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PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
VOL, XXVIII

POST-TERTIARY
ENTOMOSTRACA.

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Paces i—v, 1—232; Puares I—XVI.

ae | CARBONIFEROUS
ENTOMOSTRACA.

Sethe Part I.
| oh 7 (CYPRIDINAD#,)

Pacers 1—56; Pxiates I—V.

FOSSIL TRIGONI 4.
No. II.

Paces 53—92; Puarss X—XIX.

IssuED FoR THE YEAR 1874.

California Academy of Sciences

Presented byPaleontographical Society. |

December. 190.4.

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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
California Academy of Sciences Library

— __http:/Awww.archive.org/details/monographof281874pala

PALAKONTOGRAPHIGAL SOCIETY.

VOLUME XXVIII.

CONTAINING

THE POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA. By Mr. G. S. Brapy, the Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D.

Ropertson. Sixteen Plates.

THE CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA. Part I. (Cypripinapa.) By Prof. Rupert Jonus and Messrs.
J. W. Kirxpy and G. S. Brapy. Five Plates.

THE TRIGONIA, No. Il. By Dr, Lycerr. Ten Plates.

ISSUED FOR 1874.

JULY, 1874.

THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847,
for the purpose of figurmg and describing the whole of the British Fossils.

Lach person subscribing ONE GuinxEA is considered a Member of the Society, and is

entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates.
Subscriptions are considered to be due on the First of January in each year.

The back volumes are in stock, and can be obtained (one or more) on application

to the Treasurer or the Honorary Secretary.

‘Fhe volumes are delivered free of carriage to any address within three miles of the
General Post-Office, and are booked free of expense to any place beyond the three-mile
radius ; but in that case the carriage must be paid by the Member to whom they are

sent.

Gentlemen desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with
circulars for distribution on application to the Honorary Secretary, the Rev. Tomas
Wixrsnire, 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London, S.E.

The Annual Volumes are now issued in two forms of Binding : 1st, with all the
Monographs stitched together and enclosed m one cover; 2nd, with each of the
Monographs in a paper cover, and the whole of the separate parts enclosed in an

envelope.

Members wishing to obtain the Volume arranged in the latter form are requested

to communicate with the Honorary Secretary.

| Sl eS

OF

The Council, Secretaries, and Members

OF THE

PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ;

AND

A CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED ;

A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE MONOGRAPHS COMPLETED, IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION,
AND IN PREPARATION, WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS ;

THE DATES OF ISSUE OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ;
A GENERAL SUMMARY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF THE PAGES, PLATES, FIGURES,
AND SPECIES IN EACH MONOGRAPH ;
AND A STRATIGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE BRITISH FOSSILS FIGURED AND DESCRIBED
IN THE YEARLY VOLUMES.

Council and Officers elected 17th April, 1874.

President.
J. S. BOWERBANK, LL.D., F.R.S., GS.

Vite-Dresidents.

E. W. Binney, Esq., F.R.S., G.S.
T, Davipson, Esa., F.R.S., G.S.

Pror. Owen, M.D., F.R.S., G.S.
T. Wricut, M.D., F.R.S.E., G.S.

Countil,

J. J. Braspy, M.D., F.R.S., G.S.

Sir P. pz M. G. Eerrron, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.
R. Erneripes, Esq., F.R.S., G.S.
R.-Hupson, Esq., F.R.S., G.S.

Pror. T. M‘K. Huaeuss, F.G.S.

J. W. Itort, Esq.

J. Gwyn Jerrreys, Esa., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S.
J. LecKENBY, Esq., F.G.S.

H. Lez, Esa., F.L.S., GS.

J. Prestwicu, Esa., F.R.S., G.S.
Pror. Ramsay, F.R.S., G.S.

T. Sopwirn, Esa., F.R.S., G.S.
Pror. Tennant, F.G.S., Z.S.
Capt. C. Tyter, F.L.S., G.S.

A. Wuitt, Esa., F.L.S.

H. Woopwarp, Esq,, F.R.S., Z.S.

Grensurer,
Szartes Woop, Esa., F.G.S8., Beacon Hill House, Mairlesham, Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Honorary Secretary.

Rev. T. Witrsuire, M.A., F.G.S8., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London.

S.E.

Local Secretaries.

Alton—Wn. Curtis, Jun., Ese.
Bath—Rev. H. H. Wrnwoop, M.A., F.G.S.
Berlin—MeEssrs. FRIBDLANDER & Son.
Birmingham—W. Matuews, Esq., F.G.S.
Blackburn—W. Harrison, Esq., F.G.S.
Bristol—Wn. SanveEns, Esq., F.R.S., GS.
Cambridge—James CartTeER, Esa.
Cheltenham—T. Wricut, M.D., F.G.S.
Cirencester—J. BRaAVENDER, Esa., F.G.S8.
Colchester—C. R. Bren, M.D.
Devizes—Wn. Cunnineton, Esq,, F.G.S.
Dublin—W. BE. StrEvtr, M.D., F.R.D.S.
Edinburgh—Pror. Batrour, M.D., F.R.S., LS.
Guildford—R. A. C. Gopwin-AusTEN, Esq., F.R.S.,
G.S.

Kendal— Tuomas Govueu, Esq.

Leicester—JameEs Puant, Esa, F.GS.

Liverpool—G. H. Morton, Esq., F.G.S.

Malvern—R. B. Grinprop, M.D., F.G.S.

New York.—B. WatrrnousE Hawkins, Esgq.,
F.L.S., G.S.

Norfolk—Ruv. J. Gunn, M.A., F.G.S.

North Devon—TownsEND M. Haut, Esgq., F.G.S.

Paris—M. F. Savy, 24, Rue Hautefeuille.

Richmond, Yorkshire — Epwarp Woop, Esq.,
F.G.S.

Scarborough—Joun Lecknnsy, HsqQ., F.G.8.

Tonbridge Wells—J. Suarp, Esq., F.G.S8.

Torquay—Wo. PENGELLY, Esa., F.R.S., G.S.

LIST OF MEMBERS.*

CORRECTED TO JUNE, 1874.

Her Most Gracious Masesty THE QUEEN.

Adams, William, Esq., F.G.S., Cardiff, Glamorganshire.

Adlard, J. E., Esq., Bartholomew Close. E.C.

Albert Memorial Museum, Queen Street, Exeter, per W. 8. D’Urban, Esq., F.L.S., Curator.
Aitken, John, Esq., J.P., F.G.S., Lane End, Bacup, Manchester.

Angelin, Professor, Stockholm.

Ansted, Professor D. T., M.A., F.R.S., For. Sec. G.S., &c., Atheneum Club. S,W.
Arbuthnot, Major W., 25, Hyde Park Gardens. W.

Archibald, J. W., Esq., Devonvale, Tillicoultry.

Asher and Co., Messrs., 138, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

Athenzeum Diente: Liverpool.

Austen, Rev. J. H., M.A., F.G.S., Ensbury House; Wimborne.

Austen, Miss Helens i; St. opt North Wales.

Austen, N. L., Esq., The Acacias, Croydon. S.

Australia, Acclimatization Society of.

Aveline, W. T., Esq., F.G.S., Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.

Backhouse, Edward, Esq., Ashburne House, Sunderland.

Bain, James, Esq., 1, Haymarket, S.W.

Baker, A. F., Esq., Trinity College, Dublin.

Balfour, Professor, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., &c., Local Secretary, 27, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh.

Balfour, F. M., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge.

Balme, E. B. Wheatley, Esq., Loughrigg, Ambleside.

Balston, W. E., Esq., F.G.S., Bearsted House, Maidstone.

Barbados, The Right Reverend John, D.D., D.C.L., Bishop of; Hon. Canon of Canterbury ;
Barbados.

Barclay, Joseph G., Esq., 54, Lombard Street. E.C.

Barlow, H. C., M.D., F.G.S., 11, Church Yard Row, Newington Butts, Surrey. S.

Barr, William Roby, Esq., F.G.S., New Bridge Mill, Stockport.

Barthes and Lowell, Messrs., 14, Great Marlborough Street. W.

Barnstaple Literary and Scientific Institution.

Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.

* The Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or omissions in this list, and of any delay in
the transmission of the Yearly Volumes.

Bathurst, Rev. W. H., Lydney Park, Gloucester.

Beaufoy, George, Esq. (Executor of the late), South Lambeth. S.

Becker, M. Edvald, Breslau, Silesia.

Beckles, S. H., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., 9, Grand Parade, St. Leonard’s-on-Sea.

Bedwell, F. A., Esq., Judge of County Courts, County Court, Hull.

Belfast Naturalists Field Club.

Bell, Professor T., F.R.S., L.8., G.S., &c., The Wakes, Selborne, Alton, Hants.

Benson, Starling, Esq., F.G.S., Swansea.

Berthand, Prof., Macon.

Bewley, John, Esq., 4, Brown’s Buildings, Liverpool.

Bibliothéque du Muséum, Paris.

Bibliothéque du Palais des Arts, Lyon.

Bigsby, J. J., M.D., F.R.S., G.S., 89, Gloucester Place, Portman Square. W.

Bilke, Edward, Esq., F.G.S., &c., 1, Chester Square, Pimlico. S.W.

Binney, E. W., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Vice-President, 55, Peter Street, Manchester.

Birmingham Free Library, Radcliffe Place, Birmingham. ,

Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society, 90, Ryland Street, North,
Birmingham.

Birmingham Old Library, Union Street, Birmingham.

Blackmore, Humphrey P., M.D., Salisbury.

Bladon, James, Esq., Executors of the late, Pontypool.

Blake, Rev. J. F., M.A., F.G.S., Clifton, York.

Blake, W., Esq., Bridge House, South Petherton.

Blanford, H. F., Esq., F.G.S., 21, Bouverie Street, Whitefriars. E.C. \

Boase, H. S., M.D., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Seafield House, Magdalen Place, Dundee.

Bonissent, Monsieur, Clarentan.

Bonney, Rev. George, F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge.

Bordeaux, La Faculté des Sciences de.

Borradaile, Charles, Esq., East Hothly, Uckfield, Sussex.

Bosquet, Mons. J., For. Cor. G.S., Pharmacien, Maestricht.

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, U.S.A.

Bower, Rev. E., Closworth, near Yeovil.

Bowerbank, J. S., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., President, 2, Hast Ascent, St. Leonard’s-on-Sea.

Bowie, Mrs., 43, Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington. W.

Brady, Sir Antonio, F.G.S., Stratford, Essex.

Braikenridge, Rev. G. W., M.A., F.C.S., S.A. Scot., Clevedon, Somerset.

Brassey, Thomas, Esq., jun., 56, Lowndes Square. S.W.

Bravender, John, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Coxwell Street, Cirencester.

Bree, C. R., M.D., Local Secretary, Kast Hill, Colchester.

Briggs, Miss Ellen, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.

Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton.

British Museum, Departmental Mineralogical and Geological Library. W.C.

British Museum, Printed Book Department. W.C.

Brodie, W. R., Esq., Langton Matravers, Wareham.

Brooke, Sir Victor, Bart., Colebrooke Park, Brookborough, Ireland, and 53, Eaton Square,
London.

Broome, C. E., Esq., M.A., &c., Elmhurst, Batheaston, Bath.

Brown, Edwin, Esq., F.R.G.S., G.S., Burton-on-Trent.

Brown, Hugh Horatio, Esq., 59, Boundary Road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.

Brown, Isaac, Esq., Kendal.

Brown, T. C., Esq., Cirencester.

Brown, T. Foster, Esq., Guildhall Chambers, Cardiff.

Browne, Wm. Meredith, Esq., Westminster Fire Office, King Street, Covent Garden.
Buckman, Professor James, F.G.S., &c., Bradford Abbas, Sherborne, Dorset.

Busk, George, Esq., F.R.S., L.S., &c., 32, Harley Street, Cavendish Square. W.
Buxton, Arthur F., Esq., Easneye, Ware.

Cambridge University Library.

Cardiff Free Library.

Carpenter, Alfred, M.D., Croydon. S.

Carpenter, W. B., M.D., F.R.S., &c., 56, Regent’s Park Road. N.W.
Carter, James, Esq., Local Secretary, 30, Petty Cury, Cambridge.

Cash, Wm., Esq., Elmfield Terrace, Savile Park, Halifax.

Cavell, Edmund, Esq., F.G.S., Saxmundham.

Champernowne, Arthur, Esq., Darlington Hall, Totness, Devonshire.
Chapman, Thomas, Esq., 14, Cockspur Street, Charing Cross. S.W.
Chapman, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S., 25, Bryanstone Square. W.
Cheltenham College.

Cheltenham Permanent Library, 18, Clarence Street, Cheltenham.
Cherbullier, Mons., Paris.

Chicago, Library of.

Christ’s College, Cambridge, Library of.

Clabon, J. M., Esq., 21, Great George Street. S.W.

Clark, J. Willis, Esq., Scroope House, Trumpington Street, Cambridge.
Clarke, Rev. W. B., F.G.S., &c., St. Leonards, near Sydney, New South Wales.
Clayton, Rev. J. H., Liphook, Hants.

Cobbold, Rev. R. H., The Rectory, Ross.

Cocchi, Sig. Q., Professor of Geology, Florence.

Colchester, W., Esq., F.G.S., Springfield House, Ipswich.

Cole, W. M., Esq., 93, St. Helen Street, Ipswich.

Collings, Rev. W. T., M.A., F.L.S., G.S., Lord of Sark, Guernsey, Channel Islands.
Collinson, Henry, Esq., 7, Devonshire Place, Portland Place.

Cooper, Charles J., Esq., Bridgenorth, Salop.

Cornalia, Prof. Emilio, Milan,

Cornthwaite, Rev. T. M.A., Walthamstow.

Corporation of London, Library Committee of, Guildhall. H.C.

Corrie, Adam J., Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Scot., Senwick, Kirkcudbright, N.B.
Cotteau, Mons. G., Auxerre.

Coutts, Jas., Esq., 310, Argyle Street, Glasgow.

Crisp, F., Esq., 184, Adelaide Road. N.W.

Cross, Rev. J. E., Appleby Vicarage, Brigg, Lincolnshire.

Crosskey, Kev. H. W., 28, George Road, Birmingham.

Crowley, Alfred, Esq., Bramley Oaks, Croydon. 8S.

Cubitt, George, Esq., M.P., 17, Princes Gate. W.

Cull, R., Esq., F.S.A., R.G.S., 13, Tavistock Street, Bedford Square. W.C.
Cunnington, W., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Devizes, Wilts.

‘Currey, Eliot S., Esq., The Wallands, Lewes, Sussex.

W.C:

Curtis, W., Esq., Local Secretary, Alton, Hants.
Cust, Lady Elizabeth, 18, Eccleston Square. S.W.

Darwin, Charles, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Down, Beckenham, Kent.

Davidson, Thomas, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Mem. Geol. Soc. France, &c., Vice-President, 8,
Denmark Terrace, Brighton.

Daw, E., Esq., Braughing, Ware.

Dawkins, W. Boyd, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Birch View, Norman Road, Rusholme, Manchester.

Dawson, Principal J. W., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S., &c., MeGill’s University, Montreal.

Day, Rev. Hen. Geo., M.A., Sedbergh, Kendal.

De Grey and Ripon, Earl, Carlton Gardens. S.W.

Deighton, Bell, & Co., Messrs., Cambridge.

Deshayes, Prof. G. P., F.M.G.S., Paris.

Deslongchamps, Prof., Caen.

Devonshire, Duke of, Chancellor of the University of London, F.R.S., G.S., &., Devonshire
House, Piccadilly. W.

Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter (by Ed. Parfitt, Esq.)

Dewalque, Prof., F.C.G.S., Liége.

Dewilde, G. R., Esy., 19, Marlborough Hill, St. John’s Wood. N.W.

Dickinson, F. H., Esq., King Weston, Somerton.

Dickinson, W., Esq., Thorncroft, Workington.

Dickinson, W., Esa., 6, Princes Street, Lothbury. E.C.

Digby, Lady, Minterne, near Dorchester.

Dorset County Museum Library, Dorchester.

Douglas, Rev. Robert, Manaton Rectory, Moreton-Hampstead, Exeter.

Dover Proprietary Library.

Dowson, E. T., Esg., Geldeston, Beccles.

Doyen, Mons. J. M.

Ducie, the Earl of, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 1, Belgrave Square. S.W.

Dudley and Midland Geological and Scientific Society and Field-Club.

Duff, J. Esq., Linden House, Teuters Street, Bishop Auckland.

Dumortier, Mons. E., Lyons.

Duncan, Prof., P. M., M.B., F.R.S., G.S., 40, Blessington Road, Lee. S.E.

Duncanson, J., Esq., The Walk, Alloa., N.B.

Durham, the Dean and Chapter of (by Samuel Rowlandson, Esq., the College, Durham).

Eccles, James, Esq., Springwell House, Blackburn.

Edinburgh Geological Society, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Argyle Square, Edinburgh.

Edwards, F. E., Esq., F.G.S., 22, Woburn Square. W.C.

Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart., M.P., Trustee Brit. Museum, F.R.S., G.S., &c.,
Oulton Park, Cheshire; and 28n, Albemarle Street. W.

Elliot, John, Esq., F.R.C.S., Kingsbridge, Devon.

Elliot, Sir Walter, K.S.I., F.L.S., Wolfelee, Hawick, N.B.

Enniskillen, William Willoughby, Earl of, D.C.L., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Florence Court,
Enniskillen ; and 65, Eaton Place.

Errington, The Reverend Dr., Prior Park, Bath.

Eskrigge, R. A., Esq., G 17, Exchange Buildings North, Liverpool.

Etheridge, R., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Evans, John, Esq., F.R.S., Pres, G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.

Evans, Thomas, M.D., Gloucester.

Kyton, Thomas C., Esq.; F.L.S., G.S., &c., Eyton, near Wellington, Salop.

Falconer, Thomas, Esq., F.G.S., Usk, Monmouthshire.

Falkner, Frederick, Esq., Somersetshire Bank, Bath.

Favre, Mons. Alph., Professor of Geology, Academy, Geneva.

Ferguson, William, Esq., F.R.S.E., L.S., G.S., R.G.S., &e., Kinmundy, Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire.
Fisher, Rev. Osmond, M.A., F.G.S., Harlston Rectory, Cambridge.

Fletcher, T. W., Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., S.A., Lawneswood House, Stourbridge.
Forbes, John Edward, F.G.S., 3, Faulkner Street, Manchester.

Fordham H. G., Esq., Odsey, Royston, Herts.

Fotherby, H. J., M.D., 3, Finsbury Square. E.C.

Fox, Rev. W. Darwin, Delamere Rectory, near Chester.

Fraser, John, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S. Edin., Wolverhampton.

Friedlander, Messrs., Local Secretaries, 11, Carlstrasse, Beriin.

Fuller, Rev. A., Ichenor Rectory, Chichester.

Galton, Captain Douglas, R.E., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 12, Chester Street, Grosvenor Place. S.W.

Gardner, J. S., Esq., F.G.S., Park House, St. John’s Wood Park. N.W.

Gardner, R., Esq., junr., Clive, Shrewsbury.

Gassiot, I. P., Esq., F.R.S., &c., Clapham. S.

Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Felbridge Park, East Grinstead.

Gaudry, Prof., F.C.G.S., Paris.

Geological Society of Manchester.

Geological Survey of Great Britain, Paleontological Department, Jermyn Street. S.W.

Geological Survey of Ireland.

Geologists’ Association, University College. W.C.

Gibson, G. S., Esq., Saffron Walden.

Gibson, Thomas F., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Broadwater Down, Tunbridge Wells.

Gilbertson, Henry, Esq., Mangrove House, Hertford.

Glasgow Geological Society, Andersonian University, Glasgow.

xloucester Literary Society, Gloucester (by Dr. B. Wagbourn).

Godlee, Mrs., Whips Cross, Walthamstow. HE.

Godwin-Austen, R. A. C., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Local Secretary, Chilworth Manor, Guildford,
Surrey.

Gongh, Viscount, F.G.S., L.8., &c., Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, Galway, Ireland.

Gough, Thomas, Esq., Local Secretary, Kendal.

Gould, John, Esq., F.R.S., L.S., Z.S., &c., 26, Charlotte Street, Bedford Square. W.C.

Gray, John, Ksq., Lyttleton Terrace, Hagley, near Stourbridge.

Greenwell, G. C., Esq., Poynton, Stockport.

Gregory, J. R., Esq., 15, Russell Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

Griffith, Sir Richard, Bart., LL.D., F.R.S.E., G.S., &c., 2, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.

Grindrod, R. B., M.D., F.G.S., &c., Local Secretary, Townshend House, Great Malvern.

Grossart, Wm., Esq., Salsburgh, Holytown, Lanarkshire.

Grundy, Thomas, Esq., Beatlands, Sidmouth, Devon.

Guest, B., Esq., 26, Granville Park, Lewisham. S.E.

Guise, Sir W. V., Bart., F.G.S., &c., Elmore Court, near Gloucester.

10

Gunn, Rev. J., M.A., Local Secretary, 10, Cathedral Street, Norwich.

Hall, Hugh F., Esq., F.G.8., 17, Dale Street, Liverpool.

Hall, Townshend M., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Pilton Parsonage, Barnstaple.

Harford, Frederick, Esq., Ocean Marine Insurance Company, 2, Old Broad Street. E.C.

Harkness, Professor Robert, F.R.S., G.S., Queen’s College, Cork.

Harmer, F. W., Esq., F.G.S., Heigham Grove, Norwich.

Harris, E., Esq., F.G.S., Rydal Villa, Longton Grove, Upper Sydenham. S.E.

Harrison, William, Esq., F.G.S., S.A., R.G.S., R.S.Ant., &c., Local Secretary, Samlesbury
Hall, Preston, Lancashire; and Conservative Club, St. James’s Street. S.W.

Haughton, Rev. Professor 8., M.D., F.R.S., G.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin.

Hawkes, Rev. Henry, B.A., F.L.S., &c., 2, St. Paul’s Square, Southsea, Portsmouth.

Hawkins, B. Waterhouse, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Local Secretary, New York.

Hawkins, Rev. H. 8., Forest Lodge, Liphook, Hants.

Hawkshaw, J. Clarke, Esq., 25, Cornwall Gardens, South Kensington. W.

Haythornthwaite, William, Esq., Kirkby Lonsdale.

Hébert, Prof., F.M.G.S., Paris.

Heidelburg Library.

Hepburn, A. B., Esq., Smeaton, Preston Kirk. N.B.

_ Heywood, James, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 26, Palace Gardens. W.

Hicks, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Heriot House, Hendon. N.W.

Higgins, E. T., Esq., 24, Bloomsbury Street. W.C.

Hindson, Isaac, Esq., Kirkby Lonsdale.

Hirst, John, Esq., jun., Dobcross, Saddleworth, near Manchester.

Hony, Rev. W. E., F.G.S., &c., Archdeacon of Sarum, Beverstock, near Salisbury.

Hopgood, James, Esq., Clapham Common. S8.W.

Horen, Dr. F. Van, St. Trond, Belgium.

Horner, Rev. John 8,, Mells Park, near Frome.

Host, M., Copenhagen.

Howitt, Thomas, Esq., Queen Square, Lancaster.

Huddersfield Literary and Scientific Society.

Hudleston, W. H., Esq., 23, Cheyne Walk. S.W.

Hughes, T. M‘K., Prof., F.G.8., &c., Cambridge.

Hudson, Robert, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Clapham. 8S.W.

Hull, W. D., Esq., F.G.S., &c., 36, Queen’s-Gate Terrace, South Kensington. W.

Hunter, J. R. 8., Esq., Braidwood, Carluke. N.B.

Huxley, Professor T. H., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., Museum of Practical Geology,
Jermyn Street. S.W.

Tlott, James William, Esq., Beechfield, Bromley, Kent.
Ipswich Museum, Ipswich.

Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, Esq., LLD., F.R.S., Tres. G.S., L.S., The Priory, Ware, Herts.
Jesson, Thomas, Esq., 3, Clarendon Terrace, Brighton.

Johnes, J., Esq., F.G.S., Dolancothy, Llandilo, Wales.

Jones, John, Esq., Saltburn by the Sea, Yorkshire.

Jones, Professor T. Rupert, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 5, College Terrace, York-town, Surrey.
Jordan, Swinfen, Esq., Cherith Lodge, Clifton Park, Bristol.

Jose, J. E. Esq., 1, Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol.

11

Judd, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.

King, W. P., Esq., Avonside, Clifton Down, Bristol.

Kinnaird, Lord, Rossie Priory, Inchture. N.B.

King’s School, Library of, Sherborne.

Kingston, G. S., Esg., Grote Street, Adelaide, South Australia.
Knapp, Rev. John, St. John’s Parsonage, Portsea, Portsmouth, Hants.
Krantz, Herr, Bonn.

Lawrance, John, Esq., F.G.S., Elton, Peterborough.

Leaf, C. J., Esq., F.G.S., Old Change. E.C.

Leckenhy, John, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Scarborough.

L’Ecole Naturelle des Chartes, Paris.

Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., The Waldrons, Croydon. S.

Lee, John Edward, Esq., F.G.S., Villa Syracuse, Torquay.

Leeds, C. E., Esq., M.A., Embury, Peterborough.

Leeds Library, Commercial Street, Leeds, Yorkshire.

Leicester Town Museum.

Leighton, W. H., Esq., 2, Merton Place, Turnham Green. W.

Leipzig, Museum of.

Lightbody, Robert, Esq., F.G.S., Ludlow.

Lindsay, Charles, Esq., Ridge Park, Lanark, N.B.

Lingard, John R., Esq., 8, Booth Street, Piccadilly, Manchester.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly. W.

Lister, Arthur, Esq., Leytonstone. N.E.

Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester.

Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield.

Liveing, Professor G. D., M.A., The Pigthtle, Cambridge.

Liverpoo] Free Public Library.

Liverpoo) Natural History Society.

Lloyd, J. H., Esq., 10, Lancaster Gate. W.

Lobley, J. L., Esq., F.G.S., 59, Clarendon Road, Kensington Park. W.
London Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C.

Loriol, Mons. P. de, Celigny, Switzerland.

Loven, Professor 8., Stockholm.

Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., L.S., &c., 15, Lombard Street. E.C.
Lucas, Joseph, jun., Esq., Upper Tooting, Surrey.

Ludlow Natural History Society.

Lyall, George, Esq., F.G.S., 38, Winchester Street, South Shields.
Lyell, Sir C., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., L.S., V.P.G.S., &c., 72, Harley Street, Cavendish Square. W.
Lyon, Bibliothéque de la Ville de.

McMurtrie, James, Esy., Radstock, Bath.

Mackeson, Henry B., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Hythe, Kent.

Macmillan, Messrs., Cambridge.

Mac Moreland, Rev. J. P., The Manse, Minto, Hawick. N.B.
Macredie, T. M., Esq., Perceton-by-Irvine, Ayrshire, N. B.
Madras Government Museum (per Messrs. Williams and Norgate).

Maggs, T. C., Esq., Medical Hall, Yeovil.

Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, Upper Thames Street. E.C.
Manchester Free Library.

Mann, C. §., Esq., F.G.S:, Eltham, Kent. S.E.

Mansel-Pleydell, John, Esq., F.G.S., Longthorns, Blandford, Dorset.

Manzoni, Dr. Angelo, Ravenia.

Marburgh, University of.

Marshall, Reginald D., Esq., Cookridge Hall, Leeds.

Marsham, Hon. Robert, F.G.S., 5, Chesterfield Street, Mayfair. W.

Martin, Miss, Bredon’s Norton, near Tewkesbury.

Mason, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., India Museum, Calcutta.

Mason, P. B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathews, W., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 49, Hanborne Road, Birmingham.
Maw, G., Esq., F.S.A., L.S., G.S., Benthall Hall, Broseley, Salop.

Meade, Rev. R. J., Castle Cary.

Merian, Professor Dr. Pierre, F.M.G.S., Directeur du Muséum, Basle.

Meryon, Edward, M.D., F.G.S., 14, Clarges Street. W.

Meyer, C. J. A., Esq., F.G.S., 8, Church Buildings, Clapham Common. S.W.
Milne-Edwards, Prof. H., F.M.G.S., Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

Mitchell, F. J., Esq., Llanbrechba Grange, Newport, Monmouthshire.

Mitchell, W. S., Esq., LL.B., F.L.S., G.S., New University Club, St. James’s Street. S.W.
Mohr, M., Esq.

Molyneaux, W., Esq.

Monk, James, Esq., Aden Cottage, Durham.

Moore, J. Carrick, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 118, Eaton Square.. S.W.
Moore, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., 6, Cambridge Place, Widcome Hill, Bath.

Moore, Joseph, Esq., Brockwell House, Dulwich. S.E.

Morton, George Highfield, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 122, London Road, Liverpool.
Murdock, James Barclay, Esq., 33, Lynedoch Street, Glasgow.

Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.

Nantes, Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de.

Neale, Edward Vansittart, Esq., 12, Church Row, Hampstead. N.W.
Newberry, Dr. John, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York.
Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich.

Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society, School of Art, Nottingham.
Nutt, D., Esq., Strand. W.C.

Oldham, Mrs., Hyde House, South Littleton, Evesham, Worcestershire.
Ojate, Countess of, Madrid.

Oswestry Naturalists’ Field Club, Oswestry.

Ormerod, G. W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., &c., Brookbank, Teignmouth.

Owen, Professor R., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., &c., Vice-President, British Museum. W.C.
Owens College, Manchester.

Paine, Mrs. J. M., Farnham, Surrey.
Panter, Rev. J. Arthur, B.A., College House, Malvern.

13

Papillon, Rev. J., Rectory, Lexden, Colchester.

Parker, J., Esq., F.G.S., Turl Street, Oxford.

Parrott, J., Esq., Llantysilio Schools, near Llangollen.

Parry, Thomas G., Esq., F.G.S., Highnam Court, near Gloucester.
Pattison, 8. R., Esq., F.G.S., 50, Lombard Street. E.C.

Paynter, Rev. Samuel, Stoke Hill, Guildford, Surrey.

Peabody Institution, America.

Pease, Thomas, Esq., F.G.S., Cote Bank, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.
Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach.

Peek, Henry W. Esq., M.P., Wimbledon House, Wimbledon, S.W.
Pengelly, William, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Local Secretary, Torquay.
Penny, C. W., Esq., Wellington College, Wokingham.
Penruddocke, Charles, Esq., Compton Park, near Salisbury.
Perkins, Rev. R. B., Wootton-Underedge, Gloucestershire.
Philosophical Society of Glasgow.

Phear, Rev. George, F.G.S., Emmanuel College Lodge, Cambridge.
Phené, John S., Esq., F.R.G.S., 32, Oakley Street, Chelsea. S.W.
Pictet, Mons. F. J., Professor of Zoology, Academy of Geneva.
Plant, James, Esq., Local Secretary, 40, West Terrace, West Street, Leicester.
Player, J. H., Esq., 213, Hagley Road, Birmingham.

Plymouth Institution, Library of.

Pomel, Mons., Oran.

Poynton, Rev. Francis, Rectory, Kelston, Bath.

Prestwich, Joseph, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Shoreham, Sevenoaks.
Portal, Wyndham 8., Esq., Malshanger House, Basingstoke.
Powrie, James, Esq., y .G.S., Reswallie, Forfar.

Price, F. G. H., Esq., 25, Glendon Cardcas Maida Hill, W.
Pryor, M. R. Joe Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Quaritch, B., Esq., Piccadilly. W.

Queen’s College, Cork (by Messrs. Hodges and Smith).
Queen’s College, Galway.

Queen’s College, Oxford.

Radcliffe Library, Oxford.

Ramsay, Mrs. Wm., Rannagubzion, Blairgowrie.

Ramsay, Professor ie C., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S., &e., Museum Pract. Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W.
Ransome, Robert Charles, Esq. 5 Tpewich:

Renevier, Mons. E., Professor of Geology, Academy of Lausanne, Switzerland.

Ricketts, Charles, M.D., F.G.S., 22, Argyle Street, Birkenhead.

Ripon Scientific Society.

Robertson, D., Esq., F.G.S., 108, Woodlands Road, Glasgow.

Robertson, Edw. H., Esq., 31, Tressillion Road, Upper Lewisham Road, London, S.E.
Robbins, George, Esq., F.G.S., 9, Royal Crescent, Bath.

Roemer, Professor F., University of Breslau, Silesia.

Rofe, John, Esq., F.G.S., &c., 7, Queen Street, Lancaster.

Roper, F. C. S., Esq., F.G.S., L.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.

Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 94, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park. W.

14

Rothery, Charles W., Esq., Little Thorpe Villa, near Ripon.
Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich. S.E.

Royal College of Science for Ireland, Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. W.C

Royal Dublin Society, Dublin.

Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Penzance.

Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro.

Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street. W.
Royal Institution, Liverpool.

Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea.

Royal Irish Academy, 19, Dawson Street, Dublin.

Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Royal Society of London, Burlington House. W.

Rudd, Rev. Leonard H., M.A., Kempsey, Worcester.

Rutter, John, Esq., Ilminster.

Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Highfields, Thelwall, near Warrington.

Sabine, General Sir Edward, R.E., F.R.S., L.8., &c., 18, Ashley Place, Westminster. S.W.

St. John’s College, Cambridge.

St. Peter’s College, Cambridge.

Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park.

Salt, S., Esq., Ulverston.

Sanders, Gilbert, Esq., M.R.LA., &c., Brockley-on-the-Hill, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.

Sanders, W., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Local Secretary, Hanbury Lodge, The Avenue, Clifton,
Bristol.

Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, Wellington, Somerset.

Saul, G. T., Esq., F.Z.S., Bow Lodge, Bow Road. KE.

Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., 9, Finsbury Circus. E.C.

Saunders, W. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S., L.8., &c., Lloyd’s, E.C.

Savy, Mons. F., Local Secretary, 24, Rue Hautefeuille, Paris.

Scarborough Philosophical Society.

Seguenza, Prof., Messina.

Sells, T. J., Esq., F.G.S., Guildford.

Severs, J., Esq., Airthwaite, Kendal.

Sharman, George, Esq., St. Leonard’s Villas, West End Lane, Kilburn, N.W.

Sharp, John, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Culverden Hill, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Sharp, Samuel, Esq., F.G.S., S.A., Dallington Hall, Northampton.

Sheppard, T, Byard, Esq., Selwood Cottage, Frome. :

Sheppard, Alfred B., Esq., Torquay.

Sidney Sussex College Library, Cambridge.

Simpson, J. B., Esq., Hedgefield House, Blaydon-on-Tyune.

Skaife, John, Esq., 6, Union Street, Blackburn.

Sladen, W. P., Esq., Ezley House, Halifax.

Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes.

Smith, Rev. Charles Lesingham, Little Canfield Rectory, near Dunmow.

Smith, Captain Robert, 65, Frankford Avenue, Rathgar, Dublin.

Smith, Rev. Urban, Stoney Middleton.

Smithe, J. D., Esq., C.E., F.G.S., Madhopoor, Punjab (by Messrs. Smith, Elder, and Co.).

Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Museum, Taunton.

15

Sopwith, T., Esq. F.R.S., G.S., 103, Victoria Street. S.W.
Society Isis, Dresden (per Dr. H. B. Geinitz, F.M.G.S.).

Spencer, John, Esq., Rock T'errace, Crawshawbooth, Manchester.
Spicer, Henry, Esq., jun., F.G.S., 19, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars. .C.
Spink, J., Esq., Drax, Selby.

Spragge, W. Kenuaway, Esq., the Quarry, Paignton, South Devon.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., M.A., Tor Crest, Hall, Torquay.
Stephens, Darell, Esq., St. Stephens, Ridgeway, Plympton, Devon.
Stevens, C., Esq.

Stewart, Mrs. John, 7, Grosvencr Crescent, Edinburgh.

Stewart, S. A., Esq., 6, North Street, Belfast.

Stobart, W. C., Esq., Etherley Lodge, Darlington.

Stockholm Academy of.

Stoddart, W. W., Esq., F.G.S., 9, North Street, Bristol.

Studer, Herr B., For.M.G.8., Professor of Geology, Berne.
Summers, Geo., Esq., Stoke Wake, Blandford.

Sunderland Corporation Museum.

Sunderland Subscription Library.

Swayne, H. J. F., isq., The Island, Wilton, Wilts.

Tawney, EH. B., Esq., F.G.S., 16, Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol.

Taylor, John, Esq., Earsdon, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Taylor, S. Watson, Esq., Erlestoke Park, Devizes.

Tennant, Professor Jas., F.G.S., &c., 149, Strand. W.C. (Ywo Copies.)

Thomas, Capt. F. W. L., R.N., Rose Park, Trinity, near Edinburgh.

Thompson, Miss S., Stamford.

Thompson, Thomas, Esq., Hull.

Thomson, Professor Wyville, LL.D., F.G.S., Edinburgh.

Thorpe, W. G., Esq., F.G.S., Gloucester House, Larkhall Rise, S.W., and Barton House,
Ipplepen, Devon.

‘Torquay Natural History Society.

Trautschold, Dr., Moscow.

Traquair, Professor R. H., M.D., Royal College of Science for Ireland, Stephens Green,
Dublin.

Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart., F.G.S., Wellington, Newcastle-on-Tyne; and Athenzeum Club. S.W.

Trinity College, Cambridge.

Twamley, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., 11, Regent’s Park Road. N.W.

Tyler, Capt. Chas., F.L.S., G.S., 317, Holloway Road, Holloway. N.

Tylor, Alfred, Esq., F.L.8., G.S., Warwick Lane, Newgate Street. .C,

University of Edinburgh.
University of Glasgow.
University Library, Aberdeen.
University Library, Leipzig.
University Library, St. Andrew’s.

Valpy, B. H., Esq.
Verneuil, Mons. Edouard de, Mem. de I’Instit., F.M.G.S,, 76, Rue de Varenne, Paris.

16

Vernon Park Museum, Stockport.
Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.

Wall, Geo. P., Esq., F.G.S., 3, Victoria Street, Broomhill Park, near Sheffield.

Walmstedt, Dr. L. P., Professor of Mineralogy, Upsala.

Walton, William, Hsq., 11, Paragon, Blackheath. S.E.

Ward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Rodbaston, Penkridge.

Wardle, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., St. Edward Street, Leek.

Waring, Samuel Long, Esq., F.G.S., The Oaks, Norwood, Surrey. S.

Warrington Museum and Library.

Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.

Watson, Rev. R. B., F.G.S., 4, Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh.

West, G. Herbert, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., Woodcote, Bournemouth, Hants.

Westermann, Messrs., New York.

Wetherell, N. T., Esq., F.G.8., &c., Highgate. N.

White, Alfred, Esq., F.L.8., West Drayton.

Willaume, T. B. T., Esq., jun., 9, Queensborough Terrace, Kensington Gardens. W.

Willeock, J. W., Esq., Cliebion, Clemmaes, Montgomeryshire.

Williams and Norgate, Messrs., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

Willis and Sotheran, Messrs., Strand. W.C.

Wilson, J. M., Esq., B.A., F.G.S., Rugby.

Wiltshire, Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.L.8., Sec. G.S., &c., Honorary Secretary, 25, Granville Park,
Lewisham, Kent. S.E.

Winstone, Benjamin, M.D., 53, Russell Square. W.C.

Witts, Rev. E. F., F.G.S., Rectory, Upper Slaughter, near Stow-on-the-Wold.

Winchester College Natural History Society.

Winwood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 4, Cavendish Crescent, Bath.

Wollaston, G. H., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Clifton College, Bristol.

Wolley-Dod, Rev. Charles, Eton College.

Wood, Edward, Esq., F.G.S., R.S.L., &c., Local Secretary, Richmond, Yorkshire.

Wood, Henry, Esq., 10, Cleveland Square, Bayswater. W.

Wood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Holwell Rectory, Sherborne, Dorset.

Wood, Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S., Penola, South Australia.

Wood, Rev. Matthew T., Settle.

Wood, 8. V., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Treasurer, Beacon Hill House, Martlesham, Woodbridge,
Suffolk.

Woodall, Major J. W., M.A., F.G.S., &c., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough.

Woodd, C. H. L., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Roslyn, Hampstead. N.W.

Woodward, Charles, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Compton Terrace, Islington. N.

Woodward, Henry, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Z.S., British Museum. W.C.

Worcestershire Natural History Society, Foregate, Worcester.

Wright, F. Beresford, Esq., Aldercar Hill, Langley Mill, Nottingham.

Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 1, Donegall Street, Belfast.

Wright, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E., G.S., Vice-President, St. Margaret’s Terrace, Cheltenham.

Wurzburg, the Royal University Library of.

Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York.

Zoological Society of London, 11, Hanover Square. W.

CATALOGUE OF WORKS

ALREADY PUBLISHED BY

THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY:

Showing the ORDER of publication ; the Yuars during which the Society has been in

operation ; and the Contents of each yearly Volume.

Vol. i. Issued for the Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 21 plates.

» IL*

SY

Biv ks

&

The Reptilia of the London Clay, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Profs. Owen and Bell, 38
plates. :

The Hocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. F. HE. Edwards, 9 plates.

1848

The Permian Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King, 29 plates.
The Reptilia of the London Clay, Part II, Crocodilia and Ophidia, &., by Prof. Owen,
18 plates.
The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Milne Edwards
L and Jules Haime, 11 plates.

The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 7 plates.
1849

The Crag Mollusca, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 12 plates.
The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 15
1850 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 138
plates.

The Fossil Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 19
lates.

The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen, 39 plates.
1851 |
The Fossil Lepadide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 5 plates.

i The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne
Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part I, Tertiary, by Mr. Davidson, 2 plates.
1852 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part II, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. HE. Edwards, 6 plates.
The Radiaria of the Crag, London Clay, &c., by Prof. E. Forbes, 4 plates.

* The volume for the year 1849 consists of two separate portions, each of which is stitched in a paper cover, on

which are printed the dates 1848, 1849, and 1850.

3

18

CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.

The ee Corals, Part 1V, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 10
plates.

The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates.

The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 10 plates.

The apete of the Great Oolite, Part II, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 8
plates.

The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 8 plates.

The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen, 9 plates.

Vol. VII. Issued for the Year
1853

The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates.

The Mollusea of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 7
plates.

The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16
plates.

The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 2 plates.

The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 6 plates.

The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mr. F. HE. Edwards, 8
plates.

[ The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part II,,No. 2, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
5 VEEL: 3 *1854 |

( The Mollusea of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 11 plates.
The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 12 plates.
| The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 2, Prosobranchiata, continued, by Mr. F. EH.
EA D.& Ay $1855 Edwards, 4: plates.
The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part ITI, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 11 plates.
The Tertiary Hntomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 6 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Part I, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.

The Fossil Echinodermata, Part II, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 12 plates.
The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part [V, Permian, by Mr. Davidson, 4 plates.
ee. e os 1856 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
The oe of the Wealden Formations, Part IV (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen,
11 plates.
The Reptilia of the London Clay (Supplement), by Prof. Owen, 2 plates.

{ The Fossil Echinodermata, Part ITI, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates.
J The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
» XL ” 1857 | The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement 1), by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
{ The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 8 plates.
The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk, 22 plates.

The Fossil Echinodermata, Part IV, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. E.
| Edwards, 6 plates.
Bee 118 i 1858 | The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen,
7 plates.
ea Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates.

The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates.
The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate.
The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 13 plates.

The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates.
yep Aili DE , 1859
e

* This Vol. is marked on the outside 1855. { This Vol. is marked on the outside 1856.

Vol. XIV. Issued for the Year

roe S\ ie

» AVI,

oe V LL

BALL.

op 2D Gs

3)

» ASL.

2”

39

19

CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.

The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates.
i The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formation, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates.
1860 4 The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate.

| The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates.

L The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates.

plates.

ies) Fossil Echinodermata, Vol. II, Part I (Oolitic Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13
1861
Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates.

¢ The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 11 plates.
The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I, by Mr. J. W. Salter,
6 plates.
1862 4 The Fossil Bracthiopoda, Part VI, No. 1, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates.
The Hocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 7 plates.
The Reptilia of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen,
10 plates.

The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W.
Salter, 8 plates.
1863 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates.
The Belemnitide, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips.
L The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates.

r The Fossil Echinodermata, Vol. II, Part II (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 6

lates.
The Trilbbites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part III, by Mr. J. W.
Salter, 11 plates.
1864.4 The Belemnitide, Part IL, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates.
| The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd
| Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates.
Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous,
L and Wealden Formations.

The Crag Foraminifera, Part I, No. 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and
H. B. Brady, 4 plates.
1865 2 Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates.
The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates.
The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 12 plates.

¢ Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates.
The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr.
1866 4 J. W. Salter, 6 plates.
| The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates.
( The Belemnitide, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 13 plates.

c Flora of Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. EH. W. Binney, 6 plates.
Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part 1V, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates.
The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates.
1867 4 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray
| Lankester, 5 plates. t
The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis spelza, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd
L Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates.

* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.
The previous volumes are not in separate parts.

20

CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued.

Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates.
The Fossil Merostomata, Part aM ee by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates.
* . | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates.
Vol. XXII.* Issued for the he The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates.
| The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
[ The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelea, concluded, with F. lynx, by
Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates.

( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates.
| The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates.
| The Belemnitide, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 9 plates.
Py. 8.00 0B 1869 « The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and
EH. Ray Lankester, 9 plates.
The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.
The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 5 plates.

The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10
plates.
» XXIV.* _,, 1870 | me Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VIT, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates.

( The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates.
|

The Hocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 5 plates.
The Fossil, Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates.

{ The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates.

The Fossil Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward,
5 plates.

Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, with an

, Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. 5S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W.

a Harmer, 7 plates and map.

1 SEV.* 44 ue Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen,
_ 3splates

The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs W. Boyd Dawkins

and W. A. Sanford, 2 plates.

| The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins,

at aa 5 plates.

f Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan, with an Index
to the Tertiary and Secondary Species, 7 plates.
XXVI* 1872 | The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 5 plates.
ea 1 The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Eurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H.
| Woodward, 10 plates.
| The Trigoniz, No. I, by Dr. Lycett, 9 plates.

é The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol I, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates.
Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by Mr.
Davidson, 8 plates.

Suppiement to the Crag Mollusca, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates.
» XXVII* , a876 Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen, 2
plates.

Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa) No. VI, by Prof. Owen.
The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates.

( The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. 8. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr.
| D. Robertson, 16 plates.
Oe VLE — 5 18744 The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones
and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. S. Brady, 5 plates.
The Trigoniz, No. II, by Dr. Lycett, 10 plates.

* These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding ; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in
a cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope.

LIST OF MONOGRAPHS

Completed, in course of Publication, and in Preparation.

MONOGRAPHS which have been CompLetEep :—

The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Devonian, and Silurian Corals, by MM. Milne Edwards
and J, Haime.

The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Mr. G. Busk.

The Tertiary Echinodermata, by Professor Forbes.

The Fossil Cirripedes, by Mr. C. Darwin.

The Post-Tertiary Hntomostraca, by Mr. G. 8S. Brady, the Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D.
Robertson.

The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones.

The Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones.

The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones.

The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Liassic, P&rmian, Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian
Brachiopoda, by Mr. T. Davidson. .

The Mollusca of the Crag, by Mr. S. V. Wood.

Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8. V. Wood.

The Great Oolite Mollusca, by Professor Morris and Mr. J. Lycett.

The Cretaceous (Upper) Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe.

The Fossils of the Permian Formation, by Professor King.

The Reptilia of the London Clay (and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds), by
Professors Owen and Bell.

The Reptilia of the Cretaceous, Wealden, and Purbeck Formations, by Professor Owen.

The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen.

MONOGRAPHS in course of PusBLication :*—

The Flora of the Carboniferous Formation, by Mr. E. W. Binney.

The Crag Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady.
Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Dr. Duncan.

The Echinodermata of the Oolitic and Cretaceous Formations, by Dr. Wright.

The Carboniferous Entomostraca, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, J. W. Kirkby, and G. S. Brady.
The Fossil Merostomata, by Mr. H. Woodward.

* Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective
Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary.

22

MONOGRAPHS in course of Pustication—Continued.

The Trilobites of the Mountain-Limestone, Devonian, and Silurian Formations, by Mr. J. W.
Salter.*

The Malacostracous Crustacea, by Professor Bell.

Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, by Mr. T. Davidson.

The Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett.

The Eocene Mollusca, by Mr. 8. V. Wood.

The Belemnites, by Professor Phillips.+

The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, and
Professor Traquair.

The Reptilia of the Wealden Formation (Supplements), by Professor Owen.

The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, by Professor Owen.

The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, by Professor Owen.

The Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen.

The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford.

The Cetacea of the Crag, by Professor Owen.

* Unfinished through the death of the Author, but will be continued by Mr. H. Woodward,
+ Unfinished through the death of the Author.

MONOGRAPHS which are in course of PREPARATION t-

The Flora of the Tertiary Formation, by Mr. W. S. Mitchell.

The Cretaceous Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady.

The Foraminifera of the Lias, by Mr. H. B. Brady.

The Graptolites, by Professor Wyville Thomson.

The Polyzoa of the Chalk Formation, by Mr. G. Busk.

The Paleozoic Polyzoa, by Dr. Duncan.

The Crinoidea, by Professor Wyville Thomson.

The Wealden, Purbeck, and Jurassic Entomostraca, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones and G. S.
Brady. e

The Post-Tertiary Mollusca, by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.

The Cretaceous Mollusca (exclusive of the Brachiopoda), by the Rev. T. Wiltshire.

The Purbeck Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge.

The Inferior Oolite Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge.

The Rhetic Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge.

The Liassic Gasteropoda, by Mr. Ralph Tate.

The Ammonites of the Lias, by Dr. Wright.

{ Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective
Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary.

23

Dates of the Issue of the Yearly Volumes of the
Palzontographical Society.

The Volume for 1847 was issued to

ee
2)

33

1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874

33

the Members,

March, 1848.
July, 1849.
August, 1850.
June, 1851.
June, 1851.
August, 1852.
December, 1853.
May, 1855.
February, 1857.
April, 1858.
November, 1859.
March, 1861.
December, 1861.
May, 1863.
May, 1863.
August, 1864.
June, 1865.
April, 1866.
December, 1866.
June, 1867.
June, 1868.
February, 1869.
January, 1870.
January, 1871.
June, 1872.
October, 1872.
February, 1874.
July, 1874,

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PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII.

LONDON:
MDCOOLXXIV.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA

OF

SCOTLAND

INCLUDING SPECIES FROM

ENGLAND AND IRELAND.

BY

GEORGE STEWARDSON BRADY, O0.M.ZS.,
THE REV. HENRY WILLIAM CROSSKEY, F.G.S.,

AND

DAVID ROBERTSON, F.G.S.

LON DON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
1874.

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PRINTED BY
J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.

Inrropuction.—Vagueness of the general title “ Post-Tertiary ”
Terms “ Northern Drift,’ “‘ Brick Clay,” “Till,” “ Boulder Clay ”

§ I. Varieties or Boutprer “Cray:
I. Oldest Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay .
II. True Fossiliferous Boulder Clays
Fossiliferous Boulder Clay of Caithness
1. Wick Harbour
2. Burn of Haster
III. Stony Clay, of the same age as the Clyde Shell Clay, intone peta
Boulder Clay; Lag, Isle of Arran < :
IV. Sands, Gravels, and Clays, containing Boulders, but she Datoeats to the
Oldest Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay
1. Chappel Hall, Airdrie
2. Lag, Arran

§ II. Varieties or Fosstzrirerous Derostts not BEING Boutprr Ciays anp not Post-
GLACIAL :
Necessity for subdivision
The distinction between Glacial ie aaiee ae Raised ekshes, ane. not
sufficient .
I. Fossiliferous Beds incareenly ea the Boulder Clay, and either Pre-
glacial, aii = or Glacial, without having any Boulder Clay for their
‘ie :
<eCrag 7” of Averteetighite
: Kilmaurs Bed, with HZ. primigenius ata C. rtidtns
Ostracoda from Kilmaurs
3. Tangy Glen, near Campbeltown
Ostracoda from Tangy Glen F .
4, King Edward, Aberdeenshire: Section of beds: Ostracoda
II. Fossiliferous Beds intercalated between masses of Boulder Clay
1. Crofthead, near Glasgow; with Bos primigenius .
Freshwater Ostracoda
2. Oakshaw Hill, Paisley

PAGE

10

ll

11

13
13
14
16
16
Le
18
19
20
21
21

il SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.

III. Great series of Fossiliferous Post-Tertiary Clays, Sands, and Gravels, charac-
terised by a Fauna more or less intensely Arctic :
IV. Clays and Sands characterised by an Arctic Fauna, either. sampaiatly over-
lying Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, or separated from it by a thin seam of
Laminated Clay : : 7
Period to which these Beds icine’
The finely Laminated Clay
Ostracoda in the Laminated Clay

§ ILI. Ostracopirerovus Brps :

A.—Principal Beds characterised by an Pere ae se the Bamecn dikes

have yielded :
1. Paisley

. In and around Glasgow
. Stobeross Railway Cutting, Gearor
. Jordan Hill, near Glasgow
Govan
Rowan Bridge, Gn a Paisley Canal
Old Mains, Renfrew :
. Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire
. Dumbarton
10. Loch Lomond .
11. Garvel Park New Dock, ean
12. Cumbrae College, Clyde . ; 5 -
13. Kilchattan, Isle of Bute . : i : :
14. Kyles of Bute . :
15. East Tarbert, Loch Fine .
16. West Tarbert
17. Loch Gilp
18. Crinan
19. Duntroon
20. Dyer’s Burn, Fort William
21. Lucknow Pit, Ardeer Iron-works, Ayrshire
22. Cleshmahew’s Tile-works, Stranraer
23. Terally Brick-works, Mull of Galloway
24. Port Logan Cliffs F
25. Dipple Tile-works, Girvan
26. Errol, Perthshire
27. Elie, Fifeshire .
28. Dryleys, Montrose
29. Barrie, Forfarshire
30. Gamrie, Banffshire
3]. Annochie, Aberdeenshire

OOUWA NB w wo

PAGE

22

22
22
23
25

25

25
28
31
33
35
36
37
38
41
42
43
52
53
56
58
60
61
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
70
71
74
75
75
76
if

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. iil

PAGE
B.—Summary of the characteristics of the Arctic Shell Beds:
The Arctic Fossiliferous Clays do not necessarily belong to one Age Ou
Fluctuations of Climate may have taken place ; ce we!
Summary of Differences existing between Arctic Fossiliferous Clays :
I.. They vary in position with respect to Boulder Clays. Pits:
II. Boulder Clays may be Arctic Shell-bearing Clays j ee)
III. Distinctions exist between the Faun of the separate Beds Saks)
IV. Several Littoral Shell Beds mark different Coast-lines . 1 ee
V. Shell Beds are found at varying heights ; : 79
VI. The Position of the "ie edulis Bed denotes differences in depths
of water ; : ee
C.—Series of Beds of later date, and not in any way ihvatie indicating the steps
through which the present physical geography of Scotland has been
reached since the retreat of the ice : . . 80
I. Deposits possibly belonging toa period of Rinna conditions
than now exist : . . 80
1. Blair Drummond, Valley of the Forth : . 80
2. Colintraive, Kyles of Bute ‘ : ted
3. Irvine Water, Ayrshire . 82
II. Series of Post-glacial deposits belonging to the most recent sania
of the depression of the land. ; : . 85
Raised Beaches and Estuarine Beds é 2 ee
Estuarine Muds of Firth of Tay and Firth of Forth : 85
Relation of the Estuarine Muds to old Sea Channel between the
two Firths . : « SD
Sections at Stirling and Bridge of wiles with Osean:
1. Drip Bridge, Stirling . . : 2 SO
2. Brick-works south-west of Stirling : OL
3. Bridge of Allan , : Sy tes)
Estuarine Muds at the Mouth of the South Esk - 89
Varying heights above sea-level of Raised Beaches and Hataarine
Muds, with Ostracoda : : : “89
4, Paisley, Cardium edule Bed - : «9 99
5. Isle of Cumbrae : , 3 . 90
6. West Tarbert Silt - ; : 3 ESE
7. Oban s - “ 7 2eue
§ IV. GenERAL sEQUENCE oF THE Post-TERTIARY Beps or ScorTLanD 4 198
A, Pre-glacial Period s : ; : : . 94
B. Glacial Period :
I. Early Glacial : : ; : : a? poe
II. Middle Glacial ; 94

III. Final Glacial 5 : F : : . 94

iv SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
C. Post-glacial Period :
I. Early Post-glacial ; : : , .
II. Middle Post-glacial ; » 3s
III. Final Post-glacial—the termination of the Period being indeed by
the most recent elevation of the land ; : . 9
Previous notices of Ostracoda from Scotch Post-tertiary Beds : - 6
§ V. Tue Post-rertTI1aRy OstRAcopA . - 96

Relationships between Glacial Fauna of ‘genainnd: ie Bact British mann, and
the Glacial Fauna of Norway and Canada, established by Ostracoda as well
as Mollusca. - ; ; - : » O37

§ VI. Enenisu, Intse, ann Wetsu Post-rertiary Deposits EXAMINED FOR Ostracopa. 100

1. Carrickfergus ; é s z : . 100
2. Portrush ; ‘ ; : : . Tot
3. Belfast . : : 6 ‘ ‘ . 102
4. Bridlington : ‘ ; : : . 103
5. Hopton Cliff . ; : F ‘ . 103
6. Hornsea 5 ; F , é . 104
7. Cardifi . : : ; : : . 105
8. Liverpool ; : ; ‘ : . 106
9. Branston Fen , ‘ F ’ ; . 107
10. Whittlesea ; , : ; ‘ « 303
11. Chester , : : ‘ ; . 108
§ VII. Cuassiricarion or tHE Ostracopa ‘ : : A . 109

§ VIII. Disrrisution or THE Post-rERTIARY OsTRacoDA:

1. Freshwater and Marine Species 5 j uve

2. Arctic Species in Norway, Scotland, and ern . als

3. Post-tertiary, extinct : : : : - LT9

4, Glacial and Post-glacial of Norway . 5 j . 119

5. Glacial of Canada : : 5 : -, 128
Bibliography é : : : : : - 22m
§ IX. Descriprion or Species - : : : : . 128
I. Family: Cypridz - : : : : . 123
1. Genus: Cypris . : : : : - 1238

a es Cypridopsis - F : 5 - 128

oes Potamocypris : : i ; - 129

AT ae; Paracypris ; : : , . 1380

Bis Satay Aglaia . : , : ; . 131

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.

: Argilleecia

Candona .

Pontocypris

Bairdia

II. Family : Darwinelladz

1. Genus: Darwinella

III. Family: Cytheridez
1. Genus: Cythere .

2.

Ee O°

SE OT

SS Se
Dee Sr Oso

14.
IV. Family :

Limnicythere
Cytheridea
Eucythere
Krithe
Loxoconcha
Xestoleberis
Cytherura
Cytheropteron
Bythocythere
Pseudocythere
Cytherideis
Sclerochilus
Paradoxostoma

Cypridinad
1. Genus: Asterope .

V. Family: Polycopide
1. Genus: Polycope

VI. Family: Cytherellidz

1. Genus: Bosquetia

§ X. SuprremMent .

§ XI. Tapie m1usrratine THE DistrisuTion or OstTRACODA IN Post-TeRTIARY LocaLitigs *

Inpex or Famities, Genera, AND SpxctEs

EXPLANATION OF PLates I—XYVI.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

POST-TERTIARY

ENTOMOSTRACA OF SCOTLAND

(INCLUDING SPECIES FROM ENGLAND AND IRELAND).

INTRODUCTION.

Tue larger part of the Ostracoda, described in the following Monograph, occur in the
Glacial and Post-glacial beds of Scotland, and their geological position is a matter of
very considerable importance. A mere catalogue of species under the vague general
title of “ Post-tertiary” would have little or no geological value. The numerous
deposits, which such a term as “ Post-tertiary ” includes, are widely separated from each
other, both in age and in the climatic conditions they represent. A vast series of clays,
sands, and gravels were deposited during the epoch intervening between the commence-
ment and cessation of more vigorous conditions of climate than are now prevalent in
Great Britain ; while that cessation itself was certainly gradual and may possibly prove
to have been accompanied by its own recurring periods of increased heat and returning
cold. It would be foreign to the purpose of this Monograph to discuss any theoretical
explanations of the phenomena of the Glacial Epoch ; but we shall endeavour to indicate
the precise characters of the various beds containing the species of Ostracoda we
describe. Whatever position in the great sequence of deposits any bed we have
examined may ultimately be pronounced to occupy, we trust that its identification with
our description may be sufficiently easy to permit the facts we have ascertained
concerning its composition and fauna to be of service to future students.

]

2 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

This task is not without its difficulty, smce many different writers upon the Glacial
Epoch have employed the same terms, without meaning the same things. Three terms
we shall at once discard. The term Northern Drift is far too loose to afford any help in
the identification of the position of a bed; while one of the peculiar characteristics of
the clay of the Clyde district, in which the fauna of the epoch is most perfectly preserved,
is that it is in no sense whatever a drift, but one of the most gradually and quietly
formed of deposits. The term Brick Clay is equally objectionable, since clay capable
of making bricks may belong to any period, and the brick clay of one part of the
country may be geologically distinct from that of another. The use of the term 7Z%// is
also i danger of misleading through its employment by the older Scotch geologists in a
very vague sense; in fact, whenever a bed of coarse silt, or clay, or sandy loam was
found contaming boulders it was called Z1/.

While retaining the term “ Boulder Clay,” we cannot employ it without considerable
explanation. If we were to content ourselves with noting that certain species of
Ostracoda occur zz the “ Boulder Clay,” or beneath the “ Boulder Clay,” without speci-
fying the precise character of the deposit to which we refer, it would lead to great
confusion. Under the general term “ Boulder Clay” a very miscellaneous collection of
deposits, attributable to different causes and belonging to various periods of the great
Glacial Epoch, has been vaguely included. Any clay containing boulders is not
necessarily identical with the oldest Boulder Clay of Scotland. A fossiliferous Arctic
clay may contain boulders (as boulders may be found scattered through the Paisley Shell-
beds), and yet cannot be described as Boulder Clay without an extreme misuse of terms.
Boulders have been in all probability dropped into the Shell Clay from ice floating over
the Firth of Clyde, precisely as they are dropped from the ice floating at the present day
in the St. Lawrence, and this Shell Clay, into which the boulders fell, may have been
resting upon an old “ Boulder Clay” and have been formed long subsequently to its
deposition and by entirely different agencies. A “ Boulder Clay” may have been
carried from the land into the sea by a glacier breaking off into an iceberg, and thus
have covered littoral Sheil Clays, and have become mixed with fragments of shells,
although not itself of marine origin.

Without theorizing, therefore, upon the origin of the various beds roughly meluded
under the general terms “‘ Northern Drift,” “Brick Clay,” “Till,” “ Boulder Clay,” it is
necessary to note their characteristics in order that the physical geologist may understand
the exact positions in which the Ostracoda we catalogue occur.’

1 These deposits have been treated of to some extent in the series of Memoirs on the Post-tertiary
fossiliferous beds of Scotland, by Messrs. Crosskey and Robertson, in the ‘Transactions of the Geological.
Society of Glasgow,’ vol. ii, p. 267; vol. iii, pp. 113, 321; and vol. iv, pp. 40, 128. See also Mr. Cross-
key’s paper on the Boulder Clay, ibid., vol. iii, p. 149.

BOULDER-CLAYS. ; 3

§ I. VARIETIES OF BOULDER-CLAY.

I.—One bed is so distinct in character and so easily recognised that one of the
writers of these pages proposed, some years ago, that to it the term “ Boulder Clay”
should be entirely restricted,’ and this course will be followed in the present Monograph.

This Boulder Clay contains a large number of striated and polished stones which
have been worn down, and not broken, by the process through which they have passed.
These polished and striated surfaces are so freshly preserved that the stones could not
have been rolled on a beach subsequently to their production. Any trituration would
at once destroy the fineness of the glaciated surfaces.

The included stones are chiefly traceable to the heights nearest the locality in which
the special bed under examination is found, although a distinct proportion have been
derived from the more distant mountains. In some cases the included boulders have
travelled from distances in the direction along which a glacier would naturally have
moved, according to the general conformation of the country.

The colour, as well as the general character of the enclosed stones, is determined by
the mineral character of the district in which it is found. 5

There is no distinct stratification, although there are occasional seams of sand and
- clay. The Boulder Clay varies in tenacity; but, as a rule, is toughly compact and hard
to be worked even with a pick-axe.

Its thickness is excessively variable, extending from a mere surface-covering of the
rock to a depth of one or two hundred feet.

The highest pomt at which the stratified clay containing glacial shells has yet
been found in Scotland is at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie, 526 feet above the sea; but an
unstratified and unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, of the character just described, may be
raced to very considerable heights. It has been seen by Mr. J. Geikie on the tops of
the Ochils, 1500 feet; by Mr. Croll on the Pentland Hills, 1617 feet; by Mr. Milne
Home, near Schehallion, 2000 feet above the sea; and it may be found in almost every
nook and corner of the Highlands. At lower levels it is very largely developed, both m
the plains themselves and on the flanks of the hills bordering wide valleys.

While this Boulder Clay reaches to a height of at least 1500 feet beyond that at
which any arctic shell-clay has yet been discovered, it at the same time underlies
the shell-bed throughout the whole of the west of Scotland, as well as in some of the
Eastern districts. Many instances of this fact will be noted in the detailed descriptions

1 See a paper “On the Tellina calcarea Bed at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie,” by Henry W. Crosskey,
in the ‘ Quarterly Journal Geolog. Soc.,’ 1865, vol. xxi, p. 219.

4. POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

of the beds we have examined. Shell-beds have also been found, under circumstances
needing special local examination, intercalated between masses of Boulder Clay of the
same character.

The only cases in which a Boulder Clay physically analogous to that of which we are
treating contains fossils are those which will presently be described as a second type of
Boulder Clay, which forms cliffs near the shore and never extends beyond a few miles inland.

Whatever explanation of its origin may be given, so far as present investigations
extend, there seems to be ample evidence for the existence of a Boulder Clay: (1) Older
than the stratified clay containing Arctic shells ; (2) extending to far greater heights than
either any fossiliferous Boulder Clay or any stratified clay ; (3) unsubjected to any action
of the tidal wave upon the shore ; (4) and connected with the more remote and extreme
Arctic conditions of the Glacial Epoch.

The position of the beds from which we have obtained Ostracoda in relation to this
Boulder Clay will at any rate furnish a guide available for the practical use of the
advocates of any theory regarding their succession, which may be in debate.

II. There are fossiliferous Boulder Clays which have several striking peculiarities.

1. They occur (so far as we yet know) either close to the coast or within a distance of
four or five miles, and generally form low clifls immediately on the shore. They may be
seen on the north-east coast of Scotland, along the north-east coast of Ireland, on the
north-east coast of England, on the Lancashire coast, and along the banks of the Mersey.

2. The shells they contain are very seldom perfect, except in the case of a univalve,
like Zurritella communis; and, even when perfect, they are not found in their natural
living position. These features form a remarkable contrast to the state of the fossils in
the great shelly beds resting upon the Boulder Clay in the Clyde districts. In those
beds numerous specimens of such Molluscs as Sazicava (Panopea) Norveyica, and
Mya Uddevallensis are found in their natural upright position, with fragments of the
syphon preserved; while Pecten Islandicus, Astarte sulcata, and almost every other
bivalve, together with the Ostracoda, occur with united valves; and in many cases, when
they are taken freshly from the clay, the connecting ligament may be detected, although
it quickly decays on exposure to the air.

3. The fauna is sometimes less Arctic in character than that yielded by the stratified
glacial clay immediately resting upon the lowest unstratified Boulder Clay. The
Caithness Boulder Clay, which reaches a thickness of more than 100 feet, contains
(writes Mr. Jamieson) “‘remains of sea shells all through it, often from top to bottom,
and these shells are broken, rubbed, and scratched, evidently by the same agency that
marked the rocks and boulders,” while “the group is the most modern, except that of

FOSSILIFEROUS BOULDER-CLAYS. 5

Fort William,” and “the proportion of Arctic species is less than at any of the other
localities.”

Mr. Jamieson gives the following explanation of the probable origin of the Caithness
fossiliferous Boulder Clay :—“ A set of marine beds containing Arctic shells were probably
deposited over the low part of Caithness; and much drifting ice seems to have passed
over the district from the north-west, which crushed and destroyed these marine beds,
broke the shells, and mixed them up with other superficial dédris into that mass of
rough pebbly mud which now overspreads the surface. These marine beds were
probably of different ages; the older containing Arctic species, the later containing
chiefly Boreal and southern forms. This would account for that mixture of species ©
which we observe in the Caithness list.’”*

4. The fauna, also in some of the fossiliferous Boulder Clays, is somewhat mixed.

Foraminifera, ¢.g., are found in the Caithness Boulder Clays, which have been
derived from the wearing down of the oolite, lias, and chalk blocks they contain. In the
same clays there is also a mixture of southern, British, northern, Arctic, and North-east
American species of Mollusca.”

While this Boulder Clay possesses the general appearance of the Boulder Clay first
described, containing the usual striated and polished stones and being compact and
unworkable, these characteristics may fairly be described as, in many instances, not quite
so intense in their development, although often their only distinguishing mark is the
presence of shell fragments.

Its peculiar position in cliffs near the shore, the occurrence of fossils, and its general
composition, seem to sustain the theory that in some cases it marks the point where the
débris of great glaciers was pressed to the bottom of the sea at their final point of
descent ; and it may be of the same age as the shell-beds, which, in other localities, rest in
hollows of the unfossiliferous Boulder Clay ; while in other cases it may be an accumula-
‘tion dropped from icebergs, and in others a wash from an older bed during the final
re-elevation of the land.

Withont reference, however, to the method of its formation, as a matter of fact there
exists a fossiliferous Boulder Clay (1) not xecessarily of the same age as the unfossiliferous
Boulder Clay ; (2) with an included fauna more or less Arctic, although mixed and
fragmentary ; (8) chiefly developed in the neighbourhood of the shore, in the form of sea
cliffs ; (4) physically, not always distinguishable from that which underlies the Shell Clay
of the Clyde district, although sometimes marked by a diminution in the intensity of its
ice-marks.

} “On the Glacial Phenomena of Caithness,” by T. F. Jamieson, F.G.S., ‘Quarterly Journal of Geol.
‘Soc.,’ 1866, vol. xxii, pp. 272, 273.
* Jamieson, paper cited, p. 278.

6 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

1. Wick Harsour.

We examined the fossiliferous Boulder Clay at Wick Harbour and Burn of Haster,
for Ostracoda. It is a hard compact mass with striated and polished boulders, similar in
composition to that Boulder Clay in the west of Scotland, in which we have failed as yet
to detect fossils. We are unable to make any physical distinction between the two
Boulder Clays now mentioned.

The Caithness Boulder Clay varies in depth and is generally overlain by shingly gravel,
succeeded by surface soil. The fossils are thinly interspersed from top to bottom through
the section, and are very much worn and fragmentary. They appear very equally distri-

-buted, as if the whole mass had been mixed up and kneaded together, and can be obtained,
although sparingly, on the face of weather-beaten sections. On some strong valves of
Cyprina Islandica glacial strize may be observed.

Mr. Jamieson gives the following section at Wick Harbour :

1. Reddish-brown clay, with boulders ;

2. Dark pebbly silt, with broken shells ;

3. Old Red Sandstone ;
and adds the following description : “In the banks beside the harbour (at Pulteney
Town) the drift is fifty or sixty feet deep. The lowermost two thirds of it are a sandy
mud or silt of a very dark grey colour, solid and firm, as if much compressed, and
although there are a good many small pebbles dispersed through it, yet they do not form
a large proportion of the mass, and there is an absence of big stones. Fragments of
shells are in many places not uncommon, and are scattered through it in an irregular
manner, not occurring in horizontal lines or seams. There is, in short, no distinct
stratification, although in some places there is an approach to it, owing to patches of a
more sandy nature occurring ; it is an unstratified pebbly silt, the greater part of the
mass consisting of fine sand. The upper part of the bank, on the other hand, is of a
browner, more ferruginous colour, much coarser in quality, with more muddy sediment,
and few or no shells; it is also full of stones and large ice-worn boulders of sandstone,
quartzose mica-schist, and granite, on which the glacial scoring is well marked ; one of
these granite blocks is twelve feet in length. I cannot say that there is any clear line of
separation between this coarse upper stuff and the dark siltier matter beneath; for
although in some places the distinction is pretty well marked, in others they seem to
graduate into each other. When the rock rises in the cliff, the dark silty portion thins
out, and the coarse brown mud full of boulders rests immediately upon the ice-worn
surface of the Caithness flags.’

We washed 12 lbs. of the dry shell-bearing clay, and found that it lost 4 Ibs. .
through a sieve of ninety-six threads to the inch, leaving 8 lbs. residue, of which 2 lbs.

1 «Quarterly Journal of Geol. Soc.,’ 1866, vol. xxii, p. 265.

FOSSILIFEROUS BOULDER-CLAYS. 7

was retained ina sieve of one eighth of an inch mesh, and consisted of small stones more
or less worn and striated. The remaining 6 lbs. was chiefly sand.

The following Ostracoda were found:

Cythere viridis, Miller.

— mirabilis, Brady.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— tenera, Brady.

— lutea, Miiller.
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.

— papillesa, Bosquet.

Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).
Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

2. Burn or Haster.

Along the banks of the Burn of Haster, near Wick, Mollusca are more abundant than
at Wick Harbour, although the Boulder Clay is very coarse and contains many stones of
large size.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— Finmarchica (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Aestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars.
Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars.
Cytherideis subspiralis, nov. sp.

III. A third clay, which has been improperly, we believe, termed Boulder Clay, is
precisely of the same age, although not of the same physical character, as the stratified
shell-bearing clays of the Clyde and other districts. An example may be seen near Lag
Arran, overlying the older Boulder Clay from which it is very distinctly separated ; it is
hard and compact, but not so hard and compact as the clay on which it rests, while the
stones it contains are generally smaller, much more worn, and, except in a few

8 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

exceptional cases, far less distinctly striated. The Arctic shells found scattered through
it, although chiefly in single valves and broken, are decidedly better preserved than iv
the fossiliferous Boulder Clay just described. A Zeda, indeed, has been found with both
valves united, and the bed contains species as characteristic of the ordinary Glacial Clays
as Pecten Islandicus, Astarte boreals, Leda pernula, Cyprina Islandica, together with
Foraminifera and Ostracoda. Patches of sand and gravel are common. This clay is
evidently the wash of an old Boulder Clay upon a somewhat exposed coast. ‘The angular
blocks have been jumbled together, their striations half obliterated, and their polish
somewhat worn off, while the clay has been washed and rewashed around them, and a
rude and rough habitat formed for the scanty development of a marine fauna. In an
account of these beds given by Dr. Bryce and one of the authors of this paper,’ it is
pointed out that the upper part of the shell-bed is a little sandy, while in the lower part
the character more closely approximates to the underlying Boulder Clay.’

The following Ostracoda were found in the shell-bearing clay, of the character now
described, on the banks of the Cloinid Burn, near Lag Arran. A complete section of
the bank will be given as we proceed to notice the next division of so-called Boulder
Clays:

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— concinna, Jones.
— Clutha, nov. sp.
— emarginata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
— papillosa, Bosquet.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
-— undata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.

IV. A series of deposits composed of sand, gravel, and clay, and containing boulders
often in large numbers, must be carefully discriminated from the “ Boulder Clay ” of this
paper.

Instead of the innumerable finely polished and striated stones characteristic of the
“ Boulder Clay,” these beds contain stones with coarsely worn surfaces and half oblite-

1 « Arran and other Clyde Islands,’ by J. Bryce, LL.D., 4th ed., p. 184.
2 A different view of this clay is taken by the Rev. R. B. Watson, B.A., in his paper “On the Great
Drift Beds with Shells in the South of Arran,” ‘ Trans. Royal Soc. Edin., vol. xxiii, p. 523.

FOSSILIFEROUS BOULDER-CLAYS. 9

rated striz, while many retain no signs of ice-action. Differimg in texture, they are often
loose and rubbishy—sandy and earthy—and to a large extent have been exposed to the
wear and tear of air and water.

They sometimes contain blocks even larger and heavier than those in the lower clay ;
but these blocks may have been dropped into the bed by floating ice.

1.—Some of the beds of this series consist of a thick clay with many boulders, and on
a cursory examination might easily be mistaken for ‘ Boulder Clay” in the sense in which
we have employed the term. ‘They may be distinguished, however, by observing that the
included stones while often angular and subangular, have a feeble polish, and preserve
only faint reminiscences of their former striations. Generally speaking, also, the clay and
the boulders are far less compactly pressed together, and are not welded, like the old
Boulder Clay, into an almost solid mass.

Sometimes a shell bed may be seen intervening between an upper bed of this
kind and a lower Boulder Clay; and at other times the two clay beds may be seen
in contact, the shell bed having been eliminated.

During some excavations at Chappel Hall, near Airdrie, the following sections were
exposed within seven yards of each other

fie. Ws

Upper clay with boulders. o) de®
Finer clay, containing smaller stones, with t vllina calcarea “aid Cyprina

Islandica ; in the deepest part (but rapidly thinning out) > eee |
Boulder Clay, not pierced.
At seven yards’ distance the shell bed disappeared and the two clays met.
Upper clay with boulders. : ,; uN ee es
Boulder Clay, not pierced through : ORG

We carefully examined these two clays, and found the distinctions between them very
decidedly marked. The boulders in the lower bed were polished with extreme fineness,
and the striations upon them were numerous and clear, but in the upper bed only a few
stones had slight indications of striae, while many had the appearance of having been
worn down. ‘The upper clay was also looser and more easily worked than the lower.

2.—Other beds of this series are composed of sand and gravel rather than clay, and
are either unstratified or very rudely stratified, and often contain angular and

imperfectly stratified boulders.
2

10 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Between these beds also and the older Boulder Clay shell beds have been discovered.
The following section occurs along the banks of the Cloinid burn, near Lag Arran.'

1. Surface soil.

2. Upper drift of sand and stones’. . variable thickness.
3. Compact bed of stones with little sand ; : 5 to 6 ft.
4. Upper drift of sand and stones é : . variable thickness.
5. Dark sandy bed with open texture : : 4to 5 ft.
6. Stony clay bed, with Arctic shells . 7 to 10k
7. Boulder Clay . é : : 12 to 20 ft.

In this section we may see in regular and ascending order—

An older Boulder Clay (I of this paper, p. 3), unfossiliferous and typical.

A fossiliferous clay (III of this paper, p. 7); a wash from an older bed, with a
scattering of striated stones.

A younger series of clays, sands, and gravels (IV of this paper, p. 8); unfossiliferous
(in this case), loose and sandy, and retaining some feebly striated stones.

From the diverse characteristics of the deposits now described, and which have all
been included more or less generally under the terms—Tiull, Northern Drift, Boulder
Clay, it is evidently of the utmost importance that precise descriptions of the clays in
which Ostracoda and other fossils have been discovered should be given. Employing a
vague nomenclature, a species may be said to occur zz the Boulder Clay, and yet have
been found either in the second or third or fourth of the beds discriminated in this paper ;
or a species may be said to occur wader the Boulder Clay, and have been found under the
first or the fourth.

A fossil really belonging to the age of the Paisley Clay might thus, for example, be
ascribed to a more remote or a more recent era almost ad diditum, to the great confusion
of any attempts to understand either the variations of climate or the distribution of species
which may have taken place during the Glacial Epoch and the subsequent physical
history of Great Britain.

1 Bryce, ‘Arran,’ &c., p. 185.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 11

§ II. VARIETIES OF FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS, NOT BEING BOULDER-
CLAYS. '

Necessary as it is to distinguish the so-called “ Boulder Clays” from each other, it
is equally necessary to note the differences existng between those numerous Post-tertiary
fossiliferous deposits of Scotland which cannot under any circumstances be described as
Boulder Clays, and in the larger number of which Ostracoda occur in more or less abundance.

In the earlier researches into the Post-tertiary beds of Scotland two superficial deposits
alone were noted. The lowest was vaguely termed “Till, a stiff unstratified clay mixed
with boulders,’ while the upper was described as brick or finely laminated clay overlain
by sand and gravel. The whole of the fossils found were classed together and catalogued
by Mr. Smith of Jordan Hill, in the first catalogue ever issued,’ as belonging to the
“Newer Pliocene deposits in the British Islands.”

As Mr. Smith’s investigations proceeded he discovered that he had confounded two
distinct sets of beds, and that there were in the elevated marine beds of sand, gravel, and
clay, which cover the older formations, at /east two deposits differing in climate and
fauna, and separated by wide intervals of time.* He discriminated the “ glacial deposits”
of Great Britain and Ireland from the “raised beaches,’ and a Glacial Epoch was added
to the geological record.

Mr. Smith published a second catalogue in which he confined himself to the marine
Testacea, including Cirripedia, Annelida, and Foraminifera ’’—Ostracoda had not then
been detected—of the “glacial deposits.’”* This catalogue, however, presents many
difficulties. Apart from the fact that there is a very perplexing employment of
synonyms, the original specimens from which several “ new species’ were described have
not been preserved, so that it is impossible to decide whether some of them may not
have been identical with the varieties of modern conchologists, and many of the /ocalities
are far too vaguely specified for identification.

The simple distinction between “ raised beaches” and “ glacial deposits ” does not at
all cover the whole ground occupied by the fossiliferous beds in question.

1 «Transactions of the Wernerian Society.’ 1839.

2 «Researches in Newer Pliocene and Post-tertiary Geology.’ By James Smith, F.R.S. Glasgow:
John Gray. 1862.

> Ibid., p. 46. In connection with this department of Scotch Geology, the name of Mr. Smith ought
always to be honourably remembered, and the results of his researches acknowledged. His collected papers
indicate the successive steps which led to his great discovery, and constitute a chapter of great value in the
history of Post-tertiary geology.

12 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Professor Edward Forbes, in his paper “ On the Connection between the Distribution
of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and the Geological Changes which
have affected their area, especially during the Epoch of the Northern Drift,’ while
referring in his catalogue of “species of marine animals found fossil in beds of the
Glacial Epoch” to localities so broadly defined as “Scotland,” “ drift beds of Scotland
and Ireland,” and “ Clyde beds,” nevertheless, by the whole course of his arguments
plainly indicates that these beds themselves must differ from each other in their general
characteristics, and require to be studied separately rather than be roughly gathered into
one group.

Among the “chief conclusions” (some of which subsequent researches have neces-
sarily modified) in which he sums up the results of the facts and arguments stated in the
essay the following occur, which bear upon the existence, among the Post-tertiary fossili-
ferous deposits under discussion, of many varieties of beds deposited neither at one time
nor under one set of circumstances.

“The greater part of the terrestrial animals and flowering plants now inhabiting the
British Islands are members of specific centres beyond their area, and have migrated to it
over continuous land before, during, or after the Glacial Epoch” (p. 399).

“The termination of the Glacial Epoch in Europe was marked by a recession of an
Arctic fauna and flora northwards, and of a fauna and flora of the Mediterranean south-
wards, and in the interspace thus produced there appeared on land the general Germanic
fauna and flora, and in the sea that fauna termed Celtic ” (p. 401).

“The causes which thus preceded the appearance of a new assemblage of organized
beings were the destruction of many species of animals, and probably also of plants, either
forms of extremely local distribution or such as were not capable of enduring many
changes of conditions,—species, in short, with very limited capacity for horizontal or
vertical diffusion ” (p. 401).

“ All the changes before, during, and after the Glacial Epoch appear to have been
gradual and not sudden, so that no marked line of demarcation can be drawn between
the creatures inhabiting the same element and the same locality during two proximate
periods” (p. 401).

The recession of one fauna and flora and the advance of another, the changes in the
local distribution of species caused by the elevation and subsidence of the land, and the
gradual passage from one set of conditions to another, must be indicated in the varying
composition of the different deposits.

The first important attempt to classify the various beds belonging to the “ Scotch
glacial drift,” as well as explain their origin and determine their sequence, was made by
Prof. A. Geikie, whose treatise “On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland” was
published in 1863.’

1 «Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. i. London, 1846.
2 «Transactions of Geological Society of Glasgow,’ vol. i, part ii.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 13

Other investigators, including Mr. Jamieson, of Aberdeen, Mr. Croll, Mr. Milne
Home, Mr. James Geikie, and many other geologists, have largely advanced our know-
ledge; and the reader may be referred to many papers which during the last few years
have appeared in almost every volume of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of
Glasgow ;’ ‘ Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow ;’ ‘Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh ; ‘ Transactions of the Geological Society of Edinburgh ;’
‘Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh ;’ ‘ Geological Magazine ;’
‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ &c.

We proceed to describe the various fossiliferous deposits, not being Boulder Clays,
which have come under examination for the purposes of this paper.

There are various striking differences both in position and character existing among
the Post-tertiary fossiliferous glacial clays, sands, and gravels, which raise questions of
great intricacy and importance, and by which (at any rate for the purposes of study) they
must be more or less distinctly separated from each other.

In the following remarks (as well as throughout this paper) we mean by “ Boulder
Clay” the first clay which we described’ among the varieties to which that name has
been affixed.’

I. Fossiliferous beds, the remains either of the inimediate Pre-glacial period or Inter-
glacial or Glacial, have been discovered immediately beneath the Boulder Clay, and without
any Boulder Clay for their base.

The fact of the occurrence of these fossiliferous beds in this position does not, of
course, either prove them to belong to one epoch or determine their precise age at all, but
its significance will be illustrated by the following examples.

1. Suains AND CruDEN, ABERDEENSHIRE.

In the parishes of Slains and Cruden, on the east coast of Aberdeenshire, some
thick masses of sand and gravel have been described by Mr. Jamieson, ranging up to
200 feet above the sea-level, which are covered in many places “ by the red clay of the
Glacial Period, containing large boulders and ice-scratched stones,” and have no Boulder
Clay below them, and which contain a fauna allied to that of the Crag strata of England.’

‘There can be no doubt that the group of species mentioned in the following passage

1 See page 3.

2 Mr. James Geikie, in his elaborate and remarkable work on “ The Great Ice Age,” which has been
published while these pages are passing through the press, restricts the term T'l/ to the Boulder Clay of
this paper.

3 «Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc.,’ 1865, vol. xxi, p. 161.

14 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

is entirely different from any group discovered either in the older glacial or the more
recent deposits of Scotland.

“There are fragments of Voluta Lamberti, Cyprina rustica, Nucula Cobboldie, Fusus
contrarius, Purpura incrassata, Nassa elegans, Nassa reticosa, Turritella incrassata, and
probably Zrophon costiferum, forms unknown either in our glacial beds or in our present
sea. Besides these there are the broken remains of many others, of the genera Cardium,
Pecten, Venus, and Astarte, which differ from those found in any of our glacial beds, and
one of the most common shells is Pectwnculus glycimeris, which attained a large size.”

2. KILMAURS, NEAR KILMARNOCK.

Messrs. John Young and Robert Craig have published notes “On the occurrence of
Freshwater Plants and Arctic Shells, along with the remains of the Mammoth and Rein-
deer, in beds under the Boulder Clay at Kilmaurs.” ”

Since the discovery (1816) of the remains of Llephas primigenius and Cervus tarandus
at Woodhill quarry, Kilmaurs, near Kilmarnock, considerable interest has attached to
the beds underlying the Boulder Clay in this neighbourhood. Dr. Bryce has published *
the following section of beds exposed during excavations made under his direction. One
of the writers of this paper noted the section in company with Dr. Bryce, and is perfectly
satisfied that the sixteen feet of Boulder Clay consist of precisely the same clay as that
unfossiliferous Boulder Clay we have described and to which we limit the term.

1. Carboniferous Sandstone, terminating upwards in beds of sandy clay,
resembling a fire-clay
2. Hard gravel, with a little clay, and small WE of md smooth Cary ae

of them quartz and trap, but all free from striation : | tte
3. A fine dark-blue clay, with occasionally small bits of quartz and other

pebbles, extremely distinct in character - . . 9 im
4, Sand, irregular in structure, very fine in places and again coarse,

approaching gravel, very like river-sand : ; 6 to 18 in.

5. Boulder-clay, of reddish-brown colour, very tough and unworkable, full of
large boulders and smaller stones, mostly smoothed, polished, and
striated ; bits of coal-shale, covered with striations, not crushed . | POde
6. Upper Drift, with stones, but much more open in texture, no striations . 20 ft.
7. Subsoil and surface soil.

