (Garnieria) masont, Méllendorff, Jahrb. Deuts. Malak. Ges. xili, 1886, p. 207; ibid., Nachr. Deuts. Malai. Ges. XXX, 1898, p. 77. Original description :—* Testa arcuato-rimata, fusiformi, tenui, costulato-striata, pallide castanea. Apice intacto, Sutura ex- cavata. Anfractibus decem, sub-planatis, ultimo angustiore, supra aperturam fortiter striato, juxtaque suturam fossa, lamin interi- oris cursum monstrante, notata. Lunella distincta ; interdum non. Lamellis quinque, duabus parietalibus tenuibus, distinctis, intus conniventibus; reliquorum binis fortibus ad aperturam divergentibus ; tertia post lunellam valde tenui, inconspicua. Apertura rotundato-auriformi-soluta. Peristomate expanso, reflexiusculo, “ Longit. 21 ad. 29 mm. lat. 4 ad.5 mm.” (Theobald.) Hab. Burma: Tonghu (Theobald). In the present species three folds are visible on the upper or parietal margin of the peristome, for in addition to the two parietal folds, present in most species, the subcolumellar fold here also reaches the inside margin, while the upper palatal plica runs close to the peristome. Of the two parietal folds the upper terminates at the outer edge of the peristome, but the lower does not reach quite so far. The clausilium is likewise visible for the greater portion of its length upon looking into the aperture. Clausilia masoni is characterized by the rather distant, fine, plicate-striate ribs, which are especially prominent on the latter half of the last whorl. Bee , CLAUSILIID ®. Subgenus OOSPIRA, Blanford. Oospira, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 205 (type Clausilia philippiana, Pfeiffer); Boettger, Paleeontographica, 3rd suppl. 1877, p. 64 (as section of Phaedusa) ; ibid., Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392. Type, Clausilia philippiana, Pfeiffer. Range. Burma. “Shell with but few whorls, usually five or six, and of a peculiar more or less oval form with a very blunt apex. Lunule wanting, palatal plaits as in Phedusa. “The known shells of this section are solid deeply coloured Clausiliz, smooth or with very slight sculpture. So far as is hitherto known, the type is peculiar to Martaban and Tenasserim.” (Llanford.) 293. Clausilia bulbus, Benson. Clausilia bulbus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 5, xi, 1863, p. 321; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 409; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 24, fig. 5; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1875, Clausilia, pl. 6, tig. 51. Clausilia (Oospira) bulbus, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xli, 1872, p. 206, pl. 9, fig. 16. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Oospira)) bultus, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomenel. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392. Original description :—* C. testa sinistrorsa, vix rimata, oblongo- obovata, pupiformi, regulariter oblique striata, rubenti-ferruginea ; spira obovata, superne ventricosa, versus apicem obtusum con- camerata, sutura impressa; anfractibus 53, convexiusculis, primis rapide accrescentibus, antepenultimo tumido, penultimo angustiore, pone aperturam obliqua, oblique auriformi, peristomate continuo, margine late expanso, reflexiusculo, albido-rubente, lamella superiore acuta, prominente, longe, intus intrante, spirali, infera forti, oblique spiraliter ascendente, subcolumellari immersa ; plicis palatalibus 7, superiore valde elongata, late erecta, intus cum lamella superiore rimam angustam efformante, 6 inferioribus brevibus, subparallelibus, lunella nulla. ‘Diam. anfract. antepenultimi 9, ultimi supra aperturam 5, axis 23 mill.; ap. (oblique), longa 8, lata 7 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. Burma: Banks of the Attaran River, near Moulmain. ‘This most singular form in the genus was found by Col. Robert Gordon. ‘he bulbous pupiform figure of the shell at once distinguishes it from Cl. philippiana, Pfr., an inhabitant of the Farm Caves, as well as from any other known species. The upper lamella runs spirally up the aperture, forming a narrow slit between it and the upper knife-like plica.” (Benson.) CLAUSILIA. 333 Clausilia bulbus resembles a large ovata, but the strix are much coarser and farther apart, and there are a few coarse distant spirals, while the last whorl becomes more attenuated behind the peristome. The only shell of bu/bus I have seen is from Moulmain in the National collection ; it is 25 mm. in length, the penultimate whorl measuring 9°5 and the last whorl 5°53 mm. This species, C. philippiana and C. ovata constitute a natural group, character- ized by the very convex spire and the very obtuse apex. 294. Clausilia philippiana, Pfeiffer. Clausilia philippiana, Pfeiffer, Zeits. Malak. iv, 1847, p. 69; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 423; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Clausilia, 1850, p. 100, pl. 11, figs. 7-9; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 118, fig. 10 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1875, Clausilia, 1. 4, fig. 35. Clousitia (Phedusa) philipprana, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 184; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p. 180; von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 275. Clausilia (Phedusa) philipprana, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 174, pl. 6, figs. 7-10 (anatomy). Clausilia (Oospira) philippiana, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p: 205, pl. 9, fig. 14; Kobelt, Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878, p. 289, pl. 86, fig. 29; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, ser. 2, vil, 1889, p. 329. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Oospira)) philippiana, Boettger, Ber. Offen- bacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392. Original description :—*'T. vix rimata, abbreviato-fusiformis, crassa, solida, subtilissime striatula, castanea ; spira ventrosa, apice obtusissima ; anfr. 6, primi 3 planiusculi, penultimus conyexus, ultimus angustior, basi rotundatus ; apertura verticalis, oblique semiovalis ; lamellae validae, approximatae ; plica lunata imperfecta vel obsoleta, palatalis 1 longa, suturae parallela, columellaris im- mersa; perist. crassum, continuum, superne subadnatum, marginibus late expansis, columellari perobliquo, externo strictiusculo. “Long. 21, diam. 7? mill.; ap. oblique 7 mm. longa, 5 lata.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. Burma: Mergui (Philippi); Farm Caves, Moulmain (Stoliezka, Theobald, Hungerford, Fea); Attaran Valley and Tenasserim (Z’heobald). Mergui Archipelago: Sullivan Island (Anderson fide Tapparone Canefr?). Clausilia philippiana forms a connecting link between C. bulbus and C’. ovata, differing from the latter in the length being greater in proportion to the diameter, in the upper part of the spire being more slender, and in the wider aperture, while it is decidedly less ventricose about the middle than the former. The palatal plice vary from seven to nine in number, the first being very long, the second about half the length of the first, and the remainder very short ; they are all nearly parallel. 334 CLAUSILIIDZ. The specimen figured by Hanley has been presented to the British Museum by Mr. Harvey; it is composed of 64 whorls and measures 26 X 825mm. Three shells in the Cuming collection, from Moulmain, range in size between 22°5 mm. and 23 mm. and in diameter from 7°75 mm. to8mm. The Theobald collection contains shells also from Moulmain and Mergui, of 6 and 64 whorls, measuring 21°5x7° and 25°5x8 mm. respectively. Lastly some specimens in the Beddome collection are blackish brown in colour, varying in length from 21:5 to 23°5 mm., and in diameter from 6°25 to 7°5 mm. 295. Clausilia ovata, Blanford. Clausilia (Oospira) ovata, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xli, 1872, p. 206, pl. 9, fig. 17 ; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183. Clausilia ovata, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 118, fig. 4; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1875, Clausilia, pl. 7, fig. 60 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 469. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Oospira)) ovata, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 56; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 392. Original description :—‘ Testa vix subrimata, elongata-ovata, pupiformis, intense rufo-ferruginea, regulariter confertimque striata; spira tumida, apice convexo, sutura parum impressa. Anfr. 5:5 convexiusculi, primi rapide accrescentes, antepenultimus maximus, penultimus vix minor, ultimus ad basin rotundatus. Apertura auriformis, fere verticalis, juxta anfractum penultimum repanda, lamella supera acuta, antice validiore, fere verticali, infera stricta ; lunella nulla, plicis palatalibus 7, supera producta, in fauce aperture conspicua, suture parallela, secunda curvata, ceteris brevibus obliquis. “‘Long. 19, diam. 7 mm.; apert. oblique 6 longa, 4°5 lata.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Nattoung near Moulmain (7heobald); Attaran Valley (Hungerford). “It is more ovate than C. Philippiana and C. vespa, smaller and less tumid than C. bulbus.” (Blanford.) In addition to the differentiating characters alluded to by Blanford, C. ovata has a shorter spire which increases more suddenly than in philippiana, the whorls are less tumid, and it possesses fine spirals, which are lacking in its ally. There are some shells in the British Museum from Pathingtoun, Attaran Valley, measuring 18 x 6°75 mm., others from Nattoung, the type locality, and Moulmain have the spire still more convex, the former having a diameter of 7 mm. with a length of 17-75 mm., and the latter beg 188mm. The shell figured by Hanley is also in the National collection, having been presented by Mr. Harvey ; it measures 18 x7 mm. CLAUSILIA. 335 296. Clausilia stoliczkana, Sykes. Clausilia (Oospira) vespa, Blanford & Stoliczka (non Gould), J. A.S. B. xli, 1872, pp. 205 & 209, pl. 9, figs. 15, 15a. Clausilia vespa, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 468. Clausilia (Oospira) stoliczkana, Sykes, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 166. Original description :—* Cl. testa ovato-cylindricea, ad apicem obtusa, albida, medio subinflata, ultimo anfractu sensim attenuata, haud rimata, fusco-castanea; anfractibus sex, convexiusculis, sutura simplicijunctis, transversim oblique et confertissime strio- latis; apertura subovata, postice rotundate subangulata, antice late sub-effusa, intus violaceo-rufa, peritremate modice expanso, interno oblique fere recto, libero; lamelle sub-parallele, fusce, ad marginem attingentes ; plice palatales 8-9, suprema (princi- palis) longa, alterze breviores et inter se valde inequales. “ Alt. 25 millim., lat. 7 millim.; apert. alt. 6} wmillim., lat. 5 millim.” (Stoliczka.) Hab. Burma: Tavoy. The above description of what Blanford and Stoliezka regarded as Gould’s Clausilia vespa, is copied by Mr. Sykes, who considered that neither the description nor the figures represented Gould’s species. He observes ‘‘ The specimen figured by Mr. Stoliczka is, I believe, one which has been since received by the British Museum from Mr. Theobald. There are two species in the British Museum under the name of vespa, Gould; one which I regard as really that species from the Hungerford collection, and the other from Mr. Theobald, which I regard as the species and specimen described and figured by Mr. Stoliczka. What the shell is which is figured by Dr. Blandford [Blanford] as vespa is, the absence of description makes it hard to say ; Dr. Blandford himself says it is hard to separate from philippiana, and it is probably only an elongated specimen of that species.” He states that Gould’s description is very brief, which he then quotes, and continues “The description will not fit Mr. Stoliczka’s shell, as in this latter the colour is not ‘ intense rufa,’ the apex is blunt not ‘ anfr. apicalibus cito descrescentibus,’ i. e., resembles the end of a cylinder rather than the point of a cone, no whorl can be said to be ‘corpulentus,’ the suture is not ‘ viv marginata, but simple, the aperture is not ‘ ovata’ but subovate, the lip is not ‘late reflewus’ or ‘rufus.’ ‘““On the other hand, so far as it goes, Gould’s description does fit the Hungerford shell, which is not very blunt in the apex like the others of the Oospira section, which is a dusky red, like philippiana, and has a very thick and expanded dark lip. ‘“T therefore consider Mr. Stoliczka’s shell as not vespa; it is as far as I know, an undescribed species, and I adopt his deseription of it and call it Stoliczkana.” An examination of the shell in the Theobald collection, upon which Mr. Sykes has based his new species, has convinced me that 336 CLAUSILIIDZ. as regards outline, it fits Blanford’s figure (fig. 15) better than Stoliczka’s (fig. 15a) but in the former the striz appear more distant, and it shows rather more sinus at the upper parietal fold. 297. Clausilia vespa, Gould. lausilia vespa, Gould, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. vi, 1859, p. 18; ibid., Otia Conch. 1862, p. 220; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 409; Sykes, The Conchologist, ii, 1893, p. 166, 5 text-figures, Clausilia (Oospira) vespa, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 183. Original description :—“ T. solida, sinistrorsa, vespzeformis, deflecta, levis, intense rufa: anfr. 6, anteriori raptim attenuato, proximo corpulento apicalibus cito deserescentibus; sutura im- pressa vix marginata; apertura ovata; columella biplicata ; peritremate late reflexo, rufo. “Long. 1 [=25°25 mm.], lat. =3; poll. [=7°5 mm.].” (Gould.) Hab. Burma: Tavoy (Mason); Hooden Koo, Salween Valley (Hungerford) ; Tenasserim (? Jason). Mr. Sykes, as already stated under C. stoliczkana, has pointed out that the shell described and figured by Stoliczka and Blanford as CO. vespa—which he believes has been received by the British Museum from Mr. Theobald—differs in several respects from Gould’s species, and he regards it as a new form. Qn the other hand a shell in the British Museum, from the Hungerford col- lection, he believes to be the true vespa and adds a diagnosis, based upon this specimen, to supplement the very brief description by Gould. His diagnosis is as follows :— “Cl. testa solida, sinistrorsa, fusiformis, medio inflata, apex obtusiuscula, subtile et indistincte decussata, haud nitida, intense rufa, ad apicem pallidior; anfr. 6, apicales cito decrescentes, penultimus et ante penultimus inflati, corpulenti ; sutura impressa vix marginata; apertura ovata, peritremate late et valde reflexo, rufo; lamella superior valida, obliqua, rufa, fere ad marginem attingens, |. inferior valida rufa subparallela ; plice palatales 5-6, suprema (principalis) longa, secunda brevior, descendens, reliquie parvee, subeequales descendentes. “Alt. 27 millim., lat. 8 millim.; apert. alt. 7 millim., lat. 54 millim. “Ol. vespa, Gould, must be withdrawn from the QOospira section both on the ground of shape and its sculpture (an indis- tinct decussation) and Cl. stoliczkana should take its place.” (Sykes. ) Through the courtesy of Dr. John M. Clarke, the Director of the State Museum of Albany, N.Y., [ have been able to examine one of the two specimens of Gould’s C. vespa, and I am ina position to confirm Mr. Sykes’ surmise that the shell figured as vespa by Stoliezka is quite different from Gould’s species. The specimen sent to me by Dr. Clarke is smaller than the one in the Hungerford collection, figured by Mr. Sykes, measuring: length 25, CLAUSILIA. 337 breadth 7°6 mm. and, except in being rather weatherworn, it completely resembles the latter. Dr. Clarke informs me that the second Gouldian specimen is almost exactly like the one sent, except that it is a trifle shorter and stouter, measuring 24x 8 mm., the last whorl especially being proportionately shorter and less contracted, although there is very little difference in the apertures. I have taken the opportunity of giving an illustration of Gould’s shell. Fig. 116.—Clausilia vespa. (From one of Gould’s original specimens.) I am unable to follow Mr. Sykes when he states that C. vespa must be removed from the Oospira section, for in spite of the fact that in establishing this section Blanford described the apex as very blunt, and that vespa has the apex rather acute, the whele aspect and consistency of the shell of vespa resemble those of the other members of the group to such an extent that I prefer to retain it as a member of the section, abnormal only in the apex. Subgenus CYLINDROPHEDUSA, Boettger. Cylindrophaedusa, Boettger, Paleontographica, 3rd suppl. 1877, p. 64; Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 42 (only species Clausilia cylindrica) ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic, Viv. 1881, p. 392. Typn, Clausilia cylindrica, Pfeiffer. Range. India. Principal fold long, palatal plice 2 equidistant, deep seated. Lunella absent. Upper parietal lamella oblique, marginal, con- tiguous with the spiral fold ; lower parietal lamella almost straight, ascending obliquely, becoming bifureate inside. Subcolumellar fold very deep-seated, not visible from outside. Aperture small, rhomboid-ovate, the margins of the peristome scarcely thickened and slightly reflexed. Shell small, usually decollate, almost cylindrical, with slowly increasing whorls, corneous, striated or costulate-striate. 298. Clausilia cylindrica, Pfeiffer. Clausilia cylindrica (Gray), Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic. iii, 1846, p. 93; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 428; ibid., op. cit. ili, 1853, p. 590; ibid., Zeit. Malak. vi, 1849, p. 95; Kiister, Conch.- Z 338 CLAUSILIID ®. Cab., Clausilia, 1850, p. 101, pl. 11, figs. 12-16; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, p. 199, pl. 9, tig. 1; Stoliczka, tom. cit. p. 207; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1875, Clausilia, pl. 2, fig. 18; Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146; ibid., op. cit. 1, 1881, . 