U.S.#rme Coast E, as Res. CCAir. MR 77-8 as (AD-A 043 315) Monitoring of Foredunes on Padre Island, Texas HOT Se .\ DOCUMENT } B.E. Dahl and J.P. Goen ae J el MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 77-8 JULY 1977 Pe ERING 8 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Prepared for U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER Kingman Building Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22151 The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department ‘ other authorized d wnIVU 00 ii | ane INNA Ww OEMCO UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS T. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MR 77-8 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED Miscellaneous Report 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER MONITORING OF FOREDUNES ON PADRE ISLAND, TEXAS AU THOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S) BIB. WDelmil J.P. Goen DACW72-75-C-0011 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS - PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Texas Technetogieal University Department of Range and Wildlife Management Lubbock, Texas 79409 - CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Department of the Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CE) Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 - MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) G31531 12. REPORT DATE July 1977 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 69 Cele 7) 15. SECURITY’ CLASS. (of this report) UNCLASSIFIED 15a. DECL ASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) - SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Barrier island Dune stabilization Padre Island, Texas Beach erosion Foredunes Sand dunes Beach grasses Grass plantings Shore protection ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side if necesaary and identify by block number) This study was conducted to continue monitoring foredunes formed from grass plantings made during 1969 to 1973 on north Padre Island beaches. This report summarizes data obtained from elevational profiles and vegetative transects at four experimental foredune sections and one natural foredune section during 1975 and 1976. The beach and foredunes, a 655-foot (200 meters) cross section, gained 5.7 cubic yards (4.4 cubic meters) per linear foot of beach from August 1975 to August 1976. However, sand accumulation continued FORM EDITION OF ft V65I BSOLETE DD ; jan 73 1473 NOV 65 ISO UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) was not uniform; the north end of the study area gained no sand. Plantings, 50 feet (15 meters) wide seaward of existing foredunes proved to be an effective dune-widening technique. This has provided a 125-foot (38 meters) dune base versus an 80-foot (24 meters) dune base from initial 100-foot-wide (30 meters) plantings. Sand-trapping rates averaged 6.3 cubic yards (4.8 cubic meters) per linear foot per year on foredunes of experimental plantings versus 4.0 cubic yards (3.1 cubic meters) for the unplanted, natural area. However, accumulation rates for the last year were 4.1 cubic yards for planted foredunes versus 4.0 cubic yards for the natural foredune. Apparently, the natural area is sufficiently vegetated to accumulate sand as rapidly as planted areas, but it has taken 15 years to reach this trapping efficiency and without a recognizable dune line. Rate of lateral grass spread from initial plantings varied from 5.25 to 7.24 feet (1.6 to 2.2 meters) per year. Vegetation studies show little invasion of unplanted species into the planted foredunes. lLandward of planted dunes, grass establishment is well ahead of the unplanted area. The unplanted area is more arid. Mean elevations for dune crests 89 months after planting were 19.2 feet (5.9 meters) mean sea level versus 8.6 feet (2.6 meters) for the unplanted area. UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) PREFACE This report contains results of a 2-year survey to monitor rates of sand deposition, vegetation dynamics, beach erosion and accretion, and maintenance requirements of beach plantings made during the previous 5 years. It is published to assist coastal engineers in building and maintaining coastal foredunes which act as effective barriers against storm surge, and enhance the environmental quality and productivity in the coastal zone. The research was carried out under the coastal ecology research program of the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) . The report was prepared by Bill E. Dahl, Professor of Range and Wild- life Management, and John P. Goen, Research Associate, Department of Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Technological University (TTU), Lubbock, Texas, under CERC Contract No. DACW72-75-C-0011. The authors express appreciation to personnel of the Padre Island National Seashore; to the Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Texas, for their interest and cooperation; and to C.L. Pawlik, U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston, for his advice, assistance, and encouragement. Special thanks are due W.E. Bean, A. Dahl, J. Frasure, P. McCawley, K. Morrison, D. Sikes, D. Wester, C.B. White, and G. Woodard for their interest and assistance in fieldwork and data analysis. Dr. D.W. Woodard, formerly of CERC, was largely instrumental in initiating the project. A.K. Hurme and P. Knutson were the CERC contract monitors, under the general supervision of R.M. Yancey, Chief, Coastal Ecology Branch, Research Division. Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. JOHN H. COUSINS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) I INTRODUCTION Tl STUDY AREA IIl METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS 1. Experimental Plots 2. Methods and Procedures IV RESULTS . at 1. Cross- Sectional andl Lonaiendinal ‘ProBilles 2. Vegetative Transects V DISCUSSION : 1. Evaluation of Dume- Widening Methods 2. Rate of Sand Accumulation and/or Loss 3. Vegetative Difference Between Planted Dunes and Naturally Forming Dunes LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX A DETAILED DIAGRAM OF NORTH PADRE ISLAND STUDY PLOTS B COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION ALONG FIVE TRANSECTS IN FOREDUNE SECTION OF STUDY DUNES . TABLES Experimental planting sites on north Padre Island Total sand volume for beach cross sections Sand volumes accumulated above planting elevation for the immediate locale of the planting Sand volume for beach cross sections from 100 feet in front of dunes to 190 feet across the dunes Sand volume for 290-foot foredune cross sections above planting elevation Rate of sand accumulation in 290-foot foredune cross sections above planting elevation . Rate of lateral spread of planted grasses 4 Page - 57 59 64 14 20 28 35 36 37 46 10 11 10 11 12 CONTENTS TABLES-Continued Total percent cover for all vegetation from transects measured at various locations in the five study areas . Sum of Importance Values (IV) for commom species (planted and invading) for experimental dunes Distance from the east base line to MSL for the study locations with beach cross-sectional profiles Sum of Importance Values (IV) for common species becoming established within 225 feet of the planted dunes (bayward) Di ttae tan Ree ES Mike hel Bee wen eae ay me FIGURES Map of Padre Island, Texas Schematic cross-sectional profile of north Padre Island and some dominant plants of major communities Location of north Padre Island experimental plantings Experimental foredunes Foredune study segments Cross-sectional beach and dune profiles for the unplanted natural dune area . Cross-sectional beach and dune profiles for the 1,200-foot sea oats dune Cross-sectional beach and dune profiles for the dune- width extension dune Cross-sectional beach and dune profiles for the 1,100-foot bitter panicum dune . Cross-sectional beach and dune profiles for the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune Sand volumes accumulated above planting elevation for four study dunes Mean cross-sectional profiles of the unplanted natural area Page 47 49 54 56 10 12 15 WY 21 22 BS 24 25 26 29) 30 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 il 22 23 24 ZS CONTENTS FIGURES-Continued Mean cross-sectional profiles oats dune . Mean cross-sectional profiles extension dune Mean cross-sectional profiles panicum dune Mean cross-sectional profiles panicum dune Mean cross-sectional profiles of the four designated dune of the of the of the of the 1,200-foot sea dune-width 1,100-foot bitter 1,200-foot bitter segments of the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune Cross-sectional profiles for August 1976 for all stations that included a beach segment . Longitudinal profiles along crest of the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune . Longitudinal profiles along east crest of the dune-width extension dune Longitudinal profiles along west crest of the dune-width extension dune Longitudinal profiles along crest of the 1,200-foot sea oats dune . Longitudinal profiles along crest of the 1,100-foot bitter panicum dune . Sand accumulation gulf side of foredunes Vegetation establishment bayward of foredunes Page Sl 32 33 34 34 39 40 41 42 43 44 52 53 CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (STI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters Square inches 6.452 Square centimeters cubic inches 16. 39 cubic centimeters feet 30. 39 centimeters 0. 3048 meters Square feet 0.0929 Square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters Square yards 0.836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.8532 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds S558 newton meters millibars LOOT 2 10-2 kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.35 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.1745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! ITo obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use formula: C = (5/9) (F -32). To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: K = (5/9) (F -32) + 273.15. f niet P oe a PR 730

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Sea purslane (Sesuvtum portulacastrum) , -one of the first species to re-appear on the denuded backshore, is vegetatively dispersed by wave and wind action. Clumps of sea purslane trap sand, forming small dunes which rise only a few feet above the beach surface. Beach morning glory (Ipomoea stolontfera), railroad vine, gulf croton, sea oats, saltmeadow cordgrass, bitter panicum, and seashore dropseed are early colon- nye (Weil, Ge elo, 19775). Rhizomatic growth and tillering of these grasses, especially sea oats and bitter panicum, are stimulated by the accumulation of fresh sand continually blown inland from the shore. Windblown sand is trapped by exposed grass blades and eventually stabilized by the root and rhizome system. Fed by fresh beach sand blowing inland, the unconnected hummock dunes of sea oats, bitter panicum, saltmeadow cordgrass, and seashore dropseed continue growing and eventually interconnect, forming a dune ridge. New hummock dunes begin forming shoreward, and in this manner, the foredune grows toward the gulf. This shoreward growth eventually eliminates fresh sand accumulation on the rear of the dune ridge, and affords additional protection from wind and salt spray. Less salt-tolerant species and species not adapted to growing in accumulating sand then become established; e.g., seacoast bluestem, gulfdune paspalum, broom groundsel (Senecto riddellit), and beach ground- cherry (Dahl, et al., 1975). The time scale for these sequences is dependent on the intervals between storms, the severity of previous storm damage, the proximity of undamaged colonizing species, and the precipitation cycle. The area containing the present study plots was barren in 1937, but by 1948 a vegetated foredune ridge had appeared with a vegetated plain to the west. By 1967, after Hurricanes Carla and Beulah, the dune ridge was absent, and the area was again barren with a field of active sand dunes migrating west. Ili. METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS 1. Experimental Plots. A summary of the experimental plots is given in Table 1 which corresponds with the study site map in Figure 3. These experimental plots and an unplanted naturally forming dune area are also included in Appendix A which shows exact measurements referenced to two surveyed base lines (east and west). Table 1. Experimental planting sites on north Padre Island. Description LER ALTS Comments dates ies en 1,200-foot sea oats (Twin Mar. Original plantings, three- Batteries) 1969 fourths saltmeadow cord- grass and one-fourth sea oats. Percent survival: cordgrass, 14; sea oats, 46. Cattle grazing an early problem. Supple- mental fill-in plantings of sea oats, cordgrass, and panicum (shoredune and bitter). 1,500-foot monthly plant- 1969 Test plantings in small species comparisons blocks of bitter panicum, to sea oats, saltmeadow cordgrass, and seashore 1970 dropseed; planted over 2 years. Survival: irregular; dune not uniform. 400-foot dune-width extension Apr. 3:1 mixture of bitter plot. Planted gulfward of panicum to sea oats. south end of monthly plantings 1973 Percent survival: panicum, 62; sea oats, l. 1,100-foot bitter panicum Feb. Bitter panicum alternated with sea oats seed. Per- 1970 cent survival: panicum, 17; sea oats, unsuccessful. Subsequent patchwork planting. 1,200-foot dune-width bitter Feb. North half planted with panicum IZ bitter panicum; 76 per- and cent survival. South Apr. half planted with sea oats 1972 but destroyed by jack- rabbits. Replanted in April with bitter panicum; 17-percent survival. 1200'SEA OAT a “500° =~ MONTHLY PLANTINGS 2 SPECIES COMPARISO eds 70) 1100" PANICUM 1 iW 970) 200° -PANICUM z WRSES APR.1972) / ” — 7OO'MONTHLY 2) PLANTINGS Sf 400! MONTHLY .. ies oy paneer ta Sy jee ‘500’ PANICUM 1 RNIS 70) Ss. ‘.