PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOL, X XT. SUPPLEMEN ¢ TO THE FOSSIL CORALS. Paani, No: 1: on HTACHOU-S: FOSSIL MEROSTOMATA. Piers be Ps BG O-PS: FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. Part VII, No. 3. Sadia Real AWN: BELEMNITIDA. Parr IV... LIASSIC AND OOLITIC BELEMNITES. REPTILIA KIMMERIDGE CLAY. Nos hit: PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. Parr III. Issurp For 1868. California Academy of Sciences Presented byPaleontographical Soci ety e | December , LOOuS Lecedd Ata. 7 PALL Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library ~ http:/www.archive.org/details/monographof221869pala fi} SOF TET: PALONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. MOLUSEE XX EE CONTAINING SUPPLEMENT TO THE FOSSIL CORALS. Part Il.—No. 1 (Cretaczovs). By Dr. Duncan. Nine Plates. THE FOSSIL MEROSTOMATA. Part Il (Prerycorus). By Mr. H. Woopwarp. Six Plates. THE FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. Part VII.—No. 3 (Srturtay). By Mr. Davinson. Fifteen Plates. THE BELEMNITIDA. Part IV (Liasstc anv Ooxitic BeLemnitus). By Prof. Pumps. Seven Plates. THE REPTILIA OF THE KIMMERIDGE CLAY. No.3. By Prof. Owen. Four Plates. THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. Part III. By Messrs. Borp Dawkins and W. A. SanForp. Six Plates. ISSUED FOR 1868. FEBRUARY, 1869. THE PALASONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847, for the purpose of figuring and describing the whole of the British Fossils. Lach person subscribing ONE GUINEA 7s considered a Member of the Society, and 1s entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates. Subscriptions are considered to be due on the First of January in each year. The back volumes are in stock, and can be obtained (one or more) on application to the Treasurer or the Honorary Secretary. The volumes are delivered free of carriage to any address within three miles of the General Post-Office, and are booked free of expense to any place beyond the three-mile radius ; but in that case the carriage must be paid by the Member to whom they are sent. 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Weoloay QE el P24 Lise OF Che Council, Secretaries, and Members OF THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ; AND A CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED ; A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE MONOGRAPHS COMPLETED, IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION AND IN PREPARATION, WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS ; THE DATES OF ISSUE OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ; A GENERAL SUMMARY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF THE PAGES, PLATES, FIGURES, AND SPECIES IN EACH MONOGRAPH ; AND A STRATIGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE BRITISH FOSSILS TO BE FOUND IN THE YEARLY VOLUMES. ° Council and Officers elected 3lst March, 1868. Aresident. J. S. BOWERBANK, LL.D., F.R.S., G.S. Vite-Dresidents. T. Davipson, Esa., F.R.S., G.S. | Pror. Owen, M.D., F.R.S., G.S. Siz R. I. Murcutson, Bart., F.R.S., G.S. Pror. Pures, F.R.S., G.S. Countil, Pror. AnsteD, M.A., F.R.S., G.S. H. Luz, Ese., F.L.S., G.S. C. Darwin, Esq., F.R.S., G.S. W.H. Leteuton, Esa., F.G.S. W. Boyp Dawkins, Esq., F.R.S., G.S. Str C. Lyext, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.,G.S. P. M. Duncan, M.B., F.R.S. J. PickERING, Esq. R. Eruerrper, Esq., F.G.S. | J. Prestwicn, Esa., F.R.S., G.S. R. Hupson, Esq., F.R.S., L.S. Pror, Tennant, F.G.S. J. W. Ixort, Esq. C. TyLer, Esq., F.L.S., G.S. J. Gwyn Jerrreys, Esa., F.R.S., GS. T. Wricut, M.D., F.G.S. Treasurer. Srartes Woon, Esa., F.G.S., Brentwood, Essex. Honovary Secretary, Rey. T. Wiutsurre, M.A., F.G.S., 13, Granville Park, Lewisham, Kent, S.E. Hocal Secretaries. Alton—Wma. Curtis, Jun., Esa. Guildford—R. A. C. Gopwin-AusteEN, Esq., F.R.S., Bath—Wnm. Watton, Esq. (eu Berlin—Mussrs. FRIEDLANDER & Son. Kendal—Tuomas Govan, Esq. Birkenhead—Wmn. Frrauson, Esa. Leeds—Tuios. NuNNELEY, Esa. Birmingham—W. Matuews, Jon., Esq., F.G.S. Leicester —JAMES PLANT, Esa. Blackburn—Wwm. Warrtson, Esq., F.G.S. Liverpool—G. H. Morton, Esq., F.G.S. Bristol—Wmn. Sanvers, Esq., F.R.S., G.S. Norfolk—Rnuv. J. Gunn, M.A., F.G.S. Cambridge—Jamus Carter, Esa, Oxford—Pror. J. Purutips, F.R.S., G.S. Cheltenham—T. Wricurt, M.D., F.G:S. Paris—M., F. Savy, 24, Rue Hautefeuiile. Cirencester—J. BravnnveER, Esa., F.G:.S. Plymouth—J. 1. Fuer, Esq. Colchester—C. R. Brun, M.D. Richmond, Yorkshire—EDWwanrp Woon, Esq,, F.G.S. Deddington—Cuas. Fautkner, Esg., F.S.A., | Scarborough—Joun Leckensy, Esq., F.G.S. G.S., R.G.S. Tonbridge Wells—J. Suanrp, Esq., F.G.S. Devices—Wn. Cunninaton, Esq, F.G.S. Torquay—Wmn. PENGELLEY, Esa., F.R.S., G.S. Dublin—GitBert Sanpers, Esq., M.R.I.A. Wolverhampton—Hy. Brcxert, Esq., F.G.S. Edinburgh—Pror. Batrour, M.D., F.R.S., L.S. LIST OF MEMBERS.* NOVEMBER, 1868. Tier Most Gracious Masgrsty THE QUEEN. Adams, William, Esq., F.G.S., Cardiff, Glamorganshire. Adlard, J. E., Esg., Bartholomew Close, H.C. Aitken, John, Esq., Lane End, Bacup, Manchester. Allport, 8., Esq., Snow Hill, Birmingham. Angelin, Professor, Stockholm. Ansted, Professor D. T., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Athenzeum Club; and 33, Brunswick Square, W.C. Arbuthnot, Capt. W., 25, Hyde Park Gardens, W. Asher and Co., Messrs., 18, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 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Darwin, Charles, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Down, Bromley, Kent. Davidson, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Mem. Geol. Soc. France, &c., Vice-President, 33, Park Crescent, Brighton. Daw, E., Esq. (Rev. A. Foster, Little Munden Rectory, Ware). Dawkins, W. Boyd, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, S.W. Dawson, Principal J. W., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S., &c., McGill’s University, Montreal. Day, Rev. Hen. Geo., M.A., Sedbergh, Kendal. Deane, H., Esq., F.L.S., Clapham Common, Surrey, S. De Castro, James C., Esq. (S 9) De Gray and Ripon, Earl, 1, Belgrave Square, S.W. Denison, Col. Sir William, R.E., K.C.B., F.R.S., R.A.S., Observatory, East Sheen, S.W. Deshayes, Mons. G. P., F.M.G.S., Paris. Devonshire, Duke of, Chancellor of the University of London, F.R.S., G.S., &c., Devonshire House, Piccadilly, W. Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter (by Ed. Parfitt, Esq.) Dewilde, G. R., Esy., 14, Peak Hill Avenue, Sydenham. Dickinson, F. H., Esq., King Weston, Somerton. 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Edinburgh Geological Society, 5, St. Andrew Squrre, Edinburgh. Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Argyle Square, Edinburgh, Edwards, F. H., Esq., F.G.S., 22, Woburn Square, W.C. Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart., M.P., Trustee Brit. Museum, F.R.S., G.S., &e., Oulton Park, Cheshire; and 288, Albemarle Street, W. Elliott, John, Esq., Kingsbridge, Devon. Elliot, Sir Walter, K.S.I., F.L.S., Woifelee, Hawick, N.B. Enniskillen, William Willoughby, Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Florence Court, Enniskillen ; and Athenzeum Club, 8.W. Eskrigge, R. A., Esq., 3, Batavia Buildings, Liverpool. Etheridge, R., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, S.\\V Evans, John, Esq., F.R.S., Sec.G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead. Evans, Thomas, M.D., Gloucester. Eyton, Thomas C., Esq., F.L.S., G.S., &c., Eyton, near Wellington, Salop. Falconer, Thomas, Esq., F.G.S., Usk, Monmouthshire. Falkner, Frederick, Esq., Somersetshire Bank, Bath. 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Gardner, J. S., Esq., F.G.S., Park House, St. John’s Wood Park, N.W, Gassiot, I. P., Esq., F.R.S., &c., Clapham, S. Gatty, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., Felbridge Park, East Grinstead. Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Leeds. Geological Society of Manchester. Geological Survey of Great Britain, Paleontological Department, Jermyn Street, S.W. Geologists’ Association, University College, W.C. Gibson, G. S., Esq., Saffron Walden. Gibson, Thomas F., Esq., F.G.8., &c., Broadwater Down, Tunbridge Wells. Gilbertson, Henry, Esq., Hertford. Gilchrist, J., M.D., Crichton Royal Institution, Dumfries. Glasgow Geological Society, Andersonian University, Glasgow. Gloucester Literary Society, Gloucester (by Dr. B. Wagbourn). Godlee, Rickman, Esq., Lillies, Upton, Essex. Godwin-Austen, R. A. C., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &., Local Secretary, Chilworth Manor, Guildford, Surrey. Gordon, P. L., Esq., Craigmyle. Gongh, Capt. the Hon. 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Ipswich Museum, Ipswich. J’Anson, E., Esq., 7a, Laurence Pountney Hill, E.C. James, Colonel Sir H., R.E., F.R.S., G.S., &., Ordnance Survey, Southampton. Jarvis, Richard H., Esq., F.G.S., Beckenham, Kent, S.E. Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, Esq., F.R.S., L.8., G.S., 25, Devonshire Place, Portland Place, W. Johnes, J., Esq., F.G.S., Dolancothy, Llandilo, Wales. Johnson, William, Esq., Eton College. Jones, John, Esq., Newport Road, Middlesborough. 11 Jukes, J. Beete, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Geological Survey of Ireland, 51, Stephen’s Green, Dublin. Judd, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, S.W. Kenyon, Robert, Esq., 6, Lower Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. Kenyon, the Hon. Mrs. Thomas, Pradoe, near Shrewsbury. King, W. P., Esq., Avonside, Clifton Down, Bristol. Kinnaird, Lord, Rossie Priory, Inchture, N.B. Kingston, G. S., Esq., Grote Street, Adelaide, South Australia, Knight, Captain E., 15, Elvaston Place, South Kensington, W. Krantz, Herr, Bonn. Lawrance, John, Esq., F.G.S., Elton, Oundle. Leckenby, John, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Scarborough. Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., The Waldrons, Croydon, S. Lee, John Edward, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Caerleon, Monmouthshire. Leeds Library, Leeds, Yorkshire. Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, Town Museum, Leicester. Leighton, W. H., Esq., 2, Merton Place, Turnham Green, W. Leonard, Edward J., Esq., Engineer’s Office, West India Docks, E. Lightbody, Robert, Esq., Ludlow. Lindsay, Charles, Esq. (by W. Stuart, Esq., Walbrook Buildings, Walbrook, E.C.) Lingard, John R., Esq., 4, Westminster Chambers, S.W. Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. Lister, J. J., Esq., F.R.S., &c., Upton, Essex. Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield (by J. Holland, Esq., Music Hall, Sheffield). Liveing, Professor G. D., M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge. Liverpool Free Public Library. Liverpool Natural History Society. Lloyd, J. H., Esq., 10, Lancaster Gate, W. Lobley, J. L., Esq., 50, Lansdowne Road, Kensington Park, W. London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. Lovén, Professor 8., Stockholm. Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., L.S., 15, Lombard Street, E.C. Lucas, Joseph, jun., Esq., Upper Tooting, Surrey. Lucas, John F., Esq., Middleton, Yolgrave, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Ludlow Natural History Society. Lyall, George, Esq., F.G.S., 38, Winchester Street, South Shields. Lyell, Sir C., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., L.8., G.S., &c., 72, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W. Lyon, Bibliothéque de la Ville de. McAndrew, R., Esq., F.R.S., Bond Street Chambers, Walbrook, E.C. McCollough, D.M., M.D., Larchfield, Abergavenny. 12 Mackeson, Henry B., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Hythe, Kent. Mackey, Colonel, Fairhill, near Exeter. Maclean, William C., Esq., 5, Camperdown Terrace, Great Yarmouth. Macmillan, Messrs., Cambridge. MeMorran, A., Esq., Cheapside, E.C. Macredie, P. B. M., Esq., Perceton House, Irvine, N.B. Madras Government Museum (per Messrs. Williams and Norgate). Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, Upper Thames Street, E.C. Mann, C. S., Esq., F.G.S., Eltham, Kent, S.E. Mansel, John, Esq., F.G.S., Longthorns, Blandford, Dorset. Manzoni, Dr. Angelo, Ravenia. Marés, Mons. P., Paris. Marshall, James G., Esq., F.G.S., Headingley, near Leeds. Marshall, Matthew, Esq., Bank of England, H.C. Marshall, Reginald D., Esq., Cookridge Hall, Leeds. Marsham, Hon. Robert, F.G.S., The Moat, Maidstone. Martin, Miss, Bredon’s Norton, near Tewkesbury. Mathews, W., jun., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Maton, Professor B. Matthieson, James, Esq., 22, Belitha Villas, Barnsbury Park, N. Maw, G., Esq., F.S.A., L.S., G.S., Benthall Hall, Broseley, Salop. Meade, Rev. R. J., Castle Cary. Merian, Professor Dr. Pierre, F.M.G.S., Directeur du Muséum, Basle. Meryon, Edward, M.D., F.G.S., 14, Clarges Street, W. Millar, John, M.D., F.L.S., G.S., Bethnall House, Cambridge Road, N.E. Milne-Edwards, Dr. Henry, F.M.G.S., Paris. Mitchell, F. J., Esq., Llanbrechba Grange, Newport, Monmouthshire. Mitchell, W. S., Esq., LL.B., F.L.S., G.S., New University Club, St. James’s Street, S.W. Mitchenson, Rev. John, D.C.L., King’s School, Canterbury. Moller, Captain Valerian, Institut des Mines, St. Petersburg. Monk, James, Esq., Aden Cottage, Durham. Moore, J. Carrick, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 113, Eaton Square, S.W. Moore, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., 6, Cambridge Place, Widcome Hill, Bath. Moore, Joseph, Esq., Grasmere Lodge, Lower Tulse Hill, S. Morgan, William, Esq., Bryn Nant, Swansea. Morton, George Highfield, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 5, London Road, Liverpool. Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart., D.C.L., F..8., G.S., &c., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent. Murehison, Sir RB. 1.,, Bart., K.C.B., G:C.St:S8., D:C.il., M.A, “EK.S., GS. daiSs eee Vice President, 16, Belgrave Square, S.W. Murdock, James Barclay, Esq., 33, Lynedoch Street, Glasgow. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, S.W. Mushet, Robert, Esq., F.G.S., Royal Mint, Little Tower Hill, E. Nantes, Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de. Neale, Edward Vansittart, Esq., West Wickham, Kent. Nicholl, W. A., Esq., Ham Court, Glamorganshire. Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich. Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society, School of Art, Nottingham. 13 Nunneley, Thomas, Esq., Local Secretary, 22, Park Place, Leeds. Nutt, D., Esq.. Strand, W.C. Oldham, Mrs., 58, Churchgate, Stockport. Oldham, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., 18, Pembroke Road, Dublin. Onate, Countess of, Madrid. Ormerod, G. W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., &c., Chagford, Exeter. Oswestry Naturalists’ Field Club, Oswestry. Owen, Professor R., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., &c., Vice-President, British Museum, W.C. Paine, Mrs. J. M., Farnham, Surrey. Papillon, Rev. J., Rectory, Lexden, Colchester. Parker, J., Esq., F.G.S., Turl Street, Oxford. Parry, Thomas G., Esq., F.G.S., Highnam Court, near Gloucester. Pattison, 8S. R., Esq., F.G.S., 50, Lombard Street, E.C. Paynter, Rev. Samuel, Stoke Hill, Guildford, Surrey. Peabody Institution, America. Pearson, Sir Edwin, K.H., M.A., F.R.S., &c., Wimbledon, S.W Pease, Thomas, Esq., F.G.S., Cote Bank, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach. Pengelly, William, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Local Secretary, Torquay. Penny, Rev. James, M.A., &c., Blandford. Penruddocke, Charles, Esq., Compton Park, near Salisbury. Perceval, Spencer George, Esq., Severn House, Henbury, Bristol. Perkins, Rev. R. B., Wootton-Underedge, Gloucestershire. Phillips, John, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S., &¢., Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford, Vice-President, Museum, Oxford. Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Phear, Rev. George, F.G.S., Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Phené, John S., Esq., 34, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W. Pickering, John, Esq., 29, Loraine Road, Upper Holloway, N. Pictet, Mons. F. J., Professor of Zoology, Academy of Geneva. Pidgeon, Jonathan S., Esq., Pembridge Villa, Bayswater, W. Plant, James, Esq., Local Secretary, 40, West Terrace, West Street, Leicester. Pollock, Lady, Clapham Common, S. Portal, Wyndham S., Esq., Malshanger House, Basingstoke. Porter, Henry, M.D., F.G.S., Peterborough. Portman, Hon, Miss, 5, Princes Gate, Hyde Park, S.W. Poynton, Rev. Francis, Rectory, Kelston, Bath. Prestwich, Joseph, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., 10, Kent Terrace, Regent’s Park Road, N.W. Prout, Rev. Bee BGS.; Se, Fairfield, Torquay. Powrie, James, Vilsd): F. Gi S., Reswallie, Forfar. Provis, William he, Hsq., PG-S.,’ The Gree Ellesmere, Salop. Quaritch, B., Esq., Piccadilly, W. Queen’s College, Cork (by Messrs. Hodges and Smith). Queen’s College, Galway. Queen’s College, Oxford. Raban, Capt. R. B., Shirehampton, Bristol. Radcliffe Library, Oxford. Ramsay, Mrs. Wm., Rannagubzion, Blairgowrie. Ramsay, Professor A. C., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S., &., Museum Pract. Geology, Jermyn Street, S.W. Ransome, Robert Charles, Esq., Ipswich. Regnés, Mons., Paris. Renevier, Mons. E., Professor of Geology, Academy of Lausanne, Switzerland. Richardson, James, Esq., Glaurafon, Swansea. Richardson, William, Esq., High Field, Southouram, near Halifax. Ricketts, Charles, M.D., F.G.S., 22, Argyle Street, Birkenhead. Ripon Scientific Society. Risley, Rev. William Cotton, M.A., Deddington, Oxfordshire. Robbins, George, Esq., F.G.S., Midford Castle, near Bath. Rofe, John, Esq., F.G.S., &c., 7, Queen Street, Lancaster. Roper, F. C. S8., Esq., F.G.S., L.8., 157, Maida Vale, W. Rose, C. B., Esq., F.G.S., &c., 28, King Street, Great Yarmouth. Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 94, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W. Rothery, Charles W., Esq., Greta Hall, Keswick. Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich, S.E. Royal College of Science for Ireland, Stephen’s Green, Dublin. Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C. Royal Dublin Society, Dublin. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Penzance. Royal Geological Society of Ireland, 2, Foster Place, College Green, Dublin. Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street, W. Royal Institution, Liverpool. Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea. Royal Irish Academy, 19, Dawson Street, Dublin. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Royal Society of London, Burlington House, W. Rudd, Rev. Leonard H., M.A., Kempsey, Worcester. Russ, James, Esq., F.G.S., Great Minster Street, Winchester. Rutter, John, Esq., minster. Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Heath House, Warrington. Sabine, General, R.A., F.R.S., L.8., &c., 18, Ashley Place, Westminster, S.W. Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park. Salter, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., &c., 8, Bolton Road, Boundary Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Sanders, Gilbert, Hsq., M.R.I.A., &c., Local Secretary, Brockley on the Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin. Sanders, W., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Local Secretary, 21, Richmond Terrace, Clifton, Bristol. Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, Wellington, Somerset. Saul, G. T., Esq., F.Z.S., Bow Lodge, Bow Road, E. 15 Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., 9, Finsbury Circus, E.C. Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S., L.8., &c., Lloyd’s, H.C. Savy, Mons. F., Local Secretary, 24, Rue Hautefeuille, Paris. Scarborough Philosophical Society. Sedgwick, Rev. Adam, M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Cambridge. Sharman, George, Esq., 9, St. George’s Road, Kilburn. Sharp, John, Hsq., F.G.8., Local Secretary, Culverden Hill, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. Sharp, Samuel, Esq., F.G.S., 8.A., Dallington Hall, Northampton. Shaw, John, M.D., F.G.S., &e., Hop House, Boston, Lincolnshire. Sheppard, T. Byard, Esq., Selwood Cottage, Frome. Sheppard, Alfred B., Esq., Torquay. Sidney Sussex College Library, Cambridge. , Simpson, J. B., Esq., Hedgefield House, Blaydon-on-Tyne. Skaife, John, Esq., 6, Union Street, Blackburn. Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes. Smith, Rev. Charles Lesingham, Little Canfield Rectory, near Chelmsford, Essex. Smith, Captain Robert, Frankford Avenue, Rathgar, Dublin. Smith, Rev. Urban, Stoney Middleton. Smithe, J. D., Esq., C.E., F.G.S., Madhopoor, Punjab (by Messrs. Smith, Elder, and Co.). St. Peter’s College, Cambridge. : Somersetshire Archzological and Natural History Society, Museum, Taunton. Sopwith, T., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., 103, Victoria Street, S.W. South Shields Geological Club. Sowerby, James de Carle, Esq., F.L.S., &c., Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. Spicer, Henry, Esq., jun., 19, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, E.C. Spink, J., Esq., Drax, Selby. Spragge, W. Kennaway, Esq., the Quarry, Paignton, South Devon. Steedman, John, Esq., Charlestown by Dunfermline. Stewart, Mrs. Elizabeth, 42, King Street, Lancaster. Stobart, W. C., Esq., Etherley House, Darlington. Stoddart, W. W., Esq., F.G.S., 9, North Street, Bristol. Stubbs, Charles E., Esq., Henley-on-Thames. Studer, Herr B., For.M.G.S., Professor of Geology, Berne. Sunderland Corporation Museum. Sunderland Geological Society. Sunderland Subscription Library. Swayne, H. J. F., Esq., The Island, Wilton, Wilts. Tate, Geo., Esq., F.G.S., Alnwick, N.B. Tawney, E. B., Esq., F.G.S., Woodville, Ilfracombe, N. Devon. Taylor, S. Watson, Esq., Erlestoke Park, Devizes. Tennant, Professor Jas., F.G.S., &c., 149, Strand, W.C. (Two Copies.) Teuchner, Professor. The General Administration of Mines and Salt-works in Munich (by Messrs. Williams and Norgate). Thomas, Capt. F. W. L., R.N., H.M.S. “ Woodlark,” Trinity, near Edinburgh, Thompson, Miss §., Stamford. Thompson, Thomas, Esq., Hull. 16 Thomson, Alexander, Esq., F.R.S.E., Banchory House, Aberdeen. Thomson, Professor Wyville, LL.D., F.G.S., Queen’s College, Belfast. Tomes, John, Esq., 37, Cavendish Square, W. Torquay Natural History Society. Traquair, Professor R. H., M.D., Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Trautschold, Dr., Moscow. Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart., F.G.S., Wellington, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; and Atheneum Club, S.W. Trinity College, Cambridge. Turner, E. J., Esq., Fairlight Villas, Clapham, 8. Twamley, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., 6, Queen’s Road, Gloucester Gate, Regent’s Park, N.W. Tyler, Chas., Esq., F..S., G.S., 24, Holloway Place, Holloway, N. Tylor, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Warwick Lane, Newgate Street, E.C. University of Edinburgh. University of Glasgow. University Library, Aberdeen. University Library, Leipzig. University Library, St. Andrew’s. Verneuil, Mons. Edouard de, Mem. de 1’Instit., F.M.G.S., 57, Rue de la Madeleine, Paris. Vernon Park Museum, Stockport. Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter. Wadge, Captain, Trinity College, Dublin. Wall, Geo. P., Esq., F.G.S., Pitmoor, near Sheffield. Walmstedt, Dr. L. P., Professor of Mineralogy, Upsala. Walton, William, Esq., 11, Paragon, Blackheath, S.E. Walton, William, Esq., Local Secretary, 17, Grosvenor Place, Bath. Ward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Oaklands, Wolverhampton. Wardle, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., St. Edward Street, Leek. Waring, Samuel Long, Esq., F.G.S., The Oaks, Norwood, Surrey, S. Warrington Museum and Library. Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick. Watson, Rev. R. B., F.G.S., 4, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. West, G. Herbert, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., 61, Wimpole Street, W. Wetherell, N. T., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Highgate, N. White, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S., &c., Castle Street, Cow Cross, E.C. Willaume, T. B. T., Esq., jun., 24, Chester Terrace, Regent’s Park. Willcock, J. W., Esq., 6, Stone Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn, W.C. Williams and Norgate, Messrs., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C. Willis and Sotheran, Messrs., Strand, W.C. Wilson, J. M., Esq., B.A., F.G.S., Rugby. Wilson, Rev. Dr. W., Southampton. Wiltshire, Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.L.S., G.S., &c., Honorary Secretary, 13, Granville Park, Lewisham, Kent, S.E. pl, Winstone, Benjamin, M.D., 7, Ely Place, Holborn, E.C. Witts, Rev. E. F., F.G.S., Rectory, Upper Slaughter, near Stow-on-the- Wold. Winwood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., 4, Cavendish Crescent, Bath. Wolley-Dod, Rev. Charles, Eton College. Wood, Edward, Esq., F.G.S., R.S.L., &c., Local Secretary, Richmond, Yorkshire. Wood, Henry, Esq., 10, Cleveland Square, Bayswater, W. Wood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Holwell Rectory, Sherborne, Dorset. Wood, Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S., Penola, South Australia. Wood, S. V., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Treasurer, Brentwood, Essex. Woodall, Capt. J. W., M.A., F.G.S., &c., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough. Woodd, C. H. L., Esq., F.G.S., S.A., &c., Hillfield, Hampstead, N.W. Woodward, Charles, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Compton Terrace, Islington, N. Woodward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Z.S., British Museum, W.C. Worcestershire Natural History Society, Foregate, Worcester. Wright, F. Beresford, Esq., Aldercar Hill, Langley Mill, Derbyshire. Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 7, Donegall Street, Belfast. Wright, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E., G.S., Local Secretary, St. Margaret’s Terrace, Cheltenham. Wurzburg, the Royal University Library of. Yates, James, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., Lauderdale House, Highgate, N. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Club, York (by Ed. Smallwood, Esgq.). Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York. Young, James, Esq., Burr Street, Tower Hill, E. Zoological Society of London, 11, Hanover Square, W. 18 CATALOGUE OF WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED BY THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY: Showing the OrvurR of publication; the Yuars during which the Society has been in operation ; and the Contents of each yearly Volume. Vol. I. Issued for the Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 21 plates. ”? 39 Iii. IV. we 1 The Reptilia of the London Clay, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Profs. Owen and Bell, 38 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 9 plates. { The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 7 plates. The Permian Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King, 29 plates. ad | The Reptilia of the London Clay, Part II, Crocodilia and Ophidia, &c., by Prof. Owen, 1849 4 18 plates. ; | The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Milne-Edwa:ds L and Jules Haime, 11 plates. The Crag Mollusca, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 12 plates. The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 15 1850 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 18 plates. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen, 39 plates. 1851 ie Fossil Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, 19 plates. The Fossil Lepadide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 5 plates. 19 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. { The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne- Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. amv. Issued for the Year j The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part I, Tertiary, by Mr. Davidson, 2 plates. cy NAO » WITT. eX. * This Vol. is marked on the outside 1855. ” The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. [ The Eocene Mollusca, Part II, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 6 plates. The Radiaria of the Crag, London Clay, &c., by Prof. E. Forbes, 4 plates. 1852 fi The ae Corals, Part IV, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne-Hdwards and Jules Haime, 10 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. 1853 4 The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 10 plates. The dagen of the Great Oolite, Part II, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 8 ates. ! The Mollusca of the Crag, Part IT, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen, 9 plates. [ The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. | The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 7 plates. #1954 2 The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 2 plates. The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 6 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 8 L plates. ( The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 11 plates. | The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 12 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 2, Prosobranchiata, continued, by Mr. F. E. 71855 { Edwards, 4 plates. | The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part III, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 11 plates, | The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Part I, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Part IT, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 12 plates. [ The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. 1856 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part IV, Permian, by Mr. Davidson, 4 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part IV, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates. L The Reptilia of the London Clay (Supplement), by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. + This Vol. is marked on the outside 1856. 20 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. : The Fossil Echinodermata, Part IIT, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. Vol. XI. Issued for the zee 4 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement 1), by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. ‘ The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 8 plates. The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk, 22 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Part IV, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates. | The Eocene Mollusca, Part ILI, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. E. Eidwards, 6 plates. ex 55 1858 4 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 3, No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 7 plates. The Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 13 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates. yy 200k 55 1859 ( The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formation, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates. LV. ys 1860 , The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. | The Fossil Hstheriz, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates. L The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Vol. II, Part I (Oolitic Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13 es BS “5 1861 plates. Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates. ¢ The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright. 11 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I, by Mr. J. W. Salter, 6 plates. PPO WAL, . 1862 { The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VI, No. 1, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. | The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood, 7 plates. F The Reptilia of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen, 10 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W. Salter, 8 plates. 5 WL, és 1863 ¢ The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates. The Belemnitidx, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates. Vol. XVIII. Issued for the Year 5 OE pe. 21 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. r The ee dee: Vol. II, Part II (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 6 ates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part III, by Mr. J. W. J Salter, 11 plates. The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. 1864 | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd | ; Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates. Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous, L and Wealden Formations. { The Crag Foraminifera, Part I, No. 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and ; H. B. Brady, 4 plates. 1865 4 Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates. | The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates. L The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 12 plates. ( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part TV (Silurian), by Mr. 1866 4 J. W. Salter, 6 plates. [ The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Belemnitide, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 13 plates. ( Flora of Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. | The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. 1867 i The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, 5 plates. [ The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis spelea, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part II, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. 1868 4 The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. | The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelwa, continued, with F. Lynx, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates. 22 LIST OF MONOGRAPHS Completed, in course of Publication, and in Preparation. MONOGRAPHS which have been Comp.tetrEep :— The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Devonian, and Silurian Corals, by MM. Milne-Edwards and J, Haime. The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Mr. G. Busk. The Tertiary Echinodermata, by Professor Forbes. The Fossil Cirripedes, by Mr. C. Darwin. The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Liassic, Permian, Carboniferous, and Devonian Brachiopoda, by Mr. T. Davidson. The Mollusca of the Crag, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. The Great Oolite Mollusca, by Professor Morris and Mr. J. Lycett. The Cretaceous (Upper) Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe. The Fossils of the Permian Formation, by Professor King. The Reptilia of the London Clay (and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds), by Professors Owen and Bell. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous, Wealden, and Purbeck Formations, by Professor Owen. MONOGRAPHS in course of PusBLication :*+— The Flora of the Carboniferous Formation, by Mr. E. W. Binney. The Crag Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Dr. Duncan. The Echinodermata of the Oolitic and Cretaceous Formations, by Dr. Wright. The Fossil Merostomata, by Mr. H. Woodward. * Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary. 23 MONOGRAPHS in course of Pustication— Continued. The Trilobites of the Mountain-Limestone, Devonian, and Silurian Formations, by Mr. J. W. Salter. The Malacostracous Crustacea, by Professor Bell. The Eocene Mollusca, by Messrs. F. EH. Edwards and 8. V. Wood. The Silurian Brachiopoda, by Mr. Davidson. The Belemnites, by Professor Phillips. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester. The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, by Professor Owen. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, by Professor Owen. The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford. MONOGRAPHS which are in course of PREPARATION :*— The Flora of the Tertiary Formation, by Mr. W. 8S. Mitchell. The Cretaceous Foraminifera, by Messrs. T, Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady. The Foraminifera of the Lias, by Mr. H. B. Brady. The Graptolites, by Professor Wyville Thomson. The Polyzoa of the Chalk Formation, by Mr. G. Busk. The Crinoidea, by Professor Wyville Thomson. The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by the Rev. H. W. Crosskey and Messrs. G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. The Wealden, Purbeck, and Jurassic Entomostraca, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones and G. 8S. Brady. The Bivalve Entomostraca of the Carboniferous Formations, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones and J. W. Kirkby. The Phyllopoda of the Palzozoic Rocks, by Mr. J. W. Salter. The Post-Tertiary Mollusca, by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys. The Cretaceous Mollusca (exclusive of the Brachiopoda), by the Rev. T. Wiltshire. The Purbeck Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Inferior Oolite Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Rheetic Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Liassic Gasteropoda, by Mr. Ralph Tate. The Ammonites of the Lias, by Dr. Wright. The Cetacea of the Crag, by Professor Owen. * Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary. 24 Dates of the Issue of the Yearly Volumes of the Paleontographical Society. The Volume for 1847 was issued to 33 IS 33 33 2) 29 a9 3» 2) 3) 9 a) 3) 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 a3 33 3) 2) 37 3) 3 ” 3) a) 3 >”) ”? 33 33 3) oP 3 ” the Members, +) 2) 3) ”? March, 1848. July, 1849. 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ZS & FY B ee | 8 & a le i = 8 |< 8 S 5 : ‘VIVINOILUV ‘VLVICVE Cosa i *BAIFTUTUIBIO,T ‘sosuodg ‘VOZ0LOUd SLNVTId eeeeee WEL UBD UBLINTIS “* WeMOAA snosaytioqaey “ee CBU OISSBLLY, seeeeeeee OISSULT “88888* OMTTOG "ee" maple AA “*"* snosvovyoly **e eens OTIQUONT sae pies ae OBIS) *** 990048191 q (SOSI—LPST) SIWATOA 'IVANNY ay we pagrsasap pun pasnbif ipnaypo sTIssog UsILINg ay? burpeqrywa ATAV, TVOIHAVADILVULG inn f a 7 7 ae a ae : = wy ; i: PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1868. LONDON: MDCCCLXIX. POTTOOe “AOU ARO gaa LVAD Ae Nf > ee an Pat ay te je Awe AL i A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS. SECOND SERIES. BY P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. LOND., F.R.S., FELLOW OF, AND SECRETARY TO, THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Being a Supplement to the ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals, by MM. Mitns-Kpwarns and Jutes Haine. PART: Ib, Nox, 1. Corats From THE Wuire CuHaLk, Tue Uppes Greensand, aND THE Rep CHALK or HUNSTANTON. Pages 1—26; Plates I—IX. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1869. 7 ‘ 7 4 FAX I i : . ’ é, , ry ae a 5 6 Geri Won tHs9 e , 6 & J | ° é tf AAt rieyt> 4% al Ay i ome \ f= | a le RD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. . a ‘ : ° ; VII. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION : ; : ; CoRALs FROM THE WuHITE CHaLk; DescripTion oF SPECIES List oF New Species List oF SpEcIEs . : : ; : 2 ‘ CoraLs FROM THE UPPER GREENSAND, DESCRIPTION OF List or Species CoRALs FROM THE Rep CHALK or Hunstanton, DESCRIPTION OF PAGE ‘ ee AEM WED 4 a b Bet | way Pao anaite tien: Mum any nelle, eee | | i ee ee | eval , bib os ie iy oh ad wae s Gr hie ee ay ajar i€ ia ee” ea ’ rs, Pred Ate, want hed aap ae sare ony yy . mh ¢ , ; 1 ve 3 \ : ' 4 4 Lent 4 , ; A, . a, > ; a ag 4 ° ee > @ .ef(A S12 ee ae te 7 6 a ; ® - a f Cee 7 = A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS. (SECOND SERIES.) Part IT.—No. 1. CoRALS FROM THE CretAcrous FORMATIONS. INTRODUCTION. NovrwWITHSTANDING several years have elapsed since MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime wrote their description of the Corals of the British Cretaceous series, and vast additions have been lately made to the faunze of the Chalk, Upper Greensand, Gault, and Lower Greensand, very few new Madreporaria have been discovered in these Upper Secondary deposits. A few species which had been described by Mr. Lonsdale before MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime wrote their Monograph for the Palzontographical Society, but which those authors did not consider sufficiently distinguished, appear, from the study of new specimens and the examination of the original types, to be worthy of re-publication. These species, with some others known in Continental Cretaceous deposits, but not hitherto noticed in Great Britain, and several new species, are described and illustrated in this Part. Some important varieties of the species described by MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime and by Mr. Lonsdale have been studied and described, and some illustrations of the specific forms themselves have been added in consequence of the reception of fine specimens. L Ch) BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS CorALS FROM THE Upper anp Lower Warrte Caatx.! MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime noticed and described nine species from these formations. One of these species had been previously described by Mantell and another by Reuss, so that seven species were added to our British fauna through the industry of the great French Zoophytologists. During the last few months I have thoroughly examined the specimens offered to me and those which had been studied by Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, Lonsdale, and Mantell. I can add ten new species to the list of the Corals from the White Chalk, and five good varieties of formerly known species. It is necessary, also, to admit a species of Mr. Lonsdale’s, and to suppress one of MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime’s. Sectrion—APOROSA. Faminy—TURBINOLID. Division—CarYOPHYLLACEA. Genus—CaRYOPHYLLIA. MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime adopted for a Coral from the Upper Chalk the name Cyathina levigata. 'They published this name in their “ Monog. des Turbinolides” (‘Ann. des Sciences Nat.,’ 3me série, vol. ix, p. 290, 1848), and in their ‘ Monograph of the Corals of the Upper Chalk’ (Pal. Soc., 1850). Lonsdale named the same coral M/onocarya centralis, Dixon (‘ Geol. of Sussex,’ 1850), and probably JJonocarya cultrata also. In 1850 D’Orbigny (‘Prodr. de Paléont.,’ t. ii, p. 275, 1850) gave the Coral the specific name cylindracea, it having become evident that Reuss was the primary disco- verer of the species in 1846. In his ‘ Kreideformation,’ p. 61, pl. xiv, figs. 23—30, Reuss gave the name Axthophyllum cylindraceum. The genus of the Coral is evidently Caryophyllia in the sense adopted by Charles Stokes in 1828. 1 The following authors have written upon this subject : Parkinson, ‘ Organic Remains of a Former World,’ &c., 1811. Mantell, ‘Geol. of Sussex,’ 1822 ; and ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ 2nd series, vol. iii, 1829. Fleming, ‘ British Animals,’ 1828. Phillips, ‘ Illust. Geol. York,’ part i, 1829. S. Woodward, ‘Syn. Table of Brit. Org. Remains,’ 1830. R. C. Taylor, in ‘Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ vol. ili, p. 271, 1830. MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, op. cit. Lonsdale, in Dixon’s ‘ Geol. Sussex,’ 1850. FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER WHITE CHALK. 3 MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, having all this information before them, very properly admit the generic and specific names to be Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss, sp. (‘ Hist. Nat. des Corall.,’ vol. ii, p. 18). This species is very polymorphic, and the pali of some specimens are very like the outer terminations of the columellary structures in some Parasmilie. Very frequently it is hardly possible to determine in Caryophyllia cylindracea which are pali and which the ends of the columellary fasciculi. Moreover, in some specimens the base is small and the costee reach low down, whilst in others the base is normal and large, the coste being abnormal from their length. There is a new species of this genus in the Dunstable Chalk and another in the Chalk of Sussex. There are thus three species of Caryophyllia in the Upper Chalk of England : 1. Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss, sp. 2. zs Lonsdalei, Duncan. 3. = Tennanti sa 1. CARYOPHYLLIA CYLINDRACEA, Feuss, sp. PI. I, figs. 7—12. In the British Museum, Dixon Collection. 2. Caryopuyiiia Lonspaet, Duncan. PI. I, figs. 1—3. The corallum has a large and encrusting base, and the stem is cylindro-conical and straight. There is a slight curve near the base. The calice is circular, small, not very open, and moderately deep. The columella is small, and is terminated by rod-shaped processes. The septa are slightly exsert, the primary especially. There are three complete cycles, and the septa of the higher orders of the fourth cycle are not developed in every system. The primary, secondary, and tertiary septa are very alike. They have a wavy inner edge, and are granular. The pali are situated before the tertiary septa, and are knob-shaped and rather flat from side to side. The costz are nearly equal at the calicular margin, and pass downwards as flat, band- like prominences, separated by shallow intercostal grooves. ‘They are continued to the base, but are hidden midway by an epithecal growth. Height of the corallum, :ths inch. Breadth of the calice, rd inch. ‘Locality. Dunstable. In the Collection of the Rev. T. Wiltshire, F.G.S. This species is readily distinguished by its coste, and is more closely allied to C. cylindracea than to any other form. 4 BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS 3. Caryopuynuia Tennanti, Duncan. PI. I, figs. 4—6. The corallum has a large base, a curved cylindrical stem, and an inclined elliptical calice. It is short in relation to its broad base. The calice is open and shallow. The columella is small, and terminates in twelve knob-shaped endings to the fasciculi. The septa are unequal, and there are five incomplete cycles. The laminz are marked with curved lines of granules, are wavy and unequal. The pali are higher than the columellary processes, are wavy, flattened, and curved. The costz are sub-equal in the upper third, but are not seen below. Height, ltrd inch. Length of calice, ths inch. Locality. Sussex; Upper Chalk. In the Collection of Professor 'Tennant, F.G.S. This species connects the Cretaceous Caryophylie@ with those of the Tertiary and Recent systems. Famity—TURBINOLID &. Division—TurBINOLIACES. Genus nov.