1 ‘On the Hist. of the last Geol. Changes in Scotland,’ by T. F. Jamieson, F.R.S., p. 162.

2 ¢Transactions of the Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. iii, p. 310.

3 “On the Occurrence of Beds in the West of Scotland beneath the Boulder Clay,” by James
Bryce, M.A., LL.D., F.G.8., ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxi, 1865, p. 213.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 15

During this excavation no fossils were found, but from the same quarry a tusk of
Flephas primigenius and a pair of horns of Cervus tarandus were sent some years ago to the
Hunterian Museum (University of Glasgow), with a statement that they had been found
at a depth of thirty-four feet from the surface. By washing some sandy clay in which the
horns were embedded, and also the clay preserved in the cracks and crevices in the tusk,
Messrs. Craig and Young have discovered (1) that the specimens came from the same bed,
and (2) that this bed was of freshwater origin, and quite distinct from any bed
containing marine shells.

It appears clearly proved, therefore, that there exists in this district, beneath the old
Boulder Clay, a freshwater bed containing the remains of 27. primigenius and C. tarandus.

New pits having been sunk, Messrs. Craig and Young have been able to throw
fresh light on those beds beneath the Boulder Clay we are now discussing.’

At No. 9, Woodhill, Kilmaurs, about half a mile from the old Woodhill quarry,
the following beds were pierced :

Surface-drift and Boulder-clay —. : - ae Ut,
Sand bed, containing Arctic marine shells. : ; ? fi. 1:
Sandy peaty clay, about : : R 5 parle.
Coarse gravelly sand . ; ‘ : 1 ft. 6 in.

Carboniferous strata.

Every one of the nine species of Mollusca found in this sand bed also occurs in the
glacial clay, resting in hollows of the Boulder Clay (of which we shall presently speak), so
that the bed is entirely different from Mr. Jamieson’s Aberdeenshire “ pre-glacial”’ sand
and gravel, although it occupies the same position relatively to the Boulder Clay.

The same remark applies to a sand bed found beneath the Boulder Clay at a pit
250 yards south-east from No. 9 pit, where the section is—

Surface-drift and Boulder-clay . . . Ad ft.
Sand bed, with Arctic shells . ‘ 5 ‘ sD Et
Clay-shale, the roof of the “ Major Coal.”

In this pit the coarse gravelly sand and sand and peaty clay of the neighbouring pit
are absent.”

Messrs. Craig and Young believe that the freshwater bed, containing mammalian
remains, is situated beneath the Arctic shell-sand, and consequently conclude that the
land has suffered a long submergence since the mammoth and the reindeer existed in the
pre-glacial valley of the Carmel at Kilmaurs, but for their ingenious argument on this
point we must refer to the paper already cited.

1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. iii, p. 315. 2 Ibid., p. 316.

16 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.
The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere concinna, Jones.
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.

3. Taney GLEN, NEAR CAMPBELTOWN.

In Tangy Glen, about six miles from Campbeltown on the road to Tarbert, about
300 yards up the little stream, at a pomt where it turns eastwards, and 130 feet above
the sea-level, the water has cut deeply into the bank, exposing a cliff of Boulder Clay
rising to the height of upwards of 100 feet.

This Boulder Clay is of the most pronounced type, stiff, compact, and full of highly
striated stones of various sizes. At one part a finer or more sandy bed, gradually
thinning out, is intercalated with the clay ; and such lenticular beds are not uncommon
in the Boulder Clays of the West of Scotland. Within this Boulder Clay, and covered by
it, a stratified shell-bearing clay is seen standing up like a boss or knoll, and has doubtless
been brought to this form by abrasion. At the point of greatest exposure it is thirteen feet
high; and it can be traced, as it thins down along the edge of the streamlet, for a distance
of sixty or seventy yards. The exact depth could not be ascertained; but, as the rock
is seen at a short distance on either hand, it is probably not more than a few feet deeper
than the actual exposure, and we could detect no Boulder Clay beneath it. The shell-
bearing clay is dark grey in colour, and contrasts strongly with the underlying Boulder
Clay, which is of a full reddish-brown.

Boulder Clay. Shell-bearing Clay.
50 per cent. fine mud. 80 per cent. fine mud.
27 Py sand (21 fine, 6 coarse). 14 ss fine sand.
23 » gravel. 6 » gravel.

The fossils in this deposit are but sparingly met with—Mbllusca especially are com-
paratively rare—Leda pygmaa being the prevailing shell, with an occasional Leda pernula,
Venus ovata, Corbula gibba. Some species, however, are of an extremely Arctic character,
and while somewhat common in the glacial beds on the east coast, are very seldom met
with in the west of Scotland. Pecten Grenlandicus, e.g., is common at Montrose, Errol,
and Elie, but in the west we have only seen it at Tangy. It is remarkable that at Mont-
rose it is only obtained at a great depth, seldom less than thirty or forty feet, but at Elie
it is found only a few feet beneath the surface and within reach of the tide, and in neither
of these cases beneath the Boulder Clay; while at Tangy it is beneath Boulder Clay, and
130 feet above the present sea-level.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. i

Montacuta clevata, an Arctic species, very rare in the glacial clays of Britain, also
occurs. The Ostracoda (of which we collected twenty-three species to be presently
enumerated) have much in common with those found in the clays on the east coast of
Scotland, which represent more strongly Arctic types than those generally found in the
west. Amongst these are—

Cytheropteron Montrosiense, nov. sp.
Cytheridea Sorbyana, Jones.

Only one of these has yet been found in the glacial clays of the west of Scotland—
C. Montrosiense, which we obtained at a depth of eighteen feet from a glacial clay,
dippmg away from the Clyde, near Govan. C. Sorbyana is a common species in. the
glacial clays of Norway.

There is little doubt, however, that these species will be at some time found in a
western clay, just as we have found in a pit in Ayrshire a solitary specimen of Leda
arctica, which is the characteristic shell of the Errol clay on the west, but the fact of
their extreme rarity, to say the least, in the west and abundance in the east is full of
significance.

Height above the sea 1380 feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.
— lutea, Miiller.
— limicola (Norman).
— globulifera, Brady.
— concinna, Jones.
— LDunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— Sorbyana, Jones.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— undata, G. O. Sars.
— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
= arcuatum, NOV. sp.
— Montrosiense, nov. sp.
Bythocythere constricta, G. O. Sars.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).

18 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

4. Kine Epwarp, ABERDEENSHIRE.

A shell-bearing silt is in this section covered by a thick mass of Boulder Clay, which
is fossiliferous in its lower portion only; but, as its base has not been exposed, it is
uncertain whether any Boulder Clay extends beneath it.

Mr. Jamieson gives the following section, and remarks that the broken shells in the
lower part of the coarse upper drift appear to have been derived from the glacial marine
silt below, in which the shells are zm sz¢i.

Feet.
1. Water-worn gravel and sand, stratified, often rather coarse and pebbly,

and somewhat ferruginous. Contains no fossils . 10 to 25
2. Unstratified pebbly mud of a dark-grey tint, hard, and difficult to

pierce. The stones in it are of small size, but numerous, and some of

them are glacially scratched. In the upper part I could see no

shells; but shell fragments occur in the lower part, increasing in

numbers towards the base. Some of the shell fragments show

distinct traces of glacial action : : . 20 to 30
3. Fine brownish sand, in some places rich in tele This sand is

interstratified with the upper part of the subjacent bed. 1 to 2
4. Fine dark-grey silt, free from stones, containing Arctic shells com-

plete, and apparently in sité...... This silt is very firm, as if much

compressed, and the greater proportion of it consists of fine muddy
sand. ‘The base of this bed has not been exposed, but it has been
excavated ..... to a depth of ten feet. No difference in the quality
is to be seen to this depth; no stones. The upper surface of this silt
is about 150 feet above the sea.’

Mr. Jamieson classes the fossils found at King Edward with the Paisley, Kilchattan,
and Gamrie groups, as being less intensely Arctic (as we shall also have occasion to
remark when describing the Ostracoda) than the Errol and Elie groups. |

Height above the sea 150 to 200 feet.

1 «Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc.,’ 1866, vol. xxii, p. 275.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 19

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
punctillata, Brady.
— Sorbyana, Jones.
Cytheropteron Montrosiense, nov. sp.

5. Thus the following classes of fossiliferous beds may be found deneath the Boulder
Clay, and without any observed Boulder Clay for their base :

a. Marine sands and gravels more allied to the English Crag than to the glacial
clays.

6. Beds of freshwater origin with the remains of Hlephas primigenius and Cervus
tarandus.

c. Marine beds containing the common Arctic fauna of the Clyde glacial beds.

d. Marine beds which have been broken up by some disturbing force, and some of
the shells from which have been mixed with the Boulder Clay under which they were
finally crushed.

It does not necessarily follow from the mere position of any one of these beds beneath
a Boulder Clay that it must belong to an “interglacial”’ period ; many other considerations
are needed to determine this pomt. A Boulder Clay may have been deposited upon a
shell bed during some interglacial period, or during the later part of the glacial marine
period, according to the local circumstances of the case; or it may even have been thrown
upon it by an accidental displacement long after its own original formation.

Il. Hossiliferous beds have been also found, situated between masses of Boulder Clay,
which have been referred (together with other sand and gravels) to a series of “ Interglacial
deposits.’

The actual occurrence of fossiliferous beds between masses of Boulder Clay does not
prove that all such beds belong to the same period, or even that they were deposited in
the middle of the Glacial Epoch itself.

It is possible (as instanced in Caithness) that drifting ice should have passed over a

1 «On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch.’ By James Geikie, F.R.S.E. Triibner and Co.,
1872.—‘ The Great Ice Age.’ By James Geikie, F.R.S.E. W. Isbister and Co., London.

20 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

shell bed of the same age, to say the least, as the later Clyde shell beds, and have
deposited Boulder Clay upon it.

Whether this actually happened or not in the special cases quoted from Caithness
does not affect the possibility in question.

It is equally possible that during the final recession of the ice, at points where the
glacier reached the sea, Boulder Clay may have been thrown over shell beds belonging to
the most recent period of the Glacial Epoch.

Regarding these intercalated beds, it has also to be determined whether they occupy
their peculiar position naturally or accidentally.

The Boulder Clay (as has already been described) exists in great undulating ridges, as
well as against hillsides and in the interstices of broken ground, and often rises up in
hillocks and eminences, and has marine shell clay deposited in its hollows.

It is clearly within the range of possibility that it should in some instances have been
undermined by the action of water or some other physical agency, and have fallen over
a shell bed of far later date than itself.

In the series of sands, gravels, and clays claimed by Mr. J. Geikie as ‘‘ interglacial,”
and regarded by him, in his striking argument, as proving that many changes of climate
may have taken place during the accumulation of the Till and its associated deposits, few
of a fossiliferous character can as yet be quoted, so that a general discussion of them does
not fall within the limits of this paper.

We shall notice only those examined for Ostracoda.

1. CRoFTHEAD, NEAR GLASGOW.

In the cutting of the Crofthead and Kilmarnock railway, beds of freshwater clay were
exposed which have been the subject of considerable discussion. ‘They were described by
Mr. J. Geikie as interglacial, in the ‘ Geological Magazine’ (vol. v, p. 393, vi 73, vii 58),
and as resting upon and covered by the “ Till” (Boulder Clay). Mr. Craig in the same
magazine questioned whether the upper bed overlying the stratified bed was “ a deposit
from land ice,” and regarded the position of a large mass of Boulder Clay which covered
a part of the stratified clay as owing to “a series of slips.”

These stratified lacustrine clays yielded the skull and horn core of Bos primigenius,
part of the horn of Megaceros Hibernicus, and a few bones of Hyuus caballus.

' See also paper on “The Section of the Crofthead and Kilmarnock Railway.’ By Robert Craig.
‘Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ Glasgow, vol. iv, p. 17.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 21

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cypris virens (Jurine).

— cinerea, Brady.

— gibba, Ramdobhr.
Potamocypris fulva, Brady.
Candona lactea, Baird.

— albicans, Brady.
Limnicythere inopinata (Baird).
— antigua, N. Sp.
Cytheridea lacustris, G. O. Sars.
= torosa (Jones).

9. PAISLEY.

When digging a foundation on the side of Oakshaw Hill, on which part of Paisley is
built, a hill which is at its summit 106 feet above the sea-level, and stretches in a gradual
slope 800 yards from east to west, a bed of Boulder Clay was laid bare, beneath which
was found the common Arctic shell of the district “ with a bed of J/ytilus edulis on its
surface.” This Arctic-shell-clay itself, throughout the whole neighbourhood, rests upon
the Boulder Clay. The Rev. W. Fraser (from whose description we quote)’ states that
“this shell-bed was sixty-four feet above the mean sea-level, and the height rising over it
was forty-two feet, of what in ordinary circumstances would have been accepted as genuine
Till or old Boulder Clay,” and attributes its position to the stranding of masses of ice-
carrying portions of the Boulder Clay on the ridge.

Mr. J. Young, however, suggests that the position of this Upper Boulder Clay is due
either to diggings from the Lower Boulder Clay which have been removed and laid down
over more recent deposits, or to a slip of the Boulder Clay forming the crown of the hill
over more recent beds.’

This shell-clay, although intercalated in the way described, contains precisely the
same fauna as that which will be presently given from the Paisley district.

1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. iv, p. 180. 2 Tbid., p. 214.

ee
PO ee
——,

22 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

III. The first great series of fossiliferous Post-Tertiary clays, sands, and gravels is
characterised by a fauna of a more or less decidedly Arctic character.

‘These clays, sands, and gravels are found in the following positions :

(1) They exist, im the manner already described, beneath great masses of Boulder
Clay.

(2) They are intercalated, as also has been described, with masses of Boulder Clay.

(3) They either immediately overlie the fossiliferous Boulder Clay or are separated
from it only by a thin seam of laminated clay, but are not covered by Boulder Clay.

(4) They are connected with a series of sands and gravels.

Examples of Arctic fossiliferous clays beneath the Boulder Clay and intercalated with
Boulder Clay have already been discussed ; and we proceed to consider the deposits which
are Arctic in character, but are neither situated beneath the Boulder Clay nor intercalated
with it.

IV. A large class of the clays and sands, characterised by an Arctic fauna, in many
cases either immediately overlie the unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, or are only separated from
it by a thin seam of laminated clay, but are not covered by the Boulder Clay itself.

These beds belong to the period or periods during which an Arctic fauna was most
abundantly developed. Whether they consist of clay, sand, or gravel, is, of course, a
circumstance of purely local determination, as it is with the marine deposits which are
forming at the present day, but since such differences naturally influenced the fauna of
which they were the habitat we shall give some details regarding them, as we notice the
localities from which our specimens have been obtained.

As fossiliferous deposits they are generally remarkable for the perfect preservation of
the various species they contain iz sit. At Paisley, e.g., Cyprina Islandica occurs with
both valves united and covered with its epidermis; and fragile bivalves hke Mucula
tenuis, Axinus flecuosus, var. Gouldii, as well as the most delicate Ostracoda, are in a
perfect condition. From a clay bed near Blairmore, Loch Long, we have gathered
numerous specimens of Astarte, including A. borealis, A. sulcata, A. compressa, evidently
in their native habitat. In the banks of a freshwater stream near Loch Gilp, a whole
bed of Mya Uddevallensis was found, each shell in its natural boring position.

Pecten Islandicus and Saaicava (Panopea) Norvegica and Mya Uddevallensis have all
‘been collected, in the Kyles of Bute, in the positions in which they lived and died; the

|

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 23

Pecten Islandicus being often covered with large Balani, which must have been broken
had they been drifted.

In exposed situations there must have been contemporaneous beds of gravel m which
the Mollusca’ were rolled and broken and Ostracoda could not live. An example may be
seen in the railway-cutting near Drymen, Stirlingshire (140 feet above the sea), where a
gravel bed has been exposed, full of hinges and fragments of the shell of Cyprina Islandica,
fragments of Pecten Islandicus, Astarte sulcata, Buccinum undatum, and other bivalves,
while only a few univalves, like Zrophon clathratus, are entire, aud Entomostraca are very
scarce.

Very frequently these Arctic Post-tertiary clays, especially in the west of Scotland,
rest upon an unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, a thin seam of laminated clay alone interposing,
and are overlain by beds of sand and gravel, followed by peat and surface soil.

The Boulder Clay throughout the whole district is violently undulated ; and the over-
lying beds of the Arctic shell clay commonly rest in the hollows of the Boulder Clay,
although in some instances, as at Jordan Hill and Airdrie, they attain the heights of
63 feet and 526 feet respectively.

The laminated clay which so frequently interposes between the Boulder Clay and the
clay in which an Arctic marine fauna most abundantly occurs may be clearly seen in this
position at Paisley, along the shores of Gareloch and Loch Long, at Kilchattan, and
throughout the Kyles of Bute. The Boulder Clay deneath it, in all these localities, is
uniformly azoic, while the clay immediately above it is literally packed with Arctic
Mollusca and swarms with Ostracoda.

This laminated clay was formerly supposed to be unfossiliferous; we have, however,
detected in it several species of Foraminifera and Ostracoda. When the specimens are
extremely rare, it generally happens that they consist of Foraminifera only, but when they
prevail to any slight extent Ostracoda are also found.

This laminated clay was probably deposited by the cold and rapid waters of streams
issuing from beneath the snow and ice of an elevated land surface, and carrying to the
sea the fine mud with which they were charged.

The way in which it has happened that the laminated clay itself contains so few
fossils, while the clay immediately above it abounds with Ostracoda and Mollusca, is
explained by observations made in the Arctic regions by Dr. Robert Brown, of
Campster.

Dr. Brown has had large opportunities of examining ice-action, and draws the
distinction between the “ ordinary stratified azoic clay and the finer stratified fossiliferous
clay,” upon which we have been led by our study of the Scotch beds to insist ; while he

* “On the Physics of Arctic Ice, as explanatory of the Glacial Remains in Scotland.” By Robert

Brown, of Campster, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.G.S., &c. ‘Quarterly Journal of Geological Society,’ 1871,
vol. xxvi, p. 671.

24 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

expresses a strong opinion “ regarding the identical character of the sub-glacial stream-
clay, and the fossiliferous brick-clay.”

“In this clayey bed the Arctic Mollusca and other marine animals find a congenial
home, and burrow into it in great numbers. However, as the new deposits are thrown
down, they keep near the surface to be able to get their food; so that if to-day a cata-
strophe were to overwhelm the whole marine life of the Arctic regions, it would be found
(supposing by upheaval or otherwise we were able to verify the fact) that the animals
would only be imbedded in the upper strata of clay, and that the bottom one, with the
exception of a few dead shells, would be azoic ; yet I need not say how erroneously we
should argue, if, from this, we drew the inference that at the time the bottom layers or
strata of this laminated clay were formed there was no life in the Arctic waters, and that
they were formed under circumstances which prevented their being fossiliferous. The
bearing of this on the subject in question need scarcely be pointed out. It ought to be
noted that, supposing we were able to examine the bottom of the Arctic Sea (Davis’
Straits, for stance), it would be found that this clayey deposit would not be found over
the whole surface of it, but only over patches. or instance, all of the ice-fjords would
be found full of it to the depth of many feet, shoaling off at the seaward end; and certain
other places on the coast would be also covered with it; but the middle and mouth of
Davis’ Straits and Baffin’s Bay, and the wide intervals between the different ice-fjords,
would either be bare or but slightly covered with small patches from local glaciers ; yet
we should reason most grievously in error did we conclude therefrom that the other
portions of the bottom covered with sand, gravel, or black mud were laid down at a
different period from the other, or under other different conditions than geographical
position. ‘These ice-rivers seem, in the first place, to have taken their direction according
to the nature of the country over which the inland ice lies, and latterly according
to the course of the glaciers. No doubt they branch over the whole country, like a
regular river-system. When the glacier reaches the sea, the stream flows out under the
water, and, owing to the smaller specific gravity of the fresh water, rises to the surface,
as Dr. Rink describes, ‘like springs,’ though I do not suppose that he considers (as some
have supposed him to do) that that water was in reality spring-water, or of the nature of
springs. Zere are generally swarms of Entomostraca and other marine animals, which
attract flights of gulls, which are ever noisily fighting for their food in the vicinity of such
places” (p. 682-4).

It is very noticeable that the same kind of laminated clay occupies precisely the same
position in the series of glacial beds exposed near Christiania.’

We observed the following section at the Lower Foss Clay Bank, near Christiania.

1. Unfossiliferous boulder-clay (with striated blocks, hard and compact).

1 See ‘Notes on the Post-Tertiary Geology of Norway.’ By H. W. Crosskey and D. Robertson.
‘Trans. Phil. Soc. of Glasgow,’ 1868.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 25

2. Laminated clay (not to be distinguished physically from the laminated clay of the
Paisley and other sections).

3. Clay, charged with an Arctic fauna.

Just as the district around Paisley and other points where the laminated clay
occurs would, from their natural position, receive a body of fresh water, supposing the
land during the Glacial Epoch more elevated than at present; so would the district near
Christiania, at which the same laminated clay is found.

Whatever its origin, it constitutes a curiously distinct deposit ; and is easily distin-
guishable from the fine clay (sometimes itself called “fine laminated clay ” or “ glacial
marme bed’’) which succeeds it, and represents the slightly more recent bed of an arctic
sea, crowded with life.

The following Ostracoda have been found in the laminated clay :

Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Cytherura Sarsii, Brady.

§ III. OSTRACODIFEROUS BEDS.

A.—We proceed to notice in detail the principal beds of clay and sand, characterised
by an Arctic Fauna, from which the Ostracoda described in this Monograph have been
derived.

1. PAIsuey.

In studying various clay-pits exposed from time to time in the neighbourhood of
Paisley, we have observed the following beds, the measurements of which varied even
within a few hundred yards.

The Boulder Clay is of the usual irregular character, rising up in hillocks here and
there, to and above the ordinary surface-level; and in some places formed into troughs
of considerable depths.

1. Surface soil.

2. Sands and gravels (probably old river-drift).

3. Littoral marine shell bed, containing Cardium edule, Mytilus edulis, and pieces of wood
bored by Zeredo, &c. (In one section which we measured this bed was nine inches in depth.)

4. Marine fossiliferous clay :

a. Upper part ; no Mollusca to be found, but Foraminifera and Ostracoda.
6. Middle part ; a few Mollusca, Ostracoda and Foraminifera more plentiful.
ec. Lower part; fauna abundant.

zu

ee

26 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

5. Laminated clay (estuarine or marine), as a rule, only containing a few Fora-
minifera.

6. Unfossiliferous Boulder Clay.

An instance in which the fossiliferous clay has been found between two Boulder
Clays has been already noted.

We examined in detail the following section at Short Road Brickwork (south side of
road).

1. Mould ‘ ; . : ; 3 to 4 ft.

2. Gravel (no fossils) 4 upwards to | ft.
3. Thick dark clay (fossiliferous, apabialine in the ee 6 ft.) Sf:

4, Laminated whitish clay (with Foraminifera). ‘ 1g ft.

5. Yellowish-brown clay (with Foraminifera) 3 2 ft.

6. Muddy sand, not cut through (Foraminifera and @steacoulais

The Boulder Clay is met with at about the same level in a pit not more than 100
yards distant, and without doubt forms here, as throughout the district, the base of the
series. The first seven feet under the gravel is brownish coloured, especially towards
the top, and contains comparatively few fossils. Among these Mytilus modiolus is found
with united valves. The next six feet run into a dark-grey clay with an abundant
fauna. In the tenth and eleventh feet below the gravel is a bed of Cyprina Islandica.

The layer of laminated whitish clay (4) under this is more sharply defined below
than above. When dry it has little cohesion and breaks down easily between the fingers
like a piece of chalk. It is finely laminated, and washes almost wholly away through a
sieve of ninety-six meshes to the linear inch. In washing 100 oz. of dry clay, only two
drachms were Jeft as a residue, which consisted of very fine sand and a considerable number
of Polystomella striato-punctata and Nonionina depressula.

The yellowish-brown clay (5), constituting the next two feet in the section, is much
more cohesive ; the layers are divided from an inch to half an inch apart by fine sand; and
these again into excessively thin layers by lighter and darker coloured clays. In washing,
this is similar to the clay above it, and only one Foraminifer was met with. The muddy
sand (6) underlying this loses 63 per cent. in washing ; but the greater part of the loss
is an extremely fine sand. Three Foraminifera were met with, and one valve of Cytheridea
punctillata.

The fossils in the clay beds around Paisley are mostly confined, as in the section we
have now described, to the lower half of the deposit, and generally have their chief
abundance within from one to three feet of the laminated clay.

Foraminifera and Ostracoda are met with, more or less, from top to bottom of the
clay, more constantly Foraminifera; but as a rule both are found most profusely where
Mollusca prevail. In many cases Mytilus edulis occurs in considerable abundance below

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 27

Cyprina islandica, and near the bottom of the section. This is pre-eminently the case in
a clay pit west of Paisley, and at Jordan Hill, about three miles north-west of Glasgow,
where it is found fourteen feet below the surface.

The position of the fossils in the clay is not precisely the same in all the glacial beds
of the same geological horizon.

When the Greenock New Docks were excavated the laminated clay was cut through
for many feet, until the unstratified Boulder Clay was reached; and the junction was
sharply marked by a thin layer of whitish-coloured clay, three or four inches thick,
containing Foraminifera and Ostracoda. This thin stratum of whitish clay was followed
by a darker coloured clay crowded with Mollusca, amongst which were Cyprina Islandica,
Pecten Islandicus, and Tellina calcarea.

At Kilchattan tile-works, Buteshire, the fossils of all species are most plentiful, above
the laminated clay, in a bed of sand or gravelly sand, which lies between the clays and
the upper gravel.

At Elie, Fifeshire, the fossils are plentiful near the top of the clay a little under the
gravel, and amongst them are Leda arctica and Thracia myopsis, with Ostracoda of an
extremely arctic character.

In many other deposits of the same age an odd shell is only seen occasionally. This
not unfrequently happens at different points of the Paisley beds. In a brickfield on the
west side of the Cart, near the.park, one or two specimens only by diligent search may
be met with, although they are plentiful in cuttings close to the spot.

Before a microscopic examination of the clays was made the fossiliferous beds under
discussion were described as situated between an unfossiliferous upper clay and an
equally unfossiliferous laminated clay. It will be seen from the foregoing observations,
however, that they occupy no such position. Foraminifera and Ostracoda of marine and
estuarine character occur in the laminated clay, where the Mollusca are either absent or
rare, and continue throughout the upper clay, where the Mollusca gradually disappear.

It thus appears possible to trace by these fossiliferous beds, occurring in the valley
of the Clyde, (1) the pouring down of the muddy waters of an arctic river, (2) the
subsidence of the land to a depth sufficient for the abode of an arctic fauna in the waters,
(3) the gradual disappearance of the marine fauna owing to the re-elevation of the
land, (4) the recurring of a river, with far broader boundaries than now exist.

‘The height above the sea of the arctic-shell-clays around Paisley (including the
bed on the higher ground; covered with Boulder Clay, which has been previously
described) is from twenty feet to sixty-four feet.

The following Ostracoda have been found :

Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).

28 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars.
Cythere pellucida, Baird.

— castanea, G. O. Sars.

— crispata, Brady.

— viridis, Miller.

— lutea, Miller.

— globulifera, Brady.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— convexa, Baird.

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— costata, Brady.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet. —

— punctillata, Brady.
Lucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).

— fragilis, G. O. Sars.
Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars.
Cytherura concentrica, N. sp.

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— Sarsii, Brady.

— celathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Bythocythere simplex (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.
Bosquetia robusta, nov. gen. et sp.

2. IN anpD ARoUND GLAsGow.

In the immediate neighbourhood of Glasgow the arctic marine clay rests upon a
thick bed of sand, and is distinctly covered by a river-drift.’
1 On this and other connected points, see an admirable series of papers by Mr. James Binnie, on

“The Surface Geology of Glasgow,” published in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. ii, parts ii and
iii; vol. iii, part i.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 29

In sections made during the formation of Windmillcroft Dock, Mr. J. Binnie
discovered in the Upper Sands, extending from a few feet to a depth of twenty-two
feet, numerous portions of the epidermis of Unio margaritifera. ‘A few of them,” he
writes, “had belonged to single valves, and in one or two instances the epidermis of
both valves was flattened together; but the greater number were lying in their natural
position with the umbonal portion undermost, proving that they had lived and died in the
gravel and had not been drifted down by a spate.’

A bed of clay containing marine Ostracoda, together with such arctic Mollusca as
Leda pernula and Tellina calcarea, succeeded this river-drift, and was found to rest upon
a bed of white sand of considerable thickness and extent (not exhausted in nineteen
feet of dredging between the piles at the entrance of the dock), and containing some
polished and striated boulders. Mr. J. Binnie quotes the “Journal of a Bore for an
Artesian Well” made at McPhail Street, Greenhead :?

Surface soil

5
Coarse sand , ; ct 26
Clay mixed with sand : ; eee) o
Coarse sand é 2 6
River-drift ; : : «UE tt. Onm-
Good clay : : : Seo
Muddy clay é ‘ > ads 0
Marine clay ; : ‘ - 38,0
Soft running sand with gravel . 2 abl. 10
Whinstone block 2 4
Sand and gravel 7 +0
Sandstone block 0 55
Sand and gravel 1520
White sand series, probably marine : : Olds Oe

110 ft. 92in.

Over a large district, around Glasgow, and connected both with the ancient course
of the Clyde and the probable flow of glacial rivers during the period of the elevation
of the land, the deposition of the Boulder Clay (similar in character to that upon
which the Paisley shell-beds rest, and which crowns eminences such as Garnet Hill

1 «Trans, Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. ii, part ii, p. 109. 2 Ibid., part iii, p. 265.

30 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

and the New Park) appears to have been broken under circumstances which led to the
intercalation of numerous beds of sand, gravel, and clay. Two bores may be quoted as
examples :"

Blairhardie, No. 4 Pit.

Surface soil : . Atte Gam
Blue clay ; ‘ : ; «se 1
Hard stony clay. / : , <4 (CO ne
Sand with a few shells ; : ; oe lel
Stony clay with boulders : > 46). 3G
Mud and running sand : bral ad re a
Hard clay, boulders, and broken rock 2 eT, lO
170" 20

Millichin, two miles east of Garscadden.

Sandy clay 5 : » | Gite sm
Brown clay and stones 5 ; : bia
Mud . : : 5 ee .
Sandy mud ‘ : ; : ee ee
Sand and gravel with water . : . 28-0
Sandy clay and gravel : : - tee
Sand. : : . Re
Mud . : ; tO ee
Sand. ; ; : ; . Lae
Gravel . : : : - Oe ae
Brown sandy clay and stones . ; as me
Hard red gravel 4 6
Light mud and sand Pes
Light clay and stones : : : Ou
Light clay and whin block. : ‘ 20, ae
Fine sandy mud. ; , . 36,0
Brown clay, gravel, and stones : , see
Dark clay and stones x t i , NGS) 70
355 860

' A series of bores is given in detail by Mr. Binnie in ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ p. 133, vol. iii,
part i.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 31

Mr. Binnie sums up the general results as follows :—‘“ Between fifty and sixty bores
have been obtained having sand, gravel, or clay, true water-drifted materials, inter-
stratified with or lying beneath Boulder Clay. Twenty-five of these have one bed of sand
or clay intercalated between two beds of Boulder Clay, proving that one break occurred.
Ten bores have two beds of sand or clay intercalated between three beds of Boulder Clay ;
showing, of course, so many more breaks. One bore has three, and two bores have four
beds of sand, interpolated in Boulder Clay; while one bore has no less than five beds of
sand alternating with Boulder Clay,—a number sufficient to prove that the ice-sheet was
not continuous throughout the Glacial Epoch, but disappeared for periods so long that
great beds of water-made débris could be deposited in the interval. Twenty bores have
sand or gravel at the bottom and Boulder Clay above. Some of these may possibly be
preglacial and synchronous with the Crag period of England, but they are probably inter-
glacial, and only apparently preglacial from accidental causes easily supposable.” !

It must be remembered, however, that the district covered by these bores would
probably be more or less directly connected with the bed of a glacial river, debouching
into the sea, and be peculiarly affected, therefore, by the summer meltings of the ice. A
large part of it also has undoubtedly been covered by floating ice charged with débris
during the later portions of the Glacial Epoch.

At Windmillcroft, sixteen feet above the sea, the following Ostracoda have been
found :

Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

3. Stopcross RaiLway-Curtine (GLAscow).

In this cutting a section nearly half a mile in length is exposed, between Galbraith
Street on the east and Sandyford Street on the west, to a depth of forty feet from the
surface.

At the west end it passes through a layer of Boulder Clay 300 yards in length and
37 feet at its highest summit. On the east, where the knoll dips more rapidly than on
the west, it is overlapped by a fine yellow sand, which, after continuing a little further
eastward, is replaced by gravel.

On the north side of the cutting a series of sands, clays, and gravels abuts against
the Boulder Clay, and stretches over it. The sand overlies the gravel, which is covered
with the clay, and the clay at some points is overlain by sand. There is no definite
order, however, in which the sands, gravels, and clays of this neighbourhood fixedly

1 Ibid., p. 136.

32 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

recur, although the bores show that in some places sand alternates with gravel to a
depth of eighty or ninety feet.

The layers exposed in the railway-cutting do not maintain a horizontal line or follow
a regular dip, but present false beddings with violent contortions.

The overlying shell-bearing clays conform, however, to the sand banks over which they
are deposited, with depressions less or more abrupt according to their character. The
shell-bearing clays of this section are therefore evidently of later date than the estuarine
sands upon which they rest, as well as later than the Boulder Clay.

The clay is for the most part of a sandy character ; it is finest towards the east, where
it is deepest and overlapped with muddy sand, with which it is less and less mixed as it
descends.

Along the north of the cutting, where the clay is seen overlying the sand, many of the
layers of sand are more or less mixed with mud, showing that the deposit of mud has
gone on mixing with the sand until changed circumstances permitted the mud to
accumulate.

The divisions between the layers of clay are, in most instances, formed by a very
fine sprinkling of fine sand, and groups of these layers are often again divided by thicker
and coarser beds of sand.

These groups of thin layers are sometimes nearly of the same depth, but at other
times are more irregular, and the bands of sand vary in thickness,

These very thin layers appear to have been formed by frequent and gentle undula-
tions of the water. Winds and tides would carry over the mud only the finest particles
of sand, while the thicker bands would be produced by stronger winds and storms. The
lapse of time between the recurrence of these disturbing causes may be reckoned by the
distance of the bands from each other, and their strength by the depth of the bands.

From the sharp lines between the bands we may infer that the causes were transient ;
but in the case of such deposits as those at Stobcross, where the sands and clays have
been washed into each other, the conditions must have been more continuous and the
water comparatively shallow.

The fauna (which has been chiefly obtained from the east bank of clay), although not
abundant, furnishes ample proof of the purely marine character of the deposit. Among
the shells obtained were—

Tellina calcarea,
Cyprina Islandica,
Mya truncata, &c.

In the muddy sand exposed at a lower level in the excavation for the Stobcross* Docks,
close by the Clyde, brackish water Ostracoda are found, marking the change from a sea to
an estuary.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 33

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.

— porcellanea, Brady.

— viridis, Miller.

— limicola (Norman).

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

— puncetillata, Brady.

Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

4, JorpDAN HILL, NEAR GLAsGow.

‘The Crow Road, on the side of which the clay is worked, is at that point sixty-three
feet above the sea-level.

The clay extends down the incline of the hill, approaching the valley of the Clyde, on
the south, where it is exposed along the White Inch Railway, and also passes over. its
summit on the north.

Jordan Hill itself is irregularly covered with masses of Boulder Clay of variable
thickness ; the Boulder Clay, however, cannot be observed in any place to rest upon the

shell-beds.
- Our examination of one series of excavations, made to a depth of from twelve to

twenty-four feet, established the existence of the following series of beds ; their thicknesses,
as usual, varying over very narrow areas.

1. Surface soil . : : : 5 E to 2:40:
2. Reddish-brown clay (guesailoraa . : : 7 to 8 ft.
3. Dark grey or blue clay (arctic-shell-bed) , . 10:to Tage

4, Laminated clay or mud (not excavated because thee for brick
unless mixed with other clays)

The reddish-brown clay (2) is full of vertical fractures, whose sides have a bluish 1
colour, and are generally so smooth as to present the aspect of slickensides. |
The laminated clay is friable, marked by exceedingly thin laminations, and is the

5

34. POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

same as that which we have already described as underlying the clay more abundantly
charged with the arctic fauna of the district, although itself containing evidence of its
marine origin. The Boulder Clay can be traced to points at which it evidently passes
under the whole series of laminated and fossiliferous clays.

At another point of the Hill two distinct fossiliferous beds can be traced, and the
series runs :

1. Surface soil.

2. Littoral shell-bed a few inches (with Littorina litorea, L. rudis, Mytilus edulis, &e.,
all recent species).

3. Clay with arctic species ; chiefly confined to a band of two to three feet.

4. Laminated clay.

A similar littoral shell-bed (2) is met with on the low ground on the north of Paisley,
about fifty feet lower than Jordan Hill.

The two tidal belts represented by these littoral shell-beds could not have been
coexistent.

Another curious feature in this deposit is the position of the Mussel-bed. While
Mytilus edulis certainly abounds in the youngest littoral beds, it is also found at greater
depths and overlain by arctic shells.

At Paisley it is found twelve feet below the surface, at Muirhouse nineteen feet, at
Stobcross twenty-four feet, and at Jordan Hill fourteen feet.

Mussel-beds undoubtedly existed, therefore, in the early periods of the deposition of
the arctic clays as well as in the most recent, indicating several changes of level in the
sea-bottom, and marking in the various heights at which they occur changes of elevation
in the land-surface.

Height above the sea, sixty-three feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— castanea, G. O. Sars.
— deflera, nov. sp.
— viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miiller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— pulchella, Brady.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 35

Cythere concinna, Jones."
— Dunelmensis (Norman).

Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

— punctillata, Brady.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— gibba (Miller).

— cellulosa (Norman).

— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Bythocythere simplex (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

5. Govan.

In the excavations for Messrs. Randolph and Elder’s docks two beds of clay were
exposed.

1. The upper bed was composed of sand, gravel, and sandy mud, and dipped towards
the Clyde. The section was—
a. Mould : ° : . Afi.
6. Black vegetable matter, ae, vith i eaients of
twigs, &c. . . ; . ; 3 , : tte |
c. Gravel and sand alternating . : : : : =
d. Muddy sand (not pierced through) .
In the muddy sand Pecten opercularis and Trochus cinerarius were met with.
2. The lower bed was not detected in the section immediately beneath the upper, but
made its appearance at a little distance, dipping away from the river and then rising
upwards. At a depth of eighteen feet marine shells were sparingly collected, including

Cyprina Islandia,
Tellina calcarea,
Mytilus edulis,
Buccinum undatum,
Balanus crenatus.

The Ostracoda from this lower bed proved precisely the same as those common in the

1 The remains of the limbs are distinctly visible in some specimens of this species from this
bed.

36 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

fossiliferous glacial beds of the west of Scotland, with the exception of Lowoconcha elliptica,
a brackish water form, which was probably washed into it from the upper mud.

In the lower clay the following Ostracoda were found.

Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.

— viridis, Miller.

— Clutha, n. sp.

— globulifera, Brady..

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Loxoconcha elliptica, Brady.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

— Montrosiense, n. sp.

— elongatum, Nn. sp.
Bythocythere simplea (Norman).

— constricta, G. O. Sars.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

6. Rowan Briper, GLAscow aND Pais~EY CANAL.

The shell-clay appears about 100 yards to the west of this bridge. ‘The clay is of a
grey colour, and when dry consists of 89 per cent. fine mud, and 11 per cent. débris of
shells, with gravel and sand. Mytilus edulis is abundant, and is associated with Zellina
calcarea, and the usual species belonging to the arctic clays.

Height above the sea forty-six feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— viridis, Miiller.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 37

Cythere lutea, Miller.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

7. Oup Mains, RenFruw.

In a cutting for a tramway, between the Houston Pit No. 5 and the farm of Old
Mains, a bed of shells of arctic character is exposed. The cutting is from six to seven
feet at the highest point, and the bed of shells stretches along the section for about
twenty yards, cropping out towards the farm and dipping towards the River Cart.
The thickest part of the shell-stratum exposed is from eighteen to twenty inches; but
the cutting appears only to have touched the edge of the shell-bed, as it is not seen on
the opposite bank.

The deposit is made up of brown sand and earth crowded with stones, many of them
covered with Balanz. Sand predominates in the shell-stratum. Mytilus modiolus,
Saaicava rugosa, Astarte sulcata, and Axvinus flecuosus we found with united valves.
Such species as Pecten Islandicus, Tellina calcarea, Trochus Grenlandicus, T. tumidus,
Natica afinis, N. Grenlandica, Velutina zonata, Pleurotoma violacea, Buccinum
Grenlandicum, also occur.

Height above the sea thirty feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— castanea, G. O. Sars.
— concinna, Jones.
— viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

38 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O, Sars.

— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

8. Datmuir, DUMBARTONSHIRE.

The deposit at Dalmuir was first described by Dr. Thomas Thompson in a paper
entitled “On a deposit of Recent Marine Shells at Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire,” and
published in the Records of General Science,’ vol. i, p. 133 (1835). At that time,
however, the distinction was not drawn between the recent marine shell-beds and the
arctic shell-beds, to the latter of which classes the Dalmuir deposit undoubtedly belongs.
Dr. Thompson describes the locality as follows :—“'The locality in which the fossils are
exposed is situated on the banks of the Dalmuir Burn, about 100 yards above the
bridge, by which the road from Glasgow to Dumbarton crosses it, and about a mile
from the Clyde. The current of the stream is not very rapid, so that the bed of shells
is probably not more than twenty feet above the level of the Clyde, which at that place
is sensibly salt at high water. ‘The breadth of the channel of the stream at this place
is about fourteen feet, and the depth of the banks is about two and a half feet. The
sandy deposit appears to extend on both sides of the stream, upwards and downwards,
without alteration ; but the fossils are confined to a circular or rather elliptical face, the
breadth of which (across the stream) is about twenty-five feet, while its length is only
about fifteen feet. The deposit extends back from each bank only about six feet, so.
that more than one half the whole mass has been cut away during the change of the course
of the rivulet... . - The depth of the bed in its original state must have been twelve
or fourteen feet.” Mr. Sowerby pronounced three of the species there found to differ
from any known recent British species. One of them was said to be Natica glaucinoides,
a Crag fossil (really, we believe, WV. afinis, described as JV. clausa by Searles Wood in
‘Monograph of Crag Mollusca,’ Part I, p. 147); another was called Fusus lamellosus,
“which had only been observed about the Straits of Magellan” (a mistake for the
arctic species now called Zrophon clathratum, var. Gunneri); and a third, Buccinum
striatum, “an unknown species ” (now identified with B. Granlandicum, Chemnitz).

The fact, however, that these species were unknown as British, led Mr. J. Smith to

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 39

imagine that the term “recent,” which had been usually applied to such deposits, was
not rigidly correct ; and he made another excavation and published a list of shells which
established the glacial character of the beds.’

No further examination of the Dalmuir beds was carried on until we made an
excavation in the east side of the stream to the north of the bridge. on the Dumbarton
Road, in the immediately adjacent field, about half way down. At this point the shells
are discovered in great abundance, in the position described by Dr. Thompson, beneath
an overlying bed of sand and gravel. Of eleven pounds of the dry clay from this bed
three pounds two ounces were lost in washing through a sieve of ninety-six cross threads
to the inch, leaving seven pounds fourteen ounces of a residue. Three and a half pounds
of this residue were retained in a sieve of 34-inch mesh, and consisted chiefly of small
stones of trap, quartz, and sandstone ; a ini were quite smooth and only rounded at the
corners, others less or more irregular. Many of the polished stones were fractured, and
some few finely striated. The bulk of the shelly dédris in this portion was made up of
Mytilus edulis and M. modiolus. he other portion of the residue (four pounds six
ounces) consisted chiefly of sand, mixed with the plates and spines of £chimi and many
species of small Mollusca.

Besides this north patch of shell-bearing clay, there is another bed a few hundred
yards to the south which was laid open by a cutting for the water-course of the Dalmuir
paper-mill, and extends along the north side of the bank, about forty yards east of the
burn. The shell-bearing clay rises about four feet above the water-course, when it is
overlain by two feet of waterworn gravel. The upper portion of the shell-bearing clay
is more sandy than the lower, which contams more stones, most of them water-worn,
some rounded off at the corners, a few angular, and a few with well-marked striations.
Beneath the upper clay, however, is a bed of sand about six inches in thickness, in
which many of the peculiarly Arctic Mollusca are especially large and strong. Z)rophon
clathratum, e. g., is very abundant, while it is scarce in the upper part of the clay. The
sand is followed by a stiff blue Boulder Clay (common through the district) in which no
shells occur. —

The complete section is, therefore, as follows :

1. Sand and gravel : : 2
2. Shell-bearing clay. : eS gs
a. Upper part mixed with said
6. Lower part not sandy.
3. Shell-bearing sand . ; . 6 inches.
4. Boulder Clay, not pierced tinh:

1 «Memoirs of Wernerian Soe.,’ vol. viii, p. 50.

40 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

In the section on the north, the shell-bearing sandy clay was originally twelve or
fourteen feet.

In both beds the deposit of shell-bearinmg clay appears very circumscribed. It
could not be traced for more than twenty yards along the watercourse; and from the
pot where the shells are exposed, the overlying gravel deepens on both sides east and
west.

There can be no doubt, however, that many similar patches of fossiliférous sands
and clays exist beneath the surface at different points through the whole district
where circumstances have permitted their preservation, and will from time to time be
discovered.

Although the fauna of the two beds described is of precisely the same general
character, there are local differences in the species found equivalent to those which
occur in neighbouring parts of the same sea bottom at the present day. ellina
calcarea and Trophon clathratum, var. Gunnert, e.g., are more common in the south than
in the north, but 7. ¢runcatum and Lacuna divaricata, with spines of Hchini, are
much rarer.

Height above the sea thirty-eight feet.

The following Ostracoda were found:

Potamocypris fulva, Brady.
Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.

— pellucida, Baird.

— porcellanea, Brady.

— viridis, Miller.

— lutea, Miiller.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— angulata (G. QO. Sars).

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

os similis, G. O. Sars.

— pumila, N. sp.

—_ undata, G. O. Sars.

>”

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. Al

Cytherura Sarsi, Brady.
— clathrata, G. O. Sars.

Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

— nodosum, Brady.

— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Bythocythere simplex (Norman).
Pseudocythere caudata, G..O. Sars.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma tenerum, 0. sp.
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

9. DUMBARTON.

A bed of glacial clay was reached in sinking the foundations of a house near the south
end of the bridge crossmg Leven Water. The same clay appears at half-tide-mark near
Cardross, a few feet above high-tide-mark in the bay to the east of Helensburgh, and in
patches all along the bay on which Helensburgh stands as far as the spit of gravel at the
entrance of Gareloch.

Height above the sea fifteen to eighteen feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.

— viridis, Miller.

— lutea, Miller.

— wpulchella, Brady.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— lmicola (Norman).

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.

— papillosa, Bosquet.

42 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Lowoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars.

— — nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— cdathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Bythocythere constricta, G. O. Sars.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradowxostoma variabile (Baird).
—— tenerum, N. Sp.

Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

10. Locu Lomonp.

On the shore of the little island of Inchlonaig, in dry seasons when the water of the
lake is very low, a bed of dark grey clay is exposed, thickly interspersed with shells,
amongst which are Zellina calcarea, Pecten Islandicus, Leda pernula, L. pygmea, Trochus
Grenlandicus, and Pleurotoma pyramidalis, species which sufficiently establish the general
arctic character of the deposit.

The same clay has also been found in the banks of a small burn to the north of the
Pass of Balmaha.

A shell-bed of a more recent character occurs on the Loch side, in a little creek at
Rossaden, near Luss, which must not be confounded with this older arctic clay. It is
one to two feet under the ordinary level of the Loch. The clay is of a whitish colour,
and has a strong peaty smell. It is very pure, containing only a small percentage of
sand. ‘The shells are abundant, but exceedingly friable. J/ytilus edulis and Hydrobia
ulve are the most abundant ; Littorina is moderately common; and Zellina Balthica
is represented by a few valves. All these species can endure a certain admixture of fresh
water with the sea. A few Foraminifera occur of similar habitat, but no Ostracoda.

Height above the sea twenty feet.

In the glacial clay of Inchlonaig the following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— viridis, Miller.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 43

Cythere lutea, Miller.
— flimicola (Norman).
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

— puncetillata, Brady.
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron angulatum, Brady and Robertson.

os latissimum (Norman).

11. Garvet Park New Dock, Greenock.

The dock, in the construction of which the fossiliferous deposit was found, runs very nearly
parallel with the Clyde, and was cut through a slightly inclined bank of compact Boulder
Clay about sixty yards from the shore. The bottom of the section is forty feet beneath
the surface. The first ten or fifteen feet are crowded with large boulders, many of them
striated on one or more sides. ‘Towards the bottom boulders of large size are fewer, one
only being seen here and there; but the clay is closely packed with small pebbles, few of
them exceeding an inch in diameter. The great majority of the larger boulders are sand-
stones from the immediate neighbourhood, the remainder being of quartz, mica-schist,
&c., from the Argyleshire mountains to the north-west. The blocks derived from
a distance not unfrequently show much cross striation. The Boulder Clay is of such
stiff consistence that gunpowder has comparatively small effect upon it.

The deep section of the dock is about 500 feet in length, and the colour of the clay
varies, the junction of grey and reddish-brown clays at some points being very decidedly
marked both vertically and horizontally. At one place the red clay, in the form of an
obtuse inverted cone, reaches nearly to the bottom of the section; and this fact accounts
for the irregular position of the red and grey clays as described in the ‘journal of the
bores.” ‘The reddish colour of the Boulder Clay is, without doubt, due to a large
admixture of the soft Old Red Sandstone of this portion of the coast.

AA, POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

A sample of the red Boulder Clay taken from a depth of fourteen feet consisted of
76 per cent. fine mud, 10 per cent. sand, 14 per cent. gravel or small pebbles.
A sample of the grey Boulder Clay taken from a depth of thirty feet consisted of 56 per
cent. fine mud, 9 per cent. sand, 35 per cent. small gravel.
In the upper red Boulder Clay the West Highland rocks, entering into its composition,
constitute less than one third, while in the lower division of the grey Boulder Clay at the
depth of thirty feet they form more than half of the bulk.
The bores made preparatory to the construction of the dock extended over a radius of
about 600 feet, and displayed many irregularities in the succession of the two distinctly

marked Boulder Clays.

The following plan and journal of bores will illustrate the disturbed and

nature of the old Boulder Clay base of many shell-beds.

JOURNAL OF Bores at GarveL Park.

FT. IN
NOs Ue
th eee art seem ae er 1 0
(DREN Ve Dae oe ee 29 0
No. 2.
OlAITGGSANG | sre ssesste sce. fe 2
UL 1 ot ee ee 38 6
No. 3
NH et ie Sinbad ] 0
AIS Cee aie oa sack cosas 2 0
RANE ANA STAVE] 2.65.5 seeders 5 0
MAPS UEGH eos tp eeese vice oe nes 32 0
No. 4.
NOLL toe Meera Meee eee ers cicnaes 1 0
Gravel ere Meare rcs orden: 1 6
Deis tale ee belies swaseni 5 6
eee. Cull peepee tae nas de> 4 0
Sandstone rock.................. 3 0
No. 5 (in River).
S00) ISS ay > 2 0
Red till and stones .....,...... 6 0
Sandstone rock.................. l 0

. FT.

30

41

40

15

IN.

No. 6 (in River).
DDRII FRAN a: Eo cadtheescn ek betas
Byles ACA NI es gee eae Ae SSR Se
RCMHGUN cca ooo mack hncseee

No. 7 (in River).
Dark sand and shells .........
PHONG a ees secseaton teens s¥e
AVERY aie Bee. SSS ee

No. 8 (in River).
Sandiandishelle:.. eeckerseeaeue
Reds till cos seateotce nse caseeeer eee

No. 9 (in River).
Distt heer: se teeeme neers
Red tilly... Wa Ae ene:

No. 10 (in River).
Sand and.shells.......00+..+s+.0»

Ts ae

No. 11 (in River).

FT. IN
3 0
3 0
1] 0
3 6
8 0
1 6
6 0
18 0
2 0
4 0
15 0
7 6
17 6
9 0
11 6

varying
. FT. IN.
17 0
19 0
20 0
19 0
25 0
20 6

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS.

Fr. IN.
No. 12 (in River).
RR rh eh aa te. ceas wisisize 27 0
Peet TEUIS -o2. pce ge nstoes oo: ay 9 0
No. 13 (in River).
Brew. oe. oie... sere 20 40
No. 14 (in River).
ioe) ull 24 0
No. 15 (in River).
Darlswamey till 2. .... ccs coe nes GF SO,
017) | oer 14 0
No. 16 (in River).
Er eele tM sats 2.) 1 capthciaa cee oseeces 7 6
Sandstone:rock.5.2....).2,.0<04 2 6
No. 17 (in River).
Sand and shells... .4.1...00.0008. 4 0
Dariesandy th. vs..cdecace0k-s- a 0
BEE ORUU recat cn osoze sup 2eedaece 9 0
No. 18 (in River).
Marcsaady tl... ce scccesecs 6 0
AM EM eto P cece dae nacindnsaciens 4 0
mandstone rock.................- 1 0

Tixers| (lL es Geen 6 0

echo: CL SS a 13 0

WG 1005) 6 6
No. 20

Soul 5.3% eee Seeds. 1 0

Silvan shelly eesseeeeeeeent. 2. 6 6

Hrebe till 7. ....cde tears 26 6
No. 21

SiGulll eA Meee ROR J ae 58 1 0

oy D0 (6 le a 34 0

FT.

36

20

24

20

10

20

1]

25

34

35

IN.

No. 22 (in River).
Dae tH race Saciaccaisin ve sons
No. 23 (in River).
PACH TU endo o nner stayecs eens
No. 24 (in River).
UNE Ae ee eo

No. 25
NOL eRe deste ionaae aes
Gravel east ot. cc- cos Aasaonaen
Baigent eee cairo ache otecceae
No. 26
Soileeesec we cwess ict ascaede cee
Tee ee ot ae carcino nae a corae
Redgoille tans sconce sentences
Vdeclstaciy, 2a Se visas toast
No. 27
Soileeeecs en ea hee ass
SBT OT a: VIA ane Sree ps > Be eas
Nandstone blocks. 5-5.-c2e2--40-e
TG GUL Sa- baecers. ako ae
No. 28
Soil RS ee eee eee es
hight till 22.02.32 OS bane
Red tilleaere epee tak Ben
Hard white sandstone .........
No. 29.
Red till and stones ............

Light till and stones........

No. 30.
Red till and stones
Light till and stones.....
Red till and stones
Red sandstone .................-

ey

FT. IN. FT.
301°" *6
30
30.0
——- 30
2. om
—— 30
T2150
BL
27, 0
31
1a, 0
Son, HO
31.40
Sie WO
40
i 70
TG
Io
366
40
ene
on 0
lot «koe
BO lee iar
20
aig
13:1) 20
17
10 6
ia) gat
pres
ae
——— 32

45

IN.

46

POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

FT. IN
No. 31.
Red till and stones ............ 8 3
Light till and stones............ 9 0
Red sandstone ....s..0.s0000.00> 6 1
No. 32
Right tll espe. ss insists. 14 7
Wire- Chay ieee st state nant ane 1 9
Red sandstone (soft)..........., 4 7
Red sandstone (hard) ......... 1 5
No. 33
SOULS See oe a 1 0
LTE 7 | Seen 34 5
Light till, with blocks ......... 6 i
No. 34
CELL Sin Soe oe ee I 0
Light till and stones............ 6 4
Sandstone block ............... 1 6
Light till and stones............ 2 6
Sandstone block ............... 2 3
Light till and stones............ 24 4
White sandstone ............... 1
No. 35, Tria Pir.
"oO BeBe septate ae 1 0
CMOW (CLAY: 20.03 cae vai nn onceces 7 6
Grey till and stones ............ 13 6
Red till and stones ............ 3 0
eRe UMM a avascctvese.et dean's 2 0
White sandstone ............... |

4]

38

27

re. gle Ns eaeas a eee ae
MOM a uaads Svan ees
Mareen, 9... sal safe Ruddes ee
Red sandstone ..............

Sole testes scemeotaea hes
Wellow clay eats c.see.
Grey ill) sere tecte ere
eed UU... 15. Socmeteer. oaeensoct

No. 6a.

No. 8a.

Iightierey till Ie ices ces
(Rimesmediatillie ease cnesetteeteee

Hoe aN
1 0
5 6

18 0
3 6
0 9
4 6
8 5
3 3
3 2

3 9
1 6
1 6
4 0
6 0
1

6 6

Y. FT,

19

11

IN.-

1h

Looking at these forty bores, and confining ourselves to the clays only, which vary
from nine to thirty-eight feet in thickness—in nineteen of these what is termed “light

till” (grey unstratified clay) is only met with.

In six bores what is termed red till

(reddish unstratified clay) is only met with. In other six both occur, and the light-coloured

till overlies the red.

In three the red overlies the light, while in the remaining six the

clays alternate variously. For example, taking them in the ascending order, in one bore,

No. 26, light till, three feet; red till, three feet ; light till, thirty-three feet.
No. 80, red till, five feet ; light till, thirteen feet; red till, ten feet.

In another,

Three of the bores, lying between the dock and the highway, have the addition of

what is termed yellow clay.

till, two feet; red till, three feet ; light till, thirteen feet ; yellow till, seven feet.

Taking them in the same order as above, No. 35 has light

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. A7

In another, No. 4a, light till, eighteen feet ; yellow clay, five feet. Again, in No. 5a,
red till, three feet ; grey till, five feet ; yellow till, four feet.

In all these bores, some of which extend two hundred feet beyond low water, the same
varieties of Boulder Clay have been met with in varying proportions.

In bore No. 8, sixty yards beyond low water, eighteen feet of sand and shells overlie
the red till; but we cannot learn whether the shells belong to the glacial or recent
period.

About the same distance beyond low water, No. 12, twenty-seven feet of sand over-
lies light till; another bore, about half-way between this and low water, No. 13, gives
twenty feet light till.

The fossiliferous clay lies in a trough or oblong hollow in the Boulder Clay, crossing
the longitudinal section of the dock, and shallowing at both ends. On the south it
terminates near the surface about two hundred yards west of Garvel Park House, and
on the north, at the embankment near the surface, close to the Clyde.

The length of the trough is about three hundred feet, its breadth twenty-four feet, and
its depth, near the middle, fourteen feet. This trough is filled with a remarkable
fossiliferous clay, crowded with Post-tertiary Mollusca and other marine organisms, which,
like those found in other “‘ Clyde beds,” are of arctic type.

The natural character. of this deposit was at first suspected because of (1) the
disorderly manner in which the shells are distributed, and (2) the soft loose state of the
lay in which they are embedded, which resembles material that has been roughly drifted
rather than regularly deposited. We have come, however, to the conclusion that these
shells lived and died where they are now found.

With regard to the apparent disorder in which they lay, it is well known that where
Mollusca congregate, dead shells often preponderate largely over the living; and that a
great number of the shells in this deposit were accumulated as dead shells is evident from
the numerous valves having their internal surfaces grown over with marine organisms.
Although, on a cursory view, they look as if tossed about, and promiscuously heaped
together, yet, on closer examination, this irregular appearance seems to arise chiefly from
the presence of so many large valves of dead shells; and, taking the general arrangement,
they alternate very distinctly in layers.

The loose state of the soft clay may be explained in the following way :

This fossiliferous deposit unquestionably rests in a hollow or trough formed
in the Boulder Clay. The open shelly clay of the deposit would take in more
water from the surface than the stiff compact clay on which it reposes could
withdraw, and an excess of water, accordingly, would be retained in the trough. When
this was cut through at the deepest part by the excavation of the dock, and the super-
fluous moisture to some extent drained off, the deposit would naturally be brought much
to its existing state.

Similar cases are by no means uncommon. In uncultivated moorlands, our footing is

ee .

48 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

often msecure, owing to impermeable hollows filled with silt or other porous material,
and grown over with turf, which may remain in this state indefinitely, while the
surface continues to supply the water, and the basin to retain it. Such conditions
are well known to agriculturists, whose skill is exerted in discovering how they can best
draw off the imprisoned water which impedes the fertility of their lands over particular
areas.

The Boulder Clay, it may be added, is softer at the bottom of the trough immediately
under the laminated clay than at a greater depth, doubtless owing to contact with the
moister clay above.

There are facts, moreover, which cannot be reconciled with any mere drifting
agencies.

1. The large boulders embedded in the shelly deposit. Many of these had marine
organisms attached to them, and were not less than half a ton in weight.

Even with modern appliances one of these large blocks could not (the contractors

informed us) be removed without blasting, and not one of them when uncovered had the
slightest mark of a mallet or bore of a blast upon it.

2. Had the fossiliferous material been dug up from one place and carried to another
by human agency, unmistakeable tool-marks, cuts, and indentations of pike and shovel,
would have been visible on the shells in their crowded condition ; but not a single mark
of this kind has been found.

3. Although the great mass of the shelly deposit les in some apparent disorder, the
under portions of it are distinctly laminated. Resting on the Boulder Clay there is an
unevenly thin bed of reddish-brown clay, made up of very fine layers. Overlying this is
a layer of whitish clay, about six inches thick, which is again covered by a layer of light
grey clay, about one inch thick: These layers can be traced over the bed and up both
sides of the trough, and it is impossible that sediment washed down through the loose
materials above, as has been supposed, could have been accumulated in this mamner.
Again, had the layers been the immediate washings of the upper material, they would
have been similar in colour and composition; but all three differed largely from the
overlying clays, as well as amongst themselves in colour, constitution, and fossil
contents.

The thin light-grey layer lying between the whitish six-inch layer and coarser shell-clay
above contains one Polyzoon (Ldmonea fenestrata, Busk) far more abundantly than we have
found it elsewhere in the section. In this thin layer also occur the asbestos-like fibres of
the shell of the common Mussel (A/ytilus edulis), of which we have not found a vestige in
the overlying clays. The six-inch stratum of whitish clay is, when dry, of an extremely
friable character, and very like a stratum of clay met with in some of the Paisley brick-fields,
and at Jordan Hill, in the same relative position; and the reddish-brown clay underlying
this corresponds with the thinly laminated clays frequently found at the base of the fossili-
ferous clays of the Clyde district. Further, these underlying strata all contain organisms

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. A9

of marine and arctic character, without the least admixture of those decided brackish-
water forms so common in the present neighbouring lagoons of the Clyde.

4. At the south end of the hollow, lying between the shell-clay and the upper mould,
a bed of brown clay is disclosed two feet in thickness which has never been disturbed
since its original deposition.

As all these circumstances are incompatible with the supposition that this deposit has
been interfered with by human agency, they are equally so with the theory that it has
been drifted from any near or distant locality by the action of ice. The fossils bear no
trace, moreover, of having been in any way rolled or crushed, as they would infallibly have
been from such a cause.

Traces of a thin irregular bed of small shells have been seen near the surface along
the south-east side of the dock ; and about one hundred yards from this, in an easterly
direction, another shelly deposit, belonging to the same series, has been exposed on the
side of a sandstone quarry, where the shells and other organisms, though fewer in
number and variety of species and different in their proportions, are similar in character
to those we have described.

Another shell-bed, also of Arctic type, has been brought to light in making a channel
way to the west end of the dock, rather below half-tide. That these beds at one time
were all connected is highly probable; but there appears no evidence that any of them
were ever covered by the Boulder Clay.

At first sight the deposit in the hollow, indeed, seems to dip under the Boulder Clay,
but on further examination it is clearly seen to thin out to the surface.

The whole Frith of Clyde on both sides is patched with beds of laminated
fossiliferous clay, which, doubtless, at one time covered the bottom from side to side,
and reached the various heights on which we find their remains above the level of the
sea. The whole deposit has evidently suffered much since it was first laid down, from
currents, changes of level, and other causes.

The clays are generally found cut away between low tide and high-water mark,
where the abrading power of the water is greatest. Examples may be seen at Langbank,
Helensburgh, Roseneath, Fairlie, Cumbrae, &c. In these localities the truncated edges
of the fossiliferous clays are exposed to view here and there in the more sheltered hollows

along the tidal belt.

The trough at Cartsdyke has, doubtless, been separated from the deposit existing
close by, near low-water-mark, by the agencies determining the distribution of the beds
through the whole Frith.

The Cartsdyke deposit is remarkable, not only for its puzzling appearance, but
for the great abundance and diversity of organisms found crowded within its narrow
hinits.

The dry fossiliferous clay consists of 76 per cent. fine mud; 19 per cent. fine and
coarse sand; 5 per cent. gravel and shell déd7vs.

7

50 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

The gravel has chiefly been derived from the sandstones of the neighbourhood, with
fragments of quartz and mica-schist, and the greater portion is less or more water-worn
and striated.

In our list of Mollusca sixty-one species and seven varieties have been identified.
The two prevailing shells are Pecten Islandicus and Mytilus modiolus, but perhaps the
shell of most geological interest in this deposit is Pecten maximus, as it has been
considered doubtful whether it lived at the same time in the Clyde beds with Pecten
Islandicus or at a subsequent period. Questions have been raised regarding P. maximus,
which show the necessity of extreme care in cataloguing supposed “ glacial” fossils of
any description.

It is very doubtful, indeed, whether P. maximus belongs to the group of shells
found in the true glacial clays.

1. It is not uncommon as a living species in the Frith of Clyde, and its valves abound
in the upper silts and raised beaches, and specimens really belonging to the younger beds
may have been accidentally mingled with the older fossiliferous deposits beneath. From
such mixtures catalogues of species from the “ Clyde beds” have often been augmented.

2. There is a Pecten maximus bed (presently to be described) immediately in contact
in some localities with the older Arctic shell-clays on which it rests.

3. Balani have never been found attached to P. maximus, yet in the glacial beds
they are common on P. Jslandicus; and as B. porcatus and B. crenatus (which are
remarkably large and abundant in the Arctic clays) do not seem at all fastidious in
their choice of attachment, whether to a stone or shell, we may reasonably infer that
most of the shells of P. maximus found in the Clyde beds were not cohabitants with
P. Islandicus.

4, With the exception of the one valve met with at Cartsdyke, P. maximus has
only been found in beds between high and low water which have been greatly disturbed
and re-arranged again and again by storm and tide.

This argument regarding P. maximus has been given to show the necessity of great
caution in making deductions regarding the percentage and range of species generally in
the whole series of glacial beds. Whether such deductions are made from the Ostracoda
or the Mollusca, the same argument applies with equal force.

Height above the sea ten to twelve feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.
Pontocypris mytilordes (Norman).
a trigonella, G. O. Sars.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 51

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— ~porcellanea, Brady.
— viridis, Miller.
— Ilutea, Miller.
— clutha, n. sp.
— limicola (Norman).
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

— punetillata, Brady.
Eucythere Argus, G. O. Sars.
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).

— fragilis, G. O. Sars.
Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars.

— pumila, n. sp.

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— . striata, G. O. Sars.

— Sarsii, Brady. .

— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

— nodosum, Brady.

— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Bythocythere simplex (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).

— Fischeri, G. O. Sars.

—_ tenerum, 1. Sp.
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

52 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

12. CumMBRAE COLLEGE. ,

The following succession of beds was found during the sinking of a water-tank
(1867) near the College in the Isle of Cumbrae :

Earthy mould . : : ; . 1 ft. 6m.
* Gravel : : : : - 4 0
Shell-bearing sand (not pierced through) : ae ee

The bed occurs at a distance of 200 yards from the shore, measuring from high-
tide-mark.

On parts of the flat of slightly elevated ground, on which the excavation was made,
beds of Nullipore, which is not now found in the neighbouring bay, are met with
forming part of an old sea-beach and covered by a few inches of mould.

The shell-bed contains a large proportion of sand. Taking seven and a half pounds
of the dried material, only ten ounces washed away through a sieve of 96 threads
to the inch, leaving six pounds fourteen ounces residue. Of this residue one pound
is composed of gravel and broken shells, retained in a sieve of g-in. mesh. The
fragments of rock are sandstone, quartz, trap, and mica-schist, the larger pieces being
mostly water-worn, while the smaller are generally angular or partially rounded. Some
of the smooth stones appear to have been broken in two, and the fractured surface is
entirely unworn.

Height above the sea thirty-two feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.
— porcellanea, Brady.
— Macallana, Brady and Robertson.
— viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miller.
— albo-maculata, Baird.
— convexa, Baird.
— clutha, n. sp.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 53

Cythere pulchella, Brady.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— limicola (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
— papillosa, Bosquet.
Lucythere Argus, G. O. Sars.
— declivis (Norman).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
— impressa (Baird).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— similis, G. O. Sars.
— undata, G. O. Sars.
— striata, G. O. Sars.
— Sarsii, Brady.
— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— nodosum, Brady.
— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradozostoma variabile (Baird).

13. KincHartan, Istr or Bure.

The deposit lies at the north-west side of Kilchattan Bay, beyond tide-mark, and
dips seaward. Taking the beds in descending order, we find—

I.—Peaty mould: about 1 foot.
II].—Gravel : 3 to 5 feet.
IIJ.—Muddy sand: 4 to 6 feet.
IV.—Grey laminated clay: 6 to 7 feet.
V.—Reddish Boulder Clay: depth unknown.

54 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Section showing position of shell-bearing clay at Kilchattan
Tile-works, Bute.

a, Boulder clay. 6, Laminated clay. c, Sandy mnd, with shells,
&c. d, Gravelly mould. e, Peaty mould.

4

Passing over ¢ and d, it is in the stratum of muddy sand (c) that the shells occur ;
and they are more abundant towards the bottom than near the top.

The prevailing shells of this deposit are Zellina calcarea, Avinus flecuosus, Scrobicularia
prismatica, Cyprina Islandica, Mya truncata, and Utriculus obtusus. Most of these reach
a size rather above the average of those met with in the Clyde beds generally. They are-
all abundant, from the fry up to the adult forms, showing, as regards this deposit, that
the conditions for all stages of growth of these various species had been exceedingly
favorable.

The majority of the My@ were found to have both valves preserved, together with
remains of their siphons in position within the shells. This sandy material seems to be
favorable for the preservation of this portion of the animal tissue. Siphons have been
met with in the soft clay of other localities, but rarely.

A number of the valves of Mya truncata have thick patches of the muddy sand in
which they are imbedded indurated on their inner surface so firmly as not to be removed
even by boiling water. Similar hard clays are occasionally found in shells taken from
other Post-tertiary deposits. TheSe patches generally do not extend over the whole
interior of the shell, but are confined to a particular spot. Sometimes we have
met with hard nodules of clay which, when broken, disclose a cluster of small shells
embedded within, much like the well-known clay nodules enclosing shells or fish-remains
in other formations.

These indurated patches of sand and clay within the shells, and those enclosing
shells, as well as the clay-nodules found in many of our brick-clays, that have no apparent
organic nucleus, have all, so far as we have examined, a strong calcareous base, while the
clays in which they are embedded have none.

The grey-coloured laminated clay (4) is formed into layers by thin bands of red sand,
which are thicker and more distinct as they approach the bottom, where the clay between
them is again divided into exceedingly thin layers. From three pounds of this laminated

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 55

‘clay we obtained an oval plate of an Zchinus, three valves of Cytherura Sarsii, twelve
specimens of Wonionina depressula, and three of Polystomella striato-punctata.

_A much larger portion from the same stratum had previously been examined without
finding a vestige of animal remains, showing how unsafe it is to pronounce any deposit
unfossiliferous from one trial, inasmuch as organisms may not be equally distributed
through all parts of the same stratum.

The shell-bearing clay consists of 32 per cent. fine mud ; 68 per cent. fine sand.

The laminated clay when dry is of a lightish drab colour, and consists of 962 per cent.
fine mud, 4 per cent. fine sand, with occasionally small pebbles less than the size of a
‘common pea.

The Boulder Clay, which is very unevenly distributed, and at some places rises up in
knolls through the grey clay and nearly reaches the muddy sand layer above, when dry
consists of 51 per cent. fine mud, 28 per cent. fine and coarse sand, 21 per cent.
gravel.

Height above the sea fifteen to twenty feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.

— porcellanea, Brady.

— Macallana, Brady and Robertson.

— viridis, Miller.

— lutea, Miller.

— Clutha, n. sp.

— lmicola (Norman).

— pulchella, Brady.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— angulata (G. O. Sars).
_— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).

Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

— punctillata, Brady.
Lucythere Argus, G. O. Sars.
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— gibba (Miller).

56 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars.

— undata, G. O. Sars.

a Sarsit, Brady.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

14. Kytzs or Bore.

1. Ligh-na-bruaich—Walking along the shore, and proceeding from high-tide-mark
to low, the following series of beds is passed over :

(1.) Boulder Clay, hard, compact, unfossiliferous. It is red in colour through the.
ferrugious character of the mica-schist of which the included boulders largely consist,
and which constitutes the base rock on which it rests.

(2.) Laminated clay, remarkable for the decisiveness and freedom of its laminations
and of the same character as that described in other beds.

(3.) Shell-clay, rich in characteristic Arctic shells. This bed is composed of clay and
sand mixed in various proportions at different points. At some points a pure sand, at
others a pure clay, is found, and there are all possible intermediate varieties.

To the left of the pier, covered with one to two feet of sand, is an extensive bed of
Pecten Islandicus, the shells having both valves united, and being in their natural
position.

Saxicava (Panopea) Norvegica with Mya truncata, var. Uddevallensis, also occur in a
thick clay, adjoining the sand, of large size, standing in their natural boring position.
Astarte compressa and A. sulcata can be picked out from the clay also with united valves,
and large valves of 4. dorealis may also be found.

To some of the boulders imbedded in the clay large specimens of Balanus porcatus
are attached.

The true order of these beds is the reverse of the order in which they are passed over
in walking from high- to low-tide-mark. The action of the sea has swept away the
upper parts of the beds; and since the denudation has been most complete where the
waves have broken upon the shore, the lowest bed (the Boulder Clay) is the most exposed
at that point; the middle bed (the laminated clay) is still less exposed ; and the upper bed
(the shell-clay) is the least exposed of the whole series. This order is invariable through
the whole length of the Kyles, although one or other of the beds is occasionally absent.
Fossils might appear at first sight to be in the Boulder Clay when they really occur at
points where the fossiliferous bed is in immediate contact with it, the laminated clay
being absent.

On the Bute shore, immediately opposite Tigh-na-bruaich, the same beds are visible

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 57

wherever any jutting point has saved them from denudation. In some places a bed of
Mya truncata runs under the turf, and is above high-tide-mark, while the Boulder Clay is
seen beneath it, the shell-bed having been more perfectly protected than on the opposite
side of the water; Sazicava Norvegica of very large size is in siti, and any lump of clay
yields numerous examples of Zeddina calcarea.

2. Balnakeaile Bay—In this bay, which is almost directly opposite to Colintraive
Pier, the glacial beds have been well preserved; they are cut through by a small stream
which discharges itself into the sea in the middle of the bay, and exposes the clay with
characteristic Arctic species 2m siti. On the left of the stream the shell-bed extends
under a bank of sand and gravel, rising to a height of twenty feet; and it also crops
out in the wood, a quarter of a mile inland, on the same side of the stream. The
nature of the matrix in which the shells are found varies from a loose sand to a
tenacious clay.

Following the Rothesay Road, in a slight bend of the Kyles opposite the first farm-
house, the shell-bed has been found in great perfection. It is now almost washed away,
but a few years ago the remains of an Arctic fauna were multitudinous. <A bed of Pecten
Islandicus existed and many of the specimens had Balanus porcatus attached to their
upper valves ; B. porcatus adhered also to large boulders on the shore. In those beds we
have also found Balanus cariosus (Darwin) and Modiolaria nigra ; and Sawxicava Norvegica
was in great perfection. The beds occur in the same order as at Tigh-na-bruaich, and
the shell-bed extends from high-tide-mark towards the sea, at about half-tide being at
its thickest. Before it can be well seen a foot or more of sand and gravel must be
removed. Collections made from the mere surface dédris are worthless, since they will
be found to contain Arctic, raised-beach, and recent species intermixed in inextricable
confusion.

3. Lttrick Bay.—This bay on the Bute shore, near the westerly entrance to the Kyles,
is so completely covered with sand as to obscure the separate beds. It is noteworthy,
however, as the locality in which Astarte borealis may be found in great abundance,
generally in-single valves, although we have obtained a perfect specimen.

Height above the sea from half-tide to about fifteen feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :
Cythere pellucida, Baird.

— viridis, Miller.
— Jutea, Miller.

58 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Cythere limicola (Norman).
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman),
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— punetillata, Brady.
Lucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— similis, G. O. Sars.
— undata, G. O. Sars.
— striata, G. O. Sars.
— Sarsii, Brady.
— flavescens, Brady.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— nodosum, Brady.
-- angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).
— ensiforme, Brady.

15. East Tarsert, Locu Fine.

On the north side of the Tarbert Loch, at the north-east corner, a small stream,
called the Black Burn, cuts into a bed of clay containing Arctic shells, which can be
traced from twelve to fifteen feet above high-water mark.

The shell-bearing clay is of a light grey colour and lies at an incline of one foot in
ten. It is overlaid by five or six feet of brown stony mould washed down from the
hillside. In washing through a sieve of 96 meshes to the inch, 100 parts of the
dry material lost thirty, while ten parts of the residue were retained in a sieve of
g-inch mesh and consisted of coarse gravel; the other sixty parts were composed of fine
gravel and sand. ‘The presence of water-worn specimens of species, natives of different
habitats, raises a suspicion that they may have been brought after death from greater
or less distances; although some specimens which have their colour and epidermis
preserved are evidently on the ground on which they lived.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 59

Trochus helicinus is remarkably prevalent, and in no one of the glacial beds we have
examined has it been found so abundantly as in this locality.

Sawicava rugosa is next in abundance, and the var. arctica appears, although not of
marked size, few specimens reaching an inch. Portions of the epidermis are preserved.
A few fragments of Mya truncata are met with covered with fresh epidermis, and,
therefore, evidently washed from a near part of the bed where they must be zz siti.

Littorina litorea, L. obtusata, and L. timata (which are all very scarce, especially
L. limata) are imperfect and water-worn.

There is one curious circumstance characteristic of these local groupings, in which
the facts connected with the fossils coincide with those connected with recent deposits,
and which it is important for the geologist to consider when collecting paleontological
evidence regarding the ages of the beds. Almost all the deposits have their peculiarly
prevalent species. A rare species in one bed may be abundant in another, belonging to
precisely the same age.

In the East Tarbert bed Pseudocythere caudata, of Sars, is moderately common.
It is recorded as rare between tide marks in the Channel Islands; rare in England,
Scotland, Ireland, and Norway in deep water; and it is also rare in the glacial clays.

Cythere emarginata (Sars), a still rarer species, is met with in the same bed ; male
and female specimens bemg moderately common.

This species has been found living only in one or two localities in the British seas,
and there very sparingly.

Height above the sea twelve to fifteen feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— castanea, G. O. Sars.
— viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miiller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— emarginata (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— punctillata, Brady.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— undata, G. O. Sars.

60 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Cytherura similis, G. O. Sars.

— Sars, Brady.

— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).

16. West TarBErt.

For a considerable distance along the Loch on the south side, a little beyond where
the new road begins near the head of the Loch, a fossiliferous clay crops out, in some
places abutting against the native rock to which Balani and Serpule may be seen
adhering in great abundance.

A little further down the Loch, where the rocks stand out more steeply into the sea,
the shell-bearing clay disappears, but it is seen again in the course of about a mile, resting
against the rock on the west side of the bay. Considerable denudation has, therefore,
taken place.

Many parts of the true bed are overlain by eight or ten inches of a shell dédris
thickly mixed with clay. This covering is undoubtedly a wash thrown up in heavy
storms and is coated with grass. Many of the shells in the lower clay, especially
Pecten Islandicus and Buccinum undatum, have attained a portly size, evidencing their
growth under secure and favorable conditions.

One hundred parts of the dry clay lost 66 per cent. in washing through a sieve of
96 meshes to the inch; 16 parts of the residue were retained in a sieve of $th-inch mesh,
consisting of small gravel and broken shells; the other 18 parts were composed of fine
sand.

Height above sea, just above and beneath high-water-mark.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— viridis, Miiller.
— lutea, Miiller.
— pulchella, Brady.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 61

Cythere tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papilosa, Bosquet.

— punctilata, Brady.
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— _ striata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Bythocythere simplex (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

17. Locu Gitp.

The burn in the excavated banks of which the shell-clay is found begins in the
marshy ground west of Baden farm-head. When this burn was deepened shell-bearing
deposits were brought to view at several points along its course, variously overlain by
gravel, peat, and surface-soil, to the depth of five to ten feet.

Directly beneath the shell-clay is the Boulder Clay, with the following characteristics :

1. It is very hard and compact, and tinged with the bluish hue of the surrounding
trap-rocks.

2. It is exceedingly irregular in thickness, and curves violently within a few yards.

3. The boulders are chiefly schist and greenstone, and very far-travelled ; they are finely
striated, smoothed, and polished.

4. It does not contain the slightest vestige of a shell.

This Boulder Clay rests upon greenstone rock, striated in horizontal or partly dipping
grooves.

It is not succeeded by the usual laminated clay of the Clyde beds. A remarkable
shell-bed rests immediately upon the Boulder Clay.

The line of junction between the shell-bed and Boulder Clay is sharp and well defined,
“There is no merging of the shell-bed into Boulder Clay, and no gradual transition. The
separation is sharp, and in every way decisive.

Scarcely at any two places where the shells appear is the composition of the deposit
alike. Some portions lose by washing about 10 per cent. and others about 60 per
cent.

In some parts there is a thick blue clay; in others, a mixture of clay and sand,
varying from a sandy clay to a clayey sand.

a

62 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

On the north side of the burn blue clay is overlain by about a foot of gravelly
clay, with boulders of various sizes thickly interspersed, not unlike a shore shingle. In
this gravelly clay Mya truncata is exceedingly plentiful im its natural boring position,
with both valves united, It also occurs in the underlying blue clay, more than a foot
and a half lower down.

The burrow of this Mollusc, however, never exceeds half that depth, and consequently
the Mya of the upper bed could not have been contemporaneous with the Mya of the
lower ; and we have the record of successive generations.

The fauna of the shell-bed is most abundant; but the grouping of the shells, like the
composition of the deposit, varies at different points. At one spot Mya truncata abounds,
the shells being thickly packed in a sandy matrix, and in many cases having their
syphons preserved. At another, this shell is absent, and Saaicava rugosa stands in its
natural position, and Astarte borealis is found with united valves. The smaller shells,
and even the Entomostraca, equally vary in grouping at different points. We have, in
fact, all those local varieties of Aaditat characterising a sea-bottom. There is no sign of
any confused sweeping of one part into another. .

The occurrence of the shell-bed in patches may be due either to the irregular
character of the surface over which the shell-bearing deposit is spread, or to abrasion
from above. ,

Of the former, there are good illustrations in many of the brickfields near Paisley
in which knolls of Boulder Clay rise up through the laminated clay and at some places
reach the surface. Of the latter, there is a good instance on the shore at high-water
mark, a little east of Helensburgh, where a patch of shell-bearing clay lies in a rent or
gully of Boulder Clay and has been worn down to a level with the beach.

At one point in the Loch Gilp sections the shell-bed dips under the stream, which is
literally paved with Mya truncata in a boring position.

A few boulders are scattered through the shell-bed; but grooved and polished
specimens are not as abundant among them as they are in the clay beneath, although
they occasionally occur. The change is almost as great from striated to unstriated
imbedded stones, as from the absence of a fauna to its abundant development.

The boulders in the shell-bed are often covered with Serpu/e, and evidently, there-
fore, must have been stationary during a certain period. They are small in size
compared with those in the clay beneath.

Above the shell-bed in one locality is a patch of fine sand (two to three feet)
destitute of organic remains, and this is succeeded by a bed of about the same depth of
ferruginous gravel. The whole of these deposits, however, vary in thickness at different
points. In some places the sand thins out, in others the gravel disappears and a bed of
mere surface-soil covers the shells.

The complete section is :

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 63

1, Surface-soil ;

2. Ferruginous gravel :

3. Fine sand (marine in one place, at which we found Cardium edule) ;
4. Fossiliferous clay, passing into sand ;

5. Boulder Clay.

Height above the sea fifteen to twenty feet.

The following Ostracoda were found:

Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars.
Cythere pellucida, Baird.

— viridis, Miiller.

— lutea, Miller.

— Finmarchica (G. O. Sars).

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— mirabilis, Brady.

— concinna, Jones.

— quadridentata, Baird.

— conveva, Baird.

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

— punetillata, Brady.
Lucythere Argus (G.O. Sars).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Aestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars.

— aurantia (Baird).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— gibba (Miller).

— similis, G. O. Sars.

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— striata, G. O. Sars.

— Sars, Brady.

— dlathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Bythocythere simplee (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

64 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).
— abbreviatum, G. O. Sars.
— Fischeri, G. O. Sars.
— flexuosum, Brady.

18. Crinan.

This bed was opened by a cutting made to lead off the water from the high level on
a small plateau at the north side of No. 11 Lock on the Crinan Canal.

A few feet only of the clay are exposed, and the shell-bearing portion is a thin
stratum, in which broken shells, Ba/ani plates, and spines of Hchini are seen sparsely
scattered. The shells are of Arctic species, including Astarte borealis, Tellina calcarea,
Pleurotoma pyramidalis, and Velutina levigata, but so fragmentary as to be deter-
minable with difficulty. The Balani—B. crenatus, B. porcatus, and Verruca Stroemir
—are more abundant and less broken, but of small size.

The clay is reddish-brown and loses 66 per cent. in washing.

Height above the sea thirty feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere lutea, Miller.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— concinna, Jones.

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Krithe Bartonensis (Jones).
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).

— tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars.

—_ clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— nodosum, Brady.

— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 65

19. Duntroon.

This deposit occurs a little to the south of Duntroon Castle and comes to the surface
at about high-water-mark. By clearing away a slight covering of gravelly sand a stiff
brown clay is reached, containing many of the typical Arctic species of this series of
beds in abundance.

Pleurotoma pyramidalis is particularly plentiful.

The clay when dry imbibes the water very slowly, pieces from three to four inches
in diameter taking nearly twenty-four hours to dissolve; nevertheless, it passes easily
through the sieve and washes rapidly, losing 83 per cent. in the operation.

Height above the sea, just above high-water-mark.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Argillecia cylindrica, G. O. Sars.
Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars.
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.
— viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miller.
— hmicola (Norman).
— pulchella, Brady.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— punctillata, Brady.
Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Krithe Bartonensis (Jones).
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).
— tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— similis, G. O. Sars.
— pumila, n. sp.

66 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA,

Cytherura undata, G. O, Sars,
— Sars, Brady.
— cellulosa (Norman).

— clathrata, G, O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— nodosum, Brady.

— angulatum, Brady and Robertson,
Bythocythere constricta, G. O. Sars,
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).
Polycope orbicularis, G. O, Sars,

20. Dyrr’s Burn, Fort WILitaM.

A section has been exposed by this burn, about half a mile from Fort William, a
little above the bridge.

A brief account of this bed, with a complete list of its fauna, has been given by
Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys in the ‘Transactions of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science’ for 1862.

We observed the following particulars :

Upon the schistose rock of the locality (over which the stream pours) rests a bed of
hard and stony clay.

a. The lower part of this clay is crowded with fossils, which are intermixed with
stones and pebbles of schist. To some of the stones Balani are attached.

6. The upper part of the clay contains some angular blocks with many stones
confusedly massed together, which have the appearance of having been
thrown down upon the shell-bed, possibly while it was in the process of
elevation.

The clay is about five to six feet deep, and in the lower foot the fossils are most
abundant.

On the neighbouring hillside two beds of coarse gravel and shingle may be seen ;
the one, about forty feet above the sea, representing an old coast-line, the other, about
twenty-five feet above the sea, representing a more recent coast-line.