48. Clausilia (Phaedusa) cylindrica, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 185. Clausilia (Phaedusa (Cylindrophaedusa)) cylindrica, Boettger, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturw. 1878, Mitt. p. 57; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 393. Clausilia elegans (Hutton MS.) Pfeiffer, Zeit. Malak. vi, 1849, p- 95 (as synonym of C. cylindrica). “Tl, subrimata, adulta plerumque truncata, subcylindrica, oblique striata, nitide cornea vel rufescens ; sutura submarginata ; anfr. superst. 6-7 subaequales, ultimus antice costulato-striatus, basi rotundatus; apertura subverticalis, pyriformis; lamellae parvulae, conniventes, infera substricte ascendens, superne furcata; lunella nulla; plicae palatales 3 parallelae, summa elongata, reliquae breves, subcolumellaris inconspicua; perist. continuum, yix solutum, albidum, breviter reflexum. “Long. (trunc.) 13, diam. 3 millim.; ap. 3 mm. longa, 2 lata.” (Pfeiffer, 1853.) Hab. India: Landour (Gray); Mussoorie (Beddome); Dharm- sala, east of the Ravi (Zheobald, 1878); Tandiani and Mari [Murree], Punjab (Theobald, 1881); Murree (Stoliczka) ; Naini Tal and Simla (Stoliczka, Oldham); Tezpur, Assam (Stoliczka). A ‘wm | = =} . Fig. 117.— Clausilia cylindrica. “The figure in the ‘ Conchologia Indica’ is that of a specimen which, although adult, has retained its apex. This is a very rare occurrence. ‘The figure now given represents the shell as it is usually found. ‘Three palatal plaits, the upper elongate, are always present, and beneath them there is occasionally to be found a rudi- mentary Junella. The characters both of the shell and of the internal plication differ widely from those of typical Phedusa, in which sub-genus I do not think that the present species can be included. It stands by itself, and I am inclined to look upon it as the type of a peculiar section.” (Blanford.) The species seems to be fairly common since I have seen large numbers in various collections. As mentioned by Blanford, the shells are nearly always decollated. It is rather surprising that in drawing attention to the specimen figured by Hanley & Theobald he failed to notice that the figure in question does not ACHATINID. 339 represent cylindrica, but quite a distinct form which has since been separated and named Clausilia turritella by Sowerby. Amongst the numerous specimens of C. cylindrica examined by me the only entire shells I have seen are two in my own col- lection, which were acquired many years ago amongst a miscel- laneous lot at a sale. One of these is now figured, It is composed of 14 whorls, the first seven being opaque white, owing to the withdrawal of the animal from that portion of the shell. That this is a case of true decollation I have satisfied myself by examining numerous shells with six or seven whorls; in each case the newly formed apex could distinctly be seen. 299. Clausilia turritella, Sowerby. Clausilia cylindrica, Hanley & Theobald (non Pfeiffer), Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 12, pl. 24, fig. 4. Clausilia turritella, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1875, Clausilia, pl. 7, fig. 65. Clausilia elegans, Hutton, MS. Original description :—“ Shell yellow, very narrow elongated, pyramidal; whorls 14, slowly increasing, rather convex, last oblong ; aperture oblong, rather square, with a single plait over the columella, columella straight.” (Sowerby.) Long 16°75 mm. (ea icon.). Hab, India: Landour. The shell from Landour figured by Hanley & Theobald as Clausilia cylindrica of Gray, copied by Sowerby, is altogether different from that species as described and figured by Pfeiffer, so that Sowerby was quite justified in giving it a new name. In turritella the whorls are more convex, the aperture is much narrower and higher, and the shell much paler in colour. It is rather unfortunate that the whereabouts of Hanley’s specimen is unknown. It was not amongst the shells from Hanley’s collection presented to the British Museum by Mr. Harvey. Family ACHATINID. Subfamily ACHATININA. Genus ACHATINA, Lamarck. Achatina, Lamarck, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, An vii (1799), p- 75; Fischer, Man. Conchyl. 1883, p. 486; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xvii, 1904, p. 1. Type, Bulla achatina, Linné. Range. Tropical Africa (one species naturalized in India). Shell ovate or oblong, with conic spire and small apex, two or three earliest whorls smooth, forming a trochiform nucleus, obtuse Z2 340 ACHATINID A. at the apex. Aperture ovate, the outer lip unexpanded ; columella concave or straight, truncate as though cut off below. Reproduction | oviparous, the eggs small, oval and pale yellow, numerous. 300. Achatina fulica, P’érussac. Helix fulica, Férussac, Tabl. Syst. Limagons, 1821, p. 49 (p. 53 of some rae no. 347 (nom. nud.) ; ibid., Hist. Nat. Moll. pl. 124A, fig. 1, pl. 125, figs. 3-5. Achatina fulica, ‘Deshayes, Anim, sans vert. ed. 5 ah 1838, p- 297, footnote; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 254; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Achatina, pl. 2, fig. oa fig. 8b; Deshayes in Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. ii, part 2, 1851, p. 162; Benson, Journ. Conchyl. vii, 185 58, p. 266 ; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philippinen, Landmoll. 1873, p- 148, pl. 12, fig. 17 (anatomy) ; Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 145; Kobelt, Tl. Conchyl. Buch, al, 1878, P. 262, pl. 81, fig. 1; Bourguignat, Moll. Afrique Equat. 1889, Da sO Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xvii, 1904, p. 55, pls. 36, 37; ea aRES gira ae 1907, p. 176. Achatina (Achatinus) fulica, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 266. Shell ovate-conoid, pale yellowish, streaked transversely with brown, somewhat glossy, more or less irregularly decussated with fine spirals, except on the last whorl. Spire convex, suture im- pressed, apex acute. Whorls 8, convex, the last nearly equalling half the entire length of the shell. Aperture elliptic ovate, white or pale lilac within ; peristome straight, acute, the margins con- nected by a callus on the parietal wall ; columella slightly concave, truncate. Length 94, diam. 45 mm.; apert. 48 mm. (Calcutta specimens). Hab. India: Calcutta (introduced) (Nevill). Madagascar ; Mascarenes ; Seychelles ; Comoro Islands ; Zanzibar. A native of Madagascar, Achatina fulica was, according to Lesson, introduced in Mauritius and Bourbon. In addition, it has been recorded from the Seychelles, the Comoro Islands, and Zanzibar. Although not being, strictly speaking, a native of India, it has been thought advisable to include it since it appears to have established itself thoroughly. The history of its earlier transport is not known, but Benson has placed on record how he carried living specimens from the Mauritius to Caleutta, where they were turned loose. After his return to England he received news that it had multiplied in neighbouring estates and was spreading. Hutton took some specimens from Calcutta to Mussoorie, where they continued to breed, but a severe winter exterminated them. Dr. Annandale reports that it is common in gardens in Calcutta and neighbour- hood, and that it is said to be spreading in other parts of India. Pilsbry figures a shell from the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta. SUBULINA. 34] Subfamily STENOGYRIN &. Genus SUBULINA, Beck. Subulina, Beck, Index Moll. 1837,.p. 76 (in part); Gray, P. Z. 8 1847, p. 177; Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Malac. 11, 1849, p. 52 Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, pp. 71, 220. Wom ~ . ? Tren, Bulimus octonus, Bruguicre. Range. Tropical America and Africa; one species—octona— introduced into India. “Shell amperforate at al] stages of growth, narrow, turrited, or subulate, thin, corneous or brownish, usually more or less trans- lucent ; apex obtuse, rounded; the embryonic shell either smooth, plicate below the sutures or vertically ribbed. Last whorl angular or rounded at the periphery. Aperture small, oblique, ovate, the columella concave above, obliquely or abruptly truncate at base. Eggs with « caleareous, oblately spheroidal capsule. ‘“* Beck originally proposed the name Subulina for the following species :—(i) S. cyanostoma Riipp., (2) turritellata Desh., (8) stria- tella Rang, (4) malaguetana Rang, (5) monoceros Beck, (6) propinqua Beck, (7) terebraster Lam., (8) octona Ch., (9) crotalariae Scham., (10) carinulata Beck, (11) pupaeformis Beck, (12) S. ? sericata Beck. The first species of the list was made type of Homorus by Albers, 1850; species 6, 10, 11, 12, are nude names; 7 is an Obeliscus; 2 and 4 are species of uncertain generic relationships ; leaving species 3, 5, 8, 9 to represent the group of S. octona. Gray in 1847 and Herrmannsen, 1849, agreed in selecting as type of Subulina the commonest and best known species, S. octona—a course approved by practically all later writers who have recognized the group.” (Pilsbry.) 301. Subulina octona, Bruguiere. Bulimus octonus, Bruguiére, ncycl. Méth., Vers, 1, 1789, p. 325. Achatina octona, Gray, Ann. Philos. N. s. ix, 1825, p. 414; Menke, Syn. Meth. ed. 2, 1830, p. 29; Potiez & Michaud, Galérie Douai, i, 1838, p. 129, pl. 11, figs. 18, 14; Orbigny in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. fis. pol. nat. Cuba, Moll. i, 1841, p. 168, pl. 11, figs. 4, 6; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 266; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Achatina, pl. 17, tig. 84; Sowerby, Conch. Man. 1852, tig. 514; Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Achatina, 1854, p. 342, pl. 37, figs. 19, 20. Subulina octona, Beck, Index Moll. 1888, p. 77; Adams, Gen. Ree, Moll. ii, 1855, p. 110, pl. 71, fig. 8a; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviil, 1906, p. 72, pl. 12, figs. 8,9; p. 222, pl. 39, figs. 28-37, 39, 40. Stenogyra (Subulina) octona, Kobelt, Ulustr. Conchyl. Buch, i, 1878, p. 276, pl. 84, fig. 29; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viy. 1881,'p. 326. 342 ACHATINID®, Stenogyra octona, Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xii, 1909, p- 789. Subulina crotallaria (Schumacher), Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1872, 9907 p. vol. Original description :—“ Bulimus, testa cylindrica, turrita, cornea, antractibus octo, apice obtuso. “La coquille n’est point ombiliquée ni perforée, elle est cylin- drique, turriculée, rousse, transpareute et composée de huit tours presque applatis, qui sont separés par des sutures profondes. Le sommet de la spire est obtus ou arrondi, il est ordinairement plus transparent que les tours inférieurs et tres fragile. Leur super- ficie est luisante et marquée de quelques stries longitudinales, écartées, qui sont les traces des accroissemens successifs de la coquille. Son épiderme est brun, mais facile a enlever, excepté dans les sutures ou il en reste toujours assez pour y paroitre comme une ligne spirale noiratre. L’ouverture est ovale, une fois plus longue que large, elle est un peu oblique, arrondie & son extrémité inférieure et rétrécie au bout supérieure. La levre droite est simple, trés mince et tranchante, la gauche manque tout-a-fait, mais sa région est lisse, trés luissante et aussi diaphane que les trois derniers tours du sommet.” (Bruguiere.) “Shell thin, translucent, yellowish corneous, turrited, almost regularly tapering to the obtuse summit, very glossy, rather coarsely and irregularly striatulate. Whorls 9, quite convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, the first three turns of which are regularly crenulated by a border of short folds. On the later whorls it is also irregularly crenulate in places. Last whorl rounded. Aperture oblique, ovate; columella concave above, obliquely truncate at its base.” (Palsbiy.) Length 15°5-19, diam. 4-4°5 mm. Hab. India: Tranquebar (Spengler fide Mérch); Bombay (Perle, Beddome coll.). Ceylon (Collett). “ Reproduction begins before the shell has attained two- thirds its Maximum size, and usually several eggs may be seen through the shell within the penultimate whorl. The egg-capsules are hard-shelled, white and flattened, measuring 1°8x 15 mm.” (Pilsbr Y. ) Subulina octona is certainly one of the most widely distributed molluses, being found not only in the Western ‘Hemisphere, believed to be its original home, but also in the Eastern Hemi- sphere, having apparently followed in the wake of tropical and subtropical cultivation. Prof. Pilsbry has examined numerous specimens from the West Indies, North and South America, West Africa, the Seychelles, Ceylon, Sumatra, and Ternate, and he is satisfied of their identity. The species has also been recorded from East Africa, Mauritius, many other East Indian islands, New Caledonia, and as far as the New Hebrides, while its occurrence in hot-houses in Europe and North America lends colour to the theory of its dispersal through cultivation. BACILLUM. 343 Bruguieré’s description is not very clear and I have therefore added the diagnosis given by Pilsbry in his admirable account of the species. The bibliography covers more than two octavo pages, but I have limited myself to the principal references and those having any bearing on its occurrence in the Indian region. The Beddome collection in the British Museum contains, amongst specimens from numerous widely separated localities, three shells from Bombay, composed of ten whorls and measuring 19 mm. in length. Genus BACILLUM, 7’heobald. Bacillum, Theobald in Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 17 (as subgenus of Achatina for A. obtusa, Blanford, and A. casiaca, Benson) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, jth dle TypE, Achatina castaca, Benson. Range. Eastern India. “Shell rather large, solid, imperforate, turrited, many-whorled, a little contracted near the obtuse, rounded summit, the em- bryonic shell cylindric; sculpture of vertical rib-striz beginning somewhere upon the first whorl: the post-embryonic whorls being obliquely, regularly rib-striate. Aperture oblique, Achatinoid, the columella concave, truncate at the base, outer lip simple. Internal axis slender, strongly sigmoid within each whorl. Soft anatomy unknown.” (Palsbry.) “This group would hardly be thought distinct from Homorus, were it not well separated geographically from that African genus, at least in the recent fauna. Almost the sole distinguishing feature is the stronger sculpture of Bacillum. Both groups are merely large and solid forms of the Swbulina type, so far as the shells are concerned.” (Palsbry.) 302. Bacillum daflaensis, Godwin- Austen. Glessula daflaensis, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, p. 316, pl. 8, fig. 10. Original description :—‘ ‘Shell elongately turreted, thick, ob- liquely striate, covered with a thick olive-green epidermis with a few dark streaks. Spire turreted, slightly convex in outline, apex blunt; whorls 11, rather flat, specimens with the apex preserved shewing erosion of the surface. Suture well marked. Aperture oblique, suboval, pale grey. Peristome acute, columellar margin slightly a .d and but little thickened. “Alt. 1:9 [=48 mm.], major diam. 0°41 [=10°5 mm.], alt. ap. 0-42 [=11 mm.].” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Shengorh Peak, Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen). “This shell would appear to have a close connection with G. evosa, H. Blt., from Darjiling, but its much longer form, 344 ACHATINID2. greater number of whorls, and the different colour of its epi- dermis (which is uniform throughout), at once distinguish it. As in G. erosa, the position of the tormer apertures is distinctly indicated on the whorls.” (Godwin-Austen.) This species appears to have been overlooked by Pilsbry when monographing the genus in the Manual of Conchology. 303. Bacillum erosum, Blanford. Glessula erosa, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, 43, pla, heal; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878 saponl(is Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomenel. Helic. Viv. 188], p. 331, Achatina (Electra) erosc, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 78, fig. 5. Achatina erosa, Pfeitter, Mon. Helic. Viv. vili, 1877, p. 283. Bacillum erosum, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 4, pl. 1. figs. 9-11. Original description :—* Testa elongato-turrita, crassula, parum nitens, haud diaphana, longitudinaliter oblique striata, epidermide fusco-straminea induta. Spira turrita, lateribus convexiusculis ; apice truneato. Anfractus apicales carentes; superstites 7 sub- planati; superiores plerumque plus minusve decorticata et erosi ; sutura impressa. Peristoma simplex, acutum. Columeila leniter arcuata, ad basin oblique truncata. “ Alt. 35, diam. 10, aperture alt. 10, lat. 5 mm. ‘* Alt. 36, diam. 10°5, aperture alt. 10, lat. 5 mm. “ Alt. 34, diam. 9, aperture alt. 9, lat.5 mm.” (Blanford.) Hab. Sikkim: Darjeeling (Atkinson & Stoliczka). ‘“This species is easily distinguished from its local associate G. tenuispira, Bens., by its thickness and opacity, and by the character of the surface, which has none of the vitreous lustre so characteristic of the genus. The upper whorls are generally much eroded; the lower, which retain the epidermis, are of a dark straw colour with darker oblique bands at intervals, ap- parently marking stages of growth. Under a lens very fine dark spiral lines are also perceptible. 1 received several specimens of this shell in 1863 from Mr. W.S. Atkinson, but it has not hitherto been described. It appears to be a rare species. Dr. Stoliczka only got two specimens in forest at the waterfall about 1000 feet below Darjeeling.” (Blanford.) The only specimen I have seen is one presented by Dr. Joseph Hooker to the British Museum, and probably collected by him during his famous travels in the Sikkim Himalayas. This shell is decollated, seven whorls remaining, and it measures: length 38 mm., diameter 12 mm. 304. Bacillum theobaldi, Hailev. Achatina (Electra) theobaldi, Hanley MS., Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 9, pl. 17, fig. 5. BACILLUM. 