—ONcHOTROCHUS. The corallum is simple, tall, slender, rather hook-shaped or clavate, and presents evidences of irregular growth. There is no endotheca. The costa are rudimentary, and there is no columella. The septa are few in number. The epitheca is pellicular and striated. The genus is somewhat allied to Smlotrochus, Stylotrochus, and very distantly to Flabellum. _. OncHorRrocuus sERPENTINUS, Duncan. Pl. VI, figs. 1—4. The corallum is tubulate, curved superiorly, and straight and tapering inferiorly. A sudden diminution in the diameter of the upper part of the corallum exists. The coste are quite rudimentary. The epitheca is marked with fine transverse striations. FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER WHITE CHALK. 5 The septa are continuous with what appear to be rudimentary intercostal spaces. The laminz are twelve in number; they project into the circular calice, but are not exsert. A section proves that they are very stout, even low down in the corallum. Length of the corallum, 1 inch. Diameter of the calice, th inch. Locality. Charlton, Kent. In the Collection of the Rev. T. Wiltshire, F.G.S. ‘This species is mimetic of Parasmilia serpentina, Ed. and H., from the same geological horizon, just as Zrochosmilia cylindrica is mimetic of Parasmilia cylindrica. The Stylo- trochi of the Cambridge Upper Greensand are closely allied to this species, which is found in the Grey Chalk and Lower White Chalk. ASTRAID A. FAMILY Genus—TROCHOSMILIA. Sub-genus—C@10SMILIA. It is a great question whether Celosmilia can stand as a genus. It is impossible to separate its species from those of Zrochosmilia by an external examination, and sections prove that there is no columella and a very scanty endotheca. Still there is an endo- theca, and the visceral cavity of the Coral was not open from top to bottom, as in the Turbinolide. It is true that there is a facies common to the Calosmilia, and that they are a natural group; but, in fact, they do not differ from a Zrochosmilia with scanty endotheca. On studying the genus Zrochosmilia it will be noticed that many of its species have never been described with reference to their endotheca. Many were deter- mined from one or two specimens, and sections of the majority have not been made. Now, Zrochosmilia sulcata, Kd. and H., has very little endotheca; it is a species from the Gault, and the Celosmilig are all from the Cretaceous, Eocene, and recent Coral- faune. In placing Celosmilia as a sub-genus, but included in Zrochosmilia, it must be admitted that the classification becomes simpler and more natural. Since MM. Milne- Edwards and Jules Haime published their ‘Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires,’ some new species of Calosmilia have been published or described. The following species have been described : 1. Celosmilia poculum, Ed. & H., recent. Pi f Faujasi, ‘ White Chalk, Ciply. 3. os punctata, 4 ‘; 4. ¥ laxa, a Norwich Chalk. 5. ye Edwardsi, D’Orb., Sezanne. 6. 5 Atlantica, Martin, sp., Timber Creek, New Jersey. he - excavata, Wagenow, sp., Chalk of Rugen. 8. et radicata, Quenstedt, Nattheim. 6 BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS The new species are— 9. Calosmilia elliptica, Reuss, Castel Gomberto. 10. x Javana, Duncan, MS., Java. ante, if cornucopte 4, Trimmingham Chalk. no. a) Wiltshiri i Norwich Chalk. tS: e Woodwardi _,, White Chalk, England. 14. 3 granulata, s a8 15. 53 cylindrica, Py a The species cornucopia, Wiltshirt, Woodwardi, granulata, and cylindrica are new to British palaontology, and are very characteristic of the Upper Chalk. There are in the Upper Chalk three well-marked varieties of Celosmila lava, Ed. & H. An analysis of the species produces the following results. 1. The species AV/antica, punctata, Bdwardsi, excavata, and radicata, either pertain to other species or are really indeterminable. 2. The species whose septal arrangement shows more cycles than four or which have some septa of the fifth cycle are— Calosmilia poculum. » Hawasi. » davana. » cornucopia. se shore. » Woodward. > ellaptica. 3. The species whose septal arrangement shows three cycles or four cycles, or some septa of the fourth cycle, are— Celosmilia granulata. A cylindrica. laxa. 4. The species with large bases and with more than four cycles are— Calosmilia poculum. iz elliptica. 5. The species with a large base and with more than three cycles of septa, but not more than four, is— Celosmilia cylindrica. FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER WHITE CHALK. ‘ds “H % ‘pa ‘vem (:9) «annua (°9) “ opinapooy (9) «nyse (19) « ‘ardoanusod (*2) ‘uvound ‘vupane (‘9) ‘ds “HY ‘pay esnlnnz (2) ‘uvoung ‘vowpurha (9) "ds ‘ssnay ‘vo2gdiyja (‘Q) eé ce ce ce Ty “e ce “c ce ‘ds “Fy 2 ‘pa ‘wnpnood (‘g) nypmsoyoo.uy, { ; * — gaovds [v}S0010jUI Ul paxvUt-ssord pus Yourstp “yueWsTp : ‘ ; * paarno winq[e10o £ payswut A;Suo0sjs pue 24800 a7 § (jo yaed 0) sapoXo anog iepnuers Arad saoeds Teysooraqut f repnwears Asda “Quezstp ‘poy.rwur [TAA : : : : 7 peynutoo pus Suoy UINT[Bt0d § Way} UddAyaq Aazpeuus Auvwe ‘waA0jystA9 [edroutid ay} ‘uoy * payUIWRMIO TONU AaTTBUS ‘WAOJIYSIIOGns puv youystp Yurystp Ara : : 23809 94} ‘ sazoso aAy fjUNWIyIIWe AIUIIOT BB aaoqge [enbaqns { ynoySnoayy waAoyystioqns jo a0v.3 [BMWs B LO JooIped TITAL : : : : , : * wore}ueMBUIO Aq passoid ‘oaoqe wuojystoqns ‘[jvus pue aarp, Ajayeutojye : , : * Tenbaqns puv ourrd Gourstpur ynoysnoaqy | : x : : : * —-yeottpurfso wny[e100 ‘sapoko anoy favauty soovds [eysoo1ojut fapra vy Soutystp Ara . ° . ° . ° . * paamno . € wnyetoa § sapoAd aay {a2}s00 oyvrpaurtazut YIM ‘ATLOIedns wWAOJySII9 ae St eee eee : : : : ‘ : qySrwrys wunT[B109 fsapoAo aay fsonuvis Aq Apsomazur paovjder Guautmord A]prvy ‘(voatopue AyuROs Sutavy) VITINSOTDQ—suuab-guy “AITINSOHOOUL 8 BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS Genus—J'ROCHOSMILIA. Sub-genus—CCLOsMILIA. 1. Trocnosmin1a (Cenosminia) vaxa, Ed. & H. Pi. Ill, figs. 11—17; PL IV, figs. 9—12. In examining good specimens of this species I found the fourth cycle of septa to be present. Its laminz are small, but decidedly visible. Consequently the calice as drawn by MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime (‘ Monog. Brit. Foss. Corals,’ P. I, Pl. VIII, fig. 4c) is incorrect. ‘The following description will apply to three varieties of the species. Variety 1—The corallum is conico-cylindrical and straight. The costz are intensely granular inferiorly, and two large coste are separated by three smaller. Near the calice the larger costa have a wavy cristiform ridge upon them, the intermediate costz being very granular, with chevron patterns, or they may be moni- liform. At the calicular margin the coste are nearly flat and granular. The fourth cycle of septa is distinct. Variety 2.—Inferiorly in structure as variety 1. Superiorly the principal cost are very cristiform, and well marked with a secondary ridge. The chevron markings of the intermediate coste are very distinct. Variely 3.—Coste inferiorly wavy and sparely granular. Superiorly the coste are subcristiform and plain, the continuity of the crests being defective. The interme- diate costze are broken and moniliform, and here and there chevroned. Localities.—Norwich Chalk; Wiltshire Chalk. In the British Museum and in the Salisbury Museum. 2. 'TRocHOsMILIA (C@LOSMILIA) corNnucoPia, Duncan. PI. III, figs. 6—10. The corallum is strongly curved in the plane of the smaller axis, and it is compressed superiorly, and is finely pedunculate. The growth rings and swellings are moderately — developed. The costa are subequal above, and cristate and unequal inferiorly. The septa are numerous and very unequal. ‘There are five cycles of septa and six systems. he primary septa are very exsert, and the secondary are less so. The septa of the fifth cycle are very small. FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER WHITE CHALK. 9 The calice is elliptical, and the fossa very deep, the larger septa joining those opposite at its bottom. There are traces of epitheca. Height, 1 inch. Breadth of calice 3ths inch; length of calice, 1 inch. Depth of fossa gths inch. Locality. Trimmingham; Upper Chalk. In the Collection of the Rev. T. Wilt- shire, F.G.S. 3. TRocHosMILIA (Ca@Losmitia) WittsHiri, Duncan. PI. III, figs. 1—5. The corallum is tall, curved, finely pedicillate, and is not compressed. The growth-rings are distinct. The cost are very distinct and unequal, and they reach from base to calice smaller intermediate coste are ornamented with chevrons and horizontal lines larger coste have a secondary crest upon their free surface. The septa are unequal, slender, and not crowded. The calice is circular. There are five cycles of septa, but the fifth is incomplete in some systems primary septa are large, slightly exsert, and extend far inwards. The calicular margin is very thin, and the fossa is deep. Height, lirdsinch. Diameter of the calice, rds inch. Locality. Norwich; Upper Chalk. In the Collection of the Rev. IT. Wiltshire, F.G.S. The The The . Trocnosmitia (CaLosmin1a) Woopwarpt, Duncan. PI. IV, figs. 5—8. The corallum is tall, cornute, slightly pedicillate, and narrow. The growth-markings are distinct. The coste are distinct from base to calice. Two large subcristiform and very distinct costae bound three intermediate small and more or less moniliform coste. Sets of these coste occur around the corallum. The septa are crowded, wavy, and unequal. Many unite laterally, and the largest reach far into the axial space. The calice is circular, and the wall is very thin. Height, 2 inches. Breadth of the calice, ths inch. Locality. Chalk of South of England. In the British Museum (Dixon Collection). 2 10 BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS 5. ‘TROCHOSMILIA (C@LOSMILIA) GRANULATA, Duncan. PI. IV, figs. 1—4; Pl. VI, fig. 9. The corailum is tall and slightly curved, and it has a long pedicel, with a very distinct base. The corallum is slightly compressed, and bulges here and there. The coste are well marked, distant, subequal, and intensely granular. The larger coste are more distinct inferiorly and midway than close to the calicular margin; they are cristiform in some places, notched by chevron-shaped ornamentation in others, and occasionally sharply pointed or absent. The spaces between the larger coste are wide, faintly convex, and are marked longitudinally by small cost, and transversely by wavy or chevroned ornamentation. The whole external surface of the corallum is very granular. The calicular wall is very thin, and the calice is elliptical. There are three perfect cycles of septa, and some orders of the fourth cycle in some of the systems. The septa are wide apart, slightly exsert, unequal, and slender. They do not reach far inwards at once, but dip downwards with a gentle curve. In a section the inner margin of the larger septa is wavy. ‘The endotheca is scanty. Height, lgrds inch. Length of calice, sths inch; breadth, 3rds inch. Locality. Norwich, and Chalk of south of England. In the British Museum (Dixon Collection). 6. Trocnosmitia (C@Losminia) cyLinpRIcA, Duncan. Pl. V, figs. 1—8. The corallum is tall, cylindrical, and very slightly bent. The calicular opening is smaller in diameter than the rest of the corallum. The costee are nearly equal, broad, slightly rounded, and are separated by shallow, narrow, and undulating intercostal grooves. ‘The costa are profusely ornamented with transverse ridges, straight, curved, or angular, and with large granules. The calicular edge is very thin, and the broad convex costa are continuous with slender, unequal septa. There are four cycles of septa. The primary are exsert, and the lamine of the higher orders are very small. There is no columella, the larger septa are united by a few short attachments from their inner margins. The endotheca is scanty. Height, several inches. Breadth of the calice, ths inch. Locality. Norwich, Upper Chalk. In the Collection of the Rev. T. Wiltshire, F.G.S. FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER WHITE CHALK. al The sub-genus Celosmilia is represented in the British Chalk by one species formerly known, by three varieties of it, and by five new species. 1. Trochosmilia (Celosmilia) lava, Kd. & H. 9 % » Narieties 1, 2, 3, Duncan. Z. ; x » cornucopie, Duncan. 3. 2 a » Wiltshire, ie 4. - e » Woodward, bs 5. y a » granuata, ¥ 6. » 5 » cylindrica, ie These Zrochosmilia, with a slight amount of endotheca—what there is of it is generally low down—are very characteristic of the Upper Chalk, and their presence suggests that the Upper Chalk of Norwich and Trimmingham is, from the evidence of its Corals, as well as from the proofs already asserted from its Mollusca, on a higher horizon than the Upper Chalk, usually so called, in the south-east district. The Coral evidence brings the Norfolk Chalk closer in relation with the Faxoe, Rugen, and Ciply deposits. The affinity between Zrochosmilia (C.) cornucopia and Celosmilia excavata, Hagenow, sp. (a doubtful form, but well drawn by Quenstedt), is evident. It is from Rugen. Trochosmilia Wiltshiri and T. Faujasi from Ciply are closely allied. The depth of the space between the calicular margin and the top of the upper dis- sepiment in these species indicates that the corals had great mesenteric, ovarian, perigastric, and water systems. ‘They were probably very rapid growers. The wall is merged into the costal system, which is strengthened by a most unusual cross-bar and cristiform ornamentation; and this development, which is almost epithecal, is comple- mentary to the defective endotheca. Famity—ASTRAID @. Division—TRocHOSMILIACES. Genus—PARASMILIA. MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime described five species of this genus from the Upper Chalk, viz.— 1. Parasmilia centralis, Mantell, sp. 2. a Mantelli, Ed. and H. 3. ” cylindrica, a 4, by Fittoni, “i By rf serpentina, ,, 12 BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS Parasmilia cylindrica and Parasmilia serpentina are readily distinguished by their external shape ; but, owing to the polymorphic character of Parasmilia centralis, it is by no means easy to separate it from Parasmilia Mantelli and Parasmilia Kittoni. Parasmilia Mantelli, Kd. and H., was determined from one specimen alone, and it is clearly united to Parasmilia centralis by Parasmilia Gravesana, Kd. and H., of the White Chalk of Chalons-sur-Marne and Beauvais (Oise). This species has been found in Eng- land. Having found many specimens of Parasmilia centralis with coste like those of P. Mantelli in some parts of the corallum, and found normal costz in others, I consider P. Mantelli a variety of P. Gravesana, and that this last species is a variety and good sub-species of P. centralis. Parasmilia Fittoni, Ed. and H., has a large columella and a definite structural distinction in its tertiary coste from P. centralis. The following is a list of the British Parasmilie : 1. Parasmilia centralis, Mantell, sp. 0 » variety Mantelli. 3 » sub-species Gravesana, Ed. and H. De % Fittoni, Ed. and H. of we cylindrica, ,, A. a! serpentina, ,, D. _ monilis, Duncan. 6. hs granulata, ,, 1. PARASMILIA CENTRALIS, A/antell, sp.; sub-species Gravesana, Ed. and H. PI. VJ, figs. 14—17; pl. V, figs. 8, 9. MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime notice that P. Gravesana is “ trés voisine de la P. centralis; elle s’en distingue seulement par ses cdtes.”—‘ Hist. Nat. des Coral.,’ voli, p. 173. Pl. V, figs. 10—15. In the British Museum. 2. ParnasMILIA MONILIS, Duncan. PI. V, figs. 4—7. The corallum is long, much curved, and distorted. It is more or less cylindrical above, and contracted here and there. Inferiorly it is pedunculate, the peduncle being small, curved, and long. The costa are nearly equal on the peduncle ; and there they are rather subcristiform, a secondary crest being found on each costa. In the intercostal spaces there is either a faint ridge, or a moniliform series of granules. On the body of the Coral the principal costz are sharp, wavy, granular, and keeled. They have several smaller and less prominent FROM THE UPPER AND LOWER WHITE CHALK. 13 granular costa between them, and in the intercostal space there is a series of moniliform granules. The calice is often smaller than the body, and the wall is very thin. The septa are small, and there are four cycles, the last cycle being rudimentary. The columella is small. The height varies from 3 inch to 2 inches, and the diameter from } to {rds inch. Locality. Gravesend. In the Collection of the Rev. T. Wiltshire, F.G.S. 3. ParasMIniaA GRANULATA, Duncan. PI. VI, figs. 5—8. The corallum is tall, nearly straight, finely pedunculate, and cylindro-conical. The calice is very large, widely open, deep, and has a thin margin. The columella is well developed. The septa are barely exsert, reach but slightly inwards, and pass downwards at once. They are very unequal, and alternately large and small, and there are four complete cycles and part of the fifth. The coste are subequal near the calice, and the broadest are continuous with the smallest septa. On the body the costa are subcristiform and in sets of four. On the pedicel they are very granular and very distinct. Height, lird inch. Breadth of calice, } inch. In the British Museum (Dixon Collection). ‘This species was included by Lonsdale in his genus Monocarya, and was termed M. centralis. Parasmilia has the priority as a genus, and the species is evidently not P. centralis. The position of the genus Parasmilia is somewhat like that of Celosmilia, but MM. Milne-Hdwards and Jules Haime have created the genus Cylicosmilia for Parasmilie with abundant endotheca. Now, in careful sections (pl. VI, figs. 12, 13) I find that P. centralis and its varieties have endothecal dissepiments reaching close to the calicular fossa. The genus must, therefore, absorb Cylicosmilia ; and C. Altavillensis, Defrance, sp., of the Eocene of Hauteville, must become Parasmilia Altavillensis, Defrance, sp. Reuss has described an Eocene Parasmilia from Monte Grumi which is closely allied to the Parasmilia centralis series. 14 BRITISH FOSSIL CORALS Orvper—ZOANTHARIA APOROSA. Famity—OCULINID. Genus—Diptasus, Lonsdale. This genus was established by Lonsdale in Dixon’s ‘Geol. of Sussex,’ 1850, pp. 248— 254, pl. xviii, figs. 14—28), and was described by the learned zoophytologist with all that critical acumen which characterises him. MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, whilst they acknowledge the genus to be “voisin des Synhelia” (‘ Hist. Nat. des Corall.,’ pl. 2; p- 115), do not give it a place in their classification. I have, therefore, carefully studied and drawn the specimens from the Dixon Collection in the British Museum, and have great pleasure in doing justice to Mr. Lonsdale by inserting his genus with slight altera- tions, to meet the terminology of the day. Genus—Dreuasus, Lonsdale (amended). The corallum is encrusting, and very irregular in shape. The calices are wide apart, and projecting. The intercalicular tissue is costulate. The septa are unequal. There are no pali. The columella is formed by the junction of the larger septa, and does not exist as a separate structure. Gemmation marginal and intercalicinal. The genus is clearly not closely allied to Synhelia, for it has no palular or true columellary structures. It approaches the genus Astrohelia, which is a transition genus, bringing the Oculinide in relation with the * fi ee PLATE I. CORALS FROM THE CHALK. 1. ‘The corallum of Caryophyllia Lonsdalei, Duncan. (P. 3.) 2. ‘The calice and columella, magnified. 3. The costa, magnified. 4. The corallum of Caryophyllia Tennanti, Duncan. (P. 4.) 5. ‘The calice, magnified. 6. The cost, magnified. 7. Caryophyllia cylindracea, Reuss, sp. (P. 3.) Ona Belemnite. 8 9 Unusual shapes of this species. 11. A calice, magnified, showing the small pali noticed in many specimens. 12. A septum, its dentation, and a portion of one of the pali, magnified. é lith M & N Hanhart mmr CORALS FROM THE CHALK =f ’ r pe ‘ ’ oh ea ‘ ; ; td : “ ; i ' ve ni } 4 : ied 1 + at e : ‘ vs re it ‘ ip Lo . ‘ ’ j *> <2 4 ts ‘ : ¥ )] ‘oh a , r + a PLATE II. CORALS FROM THE CHALK. Fie. i 2. Various shapes of the corallum of Did/asus Gravensis, Lonsdale. (P. 14.) 10. a A, 6. +The costae, magnified. a 5. The peculiar appearance of tolerably well preserved calices, induced by fossilization, magnified. 8. The method of gemmation, and the appearance of a large calice with the septa worn out of it, magnified. Wilde lith ’ “) es ‘ ‘ + 73; “ ae 1 oe rar ad a » at i hs ia BB Sie ins ‘ ‘ ; 1 ’ cee oe te ere - mt 2 a av ye ' ‘ : ‘i , 1 - , » ‘ ’ ‘ t t , i . . = . Pog - ; 2 ‘ a. ‘ i f . . : ” y Ja J / “ - ~ *) . . ‘ ‘ ’ ; * = » a ' ve y ’ ‘ ‘ » } Bs % i ss PLATE III. CORALS FROM THE CHALK. Fie. 1. The corallum of Zrochosmilia (Celosmilia) Wiltshiri, Duncan. (P. 9.) 2. A portion of the calice, magnified. 3. A side view of one of the septa, magnified. 5. 6. The corallum of Zrochosmilia (Cclosmilia) cornucopie, Duncan. (P. 8.) 7. The calice, magnified. 8. The coste near the calicular margin, magnified. 9. The arrangement of the septa as regards their size (a diagram). 10. The peduncle, magnified. i Magnified views of the coste. das : as ae Be 1A } Specimens of Zrochosmilia (Cwlosmilia) lawa, Kid. and H., varieties. (P. 8.) ae } Magnified portions. 13. ID: 16. +Coste, magnified. 18. 17. A diagram of the septal arrangement. er eo f 4 nf a Nes yy io a , \ oe) uy ' ; a : : i ? > a z Fi ah Cont . ar ae ” f . ; ‘ j y : ‘ r i ¥ " : 7 ae: ' he 4 ; / Cig, ty nag il u v4 . i so Sat 7 cl “ ores { he ¥ ° Ras we A f mg Ph 4 R oe Z ys 4 1 a A = q ‘ ry ‘ : : if ; : ‘ J mans ' f j ; oe : mph Mb Oe aN : Nes 8 . i ‘ y prs ; j ; " . ‘ ‘ iy ey , a ‘n an i r Slee are lat é * F , ’ Lan n ‘ 4 = Chee P) i Sn s ; i < ‘ ’ ’ Am vi . 7 5 . A : es ‘ . aT) Lu Teh ' , 7 ; = ’ a ae . / ing i i : 1 . . 4 . roary ARO ST argo ' ja Wee ’ 7 A f 5 ed i Tine Note se < fe Y ¢ — % tee . ” > ; Fee ‘ ri y en ; bee a ‘voh Vv hs rs tlt 7 paras wasn f a Sa ae Aan ; P bic Gl dee! a Men, ces * « , WW » ? 4 1 « ws '% ra i asia « A ¥ ai ‘ ‘ r : Pec ae Ls th 1 + : e , ] we i fi = af es . 7 ‘ ! ‘ uh ial ’ i { Be Th ar ‘ 7 ys t q ‘ * Tics. 5 a , . bac Fs Is LC aee ta ehe k A ade ' “ * aie fl Loe i P : ‘ “ =) Lene x et t PF ; ; r . ‘ pete fe 4 cit , r ji : 4 Loe i aN A * f, abe o wa : ; eet ; F , Aa f ‘ < ‘ 1: e f = + “y wae . hy rN \ i cA ibe i , eS ' OIF, i 2 i ri ’ i z A f ‘ t ¢ be I P. y 1 j 4 ' : 1 y , ‘ ‘ t i r i? y i co 4 = th . ; + to me od Pi ’ \ , q DD 7 a : “ ‘ ’ 5 a ‘ ‘ a - . ‘ “ ’ = a — SS Oe ee ofS Se (2) PLATE IV. CORALS FROM THE CHALK. The corallum of Zrochosmilia (Culosmilia) granulata, Duncan. (P. 10.) The costa, magnified. The cellular margin, magnified. The peduncle, magnified. The corallum of Zrochosmilia (Celosmilia) Woodwardi, Duncan. (P. 9.) The coste, magnified, The septa, magnified. The peduncle, magnified. The corallum (nat. size and enlarged) of a variety of Trochosmilia (Celosmilia) laxa, Ed. andH. (P. 8.) The cost, magnified. The calive, magnified, showing the septa of the fourth cycle. F pnean rT bs y rp idice ao! seems”, es || PLATE V. CORALS FROM THE CHALK. 1. The corallum of Zrochosmilia (Celosmilia) cylindrica, Duncan. (P. 10.) 2 A fractured portion of the corallum, showing the endothecal dissepiments and the septa. 3. Coste, magnified. 4. The corallum of Parasmilia monilis, Duncan. (P. 12.) 5. A magnified view of the coste on the peduncle. 6. A magnified view of the coste high up. 7. ‘The costae on the body of the corallum, magnified. eh The corallum of Parasmilia centrahs, Ed. and H., sub-species Gravesana. 9. (P. 12.) 10. a at The corallum of Parasmilia centrahs, showmg the typical costal arrangement. Ta. 12. 14. The coste of the corallum, magnified. oO © ra) vy De “0 Fic. iS Cowon Sz ON Soe 10. LA. i: 13. 14. 16. 15. ly: 18. 19) 20. 21. PLATE VI. CORALS FROM THE CHALK. The corallum of Onchotrochus serpentinus, Duncan. (P. 4.) The calicular end of the corallum, magnified. The corallum of a small specimen. The coste, magnified. The corallum of Parasmilia granulata, Duncan. (P. 13.) The cost, magnified. The calice, magnified. The peduncle and its coste, magnified. A longitudinal section of the corallum of Zrochosmilia (celosmilia) granulata, Duncan, showing the wavy inner ends of the septa, and the scanty endotheca. The corallum of a Caryophyllia, showing irregular growth. The calice, magnified, showing a distorted arrangement of the septa. Longitudinal sections of Parasmilia centralis, showing the large columella and the scanty endotheca. A corallum of a young Parasmilia centralis, variety Mantel. (P. 12.) A younger specimen. The costa, magnified. A portion of the calice, magnified. A distorted corallum of Parasmilia centralis. Its costee, magnified. t 2 =| re) * a s r XK = eb 110 De Wilde ue ¢ PLATE VII. CORALS FROM THE UPPER GRELNSAND. Fic. 1.) Various shapes of the corallum of Smilotrochus elongatus, Duncan. (P. 19.) The 2 specimens are worn, and the corallites are in the form of casts. Small portions 3. of the original hard parts still remain. 4. A transverse section of a corallum, slightly magnified. i The casts of the intercostal spaces simulating costa, slightly magnitied. 7. The corallum of Smilotrochus angulatus, Duncan. (P. 20.) 5. ‘The transverse section, slightly magnified. (The specimens are in the form of casts.) 9. The corallum of Pavia minutissina, Duncan. (P. 22.) 10. F i “ ; . : | < ’ : ® , : 7 ' : | aad Fie. i 2. PLATE IX. CORALS FROM THE RED CHALK OF HUNSTANTON. A variety of Microbacia coronata, Goldfuss. Natural size. (P. 24.) The usual appearance presented by the worn specimens of Podoseris mammiliformis, Dunean.” (P22 25.) rd The calice, magnified. A specimen with a large base. A natural section (longitudinal) showing the synapticulz, magnified. A specimen showing a convex calice, the costee and synapticulz, magnified, A specimen with epitheca, magnified. Natural size. An irregularly shaped corallum. Its base, magnified. The side view, magnified. A short specimen. A magnified view of it, showing the synapticule. The corallum of Podoseris elongata, Duncan. (P. 26.) Its costae, magnified. The corallum of Cyclolites polymorpha, Goldfuss. (P. 24.) g Ki © He & cy = ES a 4508 ARE kd = PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. [NSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1868. LONDON: MDCCCLXIX. A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA, BELONGING TO THE ORDER MEROSTOMATA. PART IT. {[ PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS, Salter. | Paces 45—70.; Praters X—XYV. BY HENRY WOODWARD, F.G.S8., F.Z.S.. OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1869. “e ie ~ ~ ETI LA EN OD ee J. EB. A i es.» A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA OF THE ORDER MEROSTOMATA. PA RS: ee INTRODUCTION. GEOLOGY OF LESMAHAGO, LANARKSHIRE. As this and the succeeding part of the Monograph will be mainly occupied with the description of species of Pferygoti obtained from one locality, namely, the parish of Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, I have thought it not out of place here to prefix a short description of the district by Sir Roderick I. Murchison, Bart., who, with Prof. Ramsay, visited Lesmahago in 1855, accompanied by Mr. Robert Slimon, for the purpose of studying the geology of this locality. This account, although written some years since, is in the main confirmed by an examina- tion subsequently made by Mr. A. Geikie, F.R.S. (now Director of the Geological Survey of Scotland), who, in an admirable paper! (published in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Lond.,’ 1860, vol. xvi, p. 312), traces out the connection of these extreme northern Silu- rian deposits with those of the Pentland Hills in Edinburghshire.? (See also ‘ Siluria,’ 4th edition, 1867, pp. 159—162.) I think this description the more necessary inasmuch as the name of the district has now become so familiar to all collectors of palzeozoic fossils, by reason of the vast number of specimens (chiefly of Crustacea) obtained by Mr. Robert Slimon and his sons, and now distributed through the museums and private collections, not only of this country, but also of Europe and America. 1 One of Mr. Geikie’s sections illustrates this Introduction. See page 51. 2 The officers of the Geological Survey and subsequently Mr. G. C. Haswell, of Edinburgh, have discovered remains of Pterygotus and Slimonia in the Upper Silurian rocks of the Pentland Hills. 7 A6 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. On tHe Discovery, BY Mr. Rosert Siimon, or Fossi~s IN THE UPPERMOST SILURIAN Rocks, NEAR LESMAHAGO, IN SCOTLAND, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONS oF THE PaLmozoic Strata IN THAT PART OF LaNaRKsHIRE. By Sir RopERICK Impry Murcuison, D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.G.S.. AND DirEctor-GuNERAL OF THE GEO- LOGICAL SURVEY. (Reprinted, by permission, from the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London’ for 1856, vol. xii, pp. 15—19.) “ Introduction.— At the last meeting of the British Association [in 1855], Mr. Robert Slimon brought to Glasgow two remarkable collections of fossils from the extensive parish of: Lesmahago, in which he practises as a surgeon. One of these collections was derived from the bands of Carboniferous Limestone, which there alternate with Coal, and are characterised by a great abundance of fine specimens of Producti, Encrinites, Corals, and other remains peculiar to deposits of that age. The other consisted of specimens of Crustaceans in dark-coloured schist or flag, and to two or three specimens of which my attention, as President of the Geological Section, was fortunately called by Mr. David Page. ‘The magnificent collection of Mr. R. Shmon had, in fact, remained almost unobserved, in a hall which few geologists visited. “The moment I cast my eye over these remarkable Crustaceans, which much resembled Pterygoti, and saw the matrix in which they were imbedded, it occurred to me that they probably pertained to the Uppermost Silurian zone. It became, therefore, necessary to visit the locality in question, chiefly for the purpose of ascertaining the physical relations of the dark schist with large Crustaceans to the Old Red Sandstone. For, as I was aware that the genus Pferygotus had been found as low in the Silurian rocks as the Upper Caradoc band, it might prove that there was the same great hiatus near Lesmahago as had up to this time been supposed to prevail all over Scotland, and that no representative of the Uppermost Silurian existed. On the other hand, the band in question might prove to be that which I shall endeavour to show it is, viz. the true representative of the highest Silurian zone, as developed in Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Westmoreland in England, in Russia on the Continent of Europe, and also in North America. “Having requested Prof. Ramsay to accompany me, we visited Lesmahago to- gether, and there found, to our gratification, that the worthy and modest Mr. Slimon had not only a much richer collection of the fossils in question than he brought to Glasgow, but had also an accurate acquaintance with many of the prominent and detailed features of the tract. Guided by him to the best natural sections, and particularly to the spot on ‘Logan Water,’ hitherto famous only in Scottish song, where he had found GEOLOGY OF LESMAHAGO. A7 the Crustacean fossils, we afterwards endeavoured to obtain a general notion of the relations of all the rock-masses of the district.” * * * * * “ General Relations of the Rocks of the Lesmahago District—In a former com- munication I invited attention to the general direction of the great masses of the Silurian rocks of the South of Scotland, which have been described by various authors under that name, since the discovery in them of many well-known Silurian fossils.1 I then suggested that, judging from some of those organic remains, as found in the environs of Girvan, there were indications, in that parallel, of an ascending order from the Lower Silurian rocks (which unquestionably form the great mass of the South- Scottish Greywacke) to the Upper Silurians. At the same time it was noticed that the strike of the Girvan strata would carry them nearly to the Silurian rocks of the Pentland Hills, south of Edinburgh, which have the same general direction, 7. e. nearly from north-east to south-west. Now, if a line be drawn from the rocks north of Girvan to the northern face of the Pentland Hills, it is seen to pass over an intervening tract, throughout which basins of Carboniferous rocks, surrounded by girdles of Old Red Sandstone and diversified by a great abundance of igneous rocks (porphyry, greenstone, &c.), are represented in all the published geological maps. The discovery made by Mr. Slimon of fossils which prove to be of Upper Silurian age, over a considerable area in the extensive parish of Lesmahago (for this Scottish parish has a length of twenty-five miles), has advanced, therefore, the northern frontier of the Silurian or slaty rocks ; some of the localities in question being not less than twenty miles to the north-west of their previously defined boundary. ‘The extent to which the Lesmahago Silurians may be hereafter shown to be connected upon the surface with those of the tracts around the Lead Hills, and other parts of Ayrshire and Dumfriesshire, on the south and south-east, must be a work of future labour. That work will demonstrate whether these Lesmahago rocks constitute an advanced Silurian promontory or headland, or whether, as is most probable, they form an outlier of that age. “The large parish of Lesmahago is pre-eminently distinguished in its western part by dome-shaped hills, which rise to the south-west of the River Clyde, and on the left bank of that river, where it forms the well-known beautiful Falls of Bonnington and Stone- byres, near the town of Lanark. ‘The rock over which the Clyde cascades is the Old Red Sandstone, which formation, extending to the west and south-west to the village and parish of Lesmahago, is overlain on the north and south by Carboniferous Limestones and Coal, whilst on the south-west it is underlain by the dark and schistose rocks to which attention is now specially invited. *« Upper Silurian Rocks —The relations of these dark grey, schistose strata of clay-slate } ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1851, vol. vii, p. 137. 48 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. to the Old Red Sandstone are seen on the banks of the Nethan River, and also on those of other tributaries of the Clyde, particularly the Logan Water, on each of which rivers Mr. Slimon has marked the junction between the grey Silurian and the Old Red rocks. The Silurian beds rise up into several hills of considerable altitude, one of which (Nut- berry, 1715 feet above the sea) we ascended. Judging from the outline of the country, and the extensive range of similar high moorlands, I am disposed to think that these rocks may be found to spread north and westward over the hills of Dunside and Middlefield, 1300 to 1500 feet high, and may even range to Cairn Table on the south, the summit of which, according to the 'Trigonometrical Surveyors, is 1944 feet above the sea. Advancing eastwards from the range of hills on the flank of Nutberry, in one part of which Mr. Slimon discovered an Orthoceratite, and descending the Logan Water to about a mile below the farmhouse of Dunside, you reach the uppermost band of the grey strata in which were discovered those remarkable Crustaceans which have been above referred to. “The lowest portions of the Silurian rocks which fell under the inspection of Prof. Ramsay and myself are those which are traversed by the Nethan River as it flows from Priest Hill and Nutberry Hill to Cumberland. Several dislocations and convolutions which are seen on that line among Silurian strata, as well as in the contiguous Old Red, are well explained by the frequent protrusion of porphyry (usually a red quartziferous porphyry). On the whole, however, it was manifest to both Prof. Ramsay and myself that m receding from the Old Red boundary, and in ascending to the higher hills by the course of the Nethan, we made a gathering, descending section, because the strata, suc- ceeding to each other with a prevalent dip to the north-east or east-north-east, consisted successively of differently constituted materials. ‘Thus, whilst the uppermost strata were dark grey and schistose, other layers of lighter colours were more siliceous and formed stonebands. ‘These are followed by other courses of shale and schists, in which are nodular concretions, occasionally calcareous, in which we looked in vain to find a few fossils which could have led us to suppose them (what they might very well prove to be from mineral aspect) the representatives of the Wenlock formation. It is from one of these strata that Mr. Slimon procured the Orthoceratite above alluded to, but which is too im- perfect to be specifically determined. With some undulations and several breaks, parti- cularly in the proximity of the intrusive porphyry, all these Silurian strata are inclined towards the east-north-east and north-east, and at angles varying from 12° and 15° to verticality where they roll over in flexures. “The inferior beds exposed in the section of the Nethan are here and there mineralized, and specially so where trap-rocks, chiefly greenstone, have penetrated the strata, veins of lead-ore and much sulphate of barytes being there apparent on the surface. «The section, however, which best exhibits the relations of the Silurian rocks to the Old Red Sandstone is seen on the banks of Logan Water, between the farms of Dunside and Ach Robert. The last of the decidedly dark grey and schistose beds observable in descending from the flanks of the Silurian hills (Nutberry, &.), are those in which all the GEOLOGY OF LESMAHAGO. . ag fossils described by Mr. Salter’ were found by Mr. Slimon. These dark fossiliferous rocks, the clay-slate of mineralogists, are immediately overlain by and pass up into Red Sand- stone, in which there are several alternations of more or less greyish or greenish-grey bands, the whole, like the beds in the Nethan, dipping to the east-north-east or north- east. “ Old Red Sandstone.—In the traverse along the Logan Water I did not observe any unconformity between the grey beds with Crustaceans and other fossils and the overlying red sandstones, the lowest courses of which are marked upon Mr. Slimon’s unpublished map as ‘Red Silurians.’. For my own part, however, I would rather consider these red strata as constituting the base of the Old Red Sandstone, because they graduate up into, and alternate with, the pebbly conglomerates which are largely developed near Ach Robert and Waterside. «Some of the porphyries which are associated with the red rock in this part of the series seemed to be interstratified and of age contemporaneous with the sandstones with which they dip symmetrically, and like which they are jointed and exhibit the way-boards of sedimentary deposits. In mineral characters and in their interstratification with red sediments, these rocks, though of much older date, present much the aspect of some of the porphyries of the Rothe-todte-liegende of the Permian age in Germany. “The conglomerates of the Old Red of this tract differ strikingly from those of the same age in the North Highlands, where the so-called lower conglomerate is usually a very coarse breccia, the huge fragments of which are more or less angular, whilst here they are all worn and rounded pebbles, the largest of which scarcely ever reaches a foot in its greatest diameter. “ Most of the pebbles consist of grey and pink quartz-rock, but these are mixed with other varieties of crystalline and some igneous rocks. This conglomerate zone, which is fairly interstratified in red sandstone, and ranges from north to south (as laid down on Mr. Slimon’s map), is much nearer to the dark grey Silurian on the Nethan River than it is to the same rock on the Logan Water; whilst on the Kype Water the two rocks are still further removed from each other. ‘Time and detailed examination will determine whether this deviation of outline be due to breaks and unconformable arrangements, or simply to changes in the degree of inclination of the strata. By comparing the only watercourses which we examined, I am led to think that the difference of the angle of dip may sufficiently explain these diversities of superficial area, because on the Logan Water we found the inclination varying from 7° to 12° only on an average ; the red beds with imbedded porphyries and conglomerates, as well as the inferior grey beds, sloping off to the north-east or east-north-east at these low angles, except where they rolled over bosses of porphyry. On the Nethan banks, on the contrary, the beds are more highly inclined. 1 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1856, vol. xu, p. 26. 50 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. “Tn ascending order the Old Red Sandstone, including all that portion of it which les above the conglomerate, and extends by Lesmahago to the Clyde and Lanark, is usually of a lighter colour and freer quality than the subjacent beds, and occupies a very varied outline in reference to the Carboniferous Limestone and Coal-fields on either side of it, and under which it is seen to dip. On the banks of the Nethan Water, where we ex- amined them, the junctions are much broken, and, on the whole, it would appear that the older rocks have been so convoluted as to form the southern edge of the great central Scottish Coal-field, or the complete girdle of the Douglas Coal-basin, the south-west side of which is flanked by the Old Red of the Hawkshaw Hills, and also, according to Mr. Slimon, by the Silurian rock of Bremerside Hill.’”’* The following short account of the relation of the Péerygotus-bearing shales of Les- mahago was communicated in a letter to the Author by Mr. Strmon in 1867 : “Commencing in an ascending order with what we consider to be the lowest Silurian beds of this area, we find them to be of great thickness, composed of coarse, hard, stony bands, separated by thin clayey beds of shale. The Ceratiocaris is the principal fossil in these lowest beds; it is very abundant, but of small size, and is associated with some shells. “‘ Ceratiocaris recurs in the higher beds, but the specimens are far larger. A fault, caused by the intrusion of a dyke of hornblende-porphyry, called the Nutberry Hill Dyke, occurs here, and is followed by a rock containing an Orthoceras, but ill preserved. This bed is succeeded by Ceratiocaris-shales splitting up into slaty laminz, often as thin as paper. Here the Ceratiocaris attains its maximum development, both in size and numbers, becoming rarer in the higher beds, and disappearing altogether im the highest Silurian. In these slaty beds Shimonia acuminata first appears, but very small in size ; as it increases in development in the higher beds, Hurypterus lanceolatus and Pterygotus bilobus (var. a) make their appearance, both small in size and few in numbers in the lower beds, but gradually increasing in importance in the higher; var. a, znornatus, being replaced by var. y, perornatus (attaining a length of from 2 to 3 feet). #7. Janceolatus in the lowest beds is not an inch in length, but in the highest it is of considerable size. “Hurypterus scorpioides and Stylonurus Logani first appear in these upper slaty beds (here much disturbed by intrusive hornblende-porphyry). They are more rarely met with than other species, but appear to follow the same law as regards their gradual development and decline. I have portions from higher beds attesting their continued increase in size upwards. “The Upper Silurian beds here described occur along the Logan Water in a distance * The description of the Lower Carboniferous and Igneous Rocks of the tract is here omitted. GEOLOGY OF LESMAHAGO. 51 (traversed on the dip) of about four miles; the uppermost bed containing Lengula cornea, Platyschisma helicites, Beyrichia, &c. “Dictyocaris Slimoni also occurs in these beds, but is never obtained entire. Fragments of Trilobites (?),a few small shells, and some supposed vegetable remains, complete the list of fossils. “Tn many of the beds seen in this section no fossils of any kind are found. “These grey shaly and slaty beds dip beneath and are conformable with a series of red and grey shales of a more sandy nature than the foregomg (but unfossiliferous), extending for a mile and half; I have called them “ Red Silurian,” but Sir Roderick Murchison considers they should form the base of the Old Red Sandstone series. In one bed only fragments of a Stylonurus have been found, and one small specimen, thought to be part of a Simonia acuminata, but the evidence is too fragmentary to rely on. All the strata are very much disturbed, owing to intrusions of felspar- and hornblende-porphyry, causing many of the beds to be repeated and faulted.” It is, however, to these very disturbances that we are, no doubt, indebted for the exposure of the Pferygotus-bearing shales of Logan Water. The subjoined section is copied from one which accompanies Mr. Geikie’s paper published in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ 1860, vol. xvi, pl. xviii, Section 1, and exhibits the Pterygotus-bearing shales as they appear in the anticlinal of the bed of the Logan Water, and the succeeding Lower Old Red Sandstone and Carboni- ferous deposits. Nethan River S.W. Logan Water. Logan Water. Water. Black Hill. Clyde. N.E. 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ' J ; } : ie ie Upper Silurian. Lower Old Red Sandstone. Fic. 7.—Section of the Upper Silurian and other strata near Lesmahago. a, a. Purplish-grey Sandstones. 