|\ PAN-AM Py. ‘ KS Location of north Padre Island experimental plantings (map courtesy of U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston). Ese OUGe mo. 2. Methods and Procedures. a. Elevational Surveys. Cross-sectional profile surveys for five experimental dune areas (Fig. 4) were conducted in March 1975, August 1975, March 1976, and August 1976. Foredune profiles were as follows: (a) Unplanted natural dune area— eight profiles, 100 feet (30 meters) apart, from 100 feet in front of the natural dune area to 200 feet (61 meters) across the foredune area. Elevations were taken at 10- foot (3 meters) intervals (rod readings to the nearest 0.01 foot). (b) 1,200-foot sea oats dune— 12 profiles, 100 feet apart, from 100 feet seaward of the grass extension of the dune to 190 feet (58 meters) across the dune. (c) Dune-width extension dune— three profiles. (d) 1,100-foot bitter panicum dune— 12 profiles, 90 feet (27 meters) apart. (e) 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune— 12 profiles, 100 feet apart. Cross-sectional beach profiles were as follows: (a) Unplanted natural dune stations 3+00 and 6+00. (by BMWA (c) 1,200-foot sea oats dune, stations 3+50 and 7+50. (d) Dune-width extension dune, station 2+09. (e) 1,100-foot bitter panicum dune, stations 3+15 and 6+75. (£) BM ''Kenny". (g) 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune, stations 3+50 and 6+50. Elevations were read at 20-foot (6 meters) intervals and keyed to the east base line. Two longitudinal surveys along the top of the dunes and parallel to the beach were made as follows for the 1,200-foot sea oats, 1,100-foot bitter panicum, and 1,200-foot bitter panicum dunes. a. Unplanted natural areez c. Dune-width extension d. 1,100-ft bitter panicum area area e. 1,200-ft bitter panicum area Figure 4. Experimental foredunes. % One profile line was placed to coincide with the seaward crest of the foredunes. The other was 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters) landward of the first profile line. For the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune, a third line was placed at the landward edge of the 100-foot-wide plantings for the 300- to 600-foot (91 to 183 meters) and 900- to 1,200-foot (274 to 366 meters) segments. For the dune- width extension, the south 500 feet (122 meters) of the 1,500-foot (457 meters) monthly planting-species comprison foredune, longitudinal profiles were surveyed for both the seaward 50-foot width and the landward 50-foot width. Elevations were recorded with each abrupt change in topography. Distances were measured by tape to the nearest foot (0.3 meter). b. Photos. Colored slides (35 millimeter) and black and white photos of the foredunes were taken at each profile survey. Eleven photo points for each of the five study areas are as follows: (a) From 200 feet in front of the dune looking bayward at the dune. (b) Three views from the north end of the dune looking south— along the gulf side, from the top of the dune, and along the bay side of the dune. (c) Two views (bayward and gulfward) from the north end top of the dune. (d) Three views from the south end looking north— along the gulf side, along the top, and along the bay side. (e) Two views (gulfward and bayward) from the top of the south end. c. Vegetation. In August 1975 and August 1976 vegetative transects were made in the five study areas. The following tran- sects were placed paralleling the beach: a 60-plot transect on the seaward slope of the foredune, a 60-plot transect on the landward slope of the foredune, a 40-plot transect 25 feet (8 meters) land- ward of the dune, a 40-plot transect 125 feet (38 meters) landward of the dune, and a 40-plot transect 225 feet (69 meters) landward of the dune. A 3.70-foot-diameter (133 centimeters) circular plot with an area of 1 square meter was used. Frequency and cover data were recorded in each plot. Cover classes recorded were: 1, 0 to 1 percent; 2, 1 to 5 percent, 3, 5 to 25 percent; 4, 25 to 50 percent; 5, 50 to 75 percent; 6, 75 to 95 percent; 7, 95 to 99 percent; and 8, 99 to 100 percent (App. B). An importance value (IV) was com- puted by multiplying cover times frequency. IV. RESULTS 1. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Profiles. a. Total Sand Volume from Mean Sea Level Inland 655 feet (200 meters). From the past 2 years' surveys on Padre Island, sand volumes have been computed several ways to understand dynamics of sand accumulation and redistribution. First, consider total sand volume from mean sea level (MSL) inland through the part of the beach normally occupied by the foredunes. In this study, a 655-foot segment was used; the gulf side 355 feet (102 meters) was designated the beach segment, and from 355 to 655 feet was designated the fore- dune segment (Table 2; Figs. 5 to 10). Two things appear to be happening based on these data. One, the north end of the study area, i.e., the unplanted natural dune and the 1,200-foot sea oats dune accumulated little sand in this 655-foot segment from August 1975 to August 1976. The middle of the area, the dune-width extension dune, and the 1,100-foot bitter panicum dune accumulated most. Sand accumulation for this 1-year period was 1.4, 0.2, 11.0, 8.9 and 7.0 cubic yards (1.1, 0.2, 8.4, 6.8, and 5.4 cubic meters) per linear foot of beach for the unplanted area, 1,200-foot sea oats, dune-width extension, 1,100-foot bitter panicum, and 1,200-foot bitter panicum areas, respectively. Secondly, during the March 1975 survey, unusually high tides moved water all the way to the foot of the dunes several days in succession. Apparently, this high water washed considerable sand into the gulf from the 200 feet of beach nearest the gulf. This is clearly shown in Figures 6 to 10. However, after 5 months this sand was re-deposited on the beach, as shown in the figures, so it was not lost, just re-distributed. For the beach segment (MSL to 335 feet), the north two study areas lost sand to the foredunes, but the south three had a net sand gain on both the beach and the foredune segments. Volume changes on the beach from August 1975 to August 1976 were -1.2, =%,8, 3.65 Si, ame 1.8 cule yeards (e029, s2olly 285 Bots and 1.4 cubic meters), respectively for the unplanted, 1,200-foot sea oats, dune-width extension, 1,100-foot bitter panicum, and 1,200-foot bitter panicum study areas. For the foredune segments of these areas, sand accumulations were 2.6, 3.0, 7.4, 5.9, and 5.2 cubic yards (2.0, 2.3, 5.7, 4.5, and 4.0) cubic meters) per linear foot of beach (Table 2). On the average, the beach and foredunes of this short section of north Padre Island gained 5.7 cubic yards (4.4 cubic meters) per linear foot of beach during this 12-month period. Although no segment lost sand, the stretch of beach from the south end Table 2. Total sand volume for beach cross sections. Location LE Volume by survey date, yd> (m” ) 3 { Mar. 1975 Aug. 1975 Mar. 1976 Beach segment (MSL to 355 ft) Unplanted area 40.1(30.7) 49.6(37.9) 48.1(36. [,200-ft sea oats ie TOs(G0sD) I 2e2G7s6) | LS OS.. Dune-width extension ae al 48.0(36.7) 47.2(36. 