345 Achatina (Glessula) theobaldi, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1871, p. 895 (no description). Achatina theobaldi, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 290. Stenogyra (Gilessula) theobaldiana, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, rai: Stenoyyra (Subulina) theobaldi, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helie. Viv. 1881, p. 327. Bacillum theobaldi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. sez. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 4, ple fig. 8. Original description :—* Differs from A. cassiaca, of which it has been considered a variety, by its smoothness, more convex whorls, &e.” (Hanley d: Theobald.) Long. 42, diam. maj. 11 mm, (ev won.). I have not seen specimens. 305. Bacillum casiacum, Jiceve. Achatina cassiaca (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Achatina, pl. 17, fig. 85 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 499; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1856, p. 310, pl. 25, fig. 1. Subulina cassiaca, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 11, 1855, p. 110. Achatina (Subulina) cassiaca, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. i, 1856, . 169. Tee (Bacillum) cassiaca, Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, p. 17, pl. 36, fig. 5. Achatina casiaca, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 517, footnote. Glessula casiaca, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliv, 1875, p. 3; xlv, 1876, p. 316. Stenogyra (Glessula) casiaca, Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p.. 172: Stenogyra (Subulina) cassiaca, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. elie. Viv. 1881, p. 327. Bacillum cassiacum, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xvilil, 1906, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 5-7. Original description :—‘* Shell elongately subulate, apex some- what papillary, whorls fourteen to fifteen in number, flat, obliquely very closely and somewhat rudely sculptured with rib-like striae, sutures impressed. Columella arched, abruptly truncated; whitish, covered with a thin olive-brown epidermis. The rib-like strie of this fine species, contributed by Mr. Benson, have an oblique plicate growth.” (Ztceve.) Hab. India: Naga Hills (Roberts) ; Toruputu, Naga Hills and Dafla Hiils (Godwin-Austen) ; N. Cachar Hills (Pilsbry). Reeve, when describing and figuring the species, attributed it to the Cassia [Khasi] Hills, but Lt.-Col. Godwim-Austen states (P. Z. 8S. 1872, p. 517, footnote) that he obtained it in the Naga Hills, never in the Khasi. Later he again referred to it (J. A. S. B. xlix, 1875, p. 3) saying that he suspected Griffith’s specimens were obtained in the Naga Hills and sent to Benson, who imagined they were from the Khasi Hills. 346 ACHATINIDA. The Beddome collection contains four specimens, from the Naga Hills, which have the following dimensions :— 1°. Length 64 mm., diam. 12 mm. (14 whorls). QF: » ~@45mm., ,, 12°5 mm. (14 whorls, apex broken). ar >» ~¢4mm., ,, 13:5 mm. (15 whorls). The first shows the remains of an epiphragm and contained a spherical calcareous egg 2°7 mm. in diameter; two of the shells are provided with a thick callus on the parietal wall, one forming a raised ridge. There are besides in the British Museum, from the Khasi Hills, four specimens measuring 58 x 11 mm. ( 306. Bacillum muspratti, sp. n. Shell elongate-turrite, solid, dull, closely and irregularly striated, showing indistinet traces of spirals, covered with a deciduous straw- Fig. 118.—Bacilluin muspratti. $. coloured cuticle. Spire elongate with straight sides, suture rather shallow, apex obtuse. Whorls llOz5 flattened, increasing slowly at first, then rather suddenly, the last whorl equalling about 2 1 of the BACILLUM. 347 entire length of the shell. Aperture oblique, pyriform, peristome thickened, not reflexed or expanded, the margins united by a thick callus on the parietal wall; outer margin curving forward, basal margin slightly arcuate, columella curved, only slightly truncate. Length 59, diam. 12 mm.; apert. height 13, width 6 mm. Hab. India: Naga Hills, Assam (Beddome). Type in the British Museum. Differs from B. casiacum in the smaller number of whorls, which increase more rapidly, in the absence of costz, and in the apical portion being more acuminate. A single unnamed specimen in the Beddome collection I also refer to this species. It is in a rather worn state, but the later whorls show a portion of the periostracum in fair condition. 307. Bacillum obtusum, Llanford. Achatina (Glessula) obtusa, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 449. Achatina (Bacillum) obtusa, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, i. 36, fig. 6. boii obtusa, Pfeitter, Mon. Helic. Viv. vili, 1877, p. 290. Glessula obtusa, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 25; ibid., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 886. Stenogyra (Subulina) obtusa, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 327. Bacillum obtusum, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 1, plete. ie Original description :—* Testa elongato-turrita, albido-cornea, cerea, solidiuscula, confertim flexuose plicato-striata, infra suturam plicata. Spira elongata, ad apicem subeylindracea, apice perobtuso papillari, sutura vix impressa subcorrugata. Anfr. 12-14, fere planulati, ultimus ad peripheriam subangulatus. Apertura obliqua, subovata ; peristoma simplex, rectum. ‘“¢ Long. 48-52, diam. 10-11; ap. long. 10-11, lat. 5-53 mill. ; apex 3 mill. latus.” (Llanford.) Hab. Burma: Bhamo (Anderson). “Very close to A. cassiaca Bens., but distinguished by finer sculpture, narrower and less numerous whorls, and much more obtuse apex.” (Blanford.) On close examination B. obtuswm looks quite distinct from casiacum, owing to the spire being concave near the apex ; this arises from the fact that, the first and second whorls are a trifle wider than the third and fourth, and the apex consequently becomes very obtuse. The later whorls increase very slowly and regularly. The base is also broader proportionately than in B. casiaca. The Theobald collection contains three specimens from the type locality measuring 51 x 11 mm. 348 ACHATINID.®. 308. Bacillum orthoceras, Godwin-Austen. Glessula orthoceras, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xliv, 1875, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 4; op. cit. xlv, 1876, p. 316. Achatina orthoceras, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 159, fio. 6. Stenogyra (Glessulu) orthoceras, Nevill, [land List, i, 1878, p. 172. Stenogyra (Subulina) orthoceras, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 327. Bacillum orthoceras, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 2,.3, 12. Original description.—* Shell very slender and elongate, pale grey or white, very finely and regularly ribbed throughout, very solid, apex blunt; whorls 13-14, slightly rounded, suture weil impressed ; aperture oblique, rounded below, outer lip sharply edged and continued as a well developed callus upon the strong thickened columellar margin. “Length 2°32 [59 mm.], major diam. 0-4 inch [10 mm.].” (Godwin- Austen. ) Hab. India: W. Khasi Hills; Nongumlai; Laudomodo (G'od- win-Austen) ; Harmutti, Datla Hills ( Godwin-Austen). “The species can at once be distinguished from G. casiaca, Bens., by its white colour and by the absence of the dark brown epidermis that covers the latter; the whorls also are much more rounded, whereas in casiaca they are nearly flat.” (Godwin- Austen.) In addition to the differentiating characters noted by Godwin- Austen, orthoceras has a narrower base and the cost are finer and more crowded. Var. austeni, Pilsbry. Bacillum orthoceras austent (subsp.), Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 4. Original description :—** Shell with the grey color, deficient cuticle and convex whorls of B. orthoceras, but much more rapidly tapering, the last whorl being much wider; striation coarser. Spire straightly tapering, very slender above. The early whorls are broken from the type specimen, 93 remaining. Length (broken) 53°8, diam. 12, length of aperture 12-5 mm.” (Pilsbry.) Hab, India: Naga Hills. Genus CURVELLA, Chaper. Hapalus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 140 (section of Bulimus, only species B, grateloupi, Pfeiffer) ; von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 288; non Hapalus, Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera). Curvella, Chaper, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, p. 49; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 46. i Type, C. suleata, Chaper. Range. India, China, Philippine Islands, West, East, and South Africa. CURVELLA. 349 * Coquille regulicrement conique, mince, non ombiliquée, récou- verte d’un epiderme trés mince, luisant, olivdtre; de cing & six tours de spire, peu globuleux, ornés de stries ou cotes d’accroisse- ment, columelle droite ou courbe ; ouverture A bords tranchants ; bord columellaire légérement étalé en arriére ; bord externe forte- ment arqué en ay ant dans sa partie moyenne, se recourbant brusquement en sens contraire vers sa ‘base de facon que la suture en soit fortement reporteé en arriére.” (Chaper. ) “This genus is separated from Opeas by the forwardly arched outer lip, the shorter, wider contour, and usually smaller number of whorls. ‘Lhe columella is frequently sinuous. In some cases the separation from Opeas seems somewhat arbitrary, and the boundaries of the two groups in detail are still unsettled. The species were considered Bulimi in the older classifications, but there is no doubt that they are Achatinoid. “ Central tooth of the radula narrow, laterals tricuspid. HRepro- duction is by globular eggs, small and calcareous- shelled, as in the closely related group Opeas.” (Pilsbry.) 309. Curvella sikkimensis, /?ceve. Bulimus sikkimensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1850, Bulimus, pl. 87, fie. 651 (juv.); Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. me 1853, p. 456 ; ibid., Conch. -Cab., ERI, 18538, p. 78, pl. 21, figs. LONE Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, V, 1860, p. 464; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 19, tig. 7. Bulimus (Rhachis) sikkimensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, UGH. Havas sikkimensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174. Stenogyra (Spiraris (Nothus)) sikkimensis, Pteiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 824. ; Curvella stkkimensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 66, pl. 9, figs. 59, 60. Original description :—* Shell ovate, somewhat inflated, spire rather short, obtuse at the apex, whorls four in number, the last much the largest, concentrically finely striated, sutures im- pressed, columella slightly twisted, thinly reflected, aperture oblong, slightly sinuated at the upper part, pale olive, semi- transparent. % (Reeve.) Hab, India: Darjeeling, Sikkim (Benson, Blanford, Stoliczka, Mainwaring). ‘The shell figured in ‘ Conchologia Iconica’ as Bulimus sikkim- ensis, Reeve, proves to be an extremely young specimen of a fine Spiravis, of which an example with seven w horls , was obtained at Darjeeling by Mr. W. T. Blanford, measuring 27 mill. in length by nearly 10 in diameter.” (Benson.) Four specimens in the British Museum measure only 17 mm. in length, with a diameter of 6-5 mm., but these are probably immature. 350 ACHATINIDA. 310. Curvella blanfordi, sp. n. Shell elongate-conoid, rather solid, finely and closely striated, dull, greenish corneous. Spire narrow conoid, with straight sides; suture shallow; apex acute. Whorls 74, flattened, increasing rapidly, the last equalling 2 the entire length of the shell. Aperture elliptic-reniform, peristome thin, the margins united by a thin callus on the parietal wall; outer margin nearly vertical and straight, basal margin curved, columellar margin reflexed, much twisted. Length 27-5, diam. 10 mm.; apert. height 11, width 4 mm. Fig. 119.—Curvella blanfordi. 3. Hab. India: Darjeeling, Sikkim (W. 7. Blanford). Type in the British Museum. A specimen in the British Museum, presented by the late W. T. Blanford in 1860, was labelled Bulimus sikkimensis, but differs from that species in the sinuous columella, the flattened whorls, and the covered umbilicus ; it is besides a larger shell. It may be separated also from Curvella munipurensis by the more flattened whorls and the more twisted columella. 311. Curvella scrobiculatus, Blanford. Bulimus scrobiculatus, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 77; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 151; Hanley & Theobald Conch. Ind, 1874, pl. 79, fig. 9. Bulimina (Hapalus) scrobiculata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 300. Hapalus scrobiculatus, Nevill, Wand List, i, 1878, p. 175. > Original descryption :—* Shell subobtectly perforated, turritedly ovate, thin, horny, yellowish white, marked with vertical, sub- arcuate, rather irregular, closely set, raised lines. Spire turrited, apex obtuse, suture simple, impressed. Whorls 6, convex, the CURVELLA. Sal last rounded beneath. Aperture vertical, truncately ovate ; peri- stome simple, thin; right margin considerably curved forwards - 5 columellar vertical, curving to the left near the base, frequently straight, rather broadly reflexed. = Length 7, diam. 33 mill., length of apert. 323 mill.” (Blanfor d.) Hab. Burma: Pegu, west of the Irawaddy (Blanford). ‘The nearest ally of this species is its congener B. putus, Bens., which inhabits the same localities, and differs in its greater tumidity and less marked sculpture. - There is, however, much variation in the first named character, and despite the great difference between the two forms in general, there is some appearance of a passage. ‘T'wo specimens of B. putus which I possess, neasuring respectively 7 and 83 millem. in length, are both 56 millem. in diameter. Both these shew a tendency to a passage to Spirawis.” (Blanford.) I have seen two specimens in the British Museum which measure 6 mm. in length with a diameter of 3°5 mm., but they are probably immature. 312. Curvella pusilla, Blanford. Spiracis pusilla, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 78; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 192; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 79, fig. 8. Hapalus pusillus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174. Stenogyra (Spuraxis (Enspir avis)) pusilla, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 324. Curvella pusilla, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 64, pl. 9, fig. 48. Original description :—* Shell imperforate, ovate, thin, horny, yellowish white, costulately striated. Spire conically pyramidal ; sides straight ; apex rather acute; suture impressed. Whaorls 5, convex ; the last longer than the spire (ratio=4:3) and rounded beneath. Aperture rather oblique, subpyriform ; peristome simple, acute, much curved forwards on the right margin; columella scarcely twisted, reflexed, appressed on the whorl. “ Length 6, diam. 33, length of aperture 33 mill.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Prome, Pegu (Blanford). ““T am not quite sure if all of the few specimens I possess of this peculiar small form came from Akoutoung, or whether some may not be from Thayet Myo. The Bnei resembles young specimens of Bulimus putus, Bens., so closely, that it can only be distinguished by the absence of : any perforation.” (Blanford.) 313. Curvella puta, Benson. Bulimus putus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 330; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 502; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiy, 1865, p. 94; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 80, fig. 9. 352 ACHATINID 2. Hapalus putus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 178. Bulimina (Hapalus) puta, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 299. Buliminus (?) putus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1901, “p. 689, pl. 103, fig. 23. Original description:—“ Testa perforata, ovato-acuta, tenui, striatula, sub epidermide tenui cornea albida ; spira conica, apice obtusiusculo, sutura satis impressa; anfractibus 6 convexis, ultimo dimidium teste vix superante; apertura verticali, sem1i- ovali majuscula; peristomate acuto, recto, margine columellari reflexiusculo. “ Long. 7, diam. vix 5 mill., long. apert. vix 4, diam. 25 mill.” ( Benson. ) Hab. Burma: Tavoy (Theobald) ; Akoutoung, Thyet Myo, and Bassein District (Blanford),. 314. Curvella plicifera, Blanford. Bulimus plicifer, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 77; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 151; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 80, fig. 8. Bulimina (Hapalus) plicifera, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 188], p. 800. Buliminus (? nu. s.) plicifer, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1901, p. 688, pl. 103, fig. 22. Curvella plicifera. Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 63, pl. 9, fig. 45. Original description. Shell obtectly perforated, ovately conical, rather thin, horny, finely striated. Spire conical, apex obtuse ; suture marginate, scarcely impressed. Whorls 5, pianulately convex above, the last longer than the spire, somewhat tumid, rounded at the base. Aperture vertical, truncately oval, sub- pyriform ; peristome simple; mght margin curved forwards ; columellar callous, subvertical, slightly curved, rather broadly reflexed ; margins united by a callus bearing a small entering lamella about the centre. “Length 9, diam. 53 mill.; apert. 