6, b. Red shales, Sandstone bands, and Conglomerate. c, e. Olive shales. d, d. Hard flaggy shales (Pterygotus). e. Hard shales and stone bands. (jf, f,f. Felstone. C, C, C. Carboniferous strata (unconformable to Old Red). Mr. Arcuipatp Grrxin, F.R.S., the Director of the Geological Survey of Scotland, has most obligingly furnished me with the following descriptive section, in descending order, of the deposits of the Lesmahago district, taken from the joint observations of his colleague Mr. B. N. Peach and himself. 52 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. Section oF STRATA BELOW THE BASE OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE IN THE District or LEsMAHAGOW. 5 a. Coarse conglomerate, chiefly of well-rounded fragments of liver-coloured quartz-rock. This is cS E a very persistent band through the whole district. ‘> < | 6. Red mudstones and shales, with ripple-marks and sun-cracks. 60 to 70 feet. 3 S e. Grey and green flaggy shales, with hard stone-partings, like portions of the Silurian series, 2 3 140 feet. = ss | d. Red mudstones and shales, like those (4) below the quartzite conglomerate. 500 feet. S © | ¢. Red sandstones and fine quartz-conglomerates. 300 feet. J. Sandy, flaggy, green stone-bands and shales, with partings of grey and red mudstone passing conformably upwards into e. About 130 feet. g. Blue, grey, and green shales, sandy mudstones and sandstone bands, becoming more sandy towards the top, and more shaly and flaggy towards the bottom. 200 feet. These are the Trochus beds; they contain Platyschisma helicites, three species of Lingula, Beyrichia, and some undetermined shells. h. Hard blue and grey flaggy shales, with occasional bands of calcareous nodules. 350 feet. s These are the Pterygotus beds. 3 7. Hard grey flagstones and bands of hard greywacke. About 500 feet. 2 k. Grey, blue, and olive shales, becoming more and more interbedded with hard stone-bands ~ towards the base. About 300 feet. In some of these beds Beyrichia is very abundant ; iS" others contain Ceratiocaris, two or three species of Lingula, some shells not yet determined, Platyschisma helicites, &c. 1. Hard bands of greywacke, with shale partings. These form the lowest portion of the Silurian series visible in this district. They must be at least 2000 feet thick. Fossils are scarce, but an Orthoceras occurs along with plant-like markings and Ceratiocaris. The total thickness of Upper Silurian strata in the neighbourhood of Lesmahago cannot be less than 3500 feet, and, as the base of the series is nowhere seen, the depth may be much more. Although the Péerygoti occurring in the dark clay-slates of the Upper Silurian of Logan Water and the Nethan River are far inferior in size to the gigantic Pt. anglicus from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire and Perthshire, yet for wonderful perfec- tion of preservation they can scarcely be rivalled, and certainly not surpassed, by similar remains from any other formation. Since the preceding description of P¢. anglicus was written, however, I have had the good fortune to visit the Museum of the Natural History Society at Montrose (September, 1867), and inspect the magnificent specimen of Pterygotus anglicus there preserved, from Lord Panmure’s Quarries at Carmyllie. ‘This unique example measures about 3 feet 6 inches in length, 13 inches across the widest segment, and is by far the most perfect remain of this species yet met with, having the head united GEOLOGY OF LESMAHAGO. 53 to the complete series of body-rings, including the ‘telson’ or terminal segment; the body-rings themselves lifting out from the matrix and presenting both the dorsal and the ventral aspect. The thoracic plate is also seen zu situ, the great swimming-feet (or ectognaths) attached to the head, on the centre of which last are seen the larval eye-spots (ocelli), and the great compound marginal eyes, with their facets as beautifully preserved as if it were a living Crustacean and not a remnant of a Paleozoic age. The friable condition of the fossil alone has prevented the possibility of obtaming the loan of it for delineation, but I hope to be able before the completion of this present Monograph to offer to the Society a fitting representation of this truly wonderful Pferygotus. 54 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. Genus 1.—Preryeorus, Agassiz.— Continued. Species 2.—PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS :—Salter. 1859. 1. var. a, zornatus. 3. var. y, perornatus. 2. var. B, crassus. 4. var. 6, acidens. The species about to be considered was first described by Mr. Salter, under the generic name /imantopterus, in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ for 1855, vol. xu, pp. 27 and 28, where a figure is also given (reproduced in ‘ Siluria,’ last edition, S67, p..162): Of the species of Himantopterus, described in the paper above alluded to, two only at present call for consideration, namely, 7. dc/obus and H. perornatus. My. Salter subse- quently referred these to Pterygotus (see ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ Monograph 1, 1859, p. 39). At the time of the publication of the above Monograph comparatively but few entire remains of Pterygotus bilobus had been obtained, whilst P¢. perornatus was even less perfectly known from parts of specimens. It is probable that Mr. Slimon has obtained not fewer than several hundred specimens, more or less perfect, of P¢. di/obus alone, since the commencement of his labours in the shales of Lesmahago, but P¢. perornatus continues an extremely rare form. If a comparison be instituted between the figures in the first plate of the Geo- logical Survey Monograph on Péerygotus (published in 1859) and the six plates which accompany the present part of this Monograph, some idea may be formed of the progress which has been made in the discovery of new materials, during the past nine years, for the more complete elucidation of this remarkable genus.” 1 This progress will be still further illustrated by the genera Slimonia, Eurypterus, and Stylonurus, the descriptions of which will follow the present part. PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 55 Var. 1.—I. Prerycotus BILosus, var. a, inornatus. Pl. X, figs. 1—3. HIMANTOPTERUS BILOBUS, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1856, vol. xii, p. 29, fig. 1. — —— ‘Siluria,’ 2nd edit., 1859, p. 155, foss. 21. a —— ‘Page’s Advanced Text-book,’ 1856, p. 135, fig. 1. PTERYGOTUS —— Salter. Mem. Geol. Surv., Mon. I, 1859, p. 39, pl. i, figs. 1—12. Pterygotus bilobus* (var. a, inornatus), the original Pt. dclobus of Mr. Salter, is usually 5 to 6 inches in length, and somewhat less than 2 inches in its greatest breadth; the general form is elongate-oval in front, and attenuated behind (resembling the outline of a Pal@oniscus). In this variety the thorax is not easily distinguished from the abdomen, into which it is attenuated, the greatest width being about the fourth and fifth segment ; its anterior segments are wide transversely, the posterior ones becoming less and less so, till the twelfth (19) is nearly equilateral; the telson is oblong and emarginate, and narrower than any of the somites; the antenne are long, slender, and chelate at their extremities ; the palpi (endognaths) are filiform ; the swimming-feet moderately broad. These are the general characters. Figs. 1—3, Pl. X, represent three examples of this species, the variation observable being due, to some extent, to the crumpling up, or squeezing out, which all these speci- mens have undergone since their original entombment. *,* Before proceeding further it is necessary to explain that the little numbers along the margin of the segments of each figure in the accompanying Plates correspond with the Roman numerals on the segments of the restored figures of Pterygotus anglicus, P|. VIII, which appeared in the First Part of this Monograph. They are intended to remind the student that, theoretically, the head is composed of the first seven segments of the animal coalesced together to form the carapace, and that thus there are seven cephalic, seven thoracic, and five or six abdominal somites or segments (according to whether the ‘telson’ be reckoned as a segment or not ; see Introduction, p. 5). The head-shield is about 14 to 1} inch in breadth by an inch or 1} inch in length; the anterior contour is semicircular, the posterior border is straight. The com- pound eyes (0, 0) are placed upon the latero-anterior border. They are broadly crescen- tic and convex, placed half below and half above the margin of the head, their extreme length being about 7 lines.” No lenses can be seen with the naked eye ; but, when magnified, the appearance is that given in the annexed woodcut. ‘They appear to be somewhat larger, in 1 In the description of the species of Pterygotus we shall (wherever it is possible) continue to avail ourselves of Mr. Salter’s diagnoses, merely altering such parts as a more complete acquaintance with the details of their structure enables us to do so with advantage. 2 A line is always here used to signify ;';th of an inch. 56 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. proportion, in this species than in the great P¢. anglicus (Part I, Pl. VIII). The larval eye-spots (ocelli) occupy the centre of the head-shield (see Pl. X, Fig. 3, Ze). ec EC Fie. 8. Fig. 8. Cast of the under side of the head of Pt. dilobus,! with the basal joints of the ectognaths (ec) in place; the large eyes (0, 0) are also seen; Fig. 8 a represents a portion of one of the eyes greatly magnified. The Body-segments.—The body, in well-preserved individuals, is barrel-shaped in front, the seven anterior or thoracic segments (s—14), taken together, measuring about 12 inch in length by 1? in greatest breadth. The thoracic somites in one specimen (PI. X, fig. 3) measure 24 inches in length, but the length of the segments in this example are certainly above the average. The anterior segments are extremely narrow in proportion to their breadth, being about five times as broad as they arelong. When not crushed or distorted they are gently arched forward in the centre, whilst at the sides the anterior angles are produced forward into blunt lobes, the outer margins being oblique, and their posterior angles a little produced backward, particularly in the seventh thoracic segment (14). This general form of the thoracic segment will be observed in all the species of Pterygotus (see Pls. VIII, X, XI, XII, and XV). The following five segments (15—19)—which are called abdominal—present a marked change from the preceding, becoming gradually narrower and longer; the first (15) being three or (at most) four times as wide as long; the fourth (18) hardly twice as wide as long ; the fifth (19), or penultimate, is nearly equilateral, being only a very little wider than long ; both the fourth and fifth somites are a little contracted in front, and have their lateral borders slightly curved and the posterior angles produced ; the fifth somite (19) is cari- nated on its upper side, but only for its lower two thirds. The ‘telson’ or terminal seg- ment (20) is 11 lines in length by 8 lines in breadth; it is carimated for a short distance at its upper end, whilst at its lower border it is deeply emarginated. The outer margins of the body-segments and telson appear to be quite smooth, not serrated or crenated, as in several other species. We are unable to give direct evidence of the thickness of the body-segments, as we did in the case of Pt. anglicus (see Part I, pp. 41 and 42); but there is little doubt that it was about the same in relative proportion to its bulk. 1 Copied from pl. i, fig. 4, of ‘ Geol. Surv. Memoir,’ Mon. I, on the Lurypteride. PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 57 At first sight it would appear that the body of Pt. dilodus, var. a, was destitute of the characteristic markings discernible upon the larger examples of this genus ; but such is really not the case, for although not always readily seen, they can, with the aid of a good pocket-lens, usually be detected upon some part of the body- a . : : . ° Sy SS segments. It consists in this, as in the larger, species of numerous IRE i ; KPO small semicircular plicee (the curve opening forwards, see Woodcut), SOP . 3 n vy Saw which probably covered the anterior half of each segment, leaving eco the posterior destitute of ornament (see Pl. XIII, fig. 1). re: os Onmatene The head in this as in the other species is destitute of EO : of Pt. bilobus. scul’sture on its surface. a. Anterior border. We must now proceed to the examination of the under side of the head and the appendages. Numerous specimens belonging to this species can now be seen and studied, both in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, and in the British Museum, in which many of the appendages still remain zz sé¢é ; whilst in other examples they are found displaced, but preserved upon the same slab with the entire body ; from which it is evident they have become detached by the quiet dissolution of the softer muscular tissues of the animal. In the accompanying Woodcut (p. 58) [have delineated, of the natural size, the oral append- ages belonging to the entire specimen of Plerygotus bilobus, var. a, drawn upon PI. X, fig. 3. These (by some slight movement in the fine, soft, clayey sediment in which the animal was enveloped) must have become separated from the rest of the body before decomposition had proceeded very far; for, although fractured and imperfect in detail (by reason of the present indurated character of the matrix), they still clearly prove that the entire buccal apparatus—held together by its integument—has thus been preserved to us. The separate organs are represented as they lie upon the surface of the same slab of shale in which the entire body (Pl. X, fig. 3) is preserved. Their correct order and position may be readily understood by turning to Part I, Pl. VIII, fig. 1, where I have given a restored figure of the under side of the great P?. anglicus, with its oral appendages in place. The antenne (Woodcut, fig. 10, 1,1; Pl. X, figs. 1, 2, a, a) are about 27 inches in length by } inch in breadth at the base of the chele, the moveable ramus being about 8 lines long. Both the fixed and the moveable rami of the chele are slender ; the former is slightly shorter than the latter; their points are sharply incurved; the inner borders are armed with minute teeth, which, like that of the larger species, vary in size, being at intervals marked by one much larger than the rest. There appear to be five joints in the antenne of this species, but it is seldom that their true line of articulation can be readily distinguished. Five are clearly to be seen in one of the antennze figured in the accompanying woodcut, fig. 10. 58 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. Fic. 10. Detached organs from the head of Pterygotus bilobus (var. a), figured in PI. X, fig. 3. 1, 1. The chelate antenne. 2,2. The basal joints of the 1st pair of endognaths. Osos A a) end), A 4, 4. 5 SOL Css op 5, 5. The ectognaths, or maxillipeds. m. The metastoma, or post-oral plate. -e, e, e. Portions of the filiform appendages of the endognaths. The letters to the joints of the ectognath correspond with the articuli as enumerated in Part I, p. 6. (The organs are here represented of the natural size.) The first joint is 3 lines in length by 1 line at its proximal and 2 lines at its distal end in breadth; the second and third are each 6 lines in length and 2 lines in breadth; the fourth is 6 lines to the base of the articulation of the moveable ramus, the rami being 7 lines in length ; the fifth joint is the moveable ramus already described. The antennze appear to have been epistomial organs like the inner antennee of Limulus (see Part I, Pl. IX, fig. 1,2); we have no evidence of their having been furnished with a mandible at their proximal end, as is the case with the succeeding four pairs of oral appendages, the endognaths and ectognaths. We shall, therefore, continue to consider their point of attachment to be anterior to the mouth, as represented in Part I, Pl. VIII, nee 1, 2. The Endognaths (which may be considered as equivalent to the mandibles and the first and second maxilla of the higher Crustacea) are the next three pairs of oral appendages. PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 59 They present no marked variation in the size of their basal joints, although the length of the articuli of their palpi, no doubt, varies according to their anterior or posterior position in the series. ‘The subjoimed Woodcut (fig. 11) conveys a correct idea of the general form Fie. 11. Endognath of Pterygotus bilobus. which they present. It is drawn from a detached specimen preserved in the British Museum. Two other and more perfect detached examples (preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street) are represented in Pl. XIV, fig. 3. In general form they closely agree with the far larger endognaths of P?. anglicus (see Part I, PI.VII, figs. 5,6, 7). The coxal joint (co) has a broad tongue-shaped lamina (/), for its attachment to the head, and is furnished along its inner free border with a row of about nine or ten sharp, curved teeth (vy), which are longest in front and have the appearance of being articulated at their base to the border of the coxal jot; the palpus is articulated to the mandible on its upper border by a short joint (4), succeeded by two nearly lnear joints of about equal length (¢ and m); the carpus (c), a very small articulation, is followed by the penultimate joint (), corresponding nearly in length with the third and fourth arti- cali; to this is articulated the slender, tapering terminal joint (7). The length of the palpi varies ; the longer of the two figured at Pl. XIV, fig. 3, measures 1 inch 7 lines from its articulation with the coxal joint to its distal extremity ; the shorter measures | inch 4 lines, whilst that figured in our Woodcut (fig. 11) is 1 inch 9 lines long ; the endognath (e) lying across the swimming-foot of the entire Pferygotus in Pl. X, fig. 1, measures 1 inch, 8 lines. ‘'T'wo endognaths—one 7n sifii on the left side of the head (e), and the other lying across the three anterior thoracic segments on the right side—are seen with the Pterygotus bilotus, Pl. X, fig. 2; whilst the basal joints of all three pairs of endognaths, and portions of their palpi, are seen associated together in the specimen figured in our Woodcut, fig. 10, on page 58. The Ectognaths in all the species of this order represent (so far as we are acquainted with their appendages) the principal organs of locomotion and manducation.. They may be considered to be homologous with the first pair of maxillipeds in the higher Crustacea, and also to correspond with the last pair of appendages in Limulus (Pl. IX, fig. 1, 7). In 1 Stylonurus is the only genus in which we find two pairs of elongated swimming appendages. See ‘Geol. Mag.,’ 1864, vol. i, pl. x, fig. 1, p. 197; and ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1865, vol. xxi, pl. xii, p- 482. 60 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. the larval Decapod we find locomotion effected by the enlargement of two pairs of the maxillipeds, the true thoracic limbs being undeveloped, the abdomen being also des- titute of appendages, thus affording another illustration among recent Crustacea of this paleozoic type of structure (see Pl. IX, fig. 7). The ectognaths in Pterygotus bilobus, var. a, differ but little in general form from those of the great P¢. anglicus described in Part I of this Monograph ; they can be seen tn siti in figs. 1 and 2, Pl. X, and in the detailed drawing of the detached appendages of fig. 3 given in the Woodcut at page 58 (fig. 10). The following is an enumeration of the several joints of this appendage : 1. Basal joint (cowa).—The great lower lobe is wide and of a spherico-triangular shape, the inner margins, as well as the outer and base, being all convex. The neck is suddenly contracted and short, and the serrated terminal lobe transverse or oblong, greatly oblique, and overlapping (in many specimens) the opposite edge. Its toothed margin is curved and set with about thirteen small teeth. The succeeding joints (which together make up the swimming-foot) are articulated to the posterior outer angle of the great lower lobe of the coxal joint. 2. Basos, short and broad linear. 3. Ischium, narrow, longest on the inner margin. 4. Meros, longest on the outer margin ; lower border indented, forming an articulation for the— 5. Carpus, somewhat triangular in form, having its outer and longest border convex, and its upper edge produced so as to form a process by which it is more strongly articu- lated with the fourth joint. 6. Propodos—With the exception of the great basal joint, this is the largest of any, being equal in length to the four preceding articuli. It is oblong, but contracted slightly at the upper end, so as to give a curved outline to its outer border ; the upper or proximal end is doubly curved where it is articulated with the fifth joint; the imner lateral margin is nearly straight ; the distal end is pretty deeply indented, so as to form a rounded notch for the reception of the terminal joint. Between this joint and the terminal one there is what Prof. Hall has called * an inter- calated triangular plate (see Woodcut, p. 58, fig. 10, 5, 2), united to the border of the penultimate joint, and overlapping the oval terminal palette (see an/é, Part I, p. 35). Dactylos.—A regularly ovate palette, as broad as the penultimate joint, and nearly as long; it fits into the bilobed extremity of the sixth joint, and is held fast by its articu- lation with it, and by the overlapping of the intercalated triangular plate (7) already referred to. This ovate palette is seen to be indented at its distal end, and into the indentation 1 See ‘Nat. Hist. of New York, Paleontology,’ vol. iii, 1859, pp. 397 and 400, on Eurypterus, pl. 80 and nine following plates. PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 61 is inserted a minute plate (w) which Prof. Hall calls a ‘ terminal palette ;’ this cannot, how- ever, be considered of greater importance than a spine or claw affixed to the distal extremity of the joint, like that seen on the tip of the modified antennule of the male Limulus (see Pl. IX, fig. 1 a), or on the extremity of the terminal oval palette of the swimming-foot of the recent Seyl/a serrata. The Metastoma, or Post-oral Plate.—This cordate plate is found with all the species. Its position is naturally behind the oral aperture, enclosing, with its anterior bilobed portion, the inner mandibular borders of the great coxal joints of the ectognaths (see Pl. VII, fig. 1 m; and Pl. X, fig. 2m). It also remains associated with the detached oral appendages figured in our Woodcut, p. 58, fig. 10 m. Its impression can be faintly seen through the head-shield of fig. 1 in Pl. VIII. Its length varies from 9 to 11 lines, and its breadth is usually about 5 to 6 lines. The anterior portion of the metastoma some- times displays upon its surface the characteristic semicircular plicee seen so readily in all the larger forms (Pl. III, fig. 1; Pl. XIII, fig. 1 e; Pl. XV, fig. 3). This plate was, no doubt, attached to the head by its posterior border, which, in some epee iets, is seen to be distinctly truncated at its lower end. The Thoracic Plate, or Operculum.—The normal position of this plate is upon the ventral surface of the body, covering the under surface of the first two thoracic somites ; it was attached along its anterior border to the posterior margin of the head; the rest of the plate was, no doubt, free, as in the recent Lamulus. I have somewhat fully described this plate in Part I, p. 39, and I shall have occasion to refer to it again when treating of Pt. perornatus, &c., so I will now only briefly describe its form in Pt. belobus. Fic. 12. Operculum of Pé. dilobus, var. 2. (Two forms seen.) a, a. Line of attachment to head. 1, 1. Lateral alee. e. Central appendage. It consists in this, as in all the other forms, of a median appendage and two lateral ale. ‘These alee, which are sculptured upon their outer and under side, are equal in length to the first two thoracic segments, and in breadth correspond exactly with the segments which they overlie. They are united in the median line by a narrow central lobe (rounded at its distal free end in Pl. X, fig. 1 e, but pointed in PI. X, fig. 2), hastate at its proximal end, which is directed forwards. I have drawn these two forms of plates on the accompanying Woodcut (fig. 12), in order that they may be more clearly seen. 9 62 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. Probably these differences in form may be of sexual value, especially as the same portion of this plate is modified in the male and female of Limulus (see Pl. IX, figs. 1 and 1c). I do not think them of specific importance. Some excellent figures of Pterygotus bilobus will be found in pl. i, ‘Memoirs of the Geol. Surv.,? Monograph I, 1859. In this plate are represented two entire examples, parts of three others, and several detached appendages belonging to Pt. dilodus, var. a (figs. 1—12). In pl. xv of the same work a diagrammatical restoration is given of this species, which, however, now needs to be corrected in accordance with the present more complete knowledge of its structure. Another segment should be added to the thoracic series, and between the chelate antenne and the great ectognaths or maxillipeds, there should be three pairs of endognaths with simple palpi. The true position of the thoracic plate or operculum has also since been satisfactorily made out.’ (See Part I of this Monograph, Pl. VIII, fig. 1, &.) In pl. 1, figs."8 and 8 a (op. evt.), a very perfect swimming-foot of one of the ectognaths is represented having a long stylet (¢) attached to the lower and inner border of the Ath joint (meros). This is evidently the palpus of one of the endognaths detached from its place and lying upon the surface of the swimming-foot of the ectognath, a very likely thing to happen when the appendages become detached from the head. The other remains figured in this plate (except fig. 17, Hurypterus lanceolatus) belong to Pterygotus bilobus (var. y, perornatus), to be presently described. Var. 2.—PrERYGOTUS BILOBUS, var. 3, crassus. Pl. XI, fig. 1. The specimen upon which this variety is founded is distinguished from var. a by the greater transverse breadth of the body-segments in proportion to their length, whilst the penultimate segment (19) and the telson (20) are as long and as well developed as in the preceding variety of this species. Nor does it appear that any of the segments save the last thoracic (14) and the first abdominal (15) have been abnormally overlapped one above another by longitudinal compression after death. 1 These same corrections may be made in the first figure ever given by Mr. Salter, in Nov. 1855, ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1856, vol. xii, p. 28 ; and in ‘ Siluria,’ 4th edition, 1867, p. 162. PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 63 The following are the measurements of the body: Head, 1 inch 3 lines long, and 1 inch 7 lines broad. Segment (8) 2 3 9 :- ” (9) 3 Ny 2 inches broad. c& By (10) 3 A 2 5 g ell) .2 “ 2 ,, 1 line broad. é 3 2), 2 "3 a | nA Py, (13) 23 nf Dyan) a 39 (14) 3 ks 1 inch 8 lines broad. : Baian(t5) 4:3 :, 1 Peapod hd E 2 CO ae 1 ,, 1 line broad. § oe (lz) 22 ie Te ose aa ee = » (18) 3 ” aie 11 lines ,, » (19) 7 5 ainda" scene pe Telson (20) 11 ss gt .. In the example figured (Pl. XI, fig. 1) the ectognaths or swimming-feet (ec), are both im sitt, and the impressions of their great serrated basal joints (s) can be seen through the overlying head-shield. The thoracic plate, or operculum, with its pomted median lobe, can likewise be seen impressed through the anterior thoracic somites. One of the endognaths (¢) and one of the chelate antennz (a) are also seen detached from the head and lying on the left side of the body. The large compound eyes (0, 0) can also be seen on the anterior border of the head-shield. The dilated form of this specimen appeared to me so very extreme as compared with the great series of P¢. di/obus, var. a, which I have had the opportunity to examine, both in the British Museum and the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, that I have thought it at least entitled to a passing notice.! Var. 3.—PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS, var. y, perornatus. Pl. XI, fig. 2, and Pls. XIJI—XV. HIMANTOPTERUS PERORNATUS, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1856, vol. xii, p. 31, and p. 28, fig. 6. PTERYGOTUS PERORNATUS, Salter. Mem. Geol. Sury., Mon. I, 1859, p. 45, pl. i, figs. 13—15 ; pl. xv, fig. 2. = _— var. plicatissimus. Ib., pl. i, fig. 16. In my report to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (read before 1 In the ‘Quarterly Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxiv, 1868, p. 295, I only spoke of three varieties of bilobus, viz. var. inornatus, perornatus, and crassus ; it has since been found necessary to name a fourth variety, 5, acidens. (See also ‘Report British Association,’ Dundee, 1867, p. 44.) 64 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. Section C, at Dundee) in 1867, and printed in the volume for that year, p. 44, and also in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ for 1868, vol. xxiv, p. 294, I pointed out the necessity of reconsidering the species of P?. di/obus and Pt. perornatus. Previously to 1865 Pterygotus bilobus had been found by Mr. Slimon in a nearly perfect state, being the first British species figured entire. It obtained its specific name from the bilobed character of the telson; but at that time no complete example of Pterygotus perornatus had been met with.’ Since then P¢. perornatus has also been obtained whole, and is likewise furnished with a bilobed telson. Difference in size cannot be relied upon as a means of separating these two, nor can the ornamentation be made use of as a specific distinction; the appendages are alike in both. The thoracic plate or operculum is valuable, no doubt, as a means of separating such forms, but, unfortunately, it cannot often be seen. I have therefore concluded to retain the name dz/obus as the specific designation for all four forms described in this part, treating them as varieties only, until we can obtain more positive evidence of their specific distinctness than we at present possess. That event arising, the specific name 2/odus should be abolished, and the varietal appellations retained as of specific value. I do not, however, apprehend that such a necessity is likely to occur, the present tendency among naturalists being rather to diminish than to increase the number of species. This is the largest form of Pterygotus found at iieemehaea the almost entire example—figured in Pl. XIII, of one half of the natural size—being not less than 11% to 12 inches in length and 34 inches in greatest breadth. Figs. 1 and 2 in Pl. XV were parts of two individuals equally large, whilst the detached head and swimming-feet figured of the natural size on Pl. XIV would repre- sent an animal 18 inches in length by 5 inches in breadth. If the detached chela (PI. XI, fig. 3) belonged to this species, we have evidence of a form not less than 2 feet in length and probably longer. Making a careful measurement of the body of P¢. perornatus figured in Pl. XIII, and aided by figs. 1 and 2 of Pl. XV, we get the following proportions for an individual about 12 inches in length: 1 The head and first six thoracic segments of a specimen as large as that figured on our Pl. XV are drawn by Mr. Bone in pl. i of the ‘ Geological Survey Memoirs, Monograph I.’ PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 65 Head (1—7) = 2 inches long by 3 inches broad. Segment (8) = 4 lines yO) ben) 2 limes) broad: 3 ” (9) = 8, ” 3. 35 3 ” 3 re Oe saae Sa Me ae ates § meat) == O'S, PRP OM oe asen Bee 55 ES 4 Cray -==' Oe Sin Or ee 2 s tt qs) = 09... 3 Si N'33 2 55 ee (IE) ities ee? $5 Dee 6 33) 3 Glo = oB es, a5 De a 55 2 o = elo) 0" 3 A? 62 ae 0 5 Ss 5 (072 jae — ae! Ds Hs ss 10 35 5 pe weray S104 oan) gf” piltons = oy (19) =) Linteh ga Shea ‘a Telson, (20), = 1 jpidilines .,) daa eine 5 The head is nearly one third broader than long, semicircular in front, the large com- pound eyes forming prominent projections on the latero-anterior border about 10 lines in length. The facetted corneee of the eyes in Pl. XIII, and of the detached head figured on Pl. XIV, 1 4, 1 ¢, can be distinctly seen with a good pocket-glass. The larval eye-spots, or ocelli, are also clearly seen in the centre of the carapace of all the specimens figured. The surface of the carapace is destitute of squamate markings or any other kind of ornamentation whatsoever; but the surfaces of the coxal joints of the ectognath (Pl. XIV, fig. 1c) and the cordiform metastoma, or post-oral plate, are both highly orna- mented with squamate markings (Pl. XV, fig. 3). The chelate antenne belonging to the specimen figured in Pl. XIII are 43 inches in length, and the chele are 5 lines broad. The length of the movable ramus of the chela is 1 inch; the inner border of both rami are closely planted with large and small sharply pointed teeth. They closely resemble in form the antennz of var. a already noticed. The endognaths agree in form with the previously described organs of var. 2, The woodcut figure of a detached endognath given at page 59 (fig. 11) probably belongs to this variety, with which its size well agrees. The metastoma or post-oral plate (Pl. XIII, figs. 1 a, m, and 1; Pl. XIV, fig. 2 ;? and Pl. XV, fig. 3) is oblong oval, deeply bilobed in front, and slightly truncated along its posterior border. It is closely covered, especially upon its anterior and bilobed portion, with minute squamate markings. The detached lip-plate (fig. 3, Pl. XV) is 2 inches 4 lines long and 14 inch in breadth near the centre, representing an individual not less than 18 inches long. Although the thoracic plate or operculum is discernible in the specimen figured in 1 This lip-plate belongs to the specimen figured in Pl, XIII, which was thus figured twice by mistake. 66 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. Pl. XIII, where the anterior thoracic segments are displaced, yet its exact contour cannot very well be represented. The anterior body-segments are much arched forward in the centre; the lateral area is recurved as in the other species ; and the anterior border appears to have projected under and formed an articulation with the preceding segment (see Pl. XV, fig. 1, segments 9 and 10). The sculpture of the body-rings (Pl. XIII, fig. 1 gy) extends over less than half their surface. The plicee are open forwards, very small, often almost linear on the front margin, and the remainder are less than semicircles. The anterior border of the segments is rounded off and smooth. A transverse faintly impressed line separates the anterior sculptured half from the posterior smooth portion; but this is not always seen. The lateral borders of the segments are not crenated. The telson (PI. XV, fig. 2, 20), is bilobed in form like the preceding varieties a and 8 ; and the penultimate segment has its anterior border contracted, its sides curved, and its posterior angles produced in a similar manner. On the Branchie in Pterygotus.—The determination by Dr. James Hall, in America, of the true position of the thoracic plate or operculuin in Lwrypterus,! having since been fully confirmed with regard to the British species of Pterygotus,? Slimonia,? and Hury- pterus,* and also its homology with the operculum in Zemualus (Pl. IX, fig. 1, 1 a)— beneath which are placed the respiratory organs—it was reasonable to expect to find evidence of branchiz in Pterygotus also, considering the wonderful state of perfection in which many of the remains of this genus have been preserved. But it was not until 1867 that I obtained satisfactory evidence of their existence. I first drew attention to them in my ‘Third Report to the British Association on the Structure and Classification of the Fossil Crustacea,’ at Dundee, in September of that year, and I have since published figures of some detached leaflets in a paper read before the Geological Society in March last.° I first detected them associated with the specimen figured in Pl. XII, figs. 1 @ (ér) and 1d; next in that in Pl. XIII, figs. 1 @ and 1 4. When at Dundee (in 1867), I obtained from Mr. Slimon a portion of shale having several detached leaf-like organs preserved upon it,’ corresponding in form and surface-markings with those referred to above, and which occur with specimens of entire Pterygoti and lymg in such a position upon the slabs as to leave little doubt that their normal place of attachment would be under the thoracic plate or operculum, as in the recent Zimulus. 1 Hall, 1859, ‘Geol. Surv. New York,’ “ Paleontology,” vol. iii, pp. 392—413. 2 H. Woodward, 1867, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxiii, pp. 28—37, pls. 1 and 2. 5 Ditto, ‘Intellectual Observer,’ 1863, vol. iv, pp. 229—237. * Ditto, ‘Geol. Mag.,’ 1864, vol.i, pp. 107—111, pl. vy, fig. 8. ® * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1868, vol. xxiv, p. 294, pl. x, figs. 3a, 3d. 6 The same which are figured in the ‘ Quart. Journ.’ above referred to. PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 67 But there is yet another specimen, which seems to complete the evidence of the position of these branchial plates in Pferygotus. I allude to a specimen described in the ‘ Memoirs of the Geol. Survey,’ Monograph I, p: 49, under the name of Pé. perornatus, var. plicatissimus. One of the body-rings is there figured, Joc. cit.; and the anterior portion of the specimen is represented in pl. 1, fig. 16, of that work. We have figured the whole of the same specimen of the natural size in Pl. XI, fig. 2 a, and the anterior portion enlarged twice the natural size in fig. 2 6. Mr. Salter writes as follows :—“ The carapace’ is much compressed longitudinally, but the true form would probably be a full semioval; the position of the eyes is obscurely marked. ‘lhe surface is covered with semicircular plice,’ the curves of which open back- wards (contrary to the usual position over the rest of the body). In front is seen the impression of the large ovate median lobe of the epistoma,3 shaped as usual, and behind are two radiated muscular impressions‘ placed low down on the carapace and towards the median line, which impressions are probably the attachments of the great swim- ming-feet.” In another place (p. 45) in the same description he observes :—‘ The head (carapace) was formerly described by me as smooth, but in better specimens it is closely and fully sculptured, the plicee convex forwards.” It is evident that Mr. Salter here refers to this same specimen (PJ. XI, fig. 2); for although I have carefully examined all the heads of Pterygotus perornatus within my reach, I have been unable to detect any sculpture on the head-shield, nor, indeed, does it exist upon the carapace of this or of any other species of this genus. he fact, then, of the portion here referred to (fig. 2 4) being sculptured precludes us from considering it as the head-shield. With regard to the direction of the squamate markings having their “‘plicae convex forwards,” and the curves open backwards, as this would be obviously contrary to every other known specimen of Pferygotus showing sculpture, we are at once enabled to perceive that this portion belonged to the under side of the body of fig. 2. a, and has been squeezed forwards as well as much com- pressed. This explains the difficulty of the reversed direction of the squame. Mr. Salter has called the central appendage (figs. 2@ and 246 (e,c)) “the large ovate median lobe of the epistoma, shaped as usual.” This most satisfactorily settles the question of the nature of this anterior displaced organ of figs. 2a, 24. The plate at that time (1859) described as the epistoma, or conjoined epistoma and labrum, is now known as the thoracic plate or operculum; c is its central appendage, and op, op are the two broad lateral wings, closely covered with squame. But that which is of the greatest interest to us in this specimen (as bearing upon the question of the position of the branchiz), is that between the curved and squeezed-up * The portion so called is seen in our enlarged figure, Pl. XI, fig. 2d. 2 See the lateral portions of fig. 2 6. 3 Pl. XI, figs. 2a and 2 4, letter ec. 4 Ibid., letters dr, dr, 68 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. operculum and the anterior border of the foremost body-segment there are preserved undoubted remains of branchial plates, figs. 2a and 2 4, dr, dr, presenting the same delicate leaf-like vascular appearance as is seen in the specimens figured in Pls. XII and XIII. These delicate membranous plates in Pterygotus differ in form from the corresponding organs in Limulus ; but there is no doubt they occupied the same relative position. In Limulus the vascular striz are parallel to the circumference of the lamella ; in Pterygotus they appear to have branched and subdivided from the centre to the margin of the plate, becoming finer and more numerous towards the border. As I shall have occasion to refer again to the branchie in the genus S/imonia, I do not propose to enter more fully upon their description here, especially as I hope shortly to have executed some carefully prepared figures of the respiratory organs of Limulus and other recent lamellibranchiate Crustacea for illustration and comparison. In the details of the ornamentation and in the form of the body-segments this specimen (PI. XI, fig. 2a) agrees with that figured in Pl. XII, fig. 1 a. Var. 4.—PreryGotus BILOBUS, var. 8, acidens. PI. XII. This specimen, to which we have had occasion already to refer when speaking of the branchize of Pterygotus, is full of interest. It is preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn. Street. We see the head, with its great compound eyes (0, 0), and its lateral eye-spots (/ e), its chelate antenna (a), its great ectognaths or swimming-jaw-feet (ec), its metastoma or post-oral plate (m); the thoracic plate or operculum (oy), with its branchiz (47); and all the segments present (save 15 and 16, which are indicated with a lighter shading), including the broad bilobed telson (20). The general outline of the body is globose, probably more so in proportion to its size than any example of var. perornatus. The dimensions are as follows :— PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS. 69 long. broad. Head (1—7) 15 lines by 2 inches. Body-segment (8) Ate Dia. eS (9) On ee. 2 lines. = (10) i ee ae Ar = Bs (11) OWE ieee cores 6. | 7 (12)? 5 ee eee en ome f (13) DT ay Lats, DRS 3 (14) 4 ior kee Di AS - (15) OR ele Olas eae | i (16) Oi | ieee 7A ia = _ (17) 6" s tomes Nao E k (Gs). 6. i ge eee = " (isin! gock, dilah) Arata, Telson G20)! FAlStasss pla S 1 line The surface of the head is not ornamented in any way, but the bases of the jaw-feet, the thoracic plate (see Woodcut, fig. 13), and the anterior third of the body-segments, are closely covered with minute plice. The portion of magnified scale-markings drawn by Mr. Hollick in Pl. XII, fig. 1 ¢, are from the body-segment (10) ; the squame are so close together that they actually present the appearance represented, but there is no real overlapping of scales, only a mimetic resemblance to it. Along the anterior border the scale-markings are very fine, closely packed, and but little arched ; lower down they become more acute and consider- ably larger ; whilst on the lateral borders they are extremely minute and packed very close together. ‘The edges of all the segments are very minutely serrated, as in the larger Devonian species. ‘The thoracic plate, which is very well preserved, is about 2 inches in breadth by about 10 lines in length. f f ( Fig. 13. Thoracic plate or operculum of Pé. dilobus, var. 6. a, a. Line of attachment to posterior border of head-shield. #f. Free border. c. Central appendage. ' The representation of the operculum in Pi. XII, fiz. 1 e, is not quite correct. This Woodcut conveys a better idea of its form. 10 70 BRITISH FOSSIL CRUSTACEA. There is little doubt but that we have in this species evidence of a second and more membranous thoracic plate lying within the outer one, but its border is but ill defined in our plate. The branchize are more distinct in this than m any specimen I have seen. The largest leaflet is 8 lines in length by 4 lines in breadth ; the smaller are 4 lines in length and 2 lines wide. The chelate antennules in var. 6 (Pl. XII, fig. 1 4) are distinguished from the ordi- nary form of dc/obus by the more regular denticulation of the chelz, and by the larger size of the terminal joint. Length 1 inch 7 lines, breadth 4 lines; length of moveable ramus of chele 13 hnes. The metastoma, or post-oral plate, does not appear to be truncated posteriorly, as in var. perornatus, and is somewhat more oval and less elongated; and the emargination of the anterior border is much more slight. Length 15 lines, breadth 10 lines. Both ectognaths are preserved entire, and the serrated edges of their great basal joints are seen pressing through the head-shield, just in front of the larval eye-spots. The free swimming-foot attached to the coxal joint measures 14 inch in length, and the penultimate joint (which is the widest) is 43 lines in breadth. It exhibits the same small intercalated triangular plate at the point of attachment of the dactylos with the propodos, and the former has at its distal extremity the same minute terminal palette, or unguis, common to the other species of Pterygotus. This, together with all the foregoing varieties described in this Part, are from the Uppermost Silurian of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. 7 » « : a ; 4 i i PLATE X. UPPER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA. Order—M&ROSTOMAYA. Sub- Order—EURYPTERIDA. Fic. 1—8. Pterygotus bilobus, Salter, var. a, cnornatus. 1. Represents an almost entire example, having several of its appendages pre- served. a, a. The chelate antenne, displaced (the stars indicate the proximal ends). o, o. The large compound eyes. s, s. The serrated mandibular borders of the basal joints of the maxillipeds or ectognaths (their general outline is seen through the carapace). ec, ec. The ectognaths, with their broad, oar-like extremities. e. One of the small endognaths, preserved entire, but lying on the slab detached from the head. c. The narrow median lobe of the thoracic plate (the impression seen through the overlying somites). 