Among the Mollusca included in the shell-clay are Colwmbella Holbolliu, Littorina
limata, Margarita Grenlandica, &c. Mr. Jeffreys considers the whole group, however,
Scandinavian rather than Arctic.

Height above the sea nine feet.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS, 67

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere lutea, Miiller.
— concinna, Jones.
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Cytherura gibba (Miller).
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.

Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

21. Lucknow Pir, Arprrr [Tron-works, AYRSHIRE.

Although we could obtain no material from this pit to examine for Ostracoda, it is of
importance to record the section as illustrating the existence of a younger fossiliferous
bed (represented by the Pecten maximus bed in the Kyles of Bute and the Irvine water
bed presently to be described) resting upon an older Arctic bed.

‘The section obtained during the sinking of the pit was the following :

Sand, about 19: 4t.,0.0n,
Moss . & 1's
Sand. ; 26 16
Shell-mud, or blue loamy sand 640
Blue clay Ge, 0)

Sandstone rock .

The shells brought to the surface belonged to two entirely different groups. The one
group was eminently Arctic, including Leda arctica, Astarte borealis, Tellina calcarea,
Natica affinis (clausa).

The other group embraced a numerous collection of species precisely similar to those
found in the post-glacial bed in Irvine water. In this group Ostrea edulis is abundant
and associated with Cardium edule, C. Norvegicum, C. echinatum, Tapes pullastra,
T. decussata, Lutraria elliptica, Pecten opercularis, Trochus magnus.

68 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

22. CLEsHMAHEW’S TILE-works, One Mite Sourn or SrrRaNRAER.

The following section has been exposed :

1. Upper clay, mixed with sand, with polished and striated stones and

worn flint pebbles : ; ‘ ; . 4 torent
2. Brown clay. : Very variable.
3. Blue clay rising into harmmeeks an paciaionally intersected by

lenticular beds of sand and gravel, with polished and striated stones

and worn flint pebbles. , . 1 to Sits
4. Gravel, sufficiently porous to drain i water con the workings, not

pierced through

The shells are focal in the brown clay (2) and the blue clay (3).

The species of Mollusca, which are not water-worn, although ill-preserved, include
such an extremely Arctic type as Leda arctica, which is covered with its epidermis and
is associated with LZ. pygmea and L. pernula.

The shell-clay consists of 92 per cent. fine mud, 6 per cent. sand, 2 per cent. small
gravel,

Height above the sea fifty feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere lutea, Miller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS, 69

93. TrraLty Brick-works, Fourteen Mines FROM STRANRAER, ON THE SOUTH-EAST
oF THE MuLi oF GALLOWAY.

This deposit is of the same general character as at Cleshmahew’s except that the
undermost bed retains the water instead of being porous. It is also remarkable for the
prevalence of a highly Arctic fauna.

Leda arctica (Torell) is associated with L. pygmea.

The shell-clay consists of 97 per cent. fine mud, 2 per cent. of sand, and 1 per cent.
of gravel.

Height above the sea forty-five feet.

The following Ostracoda have been found :

Cypris gibba, Ramdohr.
Cythere limicola (Norman).
Limnicythere antiqua, n. sp.
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— puncetillata, Brady.
Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars.

24. Port Logan C.uiFrs.

Port Logan cliffs are about one mile from Terally on the opposite side of the Mull.
The shell-clay restsAmmediately on the rock, and rises to the height of twenty feet. It is
very stiff, and is overlain by a few feet of gravel.

The dry clay consists of 50 per cent. of fine mud, 46 of sand, and 4 of rounded and
well polished gravel.

‘The shells are fragmentary and water-worn; they are scattered over the whole face
of the deposit, and not confined to any particular layer in the section, as we see them in
those sections where they have lived and died.

Only three species of Mollusca could be determined, viz. Astarte sulcata, Leda pernula,

70 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

and LZ. pyymea, with one of Ostracoda, viz. Cytheridea punctillata, Brady, which was a
perfect specimen with united valves.

25. Dippte Tite-worxs, Turee Mites East or Girvan.

The clay in this deposit is remarkable for the character of its fauna, as showing a
direct passage from marine through estuarine to freshwater conditions.

Freshwater, brackish, and marine forms are not mixed up promiscuously together
from bottom to top, but the fauna is nearly pure marine at the bottom, brackish in the
middle, and almost entirely freshwater at the surface. ‘Three samples of the clay were
examined.

The uppermost part, between six and nine feet below the surface, is distinctly
laminated, and of a dark mottled appearance. Together with some vegetable remains it
contains a great abundance of the chitinous parts of Daphniadz and Lynceide, various
forms of Cypridee, and other genera and species which have a greater or less aptitude for
existence in brackish water, such as Limnicythere inopinata, Loxoconcha tamarindus, and
Cythere tenera.

Some shell fragments are associated with the Ostracoda,—possibly of Mytilus edulis,
which can exist at high-water-mark, and would be lifted up with the sea-bottom when it
was placed in a position to become a freshwater pool.

Under this freshwater clay we find four feet of clay of a uniform grey colour, in
which the brackish water forms are very largely developed. A few freshwater species
occur, such as Spherium corneum and Cypris gibba; but brackish water forms, such as
Cythere castanea (which is very abundant), greatly prevail. The appearance of Utriculus
obtusus and Homalogyra atomus also shows that the clay is beginning to assume a more
decidedly marine character.

In the succeeding three feet of clay the freshwater and brackish organisms have
almost disappeared, and the Mollusca are far more numerous, both in species and indi-
viduals, than in any of the overlying strata. ‘Taking them in the prevailing order, they
are :

Homalogyra atomus : : . Very common.
Rissoa striata : . Moderately common.
Utriculus obtusus . Moderately common.
Leda pygmea . . Moderately rare.
Avinus flexuosus : . Three valves.

Skenea planorbis , iy: . One valve.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 7L

Mya truncata . ie . Fry, one valve.
Mytilus edulis . ; ‘ . Fragments,
Balanus crenatus F , One plate,

Fry of Gasteropoda.
Claw of Crustacean.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cypris compressa, Baird.
— ovum (Jurine).
— gibba, Ramdohr.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
— trigonella, G. O. Sars.
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.
— tenera, Brady.
— lutea, Miller.
— pulchella, Brady.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
Limnicythere inopinata (Baird).
— antiqua, N. Sp.
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— puncetillata, Brady.
— lacustris (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

96. Erron, PERTHSHIRE.
On the north side of the River Tay, eight miles east from Perth, a clay is exposed
remarkable for the intensely Arctic character of its fossils.

1. Its surface is covered by the estuarine mud of the Tay.
2. The deposit of clay itself occupies a small oval trough about one mile in length —

72 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

and a quarter of a mile in breadth, and the clay is at its extreme point twenty-five feet
deep.

3. The lower part of the clay is distinctly laminated, as in the Paisley and other
beds, and is far more sandy than the upper clay, becoming, indeed, the workmen informed
us, a sand bed at its deepest point.

4. The trough in which the fossiliferous clay is packed is a hollow in the Boulder
Clay, which crops out on neighbouring elevations.

The shells are met with at all points from the bottom to near the surface, but are
most abundant (as in the Paisley beds) in the lower part of the clay.

Nothing can be more striking than the general physical conformity between the
section at Errol, when fully exposed, and a good typical section in the neighbourhood of
Paisley.

The Errol clay contains certain species, either absent or extremely scarce in the
west, mixed with others entirely identical; and the high northern character of these
peculiar species may either indicate a slight precedence in time on the part of the eastern
beds and the consequent prevalence of a sterner climate; or it may (as is far more pro-
bable) be explained by local peculiarities of depth and exposure. The remarkable conformity
between the two series of clays in their sequences and characteristics, unmistakeably
proves, however, that they must have been formed by the exercise of the same physical
forces acting under the same conditions and with similar degrees of intensity and power.

The whole of the Mollusca found, specially in the eastern fossil beds, range within the
Arctic circle and off the east coast of North America, and do not live off the coast of Great
Britain ; and although the percentage of species collected in the several beds must always
be shifting with fresh discoveries, there seems no doubt that in such glacial clays as those
of Errol on the east of Scotland, as compared with those upon the west, there is a pre-
ponderance of Arctic and North-east-American forms.

The following species of an extremely Arctic character have not yet been found in
the west:—Crenella faba, Leda limatula, Mesalina erosa, Mesalia reticulata, Thracia
MYOpsis.

Leda arctica is a characteristic fossil at Errol ; every lump of clay in some parts of the
pit is crowded with them. On the west it is extremely scarce. One specimen, evidently
fossil, was dredged by Mr. Jeffreys ; another was obtained from a sand bed (glacial) at
Stevenson; and a few specimens have been found in Cleshmahew’s Tile-works and
erally Brick-works, near Stranraer.

Pecten Grenlandicus is also far from uncommon at Errol; as yet only one young
specimen has been found in the west; and that in the bed beneath the Boulder Clay at
Tangy Glen.

Modiolaria discors, var. levigata, is also abundant at Errol, while only rare specimens

of the fry have been found in the west.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 73

The Ostracoda yield a kindred result.

In the fossiliferous clays of Errol such species as Cythere mirabilis, Cytheridea
Sorbyana, and Cytheropteron Montrosiense, occur with an abundance sufficient to be
characteristic, while they are exceedingly rare in the western beds.

The existence of an Arctic current on the east, such as that which now sweeps over
the Dogger Bank, might sufficiently account for the preponderance in question without
having recourse to any larger hypothesis.

Height above the sea forty-five feet.

The following Ostracoda have been found :

Cythere viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miller.
— conveva, Baird.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— globulifera, Brady.
— emarginata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— mitrabilis, Brady.
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— puncetillata, Brady.
— Sorbyana, Jones.
Krithe glacialis, n. sp.
Cytherura concentrica, 0. sp.
— gibba (Miller).
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— nodosum, Brady.
a arcuatum, Ni. sp.
= inflatum, N. Sp.
—— Montrosiense, n. sp.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

10

74 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

27. Enis, Firesurre.

On the coast of Fife, eleven miles from St. Andrews, and on the north side of the
bay in which the town of Elie is situated, there is an exposure of sandy clay, containing
a fauna kindred to that at Errol, and to which the same general remarks apply.

The beds occur in the following order :

1. Drift sand.
2. Gravel, variable in thickness.

3. Sandy clay, with Arctic fauna; about four feet being exposed above high-water
mark, and the bed passing under the sea.

The fossils are met with throughout the clay.
Height above the sea, from high-water mark to four feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere globulifera, Brady.
— concinna, Jones.
— emarginata (G. O. Sars).
— mirabilis, Brady.
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— puncetillata, Brady.
ao Sorbyana, Jones.
Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura concentrica, 1. sp.
— nigrescens (Baird).
Cytheropteron arcuatum, 1. sp.
= Montrosiense, n. sp.
— latissimum (Norman).
Krithe Bartonensis (Jones).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 75

28. Dryteys, NEAR Montrose.

In the brickworks of Dryleys, near Montrose, a thick mass of clay is exposed which
reaches the height of 50 to 100 feet.

In the lower part of the mass especially fossils occur, and the presence of Leda
arctica, Pecten Grenlandicus, a large form of Saxicava rugosa, var. arctica, sufficiently
marks the character of the deposit.

Height above the sea forty feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere globulifera, Brady.

— concinna, Jones.

— mirabilis, Brady.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.

— Sorbyana, Jones.
Cytherura concentrica, 1. sp.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

= arcuatum, N. sp.

— inflatum, Di. sp.

— Montrostense, n. sp.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

29. Barriz, FoRFARSHIRE.

This clay bed is of the same general character as that of Dryleys. It lies along the
estuary of the Tay, in a gully in the most recent of the raised sea-margins, which runs all
along the east coast, nearly a mile inland.

The shells indicate a decidedly arctic character; and amongst them are Mya truncata,
Nucula tenuis, Leda pernula, and Leda minuta, Hoploaster gracilis is not uncommon.

76 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere globulifera, Brady.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— emarginata (G. O. Sars).

— mirabils, Brady.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Oytherura similis, G. O. Sars.

— concentrica, N. sp.
— Sarsii, Brady.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
— Montrosiense, n. sp.

30. Gamriz, BANFFSHIRE.

About seven miles east of Banff beds of fine sand and clay attain a height of
upwards of 300 feet.

At an elevation of about 150 feet in a thin seam of sand, shells occur of an Arctic
type, but the catalogues at present compiled do not show a group as intensely Arctic as
that at Errol and Elie.

The beds at Errol and Elie, however, are at a much lower elevation, and possibly
belonged to a deeper sea-bed during the period of the greatest submergence of the
land.

Height above the sea 159 feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— limicola( Norman).
— lutea, Miller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Finmarchica (G. O. Sars).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 17

Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).
Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars.

— similis, G. O. Sars.

— Sarsii, Brady.

— cellulosa (Norman).

— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

3). ANNOCHIE, ABERDEENSHIRE.

At Annochie, about five miles north of Peterhead, a bed of fine fossiliferous clay
occurs, passing immediately from the shore under the beach, thus occupying the same
position as many outcrops of clay along the Clyde. As in the corresponding Clyde
beds, such species as Azinus flexuosus, Leda pygmea, and Nucula tenuis are very
abundant.

Height a few feet above sea-level, the bed passing under the beach.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere globulifera, Brady.

— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea inornata, n. sp.
Cytherura complanata, Nn. sp.
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).

Sas Montrosiense, Nn. sp.

B.—Arctic SHELL-BEDS.

Although we have grouped together in one class the sands and clays characterized by
an Arctic fauna, it does not necessarily follow that they belong to one period only of the
great Glacial Epoch.

In many of the periods (possibly marked by fluctuations in the intensity of
the climate) comprised within the epoch during which an Arctic climate prevailed and
disappeared, marine clays must have been depaeued and become the habitat of species
now relegated to the Arctic circle. |

78 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Some of the beds must belong to the earlier, and some to the more recent portions of
the epoch.

In considering the effects of fluctuations of climate upon marine animals, we
must also take into account other modifying causes, such as depth of water, character of
the sea-bottom, supply of food, and the abundance or otherwise of the enemies of
particular species.

Without attempting to decide upon the special ages of the various Arctic deposits
examined for the purposes of this paper, we must have made evident the fact that many
differences exist between them.

J. The varying position of the Arctic shell-clays, with respect to the Boulder Clay,
has been described.

1. Some Arctic shell-clays are covered by masses of highly glaciated Boulder Clay.

2. Other Arctic shell-clays are intercalated between masses of Boulder Clay.

3. Other Arctic shell-clays rest upon the Boulder Clay, and not only are not covered
by it but are followed by a regular succession of beds, showing a very gradual change
from old marine to recent estuarine conditions, and entirely free from: any indications of
violent breaks,

a. Beds of this class are deposited in hollows of the Boulder Clay, and have thus been

formed subsequently to an extensive denudation of that material.

6. They contain large boulders, not derived from the Boulder Clay on which they
rest, but which have been dropped upon existing sea-bottoms full of marine life.

c. They enable us to trace the coming and going of the Arctic fauna by the
examination of the clays at the lower and upper parts of the same section, as was
indicated in an account of a Paisley pit.

d. They are often immediately succeeded by a Cardium edule bed of a modern period,
without any intervening Boulder Clay at all.

e. Sometimes the passage from marine through estuarine to freshwater beds can be
followed by examining samples of one bed of clay taken from different points in
the section,

An example of this was given from the tileworks near Girvan, Ayrshire.

II. Some Boulder Clays have themselves been distinguished as fossiliferous and as
bemg Arctic shell-bearing clays, although found under special circumstances.

III. The study of the special fauna of each bed reveals also distinctions between
them.

1. The shell-beds represent differences of depth, some being littoral and others
- deep sea.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 79

2. They contain sometimes a mixture of deep-sea and littoral species, evidencing the
action of tides and changing currents.

3. While in many beds the fossils occur iz s¢¢é, in others they are very much broken
and fragmentary.

4. The proportion of Arctic species varies in different beds.

IV. Some of the Arctic shell-beds mark coast-lines at varying heights—coast-lines
which could not have coexisted. The case of Jordan Hill, Glasgow, has been instanced,
where a littoral shell-bed exists sixty-three feet above the sea; while a similar littoral
shell-bed is met with on the low ground north of Paisley at about fifty feet lower
level.

V. The Arctic shell-beds exist at various heights above the sea. On the west of
Scotland the beds we have described range from 526 feet at Airdrie (the highest point at
which Arctic shells have yet been discovered in Scotland, although there is no reason to
conclude that they will not ultimately be found at higher levels) to half-tide-mark,
where, in some cases, they dip beneath the sea and are entirely hidden by modern sands
and gravels. At present there are blanks to be filled up between 526 feet (Airdrie) and a
group of beds between forty feet and sixty feet. Tangy Glen, Campbelton, is 130 feet ;
and, doubtless, other beds at a corresponding elevation await discovery.

Between forty feet and sixty feet we have such beds as those at Oakshaw Hill,
Paisley, Paisley and Glasgow Canal, Jordan Hill, Stranraer, &c.

Between twenty feet and forty feet such beds as those at Paisley (lower levels), Loch
Lomond, Loch Gilp, Crinan, &c.

Between ten feet and twenty feet, such beds as those at Greenock, Hast Tarbert,
Dumbarton, &c. .

Between high-tide-mark and ten feet, such beds as those at Kyles of Bute and
almost the whole shore of the Frith of Clyde, Fort William, &c.

On the east of Scotland, Arctic shell-beds have been found at the following heights :

Auchleuchries, Aberdeenshire (this bed we have not seen, but give

it on the authority of Mr. Jamieson, Joc. cit., ante) s GUOMt:
Gamrie (the beds of sand and gravel reaching to 300 feet) = fod
King Edward ‘ : : 150 to 200
Errol 3 : : : . AB
Belhelve, Aberdeenshire : : : oo AO
Montrose. : . 40

Annochie (passing under sea from a few feet over sea-level).
Elie (passing under sea from a few feet over sea-level).

VI. The position of the MZytilus edulis bed is also noteworthy.

80 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

The range of Aytilus edulis is given by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys as ‘‘ From high-water
mark to the depth of a few fathoms.’? ‘The bed occurs in the lower part of some of
the Arctic deposits, and in the upper part of others.

The Mytilus edulis bed was found resting on the surface of a glacial clay, itself
covered by forty-two feet of Boulder Clay, on Oakshaw Hill, Paisley, sixty-four feet
above the mean sea-level. Dr. Fraser states that he has found a similar bed “ under
the late steeple at the Cross of Paisley, at a height of forty feet above the sea-level ;
another at the head of St. Mirren Street at thirty-two feet ; another in James’s Street
at twenty-three feet ; and another in Causey-side at a height of only twelve feet ; while
out in the plain, and nearer the Clyde, he had found a fringe of shells, seaweed, &c.,
which marked the tidal limit, subsequent, of course, to the time when the lowest of these
beds was formed.” ?

C.—Among the Post-tertiary fossiliferous beds of Scotland there is not only this vast
series of Arctic sands and clays (in themselves possibly marking various points in the
passage of a great epoch), BUT THERE IS ALSO A SERIES OF BEDS, OF LATER DATE AND NOT
IN ANY WAY ARCTIC IN CHARACTER, WHICH INDICATE THE STEPS THROUGH WHICH THE
PRESENT CLIMATE AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND HAVE BEEN REACHED SINCE
THE FINAL RETREAT OF THE ICE.

During the complex conditions arising from the subsidence and emergence of the
land, it does not seem reasonable to suppose that the climate of Scotland was ameliorated
by unbroken stages. A season of less heat may have been followed by a season of
greater heat than even now exists, in its turn to be modified by the changed dis-
tribution alike of the currents of the waters and the respective areas of the land
and sea.

1. Some deposits, belonging to the class now under consideration, may, indeed, be quoted
as furnishing indications of a climate certainly far from Arctic, and possibly of a more
genial character than now prevails in Scotland.

1. Brain Drummonp, VALLEY oF THE FortH.

The following section is given on the authority of Mr. Jamieson :*

1. Sandstone rock.
2. Glacial beds.
1 «British Conchology,’ vol. ii, p. 105.
2 ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. iv, p. 180.
3 «Quart. Journal Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxi, p. 185, 1865.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 81

3. Peat with remains of trees.
4. Carse-clay with bones of Whale.
5. Peat, with roots of oak trees at the bottom and remains of an old wooden road.

The peat (3) is described as a “‘land-surface of the period preceding the deposition
of the old estuarine mud,” and commented upon as follows—“ This bed of peat, lying
beneath the raised estuarine beds, is the first appearance of that substance we meet
with in Scotland; indeed the period during which peat was formed so extensively from
the gradual accumulation of mosses, sedges, and various other plants, is, perhaps, even a
stage later ; for at the bottom of many of our peat-mosses we find remains of trees and,
in some cases, beds of shell-marl. These trees are all of existing species now indigenous
to Scotland. The birch, hazel, and oak are amongst the most common, and hazel nuts
are frequently found. Now these trees testify, I think, fo a condition more favorable to
the growth of wood than what we have at present. They evidently preceded the com-
mencement of the peat in a multitude of instances, for their roots are spread on the hard
earthy soil beneath it, and it is since the death of those trees that many of our peat-
mosses date.” }

Evidence is also brought to show that the remains of trees are now found in Scotland
“at heights beyond where wood can now be got to grow.” ”

2. ConInTRAIvE, Kyues oF Bure.

Following the Loch Ridden Road on the Colintraive side of the Kyles of Bute, in a
small bay, about a quarter of a mile from the pier, a shell-bed is exposed at low-tide
which has been confounded with the true glacial clay, but which certainly belongs to a
very different age. In this deposit Pecten maximus and Ostrea edulis occur, of enormous
size, associated with Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Lutraria elliptica, Psammobia Ferroensis,
Lucinopsis undata, Tellina squalida, all British species, but constituting a group of shells
which could not now be obtained in the same abundance and perfection in the imme-
diately neighbouring waters of the Kyles.

It is true that the partial or total disappearance of shells on particular banks depends,
in a large measure, on local circumstances, which may be of comparatively recent
occurrence. It is not unusual when dredging to find banks, at various depths, covered
with old dead shells, without a living one of the same species among them. In the bay
at the head of West Tarbert Loch, a little below high-water, on digging through a foot of
sand, a bed of sandy mud was reached, with large specimens of Scrobicularia piperata,

’ Ibid., p. 186. 2 Tbid., p. 187.
1g)

82 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

although none are now found living in that locality, the destruction having been
evidently occasioned by a bank of sand having been thrown over the haunts of that
Mollusc during a violent storm. After every great storm, indeed, there is probably
some change in the habitats of the Mollusca.

The Pecten maximus bed at Colintraive, however, contains species which would require,
when living, a greater depth of water than they could have enjoyed in their present
situation.

It can be traced along the shore until it can be seen resting upon an old glacial
clay containing in abundance 7Ze/lina calcarea; and this, again, may be seen resting
on the laminated clay, and the laminated clay on the Boulder Clay, in regular descending
order.

It is evident that at the junction of the edge of the Pecten maximus bed with
the Arctic clay, it will be possible for ‘the contents of the two beds to be confused
together.

We have observed this same Pecten maximus bed cropping out in various districts.
It may be seen at dead low-water near Tigh-na-bruaich and at Kilchattan Bay, Bute.

At Fairlie (Ayrshire) it is largely developed, and, as at Colintraive, overlies the
Arctic shell-clay. The ground at Fairlie has been so often dug and re-dug by
collectors that the natural difficulties in the way of discriminating between the two beds
have been increased, and very little, if any, reliance can be placed upon the accuracy of
catalogues of so-called ‘ glacial fossils’ based upon specimens from that locality. Not
only specimens from the P. maximus bed, but recent specimens have been thrown
together in the dédris of the very numerous excavations which have been made, and
have thence made their way into collections and catalogues as belonging to the
“Clyde Beds.”

The Ostracoda found are a mixture from the various beds now described, species
from one deposit having been washed into another, so that it is not necessary to give a
separate catalogue of them.

3. IRvinE Water, AYRSHIRE.

On the Ayrshire coast, in the neighbourhood of Irvine, a fine sand similar to that now
edging the sea has been deposited and drifted inland to a considerable distance, rising in
a succession of slightly elevated knolls. Near the shore these knolls are most distinctly
marked, having been recently formed, and their loose material not having been driven
over the dividing gaps made by the wind. Inland their divisions have been to a great
extent obliterated by perpetual driftings, but excavations show the sand rising and falling

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 83

at different heights, exactly as in the line of hillocks now fronting the sea. Following the
Irvine Water, at about two miles from the sea, a section of clay and sand beds was cut
out by a curve of the stream. Of all sections of this character it must be noted that the
looseness of the material causes them quickly to appear and disappear, so that the
observations made at one season cannot often be repeated.

The section we examined was the following :

1. The base of the section was the Boulder Clay of the true normal type. The
boulders, chiefly of trap and limestone, were not very far-travelled, and were beautifully
striated. As usual this Boulder Clay had sharp undulations and dipped violently within
short distances, rising nearly to the surface in one direction and passing down rapidly
beneath the stream, a variation of one to twenty feet in its height taking place within a
quarter of a mile.

The Boulder Clay was capped occasionally along the line of its outcropping by a few
feet of ferruginous gravel. This gravel, as well as the Boulder Clay, has been greatly
denuded, and occurs in patches only. It may be recognised in good sections of the
glacial series of beds, as at Lochgilphead, where it covers the Arctic deposit, but it is not
at all persistently found.

3. Here occurs a vast gap in the normal arrangement of the strata. The Boulder
Clay was not followed by the series of glacial fossiliferous sands and gravels of the Clyde
district, but was simply covered here and there by a layer of peat a few inches less or
more in thickness.

4. Following the peat appeared the first great shell-bed in the section. At the
point described the Boulder Clay was hollowed out and disappeared under the
stream.

The old clay had evidently been disintegrated, and its boulders rolled upon a beach.
The small boulders scattered about were of the same composition as those of the older
bed, but their striations were gone, and they had evidently been subjected to the rolling
action of the waves.

Among the shells embedded in this old sea-bottom not a single purely Arctic form
could be detected, although it was twenty feet beneath the surface, and rested immediately
on the Boulder Clay.

The valves of the specimens were generally loose and separate, yet several perfect
examples were extracted, and from the very bed of the stream a fine example of MJactra
stultorum was obtained in siti, clearly proving that it was not a mere drift-bed, but that
many of the Mollusca lived and died upon the spot. The action of the Irvine Water, often
rising to great heights, would be sufficient to break up the shells and scatter them on the
banks.

5. Upon this rough sea-bottom, with its stones washed out from the disintegrated
Boulder Clay, rests the fine sand of the district. In this sand, fourteen feet from the
surface, and about four feet above the average level of the stream, immediately before our

84 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

visit, a considerable portion of the occipital bone, with the condyles, foramen magnum,
and pterygoid process of a large Cetacean had been found.

6. The same fine sand continued to the surface, and was broken by asecond shell-bed,
nearly two feet in depth, and extending along the section in a regular and persistent line.
This shell-bed must have been deposited after the Cetacean stranded in the hollow of the
Boulder Clay, since it is unbroken in regularity, and has not been disturbed subsequently
to its deposition.

The shells have not been roughly heaped up, as a drift, by wind and tide, since many
perfect specimens, fresh as when they were first interred in the sand, were obtained from
the bed. TZelhina tenuis was extracted with both valves entire, together with numerous
perfect examples of Mactra subtruncata. This second shell-deposit indicates a less depth
of water than the one preceding. Its contents consisted of such species as IZ. subtruncata,
Tellina tenuis, whose special habitat is the sand in shallow water, while from the lower
bed were obtained Cyprina Islandica and Lutraria elliptica, which range to greater average
depths.

The rough stones of the lower bed gave place to the finer sands, and the waters
becoming more shallow through the gradual elevation of the land, the nature of the
characteristic fauna slightly changed during the process.

The /owest shell-bed is possibly of the same age as the Pecten maximus bed of
Colintraive and other localities; but, however this may be, the fact of the occurrence of
distinct beds of shells of undoubtedly post-glacial character proves the necessity for their
separate description and examination, and establishes the fact that a series of gradual
changes took place in comparatively recent times.

The following Ostracoda were found:

Cythere pellucida, Baird.

— lutea, Miller.

— convera, Baird.

— albomaculata, Baird.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— emaciata, Brady.
Cytheridea elongata, Brady.
Lowoconcha impressa (Baird).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 85

u.—A strongly marked series of Post-glacial deposits belongs to the most recent period
of the depression of the land.

These beds when fossiliferous contain precisely the same fauna as that now occupying
British waters. They are, however, sometimes distinguished (a) by a general grouping
of species in slightly different proportions from those now prevalent in the waters of
the special locality, and (4) by the rarity or absence in the immediately neighbouring
waters of a species abundant in the fossil bed.

The deposits, which may be classed together as belonging to the close of the last
period of the depression of the land, range from a little above the sea-level to a height of
about forty feet, and may be described as raised beaches and estuarine beds.

A.—KHstuarine muds compose the Carse Lands of Scotland, and are largely developed
in the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth. The mud is in no way stony, but exceedingly
fine and smooth, and has not been disturbed since its first deposition.

A series of bores (investigated by Mr. Croll and Mr. J. Binnie’) “reveal the existence
of a deep trough or channel, running from the Clyde Valley, near Bowling, up to and
through the haugh of Belmore, the valley of the Kelvin, and round by the south-east end
of the Campsie Hills into the valley of the Forth by Grangemouth ;” and one of these will
clearly show the general position of the estuarine mud.”

Bore near Skinflats, Grangemouth, twelve feet above sea-level.’

1. Surface sand ‘ : 6 feet.
2. Soft mud with shells ratiudsiids Ouihe ea edulis very large—

many recent species | ‘ , 5 en!
3. Blue mud and sand (hard). : 3
4. Channel (rough gravel) : 4 3
5. Fine sand [shell fragments] : : : 8
6. Running sand (red and fine) : ee)
7. Red clay : ; : ee gti
8. Soft till [ Boulder Clay] : : - 36
9. Sand (pure) : ; : ‘ 2
10. Soft till [Boulder Clay and aang deal 6)
11. Gravel F : : 8
12. Hard blue till [Boulder Clay’ ‘ . 14
155

1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. iii, page 141.

? With respect to this channel between the Forth and Clyde it must be noted that when the land stood
higher the trap-dyke which crosses the Clyde near Dalmuir would have assisted in forming the deep portions
of the trough into a lake such as Loch Lomond now is, with its bar at Balloch.

* Ibid., p. 144.

86 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Through the Carse of Forth these beds extend to a great depth. Near Falkirk the-
bores show the centre of the trough to be 300 feet deep, the deposits decreasing rapidly on
either side. The thickness of the different beds of the series naturally varies at different
points all over the area covered by them.

Entire skeletons of the Whale (about seventy feet long) were found at Airthrey and
Dunmore, twenty feet above tide-mark, imbedded in the clay,’ and portions of Cetacean
remains near Stirling, Micklewood, and Blair Drummond. ‘The fauna is entirely modern,
and many species occur in extraordinary quantities in large and well-developed beds
which are scattered through the whole of the districts covered by the carse clay precisely as at
the sea-bottom of the present day. Near Micklewood, five miles west of Stirling,
Cardium edule is abundant, Mytilus edulis and Ostrea edulis common.

In a section exposed on the banks of the Allan, Ostrea edulis is seen in layers.

In the Montrose estuarine basin, Scrodzcularia piperata is the most characteristic
shell.

Some shells of an Arctic character, such as Ze/lina calcarea and Trophon scalariforme,
have been reported from the Carse of Falkirk ;? but these evidently belong to a bed of
the older clay which has survived the denudation, and occupies a position beneath the
estuarine mud, probably indicated by No. 5 of the Grangemouth section quoted. During
the sinking of one of the Grangemouth pits at a depth of eighty fect (sixty or seventy —
feet below sea-level) some bones of a Seal were found.’ From mud adhering to these
bones, we obtained Polymorphina compressa and Nonionina asterizans, with one species of
Ostracoda, viz. Cytheropteron Montrosiense, a species associated with Arctic Mollusca in
the old Arctic clays. Some clay from the same pit at a depth of forty feet yielded frag-
ments of Zellina balthica, a species more frequent in estuarine than in glacial beds.

1. Drie Briper, StTiRLinG.

A few yards above Stirling Bridge, the river exposes a fossiliferous bed of marine
clay covered by later estuarine mud. By comparing one or two similar and neigh-
bouring exposures, the following series was obtained :

1. Peat ; , : : 7 ft. to 8 ft.
(a) Upper part black, useable for fuel.
(4) Lower part soft and spongy not so useable.

1 «Edin. Phil, Journ.,’ vol. i, p. 393; vol, xi, p. 220.

2 «Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ vol. 3, p. 367.

3 See a paper by Prof. Turner, “On the Bones of a Seal in the Red Clay at Grangemouth,”’
in the ‘ Proceedings Roy. Soc. Edinb.,’ 1869-1870.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 87

2. Carse mud $54 ‘ : F 9 ft. to 10 ft.
3. Ostrea edulisbed P : » 9 RICHES: 3

The sample of clay containing the shells washed quite away, leaving neither sand nor
-gravel, but simply sheli déérzs mixed with a little vegetable matter.

Ostrea edulis is very abundant. None of the specimens, however, are as large as those
we have noticed in the Pecten maximus bed at Colintraive, few exceeding four inches in
their longest diameter, although they are generally very thick and solid.

Height above the sea thirty-four feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Argiliecia cylindrica, G.O. Sars.
Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— viridis, Miiller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea torosa (Jones).
Lucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Lowxoconcha guttata (Norman).
— tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
— similis, G. O. Sars.
— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

2. BrRicK-WoRK SOUTH-WEST OF STIRLING.

At McAlpin’s brickwork, south-west of Stirling, there is a stiff clay of a dark colour,
composed of fine mud with a small percentage of sand and gravel. Estuarine shells are

88 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

exceedingly numerous, Serodicularia piperata being the characteristic mollusc, and they
are not associated with any Arctic forms.

The following Ostracoda were found :

seen Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— lutea, Miller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Loxoconcha guttata (Norman).
Cytherura clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.

38. Bripcre or ALLAN.

About half a mile from the Bridge of Allan, on the north side of Allan Water, the

river cuts through a bank in which the Ostrea edulis bed is exposed a few feet below the
surface.

The followmg Ostracoda were found :

Potamocypris fulva, Brady.
Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— cribosa, nov. sp.
— viridis, Miiller.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— cuneiformis, Brady.
— tuberculuta (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Lucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Lo«oconcha guttata (Norman).
— tamarindus (Jones).
Cytherura undata, G. O. Sars.
— _ migrescens (Baird).
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 89

The estuarine muds at the mouth of the South Esk are typical, and the following
series of deposits has been described by Dr. Howden :'

“1, A layer of unstratified Boulder Clay, of a red colour, lying on rocks polished
and grooved in a general direction of west to east, and containing the dressings
of these rocks and travelled boulders derived from rocks to the west of their present
position.

“2. Laminated dull red clay, forming a terrace forty feet above the level of the sea and
containing marine fossils of an Arctic type and small boulders (transported from great
distances) of rocks foreign to the district.

«3. A layer of stratified sand and gravel covering the laminated and boulder clay to
100 feet above the sea-level, identical in its mineral contents with the unstratified
‘moraine-gravels of Glen Clova.

‘4, Peat found in old water-courses, resting on the marine clay or on the gravel.

“5. A great bar of boulders stretching across the estuary mouth, derived apparently
from the Boulder Clay.

“6. A deposit of estuary or Carse clay and sand, extending to about fifteen feet above
the sea-level, and containing in its lower portions estuary shells.

«<7. An accumulation of blown or drifted sand, forming the links on part of which
Montrose is built.”

Since these old estuarine deposits and raised beaches occur at almost any point
between a few feet above high-water mark and thirty feet, the amount of elevation of
the land during the period they represent (as we pointed out was the case also during
the glacial period) must have been very unequal.

Mr. Jamieson states that the elevation of the old estuarine deposits becomes less as
we proceed from the Firth of Forth to Aberdeenshire,’ commencing at from twenty-five
to forty feet in the Carse clay of the Forth and continuing at that point to the estuary of
the Tay, but at the estuary of the Ythan being eight feet and at Aberdeen only just
above high-water mark.

4, Pastry, CARDIUM EDULE Ben.

The position of this bed has been previously described (p. 25). It was about
nine inches in thickness and covered with four feet of surface soil. Immediately
beneath it was the Arctic shell-clay, in the upper part containing few fossils, in the
lower part an abundant fauna, with Cyprina Islandica as the characteristic species.

1 «Trans. Ed. Geol. Soc.,’ 1867-68.
2 «Journal Geol. Soc.,’ 1865, vol. xxi, p. 189.
12

90 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

The fauna of the Cardium edule bed was similar to the fauna of any locality on the
west coast in which that species abounds. In a very small quantity of material the
following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).
Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird).

Cytherura gibba (Miiller).

5. Iste or CumMBRAE.

The village of Millport, which stretches along the shore, is built on the old twenty-
five-feet sea-beach. From the pier to the west end of Kames Bay, under a thin crust of
soil, is a bed of Melobesia, more or less thick, which, for the most part, rests on the
sandstone rock of the district. It is curious to notice that, although at this stretch of
the beach the Melobesia is lying in beds of considerable thickness, none of it is found
in the sea in the bay opposite to it; but at the south-west end it is most abundant, both
in the raised beach and in the sea.

The fauna is entirely recent. The shelly material is much water-worn, and loses —
little in washing. Mollusca are more abundant than either Foraminifera or Ostracoda.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
— trigonella, G. O. Sars.
— acupunctata, Brady.
Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— viridis, Miller.
— lutea, Miller.
— albomaculata, Baird.
— convewxa, Baird.
— pulchella, Brady.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.

POST-TERTIARY FOSSILIFEROUS DEPOSITS. 91

Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).
Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— angulata, Brady.

— acuticostata, G. O. Sars.
Paradoxostoma Fischer. G. O. Sars.

6. West TarBert SILT.

A bed of estuarine silt is found at West Tarbert, younger than the glacial clay
previously described, and entirely free from any remains of Arctic shells.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
Cythere pellucida, Baird.

— castanea, G. O. Sars.

— ~porcellanea, Brady.

— crispata, Brady.

— viridis, Miller.

— lutea, Miller.

— albo-macculata, Baird.

— convewa, Baird.

— cuneiformis, Brady.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).

— tamarindus (Jones).
Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— striata. G. O. Sars.

— cuneata, Brady.

— gibba (Miller).

— cellulosa (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).

— Fischeri, G. O. Sars.

92 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

7. OBAN.

A bed composed of earthy matter, shell dééris, and small gravel, was reached in
digging the foundation of a house on the east of Oban, and also in a railway-cutting in
the same vicinity. ‘The material is more muddy and has less of a washed appearance
than is usual in raised beaches.

It occurs on a small plateau at the mouth of a rivulet which might have supplied
the sediment. Only one example of fluviatile Ostracoda, however, was found,—a
solitary specimen of Cytheridea lacustris. 'The deposit has altogether the appearance of
a recent sea-bottom, which has been uplifted to its present position, rather than of a
beach. The fauna is that of the surrounding waters.

Height above the sea ten to fifteen feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
—— trigonella, G. O. Sars.

Bairdia inflata (Norman).
Cythere lutea, Miller.

— viridis, Miller.

— pellucida, Baird.

— castanea, G. O. Sars.

— crispata, Brady.

— albo-maculata, Baird.

— convexa, Baird.

— pulchella, Brady.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

— semipunctata, Brady.

— Jeffreysii, Brady.

— cuneiformis, Brady.

— laticarina, Brady.

— emaciata, Brady.

— antiquata (Baird).
Cytheridea torosa (Jones).

POST-TERTIARY BEDS OF SCOTLAND. 93

Cytheridea lacustris (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).

— tamarindus (Jones).
Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— similis, G. O. Sars.

— striata, G. O. Sars.

— angulata, Brady.

— undata, G. O. Sars.

— gibba (Miller).

— acuticostata, G. O. Sars.

— cellulosa (Norman).
Cytheropteron latissimum (Norman).
Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird).

— abbreviatum, G. O. Sars.
— arcuatum, Brady.

§ IV. GENERAL SEQUENCE OF THE POST-TERTIARY BEDS OF
SCOTLAND.

While the place of several individual deposits—the precise nature of the causes by
which they were produced—and the subdivisions of the periods to which they may be
referred, involve geological arguments beyond the scope of the present paper, it may add
to the clearness of those details, distinctive of the beds from which Ostracoda have been
derived, and which have been already dwelt upon, to subjoin a reference to the General
Sequence of the Post-Tertiary Beds of Scotland.

In tabulating this general sequence itself, however, we shall confine ourselves
almost entirely to points illustrated by our previous descriptions of the several beds with
the fauna of which this Monograph is chiefly concerned.

Without attempting to give anything approaching to a final and complete sequence
we simply submit an arrangement, iz the direction of which our investigations have led us,

for the purpose of furnishing a tentative grouping of a large number of deposits which )

it is impossible to study when they are miscellaneously intermingled.

94 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

A. PreeuactaL Prriop.

“Crag” of Aberdeenshire.
Beds beneath Boulder Clay at Kilmaurs, with remains of
Llephas primigentus.

B. Guactat PERiop.
1. Karly Glacial Period.

Elevation of the land above its present level.
Land ice.
Formation of unfossiliferous Boulder Clay, now found :

(a) On the flanks, in the hollows, and on the summits of
Scotch mountains, as well as beneath more recent
deposits in the plains.

(4) Beneath the Arctic shell-clays of the Clyde.

Il. Middle Glacial Period.

Depression of the land.

Denudation of Boulder Clay.

Formation of Arctic shell-beds in hollows of Boulder Clay at
various depths, according to extent of local depression.

Floating ice over the sea increased in area by the depression.

Boulder Clay thrown over shell-beds: (a) by glacier reaching
the sea; or (4) floating ice.

Earliest Mytilus edulis beds, formed when depression began,
followed by clays with shells of deeper range as depression
increased.

Period of extreme depression.

If. Final Glacial Period.

Re-elevation of land.

Gradual shallowing of the waters.

More littoral character of glacial shell-beds.
Later Mytilus edulis beds.

POST-TERTIARY BEDS OF SCOTLAND. 95

Floating ice ; dropping glaciated Boulders into shell-beds.

Boulder Clay occasionally thrown, as before, over shell-beds.

Gradual filling up with sand and silt of great sea-channels,
formed during period of greatest depression, as, eg. between
Firth of Forth and Firth of Clyde. During this process
Boulder Clays yosszbly deposited by floating ice over sand and
silt—their alternation as now found being caused by seasonal
changes.

Drifting ice breaking up shell-beds and mixing their contents
with Boulder Clay, especially along the newly forming coasts.

C. Post-guacitaL Perio.
1. Early Post-glacial Period.

Upper Raised Beaches, formed as the land rose from the Glacial
Sea, during the gradual amelioration of the climate.

Upper portions of Clyde clays, showing by absence of species
common in lower portions, the disappearance of an Arctic
fauna and the incoming of estuarine conditions.

Land almost at its present level.

Il. Middle Post-glacial Period.

Possibly milder climate.

Peat with trees, showing conditions very favorable to growth.

Slight resubmergence of the land.

Pecten mazimus bed at Irvine water, Colintraive, &c.

Lower estuarine mud; possibly Scrodecularia bed of silt of east
coast.

Iii. Final Post-glacial Period.

Re-elevation of land to its present position.
Last Raised Beaches.
Upper estuarine mud.

The final Post-glacial Period we regard as terminating with the last elevation of the
land, at however recent a date that may have taken place.

96 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Nore.—With regard to the Ostracoda which we have catalogued from the various
Post-tertiary beds of Scotland the only previous notices of their occurrence known to the
authors of this Monograph are the following :

1. Dr. Howden, in his paper “On the Superficial Deposits of the South Hsk,”?
catalogues among the principal fossils found at the Dryley’s Brick-work, Montrose—
Crusracna, Cythere, sp. (?)

2. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland: Explanation of—

Sueet J.—Terally Brick-works.
Entomostraca: A few single valves much worn.

Sager [].—Monreith Tile-works.
Cythere emarginata ?
— pulchella ?

3. Mr, Peach’s paper “On the Fossils from the Boulder-clay of Caithness,” in
‘Report of British Assoc.,’ 1862, Trans. Sect., p. 83, includes—Enromosrraca, some
valves of Cythere ?

V. THE POST-TERTIARY OSTRACODA.

In this Monograph we describe 138 species, of which 93 are from the Post-tertiary
beds of Scotland. © The species from the upper beds are the same as those inhabiting the —
British seas at the present day, and their distribution corresponds ; but when the Ostracoda
catalogued from the true glacial deposits of Scotland are studied in connection with the
Mollusca, they yield the same general results both with respect to their relationship to the
fauna now inhabiting British waters and also to the glacial fossil fauna of Norway and
Canada.

A few of these general relationships may be indicated. ‘The names of the fossil
species to which reference is made will be given when we proceed to notice in detail the
facts connected with their distribution.

! «Trans. Geol. Soc. Edin.,’ 1867-8, p. 6.

RELATIONS OF THE GLACIAL FAUNA. 97

1. Relation of the Scotch glacial fauna to the existing fauna of the Scotch waters.

From the results of Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffrey’s dredging expedition in the Hebrides’ it
may be concluded that—

(1) The invertebrate fauna of the district is chiefly northern, and for certain
species peculiar to the Hebrides no locality has been recorded between that and the
Mediterranean. The fauna of the Hebrides must have obtained this characteristic
subsequently to the Glacial Epoch.

(2) The Hebrides constitute the southern limits of many northern species, such as
Lima elliptica (not yet found fossil), Leda pygmea (an abundant glacial fossil), Zrochus
Groenlandicus (also abundant as a glacial fossil).

Of the Mollusca catalogued from the Scotch glacial beds none are extinct species, but
some Arctic forms are absent from the neighbouring sea, while some species ranging within
the Arctic circle may be characterised as very common in glacial clays and very rare as
living specimens.

Of the species of Ostracoda catalogued from the Post-tertiary beds—

18 are extinct, so far as at present known ;
10 are distinctly boreal or Arctic, although living in British waters ;
and none of the remainder are of southern type.

2. Relation of the Scotch glacial fauna to the glacial fauna of the north of Europe.

Prof. Sars gives sixty-one species of Mollusca collected from twenty beds of the old
Glacial Epoch in Norway. Of these sixty-one species we have obtained forty-eight from
the glacial clays of Scotland. Moreover, the characteristic species of some of the
Norwegian clay beds are precisely identical with those of the Scotch beds.

At Moss, e.g. on the Christiania Ffiord the prevailing shell is Leda Arctica, which is
also very characteristic of the Errol clay.

The climate of south-west Norway was undoubtedly more extreme than at present
during the Glacial Epoch, and, so far as the evidence of the fauna reaches, the same severe
climate extended over Scotland.

Of the forty-five fossil species of Ostracoda noted in the “ Glacial and Post-glacial ”
beds of Norway all, except eight, are fossil in the Scotch beds, and all, except one, are
living in British and Norwegian seas.

’ «Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ 1866, 1867, 1868.

13

98 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

3. Relation of the Scotch glacial fauna to the glacial fauna of Canada.

The fossil glacial fauna of Canada is not so widely distinct from the living fauna of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence as the fossil glacial fauna of the Clyde beds is distinct from the
living fauna of the Firth.

In Scotland at least sixteen species are found fossil which are extinct in British
waters, together with many Arctic varieties of British species.

In Canada Dr. Dawson has described 205 species of ‘“ Post-pliocene fossils,” and
remarks that ‘‘the whole of these, with three or four exceptions, may be affirmed to be
living Northern or Arctic species, belonging, in the case of the marine species, to moderate
depths, or varying from the littoral zone to—say 200 fathoms. ‘The assemblage is identical
with that of the northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Labrador coast at present,
and differs merely in the presence or absence of a few more southern forms now present in
the Gulf, especially in its southern part, where the fauna is of a New England type,
whereas that of the Post-pliocene may be characterised as Labradorian.”*

This marked contrast between the Canadian and Scotch glacial fauna in relation to
the fauna locally existing proves the greater completeness of the change of climate in
Scotland than in Canada.

The Scotch glacial fauna has, moreover, a strong alliance with the Canadian shown by
the prevalence in both of very characteristic Arctic species.

Out of thirty-three fossil species of Ostracoda collected from the Post-pliocene beds of
Canada and Maine,

23 are found in Scottish glacial beds,
25 live in British waters,
6 are new.

The comparison between the Scotch and Canadian beds is of special interest, since it
suggests that at the period when the glacial fauna flourished in the Scottish seas, the
climate was nearly the same as that prevailing in Canada during the same epoch, 7. e.
slightly colder than that of the St. Lawrence.

The fossils, however, must not be considered as marking the extreme point of cold
reached during that epoch; but rather as indicating the commencement of slightly
milder conditions than had hitherto prevailed.

The question suggested by this comparison, therefore, is, What conditions would
produce in the Clyde a temperature slightly colder than that of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence ?

1 ‘Notes on the Post-pliocene Geology of Canada,’ by J. W. Dawson, LL.D.; Montreal, 1872; p. 101.

RELATIONS OF THE GLACIAL FAUNA. 99

The existence of an Arctic current, the wide expanse of land in the American Arctic
regions exercising its chilling influence, and other circumstances connected with the
directions of the mountain-ranges and the heights of the water-shed, account to a large
extent for the climate of Canada.

A corresponding series of changes would explain zof the whole phenomena of the
glacial epoch, but the existence of the fauna of the glacial clays in Scottish waters. The
shiftings of level, of which there is ample evidence, would involve rearrangements in the
relative proportions of land and water; while there would be vital alterations in the
directions of the Arctic currents, and a deflection in the Gulf Stream."

1 See a paper “On the Reason why the Change of Climate in Canada since the Glacial Epoch has been
less complete than in Scotland,” by James Croll, ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. ii, p. 138. Also a
paper “On the Relation between the Glacial Deposits of Scotland and those of Canada,” by H. W.
Crosskey, F.G.S., ibid., p. 132.

100 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

§ VI. THE FOLLOWING IRISH AND ENGLISH POST-TERTIARY DEPOSITS
HAVE BEEN EXAMINED FOR OSTRACODA.

1. Wooppurn, CARRICKFERGUS.

About a mile and a half north of Carrickfergus a bed of clay has been cut through
by the stream both a little above and below Woodburn Bridge. ‘This clay is dark-grey
in colour and somewhat stony, and contains a few flint pebbles. It is irregularly overlain
by from one to five feet of shingle, which appears to represent the old bed of the

‘river. In this clay we noticed Leda pernula, Leda pygmea, with fragments of Balani,
&e.; and an Arctic character may be assigned to the deposit.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— pulchella, Brady.
— coneinna, Jones.
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.
Cytherura complanata, n. sp.
— cellulosa (Norman).
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.
= arcuatum, N. sp.
— Montrosiense, n. sp.
Bythocythere simplea (Norman).
Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars.
Paradostoma variabile (Baird).
Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars.

IRISH AND ENGLISH OSTRACODA. 101

2. PorrrusH.

The raised-beach at Portrush consists chiefly of shell débris. Like a large number
of the raised beaches the material loses little in washing—only 4 per cent., which passes
off in fine mud.

The deposit is uneven in thickness, filling up irregularities of the rock on which it
rests. Its area is greatly hidden, but it is possibly 100 yards square. The fauna it
contains is entirely recent.

Height above the sea fifteen feet.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
Cythere viridis, Miller.

— tenera, Brady.

— pellucida, Baird.

— crispata, Brady.

— albo-maculata, Baird.

— gibbosa, Brady and Robertson.

— convexa, Baird.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— pulchella, Brady.

— angulata (G. O. Sars).

— emarginata (G, O. Sars).
Cytheridea punctillata, Brady.

— torosa (Jones).

— elongata, Brady.
Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).

— tamarindus (Jones).
— multifora (Norman).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— similis, G. O. Sars.

— angulata, Brady.

— gibba (Miller).

— undata, G. O. Sars.

102 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Cytherura cellulosa (Norman).
— clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.
— latissimum (Norman).
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradoxostoma ensiforme, Brady.

3. BELFAST.

In digging the new docks at Belfast a fossiliferous deposit was passed through,
exceedingly rich in Mollusca now living in British seas. We examined for Ostracoda
samples of the material taken from the depths beneath the surface of three to four
feet, eight feet, twelve to fourteen feet, and twenty feet, and found the following species :

3to4 ft.) 3ft. |12 to 14) 20 ft.
below | below |ft. below} below
surface.| surface.) surface.) surface.
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman) .............cesecsesseceeeees x x
Opllere MEME, BAG, cs.sissisaeseonnnevsererereveeiacemsone ra x x x
re ROP 8y NUN OP acre icnka ide es Meeneb eke Baetavind be x x x x
(GAT ATU? Saga ane OR ON OT ORR Oe Oot nec ee eG x x x
st TLOOMACLIALE, IDAIEG ccccunitenaarcesccceenotasceerescesas x
amt IUBER SIHIGES Coe ics 2 <c, hectiereay ch sits Se eaneuennes x 4 a x
RET RIOD OG MALAYA vainds fuostiieennvia tebe ocem erased +ve x x x x
RIPE PUNONPILE, MTAUY ..4c55 os sa racy cance mute ee dans eabieah Sou ge x
P= PUB OSE A GeO). OBIS) flac sts. Skates cabaskuseeosens x x x x
Ss MMICONCUIN GC mu ONESn ee arisen nse cen eaice sare meremcucts ves ast x
= euperculara (GO, SHES) tabs. sivicaveuvode cee weeds. oe x x x
PONCE NING) tose sce carintugmasOncaedecteseueaen nas seepe’ ape Webs Sei) 8% x
are CAEAUOLA BAIA) 56 cca denon esencuvnes sucsecacsviieceeee x x x x
EE MMI ECE RAIEO) csc vecvas tadsestantevaedaxtaveiewde vee 3 x
=r Dunermensi® (NOVA) .92 5 fea sdaea can sa0iosdee evens dec ee x
Cyonerided Clongata, Brady iiccac.iesoess,sSonedetecstct senses x
Loxoconcha impressa (Baird) ..0....00c..c0nepscceseadeccssaceees x x x x
— COME GUS HODES 3059 4:53. compaieicectesvnnseacnen teres x Se x
wmestorenerisidepressa, G, O. SAS icc do cee Sousssudesessevest aoe x
— muraniia (Dad caret as eoansaceua cise ls.ssie ses ep nee xe
CHREFUIL TAGTCECHS (DUTE) ..csnescss serene vapcinenosnae verses x x x x
SIS PORTS eet A6b. eed od De vo sievon-e ce vay x
Se CE PIMERE MGI UTE” apcuied eS er didnesnsduelteesosse Be. x
Se WE EE) a1 OI ANAES.. Van, 5, cccevawnvasavet voces ts: x a x x
= UOTE GAO sm NATS Nevstae xtcdsnaea ince etaah cared ae x x
Se PIU USNMUEE Meat cciesehs Tete eure buss oegiaenons ses. ps sine fe x
— aeuticostata, G.O) Sarse ..ccscdecsccsstescecsss'se, >
Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird) ............... Bis tec x
— CROP OIE, WAAY ye tie pecow resins sesenseni DC

IRISH AND ENGLISH OSTRACODA. 103

4. BRIDLINGTON, YORKSHIRE.

This bed (which it is impossible now to examine) was originally described by Prof.
John Phillips in the second edition of his work on the ‘Geology of the Yorkshire
Coast’ (1836); and in the third edition of the same work is the subject of an
exhaustive discussion.

Tn material obtained some years ago, when the beds were exposed, the following
Ostracoda were found :

Cythere cribrosa, n. sp.
— leioderma, Norman.
— villosa (G. O. Sars).
— angulata (G. O. Sars).
— emarginata (G, O. Sars).
— costata, Brady.
— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
— concinna, Jones.
— globulifera, Brady.
— mirabilis, Brady.
— Dunelmensis (Norman).
Cytheridea papillosa, Bosquet.
— elongata, Brady.
— punctillata, Brady.
— Sorbyana, Jones.
Cytherura clathrata, G. O. Sars.
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.
— angulatum, Brady and Robertson.
Paradoxostoma ensiforme, Brady.
— pyriforme, Nn. sp.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).

5. Hopton Cuirr, NEAR YARMOUTH.

This deposit has been described as “ Middle Glacial ” by Messrs. S. V. Wood, jun., and
F. W. Harmer, in the Palzontographical Socicty’s volume for 1871, p. 22. The

LSC. eee

104 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Ostracoda obtained from the material submitted to us presented a general Arctic
character, varied by one or two Tertiary forms, and were greatly worn.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Cythere albomaculata, Baird.

— cicatricosa, Reuss.

— villosa (G. O. Sars).

— macropora, Bosquet.

— latimarginata, Speyer.

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— Hoptonensis, n. sp.
Cytheridea elongata, Brady.
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).
Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.

— Montrosiense, n. sp.

Asterope teres (Norman).

6. Hornska.

The beds at Hornsea have been described in a paper ‘‘ On the Glacial and Post-
glacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-east Yorkshire,” by Searles V. Wood, jun.,
Hsq., F.G.S., and the Rev. J. L. Rowe, F.G.S."”"

In the material submitted to us the following Ostracoda were found :

1. In the lower freshwater bed—

Cypris compressa, Baird.

— gibba, Ramdohr.

— reptans (Baird).
Cypridopsis obesa, Brady and Robertson.
Candona albicans, Brady.

— lactea, Baird.

— candida (Miller).
Limnicythere inopinata (Baird).
Cytheridea lacustris (G. O. Sars).

1 «Quart. Journal of Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxiv, p. 146.

IRISH AND ENGLISH OSTRACODA. 105

2. In the upper bed—

Cypris reptans (Baird).

— gibba, Ramdohr.
Cypridopsis obesa, Brady and Robertson.
Candona detecta (Miiller).

7. CarpirF—New Dock Basin.

This deposit is of an estuarine character, becoming more marine in its lower portions.
We examined separately portions of the clay taken from eight, fifteen, twenty, thirty,
and forty feet below the surface. It varies little-in composition, although it alters in
colour from brownish to dark grey, but at the depth of forty feet it alternates with
beds of gravel to the depth of sixty-four feet, where it reaches a red marl.

At eight feet below the surface the dry clay consists of 96 per cent. fine mud, 4 per
cent. shell dééris and fine sand.

At forty feet, 94 per cent. fine mud, 6 per cent. fine and coarse sand, with a few
fragments of shells and a small portion of vegetable matter. The deposit contains some
freshwater and brackish, as well as marine, forms,—a fact accounted for by its position at
the mouth of the River Taff.

The prevailing species is Scrobicularia piperata, the characteristic shell of the
Mersey and the Montrose estuarine muds. It ranges from top to bottom of the clay,
and, in some places, lies in bands with little admixture of clay.

Although the whole fauna has an estuarine character, it is more diversified and more
decidedly marine towards the bottom. ‘The alternations, however, are so capricious
that no lines of regular change can be drawn in the fauna. For example, at forty feet
below the surface Cythere porcellanea prevails over Cythere castanea ; at fifteen feet
C. castanea prevails over C. porcellanea; at eight feet C. porcellanea prevails over
C. castanea.

At the depth of forty feet the shells of Ostracoda and those of young Mollusca
are filled with iron-pyrites. This is also the case at eight feet below the surfaee ;
but at the intermediate depths of fifteen, twenty, and thirty feet scarcely a trace of it
is seen,

14

106 -POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

The following Ostracoda were found :

Candona lactea, Baird.

Cypris ovum (Jurine).
Pontocypris mytiloides (Norman).
Potamocypris fulva, Brady.
Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars.

— wporcellanea, Brady.

— tenera, Brady.

— tuberculata (G. O. Sars).
Cytheridea torosa (Jones).
Eucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Loxoconcha elliptica, Brady.
Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird).

— depressa, G. O. Sars.
Cytherura producta, Brady.

— angulata, Brady.

— striata, G.-O. Sars.

— quadrata, Norman.

oo cellulosa (Norman).
Cytheropteron rectum, Brady.
Schlerochilus contortus, var. abbreviatus.
Paradoxostoma flecuosum, Brady.

— abbreviatum, G. O. Sars.
_ ensiforme, Brady.
— Fischeri, G. O. Sars.

8. Mrrsry, LiveRpoo..

The following series of beds has been described :’

1. Surface soil ; ; 3 about 2 ft.
2. Sandy silt (probably fresh water) ; at most 6 in.
3. Freshwater bed (with numerous shells) . ; 4 to 18 in.

1 “Observations on the Geology of the Cheshire Coast,” by Charles Potter, ‘Trans. of Liverpool Geol.
Soc.,’ 1868-9.

IRISH AND ENGLISH OSTRACODA. 107

4. Sandy silt (probably fresh water) 9 in.
5. Peat bed.
6. Silt or bluish clay, with Scrobicularia piperata,

Rissoa parva, &c. and Ostracoda : 8 ft.
7. Peat bed.

8. Boulder-clay.

In the silt or bluish clay, with Scrodicularia piperata (6), the following Ostracoda
were found :

Cythere pellucida, Baird.
— tenera, Brady.

Loxoconcha impressa (Baird).
Cytherura nigrescens (Baird).

— similis, G. O. Sars.

— angulata, Brady.
Sclerochilus contortus (Norman).
Paradozxostoma abbreviatum, G. O. Sars.

9. Branston Fen, LincoLNsHIRE.

In some Post-tertiary clay from this fen the following species of Ostracoda were

found :

Cypris compressa, Baird.

— gibba, Ramdohr.
Cypridopsis obesa, Brady and Robertson.
Candona detecta (Miller).

— lactea, Baird.

— candida (Miller).
LIimnicythere tnopinata (Baird).
Cytheridea lacustris (G. O. Sars).

108 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

10. WHITTLESEA.

In an old lacustrine deposit at Whittlesea (Cambridgeshire), which is overlaid by five
or six feet of marl, the following Ostracoda were found :

Cypris ovum (Jurine).
— /Jevis, Miller.
— gibba, Ramdobr.
— reptans (Baird).
Cypridopsis Newtoni, Brady and Robertson.
Candona albicans, Brady.
— lactea, Baird.
— compressa (Koch).
— candida (Miller).
Darwinella Stevensoni, Brady and Robertson.

11. CHestEr.

Mr. Shone, jun., forwarded to us Ostracoda from the “ Upper Boulder clay ”
(described by Mr. McIntosh) of Chester. They proved to belong to the following
species :

Cythere tuberculata (G. O. Sars).

— antiquata (Baird).

— Dunelmensis (Norman).

— Jonesii (Baird).
Lucythere Argus (G. O. Sars).
Cytherura angulata, Brady.
Lozxoconcha impressa (Baird).

— tamarindus (Jones).

Cytheropteron nodosum, Brady.
Paradoxostoma flexuosum, Brady.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE OSTRACODA. 109

§ VII. CLASSIFICATION OF THE OSTRACODA.

The remains of Entomostraca occurring in the Post-tertiary formations belong, so far
as we at present know them, exclusively to the Ostracoda, nor is it likely that an
extension of our knowledge will reveal the presence of any other tribes in the British
area. The soft or chitinous nature of the investments of the other groups renders their
speedy putrefaction almost inevitable, except, perhaps, with some of the Phyllopoda,
which are for the most part confined to warmer waters than any which have existed in
this region in recent times.’

The only satisfactory classification of these creatures being based upon the structure
of those parts which most rapidly disappear after the death of the animal, it would be
of little use in this place to give tables which must refer only to details altogether beyond
the scrutiny of the paleontologist. We may, however, refer the reader for information
on this subject to the memoir of Dr. G. O. Sars on the ‘ Marine Ostracoda of Norway,’
and to Mr. G. S. Brady’s ‘ Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda,’ published by
the Linnean Society. But as being of more utility to the student of fossil species we
have drawn up a table embracing only the characters derived from the shells without
any regard to internal animal structure; this is the more feasible inasmuch as the
affinities of internal anatomy are always found (as might, by a believer in the doctrine of
evolution, be fully expected) to correspond more or less closely with similar affinities of
shell-structure. To make our survey of the Ostracoda more complete, and for the sake
of assigning to their proper position several genera, which have hitherto been published
only in a disconnected manner, we, however, here insert a synopsis of the anatomical
characters of the species belonging to the families Cypride, Darwinellide, and
Cytheride ; and we give likewise a list, revised up to this date, of the families and
genera of the Ostracoda, recent and fossil, so far as they are known to us.

1 The only instance within our knowledge in which remains of Cladocera have been preserved in
the Post-tertiary formations is that of the Dipple Tile-works, referred to on a previous page. Fragments of
the chitinous limbs and investments of these creatures are here very abundant, and possibly, if they could
be examined in si¢d, might be found tolerably perfect, but the unavoidable processes of “ washing,’’ and
otherwise manipulating the matrix, reduce them to a very fragmentary condition before they can be
effectively submitted to microscopic examination. We have, however, been able to recognise with certainty
in the Dipple deposit, remains of Camptocercus macrourus (which constitute the bulk of the fragments),
and Alona elongata, and, more doubtfully, Chydorus sphericus, Alona guttata, and Alona quadrangularis.
There are also in considerable abundance bodies which appear to be the ephippia of Daphniade.,

110 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

GENERA OF RECENT AND Post-TERTIARY OSTRACODA.

Class CRUSTACEA.
Subclass ENTOMOSTRACA.
Order GNATHOSTOMATA.

Legion LOPHYROPODA.

Tribe OsTRACODA.

Section Popocopa. Genus Bythocythere.
Pseudocythere.
Family 1.—Cy
amily YPRIDE Cytherideis.
Genus Cypris. Sclerochilus.
Cypridopsis. Xiphichilus.
Paracypris. Paradoxostoma.
Aglaia.
NGesl anita: Section Myopocopa.
Candona. . Family 4.—CyPRivInaDa.
nhethial Genus Cypridina.
ee: Bradycinetus.
Pontocy a Philomedes.
Argillecia, Eurypylus.
Bairdia. Asterope.
Macrocypris.

; Family 5.—Entomoconcu Ips.
Family 2.—DaRWINELLAD. 4

Genus Heterodesmus.
Genus Darwinella.

Family 6.—Concua@ciadZ.
Family 3.—CytH Erin.
Genus Concheecia.
Genus Cythere.

Halocypris.
Limnicythere.
Metacypris. Section CLADOCOPA.
Cytheridea. Family 7.—Poxycopips.
Eucythere.
athe: Genus Polycope.
Loxoconcha. Section PLavYcoPa.
Xestoleberis. }
Cytherura. Family 8.—CYTHERELLIDA.
Sarsiella. Genus Cytherella.

Cytheropteron. Bosquetia (¢ncert@ sedis).

CLASSIFICATION OF THE OSTRACODA.

iwiele

OSTRACODA—CHARACTERS OF CARAPACE.

SHAPE AS SEEN LATERALLY.

CyPripza—

Code wer ereee

Cypridopsis......

Potamocypris ...

Notodromas

Ce

Pontocypris......

Argillcecia

Bairdia

TEXTURE AND MARKINGS OF
SHELL.

Usually reniform or subreniform,
valves equal or subequal

Like Cypris, but higher in pro-
portion to length, and smaller

Like Cypridopsis, but with right

valve much larger than left

Much
highest in front

elongated, compressed,

Oblong, subreniform, compressed,
nearly equal in height through-
out

.|Subquadrangular, very high in

proportion to length, male and
female very different in shape

Elongated, subreniform

Subtriangular subreniform,
usually higher in front than

behind

or

Compressed, oblong, suboval

Subtriangular or subrhomboidal,
highest near the middle, height
great in proportion to length,
left valve larger than right and
overlapping

HINGEMENT.

Fragile, usually more or
translucent, smooth, or hispid,
often slightly punctate, rarely
toothed at the lower angles

Like Cypris, but commonly hispid
Like Cypridopsis, but with a

more robust
shell

and calcareous
Moderately robust, smooth and
polished, destitute of sculpture

Asin Paracypris

Like Cypris

Like Cypris

Thin and fragile, with little or no
sculpture, more or less hispid

Moderately robust, smooth

Moderately robust, smooth or
only moderately pitted, some-
times toothed on anterior and
posterior margins

less

Consisting of feebly overlapping flanges.

Like Cypris.

Simple.

Simple.

Simple.

Simple, contact-margins (ventral), over-
lapping, that of the (female) left
valve having a conspicuous flattened
tooth-like plate at the posterior ex-
tremity, articulating with a fossa in
the opposite valve.

Simple, rarely with a prominent curved
process near posterior termination of

left valve.

Simple.

Simple.

Flexuous, formed by the strongly over-
lapping border of the left valve.

POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

TEXTURE AND MARKINGS OF
SHELL.

HINGEMENT.

112
SHAPE AS SEEN LATERALLY.
Cypripé—

Macrocypris ...|Elongated, attenuated behind,
subtriangular, right valve larger
than left, and overlapping

Goniocypris ...|Triangular, height and length
about equal, minute

DaRWINELLADE—

Darwinella ...... Compressed, oblongo-ovate or
subcuneate, valves unequal,
right much larger than left

CYTHERIDZ—

Metacypris ...... Subrhomboidal, supero-posterior
angle produced

Limnicythere ... | Reniform or subreniform

Cythere ......... Subreniform or subquadrate,
mostly highest in front

Cytheridea ...... Subtriangular or triangularly
ovate, highest in front of the
middle

Eucythere ...... Subtriangular, high and rounded
in front, depressed behind

EUS 530 0d5 0003. Subovate, oblong, truncate be-

hind

Robust, perfectly smooth

Flexuous, formed by the overlapping

right valve.

Very thin and fragile, almost | Simple.

structureless

Thin, quite smooth, pellucid

Simple.

Moderately robust, closely punc-|On right valve, by a laminated angular

tate

Moderately _ robust,
pitted, prominently

lated or spinous

tubercu-

Robust, often excessively thick

and calcareous, smooth or
variously sculptured with fine
punctations or large and deep
fossee, tubercles, spines, ele-,

vated ridges, &c.

Usually thick and strong, smooth,
or more commonly foveolate ;
sometimes concentrically ru-
gose, with dentate margins

Thin and pellucid, bearing con-
spicuous rounded papillz

Smooth, with small distant

papillee

process in front, behind by a strong

flange with a single tooth, the flange |

continued round posterior margin,
on left valve by a deep sulcus behind
and a shallow one in front.

angularly | Simple, or with a very feebly marked

arrangement, as in the next genus.

Two strong teeth on the right, with

corresponding depressions on the left
valve, between the teeth often a
strong longitudinal bar and between
the fossee a furrow, left valve some-
times with a small tooth behind each
fossa.

Two series of terminal crenulated tu-

bercles on right, with corresponding
depressions of left valve; interme-
diate portions either plain or tuber-
culated on left and indented on right
valve.

Formed on right valve by a projecting

crest, on left by a corresponding
depression.

Like Lucythere, but feebly developed.

f

CYTHERID A.

SHAPE AS SEEN LATERALLY.

CyTHERIDZ—
Cytherideis

Xestoleberis......

Loxoconcha......

Bythocythere ...

Cytheropteron...

Pseudocythere...

Cytherura

Sarsiella

see rceeee

Sclerochilus

Xiphichilus

TEXTURE AND MARKINGS OF
SHELL.

Elongated, subovate, depressed in
front, right valve overlapping
in centre of ventral margin

Subtriangular, higher behind than
in front

Subrhomboidal or ‘ peach-stone
shaped ”

Subrhomboidal or fusiform, with
hinder margin produced into a
distinct beak

Subrhomboidal, more or less

beaked behind, rounded in

front, usually produced laterally |_

towards ventral margin into a
wing-like projection; valves

unequal and dissimilar

Obliquely quadrangular, rounded
in front, obliquely truncate
behind, and produced into a
blunt beak at supero-posteal
angle

Oblong or subtriangular, usually
minute, produced behind into
a more or less prominent beak,
valves dissimilar and unequal

Almost circular, rostrate behind
(?), much compressed

... | Elongated, flexuous, bean-shaped

Valves
elongated, pointed

subequal, compressed,
at both
ends, ventral margins much

compressed

Smooth, more or less finely punc-
tate

Smooth and polished, with distant
round papillee

Smooth and sparingly papillose,
or concentrically pitted

Smooth or ornamented with small
rounded pittings and papille,
often obscurely reticulated and
having a transverse median
fissure

More or less pitted; the pits
usually subquadrangular and
arranged in transverse rows ;
usually with a transverse me-
dian furrow

Very thin and fragile, smooth,
almost structureless

Smooth, or variously marked with
reticulated, ribbed, or punctate
ornament, usually robust

Exceedingly rugose, with circular
fossee in the interspaces

Smooth and polished, very hard

Thin and fragile, smooth, polished,
marked at margins with trans-
verse hair-like lines

113

HINGEMENT.

Nearly simple.

A dentated projecting crest of the left
articulating with an excavation of the
right valve.

Two small terminal teeth on each valve,
intervening portion often finely

crenulated.

Simple, or composed of a slight bar and
furrow; no teeth.

Two small terminal teeth on right valve
with opposing fosse and an inter-
vening crenulated ridge on left valve.

Simple.

Hinge-processes obsolescent or alto-
gether wanting.

Projecting median crest of left valve.

Simple.

15

114

POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

CyYTHERIDZ—
Paradoxostoma

CyprRIDINADE—
Cypridina

Bradycinetus ...

Philomedes......

Asterope

Eurypylus

PoLycoPipzE—
Polyeope.........

CYTHERELLIDA—
Cytherella

Bosquetia

SHAPE AS SEEN LATERALLY.

TEXTURE AND MARKINGS OF
SHELL.

Elongated, compressed, usually
higher behind than in front ;
usually subovate, subtriangular,
or flexuous

Subcircular or very broad oval,
with a distinct beak and notch
in front and a slight projection
behind

Similar to the foregoing, beak and
notch well developed

Similar to the above, posterior
extremity usually with one or
two spines

Elongated, beak not at all pro-
duced,
evenly rounded

posterior extremity

Beak obsolete, no distinct notch ;
seen from above widest
front

in

Circular or nearly so, no notch or
beak

Usually compressed,
valves very unequal, the right
much the larger

elliptical,

Obliquely and broadly ovate, right
valve much larger than left, and
overlapping both above and
below

Thin, fragile, polished, and de-
void of sculpture, but often
marked with arborescent co-
loured patches of black, olive,
or violet hue

Smooth, thin, and flexible

Dense, punctate

Moderately strong, punctate, or
foveate and ribbed

Moderately strong, smooth

Robust, more or less pitted

Thin, calcareous, smooth, punc-
tate, or reticulate

Thick and dense, smooth

variously sculptured

or

Very thick and hard, smooth

HINGEMENT,

Simple.

Nearly simple.

Nearly simple.

Nearly simple.

Nearly simple.

Formed by a slight overlapping of the
valves.

A groove on the right valve into which|
the edge of the left is received.

Formed by an overlapping (?) of the
right valve at each extremity.

CyYPRID a”.

Second pair of jaws.

OSTRACODA. 115

Though we have thought it desirable to give these brief generic diagnoses, inserting
only such characters as may be derived from the formation of the carapace (this being the
only part of the animal available to the paleontologist); it should, nevertheless, be
clearly understood that the really important generic distinctions are, in almost all cases,
based upon the structure of the internal organs, chiefly, indeed, on the formation of the
limbs, mouth-apparatus, and sexual organs. Yet, in the majority of cases, these deep-
seated peculiarities coincide so remarkably with a particular form of shell that there need
usually be no difficulty in assigning the fossil remains met with in the Tertiary and Post-
tertiary strata to their proper genera. Amongst the Entomostraca of the Paleozoic
formations, however, we meet with types of shell-structure far removed from those of
recent times and can only vaguely conjecture as to their relations.

From the foregoing Table we have excluded altogether the family Conchceciade, the
delicate valves of which have not been found (nor, indeed, are they likely ever to be
found) in any geological formation. The exclusively Paleozoic genera are also omitted,
as well as the recent genus Heterodesmus, which has not been met with except in the
Chinese seas, and seems to be allied to the Carboniferous genus Hutomoconchus.

OSTRACODA—Synopsis of Genera based upon the anatomical characters of the animal.

bearing a brush of sete. ( well developed, ae in two Bee vo
Possessing a bran- | Sete of the upper an- ) curved claws . : | Cup =

chial appendage ; tennz very long. Post-
palp subconical, in- | abdominal rami rudimentary, setiform . : , : . Cypridopsis.
distinctly jointed,
sai in three Set EencE ac Fimiahi GF wots. rudimentary . é : . C : . Potamocypris.
sete.
Second joint of poe We BEDE tos well-developed, terminating in) alike . . Paracypris.
lower antennz ab caatane Babes | two strong curved claws. First
le Land second pairs of feet dissimilar. Aglaia.
( subconical, indistinctly HOS teeny Veyony ee 5 eae Glee "| Notodr omas.
jointed. Sete of lower SES Gs
os altogether wanting. Oneeye . : . Candona,
destitute of a bran- (@ (elongated, 7-jointed, armed with long sete . Pontocypris.
chial appendage. 3-jointed; |
Palp upper 4 short and robust; 5-jointed; in the female
antenne | shortly setose, in the male provided w with a > Argillecia,
distinctly few long setze :
| jointed,
subpedi- 4-jointed; up-) largely developed, romenaere im seve- ; Rairaix
Lform per antenne | ral long sete . : : : ;
shortly setose.
Postabdominal | rudimentary . : é 3 : . Macrocypris.
Lami
Animal unknown ee roe es) se ee en hCG OTIOCY Dntae

* With this genus we incorporate Cypria (Zenker) and Chlamydotheca (Saussure).

116 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Antenne: destitute of swimming sete, and of poison gland and duct. Mandible-palp
Darwin- J 3-jointed, the basal joint large and densely setiferous. Two pairs of jaws, first with a

ELLIDH ) large branchial plate, second with a smaller branchial plate and a pediform palp. Two Darwinella,
pairs of feet external to the valves. Postabdominal lobes subconical, small F :
( f ( See of spines ; Rearing only a wo one Litoikeiptioce
elongated, slender sete '
their united ols

lengths at of more or less | lobe of the first

. Internal ( well developed. Cythere.
than that of

strongly spi- | pair of maxille (rudimentary . Hueythere.

n
Sy
iC |
a
E | the preceding | yiferous.
za gonst; Feet in the] dissimilar; right foot of first pair
; 5-jointed ; male and fe- | in the male prehensile, right of Cutheriden
3 last three 4 male the second pair very weak and y 3
& joints rudimentary 4 F ‘ Eee,
o
5 | Lower short and stout, their united length shorter than that of the pre-
= a ceding joint, bearing long curved spines. First two pairs of feet ( 77,4,
@ | 4,jointed. only 3-jointed. Bighte foot of last ee in the male prehensiles wird
= | Upper Eyes wanting
a ai antenne
S 5
bo short, their united length eilez to that of ether ae jon bearing
5 FI | short setze only a Cytherideis.
i)
»
ce E 3 6-jointed ; (short and gradually decreasing in length . : ‘ ; . Xestoleberis.
als beset with
I S z simple 4 of moderate length, unequal, penultimate the longest : . Metacypris.
Sie sete; last |
= = S | four joints Linostly much elongated and slender; unequal . . Loxoconcha.
re) .
ee iiomied ov st two joints very lar ge and stout, last five slender and 2 arn Bythocythere.
52 (moderately long setze é : c - , -
S55
[o} . . . .
38 5-jointed; beset with short scattered hairs. Postabdominal lobes broad ea
ies short, bearing three sete. No eyes eee Ta ey oe Cytheropteron.
a
= much narrower than the preceding, and bearing scattered short
ve ry ace hairs, which are in part spiniform. Postabdominal lobes rudi- > Cytherura.
— miebaniaie ees mentary, destitute of hairs. Two separate eyes
ee ast four
45 daa joints not narrower than the preceding, and beset towards the apex
= oe with numerous long set#. Postabdominal lobes Gags than > Selerochilus.
S ordinary, bipartite, and bearing five sete. One eye
ra
= 7-jointed, bearing numerous very long sete, last joint very long and slender;
5 | two basal joints large and stout. Postabdominal lobes subconical, directed Pseudocythere..
st downwards, and bearing three hairs. Hyes wanting .

imal unknown : 5 : : z F . a . : 5 ‘ ‘ . Sarsiella.

Mouth simple, tubiform ; its orifice surrounded by a circular disk

situated at the apex of a large subconical protuberance. Organs of sae po der and spar- ‘} Paradoxostoma..
Sr gue poorly developed and weak. Mandibles styliform ; ene

palp very narrow, destitute of a branchial appendage. First pair .

of jaws composed of narrow and partly imperfect lobes. Inferior eee, t ee na Xiphichilus.
antenne, 5-jointed; upper, 6-jointed ee neg Ses

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. 7

§ VIII. SUMMARY OF FACTS OF DISTRIBUTION.

1. Freshwater and Marine Species —Of the one hundred and thirty-two species of
Ostracoda described in this Monograph, twenty-four may be considered to have been
inhabitants of fresh or slightly brackish water, the remaining one hundred and eight
being strictly marine species. The freshwater group is constituted as follows :

Cypris cinerea. Candona compressa.

— compressa. — detecta.

— gibba. — lactea.

— ovum. Potamocypris fulva.

— reptans. Darwinella Stevensoni.

— salina. Limnicythere antiqua.

— virens. — imopinata.

— levis. — monstrifica.
Cypridopsis Newtoni. — Sancti-Patrici.

— obesa. Cytheridea lacustris.
Candona albicans. — torosa.

— candida. Loxoconcha elliptica.

Of these twenty-four species all except one (Limnicythere antigua, respecting which
we entertain some doubt as to whether it may not be a sexual variation or a stage of
growth of some other species) are perfectly familiar to us as inhabiting at the present
time the freshwater ponds and rivers or the brackish littoral pools of Great Britain
and parts of the European continent. ‘I'wo of them seem to be much restricted in their
distribution, and have been found fossil only in the neighbourhood of the localities where
they still live: these are Cypridopsis Newtoni and Darwinella Stevensoni. The presence
of Cytheridea torosa or Loxoconcha elliptica may be taken as an almost certain indication
of more or less brackish water ; it is seldom that either species is found living in quite
fresh or m undiluted sea-water.

The distribution of the marine species is, however, much more perfectly known :
their number being so much greater, and the area over which they have been studied so
much wider, we are thus better able to recognise in their distribution the effects of
climate and other physical conditions. A comparison of the Ostracodal fauna of the
Scottish glacial clays with that of the seas at present washing the European shores leads

118 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

us to conclude that the general character of the glacial Ostracoda is of a type decidedly
more boreal in character than that of the present epoch in the same latitudes. Perhaps,
indeed, we should not be far wrong in saying that the species found in the clay beds of
the south of Scotland correspond very closely with what we should expect to find now
living on the Atlantic sea-bed between Scotland and Greenland. It is, however, only
from very fragmentary observations made by private effort over the latter area that we
are able to draw this conclusion; and we, therefore, the more regret that the splendid
opportunities of research which were within our grasp, during the cruises of the
“Lightning ” and “ Porcupine,” seem to have been in this department almost or entirely
neglected. Amongst the contents of the clay beds here referred to we are able, never-
theless, to point to the following species as extending southward, at the present day, only
to latitudes corresponding to those of the Northern Hebrides, and apparently reaching
their full development only towards the Arctic regions, or on the western side of the
Atlantic, in the cold waters of Canada.

2. List of Post-Tertiary Species now known as characterizing the Arctic seas and the
northern coasts of Norway, Scotland, and America.

Cythere leioderma. Cytheridea Sorbyana.
— costata. Cytheropteron inflatum.
— murabilis. — angulatum.
— latimarginata.

Cytheridea papillosa, OC. punctillata, and Cythere concinna, though extending
somewhat further southward, and living even abundantly on the eastern shores of
England, so far south as Yorkshire, are still conspicuously absent from more southern
latitudes. These three species are, perhaps, in numbers, the most abundant of
all the glacial Ostracoda. On the other hand, certain species, such as Bairdia
inflata, B. acanthigera, and Cythere emaciata, which now are found living most
abundantly on the southern shores of the British Islands, becoming rare or altogether
absent from the northern shores, are likewise either entirely absent or of extreme
rarity in the glacial clays; nor, indeed, have we found in these clays any species of
distinctly southern type. So far, however, as our present limited knowledge of the
English Post-tertiary beds extends, it would seem that their fauna indicates at least as
much difference between them and the corresponding Scottish deposits, as exists at
present in the seas of the two districts. Of the species comprised in this Monograph
nineteen are either extinct or have not yet been seen living. ‘They are as follows:

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. 119

3. List of Post-Tertiary Species now extinct, or unknown in the living state.

Bairdia Cambrica. Krithe glacialis.
Aglaia cylindrica. Cytherura compressa.
Cythere cribrosa. — complanata.
— Cluthe. Cytheropteron Montrosiense.
— Logani. Bythocythere elongata.
— deflexa. Cytherideis subspiralis.
— _macropora. Paradoxostoma tenerum.
— Hoptonensis. — pyriforme.
Limnicythere antiqua. Bosquetia robusta.

Cytheridea inornata.

Comparing the British Post-tertiary Ostracoda, so far as we at present know them,
with those recorded by the late Professor Sars and Dr. G. O. Sars,’ and by Messrs.
Crosskey and Robertson,” as occurring in the Glacial and Post-glacial beds of Norway,
we find that of the forty-five Norwegian species all, except eight (marked * in the
following list), occur likewise in the British deposits of similar date ; while of these eight,
Cytherura atra is altogether unknown to us, and it is just possible that we may have
included forms strictly referable to it under some other species of that difficult genus.
Cythere truncata has not yet been described by G. O. Sars, and may very probably be
identical with some other species described in this Monograph. Of these forty-five
species (leaving C. ¢ruacata and C. atra as doubtful), Krithe glacialis is the only one
which is absent from the recent marine fauna of Norway and Great Britain, and we
may add that Cythere albomaculata, a species very abundant and characteristic of the
British recent and fossil faunze, appears to be almost or entirely absent from those of
Norway.

4, List of Ostracoda found in the Glacial and Post-Glacial deposits of Norway.

Paracypris polita. Cythere crispata.
Pontocypris mytiloides. * — borealis.
Cythere viridis. — villosa.
— lutea. — angulata.
— pellucida. — emarginata.

1 “Om de i Norge forekommende fossile Dyrelevninger fra Quartzerperioden, et Bidrag til vor Faunas
Historie, af Dr. phil. et med. Michael Sars.’ Christiania, 1865.

2 See “Notes on the Post-tertiary Geology of Norway,” by Henry W. Crosskey, F.G.S., and David
Robertson, F.G.S. ‘Trans. Phil. Soc. Glasgow,’ 1868.

120 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Cythere Finmarchica. Cytherura nigrescens.
— cuneiformis. * — affinis.
— concinna. * — atra.
— tuberculata. * — ilineata.
* — — crenulata. — striata.
— Dunelmensis. — — undata.
* — — truncata. — gibba.
Cytheridea papillosa. — angulata.

— elongata. — _acuticostata.

— punctillata. . — cellulosa.

— Sorbyana. Cytheropteron latissimum.
Eucythere Argus. = nodosum.
Krithe Bartonensis. . — punctatum.

— glacialis. = — alatum.
Loxoconcha tamarindus. — Montrosiense.

— impressa. Sclerochilus contortus.
Xestoleberis aurantia. Paradoxostoma variabile.

— depressa.

5. The glacial deposits of Canada, though imperfectly known to us, afford another
opportunity of comparison, the following list comprising all that we have noted from that
country :

* *Cythere leioderma. > *Eucythere Argus.
to» \uten: *Loxoconcha granulata.
— MacChesneyi. > *Xestoleberis depressa.
** — — emarginata. * *Cytherura nigrescens.
°* — — concinna. °* == Sarsu.
— Dawsoni. — cristata.
°* — — limicola. °* — - striata.
** — — globulifera. — granulosa.
— Logani. °* — — undata.
— cuspidata. > * ~— Robertsoni.
°>* — Dunelmensis. * *Cytheropteron latissimum.
* *Cytheridea papillosa. ae — nodosum.
* — punctillata. — complanatum.
* = — cornea. aa — inflatum.
°* — — Sorbyana. nm —- angulatum.
— Williamsoniana ? * *Sclerochilus contortus.