5 miil. high, 23 broad.” (Blanford.) Hab. Burma: Thyet Myo, Pegu (Blanford); Prome ( Lheobald). “A more tumid shell than B. putus, Bens., and easily dis- tinguished from all other Indian and Burmese forms of the genus by the re-entering parietal plait.” (Blanford.) Pilsbry places it in Curvella with some doubt, stating that its systematic position is uncertain. 315. Curvella munipurensis, Godwin-Austen. Bulimus (Harpalus) munipurensis, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. 8. 1872, p- 516, pl. 50, fig. 8. Bulimus (Hapalus) munipurensis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1876, pl. 148, figs. 1, 4. CURVELLA. 353 Bulimus maunipurensis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, Hapalus munipurensis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174. Bulimina (Hapalus) munipurensis, Pfeitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 299. Curvella munipurensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 65, pl. 9, figs. 51, 52. Original description :—* Shell rimate, elongately turreted, thin, covered with a pale ochre or straw-coloured epidermis, and strengly and obliquely striated; spire turreted, apex blunt; whorls 73, convex, suture strongly impressed ; aperture oblique, rounded below, milky white inside ; peristome acute, outer and upper margin arched well forward; columellar margin straight, strong, and slightly twisted forward ; a thin white callus on the parietal margin. Animal pale orange, fainter tint above the head ; foot short ; eye-peduncles short, swollen at the base, lower ten- tacles very short blunt projections. “ Alt. 0°88 inch [ = 22:25 mm.], diam. 0°30 [=7-5 mm.]; apert. alt. 0°35 [=9 mm.], lat. 0-17 [=4:25 mm.].” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Hengdan Peak, 7000 ft. On the Munipur boundary (Godwin-Austen). This species is intermediate between OC. sikkimensis and C. khasiana, but it has the last whorl proportionately much wider than the latter, nearly equalling half of the entire length of the shell. The shell is firmly plicate-striate and decussated. Two specimens in the British Museum measure 16 x 6°5 mm. 316. Curvella khasiana, Godwin-Austen, Bulimus (Harpalus) khasianus, Godwin-Austen, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 516, pl. 30, fig. 7. Bulimus (Harpalus) khastacus, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlvy, 1876, p. 317. Bulimus (Hapalus) khasianus, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 148, fig. 7. Bulimus khasianus, Pfeitter, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 183. Hapalus khasianus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174. Bulimina (Hapalus) khasiana, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 299. Curvella khasiana, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 65, pl. 9, figs. 53-65, 58. Original description :—** Shell subperforate, ovately turreted or acutely ovate, thin, diaphanous, fresh specimens often glossy, becoming dull white or pale straw-colour with age; minutely striated under lens; spire conical, apex blunt, suture moderate : whorls 6-7, slightly convex, the body-whorl large and tumid : aperture vertical, semi-oval; peristome simple, sharp, rounded and arched considerably forward at the upper angle; the columella is curved forward from behind, and the margin slightly reflected. “Alt. 0°59 inch [=14°75 mm.], diam. 0°28 [=7 mm.], apert. diam. 0-16 [=4 mm.], alt. 0°29 [=7-25 mm.]. Large sp. 2A jo4 ACHATINID®. “ Alt, 0°41 inch [=10°5 mm.], diam. 0°20 [=5 mm.], apert. diam. 0°12 [=3 mm.], alt. 0°23 [=6 mm.]. “Animal with a short foot, pointed behind, pale yellow tint; eye-tentacles dark to the base, lower very short.’ (Godwin- Austen.) Hab. India: Khasi, Jaintia, and Naga Hills (Godwin-Austen) ; Dikrang Valley, Dafla Hills, 2500 ft. (G@odwin-Austen); Naga Hills (Ztoberts); Darjeeling, Sikkim (Stoliezka). “Tt appears to be very close to Bul. putus, Bens., from Tavoy. Specimens differ very much in size from different collections. The shell is very finely developed in the high parts of the North Cachar Hills at 6000-7000 feet (fig. 7). At Cherra Poonjee it assumes a more tumid form (fig. 7a), and it is very frequently dwarfed to the length of only 0°36 inch [=9 mm. ], especially in its lower habitats; but these variations are not of sufficient specific importance.” (Godwin-Austen.) Jousseaume expressed the opinion* that C. khasianus and C. munipurensis are identical in form, A glance at the figures will convince anyone that this suggestion is not borne out by facts. The British Museum possesses four specimens from the Khasi Hills, measuring 12 x 5°5 mm. Genus OPEAS, Albers. Opeas, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 175 (as subgenus of Bulinus), first species Bulimus subula, Pfeiffer: Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 265 (as subgenus of Stenogyra), type Heliv goodalii, Miller ; Crosse & Fischer, Miss. Scient. Mexique, Moll. 1, 1877, p. 592; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 122. Tyee, Bulimus subdula, Pfeiffer. Range. Throughout tropical and subtropical regions, except Austraha. ‘¢Shell small, thin, turrite, usually perforate, with large, obtuse, rounded apex and convex or flattened whorls, corneous or yellowish. Embryonic whorls smooth. Aperture small, ovate, the outer lip thin, usually arched forward, columella straight or concave, not sinuous, the columellar lip reflexed, curving into the basal lip and not toothed or truncate below. Oviparous, the egg-capsules large and spheroidal. “ Opeas contains small, thin, oviparous stenogyrine snails with the apex large, obtuse, rounded and smooth, and the columellar margin reflexed, rounded below, or at least not distinctly truncate. The species are spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions, but as yet none is known from Australia. A few species colonize freely, and have spread wherever commerce reaches in suitable climates. Others, restricted to special stations not to be * Bull. Soe. Zool. France, x, 1885, p. xxii. OPBAS. 355 found in cultivated areas, are as loeal as most other land snails. Owing to the similarity of the shells, their determination is difficult, and demands the greatest application. “* Opeas stands very close to the groups Prosopeas and Curvella. The former differs by merely such minor features as the rougher, often minutely jamellose sculpture, the greater size and flatter whorls, but these give the shell a rather different aspect. Curvella in its typical form differs by the short and Bulimoid shape; but some of the species are arbitrarily referred to one or the other genus. The distinction between Opeas and Curvella is by no means convincing; yet even small differences have significance which may usefully be recognized in dealing with large groups of similar species. “ Opeas and Subulina begin to reproduce before the shell has attained its full size, usually when it is about two-thirds grown. “In many species two forms co-exist in the same colony, a more slender and a stouter; all other features remaining the same. Intermediate contours usually occur if a large gathering is at hand. This dimorphism must be kept in mind, especially when dealing with small sets. “Excepting a few forms spread by commerce or other means, the Old and New World species are distinct. Most of the Eastern forms belong to typical Opeas. ‘Several species in each hemisphere have been enabled, by their hardiness and adaptability to life in cultivated areas, to colonize over a large part of the tropical and subtropical zones. There cannot be much doubt that the carriage of living plants from place to place has been a chief factor in the dispersal of Opeas....and other snails as well. The habits of these forms are such that they find practically the same environment anywhere in zones of similar temperature, and their spread from new centres is often very rapid. Opeas gracile is probably the most widely distributed land snail in the world.” (Pilsbry.) I have quoted at some length from the admirable account of this difficult genus by Professor Pilsbry, which sets forth all the known facts in an extremely lucid fashion. His observations with regard to dimorphism—to which he is, I believe, the first to draw attention—are particularly valuable, and should be borne in mind by every conchologist when about to describe supposed new species, 317. Opeas gracile, Hutton. No. 5, Bulimus?, Hutton, J. A. S. B. iii, 1834, p. 84; No. 5, Bulimus ? (mihi) gracilis?, ibid., tom. cit. p. 93; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 157; Reeve, Conch. Iccn. v, 1849, Buli- mus, pl. 69, fig. 495; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 94; Pfeifier, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 79, pl. 21, figs. 18, 19; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl, 23, fig. 4; Godwin- Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, p. 317. 2a2 356 ACHATINID#. Bulimus ( Opeas) gracilis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 156. Stenogyra (Opeas) gracilis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 265; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 25; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 164; ibid., Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, 1, 1879, p. 885 ; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomenel. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 321. Spiravis gracilis, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxx, 1861, p. 362. Stenogyra gracilis, von Martens, Preuss. Exp, Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil, ii, 1867, p. 375, pl. 19, fig. 5, pl. 22, fig. 13; Westerlund, Vega Exp. Vetensk. Jakt. iv. 1887, p. 187; Peile, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi, 1908, p. 181. Opeas gracilis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146 ; Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1895, p. 443; Collett, J. A.S. Ceylon, xv, 1898, p. 17; Smith, Fauna and Geogr. Maldive & Laccadive Arch. 1, part 2, 1902, p. 141. Opeas gracile, Mollendorff, P. Z. 8. 1894, p. 151; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 125, pl. 18, figs. 3-6. Bulimus indicus, Pfeiffer, P. Z. 5. 1846, p. 40; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 157. Opeas indicus, Dautzenberg & Fischer, Journ. Conchyl. lin, 1905, 9. 102. oe apex, Mousson, var. nicobarica, Mirch, Journ. Conchyl. 1872, p. dls. Original description :—‘* Shell transparent, thin and pale coloured or rather colourless; spire gradually tapering ; whorls 12, body-whorl equal to the two preceding ones; length 63 lines*. Aperture longer than broad, semi-ovate ; pillar-lip straight and slightly reflected; right lip edged.” (Zutton.) Hab. India: Mirzapore (Hutton); Calcutta, Rajmehal, Chandipal, Patna (Nevill, Mainwaring); Erode, Poona, Bombay (Blanford, Fairbank); Bombay Island (Peile); Assam (Stoliczka); Whasi Hills (Adams); Dafla Hills (Godwin-Austen); Madras (Blanford) ; Kashmir (Vheobald) ; Naini Tal, Salt Range, Roorkee (Stoliczka). Burma: Zwagabin, Arakan, Rangoon, Moulmain (Stoliczka, Theobald); Tsagain, Bhamo (Anderson); Ava, Pegu, Arakan, Moulmain (Blanford). Ceylon: Point de Galle (Martens, Vega Exped.) ; Ambagamuwa (Collett). Andaman Group (Stolvezka, Nevill); Port Blair (Godwin-Austen). Nicobar Group: Teressa (Godwin-Austen); Nancoury (Moreh). Laceadive Islands (Stanley Gardiner). Samui Islands (.ollendorff). In addition to the foregoing localities within the Indian region, the species has been recorded from China, Formosa, and Japan, the Malay Archipelago, the Mascarenes, and Polynesia. The bibliography here quoted is limited to its bearing on the Indian Fauna, and I have omitted all references to its occurrence outside the Indian region. The bibliography, including varieties, contained in the Manual of Conchology, comprises upwards of two whole pages. Pilsbry includes O. subula, Pfeiffer, under its synonymy, but the identity of the two forms I do not consider has been established, and 1 prefer to confine the designation of O. gracile * JT have only one of this length, the generality being about 5 lines. It has also 12 whorls, while the others have about 9 or 10. OPEAS. ev. to the Old World form, retaining O. subula for the American shells. The British Museum possesses specimens received from Hutton who collected them at Mirzapore; these measure 13:5 x 3°56 mm. My own collection contains specimens composed of nine whorls and measuring 13 mm. in length. One of these contained four spherical caleareous eges 0-75 in diameter. Major Peile has collected the species at “Bassein and Bombay Island, some of the latter having the periostracum in a beautiful fresh state, a rather rare occurrence. Var. panayensis, Pfeiffer. Bulimus panayensis, Pfeiffer, P. Z.S. 1846, p. 33; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. 11, 1848, p. 156. Stenogyra panayensis, yon Martens, En reuss. a a Ost-Asien, Zool. Theil, ii, 1867, pp. 83, 376, pl. 22, fiz. 8; Tapparone Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xix, fees ?. 87; ‘ib., xx, 1884, p. 144; Semper, Reisen Arch. Philipp. 2te Teil, iii, 1885, p. 137, pl. 8, fig. 15 (shell), pl. 11, fig. 17 (anat.), fs. 21 (dentition) ; Wester- lund, Vega Exped. Vetensk. Jalt. , 1887, p. 187; Hidalgo, Journ. Conchyl. xxxvi, 1888, p. 34: Fischer & Dautzenberg, Mission Pavie, iii, 1904, p. 411. Stenogyra (Opeas) panayensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 321; von Martens in Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, ii, 1891, p. 243. Opeas gracile, var. pana oe Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 131, pl. 18, figs. 1, Original description :—‘ Bul. testa imperforata, subulata, tenul, levigata, pellucida, cereo-hyalina; spira elongata, apice obtuso : erase hud 8, latis, vix conv exiusculis, ultimo 7 longitudinis vix equante, columella brevi, strictiuscula : apertura ovali-oblonga, basi subangulata ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari breviter reflexo, appresso. “Long. 11, diam. 24 mill.” ( Pfeiffer.) Hab. Ceylon : : Point de Galle ( Westerlund). Said to have a general distribution from Indo-China to the Moluccas and Aru Islands. Collected in Ceylon by the Vega Expedition. Var. cereus, Reeve. Bulimus cereus, Reeve, Conch. Ieon. v, Bulimus, 1849, sp. 501, Achatina, pl. 17, fig. 81. Bulimus gracilis, var. ? cereus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1855, g , ; ; ay 399. Stenogyra (Opeas) gracilis, var. cereus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. gyre (Opeas) g : Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 321. Opeas gracile, var. cereus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, rae ereus, Pilsbry, pp. 127, 128, pl. 18, fig. 7. Original description :—* Shell subulate, umbilicated, thin, whorls 358 ACHATINIDA. ten in number, convex, arcuately concentrically striated, columella reflected, aperture small, lip simple; transparent straw-colour. “‘ Whorls appear more convex than in B. gracilis.” (Reeve.) Hab. India: Moradabad. 318. Opeas prestoni, Sykes. Opeas prestonit, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 75 pl. 5, fig. 4. Opeas mauritianum, var. prestoni, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xvili, 1906, p. 184, pl. 17, figs. 98-100. Original description :—“*T. subperforata, elongato-cylindrica, translucida, tenuis, cornea vel cereo-cornea, apice obtusiusculo ; anfr. 8, plone: convexi, longitudinaliter lineis incrementibus striati, ultimus <4 longitudinis “subsequans, sutura bene impressa, apertura elongato-ovata ; peristoma simplex, acutum, margine columellari ad basim breviter reflexo, perforationem fere tegente. “Alt. 11, diam. 3°25 mm., alt.ap. 3, lat. ap. 1-Smm.” (Sykes.) Hab. Ceylon: Uda Pussellawa (Preston). “The apex is much more obtuse and the earlier whorls are broader than O. gracilis, and the shell generally is more cylindrical and not so needle-shaped ; it appears to be variable in colour. [ have given the dimensions of an average specimen ; one found by Mr. “Preston measures alt. 14, diam. 4 mm.” (Sykes.) Opeas innocens, Preston. Opeas innocens, Preston, Rec. Indian Mus. v, 1910, p. 33, fig. 2. Original description :—* Shell bluntly subulate, whitish, thin ; whorls 8, flat, rather sharply shouldered above and below, trans- versely striate with lines of erowth; sutures deeply impressed ; columella descending in a slight curve, extending above into a thick, parietal callus which joins the margin of the lip above; labrum acute, simple, aperture elongately ov vate, ** Altitude 5:5, diam. major 1°25, apert. alt. °75, diam. *-25 mm.” ( Preston.) Hab. Burma: Khayon Cave, near Moulmain (Annandale), Appears to be closely related to, if not identical with, O. gracile. 320. Opeas latebricola, Reeve. Bulimus latebricola (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Buli- mus, pl. 80, fig. 572; Pfeit fer , Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p- 401 ; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1853, p. 74, pl. 20, fis. 5 5,6; Hanley «& Theobald, Couch Ind. 1874, pl. 79, fon Th Bulimus (Opecs) ) latebricola, Pfeitter, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 156. Stenogyra (?) latebricola, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174. Bulimina (Hapalus) latebricola, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomenel. Helic. Viy. 1881, p. 299. Opeas latebr icola, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 162, pl. 19, figs. 20, 23. OPBAS. 