2. An almost equally well-preserved specimen. ‘The antenne (a, a) are still attached in their normal position to the anterior border of the head-shield. One of the endognaths (e) and an ectognath (ec) are still 7 sift; the metastonia or post- oral plate (7) is clearly seen. 3. Exhibits well the large compound eyes (0, 0) and the larval eye-spots or ocelli (/e). All the appendages have been detached from this specimen, and lie at a little dis- tance from it upon the same slab (they are represented in the Woodcut, p. 58). N.B.—The small figures placed against the body-segments in all these plates correspond throughout with the small Roman numerals placed against the segments of the restored figures of Pt. anglicus, given in Part I, Pl. VIII, of this Monograph. From the Uppermost Silurian formation of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Drawn, of the natural size, from specimens in the British Museum. ontourare’ Soc TS eo ANNO eA Px folhek Del et Lath F.Waller Imp PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS, Saker. (rar a) jparmest uurtan Rocks, ot | unarlshtre PLATH SX UPPER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA. Order—MEROSTOMATA. Sub- Order-—HuRYPTERIDA. Fie. 1. Pterygotus bilobus, var. B, crassus. o, 0. ‘The compound eyes. s. The serrated mandibular border of one of the ectognaths. ec, ec. The ectognaths, preserved in siti. e. One of the endognaths, displaced. a. A chelate antenna ; the claw or pincer hidden beneath the telson. 2 a. Seven of the anterior segments of P¢. dilodus var. y, perornatus (= var. plicatissimus, Salter). op. The opercular plate, squeezed forward and much distorted. c. The central appendage of same. ér. The branchize exposed to view, protruding from beneath the upper and originally attached border of the operculum. 2 4. The above described portion of 2 a, magnified twice (the letters are the same as in fig. 2 a, above). {The direction of the plicee upon the operculum indicates that the lower edge in our Plate was that by which it was originally attached to the pos- terior border of the under side of the head. The head, and probably the first two body-segments, are wanting. ] 3. Detached antenne of a very large Pterygotus (probably Pt. bclobus, var. y). ch. The moveable chela, with its large teeth, resembling those of Pt. anglicus (see Part I, Pl. VII, figs. 1—3). The surface at B is covered with the valves of Beyrichia Kledeni or gibba (a small bivalved Entomostracan), a pair of which are enlarged and figured at B 1. Figs. 1, 2 a, and 38, are drawn of the natural, size; fig. 2 6 magnified twice; fig. B 1 magnified six times. From Uppermost Silurian of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Figs. 1 and 8 are in the British Museum. Fig. 2 is in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. ' aim i} FD) J D) a iv 28S EAN 3S AS Hollick Del Fig3. Detached chelate Antena ot Fterygctus a a “se ri ~ aT es ‘ PLATE XII. UPPER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA. Order—MEROSTOMATA. Sub- Order—EHuRYPTERIDA. Pterygotus bilobus, var. 8, acidens. Fic. 1 a. Represents an individual of the natural size. le. The larval eye-spots. 0, o. The compound eyes. One of the antenne. m. ‘Che metastoma, or post-oral plate. ec. One of the ectognaths. op. The operculum (¢, its central portion). ér. Some of the branchiz. The segments marked 15 and 16 are absent in the specimen. a. ~ 1 4. Antenna, magnified twice the natural size ; m, moveable ramus of chela. 1c. Some of the scale-like markings upon the surface of the thorax, greatly magnified. 1 d. Some of the branchiz, enlarged twice the natural size. 1 e. Thoracic plate restored (natural size). From the Uppermost Silurian of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Drawn from a specimen in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. SU ERAN Cie WS TAC Tas PIX ATE ONTOGRAPHY Soc ATHolick Det etlith SEES : PTERYGOTUS BILOBUS, Sake trax d) Tate , UY. Stlariaw of Lanarkshire PLATE XIII. UPPER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA. Order—MEROSTOMATA. Sub-Order—EvuRYPTERIDA. Pterygotus bilobus, var. y, perornatus. Fig. 1 a. An almost entire example, reduced to one half the natural size. a,a. The antenne, detached and displaced (the points of attachment to the head are marked by stars). o, o. The eyes; and (/e) the larval eye-spots or ocelli. e. An endognath and part of another, displaced. ec. The ectognaths, or swimming-feet; their great basal jomts (¢, ¢) are detached, and lie in front of the head. m. The metastoma or post-oral plate. The telson (20) is restored. | 6. The larval eyes, magnified three times. 1 c. One of the large compound eyes, magnified three times. 1 d. A portion of same, magnified fifteen times. 1 e. The metastoma, of the natural size. | f. The coxal joint of one of the ectognaths, natural size. 1 g. Part of a thoracic segment, magnified three times, to show the scale-like markings on its upper part. 1 4. Three of the branchie, magnified three times, seen in this specimen where a portion of a thoracic segment has been removed. From the Uppermost Silurian of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Drawn from a specimen in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. Pal.ZONTOGRAPE Soc. i ah AT Holhek Del t Lath F Waller, Imp PiERyYCOTUS BILOBUS. Sater vary.) UY. Sturtarn of Lanarkshire PLATE Xi: UPPER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA. Order —MEROSTOMATA. Sub- Order —EvRYPTERIDA. Fig. 1. Pterygotus bilobus, var. y, perornatus. 1 a. Head, with the great maxillipeds or ectognaths still attached, but displaced outwards on either side. The form of the head-shield, the compound facetted eyes (0,0), and the larval eyes (/e) are well seen. The joints of the ectognaths are lettered to cor- respond with the names given to the articuli (see page 6, Part I). 1 4. Facets of eye, magnified ten times. 1 c. Facets of eye, magnified six times. (The form is evidently altered by compression.) 1 d. Scale-like markings from the right coxal jomt, magnified four times. (The upper portion of the left coxal joint is restored.) 2. A detached lip-plate, showing the lower edge (near the figure 2) to be truncated. (See also Pl. XV, fig. 3.) 3. ‘Two beautifully preserved endognaths, found detached (the joints are lettered as in fig. 1). From the Uppermost Silurian of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Figs. 1 a, 2, and 3 are drawn, of the natural size, from specimens preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. BHEYSYLOUDT, JO UPELIS 9SOULMIMA LY ap ‘snsvngoaad (Aw) 'SNAOQTIG SNLOOAG aa dap ate UT we pPC FULT { PLATE XV. UPPER SILURIAN CRUSTACEA. Order—MEROSTOMATA. Sub- Order—HuRYPTERIDA. Pterygotus bilobus, var. y, perornatus. Fig. 1. Head and four anterior segments of body of P#. bi/obus, var. y, showing the larval eyes (le), the compound eyes (0, v), and tke right swimming-foot (ectognath), still attached zm siti. 2. The greater part of the body of another specimen, having portions of the thoracic and the entire series of abdominal somites preserved. 3. A very beautifully preserved detached lip-plate of Pt. d:lobus, var. y, showing the truncated posterior border (a), by which it was attached tothe head. The surface is beautifully squamate. From the Uppermost Silurian of Lesmahago, Lanarkshire. Drawn, of the natural size, from specimens preserved in the British Museum. PALE ON TOGRAPH™ f Hielcug Del et Lith Soc WAS LE eae Cre Ue SIA iA. PRERYGORUS, BILOBUS) Gary) PELORN UY Stlareian of Lanarkshur ATUS PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1868. LONDON: x MDCCCLXIX . A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. PART VII. NO. III. CONTAINING Pages 169—248; Pirates XXIII—XXXVII. THE SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. BY THOMAS DAVIDSON, F.R.S., F.G.S., VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE PALHZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ; MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF FRANCE, EDINBURGH, AND GLASGOW; MEMBRE ETRANGER DE L’/INSTITUT DES PROVINCES, FRANCE, AND LINNEAN SOCIETY OF NORMANDY ; IMPERIAL MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF ST. PETERSBURG ; ROYAL ACADEMIES OF BELGIUM AND OF BAVARIA ; SOCILTE ROYALE HOLLANDAISE DES SCIENCES, H ARLEM ; ROYAL SOCIETY OF LIEGE ; ACADEMY OF ST. LOUIS ; AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA; ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF VIENNA; PALHZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF BELGIUM ; HON. MEMBER OF THE DUDLEY AND MIDLAND GEOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY, ETC. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1869. == ei = a = PRINTED BY ‘J. BE. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. ‘i : Ae s RHYNCHONELLID A. 169 breviort, lacunosa, apice quadridentata. Mus. Tess., tab. v, fig. 6; Lister, ‘ Angl.,’ 249, tab. ix, fig. 57; Grew, ‘ Mus.,’ tab. xix, fig. 6: fossilis.’ This description is obscure, for many species of Rhynchonella have their shell roundish, with numerous grooves, and the remainder of the diagnosis cannot be easily understood. Linné, however, gives us three references for figures; but these in no way assist us in clearing up the difficulty, for it is certain that these three figures refer to totally different species! The first reference is to pl. v, fig. 6, of the ‘Museeum Tessinianum;’ and although it would be difficult to positively identify any species from such unsatisfactory drawings (see our Pl]. XXIII, fig. 15.4, B), it would be still more difficult to refer to it the shell under description. The description in the ‘Museum Tessinianum’ is, however, some- what more explicit,’ but by no means implies that the shell we now term Rhynchonella Wilsont was Linné’s Anomia lacunosa2 The second reference to pl. ix, fig. 57, of Lister’s ‘ Historia Animalium Anglize’ (1678) is quite a mistake, as any tyro would at once perceive by a glance at the figure we have also reproduced from that work (PI. XXIII, fig. 17). This last, according to Lister, would be a Carboniferous shell, and is stated to occur near Gunnerley, in Lincolnshire, and in the lead-bearing rock of Derbyshire and Yorkshire. The reference to Grew’s curious old book, ‘Museum Regalis Societatis,’ published in 1681, is stranger still, for the Rhynchonella therein figured (see our Pl. XXIIT, fig. 16) is as different from that of Lister as it is from Linneus’s own represented in the ‘Museeum Tessinianum.’ It is therefore not surprising that James Sowerby, in 1816, did not recognise the Linnean species while describing his Zerebratula Wilsoni ; and as no other person could possibly have done so, who had not been able to consult the Tes- sinian collection where the type of 4. /acunosa is preserved, it naturally follows that Sowerby was justified in giving the name /i/soni to his well described and figured species. It will also be seen from a glance at the list of synonyms and references that, with the exception of Wahlenberg, Hisinger, and Dalman, almost every paleontologist has made use of the Sowerbyan designation of Wi/sont. In 1821, it is true, Wahlenberg describes Anomites lacunosus by the following few words :—“ plicatus globosus, in sola Gothlandia lectus ;’ and Dalman, in 1827, described at some length, and gave recog- nisable figures (see our Pl. XXIII, fig. 18) of Sowerby’s 7. Wilsoni, as the Anomia lacunosa of Wahlenberg; but strangely he does not refer to Linné, though he mentions T. Wilsoni of Sowerby as being a synonym! Hisinger, in 1837, reproduces Dalman’s views; and, as I stated above, it is very possible that 4. /acunosa of Linné and T. Wilsont may be synonymous, but of this there is not positive proof. At p. 128 of his ‘Ipsa Linnei Conchylia,’ however, Mr. Hanley informs us that in the Linnean 1 «Museeum Tessinianum,’ p. 88 :—a. ‘‘ Anomia subglobosa, postice dupliciter striata, tab. v, fig. 6 :— Testa versus umbones striis 16, antice vero 8. Valvula superior antice valde emarginata dentibus duobus, ad latere vero utrinque dentibus duobus. Valvula inferior tribus, ad latere vero utrinque dentibus duobus.”’ 2 Prof. M‘Coy and some other palzeontologists would, however, refer quite another species, namely, the T. borealis of Schlotheim and von Buch, to the A. lacunosa of Linneus. 22 170 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. Collection he found the box of Axomia lacunosa containing four specimens which would agree with Zerebratula Wilsont. I need not refer to Schlotheim’s interpretation of Z. Jacunosa (‘Die Petrefact.,’ p. 267, 1820), further than to say that he unites under that denomination a strange mixture of different species. In 1834 Von Buch (‘ Ueber Ter.,’ p. 47) adopts Sowerby’s T. Wilsoni, placing at the same time Wahlenberg and Dalman’s 4. dacunosa among its synonyms; he also mentions that the Zer. /acunosa of Zeiten and of Schlotheim is a distinct species from that of Linnaeus; and adds, “It is sufficiently evident, from the figure of Fabio Colonna,’ and his description, that in his Anomia triloba lacunosa he has wished to refer specially to this (Jurassic) Terebratula, and that Langé and Scheuchzer have confounded no other shell with this one; that in all likelihood Linné wished to reunite under the name of Jacunosa all the Terebratule of which the dorsal (ventral) sinus is distinguished by an upper plaited surface ; and that, consequently, when the Swedish naturalists wish to reduce this denomination to the Z. Wilson, they have not the right to invoke for this the authority of Linné.” I cannot, however, entirely coincide with the baron’s view, although the various references to the figures given by Linné for his 4. dacunosa might lead to that inference; for it must also be remembered that Linné describes other Anomias referable to other species of Rhyuchonella. Bronn, in his ‘Index Paleontologicus,’ adopts Sowerby’s 7. Wilsont, adding A. /acunosa of Linné, Wahlenberg, Dalman, and Hisinger, among its synonyms. Lindstrém also, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Stockholm,’ adopts the term /V7/soni in preference to that of dacunosa ; so also MM. de Verneuil and Keyserling, at p. 87 of their work ‘On the Geol. of Russia ;? and d’Hichwald and many other paleontologists have taken the same view. The designation Wi/soni must therefore be adopted for the shell under description, and that of lacunosa placed amongst those incerte sedis, or with a point of interrogation among the synonyms of /V7i/soni ; for no paleontologist can in justice claim any species as his own whose description and figures are as obscure and doubtful as are those of the so-termed Anomia lacunosa of Linneus. Rhynchonella Wilsont is variable in its shape, but especially in the degree of convexity or depth of its valves; the ribs are also smaller and more numerous in some specimens than in others; and although these last in the greater number of specimens become divided by an indented line (fig. 6c) in their proximity of the margin, this character is not observable in every specimen. It has also appeared to me that those extremely gibbous specimens, whose depth so greatly exceeds that of their length or width, occur principally in the Aymestry Limestone; the Llandovery and Wenlock examples being larger, but comparatively less deep or ventricose. Ter. pentayona, Sow., from the Upper Ludlow of Delbury, Shropshire, is a young shell of 2A. Wilsoni. Mr. Salter informs me that the Hemithyris pentagona, M‘Coy (‘ Brit. Pal. Foss.,’ p. 205), is 1 «De Purpura,’ p. 35, 1675. ee ———— RHYNCHONELLID. 171 also a young Rh. Wilsoni; and that he has likewise examined the original figure and described specimen of Hem. spheroidalis, M‘Coy (‘ Brit. Pal. Foss.’), in the Cambridge Museum, and found it to be a small variety of R. Wilsoni ; the specimen being from the Aymestry Limestone of Botville. 2. crebricosta, Sow., from the Llandovery of Tynewydd (figured in the ‘Silurian System’), is evidently a crushed specimen of 24. Wilsoni, as any one can see by a glance at the original specimen preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society. Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) Davidsoni of M‘Coy appears, both to Mr. Salter and myself, to be only a variety of RA. Wilsonz, with fewer and larger ribs. I will describe it separately, but as a named variety of the last-mentioned species.’ Position and Locality. Although Viscount d’Archiac, M. de Verneuil, and some few other paleontologists, have given the range of this species from the Upper Silurian to the Devonian inclusive, it may be here stated that its range has not, I think, been hitherto satisfactorily ascertained beyond the Llandovery, Wenlock, and Ludlow periods. In his paper on the ‘Parallelisme des depots Paléozoiques de l’Amérique Septentrionale avec ceux de !Europe,* M. de Verneuil states that 7. Wilsoni in general belongs to the Upper Silurian, and that it is represented in the Devonian system by a species with finer and more numerous ribs. At p. 392 of the same author’s ‘ Description of the Fossils of the Rhenish Provinces,” as well as at p. 88 of the second vol. of the ‘ Geol. of Russia,’ Rh. Wilsoni is said to occur in the Devonian Limestone of Néhou, in Normandy; and it cannot be denied that externally the Néhou specimens very much resemble externally some varieties of the Silurian shell; but I ascertained that their interiors presented constant modifications, which warranted Alcide d’Orbigny in giving to the Devonian form the designation of svb-Wi/soni. In vol. ix, pl. xin, of the second series of the “Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,’ for May, 1852, I carefully represented the interiors of both forms, from specimens collected by myself in England and the Continent. It occurs in the Upper Ludlow at Brockton and Burton; Delbury, Salop ; Dafaddfa- Uchaf, south-west of Hazle, Woolhope ; Hales End and Brock Hill section, near Malvern ; in various places in the Woolhope district, Usk ; New Hall, Builth, etc. In the Aymestry Limestone, at Sedgley ; Botville ; Church Stretton, Aymestry, Anker- dine Hill, Abberley ; Llanbadoc, &., in the Usk district. In the Lower Ludlow, St. Ishmael’s Church, Dale, Callow Farm, Hill End, 1 At p. 87 of the ‘Geology of Russia’ M. de Verneuil observes—“La forme remarquablement gibbeuse de la 7. Wilson, par suite de laquelle les plis des deux valves tombent presque perpendiculaire- ment les uns sur les autres et rendent les bords trés obtus et a peine angulaux, la font facilement reconnaitre au milieu de ses analogues, qui, au reste, ne sont pas nombreuses. Ia plus voisine, sans contredit, est celle que Mr. Sowerby a décrite sous le nom de Aérypa spherica (Rh. Davidsoni), et qu’il nous parait méme im- possible de distinguer par aucun bon caractére.”’ . 2 «Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 2nd ser., vol. iv, 1847. 3 «Transactions of the Geol. Soc. of London,’ 2nd ser., vol. vi, 1841. 172 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. Abberley, Leintwardine ; Dowlas, near Usk; Cwm-Craig-ddu and Erw Gilfach, Builth district. In the Wenlock Limestone and Shale, west of Rock Farm, May Hill, Dudley; near Walsall; east of Ledbury; Eastnor Gravel Pit; Witfield, Tortworth ; Comb Hill, Malvern; Clincher’s Mill; Scar Lime-works, Onibury. Bryn-Mawr; Mynydd-Tryfan ; and Capel-y- rhiw, North Wales (in beds above the Denbighshire Grit). In the Weoolhope Limestone at Little Hope Woolhope, Bogmine Shelve, and in the Llandovery at Tynewydd, Llandovery. In Scotland it occurs in the Wenlock Shale of the Pentland Hills, and in the same formation at Clogher Head, Kerry. Abroad it is abundant in the Island of Gothland; at Moustel-Pank, and at St, Johannis in the Island of Oesel, and in Russia; in the neighbourhood of Christiania, Norway. In America it is stated by M. de Verneuil to occur in the States of Tennessee and of the Ohio, where it is completely identical with the European specimens. RuyNncHoneLLa Wixsoni, var. Davipsoni, A/‘Coy. Pl. XXIII, figs. 11—14. TEREBRATULA SPHM@RICA, Dav. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 2nd ser., vol. v, p. 328, pl. iii, fig. 36, 1848 (of Géol. Trans., not of Sil. Syst.) Hemituyris Davipsoni, A‘Coy. Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. vili, 2nd ser., p- 592, 1851; and British Paleozoic Fossils, p. 200, 1852. This variety differs from the typical forms of 2A. Wilsonc in having fewer and stronger ribs ; in other respects the general form is about the same, being subcuboidal, and usually slightly longer than wide, some examples having attained 13 lines in length, 12 in width, and 10 indepth; and of these a fine series, belonging to Mr. Fletcher’s collection, may be seen in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Prof. M‘Coy is, however, mistaken when he asserts that the ribs are not divided by a median sulcus, as in RA. Wilsoni ; for I have now before me several specimens in which the ribs are, in the proximity of the margin, divided by a median groove (see Pl. XXIII, figs. 12a and 12c.) It is true that in some examples (as is the case with typical RA. Vilsonz), the longitudinal grooves are not clearly observable, and may be entirely absent. The number of ribs varies also in different individuals, so that from three to six ribs may be counted on the slightly raised mesial fold, as well as on the shallow sinus; when the ribs are more numerous the form gradually merges into true RA. Wilsont. In 1848 I had referrred this form to the Terebratula spherica, Sow., so named by that author in Murchison’s and Sedgwick’s memoir “On the Physical Structure and Old Stratified Deposits of Devonshire” (‘Trans. Geol. Society,’ vol. v, pl. lvii, fig. 3, 1840), but I had overlooked the fact that the same RHYNCHONELLID. 173 author had previously, in the ‘Silurian System,’ applied that name to a slightly varied form of Rhynchonella deflewa: it will therefore be better to adopt M‘Coy’s term Davidsoni as a varietal designation for the modification of R/. Wilsont under description. — Prof. MCoy, in his work on ‘ British Palaeozoic Fossils,’ refers to the figure given by myself in the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France,’ vol. v, pl. ii, fig. 36, as the type of his Hem. Davidsoni. I mention this because in the Woodwardian Museum some very uncertain examples had been so named by Prof. M‘Coy. The variety Davidsont occurs in the Wenlock Limestone at Dudley, Walsall, me Falfield. Prof. M‘Coy states it to be very rare in the Upper Ludlow rock of Burton and Brockton, near Wenlock. RHYNCHONELLA WILSONI, var. SPH#ROIDALIS, M‘Coy. Pl. XXIII, fig. 10. HerMITHYRIS SPH#ROIDALTS, M‘Coy. Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. viii, 2nd ser., p- 393, 1851; and Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 206, pl. i, fig. 4, 1852. As already stated, judging from the description and figure published by Prof. M‘Coy, Hemithyris spheroidalis can be nothing more than a small variety or young form of Rhynchonella Wilsoni. It occurs in the Wenlock Limestone of Dudley, and in the Aymestry Limestone of Sedgley and of Botville. RuHYNCHONELLA Nasuta, M‘Coy. Pl. XXIII, fig. 19. Hemituyris nNasuta, A‘Ooy. Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. viii, 2nd ser., p. 393, 1851; and British Pal. Foss., p. 203, pl. i 1, ii, fig. 5, 1852. Spec. Char. Longitudinally oval, either longer than wide or about as wide as long ; sides rounded ; the front in old specimens is produced into a flat tongue-shaped lobe. Valves almost equally convex, the dorsal one slightly the deepest. In the ventral valve the sinus commences close to the extremity of the beak, and gradually widens as it nears the front ; beak moderately produced, and so much incurved as to almost touch the umbonal beak of the opposite valve. Dorsal valve uniformly convex at the umbone, but gradually a wide obtusely rounded mesial fold is produced, so that the valve becomes trilobed anteriorly. Surface ornamented with from twenty to twenty-six simple, close, slightly produced, rounded, radiating ribs, of which six or seven, rather stronger than the rest, occupy the fold and sinus. Interior not known. ‘Two specimens measured— Length 14, width 12, depth 8 lines. yy!) ERs orgy 1D Limes: 174 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. Obs. Of this species I have seen but two or three examples, and consequently it is not possible to say much with reference to the modifications it may assume. It does not appear, however, to be very rare in the Caradoc Limestone of Craig Head, near Girvan, in Ayrshire, from whence Prof. M‘Coy’s original specimen was derived, but it is difficult to obtain out of that rock a perfect specimen. One, however, of which the dorsal valve was almost entire, did not present so elongated a form as is presented by the typical specimen in the Cambridge Museum. It would consequently be desirable that more specimens of this shell should be collected by those who may have occasion to visit the Craig Head Quarry. Prof. M‘Coy informs us that this species much resembles the Zerebratula promontorium of Kutorga, from the Lower Silurian limestones of Pulkowa (see ‘ Verhandlungen der Russ. Kais. Min. Gesellschaft zu St.-Petersburg,’ for 1845, pl. vi, fig. 3), but is distinguished by its ribbed surface. RHYNCHONELLA BOREALIS, Schloth. Pl. XXI, figs. 14—27. ? ANOMITES PLICATELLA, Wahlenberg. Nov. Act. Upsal., p. 67 (Linn., Mus. Tessin., p- 88, pl. v, fig. 57), 1821. TEREBRATULA — Dalman. Vet. Akad. Handl., p. 140, pl. vi, fig. 2, 1828 (synonymia exclusa). — DIODONTA, Td. Ib., pl. vi, fig. 4, 1828. — BOREALIS, Id. Schlotheim, Systematisches Verzeichniss der Pet. Sammlung, p. 68, No. 88, 1832. — —- V. Buch. Ueber Tereb., Akad. Berlin, p. 67, 1834; and Mem. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. iii, p. 171, pl. xvi, fig. 15, 1838. oo PLICATELLA, Hisinger. Letheea Suecica, p. 80, tab. xxiii, fig. 4, 1837. — BOREALIS, Angelin. Mus. Pal. Suecicum, No. 48, 1838. —- LACUNOSA (= 7’. borealis, Schloth., Buch), J. de C. Sowerby. Sil. Syst., pl. xii, fig. 10, 1839. — BIDENTATA, Sow. Ib., pl. xii, fig. 13a. — PLICATELLA, De Verneuil. Geol. of Russia, vol. ii, p. 84, 1845. = — Td. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. v, 2nd ser., p. 346, 1848. — CRISPATA, Dav. Ib., p.329 (non T. crispata, Sow.) HyPoTHYRIS BOREALIS, Phillips and Salter. Memoirs Geol. Survey, vol. ii, p. 383, pl. xxviii, figs. 9—14, 1848. TEREBRATULA — Bronn. Index Pal., p. 1231, 1848. Hemituyris — DOrbigny. Prodrome, voi. i, p. 37, 1849. RHYNCHONELLA — Morris, Cat. of British Fossils, p. 146, 1854. HEMITHYRIS LAcUNOSA, M‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 201, 1852. RHYNCHONELLA — Schmidé. Sil.-Form. Ehstland, &c., Archiv. Nat. Liv.- Ehst- und Kurland, vol. ii, p. 211, 1858. = PLICATELLA, D’Hichwald. Lethzea Rossica, vol. i, p. 758, 1859. RHYNCHONELLID®. 175 RHYNCHONELLA DIODONTA, D’Lichwald. Lethzea Rossica, p. 759, 1859. —_— BOREALIS, Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 544, pl. xxii, fig. 4, var. fig.5, 1859. — —_— var. proponta, Id. Ib., pl. xxii, fig. 5. — _— Lindstrim. Proceed. Royal Acad. of Stockholm, p. 365, 1860. Spec. Char. Subtrigonal, wider than long. Valves more or less gibbous, dorsal valve always most gibbous. Beak of ventral valve moderately produced and incurved, foramen clearly exposed, and situated beneath the angular extremity of the beak; it extends to the hinge-line, and is margined on either side by narrow deltidial plates; sinus broad, deep, and extending from the extremity of the beak to the front. In the dorsal valve the fold is abruptly raised, with wide smooth walls, but flattened along the middle, and varying in breadth in different specimens. Surface of valves ornamented with from ten to twenty angular ribs, of which from two to six compose the fold, while from one to five occupy the sinus. ‘The ribs are usually simple, but sometimes, as an exception, one or two dichoto- mise, the whole being crossed by fine transverse striz. On either side of the beak, between the beak-ridges and hinge-line, a concave smooth space occurs, while the lateral spaces on either side of the beak are moderately wide; the margin of the ventral valve indenting by a convex curve the corresponding edge of the dorsal valve. Interior not known. Three specimens measured— Length 14, width 17, depth 12 lines. ees) a ee Os oy es a, 8 gee Obs. ‘This species varies greatly in shape, according to age and individual, and especially so from the number of ribs which occur on the fold and sinus ; and this has tempted Dalman and others to distinguish some of these varieties by the separate spe- cific denominations of diodonta and bidentata. Myr. Salter observes, when describing Ith. borealis, that the shell is conspicuous, even in its young state, by the two raised dorsal ribs and the deep furrow in the ventral valve with its single rib ; that, if this number is retained, it becomes 7. diodonta, Dalman, and that perhaps even 7. didentata, id., may be the young of it ; but that with respect to the former, he is quite sure it is onlya variety, and that Dalman himself has hinted at the probability of this, the Z! d:dentata of the ‘Sil. System’ being a synonym of 7. diodonta, &e. Having assembled a large number of specimens of RA. borealis from the Wenlock Limestone of Dudley, where the shell is abundant, I found that in some young examples the two ribs of the small variety diodonta were also present in large adult individuals of Rh. borealis, such as in figs. 16 and 18, while in other specimens there are three, four, and more, on the fold, as in figs. 14, 15, and 24; but in other young examples of RA. borealis three, four, and even five ribs are present on the fold; and these are persistent into the adult state, so that it seems 176 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. impossible to know where to draw a definite line of demarcation among these many varieties, or rather modifications in shape, of this single most variable species. In some specimens the transverse striz are finer and closer than in other examples; while in some specimens of the variety diodonta, these last, such as in fig. 23, are wide apart, prominent, or scale-like. I am not, however, certain whether 7! é¢dentata of Dalman (not of Sowerby) may be a distinct species or not, and therefore I must leave this an open question. The next point to determine is the name the shell should retain, for some confusion and uncertainty seems to have prevailed upon the subject. In 1767 Linné briefly described his Anomia plicatella, but gave no reference to figures, and consequently it was not possible to be certain what was the shell intended for that species, and a Spirifer was subsequently by some paleontologists, myself included, rightly or wrongly referred to the Linnean species. In 1821 (at p. 67 of the 8th vol. of the ‘Nova Acta Soc. Upsa- liensis’) Wahlenberg described a 2hynchonella by the designation of Anomites plicatella, and referred for its figure to Linnzeus’s ‘Mus. Tessinianum,’ p. 88, pl. v, fig. 5; but Wahlenberg seems to have overlooked the fact that Linné had himself, in the 12th ed. of his ‘Systema Nature,’ referred that figure to his Anomia reticularis ; and in Turton’s translation of the last-named work (vol. iv, p. 282, 1802) the same reference is so repro- duced. It is quite possible, and even probable, that in giving that reference of figure to A. reticularis, Linné committed a mistake, and some naturalists have even considered the Linnean 4. /acunosa to be referable to the species under description, whilst others have applied that name to the shell now known as RA. Wilsoni. We therefore have no positive evidence that the species here described by the name of Rh. borealis was the Anomia plicatella of Linneus. In September, 1825, James Sowerby, in his ‘ Mineral Conchology’ (vol. v, p. 167, pl. 508, fig. 1), correctly described and illustrated a large Jurassic R/ynchonella, under the designation of plicatella, which name will have to be preserved; and consequently, whatever subsequent naturalists may have supposed to have been the A. plicatella of Linnzus, we cannot adopt their view, as the name had for the first time been given to a well-defined species by Sowerby. It is quite true that, in 1828, Dalman, and after him Hisinger, described and figured the shell here described under the designation of 7. plicatella ; but that name cannot, as I have said, claim precedence over that of Sowerby. At page 67 of his ‘ Ueber Terebrateln,’ Von Buch describes a Silurian shell under the designation of Zerebratula borealis, Schlotheim, and refers us for a figure to Schlotheim’s ‘Nachtrage,’ 1, pl. xx, fig. 6 (there erroneously named Z. Jacunosa), and since then Bronn and several other paleeontologists have adopted the term dorealis for the shell under description ; and this name I think should be retained, as it puts an end to the confusion created by the uncertainty relating to Linneeus’s species. I may here mention that the name dorea/is was first published in the catalogue of Schlotheim’s collection, and without any further reference (in 1822), and would have remained simply a RHYNCHONELLIDA. LW iv) useless catalogue name had not Von Buch fully described the species in 1834 under the same designation. M. D’Eichwald considers RA. diodonta to be distinct from the species under description, as well as from RA. didentata ; but in Russia, as well as in Sweden and in Great Britain, RZ. diodonta and Rh. borealis occur in the same localities, and merge by every gradation of form one into the other. Position and Locality. In Great Britain RA. borealis, and its varieties diodonta and bidentata, range from the Lower Llandovery to the Upper Ludlow, but are most abundant in the Wenlock Limestone. We find it in the Upper Ludlow at Hope End, Frith Pound ; Mathon, Malvern district; Hazle, Wonder, Pilliard’s Barn, Stoke Edith, Shucknall, Woolhope district ; west of Rock Farm, May Hill district (Phillips and Salter). Aymestry Limestone, Russell’s Farm. Wenlock Limestone, near Walsall, Dudley, Benthall and Wenlock Edge. East of Can- wood and Dormington Wood, Woolhope; Hobbs; Longhope; Abberley, Chirbury Malverns, Falfield, &c. Woothope beds, Little Hope Woolhope. Upper Llandovery. Fron, Coldbrook, Llandovery (var. like fig. 22, Pl. XXI). East of Merchlin and Bogmine, near Shelve, North Wales (Survey). Lower Llandovery. Priory Mill (Survey). In Ireland it has been found in the Wenlock Shales, at Ferriter’s Cove, Dingle, County Kerry. Some other localities have also been named by Prof. M‘Coy and General Portlock ; but not being quite satisfied as to the correctness of the identification, I need not refer to them in this place. It is also probable, though not yet perfectly certain, that this species occurs in the Wenlock Shales of the Pentland Hills in Scotland. Abroad Rhynchonella borealis, as well as its variety diodonta, occur plentifully in the Wenlock beds of the Island of Gothland, these specimens being identical with our own. According to D’Eichwald, it would occur in the Coral Limestone of the Island of Oécsel, at Hohenheim, Ficht, also in the north of the Ural. It has likewise been found in rocks of the Llandovery age in the neighbourhood of Christiania, in Norway. RHYNCHONELLA DEcEMpLicaTa, Sow. Pl. XXIII, figs. 20—24. TEREBRATULA DECEMPLICATA, J.de C. Sow. Silurian System, pl. xxi, fig. 17, 1839. Hypornyris — Phillips and Salter. Memoirs of the Geol. Survey of Great Britain, vol. 11, p. 280, 1848. RHYNCHONELLA — Salter. Siluria, 2nded., p. 544, pl. ix, fig. 15, 1859. — — Id. Mem. Geol. Survey of Great Britain, vol. iii, p- 278, 1866. Spec. Char. Shell small, globose, or slightly transversely oval. Valves moderately 23 178 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. convex or gibbous. Ventral valve rather deeper than the dorsal one; beak small, incurved ; sinus wide, deep, with a small median rib; ribs on each of the lateral portions of the valve varying in number from five to seven. Dorsal valve divided by a wide, moderately elevated, biplicated fold, while from five to seven ribs ornament each of the lateral portions of the valve. Surface of both valves crossed by concentric lines of growth. Two specimens measured— Length 7, width 7, depth 6 lines. SVMEONOR,. b4 6.0 WB Obs. This species is easily recognisable on account of its wide biplicated fold and sinus, and small simple lateral ribs ; but it is a mistake to suppose that, as its name would imply, not more than ten ribs ornament the surface of each valve, for I have counted from ten to fifteen in different examples. It varies also much in size, but rarely exceeds the dimensions above given, and is often smaller. ‘The form to which it most approaches is Rhynchonella borealis, var. diodonta, but it is distinguished by its more numerous and smaller lateral ribs. Position and Locality. Although mentioned in ‘ Siluria’ as having been found in the Wenlock, I have not seen specimens derived from that formation. It is peculiar, as far as I know, to the Upper Llandovery (May Hill group of Sedgwick). One example, how- ever, which I cannot distinguish from the species under description, was sent to me by Mr. Davies from the Bala Limestone of Allt-y-gader, Llanfyllin, in North Wales (fig. 24). The following localities have been quoted, all in Upper Llandovery :—Mwdwl, Hithin, Plas Madoc, North Wales ; also Presteign, Malverns; Minton, Chirbury, Norbury. In Wales and Shropshire fine examples occur at the Obelisk, Eastnor Park. Phillips and Salter mention also, besides the above-named localities, under Worcester Beacon ; Wych ; Cowley Park, Malvern; Ankerdine Hill, Abberley district ; Lampeter Hill, Haverfordwest district, and Marloes Bay in the Marloes district, &c. I am not acquainted with the shell from either Scotland or Ireland, and have not seen any foreign specimen. RHYNCHONELLA DEFLEXA, Sow. PI. XXII, figs. 24—27. TEREBRATULA DEFLEXA, J. de C. Sow. Sil. Syst., pl, xii, fig. 14, 1839. — BREVIROsSTRIS, Id. Ibe, pl. xin, fig, 15. —- SPHHRICA, Id. ib. pleodi, Ae. l7- — INTERPLICATA, Id. Ib., pl. xii, fig. 23. — DEFLEXA, Barrande. Brachiopoda of Bohemia, Naturwissens. Abhandl., pl. xx, fig. 15, 1847. — DEFLEXA et SPH#RICA, Dav. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 2nd ser., vol. v, p. 328, 1848. — — De Verneuil. Ib., p. 346, 1848. ~ RHYNCHONELLIDA. 179 Hyporayris DEFLEXA et BREVIROSTRIS, Phillips and Salter. Memoirs of the Geol. Survey, vol. ii, p. 280, 1848. ATRYPA INTERPLICATA, J. Hall. Paleont. New York, vol. ii, p. 275, pl. lvi, figs. 2 a—g, 1852. RHYNCHONELLA DEFLEXA, Salter. Siluria, p. 544, pl. xxii, fig. 10, 1859. _— — Lindstrim. Gottlands Brach., p. 366, 1860. Spec. Char. Transversely oval or subovate, wider than long. Dorsal valve ventri- cose, especially at the middle and umbone, which last is higher, much incurved, and projecting beyond the small closely incurved beak of the ventral valve. Mesial fold broad, but scarcely rising above the general convexity of the valve. Surface ornamented with from twelve to thirty angular ribs, of which from three to nine occupy the fold. Ventral valve most convex at the beak, which is small. Mesial sinus wide and deep, commencing at a short distance from the extremity of the beak, and gradually widening till it reaches the front. Surface of valves ornamented with from eleven to twenty-nine angular ribs, of which from two to eight occupy the sinus. Some of the ribs are also due to interpolation, and the whole surface of both valves is closely crossed by numerous fine, concentric, slightly projecting lines of growth. Proportions variable ; two specimens measured— Length 9, width 8, depth 6 lines. oD ha AG 1558: Obs. In 1848 I had made out that 7. drevirostris and T. spherica of the ‘ Silurian System,’ were synonyms of 7. deflexa ; and Mr. Salter subsequently added 7. interplicata of the same author and work to the synonyms of the species under description. ‘They are all simple modifications in shape and age of a single well-characterised species ; indeed, its short closely incurved beaks and ventricose dorsal valve might at first sight lead one to imagine that the ventral valve was the dorsal one, but such is certainly not the case. It varies also in the number and strength of its ribs, as may be seen by the figures in our plate. We are not acquainted with the interior. Position and Locality. 'Yhe vertical range of this species is not very great, for we know it only from the Woolhope Limestone and the Wenlock Limestone and Shale. It is common in two last-named rocks at Dudley, Benthall Edge, Wenlock Edge; Lincoln Mill, near Walsall, &c. Phillips and Salter mention its presence under Worcester Beacon and Croft in the Malvern district, east of Hill End in the Abberley district, Checkley Common, Dormington Wood, and Woolhope, Woolhope district. Between Rock and Dursley Cross, May Hill district; Pwll-Calch, Llandeilo district, and at Ballard’s Quarry in the Woolhope beds. _ In Ireland it has been found by the Geological Survey at Cahirconree, west side, County Kerry, in rocks of the Wenlock age. It has not yet been found in Scotland. Abroad it occurs in the Island of Gothland; in Bohemia; and at Lockport, | 180 BRITISH SILURJAN BRACHIOPODA. New York State, America; all in beds corresponding with our Wenlock Limestone and Shale. RayncnonetLaA Lewis, Dav. Pl. XXIII, figs. 25—28. TereBRATULA LewisiI, Dav. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 2nd ser., vol. v, p. 330, pl. iii, fig. 30, 1848. HeEmiTHyris — MCoy. British Pal. Foss., p. 203, 1852. RHYNCHONELLA — _ Salter, Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 250, fig. 57, 2, 1859. _— — Lindstrim. Gottlands Brachiopod., p. 366, 1860. Spec. Char. Subrhomboidal or transversely oval ; ventral valve rather less convex than the dorsal one ; beak small, acute, much incurved ; sinus rather deep, of moderate breadth, sides almost perpendicular ; dorsal valve more or less convex, sometimes gibbous, evenly tumid near the beaks, mesial fold rather narrow, prominent, and rounded, rising abruptly from the lateral portions of the shell, so that it presents a somewhat pinched appearance. Surface of each valve ornamented with from twenty to twenty-six simple radiating ribs, of which from two to five occupy the fold, and from one to four the sinus ; the surface is also crossed by many projecting, scale-like, concentric ridges, which become larger and more numerous as they approach the margin of the shell. Two specimens measured— Length 8, width 10, depth 5 lines. pugoper;,, SLO; Sel ATeee Obs. This species is easily distinguished from other British Silurian Riynchonelle by its shape and the scale-like concentric laminze which ornament its surface; the mesial fold has also often a peculiarly pinched-in appearance, which is best seen from the front, as represented in fig. 25a. Like all its congeners, it varies considerably in the number and strength of its ribs. When quite young it is much compressed, the fold and sinus being scarcely developed. As correctly remarked by Prof. M‘Coy, RA. Lewis is quite distinct from &/. (Atrypa) increbescens, Hall, although some depressed varieties of the last-named species bear a certain resemblance to the shell under description. Some incomplete interiors may be seen in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge ; and Prof. M‘Coy states that casts show in the ventral valve two short, slightly diverging slits of dental lamella, between which are three or four diverging ridges in the rostral portion ; and that the dorsal valve shows a wide mesial slit of the thick septa, and impressions of two short cardinal teeth just within the ends of the dental lamella of the opposite valve. Position and Locality. In ‘ Siluria’ (p. 545) the range of this species is said to be in the Llandovery and Wenlock. I am, however, acquainted with the shell only from the last- named formation, in which at some localities it is exceedingly abundant. I found it at RHYNCHONELLID. 181 Dudley, and near Walsall, also at Benthall Edge, and it is stated to occur at Rock Farm, May Hill. Prof. M‘Coy mentions the shell as occurring in the black calcareous flags of Mathyrafal, south of Meifod, Montgomeryshire. I am not acquainted with it from either Scotland or Ireland. Dr. Lindstrém has obtained this shell at Gothland. RHYNCHONELLA NucuLA, Sow. (sp.). Pl. XXIV, figs. 1—7. TEREBRATULA NUCULA, J.deC.Sow. Silurian System, pl. v, fig. 20, 1839. —_— PUSILLA, Sow. Ib., pl. xxi, fig. 18, 1839. = NEGLECTA, Id. Ib., pl. xxi, fig. 14, 1839. a putcura, Id. Ib., pl. v, fig. 21, 1839. — Pome, Dav. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 2nd ser., vol. v, p. 330, pl. iii, fig. 28, 1848. _ SEMISULCATA, Salter and Sow. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc., vol. i, p- 21, 1843. Hyporuyris _ Phillips and Salter. Memoirs of the Geol. Survey, vol. ii, p- 382, pl. xxviii, figs. 1—8, 1848 = T. neglecta, Sow. Sil. Syst., pl. xxi, fig. 14. — nucuLA, Id. Ib., p. 281. HEMITHYRIS — M‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 204, 1852. RHYNCHONELLA — Morris. Cat. of British Fossils, p. 147, 1854. — — Lindstrém. Gottlands Brachiopod., p. 366, 1860. — on Salter. Memoirs Geol. Survey, vol. iii, p. 278, 279, and 368, 1866. ATRYPA _ M‘Coy. Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p- 40, 1846. RAYNCHONELLA — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., pl. xxii, fig. 1, and p. 250, fig. 57, 1, 1859. —_— oBTUSIPLICATA, Id. Ib., 2nd ed., p. 545, 1859. Spec. Char. Shell small, subpentagonal, with rounded angles, more or less globose. Ventral valve less convex than the opposite one ; beak small, pointed, and incurved ; sinus wide, moderately deep, commencing about the middle of the shell, and extending to the front. Dorsal valve convex and often gibbous, mesial fold about as wide as a third of the breadth of the shell, much raised close to the front. Surface of each valve ornamented by from sixteen to twenty angular ribs, of which usually four occupy the fold, and three the sinus. ‘Two specimens measured— Length 5, width 6, depth 4 lines. shen Opies Gti ras eB ody Obs. This troublesome little shell has misled more than one paleontologist, and several names have been given to apparently simple modifications in shape of the Sowerbyan species. It seems to have been for the first time named, described, and figured, by J. de C. Sowerby, in the ‘Silurian System ;” but the figures are incomplete and unsa- 182 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. tisfactory ; and this may partly account for the uncertainty, confusion, and difference in opinion which have existed about the subject. Sowerby, however, states his shell to be “@Globose, obscurely three-lobed, plaited; plaits sharp, about fifteen, three or four of which are prominent, and elevated in the middle of the front ; beak small, adpressed ; lower valve slightly flattened. Length 5 limes, width the same. oc. Ludlow, Presteign, Ledbury, Bagbarrow Hill, and west of Malvern Hills; Bradnor Hill, Kington ; Trewerne Hills, Radnorshire; Aram, near Newnham ;” and in Pl. XXIV, fig. 1, I have reproduced the original figure. In 1848, from my not understanding Sowerby’s species, I described under the name of Z. Pomelit some similar shells which I had found in the Aymestry Limestone at Sedgley and the Wenlock Limestone of Dudley. In the same year Phillips and Salter again described RA. nucula under the designation of Hypothyris semisulcata, Dalman. But I am not aware that Dalman ever gave that name to any Silurian species; it is cer- tainly not to be found in his “ Memoir on the Brachiopoda of Sweden,” published in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Academy of Stockholm.’* Since then, however, both Mr. Salter and Prof. M‘Coy have placed //. semisulcata among the synonyms of &/.nucula. In their description Prof. Phillips and Mr. Salter observe—“ The above specific character, though long, is necessary to distinguish this common shell from other Silurian species, and espe- cially from 7. Jacunosa, with which Mr. Sowerby had cautiously united it. It is, however, a much smaller and more delicate shell, never has the strong ventral and dorsal sinus in the young state, and the middle does not rise abruptly and bring its plaits to a level as in 7' dacunosa (they mean 7. borealis], but has them on the sides, as well as top of the curved elevation ; the sinus is very deep on the front margin, but it is more by suppression of the central ribs than by their elevation, a very frequent character of Terebratule. The name is adopted from a Swedish specimen so labelled, but from what work of Dalman’s it is adopted we do not know. We recognise 7. neglecta, from the Lower Silurian rocks of Llandovery, for this species; it occurs at other places in Lower Silurian rocks.” Now, with reference to 7. neglecta, Sow., it may or may not possibly be a synonym of RA. mucula. It was observed and described by Mr. J. de C. Sowerby on a single incomplete or distorted fragment from Mandinam, Llandovery (Upper Llando- very), and is said to be “orbicular, convex, plaited; plaits 17, acute; beak small; a fragment.” In Pl. XXIV, fig. 17, will be found a figure drawn from the original specimen; and as I really do not know what to make of the shell, it may at least for the present be allowed to remain where Prof. Philips and Mr. Salter have placed it. In 1852 Prof. M‘Coy, while describing RA. nucula, observes—‘“ Having carefully examined a large number of specimens, I think with Prof. Bronn that the 7. pulchra and 7. nucula of Sowerby should be united, the very trifling differences in form and number of lateral plaits not coexisting, sometimes the one, and sometimes both, being observable in the contiguous specimens, which are clustered in great numbers in the ' The name appears first in a paper by Salter and Sowerby, in vol. i, p. 21, of the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geol. Soe. of London,’ 1843. RHYNCHONELLID Al. 183 Upper Ludlow rocks ; and the obtuse-looking examples (nwcu/a) often prove, on counting, to have the same number of ridges, and to have the same proportions as the sharply marked ones (pulchra).’ T. pulchra is therefore added to the synonyms by Prof. M‘Coy, and where it may also for the present be allowed to remain, and especially so since it is entirely ignored in ‘ Siluria.’ Again, Mr. Salter informed me, when I met him last in Cambridge, that 7. pusilla, Sow., from the Lower Llandovery rocks of Cefn Rhyddan, was nothing more than a small specimen of RA. nucula; and I must confess that the inspection of the crushed valve on which Sowerby founded this so-termed species would lead me to agree with Mr. Salter. It is stated to be “nearly globose, plaited, plaits about 14, sharp, 4 of them elevated in the front; length and width nearly 4 lines,” a description which will well suit RA. nucula. Lastly, in page 545 of the 2nd ed. of ‘Siluria’ we find a Rhynchonella from Worcester Beacon, Upper Llandovery, identified by Mr. Salter as the 2A. obtusiplicata of Hall (‘ Pal. New York,’ vol. ii, p. 279); but upon examining the imperfect specimen or specimens upon which this identification is founded, and which is preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, I am strongly impressed with the idea that it also must be referred to Rh. nucula ; its ribs are angular, not rounded, and of the fourteen ribs which may be counted on the dorsal valve four occupy the fold. A figure of this specimen will also be found in Pl. XXIV, fig. 7. Although the usual number of ribs in the fold of RA. xucula is four, sometimes there are but three, and some specimens have presented as many as five. Position and Locality. If all the shells here referred to RA. nucula do in reality belong to the species, its range would be considerable, for we should have it in the Lower Llandovery, Upper Llandovery, Woolhope Limestone, Wenlock Limestone and Shales, Lower and Upper Ludlow, and Aymestry Limestone. A vast number of localities have been named in various works, but I cannot answer as to the correctness of them all, any more than of some of those I have transcribed from different works relative to the other species described inthis work. The larger number of those I am about to name are taken from vols. ii and iii of the ‘Memoirs of the Geol. Survey,’ as well as from the lists in the possession of the Geol. Survey. Many more could be given, but those here recorded may, I think, suffice. Upper Ludlow—Overley, Hope End Park, Malvern district ; west of Rock Farm, May Mill district ; Usk ; Aberedw and Cwm Craig ddu, Builth district ; north-east of Pillard’s Barn, Woolhope ; Nun Hill, Cleobury, Kington, Hereford ; Frith Farm, and Horeb Chapel ; Burton and Brokton, near Wenlock ; Collinfield and Benson Knot, Westmoreland ; Down- ton Castle, Aymestry, Herefordshire ; Woolhope, &c. Aymestry Limestone—Rilbury, Malvern district ; Backbury Camp, Woolhope district ; Llanbadock and Ty-Newydd, Usk district ; Shucknall Hill, Woolhope district ; Sedgley, near Wenlock, &c. Lower Ludlow—South of Putley, Woolhope district ; Pyrton Passage; Leintwardine, Shropshire, &c. 184 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. Wenlock Limestone—Hastnor Castle; Botvyle and Malvern; north of Canwood, Wool- hope district ; Rock, May Hill district ; Wenlock Edge, Dudley ; Rock Farm, Long- hope ; Mwdwl-Eithin ; Moel Seissog ; east of Merchlin, Plas Madoc, North Wales, &c. Woolhope Limestone—W oolhope, Bogmine Shelve. Unper Llandovery—W orcester Beacon (in conglomerate), Marloes Bay ; May Hill; Damory Bridge. Lower Llandovery—Cefn Rhyddan, &c. In Scotland it occurs in the Wenlock Shales of the Pentland Hills; and, according to Prof. M‘Coy, at Braes, one mile and a half east of Girvan, in Ayrshire. In Ireland it is stated by Prof. M‘Coy to be not uncommon in the slates at Doonquin, Dingle, County Kerry, and in the slates at Foylathurrig, Dingle. Abroad it was found by Dr. Lindstrom in the Island of Gothland. Ruyncwonecia Luanpovertana, Dav. Pl. XXIV, fig. 8—13. Arrypa serrata, M‘Coy. Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p. 41, pl. iu, fig. 29, 1846. TEREBRATULA SERRATA, Salter. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc., vol. vil, p. 172, 1851. RHYNCHONELLA — Morris. Catal. of British Fossils, p. 147, 1854. — — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 230, fig. 48,1, 1859. — LuaNDOVERIANA (Dav.), Murchison. Siluria, 3rd ed., p. 527, 1867. Spec. Char. Transversely rhomboidal, wider than long. Ventral valve moderately convex ; beak small, incurved; sinus broad, rather shallow, and extending to not more than half way to the beak. Dorsal valve gently convex; fold wide, and very little elevated above the general convexity of the valve, and commencing likewise at about half way from the umbonal beak. Surface ornamented with about thirty-five small, obtuse, radiating ribs, of which seven or eight occupy the fold and sinus. ‘I'wo specimens measured— Length 7, width 9 lines (M‘Coy’s type specimen). pe HG, t ss | 7,:depthySslimes. Obs. ‘The name serrata cannot be adopted for this species, since it has already been applied by Mr. J. de C. Sowerby to a beautiful Liassic species (‘ Min. Con.,’ pl. 503, fig. 2, September, 1825). I have therefore proposed that of L/andoveriana, and the name has been adopted by Murchison in his third edition of ‘Siluria.’ Prof. M‘Coy remarks that his species is principally remarkable for the great number of its simple radiating ribs, which, together with the depression of the valves, gives a sharp serrated appearance to the edge. The ribs vary somewhat in number and strength in different specimens, the shell much resembling in its external form and appearance certain Jurassic and Cretaceous species. RHYNCHONELLID A. 185 Position and Locality. Rh. Llandoveriana appears to be a characteristic fossil of the Llandovery period, and occurs abundantly in many Irish localities. I have seen it from Lettershanbally, Leenane, Ardaun, Boocaun, County Galway. Prof. M‘Coy mentions likewise that it is common in grey quartzites at Blackwater Bridge, in the sandstone of Cong, slates of Cappacorcogne, Glencraff, &., all in the County of Galway. In Scotland it occurs in sandstone at Saugh Hill, near Girvan, in Ayrshire, and was so identified by Mr. Salter, who observed at the same time that the Saugh Hill sandstone resembles that of Cong, in Ireland, and that they possess several of the same fossils. In England it occurs also in the Upper Llandovery at Damory Bridge, ‘Tortworth (Survey Collection). RuyncHonetua Weavent, Salter, MS. Pl. XXIV, fig. 14. Spec. Char. ‘Triangularly ovate, longer than wide, broadest anteriorly. Valves moderately and almost equally convex; fold in the dorsal valve of small elevation, and confined to the anterior half of the valve; beak small, incurved. Sinus in the ventral valve shallow, aiid visible only close to the front. Surface of each valve ornamented by some thirty-three small radiating ribs, of which from five to six occupy the fold and sinus. Length 53, width 5, depth 33 lines. Obs. Of this small species I have seen two specimens only ; and these differed from Rh. Llandoveriana in/oeing longer than wide. More examples will, however, require to be found and carefully examined before we can feel perfectly certain that the shell may not be a variation in form or variety of A. Llandoveriana. In the collection of the Geological Society we found a specimen, on the label of which Mr. Salter had written the name Weaveri, and which we have figured and described. Position and Locality. Upper Llandovery, Long’s Quarry, Tortworth; also at May Hill, in the same formation. RHYNCHONELLA TRIPARTITA, J. de C. Sow. (sp.) Pl. XXIV, figs. 15—16. TEREBRATULA TRIPARTITA, J. de C. Sow. Sil. Syst., pl. xx, fig. 15, 1839 ; and Siluria 2nd ed., p. 545, pl. ix, fig. 10,1859. Spec. Char. Transversely pentagonal, much wider than long. Valves moderately convex. In the dorsal valve the fold is wide and convex, while in the ventral valve the sinus extends from the extremity of the beak to the front. Surface of valves ornamented 24 186 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. by about twenty-four angular bifurcating ribs, which are crossed by concentric lines of growth. Length 8, width 13 lines. Obs. Of this species I have never been able to examine more than two imperfect specimens, those figured by J. de C. Sowerby in the ‘Silurian System, and preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. One of these is the internal cast of a ventral valve, while the other is a cast or impression of the exterior of the same valve; and on such scanty and incomplete material it is impossible to completely describe the species, or to say much with reference to its specific value. It differs, however, sufficiently in shape from other British species of the genus with which we are acquainted, and especially so from those that occur in the Llandovery rocks, as to lead us to retain it, at least provisionally, as a distinct species. Position and Locality. Lower Llandovery beds; Goleugoed, Llandovery. RHYNCHONELLA T'HoMsoNI, sp. nov. Pl. XXIV, fig. 18. TEREBRATULA, sp., Salter. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc., vol. vii, p. 117, pl. vii, fig. 3, 1851. Spee. Char. Shell small, somewhat trigonal and compressed, longer than wide, broadest anteriorly, tapering at the beaks; front straight. Valves moderately and uniformly convex ; smooth to within a short distance from the margin, where in the dorsal valve, close to the front, there exists a wide flattened or slightly concave mesial fold of small elevation. One or two short ribs occur also on the lateral portions of the shell. In the ventral valve one or two short ribs are also present near the front. Sinus wide, short, and very shallow. Beak small, moderately incurved, with a small aperture under its angular extremity. : Length 5, width 4, depth 2 lines. Oés. In 1851 this small shell was well figured by Mr. Salter, but without description or specific designation. When quite young no fold, sinus, or ribs, are observable, while in more aged examples they exist only close to the frontal margin. I have named it in honour of Mr. J. Thomson, of Glasgow, to whom we are indebted for the discovery of several important Ayrshire Silurian species. Position and Locality. Rh. Thomsoni is not exceedingly rare in the Caradoc Limestone at Craig’s Head Quarry, near Girvan, in Ayrshire. It is said to have been found also at Penwhapple Glen. RHYNCHONELLID. 187 RuyYNCHONELLA Pentuanpica, Haswell. Pl. XXII, figs. 9 to 19. RuYNCHONELLA, sp., Saléer. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Scotland (32), p. 138, pl. ii, figs. 7, 7a, 1861. — PENTLANDICUS, Haswell. On the Silurian Formation of the Pentland Hills, p. 31, pl. iii, figs. 9, 10, 1865. — = Dav. Traus. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, pl. i, figs. 22—27, 1868. Spec. Char. Shell small, oblong oval, ovate ; sometimes almost circular or transversely oval, rounded or truncated, and slightly mdented in front; broadest across the middle. Ventral valve convex, a little deeper than the opposite one, and longitudinally divided along the middle by an angular groove or depression, which, commencing close to the extremity of the beak, extends to the front, dividing the valve into two equal lobes; beak small, incurved. Dorsal valve moderately convex, with a slight flatness or longitudinal depression along the middle of the umbone. Surface of valves closely covered with numerous fine radiating stric or small ribs, which increase in number as they near the margins by the means of many interpolated striz. In the interior of the ventral valve a deep trilobed muscular scar is visible in the posterior portion of the valve, while in the dorsal valve a short small mesial ridge separates each pair of the adductor quadruple muscular impressions. ‘I'wo specimens measured— Length 6, width 5, depth 3 lines. » D, 2» 53, » 35 >» Ods. This small species is exceedingly variable on account of the modifications im shape it assumes, being either elongated or transversely oval, while both extremes are connected by intermediate shapes, the elongated oval being, however, the most common form it presents. It occurs in great abundance under the condition of external and ternal casts, no specimen with the shell preserved having been hitherto discovered. In 1861 Mr. Salter recognised it as a distinct and probably new species; but though figuring it, he refrained from applying to it a distinctive specific denomination, ‘from its being too imperfect to identify with published forms.” It was subsequently named Rh. Pentlandicus by Mr. G. Haswell, who gave a description and figures of two of its principal modifications in shape. In Pl. XXII will be found a series of figures illustrating several of the variations in form assumed by this species, as well as carefully enlarged illustrations of its internal characters, selected from a very extensive series of specimens collected by Messrs. Haswell, Brown, and Henderson; Mr. Salter’s two figures have been likewise reproduced. By means of softened gutta-percha we have reproduced the per- fect shell (fig. 14), while fig. 19 is taken from the specimen described by Mr. Haswell as a distinct variety. Position and Locality. Rh. Pentlandica occurs by thousands in the Ludlow Shales of 188 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. the escarpments bordering the North Esk River, not very far from the Bevelaw Reservoir in the Pentland Hills, where also it was discovered by Mr. A. Geikie. We are not at present acquainted with any other British or foreign locality. RHYNCHONELLA SaLTERI, sp. nov. Pl. XXIV, figs. 19—20. Spec. Char. Shell small, pentagonal, slightly wider than long, front line straight, tapering at the beaks. Valves moderately convex, smooth to about half their posterior length; fold in the dorsal valve wide, and formed of three ribs, while the lateral portions of each valve are either smooth or with one or two short ribs in the contiguity of the margin. In the ventral valve two ribs occupy the sinus; beak short and incurved. Length 4, width 43, depth 23 lines. Position and Locality—lIt occurs in the Caradoc at Penwhapple Glen, near Girvan, in Ayrshire, and at Boduan, in Carnarvonshire, both the figured specimens are preserved in the Museum of the Geological Survey. RuYNCHONELLA ? aMULA, Salter, MS. Pl. XXIV, fig. 21. RHYNCHONELLA ®MULA, Salter. Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, p. 7, 1865. Spec. Char. Subpentagonal, slightly wider than long. Ventral valve uniformly convex and smooth to about half its length from the beak; mesial sinus moderately concave, commencing at the front margin and extending to rather more than one third of the length of the valve, with a wide central rounded rib; there are two or three short ribs also close to the margin on each of the lateral portions of the valve; beak short, closely incurved down to the umbone of the opposite valve. Dorsal valve convex, with a rather wide, much elevated mesial fold, which, commencing at about half the length of the valve, becomes biplicated as it reaches the front ; two short rounded ribs also exist on each of the lateral portions of the valve, but are confined to the contiguity of the margin. Length 4, width 5, depth 8 lines. Oés. ‘This small species is easily distinguished by its shape from our other Silurian forms. One can perceive, also, through the transparency of the shell, a straight line extending from the extremity of the beak and umbone to about half the length of the valves, and indicating the presence in the interior of the valves of short septa or ridges. It also bears resemblance to some varieties of Camarophoria globulina; and it is with much uncertainty that we provisionally place it under Rhynchonella. Position and Locality. It occurs in the Caradoc at the Chair of Kildare, in Ireland, and specimens may be seen in the Museum of the Geological Survey. At page 7 of the RHYNCHONELLIDA. 189 ‘Catalogue of the Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology,’ published in 1865, other localities are recorded, as follow :—Craig Head, Girvan; Cerrig-y-Druidion ; Desertcreight, ‘Tyrone; and Harnage Park, Cressage; all in the Caradoc or Bala formation. RuyYNcHONELLA ? Benriana, sp. nov. Pl. XXIV, fig. 22. Spec. Char. Almost circular, nearly as wide as long. Dorsal valve convex; mesial fold wide, more or less elevated and flattened along the middle ; commencing at the frontal margin, it extends to rather more than half the length of the valve. Ventral valve convex, but much less deep than the opposite one; sinus concave, of greater or lesser depth, forming in front a convex curve or wave rising abruptly on either of the lateral sides ; beak small, closely incurved. Surface smooth. Length 5, width 6, depth 4 lines. Some examples, however, attained nearly the double of the above dimensions. Obs. When quite young the shell is much flattened or very slightly convex, with hardly any definable fold and sinus; these, however, become developed with age, as seen in the figure. In external shape it somewhat resembles one or two Bohemian Silurian forms figured by Barrande ; but from these our shell differs in several details. I name it after Mr. Thomas Belt, to whom science is indebted for valuable researches among the Lower Silurian and Cambrian rocks. Position and Locality. Rh. Beltiana occurs in rocks of Wenlock or of May Hill age, at Cahireconree, County Kerry, Ireland ; and a fine series of specimens may be seen in the Museum of the Geological Survey of Ireland. RuyNcwonewa ? Portiockrana, sp. nov. Pl. XXIV, figs. 23—25. Spec. Char. Ovate, or nearly circular, usually longer than wide. Dorsal valve convex, divided into three longitudinal convex lobes, of which the central one forms the mesial fold; it is narrow at its commencement close to the umbone, and continues so for some distance, but afterwards gradually increases in width and elevation as it nears the front. Ventral valve convex, and deeper than the opposite one ; sinus concave, turning in abruptly on either side ; beak small, incurved. Surface smooth, feebly marked by concentric lines of growth. ‘Two specimens measured— Length 3, width 23, depth 2 lines. cease, ante Peale ere Obs. ‘This small shell is remarkable on account of the trilobed shape of its ventral valve, as well as from the form of its mesial fold. This last feature easily distinguishes it from the larger 2A. ? Beltiana. When quite young the dorsal valve is almost flat, the 190 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. fold being scarcely defined. From not having been able to obtain an insight into the interior of this and the preceding species, it is not possible to feel quite certain that they really belong to the genus RAynchonella. Position and Locality. Rh. Portlockiana occurs in the Caradoc at the Chair of Kildare, in Ireland. Specimens may be seen in the Museum in Jermyn Street. RuYNCHONELLA ? Epgeniiana, sp.nov. Pl. XXIV, figs. 27—28. Spec. Char. Transversely oval, valves moderately convex. Dorsal valve divided into three almost equal parts, of which the central one forms the mesial fold. Ventral valve convex, with a deep concave mesial fold. Surface smooth. Length 5, width 6 lines. Obs. Of this species (?) Mr. Wyatt-Hdgell found two incomplete specimens or valves only; and consequently, from such scanty material, it is not possible to offer a com- plete or satisfactory description. I am likewise very uncertain with reference to the genus to which it should be referred, but have provisionally left it with hynchonella. It might perhaps belong to Mervstella? 1 have, however, considered it desirable to describe and figure the shell as far as practicable, on account of its having been obtained from rocks of the Llandeilo age, near Ffairfack. The specimens are in the late Mr. Wyatt-Edgell’s col- lection. RHYNCHONELLA ? NAVICULA, Sow. (sp.) Pl. XXII, figs. 20—23. TBREBRATULA NavicuLA, J. de C. Sow. Silurian System, pl. v, fig. 17, 1839. ATRYPA — M‘Coy. A Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p. 40, 1846. THREBRATULA — Barrande. Silurische Brachiopoden aus Bohmen, pl. xv, fig. 4, 1847. — — Dav. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 2nd series, vol. v, p. 328, 1848. Hypornyris — Phillips. Memoirs of the Geol. Survey of Great Britain, p. 281, 1848. ATRYPA — D’Orbigny. Prodrome, vol. i, p. 40, 1849. Hemituyris — M‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 204, 1852. RHYNCHONELLA — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 545, pl. xxii, fig. 12, 1859. — ?— Lindstrém. Gotlands Brachiopoder, p. 381, 1860. — — Salter. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain vol. ill, p. 279, 1866. Spec. Char. Shell rather small, ovate or boat-shaped, widest and most rounded pos- teriorly, gradually narrowing anteriorly, slightly convex in front. Ventral valve very convex and arched, obscurely keeled along the middle, the lateral margins forming a RHYNCHONELLIDA.. 191 broad convex curve ; beak closely incurved over the umbone of the opposite valve. Dorsal valve concave, but slightly convex in the contiguity of the hinge-line and sides. Surface of both valves smooth, marked only by a few fine lines of growth. In the inner surface of the dorsal valve a slightly raised mesial ridge extends from under the hinge-plates to about half the length of the valve, and on either side are two scars formed by the adductor muscle, while in the internal cast the place occupied by the mesial ridge forms a longi- tudinal groove, the muscular impressions being slightly in relief on either side. The sockets are widely separate. In the interior of the ventral valve a mesial groove extends from the extremity of the beak to about the middle of the shell ; and on either side, running parallel with the hinge-line, are two rather broad, rounded projections, at the outer extremity of which is situated the articulating tooth ; under these are two obliquely placed or chevron-like, elongated, oval-shaped muscular scars, considerably raised from the bottom of the valve (these projecting parts forming corresponding depressions on the internal cast). Length 6, width 43, depth 4 lines. Obs. Surely this shell differs much, both by its external as well as itsinternal cha- racters, from those peculiar to the genus RAynchonella ; so much so that it may hereafter be found desirable to propose for it and similarly characterised shells a separate generic or sub-generic designation. Not being, however, quite satisfied as to the shape and means by which its oral arms were supported, I have preferred to follow the greater number of paleontologists, leaving it provisionally with Rhynchonella. Prof. M‘Coy justly ob- serves that “the peculiar chevron mark on the cast of the greater valve is very remark- able, and makes the cast very easily recognisable; that it forms the anterior boundary apparently of two great prominent muscular impressions, which are marked by radiating strize from the beak :”” and, as Mr. J. de C. Sowerby observes, its ‘‘ boat-shape” is very pecu- liar. The shell does not seem to have much exceeded the proportions above given. Position and Locality. Rhynchonella ? navicula appears confined to the Wenlock and Ludlow formations, and is more abundant in the last mentioned. In the Upper Ludlow it occurs near Ludlow, at Usk Castle; Hale’s End and Overley, in the Malvern district ; Pyrton Passage, Tortworth district; Cwm-Craig-ddu, in the Builth district. Mr. J. de C. Sowerby mentions the following localities:—Ludlow Promontory; Clyro Hill, Radnorshire; Brecon Anticlinal, viz. Corn-y-Tan, Alltfawr, and Rhiwannest. In the Aymestry Limestone it is common at Sedgley, near Wolverhampton, also at Llanbadoc, in the Usk district, &e. In the Lower Ludlow at Cefn Ila. Inthe Wenlock Shale near Builth (Siluria). Mr. Salter mentions Cefn Barog; Moel-Todig; Dinas Bran; Welshpool, Mynydd-y-Gaer ; Llanefydd, in North Wales. Other localities are enumerated by Profs. M‘Coy and Phillips ; but from these I have not seen specimens. In Ireland it occurs in the Ludlow and Wenlock Shales at Doonquin and Fer- riter’s Cove, Dingle, County Kerry, &e. It has not yet been recorded as a Scottish fossil. Abroad it is found in the Island of Gothland; in Bohemia, &c. 192 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. RuyNcHoNnELLA P NANA, Salter, MS. Pl. XXIV, fig. 26. Spec. Char. Shell small, obscurely pentagonal, broadest near the beaks, gradually narrowing anteriorly, slightly indented in front. Ventral valve very convex, and keeled along the midale, but divided by a small longitudinal groove or sinus, most apparent near the front; lateral portions of the valve slightly concave, beak incurved. Dorsal valve slightly convex, divided into two lobes by a deep mesial furrow extending along the middle. External surface not known. Length 4, width 4, depth 3 lines. Obs. Of this small species I have seen but one internal cast, which was found by the late Mr.Wyatt-Hdgell in the Caradoc at Tyrone, in Ireland. It somewhat resembles RA. ? navicula, but 1s quite distinct, and surely does not belong to the genus Phynchonella, where it is provisionally located. The description must necessarily be very incomplete, since we are not acquainted with the shell itself, or with its exterior characters ; but it was in all probability smooth. The original specimen forms part of the collection of the late Mr. Wyatt-EHdgell, and to the tablet Mr. Salter had appended the specific designation here reproduced. Genus—Hicuwaupia, Billings, 1858. Report of the Geological Survey of Canada for 1857, published in 1858. The characters appertaining to this genus have not yet been completely defined, I am therefore somewhat uncertain as to the place it should occupy in the classification of the Brachiopoda, and also whether it be really represented in our British Silurian deposits. Mr. Billings diagnoses his genus as follows :—“ Large valve perforated on the umbo for the passage of the peduncle ; the place of the foramen beneath the beak occupied by an imper- forate concave plate, the interior divided by an obscure medio-longitudinal ridge ; interior of smaller valve divided throughout from the beak to the front by a very prominent medio- longitudinal ridge; no hinge, teeth, sockets, or other articulating apparatus, in either valve.’ Mr. Billings has kindly sent me one example of his Hichwaldia subtrigonalis, as Iichwaldia subtrigonalis, Billings. RHYNCHONELLID &. 193 well as three drawings, of which I here append woodcuts. It is certain that the genus or species last named was provided with a tolerably long peduncle, for Mr. Billings found a silicified specimen (fig. a) at Paquette Rapids, on the Ottawa River, in the Black-River Limestone, in which this appendage had been wonderfully preserved. The fig. a represents the ventral valve, and the pedicle seems to issue from the back of the beak, as described above, although the inspection of the specimen kindly sent me by Mr. Billings would tend to leave some uncertainty in my mind how the pedicle could have found space sufficient to protrude from under the concave plate above described and seen in fig. B, which represents an enlarged view of the interior of the ventral valve, while in fig. c we have that of the dorsal one. From these figures the shell would appear to be destitute of teeth and sockets for the articulation of the valves, nor would there appear to exist any processes for the attachment of any appendage such as spiral arms, although I feel con- vinced that the shell was provided with them under some form at present quite unknown tous. Mr. Billings writes me that it seems to be allied to Lingula and Obolus ; but upon that point I would not venture, with the scanty material before me, to offer any decided opinion. No traces of muscular scars could be made out. Hicuwapia ? Capeweui, Dav. Pl. XXV, figs. 12—15. Pe TEREBRATULA CarewELLI, Davidson. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 2nd series, vol. v, p. 327, pl iii, fig. 34, 1848. ATRYPA — D’ Orb. Prodrome, vol. i, p. 40, 1849. PORAMONITES — Morris. Catalogue of British Fossils, p. 143, 1854. RHYNCHONELLA — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 250, 1859. PoRAMBONITES — Id. Ib., p. 544. — — Lindstrém. Gotlands Brachiopoder, Ofv. K. Akad. Férhandl., p. 364, 1860. — — Murchison. Siluria, 3rd ed., p. 527, 1867. Spec. Char. Subrhomboidal, transversely oval, broadest anteriorly. Dorsal valve moderately convex ; mesial fold wide, rounded, and of small elevation ; commencing at a little distance from the umbone, it extends to the front. Ventral valve convex, rather less deep than the opposite one ; sinus broad, concave, and shallow ; originating at the extremity of the beak, it extends to the front ; beak small, closely incurved over the umbo of the dorsal valve. Surface of both valves closely covered with raised, thread-like ridges, forming all over the shell a network of more or less regular six-sided cells, the bottom of the cells being flat, and margined by slightly raised hexagonal ridges. In the interior of the dorsal valve there exists a mesial ridge, and a concave plate is present under the beak. In the dorsal valve a mesial septum extends from under the umbonal beak to about half 25 194 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. the length of the valve; and on either side of this, on the bottom of the shell, are situated two muscular (adductor) impressions. Length 8, width 9, depth 4 lines. Obs. This beautifully sculptured shell was discovered by Mr. Capewell in 1847, and I shortly afterwards published a figure and description of the species from specimens I had picked up at Hay Head, near Walsall at about the same time. The sculptured surface is very peculiar, and nearly resembles that seen on Descina (Trematis) punctata. 'The cells (not punctures or perforations) vary much both in size and shape, are small at the umbone and on the beak, but gradually become larger as they near the middle of the shell, becoming again smaller asethey approach the frontal and lateral margins. When there has been an interruption in the growth of the shell, and which is indicated by a sharp concentric line, the cells often begin again by being smaller. They also assume a greater or lesser degree of regularity in their shape, some being almost triangular, lozenge-shaped, or more or less regularly five- or six-sided. On the valve of one specimen, measuring five lines in length by some six in breadth, I counted nearly three thousand of these cells. In some examples the mesial fold is hardly produced above the regular convexity of the valve, while in other examples it is sharply defined. No very satisfactory specimen showing the interior of this shell has been found; but an internal cast from Malvern, in the Museum of the Geol. Survey (fig. 15), exhibits some of its characters, and Prof. Hall assures me that the species is, without doubt, referable to the genus Lichwaldia. Whiie I was describing our British shell in 1848 M. de Verneuil showed me some specimens he had found in the Niagara group at Lockport, in America, which at the time appeared to me as well as to him to be identical with our &£. Capewelii. This American shell was afterwards described and figured by Prof. Hall in vol. 11 of his magnificent work on the ‘ Palzeontology of New York’ (p. 281, pl. lv, fig. 5, 1852), under the designation of Atrypa corallifera. A full description of this last-named species is to be found in the ‘Report of the State Cabinet for the Year 1865;’ and in Pl. XXV, fig. 13a, will be seen a section of the American shell, taken from Prof. Hall’s figure. Position and Locality. 'This species appears to be confined to the Woolhope and Wenlock formations. It occurs in the Wenlock Shale at Hay Head and Linley’s Lime- Works, north-east of Walsall; also at Dormington Wood and Dudley. It has also been found near the road between Alfrick and Crews Hill, Malvern, in beds of the Wool- hope age. I am not acquainted with the shell from either Scotland or Ireland, but it has been found in the Island of Gothland by Dr. Lindstrém. Eee RHYNCHONELLID &. 195 Genus—Poramponires, Pander, 1830. I much regret not to be yet in possession of satisfactory information with reference to the internal characters belonging to this genus; all we know upon the subject has been already recorded at p. 99 of my “ General Introduction,” and we must look to the Russian paleontologists for a complete description of the interior of a shell that occurs so plentifully in the Lower Silurian rocks of the north of Russia. PORAMBONITES INTERCEDENS, Pander ; var. filosa, M‘Coy. Pl. XXV, figs. 16; 17—19 (?) ; Bree, foes. 1, 2,3 (°). PORAMBONITES INTERCEDENS, Pander. Beitr. zur Geog. des Wussischen Reiches, p. 2, fig. 2, 1830. SPIRIFER PORAMBONITES, Von Buch. Beitr. zur Geb. Russl., p. 13, pl. ii, figs. 4—7, 1840. = De Verneuil et De Keyserling. Geol. of Russia, vol. 11, p. 131, 1845. ATRYPA FILOSA, M‘Coy. A Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, p. 39, pl. iti, fig. 28, 1846. PORAMBONITES INTERCEDENS ? M‘Coy. British Pal. Foss., p. 212, 1852. a= — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 544, 1859. — #aurirostris, D’ Hichwald. lLetheea Rossica, Ancienne Période, vol. i, p. 794, 1859 (not P. equirostris, Schlotheim, sp.). Spec. Char. Subpentagonal, nearly circular, and either a little longer or shorter than wide; greatest breadth about the middle; sides rounded; hinge-line straight, less than half the width of the shell, and forming an obtuse angle with the lateral margins. Both valves are very convex, the dorsal one being the deepest. Dorsal valve posteriorly uniformly convex to about half the length of the shell; the fold, which is moderately broad, is slightly rounded, and of small elevation; it occurs on the anterior half of the valve ; arearudimentary. Ventral valve with a concave sinus, which extends from the front to about half the length of the shell ; beak incurved, area small, triangular, with a fissure in the middle. Surface of both valves marked by numerous thread-like radiating striz, some of which being closer than others, increase in number as they near the margin by the interpolation of shorter ones. These strize are chiefly formed by rows of small rounded or oval cells, close to one another, and separated only by narrow ridges ; the free interspaces between each longitudinal row of pits or cells are smooth, and of smaller or greater width. Length 16, width 17, depth 12 lines. Obs. M. de Verneuil has justly observed, in his description of Spirifer porambonites 196 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. (the name he adopts for the shell under description), that it is very variable in shape, and that to some of its modifications or varieties Pander had applied the distinctive specific designations of Porambonites intercedens, P. alta, P. elevata, P. pentagona, P. lata, P. plana, P. trigona, P. subrecta, P. latissima, P. parva, and P. rotunda. I cannot help expressing surprise that so distinguished a paleontologist as Dr. C. H. Pander should not have himself perceived that there would be no limit to the number of so-termed species, if to every slight modification of shape or size observable in different specimens of every species it should be necessary to apply a separate specific denomination. At page 794 of his ‘Lethaa Rossica’ M. E. d’Eichwald would add to the list of synonyms that of P. equirostris, Schlotheim, which last name he proposes to adopt as the designation under which the species should be recognised ; but Schlotheim’s species, which was briefly described, but not figured, at p. 282 of his ‘ Petref. Gothe’ (1820), is evidently distinct from P. intercedens by its shape and characters, and is justly maintained by M. de Verneuil and other palzeontologists as a separate species. In 1846 Prof. M‘Coy described under the designation of Atrypa filosa an Irish shell, which seems to me referable to 7° cntercedens or to one of its varieties ; and on carefully examining the surface of some well-preserved specimens kindly lent to me by the Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland, I found that it was covered with radiating rows of pits placed along the bottom of fine sunken striae, exactly in a similar manner to those which M. de Verneuil has represented in pl. ui, fig. 44, of the second volume of the ‘ Geology of Russia.” In 1822 Prof. M‘Coy describes also (but does not figure), under the name of Porambonites intercedens, some doubtful Scottish specimens which had been obtained at Wrae Quarry, in Peebleshire (Pl. XXV, figs. 17—19), and are preserved in the Woodwardian Museum at Cam- bridge; but neither Mr. Salter nor myself, who have carefully examined the specimens so referred, could feel entirely satisfied as to the correctness of this identification. In his description of these last-named specimens Prof. M‘Coy observes that he has adopted for the species the first specific name out of the synonyms used by Pander in his descriptions, although it is rather with the large depressed varieties, named by him C. pentagona, that the specimens have the most analogy. As I have already stated, our Irish specimens agree very nearly in shape with the Russian ones, but the strize are somewhat more strongly marked in the former. Of the interior I have represented two fine internal casts (Pl. XX VI, figs. 1, 2), which, I believe, belong to the species of which we have given the perfect exterior, but of this I am not perfectly certain. Position and Locality. P. intercedens occurs in the Caradoc at Dunabrattin, Knockmahon, Tramore, County Waterford, in Ireland; and from these localities a fine series of specimens may be seen in the Museums of the Geol. Survey at London and Dublin. No English examples have as yet turned up ; but the species, according to Prof. M‘Coy, occurs also in Scotland. RHYNCHONELLID. 197 Abroad M. de Verneuil states it to be one of the most characteristic fossils of the Lower Silurian rocks of the north of Russia; that the variety rofunda occurs in Norway, from whence it has been quoted by M. d’Hichwald; and that Mr. Bunbury brought the shell from the neighbourhood of Christiania, in whose collection M. de Vernewl saw a specimen. P. intercedens and its varieties are abundant at Pavlosk, Popova, Poulkova, Reval, &c., in Russia. Genus—Tripiesia,’ Hall, 1859. The characters belonging to this genus have not been as yet completely made out. Prof. Hall describes it as follows : “ Shells transverse or elongate, trilobed or subtrilobate, ventral valve being marked by a broad deep sinuosity, and the dorsal valve by a corresponding fold. Hinge-line straight; area small, foramen triangular. External surface concentrically striated, and with fine, obscure or obsolete, radiating striz ; internal structure not determined. 'Types—Aérypa extans, A. cuspidata, and A. nucleata.” In a paper “On some Rocks and Fossils occurring near Phillipsburgh,” published in August, 1861, Mr. Billings considers Zriplesia, Vall, to be a synonym of his own genus Camerella, described in the ‘ Canadian Naturalist and Geologist,’ vol. iv, p. 301, August, 1859; but I doubt much, as does Prof. Hall, that the two can be synonymous, and certainly C. longirostra and C. varians, Billings, do not belong to the same group or genus as Z)iplesia extans, or to the species Iam about to describe. Moreover, Mr. Billings observes, at p. 8 of the paper above named, that ‘The genus Camerella appears to belong to the family Rhynchonellide, the species differing from the ordinary forms of Rhynchonella by having the surface in general either not ribbed at all, or with only a few obscure plications, not extending to the beak. The interior differs in having the dental plates of the ventral valve converging so as to form a small triangular or oval.chamber of variable dimensions, as in Pentamerus.” 1 have considered it necessary to refer to these details to show that Zrzplesia, Hall, cannot be the same as Camerella, for in Triplesia we have a straight hinge-line, area, deltidium, and foramen at its extremity, none of which characters belong to Camerel/a. Unfortunately, the internal arrangements of Tiriplesia do not appear to have been hitherto discovered ; and I have no material which would enable me to throw light upon the subject. The genus must, consequently, be provisionally received ; and it would be very desirable that good internal casts of 7. extans and 7. Grayie should 1 — Sharpe. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc., vol. ix, p. 154, pl. viii, fig. 4, 1853. Spec. Char. Shell ovate, or slightly transversely oval, rather wider than long, broad- est about the middle; hinge-line short, not more than half, and often less than half, the width of shell. Ventral valve very moderately convex, with or without a slight mesial depression, commencing at about the middle of the valve and widening as it nears the front. Area narrow and small. Dorsal valve slightly convex, with sometimes a shallow median depression, which, beginning at the umbo, dies out before reaching the middle of the shell; both valves are covered with numerous thread-like bifurcating striz, which divide several times before reaching the margin ; the valves are likewise crossed at irregular intervals by strong concentric lines of growth. In the interior of the dorsal valve there is a large elongated, oval-shaped, prominent, cardinal process between two triangular brachial processes or plates, on the upper outer side of which, and close under the small hinge-area, are situated the sockets, while a thickened rounded ridge extends from under the cardinal process to about half the length of the bottom of the valve, and on either side of this are the concave adductor muscular oval-shaped impressions. (These 30 224. BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. projections and indentations produce corresponding depressions and elevations on the internal casts of both valves.) In the interior of the ventral valve the muscular area is rather large, and margined by a slightly projecting ridge, while a widish ridge extends longitudinally along the centre. Length 11, width 12 lines. Obs. I do not feel certain that the shell above described is really identical with the Orthis Berthotsi of Rouault, and consequently have given to it the varietal designation of erratica, which can be hereafter retained as a specific denomination should a comparison with Rouault’s type prove the two to be distinct. The shell figured by the French paleontologist assumes much larger proportions than any specimen I have yet seen of the shell under description from Budleigh-Salterton. The specimen of O. Berthois: found by M. Rouault at Couyére, in Brittany, were much distorted from the effects of cleavage; but one example, with apparently its natural shape, measured about 19 lines in length by about the same in breadth, while the hinge-line and area were also smaller than in any of the British examples provisionally referred to it.