(Bosquet). * *Paradoxostoma variabile.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 121

Species marked with an asterisk occur living in the British seas, and those marked
with a dot in the British Post-tertiary clays. Cythere Dawsoni has occurred living in
the River St. Lawrence, while C. MacChesneyi, C. cuspidata, Cytherura cristata, C.
granulosa, and Cytheropteron complanatum have not been found at all in other localities,
either living or fossil. So that it is evident from the very partial investigation hitherto
made that a considerable admixture of species, unknown to Europe, occurs in the Post-
tertiary deposits of North America, and that these correspond more or less closely with
the recent fauna of the same district. This subject will, however, be found treated
at greater length in a paper on “ Fossil Ostracoda from the Post-Tertiary Deposits of
Canada and New England,” published in the ‘ Geological Magazine’ for February, 1871.

The following works are referred to in the Synonomy of the present Monograph :

Bairp, W., M.D. Natural History of the British Entomostraca. London (Ray
Society), 1850.—Description of several new species of Entomostraca (Proceedings
of Zoological Society of London, part xviii), 1850.—Papers in ‘Transactions
of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, 1835, and in Magazine of Botany and
Zoology, 1837.

Bosavuet, J. Description des Entomostracés fossiles des terrains tertiaires de la France
et de la Belgique (Mém. Couron. Acad. R. Belg., vol. xxiv). Bruxelles, 1852.
Brapy, G. S. On species of Ostracoda new to Britain (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3,
vol. xiii, 1864).—On undescribed fossil Entomostraca from the Brick-earth of the
Nar (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, vol. xvi, 1865).—On new or imperfectly known
species of Marine Ostracoda (Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. v, 1865).—On
Ostracoda dredged amongst the Hebrides (Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866).—Contribu-
tions to the Study of the Entomostraca,. passim in Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1868-72.—A Monograph of the recent British Ostracoda (Transactions of the
Linnean Society, vol. xxvi, 1868).—Contributions to “Les Fonds de la Mer,”
passim (Bordeaux, 1867-71).—A review of the Cypridine of the European seas

(Proceedings of Zoological Soc. of London, 1871).

Brapy, G. 8., and Rosgrtson, D. On the Distribution of the British Ostracoda (in
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4, January, 1872), and on The Ostracoda and
Foraminifera of Tidal Rivers (ibid., July, 1870)—Notes of a week’s dredging in
the West of Ireland (ibid., May, 1869).

Brapy, G. S., and Crossxny, H. W. On Fossil Ostracoda from the Post-Tertiary
Deposits of Canada and New England (Geological Magazine, Feb., 1871).

16

122 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Eacerr, Dr. Joseph Georg. Die Ostrakoden der Miocin-Schichten bei Ortenburg in
Nieder-Bayern : Neues Jahrb. f. Min., &., 1858. Stuttgart.

Fiscuzr, S. Abhandlung tiber das genus Cypris (Mém. des Savants Etrangers, t. vii,
St. Petersburg, 1851).—Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Ostracoden (Abhandl. der
mathemat.-physik. Classe der kéniglich bayerischen Akad. der Wissenschatft.,
vol. vii, part 3). Munich, 1855.

Jonzs, T. Rurzrt. A Monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formation
of England (Palontographical Society, 1849)—\A Monograph of the Tertiary
Entomostraca of England (Palzeontographical Society, 1856).

Jurine, Louis. Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent aux environs de Genéve.
Genéve, 1820.

Kocu, C. L. Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arichiden, 1836-41..
Regensburg.

Litisesore, W. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, Cladocera, Ostracoda, et Copepoda,
in Scania occurrentibus. Lund, 1858.

Mitre, O. F. Entomostraca, seu Insecta testacea, 1785, Edit. 2, 1792.

Norman, Rev. A. M. On species of Ostracoda new to Great Britain (Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, vol. ix), 1862.—Characters of undescribed Podophthalmia and
Entomostraca (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, vol. vii). 1861.—Dredging Report :
Crustacea (Nat. Hist. Trans. of Northumberland and Durham, vol. i), 1865, and in
British Association Report for 1864.—Last Report on Dredging among the Shetland
Isles (Brit. Assoc. Report, 1868).

Ramponr, in Magaz. d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin. 1808.

Reuss, A. EH. Die Foraminiferen und Entomostraceen des Kreidemergels von Lemberg
(Haidinger’s Abhandl., 1850).

Sars, G.O. Om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen zoologisk Reise. Christiania, 1863.
—Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, 1865.

Spryer, Oscar. Die Ostracoden der Casseler Tertiérbildungen. Cassel, 1863.

ZENKER, W. Anatomisch-systematische Studien iiber die Krebsthiere. Berlin, 1854.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES: CYPRIS. 123

§ IX. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Family \.—CYPRID Ai.
Genus 1.—Crrris, Miller.

Valves mostly subreniform or elongate-oval, horny in texture. Upper antenne seven-
jointed, and beset with numerous long plumose sets, which are mostly distributed as
follows,—four from the apices of the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints, and three from the
apex of the terminal or seventh joint. Lower antenne five-jointed, bearing a fascicle of
five or six setee of variable length, and on the inner side of the third joint a short bi-
articulate seta; terminating in four long curved and serrated claws; a few short sete
also arise from the sides of the fourth joint, near the middle; second pair of jaws smaller
than the first, in the male prehensile, and in the female consisting of a short, simple,
setiferous lobe, a subconical, simple, or obscurely articulate palp, which projects back-
ward, and terminates in three long sete, and a small branchial plate, bearing six
radiating respiratory sete. Postabdominal rami long and slender, bearing at the apex
two long and unequal curved claws, and a short seta; a short seta springs also from the
inner margin of the ramus at or below the middle. The males furnished (mostly, if not
always) with two mucous glands, consisting of a cylindrical axis, on which are set seven
whorls of radiating filaments, the whole connected with an efferent tube or “ vas
deferens.”

1. Cypris comprussa, Baird. Plate I, figs. 5, 6.

1835. Cypris compressa, Baird. Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, vol. i, p. 100, t. ili, fig.
16; (1850) Brit. Entom., p. 154, t. xix, figs.

14, 14 a—e.
1853. — _— Iilheborg. De Crust. ex. ord. trib., p. 112, t. x,
figs. 16—18.
1868. — _— Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 372, pl. xxiv,
figs. 1—5, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 6.
1854. — (cypria) puNcTaTA, Zenker. Anatomisch-system. Stud. iiber die Krebs-

thiere, p. 77, taf. 3a.

Shell much compressed, seen from the side broadly reniform, greatest height situated
in the middle, and equal to more than two thirds of the length ; extremities broadly

124 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

rounded, superior margin excessively and evenly arched, inferior rather deeply sinuated’
in the middle; seen from above compressed, ovate, pointed in front, rounded off behind,
ereatest width situated near the middle and equal to a little more than one third of the
length. Surface of the shell smooth and polished (recent specimens all usually more or
less marked with distant but rather large circular impressions) ; colour yellowish-brown,
sometimes with pellucid colourless patches.
Length, zth of an inch.
Disrrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Switzerland, Germany, Bohemia, Tyrol.
Fossil—Hornsea and Branston Fen, England; Dipple, Scotland.

2. Cypris sauna, Brady. Plate I, figs. 17—19.

1850. Cypris stricata, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 157.
1868. — sauina, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 368, pl. xxvi, figs.
8—13.

Shell, as seen from the side, broadly reniform, greatest height situated in the middle and
equal to nearly two thirds of the length, extremities equally and broadly rounded, superior
margin boldly and evenly arched, inferior rather deeply incurved ; outline, as seen from
above, narrowly ovate, anterior extremity much attenuated and bluntly mucronate,
posterior subacuminate, greatest width considerably less than half the length, situated in
the middle. Hinge- and contact-margins of the valves very flexuous, the latter thickened
and prominent. Surface of the shell smooth or very slightly pubescent. Recent
specimens beautifully marked with brown striz and blotches.

Length, 3th of an inch.

Disrrizution. ecent.—Great Britain.

Fossil_—Crofthead, Scotland.

It may perhaps be doubtful whether the specimen here described is properly
referable to C. salina, as it differs from the recent specimens of that species not only in
being considerably smaller but also to some extent in lateral outline which is more
nearly reniform. The smaller size may depend upon immaturity, and the differences of ©
shape are not sutficient to warrant its separation as a distinct species; the absence of
colouring cannot be considered important in a fossil example, and, indeed, sometimes
occurs in recent specimens.

3. CYPRis vIRENS (Jurine). Plate II, figs. 27, 28.

1820. Monocutus virEns, Jurine. Hist. des Monocles, p. 174, pl. xviii, figs. 15, 16.
1850. Cypris Tr1striats, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 152, t, xviii, figs. 1, 1 a—i, 2, 3.

CYPRIS. 125.

1853. Cypris vIRENS, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ord. trib., p. 117.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 364, pl. xxiii, figs.
23—32, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 1.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, reniform ; extremities rounded and nearly
equal, superior margin evenly arched, highest in the middle, height equal to more than
half the length; inferior gently sinuated, seen from above oblong, ovate, pointed in
front, narrowly rounded behind; greatest width situated in the middle, and equal to
about half the length. Shell thin, slightly punctate or perfectly smooth; in recent
specimens greenish and slightly pubescent.

Length, ;yth of an inch.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Sweden, Switzerland, Bohemia.

Fossil.—Crofthead, Scotland.

Though a common species in most parts of Great Britain at the present time, we
have met with very scanty traces of C. virens in the fossil condition ; indeed, for this
reason we have been compelled to give figures and description from recent specimens,
our fossil examples consisting of mere fragments, which, however, we can scarcely doubt
are rightly referred as above. It is remarkable that a species so abundant in the recent
state should be so poorly represented in the later lacustrine and fluvial deposits; perhaps
an explanation may be found in the fact that C. virens chiefly haunts small grassy pools
and ditches, and, so far as our experience goes, is pretty much absent (except at the
grassy margins) from those larger expanses of water whose deposits are most likely to
come under the observation of the paleontologist. ‘These remarks apply equally to some
other species, e.g. C. reptans and Candona candida.

4. Cypris ovum (Jurine). Plate I, figs. 29—31.

1820. MonocuLus ovum, Jurine. Histoire des Monocles, p. 179, pl. xix, figs. 18, 19.

1850. Cypris minutTa, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 155, tab. xviii, figs. 7, 8.

1868. — ovum, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 373, pl. xxiv, figs. 31—34,
43—45, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 8.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in the middle, height equal to two
thirds of the length; extremities well rounded, the anterior much the wider, superior
margin very boldly arched, sloping more steeply behind than in front, inferior almost
straight ; seen from above ovate, tapered and acuminate in front, broadly rounded behind,
greatest width situated near the middle, and slightly exceeding half the length. Surface
smooth, closely set with minute round punctations. Colour light brown.

Length, goth of an inch.
Distripution. ecent.—Great Britain, Switzerland.
Fossil.— Whittlesea ; Cardiff.

126 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

5. Cypris avis, Miller. Plate I, figs. 25—28.

1785. Cypris Lavis, Miller. Entomostraca, p. 52, tab. iii, figs. 7—9.

1851. — ? PANTHERINA, Fischer. Ueber das genus Cypris, p. 163, tab. xi, figs.
6—8.

1853. — ovum, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis, p. 113, tab. x, figs. 13—15.

1854. — (Cypria) —, Zenker. Anat.-syst. Studien, p. 70, tab. 3B.

1856. — ovum, Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 14, pl. i, figs. 4 a, 46.

1868. Cypris Lavis, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 374, pl. xxiv, figs.
21—26; and pl. xxxvi, fig. 5.

Shell very tumid; seen from the side forming almost three fourths of a circle,
extremities broadly rounded, superior margin excessively arched, regularly curved behind,
but somewhat flattened in front of the middle; inferior convex towards the extremities,
straight in the middle; seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, greatest width
nearly equalling the height, anterior extremity acuminate, posterior broadly rounded.
Surface of the shell perfectly smooth and polished; colour chestnut brown.

Length, 5th of an inch.

We were at one time disposed to regard this as a new and distinct form ; but, after
examining specimens of C. /evis from many widely separated localities, it seems to be so
variable in respect of size, outline, and colouring, that we can scarcely avoid the conclu-
sion that our Whittlesea specimens belong to the same category. The form figured in
the ‘ Monograph of Recent British Ostracoda,’ though apparently common in the county
of Durham in a living state, is, perhaps, more pronounced as to the tumidity of the
posterior and tapering of the anterior extremity than is usual with the species.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Denmark, Germany.

Fossil.—Cambridgeshire, Whittlesea, England; Dipple, Scotland.

6. Cypris CINEREA, Brady. Plate II, figs. 6, 7.

1868. Cypris crnERHA, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 374, pl. xxiv, figs.
39—42, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 7.

Carapace oval, tumid, higher in front than behind; greatest height equal to nearly
two thirds of the length. Anterior margin broad and well rounded, posterior narrowed
and rather obliquely rounded. Ventral margin straight or very slightly incurved, dorsal
forming a flattened arch, and sloping more steeply behind than in front. Seen from
above, rhomboidal or lozenge-shaped, greatest width in the middle, and equal to more
than half the length; from the middle the sides taper evenly towards the extremities, the

CYPRIS. 127

anterior of which is acutely, the posterior subacutely, pointed. End-view very broadly
ovate, pointed above and below. ‘The right valve considerably overlaps the left.
Surface of the shell smooth or very finely punctate.

Length of fossil specimens sth, recent 3'sth, of an inch.

Distrisution. ecent.—Yorkshire moors.

Fossil.—Crofthead, Scotland.

Some doubt may, perhaps, attach to our identification of these specimens, none of
which were quite perfect, and most merely worn and separated valves ; but except in size
they approach very closely to the form described by one of the present authors under
‘the name Cypris cinerea. Our written description is taken from recent specimens, but
will be found to agree very closely with the figure taken from a fossil carapace, and given
in Plate II of this Memoir.

7. Cypris cippa, Ramdohr. Plate XV, figs. 5, 6.

1808. Cypris GiBBA, Ramdohr. Magaz. d. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde zu
Berlin, ii, p. 91, t. iii, figs. 13—17 (fide Jones).

1856. _ — Jones. Mon. Entom. Tertiary Form., p. 15, pl. i, figs. 3
a—f, and Woodcut, fig. 1, p. 16.
1868. = — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 369, pl. xxiv, figs. 47—

54, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 2.
1850. ? CyTHERINA EXPANSA, Reuss. Haidinger’s Abhandl., Band iii, p. 60, taf. ix,
fig. 11.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong, subreniform, nearly equal in height through-
out, marked usually by two deep transverse furrows extending from the anterior half of
the dorsum to near the middle of the valve ; sometimes also bearing a prominent tubercle
on the posterior portion of the valve; extremities well rounded and nearly equal, the
posterior often bordered below the middle with a series of small, sharp, but irregularly
placed spines. Superior margin nearly straight, inferior deeply sinuated in the middle ;
seen from above the shape is oblong-ovate, compressed, width equal to rather more than
one third of the length; obtusely poimted in front, rounded off behind, the lateral sulci
showmg as marginal indentations. Shell thick and strong, closely and rather coarsely
punctate, usually whitish or buff coloured.

Length, 3'sth of an inch.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Germany, Holland.

Fossil.—England : Cambridge Fens, Grays, Clacton, Reculvers, Hornsea, Whittlesea,
Branston Fen. Scotland: Crofthead, Dipple, Terally.

128 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

8. Cypris REPTANS (Baird). Plate II, figs. 31—32.

1835. CANDONA REPTANS, Baird, Trans. Berw. Nat. Club, i, p. 99, pl. iii, fig. 11 ;
and Brit. Entom., p. 167, pl. xix, figs. 3, 3a

(1850).
1856. — — Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 16, pl. i, figs. 7 a—7 e.
1853. Cypris — Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis, p. 123, tab. xi, figs. 21—23,
t. xii, figs. 7—9.
1868. _ — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 370, pl. xxv,

figs. }]O—14, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 4.

Valves oblong, subreniform, compressed, unequal, the left being considerably the
larger; seen from the side the anterior and posterior extremities are obliquely rounded,
somewhat angular below and nearly equal in height, the posterior somewhat the higher ;
ventral margin slightly sinuated, dorsal straight or very slightly arched; seen from above
the carapace is compressed, oblong-ovate, prominently keeled in front and below ; surface
perfectly smooth, and in recent species variously banded with shades of green, orange,
-and brown.

Length, ;th of an inch.
Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain and Ireland, Sweden, Bohemia, Tyrol.
Fossil—¥ngland: Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hornsea, and Whittlesea.

Genus 2.—Cypripopsis, Brady.

Like Cypris, except that the post-abdominal rami are rudimentary, consisting of two
slender setiform prolongations thickened below and rising together from a common
base. The second feet are terminated by a short hooked claw, and two moderately long
sete.

1. Cypripopsis opusa, Brady and Robertson. Pilate I, figs. 1—4.

1869. Cypriporsis opnsa, B. § R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii,
pl. xviii, figs. 5—7, and vol. vi, p. 19.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subtriangular or subreniform, highest

CYPRIDOPSIS—POTAMOCYPRIS. 129

in the middle, height equal to nearly two thirds of the length; anterior extremity well
rounded, posterior also rounded, but more acutely ; superior margin boldly arched, inferior
slightly sinuated near the middle. Seen from above, broadly ovate, pointed in front,
rounded off behind, greatest width situated in the middle, equal to nearly three fourths
of the length or more than the greatest height of the shell. Surface of the valves smooth,
closely set with small, round, impressed punctures; ventral surface depressed in the
middle. Colour yellowish-brown. Valves subequal, the left rather the larger.
Length, 35th of an inch.

We have expressed elsewhere (‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ vol. vi, loc. cit.) the
opinion that this may possibly be only a variety of the common C. vidua. ‘To this opinion
we still adhere, though without any greater certainty than previously expressed. In the
state here described it is at the least a well-marked variety, which without the interven-
tion of intermediate forms would never be suspected of any close relationship to
C. vidua.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Holland.

Fossil.England: Hornsea, Branston Fen.

2. Cypripopsis ? Nzewront, Braily and Robertson. Plate II, figs. 20, 21.

1870. *Cyprivopsis (?) ES B. & R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv,
vol. iv, p. 14, pl. vii, figs. 14—16.

Carapace, as seen from the side, reniform, greatest height in the middle and equal
to a little more than half the length ; extremities rounded, the anterior being the broader
of the two ; superior margin boldly arched, inferior sinuated in the middle. Seen from
above, compressed, ovate, acuminate in front, rounded behind ; greatest width situated
near the middle, much less than the height. Surface of the shell punctate, and (in recent
specimens) covered with numerous depressed hairs.

Length, 36th of an inch.
Distrisution. Recent—FEast Anglian Fen District.
Fossil.—England : Whittlesea.

Genus 3—Portamocyrris,. Brady.

Carapace compressed ; seen from the side, similar to that of Cypridopsis, reniform ; shell
calcareous and rather thick, valves unequal, the right much the larger and overlapping

130 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

on the dorsal and middle of the ventral margin ; dorsal margin of the left valve some-
what flattened, that of the right boldly arched, hingement simple. Limbs short and
stout, superior antenne six-jointed, shortly setose, inferior altogether destitute of
swimming setz ; first and second feet as in Cypris ; abdomen rudimentary.

In the living state this genus occurs exclusively in rivers or estuaries within a very
short distance of the sea ; very occasionally in the sea itself, in which case it has probably
been washed down from freshwater.

Poramocypris FuLvA, Brady. Plate I, figs. 20—24.

1868. Barrpra rutva, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 474, pl. xxviii, fig. 21.

1869. — — Brady and Robertson. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv,

vol. iii, p. 365, pl. xviii, figs. 1—4.

1870. Poramocypris FuLVa, Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
vol. ili, p. 366, pl. xiv, fig. 4.

Carapace, as seen from the side, compressed, angularly reniform, higher in front than
behind, greatest height situated in front of the middle and equal to more than half the
length ; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior narrowed, rounded below and sloping
steeply above the middle ; superior margin arched, almost gibbous at its highest point,
whence it slopes with a gentle curve backwards, and more steeply towards the front ;
inferior margin distinctly simuated in the middle. Seen from above, much compressed,
ovate, extremities acutely pointed, greatest width situated in the middle, and not much
exceeding one third of the length. Valves very unequal, the right being much the larger,
and overlapping the left both on the dorsal and ventral margins ; the left valve is thus
much narrower as well as more angular in outline, having its ventral margin more deeply
sinuated, and the supero-posteal angle more distinctly marked. Shell-structure rather
thick. Surface more or less densely and minutely punctate. Colour (of fossil specimens)
yellowish-brown.

Length, 3'sth of an inch.
Distrizution. Recent.—Great Britain and Ireland.
Fossil.—Scotland : Dalmuir.

Genus 4—Paracyrris, G. O. Sars.

Shell smooth, compact, higher in front than behind. Upper antenne shortly
setiferous ; lower strongly clawed, and bearing on the antepenultimate joint a pedicillated

PARACYPRIS—AGLAIA. 131

hyaline vesicle. Second pair of jaws provided with a branchial appendage; the palp
elongated, conical, and inarticulate. Last pair of feet similar to the first, five-jointed, and
terminating in a long curved claw. Post-abdominal rami large, bearing at the extremity
two strong curved claws and a short seta,-and on the posterior margin two long sete.
One eye.

Paracypris pouita, G. O. Sars. Plate XV, figs. 9, 10.

1865. Paracypris pouita, G. O. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostrac., p. 12.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 378, pl. xxvii, figs.
1—4, pl. xxxviii, fig. 2.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, siliquose or subtriangular, greatest height
at the anterior third and equal to more than one third of the length; anterior extremity
evenly rounded, posterior much attenuated; superior margin boldly arched, sloping
steeply behind; ventral much sinuated in the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
compressed, oval, about four times as long as broad, widest in front of the middle ;
extremities obtusely pointed. Shell smooth and polished, whitish,

Length, 3/5th of an inch.
Distrizution. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain.
Fossil—Scotland: Raised beach, Oban. Norway: Post-tertiary beds.

Genus 5—Acuata, Brady.
Aguata, Brady. les Fonds de la Mer, tome premier, p. 90.

Shell smooth and polished, of about equal height before and behind, compressed,
subcylindrical. Superior antenne seven-jointed, beset with short sete ; inferior robust,
and bearing at the apices of the joints several strong curved sete ; furnished also with a
very small hyaline vesicle, as in Pontocypris, and on the penultimate joint with a lash of
very short sete. Mandibles slender, divided at the extremity into about five blunt teeth,
and furnished with a large, narrow, branchial palp. First pair of jaws divided into four
digitate segments, and having a distinct branchial appendage; second pair also provided
with a branchial lamina and with a simple conical 3-setiferous palp. First pair of feet
long, five-jomted, and having a very long terminal claw ; second pair different from the
first, flexuous, four-jointed, last joint armed with three seta, of which one is very long

132 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

and finely pectinate on the inner margin. Post-abdominal rami moderately robust,
bearing two curved terminal claws, one'seta on the anterior and two on the posterior
margin. Testes disposed round the body of the animal; mucous gland of the male
elongated and composed of seven series of verticillate filaments.

AGLAIA (?) GLACIALIS, nov. sp. Plate XI, figs. 54—56.

Carapace elongate, reniform, rather lower in front than behind, height scarcely
equalling half the length. Extremities rounded, superior margin gently arched, inferior
sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, ovate, pointed in front and rounded behind,
greatest width somewhat less than the height, and situated near the middle. Surface
perfectly smooth.

Length, 35th of an inch.
This species was found in Bridlington, Drip Bridge.

Genus 6—AreitLecia, G. O. Sars.

Valves smooth, elongated, moderately robust, scarcely higher in front than behind.
Superior antennz very robust, five-jointed, first joint very large and stout, the rest beset
on the lower margins with strong spines, and on the upper margins, especially in the
male, with long sete; inferior antenne short and thick, otherwise like Pontocypris ;
the sete of the antepenultimate jomt in the female short, in the male very long and
reaching much beyond the terminal claws. Mandibles almost as in Pontocypris, the palp,
however, having only a single seta in place of a branchial appendage. Palp of the second
pair of jaws indistinctly three-jointed, ending in a single straight claw. First pair of feet
strong, terminating in two nearly equal claws, second pair unlike the first and almost
like those of Pontocypris, last joint very short and bearing about three spines, of which
one is very long and curved. Post-abdominal rami short, attenuated towards the apices,
and with very small terminal claws. Eye wanting.

ARGILL@CIA CYLINDRICA, G. O. Sars. Plate XVI, figs. 29—381.

1865. ARGILL@cIA cyLinDRICcA, Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostrac., p. 18.
1868. ? Pontocypris aneusta, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 387, pl. xxxiv,
figs. 43, 44,

CANDONA. 133

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, greatest height situated near the middle
and equal to less than half the length, rounded in front ; posterior extremity obliquely
rounded off above, subangular below ; superior margin arcuate, inferior gently sinuated in
the middle. Seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, extremities evenly and rather
suddenly tapered, subacuminate, width rather less than the height. Shell surface smooth,
without sculpture of any kind.

Length, 5th of an inch.
Disrrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Norway.
Fossil.—Scotland : Duntroon, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Dalmuir, Dumbarton.

Genus 7—Canvona, Baird.

Like Cypris, except that the lower antenne possess no tuft of sete, and that the
second pair of jaws are destitute of a branchial appendage. The shell is usually longer
and narrower than that of Cypris. The animals of this genus have no swimming power,
and are very sluggish in their movements, living mostly at the bottom or burying them-
selves in the mud.

1. Canpona axBicans, Brady. Plate I, figs. 10—13.

1864. Canpona aLBicans, Brady. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 61, pl. iv,
figs. 6—10; and Trans. Tyneside Nat. F. C..
vol. vi, p. 107, pl. ii, figs. 6—10.

1868. _ _ — Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 381, pl. xxv, figs.
20—25, and pl. xxxvi, fig. 12.

Shell oblong, subreniform, nearly equal in height throughout, height equalling one
half the length; anterior margin well and evenly, posterior less boldly and rather
obliquely rounded; superior margin straight, inferior deeply sinuated in the middle.
Seen from above, evenly ovate, acuminate in front, narrowly rounded behind, greatest
width less than the height, situated in the middle. Surface of the shell closely and
rather coarsely punctate; colour whitish, often (in the fossil state) yellow from clay
stains.

Length, ~;th of an inch.
Disrrigution. Aecent.—England; Fossi/.—England: Hornsea, Whittlesea.

134. POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

2. Canpona petecta (Miller). Plate I, figs. 7—9.

1785. Cypris petecta. Miller. Entomostraca, p. 49, tab. iii, figs. 1—3.

1850. Canpona — Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 161.

1868. — — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 384, pl. xxiv, figs.
35—38, and pl. xxxvii, fig. 2.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, reniform, greatest height situated in the
middle, and equal to half the length; extremities nearly equally rounded, the posterior
rather narrower and flatter; superior margin evenly arched, inferior sinuated in the
middle; seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, width less than the height,
extremities acuminate, the anterior the more acute. Shell surface quite smooth or very
faintly punctate. Colour whitish.

Length, oth of an inch.

C. detecta approaches very nearly the following species, C. /actea, and in some cases
is not easily separable from it. It is, however, a smaller species, and more distinctly
curved or reniform in outline when viewed laterally.

Distrisution. Recent.—England, Germany.

Fossil.—England : Branston Fen.

3. Canpona LacTEA, Baird. Plate I, figs. 14—16.

1850. Canpona LactEa, Baird. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 255, pl. xviii (Annulosa),
figs. 25—27.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 382, pl. xxiv,
figs. 55—58.

Shell, as seen laterally, subreniform, height equal to half the length and nearly equal
throughout ; anterior extremity well and evenly, posterior somewhat obliquely rounded ;
superior margin straight in the middle and sloping towards the extremities, inferior very
slightly incurved ; seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate, with moderately and
nearly equally acuminate extremities, greatest width situated in the middle and scarcely
equalling half the length. Surface of the shell smooth, yellowish-white.

Length, 3'srd of an inch.

Disrrisution. Recent,—Holland, Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil.—England: Hornsea, Whittlesea, Branston Fen. South Wales: Cardiff
new dock basin. Ireland: Belfast new docks. Scotland: Crofthead.

CANDONA. 135

4. Canpona compressa (Koch). Plate II, figs. 10, 11.

Cypris compressa, Koch. Deutschland’s Crustaceen, h. 21, pl. xvii (fide

Lilljeborg).
1853. CanpoNA — Lilljjeborg. De Crustaceis ex ord. trib., p. 129, tab. xxvi,
figs. 1—3.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 382, pl. xxvi, figs.
22—27.

1856. Cypris SETIGERA, Jones. ‘Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 12, pl. i, figs. 6a—6d.

Carapace, as seen from the side, compressed, subreniform, higher behind than in
front, greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely
rounded, sloping steeply above to join the short and straight superior margin; posterior
broad and well rounded; inferior margin very slightly sinuated, almost straight; seen
from above, compressed, ovate, tapering and pointed in front, rounded behind; greatest
width in the middle, and equal to less than half the length. Surface smooth (in recent
specimens milk-white and thickly covered with short fine hairs), and mostly marked with
a reticulated pattern. .

Length, 3'oth of an inch.
Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Sweden, Holland.
Fossil.—England: Whittlesea (Berkshire and Cambridgeshire, Prof. 7. Rupert Jones).

5. Canpona canpipa (Miller). Plate II, figs. 29, 30.

1785. Cyeris canpipa, Miller. Entomostraca, p. 62, tab. vi, figs. 7—9.

1820. MonocuLus canpipvus, Jurine. Hist. des Monocles, p. 176, pl. xix, figs. 7, 8.

1850. Canpona LucENS, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 160, tab. xix, fig. 1.

1853. — canDiIpA, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis; Jones, Tertiary Entomo-
straca, p. 19, pl. i, figs. 8a—8f, 5a, 56;
Brady, Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 383,
pl. xxv, figs. 1—9, pl. xxxvi, fig. 13, and
pl. xxxvii, fig. 1.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, lower in front than behind, reniform in the
male, subtriangular in the female, greatest height equal to more than half the length.
Anterior extremity rounded and rather narrow ; posterior obliquely rounded, and produced
below into a more or less prominent angle; superior margin highest behind the middle,
thence sloping with a flattened arcuate sweep to the front; inferior slightly simuated
in the young and in adult female specimens, but in old examples and in the adult male
deeply sinuated in front and prominently convex behind ; seen from above, oblong ovate,
pointed in front and rounded behind, widest in the middle, greatest width equal to half

136 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

the length. Lucid spots about six; usually arranged in two transverse lines, but some-
times (more especially in the variety ¢vmida found by us living abundantly in the Hast
Anglian Fen District) arranged in the rosette form shown in Plate II, fig. 29, of this
Monograph. Such specimens often exhibit also a reticulated ornamentation on the
posterior portion of the shell, which is otherwise perfectly smooth and polished.
Length, 3!5th— (sth of an inch.

Distripution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, Sweden, Switzerland,
France, Bohemia, Tyrol.

Fossil—England : Hornsea, Whittlesea, Branston Fen (Forfarshire, Berkshire, Cam-
bridgeshire, Essex ; Pleistocene, Essex, Prof. 7. Rupert Jones).

Genus 8—Pontocyrpris, G. O. Sars.

Shell thin and fragile, higher in front than behind, elongated, usually subreniform or
subtriangular. Antepenultimate joint of the lower antennz bearing a brush of about
five setee, the longest of which do not much overreach the apices of the terminal claws ;
at the base of the joint is attached a pedicillated vesicle. Second pair of jaws destitute
of a branchial appendage, palp large and subpediform, three-jointed; last jomt in the
female armed with two long, slightly curved claws. Second pair of feet flexuous,
four-jointed ; last joint short and armed at the extremity with several short seta, one of
which is conspicuously pectinated. Post-abdominal rami well developed, bearing at the
apex two curved claws and a slender seta, on the inner margin three long setz.

1, Ponrocyrris mytiLoIpEs (Norman). Plate XV, figs. 7, 8.

1862. CyrHere mytiLorpes, Norman. Ann. and Mag. N. H., vol. ix, p. 50, pl. iii,

figs. 1—3.
1865. — AVENA, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans., Northumberland and Durham,
vol. 3, ‘p. 17.

1863. Cypris sprruLata, G. O. Sars. Zoologisk Reise i Sommeren, 1862, p. 58.
1865. Pontocypris sERRULATA, G. O. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder,

p. 15.
— — HIsPIDA, G. O. Sars. Loc. cit., p. 16.
1868. — MYTILOIDES, Brady. Monograph of the Recent British Ostra-

coda, p. 385, pl. xxv, figs. 26—30 ; pl.
xxxvil, fig. 4; and pl. xxxviii, fig. 1.
1858? Barrpia DAcTYLUs and var. puNcTATA, Egger. Die Ostracoden der Miocin-
Schichten bei Ortenburg, p.
7, taf. i, figs. 3, 4.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, triangular, high in front, tapering to a

PONTOCYPRIS. 137

point behind ; greatest height situated in front of the middle and equal to somewhat more
than one third of the length. Anterior extremity broad and well rounded, posterior
obtusely pomted: superior margin obsoletely angular at its highest point, thence sloping
steeply with a gentle curve backwards ; inferior distinctly sinuated in the middle. Seen
from above, lanceolate with acuminate extremities; greatest width at the anterior third,
scarcely equal to one third of the length. Shell surface granular or finely punctate,
thickly set with short appressed hairs, colour brownish. Right valve armed at the
infero-posteal angle with eight or ten short marginal teeth.
Length, ‘pth of an inch.
Distrisution. Lecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland.
Fossil.—Scotland : Dumbarton, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Dipple. Norway. Germany ?

2. PonrocyPRis TRIGONELLA, G. O. Sars. Plate XVI, figs. 26—28.

1865. Ponrocypris TRIGONELLA, Sars. Oversigt. af Norges marine Ostracoder., p. 16.

1868. _ _ Brady. Monog. Recent British Ostracoda, p. 387,
pl. xxv, figs. 31—34, and pl. xxxviil,
fig. 3.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subtriangular; greatest height situated near the
middle and equal to half the length: anterior extremity well rounded, posterior narrower
but rounded, superior margin boldly arched, inferior very slightly sinuated in the middle.
Seen from above, elongate-ovate, widest a little in front of the middle; width equal to
more than one third of the length, acuminate in front, rounded off behind. Surface of
the shell smooth or sparingly punctate.

Length, 3'sth of an inch.

Disrrisution. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Mediterranean, Cape
Verd.

Fossil.—Scotland : Loch Gilp, Paisley, Cartsdyke, Dipple.

3. Ponrocypris acupunotata, Brady. Plate II, figs. 18, 19.

1866. Ponrocypris acupunctata, Brady. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 209; Monog.
Recent Brit. Ostr., p. 386, pl. xxv,
figs. 53—56. ;

Lateral view narrowly subreniform or subtriangular, highest in the middle, height
equal to half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, posterior obtusely pointed.
18

138 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Superior margin boldly arched, deeply sinuated in front of the middle. Seen from
above, compressed, oval, pointed in front and rounded off behind ; greatest width situated
about the middle and equal to one third of the length. The surface of the shell in recent
specimens appears to be very finely punctate, but a high microscopic power shows each
of these markings to be an exceedingly short hair.
Length, qth of an inch.
Distripution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland.
Fossil.—Scotland: Raised beach, Oban.

Genus 9.—Barrvia, MM‘ Coy.

Valves unequal in size, the left being considerably the larger, and overlapping the
right, both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. Surface of the shell smooth or nearly so.
Carapace, as seen from the side, mostly subrhomboidal or subtriangular. Eyes wanting.
Antenne robust : the upper 6-jointed, first two joints large and thick, the following joints
very short and firmly united, but forming with the second joint a very mobile hinge;
armed with numerous long sete. Lower antenne strong, 5-jointed, second joint bearing
on its base a bisetose tubercle, fourth joint elongated, last very short, armed with two
long and strong claws. Mandibles large, lower extremity slightly dilated, and armed
with six or seven long and strongly serrulated teeth; palp strong, 4-jointed, bearing a
very small trisetose branchial appendage. One pair of jaws only, terminating in three
narrow subequal branches, and having a well developed branchial appendage which is
separated into two parts by a distinct constriction, the basal portion beset below with
several long slender setz, the terminal portion dilated, subovate, and fringed with large
ciliated sete. Three pairs of feet, all of similar structure, directed forwards and
protruding from the shell, 4-jointed, and terminating in a long claw; the first pair having
attached to its basal joint a large ovate branchial lamina which is fringed with long
ciliated sets. Post-abdominal rami short but well developed, linear, bearing two
elongated claws, and a few sete of unequal length. The animal crawls slowly about
amongst the mud.

The foregoing anatomical details are taken from G. O. Sars’ recently published
account’ of the genus, based on an examination of B. complanata, Brady.

’ Underségelser over Hardangerfjordens Fauna. 1. Crustacea af G. O. Sars (Reiseberetning), 1871.

BAIRDIA. 139

1. Barrpra 1nruata (Worman). Plate XV, figs. 1—4.

1857. Barrpia suBDELTOIDEA, A. White. Pop. Hist. Brit. Crust., p. 293.
1849. _— — Narrow var. Jones. Entom. Cretaceous Formation of
England, p. 23; and (1856)
Tertiary Entom., p. 52.1
1862. CyrHEre INFLATA, Norman. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 49, pl. in,
figs. 6—8.
— suBpeLTorpEa. Brit. Mus. Cat. Brit. Crust., p. 108 (fide Norman).
1868. Barrpia inriatTa, Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 388, pl. xxvii,
figs. 9—17, and pl. xxxvili, fig. 5.

Shell tumid ; seen laterally, subrhomboidal in outline, highest in the middle ; height
equal to half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded, flattened or somewhat
sinuous, bordered occasionally with a flattened spinous lamina ; posterior narrow, rounded,
or almost angular, often more or less dentate or spinous; superior margin forming a
flattened arch; inferior straight or slightly waved, bulging more or less at its junction
with the anterior margin. Seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, width nearly
equal to the height ; extremities obtusely pointed; line of junction of the valves waved ;
on the ventral surface the left valve much overlapping the right. Surface smooth and
polished or finely punctate. Muscle-spots arranged in a rosette near the centre of the
valve.

Length, 35rd of an inch.

Recent examples of this fine species exhibit considerable variety of form and, more
especially, of surface-sculpture and spinous armature, some being almost perfectly smooth
at the extremities, and others strongly margined with spines or dentate lamella ; some
specimens, again, are clothed towards the extremities with numerous long, stiff bristles.
Our fossil examples are, however, as yet so few that these variations have not been
noticed, but should the species be found to occur im widely distant beds, we may then
expect to find varieties of the kind here described.

Disrrisution. ecent.—Great Britain.

Fossil—Scotland: Raised beach, Oban.

2. Barrpia (?) Camsrica, zov. sp. Plate XIII, figs. 20, 21.

Right valve, as seen from the side, rhomboidal in outline, greatest width situated in
the middle and equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity gently curved in

' These references apply to Prof. Rupert Jones’s memoranda on the recent shell only ; not at all to his
figures or description of the fossil form, which is quite distinct from the present species.

140 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

an oblique direction, looking downwards and forwards; posterior rounded and narrow,
terminating in a strong sharp spine; superior margin boldly arched, gibbous in the
middle, sloping steeply behind; inferior almost straight. Seen from above, ovate, tumid.
Surface of the shell smooth, sparingly and minutely papillose : lucid spots about four in
number, large, and disposed obliquely, as is usual in the Cypridz.
Length, +5th of an inch.

One valve only of this species which appears, however, to be naiguveale distinct,

occurred in the deposit met with on the site of the New Docks Basin at Cardiff.

Family 2.—DARWINELLADA.

Genus—DarwinELua, Brady and Robertson.

PotycueLes, B.& R. Ann.and Mag. N. H., 1870, vol. vi, p. 25.
Darwinetia, B. & R. Ib., ser. iv, vol. ix, p. 50.

Shell fragile, structureless. Carapace oblong, higher behind than in front ; lucid spots
ten to twelve in number, linear oblong or wedge-shaped, arranged in a subradiate manner
in front of the centre of the valve. Seen from the side, compressed, oblong, subovate ;
from above, ovate, acuminate in front, obtusely rounded behind. Valves unequal, the
right much larger than the left. Antenne very short and stout, strongly armed with
curved claws and bristles. Superior antenne six-jointed, having all the joints as broad as
or broader than long, and beset with stout curved sete ; inferior four-jointed, of nearly
equal thickness to the apex, which is armed with four or five strong, slightly curved claws,
entirely destitute of poison-gland or urticating sete, the place of which is occupied by a
simple curved seta of moderate length. Mandible broad; truncate at the distal ex-
tremity which is provided with six or seven small and slender spiniform teeth ; palp
three-jointed, its basal joint very wide and fringed with a series of nine very long, curved
sete ; second joint long, slender, nearly four times as long as broad, slightly curved and
dilated at the distal extremity, where it bears one long and two small sete ; terminal joint |
more slender, about two thirds of the length of the foregoing and bearing at the truncate
apex about six slender curved spines; basal joint of the palp has attached to its
upper margin a small crescentic lamina which is fringed with ten branchial filaments.
First jaw divided into four short setiferous segments, and bearing a very large oblong
palp which is fringed above with about twenty-four long branchial filaments, and has also
four deflexed seta at its base. Second jaw simple, short and wide, truncate at the apex

DARWINELLA. 141

and divided into several slender, curved spines; bearing a large, three-jointed, pediform
palp, and an ovate branchial appendage of moderate size. Two pairs of feet of moderate
length, five-jointed, the second pair being much the longest, and having the last joint
armed with one long and two small curved sete; first three joints of nearly equal length,
fourth and fifth respectively about one half and one third as long as the preceding.
Abdomen ending in a short conical process. Copulative organs of the male of complex
structure, the basal portion, on each side, consisting of a subrhomboidal acuminate
lamina, the apical portion of an irregularly shaped plate produced laterally into an
aleeform process, and on the distal margin into a short, strong hook. Female probably
viviparous.

DarwINeLLa Srevensont, Brady and Robertson. Plate I, figs. 13—17.

1870. PotycuEeLes Srevensoni, B. & R. Ann.N. H., 1870, vol. vi., p. 25, plate vii,
figs. 1—7, and pl. x, figs. 4—14.
1872. DaRWINELLA — B.& R. Ib., vol. ix, p. 50.

Carapace of the female as seen from the side, oblong, depressed in front, height equal
to more than one third of the length ; extremities obliquely rounded, anterior narrowed,
posterior broad and obtuse ; superior margin nearly straight, curving downwards in front
of the middle ; inferior slightly sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, ovate, acu-
minate, widest near the posterior extremity ; greatest width about equal to the height ;
posterior margin indented in the middle at the junction of the two valves; end view
nearly circular. Shell of the ma/e somewhat more compressed when seen from above and
having the greatest width near the middle. The right valve much overlaps the left,
especially in the middle of the ventral margin.

Length, snd of an inch.
Distrisution. tecent.—England, Ireland, and Holland.
Fossil.—England: Whittlesea.

Family 3.—CYTHERID A.
Genus \.—CyY'tHERE, Miller.

Valves unequal, mostly oblong-ovate, subreniform or subquadrangular ; surface
variously ornamented,—smooth, punctate, foveolate, strongly rugose, spinous, or tuber-

142 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

culated ; usually bearing a distinct, polished, and shining tubercle over the anterior
hinge-joint. Hingement formed on the right valve by two terminal teeth, on the left by
one anterior tooth and a posterior fossa, between which there is frequently a more or
less strongly developed bar which is received into a corresponding furrow of the opposite
valve ; the teeth are in some few cases crenulated, and that of the left valve is often
absent. Antenne robust; superior 5—6-jointed, armed on the anterior margin
with three long curved spines, mostly one on the third and two on the fourth joint ;
inferior 4-jointed, the last joint short and stout, mandibular palp 3—4-jointed, bearing
in place of a branchial appendage, a tuft of two to five sete. Eyes one or two.
Structure of the shell usually very dense.

The reasons which induce us to unite the two genera Cythere and Cythereis have
been explained by Mr. Brady in his ‘ Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda ;’ but
as they relate entirely to the anatomy of the animal, we do not think it needful to recount
them here. It must be abundantly evident to all students of the group that no per-
manent distinctive character can be found in the shel/s of the two genera.

1. Cytuere prniucipa, Baird. Plate IT, figs. 20—24.

1850. CytTurre PELLUCIDA, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 173, pl. xxi, fig. 7.

7

1865. _ — G. O. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 31,

1868. — — Brady. Monograph of recent British Ostracoda, p. 397.
pl. xxviii, figs. 22—26, 28.

1869. — — Brady & Robertson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iii,

ser. 4, pl. xix, figs. 10—12.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, narrow, elongated, almost equal in
height throughout, greatest height much less than half the length. Anterior extremity
rounded, posterior obliquely subtruncate, angular above at its junction with the dorsal
margin; superior margin straight or very slightly convex ; inferior sinuated in the middle,
gently convex behind. Outline, as seen from above, oblong, ovate, rounded behind,
obtusely pointed in front, sides nearly parallel, greatest width situated in the middle and
equal to rather more than one third of the length. End-view nearly circular. The male is
narrower and more elongated. Hinge-processes distinctly developed. Surface of the
shell marked with more or less closely set circular pits, and with one or more curved
transverse furrows.

Length, goth of an inch. ,
The sculpture of the shell is, in this species, subject to much variation as to the
closeness and size of the impressions, but this appears to depend largely upon the age
and habitat of the specimens. The range of the species in our seas is very extensive : it

CYTHERE. 143

is found in estuarine situations where the water is only slightly salt, as well as in the
littoral, laminarian, and coralline zones.

Disrrisution. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, Mediterranean,
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil—Common in many of the Scottish beds. Ireland: Woodburn, Belfast New
Docks, Raised beach, Portrush. Norway: Post-tertiary beds.

2. CyrrHERE castanna, G. O. Sars. Plate XIII, figs. 8—11, and Plate III, fig. 25.

1865. CyTHERE casTANEA, G. O. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 32.

1868. — _— Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostr., p. 398, pl. xxviii,
fig. 27, and pl. xxxviii, fig. 6.
1869. — — B.& R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii,

pl. xix, figs. 15—18.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, rather higher
in front than behind; height equal to half the length; anterior extremity obliquely
rounded ; posterior rectangularly subtruncate ; superior margin sinuous, sloping gently
backwards from the anterior third where it is highest, and terminating behind in an
obtuse angle; inferior sinuated in the middle and upcurved towards the extremity. Seen
from above, ovate, acuminate in front, rounded behind, sides subparallel and more or less
distinctly constricted in front of the middle. The shell of the ma/e is more compressed
and when seen laterally is much more tapered behind, the supero-posteal angle more pro-
nounced, the infero-posteal entirely rounded off ; superior margin quite straight and sloping
rather steeply backwards. Shell-surface closely set with small rounded pittings, and
marked usually with two curved transverse furrows ; colour reddish brown.

Length, ¢gnd of an inch.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Holland.

Fossil—Scotland: Tangyburn, Duntroon, Kilchattan, Dipple, Cumbrae, Dumbarton,
Paisley, Dalmuir, Oldmains, Govan, West Tarbert, Oban. South Wales: Cardiff New
Dock Basin.

Very closely allied to this species are C. pellucida, porcellanea, Macallana, and tenera.
From the first named C. castanea may be distinguished by its usually darker colour, its
more closely punctate shell, the pittings of which are always small and round (not oblong or
of any considerable size), by the almost cuneate form of the male, and its perfectly straight
dorsal margin. C. ¢enerais smaller, has no transverse furrow, is more finely, or not at all,
punctured, and is also sparingly papillose. C. porcel/anea is more flexuous or reniform in
outline, smooth or indistinctly sculptured; regularly ovate when seen from above, and
has a much less pronounced supero-posteal angle. The same remarks apply to C. Macal-

144 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

lana, which differs from porcellanea chiefly in its straighter and more attenuated outline
and more rugose sculpture.

3. Cyrapre Macariana, Brady and Robertson. Plate XIII, figs. 1, 2.

1869. CytHEeRE MAcALLANA, B.& R. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii,
p. 368, pl. xix, figs. 5—9.

1869. — propinaua, G. O. Sars. Undersogelser over Christianiafjordens

Dybvandsfauna, p. 57, and note, p.58.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subreniform; greatest height situated in
front of the middle, and equal to half the length; anterior extremity evenly, posterior
obliquely rounded; superior margin well arched, highest over the eyes, in front of
which it is slightly excavated, ending posteriorly in an obtuse angle; inferior sinuated in
the middle. Seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, rounded behind, subacuminate
in front; width less than the height. Surface of the shell vaguely and distantly punctate,
the ventral surface more or less marked with sinuous grooves. Colour yellowish-brown.
The shell of the male is longer and narrower, more tapering (as seen laterally) towards
the posterior extremity, and has the dorsal margin almost straight; seen from above, the
sides are subparallel, and the posterior extremity obtuse ; the shell-surface is usually less
sparingly punctate than in the female.

Length, sth of an inch.
Disrrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland.
Fossil_—Scotland : Kilchattan, Cumbrae.

4. CYTHERE PORCELLANKA, Brady. Plate XIII, figs. 3—5.

1869. CyTHERE PoRCELLANEA, Brady. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii,
p. 47, pl. vii, figs. 1—4.
1869. — ~— B. & R. Ibid. ser. 4, vol. iii, p. 367, pl. xix,
figs. 1—4.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, reniform ; greatest height situated in
the middle and equal to half the length ; anterior extremity rounded, posterior rotundo-
truncate, obscurely angulated above; superior margin arched, sloping almost in a right
line behind the middle ; inferior deeply sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, ovate,
widest in the middle, width considerably less than the height ; acuminate in front, sub-
acuminate behind: surface of the shell polished, quite smooth, or more or less marked

CYTHERE. 145

with vaguely defined rounded impressions which, towards the extremities, sometimes tend
to form elongated furrows or undulations. ‘The shell of the ma/e is narrower, less
deeply sinuated below and more upturned at the posterior extremity.
Length 36th of an inch.
Distrisution. Recen¢t.—Great Britain, Ireland, Holland.
Fossil.—Scotland: Kilchattan, Cumbrae, Cartsdyke, Dalmuir, West Tarbert. South
Wales: Cardiff New Dock basin.

5. CytHere TENERA, Brady. Plate XIII, figs. 6, 7.

1868. CyTHERE TENERA, Brady. Monog. recent Brit. Ostr., p. 399, pl. xxviii,
figs, 29—32.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, of nearly equal height
throughout ; height equal to half the length ; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior
subtruncate, rounded off below, obscurely angulated above; superior margin straight,
gently sloping from before backwards ; inferior sinuated in the middle. Seen from above,
ovate, widest about the middle, width less than the height ; shell-surface smooth, very
finely punctate, and ornamented also with a few distant small circular papille; no
transverse sulcus.

Length of the Cardiff specimens 79th of an inch. Usual size 35th of an
inch.

Distrirution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Shetland, Bay of Biscay, Besika
Bay.

Fossil.—Scotland: Wick, Dipple, Oban. South Wales: Cardiff New Dock basin.

5.. CYTHERE DEFLEXA, zov. sp. Plate XIII, figs. 14, 15.

Valves, as seen from the side, reniform: greatest height situated near the middle and
equal to scarcely half the length; extremities well rounded; superior margin arched,
almost gibbous in the middle; inferior sinuated. Seen from above, regularly ovate.
Shell-surface marked with indistinct, subconcentrically arranged pittings.

Length ;5th of an inch.

The single valve on which this species is founded does not seem fairly referable to any —
known form, though in general appearance it approaches somewhat C. cridrosa, from
which it is separated chiefly by its more flexuous outline and more arcuate dorsal
margin.

Fossil.—Scotland: Jordan Hill.

ie

146 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

6. CYTHERE CRIBROSA, zov. sp. Plate X, figs. 5—7.

Carapace compressed, oblong; seen laterally, rather higher in front than behind ;
greatest height equal to half the length; anterior extremity evenly, posterior obliquely,
rounded and obsoletely angular about the middle; ‘superior margin gently arched,
highest in front of the middle, and terminating behind in an obtuse angle; inferior
almost straight. Seen from above, compressed, ovate; anterior extremity subacuminate,
posterior narrowly rounded, width less than the height; end view subcircular. Surface
of the valves covered with rather closely reticulated furrows which assume a concentric
arrangement toward the margins.

Length q5th of an inch.

This is a very pretty and distinct species, its nearest relative being, perhaps, C.
Robertsoni, Brady (see ‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ July, 1868), from which it differs
chiefly in its somewhat greater size and more compressed and elongated, as well as less
angular, form.

Fossil—England: Bridlington.

7. Cyruere crispata, Brady. Plate X, figs. 52, 53; and Plate XIII, figs. 12, 18.

1865, CyTHERE cicaTricosa, G. O, Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder,
p. 33.
1868. CyYTHERE BADIA (in part), Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 399 (not
figures). (Not C. dadia of Norman.)
1868. — — Brady. Les Fonds de la Mer, vol. i, p. 89.
1868. CyTHERE crispata, Brady. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iv, vol. ii, p. 221,
pl. xiv, figs. 14, 15.
1869. _— cIcaTricosa, Brady and Robertson. Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. iii, p. 369, pl. xix, figs.
13, 14.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subreniform, higher in front than behind ; greatest
height in front of the middle, equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity
rounded, and often slightly crenulated below the middle; posterior truncate, with
slightly rounded angles ; superior margin gently arched, sloping from before backwards ;
supero-posteal angle somewhat produced; inferior margin nearly straight; seen from
above the outline is compressed, almost clavate, narrowly rounded in front and truncate
behind, with nearly parallel sides, which are sharply constricted near the posterior
extremity ; width considerably less than half the length. Surface of the shell marked

CYTHERE. 147

with irregularly waved depressions, the separations between which sometimes rise
into well marked ridges.
Length, ggnd of an inch.

This species is, in many respects, not unlike C. dadia, Norman, with which, indeed,
it was confounded in the ‘Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda.’ It is,
however, distinctly truncate behind, and is usually conspicuously sculptured, or even
rugose, with the anterior border minutely crenated. C. badia, on the contrary, is but
vaguely pitted on the surface, and, seen from above, is pretty regularly ovate and not at
all truncate. The Mediterranean form described by Mr. Brady (op. cif.) under the
specific name crispata, though much more prominently rugose, seems to be essentially
the same as the northern species. The name cicatricosa having been previously applied
by Reuss to another species of the same genus, must give way to that here adopted.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Mediterranean, (?)
Australia, Hong Kong.

Hossil.—Scotland: Cumbrae. Ireland: Portrush. Norway: Post-tertiary beds.

8. Crturre viripis, Miller. Plate III, figs. 26—28.

1785. CyTHERE viripis, Miller. Entomostraca, p. 64, tab. vii, figs. 1, 2.

1865. — — G. O. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 30.

1868. — — Brady. Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 397, pl. xxviii,
figs. 40, 41, 57—59, and pl. xxxviii, fig. 8.

Carapace of the female as seen from the side subreniform, rather higher in front than
behind, greatest height equal to more than half the length. Extremities well rounded ;
superior margin nearly straight, inferior deeply sinuated in the middle. Outline as seen
from above oblong ovate, pointed in front, greatest width situated in the middle, scarcely
equal to half the length; end view ovate. Shell of the ma/e more elongated. Surface
smooth, marked with small distant punctures.

Length s'sth of an inch.

C. viridis is common in the recent state on our coasts, living mostly between tide-marks,
but also in moderate depths of water down to 20—30 fathoms.

Distrizution. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Holland.

Fossil—In most of the clay beds in the Clyde district, rarer in the east of
Scotland ; Portrush, Ireland. Norway, Post-tertiary beds.

148 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

9. Crruere LuTEA, Miller. Plate III, figs. 1—6.

1785. Cyrnern tures, Miller. Entomostraca, p. 65, tab. vii, figs. 3, 4.

1850. — RENIFORMIS, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 169, tab. xx, figs. 5, 5a—/f.

1854. — .utea, Zenker. Ueber die Krebsthiere, p. 83, tab. v, C.

1865. — — G. 0. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 28.

1865. — sETosa, Brady. On new or imperfectly known Ostracoda (Trans.
Zool. Soc. London), p. 372, pl. lviii, figs. 12,
13, 15 a.

1868. — utes, Brady. Monograph of Recent British Ostracoda, p. 395,

pl. xxviii, figs. 47—56; pl. xxxix, fig. 2.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, reniform, highest in the middle, greatest
height equal to much more than half the length; extremities obtusely rounded, dorsal
margin well arched, ventral distinctly sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen
from above, oblong-ovate, widest behind the middle, greatest width equal to less than half
the length, obtusely pointed in front, broader behind, the hinge-line marked by a deep,
sharply-cut sulcus. End view ovate, centrally emarginate above, keeled below. Valves
dissimilar in shape, the right higher than the left ; its extremities more obliquely truncate.
Anterior and ventral borders of the carapace compressed and marked with radiating
transverse hair-like lines; central portions covered with a calcareous crust which is
marked with distant circular pits, and dotted in the interspaces with numerous small
punctures. Hinge-teeth feebly developed, crenulated. Shell of the ma/e much more
elongated and more angular in outline, inferior margin more deeply sinuated, surface
usually more or less waved or ribbed in a sub-radiate manner.

Length 3'oth of an inch.

This species is found living abundantly in the seas of Britain and Scandinavia,
mostly in the littoral and laminarian zones ; it is also one of the most abundant Post-
tertiary fossil species. ‘The shell of the female sometimes nearly approaches in appear-
ance the female C. villosa, but a close examination especially of the hinge-joints will
always remove any doubt respecting it.

Distripution. ecent.—Baftin’s Bay, Iceland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, North Sea, Great
Britain, Ireland, Baltic, Mediterranean.

Fossil—Common in nearly all the beds of the west of Scotland, but less frequent on
the east. Ireland: Belfast New Docks, Portrush. Canada and Norway, Post-tertiary
beds.

CYTHERE. 149

10. Cyrurre aLpomacuata, Baird. Plate IX, figs 1—4.

1850. CyYTHERE ALBOMACULATA, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 169, pl. xx, fig. 7.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 402, pl. xxviii,
figs. 33—39, and pl. xxxix, fig. 3.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subreniform, greatest height in the middle and equal
to half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior rounded, angular
in the middle, above which it is often slightly emarginate ; superior margin gently and
evenly arched, almost straight in the middle; inferior deeply sinuated in front of the
middle. Outline, as seen from above, oblong-ovate, widest in the middle, and nearly
thrice as long as broad; extremities pointed; surface of the shell smooth, bearing a
few short distantly scattered hairs and often some faintly impressed puncte: the
extremities marked with numerous radiating, hair-like lines.

Length 3gth of an inch.

_ This is one of the commonest of living British species, occurring abundantly both
between tide-marks and in moderate depths of water. It is not recorded by G. O. Sars
as a Norwegian species, but we have seen a single specimen dredged off that coast.

Disrrisution. Lecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Levant, Cape Verd.

Fossil.—Scotland: Cumbrae, West ‘Tarbert, Dipple, Raised beaches, Oban and
CCumbrae. Ireland: Belfast New Docks, Portrush.

1]. CytHERe LelopeRMA, Vorman. Plate IX, figs. 5, 6.

1868. CyTHERE LEIODERMA, Norman. Last Shetland Dredging Report, p. 291.
1870. — — Brady. Ann. and Mag. N. H., 4th ser., vol. vi, p. 451,
plate xix, figs. 11—13.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, sub-quadrangular, highest in front of the
middle, greatest height equal to nearly half the length. Anterior extremity rounded, pos-
terior obliquely subtruncate, sinuated in the middle; superior margin highest in front of
the middle, where it forms an elevated angle from which it slopes gently backwards almost
in a straight line; inferior margin almost straight. Seen from above tumid, ovate, slightly
narrowed in front; greatest width equal to the height and situated near the middle ;
extremities broadly and evenly rounded ; hinge-margins somewhat depressed ; hinge-teeth
very strongly developed. Surface smooth, bearing numerous short scattered sete, and
marked on the anterior margin with several radiating lines.

Length, .',th of an inch.
We have met with only one fossil valve of this species, but the characters are so well

150 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

marked as to leave no doubt of its identity ; we had indeed described it in MS. as a dis-
tinct species years before its discovery in the living state by the Rey. A. M. Norman., We
_ have ourselves still more lately seen many recent specimens from the Gulf of St. Law-
rence.

Distrisution. Recent.—Shetland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil_—Bridlington.

12. Cyruzrz cisposa, B. § R. Plate XVI, figs. 16—18.

1869. CyrHERE GiBBosa, Brady and Robertson. Ann. and Mag. N. H., ser. iv, vol. iii,
p. 368, pl. xxi, figs. 1—3.

Carapace oblong, subtriangular or subtrapezoidal, highest in front of the middle,
height fully equal to half the length, anterior extremity obliquely, posterior evenly rounded ;
superior margin prominent in front of the middle, thence sloping steeply to the front,
more gently and almost in a right line backwards, inferior margin straight or gently
convex ; seen from above, subovate, widest near, ora little in front of, the middle, width
considerably less than the height, extremities acuminate, end view broadly ovate. Shell
rather thin and fragile, smooth and shining, slightly punctate and papillose, the ventral
surface greatly depressed in the centre, forming a slight longitudinal fossa.

Length, sth of an inch.
Disrrisution. ecent.—Great Britain and Ireland.
Fossil.—Portrush, Ireland.

13. Cyruern convexa, Baird. Plate III, figs. 14—17.

1850. CytHErr convexa, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 174, pl. xxi, fig. 3.

1856. — _punctata, Jones. Monog. Tertiary Entom., p. 24, plate ii, figs.
b—d, f—h (not a and e).
1868. — convexa, Brady. Monog. rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 401, pl. xxix, figs.

19—27; pl. xxxix, fig. 4.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, almost semicircular, greatest height
in the middle and equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity broadly
rounded, posterior produced below into a somewhat angular beak ; superior margin very
boldly arched, highest in the middle, inferior gently sinuated in the middle and convex
behind. Outline, as seen from above, oblong-ovate ; greatest width in the middle, and
equal to less than half the length ; extremities obtusely pointed ; end view broadly ovate,
pointed above and below. The two valves are very unequal in size and dissimilar in shape,
the left bemg the larger and overlapping the right considerably, especially on the dorsal

CYTHERE. 151

margin. The posterior beak of the right valve is more squamous and often two or three
times emarginate. Surface of the shell covered with closely-set circular impressed puncta.
The male does not differ much in shape from the female.

Length, 39th of an inch.

Cythere convexa is in the living state widely distributed round the British coast, but
nowhere occurs very abundantly; it ranges from the littoral zone to depths of about
thirty fathoms, but does not appear to have been noticed either in the seas or glacial
deposits of Scandinavia. |

Some of the forms described and figured by Professor T. Rupert Jones under the name
Cythere punctata ave undoubtedly referable to the present species, but some of the synonyms
and references given by that author do not appear to us to be applicable. We are not
acquainted with the figures of C. punctata given by Roemer, but that of Reuss, if meant
for the present species, is certainly very bad, while his Cypridina punctatella, which. is
doubtfully referred by Professor Jones to the young of the present species, evidently
belongs to the group assigned in this memoir to the genus Lovoconcha. ‘The same may also:
be said of Bosquet’s Cythere punctatella. Lastly, it may be noted that G. O. Sars has
erroneously applied Dr. Baird’s name (convera), having assigned it to a totally different
form, the Cytheropteron lutissimum of this Monograph.

Distrisution. Lecent.—Great Britain and Ireland, Levant, Bay of Biscay.

Fossil.—Scotland: Raised beaches, Cumbrae and Oban; West Tarbert Silt. Ireland:
Portrush ; New Docks, Belfast.

14, Cyruure crcatricosa, Reuss. Plate XIV, figs. 7—10.

1849. CyprRIDINA cIcaTRiIcosa, Reuss. Die fossil. Entomostrac. Oesterreich. Tertidr-
beckens, p. 27, pl. ix, figs. 21 a, 6.

1852. CyTHERE cIcaTRicosa, Bosquet. Entom. foss. terr. tertiair. France, p. 76,
pl. iii, fig. 13.

1865. — ARBORESCENS, Brady. Ann. Mag. N. H., vol. xvi, pl. ix, figs. 5—8.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in the middle, greatest height equal
to two thirds of the length ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior slightly
produced below the middle ; superior margin boldly arched, inferior somewhat convex and
slightly sinuated in front of the middle. Seen from above, ovate, tapering evenly to the
extremities, which are sharply pointed ; greatest width in the middle and equal to half
the length. The end view is somewhat pyramidal, being pointed at the top and widest
below the middle; the base broad and rounded. Shell-surface marked with closely set
rounded or subangular impressions, which on the ventral aspect coalesce so as to form
beaded furrows.

Length, 3',th of an inch.

152 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

This species differs from C. convewa, Baird (C. punctata ? Miinster) in its greater
proportionate height, in being more tumid below the middle, and in being destitute of any
very prominent beak at the postero-inferior angle. In lateral outline it approaches:
closely to a recent Mediterranean species, C. Speyert, Brady,’ but is smaller and very
much less tumid, besides being deficient in the beak, which that species possesses in
common with C. convewa.

Disvrisvrion. Fossi/.—Brick-earth of the Nar; Hopton Cliff, Yarmouth. Tertiary
beds of France and Germany.

15. Cyruerer costentata, Romer. Plate XVI, figs. 13—15.

1838. CyTHERINA cosTELLATa, Romer. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., &c., p. 517, pl. vi,
fig. 24 ( fide Bosquet).

1850. CyTHERE cosTELLATA, Bosquet. Entom. foss. terr. tertiair. France, p. 58,
pl. ii, figs. 11 a—d.

1856. — — Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 32, pl. v, fig. 11.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, somewhat cuneiform, much higher in front
than behind, height equal to fully half the length, anterior extremity boldly and obliquely
rounded, posterior also rounded, but narrow, and bearing in the middle one moderate-
sized spme with two or three smaller ones below; superior margin somewhat angulated
in front, behind which it is slightly emarginate and thence slopes backwards almost in a
right line, inferior almost straight for the first two thirds of its course, then curved
upwards ; seen from above, somewhat lozenge-shaped, greatest width situated behind the
middle and equal to half the length, obtusely pointed or almost sub-truncate in front,
doubly mucronate behind. Shell dense and strong, marked longitudinally with
numerous (10—12 on the lateral aspect of each valve) strong, rounded, flexuous ribs ;
the left valve considerably larger than the right, aud overlapping with a broad flange on
the ventral surface of the shell; hinge-line on the dorsal aspect depressed so as to form a
wide sulcus, and sharply bent in front.

Length oth of an inch.

Distrisution. ossi/—England: Tertiary beds of Bracklesham, and Pholas-bed of
Selsey. ‘Tertiary, France.

Our figures of this species were already lithographed before we became aware that it
could not rightly be claimed as belonging to the Post-tertiary Ostracoda. The “ Pholas-
bed” in which our specimens were found is certainly of considerably earlier date, unless
indeed the Ostracoda which it contains have been washed into it from some older deposit.

1 Described in ‘ Les Fonds dela Mer,’ tom. i, p. 99, pl. xii, figs. 8—10.

CYTHERE. 153

16. Cyrumre Ciurua, nov. sp. Plate XIII, figs. 16, 17.

Shell, as seen from the side, subquadrate, highest in front, greatest height equal to
nearly two thirds of the length; anterior extremity broad and well rounded, posterior
narrow and obliquely rounded; superior margin almost straight, sloping from before
backwards, inferior deeply sinuated in the middle ; seen from above the outline is oblong,
subrectangular, with parallel, irregularly sinuous sides, suddenly tapered off towards the
front, which is truncated ; posterior extremity irregularly rounded. Shell-surface irregu-
larly mamillated, closely set with small subrotund pittings ; within the ventral margin runs
a broad rounded ridge, while the anterior half of the valve is occupied chiefly by one, the
posterior half by two, large rounded tubercles.

Length 75th of an inch. .
Disrrisurion.—/ossi/.—Scotland : Cumbrae, Cartsdyke, Govan, Lag Arran.

17. Cyrnurn Finmarcatca (G. O. Sars). Plate X, figs. 18—21.

1865. CyTHErnts Finmarcuica, Sars. Oversigt. Norges mar. Ostr., p. 41.
1868. CyTHERE —_ Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 410, pl. xxxi,
figs. 9—13.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, higher in front
than behind, greatest height equal to about half the length; anterior extremity rounded ;
posterior subtruncate, somewhat angulated in the middle and usually divided into four
or five blunt teeth below. Superior margin sloping almost in a straight line from before
backwards ; inferior gently sinuated in the middle; seen from above ovate, with sub-
parallel sides and obtuse extremities; width scarcely equalling the height. Surface of
the shell marked with vaguely defined rounded pittings, and often with a median trans-
verse sulcus, in front of which is a large rounded tubercle bearing numerous (9 to 12)
irregularly disposed muscle-spots. Shell of the male narrower and more elongated.

Length 3th of an inch.

Nearly allied to Cythere tuberculata, from which it differs, however, in having the
anterior margin entire or at most only slightly crenated, and in the character of the
posterior teeth, which are marginal crenulations rather than true spines; the posterior
portion of the shell is also much less tumid than in the larger species, and there is only
one large central tubercle.

20

154 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Distrisution. Recent.—Davis’s Straits, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of
Biscay, Cape Verd, St. Vincent.
Fossil.—Scotland: Gamrie, Wick, Loch Gilp. Norway: Post-tertiary beds.

18. Crruere cunrirormis, Brady. Plate X, figs. 23—26.

1865. CyTHERE VENTRICOSA, Sars. Op. cit., p. 34.
1868. — cUNEIFORMIS, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 404, pl. xxxi,
figs. 47—54.

Carapace of the female subprismoid, much depressed behind, angular on the dorsal
and flattened on the ventral surface; seen from the side, the outline is subcuneiform,
anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior narrowed and produced to an obtusely
mucronate point; superior margin sloping steeply and in a straight line: from before
backwards, inferior almost straight. Seen from above, ovate, extremities sharply
mucronate, greatest width about equal to the height; end-view triangular, base and
sides convex. Shell-surface marked more or less profusely with rounded depressions
and tubercles, transversely sulcate in the middle, and longitudinally furrowed on the
ventral surface.

Length, 3'gth of an inch.
Distrisution. Lecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway.
Fossil.—Scotland: Raised beach, Oban ; West Tarbert. Norway.

19. Cyrnere Limicota (Vorman). Plate X, figs. 1—4.

1865. CytHurets timicota, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. i, p. 20, pl. vi, figs. 1—4.
1865. CyrHERE Noposa, Sars. Op. cit., p. 34.

1866. — comPpLEexA, Brady. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 210.

1865. — argouata, Brady. Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. v, p. 381, pl. 1xii, figs.
2 a—d.

1868. — limicota, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 405, pl. xxxi,

figs. 38—41, 43—46.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subtrapezoidal, not much higher in
front than behind, greatest height situated over the anterior hinge and equal to about
two thirds of the length; anterior extremity well rounded; posterior subtruncate,
obtusely rounded below and slightly excavated above the middle; superior margin

CYTHERE. 155

abruptly angular at each extremity, between which it is more or less concave; inferior
slightly waved, Seen from above, the outline is broadly hastate or boat-shaped, widest
near the posterior extremity, tapering gently and in a curve towards the front, but
suddenly and steeply backwards; margins irregularly sinuous; greatest width about
equal to the height. End-view subtriangular, base broad and flat, apex obtusely
rounded, sides excavated. Shell-surface uneven, rugose, often obscurely reticulated, the
interstices being finely punctate; a conspicuous polished and rounded tubercle over the
anterior and two near the posterior hinge; a strongly marked longitudinal ridge
running along the whole length of the valves just within the ventral margin.
Length, 75th of an inch.
Disrrisution. Recent.—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain.

Fossil—Scotland: Duntroon, Kyles of Bute, Kilchattan, Cumbrae, Dumbarton,

Cartsdyke, Inch Lonaig, Tangy Burn, Terally. Canada: Post-tertiary beds.

20. CyTHERE GLoBULIFERA, Brady. Plate IX, figs. 18—20, and (?) 21, 22;
Plate XII, figs. 11, 12; and Plate XV,
figs. 19, 20.

1868. CyYTHERE GLOBULIFERA, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 406, pl. xxxi,
fig. 42.

Valves, as seen from the side, subcuneiform or subquadrangular, greatest height in
front, and equal to nearly two thirds of the length. Anterior extremity broadly and
evenly rounded; posterior narrower and obliquely rounded; superior margin perfectly
straight and terminating in an obtuse angle at each extremity ; inferior straight or very
slightly smuous. Outline, as seen from above, irregularly ovate, sinuous, widest at the
posterior third; width equal to half the length; surface delicately reticulated, and
towards the anterior and inferior margins concentrically rugose, bearing also, near the
superior margin, three large subglobular tubercles, and near the lower margin an
elongated aleform projection, which extends over a large portion of the ventral
surface.

Length, 25th of an inch.

‘This species was first described by Mr. Brady from a single specimen found in shell-
sand by Dr. Alcock at Roundstone. The specimens found by us in the Scotch glacial
clays do not materially differ from the Roundstone specimen, and serve to establish the
species on a more satisfactory basis than before. It is possible that the difference of
outline between figs. 18 and 19 (Plate IX) may be sexual, the former representing the
male, the latter the female. The valve represented in figs. 21 and 22 is, perhaps, not

156 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

fairly referable to C. globulifera ; but in the absence of further examples it seems best to
place it here provisionally.

Distrisution. Recent.—lIreland, Spitzbergen.

Fossil.—Scotland: Paisley, Govan, Barrie, Elie, Dryleys, Annochie, Errol. Eng-
land: Bridlington. Canada: Post-tertiary beds. |

21. CyrHerx Jerrreysu, Brady. Plate III, figs. 18, 19.

1868. CytHere Jerrreysii, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostr., p. 412, pl. xxix, figs.
31—55.

Carapace, as seen from the sides, oblong, subcuneiform, highest at the anterior third,
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity broad, well
rounded, fringed below with several (twelve to sixteen) small teeth, and marked with
numerous radiating, hair-like lines; posterior much narrowed; superior margin some-
what angular over the eye, thence sloping steeply and almost in a straight lme
backwards ; inferior slightly sinuated in front, then sloping upwards with a slight
convexity. Outline, as seen from above, subhexagonal, sides nearly parallel, extremities
tapering abruptly, obtusely pointed; width equal to about haif the length. Surface of
the shell finely reticulated, the lines of reticulation being made up of moniliform
tubercles.

Length, oth of an inch.

C. Jeffreysii has been found recent on the western coasts of Ireland and Scotland,
and also off the Channel Islands, but in all these localities is very rare. The surface-
marking of the shell is such as is found in the young of species which in the adult stage
are strongly spinous ; and a similarly ornamented form, which proved to be the young
of C. echinata, Sars, was described by Mr. Brady in the ‘ Zoological Transactions’ under
the name of Oythere catenata. Sars’s description had not, however, been published at
that time, nor had Mr. Brady seen the species in its adult state. The valve of C.
Jeffreys figured in our plate is, probably, a young one; but some of the recent
specimens appear to be fully grown, and still exhibit similar characters. We have,
therefore, but little hesitation in considering it a distinct species.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil.—Raised beach, Oban.

CYTHERE. é LaF

22. CYTHERE PULCHELLA, Brady. Pilate III, figs. 29—37.

1868. CyTHERE PULCHELLA, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 404; Ann. Mag.
N. H., ser. iv, vol. ii, p. 32, pl. v, figs. 18—20,

1869. — _ Brady and Robertson. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser, iv,
vol. iti, p. 369, pl. xx,
figs. 1—3.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, highest at
the anterior third, greatest height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity
broad and well rounded ; posterior narrower and obliquely subtruncate ; superior margin
slightly arched, sloping from before backwards ; inferior sinuated in front of the middle.
Outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, greatest width equal to less
than half the length, extremities obtusely pointed. End-view broadly ovate. The shell
of the male (fig. 33) is more elongated and angular in outline. Surface covered with
closely set, small, circular impressions, and marked mostly towards the anterior and
posterior margins with faintly waved grooves or ruge. Lucid spots numerous (fig. 36),
small, forming an irregular group near the centre of the valves. Hinge-processes of the
right valve distinctly crenated (fig. 35).

This species is very similar in shape and general appearance to C. villosa, but is
smaller, more delicately sculptured, and less angular in outline; the hingement and
characters of the lucid spots are also widely different. In the recent state it has
been found (but sparingly) in the Arctic seas, the west of Ireland, north-west of Scotland,
and Holland.

Distrisution. Recent.—Baffin’s Bay, Scotland, Ireland, Holland.

Fossil—Scotland: Duntroon, Loch Gilp, Kilchattan, Dumbarton. — Ireland:
Woodburn.

23. CyTHERE viLLosa (G. O. Sars). Plate III, figs. 7—13.

1865. CyYTHEREIS VILLOsA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 42.
1868. CyYTHERE — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 411, pl. xxix,
figs. 28—32.

Carapace of the femme, as seen from the side, subreniform, highest in the middle,
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded ;
posterior obliquely truncate and sinuated ; dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral sinuated
in front and forming a subangular projection behind the middle. Outline, as seen from

158 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

above, oblong-ovate, widest in the middle, width less than the height. Shell of the male
narrower, more compressed, about twice as long as high; upper margin nearly straight
and sloping from before backwards, inferior also nearly straight, the post-median angular
prominence more conspicuous than in the female. Hinge-teeth strongly developed ;
surface of the valves, sculptured with deep and large fossze, which often assume towards
the margins a somewhat radiated arrangement (figs. 7 and 12); at other times, probably
in old specimens, they become indistinct (fig. 8) and in the centre obsolete.
Length, oth of an inch.

Cythere villosa is a common recent species, occurring plentifully on the shores of
Britain (except on the east coast, where it is rare) and Norway in the littoral and
laminarian zones, but not often extending into great depths; it is also one of the
commonest of the Glacial Ostracoda.

Disrrizution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Bay of Biscay, Davis’s
Straits, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil.—Common in nearly all the Scottish Post-tertiary beds. England: Hopton
Cliff, Whittlesea. Ireland: Belfast New Docks, Portrush. Norway.

24, CYTHERE LATICARINA, Brady. Plate IX, figs. 23—26.

1868. CyTHERE LaTICARINA, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 412, pl. xxxi,
figs. 1—4,

Carapace of the /ema/e (?), as seen from the side, subquadrate, highest in front, greatest
height equal to more than half the Jength. Anterior extremity broadly rounded, fringed
below with numerous (about sixteen) very fine teeth; posterior rounded, narrow,
emarginate above the middle; superior margin prominently angular over the anterior
hinge, from which it slopes backwards in a slightly jagged line ; inferior sinuated in the
middle. Outline, as seen from above, subhexagonal, with parallel sides and very blunt,
equally tapered extremities; greatest width in the middle and equal to about half the
length. The surface of the shell is uniformly sculptured with rather large subquadrate
pittings, and the eye-tubercles are large and exceedingly prominent; the margins of the
valves very broad and thick, forming a wide encircling fillet or keel.

Length, 3'3rd of an inch.

This is very distinct from all other species, except perhaps C. marginata, Norman, of
which one specimen only is extant, and which must be looked upon as a somewhat
doubtful form. Though bearing some resemblance to C. tuberculata, C. laticarina is easily
distinguished from that species by the different proportions, and even contour of the
carapace, as well as by its much thickened margins. A certain soft, woolly appearance of

CYTHERE. 159

the surface is also characteristic. It seems to be a rare species in the recent state, having
been noticed very sparingly only on the west of Scotland, in the Channel Islands, and
Spitzbergen.

Distrisurion. Lecent.—Great Britain, Spitzbergen.

Fossil—Scotland: Raised beach, Oban.

25. CyrHere Macropora, Bosquet. Plate XIV, figs 1—3.

1852. CyTHERE MACROPORA, Bosguet. Entom. foss, terr. tertiair., p. 97, pl. v,
fig. 2. :

1856. — — Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 35, pl. iii, figs.
9 a—9 e.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, greatest height situated near the
front and equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity somewhat obliquely
rounded, and serrated below the middle ; posterior subtruncate, its lower half somewhat
produced and divided into five or six broad teeth; superior margin sloping nearly in a
right line from before backwards ; inferior nearly straight. Seen from above, the outline
is oblong, subhexagonal, with irregularly parallel sides and broadly mucronate extremities,
constricted in the middle. The surface of the shell is covered with deep, closely set
angular pits, each valve bearing a large rounded central tubercle, and a strongly marked,
rounded, encircling ridge just within the anterior, inferior and posterior margins; the
central surface of each valve has on each side of the very prominent and largely
developed contact-margins a single longitudinal series of large angular fosse;
the posterior portion of the contact-margins is ornamented in a similar manner.

Length, 3'sth of an inch.

A handsome and very well characterised species, of which a few specimens only
have occurred, from Hopton Cliff, Great Yarmouth. Professor Rupert Jones’s measure-
ment is double that given by M. Bosquet, with the latter of which ours closely
agrees.

Disrrisution. Fossi/.—England: Post-tertiary, Hopton Cliff; Pliocene, Suffolk.
France: Middle Hocene.

160 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

26. CyruEre concinna, Jones. Plate IV, figs. 1—16.

1856. CyYTHERE CONCINNA, Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 29, pl. iv, figs. 7 a—7 f-

1865. Cyruereis cLavata, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 39.

1868. CyTHERE concINNa, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 408, pl. xxvi,
figs. 283—33, and pl. xxxviii, fig. 7.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, highest in.
front of the middle, greatest height equal to more than half the length; anterior
extremity broadly rounded; posterior narrowed, obliquely subtruncate, sometimes
emarginate in the middle (figs. 1, 5, 12), at others simple (fig. 6) or angularly produced
(fig. 7); superior margin gibbous or prominently angular in front of the middle, thence
sloping backwards with an irregularly curved or sinuous line ; inferior margin straight or
slightly sinuous. Outline, as seen from above, oblong-ovate, greatest width in the
middle and equal to half the length; extremities obtuse, broad and nearly equal ;
lateral margins irregularly sinuous. End-view subpentagonal; height greater than the
width. The carapace of the male is, as usual, considerably narrower and more
elongated. ‘The surface of the shell is subject to much variation in its sculpture.

The specimens represented at figs. 9 and 11 belong to the most strongly sculptured.
class, and exhibit the peculiar markings of the species with great distinctness; these
consist of a prominent ridge running parallel to and a little within the anterior margin,
and continued along the ventral border to the hinder end of the valve, a large rounded
eminence a little below and in front of the centre of the valve and a flexuous rib running
from the posterior margin of this tubercle towards the supero-posteal angle; the rest of
the shell-surface is marked with small closely set puncta, and with minor ribs radiating
from the larger ridges and tubercles ; the posterior portion of the shell is also sometimes
marked with distinct angular recticulations, as in fig. 9. Sometimes, however, the
shell-sculpture is very feebly developed (fig. 6), the tubercles and ridges being very
faintly indicated, the general surface obscurely pitted, and bearing a few short rigid
hairs. Hinge-processes strongly developed.

Length, 3'sth of an inch.

Between the simplest and the most elaborately sculptured forms all shades of
variation may be found, and we have not been able to detect any constant relation between
the varieties of sculpture and the geological position or other conditions of life; the most
ornate and the most simple forms are found living in our own seas almost side by
side, and have apparently existed in a similar manner in the seas of the Glacial Epoch.
Various stages of growth are represented in figs. 13—16. C. concinna has been found
im the recent state in the Arctic Sea, and on the coasts of Norway, Canada, Scotland, and
north of England ; its range of depth appears to be from ten to sixty fathoms.

CYTHERE. 16]

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Gulf of St. Lawrence,
Spitzbergen, Davis’s Straits.

Fossil—England: Bridlington. Scotland: in nearly all the Post-tertiary beds.
Ireland: Woodburn, and New Docks, Belfast. Canada and Norway. Post-tertiary beds.

27. Cyruuru Emactata, Brady. Plate IX, figs. 14—I17.

1866. CyruEre nmactata, Brady. Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 210.
1868. _— -- Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 414, pl. xxxi,
figs. 31—37.

Carapace (of the male”), as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, greatest
height situated in front and not equalling half the length. Anterior extremity forming
a somewhat flattened curve and faintly toothed below; posterior rather narrower,
obliquely concave above the middle and produced below into four or five short blunt
teeth ; superior margin sloping backwards almost in a straight line ; inferior very slightly
sinuated. Outline, as seen from above, compressed ovate, nearly thrice as long as
broad; sides nearly parallel ; anterior extremity obtuse and centrally emarginate ;
posterior broadly emarginate in the middle and produced on each side into a more or
less conspicuous spinous lobe. Surface of the valves marked with two or three
prominent longitudinal ribs, which towards the anterior extremity anastomose, forming a
network of large polygonal areolz ; the remainder of the shell is covered with large and
deep subcircular excavations, which are arranged chiefly in longitudinal rows. The
dorsal aspect shows a deep sulcus in the line of the hinge-margins, and the contact-
margins on the ventral surface are considerably introverted and bordered by a wide
smooth band.

Length, 35rd of an inch.

Cythere emaciata occurs in the living state in depths of ten to thirty fathoms on the
southern shore of England, and the west of Ireland and Scotland; the Scottish
specimens, however, being few and stunted in growth.

Disrrisution. Lecent.—Great Britain and Ireland.

Fossil.—Raised beaches, Oban and Portrush.

28. CyTHERE QUADRIDENTATA, Baird, Plate XIII, fig. 22.

1850. CYTHERE QUADRIDENTATA, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 173, pl. xxi, fig. 2.
1868, _ — Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 413, pl. xxxi,
figs. 19—30.
21

162 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, or subcuneate, highest in front,
height equal to about half the length. Anterior extremity obliquely rounded, often
bearing a row of from eight to twelve small teeth ; posterior extremity narrowed, angular,
excavated above and considerably produced below, where it is generally armed with about
four sharp spines: inferior margin straight or slightly convex; superior elevated over
the anterior hinge, thence sloping backwards. Seen from above, oblong-ovate or
hastate, greatest width situated behind the middle and equal to less than half the length,
the junction of the hinge-margins marked behind the middle by a deep, sharply defined
sulcus ; ventral surface depressed along the whole length of the contact-margins, which
are bordered by a broad, well defined, smooth band. Surface of the shell marked with
oblong punctures, which are arranged chiefly in longitudinal rows, but around the
anterior border in curved lines. The valves are usually swollen behind, forming an
abrupt angular elevation, from which a longitudinal rib runs directly forwards, and two
others in an oblique direction towards the upper and lower margins. Left valve
considerably smaller than the right.

Length, 3'srd of an inch.

We have met with only one fossil specimen of this species, and from it our figure is
taken ; but, as this carapace is by no means well characterized, our description is taken
from recent specimens.

Distrisution. Aecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay.

Fossil.—Scotland: Loch Gilp.

29. CyTHErE aneuuata (G. O. Sars). Plate IV, figs. 17—24; and Plate X, fig. 22.

1865. Cyruernis aneutata, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 40.
1865. CyTHERE CLATHRATA, var. NUDA, Brady. Zool. Trans., vol. v, p. 377, pl. lix,
figs. 9, 10.
1868. — aneuLata, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 409, pl. xxvi,
figs. 39—42.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, greatest
height over the anterior hinge and equal to more than half the length. Anterior
extremity broadly and somewhat obliquely rounded, traversed by numerous radiating
hair-like lines ;_ posterior subtruncate, projecting angularly in the middle, its lower half
produced backwards and often divided into four or five small teeth ; upper margin highest
over the anterior hinge, thence sloping with a slight convexity to the posterior extremity,
where it ends in an obtuse angle; inferior straight or only slightly sinuated. Outline,
as seen from above, oblong, subhexagonal; sides nearly parallel and more or less
constricted in the middle; extremities abruptly tapered, obtuse; margins irregularly
sinuous ; twice as long as broad; hinge-line marked on the dorsal aspect by a deep,

CYTHERE. 163

sharply cut sulcus. Shell-surface bearmg a few distant, short, rigid hairs, and
ornamented with large, deep, angular excavations, mostly arranged in irregularly waved or
radiating lines; there is usually a conspicuous rounded tubercle a little below and in
front of the centre of the valve, and two broad, rounded, and elevated ridges, one
running parallel with the ventral, the other with the dorsal margin, on the posterior half
of the valve; these are confluent behind, ending abruptly and thus forming a well-
marked transverse ridge or declivity; there is also a narrow elevated ridge running
parallel to and within the anterior margin.
Length, oth of an inch.