359 Original description :—* Shell acuminately oblong, compressly umbilicated, whorls six in number, somewhat rounded, smooth, or concentrically striated; transparent straw-colour, polished. A very delicately coloured, transparent species.” (/teeve.) Hab. India: Landour, Western Himalayas (Benson) ; Darjeeling (Blanford, Stoliezka, Meanie g); Khasi and Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen). The above cursory description is supriumeniel by Pfeiffer as follows : “'T’. subperforata, turrito-oblonga, tenuicula, striatula, vix nitidula, diaphana, albido-straminea ; spire turrita, apice obtusius- cula ; anfr. 6 63 vix convexi, ultimus 2 3 longitudinis paulo superans, basi rotundatus; columella substricta, verticalis, oblonga ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus subparallelis, columellari anguste reflexo. “Long. 73, diam. 3 mill. Ap. 22 mill. longa, 1% lata.” ( Pfeiffer.) The British Museum possesses five specimens from Landour, received from the Indian Museum, whieh are smooth and polished, and very finely striated, while the columella has a slight, revolving plait, to which neither Reeve nor Pfeiffer makes any reference. These specimens only measure 5°5 mm. in length, whereas the sheil figured by Reeve has an indicated length of 7 mm. Prof. Pilsbry considers the species related to O. layardi, but the latter has the outer margin of the peristome inflected, a feature lacking in O. latebricola. 321. Opeas maria, Jousseawme. Oneas marie, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p- 290, pl. A, fig. 9; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p- 159, pl. 4, fig. 9; Original description :—“ Testa subperforata, elongato-turrita, solidula, opaca, arcuatim striata, alba, epiteste dayide. alba, vix none spira elongata, apice obtusa, sutura immersa, crenulata ; anfr, 8, convexiusculi, ullimus ¢ longitudinem equans; apertura shlenae ovalis, superne oblique truncata; perist. simplex acutum ; margine dextro superne depresso, fere recto, columellari ad suturam late dilatato-reflexo, perforationis partem formante. ¢ Long. 9 mill.; diam. 2 mill.” (Jousseaume.) Hab. Ceylon : Kandy (Simon). Mr. Sykes suggests (Proc. Malac. Soc. London, iii, 1898, p. 73) that it is “ suspiciously near” to O. gracile, but ‘Jousseaume’s figures do not bear out this contention, as the whorls are much more flattened and proportionately higher, while the outer lip of the peristome is considerably more straightened. 360 ACHATINID #, 322. Opeas nevilli, Godwin-Austen. Opeas nevilli, Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, p. 315, pl. 8, fig. 12. Stenogyra (Opeas) nevilli, ““G. Ad.”, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 165. Original description :—* Shell turreted, very elongate, pale, silky with a green tinge, older specimens of a pale straw-colour, covered with a thin epidermis, beautifully striate under lens. Whorls 11-12, moderately rounded and very gradually diminishing in size to the apex, which is blunt; suture impressed ; aperture angular above, outer lip thin. “Alt. 0°55" [=14 mm.], major diam. 0:10” [=2:5 mm.]. Largest specimen 0:90" [=23 mm.].” (Godwin-Austen.) Hab. India: Dafla Hills, Assam (Godwin-Austen). “'This very delicate elongate shell was common on Toruputu Peak, but far finer specimens, equal in size to the figure, were obtained on the banks of the Pichola Nulla out in the plains. Iam not satisfied with this figure; the whorls being rather too flat and the apex too sharp.” (Glodwin-Austen.) Prof. Pilsbry (Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 157) states, “Nevill in his Hand List Ind. Mus. i, p. 165, lists Stenogyra (Opeas) nevilli, G. Ad., from the Dafla Hills. It is undescribed and unknown to me.” The “G. Ad.” in Nevill’s Hand List is evidently a printer’s error for “G.-A.” and this probably put Pilsbrv off the track. 323. Opeas layardi, Benson. Spiravis layardi, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p.90; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 190; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 79, figs, 2, 3. Stenogyra (?) layardi, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 174. Stenogyra (Spiravis (Luspiraxis)) layardi, Pfaitfer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 323. Buspiraxvis layardi, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, d, 29). nas layardi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 158, pl. 4, figs. 19, 20; pl. 16, figs. 82, 83. Opeas ( Tomopeas) layardi, Pilsbry, 1. c. p. 123. Original description :—“ S, testa imperforata, elongato-turrita, tenui, arcuato-striatula, albida, epidermide tenui polita cornea induta; spira elongata, apice obtuso, sutura profuudiuscula, non- nunquam eroso-dentata ; anfractibus 73, convexis, ultimo pone columellam impresso; apertura oblonga, elongato-ovata, superne angustata; peristomate tenui, acuto; labro arcuato, margine columellari incrassato, modice torto. ‘“‘Long. 123, diam. 4 mill.; ap. long. 4, diam. vix 2 mill.” ( Benson. ) Hab. Ceylon: Moopana, Badulla, Kandookare (Layard); Caltura ( Nevill). OPFAS. 361 The species is referred to Opeas by Pilsbry with some doubt, who considers that ‘the subtruneate, calloused columella recalls Tortaxis, yet the delicacy of the shell, its small apex, and the oviparous ‘reproduction, are characters of Opeas. It is probably related to O. avenacea, Morel., javanicum, Rve., etc., which have the columella similarly truncate.” I have only seen one specimen, which is in the British Museum. It is from Kandy and measures: length 16°5 mm., diam. 4:25 mm. 324. Opeas sykesi, Pilshiry. Opeas ee Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 157, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2. Original description :—‘* Shell perforate, resembling O. gracile in sculpture, but with the whorls much shorter, more compactly coiled, more numerous in shells of the same length. Spire straightly and regularly tapering to the small apex. Whorls 8 to 10, the embryonic 14 smooth except for a minute subsutural radial stri iation, which becoming stronger on the post-embryonic whorls, produce a fine, irregularly developed crenulation of the suture, the latter becoming smooth again lower down. Later whorls somewhat flattened. Suture well impressed. Aperture vertical, much shorter than in O. gracile; outer lip weakly arcuate, a little arched forward; basal margin well arched; columella mavbiee straightened, the edge reflexed. “Length 11, diam. 3-4, aperture 2 ‘9 mm.; whorls 83. * Length 12:9, diam. 3:5, aperture 3:1; w ae 10.” (Pilsbiy.) Hab, Ceylon. «This form is readily selected from among O. gracile by its short whorls and small, wider mouth, with a deep bay where the columella joins the parietal wall. a do not see, in the great number of O. gracile before me, any approach to this form.” (Pilsbry.) 325. Opeas? pusillus, /7. Adams. Bulimulus (Ena) pusillus, H. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 307, pl. 19, fie. 17. Stenogyra pusillus, Nevill, Enum. Helic. Ceylon, 1871, p. 5. Bulimus (Bulimulus) pusillus, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 186. Bulimulus (Leptomerus) pusillus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 234. Ena pusilla, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894. p- 297. Original description :—*“ B. testa sinistrorsa, rimato-perforata, eylindrico-turrita, tenui, inequaliter striata, vix nitidula, olivaceo- fusca ; spira elongata, sursum parum attenuata, apice obtusiuscula, sutura distincta; anfr. 7, convexiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis vix 362 ACHATINIDE. equante, basi rotundato ; apertura verticali, semiovalli ; perist. recto, margine columellari subverticali, superne dilatato, patente. “Long. 5, diam. 2 mill.” (27. Adams.) Hab, Ceylon; Matelle (2. Layard). Fig. 120.— Opeas ? pusillus. (Enlarged.) (From P. Z. 8.) ‘* Peculiar from being, at least so far as I know, the only sinistral land-shell that has yet been met with in the island.” (/7. Adams.) Referred with some doubt to Opeas ; it certainly has nothing to do with Ena. It may possibly be a monstrosity. I give a copy of Adams’s figure. Genus PROSOPEAS, Morch. Prosopeas, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 358, as section of Bulimus for B. roepstorfi, Morch, and B. achates, Morch (no description) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 14. Typr, Bulimus roepstorffi, Morch. Range. Farther India, including Malay Peninsula, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, China, Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islands. “Shell Stenogyroid, of moderate or large size, imperforate or nearly so, with rather small, semiglobose apex, the first two whorls typically smooth (but ribbed in the s. g. Paropeas), later whorls very densely sculptured with fine oblique strie which are arched forward above and retracted to the suture. Aperture ovate ; colu- mella straight or concave, continuous with the basal margin below, slightly or not folded above, with a reflexed, adnate margin. Axis slender, straight or nearly so. Reproduction by globular, calcareous-shelled eggs, as in Opeas. 326. Prosopeas hebes, Blanford. Spirarts hebes, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 361, pl. 1, fic. 15; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 190; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 79, fig. 10. Stenogyra (Opeas) hebes, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166. Stenogyra (Spiraxis (Euspiraxis)) hebes, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 328. Prosopeas hebes, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 32, pl. 12, fig. 6. Original description: —* Testaimperforata, turrita, cornea, rugoso- o PROSOPEAS, 363 striata 5 spira subulata, apice perobtusa, sutura albido-marginata. Anfr. 7 parum convexi, ultimus 3 longitudinis subaequans, basi rotundatus. Columella parum callosa, yix subtorta, brevis. Aper- tura fere yerticalis, elongato ovalis; peristoma simplex, rectum, margine dextro superne arcuato. ‘Long. 15, diam. 4 mm.; ap. 43 alta, 2 lata.” (Blanford.) Hab. India: Nilgiris. “The above are the dimensions of the largest specimen found. It is, however, possible that this shell may attain a greater size. The sole Indian species to which it appears to be related is Sp. (Bul.) gracilis, Hutt., from which, however, it may be easily distinguished by its very obtuse apex, less numerous whorls, ete.” (Blanford.) 327. Prosopeas terebrale, 7’heobald. Stenogyra (Opeas) terebralis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 1871, p- 401; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166; Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881], p. 521. Bulimus (Stenogyra) terebralis, Pfeitter, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 155. Prosopeas terebrale, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 31. Original description :—‘‘ Testa elongata, impertorata, tenul, cornea, Don polita, anfractibus 103, depresse convexis, sutura impressa junctis, confertim striatis ; ultimo tertiam longitudinis Vix wquante, epidermide scabra ; perist. acuto, margine columel- lari brevissime reflexo, leviter torto. “Long. teste ‘95 [=24 mm.]; lat. max. -17 [=4°5 mm.], alt. aperture *22 uuc.” [=5°75 mm.!. (Theobald.) Hab. Burma: Shan States (Fedden). 328. Prosopeas walkeri, Lenson. Spiravis walkert, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xi, 1868, p. 90; Pfeilter, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, hei p. 189; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 79, fig. 4. Opeas walkert, Theobald, J. AS. B. xxxix, 1871, p.395; Godwin- Austen, P. Zs! 1895, p. 443; Blanford, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, v, 1903, p. 280. Stenogyra {Opeas) walkeri, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 165. Stenogyra (Spiravis (Euspiravis)) walkeri, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 328. Prosopeas walkeri, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xvii, 1906, p. 29, pl. 6, fig. 70. Original description :—* S. testa, imperforata, cylindraceo-turrita, arcuato-striatissima, sub epidermide albida, spira gracili, apice obtuso, sutura profundiuscula; anfractibus 9, Aginerencienl nee apertura obliqua, elliptica; margine dextro tenui, acuto, superne arcuato, columellari calloso, subito revoluto. «Long. 14, diam. 33 mill.” (Benson.) 364 ACHATINID#. Hab. Andaman Islands: Port Blair (Haughton) ; Cocos Island, Andaman Island (Stoliezka). Burma: Shan States (/dden). Siam: Lampun (Daly). Some specimens from Port Blair, presented by R. MacAndrew to the British Museum, are smaller than the type, for, although possessing nine whorls, they measure only 123 mm. 329. Prosopeas pealei, 7ryon. Opeas (Bulimus) peale’, Tryon, Amer. Journ, Conch, v, 1869, p. 110, pl. 10, fig. 5. Bulimus pealei, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 128. Stenogyra (Spiraxis (Euspiraxis)) pealei, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 323. Prosopeas pealei, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 29, pl. 6, figs. 80, 81. Original description :—“ Shell turreted elongate, slender, rather solid; whorls eight, flatly convex, suture slight; apex papillary ; aperture ovate, small; lip simple; columella perpendicular, form- ing an angle with the lip at the base. Light greenish horn-color, white within. “Length 35, diam. 9 mill.” (Z'ryon.) Hab. Andaman Islands. ““ Resembles Bulumus elongatulus, Pfr., but may be distinguished from it by the whorls being less convex and the columella straight instead of incurved.” (Z'ryon.) The type-specimen is figured by Pilsbry, who states that it differs from P. haughtoni, Bens., to which it has been referred as a synonym, by the non-sinuous columella, which does not form an angle with the parietal wall, by the narrower mouth, more numerous whorls and slenderer shape. He further compares it with the var. ovynter of Benson, which, while nearly as slender as pealei, differs by having the columella at an angle with the parietal wall. 330. Prosopeas haughtoni, Penson. Spiravis haughtoni, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 5, xi, 1865, p. 90; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 189; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 19, fig. 1. Stenogyra (Prosopeas) haughtoni, Nevill, Wand List, i, 1878, p. 178 ; Godwin-Austen, P. Z.S. 1895, p. 443. Stenogyra (Spiravis (Buspiraxis)) haughtoni, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 328. Prosopeas haughtont, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 28, pl.iG;fies:./65 78,09: Original description :—“ S. testa imperforata, oblongo-conica, subturrita, solida, striata, versus suturam et apicem costulato- striata, albida, epidermide olivacea minutissime corrugata induta ; spira elongato-conica, versus apicem obtusiusculum subito at- tenuata, sutura impressa; anfractibus 7, vix convexiusculis, sub- PROSOPHAS. 365 planulatus, ultimo ad peripheriam subangulato; apertura vix obliqua, ovato-elliptica, intus cceruleo-albida, margine dextro tenui, acuto, columellari calloso, planato, expansiusculo, versus basin leviter emarginato, marginibus callo tenui expanso junctis. “Long. 20-30, diam. 10-11 mill.; ap. long. 11, lat. 5 mill.” ( Benson.) Hab. Andaman Islands: Port Blair (Haughton); Andaman Island (Stoliczka, Roepstorff, Nevill). “Two typical examples of this species hefore me measure: length 27, diam. 10°7, length of aperture 10°5 mm., and 28, 11, 10:7 mm., both having a trifle over seven whorls. They are solid, strong shells, nearly denuded of the thin, olivaceous-yellow cuticle. The columella is distinctly sigmoid, and the parietal callus arising from it is wholly appressed at the edge, not raised seam-like as in P. pealer.” (Pilsbry.) Var. oxynter, Benson, A. M. N.H. ser. 3, xi, 1863, p. 90; Hanley & Theobald, Conch, Ind. 1874, pl. 79, fig. 5 (var. un- named); Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xvii, 1906, p. 28, pl. 6, figs. 77, 82-84. «Testa elongato-turrita, graciliore. Long. 30, diam. 8 mill. There is a tendency in the stouter form to verge towards the variety which I have called ovynter, although the extreme speci- mens might be considered as separate species.” (Benson.) Hab. Andaman Islands: Port Blair (//aughton). T'wo specimens referable to this form are figured by Pilsbry. He states that ‘‘the cuticle is dark olive. ‘hey differ from P. pealet chiefly in the shape and direction of the columellar margin, which is less sinuous than in P. haughtom. Length 34, diam. 10, length of aperture 10 mm.; whorls 83.” 331. Prosopeas achates, Morch. Bulimus (Prosopeas) achates, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1875, p. 359. Stenogyra (Prosopeas) achates, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 173. Stenogyra (Opeas) achates, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 320. Prosopeas achates, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 27, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5. Original description :—“ Differt a precedente [B. (Pr.) roepstorfi | testa minore, abbreviata, obtecte perforata. “ Long. 14 mill.; lat. 5; long. ap. cire. 6.” (Mérch.) Hab. Nicobar Islands (Stoliezka); Kamorta, Nancouri (Roep- storff); Kamorta, Katchal, var. 3 (2oepstorff); Nancouri, var. y (Lioepstorff ). Mérch quotes Stenogyra achatinacea, Pfeiffer, as a synonym, without, as Prof. Pilsbry aptly says, explanation of so irregular 5 course. The latter figures a Nicobar shell which he considers to be referable to Moérch’s form. ‘It is rather obese below, sub- 366 ACHATINID &. regularly tapering to the obtuse, smooth apex, sculptured with narrow, spaced, thread-like riblets which curve forwards above the periphery and are much weaker below it. Whorls slightly more than seven, moderately convex. The aperture is long, the outer lip arched forward above, and the columella reflexed narrowly, leaving a narrow umbilical fissure. Length 13:3, diam. 4:5, length of aperture 5°5 mm. “This form seems to differ from P. achatinaceum by its larger aperture.” (Pilsbry.) Nevill also was of opinion that it differed from the latter (Hand List, 1; 1878, p. 173). Mérch records a variety 3 from Kamorta, Katchal, as smaller, rather smooth, length 11, width 9, length of aperture 5 mm., and a var. y, from Nancouri, as rather solid, length 13, width 4@, length of aperture 4 mm. 332. Prosopeas roepstorfli, MWérch (em.). Bulimus (Prosopeas) roepstorfi, Morch, Journ. Conchyl. 