* In 1853 My. D. Sharpe figured and described under the designation of O. Berthoisi, Rouault, a shell much more resembling our Budleigh-Salterton examples, and which he stated to be abundant in the upper division of the Lower Silurian formation at the Porto di Santa Anna, in the Serra de Bussaco, in Portugal. Mr. Sharpe observes’ that “In general form and external markings this shell closely resembles the common Car- boniferous species, Orthis Michelini of Leveillé (O. filiaria, Phill.), the only obvious distinction being the slight depression near the umbo of the deeper valve, but the form of the muscular impressions in the dorsal valve affords a sufficient distinction ;” also that ‘“ the specimens figured by M. Rouault are much distorted, and only show the exterior, for which reason the species is refigured here. It is interesting as a connecting link with the Lower Silurian strata of Brittany, and should teach us caution in assigning an age to 1 At p. 68 of his memoir M. Rouanlt describes his O. Berthoisi in the following words :— “* Yappelle particuliérement l’attention des savants sur ce fossile tant a cause de la rareté de ces Mollusques dans ces Schistes (de Couyére en Bretagne) que des caractéres qu’il va nous offrir. C’est une grand coquille du groupe des Arcuato-striate de M. de Verneuil; elle est peu epaisse et sa valve dorsale seule est sensiblement renflee et munie d’un crochet peu saillant; ses deux valves sont couvertes de stries fines, tres nombreuses, et de lignes d’accroissement trés marquées; mais le caractére le plus saillant et en méme temps le plus difficile 4 préciser dans une description specifique nous est fourni par les nombreuses deformations qu’elle asubies. Ces deformations sont telles que sur soixante échantillons il ne m’a pas été possible d’en ren- contrér deux de formes semblables, bien qu’ils appartiennent & une espéce dont la forme symeétrique est bien reconnue.” ? Mr. Sharpe’s description of O. Berthoisi is as follows :— Shell ovate, with a very short hinge-line ; dorsal valve slightly convex ; ventral valve more convex than the dorsal, with a slight mesial depression, which, beginning at the umbo, dies out before reaching the middle of the valve ; both valves are covered with very numerous fine bifurcating ribs, which divide many times before they reach the margin, and are crossed at irregular distances by strong concentric lines ; lateral ribs curved. Length 1 inch, greatest breadth below the middle ¢th of an inch.” ORTHID A. 235 unknown strata from the general form of a shell without strict attention to specific differences ; as, had this species been found alone, most palzontologists would have referred it to the Carboniferous period.” The only difference I can see between the Portuguese specimens and those found at Budleigh-Salterton is that in the first the shell is broadest anteriorly, whilst in the last it is more uniformly transversely oval ; and, indeed, if the English and Portuguese specimens belong to the same species as that described from Brittany we would certainly have three distinct varieties, one of which would be peculiar to each of the three localities above named. Position and Locality. Of the shell under description I have examined a number of internal casts and external impressions, collected by Messrs. Vicary, Valpy, and Winwood, from the ‘“‘ Pebble-bed” of Budleigh-Salterton, in Devonshire. The pebbles and boulders are erratic, and seem in that locality to have been derived from rocks of two distinct periods. ‘Those, however, containing the O. Berthoisi are quartzites, or compact reddish sandstones of perhaps the Llandeilo age, but no rock x si¢w hitherto discovered in Great Britain has furnished us with the species. The foreign localities of this species have been already recorded. Orruis Vaupyana, sp. nov. Pl. XXXII, figs. 29—83. Spec. Char. Semicircular, or transversely oval, wider than long; hinge-line a little shorter than width of shell. Ventral valve evenly and moderately convex ; beak small, incurved ; area narrow; fissure triangular, open. Dorsal valve slightly convex, area linear. Surface of both valves covered with numerous small radiating ribs, each principal one bifurcating two or three times before attaining the margin, so as to form small clusters of strize. In the interior of the dorsal valve a small bifid cardinal process, forming the posterior extremity of a small longitudinal ridge, is situated between two very small brachial processes. In the interior of ventral valve the muscular area is small. Length 8, width 10 lines. Obs. ‘The festooned appearance of the ribs in many specimens of this species easily distinguishes it from O. intercostata, Portlock. ‘The muscular impressions are very faintly marked. Position and Locality. Several internal casts and external impressions of this shell were found by Messrs. Vicary and Valpy at Budleigh-Salterton, in boulders which are supposed to be of the same age as those containing Orthis Berthoise. 236 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. Orruis 1nTERCoSTATA, Portlock. Pl. XXXVIII, figs. 1—3. OrTHIs INTERCosTATA, Portlock. Report on the Geology of the County of Londonderry, &e., p. 454, pl. xxxvii, fig. 3, 1843. —_— — M‘Coy. Synopsis Sil. Foss. Ireland, p. 31, 1846. — — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 543, 1859. Spec. Char. Nearly semicircular, a little wider than long ; hinge-line slightly shorter than width of shell. Ventral valve very moderately and uniformly convex; area narrow and small. Dorsal valve and interior not known. Surface marked by fine thread-like, longitudinal, radiating strie, with wide interspaces between each pair, in the centre of which is situated a smaller rib, which, commencing at various distances from the beak, extends to the front. Length 7, width 8 lines. Obs. Of this species only three or four ventral valves have come under my notice, notwithstanding that Prof. M‘Coy states it to be not uncommon in the sandy slates (Caradoc) of Bardahessiagh, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, as well as in the sandstone of Kaulley, Pomeroy, County Tyrone. Portlock mentions Desertcreat, Tyrone, as the locality from whence his specimen was derived. More material in connection with this species should be sought for. Orruis vesPertiLio, J. de C. Sow. Pl. XXX, figs. 11] —21. Ortuis BILOBATA, J.de CO. Sow. Silurian System, pl. xix, fig. 7, 1839. — VESPERTILIO, Jd. ibs pl. xx,.fie, lil; — . BILOBATA et VESPERTILIO, Portlock. Geol. Rep. of the County of London- derry, &c., p. 453 and table, 1843. — VESPERTILIO, M‘Coy. Synopsis Sil. Foss. Ireland, p. 36, 1846. — — including O. BrLoBATa, Phillips and Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. ii, p. 291, 1848. — a M‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 230, 1852. — — F. Schmidt. Sil. Form. von Ehstland, &c.; Archiv Nat. Liv.-Ehst.- und Kurlands, vol. ii, p. 214, 1858. — — Salter. Siluria, 2nd edit., p. 74, fig. 7; and pl. vi, figs. 1—3, 1859. Spec. Char. Rotundato-quadrate, greatest breadth usually at the hinge-line, some- times near the middle of the shell; sides slightly concave prior to being rounded at their cardinal extremities. In some individuals these extremities form small mucronate wings or angular prolongations; front indented by a concave curve. Dorsal valve convex, longitudinally divided into two lobes by a deep, obtusely angular median sinus ; the lateral ORTHID. 237 portions of the valve close to the extremities of the hinge-line are flattened ; hinge-area narrow. Ventral valve convex at the beak, but becoming slightly concave towards the front and margins, while a strong prominent mesial fold or sharply angular ridge extends from the extremity of the beak to the front; area triangular, fissure open. Surface of valves marked with numerous small angular radiating striz, often dichotomising or increasing in number by the interpolation of additional ribs, which are at times arranged in clusters of four or five of unequal length and breadth. In the interior of the dorsal valve a projecting cardinal process is situated between two smallish deviating brachial lame. In the interior of the ventral valve the saucer-shaped muscular area is margined by a slightly raised ridge. Length 15, width 19, depth 5 lines. Obs. As justly observed by Prof. M‘Coy, ‘This species varies prodigiously in the amount of gibbosity of the bilobed dorsal valve, ranging by imperceptible gradation from almost hemispherical to nearly flat; the ventral valve also varies, but to a less extent; it is always approximately flat at the sides, but varies from convex to concave.” Much difference is likewise observable in the respective width of the shell in different indi- viduals. ‘I'he larger number of specimens are widest at the hinge-line, while others are widest at about half the length of the shell. In 1848 Messrs. Phillips and Salter correctly united O. vespertilio and O. bilobata into a single species. Position and Locality. O. vespertilio is abundant, and may be said to be characteristic of the Caradoc or Bala formation, for the fossil has been but sparingly found in the Lower Llandovery. In England it was first discovered by Sir R. Murchison in the Caradoc Sandstone of Shropshire, at Acton Scott, &c.; it is common at Harnage, south-east of Shrewsbury; Gretton, near Cardington, &c. According to Messrs. Ramsay and Salter it is plentiful at Dolwyddelan; Penmachno, Caernarvonshire; south of Llan- gollen; south-east of Cerrig-y-Druidion, Denbighshire; Meifod; Welshpool; north of Llangedwyn; Llanwddyn; Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire ; east, west, and south-east of Bala Lake; near Corwen; Hirnant Ridge, Merionethshire. It has also been met with in the Malvern, May Hill, Llandeilo and Haverfordwest districts, by Prof. Phillips. Prof. Harkness has sent me specimens from the Bala Limestone of Keisley, as well as from the Lower Bala series or black shales at Pusgill, near Dufton, in Westmoreland. It is also said to be a common species at Coniston. From the Lower Llandovery I have seen specimens, found by Mr. Hughes one mile south of Cwmrhyddan. In Scotland it is a very common shell in the Caradoc Limestone at Craighead Quarry, near Girvan, in Ayrshire. In Ireland it has been found in a number of Caradoc localities, such as at Portrane, County Dublin ; Desertcreat, Killey, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, &c. It is also stated to occur in Russia. 238 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. Orruis rustica, J. de C. Sow. Pl. XXXIV, figs. 183—17; var. rigida, figs. 18, 19; var. Wallsalhiensis, figs. 20—22. OrtuHis RusTICA, J. de C. Sow. Silurian System, pl. xii, fig. 9, 1839. — — M‘Coy. Synopsis Sil. Foss. Ireland, p. 34, 1846. — — Dav. London Geol. Journal, p. 64, pl. xiii, figs. 1—4, 1847. — riema, Id. Ib., p. 63, pl. xiii, figs. 16, 17, 1847. — kRusTIcA et var. RIGIDA, Dav. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 2nd ser., vol. v, p. 322, pl. i, fig. 15, 1848. — Watsattti, Id. Ib., p. 339, pl. iv, fig. 7, 1848. — CALLIGRAMMA, var. RUSTICA, Phillips and Salter. Memoirs Geol. Survey, vol. 11, p. 376, 1848. —— var. RIGIDA, Id. Ib., p. 376. — — » WatsaLLiensis, Id. Ib., p.376. — RUSTICA et var. RIGIDA, D’Orb. Prodrome, vol. i, p. 36, 1849. — Ositensis, Schrenk. Schmidt’s Sil. Form. von Ehstland, &c.; Arebiv Nat. Liv.- Ehst.- und Kurlands, vol. ii, p. 213, 1858. —_— rustica, Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., p. 544, pl. xx, fig. 10, 1859. _ rustica et O. RigiDA, W‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 226, 1852. — Rustica, Lindstrém. Gotlands Brachiopoder, p. 370, 1860. _ CALLIGRAMMA, Var. RUSTICA et RIGIDA, Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. iii, p- 337, 1866. _ — var. WALSALLIENSIS?, Id. Ib., (not O. Walsalliensis, Dav.) Spec. Char. Somewhat yotundato-quadrate or semicircular, broadest about the middle; hinge-line straight, slightly less than the width of the shell; sides rounded ; cardinal extremities sometimes rounded, more often angular from the lateral portions of the valves becoming slightly concave as they near the extremities of the hinge-line; front slightly indented. Darsal valve more or less convex, with sometimes a shght median longitudinal depression, but the front usually presents a small elevated curve; area well defined, but not quite as wide as that of the other valve. Ventral valve not so deep as the dorsal one, most convex at the beak, slightly depressed longitudinally towards the front; area triangular, of moderate width, fissure large and open; beak very small, scarcely produced beyond the apex of the area. Surface of valves covered with from fifty to one hundred and twenty small rounded ribs, of which two fifths or more are shorter than the others and interpolated between those that extend uninterruptedly from the beak to the margin. ‘The surface of valves are also concentrically crossed by small equidistant raised lines or ridges. In the interior of the dorsal valve, between two widely deviating brachial laminee, is situated a projecting cardinal process or boss, which is divided by a small longitudinal slit at its summit, while the posterior portion is narrow, the anterior is thickened. Under the cardinal process a short rounded ridge separates the small oval concave dendritic muscular scar. In the interior of the ventral valve, on either side of the x ORTHID/. 239 wide triangular fissure, is situated a strong tooth, while the dental plates partly encircle the saucer-shaped muscular cavity. On the outer side of these, and extending further down, are the large well-defined and margined ovarian spaces. The vascular trunks are also sometimes apparent. A large specimen measured— Length 16, width 19, depth 7 lines. Obs. In 1839 Mr. J. de C. Sowerby described his Orthis rustica as being “ Trans- versely oblong, rather square, depressed, uneven, with many rounded radii, which become more numerous towards the margin; front straight or slightly elevated. Length 1 inch 1 line, width 1} inches. The hinge-area is triangular and rather large; radii between 40 and 50. Loc. Wenlock; Valley of Woolhope.” ‘To this description was added the figure of a ventral valve only. I was, however, subsequently (in 1847) enabled to describe and fully illustrate the exterior and interior of this remarkable species from a magnificent series of perfectly preserved examples obtained by Mr. Lewis and myself near Walsall, during the excavation of the new Rushall Canal. I also picked up some very perfect valves, showing the interior, during my researches at Benthall Edge and Lincoln Hill. I must now again remind the student that one of the chief characters of Orthis rustica consists im its generally having a small interpolated rib between each two of the longer ones, or between those which extend directly from the extremity of the beaks to the margin; the number of ribs varying according to the age of the individual. It was from having overlooked this important circumstance that I was in 1847 and 1848 tempted to separate, under the designations of rigida and Walsalliensis, two variations in form presented by this species, the first with fewer, the latter with smaller and more numerous ribs. Full-grown individuals of the typical O. rustica present about fifty-six ribs on each valve, while a full-grown example of O. Wa/lsalliensis would have upwards of 120 on each valve; and as the shape of the shell, though usually smaller, is similar to that of O. rustica, and the interior is likewise identical, we are reduced to consider it as nothing more than a variety of Sowerby’s species,— a conclusion I had arrived at soon after the publication of my paper in the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Géol. de France’ (1848): In the same year and subsequently Mr. Salter considered O. rustica, O. rigida, and O. Walsalliensis as distinct varieties of O. calligramma, Dalm.; but he added at the same time that he feared few students of Silurian fossils would feel disposed to go with him in uniting all the above- mentioned forms (and others, of which he gives a list) with O. calligramma. I regret to say that, although I entertain the highest possible opinion of Mr. Salter’s views relating to Silurian fossils, I cannot concur with him in the opinion above expressed, for were I to admit O. rustica and its var. Walsalliensis as varieties of Dalman’s species, I might find equal reason for admitting into it a far larger number of forms than Mr. Salter would like to see numbered among the varieties of O. calligramma. ‘The last-named shell has, in my humble opinion, been correctly considered by the generality of palaeon- tologists as distinct from O. rustica, both on account of its more oval shape as well as from 240 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. the character of its ribs, which in Dalman’s species are fewer, straight, and simple. At p. 207 of the 2nd vol. of the ‘Geology of Russia,’ M. de Verneuil distinctly states, while describing O. calligramma— La surface des valves est ornée de plis simples et droits, qui, comptés avec soin sur plus de cinquante individus, nous ont offert tous les nombres depuis quinze jusqu’a quarante, mais se maintiennent le plus souvent entre vingt a vingt-cing. Ces plis, arrondis comme les sillions qui les séparent, naissent suc- cessivement le long du bord cardinal, et ne se réunissent pas tous au crochet. Dans les intervalles, on decouvre a la loupe, sur les échantillons d’une parfaite conversation deux a trois stries longitudinales extrémement fines.” I may also observe that the Lower Silurian shell attributed by Mr. Salter, with a point of doubt, to my O. Walsalhensis, belongs to another species. Besides the differences already recorded with reference to the shape and ribs in O. calligramma and O. rustica, | may mention that in Dalman’s shell the ventral valve is uniformly convex, and much more so than the dorsal, while in O. rustica the latter is usually the deepest and most convex; the ventral valve showing also a marked longitudinal depression from about the middle to the front. Having some years ago received, through the kindness of Prof. F. Schmidt, of St. Petersburg, a perfectly preserved example of Schrenk’s O. Osz/iensis, I was able to satisfy myself as to.its identity with Sowerby’s O. rustica. Therefore, in PI. XXXIV, figs. 13—17 represent Sowerby’s true O. rustica, figs. 18, 19 the var. rigida, and figs. 20—22 the var. Walsalliensis. Position and Locality. O. rustica appears to be a characteristic fossil of the Wenlock period ; is most abundant near Walsall, occurring also at Benthall Edge, Lincoln Hill; in Wenlock Shales opposite the ruins of Buildwas Abbey, near Wenlock, in Shropshire ; at Abberley and Callow Farm in the Abberley district; Dormington Wood, Woolhope district. No Scottish specimen has hitherto been discovered ; but in Ireland it occurs at Ferriter’s Cove, Dingle, County Kerry; and it is also mentioned by M‘Coy from Foylathurrig, in the same county. Abroad it occurs in the Island of Gothlaud, in Sweden, and at Erras, in Esthonia. _ ORTHIS CALLIGRAMMA, Dalman. Pl. XXXV, fig. 1—17; var. Davidsoni, figs. 18, 19; var. Scotica, figs. 20—22; var. virgata, figs. 23, 24.,and Pl. XX XVII, fig. 2. ORTHIS CALLIGRAMMA, Dal. Kon. Vet. Handl., p. 114, pl. ii, fig. 3, 1827. ORTHAMBONITES CRASSICOSTA, EMINENS, Pander. Beitr. zur Geogn. Russl., p. 81, pl. xxi, figs. 1, 2, 1830. ORTHIS CALLIGRAMMA, Hisinger. Letheea Suecica, p. 74, pl. xx, fig. 10, 1837. — TRANSVERSA, SEMICIRCULARIS, TETRAGONA, ROTUNDATA, ROTUNDA, ZQUALIS, DATA, PLANA, Pander. Id., pl. xxii, figs. 1—8. 4 ' ‘ . a ee 7 ORTHID &. 241 Orruis ovata, Pander. Beitr. zur Geogn. Russl., p. 83, pl. xvi A, fig. 9, 1830. the apex of the area. CALLIGRAMMA, Von Buch. Ueber Delthyris und Orthis, Berlin Trans., p. 58, 1837 ; and Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, vol. iv, p. 206, pl. xi, fig. 2, 1840.—O. ovata, Von Buch, Berlin Trans., p. 59; and O. ORTHAMBONITES, p. 66, 1837. CALLACTIS, Sow. Silurian System, pl. xix, fig. 5, 1839. virGaTa, Id. Ib., pl. xx, fig. 15. ORTHAMBONITES, Von Buch. Beitr. zur Geb. Russl., p. 18, 1840. — D Eichwald. Sil. Syst. in Esthl., p. 150, 1840. FLABELLULUM, J. Hall (not of Sow.). Rep. 4th Geol. Dist. New York, p. 1035, fig. 5, and p. 107, 1843. — De Castelnau (not of Sow.). Terrains Sil. de Amérique du Nord, p. 37, 1843. CALLIGRAMMA, De Verneuil. Geoi. of Russia, vol. ii, p. 207, pl. xiii, figs. 7—9, 1845. — Dav. London Geol. Journal, p. 65, 1847. Davipsont1, De Verneuil. Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, 2nd ser., vol. v, p. 341, pl. iv, fig. 9, 1848. CALLIGRAMMA (pars), Phillips and Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. ii, p. 374, 1848. _- Quenstedt. Handbuch, p. 485, pl. xxxviii, fig. 41, 1851. — MI Coy (including O. vircata). Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 214, 1852. — var. virGaTa, Salter. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc., vol. vii, p- 171, 1851. FLABELLULUM, J. Hall (not of Sow.). Geol. New York, vol. 1i, p. 254, pl. lip fig. 6, 1852. Ontuisina Scotica, M‘Coy. Annals Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. viii, p.400, 1851; and Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 232, pl. i H, fig. 29, 1852. ORTHIS CALLIGRAMMA, F. Schmidt. Sil. Format. Ehstland; Archiv. Nat. Liv.- Ehst.- und Kurlands, vol. ii, p. 212, 1858. — Salter. Siluria, 2nd ed., pl. v, figs. 8, 9, 1859. oe D’Eichwald. Lethzea Rossica, Periode Ancienne, p. 827, 1899. — Dav. General Introduction, pl. vii, fig. 127, 1853. Davipsont, Lindstrim. Gotlands Brachiopoder, p. 370, 1860. CALLIGRAMMA, var. PRoAVA, Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. iii, p. 22, fig. 1, 1866. _ var, CALLIPTYCHA, Id. Ib., fig. 2. — », VIRGATA, fd. ID. dite, 3: — » SIMPLEX, Id. (not M‘Coy). Ib., fig. 4. Spec. Char. 'Vransversely semicircular, usually wider than long, broadest about the middle ; sides and front rounded; hinge-line slightly less than the width of shell. Ventral valve uniformly convex; beak small, incurved, not always protruding above Area moderately wide ; fissure triangular, open. Dorsal valve usually much less deep than the opposite one, most convex at the umbone, sometimes slightly depressed towards the front; hinge-area narrow. Surface of valves marked with 31 242 BRITISH SILURIAN BRACHIOPODA. from sixteen to fifty simple, straight, radiating, rounded riblets, with concave interspaces, of variable width, between each pair of ribs; two or three very fine longitudinal lines may, by the aid of the lens, be seen in the interspaces left between the ribs, and these also are crossed by very fine concentric equidistant lines. In the interior of the dorsal valve a small cardinal process fills the centre of the triangular fissure; while a wide longitudinal ridge separates into two pairs the oval scars left by the adductor muscle : the diverging brachial processes or lamine are small. In the interior of the ventral valve the saucer-shaped muscular depression is of moderate size. ‘Two specimens measured— Length 10, width 10, depth 4 lines. Mo Agassi.) oO eg Obs. In 1827 Dalman described and figured his Orthis calligramma so as not to be misunderstood,’ and he distinctly intimates that the ribs are straight and simple; the shell was subsequently (in 1845) correctly described by M. de Verneuil, who had occa- sion to compare together a great number of Russian examples. No doubt it is variable, both in shape and in the lesser or greater number of simple ribs which orna- ment the surface of its valves in different specimens; it may therefore be convenient, perhaps, to maintain distinct varietal denominations for such forms as O. Davidsont, Vern., O. virgata, Sow., O. Scotica, M‘Coy, &c., for these shells present slight variations in their detail, while still preserving the essential character of the original or typical form; but I do not consider that we should be justified in uniting to it, as varieties, such shells as O. rustica, O. Walsalliensis, and others that are characterised, not only by a difference in general shape, but likewise by the presence of the numerous interpolated ribs, which do not exist in O. calligramma. he shell has also been well described by Prof. M ‘Coy, in his work on British Palzeozoic Fossils; and he justly observes therein, that “it is well distinguished from the old O. flabellulum of Sowerby (with which it has been sometimes confounded) ‘‘ by its more regular definite ribbing, and the fine longitudinal strice in the interspaces, without short irregular ribs, the sharp extension of the ribs more nearly to the beak on the casts, the greater inclination of the large cardinal area, and its being situated in the most convex instead of the flat valve.’ In many of the Russian specimens 1 «Q, testa margine compressa, basi utrinque angulata, radiatim multisulcata et concinne striata, costis indivisis: valve majoris nate prominula subincurva. Locus: In calce cinerea Ostrogothiz, ad Skarpasen rarius, Dom. Olivecrona, Mus. Ac. Se. Holmiensis. “ Longit. 22 mm., latit. 24 mm., valve minoris basis latit. 21 mm. ; testa ]3 mm. crassa. “Facie accedit ad Orth. elegantulam, basalem et testudinariam, sed major, costis omnibus indivisis, et una cum sulcis longitudinaliter striatis. Ab. O. callacti facillime distinguitur costis multoties numerosioribus (circiter 32—34), itaque magis approximatis. Valva minor basi convexa, versus marginem applanata, ambitu plus quam semicirculari, basi rectilinea lataque, angulis lateralibus fere rectangulis. Valva major convexior, uate parum prominula sub-incurva, et ab ipsa basi parum remota. Margo cardinalis latus, sed brevis, levis, cum foraminis deltoidei brevisque vestigio. Sutura valvarum non nisi leviter undulata,” ORTHID A. 243 of O. calligramma the small incurved beak appears slightly above the highest point of the area, as may be seen in fig. 7 a, pl. xiii, of the ‘Geol. of Russia;’ but in fig. 7e of the same plate the small incurved beak is no longer visible. This is also observable in many of our British specimens from the Caradoc of Moelydd, near Oswestry, and where the shell most resembling the Russian type is found. M. de Verneuil informs us that O. orthambonites is a variety of O. calligramma which exists only in Russia, unless we. unite to it certain individuals of the Swedish O. callactis, Dalman. I am still uncer- tain, however, whether Dalman’s O. callactis is more than a variety of the shell under description, although M‘Coy describes it at p. 214 of his work on British Paleozoic Fossils as a distinct species. We may assert that the O. callactis of the ‘Silurian System’ is no more than a variety of O.calligramma. The fine longitudinal strive which cover the surface of the interspaces between the ribs, as well as the fine concentric equidistant lines observable on well-preserved specimens, are rarely seen on any of our Lower Silurian specimens, on account of their indifferent state of preservation; but they have been noticed both by De Verneuil, D’Eichwald, and myself, on Russian Lower Silurian specimens, and are well exposed in some of our Upper Silurian examples of the variety Davidson. Thus, while describing the var. orthambonites, M. de Verneuil writes— “Dans cette variété, les sillons ne sont pas finement striés dans le sens de la longueur, mais ils sont, ainsi que les plis eux-mémes, recouverts de fines stries transverses. Cette différence, souvent trés difficile & apercevoir, est la seule que nous ayons pu observer entre les O. calligramma et orthambonites, et encore est-il permi de croire quelle est plus apparente que réelle, et dépend des divers degrés de conservation de la coquille: en effet, presque tous nos échantillons paraissent plus ou moins altérés, la plupart ont les plis tout-a-fait lisses, les uns prennent graduellement des stries longitudinales, d’autres des stries transverses, et enfin un échantillon plus complet nous a offert quelques stries longi- tudinales recouvertes et presque cachées par des stries transverses. Ces différences ont échappé a M. Pander, dont les espéces ne sont établies que sur des rapports de longueur et de largeur, sur le nombre des plis ou sur les dimensions de l’area, qui sont ce quil v a de plus variable. Elles ont au contraire été observées par M. Hichwald, qui a appelé O. orthambonites \a variété a& stries transverses, et O. callactis celle a stries longitudinales. Nous avons préféré adopter pour cette derniére le nom O. calligramma, en nous fondant sur les caractéres que lui a reconnus M. Hisinger.”’ I know but little of the var. virgata (P]. XXXV, figs. 28, 24, and Pl. XXXVII, fig. 2). Mr. Salter states— rl ae uy Lis | Re ohh! ii) a ; ‘ ee qo MUR AG ot) [ tie) iat . io) iy Mey mys PLATE XXIX: SILURIAN SPECIES. Fig. 1—10. Orthis polygramma, Sow. 1, 2. The two original specimens figured in ‘Silurian System.’ Powis Castle Park. Mus. Geol. Society. 3. Lower Llandovery; Gorlwyn. Mus. Geol. Soc. 4—7. Wenlock Shales ; near the North Esk Reser- voir, Pentland Hills. 4 and 5 are in the Mus. Geol. Survey. 8, 8a. Internal cast of dorsal valve. 8 4, 8. Internal cast of ventral valve. 9. Internal cast of ventral valve. 10. Interior of dorsal valve; taken in gutta-percha from an internal cast, from the Pentland Hills. Mus. Geol. Survey. 11—13. » reversa, Salter. 11. Internal cast of dorsal valve; 12, of ventral valve. 11 qa@and 12a. Magnified. ‘The original speci- men figured in the ‘Synopsis Sil. Foss. of Ireland,’ from Egool, Ballaghderra, and Cappacorcogue, Cong. Sir R. Griffith’s Coll. 13. Lower Llandovery; Man- dinam, near Llandovery. Mus. Geol. Survey. 14—18. be ne var. Mullochiensis. 14, 15. Llandovery rock; Mulloch Quarry, Dalquorhan, Ayrshire. 16, 17. Internal cast of both valves. Same locality. 18. Woolhope Lime- stone ; Sandbanks, Presteign. Mus. Geol. Survey. 19—20. ,, Bailyana, Day. Caradoc beds; Townland of Ballybro, one mile north of Tagot, County Wexford. Mus. Geol. Survey of Ireland. 19. Internal cast of dorsal valve. 19a. In- terior of the same valve, taken from a cast, enlarged. 20. Internal cast of ventral valve. 20a. Interior of ventral valve, taken from a cast, enlarged. Pe SINAN PLATE XXX. SILURIAN SPECIES. Fic. I—8. Orthis patera, Salter, MS. 1. Exterior of ventral valve. 2. Exterior of dorsal valve. 3. Profile of the two valves. 4. Internal cast of dorsal valve; 5, of ventral valve. 6. Interior of ventral valve, taken in gutta-percha from a cast. 7. In- ternal cast of dorsal valve. 8. Interior of the same valve. All from Caradoc; Corston Farm; Hopesay. Museum Geol. Survey. 9, 10. » e@guvalvis, Dav. Wenlock Shale; near Walsall. 10. Interior of ventral valve. 11—21. ,, vespertilio, Sow. 11. From the original specimen figured in the ‘Silurian System.’ Caradoc; Acton Scott. 11d. Portion of shell, magnified. Mus. Geol. Soc. 12. Caradoc; Craig Head Quarry, Girvan, Ayrshire. 13. Portrane, County Dublin. 14—16. Caradoc; Harnage, south-east of Shrewsbury. 17. Internal cast of dorsal valve. Caradoc ; Acton Scott. Mus: Geol. Soc. (Original specimen figured in ‘ Silurian System,’ pl. xix, fig. 7.) 18. Inte- rior of the same, taken in gutta-percha from a cast. 19. Internal cast of ventral valve ; near Bala. 20. Inte- rior of ventral valve, taken in gutta-percha from an internal cast. Gretton. 21. From Rathdrum, Wicklow. Mus. Geol. Survey of Ireland. Pl SOON SILURIAN iyap nart 7 i an: H M&N o* Davidson del & lith. PLATE XXXI. SILURIAN SPECIES. Fic. 3s: Orthis alternata, Sow. 1, 2, 3. Caradoc; Pentre, Llymru, Llanfyllin. Mus. Geol. Survey. 4. Caradoc; Eglways Anne, north of Bala. Same Museum. 5. Internal cast of dorsal valve. 5a. In- terior of dorsal valve; from a gutta-percha mould taken from the cast and enlarged. 6. Internal cast of ventral valve. Caradoc; Ketch, Llanfyllin. 6 a. Interior of valve, taken in gutta-percha from internal cast and enlarged. 7. Internal cast of dorsal valve, enlarged. From Cheney Longville. Mus. Geol. Survey. 8. Figure taken from an unpublished plate prepared by the Geol. Survey. The figure is enlarged, and shows the internal cast of both valves. 9—1]1. , fallax, Salter. 9. After the origimal figure in the ‘Synopsis Sil. Foss. of Ireland.’ Caradoc; Desertcreat, Tyrone. Coll. of Sir R. Griffith. 11. From Killey, Pomeroy. Same Collection. 10. Internal cast of ventral valve. Desertcreat. Mus. Geol. Survey. 12—20. » porcata, M‘Coy. 12. Coniston Limestone ; Coniston. Mus. Geol. Soc. 13. Portrame, County Dublin. Mus. Geol. Survey of Ireland. 14. Moelydd, near Bala. 15. Internal cast of dorsal valve, after a figure by M‘Coy, in ‘ Brit. -Pal. Foss.’ Coniston. 16. Another figure, from the same work and the same locality. 17. Var. grandis, Portlock. Internal cast of ventral valve. 18. Var. cnflata, Salter. Coniston Lime- stone; Westmoreland. 19. Internal cast of dorsal valve. = 0. grandis, Pollock (not Sow.). Desertcreat, Tyrone. 19 a. Interior of the same valve, from a gutta-percha im- pression taken from the cast. 20. Internal cast of ventral valve. Same locality. 20a. Interior, taken from the cast. Portlock’s original specimens in the Museum of the Geol. ° Survey. Pl XXXI. SILURIAN. Tho? Damdson del et lith Fie. ]—4. 5—9. LOS. 12—20 21—28 oy oe Orthis 3) ri) PLATE XXXII. SILURIAN SPECIES. ldgelliana, Salter, MS. Upper Wenlock ; Garcoed, near Usk. Coll. of the late Mr. Wyatt-Edgell. 3. Interior of ventral valve. 4. Interior of dorsal valve. Tirmantensis, M‘Coy. 5, 6, 7. After Prof. M‘Coy’s original figures. Bala Limestone; Aber Hirnant. 8. A small complete specimen from the same locality. 9. Internal cast of dorsal valve, enlarged. Hurnant. simpler, M‘Coy. 10. After the original figure in the ‘Synops. Silur. Foss. Ireland.’ Carrickadaggan, County Wexford. 11. Interior of ventral valve; 11 a, enlarged. 11 6. Interior of dorsal valve, enlarged. Caradoc ; Chair of Kildare. Mus. Geol. Survey. turgida, M‘Coy. 12—16. After Prof. M‘Coy’s original figures. Lower Llandovery Limestone; Llandeilo. 17. Caradoc ; Penllech, Ysputty Evan. 18. Penhill, Ayrshire. 19. In- ternal cast of ventral valve. 19a. Interior of the same valve, enlarged; from a gutta-percha mould taken from the cast. 20. Internal cast of ventral valve. 20a. In- terior of same valve, made from the cast, enlarged. Penllech, Ysputty Evan. Berthoisi, Rouault, var. erratica. From pebbles of quartzite of Llan- deilo (?) age, Budleigh-Salterton, Devonshire. 25, 26, 27. Interior of dorsal valve. 22, 28, 28. Interior of ventral valve. From the Collections of Messrs. Vicary and Valpy. Valpyana, Dav. Budleigh-Salterton. Coll. of Mr. Vicary. 32a. In- terior of dorsal valve. See Tho® Davidson del Xlth.. M &N Hanhart imp Vie. 1—7. 8—12 15—16. 17—21 22—29. PLATE XXXIII. SILURIAN SPECIES. Orthis Carausii, Salter, MS. 1—4. Complete form, drawn from gutta-percha moulds taken from external casts. Lower Llandeilo or Arenig rocks ; Tremanhire, near St. David’s. 5. Internal and external casts, showing their natural shape in a yellow sandstone; from Tremanhire. 6. Distorted internal casts; from Ramsey Island, near St. David’s. 7 a. Interior of ventral; 7 6, of dorsal valve. Menapie, Hicks, MS. From the Lower Llandeilo or Arenig group of Ramsey Island. 8. Perfect form, from gutta-percha moulds made from external casts. 9. Distorted internal and external casts. 10. Profile view of both valves. 11. Internal cast of dorsal valve; 12, of ventral valve. Hicksu, Salter, MS. From the Middle (sandstone) beds of the Menevian group or Lower Lingula-flags of Ninewells and Porth-y-rhaw, near St. David’s. 13, 14, 15. Complete form, taken by the means of gutta-purcha from external casts. 16. Internal cast of ventral valve. alata, Sow. 17. After the figure in the ‘Silurian System.’ Llandeilo Flags; Pensarn, Caermarthenshire. 18, 19. Complete forms, taken from external casts by means of gutta-percha; 18a, enlarged. 20. Internal cast. 21. Portion of the shell, enlarged. lenticularis, Wahlenberg, sp.? From the Upper Lingula-flags. 22—25. After figures by Salter, in vol. iii, pl. iv, of the ‘Memoirs of the Geol. Survey.’ Penmorfa Church, Tremadoc. 26. Complete form, drawn from gutta-percha moulds taken from external casts. Ogof-ddu Cliff, North Wales. 27. A very large flattened specimen from Rhiw Felyn. Mr. Plant’s Collection. 28, 29. Gwerny-y-Bareud (“ Dolgelly group” of Belt). ~~ ™ SILURIAN. Ply sl =) de M &N Hanhart imp J Fic. PLATE XXXIV. SILURIAN SPECIES. 1—1l2 plicata, Sow. PLATE XXXV. SILURIAN SPECIES. Orthis calligramma, Dalman. Caradoc; Moelydd, near Bala. Caradoc ; Craig Head, Girvan, Ayrshire. Caradoc ; Grangegeeth, County Meath. Mus. Geol. Survey of Ireland. Caradoc ; var. with numerous small ribs. Craig Head, Girvan. Coll. of Mr. J. Thomson. Caradoc; Lamby, Ireland. Large Lower Llandovery variety ; Cong, Galway. Mus. Geol. Survey. Interior of dorsal valve. Caradoc; Desertcreat, Tyrone. Same Museum. Internal casts of dorsal and ventral valves. Grangegeeth, Ireland. Very fine internal cast of ventral valve. From the Caradoc of Das Eithen Ridge, east of the Berwyn Hills. Var. proava, Salter. After figures in vol. iii, ‘Mem. Geol. Survey.’ Upper Llandeilo rocks ; Llanerchymedd, Anglesea. Var. calliptycha (Sow.), Salter. Id. Caradoc slates; Pembrokeshire. (This strongly resembles O. Davidsoni.) (O. callactis, Sow.) After the figure in ‘Sil. System.’ Var. Davidsoni, De Verneuil. Wenlock Limestone ; Rushall Canal, near Walsall. Mus. Geol. Survey. Var. Scotica, M‘Coy (Orthisina Scotica, M‘Coy). Caradoc; Craig Head Quarry, near Girwan. 20. After M‘Coy’s figure. Var. virgata (according to Mr. Salter). 23 and 24a are from figures in vol. il, ‘Mem. Geol. Survey.’ Caradoc ; Cwm-Gwynen-Uchaf, Montgo- meryshire, Mus. Geol. Survey. O. calligramma, var. plicata, Salter. 25. Internal cast of dorsal valve, after Salter’s figure in vol. iii, ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.’ Caradoc; Bala. 26. Caradoc ; south-west of Bryn, Bedwog. Mus. Geol. Survey. Sowerbyana, Dav. O. calligramma, var. Walsalliensis, Salter (not of Davidson). 27, 29, 30. From Mr. Salter’s figures, ‘Mem. Geol. Survey,’ vol. iii. Lower Llandovery; Gas Works, Haverfordwest ; and Caradoc of Cefn Liwydlo, Brecknockshire. 28 and 31. Specimens from same locality. SILURIAN. M & N Hanhart amp Tho* Davidson del et lth ef yy a 1 ru y } bt i Paya | i 4 } ‘ 4 i ti hie i { i} y iit 4 * ‘ i h é\ ? r | : i i a ' 4 i ; i } \ Vy { } 4 o * ‘ ; . ' / f 4 ‘ “4 Fic. 1—4 5—17. g——2o" 24—30. 31—34 35—38. 39—42. PLATE XXXVI. SILURIAN SPECIES. Orthis eonfints, Salter. 1. From the original figures, ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. vii. Llandeilo » ” . . beds ; Bogang, Knochdolian, Ayrshire. 2. Stincher River, Ayrshire. 3. Bogang. Mus. Geol. Survey. 4. Internal cast of dorsal valve. Mullock Hill, Ayrshire. Actonia, Sow. 5. Caradoc; Bryn Bedwog, near Bala. Geol. Survey Mus. 6. Moelydd. 7. Robeston, Pembrokeshire. Geol. Survey Mus. 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. After Salter’s figures in ‘Mem. Geol. Survey,’ vol. ili. South Wales, in Caradoc ; also from Lower Llandovery specimens in Mus. Geol. Survey. 12. Llandeilo Flags; Garn Arenigs. Geol. Survey Mus. 15. Interior of ventral valve, enlarged ; taken with gutta-percha from an internal cast. Caradoc; Bryn Bedwog, near Bala. Geol. Survey Mus. 16. Internal cast of ventral valve, enlarged. Caradoc; Chair of Kildare, Ireland. 17. Interior of dorsal valve. Caradoc; Gas Works, Haverfordwest. sagittifera, M‘Coy. 18—20. After figures in ‘Brit. Pal. Foss.,’ pl.in. From the Caradoe schists of Aber Hirnant. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. 20, 21. Two large internal casts of dorsal and ventral valves. From the same locality and collection. 22. Interior of dorsal; 23, interior of ventral valve. Caradoc ; Cwm-yr-acttinen, Bala. protensa, Sow. 24,25,26. After Sowerby’s figures of O. Jata in ‘ Sil. Syst.’ Lower Llando- very; Llandovery. 27. Internal cast of ventral valve. 28. Internal cast of dorsal valve. Lower Llandovery; Golengoed, Llandovery. 29. Internal cast of dorsal valve, enlarged. Lower Llandovery ; Troutbeck. Coll. of late Mr. Wyatt-Edgell. 30. Interior of ventral valve, enlarged; taken from an internal cast with gutta-percha. Golengoed. Mus. Geol. Soc. Salteri, Dav. 31, 32. Internal cast of ventral valve. 33. Internal cast of dorsal valve. 33. The same, enlarged. 34. Interior of the same valve, enlarged; taken with gutta-percha from an internal cast. Caradoc; Horderly, Salop. Coll. of late Mr. Wyatt-Edgell. sarmentosa, M‘Coy. After figures in ‘ Brit. Pal. Foss.’ Schists of Llyn Ogwen. Woodwar- dian Museum, Cambridge. retrorstriata, M‘Coy. After figures in ‘Brit. Pal. Foss.’ Cerrig-y-Druidion. Wood- wardian Museum, Cambridge. VI. 7 iA SILURIAN | M & NHanhart Imp. Tho* Davidson dal et hth. PLATE XXXVII. SILURIAN SPECIES. Fic ap Orthis plicata, Sow. After the original figure im ‘Silurian System,’ pl. xxi, fig. 6. 2 » virgata, Sow. Iad., pl. xx, fig. 15. 3—7. ,, ? spiriferoides, M‘Coy. 3. Caradoc; Llanfyllin. Mus. Geol. Survey. 4. Internal cast of ventral valve; a, a little projection due to the tube. Same locality. 4a. Interior of the same valve, taken from the cast by the means of gutta-percha. 5. Internal cast, in which the cast of the tube is preserved; from Bala Limestone, 14 mile east of Bala. Sharpe’s Coll., Mus. Geol. Soc. 6. Internal cast of dorsal valve, enlarged. Bala Limestone ; Garnedd Quarry, near Bala. 7. Interior of dorsal valve, taken with gutta-percha from an internal cast. Llanfyllin. 8—15. , ~nsularis, Kichwald. 8, 14. Caradoc; Chair of Kildare. Mus. Geol. Survey. 9. A large specimen. Portrane. Mus. Geol. Survey, Ireland. 10,11. Llandovery beds ; Mandinam, Llandovery. 12,13. Caradoc; Chair of Kildare. 15. In- ternal cast of dorsal valve, enlarged. Lower Llandovery ; River Sevin, Llellyrhyddod, Llandovery. 16—22. » unguis, Sow. 16. Complete form, taken from external cast by means of gutta-percha. Caradoc; Gretton. 17. Caradoc; Acton Scott. 17a. Enlarged. 18. Caradoc; Cheney Longville. 18 a. Enlarged. Both in Mus. Geol. Survey. 19. Internal cast of dorsal valve, enlarged. From Caradoc ; Gretton. Coll. of Mr. Lightbody. 20. Internal cast of ventral valve. Caradoc; Horderley. An enlarged figure of Murchison’s original specimen, figured in ‘ Silurian System.’ 20a. In- ‘\ terior, taken from the cast with gutta-percha and enlarged. Mus. Geol. Soc. 23—26. Strophomena Jukesii, Dav. Caradoc; Grangegeeth, County Meath. Mus. Geol. Survey of Ireland. 23. Exterior of ventral valve. 24. Specimen showing part of internal cast of ventral valve. 25. Internal cast of ventral valve, much enlarged. 26. Interior of same valve, taken from the internal cast with gutta-percha. SILURIAN PL XXXVII The* Davidson del et Lith. M é& NHanhart imap INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1868. LONDON: MDCCCLXIX. A MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH BELEMNITID A. BY eOURIN: “Pan ih AlnB.S:, M.A. OXON., LL.D. DUBLIN, LL.D. CAMBRIDGE, D.C.L. OXON., F.R.S., F.G.S., ETC., PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. PART IY, Paces 87—108; Prares XXI—XXVII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALAHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1869. he 5 a a J ; v t x oF 7 7 J aT = ee 4 i. ay i ‘ , ) ‘ 4 A 4 s - \ ptt 4 PRINTED BY it ’ tH : J. E, ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. BELEMNITES OF THE LIAS. 87 Proportions. ‘The diameter (v @) being taken at 100, the ventral radius is 40, the dorsal 60, the cross diameter 100, the axis 420. Puracmocone. Nearly straight, with a nearly circular section; the angle m = 25°. Locality. In the lower part of the Upper Lias at Saltwick (Phz/iips) ; at Robin Hood’s Bay (Cullen); in ironstone layers at Kettleness (Simpson) ; in the shale under the Jet- bed, plentifully ; and in ironstone layers at Staithes and Rosedale (P£z//ips) ; in the Marl- stone series below the ironstone. Observations. The agreement of this Belemnite with that long known as B. pacillosus is obvious and intimate, and the resemblance of particular selected specimens is almost complete, the principal observable difference being a greater proportionate length of axis and a longer tapering to a less obtuse apex in the Yorkshire specimens. For comparison, a specimen from Ilminster, in Mr. Moore’s Cabinet, is represented fig. 52, MW. Recurvation of the apex occurs in several of the specimens of B. pawillosus, especially in those from Ilminster; in several of the specimens of B. cylindricus from Rosedale, near Staithes, it is so pronounced as to approach the form of B. aduncatus. On the whole, I can hardly doubt that the Yorkshire specimens agree with ZB. pacillosus amalthei of Quenstedt (‘Cephal.,’ pl. xxv, fig. 5); the state of conservation seldom allows of the striation of the apex to be perfectly seen, as in our representation of B. pavillosus (P). XX, fig. 52, AZ/). B. elongatus, B. apicicurvatus, B. paxillosus, and B. cylindricus, taken together, com- pose a natural group of generally cylindrical or cylindroid forms, with dorso-lateral grooves at the apex, and plaits or strize on the ventral and dorsal aspects (exceptionally, a deeper stria on the ventral and also on the dorsal face). They are unknown in Lower Lias, but extend from the base of the Middle Lias to the lower part of the Upper Lias, and are found in Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire. BELEMNITES OxYcoNUS, Quwenstedt. (Diagram, No. 23, p. 88.) Reference. Belemnites (tripartitus) oayconus, Quenstedt, ‘Cephalop., p. 419, pl. xxvi, figs. 19, 20, 1849. Guarp. Compressed, conoidal or conical, ending in a produced, pointed, somewhat reclined apex ; lateral grooves extend over the alveolar region. Transverse section oval, the ventral region broadest. Locality. Cheltenham, in the Belemnite-bed of the Lower Lias (Buckman). 