1,100-ft bitter panicum 20,280.70) | 24. 1(S2.2) 45.5(34 1,200-ft bitter panicum 36.5,(27.9) A255 (S2.5)) 45.9(35 Avg. S12 46.8 46.3 | nie Foredune segment (336 to 655 ft) Unplanted area 80.4(61.5) 81.4(62.2) 84.2(64 A 84.0(64.2) 1,200-ft sea oats 87.6(67. 91 .5(70).0) 93. Dune-width extension eye a 90.5(69.2) 89. 1,100-ft bitter panicum 81.1(62.0) 82.9(63.4) |) ‘ 1,200-ft bitter panicum 82.7(63.2) 84.4(64.5) Avg. ALES 88.0 - 86.1 Total segment (MSERCONGSS Ee) Unplanted area WOLMZAW 3 S(OZ52)) | NSM OOOO S| MSA MON. 2) USA ALON 2) 1,200-ft sea oats IDZIoI OVE) | 140.7 (207. 6)| 138.1(105.6) 140.9(107.8) Dune-width extension IE ers] 138.5(105.9){ 136.5(104.4)| 149.5(114.4) 1,100-ft bitter panicum | 121.3(92.7) [127.7( 97.6)] 131.4(100.5)| 136.6(104.4) 1,200-ft bitter panicum | 119.2(91.1) | 126.9( 97.0)/ 129.5( 99.0)] 133.9(102.4) Avg. LAB of 133.0 133.6 LSSo 7 Not surveyed in March 1975. 20 a. Unplanted natural b. 1,200-ft sea oats area dune Sy, = ne Tt oy VR Re Fee te c. Typical beach area gulfward of 1,200-f¢ bitter panicum dune Figure 5. Foredune study segments. 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This same pattern was also noted in an earlier study (Dahl, et al., 1975). However, the relative rates of sand accumulation may change from year to year along this stretch of beach. b. Sand Volumes above Planting Elevation for 100-foot Segment in the Foredunes. Sand volumes were measured from early in 1970 in those areas immediately affected by the experimental dune plantings (Dahl, et al., 1975). For most surveys of the 100-foot cross sections, about 25 feet on either side of the plantings was measured. This measurement was continued through the 1976 surveys for comparison purposes. The values are tabulated in Table 3 and Figure 11. The dune-width extension plantings were not included in these measurements. Although total sand in the entire beach system did not accrete on the 1,200-foot sea oats dune during 1975-76, modest increases influenced by the plantings did occur on this 100-foot segment. Accumulations above the 4-foot (1.2 meters) MSL planting elevation in August 1976 were three times those of a similar segment of unplanted beach. The younger bitter panicum plantings also had 2 to 2.5 times more sand in the planting locale than the unplanted area had (Table 3). Therefore, the plantings adequately confined the migrating beach sand to the planting area as intended. c. Sand Volumes of 290-foot (88 meters) Segment of the Foredune. For a better evaluation of the role of artificial dune building through revegetation, it was necessary to study more than the 100-foot segment immediately over the plantings proper because the plantings influence sand accumulation for a much greater distance, particularly in front. Figures 12 to 17 and Tables 4 and 5 show the sand accumulation for a 290-foot segment. This distance includes the area of the 100-foot segment over the plantings. Basically, it extends 100 feet seaward of the current grass extension, and 190 feet landward. This 290 feet is far enough to reach beyond the influence of the plantings on sand accumulation in both directions. Total sand accumulation in the unplanted area is well below that for the planted dunes (Table 4). However, for this larger segment of the beach system, the unplanted study area accumulated about as much sand from August 1975 to August 1976 as the planted study segments did (Table 6). This trend is expected to continue, at least until a major surge again denudes the area, for two major reasons. First, there is sufficient pioneer vegetation established in the unplanted area to trap all sand moving through the foredune area. The area has numerous ''pimple't dunes that are accumulating sand but no continuous dunes of any kind yet 27 "100F QOL ‘a0ue ISTP peksAIns ‘300F3 OG “YIPTM SuTJUeTd, a : 3 ; or beeper ere [eastale sles (6°81) |(9°z1)|(y9T) | (6°sT) | (6°83) eg See eS 1923Tq 13-001‘1 Lowe || O°S@ |) S°re@ |) @an || 2°wk- |) OcoOr | yz 6°9 vr : Ce CMC Teo |(Grso Peres, tea ace bee a) SO HOS APOE ET ews || “ore || wee || Sete |] O°@e |) O'S || 2°91 uC wee |] Ge!B a sen unotued 19331q 3J-00Z‘T (6°9) |(z°9) | (87s) | (z's) ( eoae poqueydup ZL°Q \\19°2 08’? OL6I wD) uC BW (w) 35 (uw) PA ‘aqep AoAans Aq aunToA UOTIPASTY uOT}eI07 SUIIUBLd *,;Burquetd oy FO STeIOT SeTpoUwT oY} TOF UOTIeADTO Zutquetd saoge pe.etnunsoe sown,ToA pues “¢ 9eTqeL 28 “Sutquetd oy} TeAo sAd9AINS UOTIIES-SSOLD SPTM-}OOF-(QOT WOLF pouTUAoJOp sv sounp Apnjs Inof LOF UOTIeASTA ButqueTd oaoqe poye[nuMdoe sowNToA pues TT oin3s Ty SHLVG AXAYNS GNV *ONILNV1d > = i Sees] rs o> iS !p] = = i=] = © © Soo} ©) c fp c © oO = (ic) K (tre) K i} < SekeS mq ‘< Wey SS fe 8 ™~ | “I — — ~—I NINN “SIN aI N nN ON fon fon wi w oS WG NN N ee Se © S&S Wo) * * + Ol =) Qu <= (o) S 3 (Gi) & OZ jah WN S ra (¥F O'p) Bere pojuetduy (3F Z°S) wmotued 10331q 1F-007‘1 (3F p'y) wnotued 10331q 15-001 ‘I (3F O°) S3vO BAS 3F-00Z‘T (uotjzeAeTY uTJUeTd) oUuNq [eUOUTLEdxg| 29 “saTtzord 4yste Fo uesaw oy} ST YOeg ‘sounpezozZ ay. ssozr9e 299F 06Z PUSIXS SOTTFOLd “Pate TeINJeU pojueTdun ay} FO saTtzord [euotjDeS-ssolD ueaW “ZI sIN3TY (w)3z ‘90uezSTQq (fr) (ZT) (8T-) (6r-) Ort OV 09- 09T- 0 SUL] aSeg 3Seq 9UL, auNnp JO abpa ysea quaueddy ——~= (S°T) G (0°€) OT - 55 G/61 “4eW (9°) ST SIGE DLN ian eae Oe CIN --------- 9/61 °*bny OI LXoW JO [ND ——> (1°9) 02 (w)IF “ISN 9AOGe UOTIeAZTY 30 “sottgzord ZI FO ueow oy ST YOeY ‘SouNpoaTOF 9Y} SsSOLOR YoOdzF 06Z pue4Xe soTtfFoIg ‘ouNp s}eO BAS O00F-QOZ‘T 94 FO SO2TTFOId TeUOTIIAaS-SSOIO UPoyW (w)3F ‘a0ue7ZSTq “ET einsTty (68) (6S) (82) (2-) 262 261 26 8- 0 (Gan) sseub 40 G UOLSU97X9 ZUBAANY —> (0°¢) OL == = G76) “AW (9°) Gl61 *Bny st Wy (1°9) (W)33 “ISW eAOGe UOTIeADTY i “sorTtzoid 9014} JO ueoW oY} ST YOeY ‘souNpaLOZ 9y} ssoOLde 199F GZ : puezXe seTTfJolg ‘“oUuNp UOTSUSXe YIPTM-oUuNp oy FO soTtyord Teuotyd9S-sso1d ueaW “pl sANsTY (w) 33 ‘a0ueqSsTq (€0T) (€Z) (2) (2T) Bee Bez Sel BE —--—-G/61 “4eW (9°p) GL61 ~bny ss ——-=-=--9/67 ~4eW --------- 9/61 ‘ony OILXOW JO $[ND ——> (1°9) 02 (w)3z “TSW S9AOGe UOTIRADTY 32 *seTtzord ZT JO ueow ou} ST YORY “souNnpoLOF 9Y} SSOIDe 199F Y6Z PUSIXO SaTTFOIg ‘gunp wnotued 10321q 1OOF-OOT‘I 942 FO SaTtfoud [eUuOTJDEeS-ssOLD UPOW “GT eINdTY (w)3z ‘oouezSTG (vIT) (€8) (€S) (22) ELE €ZE E12 €Zz2 ELI €Z1 @/l —--~-G/61 “4eW WW, (9"r) Gey “Loin ‘ Sateen 9/61 “4eW soo7e =e eo ONY od 1xaH $0 $1NJ——> (T°9) 02 (w)33 ‘ISW eAOge UOTIeASTY 3S) (6.1) a) 15 » (4.6) el 5 wn = o 3 10 3 (3.0) 5 3 s > o a 5 (1.5) 0 Figure 16. 20 (6.1) el 15 = (4.6) of 2 oO 8 10 3 (3.0) i= ° 2 c) > o a 5 (1.5) 0 Elcunen li: <— Gulf of Mexico Aug. 1976 East Base Line 4 104 204 304 (1) (32) (62) (93) Distance, ft(m) Mean cross-sectional profiles of the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune. Profiles extend 290 feet across the fore- dunes. Each is the mean of 12 profiles. <— Gulf of Mexico 0-300---------- Te \ 600-900 ——______ 900-1200 East Base Line 1 | 4 104 204 304 (1) (32) (62) (93) Distance, ft(m) Mean cross-sectional profiles of the four designated dune segments of the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune. Profiles extend 290 feet across the foredunes. Each is the mean of three profiles surveyed in August 1976. 