1876, p. 358. Stenogyra (Prosopeas) roepstorffi, Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 173- Stenogyra (Opeas) ropstorfi, Preiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 320. Prosopeas roepstorfi, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 27,, pl. 38, figs. 97-99. Original description :— Stenogyra elongatula, “ Pfr.,” Martens, ].c. [Preuss. Exp. Ost-A sien, Zool., i, 1867] p. 379, t. 22, £12. affinis, sed differt: T. straminea, costulato-striata, suturis pro- fundis ; apertura dilatata, fere ficiformi, faucibus albis, columella torta, imperforata. «Long. 222 millim., diam. 6; long. apert. 72.” (Morch.) Hab. Nicobar Islands (Stoliczka); Kamorta (toepstorff’) ; Little Coco Island ( Wood-Mason). The species remained unillustrated until Prof. Pilsbry figured a specimen. It contains ‘nearly 8 whorls, the first globose and smooth, the rest moderately convex and sculptured with forwardly arcuate, thread-like strie. The aperture is quite oblique, long and narrow, the thin outer lip arched forward, the eolumellar lip narrowly reflexed above and imperfectly appressed. The columella is concave, slightly folded at the upper insertion. Length 16, diam, 4°7, length of aperture 5°2 mm.” Genus ZOOTECUS, Westerlund. Zootecus, Westerlund, Fauna Paliarct. Binnenconchyl. in, 1887,, pp. 3, 75; Martens, Arch. Naturg. 1xi, 1895, 1, p. 103; ples, figs. 5, 6 (jaw and radula, Stenogyra insularis), figs. 7,8 (St. pulla) ; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser, 2, xviii, 1906, p. 104. Chilogymnus, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1894, p. 289. “Shell rather small, pale or white, perforate, pupiform, cylindric ZOOTECUS. 367 with conie summit or cylindric tapering, composed of 7 to 10 compactly eoiled whorls, the last rounded below ; striate or decus- sate, glossy. Summit conic, entire, the protoconch striate like the following whorls, not bulbous. Axis slender and straight, narrowly perforated throughout. Aperture small, widely ovate, the pera- stome thickened, blunt, columellar margin straight or concave, with reflexed edge, continuous with the basal lip. Reproduction viviparous. Dentition Achatinoid.” (Pilsbry.) Typr, Pupa insularis. Range. Cape Verd Isles and the Sahara eastward to Arabia, India, and Burma, chiefly in arid or barren regions. “A group of small, Pupiform snails, largely eremitic in habits, generally occurring in large numbers, and varying within wide limits in size and degree of taper. Most gatherings from one place show shorter and longer individuals, as in Holospira and Cerion; the dianieter remaining more constant for any one colony. The proportion of diameter to length is therefore individually variable. There is a good deal of local variation in size and texture, and hence a superabundance of names. «The group was instituted by Westerlund as a section of Buliminus. Kobelt, in his great monograph of the Buliminde, also leaves Zootecus therein, though uncertain as to its position. Bourguignat struck nearer the mark in referring the species to Rumina, for I find the dentition to be of the Stenogyroid type. It is, however, not closely related to Rumina, which differs markedly by its smooth, globose protoconch and attenuated, cylindric, subsequent neanic whorls. Riebeckia is perhaps the nearest akin to Zootecus. Opeas and its brood belong to another line of differentiation. “ Captain Hutton found the large Indian form (pullus) to be viviparous, three or four young shells lymg in the oviduct. I have confirmed this by opening dry shells of Z. wsularis. The young are ovate-conic, perforate, of two or three whorls, and like the adults have the columella entire below. “Phere seems to be only two well-marked species, but Z. insularis has a multitude of local races.” (Pilsbry.) Von Martens figured and described the jaw and radula of Zootecus insularis and Z. pullus, attributing them to the genus Stenogyra. He observes, moreover, that the name Zootecus should be spelled Zootocus, but this procedure is inadvisable as the name would in that case clash with Zootoca, Wagler, 1830 (Reptilia), and I prefer, therefore, to adopt Westerlund’s mode of spelling, as Pilsbry has done. 333. Zootecus insularis, Hhrenbery. Pupa insularis, Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Anim. Evert. ser. 1, Moll. 1831, decas prima, signature d, third page ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 307. 368 ACHATINIDA, No. 6, genus Pupa, Hutton, J. A. 8. B. iii, 1854, p. 85; No. 6, Pupa (miht) cylindrical ? ibid, tom. cit. p. 93. Bulimus (Cylindrus) insularis, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 180. Bulimus insularis, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helict Viv. ii, 1853, p. 405; ibid., Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1854, p. 125, pl. 36, figs. 26-28; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 22, fig. 10; Bourguignat, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 6, xv, 1888, art. 2, p. 65. Chondrus (Mastus) insularis, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 11, 1855, p. 165. Buliminus (Cylindr us) insularis, Jickeli, Nova ant K. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Wiss. xxxvii, no. 1, Los p- 108, pl. 5, fig. 4; Kobelt, Conchyl. Buch, ii, 1878 8, p. 273, pl. a fie. 21, Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 22; ibid., Hand List, i, 1878, p. 195; ibid., in Anderson, Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882. Cylindrus tnsularis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 146. Bulimina (Mastus) insularis, Pfeiffer, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1831, p. 295. AT insularis, Bourguig nat, Moll. Choa, 1885, p. 22; Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, vi, 1889, p. 559. Buliminus (Zootecus) msulari zs, Westend! Fauna Palaarct. Binnen- conchyl. iii, 1887, p. 75; Katal. Palaarct. Binnenconch. 1890, oes Buliminus insularis, Pollonera, Bull. Soe. Malac. Ital. xiii, 1888, p- 70; von Martens, Nachr. Deuts. Malak. Ges. 1889, p. 151; Smith, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, i, 1894, p. 142. Chilegymnus insularis, Jousseaume, Mém. Soc. Zool. Frauce, vii, 1804, p. 289. Stenogyra insularis, von Martens, Arch. Naturg. 1xi, 1895, 1, p. 105, pl. 8, figs. 5, 6 (jaw and radula). Buliminus (Mastus) insularis, Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xiii, 1898, no. 313, p.6; Peile, Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. xi, 1908, p. 1381. Zootecus insularis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 106, pl. 26, fig. 21. ? Original description :—-** Pupa imsularis, subcylindrica, apice attenuata, subacuta, nitida, albido-cornea, subtilissime transverse striata, striis apicem versus angustioribus, pellucida, apertura semiovata, margine paululum reflexo, leviter calloso ; anfractibus 7 ad 8, tribus primis diametro subsequalibus. ee Mie sp. long. 53 lin., lat. 13, 8 spire anfr. Alia sp. 5+ lon 12 lata, anfr. 7.” (# hrenberg. ) wate es Island, Red Sea (type locality, Ehrenberg). India: Delhi, Bundelkund (Hanley § Theobald); Kudapah, Tinali (Stoliczka); Patna (Mainwaring); Northern and Central India (Theobald, Hutton) ; Saharunpore ( Wood-Mason); Kutch and Sind (Stoliczka, Blanford); Poona (Blanford, Furbank); Salt Range and Lake Sambhur (Zheobald, Wynne); Burwani Hills (Blanfor d); 2 Rajputana (Hackett) ; Kashmir ( Theobald) ; ; Bombay Island (Perle) ; Trichinopoli (Nevill, Blanford). Burma: Pagan (Anderson, Nevill). Ceylon (Nevill, Blanford, Simon). Zootecus insularis and its varieties have a very wide range out- side the Indian region, extending, according to Pilsbry, from the ZOOTECUS. 369 Cape Verde Islands and Senegambia eastward to Egypt, Abys- sinia, Southern Arabia, to Beluchistan. To the somewhat cursory original description, he adds the following particulars. “The sculpture consists of fine, close, subvertical strie, a little bent near the suture, and intersected by several (usually three to six) very narrow smooth spiral bands. These may be obsolete on the last whorl or two, though usually persistent. The whorls are mode- rately convex, the last ascending a trifle to the aperture. The outer lip is somewhat thickened inside, giving the appearance of a low white welt behind it externally. The edge itself is obtuse but not expanded. The columellar margin is dilated, thickened, and arches over the very small umbilicus. The species is exces- sively variable, but the typical form is small, specimens measuring as follows : “ Length 10, diam. above aperture 3°38 mm., whorls 83. “Length 9, diam. above aperture 33 mm., whorls 73. “Tength 8, diam. above aperture 3°2 mm., whorls 7}. “This small form is common in Arabia and India. The shell is thinner and usually more whitish-corneous, less opaque-white than the large forms. “Shells of the same general type but more robust have been found in both Africa and India, and numerous nominal species have been based upon them. It is quite likely that some of these may be found to be local races worthy of recognition by name.” 234. Zootecus estellus, Lenson. Bulimus estellus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 327; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 462; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 22, fig. 4. Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis, var. estellus, Neyill, Nand List, i, 1878, p. 195. Bulimina (Mastus) estella, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 293. Buliminus (Zootecus) estellus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli- minidae, 1900, p. 675, pl. 102, figs. 16, 17. Original description :—* Testa arcte perforata, oblonga, cylin- drica, subremote spiraliter sulculosa, interstitiis confertissime costulato-striolatis, albida; spira cylindrica, apice conico, acuti- usculo ; sutura impressa ; anfractibus 8 vix convexiusculis, ultimo antice ascendente, 4 teste parum zquante, basi cirea perforationem leviter impressa; apertura verticali, angulato-ovali, peristomate obtuse, margine columellari verticali, incrassato-reflexo. “ Long. 18, diam. 6 mill.” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Sind (Baker); Kudapah; Balmir, Jodhpore (Stoliczka). “At once distinguishable from the allied B. pullus, Gray, by its stouter form, and by the ascent of the last whorl near the aperture.” (Benson.) 2B 370 ACHATINID®. 335. Zootecus pertica, Benson. Bulimus pertica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xix, 1857, p. 328 ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 462; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 22, fig. 7. Pupa (Cylindrus) pertica, yon Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, . 297. ree (Mastus) pertica, Pfeifler & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 293. Buliminus (Zootecus) pertica, Kohbelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli- minidae, 1900, p. 682, pl. 1038, fig. 9. Zootecus insularis, var. pertica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 113, pl. 26, fig. 28. Original description :—‘* Testa imperforata, exacte cylindrica, elongatissima, confertissime arcuato-striolata, sulcis nonnullis in- conspicuis spiraliter sculpta, alba; spira cylindrica, apice conico, obtusiusculo ; sutura impressa; anfractibus 10 subplanulatis, ultimo 1 teste zequante, antice leviter descendente, basi rotundata ; apertura valde obliqua, pyriformi; peristomate tenui, margine basali incrassato, subeffuso, columellari expanso, appresso. ** Long. 20, diam. 5 mill.” (Benson.) Hab. India (Baker); Sind (Hanley § Theobald). At once distinguishable from Z. pullus and its allies by its lengthened cylindrical form, its slenderness, and by the obliquity of the aperture. It may be considered as the extreme form of the series. According to Nevill it is based on an abnormal specimen of Z. polygyratus. 336. Zootecus polygyratus, Reeve. Bulimus polygyratus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 79, fig. 578; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 404; Issel, Mei. Real. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, xxii, 1866, p. 416. Chondrus (Mastus) polygyratus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 165. Baas (Cylindrus) polygyratus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, . 1565, Masia polygyratus, Chenu, Man. Conchyl. i, 1860, p. 442, fig. 3246, Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis, var. polygyrata, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 195. Bulimina (Mastus) polygyrata, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 298. Rumina polygyrata, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 63. Tee polygyratus, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1902, p- 947, pl. 182, figs. 26, 27. Zootecus insularus, var. polygratus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 118, pl. 26, fig. 31. Original description :— Shell pyramidally turreted, minutely um- bilicated, whorls nine to ten in number, rather narrow, rounded, finely plicately striated, columella reflected, aperture small, lip simple; bluish-white.” (Jtceve.) ZOOTECUS. Si7/il Hab. India: Rohra Hills, Sind (Blanford). Beluchistan : Gwadar (Blanford). Persia: Bendes Abbas (/ssel). Arabia: Aden (Blanford). When deseribed and figured by Reeve the habitat was unknown. It is more cylindrical than 7. insularis, forming a connecting link between that and Z. pertica. The type, which is in the British Museum, is composed of 94 whorls and measures: length 12 mm., diameter 4 mm. 337. Zootecus pullus, Gray. Bulimus pullus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 66; Th. Miller, Syn. Test. Viv. Anno 1834 promulg., 1856, p. 15; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. ii, 1848, p. 162; Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1849, Bulimus, pl. 67, fig. 476; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p.94; Adams, Journ. Conch, vii, 1892, p. 81. Pupa, No. 6, Hutton, J. A. 8. B. iii, 1834, p. 85. Pupa cylindrical ?, Hutton, J. A. S. B. ii, 1854, p. 93. Pupa indica (Benson), Hutton (nom. mut.) (not P. indica, Pfeiffer, 1854), J. A. S. B. xviii, 1849, p. 653. Bulimus ( Opeas) pullus, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 175. Pupa (Cylindrus) pulla, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p-. 297; ibid., Malak. Blatt. xv, 1868, p. 160 (=P. cylindrica, Hutton). Bulimina (Mastus) pulla, Pfeitter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 293. Rumina pulla, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 61. Stenogyra pulla, von Martens, Arch. Naturg. lxi, 1895, 1, p. 103, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8 (jaw and radula). Zootecus insularis, vay. pullus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 110, pl. 26, figs. 26-28. Original description :—‘ Bul. testa ovata, subcylindrica, sub- impertorata, pellucida, albida, tenuiter striata, apice conico, obtusi- usculo, pellucido; anfractibus novem vel decem vix elevatis ; apertura parva, subrotunda, semilunata; labiis subincrassatis rotundatis. “ Axis 10, diam. 43 lin.” (Gray.) Hab. India: Bank of Ganges (Royle, teste Miller); Ava (Blan- ford); Delhi, Bundelkhund (Zeeve); Kutch, Agra, Trichinopoli (B. M.). Gray, who omitted to indicate the habitat when describing the species, states that it resembles B. Aingit, but is more solid and has a dark apex and pillar. His brief description may be supplemented by Hutton’s observations on the species in 1849, when he sub- stituted the MS. name Pupa indica of Benson for P. cylindrica proposed by himself in 1834, on account of the latter name having previously been employed by Michaud. ‘The large variety has 9-10 whorls ; is cylindriform and tapers suddenly to an obtuse apex; colour of living shells pale fuscous or earthy, but generally white; whorls closely wrinkled by coarse waving lines of increase; in fresh specimens faintly scored with 2B 2 372 ACHATINID®. obsolete longitudinal furrows; shell wide, polished, thick and opaque, Aperture subquadrate, margins thickened and subre- flected ; varying from +4 to {§ inches in length. Animal dusky ; ovo-viviparous. “Var. A.—This is in all respects a perfect miniature of the foregoing, but it never seems to have more than eight whorls, and seldom exceeds 4 an inch in length, it is far less ventricose and generally shows the obsolete longitudinal furrows more plainly. This variety occurs both in India and near Quettah in Afghanistan. * Var. B.—With the general sculpture of the last, but shorter, seldom exceeding 7% of an inch; whorls ventricose and spire more suddenly obtuse than either of the foregoing ; with scarcely more than half the length of P. indica, it still rivals it in breadth, and the longitudinal furrows appear to be constant and better defined. Whorls usually seven in number, rarely eight.” (Hutton.) Specimens from Kutch, presented by A. T. Daniel to the British Museum, possess 94 whorls and measure 16X5 mm. ; others, composed of eight whorls, only reach « length of 14 mm., with a diameter of 5 mm. 338. Zootecus agrensis, Awi. Bulimus agrensis, Kurr, Malak. Blatt. 11, 1856, p. 107; Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1856, p. 57, pl. 16, figs. 9, 10; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 463; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 23, fig. 1. Bulimus ( Cylindrus) agrensis, Pfeiffer, Malak. Bliitt. ii, 1856, p. 155. Pupa (Cylindrus) agrensis, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, SOI Bulimina (Mastus) agrensis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 298. Buliminus (Zootecus) agrensis, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buli- minidae, 1901, p. 686, pl. 103, fig. 19. Zootecus insularis, var. agrensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 111, pl. 26, figs. 24, 25. Original description :—“T. perforata, cylindraceo-turrita, levi- gata, nitida, alba; spira elongata, sursum sensim attenuata, apice acutiuscula; sutura impressa; anfr. 9 convexiusculi, ad suturam striati, ultimus 3 longitudinis non attingens, antice subascendens, basi rotundatus; apertura verticalis, rotundato-lunaris; perist. simplex, rectum, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari sub- verticali, anguste fornicatim reflexo. “ Long. 46, diam. 6 mill.; ap. 5 mill. longa, 33 lata.” (A'wrr.) Hab. India: Agra (Kur). Apparently a rare species, which differs from Z. insularts in being smoother and in having the later whorls distantly radiately plicate-striate ; the aperture is also a little more transversely elongate. FERUSSACID&. 