13 88 BRITISH BELEMNITES. The fossil here represented, from Mr. Buckman’s Collection, is from the “ Belemnite- bed” of the Lower Lias of Cheltenham. It corresponds to all appearance with the species DIAGRAM 23. Belemnites oxyconus. referred to by Quenstedt, and I find it also to be much alhed to B. eleguns of Simpson (p. 84; and Pl. XX, fig. 50); but it is not striated about the point, as that species seems always to be; its axis is shorter, and the figure is more oblique. It seems allied to B. acutus of Miller, and may be the old form of that species. DIAGRAM 24, v', Longest individual. v’’. Smaller. v'’, Minute specimen. In Mr. Charles Moore’s very interesting collection from the Upper Lias of Ilminster are specimens of an extremely small, short Belemnite, which may possibly be the young BELEMNITES OF THE LIAS. 89 of such a species as B. Voltzii. It merits, however, a careful description, as all the very young Belemnites do. BELEMNITES MINUTUS, n.s. (Diagram, No. 24, v’, v’, v'”.) Guarp. Short conical, straight, acute, with two faint latero-dorsal grooves, and an obscure trace of ventral depression towards the apex. Dimensions. From } to } and (apparently the same species) ? inch long. Locality. Upper Lias, Iminster. Remarks. It is possible that, by further research, older forms may be identified with these almost microscopical specimens of Mr. Moore’s acuteness and industry. ‘lhey cannot be the young of B. L/minstrensis, but rather should be referred to a form such as B. Voltzit. In the same collection are specimens from the Upper Lias of Ilminster of a slender Belemnite, agreeing in general with B. guadricanaliculatus, but differing in the striation and some other points of interest, as will appear by the following description, in which it is regarded as a variety. Specimens of the ordinary type occur with it.* BELEMNITES QUADRICANALICULATUS, var. oBsoLETUS. (Diagram, No. 25, v, 0", v’, 4, 7.) Guarp. Long slender conical, often a little bent, marked by a conspicuous double- striated ventral groove, extending over part of the alveolar region; strive and traces of dorsal grooves near the apex, which is always found truncated. Dimensions. Under 1 inch in length. Locality. Upper Lias, Ilminster. DIAGRAM 25. v'. Ventral face, full size. v”. The same, smaller. v’’. Magnified view of the ventral striz. /. Lateral, d. dorsal. * In the description of B. guadricanaliculatus, p. 68, the dorsal groove is said to be sometimes double. I find, also, the ventral groove double in several examples. 90 BRITISH BELEMNITES. In the preceding pages I have endeavoured to describe all the forms of Liassic Belemnites of which I have been enabled to study sufficient examples. Under very favorable circumstances a few characteristic forms have been traced completely from very young to quite mature specimens—for example, 8. L/minstrensis (P|. XII). Some have been collected in such great numbers as to leave no doubt of their possessing a real re- lationship—e. g. B. /evis (Pl. X); others possess such peculiarities of form and structure, amid many variations, as to allow of their being quoted without fear from very distant localities—e. g. B. clavatus (P\. II). Some cases have occurred of forms which, if not really very rare, have not yet been collected in sufficient number to allow of giving more than the description fitting to a particular age of the animal, as B. excavatus, B. calcar, B. dens, on Pl. 11. In handling these curious species I have been guided by the experience acquired in examining the other more favorable cases, and I hope the results will be found trustworthy in the main. But Iam most anxious to be furnished with more, many more, examples of Belemnites of various magnitudes, from the largest to the least, which may be collected from one limited Land of Lias, at one definite place. For instance, in the greatly reduced band of Upper Lias clays in the Vale of Gloucester, near Dursley and Wotton-under-Edge, Belemnites occur with Ammonites bifrons, as well as others in the Marlstone below, and in the sands and Cephalopodal bed above. If any one to whom this may reach would devote a few days to extract a few dozens of Belemnites of all magnitudes from each of the beds named, taken separately, preserving carefully the fragments which belong to each specimen, and would send them to me for study, the conclusions to which I shall soon request atten- tion as to the geological succession of Liassic life, and the changes of form which accompany the transition from Liassic to Oolitic sediments, might acquire a considerable augmentation of value. I did once make sucha collection (1843), and was in hopes that it might have been preserved in a museum which contains very many paleontological data gathered under my direction, but ill-fortune befell them after they left my hands. The reader will doubtless remark that of the Liassic species mentioned by previous English authors the following are not described by me: B. aduncatus of Miller, said to be from Weymouth and Lyme, pp. 5 and 8. B. trifidus, Voltz, Whitby, p. 8. B. brevirostris, D’Orbigny, Cheltenham, p. 11. Of the first I possess a specimen—Liassic. It appears to me an exaggerated variety of B. elongatus. Many Liassic Belemnites exhibit a tendency to recurvation of the apex, the ventral portion being more or less curved upwards or towards the back. Even when both the ventral and dorsal outlines curve to meet, or towards meeting, the ventral curve is often most decided, and carries off the apex towards the dorsal line, so as to make it project in BELEMNITES OF THE LIAS. 91 that direction. In old specimens of B. vulgaris at Whitby, B. cylindricus at Staithes, and B. pazillosus at Ilminster, this is very obvious. ‘Thus, in a series of twenty-four speci- mens of B. cylindricus collected by myself near Staithes, about half are positively recurved, the rest slightly so or not at all. When the recurvation is very decided it is often accom- panied by ventro-planation. ‘Two specimens of B. elongatus from Cheltenham in my collection, which were presented to me by my friend the late H. E. Strickland, Esq., show this variation strongly ; it seems to be not at all an anomaly, but the usual structure. The recurvation, where regular, increases with age, and thus augments the tendency to bluntness which appears in many old specimens. The variation here alluded to under the title of recurvation is so far normal that it is always an upward curve. The one specimen on which B. ¢rifidus was quoted was from Upper Lias, Whitby. It is not distinct from B. tripartitus. Of B. brevirostris, D’Orb., quoted by Professor Morris from Cheltenham, I have seen no specimens. ~ Lam aware that in the collections preserved at Whitby several interesting specimens occur to which Mr. Simpson has assigned names in his treatise on the Yorkshire Lias, and I have made drawings and careful observations of many of them; but the diffi- culty, to which reference has been made above, of deciding upon claims to specific dis- tinction from single, perhaps exceptional, specimens, deters me from doing more at present than expressing my hope that the diligent Curator of the Whitby Museum will persevere in the useful labour of amassing very many examples of the species which occur in each bed of the Lias which he knows so well. For thus, I believe, he will have just grounds for reducing the number of his specific names, and of augmenting the notices of variety under each form. ; One of these interesting fossils I must, however, mention expressly, as it occurs in the Marlstone of the coast very frequently, but seldom in so good a condition as to admit of sufficient definition. It is that called Belemnites inequalis by Mr. Simpson, belonging to the group of bisulcate Belemnites allied to B. apicicurvatus, pavillosus, &c.. It appears to be identical with specimens of 2B. pazillosus numismalis, of Quenstedt (‘Cephalop.,’ t. 23, fig. 21), which I have lately examined at Stutgardt. It is included in the Table, p. 94. Oppel, in his work entitled ‘Jura-Formation’ (1856—1859), mentions B. Whit- biensis, from the lower part of the Upper Lias. I am convinced this must be a synonym of B. vulgaris, one of the forms of Belemnites from this zone already named and de- scribed by Mr. Simpson in 1855. This zone is called by Mayer, Toarcian I, a—e. He also names a species from Bridport, as accompanying Ammonites torulosus in the lowest part of the Inferior Oolite, B. Dorsetensis. From inspection of the Munich Col- lection I infer this to be a synonym of B. guadricanaliculatus. The beds thus designated are included by Mayer among the Upper Lias beds, and called Toarcian IIT. Mayer, in his “‘ Systematic List of Jurassic Belemnites” (‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ 92 BRITISH BELEMNITES. 1863), quotes Oppel for a species named &. Wright after the eminent paleontologist of Cheltenham, and assigns it to the upper part of the Upper Lias, viz. Toarcian I, d. I have not been fortunate enough to obtain a specimen. He also gives a new name (B. neglectus) toa specimen said by Oppel to be from the Belemnite bed of Lyme Regis, which is figured by (Quenstedt, ‘Jura,’ pl. xli, fig. 20) as from the lowest bed of Inferior Oolite. If it be “ wnicanaliculate,” as Mayer says, it is probably of an Oolitic type, or from the Bridport Sands. It will be requisite, no doubt, hereafter to construct a Supplement to these pages, and my own collection contains a few specimens worthy of notice if more, and more illustrative, specimens, can be obtained. Meantime it appears to me useful to present a summary of the distribution of well- recognised forms in the Yorkshire Lias, every bed of which between Saltburn and Saltwick I have in late years carefully examined and for the most part exactly measured, and searched many times for Belemnites and other fossils. The general result of this labour appears in the Tabular View,* p. 93, which is reduced from a larger drawing, beginning with Gryphitic beds above the Lima beds and Ammonites Bucklandi, and ending below the Dogger, and is not meant to include the transition sandy beds, if they may be so termed, at Blue Wick. My friend Mr. Simpson has already composed a similar and more minute description of the beds between Saltwick and the Peak, so that the two may be compared, and the reference of every fossil on the Lias Cliffs of the Yorkshire coast to its real repository become by degrees quite complete. Far clearer on this magnificent coast than even on that of Dorset is the distribution of the fossils in the Middle and Upper Lias, and capable of often-repeated proof; but in respect of the lowest Lias, it is not in the Yorkshire cliffs that it must be studied. Nor do I know of more than one example of Rheetic beds in the county, and that is now concealed under the grassy surface of a deep cutting at Barton, on the North-Eastern Railway. It was exposed, many years since, in an anticlinal resting on the Keuper Marls, and I examined it well, but found few fossils in it. * In the Table, p. 93, nodules are marked by interrupted bands. Two Belemnite-beds are marked by 7th, 16s; ents e” i. <2 Belemnites n Belemnites 2 100° Belemnites Belemnites Belemnites Belemnites 150 J Belemnites 200 Belemnites Belemnites Belemnites Belemnites 250 300 350 Belemnites 400 450 Belemnites Belemnites Pholadomya ambigua. 600 Belemnites Gryphza Maccullochii. Belemnites » Belemnites © :: 5. 505 . & ie i nak a y 7 . e@ ihe a T) ; iy, f hb 9 % ‘ Ts wf Y yy > ) EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. Pic. 97 BELEMNITES QUINQUESULCATUS. /. Lateral aspect. (From the Grey Limestone of White Nab, Scarborough.) By erosion at the point the grooves appear. v. Ventral aspect, striato-sulcate. 7. Dorsal aspect, showing the two lateral and one short dorsal groove. /", Lateral aspect, with grooved apex, and the phragmocone i sili. /”. A specimen, seen dorsally, to show the lateral grooves, and on the phrag- mocone the hyperbolic dorsal arcs. » . Striation on the conotheca. Fragment seen laterally, showing by accidental fracture the interior apicial grooves. s. Cross section in the alveolar region. x, 8’, 8”, #. Cross sections of the sheath. In »s, the interior laminz show lateral grooves : in 8”, the terminal grooves are marked by seven tinted radial parts: in s”, several grooves appear. Ps Vs Pliosaurus grandis. s Palatal surface of alveolar part of premaxillary bones, nat. size. From the Kimmeridge Clay of Kimmeridge, Dorsetshire. In the Museum. “= ) Weye i. ao Ape Heth peers = Stee os PLATE II. Phosaurus trochanterius. . Upper view of hind part of cranium. wo — . Under view of part of upper jaw. . Upper view of lower jaw. . Side view of ditto. om Dp oo Under view of symphysis of ditto, 1-5th nat. size. From the Kimmeridge Clay of Kimmeridge, Dorsetshire. In the British Museum. 4 5 nat s. the M&N Hanhart imp From nat Son Stone by J Erxleben TROCHANTERIUS. oO SAURU¢ PLIO PLATE «Ly. Phosaurus portlandicus. Fig. 1. Inner side view of the bones of the right-hand paddle, 3-8ths nat. size. 2. Posterior or edge view of ditto, ditto. 3. Head of the femur, nat. size. 4. Outline of bones of leg, tarsus, and metatarsus, of Plesiosaurus rugosus, 1-6th nat. size. The Phosaurus portlandicus is from the Portland Oolite, Isle of Portland, Dorset- shire. In the British Museum. ONE MM _ de} W West imp. Fiss1.23,PLIOSAURUS PORTLANDICUS. Hig 4,PLESIOSAURUS RUGOSUS OO Bo) fa) iu f INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1868. LONDON: MDCCCLXIX. i" THE BRITISH PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. BY We BOYD DAWKINS, M.A., F.E.S., G:S., AND W. AYSHFORD SANFORD, F.G:S. PART LE BRITISH PLEISTOCENE FELIDZ. FELIS SPELZA, Gouvruss. FELIS LYNX, Linnaeus. (Pagans 125—176; Puares XX—XXII, XXIIa, XXIIs, XXIII.) LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1869. Pa = a "a e oo a » aes - = Jee 4 epee) 0 * PRINTED BY J.B. ADLARD, BARTILOLOMEW CLOSE. FELIS SPELAVA. 125 § ly. Definition from other Pleistocene tibie.—The tibia may be distinguished from all other bones associated with it in Pleistocene deposits, by the following points :— From any of the Deer or Ox tribe, by the oblique direction of the astragaline facets ; from the Horse, by the slenderness of the shaft. It approaches that of the Hyzena very closely, but in the latter animal the crest is longer, both proximally and distally, so that the head is flatter and the whole shaft more decidedly prismatic. Its size, also, would at once stamp its character. In the Bear the shaft is decidedly prismatic throughout, the distal articulation is much wider, and the astragaline depressions shallower. The internal malleolus does not descend so far, while the whole epiphysis extends much further externally. The crest also is much smaller, as well as the patellar tubercle; the extero- anterior tuberosity is much lower, and the depression for the adipose ligament does not cut off the internal facet from the patellar tubercle, but passes down straight over the latter; the semilunar facets are flatter, and the posterior attachments for the muscles are far more distinctly marked. We know of no figures of any fossil tibize of Felis spelea. § 2. Fibula (Pl. XIX, figs. 3, 4).—We have met with fragments only of the fibula of Felis spelea, one of which consists of the shaft, and the other of a perfect distal end; both were obtained from Bleadon Cave, and are figured in Pl. XIX, figs. 3, 4. § 2a. Description—As we have never met with the proximal end of the bone that afforded origin to the soleus muscle, we omit all notice of it; analogy would show that it was identical in form with that of the living Lion. The shaft of the bone (fig. 3) at the proximal end is triangular in section, and its posterior surface is shown in the figure (a). The roughened surface affords point of origin to the peroneeus longus. The shorter of the remaining two sides or the anterior is the fibular origin of tibialis posticus, which is attached to this bone in Felis. Below, the shaft becomes cylindrical, having a sharp high ridge (4) on the internal surface, which is the line of attachment for the fibulo-tibial inter- osseous membrane. On the posterior side of this ridge, about the middle of the bone, is the origin of the flexor longus pollicis, and lower down that of the flexor longus digitorum. It curves forward near the distal end and forms a sharp wedge-like tubercle, on the outer side of which (fig. 3, e) is the origin of the peronzeus tertius. At the immer angle of the distal end there is a roughened surface, which is developed in the adult into a second sharp ridge, that also runs spirally backwards half round the bone, so as to form the posterior distal edge. On the outer side of this, a little below the middle, is the origin of the peronzeus brevis (fig. 8, d). The two ridges above described are opposite to each other at the distal end, and form a flat blade-like expansion, on the inner side of which is a slight polished elevation, which is the distal articulation with the tibia. The extensor communis digitorum or cnemodactylus of Riolan is not attached to the 17 126 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. proximal end of the tibia in Felis, but passes upwards to the external face of the condyle of the femur. In fig. 4 we have represented the distal end of a left fibula which resembles in. every respect, save that of size, the corresponding portion of the leonine or tigrine bone. It presents externally a deep groove between two tuberosities, which, in the living animal, is converted by a ligament into a canal for the tendon of the peronzeus longus (fig. 4, a). The posterior tuberosity forms the external malleolus, behind which is a second groove (fig. 4, c), deep and narrow, for the tendons of the peronai brevis and tertius. Internally we find a small concave articulation close to the epiphysial division, by which the bone is attached laterally to the tibia, and below this is a flat surface which articulates with the outer side of the astragalus, and behind this, again, is a depression for one of the ligaments which bind the fibula to the tarsus. From the immature state of the shaft we have been unable to institute a rigid com- parison between it and those of the recent Feles. Dr. Schmerling* gives a rough and slight figure of a portion of a fibula, and states in the text that the upper portion is broken away ; his figure, therefore, must be that of the external and posterior aspect of the distal end, together with about two thirds of the shaft; with this exception, we have met with no figure of the bone. § 2 B. Measurements.—In the following table the superior massiveness of the spelzan fibula is shown over those of the Lion and Tiger. ComparaTIVE MEASUREMENTS. Felis spelea. Felis leo. F, tigris. Taunton Museum. : : 8 =I Fy 5 2 : + Ss wi = a #5 /a5 : a a Pc ee: = = se igeg) F | a | a 53 |Sau nd 4 me |fss & a Bam | moe | = = <> ee Vaximnmylene tig cat tericcacee eae teat ie ae TTS ise Leb ie OO 2. Minimum circumference ......................-...- 1:25 a 0°85 eT, 110 3. Transverse measurement of proximal articulation |... sh; 0°35 075 | 0-45 AmAVEUt Cali GIttOg 3 Meme ko codes ook ery hue td ye ne ee Son 1°30 1°30 1:05 5. Transverse measurement of proximal articulation Sie 0°65 0°60 0°57 1°50 Gh Distal ditto iste oy). cease ce sone ee Siete 5} 1:10 1:26 0°45 | ! 1 “Oss. Foss, de Lidge,’ vol. ii, pl. xvi, fig. 4, p. 80. ese eS a Se FELIS SPELAA. 127 § 3a. Patella (Pl. XIX, figs. 5, 5’).—The patella of Felis spelea, of which many specimens are preserved in the Taunton Museum from the caves of Sandford Hill and Bleadon, exactly resembles that of the Lion and Tiger in form, but surpasses them in size. As in the recent Feles, it varies considerably in size and proportion. In shape it resembles a flattened pear, the small end being that to which the great ligament is attached which unites the bone to the anterior crest of the tibia. Many anatomists consider that in this bone we have the analogue, in the hind limb, of the olecranon of the ulna, a point that will be found fully discussed in the ‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology.’? The outer or anterior surface (Pl. XIX, fig. 5’) is roughened for the attachment of the tendons of the muscles, which we have elsewhere pointed out as the extensors of the leg and the flexors of the thigh, including the “paracural” of Straus-Durckheim, which has no analogue in man. ‘I'he upper part of the proximal or posterior surface (fig. 5) is entirely occupied by the slightly convex articulation which fits the intercondylian or anterior facet of the femur ; its edges slightly extend beyond the body of the bone. The only patella liable to be confounded with that of Felis spelea is that of the Bear ; it may, however, be easily distinguished by its more oval form, and by the greater com- parative extent of its femoral articulation. § 3 6B. Measurements—The variation in size is seen in the following table of measurements of the patella in Felis spelea, F. leo, and FP. tagris :— Felis spelea. Felis leo. F. tigris. Taunton Museum. 8 80 8p ~ - _ a 3 =] 3 -o 3 3 3 wa n n n os 5 2 =} > > = = = 5-5 s & Ss < SS iS rat O38 oO oO oO oO iS) oO s Bt | g s > a A 4 C) S) ) iS) o Je) a = Me ad iat SMS 1 =e o o o o Bee hipsters 2 & cea is) to © S eo =) S bo ea) S on S to ae — to nN to SG Gad 1°85 | 1°94 Maximum circumference ..................--. 4:73 | 5:00 | 4°58 | 4:37 | 400) 4:1 37 3°4 Transverse measurement of proximal arti- culation 1:85 | 2:00 | 1°80 ; hae 1 Article ‘Skeleton,’ p. 664 et seq. 128 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. CHAPTER XIII. Carpus, Pl. XX, figsed; 1’, 273,45) 5)'b:: CONTENTS. § 1. Seaphoido-lunare. | § 2. Pisiform. a, Description. a. Description. B. Measurements. § 3. Uneiform. a. Description. B. Measurements. y. Definition from that of Ursus. 8. Measurements. In describing the bones of the carpus we shall consider the anterior or dorsal surface as that which is naturally so in all quadrupeds; the palmar and inferior or posterior as synonyms denoting the same portion of the bone. The carpus in the genus Felis is composed of seven bones, besides the small one which has no independent existence in human anatomy, called by Straus-Durckheim the ‘ phacoid.’ The scaphoido-lunare, the cuneiform, and pisiform, compose the upper or proximal row ; the trapezoid, the trapezium, the magnum, and unciform, the lower or distal. Of these we have only met with the scaphoido-lunare, the unciform, and pisiform, in Felis spelea. 1. Scaphoido-lunare (Pl. XX, figs. 1, 1’, 2).—1 a. Description —The scaphoido-lunare is by far the largest and most important bone in the carpus; it extends throughout the whole width of the joint, and forms almost the sole means of attachment between the fore paw and the forearm. It is very massive and is roughly quadrangular in plan, with a large and strong tubercle projecting from the postero-internal angle (fig. 1’, e) ; it is broader than long, and much thicker externally than internally. ‘The proximal or radial articulation (figs. 1, 2, a, 6), which covers the whole of that surface of the bone with the exception of that portion which is opposite the tubercle is convex, traversed intero-posteriorly by a depres- sion (figs. 1, 2, 4) running from behind forwards and inwards. On its external edge is a very small articulation for the upper edge of the pisiform, which just touches it at that point (figs. 1, 2, ¢). The tubercle (fig. 1’ e) is a somewhat pyramidal or conical mass, projecting diagonally FELIS SPELAA. 129 iwards from the intero-posterior angle of the bone. It presents on its antero-internal surface a round flat articulation (fig. 1’, e) for the phacoid bone, to which is attached the adductor pollicis muscle instead of to the tubercle itself, as in man. It affords attach- ment to a large number of ligaments, the principal of which is the annular or armillary, which is attached by some of its lower fibres. It would serve but little purpose were we to enumerate them all, for they are extremely difficult to separate; they have been reckoned and described to the number of twenty-six by Straus-Durckheim.’ They bind the radius to the carpus, and the bones of the carpus the one to the other. The distal surface of the bone is entirely articular, and is divided by well-marked ridges into three well-defined articulations, the internal being a slightly concave parallelo- gram (figs. 1, 1’, 2, 7) set diagonally outwards and downwards for the head of the unci- form; the second (figs. 1, 1’, 2, g), bemg more concave than the preceding and wider posteriorly than anteriorly for the reception of the head of the magnum ; and the third, (figs. 1, 1’, 2, 4), being triangular and divided by a broad diagonal elevation into two slightly concave surfaces for the reception of the heads of the trapezium and trapezoid. We have met with no scaphoido-lunare of Lion or Tiger which equals in size several of those in the Taunton Museum belonging to Felis spelea, but we have figured one from Bleadon Cave (Pl. XX, fig. 2), which in no respect differs from those of either of the above animals. ‘The larger spelaean specimens are somewhat thicker proportionally than the smaller, as well as the leonine and tigrine. That figured from Sandford Hill Cave, (Pl. XX, fig. 1), apparently belongs to the individual that has furnished us with a great many of the originals of our plates. § 1 B. Measurements.—The following table shows the variation in size between the leonine, tigrine, and spelzean scaphoido-lunaria. CoMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS. Felis spelea. F. leo. |\F. tigris. Taunton Museum. s |,g£ |e : &o 2 HO lee eats ag) ll Se Seal hene oe | et )age| 8 42 aren ie & Bs |528 5 be | 2s | 4 aA ee MOUND NEGO oo. ce ee sce c cr sesevepoasnesee 1°75 | 1:33 | 1:12) V12 | 112 2. Minimum circumference .................00seeeeee. 6:80 | 6°75 9°79 5°20 oe 3. Transverse measurement of proximal articulation | 2°30 | 2°10 | 1°87 1:80 1°8 ai Wianthrah) GUGIG) Aen Ae L400) 1260) Piss es leson ee? 5. Transverse measurement of distal articulation... | 2°08 | 1°96 | 1°65 | 1°64 1°42 FMUENIICHUMUIOLOM Meee coer ec sions. c.ki estes decimal ooeste rine 1:53 1°41 1°30 1:10 | 0°93 1 Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 84 et seq. 130 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. § ly. Definition from that of Ursus.—The scaphoido-lunare of the Bear may be distinguished at a glance from that of Felis spelea, the tubercle being much larger, cylindrical and projecting directly backwards, and the articulation for the magnum bemg parallel to the side of the bone instead of running diagonally across it, as in the latter animal. § 2. Pisiform (figs. 3, 4), a. Description—tThe pisiform of Felis spelea strongly resembles in plan that of all the other Feles we have examined, those of the different species being only distinguishable by their size. Even in the same species it presents small variations of shape and proportion. It may be considered, generally speaking, as a long three-sided pyramid, bevelled off proximally and distally for articulation, with the cunei- form and the styloid process of the ulna, the apex swelling into a tuberosity (figs. 3, 4, 6), for the attachments of the tendon of the ulnaris muscle, of those for the bending of the fifth digit, of the common flexor of all the digits, and of the transverse adductor of the first. It is firmly attached to its fellow carpals, to the metacarpals, and forearm, by a large number of ligaments, and thus it forms a powerful pont d’appui for the motions of the fore foot, analogous to the shaft of the calcaneum in the hind foot. The articulations may be distinguished as the proximal or ulnar (fig. 4, a), which is known by its semi- lunar form, and the distal or cuneiform, which presents the plan of a rectangular parallelo- gram with rounded angles (fig. 3, c). Both are nearly flat, and unite in a sharp and nearly straight edge. It may be known from the corresponding bone of the Bear by the possession of the following points :—By its greater length, by the flatness of the ulnar articulation as con- trasted with the concavity of that of the Bear, and by the straightness of the edge separating the articulations, which is concave in the latter. We have met with several specimens from the caves of Bleadon and Sandford Hill, some of which are but little larger than the living Lion and Tiger, while others (see fig. 4) are much larger than those of any of the living Feles. The original of fig. 4 probably belonged to the same skeleton as the large scaphoido-lunare figured in the same plate. § 2B. Measurements—The variations in the size of the pisiform in Felis spelea, F. leo, and F. tigris are shown in the following table :— FELIS SPELAA. 131 CoMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS. Felis spelea. Felis leo. F. tigris. Taunton Museum. F g g = 5 x 5 =| =| a = a re. | vee 3 3 = = a= oles $s S aa a | 3 zc a 4 n US oO B95) U9Ze) 180 77 29°} 1:52) 155 2. Minimum circumference ............2.............. 2-LOs) 2210) |) 2°00) 1-905) 1:35) |S AGS OMe IGSs 3. Transverse measurementof proximalarticulation | 1:05 | 0°95 | 0-96 | 0:93 0°95 4 Weinh (orl Glee CaMan a an i 0°50") 07535) 10-505 043 0°46 Sen 5. Transverse measurement of distal articulation | 1:00 | 1:00 | 0°82 | 0°74 | 0:75 | 0°80 | 0°75 POMBE UIGAIN CATON toa aeu sa aciecaide « © Nova Acta Physico-Medica Acad. Cees.-Leop. Cur.,’ tom. x, p. 489, tab. 45, 1821. 6 «Die Skelete der Raubthiere,’ tab. viii, a, 6, c, d, 1822. 7 Tom. iv, pp. 451—455. ° See ‘ Felis spelea,’ cap. i; eap. vi, § 20. 148 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. Our great cave-explorer, Dr. Buckland,’ in 1823, was the first to ascribe the speleean remains to the fossil Tiger, without, however, giving any reasons for his conclusion. His rival, Dr. Schmerling, in 1833, in his réswmé of the species of Felis in the caverns of Liége,” considers that Felis spelea, was allied to the Lion, but of a distinct species. He figures, however, bones from the same locality as belonging to the existing Lion; but confuses them with those of the Felis antigua of Cuvier, which was not a Lion, but a Panther (F. Pardus). MM. Marcel de Serres, Dubreuil, and Jeanjean,’ writing in 1839, insist on the specific distinctness of Felis spelea from the recent. Lion, assigning as the principal difference the shortness of the muzzle. Like Dr. Schmerling, they identify a second species with the latter animal. M. de Blainville, in 1841,* rejects the view advanced by Marcel de Serres and Dr. Schmerling, that the smaller bones ascribed to the Lion belong to a species differing from Felis spelea,on the ground that they were probably not those of an adult. He, however, offers no opinion on the exact affinities of Lelis spelea. M. Pictet,’ in 1844, uses nearly the same words as Marcel de Serres and his fellow- workers in his notice on Felis syelea. He does not recognise the smaller remains as those of Felis leo. M. Gervais,® in the first edition of his ‘Paléontologie,’ published in 1848, regards the animal as a Lion (Felis leo major), without assigning any reasons for his conclusion. Professor Owen,’ 1842, adopted Dr. Buckland’s opinion, and terms the animal a “spelzean ‘Tiger,’ although he recognises the want of evidence sufficient to put the question of its species beyond dispute. He reproduced his views in 1846, in the ‘ British Fossil Mammals."* In 1859, however, he published, in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,” a figure of a skull with the nasal processes restored as in the Lion. It is clear, therefore, that he recognises the leonine nature of the animal, for his figure shows that characteristic which is of specific value in determining Lion from Tiger. Dr. Falconer is quoted by the eminent French paleontologist M. Lartet,’® in 1864, as holding the view that Felis spel@a was identical in species with the Tiger inhabiting the north of China and the region of the Altai, and that it was driven out of Europe “ par le développement progressif des sociétes humaines.” In 1858" he enumerated “Cave Lion” among the remains from Kent’s Hole. ‘Reliquiz Diluviane,’ p. 261, 1823. 2 «Oss. Foss. de Liége,’ tom. ii, p. 93, 1833. ‘Oss. Foss. de Lunel-Viel,’ p. 101, 1839. 4 «Ostéographie,’ article “ Felis,” p. 115, 1841. ‘Paldéontologie,’ vol. i, p. 186, Ist ed., 1844; vol. i, p. 228, 2nd ed., 1853. ‘Zoologie et Paléontologie Francaises,’ vol. i, p. 123, Ist ed., 1848; vol. i, p. 227, 2nd ed., 1859. ‘Report of British Association,’ 1842. ‘British Foss. Mam.,’ 1846. ‘ Philosophical Trans.,’ pl. xii, “ Memoir on Thylacoleo,” 1859. 10 «Revue Archéologique Cavernes du Périgord,’ p. 21, 1864. 1 * Paleontological Memoirs,’ vol. ii, p. 457, 1868. So ont mo eS FELIS SPELAA. 149 § 3. Conclusion. —This diversity of opinion as to the actual affinities of Fvlis spelea flows from two causes—the imperfection of the fossil remains, and the fact that the variations in the form and size of living feline species were not recognised. In the present Monograph we have attempted to arrive at the truth by a strict analysis of the evidence afforded by the Mendip Caves, which has never been submitted to the judgment of other naturalists. In assigning a specific value to differences between Lion and Tiger, we have realised the great amount of variation in size and form within the limits of a species, insisted upon by our great philosophic naturalist, Mr. Charles Darwin. Our labours have resulted in our being unable to admit that any other differences than the following are constant in the Lion and Tiger. In the Lion the frontal processes (7, Pls. VII—X) of the maxillaries extend as far back as a transverse line passing through the naso-frontal suture; their apices are pointed. The inner bounding line of the nasal aperture, viewed in front, forms an even curve. The frontal ends of the nasal bones are flat. In the frontal bones the inter- orbital space is flatter and wider than in the Tiger. The temporal length of the frontais is smaller, and consequently the post-orbital process is placed further back, and the extension of the sagittal crest on the bone is less in the adult skulls. The comparatively shorter space between the posterior palatal foramen (Pl. VIIL, 7) and the orbital edge of the palate relative to the basal length of the skull is also to be reckoned characteristic. Tn the lower jaw (Pl. I, a) the ramal process is invariably present. In the Tiger the frontal processes of the maxillary bones never extend so far back as a transverse line passing through the naso-frontal suture ; their apices are truncated ; the internal bounding line of the nasal aperture, when viewed in front, presents a double curvature. The frontal portions of the nasals are bent downwards, so as to form a median depression at their symphysis. The post-orbital processes have a larger frontal develop- ment (see page 56), and cause the inter-orbital surface to be more concave and narrower than in the Lion. ‘The greater temporal length of the frontals causes the long-waisted appearance of the skull, and the greater development of the sagittal crest on the frontals of the adult. The posterior palatal foramen is further removed from the orbital edge of the palate relatively to the basal length of the skull. The ramal process is invariably absent from the lower jaw. ‘These are the only points of difference that we find constant in the large series of leonine and tigrine skeletons in Oxford and London. The bones of the trunk and the extremities presenting such variations in size and form that we are unable to recognise any to be constant. What, then, is the position of Felis spelea in relation to these two animals, for the form of the lower jaw and of the skull forbid its comparison with the Jaguar?! ‘The result of a minute comparison of its skeleton with those of the two former animals leads us to the following conclusions :—First, that Felis spelea is more leonine in character than the recent Lion, and more divergent from the tigrine form. If the remains of the 1 See Chapters I—VI. 150 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. three animals were placed in serial order, Felis leo would occupy the middle place, the points of difference between Lion and Tiger being exaggerated in Felis spelea. Secondly, that while it is undoubtedly true that els spelea was on the whole a larger and stouter animal than the existing Lion, some individuals are even smaller than some of the larger Lions of the present day, the series of speleean remains not presenting greater contrasts im size than those of the recent Lion. And lastly, that there is not one character by which the animal can be distinguished from the living Lion. It must therefore be admitted that Melis spelea is specifically identical with the Lion now living on the face of the earth. And this being the case, it becomes a serious question as to whether the term Felis spelea should not be struck out of paleontological catalogues. Since, however, it has occupied a space in scientific nomenclature for more than fifty years, it 1s perhaps more convenient to term the animal Felis leo, var. spelaa, thus indicating that variety of the Lion that inhabited the caves of Northern and Western Europe during the Post-glacial epoch. Its range in Britain, and the causes of its extermination in Western Europe, will be considered in the next two chapters, and evidence will be adduced that will bring the sojourn of the animal in Europe down to a time not far distant from the Christian era. FELIS SPELAA. L51 CHAPTER XVII. RanGr oF FELIs LEO, VAR. a, SPELMA. CONTENTS. § 1. Distribution in Britain. | § 4. Continental range. § 2. Mammals associated with the Cave Lion § 5. Specific identity with Felis atrox, Leidy, in Great Britain. of North America. § 3. Range in time in Britain. § 1. Distribution in Britain —In the previous chapters we have proved that Felis spelea is specifically identical with the existing Lion. We have now to show the distri- bution of its remains in Great Britain, so that we may approximately arrive at its relative numbers in various districts during the Post-glacial period. It is undoubtedly true that there is no direct evidence on this point, for the remains that have been found are merely those that have survived a series of accidents. ‘Those in the brickearths and gravel-pits owe their preservation to the chance, first of all, of the animals being drowned, of their bodies having escaped the all-devouring jaws of the Hyzna, of their having been deposited in the ancient river-bed, and not having been.swept out seaward, to be devoured by the fishes. ‘To these must be added the chance of the gravel-pit or brickfield being formed in that precise spot, of their being discovered, and, lastly, of their not being destroyed by the ignorant workmen. ‘Those also that have been found in the caves have had to run the gauntlet of a similar series of accidents. The absence, therefore, of its remains does not prove that the animal did not dwell in any particular district, but merely that it does not happen to have been discovered. But, nevertheless, the chances of preservation being equal over the whole British area, the relative numbers of the animal that dwelt in its various parts can be fairly estimated by the varying numbers of the remains found. In undertaking this task we fully recognise the imperfection of the geological record. We will begin with North Britain, and work our way southwards. The Cave Lion is conspicuous by its absence from the whole of Scotland, Northumber- 152 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. land, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. In the North Riding of Yorkshire its teeth have been obtained from the bone-cave of Kirby-Moorside,’ along with the remains of the Cave Hyena and Wolf. ‘T'wo canines and a metacarpal also were found by Dr. Buckland in the Hyena-den of Kirkdale,” as well as a caleaneum that is now in the York Museum, associated with relics of the leptorhine Rhinoceros of Owen, the Mammoth, Bison, Rein- deer, and others. In the river-deposit also of Bielbecks a very fine series of animals, consisting of Ursus, Bison, Wolf, and Cave Lion, were disinterred by the Rev. W. Vernon, F.R.S., in 1829, the leonine remains being a fragment of maxillary, both rami of the lower jaw, the ulna, radius, femur, and metatarsals, all of which belong to one individual.* The numerous caves in the Mountain-limestone of Lancashire and Derbyshire, strange to say, have not furnished a single fragment that can be attributed to the Lion, although they have been diligently explored by various observers ; nor have the Midland Counties furnished the least trace of its existence as far south as the meridian of Oxford. In the Eastern Counties it is very rare. The Post-glacial gravels of Barnwell have yielded a lower jaw that is preserved in the Natural History Collection at Cambridge, and a femur that is now in the British Museum. In Suffolk its remains have been found in the gravel-bed pierced by the tunnel at Ipswich, along with those of the Roedeer, Bison, Irish Elk, tichorhine Rhinoceros, Mammoth, Grizzly Bear, and others.* In North Essex the energetic collector Mr. John Brown, of Stanway, obtained a humerus from Clacton, now in the British Museum, and some other remains which Professor Owen quotes from Walton.’ The River-deposits of the great valley of the Thames have furnished its remains in comparative abundance. Its teeth occur at Hurley Bottom,® in Berkshire, along with the bones of the tichorhine Rhinoceros and Hippopotamus major. The great sheet of gravel, also, on which London stands, has yielded several isolated teeth to various collectors. From the great brick-pit at Ilford, on the north side of the Thames, one metacarpal has been obtained by Dr. Cotton, and two rami respectively by Mr. Antonio Brady and Mr. R. D. Darbishire, along with the remains of MWephas antiquus, Mammoth, Red-deer, Beaver, and other mammals. In the corresponding sheet of brickearth on the opposite side of the river, extending from Erith to Crayford, a lower jaw and an os inno- minatum’ (PI. III, fig. 1) were found by Mr. Swayne; a canine, two lower jaws (PI. I, fig. 3), a humerus, metacarpal, metatarsal, and a phalange, by Dr. Spurrell; a gigantic canine by Professor Morris; and a lower jaw by Mr. Grantham. In the same county 1 Museum of College of Surgeons. 2 British Museum. 3 All these remains are preserved in the York Museum. 4 In the collection of R. Fitch, Esq., F.G.S., of Norwich. ® “Brit. Foss. Mam.,’ p.152. We have becn unable to find out where these remains are preserved. 6 Oxford Museum. 7 Now in the British Museum. FELIS SPELAA. 153 the Post-glacial brickearth of Otterham, near Sittingbourne, has furnished upper pre- molar 3 and a large upper sectorial to Mr. Hughes, F.G.S.; and a similar deposit near Hartlip, in the same neighbourhood, a femur to Mr. Bland! A very careful search throughout South Kent and the whole of Sussex has not revealed a trace of the former existence of the Lion in the heart of the dense Wealden Forest, that from the nature of the ground must have overshadowed those districts during the Post-glacial epoch. In going westward we meet with the animal again in the low-level river-deposits of Fisherton, im a lower jaw, found by Dr. Blackmore, and now in the Salisbury Museum. The low- level gravels also of Loxbrook, in the valley of the Avon, near Bath, have furnished a remarkably fine humerus (Pl. XVIII, fig. 2) to the energy of the Rev. H. H. Winwood, F.G.S. In the collection of the Right Hon. Earl of Enniskillen, at Florence Court, is a canine from the cave on Durdham Down, near Bristol, explored by Mr. Stutchbury. Remains of the leptorhine Rhinoceros of Owen and L/ippopotamus major from the same cave are preserved’in the Bristol Museum. But the district that, of all others, has furnished the most enormous quantity of the remains of the Cave Lion, and is entitled, therefore, to rank as its metropolis in Britain, is the western half of the Mendip range of hills in Somerset. Throughout the area extending from the ancient city of Wells westward to the new watering-place of Weston- super-Mare the Mountain-limestone is traversed by numerous caves that have afforded most valuable evidence as to the character of the ancient Post-glacial Fauna in the west of England to the Rev. D. Williams, Mr. Beard, and ourselves. Among the animals the Cave Lion stands out the most prominently. We found in Wookeyhole Hyzena-den twelve teeth (PI. XL, fig. 9; Pl. XII, figs. 9, 13, 15), an ulna (Pl. I, fig. 9), astragalus, and metacarpal (Pl. XX, fig. 7). Dr. Boyd also obtained a magnificent upper canine (PI, XI, fig. 6).° All the remains were more or less gnawed, and bore indisputable traces of the animals to which they belonged having fallen a prey to the Hyzenas. The Feline remains from Bleadon, Sandford Hill, and Hutton Caves, explored by Messrs. Williains and Beard, are preserved in the ‘l'aunton Museum, where they con- stitute, perhaps, the most magnificent series in the world. ‘They are as follows, in various conditions, some being perfect, others fragmentary. 1 Both these are in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. 2 In the Oxford and Taunton Museums, and in the collections of Mr. James Parker, Mr. Sanford, and Mr. Willett. PLEISTOCENE MAMMALTA. Bleadon Cave. 154 ADULT Numbers. IVMAEKON UCR ee eee oe ser ceiioe eae os ssaie ten'cavene as 10 Squamosal (PL DX figs: 25S) si.) o2.- serene 1 Bio Wer grins three nite teinmsnince 42 tose ae set ac: 12 Vertebree (Pl. XIV, fig. 3; and Pl. XVI, figs. TDA DON Os1Ga0lO) vase ssaeces anton 50 Sternebers (Pl. XVI, fig: 10) .......2.-..20.00 5 SERGI erer eens ser aaters se takccen tar cne cas ieisese 1 Pumenn(Pi xX VILE fe) ice. teslewe tenes 8 LOIN (G20 WS Tt a) eee ee ne eee Seer Cee 14 Riad Pl ei aie A): col «dence achundeve sy aeedtinn 8 Canpalen (hl XXII 92500) ho sen aammaline sieges 8 Metacarpals (Pl. XX, fig. 6; and Pl. XXI, ep) ergs ae re ict erieern cis De cernsie rc else ee eins tee 61 bialaMPesy.essh-pept sete seeeae te toe necites seteee dee 38 Miliuapanisee te. ele Aicets Sisto Mads ketone ASeb es cee sin 1 Memora (PIS SVU, fen). cronoccpinn sb tem git 6 TING Sach Sage R OD Oer BPE BOE ERAS COM MD See naC ace ra soe 9 ADULT. Numbers. Fibula (PI XIX, fig. 4) ono on cee Warsale (PLT) 4.26). ees a ee 39 Metatarsals'\(PL iV, figy4) ye 3. eee 18 Phalanges.... ...1..4-ncjas chberraectince ce-eee en eee 59 Sesamoigs:. ©... : 04.00asckoalbepeo cen ee 2 Permanent teeth (Pl. XI, figs. 