34 Table 4. Sand volume for beach cross sections from 100 feet in front of dunes to 190 feet across the dunes. Location Volume by survey date, yd?(m) 3 Mar. 1975 Aug. 1975 Mar. 1976 Aug. 1976 Unplanted area Total volume 67.3 (61.5) 68.6 (62.7) 69.2(63.3) 72.7 (66.5) 1,200-ft sea oats Dune-width extension 1,100-ft bitter panicum 1,200-ft bitter panicum 82.9 (75.8) 86.8 (79.4) 87.8 (80.3) 89.1 (81.5) = 82.8 (75.7) 85.8 (78.5) 87.0 (79.6) 7 (76.5) | 86.6 (79.2) 88.1 (80.6) 73.6 (67.3) 75.8 (69.3) 76.6 (70.0) — Volume above planting elevation! Unplanted area 1,200-ft sea oats Dune-width extension 1Planting elevations: 1,100-ft bitter panicum 1,200-ft bitter panicum saa 24.4 (22.3) 25,7 (23.5) 26.3 (24.0) 2O).7 (272) 40.0 (36.6) 43.8 (40.1) 35.6 (32.6) 38.5 (35.2) 36.4 (33.3) 39.4 (36.0) 44.9 (41.1) 46.1 (42.2) 39.7 (36.3) 43.6 (39.9) 40.9 (37.4) 42.7 (39.0) V7 @6a2) ZOMOMGNSES)) LE ae EL 20.7 (18.9) 25.6 (23.4) unplanted area, 4.0 feet; 1,200-foot sea oats, 4.0 feet; dune-width extension, 4.4 feet; 1,000-foot bitter panicun, 4.4 feet; 1,200-foot bitter panicum, 5.2 feet. 35 Table 5 . Sand volume for 290-foot foredune cross sections above planting elevation. Volume, _yd° (m°) =e Planting Location Planting} elevation] Mar. 1975 | Aug. 1975 | Mar. 1976 | Aug. 1976 | dates ft (m) _ 1. Unplanted natural area Mar. 69 4.0 24.4 Sri 26.3 29.7 (@le2)) (18.6) (19.6) (20.1) (22 .7/)) 2. Planted areas a. 1,200-ft sea oats Mar. 69 4.0 (1.2) North 400 ft M508 38.6 39.6 42.9 (122 m) (27.0) (29.5) (30.3) (32.8) Middle 400 ft 39.6 43.3 44.8 45.9 (122 m) (30.3) (SS. 1) (34.3) (5 511) South 400 ft 47.1 51.0 52.6 51.6 (122 m) (36.0) (39.0) (40.2) (39.5) Total 1200 ft 40.0 43.8 44.9 46.1 (366 m) (30.6) (S525) (34.3) (35.2) b. Dune-width extension Oct. 69! 4 35.6 38.5 SS 7/ 43.6 (53) (27.2) (29.4) (30.4) (S523) c. 1,100-ft bitter panicum| Feb. 70 4.4 (1.3) North SSO iat 40.5 43.5 40.3 46.7 (168 m) (31.0) (SS 55) (30.8) (35.7) South 550 ft 82 05) S552 41.4 38.6 (168 m) (24.8) (26.9) (31.7) (29.5) Total 1,100 ft 36.4 39.4 40.9 42.7 (335 m) (27.8) (30.1) (Si 68) (32.6) d. 1,200-ft bitter panicum of (1.6) North 600 ft Feb. 72 0 to 300 ft Wad 18.8 20.4 AS 5 (0 to 91 m) (13.5) (14.4) (15.6) (19.5) 300 to 600 ft 16.6 20.0 19.0 23.6 (91 to 183 m) (12,7) (25.3) (14.5) (18.0) Total north 600 ft W792 19.4 19,7 24.6 (183 m) (13.2) (14.8) (i5_ 1) (18.8) South 600 ft Apr. 72 600 to 900 ft 21.2 23.0 25,11 30.0 (183 to 274 m) (16.2) (17.6) (19.2) (22.9) 900 to 1200 ft 15.4 U7 od 18.1 23.4 (274 to 366 m) (11.8) (S55) (13.8) (17.9) Total South 600 ft 18.3 20.4 ZG 26.7 (183 m) (14.0) (15.6) (16.5) (20.4) Total 1200 ft Lot 20.0 20.7 25.6 (366 m) (13.5) (25.5) (15.8) (19.6) 'Dune-width extension plantings were on different months in 1969; October was used as an average date. 36 ‘oqJep odeLoAe ue Se pasn SEM 1040190 +6961 UT SYJUOW JUSTOFZTP UT OLOM SSuTJUeTd UOTSUEXe YIpPTM-suUNd, (par) | (eer) (68) (6°0) ey | Go | (w 99¢) 8's g's Lu 2°\ S's 6's YW OUZ'T 1eVIO9L (Z*>) (8°) (¢°6) (9*1) (g°¢) (8°) (w ¢81) 9 £°9 Lora Uz o's £9 33 V0 Yanos jeIOL “(1 p) (p' pr) (9°6) (s*0) (2°) (1°) (Ww 99¢ 02 pZz) ps BPG 9°21 40 ss £°s zz ‘ady - 13 0021 02 006 (£°s) (p°s) (6°8) (8°2) (g°¢) (9"s) (w pz 02 £81) 69 OL “zu 9"S oy aaa ZZ “Ady 33 006 93 009 33 009 Yanos (zp) (0° >) (68) “(p'0) (0p) (gb) { s°s 2°S “1 s'0: z°s 9°S J 009 Ytou [eIoL (O"») (8°2) (p°8) (g°I-) (z°9) (1"p) (w ¢81 02 16) zs 9's OI p\E 1°8 ps ZZ “494 33, 009 93 00¢ (pp) (1's) (°6) (12) (0°2) (pb) (w 16 03 0) “vs a) V2 8°z 97% u's ZZ “494 33 00F 92 0 33 009 Yat0N (9°1) z's unotued 19331q 33-907‘'T “P (o°s) (s*Z) (g°¢) (0°z) (p's) (s*s) (w see) 9°9 GG, oP 9°72 Lao Cae YF OOTT Teq0L (s"p) (9°z) (1's-) (z°8) (6°) (6°) (w gor) 6°S pee L°9- 2°01 a) 9 OL “994 33 OSS YINOS (s*s) (p°2) (91D) (z*b-) (p°s) (1°9) (w g91) Us Cae z°sI Sis= Wd, 08 OL “994 13 OSS YIION (cD = pre umdtued 19331q 33-O0I‘'I ~*> (6"b) (6"¢) (12) (9°1) (¢°s) (0°s) (cD p°9 vs £°6 Vz 6°9 9°9 by 76987390 UoTsuaIXe YIPTM-suNng °q (p's) (s-0) (8° 1-) (12) (12) (0°9) (w 221) (ay 9°0 v°z- 8°Z £°6 gL 69 “IRN 33 00h Yanos (L"b) (0°z) (0°2) (0°2) (24°9) (0's) (w ez) z'9 Chrd 92 97 8°8 9°9 69 “AC 33 OOF PIPPIN (pb) (g°¢) (09) (¢°1) (0°9) (s*p) (w zc) gs a 64 fP\ 62 6'S 69 “TEN 13 00h Yyatoy seo eas qjz-007‘'T “ek seole paquetq “7 (1's) (1) (29) (8°0) (p*2) (1s) (2°10) or or U8 ol OG | UP o'r 69 “1eW vore [einqeu paguetduy “1 = He = aoe die ee 961 9. “Sny [ 92 “Sny | 92 “sew | SZ “ny SZ “aeW (w)a3 Soaep “3ny 02 2 o2 02 03 CPt “uolqeAsl[a Burquvyy YOTIEDOT Surquetd sz “8ny 9 1eW SUeeSOV is |S 2 eaneltn SUT MeN Burquetg | (gu) gps "2e94 dad uorqernunooy S| oe “uoT}eAOTO But IUeTd OAOqe SUOTIIOS SSOLD OUNPSLOF JOOF-YGZ UT UOTJETNUNDD.e pues JO Oey “9 OTqQRI oN exist. The major difference between this area and the planted dune areas is that the planted dunes present a solid wall of resistance to sand moving inland, so migrating sand from the beach accumulates on the dune face. On the unplanted area, the front "wall" is not solid so migrating sand penetrates through and over a broader base. The result is a relatively high "floor", around 7.6 feet (2.3 meters) MSL among the scattered pimple dunes. In contrast, the floor elevation behind and among the dunes of the planted study areas is only about 5.6 feet (1.7 meters) MSL. The missing 2 feet (0.6 meter) of sand from the floor of the planted areas has accumulated in the high elevation dunes formed as a result of sand trapped in the vegetated segments from the intentional plantings (Fig. 18). Although constructed dunes should have a broader base than 80 to 90 feet (24 to 27 meters), which is the base width of the planted dunes, waiting for the broader base to occur naturally is not always useful. There are advantages to providing a uniform sand-trapping field immediately following denudation, such as occur during hurricanes of the severity of Hurricane Carla in 1961. These are: (a) Highly mobile sand is rapidly confined to one area of accumulation, hence it is not lost to the beach system. (b) The resultant wall of accumulating sand prevents storm surges of moderate intensity that occur annually from saltwater moving inland, and at the same time the accumulating sand acts as a dam for rainwater to provide a mesic environment free from saltwater on the bayward side of the plantings so that invading vegetation intolerant to salt can become rapidly established. (c) After moderate accumulation of sand, little salt spray penetrates beyond the fore part of the planted dune, further hastening the establishment of island vegetation intolerant of salt spray. d. Crest Elevations of Experimental Dunes. Longitudinal surveys which parallel the beach were made along the east and west crests of all planted dunes. No definable dune existed in the unplanted study area so no longitudinal surveys were made there. Figures 19 to 23 graphically show the east crest survey data. The longitudinal figures are more revealing than the cross- section figures for ascertaining effective height of dunes. It is also easier to show where relatively more sand is accumulating; e.g., the south 700 feet (213 meters) of the sea oats dune is 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 2.5 meters) higher than the north 500 feet 38 ‘JuoUds9S YOPOeq B popnyTdUT ey. sUuOoTIeIS Ite 20F 9/61 “qasn3ny LOZ soap~tzoid [euorzses-sso1y S < > a TUE “8ST oin3stj (47 SW) NOTLVAZRAGS SIs) ‘aunp ey} FO pus yIOU oY} Wor pernseou ‘ounp umotued 1033Tq 300F-00Z*T 942 FO 3SEL9 Zuo[e settzoad [eutpnztsuoT “61 oznsTty E (w)az ‘eoueastad (938) (G98) (Gee) (908) Cwi2) Cine) (ere) (ea) (asia) (zai) (ns) (i). 