This species, like C. conciuna, varies much in the amount of sculpture visible on its
valves, some specimens, as shown in fig. 17, being poorly marked, while others, of
which fig. 21 is a fair example, are very highly ornamented. In the British seas, at the
present day, it seems to be of rare occurrence, and confined to the northern and western
shores of Scotland, where it lives in considerable depths of water. It has been found
also by G. O. Sars on the coast of Norway.

Distrisution. ecent.—Baffin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain, Davis’s Straits,

Fossil—England: Bridlington. Scotland: nearly all the clay beds of the Clyde
district ; Raised beach, Oban; Drip Bridge. Ireland: Portrush. Norway.

30. CyrHeRE LATIMARGINATA, Speyer. Plate XVI, fig. 6.

1863. CyYTHERE LATIMARGINATA, Speyer. Die Ostrac. der Casseler Tertiarbild., p. 22,
pl. ili, figs. 3 a—d.
1865. — asyssicona, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 43.

Shell of the female, as seen from the side, elongated, subquadrangular, much higher
in front than behind, greatest height not more than half the length; anterior extremity
obliquely rounded; posterior truncate; superior margin very prominent and angulated
above the eyes, slightly concave in the middle, then convex, and steeply slopmg towards
the hinder end; inferior distinctly smuated in the middle. Seen from above, of
irregular form, showing on each lateral margin two subangular protuberances separated by
a deep furrow, both extremities being a little produced and truncate. Valves very hard
in structure, indistinctly areolated in the middle, surrounded by a wide and much
thickened margin, which forms two lips, the innermost of which is at each extremity
minutely dentate, and especially towards the posterior extremity is beset with rather long
hairs. Hinge-teeth of the left valve obsolete.

Length, 3'oth of an inch.

One valve only of this species has come under our notice, from Hopton Cliff, near

Yarmouth, and, this being imperfect we have had recourse for our description to the

164. POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

original account given by G. O. Sars. Our figure, however, is copied accurately from the
Hopton Cliff specimen.

Judging from the carefully drawn figures of Dr. Speyer, which, though too small,
offer a delightful contrast to the almost useless illustrations of fossil Ostracoda usually
produced in Germany, we have no doubt that his Cythere latimarginata really refers to
the species better known to us by the more recent description (from the living animal)
of Sars under the name adyssicola. On the ground of priority, however, we here adopt
Speyer’s specific name.

Distrisution. Recent.—Norway and Shetland.

Fossil.—England: Hopton Cliff. Germany: Middle Tertiary, Cassel.

31. Cyraere TuBERcULATA (G. O. Sars). Plate V, figs 7—12.

1865. CyTHEREIS TUBERCULATA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 37.
1865. CyYTHERE MUTABILIS, CLATHRATA, var. LYRATA, et P var. LATIMARGINATA,
Brady. Trans. Zool. Soc., p. 377, pl. lix, figs. 12, 13, 14.
1868. — TuBERCULATA, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 406, pl. xxx,
figs. 25—41 (not Cytherideis tuberculata
of Jones, Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 47).

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular or subovate,
highest over the anterior hinge; greatest height equal to rather more than half the length.
Anterior extremity broad, obliquely rounded, and fringed on its lower half with a
series of (12—20) short equal teeth; posterior extremity narrower, evenly rounded and
bearing usually near the lower angle four, five, or six teeth rather larger than, but of
similar character to, those on the anterior margin. Superior margin sinuated: behind the
anterior hinge, thence sloping backwards with an irregularly sinuous (or sometimes twice
or thrice sharply emarginate) curve ; inferior margin gently sinuated in the middle. Out-
line, as seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, extremities evenly and somewhat
obtusely pointed, margins irregularly sinuous, width scarcely equalling half the length.
End-view irregularly and broadly ovate, height not much exceeding the width. Carapace
of the ma/e (fig. 11) much narrower and more elongated, dorsal margin more conspicuously
angulated at each extremity, ventral margin more deeply sinuated. Surface of the shell
marked throughout with large, deep, irregularly shaped pittings, the interspaces of which
often bear a few scattered setiferous papilla, bearing also three more or less conspicuous
eminences, one rounded and situated near the middle, the others elongated and occupying

the posterior third of the valve; these, especially the two posterior, are often almost
obsolete.

Length, z sth of an inch.

CYTHERE. 165

Cythere tuberculata is one of the commonest and most widely distributed of living
British Ostracoda, occurring chiefly in depths of 10—30 fathoms. Like its near allies,
C. concinna, angulata, quadridentata, &c., it exhibits much variation in outline and in
surface-marking, and, as also in those species, the tubercular elevations are much more
conspicuous in very young than in old specimens, though the contrary holds good with
regard to the pitting or excavation of the shell.

Distrisution. Recent.—Baffin’s Bay, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Spitzbergen,
Bay of Biscay, West Indies, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil.— Occurring in nearly all the Post-tertiary beds in the Clyde district ; on the
east of Scotland, Gamrie, Annochie, King Edward, Wick, Drip Bridge. England:
Bridlington, Hopton Cliff, Branston Fen. South Wales : Cardiff New Dock Basin.
Ireland : Woodburn, Belfast New Docks. Norway, Post-tertiary beds.

32. Cyturre Locani, Brady and Crosskey. Plate XV, figs. 17, 18.

1871. Cyruere Locant, Brady and Crosskey. Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 63, pl. ii,
figs. 8—9.

Shell, seen laterally, subquadrate, highest in front, greatest height equal to more than
half the length ; anterior extremity broadly and well rounded; posterior narrower and
obliquely rounded ; superior margin straight in its general direction, but much jagged and
emarginate throughout, terminating in an obtuse angle behind ; inferior slightly simuated,
curved upwards towards the posterior extremity. Seen from above, the outline is irre-
gularly ovate, with obtusely rounded extremities. Surface of the valves marked with
large and deep angular fosse, near the middle bearing a rounded tubercle and near
the posterior extremity two large tubercular elevations.

Length, y'gth of an inch.

It is not without hesitation that we identify the single valve on which the foregoing
description is founded with C. Logan: ; yet, though the contour of the shell differs in some
not unimportant particulars from the types of that species, its general aspect and style of
sculpture are so nearly similar that we think it best, for the present at least, to consider it
as belonging to the same species.

Distrisution. Fossi/.—Scotland: Elie. Canada: Montreal.

166 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

33. CyTHERY EMARGINATA (G. O. Sars). Plate V, figs. 1—6.

1865. CyTHEREIs EMARGINATA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 38.
1868, CyYTHERE _ Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 475.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subreniform, highest in the middle,.
greatest height equal to considerably more than half the length. Anterior extremity
obliquely rounded; posterior produced below into a prominent angular lobe; superior
margin boldly arched, highest in the middle; inferior slightly sinuated in front of the
middle and curved upwards behind. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, ovate,
extremities obtusely mucronate. ‘The right valve very different from the left, higher and
more boldly arched, sinuated in front of the anterior hinge; posterior extremity more
deeply emarginate, and more prominent below. The carapace of the male is distinctly
quadrangular, its greatest: height little exceeding half the length and situated over the
anterior hinge; superior margin only slightly curved; posterior obliquely truncate.
Surface of the valves irregularly sculptured with large angular excavations, which behind
terminate abruptly in a transverse ridge a little in front of the posterior margin, and
below in a sharply defined ventral rib, which is most strongly developed posteriorly.
Hinge-line on the dorsal surface marked by a deep, sharply cut sulcus ; hinge-teeth
strongly developed.

Length, 3ioth of an inch.

Distrisution. fecent.—Arctic Seas, Norway, Shetland, Iceland, Spitzbergen,
Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil—England: Bridlington. Scotland: Barrie, Elie, Errol. Ireland: Portrush.
Norway and Canada. ;

34, CyTHERE costata, Brady. Plate V, figs. 21—24.

1865. CytHEere costata, Brady. Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v, p. 375, pl. Ix,
figs. 5 a—f.
1869. _ — Norman. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1868, p. 290.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, highest in front of
the middle, greatest height equal to somewhat more than half the length. Anterior
extremity subtruncate, emarginate above, produced below, and divided into four or five
short obtuse teeth; superior margin arched, gently sinuated in front. Outline, as seen

CYTHERE. 167

from above, ovate, widest in the middle; extremities obtusely mucronate, margins
irregular. The carapace of the male is longer, narrower, and distinctly quadrangular,
its greatest height situated in front and equal to less than half the length; superior
margin distinctly angular over the anterior hinge, behind which it is slightly
excavated, and then slopes backwards almost in a straight line; posterior margin
obliquely truncate. Shell-surface deeply marked with irregular angular excavations, and
with three or more prominent obliquely transverse ribs. Hinge-teeth strongly
developed.
Length, 35th of an inch.

C. costata has been found living amongst the Shetland Islands and in Baffin’s
Bay, at a depth of 60—70 fathoms. It is very nearly allied to C. emarginata,
being distinguished from that species chiefly by its greater size and narrower proportions,
as well as by its prominent oblique ridges, and the dentation of its infero-posterior angle.

Distripution. Recent.—Arctic Seas, Shetland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil.—England: Bridlington, Hopton Cliff. Scotland: Paisley.

35. CYTHERE MIRABILIS, Brady. Plate VII, figs. 22—26; Plate XV, figs. 13—16.

1868. CyYTHERE MIRABILIS, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 415, pl. xxix, °
figs. 7, 8. y

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subtrapezoidal, highest at the anterior
third, greatest height equal to two thirds of the length. Anterior extremity broad,
boldly rounded, and bordered below with a series of ten to twenty short, blunt spines ;
posterior narrow, truncate, bearing about four blunt spines at its inferior angle.
Superior margin prominently angular over the anterior hinge, behind which it is two
or three times deeply and abruptly excavated, thence sloping with a steep, irregularly
jagged curve to the posterior extremity, where it ends in an obtuse angle; inferior
margin gently and evenly convex. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, with flattened
sides, width equal to more than half the length: posterior extremity rounded,
prominent in the middle, and bearing numerous sharp, irregularly placed spines ; anterior
margin obtuse, irregularly denticulate or spinous. Surface of the shell sculptured on the
central and centro-dorsal portions with large, deep, and sharply cut polygonal excavations,
and round the margins with wide, concentric furrows, which are separated from each
other by sharp ribs, sparingly anastomosing, and especially strong and prominent
on the ventral surface. Hinge-joint formed on the left valve by a very strong central bar,
terminating anteriorly in a prominent tooth, and posteriorly in a sharply defined sulcus ;
on the right valve by two very large terminal teeth, the anterior of which is triangular

168 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

and fang-like ; the posterior broad and obliquely truncate. The shell of the male is, as
usual, more compressed and elongated.
Length, 'snd of an inch.
Disrrisution. Aecent.—Scotland, Spitzbergen.
Fossil—England: Bridlington. Scotland: Barrie, Elie, Dryleys, Errol, Wick.

36. Cyruzre Hopronsnsis, xov. sp. Plate XIV, figs. 4—6.

Left valve, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, oblong, greatest height situated
over the anterior hinge-tubercle, and equal to nearly two thirds of the length; anterior
extremity obliquely rounded ; posterior subtruncate, prominent and rounded below the
middle; superior margin sloping from before backwards and distinctly excavated
towards each extremity ; inferior nearly straight ; seen from above, the outline is irregularly
ovate, with broadly and obtusely mucronate extremities. The outline of the right valve
presents an evenly arched, though flattened dorsal margin, the lower angle of the
posterior margin being also much more distinctly produced. The surface of the shell is
covered with rather sharp and irregularly convoluted ridges, and with distinct crests
running parallel to the anterior and lower borders.

Length, 3!;rd of an inch.
Disrrisvtion, fossi/.—England : Hopton Cliff.

37. CytHerre Dunztmensis (Vorman). Plate V, figs. 13—20 ; Plate XI, figs. 36, 37.

1865. CyrHernis DunetMENsIS, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and.
Durham, vol. i, p. 22, pl. vii, figs.

1—4.
1865. oo HORRIDA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 45.
1868. Cytuers DunzLMeEnsis, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 416, pl. xxx,
figs. 1—12.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, greatest height equal
to more than half the length, and situated over the arterior hinge. Anterior extremity
broadly rounded; posterior somewhat narrower and rectangularly truncate; superior
margin nearly straight, highest in front; inferior slightly sinuated, the whole circum-
ference being much jagged and spinous. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, extremities

CYTHERE. 169

obtuse. The shell of the ma/e is longer, narrower, and distinctly quadrangular, and its
infero-posteal angle is produced into a more or less conspicuous squamous and spinous
plate. The surface of the shell is marked by large subhexagonal excavations, the intervals
between which are beset with several strong spines of irregular shape and size, which are
much larger in the male than in the female; there is also a row of spinous tubercles
parallel to and a little within the anterior margin, the series being continued with
less regularity along the greater part of the ventral margin. Hinge-tubercles large,
shining, and prominent, especially in the male. Hinge-teeth very strongly developed,
shell very thich and strong.
Length, 3'sth of an inch.

Cythere Dunelmensis is not very rare in the living state in the seas of Norway,
Scotland, and Northern England, mostly inhabiting depths of fifteen fathoms and
upwards. ‘The reticulation of the surface is often obscure, and its spinous armature is
very variable in strength and general development. Young specimens (fig. 19) are sub-
ovate in form, with the margins arched and the angles well rounded off. The form
figured in Plate XI, figs. 36, 37, which we at one time supposed to belong to a distinct
species, is without doubt the young stage of C. Dunelmensis ; between this and the adult
form almost all gradations of growth have been observed.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain and Ireland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Arctic Seas,
Spitzbergen.

Fossil—England : Bridlington. Scotland : nearly all the Post-tertiary beds. Ireland :
Belfast and Woodburn.

38. Cytaere Warren (Baird). Plate XII, figs. 1—3.

1850. CyrHrrnis Warretl, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 175, pl. xx, figs. 3, 3 a.
1868. CyYTHERE — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 416, pl. xxx,
figs. 21—24.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, nearly equal in height
throughout, height equal to half the length; anterior margin rounded and more or less
spinous, conspicuously elevated over the anterior hinge-joint ; posterior almost rectangu-
larly truncate, and mostly bearing two or more large backward-pointing spines at its
lower termination; superior and inferior margins almost straight, but more or less
bluntly toothed behind the middle. Seen from above, the outline is ovate, widest. behind
the middle, the greatest width being somewhat less than the height, only slightly tapering
towards the broadly mucronate or subtruncate extremities. The valves are ornamented

22

170 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

with three or four longitudinal rows (more or less interrupted) of blunt rounded spines,
and between the rows are a few smaller scattered tubercles of similar character.
Length, 35th of an inch.

In the recent state this is, perhaps, almost the rarest of the strongly spinous species
of Cythere, which are represented more commonly by C. Dunelmensis, Jonesit, and
antiquata. In those localities where it has been noticed the number of examples
found has been extremely small, and the same remark applies to the fossil specimens.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Levant, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil_—Belfast New Docks.

39. Cyrumre antiquata (Baird). Plate XII, figs. 8—10.

1850. CyTHEREIS ANTIQUATA, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 176, pl. xx, fig. 2.
1868. CyTHERE aNTIQUATA, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostr., p. 417, pl. xxx, figs.
17—20.

Carapace, as seen from the side, rectangular, quadrilateral, about equal in height
throughout, length equal to nearly twice the height ; anterior extremity broadly rounded ;

posterior rectangularly truncate, both extremities spinous below the middle, the spines of .

the posterior much longer and stronger than those of the anterior margin; superior and
inferior margins parallel, the latter almost straight, the former cleft into three or four
angular segments with intervening sulci and forming an angular elevation over the
anterior hinge. Seen from below, oblong with projecting lateral alz, which taper
towards the front, but terminate abruptly behind, giving to the whole a somewhat
arrow-headed outline. From above the outline is more irregular. Surface of the shell
more or less tuberculated, bearing two conspicuous longitudinal crests, which terminate
abruptly in angular elevations near the posterior extremity of the valves; these ribs are
mostly perforated at the base, the rows of apertures thus produced being very
conspicuous on the ventral aspect of the shell. The “eye-tubercle” is very large and
prominent.
Length, 35th of an inch.

The characters which chiefly distinguish this from the much rarer species 0. Whiteii
are the more marked rectangular outline, the sharply cut, knife-like, and perforated
longitudinal ridges, and the much laciniated or jagged dorsal margin.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Levant.

Fossil.—Scotland: Raised beach, Oban. Ireland: Belfast New Docks.

CYTHERE. 171

40. Cyruzre Jonusit (Baird). Plate XII, figs. 4—7.

1850. CyrHerets Jonest, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 175, pl. xx, fig. 1; Norman
(1865), Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland
and Durham, vol. i, p. 21, pl. vii, figs. 5—8.
1852. CyTHErE cERATOPTERA, Bosquet. Entom. foss. terr. tert. France, p. 114,
pl. vi, fig. 2; Jones (1856), Monog.
Tert. Entom., p. 39, pl. iv, fig. 1.
1856. ? CyTHuREIs cornuta (young), Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 39, pl. iv,

fig. 19.
1862. —_ FIMBRIATA, Norman. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iii, vol. ix, pl. iu,
fig. 9.
1865. — SPECTABILIS, Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 46.
1865. _ suBcoronata, Brady. Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. v, p. 384, pl. lx,

figs. 9 a—e, and (?) Speyer (1863),
Ostrac. Casseler Tertidrbild., p. 38,
pl. iv, figs. 9, 10.
1868. Cyrnere Jonesit, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 418, pl. xxx, figs.
13—16.

Carapace, as seen from the side, ear-shaped or subquadrangular, higher in front than
behind, greatest height considerably more than half the length ; anterior margin rounded,
fringed with blunt spines below the middle ; posterior subtruncate, armed with a series
of strong spines which are largest towards the ventral angle; inferior margin gently
convex ; superior much shorter than the inferior, sloping gently from before backwards,
its anterior extremity forming a conspicuous angular elevation: Outline, as seen from
below, irregularly lozenge-shaped or subrhomboidal, bordered with strong spinous
projections, which gradually increase in size from the front to the posterior third, where
they terminate abruptly ; greatest width equal to two thirds of the length, situated behind
the middle. End-view triangular, equilateral; the base perfectly straight. The surface
of the shell is quite smooth and rises gradually from the front to near the posterior
extremity of the valves, there forming an abrupt spinous declivity. A strongly developed
ridge commences at the anterior hinge or “ eye-tubercle,” running a little within and
parallel to the anterior and inferior margins, as far as the transverse declivity just
described ; this ridge is in the first portion of its course smooth and rounded, but near
the middle of the anterior margin becomes spinous and retains that character to the end,
the spines of which it is composed being about ten in number, very large and strong,
rounded at the tips; a little below and behind the middle of the superior margin
is a shorter row of similar strong processes, three or four in number and arranged
longitudinally.

Length, g'sth of an inch.

172 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Var. ceRaToPTERA (Plate XII, fig. 7).

This differs from the typical form of the species, only in the greater delicacy of its
shell-structure and the more attenuated condition of its spinous armature. Our fossil
specimens, of which fig. 7 gives a correct idea, do not exhibit these peculiarities so
conspicuously as do recent carapaces dredged in the west of Ireland, or more especially
in the Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay ; but between the extreme forms of these latter
localities and the robust strongly armed carapaces of the Dogger bank and still more
northern habitats—which we look upon as constituting the typical C. Jonesii—every
grade of development may be met with.

Disrrisution. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain.—(var. ceratoptera), Ireland, Bay of
Biscay, Levant.

Fossil_—Ireland: Post-tertiary, Belfast New Docks (var.). England: Pliocene,
Suffolk. Belgium and France: Eocene.

41. Cyrnern (?) semipunotata, Brady. Plate XVI, figs. 11, 12.

1868. CyTHERE (?) semrpunoTaTa, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 411, pl.
xxix, figs. 33—38.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subreniform, nearly equal in height throughout,
height equal to fully half the length, extremities well and evenly rounded; superior
margin very slightly arched ; inferior gently sinuated in the middle. Seen from above,
compressed, oblong, width equal to one third of the length, lateral margins nearly
parallel, extremities produced and broadly truncate. Shell thick, smooth in front, but
behind the middle covered with rounded and rather large impressed puncta. Within
the anterior and inferior margins the valves are hollowed out so as to form a wide
channel, the margins themselves being thickened and everted.

Length, ='5th of an inch.
Distripution. ecent.—Bay of Biscay, England, and Ireland.
Fossil.—Scotland : Raised-beach, Oban.

LIMNICYTHERE. 173

Genus 2.—LiMNIcYTHERE, Brady.

Shell irregularly tuberculated or spinous, rather thin and horny in texture. Animal
like that of Cythere, except that the antennz are armed with short setz, instead of spines.
Upper antennz five-jointed, slender, the last jomt much elongated, the antepenultimate
excessively short. Post-abdomen terminating in two rather stout setze.

Freshwater habitat.

1. LimnicytHeEre rnopinata (Baird). Plate X, figs. 8—11.

1850. CyTHERE INoPINATA, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 172, pl. xx, figs. 1, 1 a—e.

1868. LimnicyTHERE — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 419, pl. xxix,
figs. 15—18; pl. xxxviii, fig. 9; pl. xxxix,
fig. 1.

Carapace, as seen from the side, reniform, greatest height near the middle and some-
what exceeding half the length; anterior extremity evenly, posterior obliquely rounded,
and fringed below the middle with a series of from six to twelve small sharp teeth ;
‘superior margin forming a flattened arch, inferior deeply sinuated in the middle. Seen
from above, the outline is irregularly ovate, conspicuously and sharply mucronate in front
and more obscurely behind ; greatest width behind the middle, and scarcely equal to half
the length. Surface of the valves finely punctate, once or twice transversely sulcate, and
usually bearing from one to three tubercles; margins produced into a compressed en-
circling flange. Colour yellowish.

Length, 5th of an inch.

The tuberculation and general surface-sculpture of this species vary very much;
sometimes, as in the specimen here figured, there is scarcely any tuberculation ; in other
cases there may be one, two, or three tubercles, which of course very much modify the
outline of the shell when viewed from above. Our fossil specimens, however, are as a
general rule less uneven than the recent ones.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil.—Scotland : Crofthead, Dipple. England: Hornsea, Branston Fen.

174. POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

2, LIMNICYTHERE? ANTIQUA, xov. sp. Plate XVI, figs. 4, 5.

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subreniform, higher in front than behind,
height equal to half the length. Extremities well and evenly rounded, the posterior much
the smaller ; superior margin sloping almost in a right line from before backwards,
inferior deeply and suddenly sinuated in the middle ; seen from above, compressed ovate,
with slender acuminate extremities, greatest width a little in front of the middle, and
equal to one third of the length. Shells marked with a faintly striato-reticulate pattern
and with a bicurvate transverse furrow near the middle of the valve.

Length, goth of an inch.

It may perhaps be doubted whether this form be not referable to the young or some:
local variety of the foregoing species; its chief distinctive characters are the narrowed
posterior extremity, straight dorsal margin, and faint surface-sculpture, just such as are
usually presented by young shells, but we have not as yet seen any distinctly intermediate
forms, nor are we sure as to the young of the recent Z. inopinata.

Distrisution. Fossi/.—Scotland: Crofthead, Terally, Dipple.

3. Lamnioyrumre Sancri-Parrictr, Brady and Robertson. Plate I, figs. 1—3.

1869. LimnicytHere Sancti-Patrici, B. and R. Ann. Mag. N.H., ser. iii, vol. iv,
pl. xviii, figs. 8—11; pl. xxi, fig. 4.

Carapace (of the male ?), as seen from the side, reniform, nearly equal in height
throughout, height equal to half the length; extremities well rounded, the anterior
slightly the broader; superior margin almost straight, inferior deeply sinuated in the
middle. Seen from above, the outline is irregularly rhomboidal, widest somewhat behind
the middle ; extremities acuminate; greatest width rather less than the height. Seen
from the front, the outline is widest at the base, with gradually converging sides and
broadly arched apex; ventral margin convex, and prominently keeled in the middle.
Surface of the valves sculptured with small, closely set, polygonal excavations, and marked
across the middle with a conspicuous broad and deep curved furrow, in front of which
is another, of similar character, but smaller; behind the posterior furrow the shell rises
towards the ventral surface into a prominent rounded eminence: the ventral surface is
furrowed in a longitudinal direction, and also marked more or less with cross strie.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil.—England: Branston Fen, Lincolnshire.

LIMNICYTHERE—CYTHERIDEA. 175

A, LIMINICYTHERE MONSTRIFICA (Vorman). Plate II, figs. 8 a—d.

1862. Cypris mMoNnstRIFICA, Norman. Ann. Mag. N. H., vol. ix, p. 45, pl. ii,
figs. 4, 5.

1868. LimMNicyTHERE — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 420, pl. xxix,
figs. 9—12.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong, subreniform, strongly spinous and tuberculated,
greatest height near the middle, and equal to about half the length. Extremities boldly
rounded, the anterior bearing on each valve a marginal row of about twelve small sharp
spines. Superior margin straight, angulated at its anterior extremity, whence it slopes
gently downwards and backwards ; inferior margin deeply sinuated. Seen from above,
compressed, irregularly ovate, lateral margins having two large spinous processes, and
several smaller spines and ridges; extremities prominently mucronate. Hnd-view sub-
quadrate, irregularly angulated. Valves closely punctate, furrowed across the middle ;
one strong spinous tubercle on the anterior, and two on the posterior half of each valve ;
posterior portion also beset with numerous small spines.

Length, 3'srd of an inch.
Disrrisution. Recent.—England.
Fossil— England : Branston Fen, Lincolnshire.

Genus 3.—Cytuzripna, Bosquet.

Valves unequal, the left mostly larger than the right, ovate or subtriangular, highest
at the anterior third. Surface smooth, or marked with scattered circular tubercles,
impressed puncta, or concentric furrows, anterior extremity rarely spinous, posterior some-
times bearing a single spine at its inferior angle. Lucid spots arranged in a transverse
row of three or four, with two detached, sometimes coalescent, spots in front. Hinge
composed of two crenated or “knurled” crests on the left (sometimes the right) valve
which articulate with corresponding depressions of the opposite valve. Upper antenne
very robust, mostly five-jomted, and bearing strong spines; the last jomt narrow and
elongated ; lower antenne four-jointed; urticating sete long and slender, biarticulate.
Mandibles large and numerously toothed; palp three-jointed, and bearing a distinct
branchial appendage. The right foot of the first and second pairs in the male different

176 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

from the rest, that of the first pair very strong and prehensile ; of the second very feeble,
the apical portion rudimentary and destitute of a terminal claw. yes distinct.

We include in this genus the species referred by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and G. O..
Sars to Cyprideis, as we are unable to find any sufficient character to distinguish these
from the typical Cytheridea of M. Bosquet. Sars proposes to confine the generic term
Cytheridea to the form typified by his C. dentata; but the animal structure of this
species is quite unknown, and the shell does not appear to exhibit any marked differen-
tiating character; the difference seems to us to be one of degree merely.

Certain species of Cytheridea are very abundant and widely distributed in the seas of
the present day, but the number of species is comparatively few. Most of the forms
described in this Monograph are, however, still flourishing in the British areaa.

1. CyruuripEA pAPILLosa, Bosquet. Plate VI, figs. 12—15.

1852. CyTHERIDEA PAPILLOSA, Bosquet. Entom. foss. terr. tertiair. France, p. 42,
pl. ii, fig. 5.
1865. CytHEere Brapit, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. i,
p- 15, pl. v, figs. 5—8 ; see also note, p. 28.
1865. Cypripris Bairpir, G. O. Sars. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder,
p. 52.
1865. CyTHERIDEA PAPILLOSA, Brady. On new or imperfectly known species of
Marine Ostracoda; Trans. Zool. Soc.,
vol. v, p. 370, pl. lviui, figs. 8 a—g.
1868. —_ — Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., Trans Lin. Soc.,
vol. xxvi, p. 423, pl. xxviii, figs. 1—6,
pl. xl, fig. 1.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, highest near the middle ;
greatest height equal to rather more than half the length. Anterior extremity evenly,
posterior obliquely rounded. Superior margin well arched, forming a continuous curve
as far as the infero-posteal angle of the carapace, inferior margin slightly sinuated in
the middle, the infero-posteal angle more exserted. Outline, as seen from above, ovate,
widest behind the middle, greatest width equal to half the length; end-view nearly
circular ; surface of the shell smooth and polished, bearing numerous scattered circular
tubercles or papilla, and sometimes slightly punctate. Lucid spots large and con-
spicuous.

The shell of the ma/e is narrower and more elongated, and its dorsal margin is
much flattened and nearly parallel with the ventral.

Length, g'oth of an inch.
This species has been already identified by one of us with M. Bosquet’s Cytheridew

CYTHERIDEA. 177

papiliosa ; and though the British specimens, both recent and fossil, are considerably larger
than those obligingly sent to us from France by M. Bosquet, they so perfectly agree in every
other respect that we can scarcely do otherwise than adopt the name papillosa already
applied to them by Mr. Brady. In habitat it ranges from extreme low-water-mark to
twenty or thirty fathoms, and is also found, but much less abundantly, in greater depths
of water. .

DistrisuTion. fecent—Battin’s Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Norway, Spitzbergen,
Great Britain.

Fossil.—England: Bridlington. Scotland: nearly all the Post-tertiary beds. Norway
and Canada: Post-tertiary beds. France: Tertiary.

2. CyTHERIDEA PuNCTILLATA, Brady. Plate VI, figs. 1—11.

1865. CyYTHERIDEA PUNCTILLATA, Brady. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. xvi,
p- 189, pl. ix, figs. 9—11. 1868,
Monog. Brit. Ostrac., p. 424, pl. xxvi,
figs. 35—38; pl. xxviii, figs. 17—20.
1865. CyprrpErs Proxima, @. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 54.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in front of the middle,
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity broadly and
evenly, posterior somewhat obliquely rounded; superior margin highest over the anterior
hinge, where it is obscurely angular, thence sloping backwards with a gentle convexity ;
inferior straight or very slightly sinuated in the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
ovate, greatest width in the middle, and equal to half the length; extremities obtusely
pointed ; end-view nearly circular. The carapace of the male (fig. 4) is much longer,
narrower, and more angular, the posterior margin of the right valve sloping abruptly in a
subtruncate manner. Surface of the shell thickly covered with impressed puncta, which
have a tendency to coalesce or to form faintly-marked grooves. Specimens from certain
localities (Jordan Hill, &c.) bear also numerous small circular elevated papille ; in young
specimens these constitute the only markings, but are displaced by the pitted sculpture
as age advances. Many examples are profusely marked with both species of sculpture.
Colour yellowish-brown.

Length, 3!sth of an inch.

Cytheridea punctillata occurs in the living state on the shores of Britain and Norway
in company with the preceding species, but is not nearly so common, nor is its range of
habitat so great ; it does not seem to approach nearer to the shore than depths of 15—
20 fathoms. In the Glacial clays, however, it is much more abundant, being, perhaps,
the commonest of all the Ostracoda in those formations. It may readily be distinguished

23

178 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

from C. papillosa by its dull, unpolished surface, distinct punctation, and less conspicuous
papilla, as well as by the anterior elevation of the dorsal margin and the less exserted
infero-posteal angle ; it is also a considerably smaller species. The young forms of the
two sexes are represented at figs. 6 and 7. C. punctillata approaches closely Bosquet’s
“ Bairdia” (Cytheridea) punctatella, and B. Hebertiana, as also (fide Bosquet) to C.
Muellerc, Minster; but it is not strictly referable to any of these forms. M. Bosquet
himself considers it a distinct species.

Distrizution. ecent.—Baffin’s Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Spitzbergen, Norway,
Britain.

Fossil. Occurring in nearly all the Scottish beds. Ireland: Woodburn and Portrush.
England: Bridlington.

3. CYTHERIDEA TOROSA (Jones). Plate XV, figs.11,12. Var. rErus, Plate VII, figs. 1, 2.

1850. Canpona Torosa, Jones. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol. vi, p. 27, pl. iii,
fig. 6.
1856. CypripEis —, Jones. Monog. Tertiary Entom., p. 21, pl. ii, figs. 1 a—1 i,
and Woodcut, fig. 2, p. 16.
1870. CyTHERIDEA ToRosa, Brady and Robertson. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iv,
vol. vi, p. 21, pl. viii,
figs. 6, 7.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subelliptical, greatest height in
the middle, and equal to rather more than half the length. Extremities rounded, the
posterior narrower and rather oblique. Dorsal margin gently and evenly arched, ventral
straight or very slightly smuated in front; at the infero-posteal angle there is often a
short thick spme. Outline, as seen from above, oblong ovate, having on each lateral
margin several (usually three) equidistant nodular projections with intervening sulci.
‘The right valve is smaller than the left and slopes away much more steeply behind. The
shell of the male is as usual much narrower, longer, and more angular. Shell very thick
and strong, marked with closely set, rounded pittings, and bearing on each valve several
(usually four) large, rounded, prominent tubercles. Colour yellowish or greenish-
brown.

Length, Jsth of an inch.

Yar. tures. Plate VII, figs. 1, 2.

1864. CypripEis torosa, Brady. Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. vi, p. 108,
pl. ili, figs. 11—23, and Ann. Mag. N. H.,
ser. ili, vol. xiii, p. 62, pl. iv, figs. 11—23,
1865. CypripEIs Torosa, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 51.

CYTHERIDEA. 179

1868. CyTHERIDEA TOROSA, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 425, pl. xxviii, figs.
7—12; pl. xxxix, fig. 5.

1868. — LITTORALIS, Brady. Nat. Hist, Trans. Northumb. and Durham,
vol. iii, p. 125.

1870. — TOROSA, var. TERES, Brady and Robertson. Ann. and Mag.

N. H., ser. 4,

vol. vii, p. 21.

This differs from the typical form in being altogether destitute of tubercular pro-
minences, which are replaced in most cases by a shallow transverse median sulcus on the
lateral aspect of the valves.

C. torosa is usually an inhabitant of brackish water, where it is often found living in
immense numbers, the situations which it haunts being chiefly salt marshes and muddy
estuaries. It has, however, though very rarely, been found in quite fresh water, and
more frequently in shallow littoral situations exposed to purely marine influences ; but
in neither of these latter cases does it ever occur very abundantly.

We have not ourselves met with the typical tuberculated form of this species amongst
Post-tertiary fossils, except in one locality, our examples being otherwise referable to the
smooth variety (feres, Brady and Robertson).

Distrisution. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Levant, Sea of Azoff.

Fossil—England: Grays Thurrock. Scotland: Drip Bridge, Raised beach at Oban.
South Wales: New Dock basin at Cardiff. Ireland: Portrush.

4. CYTHERIDEA LAcusTRIs (G. O. Sars). Plate VI, figs. 16—20.

1863. CytTHErReE fLacustris, G. O. Sars. Om en i Sommeren 1862 foretagen
zoologisk Reise, p. 30.
1868. CyTHERIDEA — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 427, pl. xxvi,
figs. 18—21; pl. xl, fig. 2.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, highest at the
anterior third, greatest height equal to considerably more than half the length ; anterior
extremity broad and well rounded; posterior narrow and not so boldly rounded ;
superior margin highest over the anterior hinge, thence sloping rather steeply and in a
more or less undulating line backwards ; inferior margin deeply sinuated in the middle,
thence sloping upwards and backwards with a gentle curve. Outline, as seen from above,
ovate, the lateral margins subparallel, irregularly sulcate and tuberculate, extremities
obtusely pointed, greatest width equal to half the length. End-view broadly and irregularly
ovate. Surface of the shell marked with closely set angular pittings, and bearing on the
lateral aspect several (2—5) large rounded tubercles. Hinge-processes (fig. 20) not

180 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

crenulated, consisting of two not very prominent terminal projections of the right which
articulate with corresponding sulci of the left valve. dale unknown.
Length, 3th of an inch.

Cytheridea lacustris is an inhabitant of fresh water. It appears to be of rare
occurrence in the living state, having been noticed only in two localities in Scotland and
one in England and in some Norwegian lakes. The tubercular eminences of the shell
are very variable in number and degree of elevation, sometimes being almost obsolete,
and at others forming a very conspicuous feature. The generic position of the species
must be looked upon as provisional until the male has been seen and examined in the
recent state.

Distrisution. Recent.—Norway, Scotland, England.

Fossil—England : Hornsea, Branston Fen. Scotland: Crofthead, Dipple.

5. Cyrueripua Sorsyana, Jones. Plate VII, figs. 7—12.

1856. CytTHermpEa SorsyaNna, Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 44, pl. iv, figs.
6 a—6 e.

1865. — pENTATA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac. (right valve),
p. 56.

1865. _ INERMIS, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac. (left valve),
p. 56.

1868. _— Sorpyana, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 428, pl. xxix,
figs. 1—6.

Carapace, as seen from the side, broadly subtriangular, greatest height situated in
front of the middle and equal to about two thirds of the length; anterior extremity
broadly rounded and bearing several (6—8) triangular spines, which point obliquely
downwards and forwards; posterior extremity narrow and somewhat exserted below;
superior margin much elevated and almost gibbous over the anterior hinge, thence
sloping in a continuous and bold curve to the postero-ventral angle; inferior margin
almost straight, terminated behind by a single stout pointed spine, which projects
obliquely downwards and backwards from the extremity of the right valve. The left
valve is higher than the right, the spines on its anterior margin are often almost obsolete,
and its posterior angle is rounded off and bears no spine. Outline, as seen from above,
broadly oval, greatest width in the middle and equal to more than half the length,
mucronate in front. Surface of the shell marked, except toward the centre, with coarse,

irregularly sinuous, concentric furrows, and pitted, usually in the interspaces, with
numerous minute punctures.

Length, 3'5th of an inch.

CYTHERIDEA. 181

We have seen only one perfect specimen of this species, which was found by Mr.
Robertson amongst some clay from Norway. Detached valves, however, are not uncom-
mon in some of our British clay beds, and a few examples, also separated valves, have been
dredged in Shetland, and off the north-western shores of Scotland, in considerable we
(60 fathoms and upwards) of water.

Distrisution. ecent.—Norway, Scotland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Spitzbergen.

Fossil—England: Bridlington. Scotland: Elie, Dryleys, Errol, King Edward’s,
“‘Tangyburn. Norway and Canada: Post-tertiary beds.

‘6. CyTHERIDERA (?) INORNATA, 2. sp. Plate VII, figs. 3—6,

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subreniform, highest behind the middle,
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity obtusely, pos-
terior boldly and obliquely rounded ; superior margin forming a flattened curve, highest
at the posterior third, inferior rather deeply sinuated in the middle. Outline as seen
from above compressed, ovate, width considerably less than half the length. Surface per-
fectly smooth.

Length, 3'srd of an inch.

Except for its occurrence in company with distinctly marine species, we should
almost have placed this in the genus Candona, to which it bears a very strong resem-
blance. Some undoubtedly marine forms have, however, been described (Cytheridea
Zetlandica, Brady, and C. nobilis, Brady), which present very similar characters ; but in none
of these cases have the recent animals been procured in a state fit for anatomical exami-
nation. Their present generic position must consequently be looked upon as merely
provisional.

Distripvtion, fosse/.—Scotland : Annochie.

7. CYTHERIDEA ELONGATA, Brady. Plate IX, figs. 10—13.

1850. CyTHERE ancustaTa, Baird (not of Miinster). Brit. Entom., p. 172, pl. xxi,
fig. 6.
1868. CyTHERIDEA ELONGATA, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 421, pl. xxviii,
figs. 13—16 ; pl. xl, fig. 6.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, subreniform, higher behind than in front,
greatest height situated near the middle and equal to considerably less than half the length ;
anterior extremity evenly, posterior obliquely rounded ; superior margin forming a some-

182 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA,

what flattened arch, inferior distinctly sinuated in front of the middle and slightly pro-
tuberant behind, Outline as seen from above elongato-ovate, widest behind the middle,
where the width is equal to little more than one third of the length, obtusely pointed in
front, posterior extremity rounded and slightly indented in the middle. Hinge-pro-
cesses feebly developed (fig. 13), consisting of two slightly elevated angular crests on the
right, and two slightly crenated sinuations on the left valve. Surface of the shell smooth,
ornamented with numerous, small, distantly scattered, circular papille, and frequently
marked towards the extremities and along the ventral surface with more or less distinct
longitudinal furrows.
Length, 3/gth of an inch.

This species, which is of frequent occurrence round the British shores at the present
day, seems to occupy, in some of its characters, especially in those of the hinge-joint, a
position intermediate between the genera Cythere and Cytheridea. The animal structure
is, however, very distinct from that of the former genus, and, so far as we at present know,
does not differ from that observed in Cytheridea.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Gulf at St. Law-
rence,
Fossil.—England: Hopton Cliff. Scotland: Irvine. Ireland: New Docks at
Belfast, Portrush.

Genus 4—EHucytuErn, Brady.

Carapace high and compressed in front, lower and more tumid behind. Shell thin,
pellucid, and marked with conspicuous round white papille. Hinge-joint formed on the
left valve by a projecting flange or crest, which is received into a corresponding depression
of the left valve. ‘Superior antenne five-jointed, and in structure almost like those of
Cythere ; inferior much more robust, four-jomted; flagellum (urticating seta) long.
Mandibular palp three-jointed ; branchial appendage very small. Cutting portion of the
first maxilla weaker than usual ; internal segment rudimentary. Second pair of maxillee
very large, dilated in an extraordinary manner at the apex, flabelliform, and beset with
numerous apical set. Feet weak and slender, subequal ; terminal claws long and almost
straight, alike in the maleand female. Copulative organs of the male unusually small.
One eye.”

HUCYTHERE—KRITHE. 183

Hucyruere Arcus (G. O. Sars). Plate X, figs. 12—15.

1865. CytHrropsis Arcus, Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 58.
1868. EucytrHere — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 431, pl. xxvii,
figs. 49—51.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subreniform, higher in front
than behind, greatest height in the middle and slightly exceeding half the length;
anterior extremity broadly, posterior narrowly rounded ; superior margin boldly arched ;
inferior sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, ovate, widest behind the middle,
greatest width equal to half the length, obtusely poimted in front, rounded behind.
Shell-surface smooth and polished, thickly set with large circular white papilla or
tubercles, which are often dotted in the centre. Shell of the male more compressed ;
seen from the side, subcuneiform, superior margin highest in front of the middle,
thence sloping steeply and almost in a right line backwards; inferior margin perfectly
straight.

Length, #sth of an inch.

Distrisution. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil—Scotland: Duntroon, Loch Gilp, Kyles of Bute, Kilchattan, Cumbrae,
Dumbarton, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Dalmuir, Old Mains, Elie, Drip Bridge. South Wales :
new Dock Basin at Cardiff. Ireland: Portrush. Norway and Canada: Post-tertiary
beds.

Genus 5—Krituz, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson.’

Valves thin and pellucid, subovate, truncate behind; smooth and shining, and set
with very small distant papillae. Hinge-joint simple, formed by a slight projection of the
left valve, which is received into a corresponding depression of the right. Upper antennze
very stout, five-jointed, the first two joints much thickened, the last three short and
bearing long curved spines; lower antenne four-jointed. Mandibles small, with

1 «p.6), a barley-corn. The name Jlyobates was applied by G. O. Sars in 1865 to this genus;
but, as the same term had been used by Kraatz (‘ Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands’) in 1858
to designate a genus of Coleoptera, it has become necessary to adopt a fresh name.

184 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

unusually long slender teeth ; palp three-jointed, the second joint elongated, “ branchial
appendage having two long ciliated sete: and one rudimentary.” Maxille of the usual
form. Feet very short; the first two pairs three-jointed, the last pair four-jointed.
“ Right foot of the last pair, in the male, prehensile and only three-jointed, terminal claw
very large and strong. Abdomen of the female very convex above, the postabdominal
lobes bearing two short hairs.” Eyes wanting.

1. KrirHE GhActaLis, zov. sp. Plate VI, figs. 21—26.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, almost equal in height
throughout, height equal to nearly two thirds of the length; anterior extremity evenly
rounded ; posterior obliquely truncate; superior margin gently arched and forming a:
rounded obtuse angle posteriorly ; inferior convex. Outline, as seen from above, ovate,
widest in the middle, acutely pointed in front, rectangularly truncate behind, greatest
width slightly exceeding half the length, posterior extremity slightly emarginate at each
side of the median line. End-view nearly circular. Carapace of the ma/e narrower and.
longer, dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight, infero-posteal angle more pronounced.
Shell-surface smooth, bearing several scattered circular papilla and a few rather
short thick hairs. Lucid spots large, oblong, four in a transverse row a little below
and in front of the centre of the valve and one or two a little in advance of the main
group.

Length, 3;th of an inch.

This species differs little from Krithe Bartonensis, except in the eiantee size and
wider proportions of the carapace, and in the rectangularly truncate posterior extremity.
It has not yet been seen in the recent state.

Fossil—Scotland : Errol. Norway.

2. Krirue Bartonensis (Jones). Plate II, figs. 22—26.

1856. CyTHERIDEIS BaRToNENSIS, Jones. Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 50, pl. v, figs.
Dilds DO, Ouro OF
1865. ItyoBaTEs prmrTexta, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 60.
1868. — Barronensts, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 432, pl. xxxiv,
figs. 11—14, and pl. xl, fig. 5.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, highest near the middle,

LOXOCONCHA. 185

height equal to at least half the length; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior scarcely
rounded, rather oblique, subangular below and sloping steeply above to the dorsal
margin; superior margin arcuate; inferior nearly straight, and forming almost a right
angle with the hinder extremity. Seen from above, ovate, tapering in front to an obtuse
point; posterior extremity narrow and deeply emarginate, greatest width less than half
the length. The shell of the ma/e is longer and narrower, with an almost flat superior
margin. Surface perfectly smooth, whitish, or pellucid brown.
Length, 3';th of an inch.

Distribution. ecent.—Great Britain, Norway.

Fossil.—England : Tertiary, Barton. Scotland: Post-tertiary, Duntroon, Crinan.
Norway.

Genus 6—Loxoconcna, G. O. Sars.

Valves nearly equal, subrhomboidal, and mostly flexuous in outline, evenly convex.
Surface smooth or marked with concentrically arranged impressed puncta or with
polygonal fossz, often also with minute circular papilla. Ventral margin forming a
prominent compressed keel behind the middle; postero-superior angle obliquely truncate.
Hinge-joit formed by two small teeth at the extremities of the hinge-line of each valve.
Limbs of the animal slender and colourless. Upper antenne very slender, six-jointed,
the last joint very long, linear, and bearing long simple sete; lower antenne four-
jointed, the third joint long and narrow; flagellum long and biarticulate. Mandibular
palp three-jointed, bearing a distinct branchial appendage. Lowest seta of the branchial
plate of the first pair of jaws deflexed. Feet long and slender, alike in male and female.
Abdomen terminated by a hairy conical process; postabdominal lobes bearing two
moderately long subequal sete.

The members of this genus are easily recognised by their obliquely quadrangular or
“peach-stone-shaped” outline. They occur in considerable abundance in our seas as
well as in the Glacial clays, but the number of species is comparatively small. The
females in this genus are very much more common than the males.

1. Loxoconona impressa (Baird). Plate VIII, figs. 1—4.

1850. CyTHERE mmpressa, Baird. Brit. Entom., p. 173, pl. xxi, fig. 9.
1854. _ FLAVIDA, Zenker, Anatomisch.-System: Studien tiber die Krebsthiere,
p- 86, pl. v B.

24.

186 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

1851. Cyrmere rHomBorpnA, Fischer. Abhandl. Bayerischen Akad. Wissensch.,
vol. vii, p. 656.

1853. = viripis, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, p. 168,
pl. xviii, figs. 4—6; pl. xix, figs. 3—5.
1865. — caRINaTA, Brady. Ann. Mag. N, H., ser. iii, vol. xvi, p. 190, pl. ix,
figs. 1—4.
1865. LoxoconcHa RHoMBOIDEA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar, Ostrac., p. 62.
1868. — Impressa, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 433, pl. xxv,

figs. 35—40; pl. xl, fig. 4.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, flexuous, greatest
height near the middle, equal to fully two thirds of the length; extremities obliquely
rounded, the posterior somewhat prominent above the middle; superior margin well
arched, its posterior angle sinuated and obliquely truncate; inferior convex, distinctly
sinuated in front. Outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, extremities
equally tapering and pointed, greatest width equal to half the length. End-view very
broadly ovate, keeled. The shell of the ma/e is unlike that of the female, much lower in
front than behind, the upper margin straight and abruptly angulated at each extremity
(see figure of male, Z. guttata, Pl. VIII, fig. 7). Surface marked with closely set
concentric circular punctures, which on the ventral surface run into somewhat moniliform
furrows ; in the interspaces are a few distant circular papille. The shell is dense in
structure, and in old specimens is covered with a thick calcareous crust, which almost
obliterates the surface-markings.

Length, s'sth of an inch.

LL. impressa is very abundant on most parts of the British coast at the present day,

ranging from the littoral zone to depths of about twenty-five fathoms; it occurs also in
the more recent Glacial and Post-tertiary formations, but not in those of old date.
Its characters are well marked and not likely to be confounded with those of any other
fossil species.
Distrisution. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay.
Fossil.—Scotland : Duntroon, Crinan, West Tarbert, Raised beaches at Oban and
Cumbrae. Ireland: New Docks at Belfast, Portrush. Norway.

2. Loxoconcna eurrata (Morman). Plate VIII, figs. 5—7.

1865. CytTHEre curtata, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
vol. i, p. 19, pl. vi, figs. 9—12.
1868. Loxoconcna eurtata, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 436, pl. 27,
figs. 40—44,

LOXOCONCHA. Ts

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal; greatest height in the
middle, equal to more than half the length, rounded obliquely in front, produced behind
into an obtuse median projection ; superior margin almost straight, inferior smuated in
front, convex behind. Outline, as seen from above, broadly ovate, extremities mucronate.
The carapace of the ma/e is much more elongated, height equal to half the length;
dorsal margin quite straight and angular at its extremities ; posterior margin rounded.
Surface of the shell marked with large and deep, polygonal, concentrically arranged exca-
vations, which, however, are mostly absent from the margins of the valves.

Length, ¢grd of an inch.

L. guttata occurs in a recent state in our seas, in depths of 10—30 fathoms.

Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay, Levant.

Fossil.—Scotland: Drip Bridge.

2. Loxoconcna muutivora (Norman). Plate XIV, figs. 11, 12, a, 4.

1858. ? CyrHERE HAstata, Egger. Ostrak. Miocin-Schicht. Ortenburg, p. 32, pl. ii,
fig. 6.
1864. _ MULTIFORA, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Rep., p. 192; Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumberland and Durham (1865), vol. i,
p- 18, pl. vi, figs. 13—16.
1868. CyTHEROPTERON MULTIFORUM, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 449,
pl. xxix, figs. 38—42.

Carapace, as seen from the side, compressed, rhomboidal ; height equal to about half
the length and nearly equal throughout ; extremities oblique and slightly rounded ; superior
margin straight, slightly sinuated in the middle; inferior almost straight; seen from
above, ovate, widest behind the middle ; width and height equal ; acuminate in front,
more obtuse behind. Shell marked over its entire lateral aspect, with large and rather
distant angular fossee, and behind the middle, just within the inferior margin, raised into
an irregularly curved alform ridge.

Length, goth of an inch.

The almost obsolete aleeform projection of the shell induced the author of the
‘Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda’ to place this species in the genus
Cytheropteron. We have, however, since that period become acquainted with some even
more distinctly alate forms which undoubtedly belong to Loxoconcha, and, as the present
species 1s in general appearance quite in accord with that genus, we have no hesitation in
removing it from its former position.

DistrisuTion. ecent.—Great Britain.

Fossil—Ireland: Portrush.

188 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

4. LoxoconcHa TAMARINDUS (Jones). Plate VIII, figs. 8—11.

1856. CyYTHERIDEIS TAMARINDUS, Jones. Monog. Entom. Tert. Form. England,
p. 49, pl. ii, figs. 4 a, 40.
1865. Cyrnerr Lavata, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
vol. i, p. 18, pl. v, figs. 13—16.
1865. Loxoconcna toneires, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 63.
1868. — TAMARINDUS, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 435, pl. xxv,
figs. 45—48.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, elongate, subrhomboidal, height nearly
equal throughout, and equal to about half the length. Extremities obliquely rounded ;
superior margin nearly straight, obtusely angular behind ; inferior slightly sinuated in
front, then convex. Outline, as seen from above, elongate-ovate, its greatest width in the
middle, and equal to less than half the length. End-view broadly ovate, keeled. Shell
of the male narrower and more elongated (fig. 11). Surface of the valves smooth,
minutely and closely punctate and bearing a few very small scattered papille.

Length, ;'oth of an inch.

This species is found abundantly in the living state in the British Seas and on
the coast of Norway, ranging from 2 to 40 fathoms.

Distrisution. Mecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Bay of Biscay.

Fossil.—Scotland : in nearly all the Post-tertiary beds on the west, and on the east at
Elie and Drip Bridge. Ireland: New Docks at Belfast, Portrush. England: Crag,
Suffolk. Norway; Post-tertiary.

5. Loxoconcna Eviiptica, Brady. Plate XIV, figs. 23—25.

Loxoconcua ELLIPTICA, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 435, pl. xxvii,
figs. 38, 39, 45—48; pl. xl, fig. 3.

Carapace of the ma/e, oblong, compressed ; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, nearly
equal in height throughout ; height equal to somewhat more than half the length ; anterior
extremity obliquely, posterior well and evenly rounded ; superior margin straight, inferior
slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above, compressed, ovate, pointed in front,
narrowly rounded or submucronate behind, width equalling nearly half the length. The
shell of the female is shorter, more tumid, and has the dorsal margin distinctly arched.
Surface of the valves smooth, bearing several small scattered circular papill.

Length (of the male), 25th of an inch.

’
d
d
f
f

LOXOCONCHA—XESTOLEBERIS. 189

This very well-marked species is a characteristic inhabitant of brackish water, being
seldom or never found living in purely marine situations. In the water of salt marshes,
estuaries, and at the heads of contracted bays where there is much influx of fresh water,
it often occurs in great abundance, and in such situations it appears to be generally
distributed round the coasts of Europe.

Distrisution. Jecent.—Great Britain and Europe.

Fossil.—Scotland : Govan. South Wales: New Dock-basin at Cardiff.

6. Loxoconona FraciLis, G. O. Sars. Plate XIV, figs. 30—82.
LoxoconcHa FRAGILIS, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 65.

Carapace of the male oblong, subrhomboidal, somewhat higher behind than in front,
surrounded, except on the superior margin, by a broad laminar fillet, which is most
developed behind and on the posterior portion of the ventral margin; height fully equal
to half the length; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior rather broader, oblique and
produced above the middle into a short obtusely rounded beak ; superior margin straight,
inferior sinuated in the middle, seen from above, ovate, with pointed extremities. Shell
smooth, fragile, bearing usually a few scattered circular papillz, the marginal belt marked
with radiating hairlike lines. Carapace of the /emade, differing from that of the male in
the same way as in the foregoing species.

Length, goth of an inch.
Disrrisution. ecent—Great Britain and Norway.
Fossil.—Scotland : Cartsdyke, Paisley.

Genus 7—XustouEBeRis, G. O. Sars.
>

Shell very smooth and polished, ornamented with small round distant papilla, much
lower in front than behind; in the female very tumid behind. Hinge-joint formed
by a dentated projecting crest of the left, which is received into an excavation of
the right valve. Ventral margin of both valves incurved in front of the middle.
Upper antenne six-jointed, the last four jomts successively decreasing in length, and bear-
ing very short simple sete; lower antennz short, four-jointed, flagellum of moderate
length. Mandibular palp four-jointed, “branchial appendage small and bearing

190 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

only two sete.” Maxille as in the preceding genus. Feet short. Postabdominal lobes
bearing two sete. yes distinct. Ova and immature young borne within the shell of
the female.

This genus is chiefly distinguished by the peculiar form of the carapace, which is very
low and pointed in front, elevated and tumid behind, in these respects offering a direct
contrast to the genus Hucythere, with which, however, in the character of the hinge-joint
and of the surface-markings, it to a great extent agrees.

1. XusTOLEBERIS DEPRESSA, G'. O. Sars. Plate VII, figs. 13—19.

1865. XESTOLEBERIS DEPRESSA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 68.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 438, pl. xxvii,
figs. 27—33.
1850. ? CyrwerIna TuMIDA, Reuss. Foss. Entom. Oesterr. Tert. Beckens, p. 57,
pl. viii, fig. 29.
1858. ? CyrHeRtpEa TUMIDA, Egger. Ostrak. Miocin-Schicht. Ortenburg, p. 17,
pl. ii, fig. 11.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subsemicircular, highest in the middle ;
greatest height equal to more than half the length. Anterior extremity depressed,
obliquely rounded, narrowed, and somewhat exserted at its inferior angle, posterior broader
and evenly rounded. Superior margin boldly arched, highest in the middle, sloping with
a steep curve towards the anterior, and with a bold convexity towards the posterior
extremity; inferior gently sinuated in front of the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
broadly ovate, greatest width behind the middle and equal to two thirds of the length ;
anterior extremity acutely pointed, posterior broadly rounded. LEnd-view subtriangular,
the width considerably greater than the height, lateral and ventral margins all gently
convex. The shell of the ma/eis longer in proportion to its height and more depressed in
front ; seen from above it is narrower, and has the greatest width in the middle; the
width is greater than the height and the ventral surface is nearly flat. Surface of the
shell smooth, polished and often iridescent, bearing numerous very small circular
papille.

Length, 75th of an inch.

This is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of recent marine species,
being found all round the British Islands and on the Scandinavian coast, mostly in depths
of 2—30 fathoms.

Distrizution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Spitzbergen, Gulf of St.
Lawrence.

Fossil.—Scotland: Loch Gilp, Paisley, Wick, West Tarbert, Raised beach at Oban.
Ireland: New Docks at Belfast. Norway and Canada.

XESTOLEBERIS—CYTHERURA. 191

2. XESTOLEBERIS AURANTIA (Baird). Plate XVI, figs. 32, 33.

1835. CyYTHERE AURANTIA, Baird. Mag. Zool. Bot., ii, 143, pl. v, fig. 26; and
(1850) Brit. Entom., p. 171, pl. xxi, fig. 8.

1853. — wiripa, Lilljeborg. De Crustaceis, p. 169, pl. xix, figs», 7.

1854. — viripis, Zenker. Anat. Syst. Studien tiber die Krebst., p. 86, pl. v A.
1865. XxEsToOLEBERIS NITIDA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 67.

1868. — AURANTIA, Brady. Monog. Brit. Ostrac., p. 437, pl. xxvii,

figs. 34—37 ; pl. xxxix, fig. 6.

Shell of the female, seen from the side, subtriangular, greatest height situated behind
the middle and equal to nearly two thirds of the length. Anterior extremity much
narrowed, rounded, posterior very broadly rounded; superior strongly arched, inferior
very slightly sinuated in front of the middle. Seen from above, ovate, acuminate in front,
broadly rounded behind, greatest width behind the middle, and equal to half the
length. The shell of the male is more elongated, and scarcely so tumid behind. Shell
smooth and ornamented with minute and distant circula papillae; there is usually
(even in fossil specimens) a dark-coloured spot on each valve near the position of the
eyes.

Length, #th of an inch.

Distrisution. Recent—Holland, Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil.—Scotland: Raised beach at Cumbrae. South Wales: New Dock-basin at
Cardiff. Ireland: New Docks at Belfast. Norway.

Genus 8—CytueErura, G. O. Sars.

Valves unequal and dissimilar in form, the right more or less overlapping the left on
the dorsal margin; surface reticulated, punctated, deeply excavated, or bearing irregu-
larly disposed ribs or protuberances, mostly marked with a central areola of darker colour
than the rest of the shell. Carapace oblong or subtriangular, the posterior extremity
produced into a more or less_ prominent beak. Hinge-processes mostly obsolete. Supe-
rior antennee shortly setose, six-jointed, gradually tapering ; second joint bearing a rather
long seta on the middle of the posterior margin ; inferior antenne five-jomted, terminal
claws short ; flagellum long, triarticulate. Mandibles robust, with very blunt teeth, “palp
three-jointed, branchial appendage small, and bearing only two recurved sete.’ ‘Terminal

192 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

lobes of the first pair of maxille long and narrow, “branchial plate bearing on its
external margin two non-ciliated sete, which are directed downwards, and arise from a
separate lobe.” Feet small, the terminal claws short and curved. Eyes distinct. Copu-
lative organs of the male very complex, provided with several irregular processes and a
very long spirally convoluted tube.

The species belonging to this genus are the smallest of the Cytheride ; they occur in
considerable numbers, and various species are so closely related one to the other that
it is often by no means easy to identify them with certainty. ‘The species we have now
to describe are to a large extent identical with those now living in the British seas,

1. Cyrnerura nigrescens (Baird). Plate XI, figs. 28—32; and Plate XII, fig. 13.

1838. CyTHERE NIGRESCENS, Baird. Mag. Zool. Bot., vol. ii, p. 143, pl. v, fig. 27.

1850. _— — Baird, Brit. Entom., p. 171, pl. xxi, figs. 4, 4 a.
1865. CyYTHERURA — G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 71.
1868 — — Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 440, pl. xxxii,

figs. 50—655 ; pl. xxxix, fig. 7.

Carapace of female, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, highest in the middle, greatest
height equal to quite half the length; anterior extremity rounded, posterior produced
above the middle into a short obtuse beak ; superior margin evenly and boldly arched,
inferior slightly sinuated. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, ovate, pointed at each
extremity, widest in the middle, width equal to rather more than one third of the length.
End-view broadly ovate. Surface of the shell smooth, often slightly punctate.

Length, g'snd of an inch.
Disrrisution. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland.
Fossil.—England: Hopton Cliff. Scotland: nearly all the Post-tertiary beds on the

west, and at Drip Bridge. Ireland: New Dock at Belfast, Portrush. Norway and
Canada.

2. CYTHERURA sIMILIs, G. O. Sars. Plate XI, figs. 16—18; Plate XI, fig. 16.

1865. CyTHERURA sImiLIs, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 72.
1868. a — Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 442, pl. xxxii,
figs. 56—59.

Carapace, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in the middle, greatest height equal
to rather more than half the length; anterior extremity rounded, posterior produced in
the middle, but scarcely beaked; superior margin boldly and evenly arched, inferior nearly

CYTHERURA. 193

straight. Outline, seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, width equalling half the
length. End-view ovate, tumid, widest towards the base, width and height equal. Shell
smooth, obscurely reticulated. Very similar to the preceding, but larger, more ventricose,
and less distinctly beaked posteriorly.
Length, =5rd of an inch.

Disrrisution. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Holland, Spitzbergen.

Fossil.Scotland : Duntroon, Loch Gilp, Kyles of Bute, Kilchattan, Cumbrae, Dum-
barton, Cartsdyke, Dalmuir, Barrie. Ireland: New Docks at Belfast, Portrush.
Norway.

3. CYTHERURA FLAVESCENS, Brady. Plate XVI, figs. 7, 8.

\

1869. CyYTHERURA FLAVESCENS, Brady. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. 4, vol. iii, p. 49,
pl. viii, figs. 13—15.

Carapace, seen from the side, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height throughout,
height equal to half the length ; anterior extremity imperfectly rounded and somewhat
oblique ; posterior produced in the middle into a broad rounded beak ; superior margin
flattened, slightly sinuated in the middle; inferior with a distinct median sinuation.
Seen from above, ovate, widest near the middle, subacuminate in front, mucronate
behind, width rather less than the height. Surface of the shell marked longitudinally
with numerous flexuous, anastomosing, but not very prominent, ribs.

Length, gynd of an inch.

Distrisution. Recent—Britain, Holland.

Fossil.—Scotland: Kyles of Bute.

4. CYTHERURA PUMILA, nov. sp. Plate XI, figs. 33—35.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subovate, highest in the middle, height
equal to more than half the length; rounded in front, produced in the middle behind,
but not beaked ; superior margin arched; inferior nearly straight. Outline, seen from
above, compressed, ovate, widest near the middle, nearly thrice as long as broad,
extremities pointed. Shell of the made (fig. 35) long and narrow. Surface of the valves
‘obscurely undulated and finely punctate.

Length, =oth of an inch.

Distrisution. Recent.—Shetland. Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil.—Scotland : Duntroon, Cartsdyke, Dalmuir.

25

194 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

5. CyTHERURA CONCENTRICA, nov. sp. Plate XI, figs. 7,8; Plate XV, fig. 21.

Carapace somewhat peach-stone-shaped, highest in the middle, height equal to half the
length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded ; posterior oblique, produced in the middle
into a short, obtuse beak; superior margin boldly arched; inferior slightly sinuated in
front of the middle. Seen from above, compressed, acuminate in front, sharply and
strongly mucronate behind; width less than half the length. Shell-surface concen-
trically striated and finely punctate.

Length, ;'oth of an inch.
Distrispution. Recent.—Shetland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Fossil.—Scotland : Paisley, Barrie, Elie, Dryleys, Errol.

6. CyTHERURA (?) COMPLANATA, zov. sp. Plate XI, figs. 19, 20.

Carapace reniform, highest in the middle, height equal to more than half the length ;
extremities rounded ; superior margin boldly and evenly arched ; inferior sinuated in the
middle. Seen from above, compressed, oblong, with parallel sides. Surface of the valves
slightly punctate, marked with a strong elevated ridge round the greater part of the
circumference, and with a few shallow rounded pits or areolz on the posterior portion of
the valves.

Length, 35th of an inch.

Distrisution. ossil._—-Scotland: Annochie. Ireland: Woodburn.

7. CyrHervra unpata, G. O. Sars. Plate XI, figs. 9—15; and Plate XII, fig. 17.

1865. CyTHEeRuRA uNDaATAa, Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 75.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 443, pl. xxxii,
figs. 43—49, 66.

Carapace of female subrhomboidal, greatest height in the middle and equal to rather
more than half the length; anterior extremity obscurely rounded; posterior obliquely
subtruncate, somewhat angulated above the middle ; superior margin forming a flattened
arch ; inferior nearly straight. Outline, as seen from above, elongated, subpentagonal,
with nearly parallel sides, width considerably less than the height, pointed in front,
truncate and centrally mucronate behind. Surface of the shell marked with two
longitudinal and three or more irregularly curved transverse ribs, the intervals between

CYTHERURA. 195

which are sometimes angularly areolated. Shell of the ma/e more compressed and more
angular in outline.
Length, g'gnd of an inch.

here is much diversity in the development of the surface-ornament in this species,
some specimens showing scarcely more than a mere undulation of the surface (fig. 12),
while others (fig. 9) are very distinctly ridged and occasionally even areolated in the
interspaces. It is, perhaps, next to C. mgrescens, the commonest fossil species of
the genus.

Distrisution. Recent.—Baffin’s Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Spitzbergen, Norway,
Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil—Scotland: nearly all the Post-tertiary beds. Ireland: New Docks at
Belfast, Portrush. Norway. Canada.

8. CYTHERURA CoMPRESSA, zov. sp. Plate XI, figs. 21—23.

Carapace subrhomboidal, higher in front than behind, greatest height more than
equal to half the length, situated in front of the middle; anterior extremity obliquely
rounded ; posterior angularly produced in the middle; superior margin arched ; inferior
almost straight. Seen from above, subpentagonal, acuminate in front, mucronate
behind, width less than the height. End-view pentagonal, widest in the middle,
the base concave, with a central keel. Surface of the shell obsoletely striated,

Length, 55th of an inch.

Distrisution. ossi/.—Scotland : Gamrie.

9. CyrHervura striata, G. O.-Sars. Plate XI, figs. 38—41.

1865. Cyrurrura striata, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 74.
1868. _ — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 441, pl, xxxii,
figs. 26—29, 62, 64, 65.

Carapace, as seen from the side, compressed, oblong, of nearly equal height throughout,
height equal to less than half the length; anterior extremity rounded, posterior produced
inthe middle into along beak ; superior margin forming a flattened arch, inferior sinuated
in the middle. Seen from above, the outline is subpentagoual, with parallel sides, pointed
in front and strongly mucronate behind, width about equal to the height. End-view
subtriangular, widest at the base, which is centrally keeled. Surface marked with

196 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

distinct longitudinal grooves, each of which is mostly impressed with a single series of
round punctures.
Length, ='sth of an inch.

C. striata also is very variable in the amount of its shell-sculpture.

Distrisution. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil —Scotland: Loch Gilp, West Tarbert, Kyles of Bute, Cumbrae, Cartsdyke,
West Tarbert. South Wales: New Dock basin at Cardiff. Ireland: New Docks at
Belfast. Norway and Canada.

10. Cyrurrura quaprata, Vorman. Plate XIII, figs. 34, 35.

1868. CyTHERURA QUADRATA, Norman. Last Report on Dredging amongst the
Shetland Islands, p. 292.

Shell, seen from the side, subquadrangular, of nearly equal height throughout, height
equal to half the length, rounded in front, produced behind into a sharp median beak ;
superior margin forming a flattened arch ; inferior almost straight ; seen from above, the
greatest width is situated rather in front of the middle, the outline being subhexagonal.
The surface-sculpture is very similar to that of C. striata, consisting of flexuous longi-
tudinal striz, the hollows of which are marked with more or less circular pittings ; just
within the ventral margin is a ridge, terminating in front in a small angular aleform
projection.

Length, goth of an inch.

This species differs from C. striata in its greater proportionate height and width, and —
in having its greatest width, when viewed from above, situated towards the anterior
extremity, a peculiarity which it shares, so far as we know, only with C. afinis. We
have seen only a very few detached valves.

Distrisution. Recent.—Shetland, South Wales.

Fossil.—South Wales: Cardiff New Dock basin. Ireland: Belfast New Docks.

11. Cyruerura cunzata, Brady. Plate XIII, figs. 36,37; Plate XI, figs. 42 and 47.

1868. CyTHERURA cUNEATA, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 442, pl. xxxii,
figs. 35—38, 63.

Carapace of female, seen from the side, elongated, subquadrangular, nearly equal in
height throughout, height scarcely equal to one half the length ; rounded in front, pro-

CYTHERURA. 197

duced behind into a short and obtuse, obliquely truncate, median beak ; superior margin
nearly straight ; inferior slightly sinuated; seen from above, cuneate, greatest width
about equal to the height, and situated near the posterior extremity ; acuminate in
front, mucronate behind. Shell longitudinally striated and marked, more particularly
over the protruberant posterior portion, with a delicately reticulated and punctate
pattern ; within the ventral margin on the posterior half of the valve is a sinuous ridge,
which terminates behind in an obtusely rounded aleeform projection. The ma/e is rather
longer and narrower than the female.
Length, g'sth of an inch.
Distrisurion. Recenf.—Great Britain, Ireland, Levant.
Fossil. —Scotland : West Tarbert.

12. CyrHerura Sars, Brady. Plate XI, figs. 24—27; Plate XIII, figs. 18, 19.

1868. CytHerura Sarsit, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 442, pl. xxxii,
figs. 39—42.

Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height
throughout, height scarcely equalling half the length; anterior extremity rounded ;
posterior scarcely produced in the middle; superior margin nearly straight; inferior
sinuated in the middle; outline, seen from above, compressed, ovate, widest behind the
middle, width considerably less than the height, pointed in front, mucronate behind.
End-view broadly ovate, widest in the middle. Surface of the shell smooth or obscurely
striated and punctate.

Length, s45nd of an inch.

Distrisution. Recent.—Scotland.

Fossil.—Scotland: Duntroon, Loch Gilp, Kyles of Bute, Cumbrae, Cartsdyke, Paisley,
Dalmuir, Barrie. Canada.

13. Cyrumrura aneuLata, Brady. Plate XI, figs. 48—51; Plate XII, fig. 14.

1868. CytHERURA anGuLATA, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 440, pl. xxxii,
figs. 22—25.

Carapace, as seen from the side, compressed, oblong, greatest height near the middle
and equal to about one half of the length ; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior almost
rectangular below, and produced above the middle into a large and prominent beak ;

198 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

superior margin arched, inferior nearly straight. Seen from above, the outline is much
compressed, widest in the middle, pointed in front, and strongly mucronate behind, width
equal to scarcely more than one third of the length. End-view ovate, pointed above,
height much greater than the width. Shell-surface distinctly punctate ; central areola
black, saddle-shaped. Colour, golden yellow.
Length, ;'sth of an inch.

Distrizution. Recent.—Great Britain.

Fossil.—Scotland : Raised beach at Oban. South Wales: Cardiff New Dock-basin.
Ireland: Belfast New Docks, Portrush. Norway.

14. Cyruerura propucta, Brady. Plate XIII, figs. 30—33.

1868. CytuHerura propucta, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 443, pl. xxxii,
figs. 60, 61.

Carapace, seen from the side, elongated, anterior margin rounded above, obliquely
truncate below ; posterior produced into a long and sharp central beak; superior
margin well arched and forming a continuous curve (steeper, however, in front than
behind) from the middle of the anterior margin to the extremity of the posterior beak ;
inferior margin nearly straight, subrectangular behind; height equal to less than half
the length. Seen from above, the outline is subhexagonal, with produced strongly
mucronate extremities and nearly parallel sides, width equal to about half the length.
Surface of the shell more or less irregularly striated or vaguely reticulate, the ventral
surface longitudinally striated. Central areola broad, somewhat crescentic. The female
is more tumid and usually smoother than the made.

Length, goth of an inch.
Distripution. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland.
Fossil_—South Wales : Cardiff New Dock-basin.

15. Cyruurura GiBBa (Miller). Plate XIII, figs. 26—29.

1785. CyrueEre GipBa, Muller, Entomostraca, p. 24, pl. vii, figs. 10—12.
— GIBBERA, idem. ibidem (Mas) ; Lilljeborg, De Crustaceis, (1853),
p. 167, pl. xix, figs. 1, 2.

1854. — GIBBA, Zenker. Anat. Studien tiber die Krebsth., p. 84, pl. v, v.
1865. CyYTHERURA GIBBA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 70.
1868. = = Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostr., p. 444, pl. xxxii, figs.

68—70.

CYTHERURA. 199

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, elongated, subquadrangular, of nearly
equal height throughout, height equal to about half the length, rounded in front;
posterior margin produced above the middle into an obtuse obliquely truncate beak ;
superior margin almost straight ; inferior gently sinuated. Outline, as seen from above,
constricted in the middle, the posterior half forming on each side a rounded protuberance,
greatest width situated near the posterior extremity and equal to at least half the length ;
anterior extremity suddenly tapering, acuminate; posterior broadly rounded, with a
prominent central mucro. End-view pentagonal, width greater than the height. The
male more elongated, with the upper margin slightly, the lower deeply, sinuated. The
shell is marked, more or less distinctly, with large polygonal reticulations; ventral
surface longitudinally striated.

Length, 315th of an inch.

Distrisution. ecent.—Britain, Baltic Sea, North Sea.

Fossil.—Scotland: West Tarbert, Raised beach at Oban. Ireland: Belfast New
Docks, Portrush.

16. CytHerura cornuta, Brady. Plate XIII, figs. 23—25.

1868. CyrHEruRA corNuTA, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 445, pl. xxxii,
figs. 12—15.

This species differs from the foregoing (C. gibda) chiefly in having an arcuate dorsal
margin, a sharper posterior beak, and when viewed from above in being less tumid
posteriorly and without any central constriction. The end-view is triangular instead of
pentagonal. ‘The shell-sculpture is much the same in both species. It must be
admitted, however, that it is not always easy to determine to which of the two forms a
given specimen should be referred.

Distrisution. ecent.—Britain, Dardanelles, Levant.

Fossil.—Scotland : West Tarbert Silt. Norway.

17. CytHERURA acuTicostata, G. O. Sars. Plate XVI, figs. 1—-3.
1865. CyTuerura acuricostata, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 76.
1868. — — Brady. Mon. Rec. Brit. Ostr., p. 445, pl. xxxii,
figs. 1—11.

Carapace, as seen from the side, quadrate, subrectangular, height equal to half the

200 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

length and nearly uniform throughout ; anterior extremity moderately and evenly rounded ;
posterior produced above the middle into a long and narrow beak; superior margin
straight or very slightly sinuated, curved downwards towards the posterior extremity ;
inferior straight in front, but behind the middle forming a convex curve, which
terminates in an acute angle behind. Seen from above, broadly ovate, greatest width
situate in the middle and equal to considerably more than half the length; anterior
extremity rounded and minutely mucronate ; posterior subtruncate, strongly mucronate in
the middle. End-view triangular, with irregularly emarginate sides and_ broadly
rounded angles. Surface of the shell sculptured with very prominent and sharply cut
flexuous longitudinal ribs.
Length, sth of an inch.
Distrisution Recent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland. Holland.
Fossil.—Scotland: Raised beach at Oban. Ireland: Belfast New Docks. Norway.

18. CyrHerura cELLULOSA (orman). Plate XI, figs. 5, 6.

1865. CyTHERE CELLULOSA, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. i, p. 22, pl. v, figs. 17—20 ;
pl. vi, fig. 17.
1865. CyTHERURA NANA, Sars, Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 78.
1868. — CELLULOSA, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 446, pl. xxix,
figs. 47—50, 60.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, almost semicircular, except that the
postero-inferior angle is obliquely truncate, greatest height in the middle, equal to about
two thirds of the length; anterior extremity rounded; posterior obliquely truncate
below the middle, where it is produced into a broadly rounded beak ; superior margin
boldly arched ; inferior nearly straight, sinuated in the middle. Seen from above, the
outline is lozenge-shaped, compressed, with broadly pointed extremities and nearly
parallel sides, width much less than the height. ‘The shell of the male (figs. 5, 6) is
obliquely ovate, much more elongated and less strongly arcuate on the dorsal margin, the
infero-posteal angle rounded off. Surface of the shell marked with very large, irregularly
angular pits, in the centre of each of which is a small elevated tubercle.

Length, =oth of an inch.

DistrisuTion. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Holland.

Fossil.—Scotland: Gamrie, Duntroon, West ‘Tarbert, Raised-beach at Oban.
South Wales: Cardiff New Dock basin. Ireland: Woodburn, Raised-beach at
Portrush. Norway.

CYTHERURA. 201

19. CyrHerura cLATHRATA, G. O. Sars. Plate XI, figs. 1—4.

1865. CyTHERURA CLATHRATA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 77.
1868. = — Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 446, pl. xxix,
figs. 43—46.

Carapace, as seen from the side, triangular, highest in the middle, greatest height
almost equal to three fourths of the length; anterior extremity narrowed, subangular,
divided into three or four short, broad teeth ; posterior also narrow, produced into an
almost obsolete rounded beak ; superior margin much elevated in the middle, sloping very
steeply and with a scarcely perceptible curve to each extremity, inferior distinctly convex,
more or less sinuous. Outline, seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, greatest
width equal to more than half the length, extremities mucronate. End-view triangular,
with arcuate sides and flattened base ; height much greater than the width. ach valve
is traversed by one conspicuous central longitudinal rib, from which several other
more or less distinct curved ridges diverge laterally, the mterspaces excavated into
numerous large fossz ; ventral surface longitudinally striated.

Length, 7th of an inch.

This is the largest of the genus, and in general appearance bears considerable
resemblance to the preceding species. In the Post-tertiary formations it is apparently
of much more frequent occurrence than C. cellulosa, though comparatively rare in our
seas at the present day.

Distrisution. Recent—Baflin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland.

Fossil—Scotland: Tangyburn, Duntroon, Crinan, Loch Gilp, Blackburn, Cumbrae,
Dumbarton, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Dalmuir, Old Mains, Inch Lonaig, Drip Bridge.
Treland: Portrush. England: Bridlington. Norway.

Genus 9—CytuEropteron, G. O. Sars.

Valves mostly subrhomboidal, tumid, unequal, and different in shape, the right
valve more or less overlapping the left on the dorsal margin; surface of the shell
variously sculptured, punctate, papillose, reticulated, or transversely rugose, ventral
surface produced laterally into a prominent rounded or spinous ala;_ posterior
margin produced into a more or less distinct but obtuse beak. Hinge formed by
two small terminal teeth on the right and by a minutely crenated median bar on

26

202 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

the left valve. Lucid spots usually four, linear oblong, arranged in an obliquely trans-
verse row just above the middle of the ventral margin. Upper antenne shortly setose
and composed of five joints, penultimate joint elongated and bearing on the middle of
the anterior margin two hairs; lower antenne distinctly five-jointed, flagellum long.
Mandibles of moderate size; palp three-jointed, branchial appendage bearing two very
small sete. Jaws as in the preceding genus. Feet long and slender, terminal claw
slender. Abdomen ending in a long, narrow process, post-abdominal lobes bearing
three short hairs. Copulative organs of the male armed behind with three spiniform
processes, one of which is trifurcate. yes wanting.

1. CyrHEROPTERON LaTIssimuM (JVorman). Plate VIII, figs. 19—23.

1865. CytTHERE Lavisstma, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
vol. i, p. 19, pl. vi, figs. 5—8. Brady, Trans.
Zool. Soc., 1866, vol. v, p. 381, pl. Ixii, figs.
4 a—e.
1865. CyTHEROPTERON CONVEXUM, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 80.
1868. CyTHEROPTERON LaTIssimuM, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 448,
pl. xxxiv, figs. 26—30.

Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subrhomboidal, highest in the middle,
greatest height equal to two thirds of the length. Anterior margin broadly rounded,
posterior produced into a short obtusely rounded median beak; dorsal margin boldly
arched, sloping steeply behind, more gently and with a slight sinuation in front ; ventral
somewhat convex, sinuated in front; alaeform protuberance rounded off in front, obtusely
angular behind. Outline, as seen from above, subovate ; greatest width situated behind
the middle and equal to two thirds of the length; extremities acuminate. End-view
equilaterally triangular, the sides all convex. Shell of the male somewhat more elongated,
the posterior beak obsolete. Surface marked with more or less distinct, subquadrangular

pits arranged transversely, and often coalescing, so as to form well-marked suici ; ventral
surface longitudinally furrowed.

Length, @srd of an inch.

There is much variety in the surface-marking of this species, some specimens being
distinctly reticulated while others are obscurely rugose, owing to the coalescence of the
fossze ; in others, again, as in fig. 23, the transverse furrows become exceedingly deep
and well marked. It may be distinguished from C. nodosum (with which alone, amongst
fossil species, it is likely to be confounded) by the less angular outline, and the absence of
any conspicuous tubercles on the dorsal aspect. In the living state C. /atissimum is met
with abundantly round the shores of Britain and Norway, in a depth of 10—60 fathoms,

CYTHEROPTERON. 203

and has also been found in dredgings from Spitzbergen and Baffin’s Bay. G. O. Sars
notices its occurrence in a fossil state in the Glacial formations of Norway.
Disrrisution. Recent.—Baflin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Spitzbergen.
Fossil.—Scotland: in nearly all the Post-tertiary beds. England: Bridlington.
Norway and Canada.

2. CYTHEROPTERON NoposuM, Brady. Plate VIII, figs. 12—15.

a

CYTHEROPTERON. NoposuM, Brady.. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 448,
pl. xxxiv, figs. 31—34.

Carapace of the female (?), seen from the side, subtriangular or subrhomboidal ;
greatest height in the middle, equal to two thirds of the length. Anterior margin ob-
tusely rounded: posterior obliquely subtruncate ; dorsal margin boldly arched, sloping
steeply before and behind; ventral nearly straight: edge of the alaform process
crested and sharp. Outline, seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, extremities
pointed, width equal to more than half the length ; end-view trapezoidal ; height greater
than the width, angles acute. Surface less distinctly furrowed than in the preceding ©
species, but having two large, rounded tubercles below the dorsal margin, from each of
which there runs a more or less distinct elevated rib towards the ventral margin.

Length, 2;th of an inch.

Distrizution. Recent.—Britain, Ireland, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Fossil.—Scotland: Lag Arran, Duntroon, Crinan, Kyles of Bute, Cumbrae, Carts-
dyke, Dalmuir, Old Mains, Errol, Drip Bridge. England: Bridlington, Hopton Cliff.
Ireland: Woodburn, Portrush. Canada and Norway.

3. CYTHEROPTERON ARCUATUM, zo0v. sp. Plate VIII, figs. 16—18 ; and Plate XIV, figs.
19—22.

1868. CyTHEROPTERON VESPERTILIO, Brady. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iv, vol. ii,
p. 33, pl. v, figs. 6, 7.

Carapace, seen from the side, subsemicircular, highest in the middle ; height equal to
nearly three fourths of the length; anterior extremity rounded ; posterior produced in
the middle, but in most cases scarcely beaked ; superior margin very boldly and evenly
arched ; inferior very slightly sinuated in the middle, bending upwards behind. Outline,

204. POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

as seen from above, subsagittate, widest behind the middle, width equal to nearly
two thirds of the length; anterior extremity pointed, lateral margins sloping in a
curved line outwards to near the posterior third, where they sink suddenly, forming a
rectangular projection, the hinder third of the shell constituting a large triangular process.
End-view triangular, the angles all acute. Surface of the shell smooth, bearing more or
less numerous scattered circular papillee, and usually with indistinct transverse striato-reti-
culate sculpture ; the lateral ale prominent, rounded off gradually in front, rectangular
behind, and in old specimens bearing at the angle a strong, awl-shaped mucro or spine.
Length, ‘oth of an inch.

At oné time we supposed this interesting species to be identical with the Cypridina
vespertilio of Reuss and of Egger, but further acquaintance with it and other allied forms
convinces us that we were mistaken in that supposition, and that the C. vespertilio of
those authors is really referable to an immature stage of Cytheropteron alatum, G. O.
Sars.' Young specimens of C. arcuatum have the lateral ale, as a rule, well rounded,
and are destitute of the angular spine; the shell is also more fully papillated, but the
reticulated surface-ornament, on the contrary, seems to become more distinct with age.
C. hamatum, of G. O. Sars, is very nearly allied to the present species, but that author
himself, from actual examination, considers it to be distinct, an opinion in which we
entirely agree with him. ‘The difference is chiefly that of outline, C. arcuatum being
more boldly arched, and with blunter, wider, and less produced extremities; in these .
particulars (though in no others) C. hamatum more resembles the C. inflatum of the present
Monograph.

Disrrisution. Recent.—Baffin’s Bay.

Fossil.—Scotland : Tangyburn, Elie, Dryleys, Errol. . Ireland: Woodburn.

4. CYTHEROPTERON INFLATUM, zov. sp. Plate VIII, figs. 24—27; Plate XIV,
figs. 26—29.

1868. CYTHEROPTERON INFLATUM, B., C.,and R. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iv, vol. ii,
p- 33, pl. v, figs. 8—10 (figured
but not described).

Carapace, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, highest in the middle, height equal to
two thirds of the length; anterior extremity somewhat produced, rounded; posterior
produced into an obtusely rounded median beak; superior margin boldly arched,
gibbous ; inferior convex in the middle along the line of the alzform process, slightly

1 Cytheropteron inornatum, B. and R. (see Ann, and Mag. N. H. (1872), ser. iv, vol. ix, p. 61, pl. ii,
figs. 1—3), is likewise only a stage of development of C. alatum. We therefore take this opportunity of
withdrawing the name.

~

CYTHEROPTERON. 205

sinuated towards each extremity. Seen from above, broadly ovate or lozenge-shaped,
with equally tapering and sharply mucronate extremities ; greatest width situate in the
middle and equal to rather more than half the length. End-view almost quadrate,
scarcely at all tapering to the apex. Shell-surface densely and minutely punctate, on the
ventral surface longitudinally striated ; aleeform processes evenly and boldly rounded and
but slightly prominent.
Length, goth of an inch.
Distrisuttion. ecent.—Baffin’s Bay, North Atlantic.
Fossil—Scotland: Dryleys, Errol. Canada.

5. CYTHEROPTERON MonrtrosiEnse, zov. sp. Plate VIII, figs. 28—386; Plate XIV,
figs. 13—16.

1868. CyrHeRropreron Monrrosienss, C., B., and R. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iv,
vol. ii, p. 33, pl. v, figs.
1—5 (figured but not
described).

Valves of the female (°), as seen from the. side, oblong, subrhomboidal, nearly equal
in height throughout, height equal to more than half the length; anterior margin
broadly rounded; posterior obliquely truncate below, produced above into a broad
laminar projection or beak; dorsal margin slightly convex, deeply sulcate behind
and at its junction with the laminar process; ventral straight in front, convex behind ;
lateral protuberance very prominent, forming a large irregularly rounded projection
behind the middle of the ventral margin. Outline, as seen from above, rhomboidal,
widest behind the middle, extremities pointed, the posterior strongly mucronate. End-
view broadly triangular, the sides very convex; lateral surfaces marked with large
polygonal excavations, ventral surface longitudinally rugose. Shell of the male (?)
higher in front, the dorsal margin sloping steeply backwards, lateral and posterior
protuberances poorly developed, surface-markings smaller.