373 339. Zootecus chion, Pfeiffer. Bulimus chion, Pfeiffer, P. Z. 8.1856, p. 332; ibid., Mon. Helic. Viv. iv, 1859, p. 463; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 22. tig. 1; Adams, Journ. Conch. vii, 1892, p. 81. Pupa (Cylindrus) chion, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 297. ; Pupa (Cylindrus) insularis, vax. chion, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, . 195. Bulimina (Mastus) chion, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 293. Rumina chion, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iii, 1886, p. 60. Mastus chion, Ancey, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xviii, 1893, p. 44. Buliminus (Zootecus) chion, Kobelt, Conch.-Cab., Fam. Buliminidae, 1900, p. 675, pl. 102, fig. 18. Zootecus insularis, forma chion, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xviii, 1906, p. 112, pl. 26, fig. 32. Original description :—* B. testa perforata, oblonga, solida, striatula, alba ; spira elongata, in conum acutiusculum terminata ; anfr. 7-8 modice convexis, ultimus 3 longitudinis paulo superante. antice subascendente, basi rotundato; apertura verticalis, ovato- lunari ; perist. calloso, marginibus callo junctis, columellari brevi, substricto, dilatato, patente. “Long. 12, diam. 53 mill. Ap. oblique 43 mill. longa, fere 3 lata.” (Pfeffer.) Hab. India: Kurrachee, Punjab (Shipley, Stoliczka, Adams) ; Kutch, and Soliman Range (Stoliczka); Umarkote, Sind (Blan- ford); Saharunpore (Wood-Mason). Afghanistan (Ancey). Specimens from Hyderabad, presented by Dr. Falconer to the British Museum, measure 14 x 6 mm. Pfeiffer mentions a var. 3. ‘Gracilior, minor; long. 11, diam. 4 mill.” Family FERUSSACIDE. Genus CEHCILIOIDES, Herrmannsen. Acicula, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. iv, 1826, p. 81 (eburnea only species), non Acicula, Hartmann, 1821, Caecilioides, Werrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Malac. i, 1846, p. 150, for Ceciliotdes, Férussac. Cecilioides, Smith, Journ. Conch. vi, 1891, p. 342; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 1. Cecilianella, Bourguignat, Rev. Mag. Zool. viii, 1856, p.378 ; Fagot, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, iv, 1887, p. 49; Norman, A. M.N. H. ser. 6, vi, 1890, p. 337. Aciculina, Westerlund, Fauna Paliaarkt. Binnenconch. iii, 1887, p- 175 (as section of Cecilianella). Tren, Buecinwn acicula, Miller. Range. India and most tropical and subtropical countries and Furope. 374 FERUSSACID&. “The shell is imperforate, very small and slender, very nar- rowly lanceolate, with obtuse, rounded, smooth apex; smooth, fragile, transparent (weathering to opaque white); aperture usually less than half the total length, piriform ; outer lip arching forward in the middle, acute; columella concave, more or less distinctly truncate at base, usuaily somewhat calloused. Animal blind, or at least without pigmented eyes. Jaw composed of many narrow plaits. Radula with 11,1,11 teeth in C. acicula, 18,1,18 in C. gundlachi, the central tooth much smaller than the laterals, with a tricuspid reflection. Laterals symmetrical, tricuspid. Marginal teeth low, wide, with two low denticulate cusps. The genitalia, as figured by Lehmann for C. acicula, have the duct of the spermatheca very short. An appendix, enlarged at the end, is terminal on the penis. There is also a short accessory organ anteriorly to the penis.” (Pilsbry.) Subgenus GEOSTILBIA, Crosse. Geostilbia, Ci oes Journ, Conchyl. xv, 1867, p. 184; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 43 (as section of Cacilioides 5). Typs, G. caledonica, Crosse. Range. India, Philippine Islands, New Caledonia, Hawaiian Islands, West Indies, New Jersey, St. Helena, East Africa, Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoro Group, Nossi Bé. Differs from typical Cecilioides in having the columella not distinctly truncate, and having the outer lip thickened. The subgenus consists of a small number of species, some of them of doubtful status. Two species are known from India. Some seem to owe their distribution to tropical cultivation, possibly that of sugar-cane, in a manner similar to that of Opeas gracile and Subulina octona. 340. Cacilioides balanus, /ecve. Achatina balanus (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1850, Achutina, pl. 20, fig. 109; Pfeitter, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1853, p. 506: ibid., Conch. -Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 315, pl. 25, figs. 18, 19; Benson, A. M.N. 1h ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p- 137 ; Hanley & Theo- bald, Conch. Ind. 1875, pl. 102, fig. 10; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xly, 1875, p. 43. Glandina balanus, Morelet, Journ. Conchyl. iii, 1852, p. o4. Oleacina (Ferussacia) balanus, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1855, p- 106. Achatina (Caecilioides) balanus, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 1856, p- 170. Cionella (Acicula) balanus, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p- 261. ah Francesia balanus, Paladilhe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, iii, 1872, 0 le Caecilianella (Geostilbia) balunus, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 162, Geostilbia balanus, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 147. CECILIOIDES. onl Cionella (Ceeilioides) balanus, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 335. Ceecilioides (Geostilbia) balanus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 46, pl. 4, figs. 60, 61. Original description :—* Shell cylindrically oblong, somewhat fusiform, whorls four in number, smooth, shining, apex obtuse, columella arched, truncated, aperture small; dull white.” (Zeeve.) Hab. India: Agra (Boys); Banks of the Jumna, near Humeer- pore, Bundelkhund (Benson); Kattiwar, near Agra (Theobald) ; Deccan and Sind (Blanford, Theobald) ; Kashmir (Theobald). “TT. subcylindraceo-acicularis, laevigata, hyalina; spira sub- cylindracea, vix attenuata, obtusa ; anfr. + planiuseuli ultimus 2 Jongitudinis subaequans, basi dilatatus ; columella substricte recedens, ud basin aperturae late angulato-ovalis vix truncata ; perist. simplex, rectum, acutum. “Long. 3, diam. vix 1 mill.; ap. 13 mill. longa.” (Pfeiffer.) Blanford was of opinion * that the shell described by Crosse as Geostilbia caledonica +, from New Caledonia, was co-specifie with balanus, but the figure of the former does not lend any colour to this view. 341. Ceecilioides bensoni, sp. n. Shell narrowly cylindrico-conoid, almost fusiform, rather thin, opaque white, smooth and glossy. Spire narrow, with straight sides; suture linear, submarginate ; apex obtuse. Whorls 6, flattened, increasing slowly at first, the last four very rapidly. Fig. 121.— Cecilioides bensont. Aperture oblique, pyriform, the margins united by a thin callus on the parietal wall; peristome slightly thickened; outer margin straight, obliquely descending and curving forward ; basal margin regularly curved ; columella slightly curved and slightly truncate. Length 5, diam, 1°25 mm. Hab. India: Plains. Type in the British Museum. This new species differs from OC. balanus, besides being con- * J. A.S. B, xliv, 1875, p. 43. + Journ. Conchyl. xv, 1867, p. 186, pl. 7, fig. 4. 376 FERUSSACID®. siderably larger, in having a wider base, and the whorls increase less rapidly at first, while the basal margin of the aperture is more curved. Genus COILOSTELE, Benson. Coilostele, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 186; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xix, 1908, p. 338. Celostele, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1875, p. 42. Celestele, Bourguignat, Deser. div. Esp. Calestele et Paladilhia, 1880, p- 6. Typp, C. scalaris, Benson, Range. India, Aden, Syria, Abyssinia, Egypt, Southern Spain. Mexico (? introduced). “Shell minute (3 to 4 mm. long), fragile, somewhat transparent, imperforate, long and narrow, subcylindric, or tapering slightly to the very obtuse rounded summit, composed of 6 to 8 flattened whorls separated by deep sutures, the first 23 or 3 whorls smooth, the rest either smooth, striate, or ribbed. Aperture small, oblong, more or less oblique, the outer lip usually expanded slightly in fully adult shells, straight in profile. Columella having a low fold at its junction with the parietal wall. Internal partitions absorbed in adult shells, leaving only the internal spiral cord along the sutures. Soft anatomy unknown. ‘A genus of uncertain position, remarkable for the cyiindrical shape of the minute, fragile, slender shell, and the absorption of the internal partitions, which I have verified in C. tampicolensis. They have been found up to this time only as dead shells in the drift débris of rivers and streams, where they occur in great pro- fusion though it seems quite locally. Nothing is known of the life-history or soft parts.” (Pilsbry.) The genus has a rather remarkable distribution. The occur- rence, however, in Mexico of a single species may be due to importation from Spain, as suggested by Prof. Pilsbry. A fossil species from the Eocene of Italy has been referred to Coztlostele *, and, if correctly so assigned, the centre of the distribution of the genus may possibly be that region. 342. Coilostele scalaris, Benson. Cotlostele scalaris, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 136; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 156, fig. 5; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xix, 1908, p. 339, pl. 50, fig. 3. Celostele scalaris, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1875, p. 42 ; Theobald, op. cit. xlvii, 1878, p. 147; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 162; Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch. iii, 1884, p. 95, pl. 102, fig. 79. Celestele scalaris, Bourguignat, Descr. div. Esp. Calestele et Pala- dilhia, 1880, p. 10. * Coelostele eocaena, Oppenheim, Zeits. Deuts. Geol. Gesells. xlvii, 1895, Toe TUS) joi, SH attes, IC): COILOSTELE,—GLUSSULA. Syl Original description :—* C. testa imperforata, elongato-cylin- drica, levi, hyalina, nitida; spira elongata, oradatim sealariter attenuata, apice obtuso, sutura profunda : anfractibus 6, con- vexiusculis, superne obtuse angulatis, penultimo cylindraceo ; apertura subobliqua, semiovata, subpyriformi ; peristomate tenui, recto, marginibus remotis, margine columellari crassiusculo, plica spirali obliqua elongata superne inérante munito. ‘* Long. 3, diam. vix 1 mm. Apert. 3, lata + mm.” (Benson.) Hab. India: Humeerpore, Becdeltihund: banks of Jumna and Betwa Rivers (Benson); Kashmir (Theobald) ; Sind (Blanford). The British Museum contains three specimens, the Sally ones I have seen, labelled “ Northern India”; they measure : length 4 mm., diam. 1°5 mm. Genus GLESSULA, von Martens. Electra, Albers, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 194 (as section of Achatina), only species, A. ceylanica (non Electra, Lam. 1816, non Electra, eye os 1829, non Electra, Loew, 1845); Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. , 1855, p. 105 (as subgenus of ‘Oleacina) ; Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. ii, 185 56, p. 168 (as section of Achatina). Glessula, von Martens, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, 1860, p. 254 (as sub- genus of Ctonella), type A. gemma, Benson; Pfeitler & Clessin, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 829; Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 166 (as subgenus of Stenogyra) ; Beddome, Proce. Malac. Soc. London, Vil, 1906, p- 160; Pilsbry, Man. Conch, ser. 2, xx, 1908, p. 50, pl. 15, figs. 2, 3 (anatomy). Type, Achatina ceylanica, Pfeiffer. Range. India, Ceylon and Burma, South-Western China, Farther India; Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; East and West Africa. “The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic or turrite, brown or corneous-brown, glossy, and usually without strong sculpture ; apex obtuse. Aperture irregularly oval; outer lip unexpanded, acute or blunt; columella short, more or less deeply concave, abruptly truncate at the base. “Sole without distinct median area; no pedal margin; an outer mantle lobe on the left side. Kidney very long, band-like. Genitalia peculiar; there is a feather-like gland where the vas deferens enters the penis. The latter contains a short conic, perforated papilla, and two longitudinal folds. The prostrate gland of the hermaphrodite duct consists of entirely separated narrow follicles, as in Achatina. The spermatheca has a short duct. Uterus containing several large shells with fully 2 whorls. “The jaw is very finely striate, almost smooth. Radula has about 110 teeth in a transverse row. The central tooth is very small, tricuspid ; laterals with three cusps; outer marginal teeth very finely 3- or 4-cusped (G. orophila, from Madras, according to Semper). ** Glessula was associated with “ Cioneila” (that is the Frrus- SACID£ as herein understood) by Professor von Martens in 1860. 3/8 FERUSSACID. Various other authors, both before and since, have thought the group Achatinoid, belonging to ‘“ Stenogyra” in the former wide limits of that term. We know too little of its anatomy to give a definite opinion, but the presence of a glandular appendage (appendix or flagellum) at the end of the penis is a feature unlike any Achatinide. The homology of this appendage is not certain, however. The position of the ureter is unknown. I have been unable to obtain aleoholic material necessary for an investigation of the relations of Glessula to Subulina, Homorus, Bacillum, and Pseudoglessula. ‘In most (but perhaps not all) species, the lip becomes slightly blunt and smooth in fully adult shells, thereby differing from Subulina, which has an acute lip at all stages of growth. “In @. orophila, Semper found in the uterus 4 large embryos with shells having fully two whorls, and a small one with a half whorl and very large caudal vesicle. Various other species have been found to be viviparous, while others bring forth globular eggs like those of Subulina. Like that genus, also, the Glessule reproduce before attaining full size. “ Glessula has been eee mainly by specialists on the Indian fauna. Benson, W. T. Blanford, Beddome, and Godwin-Austen have chiefly eee to the literature. Blanford’s + Contri- butions to Indian Malacology,’ continued through many years of the Journal of the Asiatie Society of Bengal, contain a great mass of information on this genus, as oun many others of the Indian fauna. Hanley and Theobald illustrated most of the types of Benson, amongst others, in their ‘ Conchologia Indica.’ Finally, Colonel R. H. Beddome has recently reviewed the genus in his ‘ Notes on Indian and Ceylonese Species of Glessula.’ “From the purely conchological standpoint we may be said to have an extensive knowledge of Glessula, yet various characters of the first importance have ‘been neglected. The embryonic whorls of the types must all be re-examined and their sculpture described. Our ignorance of the embryonic sculpture of many forms prevents any natural classification of the species. ‘The surface of the later whorls in all the species should be examined under high power, since some species have a minute sculpture not visible with an ordinary hand-lens. ‘No fossil species of Glessula are known to me.” (Pilsbry.) 345. Glessula tenuispira, Benson. Achatina can Ala sae J. A. 5. B. v, 1836, p. 353; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1848, ?. 262 ; Reeve, Conch. Tcon. v, 1849, Achatina, pl. 16, ee mG Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 38, vy, 1860, p. 464; Pfeiffer, Conzh.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p. 310, pl. 25, figs. 6,7; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxlv, 1865, p. 95. Subulina tenuispira, Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. ii, 1855, p. 110. Achatina (Subulina) tenuispira, Pteifter, Malak. Blatt. ui, 1856, p. 169. GLESSULA. 379 Achatina (Electra) tenuispira, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 36, fig. 8. Stenogyra (Glessula) tenuispira, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169. Stenogyra (Subulina) tenuispira, Pfeitter & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 327. Glessula tenuispira, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 160; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 88, pl. 9, fies. 1, 4. Original description :—* Tesia elongato-turrita, cornea, longi- tudinaliter striata, versus apicem attenuata, columnari; anfractu ultimo interdum fasciis quibusdam albidis transversis ornata, suturis impressis ; apice obtuso. “Tong. 1 poll. [=25 mill.] circiter, lat. 0°55 [=14 mill.].” ( Benson.) Hab. India: Sylhet (Benson); Darjeeling (Stoliczka, Blanford, § Mainwaring); N. Canara (Beddome); Khasi and Dafla Hills (Godwin- Austen). Burma: Akoutong and further south (Blan- ford); banks of Irawaddy (7'heobald). The measurement given by Benson—width 0°55 inch—is evidently a lapsus or a printer’s error for 0°25, as the Cumingian specimens measure 7 mill., @. e.a trifle over ¢ inch, the length being 28 mill., a little exceeding one inch, therefore. Many specimens found in collections are evidently immature. The Beddome collection contains a shell, composed of fourteen whorls, which measures 41:5 mm. in length and 9 mm. in diameter. 