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The sand volume values (Table 5) show this; the longitudinal figure is just graphic verification. The poorer initial stands of the south 600 feet of both the 1,100- and 1,200-foot bitter panicum dunes are readily apparent from the less uniform profiles and the deep cuts through the dunes (Figs. 19 and 23). Such profiles also provide an instant evaluation of the effectiveness of the overall dune-building research. Although some of the deep canyons through the dunes begin to heal in time, the canyons are mostly quite persistent and will probably require mechanical repair to completely heal them; e.g., most deep cuts present in March 1975 were still very much in evidence in August 1976. How to repair these obvious "leaks'' is an area that should be further researched. Perhaps, stacking bales of hay in the cuts and tying the bales to the canyon walls with netting to reduce the wind velocity would allow healing. Such treatment would probably be relatively inexpensive yet effective. 2. Vegetative Transects. Vegetation on Experimental Dunes. Sea oats and bitter panicum have laterally spread slowly on Padre Island. From a 50- foot planting width in March 1969, the sea oats has spread seaward 5.25 feet (1.6 meters) per year (Table 7). While the bitter panicum has spread slightly faster since planting than the sea oats, it is doubtful that one will actually spread any faster than the other. Note that for August 1975 to August 1976, the sea oats spread more than the bitter panicum (Table 7). If it is assumed that a 125-foot base is needed for a restored foredune, it is apparent that attaining such a base from a single 50-foot-wide planting will take about iS years with either species. If a wide base is desired in as short a period as possible, the technique of following an initial 50-foot planting with a second 50-foot planting on the beach side in 4 years appears to be the better method. The best method will be known once these study dunes are subjected to direct hurricane attack. (1) Extension of Planted Species. In reviewing the species reported for transects measured in 1971 and 1973 (Dahl, et al., 1975), the species commonly found in 1975 and 1976 tran- sects were the same and little change in relative composition occurred except a tendency for increased proportion of grasses. Basic differences in the 1975 and 1976 surveys were largely in percent cover and frequency of occurrence. Apparently, growing conditions were better in 1976 than in 1975 as ground cover was often 100 percent greater (Table 8). Generally, sea oats tended to increase, occurring more frequently on almost all transects. Bitter panicum tended to remain more stable with only 495 (2° C9 ° Lh (Sz) z8 (¢Z) 92 (72) 82 (ZZ) ZZ ZL61 ‘teW unotued 19331q IF-00Z‘T (g°1)00°9 (LZ) 68 (42) 48 (97) v8 (SZ) LL OL6T °494 wnotued 19331Tq 45-O00T‘T Cap itrss (CA) LSE (Ov) OST (Zv) LET (Ov) O€I 6961 °390 uoTSUszxX9 YIpPTM-eung (9°1)Sz'°s (£2) 68 (97) 98 (Sz) 78 6961 “teW S}zeO BOS IF-00Z‘T 9L61 °3nV | 9L6T “TeW | SLZ6T ‘“8ny | SL6T “4eW uOTSUS}Xq 9}ep JO 97ey (uw) 33 ‘ssezs FO 4USeAX| SsuTIUeTd BOLy yTenuuy “sosseis poquetd jo peoids [etaje, fo o2ey “ZL 9TGeL 46 by SZ 19 8Z junotued 19337q IF-007‘T zp Is 9¢ €@ |umotued 19331q IF-O00I‘T LS O¢ ZS 1Z uoTSUd}X9 YIPTM-oung Ov ZY 169 ZI ounp s3eO eB8S 4F-007‘T pore [eainqzeu pequeytdup 9L61 SZ6I 9L61 SL61 SL61 9L6I SZ6T aunp Fo prempuey, IF SCC aunp Fo pirempue, 33 SCI ounp Jo ado[s piemMpuey pzempuey, IF SZC ado[s paemeas Bore Apnys ‘seore Apnys OATF OY} UT SUOTIEIOT SNOTIVA 2B PodnseoW S}IEeSURI} WOIF UOTIEIITIA TTB LOF IOAOD qussied [eI0OL “8 9TqGeL 47 slight increases noted. Seashore dropseed tended to decline or remain the same. There were no significant increases. (2) Invasion of Unplanted Species. Invasion of unplanted species into experimental dunes has been slower than anticipated. For example, the 1,200-foot sea oats dune has been under test since March 1969, yet only four species other than those planted occurred commonly enough to be considered a significant invader (Table 9) Gulf croton and the Ipomoea spp. occur sporadically. This lack of unseeded species in dunes from experimental plantings after 7 or 8 years is best explained by comparing species composition on mature dunes of the area formed naturally to the unplanted study area and the dunes from experimental plantings of this study. Gulf croton, beach evening primrose, Physalts species, beach morning glory, and other grasses are relatively common in mature, naturally formed dunes. These species are also much more common on the unplanted, naturally formed dunes in this study. Apparently, if a dune forms naturally with the pioneering plants available to the area, some species remain from previous successional stages and they are a natural component of the mature dune at successional climax. However, some of the pioneer successional stages have been bypassed through planting a grass monoculture. Hence, some normal dune species were unable to find a niche and become established. It becomes apparent that a multispecies dune will develop very Slowly if originated from grass plantings. V. DISCUSSION 1. Evaluation of Dune-Widening Methods. During experimental plantings from 1969 to 1974, the 1,200- foot bitter panicum and the dune-width extension plantings were specifically made to find the most effective way to widen the base of dunes constructed from vegetation plantings. In February 1972, 600 feet of beach was planted with bitter panicum, The north 300 feet was 50 feet wide with individual transplants spaced 2 feet apart in rows 2 feet apart. The plantings from 300 to 600 feet were the same except planting width was 100 feet. In April 1972, another 600 feet was added to the south end of the February planting. The plantings width was 50 feet for the 600 to 900 feet, and 100 feet for the 900 to 1,200 feet. However, individual transplants were placed 2 feet apart in 4-foot rows rather than in 2-foot rows. Data accumulated during the past 2 years for the 1,200-foot bitter panicum dune are in Tables 5 and 6 and Figures 10, 16, and 17. Briefly, the results of this study are: (a) A 