Length, ='oth of an inch.

It will be seen by reference to the figures that the two forms included in the
foregoing description differ considerably in appearance, but it will also be observed that
the smaller, which we suppose to be the male, would by a larger development of the
posterior and lateral protuberances assume a shape almost identical with that of the
larger form; and as the two occur in the same localities we think it best to regard them
as varieties of the same species dependent probably upon sex or age. C. Montrosiense
has been found in the recent state in company with C. cnflatum.

The form figured in Plate XIV we at one time supposed to belong to a distinct

206 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

species, characterised by the tapering and acutely pointed posterior extremity, and by the
absence of lateral alar projections, and of any surface-ornament except the very slightest
punctation. More extended researches have, however, supplied us with numerous
specimens in stages intermediate between this and the fully developed C. Montrosiense,
showing the extremity becoming gradually more obtuse and upturned, the shell-surface
putting on its characteristic sculpture, and the lateral processes in progress of
development.

Distrisution. Recent.—Baffin’s Bay.

Fossil.—Scotland : Tangyburn, Govan, Barrie, Ele, Dryleys, Errol, Annochie, King
Edward’s. England: Hopton Cliff. Ireland: Woodburn. Norway.

6. CytHERopTERoN REcTUM, Brady. Plate XIV, figs. 17, 18.

1868. CYTHEROPTERON RECTUM, Brady. Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 476.

1869. _ — Brady and Robertson. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iv,
vol. ili, p. 372, pl. xx,
figs. 6—8,

Carapace, seen laterally, oblong, quadrangular, very slightly higher in front than
behind ; height not equal to half the length; anterior extremity well rounded ; posterior
rounded off below, but only slightly above the middle; superior margin straight, ter-
minated at each extremity by a distinct angular elevation, inferior slightly sinuated in
front of the middle ; seen from above, ovate, widest behind the middle, where the lateral
alee project slightly, forming an obtuse angle, rounded behind, acuminate in front ; width
equal to nearly half the length. Surface of the shell closely and minutely punctate,
lateral alee almost obsolete.

Length, ggth of an inch.

Our single fossil specimen of this species was unfortunately lost when only one figure
of it had been drawn. The lateral view given in our plate was, therefore, taken from a
recent carapace.

Disrrisurion. Recent.—Shetland and West of Ireland.

Fossil.—Scotland : Crofthead.

7. CyYTHEROPTERON ANGULATUM, B. and R. Plate VIII, figs. 37—40.

1872. CYTHEROPTERON ANGULATUM, Brady and Robertson. Ann. Mag. N. UL,
ser. iv, vol. vi,
p- 62, pl. ii, figs.
1,8:

BYTHOCYTHERE. 207

Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subrhomboidal, highest in front of the middle,
greatest height equal to more than half the length; anterior margin rounded, posterior
subtruncate, slightly beaked above ; dorsal margin highest in front of the middle, thence
sloping steeply in front and more gently behind, slightly sinuated near the posterior
extremity ; ventral margin somewhat convex. Outline, seen from above, oblong-pentagonal,
widest in front of the middle, thence tapering suddenly to the anterior extremity, which
is acuminate, more gradually to the posterior, which is broad and truncate; sides irre-
gularly waved and emarginate. Surface irregularly waved and rugose in a transverse
direction ; alaform process not very prominent, forming an irregularly excavated angular
line just within the ventral margin.

Length, ;5th of an inch.
Distrisution. Recent.—Scotland.
Fossil.—Scotland: Duntroon, Crinan, West Tarbert, Kyles of Bute, Kilchattan,
Cumbrae, Dumbarton, Dalmuir, Inch Lonaig. England: Bridlington. Canada.

Genus 10—BytuocytHEreE, G. O. Sars.

Valves subequal, smooth or very sparingly sculptured, almost destitute of hairs ; thin
and fragile. Hinge-joint quite simple or composed of a slight bar and furrow ; no teeth.
Upper antennz elongated, seven-jointed ; the second joint large and thick and bearing a
seta on its anterior and posterior margins; the other joints suddenly much narrower,
forming a long slender lash, which bears several sete ; penultimate joint linear and
destitute of setae. Lower antenne tolerably robust, four-jointed; second joint large ;
flagellum long, biarticulate, its last jomt long and setiform. Mandibles constricted above
the distal extremity, strongly toothed ; palp four-jointed, bearing a well-developed bran-
chial plate, which is set with numerous ciliated setae. ‘Terminal lobes of the first pair of
jaws very short and thick ; branchial plate large, ovate, bearing numerous marginal
ciliated sets, and at the base four long and deflexed simple seta. . Feet elongated,
terminal claw very long and slender, second and third joints bearing each a short apical
seta; basal jomt of the first pair furnished at the base with a small lobe, which bears
two very large and densely ciliated, and two smaller and simple setae. Abdomen ending
in a very large and acuminated process; postabdominal lobes narrow and bearing three
hairs. Eyes mostly absent. ;

The species grouped under this genus present two very distinct types, so far as the
characters of the shell are concerned ; but according to the investigations of G. O. Sars,
the structure of the animal itself is the same in both types.

208 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

1. ByrnocyTHERE siMPLEX (Vorman). Plate VII, figs. 20, 21.

1865. CyTHERE sIMPLEX, Norman. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham,
vol. i, p. 17, pl. v, figs. 1—4.
1865. ByrnocyTHEere acuMINATA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 86.
1865. Jonusta stmptex, Brady. Zool. Trans., vol. v, p. 363, pl. lvii, figs. 11 a—e.
1868. BytHocyTHEeRe simpLEx, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 450, pl.
xxxiil, figs. 23—27, pl. xl, fig. 8.

Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, fusiform, nearly equal in height throughout,
greatest height equal to considerably less than half the length. Anterior extremity
evenly rounded, posterior tapering abruptly, and conspicuously acuminate below the
middle; superior margin nearly straight, inferior gently convex in front, produced along
the posterior two thirds into a much compressed convex keel, sloping steeply upwards
behind. Outline, seen from above, acutely ovate, extremities acuminate ; widest in the
middle, where the width is equal to one third of the length. Surface perfectly smooth.
Lucid spots about five, parallel, lmear, oblong, forming an oval, obliquely set patch near
the middle of the valve.

Length, 'ynd of an inch.

This remarkable species is known in a living state in Baffin’s Bay, on the coasts of
Norway, Scotland, and the north of England, and has a range of depth varying from low-
water-mark to about sixty fathoms.

Distrisution. Lecent.—Baftin’s Bay, Norway, Great Britain.

Fossil.—Scotland : Duntroon, Loch Gilp, West Tarbert, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Dalmuir,
Govan, Jordan Hill. Ireland: Woodburn.

2. ByrnocyrHErE constricta, G. O. Sars. Plate XVI, figs. 9, 10.

1865. BytnocyrHere constricta, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. Mar. Ostrac., p. 85.
= — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 451,
pl. xxxv, figs. 47—52.

Carapace, as seen from the side, rhomboidal, height nearly equal throughout and
exceeding half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded; posterior obliquely trun-
cate, rounded off at its upper angle ; superior margin straight ; inferior slightly sinuated
near the middle, convex and inclined upwards behind. Outline, as seen from above,
lozenge-shaped, distinctly constricted in the middle. Surface of the shell marked with
delicate grooves mostly running in a subconcentric manner, but frequently anastomosing, so

——

BYTHOCYTHERE. 209

as to form an irregular reticulation; lateral protuberance rounded and not very
prominent ; centre of the valves marked by a deep and wide transverse sulcus.
Length, 3'¢th of an inch.
Distrisurion. Recent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands.
Fossil.—Scotland: Tangy Burn, Duntroon, Dumbarton, Govan.

3. BYTHOCYTHERE ELONGATA, zov. sp. Plate I, figs. 4, 5.

Carapace, seen laterally, oblong, subelliptical, somewhat higher behind than in front,
height equal to less than one half of the length; extremities rather obliquely rounded off ;
superior margin almost straight for the greater part of its course, but sloping gently
towards the front; inferior nearly straight. Seen from above, compressed, ovate, some-
what suddenly tapered and obtusely pointed in front, prominently mucronate behind ;
greatest width less than the height and situated rather behind the middle of the shell.
Shell transversely rugose in a waved manner, with a central transverse sulcus, such as is
frequently observed in this and the preceding genus. Lower surface of the shell marked
with longitudinal furrows.

Length, sth of an inch.

This species, in general appearance, bears some resemblance to Cytheropteron rectum,
especially in its rugose sculpture and rounded angles.

DistRiBution.—One specimen only was found at Girvan.

Genus 11—PsrupocyTHERE, G. O. Sars.

Shell thin and pellucid, havmg no distinct structure, rounded in front, produced
behind. Hinge-jomt simple. Upper antenne bearing long sete, 7-jointed; second joint
thick and armed with a single seta on the middle of the anterior margin ; last joint very
long and narrow, linear, terminating in very long sete ; lower antenne very slender,
5-joited ; flagellum long and slender. Mandibles small, with slender, curved, unguiform,
teeth; palp narrow, 4-jointed ; branchial appendage bearing long setze. Terminal lobes
of the first pair of jaws narrow ; branchial plate large, elongate-ovate, armed towards the
base with three curved and deflexed simple sete. Feet very long and slender. Abdo-

27

210 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

men ending in a long, slender process ; postabdominal lobes almost as in the preceding
genus. No eye.

Psrupocyturre caupata, G. O. Sars. Plate I, fig. 9.

PsEUDOCYTHERE CAUDATA, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 88.
— — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 453, pl.
xxxiV, figs. 49—52; pl. xii, fig. 6.

Carapace of the ma/e, as seen from the side, quadrilateral, highest in front ; greatest
height equal to more than half the length. Anterior margin broad and well rounded ;
posterior obliquely truncate, produced above into an obtusely conical beak ; superior
margin sloping in a somewhat sinuous line from before backwards; inferior slightly
sinuated in front, terminating behind in one or two small sharp teeth. The anterior
and ventral margins form a thin flattened lamina, which (in recent specimens) is marked
with radiating transverse lines, and is most strongly developed behind. Shell of the
female rather more tumid. Outline, as seen from above, compressed, tapering to the
extremities, which are slightly mucronate; greatest width in the middie and equal to
one third of the length. Shell smooth, thin, and fragile; pellucid. Lucid spots four,
linear, parallel, situated obliquely a little in front of the middle.

Length, z'5th of an inch.
Disrrisution. ecent.—Norway, Great Britain and Ireland.
Fossil.—Scotland: Blackburn, Dalmuir, Raised-beach, Oban. Ireland: Woodburn.

Genus 12—CytTHERIDEIS, Jones.

Carapace elongated, subovate, depressed in front; hinge-margins nearly simple. Shell
smooth, punctate, sometimes grooved ; right valve overlapping the left in the centre of
the ventral aspect. Superior antenne slender, sparingly setose; last joint short and
bearing six short terminal sete ; penultimate and antepenultimate joints each bearing a
single apical seta. Mandible slender and curved, divided below into about four very
small indistinct teeth ; palp four-jointed, its first jomt bearing on the inferior margin a
conical tooth-like process; third joint set along its entire length with a comb-like series
of straight equal sete; in other respects like that of Cythere. First segment of the
maxillz much stouter and larger than the rest.

SCHEROCHILUS. 211

CYTHERIDEIS SUBSPIRALIS, xov. sp. Plate X, figs. 16, 17.

Valves, as seen from the side, oblong, depressed in front, height equal to not much
more than one third of the length ; extremities rounded ; the anterior much narrowed ;
superior margin straight, but suddenly sloping forwards with a gentle declivity from
about the anterior third; inferior margin almost straight. Seen from above, com-
pressed, ovate. Shell-surface marked with several curved or transversely spiral furrows,
and on the anterior half with distant circular pittings.

Length, 3'gth of an inch.

Except the British C. sudulata, the only near relative of this curious species, with
which we are acquainted, is a still more compressed and elongated form found living in
the Mediterranean and amongst the Cape de Verd Islands, and described by Mr. Brady,
in ‘Les Fonds de la Mer,’ under the name Cytherideis cylindrica. One valve only of
C. subspiralis has been discovered.

Disrrisution. Fossi/.—Scotland: Wick.

Genus 13—Scuerocuivs, G. O. Sars.

Valves elongated, very hard, especially towards the margins; surface smooth and
shining, ornamented with very minute scattered papillae. Hinge-joint formed by a pro-
jecting median crest of the left valve. Lucid spots linear, subparallel, forming an oblique
oval patch below the centre of the valve. Antenne robust; second joint of the upper
bearing a seta on the anterior and posterior margins, the last five joints quickly
decreasing in size and bearing numerous long sete; lower antenne larger than the
upper, 5-jointed; flagellum long and very slender. Poison-glands very large, and
divided into many lobes. Mouth produced, conical; labrum strongly toothed. Man-
dibles small; teeth numerous and acuminate; palp narrow, indistinctly 3-jointed, with
a distinct branchial appendage. ‘Terminal lobes of the first pair of jaws partly wanting ;
branchial plate narrow, almost lanceolate, and beset with numerous setz on the outer
and inner margins. Feet short and robust; second and third joints armed in front
with a sharp seta; first pair armed with a single strong spine at the apex of the
basal joint. Post-abdominal lobes larger than usual, forming broad bilobed lamine, and
bearing five sete. Hye single.

212 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

ScLEROCHILUS conTorTUS (Vorman). Plate X, figs. 833—35.

1862. CyrHere contortTa, Norman. Ann. Mag. N. H., vol. ix, p. 48, pl. ii, fig. 15;
Trans. Tyneside Nat. F. C., vol. v, p. 150,
pl. iii, fig. 15.
1865. ScuiERocuiLus contortus, Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 90.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 455, pl.
xxxiv, figs. 5—10; pl. xli, fig. 7.

Shell of the female, as seen from the side, elongated, bean-shaped, higher behind
than in front, greatest height less than one half of the length, situated behind the middle.
Extremities well rounded; superior boldly arched ; inferior deeply sinuated in front of
the middle. Seen from above, compressed, ovate, extremities acutely pointed, width
scarcely equal to one third of the length. End-view ovate, rounded above, pointed
below. Surface perfectly smooth. Colour yellowish.

Length, 34th of an inch.

Distrisution. Recent.—Britain, Norway, Bay of Biscay, Spitzbergen.

Fossit.—Scotland: in nearly all the Post-tertiary beds. South Wales: Cardiff New
Dock-basin. Ireland: Belfast New Dock, Portrush. Norway and Canada.

Genus 14—Parapoxostoma, Lscher.

Shell thin and fragile, smooth, shining, and having no definite structure; valves sub-
equal, mostly much higher behind than in front, usually elongate-ovate. Lucid spots as
in the preceding genus. Hinge-joint simple. Ventral margins emarginate in front, so
. that when the valves are closed there is still an elongated orifice through which the
suctorial mouth can be protruded. Upper antennz exceedingly slender, 6-jointed, and
bearing short setz; lower shorter and more robust, 5-jointed; flagellum large and
almost as thick as the antenna itself. Poison-glands large and mostly lobulated.
Mouth suctorial. Labrum and labium forming’ together a large and stout subconical
process projecting downwards, and terminating in a disk with elevated margins, in the
middle of which the orifice of the mouth is situated. Mandibles very slender, protractile,
styliform, subulate at the apex; palp very slender and elongated, indistinctly jointed

PARADOXOSTOMA. 213

and without a branchial appendage. Terminal lobes of the first pair of jaws very
narrow; branchial plate elongate-ovate, and bearing at the base two deflexed sete.
Feet short and robust, last joint clongated, terminal claw very short and curved ; basal
joint of the first pair armed at the apex with a single strong spine. Postabdominal lobes
bearing two short hairs. One eye.

1. PARADOXOSTOMA VARIABILE (Baird). Plate X, figs. 29—32.

1792. » Cyrurre FLAvIDA, Miiller. Entomostraca, p. 66, pl. vii, figs. 5, 6.

1835. = VARIABILIS, Baird. Trans. Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. i, p. 98,
pl. in, figs. 7 a—0; vol. ii, p. 153; (1850)
Brit. Entom., p. 170, pl. xxi, figs. 10, 11.

1865. ParapOxoSTOMA VARIABILE, Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 93.

1868. — — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 437, pl.
xxxv, figs. I1—7, 12—17; pl. xli,
fig. 8.

Carapace, as seen from the side, pear-shaped, much higher behind than in front;
greatest height equal to half the length, situated behind the middle ; anterior extremity
narrowly, posterior broadly rounded ; superior margin well arched, sloping more steeply
in front than behind ; inferior convex behind the middle. Outline, as seen from above,
compressed, ovate, tapering gradually to the acuminate extremities; greatest width
behind the middle, slightly exceeding one third of the length. End-view obovate,
widest above the middle. Shell-surface perfectly smooth.

Length, 5th of an inch.

We do not remember to have seen any fossil shells of this species marked with the
dark-coloured macule, which are so constant in recent littoral examples. This may
arise either from their having inhabited water of considerable depth or possibly from loss
of the original colouring during the ages which have elapsed since their death.

Disrrisution. ecent.—Baflin’s Bay, Spitzbergen, Great Britain, Norway,
Holland.

Fossil.—Scotland: Tangy Burn, Duntroon, Loch Gilp, Blackburn, Kyles of Bute,
Cumbrae, Dumbarton, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Govan, West Tarbert, Raised Beach at Oban.
Ireland: Woodburn, Belfast New Docks. Norway and Canada.

214 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

2. PARADOXOSTOMA ABBREVIaTUM, G. O. Sars.

1865. PARADOXOSTOMA ABBREVIATUM, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac.
p. 94.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 458,
pl. xxxv, figs. 22—25.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, much shorter and higher than the
preceding; greatest height behind the middle and equal to about two thirds of the
length; extremities rounded; anterior narrow ; posterior excessively broad ; superior
margin boldly arched ; inferior deeply smuated in front, very convex behind. Outline,
as seen from above, compressed, ovate, about three times as long as broad. Shell of the
male and young females lower ; inferior margin less convex behind.

Length, 75th of an inch.
Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway.
Fossil.—Scotland : Loch Gilp, Oban. South Wales: Cardiff.

3. PARADOXOSTOMA (?) PYRIFORME, zov. sp. Woodcut, figs. 1—3.
Carapace, as seen from the side, broadly pear-shaped, narrowed at the anterior and

broadly rounded at the posterior extremity; superior and inferior margins nearly alike,
gently sinuated in front and boldly convex at and behind the middle; greatest height

Fic. 3.

Side view. Edge view. End view.

equal to more than two thirds of the length and situated near the middle; seen from
above the outline is subovate, suddenly tapered and acuminate behind, more gently
tapering and subacuminate in front, greatest width a little behind the middle and equal

PARADOXOSTOMA. 215

to about one half the length; end view broadly oval. Shell smooth and polished, milk-
white, tipped with a small pellucid areola at each extremity.
Length, g5th of an inch.

Three or four examples of this very distinct species were found in the Bridlington
deposit, but too late to be figured in our lithographic plates. It has the general aspect
of a Paradozxostoma, but we have failed to find the mandibular aperture characteristic of
that species ; neither are the lucid spots visible. Moreover, there is an indistinct appear-
ance of overlapping of the left valve on the dorsal surface, so that we cannot but consider
the position here assigned to it somewhat doubtful. In lateral outline it is extremely like
P. abbreviatum (which species we have by some oversight omitted to include in our
plates), but when viewed from above is much more tumid.

4. PARADOXOSTOMA ENSIFORME, Brady. Plate 10, figs. 27, 28.

1868. PaRaDOXOSTOMA ENSIFORME, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 460, pl.
xxxv, figs. 8—11.

Valves, as seen from the side, somewhat scimitar-shaped, much higher behind than
in front, greatest height scarcely equal to half the length, situated behind the middle ;
anterior extremity obtusely pointed; posterior obliquely rounded, slightly produced
above the middle; superior margin boldly arched; inferior gently sinuated in the
middle. Seen from above, compressed, ovate, with pointed extremities. Shell smooth,
yellowish.

Length, 3'sth of an inch.

Our fossil specimens differ somewhat in shape from the recent form as found in the
British islands, and are, perhaps, more exactly similar to specimens taken in the Mediter-
ranean, and referred by Mr. Brady to the same species.

Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Levant.

Fossil.—Scotland: Kyles of Bute. South Wales: Cardiff New Dock basin.
England: Bridlington. Ireland: Belfast New Docks, Portrush.

5. ParaDoxostoma Fiscueri, G. O. Sars. Plate XVI, figs. 23, 24.

1865. Parapoxostoma FiscueEri, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 96.

1870. ~- = Brady. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and
Durham, vol. iii, p. 362, pl. xii, figs.
1—3.

216 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

1869. Scierocurius (?) Gracttis, Brady and Robertson. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser.
iv, vol. iti, pl. .:xx,
figs. 11, 12.

Carapace, seen laterally, elongated, subtriangular, greatest height situated in the
middle, and equal to less than half the length ; extremities nearly equal, narrowed, and
sharply rounded, superior margin very boldly and evenly arched, inferior gently sinuated
in the middle. Seen from above, ovate, with equal obtusely pointed extremities ; greatest
width situated in the middle, rather less than the height. Shell-surface smooth, destitute
of ornament of any kind, but in recent specimens often beautifully banded with dark
olive or black.

Length, ;'5th of an inch.

Disrripution. ecent.—Britain, Ireland, Norway.

Fossil.—Scotland: Loch Gilp, Cartsdyke, West Tarbert. South Wales: Cardiff New
Dock-basin. Ireland: Belfast New Dock.

6. Parapoxostoma FLExvosumM, Brady. Plate XVI, figs. 19, 20.

1866. Byruocytuere (?) ruexuosa, Brady. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1866, p. 211.
1868. ParapoxostoMa FLEXUOSUM, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 461, pl.
xxxy, figs. 30—34.
1872. _— — Brady and Robertson. Ann. Mag. N. H.,
ser. iv, vol. ix,
p- 55, pl. i, figs.
8, 9.

Carapace, seen laterally, elongated, flexuous, greatest height situated near the middle,
and equal to rather more than one third of the length ; extremities sharply rounded, the
anterior being the narrower and more acute, superior margin boldly and equally arched,
inferior distinctly simuated in front of the middle, gently convex behind. Seen from
above, much compressed, ovate, extremities acuminate, greatest width in the middle, and
equal to about one fourth of the length. Surface of the shell smooth, marked usually
with very faint and delicate longitudinal striae.

Length, ;'5th of an inch.

The longitudinal striations referred to in this description are imperceptible except
with a tolerably high microscopic power, and they exist probably in all—certainly in
many others—of the genus.

Disrrisution. Recent.—Britain.

Fossil.—Scotland: Loch Gilp. South Wales: Cardiff New Dock-basin.

PARADOXOSTOMA. 217

7. PARADOXOSTOMA TENERUM, zov. sp. Plate XVI, figs. 21, 22.

Almost exactly like P. fleruosum, except that, when seen laterally, the anterior
extremity is more widely rounded, and the superior margin more boldly arched in the
middle ; the dorsal aspect presents also a more compressed outline, while the surface of
the shell is slightly papillose, with hair-like markings along the ventral margin. The
length is also greater, being about 3';thof an inch. Yet notwithstanding these differences
we have still some misgivings as to its title to rank as a distinct species.

Distrisution. ossil.—Scotland: Dumbarton, Cartsdyke, Dalmuir.

8. Parapoxostoma arcuatum, Brady. Plate XVI, fig. 25.

1868. ParaDoxosToMa ArcuaTuM, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 461, pl.
xxxv, figs. 37, 38.

Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, subtriangular, highest in the middle, height
equal to a little more than one third of the length, extremities moderately rounded,
superior margin well and evenly arched, inferior almost straight. Seen from above,
compressed, ovate, widest behind the middle, width equal to one fourth of the length.
Shell quite smooth.

Length, qsth of an inch.
Distrisution. Recent.—West of Ireland, Shetland.
Fossil—Scotland: Raised-beach at Oban.

Family 4A—CYPRIDINAD &.
Genus 1—AstERorg, Philippi.

Shell subcylindrical, beak not at all produced. Upper antenne six-jointed; in
the female short and thick, and bearing several subequal, terminal sete of moderate
length; im the male more elongated, two of the terminal setz of . excessive length,
the antepenultimate joimt bearing a stout and densely setose auditory filament. Second
joint of the natatory branch of the lower antenne in the male elongated, in the

28

218 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Female scarcely longer than the succeeding joints; secondary branch in the male robust,
subchelate; terminal joint slender, curved upwards; in the female simple, triarticulate,
last joint setiform. First jaw consisting of a broad, subquadrate, or crescentic lamina
densely clothed on its distal margin with long bristles; second jaw swollen at the base,
narrowed at the apex, where it bears six plumose sete, basal portion setose along its
convex margin; third jaw narrow, elongated, setose along the inner margin. Post-
abdominal laminze short and broad, subtruncate at the apex.

In external appearance this genus is chiefly distinguished from others of its family by
the cylindrical form of the shell and the absence of a projecting beak.

ASTEROPE TERES (Vorman). Plate IL, figs. 33, 34.

1861. Cypripina TERES, Norman. Ann. Mag. N. H., vol. viii, pl. xiv, fig. 10.

1868. CyYLINDROLEBERIS TERES, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 465, pl.
Xxxill, figs. 6—9, and pl. xli, fig. 2.

1871. ASTEROPE — Brady. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 295.

Shell, seen laterally, almost elliptical, wider behind than in front, the greatest height
behind the middle and equal to at least two thirds of the length. Anterior extremity
shghtly narrowed and somewhat flattened, with a wide, but shallow, notch below the
middle ; obtusely subangular below, rounded off above ; posterior extremity broad, boldly
and evenly rounded ; superior margin evenly and well arched ; inferior almost straight
for the first half of its course, but curved posteriorly. Seen from above, oblong-ovate,
anterior extremity narrowly, posterior rather broadly, rounded ; greatest width situated
near the middle, and equal to nearly half the length. Surface of the shell smooth, dense
and calcareous in structure.

Length, ;';th of an inch.

It is extremely probable that this is only the female of the much more commonly seen
Asterope Maria, which differs, however, very considerably in external appearance, being
much longer and more compressed, more delicate in shell structure and variously coloured.
The anatomy of the two animals is, however, essentially the same, and the points of
difference are such as might be expected to accompany difference of sex, though, doubt-
less, very strongly developed in this instance. The male, being provided with swimming
filaments, is usually taken near the surface of the water, while the female is never met
with except in the dredge. Under these circumstances we need scarcely expect to find
the male in the fossil state. ,

Distrizution. Lecent.—North Sea, West Coasts of Scotland and Ireland, Scilly, and
Channel Islands.

Fossil—Scotland: Jordan Hill.

POLYCOPE. 219

Family 5—POLYCOPID.
Genus 1—Potnycoprn, G. O. Sars.

Valves rounded, ventricose, thin, and fragile, corneo-calcareous. Forehead having
no tentacle, but in its place two ciliated setae. Upper antennz three-jointed, last joint
short, terminal setze long and slender; terminal rami of the lower antennz unequal, one
many-jointed, of structure very similar to that of Cypridina, the other shorter and three-
jointed. Lower extremity of mandibles strongly inflexed, armed with a few small acute
teeth; palp biarticulate, first joint stout, bearing externally a short, bisetose, branchial
appendage ; last narrow, beset with long plumose sete. Incisive portion of the first pair
of jaws small, forming a simple setiferous lobe ; palp very large, four-jomted, two-branched,
second joint bearing externally a long, narrow, and obsoletely biarticulate branch, which
is terminated by long sete. Second pair of jaws membranaceous, three-jomted ; penul-
timate joint bearing externally a small branch which terminates in a single seta; furnished
at the base with a large branchial plate. Postabdominal plates short, posterior margin
shortly digitate and armed between the segments with acuminate claws. Animal swim-
ming actively like the Lynceide.

PoLYcoPE orBICULARIS, G. O. Sars. Plate XII, figs. 22, 23.

1865. PoLycorr orsicuLaris, G. O. Sars. Overs. Norg. mar. Ostrac., p. 122.
1868. — — Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 471, pl. xxxv,
figs. 53—57.

Shell subspheroidal; as seen from the side, almost circular, somewhat flattened on
the dorsal margin. Seen from above, ovate, tapering evenly to each extremity, greatest
width situated m the middle, equal to more than half the length. Surface of the shell
finely and closely punctate, and mostly divided by delicate raised ridges into numerous
polygonal areole.

Diameter, =;nd of an inch.

There is a good deal of diversity in the surface-ornament of this species. The
specimens from Dalmuir, one of which is figured in our plate, are distinctly areolated,
but the puncta are small and faint; the Paisley specimens, on the contrary, are much
more strongly punctate, and others are almost entirely destitute of sculpture of any kind.

220 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

DistrisuTion. Recent.—Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, Spitzbergen.
Fossil—Scotland : Duntroon, Dumbarton, Cartsdyke, Paisley, Old Mains, Govan,
Dalmuir.

Family 6—CYTHERELLIDA ?
Genus \—BosQueEtia, nov. gen.

Shell dense and thick, the right valve much larger than the left and overlapping both
on the dorsal and ventral margins; valves obliquely ovate, higher in front than behind ;
sreatest width in the middle; hinge-joints formed apparently by an overlapping of the
dorsal margin of the right valve at each extremity.

One specimen only of this new genus having occurred to us, we are unable to give
its characters with the certainty and minuteness which we could have wished, but an
examination of this single example leaves us unable to assign it to any known genus. It
differs from the Cypridinade in the absence of any antennal notch, and from the
Cytherellide in the structure of the hinge-joint, in the general contour of the shell, and
probably also in the character of the muscle-spots ; but of this latter point we cannot
speak confidently.

Bosavetia RoBuSTA, zov. sp. Plate XII, figs. 18—21.

Carapace, as seen from the side, higher in front than behind; greatest height equal
to nearly three fourths of the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded ; posterior
rounded, somewhat narrowed and prominent in the middle; superior margin arched,
flattened in the middle; inferior boldly convex, forming with the anterior margin one
continuous sweep. Seen from above, ovate, widest near the middle; width fully equal
to half the length, extremities broadly acuminate, tapering more abruptly behind than in
front. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth.

Length, z'oth of an inch.

Distrisution. ossi/.—Scotland: Paisley.

ee)
co
—

§X. SUPPLEMENTARY.

[The followimg have been accidentally omitted from their proper positions in the
descriptive portion of this Memoir. |

42, CyTHERE Ropsrtsoni, Brady.

1868. CyrHers Rosertsoni, Brady. Ann. Mag. N. H., ser. iv, vol. ii, p. 33, pl. iv,
figs. 5, 8—10.

Shell of the female compressed, subcuneiform, much higher in front than behind;
greatest height situated in front and equal to somewhat more than half the length;
extremities obliquely rounded; anterior broad, posterior narrowed; superior margin
straight, sloping steeply from before backwards; inferior sinuated in the middle, curved
upwards behind. Seen from above, compressed, oblong, with nearly parallel sides ;
anterior extremity acuminate, posterior suddenly tapered and obtusely pointed; width
much less than the height. End-view ovate, widest in the middle. Shell of the male
much narrower ; surface of the shell covered with closely set angular pittings.

Length, snd of an inch.
Distrisution. ecent.—Great Britain, Ireland, Norway.
Fosgil.—Scotland: Loch Gilp. Norway.

20. Cytazrura Rosertsoni, Brady.

1868. CytHERURA RosBertsoni, Brady. Monog. Rec. Brit. Ostrac., p. 444, pl. xxxii,
figs. 16—18.

Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subovate, produced into a lateral ala
behind the middle of the ventral margin; height equal to more than half the length ;
anterior extremity rounded, posterior slightly produced in a rounded manner above the
middle. Superior margin gently and evenly arched, inferior slightly smuated. Seen from
above, subrhomboidal, widest behind the middle, extremities slightly mucronate; width
equal to about two thirds of the length. End-view broadly triangular, with much pro-
duced basal angles; width greater than the height. The shell of the made is more
elongated, more sinuated below, and has less prominent lateral ale. Shell-surface very
distinctly and regularly marked with a raised reticulation ; ventral surface longitudinally
striated.

Length, 4nd of an inch.
Distrisution. Recent.—Great Britain.
Fossil—Scotland: West Tarbert Silt. Canada: Saxicava Sand, Montreal.

§ XI. TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF

The asterisk denotes the comparative rarity of the species. = x x Represent abundance, x x moderate frequency,

Renfrew-
Loch

Buteshire.

Lomond.

Glasgow.
Old Mains, Renfrew-

shire.
shire.

gow.
West Tarbert, Argyle-

ton.
Govan, near Glasgow.

Tangy Burn, Campbel-
Stobcross, Glasgow.
Jordan Hill, near Glas-
Rowan Bridge, near
Inch Lonaig,
Cartsdyke, Greenock,
Cumbrae, College-bed,
Kilchattan, Bute.
Kyles of Bute.

East Tarbert, Argyle-

Crofthead,
shire.
Dalmuir.

| Boulder Clay, Wick.
shire.
Paisley

| Dumbarton.

Cypris, Miiller— ;
COMPLOSSH PA AUC miscere escc sess laa | save ves. | cose |usve ta Necolll ave) cemtull wee nO feo ia Seite ae tas sects sex
salina, Brady ..,.........
virens (Jurine) .....0... He aarp | Meee
VLU (CHa) ween Meeenesene yd | Seem ae | ese Sak. || utvogil aces, loc secB ell vase thecal! «Sapllerese aleaaoeeell| wetalfiaese gesaull bean |iemaads Ae Ne
es yis;, Ae come eer e reese once ters) ser |Nvee | seen] cae ae ren |reral| Ses ates ose aoe wae Nisei Allee sere oe wah lees
CINCLCA PAN ZAY) aeseesseseecsseteah fcsces'|yaer |aceeon |). p04 1 1%
SID DA Pa ane eee atest) | eee || corset sas.| aX] soe Ao ees, [Psp cee cll see [cove || tsse Alawar" coset M[breactal uae Ile vere eee Ve
reptans (Baird) ......... hoseeceds. |tarosin Icon] erect metres eeicun peer ik rr Aulle ccOa |pecerd| (eee Coste es Sear pileaeey| (cece Pe tee 5s Bh eae

Cypripopsis, Brady—
ODCSamL eee eatetpeenestercert |icere |iisceillicete)|ivere [cee [ewe | oe Ulaee! | eas || ase [ocaw |) wos, | ees om 0 lBac ele oa en Peete eoo® | |icon
UNC WOU panuelen ates ater, (Wesel ie. Ieee || cactlll isal| (ced | eMoedecd| Secale [isecrl| ate (Wiece [eseRIS 50. all ered bese, Imes. ae ellecco. || Se

Potamocyrris, Brady—
HME TERI. scacenocGc eos ChOCOd, || SAAB eon || ocdel Wosor|lluesdin fbae 60 = lanes" |firoeo. ||oaar | Pere x

.
-
.

PARACYPRIS, G. O. Sars—
POU GLOnNUS oe cecvacciesee tlie veomlll GAA tere tee Ncese eee ne Aed| Meee Saeaes ave wer ber AC te ees th ae nae

ARGILLOECIA, G. O. Sars—
eying mich yee Os NOs Se iereiees cseil| | (eel eset lie ron |ikescil lisesall Sill <ct=ne fl! enn Coeilll «eeu |iccoeall OX BS. leak 5 ivi laces ill WHE cas

Canpona, Baird—
AMICAle wen CAy haven emeiety |! ss iisie dare eens | X | ave fis Bi lisa | Nien! Patece ane fer ie es dre mes See ave

detecta (Miiller)......... Ree | eee (lenads || ane eis j 5 Rees lleverel a csceamtimeae : a o) iikeaevaliees
lactea, Batrd ....scsssees eee. |tavey ell ieecal ewe teh OCRG|| cre wa <0. || Gaek| eae : 20 cegh ai|onedll| tony ree a : ;
compressa (Koch.) ...... As Peace. ts ; Gi | aca. |) ence {Peon ill reset aae ll tote ailicds alll aa , : one al eer

CHNGIAS CUCL)” ccrsrvcreese.> | ove. || vas | oes sesh. Nee acess cel! he Ale cl eee ree sve. i] steel tee

Pontocrrris, G. O. Sars—
NOW OLE S VON ae ay caviinis voll ceusllh asta Mee uml ee ll ligeaeinl Sh 26s| iameccablll ccocill yocssallie sisst| vrweldl ined pul coy 2 fetal reentry ee eee || co
PULSOUC ACO MOUES cvesbeote || voor ll cca | soe Nees, ft Gen |X] Mies peeilliveser i\tieestal cars ave cop ie
HOM PMC UAL APO ROO Mey veesesss sgn) eysuill ses Menem MRE seen | ieee licese. | seo llieon tvseon|t ase ll sest|| snr Woveenires | cers Baa fetoc

Agata, Brady—
SIACIBIIG Meee Pad ta tite ee Read) ROM llttsAl tee Weel abe Ul See on dre MNEcee || seem aes ie at #8 faa lle , = prem

Barepra, M‘Coy—
ADU ALA PN ORUIAS seintsysyecatwscts | eps ¥ tl daod|\ cass weer) bead oes aes Peo mrs !| Geni ttarses one 08 iis Ape nee ns aaa paca aise
RCAMIDIICH AAS Drader ees AUST sere eee | eae. eet seen llc eted itce [teres | ses [wee | tess || see eA barctibel escent | sete Hemel Aas

DARWINELLA, B. & R.—
SLOVenNsONig ras lure aecsa Auli yp uli (boPli bea | exept <eenlt cos ae Boars ROCOR | pacar (ee vis Fs tysalll ase iewest ql bagtece xvi ol presand [ares

CytuErs, Miller—
POUUCUia EU mo amerst saree arr | men lascetl) Renlines cial Ker [Xe SCN Sl aga IS | MH | wes | HK Le oe xx | x |x x
CASLATCA, GLOSS ccsavsise\ shit er tl tree IR | el | vee LOOK ies, PC HSSae Rone era is RK! NY] ~ Seg coe | X | XX To
POLCC ANCA, eHGAY avessverscentsilixass ioperulll aap) |ses [needless x Bee ical aces SE a mee SO el epee ea ht een
MacallonaBad MA steLeemiey s,s || sitdl sete iGerye)| cca Teecen (eV ie) OlMese IMeeee Wemil coef see [ese TPLPAkeal [teen ti 3s x
tenera, Brady....
detlexd, 7isprasetatsdses fects SEW UL We. cd tesehll a.» | Clee l| feed IN okey x
CEMMNOGEMUAOD eseshantatescesss cr tie '| «asc| eae | ace dl? cas ‘|, Gam ate eaetleee: iliaeeet see ce eh rey eel eae ies xe a
CU PREA EEN CUY 5 sececesetyey ares iii sce || cave | eel] rv ||| ove |X sae hs, |b cesallt neem Mecr con ses rea alee eee FA vv {| lase
viridis, Miiller SARUSOLELEAG ling hl aerial Deon eerie IBPeP il Ie seed x Stu |ISCne| XC |e | OX 3G | OK x SE aloe 52 x x x x x
MMIC RMON ie ixesseevseescversereily OC | pes OC, see [ives (OL ove 74 |W ryocp lM as lita’ x x x XxX |X X|x xX) x x x x x
albomaculata, Batrd ............ |. ie Site aes tae fee ae Mp nae om ef
GHD NE RIG, LET ore Batley | 8585, | espeae CET Epi raal Dace (Meee [ike epee lees becca eae beet MMM al aA tl LS La meee alkare
gibbosa, B.& R. one oe ie dike ove ra oe vee ree eee tee vee coe one coe | ove oa aan eee
convexa, Baird ....seccosess teal NN oa ware llerces ay sas Pe hes ane
PICAUIIC ORD ROUSE) cree yspucesues) | wes | ave | vsse, (x ccv’ |iosew lll seve se PT teeee Al scee|| was An Bee ee or ose se ae Scala Poe

de ses¢vocennen seo x vee vec one vee eae ras aoe vee vee te are ee aoe one eee eee vee tee tee

“94ST L/) “IU ‘U04 M9 AT
‘Avg sepmog aeddq
BOSS TAK | xo

“oats x <P

: She Saab : ime: : x x

‘joodaoary avout ‘Los1oyy |

“mIseq, ;
SyoOg MON Ipavo : see

x
see
aoe

x
x

x

x
x

*OILGSY1OX “Basuloxy |

“qynout ' s eamgs
-1BX Ivau ‘YO uoydoxy, : Sh Sa ea

“OATYSYLO X WOYSarpig : ee ca oa: Taeaiee te : ; ; a serie X > x :
"SOOT AMON 4SVFTO : ar Re Bee an Se RR tee aS : : Ri eee Xe is, Ks
LOG SON SBF 8 eT : S aia T Gs 39: pgs SE 2 = : en Weare meters geet
eS eee
; "YysNt : ete tare ae Sy duces ‘ 5 pee ; : :
3 « t p I-38 eee as Arete x * . : sen x tex Kr
3 -ylOoq ‘“Yovoeq poasreyy x x
a *SNOLOF ON ome 2: : : ai fe ts : : : : acess 5 dfn obec
2 -Ie wou ‘uINqGpoo A, : ° 5 = cane : : 23 Seals prower’s Shs
: ne “os eine). (sire) "a x xX . aaa . x xX x x X xX x
o . ‘A! - ° . - 6 °
T . eo. wen . x . oa de, . . ° . . ° - @ °
bd ueqo qovog posrey | is Bh Sie SEES : ie eran aan: 28 2 Sie RETO STi 2 hs
° ‘oaty sop A3.ry : Biptos Bac 22% : Seu eishas wes fe icece casts : SOLOS SOE RY
= QIIS Jaloqaey, 980 ‘ res athe tk x varuepaw Coeat Stet ae : x xX Xx : EXER OS ae
e dag ; Sheers seer ca : Raicons icons Caos Sirs : Ee eS tS
‘a ‘aBiq mny ‘qoveq poster : Fe thin $s es : ppyecs or x C a : reese Mes Sa 5¢ 5) sy
~~
A ‘UvITY JO osplig, $ 363 $28 Siate x : cee 8 sitcuers sey : ae BORA RAE as ee ie
g é
420 “Bar| p sey) Set cigs 2 : x sate eine qo 2 x cans : Peteteemsa eta 3-2-3 3
a “Ing wou Sprig dq : Oe Pe i a : cones ed ee fy ; Xe Ke
2 voatysty : Bee OF b Re : : : pe Ip sareks : a0 : reste oementiat tea 2 3 XS
=| ‘SUTAIT ‘qoveq poastery : er 5 anes : : : Cham. owe tr =r dr ee-8 : erect 3 yes 3 Syois ty fF ty F
% ee : roe eae Bee F : ; Ne eae Rinne f care g OSS BNO Ce eee aa
nad -meepi9q 7 ‘arqoouuny s Cue sane Cee J ° : . CSIP se reer ener ry : ry : sy ter ce <Rereterey esate! rsa! “veh 6 8
2
a =.
~~ ‘odTysyueg “onraey S79

1ven 1n

*OTISABZIO,T ‘OLAV |

.

‘asorjuoyy ‘sfophaqy 3 Sing aoe eae : x 5 Serie acaes cece : ae : S82 eee

aarp mt | : sae ao 2 32 . : 5 Sod ees 38 : 3 8 3 Dee Cee Oe ai et ae

“OATYSyyAA “OIG 3 Baie ee 3: 3 : : Se Re ties 35 Seca 3 55 : Sp SMMC) os) sg tsa kL

Localities additional to those g'

OSTRACODA OVER POST-TERTIARY LOCALITIES.

‘oayysuky “UvAt) “a se ese Deo ea: : ; : Dag Sea sx 3 Aaa ; pS 0o i Ba ee Cerin a

‘syIOA = OTL, aiddig x x : ee oo tite : 5 3 Seeelene S 3 3 a5 *x% x Tioeka! dish re! Si
“aarysu0}ST AA : : ys ap : : > Se Boss oma : ce: - S525 0 RS Polos hie BOM cera

‘symom-orty, Ay[ez9 7, > x Sc : : soes os es a8 : 23 : SSP SE Sa oe eee
sede : eee eed ae : ; : Sistine: ties Both ; sess : pga a Ge Renee eh, era te

i “HORST AA ‘MOTBUIYSETD . os oars en Biers kattaies ore : : 3 : a Ae = Gi oer
s “areata 0a | ; pamela: sui : ; : aoa ae Noeies : Bact : emcee emma cer es 5 5°
bee aatyse[kSry ‘coorzung : ee Bee 2 = x ceeds tapes e joa é Bae Ont ho eee
a LGR a 5 Sa

224 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

' HW ' ‘ i ‘ a n ' .
é ia a n a i= ai || PGS oO o
cs 2 \2 |g oie 182 |g a Nsale ee
g ll adel E |S | & a A S |g : bo
iS | ~ |e o H real =I a |% 3 ie 5
ee a |@ |& be 18 | ais [8 ao ees ee 4
: So ls |s qa /2 |S |e | g 2 |S a Sols ale
be S re on aS) cre 6 1S & ~ | a
= ;|f |é ie) EI a fh s|e a | é5 DE 5 5 |e 12
5 ee ales, ro) ay, lon S Mela s) otc oO | 8 a A |2 |e
5 Sails 2 | A O | : | = alg lool] s = |5
x Ee IEVesiie =| |. 2 |= -- 5 = |AO semi) | ss oH Ss .[S .
3 a = 2] & Se labs) io Ve ais Si ce S g | ele 2| @ So ln glo
Po} > als .a| o 5 ae| lage H 2 ro lass = n H f=
3 oS) et c| a | 2 (ssi S lea) 2 | B1a$ 18 eal 3 2 |ealas
5 op a8/58 Oa} «a ° q bo] & EO lca re 3 | OH VERA) urs g'a|,o"a ;
oJ ad ~ ’
BlHxle S$ © la] are oR jo a O |O i SF Ey
Cyruern, Miiller (cont.)—
Clotha, 722) Sp. ccc .teeeecssvssecsts cos 'l} 88] Seapsl sock | ase. | are oy AR EXT tov ecee) [Pbre ety nll eee a 2) |lSec x j
Finmarchica (G. O. Savs)...... 3 |) cio eecranl koe isoBIomR pence Stok) acocay laeciaceal Waidoow |e cone socame | cee Spee. | aGane |eces x
CUNCHOMMUG PORQUE ececrsscril|( see] se. || see | ore | vee | eos icmea laren || Cemeh| (meses (eee ae dap 60.) || Sha" |[P Sas 7 Sac oes]
limicola (Vorman).... EX 5 x ede illiees x x x x xx | xx ee P|
globulifera, Brady.. : x x xX x |x 2p 4) face wee <a |
Jeffreysii, Brady ace: || cc8) coe. |iedaceall Meta fiececer tose Pepe nocoel |iceodll basen |e oe Bee ae pac || cos ope bee vee | en nn
pulchella, Brady .. 54 |} 600") G65) || ebanl| eeson| Picco allie ae Sail We dtsn. || Sep (eae sn x Sr acy || Pade 258 on) “es owe | X xo
villosa (G. O. Sars) x See Sse Misses oe Wise ealieeall sa se |) x |x x1 x x] x | xo A OC 9c) ea
laticarina, Brady . eae Kon 55 Nac ; |
macropora, ae . aoc: |}ondoy Hla coca peak |feoae 2 een IE Seas (lf occ) We scee|y) Sane faga #19 Mase a) \earee sae é ne ves ae cee 7
concinna, Jones .. Dm | SCS SOC well] seteel | 36 x x x|x xlx x] x xx |x x]x x x] x x]x x} xx |x x x] x |x x 1
emaciata, Brady... sees sca. || cea" | Pode Piaaeall Mecenn iescrel ieee AeA Repel acceman lees lane eae ie eee re | (err Bes aes wecudlieses a &
quadridentata, Baird... ca || cose. ||! iaae'| tcostel| pececn fice al feeas Sok poo! ff ces Il a6 ||P ace 50 5515 ee eeu eee a6 BS “Aon | foe xe
angulata (G. O. Sars) . nod. ||i586 lh cecal Wieser | (ieee hes diac neal eeer x «| xe Tse sel ke M9e Seif de Sel foes oe) TH) pe cscs Se
latimarginata, Speyer Bs es Pe a
BUbeLcmaen (GOwSa7s)wesercedl! Xo Il see leew |X | sam) 1X A wee | ce | ee [RK] Kx Lx x] x x [x x] x x] x x |x x xix xix x) xe
Hogan; B/G CO. ....sb...000 Pe |e eran mecca. i aah eon camll’ ceailll) Siesta tee aees lliubeasee all wueytl | csseicall Seema ieemi EES wt | ee) rn
emarginata (G. O. a ily ni |) loo. 1H) Sd ot gece Gara ieee ese ade ron pee on liters eA Baws’ ey ewenall ese igl| eSert ieee cae ees awe x |... |
costata, Brady . c soe ie x : : NED one = . oat
mirabilis, Brady . x dear |), eee Be ene Sy eacel| i x

Hoptonensis, 7. sp...... sa. (loco. tase. lone | seis cecal Meera I aan sao! || ube cece |facor | Soe Roc |W ecco eee tWecco: | Shoe cee > [Nese | coe
SU ie aa ae || S$ || 23 [Se S363 Sa ER SSE SSS | Sais esl a eal ers “ x x wea If |) Sele | 1) Se ee Ra eon
Whiteii (Baird)....... Poe teem etc te nt MEE eee [ices ||! Kiezeped| Seceml| menao'|(even|| veestil Bocas gli accord « tqcsedllestenl|le coal lMmroce sae | ean] eee tn
antiquata (Baird) .. BS | eoocell cabs | 8 alee ea Recae ie styl) eden |) reve fuueaerd|| Rees one as Ports | ED ss mi Bae oe ;
Jonesii (Baird) .......... ‘ ae : Salil ceonpaleeoeod |, eae pak ae Seid [tein

— var. ceratoptera, Bosq... dea 'liwemereith seal] Bex ve ude
? semipunctata, Brady ..... oo || 86s: |p co. [rose] coca aaa em Bieeoci | (icant |ccrea| iecos Iincrsal le reasegtle| (nasal mosees | ee = : .
Robertsoni, Brady...........6045 sae. |) cect || 505, [oneal Mogae Hikctoe| lan eee |} igcor | ecce kasdse | ecco! Hin orbs | oodeliercioe. I[eeoaalinas | coo See occ || 0-3 xi

|

LIMNICYTHERE, Brady— F
eee) cemeresatecree aml reso titstey| arts alle eit) (963d) ave, Wiese, Cdlivece, Wicsewiail\ Seti, [ies al sees dl venti] gece: diheaerd|) went) MeO eid;
ANCHOR ALICIA amen iegs ||ovscijcces, ||’ coe sam | seo; |) see ie, |lsooow iteceos |heocue te psovuie coeae) |lccoy | xess Meo ll ey lle Gee vse |/]| See lle nn
antiqua, %. SP.........46 Sandee soo. { ase | co le cece] esa leatetedl mses 50 Son! -||feoas ol Mecca Weoct aes a06 anc ae |ewe See ie Melis oa
monstrifica (Norman) ......... eabal ace. |leceenel bceeet isacell tecce sos) || deoe!Iooon) || cease 4I% Goa, Wigan. Sees. [sees Gan IP doc ee eoieccs||

CyTHERIDEA, Bosquet— 4
papillosa, Bosquet ........... eee ES OIE Niger) SCOR Ie WW) SUI Ns ii ok oe % [de 9¢- ifl9e sei) 96] Se Sef) oe ae Se tes
punctillata, Brady.............) x | x |. | x |. | «x [ox x | x |x xf xix xix x xtx x} xx | x [x x]x x x] x x |x x] x xf ay
POnCHanhLTeS) Dee ata ene mead ter lle eei| aecon| tess | Xe llikocsca| | bre oll see || aoe vaneill perl’ lee ilhvese-l] aoe (h waeilll Goatdl!) pete ae wie cee
— var. teres, B. GR. . peeeseeM acetal etal tenon [paced | cewelnll ieee] kiseeen Il aed ese versal Cashel esau teow ||| Buc” Sana Hiseeel hace ee [ose | one
HRCHISELS | (GMO MOONS heveeseccsvel|| eve [loa | tse [ogee [Xl aes ain a sais || evenl| ements | liters ae oad Ke Allon di “ae ve | oe
Sorbyana, Jones............ cence [lite | coe IS ES ea ese: Re 8 Raee || kame | acer (Sco fetcral orca PSE Ween ere fnood|(O ceac sacl, || Seen ieee “

{

Imornata, 2. SP. ........000 eobcao:| Mebbo. | Ieecee | Ricci eaceoee Wreoene| eerie ces Geol naoe|| p29 |) coc ae sie a moat th teal as De sigetalieests 3
CLONAL PETA e cncescceeNeisesd| ral) car | es}! bas | Soci} aes een pot || oae| cog I cao lien 50 eke Soil Sos4|! oo BA ee ||

EvoytHERE, Bra
Peet Ee) Re eetaemadaelfl eda ||) css. | lane, | vas | tes, | |) Veen, Hh coe | aes | ee [RR] KX |e oo |e fe | eet ae
CEUNINAS(VORICID) iocduasueseersvel|i ys: ||| saani|\ we || see |i ean | ceo sao |hecooh’ [faecal doe | Saat ieee are | ee weet |X

Kritue, B., C., & R.—
glacialis, 2. sp. ....... “6 iy Be Iie 23 ace a SAV Pac pc :
(SAU LOUCNISIS (SOMES) te vaeeeeere litres ||irees ill cere | ove. 'T tees, || vee zs Pietdlieecs ill wee Mieea 305 aes bo aeaal|\ sees ae is coord eeee om

Loxoconona, G. O. Sars—
impressa (Baird) ... elec een Meee (eee [ieee cece nee eMmMIESCM freee |e Wiisec |) cese Wl eeatill Gece UitGes [ecsaetl udess jet Ab eden
guttata (Norman) ...
multifora (Norman) . Pca Meroe hare dl cee | fete eel lati es ev ilurees PoP ve : Sulit
tamarindus (Jones)........ Peat csc RM [Mowe fewest | hotee (COM Ie Paes SEMI EM REST ecco if SC Lat) ||| Se. ESRI) sea ee Tiseur se ochre: ||| pete x coe |X X |
elliptica, Brady ... SHA Goce AL east eeave|| doe deme eee AI) Beet ok alls -2hcol a ene Ur Ua See] UE he es ee ees;
fragilis, G. O. Sars Svessoueseeonl eer

XESTOLEBERIS, G. O. Sars—
depressa, G. O. Sars.......... 2. . A se Nee re ee ary alates
aurantia (Batrd).......sccceserne | X S Wae i eee * oe ive Bei peel cares si ate sis tbtens x

Tes)
lou
nr

EEE Gee eee ed
*194S9YD “IU “04 Mo \T :

‘fulQ aepnog todd Re Sie 5
(hts sepiiog senda | SS Ee ee ee ee cr oe
“BOSOTFIIT AA | ae : rae : ; i

"aaTYS
“upooury “Ua uoysaRIg 5 Re

Kx x aN

Tooduoayy Wau ‘osioyy | Hee Fae ae ae ae 13 : x

“UIse te ; ‘ :
syo0q MONT Hrprey . Z Sits Me ait : ah ts : > y

*OITYSYLO ‘wasxoyy | a5 gence: YE eS eas : : tea :

“YFNOULB T x : 5 Ce wk f ie Bie : 2 — :
ee Katine = veer nce Rare a 3 ee x : ; ae

“aaty sy X “Woz SUT[p Ig x ee Ek SOK Se ES ies SS tal oa ete See :

SIO ON a8epTOE | Em : x SRR Mes TENS ECC R Mie x atta wires pike meee : : : a

— ec ee
syste : ile Sa OR oe a Sere: ark 4 pee ome vy Gaal 26
“jog §=‘youeq pesteyy Be cae: 7S Zod chy mart tad, SER teeny re ol es sae: : : Ete tei : a0

Zz
©
—
=
=
FQ
loos
a
Sl
(op)
=
A
<=
)
i
oe
=
<q
a

*SNSTOFYOI : ; ; : oe Feige cor
“1B Ive ‘MINGpoo AA : y 7 et? Sateen ut Ne Che eek) Pike B ae ew I Pr

“uBqg “Yoveq posteyy | x a
saarysapAS.ry
US Jaoqrey, 4soA4

“oaTysayng,
‘aviq ng ‘Youeq pesteyy

x x
x

xX X|K KIX xX

x
x
x
x

‘URTV JO aspiag

x
x

“Suly
Ig Iveu espiug dig

oars hy : ae

x
xX) xX X|X KX KL xX KIX X|xK XK
x
x
*

Fey eae cna ae tee IR SOE ee

“aatys ME Cra ees Se ee eine rot ee ; ee aoe
-uoaploqgy ‘arqoouuy : ne en is an bie So EMD GE 5) iy tae he ry ah aie eral swears : Pickin revatio ts 3 5 SS Ban sow Seis
‘anysgimg ‘omen | = x Ex Ei ix fii: fix Giiigiiiad: Soe Se ea eee ees 2g

Fa Aen a hh be ea a a a ae ie
we anes! eee here es ha Mac : . Bl seer eie ee te oe he . ° : areata
| 5 Zs ta

x

roarysahy “UBAILS Mec fea OMe eC, Oe SEINE eee UE a Ona be een Meat oe rakes Sy Os re: aos
‘SyIoM - oly, ofddrq ceoie Mt Nraltusyet Sr emcnliace Sages a Gees ioe iatustcli@er t's | fo ts tnchse es eae aces se : R :

“OTTUSTOFST AA sees yarn eee PONE Sera geil t on ote Sule oe a nae a8 Some ee es es 2 2g :

Pepe Silt Ges eS SSW ters eoGay Coat char aN SAM Se haps aS Serer: & Pa :

‘sysom-apty, Alpetay, ; : ; : : ses : 5

acu Pr ae Con So tea nab eat. GOR OR Sr Ras a re oe TL oe Ba ee ae eee ee : sie aicus scm ae
-TOFST AA ‘moyearyse[D Siphsua ici) aes ately tours Foice ae ceencine: eae Sac ees Siesierces R Ute vise : iis 5 5
—socegz an our | Tee ee ee ee (dias eee ee ee a
ie i TL at 5G x . x x Sore ae x x es aX ee
‘aatysopkSry ‘aoo.rjUN, : edie POT Rape SSE NG Tout ass Seer ect Te eae
SASL ry oa a RR ie a Se aR ae I Oe eee ee . cal ee x
errr Son lie oe i a 5 ere i eee ee ae = are er race a = a5" = : x.

29

226 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

Renfrew-

Jordan Hill, near Glas-
Loch

, Argyle-

owan Bridge, near
West Tarbert, Argyle-

Glasgow.
d Mains, Renfrew-

shire.
umbrae, College-bed,

Buteshire.
ast Tarbert

shire.
gow.
Loniond.
shire.
shire.

ton.
Stobeross, Glasgow.

| Boulder Clay, Wick.
Crofthead,

| Govan, near Glasgow.

| R
Dalmuir.
Inch Lonaig,

| Cartsdyke, Greenock.
Kilchattan, Bute.
Kyles of Bute.

Cc’
‘
Le

|

Dumbarton.

CyruErura, G. O. Sars—
nigrescens (Batrd)............6.
Sundis, GZ. OLAS cise... .2- 00

| PUMA, M1. 8Peiecs scacv bas -ts4s ee

CONECNETICA, 10. SPs 20.020. .0 ce.

complanata, 2. 8M. .......-.s6.0es ii

undata, G. O.1S07S ws. ..cc00%:. x

COMPFeSSA, 1. SP. ..e.sseeeeeseee

pbridtay Ge Ol Or Siar snares + a

} quadrata, Norman..........0..++

cuneata, Brady .........-.0-0.008

Sarsii, Brady... Racer sack

angulata, Brady.. Saat joudh || Beste Nec stel eer meme Dee

producta, Brady..........66.00005 gor ||) csr 91 Proce ded (Bee Races

COMMUGA, BLAMY -.....sa0iei scene Se Peeee’ coer Mieco dwt

Robertsoni, Brady ine

gibba (Miller) ....

flavescens, Brady ... alt Sook su See eres
acuticostata, G. O. Sars ....... Gent ekes Peag cee tees

cellulosa (Norman) .

clathrata, G. O. Sars

CYTHEROPTERON, G. O. Sars—
latissimum (Norman) ......... XI ae) Wate
nodosum, Brady ........
ATcuatUM, 2. SP. wveceoiwees
inflatum, 2. SP. ......600.+
Montrosiense, ”. sp. .....
rectum, Brady ........
angulatum, B. & R.

ByTHocyTHERE, G. O. Sars—
simplex (Norman) ..............- Set Nee ved (ER a Ue aah er
constricta, G. O. Sars ......... At eae SHS al ema s aee
ClOMP Ha, 2. SPs. oc.m.enesree nse cee

PspuDOOYTHERE, G. O. Sars—
caudata, G. O. Sars wie... .c.00. | ee

CYTHBRIDEIS, Jones—
subspiralis, 2. 89. .....1...00002. | X

SctErocuitts, G. O. Sars—
Contorbus, NOMA. .0.cccccsesse | ses | cue | ¥

PABADOXOSTOMA, Fischer—
variabile (Baird) ...... Ase Mea || Pontoise (ie:
abbreviatum, G. O. Sars ...... see cael WLC! Meiace: A) ne
pyriforme, 2. $P.......0064. Reeeres Eat ceckemal| federal dag AN ove
ensiforme, Brady ..............5 ap enc | Peebles
Fiseheri, G. O. Sars............ ret | coemil prea elll sas eas
EKELOS IME DIMOY ocsecesecrenes ene ||) dea\ sae | lecteul| ome
tenerum, f. sp. ..... Secu Cre \t aigooie | Perar bee | Niece Goll eae
arcuatum, Brady ............... Seal lee ict Pick eal ce ae ee 8

x oohs oe see x aan xX X|xX xX ase x XK] cee

ASTEROPE, Philippi—
teres (Norman) ......... Src ent

Potycorr, G. O. Sars—
orbicularis, G@ O. Sars ......... oe AW dae: al tbaae

BosQuETIA, gen. nov.—
MELE MON 8D deasa cass brv'cne te sie +

*1O4SaYH “AU “U09 Mo fT
Aeig ataprnog acddq.

“BaSoTFITY AA. | : oe =
“OATS
-Upooury ‘Wa, UoJsuBIg 2s
& ‘joodaoavy «vau ‘Aasiopy | ax x : x Xr pees
@ ~
“UISBq : x
syooq MeN rpaeg | y pe Aa > = % Sone
‘QaIYSYIOX ‘vosuxo py | ag: 33 a: : i : ‘aes me
“qgnout es i ; & ¥ : 28
-TBX Ivo ‘FIT uoydoyzy : 5 : : B20
“OITYSYA0 X Uy Surprag, | : : x x eee x Bae :
x xX x . . : .
"sO MAN ASez[Og | at ae : ix : x <p ax
? Seiten? | 28 Bs x Dot ae x Dube 8 xs Beh <0 x Sen Ss oo) os
-WOg ‘Yovaq pasiny Ze : a ea oe

*SNDLOF YOU ae <= ri oars : by. 2 2 eats 0

Ke) ST, ono é : owe
: Peet) : ofos . oi ae ea x :
x Ce “oa x eee eye

‘ueqo ‘qoveq pasieyy | Ss : . x: x

‘aatysop Asay ae x OTS espe sens : BG : : ee
qTI9 qtoqavy, 480M x ¢ + x ° : x : Cec vine aune : : eS
eee se : oS: tsi ae ee Lee

‘ovIqmNy ‘Toveq pastey

‘UvITVY JO esplig a:

x

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

“Sully nee . : é x BF ee Fe F é e cee iy Ce Do Re
-alyg vou ospiag diay : ae Bre , eee
“aarysak = : ah : ; ‘
‘ ¢ ae x x test 2 sae 3 : x e
AUTAIT ‘Yovaq pasiey : :
*OaIt[S ; ae - Sila s xs ;
“weeploqgy ‘etqoouuy e : gag x : yi
‘aTlysyuvg “owuey | x x xo: ae ax x : x Sere : : :
“AITYSIVJLOT ‘OTLB, a) yrs : ae : : 3 x : : alls : oon
P TSU FIO Y OLAIe Ey MS : 7x x ; ot By
: ‘ Se RES : : a EES hes : = Ree ye te esr / 2
asorquoyy ‘sfophaq | Se es : gases : . : :
“OALYSOJTLT “Ot x x : : : ae SSeS elt pica x : : : :
TySes HY OLA : : ‘ : Bical oe : z
* -aarysygdeg ‘Toad x Tet ae Wee, : Sant te ae ” 5 36 (Ao
ASAIO” [OMG So? fee : pe kas pares
‘amtysady ‘avAduy , oe ; : aac a qa 29 ; 5. 303 ne p
‘sytom - oT, afddiq ye : : ; Sess Rees ieee : : : : 3
“OIIYSUOFST AA ee Five Ok HOMER" Chet ie Beale IS ea : : Sid's ae :
‘SHIOAA - OTL, Aqeaag, ces 2 3 3 g Be - viete : 3 ae 5 e
“oatys 2: TEN gle. 8 CACAO ae seeeree 2 Ra eS ee : : : Be tice hc oe 3
104.31 ‘moyemyse[o a Oa ROM ce ar rN oe ae : : : : : ase :
“ULBITITM. 940uf Gee as Gee eg) Sees ae tS noes Ss et 2 : : x Sep ae oe amen :

.

4

\V

AGLAIA
Aglaia glacialis
ARGILL@CIA

Argillcecia cylindrica
ASTEROPE

On 2 ene

ry INTIS Soe open

» punctata......
,, subdeltoidea
BosQuEtTia
Bosquetia robusta
ByTHOCYTHERE

Bythocythere acuminata
Bythocythere constricta

INDEX

GENERIC AND

OF

SPECIFIC NAMES.

*.* The Synonyms are printed in ttalies.

cece eee tase escent se eesveeres

So ee eee

See ae eae ee ey

Se ee a icy

Cee ree teen ese erat ree scecesses

4 CLONAL Se ants 05s 28 bass Sens ae-

3 PLCLUOSC a siciots cs Fosse’ ogee eens see

r. PUT DIOXY cor. sjavistes teeta aaaumdasts
CANDONA

» compressa
is detecta

a) Wacteae farce
5 UES. once
op reptans......
Pe torosa ......

ee eee ees ee ses wae sercescerens

Cypria ovum

», punctata
CYPRIDz

Ce ee tee tee tee eee ses ccc ser reer c see neesesere

Cyprideis Bairdii

Ke proxima

a torosa
Cypridina teres
CYPRIDINADA

CyYPRIDOPSIS

CO eee ree ne reer serene rercesecesesess

a obesa
Cypris

Cypris candida
Cypris cinerea

ei ik ii ri i iar)

ay) w (COIDDICRSAY = soo. suce eaten an aceere cor
Aedes LOLECEO Mc se ac cc os caet nee oe
» gibba

> leevis

» ovum

i ei i i ee i i

>) pantherina

Sry 182) DUG IES a ea nocoatBoceeaena pac canso-rodearang
> salina

» setigera

cee meee ence cnc teeters tetncseeeseceee

» strigata

», tristriata

PR ts 2) eee ee Rea RR ANS oan chow:
CYTHERE

Cythere: aby 8siCole 5. ave. sana eee

Cythere albomaculata.. ............
» angulata

POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

230

PAGE

OUEROVe GNGUBEAIAE ics. cesses asec ees Seesee ees 181
ei) MBUUIGQMHOD MacRae: vevewssentowdssoanveeess 170
Rn CRU ONCE CEICS RPE Ro He eustcla a cicisin'ec vinae oan 15
PRR EOLELG meen ae caisionen o = sates Sesion im 154
oy: CELIO) dobopb0ec cpa becOD CESSES EEOC EES 191
5p, | CRG So shock goa Be Ce Ee REED oee on eoene Tee 136
MOU eminent) poser ened sie on tang 146
1p LERTGEL© apc bnaconnee ¢soneceEe ene eeR ee neCee 176
opp COROT ER 5 So OREO REED ee Ee oe 186
PEE CHURCHES cotta chets cla recteiers css sicisseieteie nincia)a.aveieise 143
POMC LLULOSO Rare csarc s cchait ost aaistiais s Movsipetrniuaoesoas 200
UMPERCUNODGEL A, — si ecdcieciess cur vetivoasee gerees 172
PMMMECICAULICOSA fac. vet qoccncc sob ececneeantie sie 151
ECLELN ALG Mees cored aes to na as einen moe 162
PRUAUEUASCarei heen... vob <eeeerte econ omnees 153
Sy UL a a er 154
PME CORGMII A: eee eos oae i wacniseseeaisn es 160
PE COM CONEG eters iotem tecicriacesciese «vinci ceive 212
MOO LLVERM se praca sbescs esa dsceinetoel ae 150
PER CONCOURS ie fots cnet aevioseiitines geecbash cer 166
PE COSCE AGH ans. bist. seer ee ane alsin o oiee 152
PMMEEOHL DE ORS faecra Sa iace a ea als oo oee ateeue oe 146
PEEING 8 acs sditsiceiseraetes tac. 146
PRTCLENOMORINIG so ee tet es cada uk ce nets 154
Pin CLEMO RIbe Rete tecrtistn sass Pe cec easel 145
PE MICIIMGHGIS: sacnscccevseccs sce voseentee 168
Pe MMMCHIG OLAV 2. 2a ce catetsssiincawaccor esereeces 161
Pe pe POMAMER AON 5120636056 ovtasecee encase 166
SS MEBIABYCIICR (50a Sa sroaccancesne odbeec eas 153
PI IOUN DL a solar nstods id clue vageneeetey sd 185, 213
) GHEE Sip cc GoeeeD eee eo Erne En Se eee 198
PRINS EN LE rh 3 300 82082 ipa Veda nacaawace tae 198
ji A eae A eee ae 150
FM MMOMMIMCRE Si 5oc55 cision. cennew ven teens 155
pn een 186
GPM OMEGE De aioe ecais0 vei ecve. cavcooust dee des 187
FM OMGHIAD, 635 Sessa sce veda cecey soot ens 168
py CLEA SEC eer no ce CEERI ACE EOP EERE E 185
DP MUIB CM earn wn bs. ccatsiecnsssaecvaneetes 139
SIMMER MEMIERE Io iotniius shake sss naqtate se vec 173
Gp NREL! FO cane sau uitan-casteosetes 156
PUM odes poi oncavecets-ctact ovaries 171
IMIMINMR SDS kicoc niet re Put voc wenene ses 179
ROMA er Pot eta caisa totes 188
Peay RRC 50 5<s sence eosin iss ieee e, 158
Serpe AEENE DD, 5c. 5/ 2, Se 163
PUORSORIINIE EL ih vcicdids dae iccdeces sectae leas is 202

PAGE
Cyilereieioreninia 2) «0055.0. 52sues scasmaneweves 149
ny, LENT) EA eeeiodeecnuaentsosecs csces Weta: 154
PE ORANG ee sce tesciejaisct-distenscoonernnenemens 165
PrDe RICE BE eet onc re ccines casas aomaanh cee 148
Pe LUT OCC mame re SR lela tolsel-ieeit larson toate eee 164
oy placa anaes. cneturs-ciicandomiactemene seas 144
See A TNRCRO BONE sap ieee ane tisclmantmecmnne 159
Py site lanl AS) Wn spcsanon eke sa mGceeaeaaaemadorc’ 167
SAIN URAD UR MN. Pah ee ean aoe sear 164
5, MPUOLBUR ER ss wroetosae seine eriueniaes aoSee) Ade 136
Hh, IIGHESCENS.. crpmsceceseratsonemrcnias sees 192
EEL CULILL Ranerosepsunean conace Sapeenctosacqades 191
Rj WOCOSE os Raseeeceese Roca Eee 154
Ee AINUA GK nicenldesehseectneeenacemeR eee eer 162
i) > Spelbaeida:....0:..2rcrecserenaccn tame aaneaks 142
go: - POreellanea:. -.cin.3i.b pessoa ce se ater 144
49) = POPUNG UG. fo. Lonneee cae ueeh eae meer 144
ny = UNCON i ctais eaaPeeees ean eae aeten 157
Sh MUNCE DEAS 5 wan aiesamerebmeerbin aeree 150
9 | “Quadeidentata. ...2...c.ccsn seen 161
TM ALO KOHL OO mene nee oe ace arion: Se EAC: 148
55 SP ROMOOIMCE- Boe52- te ee eee 186
sy | MboberbtoNt: cov SA uses cone eee 221
jj WOMNEPWRETAEE co0 noe etna ee 172
Ry BOTOS Eros octets. suitonesisanceeeereee mes 148
is) OUMPHOL Cui settoce atoan ee aheneaatuanars 208
Rey SW DEIZOUAED..85e ancnatesteeonee eee 139
PETE UCIELAL Asi. .ccndeene secenaeh wccnineernac rete 145
sg.) Menberenibnta cl valcstya.ttletiseds eemans 164
Whur VOPLAOUDS APE N edn occa eacmoates hore 213
BR SUCNETICOSD xawnc ooh eer et Roane ce or ere 154
Sao) aWUHIOBAN cay eta tascoer ose amaenet ee ya sentne 157
Wp ONINTOIS 2522580 fed Se Sea necanene sou ee rye 147
Beg OUTER: | Fos tae alien! Posen Soe Saas 186, 191
ayo o Wihiteli {2 ts otedantinase concer cece 169
COLLIS TMOG 5 ooo Scss0 son von tee cue ewan 162
. GNUGUAEE.. (5.cs000ersceoeteses ane 170
BAL CLUB DLO rec es cosschiceoie mote rome tamnconree 160
Mp COPIED Vac sordccscutelogn slogan emsesu cn 171
ee Durelmensists: Se iiacencnneclree encore’ 168
gee SCNLATOUNELO 2.83 oh corse des ataeeme eects 166
Say LL LUDOULL aeae pep peB AT co ptidocnaqecanseseoe 171
RPE ONTUAD) Tine wecennn ee vivenee eet 168
A SFONESU Seka sade sence cee eRe CREO 171
Hi | SPCCCAUTUS ov tc constesonsamamtiencr 171
Bn SUUCOTONGLE. on 1.cne sere cee ennieerenaeries 171
5 CDE CULMEG. J pan as eR aster tert 164

INDEX TO GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

REPELS CRORE 5 hpi nose 576 cee ves aalaneceewainte
PR IEEE Coca Pree nc pea Raeieg es on
UME RUD GEDDY oof csp uc cre cn. <0 -iaasbeawee ove se
(COTE OTH DY. Oe BagenJicr ci BCDC CCR Ane ere eee ee
CSE TAI VID Atm eieter cn ree Soto ieccel often hue wn ucla ositmee
WBMCrIEd GENEALA. 2.50.02. lacevsnnnens uve aneone
Gpiheriden elongata oi. 2...62...cscemepemsiee enn
ae CROGETILEO cen BOO AE a Ee ner

53 AOU ACen ors cee zco cdo seins cae ahione

re TACUSDUISt enc. Ses teicon cee Sada cee eine

5 WOR CORCUIS nae ltssae Radner aepeetee ae

is BHDUGSD | seiaiiequsenale <<dnctin dence:

= PemCelatay .,.: ie. toss ct as oleae neeas

- GE VAR 5).1040, <a seeaeeeml eee

5 BOLERS oo. Pet eto esacite eee ease cents

op WOROSSi ceric eset esas elm neacebimele tetcinra ©

Pc CUAL OL CITS a NEES CEE OCIO cic Hob Ue Mon SEA ES
CORIMEMRUD MIS ee ene Pease tensa rae moacascssae care
Cytherideis Bartonensis..,.........-..000 00000000
Cytherideis subspiralis ...........5.....0:0002000-
5 EQIMATINGUSIn rae ra Sees ae

Ss CUBE CULAL Dee ore ne erodet anata

OP GRCTUOG CEPAMEE <2 c2cig cca vensee ves coccuviacases
UCTOOI es oc pcodae SUC CORTE COORDS DDR CTOOE
MAIRETONEIS ATGUS onic cicdacsnastetnencdecde ect eas
MO WANMINE OPUMRON | 2 Yeoas6 4c scles0 cis sine sine ce cicitoSonce’
Cytheropteron angulatum........................
‘s AL CUAUIIe. .oe cet secs dorsise sees

“ CONVEDUN en. fetane enc oleanase

Ai iflatumieensc: nase chases cette:

Be HERIOT TUT U Le eh aimee eee ames re

o Montrosiense! sss... oss.

op UCL OTUND | ca dedeicesschensapeoss

2 FAOROLUIN Aer caecdoesenoosscseacde

BF ME CEOI ersravisise a -teieic sale sivele eietoa =

5, WERBOREN IO! hea. aries cecrine, om tore

OD AUEISINIITN, GanehonshcacsnndeRoaaennnepe bor nuscmcoe
Cytherara ACMGCOStACA ccc ..0s ness: cee cneneaeye
BUS WIALAN acs se cee cdateu cabernet

5 Cellulosay ses ceesi cats tneus erases +

“A clathratiaygorcastecceceene ce rratneen er

a complanatar sc. .c2.su- setae nea

A compressa............ Pibsa artnet Ree

33 coneentrican-..-4.aa- eee

= (UWE oes cceconoppadcone pea pou8e ctiooont

0 (QUITE lig oA sancogdoncdrondopo doe sacDoOdNE

= HAVESCEDBE Aesiacaijeceire aeectnea noes

eT ee re ee

a PCERERTIS. 4 3:05. « dstscamjangieencc eee
3 producta

. pumila
93 quadrata
Robertsoni

striata

ee ee ee ee i

ie undata

Ilyobates Bartonensis

F FU RTAIID llne nor bop phpatndan com qno seeders

Jonesia simplex

perce cee rocr er cece see rasses ser ees reeseroee

LIMNICYTHERE
Limnicythere antiqua................eeeereeeceeres
AAOPHIGGD 55 locos sone seg tence ceueat
monstrifica
Sanctislatrielasscerers-o cece eect

rere ee ee ry

PP
eee ee ee

LBs

?
DPOXOCONGHM cocci cance si ecane asus capisenewesacioes
Loxoconcha: elliptica 2.005000. so0:ee0raerseelee
fragilis

Guttata 2.0... eee cee eeeeerees eee vee
UE PTOSEB)s 02 piste ev secon oesnaninete
LONGUPES) oats colaniace crouse eles owila rien
multifora

rhomboidea............

FAMALIN CUS ie cc ceen cec cee cease

”

”?

PARACYPRIS
Paracypris polita

elas eceveinps:nie/0/0\0 8,e\5|6)e(a\e)8\0i0.6)b)00/8)8)=\e/8ieleln visto

er ie ey

232 POST-TERTIARY ENTOMOSTRACA.

PAGE PAGE

FPRIPADOROSTOMAL. cagdaccdueewasaceu iv des Cavsnliees 212 | MOON DTIC AIEDIAG 655 :50..530.<40 ede 136

Paradoxostoma abbreviatum ...................-. 214 | ¥ miytilordes 2.0)... eee eae tah eee 136
. BUCUAUUMs neater acti namess ows. 217 3 BEPNUN GEG 228085532 .451220t ee ee 136
x: ENGILOTIME) o4cccs.c.c00 ese eee ves ON “4 (ie (3) 61) | 137
* UNS SS eee ee ZS! |) HOCAMOCY ERIN te. Fale) ec cie vy. scs0 kee 129
5 POR MUA noes rach ote setae ae 2 += 216) |!) Potammeyris fulvar.: 21. f6s5c.c0) 2:00 eee 130
55 UPUGEMC 520. tse ei teres. soe. 214. |; PSBODOOMMRREY cant Ae silt. ccs eee 209
> REED EN ar fh jer for ee aes k vo 217 | Pseudocythere caudata ......:....5.000......00.8 210
2 MEIN DM Ghc esti ss. s2hoe haves est. 3 213

POUPENCLERISECUCNEONI 2/0. 5. 2606. coe Biec eee ene [47 ( SCEEROGHIUUS.: -.2427.c: osu 211

OMG ORE MEN pets oases Soccididescsicice ac ese oescces 219: |, Selerochilus: tontorias’ t....01 270008... 212

IPOlyeGPe GEDICUIATIB...... 0. .secc en gee coc ete on 219

(in Crh O19: |PMESROLE BRIS $ \!yetfize, 4: 5.9 eee ee, 189

MME O MENUS Mpc oi osc ce ot. cF+ cs arwtacbencaket 2. 136 4) Aestoleberis auramtin’:./..cs) 2. erent 191

Pontocypris acupunctata ........ eee, 137 a Gepressa)s:. 5 Sec. ar se ee eee eas 190
3 CU ISUGE aeiqootouse poe SReebaLT eo: 132 ag MAGS oe Ads eet Ce eee 191

PLATE I.

Fra.
1. Cypridopsis obesa. Carapace, seen from left side.
2. — -- #5 3», above: H
3. es = . : belay (Hornsea.)
4. — — - : z front.
5. Cypris compressa. Carapace, seen from left side. } (Homsenp
fo = PF s above.
7. Candona detecta. Carapace, seen from left side.
8: — — %, above. ae (Hornsea.)
9 — -—— 34 . front.
10. Candona albicans. Carapace, seen from left side.
Bt ca a re) 2» above. (Horns a )
12. — — ts fs below. a
1B. 0 — ms ns front.
14. Candona lactea. Carapace, seen from left side.
15. — — : ss above. (Mersey beds.)
16. = — Ay fs below.
17. Cypris salina. Carapace, seen from right side.
183. — — . - above. (Crofthead.)
19. — — 3 z below.
20. Potamocypris fulva. Carapace, seen from left side.
21. — — Right valve, seen from outside.
22. — — Carapace, seen from above. (Dalmuir.)
23. — — ff » below.
24. — — a - front.
25. Cypris levis. Carapace, seen from left side.
26. — — y; . above.
a i ‘ Hine ( Whittlesea.)
28. — — oe PA front.
29. Cypris ovum. Carapace, seen from left side.
3s. — — a a! above. (Hornsea.)
LS — ei - front.

(All magnified 40 diameters.)

Post-lertiary Entomostraca PI. I.

7 2 3 Sk 5

los

i
G.S Brady del. Tuffen West lth.

W.West imp.

oh. cee

pe v e evives eynmle o

5 oe : m4 Sol Tne + rey -
. maid sey bit of

PLATE Il.

Fia,
1. Limnicythere Sancti-Patricii. Carapace, seen from left side.
es = " . above x 380 (Recent.)
a: — — e - below.
A. mp egehere ie: epee seen from right side. «-60°(Girana
5. e above.
6. Cypris cinerea. Carapace (lightly imperfect), seen from
left side. x 60 (Crofthead.)
7. »” » ” above.
8 a. Limnicythere monstrifica. Carapace, seen from left side.
8 &. — — -, a above.
8 ¢. aks tees a below. x 40 (Recent.)
8 d. — —- 5 es front.
9. Pseudocythere caudata. Right valve, seen from outside. x 85 (Dalmuir.)
10. Candona compressa. Carapace, seen from left side.
ll — — e » above. } x 40 (Recent.)
13. Darwinella Stevensoni. Carapace, seen from left side
(female).
14. — a 3 . above.
15. — me . . heluw. x 40 (Recent.)
16. — — re front.
17. — — Lucid spots x 100.
18. Pontocypris acupunctata. Carapace, seen from left side. x 40 (Recent.)
19. — — ‘ Re above.
20. Cypridopsis Newton. Carapace, seen from left side. x 40 (Recent.)
21. — — — " above.
22. Krithe Bartonensis. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
23. — — 3 below.
24, — woe Carapace of male, seen from left side. (Duntroon.)
25. — — as s above.
26. — — . vy below.
27. Cypris virens. ‘Carapace, seen from right side. x 16 (Recent.)
2S). ee ' A above.
29. Candona candida. Left valve of male, seen from outside.
30. — — e above. ‘Déleniie: can bed.)
31. Cypris reptans. Carapace, seen from left side. x 16 (Recent.)
382. — — — t above.
33. Asterope teres. Carapace of female, seen from left side. 40. JordancHia)
34, — — i : below.

Nots.—The figures of Cypridopsis Newtoni, Candona compressa, Darwinella
Stevenson, Limnicythere monstrifica, L. Sancti- Patricit, Pontocypris acupunctata, Cypris
virens, and Cypris reptans, are all taken from recent specimens, no fossil examples
having been found sufficiently perfect to illustrate the species satisfactorily.

Post-Tertiary Entomostraca PI. II.

W.West & C° imp.

G.S Brady del* T. West lith.

ok.

‘ Tr
. , a
> aan
ly.
fae
:
%

7 - Ss Gi
% i . 7 5. 7
ry Aly, Apyee ape fe
ArT Vee wid Mee Oia

ae te

ia
?

7

+ _

a a

“Y 1

a a
re.

‘fi

s

14.

. Cythere Jeffreysii. Left valve, seen con eee

. Cythere pellucida. Carapace of female, seen from left side. |
y

PLATE III.

Cythere lutea. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
—- — .; above.
—_- — iS A below.
Se 5 front. Loch Gilp.)
ie a Carapace of male, rs right side.
a x, separated valves show-

ing hinge-margins.

Cythere villosa. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
aad con, ” male, »

(Jordan Hill.)
— — ; i: ‘f fr ont,

a Separated valves.
—- — female (variety).

—- — Carapace of male, radiate variety. (Greenock.)

Cythere convexa. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
= ie eae (Oban, raised-beach.)

= — * below.
koe Back front.

$3 » above. (Oban, raised-beach.)

——

sini os ” » ab ove.
— — e “s below.
— — - S front.

— — Right valve, % above.

{Loch Gilp.)

Cythere castanea. Right valve of female. (Paisley, brick-field.)

. Cythere viridis. Carapace of female, seen from left side.

rae ae fs above. (Paisley.)
om == %» ss front.
. Cythere pulchella, Carapace of female, seen from left side.
a 9 i above.
7 toe ‘ i ee. (Loch Gilp.)

— — Carapace of male, a left side.
— — a, separated valves,
seen from above.

— — Hinge-processes of right valve x 84.

a — Lucid spots x 84.
— — Outline of young carapace.

(Jordan Hill.)

(All x 40 except where otherwise stated.)

Post-Iertiary Entomostraca PI. IIl.

7]

a6
ee
¢
27
we
{

5

"
a

24

24

20

W.West aaup

Gs Brady del. T West Lith.

ral

Fig,
1. Cythere concinna.' Carapace of female (variety) seen from left side.
A — - es above.
5 — - . below.
4. — — 5 Pe front.
5. — Right valve of female carapace, seen from outside.
6. — — Left valve of male carapace, seen from outside.
7. — — Carapace of male (variety), seen from left side.
8. — — 5 valves separated and seen from
above.
92 — — Carapace of female, seen from left side.
10. — — . valves separated and seen from above.
ll. o— — Carapace, seen from left side, male ; normal form.
12. — — > a 4 variety.
13—16. — Carapace in different stages of growth.
| i — Young carapace, seen from left side.
18, — —- 3) ~: above.
192. — — = Be below.
20. — — ¥ a front.
21. Cythere angulata.’ Carapace of female, seen from left side.
22. — _— a - above.
23. — — sate re below.
24. — — 5 x front.

PLATE IV. .

(All magnified 40 diameters.)

1 At page 160, Ist line, for Figs. 1—16, read figs. 1—20.
“ 162, 22nd ,, for ,, 17—24, read ,, 21—24.

”

Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, Pl: IV.
|

G.§ Brady ah T.Westlith.

W. West imp

' a =e batt = :

Gi BSD * ‘ On, ; gol. ie ‘ . age ee i

: 4 s Aa As 1) S, (ee 4 i Pa. — £
xt : : ‘ ee > a Re
oe , f Hy MnGe. ae j - = ’ y a 3 aa “an Ah r

bins dogo 7 joa ; San a 7

i ' : a ee 1

; f. i CSUR IPE fc) BVAY tet ; - Ves: ee
- a @ » 7 -

7 J attiitr’ “9 : any —s
Vs , : a

> <n" i uu Att 5 yy Aa =. 7

4 7 ——- =

Ge iar eps austen) PMs i ; cit aime ate a
Hg ; bs j - a ' a Se y i
WOdh oy . Coren : ae
} ie aoa thee oA Gn liv Had

t objet Tees EE

Ment UP Leatiiiien HA)

|
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¥

PLATE V.