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; and Pl. XII, figs. 4, 6, 7, 8, FO; 405, L231) eis ee eee eae 95 WHELP. Maxillaries (Pl. SUT fio 2) 202 cas. eee 2 TOWeT JAWS, op oooh. yeas soaue coanta ch ae eee 8 Metacirpal® co stcouss:semqeecees roses neeee eee 1 Phalanges: (Plc, MXIT ia06)) (ees: See 2 Caleaneumy 2:)/9steutind. anche Bee eee 1 Bibulee «(Pla SET fo i9) See eee ee 2 Milk-teeth (Pl. XUBy fig. '8) «>.p2.. pees 12 Sandford Hill Cave. The following bones probably belong to one adult | individual : Skull (Pl. X, fig. 1). Lower jaws (PI. I, figs. 1, 2). Atlas (Pl. XIV, fig. 1). Sixth cervical vertebra (Pl. XIV, fig 2). Second dorsal vertebra (Pl. XV). Second lumbar vertebra (Pl. XVI, fig. 3). Third sacral vertebra. Both scapule (Pl. XVII). Left humerus. Both ulnz (Pl. II, fig. 8). Both radii (Pl. I, fig. 1). Right scaphoido-lunare (Pl. XX, fig. 1). Left pisiform (Pl. XX, fig. 4). heal 2, 3, 4, 5, of right paw (PI. XXI, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5). Metacarpals 2, 3, 4, of left paw. First phalanges of right paw (PI. XXI, figs. 6—10). Ossa innominata. Patella (Pl. XIX, fig. 5). Both tibiae (Pl. XIX, figs. 1, 2 Right fibula (Pl. XIX, fig. 3). Both astragali. Scaphoid. Both calcanea. Left cuneiform. Metatarsals 2, 4, 5, of right paw (PI. V, figs. 2, 4,5). Metatarsals 3 (PI. V, fig. 3), 4, of left paw. First phalange of the fifth digit of left paw. Oruzr ApuLtT Bonss. Numbers. Maxillaries and intermaxillaries (PJ. XI, fig. 1). Lower jaws corresponding with the aboye. Wertebras... 29.\.5:itiuesaelactis ae oeete aaah eee 6 MUMIMET cites 50 ides mapaee nc myskeese meme eeee 2 Ulnee corresponding with humeri ............ 2 Carpal ys. hi ice ten eater ae eee eee 1 Os pubis’ 32: ict aE psedt esos betes See ee eee 1 Pareall | ccids atcpsvot oven see tieteacee eee eee 1 Permanent, teeth (Pl. KIT, fies5) f.....eeeee 3 Remains or WHELP. Maxillary bones (.2/..0-.ccste acs. svevsciannerere 3 Hower jaws (Pl. XAL0, fie. )\7 .ccenncences ee 2 Milk-teeth (Pl. XU, fipe: 6,'6, 2) 0s). cccccoune 4 FELIS SPELAIA. 155 Flutton Cave. Bones or Wier. Maxillary (Pl. XIII, fig. 1) és shoe aie Wha dg h alesunol tai 00 ara Lower jaws, a pair of (PI. XIII, fig. 3) ...... 2 A pair of femora (Pl. XXII, figs. 7, 8) ...... 2 (Me eS 2 eo 1 Tibiasy. 2354 A fe anise de Cc Rota te cette Seeman eee 1 A pair of humeri (P1. XXII, fig. 1)............ 2 Calcaneum (Pl. XXII, fig. 10). mopar of ulne (Pl. XXII, fig. 2).....,......:.. Pts ' The skull and lower jaws, Pls. VI, VII, VIII, IX, were obtained either from Sandford Hill or Hutton Caves. The accumulation of so enormous a quantity of the remains of the Lion in the caves of so small an area may be accounted for by the peculiar position of the Mendip Hills, that command fertile valleys on the north, and look out towards the south and west over a plain which, in Post-glacial times, occupied a large portion of the Bristol Channel. Around them were the feeding-grounds of incalculable numbers of the Reindeer, Bison, and Horse, of the Mammoth and tichorhine Rhinoceros, and, therefore, we might expect to find the carnivora present in very great abundance. ‘There is evidence, indeed, that a larger — number, not only of Lions, but also of Bears and Hyzenas, existed in the district than have yet been proved to have lived in a similar area at any time in the past history of the earth. To the south of this district no leonine remains have been discovered as far as the outcrop of the Devonian Limestones on the shores of Torquay and Plymouth. In the Brixham Cave two phalanges’ were found along with flint flakes and the remains of the Hyzena, Bear, and other animals; in that of Kent’s Hole, explored by the Rev. J. McEnery, an upper jaw, four teeth, and an ulna;’ and in that of Oreston, near Plymouth, explored by Mr. Whidby, three canines, one humerus (Pl. X VIII, fig. 1),one metacarpal, and two metatarsals.” Nor were they less rare on the opposite side of the Bristol Channel in South Wales. The researches of Col. Wood and Dr. Falconer have resulted only in the discovery of an upper jaw and five teeth (Pl. XI, figs. 1, 2, 5) in the Cave of Ravenscliff, three canines and a fragment of skull in that of North Hill Tor,* and a few fragmentary remains from those of Spritsail Tor and Long Hole;° from a cave on Caldy Island also a carnassial has been obtained by the Rev. F. Smith. In North Wales, a cave at Cefn, in Denbighshire, is quoted by Dr. Falconer as containing the remains of Felis spelea, but we have been unable to submit them to a personal examination. These are all the cases of the occurrence of the animal in Great Britain revealed by a careful search in every public and private museum and collection of note in the kingdom. The absence, therefore, of the animal from certain districts cannot be accounted for on 1 Tn the possession of the Royal Society. 2 In the British Museum, that of the College of Surgeons, and of the Geological Society, and in the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen. 3 In the British Museum, that of Leeds, and that of the Geological Survey of England. 4 « Paleeontological Memoirs of the late Dr. Falconer,’ vol. ii, p. 458. © Oph cit. ps o25 156 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. the supposition that the animal remains have not been examined; and consequently the range of the animal through Britain, so far as extant evidence goes, is fairly represented, although, of course, it may be modified from time to time by future discoveries. Its metropolis was West Somerset, where it was incredibly numerous; thence it ranged throughout England as far as the North Riding of Yorkshire, being very rare in propor- tion to the other animals living at the time. Its absence from Scotland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, and its extreme rarity in North Wales, may be accounted for by the fact that the mountains in those districts were crowned by glaciers during the Post-glacial epoch, which would necessarily involve a climate unfitted for the great development of the Herbivora in regions much broken up into hill and valley, and the consequent absence of the Carnivores. In Scotland, at least, there is no other hypothesis that will account for the absence of every animal that can be ascribed to the Post-glacial group, excepting the Mammoth, which has been found in a few places, and which has been proved by the Siberian discoveries to have been capable of existing in the zone of vegetation represented by the Scotch Fir. If it be objected to this view that the Reindeer flourished in count- less herds in a Siberian and North-American climate at least as severe as that of the Post-glacial winter in Britain, it may be answered that in Siberia and North America, where animal life is so abundant, the country consists of plains elevated but little above the sea-level, and capable of affording good pasturage in the short arctic summer, while in Scotland, Wales, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, the broken nature of the ground could not ever have admitted of the growth of feed for a large body of Herbivores. The animal also has not been found in Ireland, most probably because only one of the numerous caves of that country has been properly explored, the energies of collectors being directed towards the acquisition of prehistoric remains from the turbaries and alluvia. § 2. Mammals associated with the Cave Lion in Britain.—In the following table we have given a list of all the fossil animals associated with the Cave Lion in the bone-caves and river-deposits of Great Britain. The varieties Cervus Bucklandi of Professor Owen and Cervus Guettardi of Baron Cuvier are included under the general specific name of Cervus tarandus ; and Strongyloceros speleus of the former under Cervus elaphus. Equus fossilis is also intended to include Lguus asinus, which, up to the present time, has not been proved to have lived in North-Western Europe during the Post-glacial epoch. Hlephas antiquus also is intended to include H/ephas priscus, a name which the author of the species, Dr. Falconer, gave up during the last years of his life.’ The Rhinoceros lepto- rhinus of Owen is used as the exact equivalent of the Rhinoceros hemitechus of Dr. Falconer, and of what M. Lartet? takes to be represented by the 2. Merckii of Dr. Kaup. With the exception of the lists of animals from Long Hole, Northhill Tor, Spritsail Tor, and Cefn Caves, for which we are indebted to Dr. Falconer, all the species have been determined by a personal examination of the remains. 1 «Paleontological Memoirs,’ 8vo, vol. ii, pp. 251, 592, 1868. 2 «Ann. des Sc. Nat.,’ 5° sér. Zool. et Paléont., tom. viii, p. 157, et seq. FELIS SPELA‘A. | 157 SPECIES ASSOCIATED witH Felis leo (var. spele@a) IN Brivatn, Post-GLACIAL CavEs. LOSE) lay Ine River Deposits. | posits. g SS) s : a 3 S 5 8 ; thie lis ° Wives =|) ae ce a 68/8] 2] lgis| le) FEL lle! telat | g/E |= By Sl 1S 1S) le lelelsl2/ 8) elels| felt | si2/2}.15|Sl2lsls elSislZlSlElSis SIS /2/ Els isis §)2)2/5|2 SES 15/8 /2/3 E/E (ele izle ei Sis (sige FAD OO [Of [i 1S SS Jan fon |B fo [a J Sl | IO Ole LENG. AES Se ebe oce cae! See pee DCE EE Jens bese! ee eee Fectieclldac| bem sealeee bse 5a) HE em Se ADE relleal ae leec| ool laese Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Leach... |...|...|-..|...|--. Sel |S°6|| el poe bee ncelllace leat came ee (eter llnse es ee ane ee Lee Vespertilio noctula, Schreb............= |-..|...]---|...[-+- eel el cel Bel el be ee OIE Peeks: Be ew ere led! Enel ol a: SUSU OL CCOS MU lame crate tai ia he inte aslo cistss'2.0 <2 SAEs: Al hol |lood Pealloeal (SSI lloSI S41 boclloos 1 Lol e |ods|e0 eS ee eel Bae 22s S2llesellaalleos Ben bse! HEe Ree aac ar) ae Sao 4a Seall ee (IESE IL oR Ae ES le es Ae Be Miles clot Mle acl ae ala ale Pe ea Fer Weslel 2 RemmMIRV CRY Lig 85.02). 55.220 canes ences se 34) ak Bed ae, ee peeclee: [nccleadl ch ledebedepes ofive| ae beese [eae peeled eee : Pattra vulgaris, Urxl. ...c0ce0lic cs o0e >A Pet tas aad Sb ep oGteeninen PA Martine lise A Ora (eee BPE OUIDCS LL, secon kes vosene ddan ye oes >a a4 al ERA Reel ext fey 4 FEE aS aS aS feat Rea eas) (red ard IPaS| Bee iees|Peraliese Braye | | DM ee UIs ohn SGeed sa sn ents apes REY aes lane | OX heed RT OX [COG [Rese Meola (e xa . Hyena spelea, Gold. ..........66 00.00 ab ababapab-ap apap ab ab ap ab ap 4 pdb apn b ia. . Fels catus, U. ....... Nabict nel Gente Aree XA eadleaepes Boel eel Bee ee eel el bia eel eee (seal deciles Realisaaleoe ial seal Soe . F. antiqua, Cuv. (=F. pardus) ...... > 4 a Res Beeb <9 Peel Re eed ac oes cert Seal ed Ae or Ecol ts lea ewe lee Beeaase fee | ATCT, GONG. 0 since oo nas va cinisne ss x|x|x|x|xX|x}x)x]«| xX} x| x] x| xP] X| x1 x] x |x| xXPx | x bx Machairodus latidens, Owen ......... |...]... Sea | Som 8 1 |e | tt) LY BMAD A et ere aha Be Megaceros Hibernicus, Owen ......... 61184 | hnct bel ace [Ped 6 es cll8s4| [SS lloeallorcl|Os<|1s6 S| GIS ISS ES IEIeX Cervus Brownti, Dawkins ............ |.e.|...|---]...[--- Betis arcades asa ee | alee eee eee 5 sail 4a oras'l wen eee OM eee BLOTONAUS. Ve. ..2.blcvesclans ove ese cee es 5:\|5241 S| pal asa 4 Ibscl healt >s6 [es lAllorellesS hos eelbar|leaGlecalluee) OSI loudl (12 Tae CE Cd 0 ee pa ood eet Pra Uber beat er ee Bie a Bee ata Heda eee 54) Ben [bd Baal a | ec ara OR Whe csp ica cloaieegs cacissinne «0s il (feat (Petey Panel eal Me lad cd Ge art $11 t at Ete a RE! agri] [55 cls 5 Ovibos moschatus, Desm. ............... |--.]...J---[... SAA heel ORF eel bee Poe |aanleaolBeeodd bas eee Me | eee aoe | [ 32 hse Bos-primigenius, Boj...............-..+0 p52 Bg Re ee we [X] PPP |X [ol Kf PX | KX Bison priscus, Owen ..................44- rel (ee tse PP El tO Pte fs leedl es alle- a) sd Bo). 4 Pde alle. ile-4) eaile-<| Hippopotamus major, Desm. ......... |..-|... = ba (0.4 eal | 26 hes (ean ecco Mey Equus fossilis, Owen..................66 x|x1x| x] xX] x] ]..[ xX] )X PK] EXD | KE |X LX | EX | x | x | Rhinoceros megarhinus, Christ. ...... ey 1 Nia ia Pere el a seale |. -|--fe-|X]X] Rh. leptorhinus, Owen ...............-.. peeled eh XS] X [ade aelbiac || S| 2G) oaltee laa SB Cra eX sfeeefo| XP |X |X| Hue tichorhinus, Cuv. ...............+-- Be Sa PSGHESS lene tna al ce tee |X| X|X1x] x IPMS ||Stldeal bbe x |x|} Elephas antiquus, Fale. ............... Po SAcl Ores |e fea ce tase Pera (eS |feglicbcl alien) eet | Allaea ee x|x| x] x| E. primigenius, Blum. ...............-.- 41S lsael oall 2S SQ] 2s laeel 6c 12:4] Beal << 118s) 554) SSISS1/ESIESIIBS|ISCIIESI biel] S<15<1 emimus sp. Winks 9). ..2c0. 500-0 0- 6 5210 ate Wee oe oe Geel nee ae Fel ee aaa eeeliee [eee Bei ese roel elle aed j5ehieh Lepus cuniculus, Pall. .................. Ph SG catiids Se A eal Beeb al b-SI waallag A 23 octe| Bel Sal 2. Mae eles ee PETRUS, BIVX)S loo. ceveccecucscvesasces SUES |e Tene Boal (etal Bal cll S261 i5< lla l Laas Sac alees eel eee Lagomys speleus, Owen .............-. SAllo< llesellaee Bal Poel lesa eee lace er) ee eel ee ent Bel nee ce| ae Ieee lael oe] dellbocliood Spermophilus erythrogenoides, Fale.... |? |...|--.|... Wetlbeelnoalee lene aize[lcac|) © fae + baeeset ees teal ae tares | cs ea fees fee UU ORS | ES boa [ee leans aioe |e Ae SB bce lesa Selle leaie| Hee Beef -61 eee orl eee) Ibex! (3c SoAlldes Arvicola pratensis, Bell ............... rdlecallvod aa Salieri cl'scel vec al Real eaaleeal esd leae yea sake RUSE Ud emp ae BEMEGORESTIS, PICT. ......-. 50-00 noc ens es PRPs roe lis e Se Wee |S nel ial ee sal lGeellaee ciel eis ltsircl hse loa ll sacl nie tase eee eee meramentGia, Dest. .......2....... 20005. Pe iaaalk ts | ec leer l>- ? ~ - ~ IX. Td Umep Tie Makedoviac, rad tv 7d "OXuTY TH Mvoly kai ev Livdy, ra 8 tv rH Nboy TH UTEp ms , \ ‘ ~ > ” v4 a 23 , = Tii¢ Lupiac Kal Tpde Toic adAote Spec, doa ola T zoTL TPEPELW TOLAUTA. 2 “Oss. Foss.,’ 3e édit., 4to., t. iv, p. 425. 3 «Notes and Queries,’ second series, viii, 1895, ‘‘ Lions in Greece.” We are indebted for several of the references to classical works to the learning of this eminent critic. FELIS SPELA‘A. 167 down into the “ozamov yévoc,” “the rare animal” of the other; he adds also that the wild beasts of Hurope are more courageous than those of Asia or Africa. We have no mention of the animal in Europe from this time recorded by any writer down to the year a.p. 80 or 100, when it is mentioned by Dio Chrysostom Rhetor’ in his ‘Essay on Beauty.’ “The honorable,” he writes, “have vanished away in time, as they say the Lions have done which formerly dwelt in Europe, for there are no longer any more ; but formerly they dwelt in the district of Macedonia and in other places.* Philostratus, also, writing in his ‘ Lives of the Sophists,’ about the year 220 a.p., relates that Agathion, the athlete, who lived in the time of Herodes Atticus, 104—180, a.p., complained that he could not rival Hercules because there were no Lions in Acarnania. It is therefore clear that the Lion had deserted Europe before the end of the first century after Christ ; or, in other words, that the “rare animal’ of Aristotle had become extinct during the four hundred years that followed his time. It is, of course, impossible to fix the exact date, just as in the parallel case of the Brown Bear in Scotland or the Beaver in South Wales. In the literature of Rome there is nothing that would lead to the supposition that the Lion lived in Italy during the Historic period. “* At rabide tigres absunt et seva leonum Semina.’’—Georg. ii, 151. According to the high authority of Sir Cornewall Lewis, it is not even alluded to in Italian mythology.* » § 3. Lvidence afforded by Myths. \n bringing Mythology to bear upon the question of the former existence of the Lion in countries where it was extinct before the Historical Period, we are justified only by the high probability of its truth, afforded by the fossil remains on the one hand and by history on the other. The evidence, indeed, afforded by the myths is so strong that Sir G. C. Lewis has admitted its value without knowing of the corroborative witness of the fossil remains. ‘That eminent critic sagaciously inferred 1 Aristotle, ‘ Nat. Hist.,’ edit. Schneider, lib. vi, 28, 1: Sirdavov yap 75 yévoc ro rev AcdvTwv éort, Kal OK év TOAAG YiyveTat TOT, AAA Tie Evpwarne amaonce év Ty meTagv Tov “AyeAwou kal tov Nésaov rorapov. ! Lib. viii, 27, 6.—Ere 02 Afovreg piv év 79 Evpwy paddXov, kat rie Evpwrne év re petald to7w rov AxeAwov kat rov Nésoov. Tapddaduc Oo: év 7 Aoia’ év d& TH Kupwiry ob yivovra. “Owe & Ta piv dyola aypwwrepa ev rH Acta, dvopedtepa 6: wavta Ta év TH Evpwiry, todvpoppérara OF ra év AiBiy’ Kat Aéyerai tic Tapomia, bre act Peper Te AiBby Kawvdv. 2 ¢Orationes,’ edit. J. J. Reiske, Orat. 21, IIepi KaAXove, sec. 269: ExAkAduract 7 Xpdvy of KaAol, dtov on pact Tove A~ovTac mae Tove év TH Evpwmy’ ou yap tt auT@Y Elva TO yévoc, TpdTEpov & Hoar, Kal wept Makedoviay kal év addoic Té701LC. 3 «Vit. Apoll.,’ lib. i, cap. xv. 4 «Notes and Queries,’ second series, vols. viii, ix, ‘‘ Lions in Greece.” 168 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. the former existence of the animal in the Peloponnesus before the dawn of history from the following incidental notices that have been woven into the myths : “«The Nemean Lion inhabited a cave with two mouths on Mount Treton, between Mycenz and Nemea. Its destruction was one of the twelve labours of Hercules (Paus. ii, 15, 2; Apollod. ii, 5, 1; Diod. iv, 11), who is related to have accomplished this feat by the unaided strength of his arms, and without the aid of any weapon (Hur. Herc. Fur. 15,3; Noom. xxv, 176). Admetus, King of Pherae, loved Alcestis, the daughter of Pelias ; her father promised to give her to the man who should harness Lions and Wild Boars to the same chariot. Apollo enabled Admetus to fulfil this condition, and Admetus married Alcestis (Apollod. i, 9, 15). Adrastus, King of Argos, in obedience to an oracle which ordered him to marry his daughters to a Wild Boar and a Lion, gave Deipyle to Tydeus, and Argea to Polynices, because they bore respectively the images of those animals on their shields.’* The Roman writer Atlian was probably right in his supposition that the Lion had been expelled from the Peloponnesus before the days of Homer.’ We have already seen that the existence of the Lions has been proved historically in Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly. It is attested also by the voice of tradition. King Caranus,? the mythical founder of the Macedonian dynasty, is reported to have celebrated his victory over Ciseus, a neighbouring king, by a trophy that was overturned by a Lion that descended from Mount Olympus ; and therefore, according to Pausanias, the Mace- donians, deterred by the omen, never erected trophies afterwards. Lysimachus also, according to the same author,* a Macedonian, and one of Alexander’s body-guards, was thrown into a Lion’s den by the command of his master, and conquered the beast. Poly- damus’ also, the athlete, killed a great and strong Lion, without arms of any kind, on Mount Olympus. A Lioness, sent by Diana,’ killed Phayllus, the tyrant of Ambracia, and therefore was reverenced by the Ambraciots as their deliverer. It is worthy of note that Ambracia lies to the west of the River Acheloiis, and outside the boundary laid down by Herodotus. l «Notes and Queries,’ vol. ix, p. 57. 2 Milian, ‘De Nat. Anim.,’ Schneider, lib. iii, cap. i, 27. 3 Pausanias, lib. ix, cap. xl, 4. 4 Pausanias, lib. i, cap. ix, 5: ‘O d Avainaxoc ovroe yévog Te tv Maxedwr, kat “Ayetavepou Copipopoc’ ov “AXdéEavopdc tore um opyi¢g Agovte 6u0W KabeipZac é¢ olknua KeKpaTynKoTa EvpE TOU Onpiov. > Pausanias, lib. vi, cap. v, 3. Ovror rodakig of AgovTEc Kal é¢ THY TEpt TOV ”"OAvpTOV TAAV@VTAL Ywpay" TobTOV SE TOU dpoUE 7 piv é¢ Maxedoviay mAEvpa, 1) 02 ét OeaodAove Kal Tov ToTapoy TétpaTrat TOV IInviiov. >EvravOa 6 TovAtidapac Aéovta év Ty” Ob ur péyav Kal aAkimov Oipiov KaTepydoaro ovdevt EokEvaoMEVOS b7Ay. 6 Alian, ‘De Nat. Anim.,’ Schneider, lib. xii, cap. xl: "Apurpaxiwrat 02, eet tov Tépavvoy a’t@v Paiddov dueowacaro Aéawwa, Tyner TO Cov alriov avrotc tAevOepiag yeyevvhmevor. FELIS SPELAMA. 169 The scene of one of the prettiest stories recorded by Ailian is laid in Mount Pangzeum, the very mountain quoted by Xenophon as the haunt of Lions some five hundred years before :'—* Hudemus tells the tale that in Pangzeum, in Thrace, a Bear attacked the lair of a Lion while it was unguarded, and killed the cubs that were small and too weak to defend themselves, and when the father and mother came home from hunting somewhere, and saw their children lying dead, they were very much aggrieved, and attacked the Bear; and she was afraid and climbed up into a tree as quickly as she could, and settled herself down, trying to avoid the attack. Now, when they saw that they could not avenge them- selves on her, the Lioness did not cease to watch the tree, but sat down in ambush at the foot, eying the bear, that was covered with blood. But the Lion, as it were, without purpose and distraught with grief, after the manner of a man, rushed off to the moun- tains, and chanced to light on a woodcutter, who in terror let fall his axe; but the Lion fawned upon him, and reaching up saluted him as well as he could, and licked his face with his tongue. And the man took courage. And the Lion encircled him with his tail, and led him, and did not suffer him to leave his axe behind, but pointed with his foot for it to be taken up. And when the man did not understand he took it up in his mouth and reached it to him. And he foliowed while the Lion led him to his den. And when the Lioness saw him she came and made signs, looking at the pitiable spectacle, and then up at the Bear. Then the man perceived and understood that the Lion has suffered cruel wrong from the Bear, and cut down the tree with might and main. And the tree fell, and the Lions tore the Bear in pieces ; but the man the Lion led back again, safe and sound, to the place where he lighted on him, and returned him to the very tree he had been cutting.” This simple story, tested by the light of history, implies that the Lions some time dwelt in the neighbourhood of Pangeum. It is a very fair example of the valuable evi- dence that may be obtained from the analysis of myths, its historical corroboration being a mere accident. To the same class belong the story of the slaughter of the Nemean Lion, the conditions of marriage imposed on Admetus by Pelias, and those imposed on Tydeus and Polynices, that we have already quoted. ‘hey respectively imply that the Lion formerly lived in Nemea, and in company with the Wild Boar in the forests of Pherze and Argos. The mythical evidence is most important in this particular, that it proves that the range of the Lion was becoming more and more restricted before the Historic Period commenced in Greece. If we add to this the geological testimony that the animal spread through the greater part of North-western and Central Europe during the Post-glacial epoch, and that of History as to its limited range, we are enabled to realise that the animal gradually retreated from Europe, step by step, until at last it became extinct some time between the days of Aristotle, B.c. 340, and those of Dio Chrysostom Rhetor, a.p. 80 to 100. 1 Lib. iii, cap. xxi. 170 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. The Lion is also mentioned in the ‘ Niebelungen Lied’ as having afforded sport to Sir Siegfried in the famous hunt in the Forest of Worms ;’ 961. «With that an aged huntsman a watchful limehound took, And shortly brought the champion into a shady nook, Where store of beasts were couching ; as each sprang from his lair, The warriors, like good hunters, fell on and caught them there. 962. * All that the limehound started, anon with mighty hand Were slain by noble Siegfried, the chief of Netherland. No beast could there outrun him, so swift his steed could race : He won from all high praises for mastery in the chase. 963. “Whatever he attempted, he went the best before. The first beast he encounter’d was a fierce half-bred boar. Him with a mighty death-stroke he stretched upon the ground ; Just after in a thicket a lion huge he found. 964. “Him the limehound started; his bow Sir Siegfried drew ; With a keen-headed arrow he shot the Jion through, But three faint bounds thereafter the dying monster made. His wondering fellow-huntsmen thanks to Sir Siegfried paid,” ‘This passage, however, does not prove that the Lion dwelt in Bohemia at the time it was written (A.D. 900—1300 7), because the whole story, according to the high authority of Prof. Max Muller,’ is simply the ancient myth of Hercules appearimg in a Gothic dress. It is, moreover, unsupported by collateral evidence of any kind, and therefore cannot be considered of historical value. § 4. Cause of disappearance. ‘The cause of the disappearance of the Lion from urope is very clear. The Leonine remains found in the ancient dwelling-places of Aurignac and La Madelaine testify to the warfare carried on by the Reindeer folk in France with the Post-glacial Lion, just as the story of the Nemean Lion, and the like, testify to the struggle carried on by the ancient Greek with the same animal in Peloponnese. Man cannot dwell at peace with the larger Carnivores. In exact proportion to his increase in numbers they decrease, being driven out of the field in the struggle for life. It would be almost possible to infer the want of civilisation and the small number of any people inha- biting a district fitted for the support of the large ruminants, by the amount of the carnivorous fauna. ‘The fact, for example, that the Wolf lingered in Ireland as late as the ' «The Fall of the Nibelungers,’ by W. Lettsom, 1850, p. 164. 2 «Chips from a German Workshop,’ vol. ii. FELIS SPELANA. 171 year 1710 is evidence of the sparse population and the uncivilised habits of the people in that island. To this incessant warfare with man the retreat of the Lion from Europe may be attri- buted, and not to any want of food or to any climatal change. The winter cold of Mount Pindus and of the Balkans could not have been much less severe than that of the Pyrenees, the Vosges, or the Mendips; and the herds of Bison, Uri, and Elks that dwelt in the great Hercynian Forest that overshadowed the greater part of Germany in Prehistoric and Historic times were at least as well suited to become the prey of the Lions as any to be met with in the mountains of Thessaly or Macedonia. § 5. Conclusion. We have now briefly to sum up the results of our labours. Up to the present time Felis spelea has been considered by various naturalists an extinct animal allied to the Lion, Tiger, or Jaguar. By a careful comparison of the remains of the animal, bone by bone, with those of the larger living Felidae, we have arrived at the fact that it is specially identical with the Lion of Africa and Asia. Its range, both in space and time, has been determined so far as the materials at our command would allow; and lastly, the approximate date of its disappearance from Europe has been fixed by an appeal to the literature of Greece and Rome. 172 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. CHAPTER XIX. Famity—FELID. Genus—FELIs. Species—Fuuis tynx, Lonneus. Pl. XXIII. § 1. Gisement. § 3. Determination. § 2. Description. § 4. Measurements. § 5. Conclusion. § 1. Gisement. We are indebted to Dr. Ransom for the discovery of the remains of a Car- nivore hitherto unknown in Britain, in a fissure that penetrates the Permian Limestone in Pleasley Vale, in Derbyshire, termed the Yew Tree Cave. The conditions under which the discovery was made are as follows :—‘‘'The cave is entered by a narrow opening, large enough for one person to creep through ; the descent is a series of inclines and sudden falls, which require the help of a rope and a long pole. The total depth is 70 feet, and the length about 100 feet (of the part explored). It is everywhere narrow, and in some places so much so that only a person of moderate obesity can pass. I was obliged to move side- ways. ‘The mud which fills the insterstices between the angular blocks at the floor of the cave is red loam, interspersed with small fragments of the stalagmite. No rolled stones were found, and no transported ones. Here and there the mud was hardened with in- filtration of carbonate of lime; this was particularly the case with that which lay upon the projecting ledges of the walls. The osseous remains found were imbedded in the red loam, and were best preserved when it was infiltrated with carbonate of lime. In some parts the bones were very friable, and fell to pieces on the slightest attempt to remove them. ‘The number of fragments of bones in parts was so great as to form a large pro- portion of the mud. The bones were not found rolled or worn ; they were much broken in some parts of the cave, not in others—on the whole, not more so than might easily be accounted for by the falling of stones, by which means, also, the stalagmite was much broken. Only one bone was found which appeared to show marks of teeth. . . . A FELIS LYNX. 173 number of jaws of Wolf, and one which I take to be that of a Fox, were found ; also numerous long bones and jaws of Roedeer, part of the skull and lower jaws of a Pig, several jaws of the Watervole, and a still larger number which I have not yet determined. How the bones got there it is not easy to say, there were few or no indications of the cave having been a den of wild animals, although it is possible that the expanded portion near the mouth may have been so used at some time. In that case, the bones found in the deeper parts must have been those which had been washed or fallen down, or of animals which had run down in the ardour of the chase, as the steep part of the fissure could not, I feel sure, be ascended by any animal which had once gone down. This was illustrated by our finding the almost entire skeleton of a Dog in the deepest part of the cave, so recent that the pupa-cases of the flesh-fly were still found perfect ; and similarly in the new cave, which is shaped so as to form a capital live trap, I found great numbers of rabbits’ bones and hares’ bones in each cave, clustered and lying together as the animals died. No confident opinion founded on the position of the bones in the floor of the cave could be formed as to their relative ages, as the dribbling of water through the loose stones of the floor carries away and displaces the mud and objects imbedded in it.” It is clear, from this precise account given by Dr. Ransom, that the geological age of the remains in the cave cannot be determined with absolute certainty. So far as the internal evidence goes, they may be of Prehistoric, or even Historic, date with as great probability as Postglacial ; but, nevertheless, there are two circumstances which render the latter hypothesis the most tenable. In the first place, in a cave in the neighbourhood, the tichorhine Rhinoceros, Mammoth, and Bison have been found; and in the second place, the Carnivore in question must have crossed over into Derbyshire while Britain formed part of the mainland of Europe, or, in other words, during the Postglacial epoch, or very possibly before; for it is impossible to suppose that it could have invaded our island from France or Germany during Prehistoric times, and that it should have been brought over by the care of man is most improbable. Its Postglacial age, therefore, may be assumed with a very high degree of probability, although not with absolute certainty. § 2. Description. he remains (P]. XXIII) consist of a fragment of skull and a lower jaw that most probably belonged to the same individual. ‘The former pre- sents the occipital bone in a perfect state of preservation, together with the basi- sphenoid, tympanics, the zygomatic portion of the temporal, and fragments of the parietals. The latter is a right ramus perfect with the exception of a small portion of the coronoid process and the tip of the angle, and with all the teeth cz sz, except the incisors. The unworn condition of the teeth implies that the animal was an adult just coming into its full prime. ' Brit. Assoc., Nottingham, 1866, Paper read before Section C. 174 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. § 3. Determination. These remains were submitted to Prof. Owen shortly after their discovery, and were pronounced by that high authority to belong to Felis cervaria, the Lynx of Northern Asia. A careful comparison, however, with the Lynx in the British and Oxford Museums, and that of the Royal College of Surgeons, proves that they may be referred with equal justice to the Lynx of Norway and Sweden, Fe/is dorealis (Temminck). It is foreign to the plan of this work to analyse all the variations presented by the European and North-Asiatic Lynxes; but we cannot detect any osteological difference of specific value between the Norwegian Lynx and the North-Asiatic Melis cervaria. The variations also in size presented by the various European Lynxes seem to be of no more importance in classification than those of the African Panther (Zeopardus varius). Among the smaller Felines there are only the Lynxes which are capable of being com- pared with our fossil on account of their peculiarly formed teeth. It is differentiated from the Canadian Lynx by the presence of a small cusp ¢ (Pl. XXIII, figs. 3, 4, 5) on the lower true molar, which is invariably absent from the corresponding tooth of the latter animal. It is allied most closely with the Norwegian Lynx and the Melis cervaria. We will compare the remains seriatim. The basi-occipital in the fossil is remarkable for its intertympanic squareness, fig. 2, as in the Norwegian Lynx. In Felis cervaria the planes bounding it on either side next the tympanics are inclined at a much greater angle to each other. The occipital foramen, fig. 1, is slightly more roof-shaped above than in either of these two Lynxes. ‘The sur- occipital encroaches somewhat further upon the superior surface of the head than in Fehs cervaria, as 1s shown by the measurements; there are no other differences observable between the fossil skull and those of these two animals. ‘I'he relatively small mastoid differentiates the fossil from the Panther of Africa, the large size of the paramastoids from the Caracal, in which animal they are reduced to a small lamina embracing the tympanic bulla. The same point also differentiates it from Lcopardus pardina, and from the Peshoo or Canadian Lynx. The lower jaw (figs. 3, 4, 5, 6) differs in no respect from that of Melis doreahs and F. cervaria, excepting in the strength of the muscular impressions. ‘The alveolar border is nearly parallel to the inferior, without any tapering ; the anterior portion is very much thickened ; the ramal process a (fig. 3) is developed, and causes the convexity of the lower contour. The exterior of the crown of the canine bears two sillons (figs. 3 and 7), of which the inner is the smaller. In Felis cervaria the latter is very faint ; but it is very strongly marked in Felis dorealis. The inner side of the crown also is traversed by one sillon, that bounds the flattened slightly convex internal area. The crown of premolar 3 consists of three cusps, of which the anterior, or the smaller, 4 (figs. 8, 4, 5), is not mapped off from the primary, a, by a cleft, but springs from a cingulum that is well defined on the imner side ; a is very large and triangular, and separated from the secondary, c, by a deep cleft; ¢ is defined from the cingulum. In F. boreahs the cusp, 8, is more clearly defined. Premolar 4 repeats all the characters of the preceding tooth, but the secondary cusps, FELIS LYNX. 175 b and ec, are increased in size, and the former defined from the primary, a, by a cleft; and from the cingulum by a notch; a also is more trenchant and broader in the antero- posterior direction. The sectorial molar presents absolutely no points of difference when compared with that of F. borealis and F. cervaria, but, as before mentioned, it is differentiated from that of the Canadian Lynx by the presence of the small accessory cusp, ¢, which is adherent to the posterior base of the posterior blade, a. In the latter animal, moreover, the anterior blade, 4, is shorter as compared with the posterior, a. § 4. Measurements. In the following tables we have arranged the measurements, in inches and tenths, of the skulls and lower jaws most closely allied to our fossil. The dif- ferences in size and proportions can be seen at a glance. In the last column of the measurements of the lower jaw we have inserted those of the teeth, from a jaw marked and found by Senhor Delgado! in the Casa da Moura, a cave in the Jurassic Limestone of Cesareda, in Portugal, that had been inhabited by a tribe of cannibals, probably of the Bronze Age. They agree exactly with those of our fossil, and therefore, although the jaw to which they belong is smaller in every dimension than the fossil from Derbyshire, both probably belong to the same species. The difference of size is not greater than that existing between two skulls of Norwegian Lynxes in the British Museum. | F.lyne | F.lyne | F.lyne | F. Lyne , lynx, | (6 is), | (cervaria),| (cervaria),| (Canada), | MEASUREMENTS OF SKULL. ae eased | Saat) ab oe Sor 1230 A. | 1156 A. 4587. Museum. | Maximum herphiret @beipat sca cee.| ASE 1°6 1°62 1°45 1°35 Pn occipital foramen.................. "86 65 68 6 *55 i es CAAECUBITAIS oh o2) cite cous. +.-0) 1:05 Bake oo 85 8 Gransverse extent of occiput... ........ 2.0. ..6.06 0s ee ees 2°02 2-0 2:0 aN 2°2 Transverse measurement of occipital foramen ......... 79 A 66 65 6 Antero-posterior extent of condyles ..................... °O7 "55 O7 DO Nee soo 3 5 basi-occipital ............... 1:05 1:08 1-02 POs) C85 Fes ee zygomatic articulation ... *42 “4 sD | 3) “28 Transverse A y a fy 98 1:0 ‘78 78 9 Meatus auditorius to meatus auditorius ............... 2°0 1:99 2°0 1°89 16 Glenoid articulation to glenoid articulation........ sscgll lke: 1°82 1°86 1-62 16 MUEET UN TMP AMLGIADECE cia cece aaa can cceescse eee cee eee cee “85 “7. 64 "46 "52 Antero-posterior extent of tympanic bulla ............ "92 95 “96 105 | *95 ' Encroachment of sur-occipital on parietal surface ... *35 ‘37 || se a20 “2 | ’ Commissiio Geologica de Portugal. Estudos Geologicos. Da Existencia do Homem no nosso solo em Tempos mui remotos provado pelo estudos das cavernas. Primeiro opusculo. Noticia acerca das Grutas da Cesarada. Par J. F. W. Delgado. Com a versao em Francez, par M. Dalhunty. This jaw is alluded to in the text as belonging to species a, and is figured in pl. ii, fig. 1. See also Bone Caves in Portugal, ‘Quart. Geol. Journ.,’ No. 94, Translations and Notices, p. 9. 176 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. | F.lyne | F. lynx MrasuREMENTS or Lower JAw. PL XXII pee | 1230 A. 1156 A. Se REE Maximum length Hess athe 4°2 40 4:0 Maximumpheignt® f.1.) Scr. t-+ denne oat: 1°68 18 18 Circumference behind M1 ....................., 2°2 2°0 2°0 35 berorerewVio tiered 2°4 2:0 2:0 ID iASte mm Weare eee ee oso aaa ee 3 3 20 Length of inferior border ...................:, | $SsBSe Bt Be Height of articulation above angle............. °85 of ‘79 Lengthiofmmolarsseries: ...0.)...00- ss } 1°54 1°55 Ne Antero-posterior extent of M1 (7 265 "65 63 Antero-transyerse _,, tb ates Seon ‘26 “26 DNs: Postero-transverse ,, SI CEA a peioee ‘24 26 os (Elei abt efyerow ns a. Ae ee. tte 35 39 "35 Antero-posterior extent of PM4 ............ OL a 0 ‘46 Antero-transverse ,, ee 19 2 19 Postero-transverse ,, :3 12750 25 “23 ere ht toltero wm neers eee oeeeses emere ee "35 "32 So Antero-posterior extent of PM3............... Daan | ‘4 Antero-transverse ,, ‘ee 215 ‘16 313} Postero-transverse ,, A ieoy toners 7: 23 “2 2 Heiehtror,crowans hts. chi, SUL P Ieee. "29 “28 HuenetApOlCAMiNe se ess ee oe ci \ieaecoseonatao ts: 1°85 aig oa Henethof crownyol canine... .:%....... 0-02-24: 75 8 8 Syanphiysial tenethy 2. ..2.00..eedsase hnee- coer anal: eel i Symphysial breath: 2 nce radcc-o. esha. ae aye Moo cf) Condy larleneth ae. cpecacscestanntvalinssseaessc oi) | Condylar breadth .......... i) § 5. Conclusion. F. lyne (cervaria), Coll. Surg., 4587. iN. — — — tO onto or Ye ANYON YH KNHOS: F. lynx (Canada), Oxford Museum. F, lynz, | Casa da | Moura. oa “BS In fine, there is sufficient evidence afforded by these two fragments to prove that the animal to which they belonged was specifically identical with the Felis (lynx) borealis of Norway, or with the variety F. (lynx) cervaria of Sibéria. It was one of the larger Lynxes which in ancient times spread over the whole of the mainland of Europe, and still maintain their ground, in the wilder and more desolate parts, in Scan- dinavia, Russia, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the south. Its addition to the Fauna anciently dwelling in Great Britain is the more remarkable because it was predicted in the First Part of our Monograph written in 1865. = \ e Le ae ee ~ — a a o i ars tn) ad Fic. PLATE XX. Felis spelea, Goldfuss. CARPUS. METACARPALS. (Natural size.) Scaphoido-lunare, anterior or dorsal aspect. Sandford Hill Cave. ‘Taunton Museum. Distal aspect of same. Scaphoido-lunare of the small form, anterior or dorsal aspect. Bleadon Cave. Taunton Museum. Distal aspect of pisiform. Bleadon Cave. ‘Taunton Museum. Proximal or ulnar aspect of pisiform. Sandford Hill Cave. ‘l'aunton Museum. Anterior or dorsal aspect of unciform, right side. Sandford Hill Cave. ‘Taunton Museum. Distal or metacarpal aspect of same bone. Proximal end of fourth metacarpal of the ordinary form and size. Bleadon Cave. Taunton Museum. Fifth metacarpal internal aspect. Wookey Hyzna-den. Mr. Boyd Dawkins’ Collection. FELIS SPELAA. PLATE. XX — W A.Sanford del. W™ Bidg cod hth W West imp GEAR Pus: ea, 6 PLATE XXI. Felis spelea, Goldfuss. RIGHT FORE PAW. (Natural size.) FIG, 1. First metacarpal. Bleadon Cave. 2. - | Remaining metacarpals from the same individual. Sandford Hill Cave. 5. 6. | fs 8. ) The first phalanges, apparently belonging to the individual as the last. D: 10. 11. Second phalange of second digit. Bleadon Cave. 12. Second phalange of third digit. Bleadon Cave. 13. Second phalange of fourth digit, apparently belonging to the same individual as the — Sa set of metacarpals and first phalanges. Second phalange of fifth digit (reversed), from left paw. Bleadon Cave. All these were found by Mr. Beard, and are now preserved in the Taunton Museum, PES: (SPR iw A PLATE. XXi W.A Sanford del W# Bid good lith “Ment amp FORE—PAW i y i hy a) | 1% py BTS cae if { | | om | Lil; ij ' hel = > » iN f a viPies hy ae } atl we | i, dian * i; ; rhifsitar leat wile ‘ * PLATE XXII. Felis spelea, Goldfuss. Bonrs or WHELp. (Natural size.) . Left humerus, posterior aspect. . Right ulna, external aspect. . The same, internal aspect. . Left fifth metacarpal, dorsal aspect. . First phalange of one (second or fifth) of the outer digits of the hind paw. . Second phalange, dorsal aspect. . Right femur, posterior aspect. . Left femur, front aspect. . Shaft of left fibula, tibial aspect. . Left caleaneum, external aspect. Cr OS ose iS Co 8S ee —_ S These bones, with the exception of 6 and 9, were found in Hutton Cave by Messrs. Beard and Williams, and probably belonged to one animal. The two exceptions were found in Bleadon Cave. All are now in the collection of cave-mammals in the ‘Taunton Museum. Rms SESS, Spey RoE POAT eaere es imn W.West J.Dinkel lith del AS Ww W 1 BONS (Or Ww ein. fi} \\ lic. the has PLATE XXIJ a. Felis spelea. CGoldfuss. ULNA. RADIUS. TIBIA. FIBULA. PATELLA. (Natural size.) Internal or ulnar aspect of right radius, represented in Pl. II, figs. 1, 2, 3, described at pp. 5, 9. Sandford Hill Cave. Internal aspect of proximal half of right ulna represented in Pl. LI, fig. 8, described at pp. 6, 7. Sandford Hill Cave. Composite figure of external aspect of right tibia. ‘The proximal portion is repre- sented in Pl. XIX, figs. 2, 2’, the shaft and distal end in Pl. XIX, fig.1 a. Both are described at pp. 122—4. Sandford Hill Cave. External or tibial aspect of shaft of right fibula, represented in Pl. XIX, fig. 3, described at pp. 125—6. Sandford Hill Cave. Internal aspect of distal end of right fibula, represented in Pl. XIX, fig. 4, described at pp. 125—6. Bleadon Cave. Lateral aspect of patella, described at p. 127. Bleadon Cave. We have added this and the following supplementary Plate XXII B in consequence of desire, which has been expressed, that all the plates should be of life size. In no case the same aspect of the same bone been repeated. 1 1 = A ti} PLATE KXITA Suede evade ae PERIMS W.West imp S Mat size JIMS i (ele, O BONES W Bidéood del, et lth ty} 1," vv PLATE XXII s. Felis spelea, Goldfuss. OS INNOMINATUM. VERTEBRA. (Natura} size.) 1. External aspect of right os innominatum. Sandford Hill Cave. 2. Internal aspect of left os immominatum. This pair probably belonged to a Lioness, on account of the slenderness and curvature of the os pubis. The texture of the bone closely resembles that of the sacral vertebra, fig. 4, and several other young bones from the same locality. The animal, therefore, to which it belonged, though of full size, was probably young at the time of its death. Sandford Hill Cave. 3. Os pubis of very large animal, much stouter and less curved than that of fig. 2. Sandford Hill Cave. 4. Third sacral vertebra, with portion of the second (see p. 96). Sandford Hill Cave. ee ee ee ae _— , q d 4 : q q Bidgood del et Ith PLATE XXIEB. W.West imp 44 nt . : ae j ‘ ' ‘ ' % (29 or ep y — i . Abie ee ’ LJ a A ’ 7 A ‘| " bd @ . { fud hoe i Ay es aia |e! rt (Aiea 4h ; aH ' Le ae ‘ ‘i , ai ' aT ‘ * eRe 2 Ae ei oe " . Mi PLATE XXIII. Felis Lyne, Linneeus. SKULL AND LOWER JAW. (Natural size.) Occipital aspect of skull. Yew T'ree Cave. Dr. Ransom’s Collection. Basal aspect of fig. 1. External aspect of right lower jaw. Yew Tree Cave, Dr. Ransom’s Collection. Internal aspect of fig. 3. Superior ditto. Posterior ditto. Exterior aspect of right lower canine, taken from the lower jaw. Gurr 3S2/\ ‘MA NE SNOT GI NY sS Use TeopzICL XX LIV Td NE Eh ee ee ——— Mer, —, \\ CES LIBRARY D OF SCIEN CALIF ACA | | | | 10007 I | 3 1853 iil co ~ oO N