50-foot-wide planting trapped all available sand from the beach, so it was unnecessary to plant a 48 Le £ 0 0 SOR CEN" S 9L61 SL61 unotued 49397Tq 3F-002‘T Tequouttodxea tof (Sutpeaut pue poquerd) sotoods uowwos 10F _ (AI) 889°Z 9L6L SZ61 uno tued 19337 IF-OOL‘T *I9AOD WUsdIEed x ADUONberF YUSOZEd Fo zonpoid = oente, soueqsoduy 9L61 SL61 uoTSUd}x9O yIptm-sung 78S ‘1 9L6T SZ6L s2e0 bas IF -007 ‘1 I 0 I 0 60S *Z gss* 0 0 0 0 Srl ZC 87c9 SLI 0 9 SLI cOl 0 0 0 0 S2qzoDUuo0Idhu Uuoteb1ty ttetuuou odoang I pief1uo0j0zs pneowody snpveqobige snjowDg sisuaidvuog a, hzoo0Aphy LipuouMmap DLEYZOUEO snqzozound uoz,odg ‘dds s27fAqsutquig nyo noL1uvd v7021uUn snoqurbita snzoqoiods UNADUD WAOLUDG 9L61 bole [Teinjeu pojue dup SonpTeA doueZIOdUT Fo wns SZ61 satoeds *sounp “6 STQEL 49 100-foot-wide strip. (b) A 2-foot plant spacing with high transplant survival (76 percent) gave a very uniform, tall, but narrow- based dune. (c) Rows 4 feet apart with intermediate transplant survival (36 or 18 percent if based on 2-foot rows) gave a less uniform, lower elevation, but broader based dune than the dune part constructed from 2-foot transplant spacing. The longitudinal survey (Fig. 19) indicates that the effective height of dune is considerably less for the south 600 feet of the dune constructed with the 4-foot row spacings. Yet, the base of this part of the dune varies from 65 to 100 feet (20 to 30 meters) compared to a more uniform 75-foot (23 meters) width for the north 600 feet. Effectiveness of the more variable, but broader based, more ''ragged topped" dune may be as good as the narrower more uniform, taller north segment. If transplant survival of 40 percent or greater is expected, there is no reason to double the plant material required by using 2-foot row spacing. However, the 40 percent Survival is uncertain, so a safer way would be to stay with the 2-foot spacings. A more effective way to extend dune width than making an initially wide planting is to allow a more narrow planting to grow to some predetermined height, e.g., 12 feet (3.7 meters), then make a second planting in front (seaward). The dune-width extension area was initially planted with bitter panicum in 1969. In April 1973, a 50-by 400-foot strip of bitter panicum was planted immediately gulfward of the earlier established dune. Figure 14 shows that this dune has a base at least 125 feet wide and a mean elevation of about 14 feet (4.3 meters). Figures 20 and 21 show that the effective height is probably only 10 feet but the wider base should allow this dune to be more effective in withstanding severe surges with prolonged wave attack than the taller more narrow-based dunes. 2. Rate of Sand Accumulation and/or Loss. Since beach sand volumes were not specifically measured during the first phase of this study (Dahl, et al., 1975), several years of data on which to determine rate of accretion or erosion was unavailable. However, the net sand accumulation from August 1975 to August 1976 should provide an indication. For the study locations monitored, the average new sand per linear foot of beach, at a 655-foot distance inland, was 5.7 cubic yards. This was 1.4, 0.2, 11.0, 8.9, and 7.0 cubic yards (1.1, 0.2, 8.4, 6.8, and 5.4 cubic meters) for the unplanted, 1,200-foot sea oats, dune-width extension, 1,100-foot bitter panicum, and 1,200-foot bitter 50 panicum area, respectively (Table 2). a. Foredune Accumulation. Despite the fact that the two northern locations are apparently receiving little new sand now, they apparently have previously because in the area of the plantings they continue to accumulate sand at a significant rate (Table 6). As indicated previously, the unplanted foredune area from August 1975 to August 1976 accumulated 4.0 cubic yards per linear foot of beach versus 2.3 and 3.3 cubic yards (3.1 cubic meters per linear meter of beach versus 1.8 and 2.5 cubic meters) for the 1,200-foot sea oats and 1,100-foot bitter panicum dunes, respectively (Table 6). However, if yearly trapping rates from the time of planting through the August 1976 measurements are considered, the planted segments are still well ahead with 6.25 versus 4.0 cubic yards per linear foot (4.8 versus 3.1 cubic meters per linear meter) of beach per 290-foot cross section. Enough vegetation, primarily sea oats, has become established in front of the plantings that significant volumes of sand are trapped in front of the planted dunes (Fig. 24). This is believed to be responsible for the low amount of sand accumulating in the middle and south segments of the 1,200-foot sea oats dune (Table 5). If periodic studies are made on these plantings, a special effort should be made to find the rate of natural dune replacement and how rapidly the vegetation in the foredune area reaches the same status as that behind planted dunes. Presently, the unplanted dune area appears more arid than that behind the planted dunes (Fig. 25). b. Beach Erosion or Accretion. Apparently, a major source of concern relative to beach processes is, what will a particular action do to erosional and depositional patterns? Table 10 gives the distances from the east base line (App. A) to MSL. Although variations of 30 feet were common from date to date, surprisingly little change was recorded overall for the four measurements. There was probably no actual change during this period other than normal short-term fluctuations. c. Net Losses or Gains. Brown, et al. (1976) reported that northern Padre Island is in a period of relative stability. However, they believe that during the past 125 years the island has entered an erosional phase, and that the volume of sediment being supplied to the Corpus Christi area has reached a critical deficiency. Therefore, the long-term trend is erosional rather than accreting. The data in this study tend to indicate slight erosion on the north end (Table 7) and a stable beach from the dune-width extension south. This trend also agrees with the relative sand volume data reported by Brown, et al. (1976). 