Cythere emarginata. Carapace of male, seen from left
side.
ar a 5p % » above.
== — s 3 » below. (Loch Gilp.)
hee Sy » » 2 front.
— — e: female, _,, right side.
2 Be >» 53 separated valves.
Cythere tuberculata, Carapace of female, seen from left side.
sos — * be above.
a bie i eae (anne )
eer i oes » »” front.
_ ~- ss male, __,, left sid
a = 4 os ge-mar ane (Greenock new Dock.)
. Cythere Dunelmensis. Left valve of male, lateral view.
— — os » seen from above.
= * »» »9 » below.
Ae — » 9 ay 7 ont.
Gi S: f euds (Jordan Hill.)
_ — Right valve of female.
<< = be young.
— — Hinge-margins.
Cythere costata. Right valve of female, seen from out-
side. (Bridlington. )
ree ee » above.
o a Left valve of mal fi tsid
i 3 va - ale, seen ate He ie ; Bridlington.)

(All magnified 40 diameters.)

20

Pog ‘Tertiary Fntomostraca Pl: V.

9
~ ez

27

imp.

4

cSt

WW

PLATE VI.

Fie.
1. Cytheridea punctillata. Carapace of female, seen from left side-

2 — — a * above.
3 — — - z. below.
A. — —. Carapace of male, seen from left side.
5 a= — is female (variety).
6,7. — — Carapaces in early stages of growth.
8 — — Right valve, seen from outside.
9. — = End-view of adult carapace.
10. — — Hinge-margin of left valve, seen from above.
LI. —— — Pe 5 cs inside.
12. Cytheridea papillosa. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
13. — — ne . above.
14. oo — “ «a below.
15. — — pF front.
16. Cytheridea lacustris. Carapace, seen from left side.
is — — va 3 above.
18. _ — » e below.
19. — — e A front.
20. — — Hinge-margins, seen from above.
21. Krithe glacialis. Carapace, seen from left side.
22, — — Pe is above.
23. — me PS below.
94. — — , re front.
25. — — Left valve, seen from inside.
26. — — Right and left valves, separated, and seen from above.

(All magnified 40 diameters, except 10, 11, and 20, which are on a larger scale.)

G.S Brady del. T West lith,

W West imp

Fic.
. Cytheridea torosa, var. teres.

rSoSeN amp w jp

ee
wo

i
(ss)

a
COND oe

ww
= ©

ww
eS)

wo 0
oe

rT)
as

. Cytheridea (?) inornata.

. Aestoleberis depressa.

. Bythocythere simplex.

——

Right
Left
Right

PLATE VII.

Carapace of female, seen
from left side.

2)

29

29

2?

below.

side.

side.

. Cythere mirabilis (female).

29

39

99
Carapace of male,

2?

a”

Carapace of female,

above.

Carapace, seen from left side.

above.
below.
front.

2?

. Cytheridea Sorbyana. Left valve of female, seen from side.

snore:

acer from

3?

Left valve of ? , seen from side

22

Right valve of male, seen from

Carapace of female, seen from left

above.
below.
front.
left side.
above.
front.

above.

Left valve, seen from side.

Right valve
Left valve

Lucid spots.

9

3?

3)

above.

|
|
=

j

5

(Paisley.)

(Annochie.)

(Errol.)

(Norway.)
(Hrrol.)

(Loch Gilp.)

(Paisley.)

(Errol.)

(All the figures x 40, except fig. 26, which is & 96.)

Post-lertiary Entomostraca, Pl. VII.

SAP eptotae ere

24-

23

20

Gs Brady del. T West lith.

a AL ’
Mad mel
/ es
yy ;
+
”
, : ei)
a ¥
ti a

PLATE VIII.

— — front.

— — Right valve of female, seen
from above.

— — Carapace of male (?), seen
from left side.

— — 35 above.

a a Pe below.

— — ' front.

(Annochie Brick-works.)

. Lowoconcha impressa. Carapace of female, seen from left
side.
— — Es », above. (Oban, Raised-beach.)
ar. an ” ” below.
— — a 5 iront.
Loxoconcha guttata. eft valve of female, seen from side.
mae te » above. + (Drip Bridge, Stirling.)
— — Left valve: of male, » side.
. Loxoconcha tamarindus. Carapace of female, seen from left
side. (Dalmuir.)
— — * », above. ;
— a ;, ~ front.
— — Carapace of male, ,, left side. (Greenock new Dock.)
. Cytheropteron nodosum. Carapace, seen from left side.
ale =a %» » above.
i. a ei : helow: (Dumbarton. )
es a r» » front.
. Cytheropteron arcuatum. Left valve, seen from side.
— os FA » below. (Errol.)
= _ 4 », trong.
. Cytheropteron latissimum. Carapace of male, seen from left
side.
— — Ef » above. (Kalchattan.)
— — : » below. j
sd a » front,
— — Carapace of female, seen satay
3 right side. (Montrose. )
. Cytheropteron inflatum. Right valve, seen from side.
_ a + above. (Errol.)
— — below. :
— — 3 front.
. Cytheropteron Montrosiense. Left valve of female, seen
from outside.
a a above.
— —_ below. (Montrose.)

. Cytheropteron angulatum. Carapace, seen from left side.
te r Y ‘s nee i (Dumbarton.)
ne = » = front.

(All x 40, except C. arcuatum, which is X 50.)

Post-Tertiary Fntomostraca PI. VIL

CLAN

¢

26

28

37

33

W.Weat imp.

G.S Brady del T West Jith*

Dae
7 * 7

: fe tn.
re. aey iencalgh ein? ;
le :

‘
=a eae ,

: pie eased A Pa) ii:

o
7 i *

7 “hentee Bits

vas
me oc ay

14h1)

Fie.
. Cythere albomaculata. Carapace of female, seen from left

al

al

or Ot

13.

. Cythere leioderma. Right valve, seen from outside.

. Cythere globulifera. Left valve (of male?), seen from

. Cythere emaciata. Carapace of male, seen from left side. be

PLATE IX.

side.
— — », above. (Raised beach, Irvine.)
rs ,, below.
— — »: front.

(Bridlington.)

— — above.

” 29

. Cythere concinna. Carapace of female, seen from left side.

= — above.

(Bridlington.)

9

— — front.

>

Cytheridea elongata. Carapace, seen from left side.

= — above.

29 9?

— — behind.

2?

.— — Hinge- -margins.

(Raised beach, Irvine.)

— — above.
— — below.

2? 2?

— — front.

”? 29

(Raised beach, Oban.)

outside. (Errol.)

— — Right valve (of female ?), seen from
outside.

— — », above.

— — Right ruiee, seen from outside.

— — cs above.

99

x 50 (Annochie.)

(Bridlington.)

. Cythere laticarina. Carapace, seen from the left side.
24.

— ‘5 above.
— -— : below.
—_ —~ Ms front.

(Raised beach, Oban.)

(All x 40, except where otherwise stated.)

Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl: IX.

- : es Ae
ee aes

20

JE

78

7
/

oO

26

Me

23

W West rmp,

lath

Brady del. T. West

S

1
x

re

Gul tgibeliet ys
<a) Weel

a a ‘ ve
i | : = oe yar :

nie 2)

q 7 a ad . « A
oe MEA) 0% j “hy Rowley 1 jit
ae Me y 3 si be ie ; Eger’

a
* 3 2 ay 2 r

ib ‘ : f |
‘ w " e : { , ' ; ¢ s _

: qe
Hi Jo Wali)

~4)

Talay thi = Ty ats sj iA,

Fie.
. Cythere limicola. Carapace of female, seen from left side.

Bo 2

. Cytherideis subspiralis. Right valve, seen from outside.

. Limnicythere inopinata. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Paradoxostoma ensiforme. Right valve, from outside.

. Paradoxostoma variabile. Carapace, seen from left side.

PLATE X.

ae a ¥ above.
4 nae ke » below.
— — z . front.

(Kilchattan.)

. Cythere cribrosa. Carapace, seen from right side.

— oa " 3 above. (Bridlington.)
ai ric » 33 front.

ea Tae ” ” ab Ove.

a oon : ke aye (Hornsea.)

— — = * front.

. Kucythere Argus. Carapace of female, seen from left side.

aS Sar) ” male,
=5 a s ” »” 2? above.
war ae ” ”» »” front.

(Dumbarton.)

(Burn of Haster, Caith-

ar raz . 5 above. ness.)
. Cythere Finmarchica. Carapace, seen from left side. (Loch Gilp.)
— — E fs right side. (Burn of Haster.)
— — : (young), left side. (Gamrie.)
— — e A above. ' ;
. Cythere angulata, var. Carapace, seen from right side. (Dalmuir.)

. Cythere cuneiformis. Carapace of female, seen from left

side.
— — - 5, above.
— -= ca , below.
as (ea 2” 60 front.

(Bridge of Allan.)

(Bridlington.)

ees = is » above.

— —_— 3 above.
a sss ms below.
aa =a ” ”? front.

(Cumbrae, College-bed.)

. Sclerochilus contortus. Carapace, seen from left side.

== =, a a below.
= = » i front.

(Cumbrae, College-bed.)

(All magnified 40 diameters.)

Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl: X.

et IN

Ga

G.S. Brady delt T West lith W. West &C° imp.

ir

z ys Co i - ae Aa lo = ‘Vai! py + eae ae
¥ ined Wioged |eisity ie» ay oS he } pla ae ois any —
ec or) A a
: ae! Se | a: oe : 7
ee ran pp east ka RAR ee or
es Lalltigists et! y. de ;

7 es Ye ; i “ie ai nf oy ell Ra ‘ M
ou p = ‘ ha ; - : Ne :
= : it me y 4 : 4 te " i
y ; « 4 A ‘ hs a a ’ ¥

berm) 0s | | ee hae
ah ; ’ * , A : E a ; =
Ax “ ‘ cs) a 7 ese ? ® iy ts
an aad me 4 s ae P ‘ , ; 144 ‘ ‘oa 7 ay ee » .
ewes 4 MBA ie aon xe
i i u - - t 4 F At wy =
my ry 7 : nas y : 7< ce
es “a4. 1 ‘ : ‘
me “i0) api) OO » 4, i ; a a)
7 - ad , i ‘ mh ) ‘ : A
one : ‘ f ri —_ a ; . rn ae
7 eh x - A Gi rab ue! ‘ i : 4
et At emmy’) ( ye i f “i
ae As A : : irtuk: a

J dar rei> <8 __ ' € _ ‘ iy 5 a ’ ¥ 4 y r ‘7 2

PLATE XI.

Fie.

1. Cytherura clathrata. Carapace, seen from left side.

2. a —— - a above.

3. — — . 5 mS below.

4. - — a , front.

5. Cytherwra cellulosa. Carapace of male, seen from left side.

6. — — a 9 above.

7. Cytherura concentrica. Right valve, seen from side.

8. — —- ae 3 above.

9. Cytherura wndata. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
10. — — . 5 above.
ith = — 3 5 below.
12. — = Carapace of male (variety).

Bo — 5 seen from above.

14, — — . 55 below.

ligt — — < io front.

16. Cytherura similis. Carapace, seen from left side.

Wie — — A below.

18. — — 3 ie front.

19. Cytherura (?) complanata. Right valve, seen from side.
20. -- o- 5 a See above.
21. Cytherura compressa. Carapace, seen from left side.

22. — a BN ¥ above.

23. — — - ‘3 front.

24. Cytherura Sarsii. Carapace, seen from left side.

25. — — - above.

26. as - i Pa below.

27. — — an 3 front.

28. Cytherwra nigrescens. Carapace, seen from left side.

29. — — a ‘f above.

30. == _ _ se below.

31. — — 35 ; front.

32. — — ms 6 separate valves.
33. Cytherura pumila. Carapace of female, seen from left side.
34, — — * above.
35. -— —- Carapace of male, 33 left side.
36. Cythere Dunelmensis (young). Left valve, lateral view.
37. — —_ re Pe seen from above.
38. Oytherwra striata. Carapace, seen from left side.

39. —- — 9 Be above.

40. a — 5 a below.

41. — — 7 a front.

42. Cytherwra cuneata. Carapace of male, seen from left side.

43. Oytherura flavescens. Carapace, seen from left side.
44, -- —_ 3 35 above.

45. —- — i a below.

46. _. — 2 a front.

AT. — ewneata. Sculpture of male carapace.

48. Cytherura angulata. Carapace, seen from left side.

49. — a = ye above.

50. — a= - 5 below.

51. -- _ o front.

52. Oythere crispata.1 Carapace of female, seen from left side.
53. — —_ ie a above.
54. Aglaia (?) glacialis. Carapace, seen from left side.
55. — — - a above.

56. — — Me is front.

1 At page 146, printed Plate X in error.

x 40 (Raised beach, Oban.)

x 84 (Gamrie.)

x 40 (Errol.)

x 40 (Paisley.)
x 40 (Loch Gilp.)

x 40 (Loch Gilp.)
x 50 (Annochie.)

x 40 (Gamrie.)

x 40 (Jordan Hill.)

x 40 (Greenock Dock.) .

x 40 (Errol.)

x 40 (College-bed, Gamteanes
x 40 (Dalmuir.)
x 40
x 84

x 40 (Oban, raised beach.)

x 40 (Oban.)

(Drip Bridge.)

)
|
j
: x 40 (College-bed, Cumbrae.)
J
|
)
)
:
,

Post-Tertiary Entomostraca Pl. XI.

nS)
Ky

53.

os -

a}

Ol

4S

VT. West Irth

W. West imp.

GS Brady del

"7 \ LP) q iy iP
wa a s ae 7 _ 7 a
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ny r¢ j “
a: 2 : ; ¥ > y, \
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( ee rn ; :
\ a
le 7 q 7
is qi ; ‘
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“aI a :
q yy aD R
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7 '

*

PLATE XII.

. Cythere Whiteii. Carapace, seen from left side.

— —- = . above.
— — a . below.

. Cythere Jonesit. Left valve, seen from outside.

— — i above.
—— a * below.

22
— — var. ceratoptera. Left valve, seen from

outside.

. Cythere antiquata. Left valve, seen from outside.

— — 3 s above.
— — of *: below.

. Cythere globulifera. Carapace, seen from left side.

— - Hi above.

. Cytherura angulata. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Cytherura cuneata. Carapace of male, seen from left

side.

. Cytherura (similis?). Carapace, seen from left side.
. Cytherura undata. Carapace of male, seen from left side.

. Bosquetia robusta. Carapace, seen from left side.

— a 3 me above.
— — ms 4 below.
“ar = 93 is front,

. Polycope orbicularis. Left valve, seen from outside. *

ag as se a above.

|
:
|
|

. Cytheruramgrescens. Carapace of female, seen from left side.

)

x 40
(Belfast New Dock.)

x 40
(Belfast New Dock.)

x 40
(Belfast New Dock.)

x 60 (Barrie.)

x 84 (Irvine.)

x 84 (Oban.)
x 84 (Loch Gilp.)

x 84 (Loch Gilp.)
x 84 (Paisley.)

x 40 (Paisley.)

x 60 (Dalmuir.)

Post-Tertiary Entomostraca PI. XII

W.West imp.

}. Brady del .Tutten West Lith

GS

7 D gt UA 4 my ‘On a) "wa ~~
es is ads Peas
< 4) ot ’ q Pe . - aa Po am | i. an Me =f ¥
, ’ ay - ‘ is eC ee ad "ae ate \ |
a , 3 - 7 = ; af ’
‘ >

Cane i i
ee’ :
: ib Se 1 | ad
> a
‘ + pa Fart
n a i)
y *
ad 4

—
len Y
iD
he, '

La
.

ia Af
a Ory,

waa Paty aida tent . atts i *

i
i

—
Q

OH NAD ow we

26.

ks
28.
29.

30.
31.
33.
3A.
35.
36.
37.

the

. Cythere Macallana, Carapace, seen from left side.

. Cythere tenera. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Cythere deflexa. Right valve, seen from side.

. Cythere Cluthe. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Cytherura Sarsii. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Bairdia (?) Cambrica. Right valve, seen from side. «

. Cythere quadridentata. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Cythere crispata.. Cavapace, seen from left side. ; x 60

PLATE XIII.

xX 60 (Kilchattan.)

aes ait a » above.

. Cythere porcellanea. Carapace, seen from left side.

— — < 33 -. - above.
= — ts » below.

x 60 (West Tarbert.)

<60
(Cardiff New Dock.)

— — J . above.

. Cythere castanea. Carapace (of female), seen from left side.

ar aes ” ? oy) above.
— — » (of male), » left side.
=e zo ” % 2? above.

x 40
(Cardiff New Dock.)

= ie “ «oe > above. (West Tarbert, silt.)

xX 40 (Jordan Hill.)

— — x cs above.

ie a ere xX 84 (Kilchattan.)

x 60
coe Bay, Cumbrae.)

x 84
(Cardiff New Dock.)

‘xX 40 (Loch Gilp.)

— — = FG above.

— — S 3 above.

. Cytherura cornuta. Carapace (of female), seen from left

side.
— — . :. below.

(West Tarbert, silt.)
ran Fe 2» 99 front.

Cytherura gibba. Carapace (of female), seen from left
; side.
om ae x 40
=, ae : i set (West Tarbert, silt.)
a ae » i front.
Cytherura producta. Carapace, seen from left side.
= are 7 . above. x 50
-- oo 7 ' below. (Cardiff New Dock.)
= = ” is front.
pie eae Right valve, seen from ne i x 40 (Belfast,)
»9 ove.
Cytherura cuneata. Carapace, seen from left side. ; x 50
— — 5A af above. (West Tarbert, silt.)

oes .-—By a mistake of the lithographer fig. 4 has been made of a smaller size than
others.)

Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl. XIIL

GS Brady del’ TWest hth WWest &Co. inp

PLATE XIV.

Fie

1. Cythere macropora. Cayapace, seen from left side.

2. i — 99 2» above. x 40 (Hopton Cliff.)

3 — — nn below.

4. Cythere Hoptonensis. Left valve, seen from outside.

a a » above. < 40 (Hopton Cliff.) —

6 — = Right valve, seen from outside.

7. Cythere cicatricosa. Carapace, seen from left side.

¥ <= oe, re) ” bove :

. ae = : a es x 40 (Hopton Cliff.)
[hic anes — a - front.
11. Loxoconcha multifora. Carapace, seen from left side.
12a. — — a ie above. xX 60 (Bristol.)
126. — — x below.
13. Cytheropteron Montrosiense (junius). Carapace, seen from

left side.
14. a _ ies above. x 50 (Errol.)
Lb. — — o below.
16. — — front.
17. Cytheropteron rectum. Carapace, seen ae lef side. x 60 (Recent: Westport.)
AS. — — 5 bs above. x 60 (Cardiff Dock.)
19. Cytheropteron arcuatum. Carapace, seen from left side.
20. -= — oA os above.
21. — — . +3 By below. x 50 (Dryleys.)
22. a — a 55 front.
23. Lowxoconcha elliptica. Carapace of male, seen from left side. x 40 (Govan New Dock.)
24. — ae si ss above.
5) ae =
95. hee” female, seen from 4 x 40 (Cardiff Dock.)
26. Cytheropteron inflatum. Carapace, seen from left side.
OH a — . 9 above. :
28. = sas ‘ bs below. x 40 (Dryleys.)
29. = a i - front.
30. Lowxoconcha fragilis. Carapace of male, seen from left side.
31. — — Left valve of female, seen from out-
side. x 60 (Paisley.)
32. — — 3 » (outline), seen
from above.

Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl. XIV

4

5 Bra dy del* T. West hth

W.West &C° imp

. Fie.

L
2.
3.
A.
5
6
ip
8.
9.
10.

6 Me
12.
13.
14,
16.

ee
18.

19.
20

PAI

. Cypris gibba. Carapace, seen from right side.

PLATE XV.

Bairdia inflata. Carapace, seen from left side.
— * - above.

xX 40
(Oban, Raised-beach.)

— By i below.
—— oe i. front.

oe a Bore. x 40 (Hornsea.)

Pontocypris mytiloides. Carapace, seen from left side.
— bP) 99 above.

x 40
(Oban, Raised- beach.)

49 m above. (Oban, Raised-beach.)

Cytheridea torosa. Carapace, seen from left side.

x 40 (Mundesly, Crag.)

a i above.

Cythere mirabilis. Carapace of male, seen from above.
15. — — Outlines of the young shell. x 40 (Dryleys.)
— — Carapace of male, seen from below.

Cythere Logani. Left valve of female, seen from outside.

below. x 40 (Elie.)

Cythere globulifera. Carapace, seen from below.

Paracypris polita. Right valve, seen from outside. ; x 40

x 84 (Dryleys.)

os a above.

Cytherura concentrica. Carapace, seen from below. x 84

Post-lertiary Entomostraca Pl: XV.

|

s
4
3
=
H
e
g
u
a)
nn
%

W.West x C°imp

~~
-
J

, .

*
7

&

7

ais

16.

. Cytherura acuticostata. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Limnicythere antiqua. Carapace, seen from left side.
. Cythere latimarginata. Left valve (mperfect), seen from
. Cytherura flavescens. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Bythocythere constricta. Left valve, seen from outside.

. Cythere costellata. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Paradoxostoma flecuosum. Carapace, seen from left side.

. Paradoxostoma tenerum. Carapace, seen ee left side.

. Cythere (?) semipunctata. Carapace, seen from right side. } x 60

PLATE XVI.

x 60
(Oban, Raised beach.)

= — 6 . below.

22. —- ba gs behind.

x 60
(Crofthead and Dipple.)

— — me “3 above.

x 60 (Hopton Cliff.)

outside.

ae rau . above. x 84 (Colintraive.)

x 40 (Helensburgh.)

— — * o above.

= = > », below. (Oban, Raised-beach.)
x 60
(Selsey, Pholag: bed.)

_ — 7 ve above.
— a 5 * below.

Cythere gibbosa. Carapace, seen from left side.
Pie Se 2 % below. x 84 (Portrush.)
= — 99 3 front.

x 60 (Cardiff Dock.)

— as ve above.

x 40 (Dumbarton.)

— — . me above.
. Paradoxostoma Fischeri. Carapace, seen from left side. x 60
_— — 5s 4 above. (West Tarbert, silt.)

. Paradoxostoma arcuatum. Carapace, seen from left side. x 40 (Oban, Raised-beach.)

. Pontocypris trigonella. Carapace, seen from left side.
— — is 95 above. x 40 (Duntroon.)
— — a * below.

. Argillecia cylindrica. Carapace, seen from left side.
— — an a above. x 40 (Duntroon.)
— ae me bs below.

. Xestoleberis aurantia. Carapace of female, seen from left

side. x 40 (Belfast.)

» above.

— —

XVL.

Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, Pl

20

19

W.West &C° imp

G.S. Brady del* T West hth

ee

PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII.

VOLUME FOR 1874.

LONDON:
MDCCCLXXIV.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH FOSSIL

BIVALVED ENTOMOSTRACA

FROM THE

CARBONIFEROUS FORMATIONS.

BY

PROFESSOR T. RUPERT JONES, F.R.S., G.S., &c. &e. ;
JAMES W. KIRKBY, ESQ., &o. &o. ;

AND

GEORGE 8. BRADY, ESQ., C.M.Z.8., &. &e.

PART |

THE CYPRIDINADA AND THEIR ALLIES.

By PROF. T. RUPERT JONES, F.BS., G.S., anp J. W. KIRKBY, Esq., &. &.
CONTAINING

Paars 1—56; Prarms I—V.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1874.

PRINTED BY
J. E, ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

A MONOGRAPH

OF

THE CARBONIFEROUS BIVALVE ENTOMOSTRACA

OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

PART I.—THE CYPRIDINADA AND ALLIED GROUPS.

INTRODUCTION.

Tue classification of the very numerous Bivalved Entomostraca found in the Car-
boniferous Limestones, Shales, and Ironstones, and submitted to our examination by
numerous friends and correspondents, has been no easy task. Much as, at first sight,
the fossil oval carapace-valves, notched on the anterior edge, may resemble some of the
existing Cypridinade, we have to recollect that, even among the latter, generic discrimi-
nation by means of the shell (test or bivalved carapace) is almost impossible. So great is
the modification of the shape of valves in any one group, and so little is the persistency
among them of any one feature or character, or any set of features, that, except in a very
general manner, we may not even take either the “notch” or the contour as a guide,
not knowing the soft parts of the animal, remarkable as the similarity may sometimes
be between the old and the modern shells.

It is impossible to group many even of the recent “ notched ” forms under the genus
Cypridina, in accordance with the requirements of natural classification, by regarding
only one character; for from the limbs and other organs are taken the main features
of distinction between Cypridina, Philomedes, Bradycinetus, and Asterope, all formerly
grouped as Cypriding. Evidently, therefore, we cannot say for certain that the
extremely old Cypridinade of the Carboniferous Period, which preceded those of our
day by countless generations, susceptible of numberless variations, are generically the same
as those now living.

To escape this difficulty, and not to fall into error, we once thought of adopting such a
term as “ Cypridinopsis ” for all these Cypridina-like forms, whether really allied to one
more than to another of the genera above alluded to—relationships which the absence of
the limbs prevents us from defining with exactness. But several subgeneric terms

A

») CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.
would have been required, indicating apparent approximations to existing forms; and no
advantage in the saving of names would have accrued.

Making the most, then, of the carapace-characters among the fossil Cypridina-like
species, and referring them on that basis to their apparent congeners among the published
existing forms, we find several which appear to be related to Cypridina (both oval and
pyriform), and a few to Bradycinetus and Philomedes. Rhombina is a related Cypridinad.
Five kinds of Cypridinal carapace among the Carboniferous specimens have additional
features, constituting distinctive characters not known among recent Cypridinads; and
thus give grounds for Cypridinella, Cypridellina, Cypridella, Cyprella, and Sulcuna. ‘Two
well-marked mutual allies, Hxtomoconchus and Offa, are neighbours of the Cypridinade ;
and the recent Polycope is represented. Others of more obscure relationship occur, such
as Lntomis, with its deep dorsal sulcus.

We need not hesitate in carefully referring these recent and fossil Entomostraca to
the same zoological groups, inasmuch as Cythere and Bairdia are represented by even
Silurian carapace-valves ; and we may add that ‘Cypridinad@ (not yet described) occur
in the Upper Silurian strata of the Pentland Hills in Scotland, and in the old pebbles
of Silurian or Devonian quartzite in the Conglomerate of Budleigh-Salterton im Devon-
shire.

Taking, then, the simply notched, oval, oblong, and pyriform specimens as Cypri-
dine, we find a peculiarly notched and oval species representing Bradycinetus, and
some oblong impressed specimens equal to Phlomedes. A modification of the pyriform
Cypridine by the projection of the antero-ventral region marks Cypridinella ; intervention
of a subcentral tubercle gives us Cypridellina ; and the superadded nuchal furrow, with
augmented tuberculation, characterizes Cypridelia. The tubercle is foreshadowed in an
occasional specimen of Cypridina, and we see the nuchal impression faintly in the
Philomedes ; but, with the high probability that the limbs differed, we take these slight
links in their broadest developmental sense, and not as indicating direct alliance.

The addition of an external annulated ornament brings us from Cypridella to
Cyprella ; and Sulcuna differs from Cypridella in its peculiar sulcus.

Returning to Cypridina we trace modifications of the antero-inferior region, beneath
the “ notch,” either by a lessening (as in our C. drevimentum), such as obtains in most of
the recent forms, or by increased projection, faintly exhibited in the living C. Zelandica,
Baird, and C. duteola, Dana, but in many of the fossils so extremely produced that the
antero-ventral quarter stands out like the prow of such an armoured ship as the modern
“Ram,” typified by the American “ Merrimac” and “Monitor.” This modification
characterizes our Oypridinella.

In another direction the Cypridinal carapace, becoming very gibbous and subquadrate
or globose, has a faint “notch,” but a long vertical “gape,” and is recognized as
Entomoconchus ; further, in this kind of subglobose carapace, with the ‘ sinus” present,
but the “gape” reduced to a minimum, we have Offa.

INTRODUCTION—CYPRIDINAD. 3

The recent Polycope, characterized by its limbs as belonging to a different family to
that of the Cypridinade, has a globose shell, with no notch, only an obsolete sinus ;
and among the Carboniferous fossils there are several to match this kind of carapace.
There are also some oblong forms, with oblique ends, which we name Rhombina, and
believe to be related both to Cypridina and to some older genera known in the Silurian

rocks of Bohemia.

To render the recognition and classification of the recent and fossil Cypridinade and
their allied groups more clear, we here indicate what is known of the existing forms,
especially as far as the features of the Carapace are concerned.

The Osrracopa are divided by G. O. Sars and G. S. Brady into four great

groups.

I. Popocora, comprising the Cypride and the Cytheride.— This is by far the
most extensive of the four sections, including all the freshwater and a vast majority of the
marine Ostracoda, and embracing all the forms classed by the earlier writers under the
two great genera Cypris and Cythere” (Brady, p. 855). The characters based on limbs
and other organs are enumerated at p. 355, &., of Mr. G. S. Brady’s memoir “ On the
Recent British Ostracoda,” in the ‘Trans. Lin. Soc.,’ vol. xxvi (1868).

1. Cypride.— Valves mostly thin and smooth, more or less sinuate below ”
(Brady, op. cit., p. 359).

2. Cytheride.—< Shell mostly hard and compact, calcareous ; surface generally
more or less rough and uneven, occasionally quite smooth” (Brady, op. cit.,

p. 393).

II. Myopocora, embracing the Cypridinade and Concheciade [and the Entomo-
conchide.|—‘ This group comprises the forms of which the genus Cypridina is the type,
the characters indicating a higher organization and presenting well-marked differences,
which show an approach to the higher order Branchiopoda” (Brady, op. cit., 355).

1. Cypridinade.—« Shell mostly hard and compact in structure, smooth or punc-
tate, and sometimes beset with short hairs, notched at the antero-inferior
angle, so that when the valves are closed there remains still a large aperture
for the protrusion of the lower antenne ” (Brady, op. cat., p. 462).

1. Cypripina, J/ilne- Edwards.

“ Carapace produced in front into a more or less prominent beak, with a subjacent
hollow or notch facing the ventral margin ” (Brady, ‘ Trans. Zool. Soc.,’ vol. v, p. 386).

4 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

“Shell smooth, thin, and flexible ; notch shallow ; its posterior extremity only slightly
exserted ”’ (Brady, ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1871, p. 291). Looking at the series of recog-
nized Cypridine, we are inclined to think that there are two leading forms of carapace:
1. The elongate-pyriform, such as C. Reynaudii, C. elongata, and C. Bairdii; and, 2,
the oval-oblong, such as C. Norvegica and C. Japonica.

2. Partomepss, Lilljeborg.

“Valves elongated, thin; notch broad; anterior extremity obtuse ” (Brady, p. 462).
“Shell of moderate strength and density ” (Brady, ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1871, p. 291).

3. AsteRopE,’ Philippi.

“Shell elongated, fusiform, or subcylindrical; beak rounded, not at all produced ”
(Brady, ‘Trans. Lin. Soc.,’ vol. xxvi, p. 464; Cylindroleberis and Asterope, ‘ Proc. Zool.
Soc.,’ 1871, p. 292). This genus appears to be one of the most consistent in form and
structure of carapace.

4. Brapycinetus, G. O. Sars.

“Shell thicker and more compact than in the preceding genera (Asterope and Philo-
medes) ; notch deep, with setose margins” (Brady, ‘Trans. Lin. Soc.,’ xxvi, p. 466).
“Shell much denser than in Cypridine, punctate; notch deep” (Brady, ‘ Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1871, p. 291).

5. Eourypyxus, G. S. Brady.

“Valves hard, calcareous ; closely pitted on the surface, without a notch. Carapace
rounded (oval) on side view; anterior end slightly produced, with a short blunt beak ;
posterior rounded ; seen from above clavate, broadly rounded in front, and attenuate
behind” (Brady, ‘Les Fonds de la Mer,’ 1869, p. 141). Though little is known of the
soft parts, Mr. Brady is satisfied that Zurypylus is a Cypridinad.

1 Mr. Brady thinks that this genus might with propriety be made the type of a distinct family.

INTRODUCTION—CONCHCCIADA, ETC. 5

2. Concheciade —“ Shell very thin and flexible, neither horny nor calcareous, but
almost membranaceous, more or less distinctly notched and emarginate in
front, forming an orifice, through which, as in the preceding family, the lower
antenn are protruded whilst swimming ” (Brady, op. cit., p. 468).

1. Concnacia, Dana.

“Valves elongated [subrectangular in outline], produced in front into a beaked
process ; shell finely reticulated, or marked with concentric striz ; very slightly pilose.
Dorsal surface of the carapace flattened in front, sometimes slightly excavated and keeled ”
(Brady, op. cit., p. 469).

2. Hatocypris, Dana.
Valves thin, subquadrate, saddle-shaped; more or less beaked in front at the upper
angle.
3. Entomoconchide.-’

Carapace strong and large, gibbous, subquadrate or suborbicular in side-view.

1. Enromoconcuus, M‘Coy. [Known only in the fossil state. |

Carapace subglobose, hinged by overlap; notched in front with a slight beak, and
long, vertical, interrupted gape.

2. Herzropesmvs, G. S. Brady.

“Carapace subglobose. Dorsal margin slightly arched, forming at its extremities
two largely developed hinge-processes ; the anterior process somewhat waved and scroll-
like ; the posterior a truncate cone, projecting directly upwards. Ventral margin strongly
arched ”’ (Brady, ‘Trans. Zool. Soc.,’ vol. v, p. 387). Mr. Brady regards Heterodesmus
as closely related to the Cypridinade, though not yet wholly elucidated; and he has
suggested the alliance with Hntomoconchus as above.

‘ G. 8. Brady, ‘Trans. Linn. Soc.,’ vol. xxvi, 1868, p. 358.

6 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

III. Cuapocopa, having the Polycopide only —‘“‘ The type of this group is Polycope,
a genus recently described by G. O. Sars, which occurs on some parts of the coasts of
the British Islands and Norway, and in the Mediterranean ” (Brady, ‘Trans. Lin. Soc.,’
XXVi, p. 356).

1. Polycopide.—* Valves subequal, thin, not notched in front” (Brady, op. cvt.,
p. 470).

Ponycorsg, G. O. Sars.

“Valves rounded, ventricose, thin, and fragile, corneo-calcareous” (Brady, op. cit.,.
p- 470).

IV. Puarycopa, having the Cytherellide only.—‘ This group is typified by the
genus Cytherella, known, before Sars’s researches, only from fossil specimens ”’ (Brady,
op. cit., p. 317).

1. Cytherellide.—“ Valves unequal, very thick and calcareous, not notched in
front ” (Brady, op. cit., p. 472).

CYTHERELLA (Jones), Bosquet.

“Valves elongated, flattened, thick and hard, very unequal; the right much larger
than the left, and overlapping throughout the whole circumference, presenting round the
entire inner margin a distinct groove, into which the valve of the opposite side is received ”

(Brady, op. cit., p. 472).

The following Synopsis of existing Genera and Species will aid the student in his.
search through the somewhat scattered bibliography of those recent Ostracoda which are
concerned with the present Part of our Monograph.

INTRODUCTION—CYPRIDINAD®. 7

I. CYPRIDINADA, Baird, 1850.

1. Cypripina, Wilne- Edwards, 1837.

CypripIna* Reynavupul, Milne-Edwards, 1837. Mist. Nat. Crust., vol. iii, p. 409,

pl. xxxvi, figs. 5, 5a, 56; and
Annotations de I’ Hist. des Anim.
s. Vert. de Lamarck, vol. v, 1838,
p- 178. Indian Ocean.
* ZeLanpica, Baird, 1850. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, p. 102, p. 257,
Annulosa, pl. xvii, figs. 11—13. New
Zealand.
LUTEOLA, Dana, 1855. U. S. Expl. Exped. Crust., p. 1291, pl. xci, figs.
la—n. Sooloo Sea.
* punoTaTa, Dana, 1855. Ibid, p. 1293, pl. xci, figs. 2a, 6. Sooloo Sea.
* @rBBosa, Dana, 1856. Ibid., p. 1295, pl. xci, figs. 4a—e. Pacific.
* pormosa, Dana, 1855. Ibid., p. 1296, pl. xci, figs. 5a—h. Samoan
Islands.
Norvecica, Baird, 1860. Proc, Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 200, Annulosa,
pl. Ixxi, figs. 4, 4a—d; Brady, Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1871, p. 292. North Atlantic.
* ovum, Baird, 1860. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1860, p. 201, Annulosa, pl. xxi,
figs. 3,3 a, 6. Chinese Sea.
* ALBOMACULATA, Baird, 1860. Ibid., figs. 1, 1a, 6. Swan River, W.
Australia.
* GopEHAvI, Baird, 1860. Ibid., figs. 2, 2a—c. Madras.
MesstNnensis, Claus, 1865. Ueber die Organization der Cypridinen,
Zeitsch. f. wissensch. Zool., vol. xv,
Heft 2, p. 143, &., pl. x. Mediter-
ranean.
Japonica, Brady, 1866. Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. v, p. 386, pl. Lxii, figs.
8a—d. Japan.
ELONGATA, Brady, 1866. Ibid., figs. 9a—d. Chinese Sea.
Barrpu, Brady; 1866. Ibid., figs. 7a—m. Chinese Sea.

* Further knowledge of the soft parts of these species, and a full comparison with what is known of
the others, is wanted for the exact determination of their generic relationship. G. O. Sars assigns Cypri-
dina messinensis, Claus, and C. luteola, Dana, to Cypridina; Grube’s species probably to Asterope ; Costa’s
species and Baird’s C. Adamsii probably to a distinct genus, or else to Asterope ; and C. olivacea, Dana, to
Philomedes (as suggested by Dr. Baird previously).—G. S. B.

8 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

2. AsreRopE, Philippi, 1840.

ASTEROPE ELLIPTICA, Philippi, 1840. Archiv fiir Naturgeschicht., 1840, p. 188, pl. iii,.
figs. 9—11; Annals Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 94,
: pl. iii, figs. 9—11. Mediterranean.

— * ? MEDITERRANEA (Costa), 1845. Illustraz. Cypridina, &c., Dono Accad..
Pontan. agli Sc. Ital., p. 57, &c.,
pl. i. Mediterranean.

= *? Apamsit (Baird), 1848. Ann. N. H., ser. 2, vol. i, p. 22, pl. vii, fig. 1.

South Atlantic.
-— Maria (Baird), 1850. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, p. 257, Annulosa, pl. xvii,
figs. 5—7 ; Brady (Cylindroleéeris), Trans. Linn.
Soc., vol. xxvi, p. 465, pl. xxxiii, figs. 18—22,
pl. xli, fig. 1; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 295.
North Atlantic, Channel Islands, and Bay of
Biscay.
— * P OBLONGA (Grube), 1859. Archiv Naturgesch., 35 Jahrg., vol. i, pp. 330:
—335, pl. xu, figs. 2—5. Adriatic.
—_ TERES (Norman), 1861. Ann. N. Hist., ser. 3, vol. viii, p. 280, pl. xiv, fig. 10 ;
Brady (Cylindrolebris), Tr. Linn. Soc., vol.
xxvi, p. 465, pl. xxxiii, figs. 6—9, pl. xli, fig. 2;
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 295. North Atlantic.
— aByssIcoLa, G. O. Sars, 1869. Nye Dybvandscrustaceer fra Lofoten, p. 26.
Norway.
— Norvecica, G. O. Sars, 1869. Undersogelser over Christianifiordens Dyb-
vandsfauna anstillede paa en i Som. 1868,
p: 53. Norway.

3. Puitomzpes, Lilljeborg, 1853.

PuiLomepEs? * aLprmacuLata (Nicolet'), 1849. In Cl. Gay’s Hist. fisica y politica de
: Chile, vol. iii, p. 294, Atlas,
Crustaceos, pl. iv, fig. 6. Mar-
shes of Chile.
— ?* CHRULEA vel VIOLACEA (Nicolet), 1849. Ibid., fig. 64. Marshes of
Chile.

' As to Nicolet’s species, it would seem impossible, without information as to the limbs, to say
anything definite ; the antenne do not look like Philomedes, unless they be those of the female, which is not.
usually got on the surface.—G. S, B.

INTRODUCTION.—CYPRIDINADA, ETC. 9

PHILOMEDES INTERPUNCTA (Baird), 1850. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1850, p. 257, Annulosa,
pl. xvii, figs. 8—10; Brady, Tr. Linn.
Soc., vol. xxvi, p. 463, pl. xxxiil, figs. 10
—13, pl. xli, fig. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1871,p. 293, pl. xxvi, figs. 1—5 (= Philo-
medes longicornis, Lilljeborg, Norman,
and G.O. Sars). North Atlantic, English
Channel, and Bay of Biscay.
— OLIVACEA (Dana), 1855. Expl. Exped. Crust., p. 1294, pl. xci, figs. 3 a, d.
Sooloo Sea.
—_ Fount, Brady, 1871. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p.-294, pl. xxvii, figs. 1—
3. Bay of Biscay.

4. Bravycinetus, G. O. Sars, 1865.

Brapycinetus Macanpret (Baird), 1850. Brit. Entom., p. 179, pl. xxil, figs. 1 @
—g; Brady, Tr. Lin. Soc., vol. xxvi ;
p. 468, pl. xxxiii, figs. 14—17, pl. xli;
fig. 4. North Atlantic.
—_ Brenva (Baird), 1850. Brit. Entom., p. 181, pl. xxiii, figs. 1 a—g ;
Brady, Tr. Lin. Soc., 1868, vol. xxvi,
p. 466, pl. xxxiii, figs. 1—5, pl. xh, fig. 5 ;
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 292 (=Cypri-
dina globosa, Lilljeborg ; Bradycinetus glo-
bosus, Sars; Asterope groenlandica, Fischer;
Cypridina excisa, Stimpson). North At-
lantic, Bay of Fundy, and Bay of Biscay.
_— LitugEBoretl, G. O. Sars, 1865. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostra-
coder, p. 112. Norway and
North Atlantic.

5. Hurypyuus, G. 8. Brady, 1869.

EurYPYLUs PETROSUS, Brady, 1869. Les Fonds de la Mer, livr. 9, p. 141, pl. xviii, fig.
12. St. Vincent Roads, Cape Verde.

II]. CONCHGCIADA, G. O. Sars, 1865.

1. Concnacia, Dana, 1855.

ConcH@cia aGiLis, Dana, 1855. Expl. Exped. Crust., p. 1299, pl. xci, figs. 6 a—e.
Atlantic.
— rostrata, Dana, 1855. Ibid., p. 1300, pl. xci, figs. 7 a—f. Pacific.
— oBTusATa, Sars, 1865. Oversigt, &c., p. 118; Brady, Trans. Lin. Soc.,
vol, xxvi, p. 470, pl. xli, fig. 9. North Atlantic.
B

10. CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

2. Hanocypris, Dana, 1855.

Hatocypris INFLATA, Dana, 1855. Expl. Exped. Crust., p. 1301, pl. xci, figs. 8 a—z.
Atlantic.
_— BREVIROSTRIS, Dana, 1855, Ibid., p. 1303, pl. xci, figs. 9 a—e. Atlantic.
— ATLANTICcA, Lubbock, 1856. Tr. Entom. Soc., new ser., vol. iv, p. 34,
pl. xii, figs. 1—8. North Atlantic.
_— MESSINENSIS, Claus, 1865. Zeitsch. wiss. Zool., vol. xv, p. 399, pl. xxx.
Mediterranean.

III. ENTOMOCONCHIDA, G. 8. Brady, 1868.

1. Hereropesmus, Brady, 1866.

HerrropesMus Apamsii, Brady, 1866. Trans. Zool, Soc., vol. v, p. 387, pl. Ixii,
figs. 6a—h. Japan.

IV. POLYCOPIDA, G. O. Sars, 1865.

1. Potycopn, Sars, 1865.

PoLYcoPE oRBICULARIS, G. O. Sars, 1865. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p.
122; Brady, Tr. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi,
p. 471, pl. xxxv, figs. 53—57. Norway
and North Atlantic.

— P pEnTATA, Brady, 1868. Ibid., p. 472, pl. xxxv, figs. 58, 59. Shetland.

— punctaTa, G, O. Sars, 1869. Nye Dybvandscrustaceer fra Lofoten, p. 27.
Norway.
-~ sp. indet., Brady, 1869. Ann. N. H., ser. 4, vol. iii, p. 47, pl. vii, figs. 15,
16. Crete.

— compressa, Brady and Robertson, 1869. Ibid., p. 372, pl. xxi, figs. 5—8.

Atlantic and Mediterranean.

V. CYTHERELLIDZ, G. O. Sars, 1865.

1. CyTHERELLA (Jones), Bosquet.

The Synopsis of Species for this Genus will be given in a subsequent portion of this
Monograph.

CYPRIDINA. 1]

DESCRIPTION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS GENERA AND SPECIES.

I.—CYPRIDINA, Iilne- Edwards.

Cypripina, Milne-Edwards, 1837.
— Baird, 1840, 1848, 1850, 1860.
Darpunta, M’Coy, 1844.
CypripiIna, Costa, 1845.
CyPrRELLA, Bosquet, 1847, 1852, 1854.
Cypripina, Jones, 1849, 1854, 1856, 1869.
— Adam White, 1850.
—_ Dana, 1855.
— Grube, 1859.
— Claus, 1865.
— G. S. Brady, 1866, 1868.
— Jones and Kirkby, 1866, 1867, 1871.
— G. O. Sars, 1868, 1869.

Carapace-valves rather thin and horny in the recent specimens, more solid and
calcareous when fossil; ovate, oblong-oval, elongate-oval, or pyriform ; apiculate behind ;
notch distinct in front. The fossil are thicker than the recent shells; partly, at least,
from mineralization. Muscle-spot frequently apparent.

The ‘ Monograph of the Tertiary Entomostraca of England’ (Paleontogr. Soc.), 1856,
p. 9, where treating of the Family Cypride, contains the following paragraph :—*“ I
may here mention that Cyprella and Cypridella, of M. De Koninck, probably belong to
a different group of the Entomostraca; that M. Bosquet’s ‘ Cyprelle’ of the Cretaceous
and Tertiary deposits are true Cypriding ; and that De Koninck’s ‘ Cypridina’ (of the
Carboniferous Limestone) is not the Cypridina of Milne-Edwards. In a courteous
reply to an inquiry with which I lately troubled M. Milne-Edwards, he kindly informed me
that the Cypridina described in the ‘ Hist. Nat. des Crust.’ has really the antero-ventral
notch so characteristic of the genus.” With regard to this important point in the history
of the genus, it is evident that, for want of the early indication of the presence of this
character, several fossil forms have been wrongly allocated by paleontologists. Thus,
besides noticing’ that M’Coy’s Daphnia primeva is a Cypridina, and that M: De

1 See also ‘ Monog. Cretac. Entom., England’ (Paleortogr. Soc.), 1849, pp. 3, 5, and 36.

12 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

Koninck’s Cypridina Edwardsiana is a Cypridella, his Cypridina annulata a Cyprella, and
his Cypridina concentrica an Entomis, and that numerous Cythere (Tertiary and Creta-
ceous) were formerly called “ Cypridine,’” we must draw attention (as we have elsewhere)
to the fact that none of the Devonian ‘‘Cypridinze” which have given a name toa
formation (‘“ Cypridinen-Schiefer,” &c.) are Cypriding, but for the most part
Entomides, &c. See also “ Paleoz. Biv. Entom.,” Geol. Assoc., 1869, p. 4.

On the other hand, M. Bosquet’s Cyprella ovulata and C. Koninckiana, from the
Chalk of Maestricht (‘ Mém. Soc. Roy. Sciences Liége,’ vol. iv, 1847, p. 373, pl. iv,
figs. 4and 5; and ‘ Mém. Commission Carte Géol. Neerlande,’ vol. 11, 1854, pp, 124, 125),
and his Cyprella Edwardsiana, from the Lower Tertiaries of France (‘ Mém. Cour. Acad.
Roy. Belgique,’ vol. xxiv, 1852, p. 132, pl. 6, fig. 14), are true Cypridine, as now
understood by a wider knowledge of the genus, and especially the recognition of the
notch and beak in M. Milne-Edwards’s typical species. Among known recent species
Cypridina Bairdii, G. S. Brady, is, perhaps, the nearest to the above-mentioned Cypridine
ovulata, Koninckiana, and Edwardsiana (Bosquet).

For a list of the known recent species of Cypridina and their more important
synonyms, see page 7.

1. Cypripina prim&va (M‘Coy). Plate II, figs. 24, 25, 26, 27 a—e, 28.

Darunia PRIMAVA, M‘Coy,! 1844. Synops. Char. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 164, pl. xxiii,
fig. 5.
CyPRIDINA — Jones, 1854. In Morris’s Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd ed., p. 104.
a _ Jones and Kirkby, 1866. Annals Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. xviii,
p- 41; 1867, Trans. Geol. Soc.
Glasgow, vol. ii, p. 218, and vol. iii,
Suppl., 1871, p. 27.

Carapace subequivalve, subglobose, or of a compressed egg-shape; oval in outline,
nearly equilateral; notched anteriorly, at the middle, with a deep sinus and wide
triangular gape (fig. 27 4). End-view compressed-oval. Edge view narrow-oval.

This much resembles Cypridina Japonica, Brady (‘ Trans. Zool. Soc.,’ vol. v, pl. 62,
fig. 8) im shape, but wants the posterior prickle or spur, and differs somewhat in the
gape, which is cruciform in C. Japonica. It is still more like C. Norvegica, Baird
(Proc. Zool. Soc.’ Annulosa, pl. 71, fig. 4); butin the latter the notch is smaller and the
gape cordiform.

Fig. 27 a matches Prof. M‘Coy’s Daphnia primeva in shape and size (according

1 Prof. M‘Coy quoted the Daphnoidia of Hibbert (‘ Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,’ 1834, vol. xiii, p. 180;
D. Hibberti, Morris, 1843), as a synonym, but we do not see any relationship. Indeed, “ Daphnoidia’’
appears to be indeterminable (‘ Annals N. H..,’ 7. ¢., p. 34), or it may be a crushed specimen of Leperditia
Scotoburdigalensis. M‘Coy mentions no special locality for C. primeva.

CYPRIDINA. 13

to the figure and description in the ‘ Syn. Char. Carb. Foss.’), being 12 by 2 line (a line
==75 inch).

Figs. 24—27 are brown bivalved carapaces from Braidwood, Carluke, Lanarkshire.
They were found by Mr. John Young, amongst about 300, in a fish Coprolite,’ collected
by Dr. D. R. Rankin in an old “ Opencast ” at Braidwood Gill, Carluke, from a stratum
containing Beyrichia multilobata, in the Lower Limestone Shale, and on or below the
horizon of the First Calmy Limestone, 343 fathoms below the Ell Coal of the Carluke
series. ‘The Coprolite was about two inches by one in size and thickly charged throughout
with the bivalve tests.

Smallest.—Length 3’; ; height sy; thickness ?. Proportions 3} : 2.

‘s Da: 62 A.

Fig. 28 is from a cast in the Permian Limestone of Sunderland; there are two
specimens in Mr. Kirkby’s Collection. It closely resembles C. primeva in outline and
contour, and is about ;’5 inch in length.

We have also met with this species in the Poolvash Limestone of the Isle of Man (see
p. 22).

vid le
(Mareest—— « ,, 25° 4; #3 ees

So many of our fossil Entomostraca have been derived from the Carboniferous
Formations of Scotland, particularly of Lanarkshire, by the energy and kind care of
Dr. Rankin, Messrs. Grossart, Young, Armstrong, Thomson, Hunter, Robertson, and
other friends, that we will here refer to sources of information on the stratigraphy of the
Scotch Coal-fields.

At pages 33 and 34 of the ‘ Monograph of the Fossil Estheriz ”’ (Pal. Soc.), 1862, is
a stratigraphical list of the Coal-measures of Lanarkshire, indicating the range of
Beyrichia, Estheria, and Leperditia (there termed “ Cytheropsis”). Mr. Grossart’s
Cypridina (350 fathoms below the Ell Coal) is also referred to at p. 34, and Dr. Rankin’s
specimen (239 fathoms) at p. 35.

A Synoptical Table or “ Vertical Section of the Carboniferous Rocks in the neigh-
bourhood of Glasgow, showing the distribution of the Bivalve Entomostraca,” was
published in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. ii (1867), p. 225; and it was re-
issued in an improved form in the Supplement of vol. ili, 1871, by Messrs. John Young
and James Armstrong, descriptive of the vertical range and distribution of the Car-
boniferous Fossils of the West of Scotland.

A Tabular View of the Carboniferous System of Lanarkshire was given by Mr. T.
Davidson, F.R.S., in the ‘ Geologist,’ vol. 11, 1859, p. 466; and of the Lothians in the
‘Geologist,’ vol. i, 1860, p. 239; and a still later conspectus of these Carboniferous
Formations of East Scotland, by Mr. Geikie, was published in Murchision’s ‘ Siluria,’
1867, p. 292, &e. See also the publications of the Geological Survey of Scotland.

1 Mentioned also in the “ Report of the Glasgow Geological Society’s Meeting of January 25, 1866,”
in the ‘Geological Magazine,’ vol. iii, p. 133.

14 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

2. Cypripina RADIATA. Sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 6 a—6 f.

Mr. John Young, of Glasgow, has found in a black shale of the Airdrie Blackband
Ironstone of the ‘‘ Upper Coal-measures” of the Glasgow district numerous rusty
longitudinally oval Cypriding, much resembling C. primeva (especially figs. 25 and 27)
in shape, but larger, with deeper and lower notch, and characterized by a beautiful radiate
shell-structure. Being mostly squeezed in the shale, they vary in outline, in relative size,
and in depth of notch. }

The exterior bears a rough, blebby, reticulate surface, with minute subconvex
meshes; and these are often broken away, leaving subhexagonal linear meshes. The
inner lamine of the shell (brown) exhibit groups of vascular radii, consisting of about
fifteen delicate furrows (and their casts), some bifurcate, radiating from a small round
space (a pit, as seen from within), less distinct in some specimens and most apparent in
the scaled interior of others. Where the furrows are coarse there are about seven or
eight of these vascular stars across the valve, and nine or ten along its length, irregular
and alternate, the ends of one set of rays just touching those of the neighbouring groups.
The stars vary in size, and in the length, tenuity, straightness, and number of their rays,
even in one specimen.

Length 4, height 4, thickness 5/5. Proportions 12: 8: 3.7

In this bituminous shale of the so-called “Freshwater Series” of the local Carbo-
niferous group, thirty-three fathoms below the Ell Coal, besides C. radiata, are other
smaller Cypridine (?) and Beyrichia arcuata, also Anthracosia and remains of Fishes and
Reptiles.

Similar Cypridine with radiate structure have been discovered by Mr. W. Molyneux,
F.G.S., of Burton-on-Trent, in laminated and rusty bituminous shales (of the “‘ Hematite’
series) belonging to the English Coal-measures, at Ipstones, North Staffordshire. In some
soft, drab-coloured concretions in similar shales from Lowndes’ Pit, Ipstones, Mr. Molyneux
has also found a subglobular pitted Cypridina (imperfect), which may be of the same
species.

3. Cypripina WricuTiana. Sp.nov. Plate II, figs. 14 a, 4, ¢.

Carapace-valve oval-oblong, somewhat compressed, boldly curved above and behind,
straight below ; though indented with a large open sinus in front, the valves had but a
very small gape. End view of carapace acute-obovate ; edge-view narrow-oval.

' These measurements and proportions are taken from one of the best preserved specimens; but owing
to the carapace-valves having been much pressed they may not be quite accurate.

CYPRIDINA. 15

Length 33;; height +; thickness ;4; inch. Proportions 10:7: 4.

A grey shell in grey Carboniferous Limestone, Cork, Ireland; collected by Mr. Joseph
Wright, F.G.S. It differs from C. primeva in its straight ventral edge, large open sinus,
and small gape ; and it is dedicated to its discoverer, one of the most enthusiastic of col-
lectors and students of the Carboniferous and other fossils of Ireland. ‘To Mr. Wright’s
energy and liberality we owe a very considerable portion of the large number of the
Carboniferous Cypridinads, besides other Entomostraca, that have come under our
examination.

4, Cypripina Brapyana. Sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 13 a, 4, ¢.

Carapace-valve gently gibbous, subovate in outline, truncate in front, where the sinus
cuts away, as it were, the lower portion of a semicircular curve, leaving a strong trian-
gular beak and a perpendicular margin beneath it. Yet the gape or fissure does not
seem to have been large (fig. 13 4). A slight local elevation or faint knob is expressed in
the antero-dorsal region, somewhat modifying the otherwise symmetrically convex outline
of that part of the valve. This slight tubercle is not without its meaning in relation to
the far more extensively tuberculate and swollen Cypridelle and Cypridelline hereafter
to be noticed. End-view of carapace suboval ; edge-view acute-ovate.

Length 4; height $; thickness ;45. Proportions 9}: 6: 4.

This species, represented by a grey shell in grey limestone, differs markedly in
contour and in form of “notch” from C. Wrightiana and its other associates in the
Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, Cork. It was also collected by Mr. Joseph
Wright, F.G.S.; and it is named after our accomplished friend, Mr. G. S. Brady of
Sunderland, who has favoured us with much help in the study of these and other
fossil Entomostraca.

5. CYPRIDINA BREVIMENTUM. Sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 15—19.

Carapace compressed egg-shaped ; valves varying in outline from oval (figs. 15 and
16) to oval-oblong (figs. 17—-19); arched or curved on each margin, though sometimes
nearly straight below; elliptically and often obliquely curved behind; broadly convex on
the dorsal line ; deeply cut by a sinus in front, with the lower (antero-ventral) region sloping
away downwards and backwards with acurved outline. The smaller (younger) and most
oval specimens (fig. 16, &.) have the greatest loss in this region, and the relatively most
projecting beak; and thus present an even more chinless outline than the larger indi-

16 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

viduals (figs. 19, &.). A gape of moderate proportions (indicated in the outlines, figs.
16 4 and 19 4) accompanies this deep sinus. Some valves (fig. 18) have a slight
marginal rim on the ventral edge. End-view obovate; edge view compressed ovate, and
nearly oblong-oval in the fine old specimen, fig. 19 c, which has its surface somewhat
depressed across the middle.

In the males of Pdilomedes interpuncta (Baird), and in Cypridina Reynaudi,
M.-Edwards, and C. Bairdit, Brady, the antero-ventral region of the carapace slopes away
rapidly backwards, as in C. drevimentum; but there are no other mutual characters of
similarity.

This species, gregarious like many other Cypridinads, is evidently of common occur-
rence in the Mountain-limestone of Ireland, England, and Belgium. ‘Taken according
to gradations in shape—

Fig. 16 (the smallest) is a grey shell in grey limestone from Cork (Mr. Joseph Wright,
F.G.S.). It is a fifth too large to be M‘Coy’s Daphnia primeva, and differs from it
essentially in shape. We have a similar specimen from Visé (Belgium), thanks to our
friend M. J. Bosquet, F.C.G.S. of Maestricht.

Fig. 15 is a grey shell, roughened by partial solution and weathering, and cracked (as
shown in the figure), in grey limestone from Little Island, Cork; Mr. Joseph Wright,
F.G.S.

Fig. 18 is a whitish weathered shell im grey Mountain-limestone from Parkhill, near
Longnor, Derbyshire, associated with a small Aviculopecten and small bivalves. The
specimen is in the Museum of the Geological Survey, Jermyn Street (‘Tablet 2%), where
there are two others similar, one a cast and one with a film of shell remaining (fig. 19),
from the same place.

Fig. 17 is a grey shell in the grey limestone of Cork, collected by Mr. Joseph
Wright, F.G.S. This species is plentiful at Little Island.

Fig. 19 (the largest) is a black cast, retaining some straggling films and broken reti-
culations of shell-matter, in dark grey encrinital limestone, in which the constituent
fossils are partially darkened with bitumen, from Parkhill, Longnor, Derbyshire. It is on
Tablet #£ in the Museum of the Geological Survey, London. ['The beak over the notch
is rather sharper in the specimen than in the figure. ]

Fig. 16 length 4; height 4; thickness y’y inch. Proportions 9 : 54: 4.

Bh sy ee 3 ” ig ” 64: 4,

Fig. 15, moh. a3 wir Brat 7 ” 8 : 44: 34,
ESO tees) aiiila ova 8 Lx $ 78:5: 4.

Bee iaretiarsals orks ts: t i 10:6 : 44.

In the Carboniferous Limestone of Caldy Island, South Wales, the late Mr. J.
W. Salter observed a gregarious Cypridinad, either of this species or possibly Polycope
simplex.

CYPRIDINA. 17

6. Crpripina GrossarTiaANa, J. and K. Pilate II, figs. 20 a, 4, ¢.

CYPRIDINA GROSSARTIANA, J. and K., 1867. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, p.
218; and vol. iii, Suppl., p. 27, 1871.

Carapace ovate-oblong; moderately gibbous, but compressed along the margins,
especially anteriorly ; broadest (deepest) in the front half; but the antero-dorsal or
nuchal region suddenly sinks in before it curves off into the beak or penthouse over the
strongly marked notch. The gape seems to have been small. End-view acute-oval ;
edge-view long-acute-ovate.

Length 34; height $; thickness § inch. Proportions 143: 9: 5.

The nuchal depression, giving a somewhat hump-backed appearance to the carapace,
is present also to a great or less extent in some recent Cypridinads. We know of no
species like C. Grossartina in form of valve and shape of beak.

We name this species after Mr. W. Grossart, Surgeon, of Salsburg, Lanarkshire, who
collected it near Blackburn, a mile and a half south-east ‘of Bathgate, Linlithgowshire,
from ironstone-shale six feet above the “‘ Eurypterus Limestone,’ and 345 fathoms under

the Ell Coal.

7. Cypripina Younerana. Sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 11 a—e.

Carapace-valve broadly oblong ; subcompressed, semicircular behind ; curved below ;
nearly straight on the back; posterior broader and fuller than the anterior, where a neat
median notch (the projection is slightly lessened by injury in this specimen) forms a
large gape (fig. 11 4).

The specimen consists of a cast of the interior, retaining a small fragment of the
shell posteriorly, and showing a distinct, large, radiate Muscle-spot in the antero-ventral
region. The radii are longer on the hinder than on the front half of the spot, the centre of
convergence being towards the front. End-view of the carapace acute-oval ; edge-view
compressed ovate, broadest behind.

Length 2; height +; thickness $ inch. Proportions 13 : 9}: 6.

This was found by Mr. James Thomson, of Glasgow, at Gare, Carluke, in the Upper
Limestone-shale, 202 fathoms below the Ell Coal. It is named after Mr. John Young,
the energetic Assistant-curator of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, who has worked

assiduously in collecting, classifying, and elaborating the Carboniferous Entomostraca of
the Glasgow District.

1 This isa local limestone, found at Kirkton, near Bathgate, and appears to be associated with the
limestones at the bottom of the Scotch Coal-measures. It was noticed by Dr. Hibbert, in ‘Trans. Roy.
Soc. Edinb.,’ vol. xii.

Cc

18 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

8. Cypripina Puiniipstana, Jones. Plate II, figs. 4, 5, 9.

CypripIna PHILLrpstana, Jones, 1870. Monthly Microsc. Journ., vol. iv, p. 185,
pl. Ixi, fig. 8 a, 6.
-— — J. and K., 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii,
Suppl., p. 27.

Carapace subglobose, symmetrically convex (or nearly so), the amount of convexity
somewhat variable; broadly oval in outline, with nearly equal ends, except that one
(anterior) is notched, above the middle line, with a long, curved, shallow sinus, accom-
panied by a decided, though small, gape of the valves. Surface smooth. Muscle-spot
oval, radiate, strong on the casts, and visible on the shell; like that in Baird’s Cypridina
albomaculata and C. Adamsii.

Fig. 4. Length 7; height 4; thickness $ mch. Proportions 11: 9: 6.

Fig. 5. gee ,,¢ oF i. 93 82:7. -

Fig. 9. aes 3 hap ae 3 Oss TE

Shells and casts of this species (dedicated to Prof. John Phillips, F.R.S., whose name
is so intimately connected with Carboniferous fossils and Geology in general) are not
uncommon in the Carboniferous Limestone near Glasgow, and it occurs also in that of
Middleton, Co. Cork, Ireland (Mr. Joseph Wright), and of Visé, in Belgium (British
Museum).

Fig. 5. This specimen (small) retains a part of the shell (white and showing reticu-
Jate structure), in grey Carboniferous Limestone, with pieces of Trilobite and a Coral,
from Gare, Carluke (Dr. Rankin). This specimen has a minute circular depression, on
the junction of the valves, at the postero-ventral curve, probably representing the place
of a spine or prickle.

Fig. 9. From a dark-grey limestone at Carluke (Dr. Rankin), retaining part of the
whitened shell, and showing a faint, vertical, ventral depression [not visible in the figure].

Fig. 4, the largest, is a cast with filmy remnants of white shell at the muscle-spot
and edges ; also in a dark-grey limestone from Carluke (Mr. J. R. S. Hunter).

To this species we refer a small subquadrate bivalved specimen in ironstone from the
Upper Limestone-shale, 290 fathoms below the Ell Coal, at Robroystone, near Glasgow,
in Mr. John Young’s collection, and formerly catalogued by us as “ Hntomoconchus,”
« Glasgow List,’ 1871, p. 28; see also ‘Geol. Mag.,’ vol. ii, p. 277.

7m
alt
WD

9. Cypripina Hunrertana. Sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 3a, 34, 3c.

Mr. John Young has obtained from the Main Post Limestone (366 fathoms below
the Ell Coal) of Braidwood, Carluke, a relatively large specimen (cast) subquadrate in

CYPRIDINA. 19

outline, somewhat compressed, being less convex than C. Phillipsiana, and notched with
a deeper sinus in the middle of the front edge. It bears a large, circular, radiate Muscle-
spot rather higher up than in figs. 5 and 9 of Pl. IJ. There is also present a
considerable depression or nuchal furrow, in the anterior third of the dorsum, above the
muscle-spot.

Size—% inch long.

We name this species after Mr. J. R. S. Hunter, of Beaushields, near Carluke, who,
with Dr. Selkirk, has successfully worked the Braidwood Limestone, and added much
to our knowledge of its paleontology. Mr. Hunter has obtained numerous Hntomostraca
from the débris of decomposed limestone in the large crevices traversing the rock.
These once formed subterranean watercourses, and the limestone has been extensively
disintegrated by the solvent and mechanical action of the water, the organic particles
resisting destruction more successfully than the matrix.

10. Cypriprna Taomsontana, J. and K. Plate II, figs. 8 a—c; Plate V, fig. 4.

Cypripina THomsoniana, J. and K., 1867. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, p. 218;
and vol. ili, Suppl., 1871, p. 27.

Carapace-valve subquadrate in outline; convex, especially below and behind ; semi-
circular below (ventral); broadest and elliptical above, with a slight angle at the
small notch in the upper portion of the front. edge (slightly modified by pressure in the
specimen).

Posterior half fuller than the anterior, therefore the antero-dorsal region of the
carapace is somewhat compressed. End-view and edge-view both ovate, but the latter
the longer.

Surface reticulated all over (not partially as in fig. 8 a), with circular spots (PI.
V, fig. 4), somewhat like those of Polycope simplex from Braidwood.

Length 4; height $; thickness § inch. Proportions 11: 9: 8.

This species is named after Mr. James Thomson, of Glasgow, who found the
specimen in a small ironstone nodule from the Upper Limestone-shale, 202 fathoms below
the Ell Coal, at Gare, Carluke.

11. Cypripina PRUNIFOoRMIS. Sp. nov. Pl. V, figs. 9a, 94, Je.

Carapace plum-shaped ; very similar to C. Zhomsoniana (Pl. II, figs. 8 a, 6, c), but
larger, not truncated behind, less oblong and more elliptical in side-view, and notched
lower down in front, with a somewhat larger beak and gape. Muscle-spot radiate, large.

Length 3; height 4; thickness 3 inch. Proportions 15 : 12: 10.

From the Carboniferous Limestone ; Limerick (?). Visé, Belgium ; Brit. Mus.

20 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

12. CyYpRIDINA SCORIACEA, J. and K. Pilate II, figs. 3 a—d.

Cypripina scortacra, J, and K., 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii, Suppl.,
p. 27.

Carapace-valve oblong, compressed ; ends rounded ; one is broader than the other, and
has a very slight but decided notch and projection near the top. Surface reticulate, with
regular hollow meshes, coarser towards the centre, which give the valve a rough
scoriaceous appearance. (The lines traversing the surface in the fig. 3a are cracks in
the shell.)

Length 4; height §; thickness 75 inch. Proportions 11: 8: 4.

This is a somewhat crushed dark-brown specimen in a small ironstone concretion
from the “Upper Limestone-shale,” 202 fathoms below the Ell Coal, at Gare, near
Carluke. In Dr. Rankin’s collection.

Cypridina scoriacea and C. Thomsoniana in the high position of the notch resemble
C. (?) luteola, Dana, but not in other respects.

13. Cypripina opLonea. Sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 12 a—e.

Carapace subquadrate, compressed ; valve oblong, slightly convex above and below,
broader and flatter in front, narrower and more convex behind. A faintly marked and
almost closed notch is apparent high up on the anterior margin. A very faint tubercle
marks the middle of the valve. End-view acute-ovate; edge-view blunt and narrow-
lanceolate.

Length 43; height ;4; thickness 2 inch. Proportions 12: 7: 5.

Collected by Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S., in the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island,
Cork.

On account of its general form this specimen was at first associated with Rhomébina,
but it wants the antero-dorsal projection and the retiring antero-ventral line, and its
obscure notch was ultimately discerned. Cypridina scoriacea (supra) is one of the few
compressed Cypridine that offer any features for comparison.

CYPRIDINELLA. 21

II. CYPRIDINELLA. Genus novum.

The foregoing oval-oblong Cypridine (Nos. 1—18) have rounded hind quarters, with
occasional evidences of a posterior spine ; and their antero-ventral margin is rarely produced
as far as the vertical line of the beak. Several recent analogues for the members of this
group have been pointed out above. We now have to treat of another group in which the
carapaces are not oblong; they have always a more or less produced hinder margin, either
apiculate and indented, or spined at the postero-ventral margin of each valve; and their
front margin is produced, often to a considerable extent, as a prow. Excepting that the
oval-oblong Cypridina Zelandica, Baird, and C. luteola, Dana, have the lower front margin
rather more prominent than other known living forms, we are without a recent analogue
for these smooth, ovate, apiculate Cypridine ; the long, sharp-tailed, recent forms, such
as C. Reynaudi, elongata, Bairdii, &c., having no chin-like projection under the notch.

There is a closer alliance in form between the group under notice and the next two
groups than between it and the foregoing group of Cypridina proper.

Judging, therefore, by the features of the carapace, which alone remains for our
examination, we determine to separate the group in question as a genus, under the name
CypripiInELLA, knowing that the differences of the soft parts of the Cypridinads

are so great among the various forms as to be an additional basis of probability for a
real generic distinction.

The following seven species are arranged according to the increasing projection of
the lower front margin. Cypridinella clausa and C. Maccoyiana are apiculate and
indented behind ; the others elliptically rounded, and probably once spined.

1. CypripineLia Cumminer. Sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 23 a—e.

Carapace-valves highly convex, broad-ovate, attenuated posteriorly, deeply notched at
the middle of the broad front. ‘The carapace was egg-shaped, as thick as it was broad
(high). Edge-view long-ovate ; end-view broad-obvate.

This is somewhat like the recent Cypridina Zelandica, Baird, in shape; but the
notch is too large, and the shell too convex and too narrow behind.

Length 3%; height §; thickness 4 inch. Proportions 10: 8: 8.

Of the ovate Cypridinade, more or less distinctly apiculate behind, and produced to

22 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

a greater or less extent at the antero-ventral region, Cypridina Zelandicais the nearest recent
type, and Cypridinella Cummingii is one of the most symmetrical and least exaggerated
at the lower portion of the front, among the fossils; thus it more closely approximates to
the said recent species than several of its ius in the Carboniferous Limestone,
which become almost grotesque in the prow-like character of the front, as in naval rams,
like the “‘ Merrimac ” and “ Monitor.” Thus they belong to a peculiar group, separate from
Cypridina proper; indeed, the exact generic place of the recent type above mentioned
has not been determined, for it was characterised by its carapace alone, before the
study of the limbs had been carried to as great a nicety as naturalists now find necessary.

Two casts, somewhat ferruginous (one rather smaller than the figured specimen),
occur in dark grey limestone, with Encrinites and small Shells, from Poolvash, Isle of
Man, collected by the late Rev. J. G. Cumming, and presented by him to the Museum of
the Geological Survey, London (T'ablet 3,8

The late Mr. Cumming courteously informed us by letter (January 27th, 1864) that
he regarded his Cypridina ovalis, from the Upper or Poolvash Limestone’ (see ‘The
Isle of Man,’ 1848, p. 355), found with other Entomostraca, referred to as Cythere
Phillipsiana, De Koninck, Cypridina annulata, De Kon., and Daphnia primeva (?),
M‘Coy, in the same work, at pp. xxiv, 355, as being most probably the same as
C. primeva (M‘Coy).

In specimens of this same limestone, kindly sent to us by Mr. E. W. Binney, F.R.S.,
we have met with a valve, not well exposed, of Cypridina primeva (*), and an im-
perfectly preserved valve of a small compressed Extomoconchus.

2. CYPRIDINELLA SUPERCILIOSA. Sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 7 a—c; Plate V, figs. 7 a—d.

Carapace-valves convex, broad-oval or subovate ; indented in front, above the middle,
with a deep, narrow notch, slanting upwards, and bordered by a distinct marginal rim.
The lower portion of the front of the figured specimen is partly imbedded and not fully
exhibited in fig. 7a; but it stands out with a bold though variable curve in specimens
from Settle and Bathgate. The ventral margin is bordered by a furrow and a rim in a
large valve from Bathgate (Pl. V, fig. 7). Edge- and end-view are both sharp-ovate, the
former the longer.

From Cork. Length {; height 4; thickness + inch. Proportions 1] : 8}: 7.

From Bathgate. Teac 4 ce Geightne gz; thickness § inch. Proportions 12: 10: 8.

Cypridinella superciliosa is less convex and rounder in side-view than C. ovalis ; and
its deep-cut and neatly bordered or rimmed notch is a good distinction. It has been

1 Equivalent to the lower portion of the Mountain-limestone.

CYPRIDINELLA. 23

collected at Little Island, Cork, by Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.; and Mr. W. Grossart,
of Salsburg, has been so fortunate as to meet with several good specimens, and, indeed,
gregarious masses, of this species in the light-grey Lower Carboniferous Limestone at
Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. Like many other Bivalve Entomostraca, this species
evidently constitutes a large proportion of its limestone mass. Mr. Burrow has also
found this specimen in the Great Scar Limestone at Settle, Yorkshire.

The shells of some specimens in the Bathgate Limestone are marked with numerous
minute, round, and vermicular white spots (fig. 7 d), beneath the smooth surface originally,
both wearing away into roughness. Whether this be due to decay of structure or to
parasitical borings we have not determined.

3. CYPRIDINELLA cLAUSA. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 3 a—e.

Carapace ovato-globose, indented in front with a broad shallow sinus and a very narrow
notch, retreating obliquely upwards; bluntly pointed behind, with a slightly upturned
apex, somewhat like the posterior angle of Dana’s Cypridina punctata and others. Side-
view subovate ; edge-view acute-ovate ; end-view broad-obovate.

Length 4; height 4; thickness 3 inch. Proportions 8 : 53 : 5.

A grey cast in the limestone of Little Island, Cork; collected by Mr. J.
Wright, F.G.S. C. clausa occurs also at Middleton, Co. Cork.

4. CYPRIDINELLA Bosqurti. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 6 a, 4, e.

Carapace egg-like, very gibbose, almost equal-ended, but the front is excavated, high
up, with well-marked sinus and notch, overhung by a small, neatly curved beak. Side-
view ovate ; edge-view broad-oval; end-view suborbicular, slightly flattened at the top.

Length +; height +; thickness $ inch. Proportions 11: 7 : 8.

Somewhat like Cypridina Norvegica and C. Zelandica in general style, but more
egg-shaped, too gibbose, with too much prow, and too small a gape, to resemble either
closely.

This very neatly egg-shaped Cypridinella, represented by a cast from the white Upper
Mountain-limestone of Visé, Belgium, sent to us by M. J. Bosquet, F.C.G.S., of Maestricht,
we dedicate to him. By his liberality and friendly co-operation M. Bosquet has enabled
us to study a large series of the typical Belgian Entomostraca, and bring them, as in
this case, into direct comparison with our British specimens.

C. ovalis, superciliosa, clausa, and Bosqueti, have the ventral border semicircular or
elliptical, with the anterior edge curved boldly upwards. The next group we have to

24 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

describe, namely, C. Maccoyiana, Burrovii, Monitor, and vomer, have the ventral margin,
for the most part, less convex, and sometimes nearly flat, with a strongly projecting
prow.

5. Cypripinetta Maccoyiana. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 13 a, 0.

Carapace subglobose ; suboblong in side-view ; curved on the dorsal margin ; bluntly
apiculate, with a curved indentation, at the posterior angle; notched high up in front,
with the lower portion of the anterior margin curving boldly outwards and downwards to
meet the nearly straight, but somewhat sinuous, ventral border. Neither valve has an
elevated tubercle, but the right valve is slightly more convex than the other in the specimen.

Length $; height $; thickness ;'5 inch. Proportions 9 : 6 : 4.

This smaller species imitates C. clausa in some features, but not nearly enough to be
taken for its young state. In the notch and front margin also they differ considerably.
C. Maccoyiana is known by several shells and casts in the grey limestone of Little Island,
Cork ; collected by J. Wright, Esq., F.G.S.

We name this species after Prof. F. M’Coy, F.G.S., of Melbourne, who has brought
very many genera and species of the Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland to notice, besides
working extensively in other fields of Paleontology.

6. CypripineLLaA Monitor. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 1 a, 4.

Carapace subpyriform, boldly curved above and below, but most convex above;
bluntly apiculate low down behind; sharply pointed in the prow-like antero-inferior
projection ; front sloping downwards and outwards from the dorsum to the prow, with a
hollow curve, and having a small notch and beak above the middle line. At the posterior —
angle, in some specimens from Settle, there is the indication of the base of a posterior
spine ; and in some casts a small fissure exists between the valves, with a subtriangular
stone core, which has reference to the former existence at this spot of a hollow projecting
angle of the carapace-valves, such as occurs in several Bivalve Entomostraca, and among
the Cypridine especially noticeable in the recent C. Bairdii, Brady, and the fossil
C. Koninckiana (Bosquet).

Length 3; height ¢; thickness 2? inch. Proportions 15 : 11 : 18.

The prow of this compact carapace forcibly reminds us of the modern iron-clad
mastless men-of-war typified by the American “ Monitor.”

Our figured specimen is from Visé, Belgium, thanks to our friend M. J. Bosquet, of
Maestricht. It is a white cast, with a film of white shell here and there. Similar casts

CYPRIDELLINA. 25

accompany it, of grey limestone, smaller and less globose; and in Mr. Burrow’s collection
from Settle is another, also less globose than our fine Belgian specimen.

7. CYPRIDINELLA VOMER. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 11 a—e.

Carapace-valve obliquely subpyriform in outline; moderately convex ; depressed and
produced antero-ventrally, so that the front slopes down to the straight ventral edge,
making a sharp prow like a ploughshare. A narrow, distinct, almost horizontal notch,
cuts deeply into the upper half of the front ; the edges of the notch are slightly rimmed
or thickened. Edge-view of carapace acute-ovate ; end-view oval.

Length 7; height +; thickness $ inch. Proportions 11: 7 : 5.

A grey shell, much weathered, from the limestone of Little Island, near Cork.
Collected by Mr. J. Wright, F.G:S.

III. CYPRIDELLINA. Genus novum.

Carapace suboviform ; notched in front; produced in the antero-ventral region; the
valves locally swollen into a tubercle or circular subcentral hump above the median line.

Prof. De Koninck in 1844 founded a genus under the name of Cypridella, typified
by his C. eruciata, which is a subquadrate Cypridinad with tubercular swellings on its
valves and a strong nuchal furrow. His Cypridina Edwardsiana also has the furrow and
tubercles, although associated with the same general shape as that of the smooth
Cypridinella above described. ‘Thus we are led to associate the two species in one genus,
distinct from both Cypridina and Cypridinella, which, either among the recent species of
the one or those described above of both genera, very occasionally show any feature
analogous to the furrow or the tubercle (see Cypridina Hunteriana, Pl. V, fig. 3; and
C. Bradyana, P\. Il, fig. 13).

We find, however, a set of Cypridinal forms corresponding in general features with
the smooth suboviform Cypridinelle (of which we take Cypridina Zelandica, Baird, to be
an approximate existing type), but with the tubercle only, and without the nuchal furrow,
present. These want, then, an important feature present in Cypridella of De Koninck ;
and we now divide them off as a group under the cognate name of CYPRIDELLINA,
intermediate to Cypridinella (see above) and Cypridella, De Koninck, and, at the same
time, to some extent related to Cypridina, Milne-Edwards.

We are aware that this distinction is in some degree artificial, and that (as before
intimated) the presence of either nuchal furrow or subcentral hump, in faint degree, is to

D

26 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

be recognized among some of the foregoing genera and species. But, knowing how
greatly these may have differed one from the other im the arrangement and details of
limbs, and believing that tubercle and furrow were not without their meaning in the
economy of the living animal, we prefer to seize on them as characteristics in these
unknown organisms.

At the same time, if, besides relative size, the tubercles, and even the dorsal furrows,
are the consequences of luxuriant growth, or of age, or of sex, we shall avoid error by
giving similar trivial names to the seeming analogues in the three different series
(1, smooth ; 2, tubercled ; and 3, tubercled, with furrow), taking care to be guided by the
shape and general habit in making specific distinctions.

We have to add that some of the smaller individuals are tubercled, whilst their
smooth analogue is of larger size; for example, Pl. III, figs. 7 and 10, compared with
fig. 11. Hence the tubercles are not the result of mere growth; and the differences in
other features should have the more weight.

There is evidently a great temptation to the condensing palzontologist to group
together the three sections that we have here indicated, seeing that the tubercle is very
slightly developed in PI. III, fig. 5, that the extremely tuberculate Cypridella Edwardsiana
(Pl. IV, fig. 4) approximates in shape to the smooth Cypridinella Cummingu (PI. II, fig. 23),
and that the furrow is almost obsolete in Pl. IL, fig. 12. This last form, too, may be
compared with Cypridina Bradyana (Pl. Il, fig. 18) and Pl. IV, fig. 1, with Pl. III,
figs. 9, 18, and 19; but, nevertheless, important differences, as to notch and prow, are
evident, besides the presence of tubercles ; and none of the Cypridine nor Cypridinelle are
really comparable with a Cypridellina except in the case of Cypridellina clausa (PI. II, figs.
2 and 3), and even there the notch differs, and the specimens are not good enough for
a perfect decision.

Further, if these proposed generic distinctions fail, there is but a very narrow basis
indeed for the separation of species in this extensive group of empty carapace-valves ; the
differences of form being, for the most part, susceptible of a graduated arrangement,
which, the tubercles and furrows being ignored, and the high probability of great varia-
tion in the soft parts bemg forgotten, would lead to an exceedingly artificial grouping, of
but little use im reality. After all, it would be found necessary to recognize some
subordinate divisions of long and short, thin or thick, oval or pyriform individuals, which
would have still to stand for types of genera or sub-genera; and, as we have stated
already in alluding to the Cypridinads generally (pages 1 and 2), no saving in nomenclature
would be made.

The following species are arranged according to the development of their lower front
margin in projection and depth. C. clausa, Burrovii, and galea are more or less
apiculate, with posterior indentation; the others appear to have been spined on their
rounded ends.

CYPRIDELLINA. 27

1, CypripELLina cLausa. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 2 a, 4, ce.

Carapace roughly egg-shaped ; suboblong in side-view; sloping in front, obscurely
notched (broken below in the specimen) ; hinder margin apiculate and strongly indented.
Tubercle large, but not prominent. Hdge-view subacute-ovate. Fig. 24 shows the
ventral aspect of this injured specimen; its dorsal aspect would be much like fig. 18 4,
but more pointed behind, and showing the posterior depression. Hnd-view sub-
pentagonal.

In some respects this resembles Cypridinella clausa, Plate III, fig. 3, p. 23; but without
the swelling of the tubercles its end-profile would have been orbicular instead of oval ;
and its notch is higher and more horizontal.

Length 4 (probably more) ; height 3% ; thickness 3% inch. Proportions 73: 5 : 5.

A grey limestone cast from Little Island, Cork. Collected by Mr. J. Wright, F.G:S.

2. CYPRIDELLINA Burrovir. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 4 a—e; figs. 5 a—c; figs.
a1 a—e.

We have here individuals of one species at three stages of growth, well preserved as
far as internal casts can serve, and well illustrated for comparison; fig. 5 retaining
portions of the shell. The smallest (youngest?) form, fig. 4, is subovate in profile ; the
largest ‘(fig. 21) is ovate-oblong; less boldly curved above and below, more apiculate
behind, and with a relatively smaller notch and gape than the other. Both are sub-
oviform, with subhexagonal end-view, and pyriform edge-view ; and each had posterior
spines, as they retain the cast of their united base, which, however, in fig. 4 d, is rather
higher up than in fig. 21 e. The prow, also, of fig. 4 ¢ projects somewhat further beyond
the beak than in fig. 21 c, and the hind-quarters of fig. 21 e (the largest specimen) are
rounder than those of fig. 4 d.

None of these differences, however, in the presence of the many similarities, can be
of specific importance. Moreover, there is the intermediate form presently to be described ;
and we have, besides, an individual, still smaller than fig. 4, of the same form from
Ireland, which is rather more apiculate behind, and two middle-sized specimens (smaller
than fig. 5) from Settle, whence the three figured fossils came. From M. Bosquet’s
Belgian collection, also, we have been favoured with two casts, one in the grey and one
in the white limestone of Visé, similar to fig. 4.

The specimen of intermediate size, fig. 5, has a subglobose, nearly egg-shaped

28 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

carapace, semicircular above in outline, elliptical behind, almost straight below, and flat
enough to stand on its ventral face. Its antero-ventral margin is produced, prow-like ;
the sinus is broadly curved, but the beak has been much reduced by fracture in fig. 5 a.
Rather above the middle of the posterior margin is the round spot, formed by a small
indentation in the edge of each valve, with its central core of stone, and corresponding
with the base of a hollow conical process, formed of two more or less terete and approxi-
mate spines, such as we see in several Cypridinads ; for instance, Philomedes interpuncta.
Edge-view pyriform ; end-view suborbicular, with a tendency towards hexagonal.

Portions of the eroded shell remain on the dorsal and ventral regions (fig. 5 a), and
we can see evidence of a small inturned flange on the ventral edges, with a minutely
crenulate parallel edging or border (not clearly shown in the figures). There is also
clearly discernible a low hump in each antero-dorsal region, affecting the end-profile of
the carapace, and somewhat below it is a roughness at about the usual position of the
muscle-spot.

This specimen has the same proportions as fig. 4; it is more rotund than fig. 21 :
excepting that its tubercle is not so strongly pronounced, and its posterior spine was
higher up than in fig. 21, and lower than in fig. 4, we see no essential difference between
them.

Fig. 4. Length $; height % ; thickness,{ inch. Proportions 11: 8 : 8.

1 1

Fig. 5. tet say Spc eS na = as hae a geal
Fig. 21. a5 4; > 2; <5 + oF Mies 103 2 did.

The figured specimens of Cypridellina Burrovii are from the Lower Scar Limestone of
Settle, Yorkshire ; collected by Mr. J. H. Burrow, M.A., who has worked the district
geologically with great success, and has favoured us with the use of his extensive collec-
tion. We have, therefore, adopted his name for this characteristic and wide-spread
species.

2.* CypripeLLina Burrovit, Var. Longnoriensis, nov. Plate III, fig. 8.

Carapace gibbose, suborbicular, varying in the curve of back and hind quarters ;
notched and produced in front with somewhat variable contours, fig. 8 being an average
form. Tubercle small, low down, and forward ; sometimes scarcely perceptible.

Length %; height +; thickness $ inch. Proportions 8 : 64: 5.