344. Glessula baculina, Blanford. Glessula baculma, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 48, pl. 2, fig, 6; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 160. Achatina (Electra) baculina, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1874, pl. 78, fig. 6. Achatina baculina, Pfeiffer, Mon, Helic. Viv. viii, 1877, p. 291. Stenogyra (Glessula) baculina, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 170. Stenogyra (Subulina) baculina, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 327. Glessula tenwspira, var. baculina, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 88, pl. 9, fig. 2. Original description :—** Testa elongato-turrita, gracilis, tenui- uscula, oblique striata, fusco vel fulvo cornea, epidermide nitescente induta. Spira turrita, apice obtusulo. Anfractus 153, parum conyexi; inferiores subequales ; sutura impressa, minute denti- culata. Apertura obliqua, ovato-triangularis ; peristoma simplex, acutum. Columella abrupte arcuata, oblique producta, ad basin verticaliter truncata.” (Blanford.) Alt. 38 mm.; diam. 6°5-7°5 mm. Aperture : alt. 7, lat. 4 mm. Hab. Sikkim Himalayas, Khersiong (Stoliczha); Darjeeling (Blanford, Mainwaring) ; Khasi Hills (Godwin- Austen). «This species appears to have escaped the notice of all previous collectors in Sikkim; it was found in association with its near 3380 FERUSSACID ®. ally G. tenuispira, Bens., by Dr. Stoliczka during a recent visit. It is easily distinguished from the latter species by its slenderness (the diameter being 1 of the length), and the comparative narrow- ness of its whorls; moreover, by the form of the columella, the lower part of which is bent abruptly almost at right angles with the slope of the inner lip; while in G. tenuispira, G. erosa, and other allied forms, the curvature is at the utmost obtuse. Speci- mens, the shell of which has been slightly weathered, shew fine spiral markings, but these are not visible unless the shell has become somewhat opaque. The animal is dark leaden grey, some- what paler at the sides of the foot.” (Blanford.) Beddome thought this only a more slender form of tenwspira, and Pilsbry reduced it to varietal rank, but I consider baculina sufficiently distinct to retain it as a species. The shell is more cylindrical and more strongly striated than tenwispira, while it is distinguished from shiplayi in being more shining and in having the whorls more flattened. A specimen from Darjeeling, in the Beddome collection, is composed of 123 whorls and measures 32 x 6 mm. 345. Glessula pertenuis, Llanford. Achatina pertenuis, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, p. 79; Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p. 237. Achatina (Electra) pertenuis, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 18, fig. 5. Stenogyra (Glessula) pertenuis, Nevill, Hand List, i, 1878, p. 169. Stenogyra (Subulina) pertenuis, Pfeiffer & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 527. Glessula pertenuis, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 160. Glessula tenuispira, var. pertenuis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 89, pl. 9, fig. 3. Original description :—* Shell very slender, turrited, thin, light horny, polished, closely, minutely, and rather irregularly striated. Spire subulate, somewhat acuminate towards the blunt apex ; suture impressed, suberenulate. Whorls 11-12, convex, the last about 1 the length of the spire. Aperture oblique, ovately pyziform, peristome thin, margins united by a thin callus, colu- mella moderately curved, obliquely truncated.” (Blanford.) Length 20, diam. 43, length of aperture 4 mm. Hab. Burma: Tongoop, Arakan (Blanford); Arakan (Stoliczka) ; Akoutong (Theobald) ; Thyet Myo (Hungerford). India: Assam (Stoliczha); Garo Hills (Godwin- Austen). ‘*A much more slender species than A. tenwispira, Bens. (a variety of which also abounds in parts of Pegu), though there are signs of a passage. The present appears to replace A. tenwispira in Arakan and Bassein. Mr. Benson, to whom I sent a specimen, observes that it is intermediate between A. tenuispira and A. hastula, Bens.” (Blanford.) GLESSULA. 381 Beddome considered this species probably an immature form of tenuispira, and Pilsbry regards itasavariety. The more flattened whorls and the acuminate upper portion of the spire, however, appear to me to warrant its being accorded specific rank. Var. major, Blanford. Length 264 mm.; diameter 6; length of aperture 6. Of an- other specimen: length 23 mm.; diameter 53; length of aperture 5; mm. Hab. Burma: Pyema Khyoung, Bassein district, Pegu. 346. Glessula shiplayi, Pfeiffer. Achatina (Subulina) shiplayi, Pfeiffer, Malak. Blatt. 1, 1855, p- 169. Achatina shiplayi, Pfeiffer, Novit. Conch. ser. 1, i, 1856, p. 82, pl. 22, figs. 13, 14; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxx, 1861, p. 364. Achatina (Electra) shiplayt, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 36, fig. 9. Stenogyra (Gilessula) shiplayt, Nevill, Hand List, 1, 1878, p. 168. Stenoyyra (Subulina) shiplayi, Pfeitler & Clessin, Nomencl. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 326. Glessula shiplayi, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, p. 161; Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 61, pl. 9, fig. 8. Original description :—‘ T. turrita, tenuissima, sublaevigata, pellucida, nitida, cornea; spira regulariter attenuata, apice obtusa ; sutura substriata; anfr. 13 convexi, ultimus + longitudinis paulo superans, rotundatus, distinctus striatus; columella substricte procedens, basi sublate truncata; apertura parum obliqua, rotundato-ovalis ; perist. rectum tenuissimum.” ( Pfeiffer.) Long. 253, diam. 64 mill. Ap. 53 mill. longa, 37 lata. Hab. India: Nilgiri Hills (Shiplay, Nevill); Patchamully and Kalryenmullay Hills (Blanford) ; Shevroy Hills (Beddome). Beddome states that full-grown specimens were very rarely found by him, * though young, half-, and three-quarter-grown ones are most abundant on the Nilgiris. This and some other species certainly breed before the shell attains full size or a hardened peristome, as I have taken eggs from such shells. The peristome differs much im mature specimens, sometimes being very thick and solid, sometimes quite thin, but, even then, firm and not breaking or becoming jagged at the least touch, which 1s the sign that the shell has not finished its growth. Full-grown examples of shiplayi are very like tenuispira, but smaller. The species is, in fact, intermediate between the latter and baculina, but the whorls are more convex and increase more suddenly than is the case in either of the other two species. It also runs nilagirica very closely, but the latter has a stronger sculpture, and is broader at the base.” 382 FERUSSACIDE. 347. Glessula nilagirica, /eeve (em.). Achatina nilagarica (Benson), Reeve, Conch. Icon. v, 1850, pl. 21, fig. 87. vee perrottet?, var. nilagirica, Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. iii, 1855, p. 494. Achatina perrotteti, vay., Pfeiffer, Conch.-Cab., Bulimus, 1860, p- 324, pl. 25, figs. 2, 3. Achatina (Electra) _perrotteti, Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1870, pl. 55, fig. 6 (non Pfr.). Stenogyra (Glessula) nilagerica, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, 1881, p. 186, pl. d, fig. 15. Glessula perrottet?, var. nilagirica, Pfeitter & Clessin, Mon. Helic. Viv. 1881, p. 330. Glessula nilagirica, Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vii, 1906, Boal Gin nilagarica, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. ser. 2, xx, 1909, p. 90, ple 9, he: 0: Original description :— Shell pyramidally turreted, whorls ten in number, convex, very finely crenulated at the sutures, then striated, columella rather deeply arched, aperture small; brown- horny.” (eeve.) Hab. India: Nilgiris (Jerdon). “The shell I take to be this species is the one described by Nevill. I collected it both on the Nilgiris and Nullamullays | (Kurnool). Itis of the same length and has the same number of whorls as shiplayi, and is very like the full-grown shell of that species, only it has a more prominent striation, and is considerably broader towards the base. The young shell is conical from a broad base, the young of shiplayi being much more cylindrical. If Reeve’s figure, copied by Nevill, is this species, it must be a small form of it. It is more probably perrotieti.” (Leddome.) 348. Glessula hebes, Pfeiffer. Achatina hebes (Blanford), Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv. vi, 1868, p- 280; Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 159, fio. on Shae hebes, Blanford, J. ASSAB: SEKI, 187 Osun! oi “pl. 3, ; Beddome, Proc. Malac. Soe. London, Wil LOOG . sattaraensis 432. sattaraensis (Glessula), 432. saturnia (Camena), 151, saturnia (Helix), 151. saturnia (Hemiplecta), syle saturnia (Phania), 151. savadiensis (Plectotro- pis), 211. sealaris ( Cerastus), 264. scalaris (Colestele), 376. scalaris (Celostele), 376. sealaris (Coilostele), 3876. scalpturita (Dorcasia), 204. scalpturita (Eulota), 203. scalpturita (Fruticicola), 204, scalpturita (Helix), 203. scenoma (Ganesella), 195, (Veroni- (Electra), 518 scenoma (Geotrochus), 195. scenoma (Helix), 195. scenoma (Planispira), 195. scenoma (Satsuma), 195. schanorum (Eulota), 203. schlagintweiti (Anade- nus), 477. schomburgki, var. theo- baldi (Amphidromus), 180. scrobiculata (Curvella), scrobiculata (Hapalus), 350. serobiculatus (Bulimus), 350. serobiculatus (Hapalus), 390. scrutillus (Achatina), 427. serutillus (Eiectra), 427. scrutillus (Glessula), 427. sculpturita (Planispira), 205 secossa (Philalanka), 19. segregata (Pachnodus), 268. segregatus (Buliminus), 268. segregatus (Bulimus), 268. segregatus (Cerastus), 268. segregatus (Chondru- lopsis), 268. segregatus (Ena), 268. segregatus (Napeus), 2GR. seqregatus, Var. minor (Buliminus), 268. Semicornu, 167. semiserica (Brachyspira), 452. semiserica (Succinea), 452. semisericea (Succinea), 452. senator (Achatina), 393. senator (Glessula), 395. serena (Achatina), 406. serena (Electra), 406. serena (Glessula), 406. serica (Chersaecia), 93. serica (Plectopylis), 95. sericata (Helix), 93. Serina, 254. seriola (Ennea), 38, 284. seriola (Pupa), 38, 284. seriola (Pupilla), 38, 284. seriola (Pupisoma), 38. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. serrula (Alaea), 293. serrula (Bifidaria), 293. serrula (Pupa), 293. shanensis (Chersaecia), DMT. shanensis (Plectopylis), i Ti Oe shanica (Ciausilia), 526. shanica ( Helix), 166. shanica (Planispira), 166. shanica (Pseudonenia), 326. shanica (Trichochloritis), 166. shiplayi ( Achatina), 381. shiplayi (Electra), 381. shiplayi (Glessula), 381. shiplayi (Subulina), 381. shiroiensis ( Chersaecia), 105. shiroiensis (Helix), 105. shiroiensis (Pleetopylis), - 105. sikkimensis (Bulimus), sikkimensis (Curvella), 349. sikkimensis 349. siklimensis ( Nothus), 349. sikkimensis (Rhachis), 349. similaris (Dorcasia), 201. similaris (Eulota), 200. (Hapalus), similaris (Fruticicola), 201. similaris ( Helicella), 200. similaris (Helicogena), 201. similaris (Helix), 201, 202. similaris ZO: simoni (Amphidromus), 190. simoni (Glessula), 444. simoni (Phengus), 190. sindica (Ena), 245. sindica (Zebrina), 245. sindicus (Buliminus), 245. sindicus (Bulimus), 245. sindicus (Chondrulcpsis), 245. sindicus (Ena), 245. sindicus (Petraeus), 245. sindicus (Subzebrinus), 245. sinensis (Amphidromus), 182, (Planispira), sinensis (Bulimus), 182, 183. sinensis, var. gracilis (Amphidromus), 184. sinensis, var. sylhetica (Amphidromus), 180. sinensis, var. viearia (Amphidromus), 183. singhurensis (Achatina), 419, singhurensis 418. sinhila (Glessula), 407. sinhila (Lamprocystis), 5 (Glessula), =v. sinhila (Philalanka), 25 sisparica (Glessula), 410. Sivella, 5. skinneri ( Acavella), 52. skinneri (Acayus), 52 skinneri (Helix), 52. skinneri __ ( Oligospira), 52. smithei (Bulimus), 235. smithei (Ena), 235. smithet (Napeus), 2395. smithei (Petraeus), 235. smithet (Subzebrinus), 235. smithi (Ena), 235. smithiana (Endoplon), 115. smithiana (Plectopylis), 115. smithii (Napeus), 235. solatus (Bulimus), 278. solitaria (Pupa), 504. solutus (Bulimus), 278. sordida (Helix), 161. sordida (Planispira), 161. sordida (Trachia), 161. sowerbyi (Endothyra), 80 sowerbyi (DPlectopylis), 80. spelea (Pupa), 248. Sphyradium, ix, 40. spinole (Helix), 164. stalix (Bulimus), 233. stalix (Ena), 233. stalix (Petraeus), 233. stalix (Subzebrinus), 233. STEnNocyrin#, 541. stoliczkana (Clausilia), 335. stoliezkana (Oospira), 3. suavis (Microcystis), 25. suavis (Philalanka), 25, subbilirata (Philalanka), 15 subbilirata (Sitala), 15. subcostulata (Lithiotis), 460. subdeshayesiana (Gles- sula), 425. subfilosa (Glessula), 441. subgranosa (Succinea), 455, 456. subgranosa (Tapada), 456. subinornata (Glessula), 80 subjerdoni (Glessula), 434 stibnigritella (Discus), 9 subnigritella (‘Trocho- morpha), 9. subperrotteti (Glessula), 3v4. subserena 391, 417. subtornensis (Glessula), 390. subula (Bulimus), 354. Subulina, 541. Subzebrinus, 236. Succinea, 445. Succrnerw2#, 445. suleata (Curvella), 348. sulcipes (Discus), 9. suleipes(Trochomorpha), (Glessula), sulcipes (Videna), 9. sulcipes, var. trilineata (Videna), 10. superba (Acavus), 50. superba (Helix), 49, 51. superba, var. grevillet (Acavus), 50. superba, var. roseolahiata (Acavus), 51. superbus (Acavus), 49. sykesi (Opeas), 361. Sykesia, 25. sylheticus (Amphi- dromus), 180. sylheticus (Bulimus), 180. talida (Helix), 10. tabida (Ryssota), 11. tabida (Thysanota), 10, Ie tabida (Trochomorpha), i tamulica (Achatina), 385. tamulica (Electra), 385. tamulica (Glessula), 385, ALPHABETICAL INDEX. tamulica (Subulina), 385. tandianiensis (Ena), 255, tandjanensis (Sub- zebrinus), 255. Tanystoma, 298. tapeina ( Helix), 214. tapeina (Plectotropis), 214. tapeina, var. akoutongen- sis (Plectotropis), 216. tapeina. var. arakanensis (Helix), 5038. tapeina, var. bhamoensis (Plectotropis), 217. tapeina, var. rotatoria (Plectotropis), 216. taprobanica (Glessula), 409. taunaist (Vaginulus), templetoni (Vaginula), 484. templetoni (Vaginulus), templetoni (Veronicella), + tenuispira (Achatina), 378. tenuispira (Electra), 379. tenuispira (Glessula), 2-2 od. tenuispira (Subulina), 378. tenuispira, var. baculina (Glessula), 379. tenuispira, var. pertenuis (Glessula), 380. tenuitesta (Glessula), 411, terebra (Camptoceras), 460, 461. terebrale (Prosopeas), 363. terebralis (Opeas), 363. terebralis (Stenogyra), 360. terricolor (Pupa), 504. tertiana (Helix), 22. tertiana (Philalanka), 22. tertiana (Sitala), 22. textilis (Achatina), 390. teatilis (Hlectra), 390. textilis (Glessula), 390. Thea, 210. theohaldi ( Achatina), 345. theobaldi (Bacillum), 344. theobaldi (Camptonyx), 465. 519 theobaldi (Chloritis), 176 theobaldi (Clausilia), 310. theobaldi (Electra), 544. theobaldi (Euphaedusa), 310. theobaldi 345. theobaldi (Medora), 310. theobaldi (Subulina), 345. theohaldi( Trichochloritis), 176. theobaldiana 345. theobaldiana (Plecto- tropis), 216. theobaldianus (Amphi- dromus), 180. theobaldianus (Bulimus), 180. theobaldianus (Ihachis), 180. thwaitesi ( Helix), 23. thwaitesi (Microcystis), 23, 24. thwaitesi (Philalanka), 23. thwaitesi, var. depressa (Microcystis), 24. thwaitest, var. suavis (Microcystis), 23. Thysanota, 10. TuysanoTin®, LO. tinnevellica (Glessula), 416. tornensis (Achatina), 389. tornensis (Electra), 389. tornensis (Glessula), 589. Trachia, 155. translucens 201. travancorica (Glessula), 417. travankoricus (Hapalus), O+ (Glessula), (Glessula), (Helix), tricarinata (Helix), 17. tricarinata (Philalanka), Wie tricarinata (Plectopylis), tricarinata (Sitaia), 17. Trichochloritis, 168. trifasciata ( Helix}, 187. trifasciata (Rhachis), 187. trifasciatus (Amphi- dromus), 187. trifasciatus (Beddomea), 187. 520 trifasciatus (Bulimus), 187. trifasciatus (Cerastus), 187 trifasciatus tranquebarica (Helix), 187. trifasciatus, var. rufo- pictus (Beddomea), 188. trifilosa (Helix), 21. trifilosa (Philalanka), 21. trijilosa (Trochomorpha), 21. trilamellaris(Plectopylis), ITH trilineata (Trocho- morpha), 10. trilineatus (Discus), 10. trochalia (Ampelita), 164. trochalia ( Helix), 164. trochalia (Planispira), 164. trochalia (Trachia), 164. trochiformis (Helix), 1. Trochomorpha, 1. Trocuomorpmips, |. Trochomorphoides, 193. trutta (Bulimus), 273. trutta { Rachis), 278. trutta (Rachisellus), 273. trutta (Rhachis), 278. tuba (Clausilia), 530. tuba (Garnieria), 330. tuba (Hemiphaedusay, 330. , tubifera ( Hypselostoma), 298. tubiferum —(Hypselo- stoma), 298. tubiferum (Tanystoma), 298. tumida (Hna), 252. tumida (Lithotis), 459, tumida (.Succinea), 459. turritella (Clausilia), 339. tutiula (Leucochila), 261. tutala (Pupa), 261. tutula (Pupilia), 261. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. tutulus (Bulimus), 261, tutulus (Pupoides), 261. unicincta (Helix), 169. unidentata (Pupisoma), 30. vadalica ( Achatina), 384. vadalica (Electra), 384. vadalica (Glessula), 384. Vaginula, 481, 487. Vaainunip2, 481. Vaginulus, 481. Vallonia, 222. valtoni ( Acavus), 51. valtoni (Helix), 51. venusta (Plectopylis), 144. Veronicella, 492. veruina (Achatina), 418. veruina (Glessula), 413. vernina (Subulina), 413. vespa (Clausilia), 535, 336. vespa (Oospira), 395, 336. vibex (Bulimus), 236. vibex (Ena), 236. vibex (Napaeus), 237. vibex (Petraeus), 237. vibex (Subzebrinus), 2357. viearia (Amphidromus), 188. vicaria (Hna), 234. vicarius (Bulimus), 234. vicarius (Napaeus), 254. vicartus (Petraeus), 234. vicarius (Subzebrinus), 254. Videna, 6. viridescens (Suecinea), 451. viridis (Hyalimax), 502. viridis (Jarava), 502. viridis (Lima), 502. vitrea (Succinea), 454. vitrea (Tapada), 454. vittata (EHurystoma), 164, 165. vittata (Helicogena), 164. vittata ( Helia), 164, 165. vittata (Planispira), 1654. vittata (Trachia), 165. vittata, var. albina (Helix), 165. vittata, var. spinole (Hurystoma), 165. vittata, var. spinole ( Trachia), 165. waageni (Clausilia), 307. waageni (Huphaedusa), waagent (Phaedusa), 307. walkeri (Huspiraxis), 365. walkeri (Opeas), 863 walkeri (Prosopeas), 363. walkert (Spiraxis), 363. waltoni (Acavella), 51. waltoni (Acavus), 51. waltont (Helix), 51. waltont ( Oligospira), 51. wimberleyi (Chloritis), Wl wimberleyi (Planispira), Wiel woodiana (Helix), 201. woodthorpei (Plecto- pylis), 124. wuellerstorfi (Clausilia), 327. wiillenstorffi ( Delima), as oie witllerstor fii (Phaedusa), 327 wiillerstorfi (Clausilia), 327. wiillerstorfi (Hemé- phaedusa), 327. collingeri (Helix), 7. conula (Helix), 164. 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