5 | a. Dune-width extension beg 200 SEte bat tem panicum Figure 24. Sand accumulation gulf side of foredunes. DE a. Unplanted natural b, I, 2ZOW=Ke sea oats area So 1, 2OOstre bitter panicum Figure 25. Vegetation establishment bayward of foredunes. Oe) Distances from locations with Table 10. the east base line to MSL for the beach cross-sectional profiles. Distance by survey date, ft(m) study Beach profile Mar. 1975 aes 1975 Tee 1975 Aug. 1975 eae Unplanted natural area ai 6+00 station 361 (110) Ts (122) 413 (126) ah Eee 3+00 station 418 (127) 433 (132) S92 (UNS) "Al" bench mark [402 (123) + 376 (115) 1,200-ft sea oats ii 3+50 station 363 (111) 400 (122 ee (110) (112) 7+50 station 338 (103) SIO (Gg) (107) (105) Dune-width extension 2+09 station 305 ( 93) S02 (( YB) 1,100-ft bitter panicum a 3+15 station SS Gon) SU ( 97) 293 339 (103) 6+75 station l 329 (100) L 529 oad 389 354 (108) "Kenny'' bench mark iz 341 (104) 336 B57 (LOS) 1,200-ft bitter panicum iB 3+50 station 290 ( 88) 343 (ios) | 347 (106) HHL (LO!) i 6+50 station (all stations) Avg. 327 (100) (106) 363 (111) 54 353 (108) 3. Vegetative Differences Between Planted Dunes and Naturally Forming Dunes. When the area behind naturally forming foredunes is compared to the planted foredunes, there is an obvious appearance of a more arid environment in the unplanted natural dune area (Fig. 25). The more mesic microclimate bayward of experimental plantings is believed to be due to the damming effect provided by the resultant dunes. These dunes retain rainwater in the middune area, providing a more favorable habitat and becoming more free of salt spray than the area behind the unplanted naturally forming dune. The obvious differences as reflected by the vegetation measurements are as follows: (a) The perennial grasses (bitter panicum, seashore dropseed, and sea oats) are found only occasionally in and behind the unplanted dune area, but are common behind the other dunes. The sea oats is increasing rapidly in all but the unplanted area (Table 11). (b) Gulf croton is quite common on the unplanted study area, but nearly absent behind the planted study areas. Gulf croton is believed to be a very drought tolerant species and in this case one indicative of a more arid microenvironment. (c) Beach evening primrose and beach morning glory were apparently at home in both environments. (d) The Fimbristylts species, Hydrocotyle bonariensts, and Bacopa monntert all apparently require a more mesic habitat; they were only found in low areas behind the dunes. Their near absence (Table 11) from the unplanted study area is also believed indicative of relative aridity among the experimental sites. 59 "L9A0D Jusdted Xx ADUSNberzZ JUsdIEed Fo zonpord = ante, soueqsoduy | OL OT 6722 6 CG ps 91 LT 18 I S2ZODUOITAU UOLOBLLY cS S ¢ 71 v LL 9 00S Ll G dtezuuou vdoong Lvl ZL SZI ZL 99T°I zs IT L USE G SEB biaf2Uuoj0qs Daowody L8 I OL ¢ 507 SI est ZIT ¢ I SniDezoDdge snjowps I 0 oP 6 6S 92 StL SCO? U | £ I S7suelipuog 21 fz0o0uphy 60L 85S S66 609 1s9 6LL c6S ZLZ por zs9 7TpuouuMdp DLaYyzOUeOQ 0z Os I 61 S S ¢ OT 661 0S8 snqpzound uoqor) vip SOS 86r'T 697 US" SSCP 79s S8p°T |v 8L ‘dds s27Aqs2iqurg 119 SI £8 oss 08Z OsT ILI Z9 I Z Dypinatuod v1 02Up) 6 Z LT £Z OP Set vel L89 Z I snoquzbita snjoqoxodg £SZ c0¢ Z00‘T cst 1Z 9ST OT 8ZI1 =p 0 UNADUD WNOLUD 9L6T SL6I | ie. SL6T Wt Slot |r Oley | O26 SL6I wns tued wns tued uO TSUd}x9 s1e0O Bas bole [ein}eu satoeds 4932TG 15-002‘1 19317q 1F-001'T | yIprM-oung 15-002‘ [.__ pequetdup *(ptemdeq) sounp poazuetd 9yi Fo 299F G7Z UTYIIM poySsT[qeisoe sutwodseq satoeds uowuod oz , (AI) sentea eoueztodwy Fo umg “TT 9eTqGeL 56 LITERATURE CITED BEHRENS, E.W., WATSON, R.L., and MASON, C., "Hydraulics and Dynamics of New Corpus Christi Pass, Texas: A Case History, 1972-73," GITI Report 8, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvior, Va., and U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss., Jan. 1977. BROWN, L.F., et al., "Environmental Geologic Atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone - Corpus Christi Area,'' University of Texas, Austin, NeXx,5 196s CARR, J.T., Jr., ''Texas Droughts: Causes, Classification, and Prediction,"’ Report No. 30, Texas Water Development Board, Austin, Tex., Nov. 1966. DAHL, B.E., et al., ‘''Construction and Stabilization of Coastal Foredunes with Vegetation: Padre Island, Texas,'' MP 9-75, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fore eolwolm, Wels, Semis IOS. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, "Local Climatological Data. Annual Summary with Comparative Data,"’ Corpus Christi, Tex., 1970. oI st es Cpe . APPENDIX A DETAILED DIAGRAM OF NORTH PADRE ISLAND STUDY PLOTS Beach measurements shown are the distances to the base line; fore- dune measurements include the 100 feet gulfward from front of dune (grass extension) and the length of measured cross section except for dune-width extension and 1,100-foot bitter panicum dunes where distance indicated is to the back of the dune only. 59 19+40 18+40 17+40 16+40 15+40 14+40 13+40 12+40 11+40 0+00 SABM "K" (7.4 \ iOVTT SUTT aSeq 1S90M Sse MM 1200-ft sea oats No. iL (@o9)5)) t o PSH North end of unplanted natural dune area 100°, 100!, moe e0 MSL _ LOO: al OO ) AOOMMets BralOTeanao MSL 2 SLOG); 00' == 54 4Q' “ABM I! (7.68) South end of unplanted natural dune area Scale: 1 in = 200 ft SUTT oSeq 4Seq aM CAL (6.82) (Measurements start at 0 at BM "'AL" and go both north and south) 60 No. 1 (9.95) 380' 0+00 an 1,200-ft sea oats pata SHEE pas > iN iN 10+56 14+10 15+10 16+10 17+10 18+10 19+10 20+10 21+10 22+10 23+10 24+10 26+16 eee BM 1,200-ft sea oats” \\ NOo 2 (Gsi@) ke AN es \ SN v2 «Nae S Ce = SS = VS N (ops Kae S ~ 05) \ Rey Y, 183! _-4¥90! _82' l18' BM "A'" (6.65) 190! _89' {11' Prag tego" YOR ee Mae). BSCE RIG MSL 190! 69) jl? 178" 190! Gil . >A BM "B" (6.65 ov Lae 190' 91! gone N90" VAMOS IOAN os, oc OE S207 0 MSL ce IO oS i a, Ny 140'> y 190! mo6 BM "C" (6.27) peer [0 uA aes 26+16 +South end of 1,200-ft sea oats dune 6 | 36+42 BM 1,100-ft bitter panicum No. 2 36+97 \ (8.57) North end of dune-width extension dune \ i 1 i] cena ey ee na &’ BM "D'" (6.40) Z \ 1 1 1 1 39+06 U malls Su OOy, AOE) ive Cay ay \> MSL 2 40+22 Ae 2 Ue, 22 South End of dune-width . extension dune 40+97— 41+07 97! 100! 131! a North end of 1,100-ft 41+52 perereeearta ty Ti we Y bitter panicum dune es USO Eze 84' 100' 131' 43+32 Corer ae 44+08—, 1 1 1 ' 44+22 . Che NOW: 5 96 _—-—- —- —-- 330 No TALS. 0 Bi Me™ (8576) MSL 86' 100' 70' 45+12 aah CT | n808 90' , 100'_50' 76' 100' ay 46+92 a Eon 1 1 354' 0 78' 100' 48' 48+72 > at 49462 [See 00 ATE BM 1,200-ft bitter panicum 59447 ¥ g5'_100' 44" Noe 50+52 (8.25) Si geo 100! +38! 52+08 South end of 1,100-ft bitter panicum dune BM "Kenny" (7.37) 53+92 4 62 37 TTA BM annette tee Panicum No. 2 | ( ) $ North end 1,200-ft bitter ee 74' |26' panicum dune 61+95 a nae ee ae 75\25! 62+95 anit 77? eet 63+95 a 72 220 1. O 64+99 4 el a ae i : aan ¥ MSL ae Zao 86' |14' 65495 Are See “ey BM "M" (7.82) Gos05 se ester epee 8812" 100" ee 332! 0 67+95 RPEREV ISSA Lid fy a eka ek 100' }-17' 68+95 APE CTTicTit. 100' 26! 69+95 —__1-=-=- 100' 37 70+95 ~=-- 100' 34 71+95 ----5 72495 100" _37 13743" a South end of 1,200-ft bitter Panicum dune 63 APPENDIX B COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION ALONG FIVE TRANSECTS IN FOREDUNE SECTION OF STUDY DUNES 64 il Se a Se Re Ne ee [cca EEE eee ee i ea fm ame lore ere a ce | | ee ae ea ae a [0 ce (mt [Za oO fe | ce | Pans ey ieee eee re Ne os ee rR |r er ee ca fee ae |e RP | ee SC ee Se en oT awe TST sree area Gl ic nb line le] a cad aes Peers a prot iew a i a CTC | [stl oor! s_[ ze | Is a | a [CI mies ema ea SSS eae avs Siena Pree AS SSS | aR Sr | aa a | RG Star SS Sea aI ee ee oer | os = 3 = Sed = a eee foe ae | Sear Se SS ie ee ae ae SSE PTeSey ee (ee ee ee er a eee | ee (ae Cae cd eae esl aes ease Se ae (cooper ae wal i cee ae ial i eee all = eel ee oF ea Sa Sa Se) eo Sa Oe se 7a ae 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