This small and weak Cypridellina, gregarious in the Derbyshire limestone, presents
strong characters of alliance with the large C. Burrovii above described, and must be
taken for a local variety of the species.

Accompanied by Aviculopecten and some small shells, it constitutes a mass of grey
Carboniferous Limestone, from Longnor, Derbyshire: Tablet 38 in the Museum of

the Geological Survey, London (Geol. Survey Map, Sheet 81, S.E.).

CYPRIDELLINA. 29

3. CYPRIDELLINA INTERMEDIA. Sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 8 a, 4, c.

This relatively small form seems at first sight to be the tubercled analogue of Cypri-
dinella superciliosa (PI. II, figs. 7 a, 6c); it differs, however, from it in all its profiles,
without reference to the local swelling or tubercle, being more elliptical in side-view and
more compressed in edge-view. It much resembles Cypridellina Burrovii in side-view,
but it is much thinner, and its tubercle is placed farther back.

Length $ ; height 4; thickness , inch. Proportions 6: 5: 3.

From the grey Carboniferous Limestone of Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. In Mr. W.
Grossart’s collection.

4, CYPRIDELLINA ELONGATA. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 18 a, 4; 19 a, 6.

Carapace elongate, suboviform, somewhat variable in outline ; narrow-elliptical behind,
bearing evidence of a posterior apex or spine. Notched in front, and sloping below the
hood or beak into a prow, at an angle of about 60°. Tubercles strong, rather high up.
Edge-view pyriform ; end-view pentagonal.

Length 7; height 7; thickness inch. Proportions 13: 7: 9.

Several casts in the grey limestone of Visé have been kindly communicated to us by
M. Bosquet, of Maestricht; some retain portions of shell (white), and we see the beak
and tubercles more thoroughly expressed in the carapace than in the cast.

4.* CyPRIDELLINA ELONGATA, Var. Hidernica, nov. Plate III, figs. 9 a—c.

Smaller, feebler, less pronounced in thickness and tubercles, but not otherwise dis-
similar, this must be taken for a local variety of the Belgian C. elongata above noticed.

Length $; height 3; thickness 3 inch. Proportions 9} : 6 : 54.

This is an abundant and variable form, as shells and casts, in the Carboniferous
Limestone of Little Island, Cork. The tubercle is in some high up, in others lower
down and further back ; occasionally it is very faintly expressed.

Collected by Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S., of Belfast.

30 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

5. CYPRIDELLINA GALEA. Sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 3 a—e.

Carapace round-egg-shaped, very gibbose ; apiculate and indented behind; strongly
notched high up on the front, which slopes downwards and outwards, forming a strong
prominent prow with the upward and outward curve of the antero-ventral margin.
Edges of notch thickened. ‘Tubercle large, just above the centre. Hdge-view broad-
ovate ; end-view suborbicular, somewhat pentagonal.

Length 7; height 3; thickness { inch. Proportions 13 : 10 : 12.

Cypridellina galea stands alone ; distinct by shape, gape, and other features. The
specimen is a shell m the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, Cork. Collected
by Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S.

6. CYPRIDELLINA vomER. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 7 a—c ; 10 a—e.
6.* Var. cultrata (fig. 10).
6.* Var. uncinata (not figured).

Carapace-valves ovate-oblong, with suboval outline posteriorly ; sloping, notched, and
produced in front, with somewhat variable contours, either lke a ploughshare with small
notch (fig. 10a, much resembling fig. 11), with a hatchet-like curve and large notch
(var. cudtrata, fig. 7 a), or curved still more suddenly downwards with a narrow, blunt,
backward bending angle and a broad shallow sinus (var. wucinata, not figured).

The valves are rather compressed, with a variable convexity, and are faintly |
tubercled high up; the tubercle is almost obsolete in some more convex specimens.
Edge-view of carapace long acute-ovate. End-view acute-oval.

Cypridellina vomer, fig. 10. Length 4; height 4; thickness yy inch. Prop. 9:5:4.
C. vomer, var. cultrata, fig. 7. ,, srs o» 73 i, 55 CORT ste
C. vomer, var. uncinata (not fig.) ,, Ese Vs. BS 33 9:6: 5.

The feebleness of the tubercle reminds us of a weak local elevation on the valves of
Cypridina Bradyana, p. 15; but the shape of Cypridellina vomer is far more closely
analogous to that of Cypridinella vomer, p. 25, without in any case being exactly the same.
We have here rather the touchings of isomorphs than the coalescence of congeneric forms.

Cypridellina vomer, in its varieties, is common in the Carboniferous Limestone of
Little Island, Cork, both as casts and shells, more or less weathered. Collected by
Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.

ord

_
ool oi

FJ»
i
82 »”

CYPRIDELLINA. 31

7. CYPRIDELLINA ALTA. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 15 a, 0.

Carapace globose, ovate-triangular, short; rounded behind ; truncate in front, with a
long sloping broad face, sinuous in profile, impressed with deep transverse sinus and
distinct beak, and angular below with an axe-like edge. The tubercle, not very strong,
is high up and forward. The posterior curve is marked low down by the base of a
hollow double spine.

Deep, short, and broad, this species has neither smooth Cypridinella nor furrowed
Cypridella to match it.

Length % ; height 4; thickness 7 inch. Proportions 8:9: 7.

A grey shell, one of several, from Little Island, Cork, collected by Mr. J. Wright,
F.G.S. Similar forms, as casts in white, yellowish, and grey Carboniferous Limestone
from Visé, some with remnants of the shell, have been received from our friend, M. Bosquet,
of Maestricht, For. Cor. Geol. Soc.

8. CypripELLInA Bosqueti. Sp. nov. Plate ITI, figs. 20a, 4.

This is a cast, imperfect at the notch and hood (not indicated in the sketch), of a
Cypridinella with an extreme condition of the antero-ventral margin, which slopes down-
wards and éackwards from the hood at an angle of 65°, to form a sharp, coulter-like,
vertical prow (too prominent in fig. 20 4); the ventral margin rises rapidly backwards
from it, with an oval outline, to the narrow, rounded, posterior extremity, which was
once probably spined. As the dorsal line is nearly straight, the side profile of the
carapace is ovate-triangular. The tubercle is strong and rather forward.

Length +; height $; thickness § inch. Proportions 12:9: 8.

From the Upper Carboniferous Limestone, Visé, Belgium. We dedicate this well-
featured species, with really large beak,’ peculiar prow, and triangular outline, to M. J.
Bosquet, For. Cor. Geol. Soc., one of the most earnest students of Belgian fossils, and to
whom we are indebted for a large and choice collection of the fossil Cypridinade of —

Belgium.

* Broken in the specimen and not shown in the figure.

32 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

IV. CYPRIDELLA, De Koninck, 1844.

Cypripina, De Koninck, 1841, 1844.
CypripELLa, De Koninck, 1844.
— Jones and Kirkby, 1863.

Carapace subovate, with either attenuate or subquadrate hind quarters ; notched in
front, with different degrees of beak or hood ; tuberculate in various degrees, and im-
pressed with a transverse dorsal sulcus behind the main pair of tubercles. Both the
original subquadrate Cypridella cruciata of De Koninck, with one large tubercle on
either valve, and his ovate Cypridina Edwardsiana, with more tubercles, are compre-
hended in this revised genus on account of termediate alliances.

In the following arrangement of species we pass from the ovate to the subquadrate
forms (Nos. 1—5), and then take a somewhat abnormal species that looks towards the
next group (Cyprelle). |

Of these Cypridella Koninckiana and C. obsoleta are apiculate and indented behind ;
the others had posterior spines.

1. CypripeLya Epwarpsiana (De Koninck). Plate IV, figs. 4 a—c ; PI. V, figs. 11 a—e.

Cyeripina Epwarpstana, De Kon., 1841. Mém. Acad. Roy. Belg., vol. xiv, p. 17,
fig. 9.
os — — 1843. In D’Omalius’ Précis élém. Géol., p. 515.
= _ — 1844. Descript. Anim. foss. Terr. Carb. Bel-
gique, p. 287, pl. lii, fig. 2a—d.

CYTHERE — Dupont, 1863. Bullet. Acad. Roy. Belg., sér. 2me, vol. xv,
p- 110.
CYPRIDELLA a Jones and Kirkby, 1864. Canad. N. Geol., June, 1864,
p. 237; N. Jahrb., f. 1864,
p. 54.

Carapace-valves gibbose, tuberculate ; subovate in profile, nearly subtrigonal; acute
behind, broad, and notched in front. Raised into a large subcentral tubercle (in the antero-
dorsal region), with two or more smaller knobs, above and below. Impressed with a
dorsal or nuchal sulcus, passing from the back with an oblique curve across the centre,
and dying out below.

The notch is obscure within the broad sinus of the front in the few specimens we

CYPRIDELLA. 33

have seen. The antero-ventral margin rarely projects beyond the vertical line of the
notch ; it is sharper in.our best specimen than in Prof. De Koninck’s. fig. 2 c, which has
it rounded in a left valve placed with the.anterior edge upwards ; otherwise the outline
agrees with that in our fig. 4@. The main tubercle appears rather higher up in the
Belgian figure than in ours ; andthe ventral tuberclé is not’so low down, nor so large, as
im our figured specimen ; indeed it seems to be linear and subdivided. The sulcus is not
defined by Prof. De Konimck, and the edge-views of his specimen (fig. 2 a, ventral; 2 4,
dorsal) indicate only a slight transverse depression.

Cypridella Edwardsiana has a profile much resembling that of Cypridina Cummingii
(Pl. II, fig. 23); but it is sharper behind, less deeply notched in front, sometimes more
produced antero-ventrally, and is not so convex, although tuberculate.

The small specimen of Cypridella Hdwardsiana, var. septentrionalis, drawn in Pl. V,
figs. 11 a—d, is from the grey Carboniferous Limestone of West Broadstone, Beith,
Ayrshire; collected by Mr. John Young. It is relatively thicker and shorter, with a
more angular edge-view, than figs. 4 a—c, Pl. IV. The “chin” is less developed; the
dorsal tubercle is wanting, but the ventral swelling is considerable, and the central
tubercle, quite as strong as in the Irish specimen, is truncate, as is that also; perhaps
it was originally produced as a lateral spine or prickle. The posterior margin is acuminate.
The worn surface shows numerous, minute, scattered pits, almost quincuncially arranged.

We have no doubt of the specific identity of the specimens alluded to. The differ-
ences can be only varietal at most. The features are more strongly expressed in the Irish
and Scotch specimens than in the Belgian figured specimen; and the British form may
be recorded as Cypridella Edwardsiana, Var. SEPTEN'TRIONALIS,

Frém Cork. Length +; height %; thickness + inch. Proportions 11:8: 7.

From West Broadstone. Length $; height 3; thickness 74; inch. Proportions
BA +33.

The Belgian specimen is 5 millimetres in length. Proportions 93:8 : 53.

The species is stated to be rare at Visé, Belgium. We have it from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Cork, Ireland (Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S.), and of Bathgate and West Broad-
stone, Scotland (Mr. W. Grossart.and Mr. J. Young), and at neither place is it common.
The shell is preserved, but not perfectly, being minutely honeycombed by the action of
water, giving rise sometimes to a deceptive appearance of granulations under the
microscope.

34 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

2. CYPRIDELLA Konincxrana, Jones. Plate III, figs. 14 a—c; ‘figs. 16 a,6; and
figs. 17 a—d.

CyPRIDELLA KoNINCKIANA, Jones, 1870. ‘Month. Micr. Journ., vol. iv, p. 185, pl. 1xi,
‘fig. 9.

Carapace-valves ovato-triangular; convex; some ‘with less vertical diameter than
others, the ventral region being protruded into a blunt angle (fig. 14 a) in the latter.
Dorsal line slightly convex, with a median depression, due to the nuchal furrow ;- posterior
strongly apiculate and indented; anterior edge nasute, being deeply notched, produced
above into a hook and almost vertical below, with a slight swelling or sigmoid curve not
projecting out so far as the hood and beak. ‘Tubercle usually strong, but variable ; furrow
distinct.

Fig. 16. Length }; height +; thickness § inch. Proportions 11}: 7 : 53.

gS i ae ar +, oo 2 ADR BE,

Fig. 14. fea Sel eee to» ae 114:10°<8.

Figs. 17 d, e are three-quarter views of this species partly imbedded, to compare with
Pl. IV, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, which belong to different animals.

This is a well marked species, very common and well preserved in the Carboniferous
Limestone of Little Island and the neighbourhood of Cork, Ireland. Collected by Mr. J.
Wright, F.G.S., and dedicated to the veteran paleontologist of Belgium—Prof. Dr. L.
de Koninck, of Liége, to whom we owe an early acquaintance with some of the most
interesting of the fossil Cypridinade, and of the present genus in particular,

3. CYPRIDELLA OBSOLETA. Sp. nov. Plate III, figs. 12 a—e.

Carapace bean-shaped ; ovate-oblong in side-view ; apiculate behind at the middle ;
strongly notched and hooded in front. Tubercles and sulcus both faint, but much
stronger on the left than on the right valve (figured).

Length $; height 4; thickness $ inch. Proportions 9 : 6: 5.

The specimen, retaining a film of much-weathered shell, was collected by Mr. J.
Wright, F.G.S., from the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, near Cork; and we
know of none like it among our Cypridinads. The slight expression of its generic
characters (tubercle and furrow) gives rise to its proposed name.

4. Cypriprtia Wricuti1. Sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 1 a—e.

Carapace oviform, but truncate and broadly notched anteriorly, and locally thickened
by two very large hemispherical tubercles, one on either side of the antero-dorsal region.
The rounded hinder end is marked by the circular base of a spinous apex.

CYPRIDELLA. 35

Length 3; height 4; thickness finch. Proportions 11: 8: 9.

In this little dark-coloured shell from the limestone of Little Island, Cork (Mr. J.
Wright), and in a white cast from Visé (Bosquet), we have a near approach to Cypridella
cruciata, De Koninck.(‘ Mém. Acad. Roy. Belg.,’ vol. xiv, 1841, p. 20, fig. 11, and ‘ Descr.
Crust. foss. Terr..Carb: Relg.,” 1844; p. 590, pl. 52, figs. 7 a—e) from Visé. Our specimens,
however, are smaller, longer in proportion, more egg-shaped and tapering, have much larger
tubercles, less hood, and‘ more gape apparently, and have decidedly far less of the furrow
across the back, which gives the cross-mark to Prof.. De Koninck’s species.

To the energy and discrimination of Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S., of Belfast, we owe
the perfect specimen from Cork, and many other of the Entomostraca here described ;
and we record our appreciation of his love of geology and his scientific liberality by
giving his name to this exquisite little fossil Cypridinad.

M. de Koninck’s C. eruciata is represented (/oc. cit., fig. 7 a) by a right-hand valve,
with its front face upwards ; 4 is the anterior face, comparable with our fig.1 ¢; the fig. 7d
shows the posterior extremity with the base of a spine, and e is the dorsal surface,
cross-marked by the hinge-line and’ transverse furrow. It is a rare species. Length 4
millimetres. M. E. Dupont found it very rare in French Hainault, ‘ Bull. Acad. Belg.,’
sér. 2, vol. xv, 1863, p. 110.

5. CYPRIDELLA QUADRATA. Sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 2 a, 4, ¢.

Carapace quadrate in each profile, bearing a very prominent, globose, nearly central
tubercle on either side; the front strongly hooded, and projecting below in a coarsely
trifid prow ; somewhat convex on the back; almost straight and flat below ; rounded
behind, and bearing a mark of a spine at the postero-ventral angle ; transverse sulcus
(not shown in the figures) distinct on the back, and especially on the sides behind the
tubercles. There is a trace of a muscle-spot below the tubercle and rather forwards.

C. quadrata. Length 4; height +; thickness § mch. Proportions 19 : 14 : 15.

C. Wrighti. aoe Se Sayed Ma iy + 3; 55 22: 16: 18:

C. cruciata. Length 4 millimetres. Ke LS = 13220)

CO. quadrata is longer and squarer than Cypridella cruciata, De Kon. ; its tubercles are
more free and globose ; its hood and prow far more knobly, and its posterior spine was
low down instead of being on the middle line,

Two strongly featured casts in the light-coloured Carboniferous Limestone of Visé,
from M. Bosquet’s collection, form the basis for the above specific determination.

36 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

6. CYPRIDELLA CYPRELLOIDES. Sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 9 a—e.

Carapace-valve acute-ovate; pointed behind; indented in front with a shallow open
sinus, leaving a blunt beak and retreating breast. Large, long, prominent tubercle,
placed forwards and pointing backwards; and a strong sulcus behind it. Edge-view of
carapace acute-irregular-oval ; end-view rhombic.

This much resembles Cyprella chrysalidea, De Kon., in-form ; but it is quite smooth,
having no annulation. It may be regarded either as a link or an isomorph. It is a
light-grey shell from the Carboniferous Limestone of Cork, Ireland. Collected by Mr. J.
Wright, F.G.S. |

Length 3; height 4; thickness 3 inch. Proportions 8 :.5-: 5.

V. SULCUNA. © Gen. nov.

The carapace-valves are much like those of Cypridella ‘Wrightii (Pl. IV, fig. 1) in
lateral outline, being ovate-oblong, elliptical behind, and truncate and more or less
indented, with sinus and notch, in front; but the nuchal sulcus is much more definitely
and deeply marked. It passes obliquely downwards and forwards, undercutting
the antero-dorsal region, and raising it into a slanting hump or even a backward-pointing
process.

There is a tendency to point backwards in the subcentral tubercle of some Cypridelle ;
and were the high position of the tubercle (as im Pl. IV, fig. 1) accompanied by a
more backward development than even in Fig. 9, and associated with a strong and
oblique furrow under the tubercle, we should have the main characters of our new
genus.

1. Suncuna Lepus. Sp. nov. Plate IV, figs. 6a, 4; 7 a, 4, ¢.

Valves ovate-oblong, truncate in front, rounded behind; antero-dorsal region formed
into an oblique hump by the slanting nuchal furrow. Front margin indented ; the sinus
appears shallow in fig. 7a, but deeper in fig. 6a. The end-view of the carapace would
present an acute-oval outline, with two suboval projections above.

Fig. 6. Length §; height 3; thickness ;4g. Proportions 8:5: 3.

Fig. fie a3 i; a3 4; Oe 4 » 12: 8.0;

Rare in the Carboniferous Limestone of Little Island, Cork. Mr. Joseph
Wright, F.G.S.

©

SULCUNA: CYPRELLA. 37

2. Suncuna cunicuLvs. ‘Sp.nov. Plate IV, figs; 5 a, 4,c; 8 a, 5, ¢.

Smaller than 8. /eyus, and, in one specimen at least, more convex, strongly notched
and hooded anteriorly (in a well-preserved specimen, fig. 8), and far more strongly
indented by the dorsal furrow, whereby the antero-dorsal region of each valve is divided
off as a pointed process, tending backwards and outwards. This curious species has a
distant resemblance in outline to a couchant rabbit, with distinct pointed ears. In the
end-view, fig. 8 4, these processes diverge more than in fig. 5 6. In fig. 5 @ the anterior
margin, its dorsal angle being obscured by matrix, is not perfectly shown, and a
little tubercle, which is merely a local irregularity of the convex surface, is figured too

strongly. ;
Fig. 5. Length $;-height $; thickness 74g. Proportions 9:6:3.
Fig. 8. 2»? ee: »” 7; »” re ” 10 : 7 5 Be

Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S., has found well-preserved but rather rare specimens in the
Carboniferous Limestone-of Little Island, Cork.

VI. CYPRELLA, De Koninck.

CYPRELLA et CYPRIDINA, De Koninck,' 1841, 1844.
CyprELLA, Dupont, 1863.
_ Jones and Kirkby, 1863.

The generic characters of this peculiar form are best understood from the description
of the two species known to us. The general form is that of Cypridinella and Cypri-
dellina, with apiculate and indented end and a truncate front; the latter notched, sloping
downwards, and with either a nearly vertical or a receding antero-ventral margin. There are
also present tubercle and dorsal sulcus, of varying intensities; but the chief character is a
vertical and necessarily annular striation, furrowing, or step-like marking on the carapace.
These parallel lines are more distinct, wider apart, and more step-like in Cyprella
chrysalidea than in C. annulata. C. chrysalidea also has a more hood-like construction
of the antero-dorsal region, over the sinus and notch, than either its fellow species, or
any of the Cypridinads we know of. None of our figures, some of the best of our speci-
mens being crushed casts, express quite so much as we can see in them; and M. De

1M. Cantraine, in reporting, together with M. Dumont, on Prof. De Koninck’s ‘‘ Memoir on the
Carboniferous Crustacea of Belgium,’’ in ‘ Bullet. Acad. Belg.,’ viii, partie lére, p. 801 (1841), expressed
the opinion that Cyprella might be Cypridina, and that Cyprella chrysalidea, De Kon., and Cypridina
annulata, De Kon., might belong to one genus. In the latter opinion we fully coincide.

38 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

Koninck’s somewhat exaggerated curve (in his fig. 6c) is not without meaning in the
representation of the curious Daphnioid hood, as shown also in his fig. 6a. The
structure of sinus and gape there clearly shown appears to be unique, and waits for
elucidation.

1. CypRELLA curysalipEa, De Koninck. Plate IV, figs. 10 a—c; 11 a—c; 14 a, 4,
15, 16 a—c; 18 a, 6. Including Var. subannulata.

CYPRELLA CHRYSALIDEA, De Koninck, 1844. Mem. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. xiv,
p. 19, fig. 7; 1843, in D’Omalius’
Précis élém. Géol., p. 515; 1844,
Desc. Anim. foss, Terr. Carb. Belg.,
p- 589, pl. lii, fig. 6 a—e.
— ~ Dupont, 1863. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., sér. 2e, vol. xv, p. 110.
_ — Jones and Kirkby, 1864. N. Jahrb. f.; 1864, p. 54; Can.
Nat. Geol., June, 1864, p. 237.
— SUBANNULATA, Jones, 1870. M. Microsc. Journ., vol. iv, p. 185, pl. 61,
fig. 10.

Carapace compressed-egg-shaped; subovate in outline, sharp behind ; truncate and
notched, or somewhat rounded and notched, in front ; bearing subcentral tubercles of
greater or less extent and elevation; surface marked with numerous vertically transverse,
parallel striz or furrows, or rather step-like graduated rings, like the body-rings of a
chrysalis. These vary in number in our specimens; fig. 10 has only seven from behind
up to the tubercle, and none beyond, over the anterior quarters of the shell; fig. 11 has
ten or more on the posterior, ané none on the anterior half of the shell; fig. 16 shows
about fourteen over the whole length of the valve, and they are strongly marked as in
fig. 10; fig. 18 also has about fourteen, as in fig 16, whilst figs. 14 and 15 have about
fifteen .or sixteen; and the still more perfect Belgian specimen, figured by Prof. De
Koninck, has eighteen or more clearly indicated from tail to hood.

‘The Belgian casts with which M. Bosquet has favoured us are sketched in figs. 14,
15, and 18, and though somewhat crushed and imperfect, they show the general features
clearly enough [fig. 18 a ought to indicate a trace of the tubercle]. Like them, though
not quite so large, is a well-preserved grey shell (fig. 16) in grey limestone from
Settle, Yorkshire (Mr. J. H. Burrow), fully satisfying paleontologists of the existence
of the Belgian species in the British area during the Lower Carboniferous Period. It
has a rounded hood, low-set notch, and feeble tubercle, but we hesitate to regard these
differences as of specific value.

In fig. 10 we exhibit another but smaller specimen ; a grey shell, in grey limestone,
from Settle (Mr. Burrow). It is like the others, except that the beak is relatively stronger

CYPRELLA. 39

in profile, the breast more retreating, and the rings fewer in number, and investing only
the hinder half of the valve. This is our Var. supannuLata (C. subannulata, Jones, 1870).

In fig. 11 we see a similar shell, dark grey, from Little Island, Cork (Mr. J. Wright,
F.G.S.), rather more convex than the last, with a somewhat stronger tubercle, and
marked by a few more rings on its posterior moiety. This has the definitely apiculate
and indented posterior margin that we see in M. De Koninck’s fig. 6 c.

Fig. 16 and fig. 10 agree in the symmetrically elliptical shape of the hinder
extremity, whilst fig. 11 is indented and apiculate posteriorly, like De Koninck’s original
specimen (his fig. 6c); but figs. 11 and 10 agree as to the form of the beak or hood,
and fig. 16 differs in that point from all, So also figs. 10 and 16 agree as to general
convexity with each other, and with all the Belgian specimens, and their tubercles are
low; whilst fig. 11 has an unusual convexity of the hinder half, and its tubercle also is
strong. We see an extra large tubercle in fig. 15, but this cast (Belgian) is not well
preserved ; and the tubercle is very feeble in fig. 18, also a Belgian cast (compressed).

Looking at all the slight differences above detailed, and weighing them against the
features of mutual resemblance, we must still regard all these specimens as belonging to
one species; suggesting, however, that fig. 10 (from Settle) and fig. 11 (Cork) are
varietal (Var. swbannulata), if not male or young specimens, and that possibly fig. 16 may
also be a local variety.

Length. Height. Thickness. aes. a ePaht, Whieléys
De Koninck’s figs. 6a—e . . . 4 4 2 inen, ly 226 A,
Fig. 10, from Settle (Var.) . . er 4 4 10 6 5.
Fig. 11, from Cork (Var.) . 4 7 $ iM! 7 6.
Fig. 14, poor cast, Belgium + 3 + 14 Sale
Fig. 16, from Settle . z = = 12 8 Sy
Fig. 18, compressed cast,} Belgian = = = 15 OF ne

Cyprella chrysalidea is represented in Prof. De Koninck’s plate 52 by the right
valve (fig. 6 c) with its front upwards, by the dorsal (e) and ventral (a) views of the
carapace, and by two views of natural size (2 and d). It appears to us that the artist
made too strong a line and too free a curve between the hood and the tubercle, as also
in fig. 7 a of the same plate. The curve in fig. 3 we interpret somewhat differently.
See further on, p. 40.

C. chrysalidea is stated by De Koninck to be ten millimetres im length, and to
be very rare at Visé; so also M. E. Dupont refers to it as being very rare in French
Hainault (‘ Bull. Acad. Belg.,’ sér. 2e, vol. xv, p. 110). M. Bosquet has kindly sent us
some Belgian casts of this interesting little fossil.

1 This has been somewhat compressed ; hence a greater height and less thickness, perhaps, than in
the original carapace.

AO CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

It is not common either at Little Island or Settle, whence Messrs. Wright and Burrow
obtained their specimens respectively. The late Rev. J. G. Cumming found it in the
Poolvash Limestone, Isle of Man, and presented a specimen to the Geol. Mus. Survey,
London, Tablet 38. Another specimen on the same Tablet came from Longnor, Derby-
shire. We have also seen a specimen in the Carboniferous Limestone of Bathgate, Linlith-
gowshire, collected by Mr..Grossart, Surgeon, of Salsburg, Lanarkshire.

2. CypRELLA ANNULATA (De Koninck). Plate IV, figs. 12 a,6; 18 a,6; 17 a,4,c.

CyprIDINA ANNULATA, De Koninck, 1841. Meém. Acad. Roy. Belg., vol. xiv,. p. 18,
fig. 8; 1843, in D’Omalius’ Précis
elem. Geol., p. 515 ; 1844, Desc. Anim.
foss. Terr. Carbonif. Belg., p. 588,
pl. lii, figs. 3 a, b.

CYTHERE — Dupont, 1863. Bullet. Acad. Roy. Belg., sér. 2e, vol. xv, p. 110.

CYPRELLA _— Jones and Kirkby, 1864. N. Jahrb. f., 1864, p. 54; Canad.

Nat. Geol., June, 1864, p. 237.

Carapace short oviform, truncate and notched in front; bluntly apiculate and
indented behind; the subcentral tubercle large; the nuchal furrow variable, stronger in
some individuals than in others ; vertical across the valve in fig. 12 a; strongest behind
and below the tubercle in fig. 13 @; merely intensifying the back of the tubercle in fig.
17a; deeply notching the back in Prof. De Koninck’s figured specimen. Surface verti-
cally scored throughout, with about eighteen parallel, sometimes sinuous, lines, with
weaker and partial lines between ; and in one interesting case we find a distinct reticulate
ornament of minute, polygonal, raised meshes on the shell, traversed by the small parallel
furrows above mentioned (fig. 12 4, magnified twenty diameters).

Proportions.

Length. Height. Thickness. Length. Height, Thickness.
C. annulata (De Kon.), plate 52,
fig. 3 a, 6 (about seven
millimetres long) 4 4 P Lee .2) Oe eae
Fig. 13, from Settle 4 Ay ra 12:32) 0 ge
Fig. 17, from Cork 4 é + Leos Sa dee

Prof. De Koninck has Gate! a left ath (fg 5 a, 6), comparable with our fig. 13 a,
with its front upwards; and the artist has introduced an artificial curve, involving the
antero-dorsal region and the tubercle, and following the line of the strong nuchal furrow,
where it has depressed the dorsal edge. The front margin (upwards) is imperfect, and
therefore rounded, as in our fig. 12 a. The convex ventral margin (on the left hand of

CYPRELLA. AL

the reader), and the apiculate and indented hinder margin (downwards in fig. 3 a, 4), are
very characteristic.

Fig. 12 isa grey valve (showing reticulate sculpture under the microscope, 12 4) in grey
limestone from Cork (Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S.). It seems to be rounded in front, but
is really imbedded in the matrix ; it has a low tubercle, and a strong, broad, transverse
furrow across the surface, the hinder moiety of the valve being very convex.

Fig. 13 is a larger valve, grey, with a suborbicular outline; from the grey limestone
of Settle ; collected by Mr. J. H. Burrow, M.A., who has enriched our list with many
Carboniferous species.

Fig. 17, a grey shell in grey limestone, is more ovate than either of the foregoing,
being narrower in vertical diameter; perhaps a male. It was collected, with afew others,
at Little Island, Cork, by Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S., who has been so successful in his search
in the Carboniferous Limestone of Cork, Ireland.

We have also seen a specimen of this species in Mr. W. Grossart’s collection from
the Carboniferous Limestone of Bathgate, Linlithgowshire.

Our specimens are much less depressed at the nuchal furrow than Prof. De Koninck’s
original seems to have been; but evidently that is a variable feature.

Cyprella annulata is said to be very rare at Visé, Belgium (De Koninck), and in French
Hainault (Dupont).

We now return to some forms closely related to Cypridina, and well known in the
recent state, namely, Bradycinetus and Philomedes. Of the former we have certainly a
good representative in the Carboniferous Formation at Carluke, Scotland; of the latter a
less decided, but very probable, representative has been sent to us from the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of Cork, Ireland. After having treated of some other fossil forms,
_which, however, have no closely allied existing representative, but are evidently
Cypridinads (Lntomoconchus and Offa), we shall treat of some fossil forms of Polycope
and Cytherella, and then take up some extinct Entomostraca (Hntomis), whose relationship
with the Ostracoda is obscure, and in which the absence of the anterior notch and the
presence of a strong nuchal furrow are distinguishing features.

42 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

VII. BRADYCINETUS, G. O. Sars.

Cypripina, Baird, 1850.
— Liljeborg, 1853.
Astrropn, Fischer, 1854.
Cypripina, Stimpson, 1854.
Brapycinetus, G. O. Sars, 1865.
—_ G. S. Brady, 1867, 1868, 1871.

Carapace strong, ovato-globose ; deeply notched ; edge of the beak sinuous, or even
produced into small horn-like processes. See page 9.

1. Brapycinetus Ranxrnianvs, J. and K. Plate II, figs. 21,22 a—c. Plate V, fig. 5.

CypripIna RANKINIANA, J. and K., 1867. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, p. 218 ;
and vol. iii, Suppl., 1871, p. 27.

Carapace globose ; compressed anteriorly, round-oval or broad-ovate in outline; deeply
notched in front, beneath a broad beak, which has a jagged or sinuous edge (fig. 5, Pl. V).

The surface is smooth and finely reticulate (fig. 22, ¢), with irregularly quadrangular
meshes, slightly sunken at the centre. The Muscle-spot, distinct on the cast (fig 21), is
almost central.

Two specimens of this interesting species occur in the half of a small round ironstone
nodule from Gare, Carluke: from the same stratum that yielded the Coprolite with
- Polycope simplex (p. 53), equivalent to the “ First Calmy Limestone of Braidwood,” 340
fathoms below the Ell Coal. In Dr. Rankin’s Collection.

The nodule is seven eighths of an inch in greatest diameter; beneath its external
coat (one sixth of an inch) is a thin layer of calc-spar, next a film of ironstone, and the
inside consists of a blue argillaceous septarium, one fissure of which passes through
one of the specimens.

Bradycinetus Rankinianus is like B. Macandrei (Baird), Brady, ‘Trans. Lin. Soc.,’
vol. xxvi, plate 37, figs. 14—17, in general aspect, but is more gibbose and more oval in
outline ; but it is not truncate behind, nor is there evidence of its having been spined at
tlie postero-ventral region. It has a notch and beak closely resembling those of ZB.
Macandrei ; and, though B. Brenda has a somewhat different structure of these parts
we refer our fossil to this genus, guided by the peculiarity of beak, general contour,
and ornament. It is dedicated to the indefatigable explorer of Carluke fossils, Dr. D.
R. Rankin, who has aided us kindly with many specimens.

Length 4; height 4; thickness } inch. Proportions 12: 9 : 6.

PHILOMEDES, 43

VIII. PHILOMEDES, ZLzljeborg.

? Cypris, Nicolet, 1849.
Cypripina, Baird, 1850.
Puitomepes, Lilljeborg, 1853.
Cypripina, Dana, 1855.
PuiILtomMeDES, Norman, 1861.
— G. O. Sars, 1865.
—_ G. S. Brady, 1867, 1868, 1871.

Carapace subcylindrical 3, or ovate ¢ ; frequently spined or apiculate posteriorly ;
notch deep and large. One known form (PA. Folini, Brady) has a coarsely ridged and

deeply pitted carapace. See page 8.

1. Painomepes Barrpiana. Sp. nov. Plate IT, figs. 30, 31 a, J, ¢.

Carapace-valves suboblong, compressed; excised by a broad antero-inferior sinus;
and impressed by a medio-dorsal furrow. Hdge-view of carapace narrow-oblong, with
elliptical ends ; end-view obovate.

This resembles some published figures of Philomedes interpuncta 8 ; but the
specimens, not being free of the matrix, are apparently without the usual posterior spine
or process ; the notch, also, is too broadly rounded, though the gape is smaller ; and the
nuchal furrow is rather too strong for Ph. znterpuncta.

Length 3; height ¢; thickness =; inch. Proportions 10: 5 : 33.

We dedicate this interesting Cypridinad to the memory of our deceased friend Dr. W.
Baird, by whom the knowledge of Entomostraca was so greatly advanced.

Ph. Bairdiana occurs as grey shells (two) in the grey Carboniferous Limestone of
Little Island, Cork. Collected by Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.

IX. RHOMBINA. Gen. nov.

Belonging possibly to the Cypridinade, but differmg in shape from any of the fore-
going genera, there are some rare specimens of carapace-valves obliquely oblong or rhom-
boidal in profile, and rather compressed, which have a slight sinus and a mere trace of

AA CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

the Cypridinal notch on the sloping anterior margin under the projecting antero-dorsal
angle, The nearest approach to this structure among the species described in the
previous pages is seen in figs. 15—19, Pl. Il, Cypridina brevimentum, and in figs. 30
and 81, Pl. Il, which we have doubtingly referred to Philomedes (p. 43). In both cases,
however, a large sinus and definite notch give a considerable gape to the closed valves.
In Polycope, which is known to differ considerably from Cypridina in its organs, the
sinus is reduced to a minimum, and the notch is quite wanting, so that there is no gape
ut all. The above-mentioned specimens, having still some amount of sinus, notch, and
gape, differ essentially from Po/ycoye ; and they differ in degree, to a large extent, from
the above quoted Cypridinads. And as the features here referred to were doubtless in
strict relation with the capability and appliance of the internal organs and the extruded
swimming feet, we propose to group these few specimens under a new genus, RHOMBINA.
A marginal rim on the ventral edge of the valves may also be mentioned as a noticeable
feature, on account of its much greater development than in any other of the allied forms.

There is some resemblance between Rhoméina and certain forms of Aristozoe, one of
M. Barrande’s Silurian genera from Bohemia, but the latter has usually antero-dorsal
tubercles and sometimes a nuchal sulcus.

1. Ruompina Hisernica. Sp. nov. Plate IL, figs. 32 a—c; Plate V, figs. 13 a—e.

Carapace subcylindrical, with slanting ends; somewhat pod-shaped; compressed
anteriorly. Carapace-valve almost a rhomb in outline, obliquely truncate at both extremi-
ties, with nearly parallel lines, but more acutely (60°) at the anterior end than at the
other (70°). The most prominent angle is at the antero-dorsal region, under which a
slight sinus notches each valve, making a small gape.

The dorsal line is straight ; the lower margin is slightly convex, and is bordered by a
distinct raised rim. End-view of the carapace is acute-oval ; edge-view long compressed
ovate.

Length 7; height }; thickness } inch. Proportions 12 : 6: 5.

- This species is represented by a well-preserved dark-coloured shell from the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of Little Island, Cork, and was brought to our notice by its
discoverer, Mr. J. Wright, F.G.S.

[The figure 32 a, in Pl. II, represents the valve upside down ; it is therefore refigured
in Pl. V, fig. 13 @.]

*. Ruompina Brteica. Sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 14 a—d.

Carapace oblong-ovate, subcylindrical, truncated obliquely at the extremities, and some-

ENTOMOCONCHUS. 45

what compressed posteriorly. Anterior slope 70°; hinder slope 80°. Dorsal and ventral
margins slightly convex, the latter bordered bya raisedrim. End-view acute-oval ; edge-
_ view long-pyriform.

Length 4g; height 74; thickness 6, inch. Proportions 14: 7 : 6.

This rare form occurs to us asa single valve from the Upper Carboniferous Limestone
at Visé, Belgium, and we are indebted to M. J. Bosquet, F.C.G.S., for this and other
interesting specimens.

X. ENTOMOCONCHUS, ‘Coy, 1839.

The bibliographical history of Axtomoconchus is that of its best-known species,
E. Scoulert. In 1839 Professor F. M‘Coy figured and described as Entomoconchus
Scouleri, in the ‘Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin’ (vol. ii, p. 91, pl. 5, figs.
a—e), some large globose Entomostracan specimens which had been obtained by himself
and Dr. Scouler from the Mountain-limestone of Clane, Co. Kildare, Ireland. This form
had already been recognised as occurring in the Mountain-limestone of Bolland (Bowland
Forest), Yorkshire, by Prof. John Phillips, and was referred to by him in his ‘ Geology
of the Mountain-limestone District of Yorkshire’ (1836), pages 240 and 251, as a
*Cypridiform Shell,” in the Gilbertson Collection ;! but he did not describe it, though
he gave sketches of it in pl. 22, figs. 23 and 24, of that work.

In 1841 five species of Bivalved Entomostraca from the Carboniferous Limestone of
Belgium were figured and described by Prof. Dr. L. De Koninck, of Liége, in his
‘Mémoire sur les Crustacés fossiles de Belgique,’ in the ‘ Mémoires Acad. Royale Belg.’
vol. xiv. At page 16, under the name Cytherina Phillipsiana (fig. 13), we have the
peculiar gibbose form common in some of the beds of the European Mountain-limestone,
and above referred to as Hntomoconchus Scouleri. The foregoing five species, together
with one other, were more fully treated and illustrated in his ‘ Description des Animaux
fossiles qui se trouvent dans le Terrain Carbonifére de Belgique’ (4to, Liége, 1842-44).
Among them De Koninck described his Cypridina Edwardsiana, C. concentrica, C. annu-
lata, Cyprella chrysalidea, and Cypridella cruciata. The generic affinities, however, were
not well determined, owing to the fact of the peculiar antero-veutral notch in the valves of
Cypridina having been omitted in the engraving of Milne-Edwards’s typical species (as
explained in the ‘Monograph of Tertiary Entomostraca of England,’ Pal. Soc., 1856,
page 9), and the paleontologist having been thereby misled in collocating the fossil
carapaces with their recent analogues. See above, p. 11.

In 1844 Prof. M‘Coy enlarged our knowledge of the Entomostraca ‘of the

’ Now in the British Museum.

46 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

Carboniferous rocks by the description and illustration of twenty-two forms (including
Entomoconchus Scouleri) from the Lower Carboniferous strata of Ireland, in his ‘ Synopsis
of the Characters of the Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland’ (4to, Dublin, 1844), Having
been enabled, through the courtesy of Sir Richard Griffith, Bart., to examine the
original specimens, we communicated to the ‘ Annals Nat. Hist.’ for July, 1866, a critical
notice of the whole, and arrived at the following conclusions as to the specimens of
EL. Scouleri :

“1. Entomoconchus Scoulert. Lower Carboniferous Limestone; Little Island, Cork.
‘Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland,’ p. 164. Griffith, “ List of Localities” (‘ Journ. Geol. Soc.
Dublin,’ vol. ix), p. 68. A weathered shell [not ‘cast ’’] in grey crystalline fossiliferous
limestone.

«]*, Another shell, in similar limestone; Millicent, Clane, Co. Kildare.

“]**. Another specimen (labelled ‘2. Scouleri, Upper Carboniferous Limestone ;
Black Lion, Enniskillen, Co. Leitrim,’ ‘ Localities,’ p. 80) is a dark-coloured crystalline
shelly limestone with a Cyclus.’”

In Prof. M‘Coy’s figures and descriptions of #. Scoulert the hinge-line is by mistake
referred to the anterior extremity, and the relations of the other margins are consequently
misconstrued. His figures published in 1839 are large and carefully drawn, but those
of 1844, also those by Phillips and De Koninck, are not of sufficient size, nor exact
enough, to serve the purposes of the naturalist.

The characteristic feature in Hutomoconchus, namely, the anterior peak, with a fissure
beneath, formed by a sudden, though slight, inward curve of the edge of each valve, just
below the antero-dorsal region, and analogous to the Cypridinal beak and notch, was not
noticed until 1863, when we pointed out that Hntomoconchus is one of the Cypridinade
in a provisional notice of the Entomostraca of the Carboniferous Period read before the
British Association®

Generic Description —The carapace of Entomoconchus is bivalved and subglobose ;
valves subequal, smooth, thick (5th inch and more). In some instances, where large
individuals are crowded together (Kildare and Bolland), the middle portions of some
valves appear to be q/gth inch thick, but this may possibly be due to the close approxima-
tion of valve within valve. Sometimes a very faint reticulate structure is recognisable in
well-preserved shells. The left valve strongly overlaps the right valve in the antero-dorsal
region, less so posteally, and slightly at the ventral border. his kind of overlap exists in
two of Dr. Baird’s Cypridine, C. Zelandica and C. allomaculata (‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’

1 See ‘Annals Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 41.

? For a full account of all that is known of this curious little fossil Crustacean and its allies see Mr.
Henry Woodward’s exhaustive memoir in the ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1870, vol. vii, pp. 554—560, pl. 23.

® See ‘Report Brit. Assoc.,’ Newcastle-on-Tyne, for 1863, Trans. Sect., p. 80; also ‘Canadian
Naturalist and Geologist,’ new ser., vol. i, 1864, p. 236; ‘Neues Jahrbuch fir Min. Geol.,’ &c.,
1864, p. 54; and ‘ Geologist,’ vol. vi, p. 460, 1863,

ENTOMOCONCHUS. 47

“Annulosa.”) The hinge-line is simple, the thin edge of the right valve being received
under the overlap of the opposite valve.

The posterior portion of the carapace is rounded, the curve varying with individuals.
The anterior is truncate, usually obliquely, and with a more or less sinuous outline, due
to a depression accompanying the slight notch that is cut out (or rather indented) below
the well-marked antero-dorsal angle. These correspond with the hood and notch of most
of the Cypridinade." The gape or opening at the notch is narrow and vertical (not
transverse, as in Cypridina and many of its allies). It is widest above, and closes at
about the middle of the vertical line, but reopens, with a smaller vertical fissure, at the
antero-ventral angle of the carapace, which is rounded and subcarinate, being impressed
on either side by a marginal furrow continued downwards from the depressed area. In
old individuals a short oblique furrow passes off on each side from the great sinus or
depressed area of the front of the carapace; it is directed backwards and downwards,
from below the hood-like notch, and above the antero-ventral dehiscence of the valves.
There is also a small round or oval space left between the valves, sometimes accompanied
by a slight prominence at the postero-ventral angle, or at the corresponding curve. ‘This
probably had relation to a marginal spike on each valve, such as is met with in many
bivalved Entomostraca. Near the middle of the inside of each valve, but rather nearer
the antero-ventral angle, a relatively large “ Muscle-spot” is strongly marked in old indi-
viduals of #. Scouleri by a suboval patch of short radiating furrows within a much larger
sunken circular area.

A local cloudiness of discoloration only is sometimes seen at this point on the outside
of the perfect valves, but by the loss of the exterior coating, from solution of the
carbonate of lime (a result of weathering), the radiate lines of the Muscle-mark are fre-
quently brought to view. These vascular rays of the Muscle-spot are transverse in the
middle, longitudinal at the extremities above and below, and at graduated angles between
on either side.’

The Muscle-spot was distinctly indicated by Prof. M‘Coy in 1839. Somewhat
similar radiating groups of linear “lucid spots” are observable in several published
figures of Cypridine (Baird and others).

A difference of outline and of the number of radiating canals occurs in the figured
Muscle-spots of our specimens (figs. 3d, 4d, 5d); but we do not see how to assign these
differences as characters of sex, age, or variety. Fig. 3 d, showing the coarsest radii, is
a perfect cast of the Muscle-spot; the others are seen by partial loss of the outer crust of

the valve.

Cypridina, Philomedes, Asterope and Bradycinetus possess the anterior or antero-ventral notch
Eurypylus and Heterodesmus have it far less developed or barely present. Polycope, a member of an
allied group, has no notch. See above, pages 3 e¢ seq. |

2 A curiously similar pattern is seen on the dorsum of Cryptonota citrina, Stimpson, ‘ Invertebr.
Grand Manon,’ p. 36, pl. 2, fig. 27.

48 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

Relationship of the Genus.—The carapace of Hntomoconchus differs from that of any
of the known species of Cypridina, Philomedes, Asterope, or Bradycinetus, m its sub-
quadrilateral outline, the hood and notch being only slightly developed, and usually
much higher up than in the oval Cypridinade. Its greater globosity and the thickness
of its valves distinguish it from the majority of the Cypridinal species, though the overlap
of the larger (left) valve is the same as in Cypridina? Zelandica, Baird (‘ Proc. Zool.
Soc.,’ Annulosa, pl. 17, figs. 11—13), and C.? albomaculata, Baird (ibid., 10) Bay
figs. 1 a—d). The Muscle-spot of the latter has a somewhat similar character to that
of Hntomoconchus.

There is a superficial likeness between some of the smaller specimens of Hztomo-
conchus and the carapace of Limnetis Gouldit, Baird (‘ Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1862, p. 149,
Annulosa, pl. 15, fig. 7); but the Cypridinal notch is absent in the latter, and the Muscle-
spot is very different.

Figs. 1 and 7 of our Plate I have outlines somewhat similar to that of Polycope orbicu-
laris, Brady (‘ Lin. Soc. Trans.,’ vol. xxvi, pl. 35, fig. 53) ; but with this the resemblance
ends, for in Polycope the Cypridinal notch is quite obsolete.

With the similarly globose, but strongly hinged, Heterodesmus,' an imperfectly known °
Cypridinad from the Sea of Japan, Hxtomoconchus has shape and gibbosity in common,
but the hingements differ, as well as the form and amount of notch or sinus.

Judging by the carapace-valves, all of the animal that remains to us, Hxtfomoconchus
was a marine gregarious Bivalved Entomostracan (as indicated by M‘Coy in 1839),
closely allied to the existing Cypridinade ; but the high position and the feeble development
of its “notch ” and “hood,” and the vertical, narrow, interrupted anterior ‘ gape” of the
valves, are distinctive features, connected with the extrusion of the antenne (swimming
limbs) and other organs, which were doubtlessly planned somewhat differently to those of
the existing genera.

For the better understanding of the illustrations referred to we note that—

In Prof. M‘Coy’s figures (1839)—

Fig. a is the anterior aspect of a carapace, the dorsal border being to the right
hand of the reader, and the right valve upwards. Compare our Pl. I, fig.
2 d, &e.

Fig. 4 is the ventral aspect, with the anterior end upward. Compare our fig. 6 c,
&e.

Fig. ¢ is the side view of a carapace, showing the right valve and its muscle-spot ;
the anterior end is upwards, and the dorsal border to the left of the reader.
Compare our fig. 4 a, &c.

Fig. d (natural size) is an outline view of the last-mentioned aspect (or of a left

1 G. S. Brady, ‘Trans. Zool. Soc.,’ 1866, vol. v, p. 387, pl. 72, figs. a—A.

ENTOMOCONCHUS. . 49

valve); the dorsal border is to the left of the reader, and the front end
upwards.

Fig. e is a diagrammatic plan of the rays of the Muscle-spot. Compare our figs.
3 dand 4 d.

In Prof. M‘Coy’s figures (1844.)—
Fig. 4 a, carapace showing right valve; anterior upwards.
Fig. 4 4, ventral aspect.

In Prof. Phillips’s figures (1836)—
Fig. 23, carapace, side-view, showing left valve; anterior end upwards.
Fig. 24, carapace, ventral view ; anterior upwards.

In Prof. De Koninck’s figures (1841, 1844)—
Fig. 1 a, side-view of carapace, showing the left valve ; anterior end upwards.
Fig. 1 4, ventral aspect of carapace ; anterior upwards.

1. Enromoconcuvs Scouteri, MCoy. Plate I, figs. 1—6. Var. ovatis, fig. 1.

“Cypridiform Shell,” J. Phillips, 1836. Ilust. Geol. Yorkshire, part. 2, p. 240 and
p. 251, pl. xxii, figs. 23, 24.
Entomoconcuus Scouteri, M‘Coy, 1839. Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. ii, p. 91,
pl. v, figs. a—e.
CyTHERINA PuitiipstaNa, De Koninck, 1841. Mem. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. xiv,
p- 16, fig. 13 ; 1843, in D’ Omalius’s
Précis élem. Géol., p.515.
— — Morris, 1843. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 73.
— — De Koninck, 1844. Descript. Anim. foss. Terr. Carb. Belg.,
p- 585, pl. lii, fig. 1 a, 6.
Entomoconcuvs Scourert, M‘Coy, 1844. Synops. Char. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 164,
pl. xxiii, fig. 4.
CYTHERINA PHILLIPSIANA, Cumming, 1846. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii, p. 322.
CYTHERE _ — 1848. The Isle of Man, Appendix Q, p. 355.
Entomoconcuus Scoutert, Morris, 1854. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., p. 108.
CyTHERE PHILiips1ana, Dupont, 1863. Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., ser. 2, vol. xv, p. 110.
Entomoconcuts ScouLert, Jones §& Kirkby,’ 1863. Geologist, vol. vi, p. 460; 1864,
Rep.Brit. Assoc. for1863,Trans,
Sect., p. 80; Neues Jahrb.,
1864, p.54; Canad. Nat. Geol.,
1864, new ser., vol. i, p. 236 ;
1866, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 3,
vol. xvili, pp. 41, 46, 48.

1 The references in ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ 1867, vol. ii, p. 218, and ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’
vol, iii, Supplement (Young and Armstrong’s ‘ Carb. Foss. W. Scotland,’ 1871), p. 28, were by our mistake
made to specimens of Cypridina Phillipsiana.

G

50 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

Enromoconcuvs Scoutert, Jones, 1870, Monthly Microsc. Journ., vol. iv, p. 185,
pl. 1xi, fig. 17.

Carapace subglobose, with a subquadrilateral profile; more strongly arched on the
dorsal than on the ventral border; truncate in front, with slight notch, depressed area,
and narrow interrupted gape, as described above (p. 46).

Individuals differ one from another in the profiles of their several aspects, as side-view,
end-view, and edge-view, and when some agree in one profile they differ in others. Some
(as figs. 2, 8, and 5), which are fuller in the postero-dorsal region than others (figs. 4
and 6), may have been females.

The diversity of outlines leads us to treat of the selected specimens separately,
thus :

Pl. I, figs. 1 a—ce.—The cast of a varietal form, and probably a small male, from the
Carboniferous Limestone of Clonalvy, near Naul, Co. Meath, Ireland.’ It is 34ths of an
inch long. Side-view obliquely ovate; truncated obliquely in front, having its longest
diameter from the antero-dorsal angle to the postero-ventral curve. End-view ovate,
broadest downwards. Edge-view long-ovate, broadest anteriorly. The transverse
(through the valves), vertical, and longitudinal diameters are as 5: 6: 7.

This specimen indicates a carapace proportionately longer, more convex below, and
more depressed in the postero-dorsal region (the last being probably a masculine feature),
than the other oblique-ovate specimens (figs. 4 and 6), and it differs also from them some-
what in the profiles both of end and edge. Hence we regard it as a variety—Var.
OVALIS.

Figs. 2 a—d.—This is a yellowish-grey shell of probably a young female 2. Scoulerz,
one third of an inch long. It is from the Lower Scar Limestone of Settle, Yorkshire
(Mr. J. H. Burrow, M.A.). Side-view subquadrate, with the postero-ventral region
rather prominent and the dorsal wall rounded. End-view ovate, broadest below. Edge-
view long-ovate, broadest in front.

The diameters have the following proportions :—Transverse (thickness of the whole
carapace) as 8; vertical as 11; longitudinal as 13.

We have the same form from the Carboniferous Limestone of Bolland,’ Yorkshire
(Prof. Morris, F.G.S.), and of Visé, Belgium (M. Bosquet, C.M.G.S.).

Figs. 3 a—d.—This is a rather large specimen, consisting of a light-grey limestone
cast and a piece of cream-coloured shell, from Visé, Belgium; the gift of M. J.
Bosquet, For. Cor. G. S., of Maestricht. It corresponds with De Koninck’s figured
specimen in size, but slightly differs in outline. It is ;4ths inch in length. Side-view

? Geol. Survey Ireland Museum, Tablet 211 n. Referred to in ‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 3, vol. xviii,
p. 48.
2 This is the “‘ Bowland Forest” of some maps, &c.—J. P.

ENTOMOCONCHUS. 51

subquadrate, with the antero-ventral and postero-dorsal regions slightly prominent.
End-view ovate, broadest below. Edge-view long-ovate, broadest behind.

The transverse, vertical, and longitudinal diameters are as 65:7: 8. That of the
circular depression around the Muscle-spot is as 43.

Muscle-spot (seen on the internal cast where the shell is wanting) oval, with about
thirty-six radii; it is near the centre of a slightly raised circular area on the cast, corre-
sponding with a depression on the inside of the shell, and the edge of which is indicated
on the outside of the’remaining portion of the shell by a faint curved furrow.

[These features are not shown on the figure. |

Figs. 4 a—d.—The shell (grey) of a very large and old individual from Bolland,
Yorkshire (Prof. Morris, F.G.S.); ;%ths inch in length. Side-view obliquely subovate ;
that is, obliquely truncate in front, with antero-dorsal prominence ; and obliquely ellip-
tical behind, the postero-dorsal region being depressed. End-view slightly ovate, nearly
round. Hdge-view oval.

Transverse, vertical, and longitudinal diameters as 8 : 9: 10.

Similar specimens abound in the Carboniferous Limestone of Kildare, Ireland.

Figs. 5 a—d.—A large dark-grey shell, slightly roughened by weathering, from
Bolland (Prof. J. Morris, F.G.S.). It is 2rds inch in length. Similar occur in Kildare.
Side-view suboval, truncate anteriorly, broadly elliptical behind. End-view broadly ovate,
almost round. Edge-view subovate, truncate anteriorly.

Transverse diameter almost equal to the height, and nearly $ths of the length.

Muscle-spot (shown by slight loss of surface) nearly round, with about fifty-two
radi.

Figs. 6 a—e.—A neat little shell of a small, probably young male, specimen, from
Bolland (Prof. Morris, F.G.S.). It is }4ths inch long; like fig. 4 in shape, but smaller
and less globose. .

Diameters—Transverse as 9 ; vertical as 11 ; longitudinal as 13.

Entomoconchus Scouleri is known to us by specimens from the Carboniferous Lime-
stone of Cork,’ Kildare (see above), Meath,? and Limerick (collections of Sir R. Griffith,
the late Mr. D. Sharpe, Mr. Joseph Wright, British Museum, and Geological Survey,
Dublin and London); Bolland, Yorkshire (Profs. Phillips and Morris); Park Hill,
near Longnor, Derbyshire (Geol. Survey, London); and Lower Scar Limestone, Settle,
Yorkshire (Mr. J. H. Burrow).

The late Rev. J. G. Cumming quotes it from both the lower and middle stages of the

1 “«Tt is common in the limestone of Little Island, near Cork, but can rarely be got out perfect.” —J.
Wright. It is also found at Ballyvodock, about two miles south-west of Middleton, Co. Cork, ‘ Ann. Nat.
Hist.,’ ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 48, and ‘Explanation of Sheets 187, 195, and 196, &c., Geol. Survey, Ireland,’
1864, p. 18 and p. 54.

2 «Annals Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 48.

52 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

Carboniferous Limestone of the Isle of Man (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. ul, pp. 322;
and ‘Isle of Man,’ p. 355).

At Visé, in Belgium, it is not rare in the white Carboniferous Limestone (De
Koninck, Bosquet, Dupont’).

2. ENTOMOCONCHUS ORBIcULARIS. Sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 7 a—e.

Carapace suborbicular and compressed, one half inch long; vertical and longitudinal
diameters nearly equal; transverse diameter (through both valves) rather more than half
of either of the former; notch faint; antero-ventral keel strong. Side-view almost
orbicular ; truncate in front, and slightly contracted in the postero-ventral region. End-
view acute oval, lenticular. Edge-view acute oval, lenticular.

Transverse, vertical, and longitudinal diameters as 8 : 143 : 15.

One shell, much eaten away by weathering, collected by Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.,
at Little Island, Cork; and in a specimen of the grey Carboniferous Limestone of
Poolvash, sent to us from the Isle of Man by Mr. E. W. Binney, F.R.S., we find the cast
of a small compressed Lntomoconchus probably referable to this species.

3. Enromoconcuus cLoposus. Sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 10 a—y.

Carapace globular, its length slightly exceeding its height or thickness, which are equal.
Profiles nearly orbicular. Side-view faintly elliptical. Edge-view suboval. End-view
round, with a slight ventral flattening.

The “ beak” is more distinct than in either Hxtomoconchus Scouleri or EL. orbicularis,
and the lower portion of the “gape” is continued much further into the ventral region
than in either of the other two species. The breast-angle is wanting in Z. glodosus ; the
hinder margin is well rounded, and bears a trace of a submedian spine.

The Muscle-spot is of the usual type and very distinct. The surface of the valve
exhibits also some traces of reticular structure or ornament. .

Length 3; height 7; thickness ? inch. Proportions 16 : 13 : 13.

Only one valve is known; from the Lower Limestone Series of West Broadstone,
Beith, Ayrshire. Collected by Mr. John Young.

4. Entomoconcuus. Sp. nov. ?

In the British Museum is a rather small Belgian Hxtomoconchus from the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of Visé, which has the general characters of #. globosus, with the

1 «Bullet. Acad. Roy. Belgique,’ sér. 2, vol. xv, p. 110.

OFFA. 53

rounded front and low-placed gape, but it is longer and much narrower anteriorly,
having an oval or elliptical profile. This may be a new species.

XI. OFFA.! Genus novum.

‘Carapace equivalve (?), subglobose, nearly equilateral, truncate in front, and impressed
by a subcentral inturning of the anterior edge of each valve, representing the Cypridinal
notch and equivalent to the upper gape in Hntomoconchus.

M. Barrande figures two species of H/pe from the Upper Silurian rocks (“ Fauna III,
F, fig. 2”) of Bohemia, one of which, #. inchoata, Bar., is globular, and in profile some-
what resembles our Carboniferous species; but the sinuated margin is the hinge-line in
the Bohemian species. (‘ Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. i, Suppl., 1872, p. 511, pl. 26, figs.
10 a—e). L. pinguis is subreniform (op. cit., p. 512, pl. 26, figs. 15 a—e).

1. Orra Barranprana. Sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 6 a—e.

Carapace-valve subquadrilateral, boldly curved above, nearly flat below, semicircular
behind ; truncate in front, with a small sinus or infolding of the edges in the upper
third, sufficient to leave a slight fissure between the valves, as in Hntomoconchus, though
in a less degree.

Surface of valve smooth; impressed by the lateral extension of the sinus obliquely
downwards for a short distance, and raised in a low boss a little above and in advance of
the centre.

End and edge profiles long-compressed-obovate.

Offa Barrandiana is named after the eminent geologist of Bohemia, who has eluci-
dated very many fossil Entomostraca. It is somewhat like Hxtomoconchus Scouleri junior
in shape, but is less convex and the gape is very different. Its valves have a slight
central boss, affecting the profiles of edge and end, which would otherwise be scarcely
gibbose.

Length §; height +; thickness + inch. Proportions 83 : 63: 6.

A grey shell in grey limestone from Middleton, Co. Cork, Ireland. On the same
horizon as that of Little Island, and only a few miles distant. Collected by Mr. Joseph
Wright, F.G.S.

1 Offa, a pellet.

54 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

XII. POLYCOPE, .G. O. Sars.

Poxycoprg, the only known type of the Polycopide (see p. 10), and belonging to the
distinct section CLapocopa (see p. 6), has a bivalved carapace, recognisable by its circular
or oval form, its obsolete sinus, and want of beak.’

In the Polycope the notch is obsolete or absent, a faint indentation or sinus in some
species indicating its place ; im others it is not at all marked. In this group the antero-
inferior region, if truncated, falls inwards or slopes obliquely downwards and backwards
from the greatest prominence in front. ‘This corresponds to some extent with the shape
of those Cypridinads that have more beak than ventral keel, seeming to have a short chin,
in strong contradistinction to those which have the “notch” high up, with- or without a
deep sinus, and with more or less projecting antero-ventral quarters.

1. Ponycorz Burrovi. Sp. nov. Plate II, figs. 2 a—c.

Carapace equivalve (?), equilateral, subglobular, smooth. Side-view short-broad-
ovate, slightly smaller anteriorly. End-view obovate, being broadest at the top. Edge-
view long-ovate, broadest in front.

Muscle-spot obscurely visible. No indication of a notch or sinus.

Length $ inch. Proportions—length 7 ; height 6 ; thickness 5.

A few gregarious casts of P. Burrovii, some ferruginous, in grey Carboniferous
Limestone, have been collected at Settle, Yorkshire, by Mr. J. H. Burrow, M.A., after
whom the species is here named.

2. Ponycope simpLex, J. and K. Plate I, figs. 1 a—c; 10; 12. Plate V, figs. 1 a—d.

Cypriprnopsis simpLEx, J. § K., 1871. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii, Suppl.,
p- 26.

Carapace oval, compressed, smooth. A delicate marginal rim is seen on the ventral

1 We do not know of any other fossil specimens besides these from the Carboniferous Limestone ; but
it appears to us possible that M. Barrande’s Primitia socialis from the Silurian of Bohemia (‘ Sil. Syst.
Bohéme,’ vol. i, Suppl., p. 551, pl. 26, figs. 11 a—e), which is globose, about 5!,th of an inch long, with oval
outline and profile, circular end-view, and no notch, may be an ancient Polycope.

POLYCOPE. 55

edge of some valves. The curvature of outline and the amount of gibbosity are variable.
Side-view oval (sometimes ovate by increased ventral convexity) ; obliquely truncate at
the antero-ventral region, and hence a slight angular anterior prominence. End-view
narrow-obovate. Hdge-view narrow-acute-oval.

A faint trace of the Muscle-spot occurs on some specimens.

No indication appears of a notch at or under the projecting angle. In this feature our
little fossil resembles the very small existing Polycope orbicularis, Brady (‘ Trans. Lin.
Soc.,’ vol. xxvii, p. 471, pl. 35, figs. 53—57), which, however, is rounder and thicker,
has an irregular reticulate ornament, and is indented with the very shallow and nearly
obsolete sinus rather higher up on the front.

The fossil specimens (in a nodule) from Braidwood, Lanarkshire, show a neat reticu-
late structure of oblong meshes and scattered superficial pits. One small specimen is
very much more ovate than the others, but this may be a character of age or of sex.
Carluke (Plate II, fig.1). Length 3g inch. Proportions—Length 10; height 7; thickness 5.
Meath (fig. 12) . : Lees cig i ee Ce ve gt Fe
Cork (fig. 10). 2 aes 1 ae NG

Polycope simplex is not rare. We have it from the Carboniferous Limestone of Little
Island, Cork (Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.); from Duleek, Co. Meath (a cast’ in the
Museum of the Geological Survey of Ireland); and a large specimen from limestone of
the same age at Limerick. Probably of the same species, but not well exposed, are some
imbedded specimens in the same limestone from the Isle of Man (Mr. E. W. Binney,
F,R.5.).

A nodule of ironstone from Braidwood, near Carluke, Scotland, contained seventeen
specimens (including impressions) of P. simple, having brownish-grey shells, smooth,
translucent, showing reticulate structure, and with aneat little ventral rim to some of the
valves (Dr. Rankin’s collection). We also refer to this species two small, smooth, com-
pressed casts” from the Hosie Limestone series, South Hill, Campsie, near Glasgow, 660
fathoms below the Ell Coal (Mr. J. Young’).

Figs. 1 a—c.—Shell ; magnified eight diameters; from Braidwood, Carluke.

Fig. 10.—A smooth grey shell; Cork.

Fig. 12.—A cast in limestone ; Duleek, Meath, Ireland (Geol. Surv. Map, Sheet 2,4).

This specimen from Duleek is one of some gregarious casts in a light-grey Carboni-
ferous Limestone, and is restored in the figure from a wax impression. It shows obscurely

2) 29 9

1 Referred to as “ Cypridina primeva”’ in the ‘ Annals Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 48.

2 These were associated with “ Cypridina primeva”’ in the ‘ Glasgow List’ of 1871, p. 27.

3 Mr. Young informs me that “this Polycope is found, with many marine shells, in dark-grey shale,
lying upon the Hosie Limestone at Campsie and Kilbride. The beds are in the ‘ Lower Limestone series.’
Craigenglen, which has yielded a great many species of the smaller Entomostraca, is on the same South
Hill of Campsie. The beds lie under the ‘Main Limestone,’ and are therefore lower in position than the
Hosie Limestone, which is 22 fathoms above the Main Limestone.”

56 CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA.

the Muscle-spot in the normal position, that is, in the antero-inferior region and towards
the sloping margin.

Plate V, figs. 1 a—d—Shells; magnified eight diameters, and ornament more
highly magnified ; from Braidwood, Carluke.

3. Pouycopr Younerana, J. and K. Plate V, figs. 2 a—/.

CyTHEerE? Younerana, J. & K., 1867. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, p. 223.
CYPRIDINOPSIS — — 1871. Ib., vol. ili, Suppl., p. 26.

Carapace ovate, somewhat narrower in front, and slightly pinched in or incurved at the |
anterior third of the ventral edge, without any definite notch being produced. End-view
acute-oval. Edge-view long-acute-oval. Surface ornamented with long, concentric, inter-
lacing or anastomosing and mesh-like striz, very much like the ornament of Cypris
striolata, Brady (‘ Annals Nat. Hist.,’ sev. 3, vol. xiii, pl. 3, fig. 15). The ventral edge of
at least the right valve has a marginal rim.

Length 345; height ;';; thickness ;'5 inch. Proportions 9: 6}: 5.

The specimens are pyritous, and were collected by Mr. John Young, Assistant-Curator
of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow, in a marine shale of the Carboni-
ferous series at South Hill Pit, Campsie. ‘Rather rare. A very local species. Lower
Limestone, South Hill, Campsie; in dark-blue shale above the Hosie Limestone, with
Goniatites, Bellerophon, Nucule, and Spirifera Urei ; Carluke; in an. ironstone nodule,
in shale, First Kingshaw Limestone” (Suppl. supra cit., p. 26).

The species is named after Mr. John Young, of Glasgow, one of the energetic paleon-
tologists of Western Scotland who are successfully working out the natural history,
geology, and fossils of Lanarkshire and the neighbouring districts.

othe ; ‘
Ang buy tal iv |
*

Maleviee's :

fi ith +4
edehivica «

Fic.

1 a—e.
2 a—e.
3 a—d.
4 a—d.
5 a—d.
6 a—c.
7 a—e.

PLATE I.

Entomoconchus Scouleri, M‘Coy, var. ovalis, nov. A cast from Meath, Ireland.
(Page 49.)
a, Side-view of the left valve; 6, hinder view; ¢, back-view. Magnified
4 diameters.

Entomoconchus Scoulert. Small female (?) shell. From Settle, Yorkshire.
(Page 50.)
a, Profile, showing right valve ; 4, dorsal view ; ¢, posterior; d, anterior ;
e, ventral. Magnified 4 diameters.

Entomoconchus Scouleri. Cast with portion of the shell. From Visé, Belgium.
(Page 50.)
a, Profile, showing left valve; 4, hinder end of the valve; c, ventral edge ;
magnified 25 diameters. d, Muscle-spot as shown on the cast; magnified
12 diameters.

Entomoconchus Scoulert. Large specimen from Bolland, Yorkshire. (Page 51).
a, Profile, showing right valve; 4, anterior; c, ventral; magnified 23
diameters. d, Muscle-spot; magnified 5 diameters.

LEntomoconchus Scoulert. Large specimen from Bolland. (Page 51.)
a, Profile, showing left valve; 4, anterior; c, ventral; magnified 23 dia-
meters. d, Muscle-spot; magnified 5 diameters.

Entomoconchus Scoulert. Small male (?) shell. From Bolland. (Page 51.)
a, Profile, showing right valve ; 4, front-view; c, ventral. Magnified 24
diameters.

Entomoconchus orbicularis, sp. nov. From Little Island, Cork. (Page 52.)
a, Profile, showing right valve; 4, front-view ; c, dorsal view. Magnified
25 diameters.

C West lith

CARBONIFEROUS

M&N Hanhart Lenrp

iNTOMOSTRACA |

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——

PLATE II.

1 a—c. Polycope simplex, Jones & Kirkby. Magnified 8 diameters. (Page 54.)
a, Left valve; 6, end-view; c, edge-view. Retaining a film of shell. Carluke.
2a—c. Polycope Burrovii, sp. nov. Magnified 4 diameters. (Page 54.)
a, Left valve ; 6, end-view ; c, edge-view. Cast. Settle.
3.a—e. Cypridina scoriacea, J. & K. Shell. Carluke. (Page 20.)

a, Left valve; 6, end-view; c, edge-view; magnified 4 diameters. d, Reticulated
ornament near the centre; e, reticulated ornament near the margin; both magnified
18 diameters.

4a—c. Cypridina Phillipsiana, Jones. With filmy remnant of shell. Carluke. (Page 18.)
a, Right valve; 6, end-view ; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
5. Cypridina Phillipsiana, Jones. Part of theshell on a cast. Left valve. Magnified 4 diameters,
Carluke. (Page 18.)
6a—c. Offa Barrandiana, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 53.)
a, Left valve; 6, front end-view; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
7 a—c. Cypridinella superciliosa, sp. nov. Shell, Cork. (P. 22.)

a, Right valve; 6, end-view; ec, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters. [The breast, or

antero-ventral border, is imperfect. |
8 a—c. Cypridina Thomsoniana, J. & K. Shell. Gare. (Page 19.)

a, Right valve [slightly crushed at the notch]; 0, hinder end-view ; c, edge-view. Magni-
fied 4 diameters. N.B.—The pitted ornament should have been continued all over the
surface.

9 a—e. Cypridina Phillipsiana, Jones. Partly shell on cast. Carluke. (Page 18.)

a, Right valve; 6, front end; c, ventral edge. Magnified 4 diameters.

10. Polycope simplex, J. & K. Shell. Cork. Right valve. Magnified 4 diameters. (Page 54.)
ll a—c. Cypridina Youngiana, J. & K. Cast. Gare. (Page 17.)
a, Left valve; 6, front end; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
2. Polycope simplex, J. & K. Cast. Meath. Right valve. Magnified 4 diameters. (Page 54.)
13 a—e. Cypridina Bradyana, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 15.)

a, Right valve; 6, front end; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
14 a--c. Cypridina Wrightiana, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 14.)

a, Left valve; 6, front end; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
15 a—c. Cypridina brevimentum, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 16.)

a, Left valve; 6, end-view; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
16 a—c. Cypridina brevimentum, sp. noy. Shell. Cork. (Page 16.)

a, Left valve; 6, front end; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
qe Cypridina brevimentum, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. Left valve. Magnified 4 diameters. (Page
16.)

18 a—c. Cypridina brevimentum, sp. nov. Shell. Park Hill, Longnor. (Page 16.)

a, Left valve; 6, end view; c, ventral edge. Magnified 4 diameters.
19 a—c. Cypridina brevimentum, sp. nov. Film of shell on cast. Park Hill, Longnor. (Page 16.)

a, Right valve (the beak is rather sharper than in the drawing) ; 4, front edge; c, edge-
view.

20 a—c. Cypridina Grossartiana, J. & K. Carapace. Carluke. (Page 17.)

a, Showing the left valve; 6, end-view; ¢, ventral aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.

21. Bradycinetus Rankinianus, J. & K. Shell on cast. Gare. Right valve. Magnified 4 dia-
meters. (Page 42.)
22 a—c. Bradycinetus Rankinianus, J. & K. Carapace. Gare. (Page 42).

a, Right valve shown; 6, ventral aspect (a & 64, magnified 4 diameters); ¢, reticulate
surface ornament ; magnified 18 diameters.

23 a—e. Cypridinella Cummingii, sp. nov. Cast. Isle of Man. (Page 21.)

a, Left valve; 6, end-view; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.

24—27 a—e. Cypridina primeva, M‘Coy. Shells. Braidwood. Left valves and profiles. Magnified 4
diameters. (Page 12.)

28. Cypridina primeva, M‘Coy. Cast. Permian limestone; Sunderland. Right valve. Magnified
4 diameters. (Page 13.)
29. Rolled fragment, figured by mistake. Cork. Magnified 4 diameters.

30, 31 a—e. Philomedes (?) Bairdiana, sp. nov. Shells. Cork. Right valves and profiles. Magnified 4
diameters. (Page 43.)
32 a—c. Rhombina Hibernica, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 44.)
a, Left valve (figured with the ventral edge upwards); 4, end-view; ¢c, ventral aspect.
Magnified 4 diameters.

iss

1g
12 14

Prey. 19 4 Lie:
17 ie

TWK. TRJ, & GW. det! teorége West lith

CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA .

Ave
2p

Fic.

1 a, 6

2 a—c

3 a—c

4 a—e

5 a—c

6 a—c

7 a—c

8.

9 a—c
10 a—ce.
11 a—e
12 a—c
13 a, 6
14 a—c
15 a, b
16 a, 6
17 a—d
18 a, b
19 a, b
20 a, b
21 a—e

PLATE III.

Cypridinella monitor, sp. nov. Cast. Visé. (Page 24.)
a, Left valve seen ; 4, dorsal aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina clausa, sp. nov. Cast of carapace; imperfect at anterior extremity. Cork.
(Page 27.) :
a, Right valve; 4, ventral aspect; c, posterior aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridinella clausa, sp. nov. Cast of carapace, somewhat broken at both ends. Cork.
(Page 23.) .
a, Right valve shown; 4, ventral aspect; c, anterior aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina Burrovit, sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Settle. (Page 27.)
a, Right valve shown (the beak should be rather more definite) ; 6, ventral aspect ; c, dorsal
aspect ; d, posterior view ; e, anterior aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina Burrovii, sp. nov. Shell partially preserved on cast of carapace. Settle. (Page 28.)
a, Left valve shown (the beak is broken) ; 4, ventral aspect; c, hinder end. Magnified
4 diameters.
Cypridinella Bosqueti, sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Visé. (Page 23.)
a, Left valve seen ; 4, dorsal aspect; c, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina vomer, sp.nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 25.)
a, Right valve; 4, front-view ; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina Burrovii var. Longnoriensis, nov. Shell. Longnor, Derbyshire. Outline of the
right valve. (Page 28.)
Cypridellina elongata, sp. nov., var. Hibernica, nov. Carapace. Cork. (Page 29.)
a, Left valve shown; 4, ventral aspect; ec, front aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina vomer, var. cultrata, nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 30.)
a, Right valve; 6, end-view; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridinella vomer, sp. nov. Cast with remnant of shell. Cork. (Page 25.)
a, Right valve; 6, front-view; ce, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridella obsoleta, sp. nov. Carapace, with shell reduced by weathering. Cork. (Page 34.)
a, Right valve shown; 8, ventral aspect ; c, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridinella Maccoyiana, sp. nov. Carapace. Cork. (Page 24.)
a, Right valve shown ; 8, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridella Koninckiana, Jones. Shell. Cork. (Page 34.)
a, Right valve; 6, ventral aspect; ¢c, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina alta, sp.nov. Carapace. Cork. (Page 31.)
a, Right valve shown ; 4, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridella Koninckiana, Jones. Shell. Cork. (Page 34.)
a, Right valve; 6, ventral view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridella Koninckiana, Jones. Shell. Cork. (Page 34.)
a, Right valve; 5, end-view; c, ventral aspect; d, three-quarters view of valve obliquely
placed, for comparison with other figures, as Pl. IV, fig. 6a. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina elongata, sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Vise. (Page 29.)
a, Showing left valve; 6, dorsal aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina elongata, sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Vise. (Page 29).
a, Showing left valve; 6, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina Bosqueti, sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Visé. (Page 31.)
a, Showing right valve (the beak should be distinct, in a line with the tubercle) ; 4, dorsal
view (the anterior protuberance is an error). Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina Burrovii,sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Settle. (Page 27.)

a, Showing left valve; 6, ventral aspect ; c, dorsal aspect; d, front-view ; e, back-view.
Magnified 4 diameters.

JWEK.& GWidel

C West Iith .

CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA

M&N-Hanhart imp

aN mio es j
wa ee

pereea hort A (taleain Cues

FIG.
l a—e.
2 a—e.
3 a—e.
4 a—ce.
5 a—e.
6 a, 6.
7 a—e.
8 a—e.
9 a—e.
10 a—e.
1l a—e.
2 ncaoe
l3.a, 0:
IVR ie
oe
16 a—e.
17 a—e.
18 a, 6.
19 a—d.
20 a—e.
21 a—e.
22;
Zo) as 0.
24.
200, 0:
26 a—d.
27 a—e,
28.

PLATE IV.

Cypridella Wrightii, sp. nov. Carapace. Cork. (Page 34.)
a, Left valve shown; 4, dorsal aspect ; c, front-view. Magnified 8 diameters.
Cypridella quadrata, sp. nov. Cast of carapace. Vise. (Page 35.)
a, Right valve seen (the transverse furrow is not well shown, nor the lateral indentation
under the beak); 6, front-view; ce, dorsal-view (dorsal furrow not shown). Magnified 4
diameters.

Cypridellina galea, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 30.)
+

a, Left valve; 6, front edge; c, ventral edge. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridella Edwardsiana, De Koninck, var. septentrionalis, nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 32.)
a, Right valve; 6, front-view ; c, dorsal edge. Magnified 4 diameters.
Sulcuna euniculus, sp.nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 37.)
a, Left valve (antero-dorsal region is buried in the stone); 6, end-view; c, edge-view.
Magnified 4 diameters.
Sulcuna lepus, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 36.)
a, Right valve; 6, end-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Suleuna lepus, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 36.)
a, Right valve (anterior end partially imbedded) ; 6, end-view; c, edge-view. Magnified
4 diameters.
Suleuna cuniculus, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 37.)
a, Right valve; 6, end-view; ce, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridellina cyprelloides, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 36.)
a, Left valve; 6, front end; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella chrysalidea, De Koninck, var. subannulata, nov. Shell. Settle. (Page 38.)
a, Left valve; 5, ventral view; c, front edge. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella chrysalidea, De Koninck, var. subannulata, nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 39.)
a, Right valve; 4, front aspect; c, ventral aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella annulata (De Koninck). Shell. Cork. (Page 40.)
a, Right valve, magnified 4 diameters. 6, Reticulate ornament, magnified 20 diameters).
Cyprella annulata (De Koninck). Shell. Settle. (Page 41.)
a, Left valve; 6, front-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella chrysalidea, De Koninck. Cast of carapace. Vise. (Page 38.)
a, Showing left valve; 4, dorsal view of both valves, open. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella chrysalidea, De Koninck. Cast of the left valve; imperfect. Vise. Magnified 4
diameters. (Page 38.)
Cyprella chrysalidea, De Koninck. Shell. Settle. (Page 39.)
a, Right valve; 6, front-view; c, edge-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella annulata (De Koninck). Shell. Cork. (Page 40.)
a, Left valve; 6, front edge; c, ventral edge. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cyprella chrysalidea, De Koninck. Compressed cast of carapace. Visé. (Page 38.)
a, Right valve (the outline of hood and tubercle not indicated) ; 4, front-view.
Entomis obscura, sp. nov. Worn shell. Cork.
a, Right valve, magnified 4 diameters. 6, The same, magnified 8 diameters. c § d, end-
view and edge-view, magnified 8 diameters.
Entomis Koninckiana, sp. nov. Shell. Settle.
a, Right valve, somewhat imperfect at the antero-dorsal corner; 6, end-view; ec, ventral
aspect. Magnified 4 diameters.
Entomis Burrovit, sp. nov. Shell. Settle.
a, Left valve; 5, dorsal view; c, end-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Entomis concentrica (De Koninck). Carapace. Visé. Dorsal aspect in outline. Magnified 4
diameters.
Entomis biconcentrica, Jones. Carapace. Cork.
a, Dorsal aspect, in outline; 0, end-view of the same open carapace, in outline. Magnified
4 diameters.
Entomis obscura, sp. nov. Cast. Settle. Right valve. Magnified 4 diameters.
Entomis concentrica (De Koninck). Cast of carapace. Vise.
a, Left side; 6, dorsal view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Entomis biconcentrica, Jones. Shell. Cork.
a, Left valve; 6, edge-view; c, end-view; a, 6, c, magnified 4 diameters. d, Reticulate
and ridged surface ; magnified 25 diameters.
Beyrichia gigantea, sp. nov. Shell partly preserved on cast. Longnor, Derbyshire.
a, Left valve; 6, edge-view; c, end-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Beyrichta gigantea, sp.nov. Shell. Cork. Right valve. Magnified 4 diameters.

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CARBONIFEROUS ENTOMOSTRACA .

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7 a—d.
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12 a—c.
13 a—c.
14 a—d.

PLATE V.

Polycope simplex, Jones & Kirkby. Shells. Braidwood. Carluke. (Page 55).

a, Left valve; 4, edge-view ; c, left valve of a smaller specimen; magni-
fied 8 diameters. d, Part of surface; magnified 40 diameters.

Polycope Youngiana, sp. nov. Shell represented by pyrites. Campsie.

(Page 56.)

a, Left valve; 4, edge-view of carapace ; c, end-view; magnified 8 dia-
meters. d, e, f, Portions of the surface ; magnified 40 diameters.

Cypridina Hunteriana, sp. nov. Cast. Braidwood. (Page 18.)

a, Left valve; 4, front end of carapace ; c, edge-view,

Cypridina Thompsoniana, sp. nov. Gare. Portion of the surface, highly

magnified. (Page 19.)
Bradycinetus Rankinianus, J.& K. Gare. The beak, magnified. (Page 42.)
Cypridina radiata, sp.nov. Shells. Airdrie. (Page 14.)

a, Left valve; 6, edge-view ; c,end-view; magnified 4 diameters. d &
e, Portions of shell; magnified 40 diameters. /, A right valve, misshapen
by pressure, and showing the layers of shell ; magnified 8 diameters.

Cypridinella superciliosa, sp.nov. Shell: Bathgate. (Page 22.)

a, Right valve; 6, ventral edge of valve; c, front view of carapace ;
magnified 4 diameters. d, Superficial markings; magnified 40 dia-
meters.

Cypridellina intermedia, sp. nov. Shell. Bathgate. (Page 29.)
a, Left valve; 4, edge-view; c, end-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Cypridina pruniformis, sp. nov. Cast. Limerick? (Page 19.)
a, Right valve; 4, ventral; c, front. Magnified 4 diameters.
Entomoconchus globosus, sp. nov. Shell. West Broadstone, Beith, Ayrshire.
(Page 52.)

a, Right valve; 4, ventral aspect; c, front-view ; d, posterior; magni-
fied 4 diameters. e, Muscle-spot ; magnified 2} diameters. / & g, Parts
of surface ; magnified 40 diameters.

Cypridella Edwardsiana (De Koninck), var. septentrionalis, nov. Shell. Beith,
Ayrshire. (Page 33.)

a, Left valve; 4, edge-view; c, end-view. Magnified 8 diameters.
Cypridina oblonga, sp. nov. Shell, Cork. (Page 20.)

a, Left valve ; 6, edge-view; c, end-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Rhombina Hibernica, sp. nov. Shell. Cork. (Page 44.)

a, Left valve; 6, edge-view ; c, end-view. Magnified 4 diameters.
Rhombina Belgica, sp. nov. Shell. Visé, Belgium. (Page 4-4.)

a, Left valve; 6, edge-view; c, end-view; magnified 4 diameters.
d, Superficial markings; magnified 40 diameters.

—

Pla

G.West del. et lith W. West & C2 imp
Carboniferous Fntomostraca

rT

PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII.

VOLUME FOR 1874.

DCCCLXXIV.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

BY

ON hey ORT TT Bebe... é&e.

No. II.

Paces 53—92; Puates X—XIX.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1874.

PRINTED BY
J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.”

CLAVELLATA. 53

Triconia Winiiamsoni, Lycett, sp. nov. Plate XVI, fig. 8.

Shell ovately oblong, lengthened, depressed ; umbones sub-anterior, not much elevated,
obtuse, not recurved; anterior side short, its border somewhat truncated, curved
elliptically at its base with the lengthened lower border ; superior border nearly straight,
or slightly convex, sloping downwards, its extremity rounded with the posteal termination
of the lower border. Area narrow and flattened, bounded by two faintly traced, minutely
tuberculated carinz ; there is also a similar, rather obscure, line of tubercles indicating
the position of a median carina; there are also delicately marked, transverse, plications
of growth, which become more prominent posteally. The escutcheon is flattened or
slightly excavated, and has great length; it is narrow, in conformity with the area. ‘The
other portion of the valve has about ten or eleven oblique, or slightly curved rows of large
depressed, nodose varices ; the first-formed three or four rows form separate nodes, but
with some irregularity and inequality in their arrangement; the succeeding rows have
the nodes very large, confluent, and depressed near to the angle of the valve, becoming
rapidly small, attenuated, and irregular, near to the pallial border. The lines of growth
are strongly defined over the whole of the valve.

This is one of the most depressed forms of the Clavellate ; it possesses some general
resemblance to 7. ¢riquetra, but is more depressed, and more lengthened ; the posteal por-
tion is wider and more rounded ; its rows of nodose varices are also much more oblique.
From 7. clavellata it is distinguished by the very short anterior side, by the nar-
rower area and escutcheon, by the general depression of the valves, and by the few broad,
irregular, confluent nodes at the carinal extremities of the rows.

The name is intended as a trifling tribute to reminiscences of the earlier geological re-
searches of Professor W. C. Williamson, F.R.S., of Owen’s College, Manchester, and of
his description of the locality whence the examples of this Trigonia have been obtained."

Stratigraphical position and Localities. he Kelloway Rock, of Cayton Bay, near
Scarborough. The matrix is a very hard, variable, grey, or sometimes whitish, siliceous
rock in the lower portion of that stage; the valves of conchifera occur in abundance, but
owing to the very intractable kind of rock, few are separated in good condition ; associated
with it are numerous valves of Zrigonia Rupellensis. T. Williamsoni appears to be rare,
only two examples have ‘come under my notice ; it is intended to figure a more perfect
specimen upon the last plate of this Monograph.

1 On the Distribution of Organic Remains upon the Yorkshire Coast.” ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ 2 ser.,
vol, vi, p. 143; 1838.

54 _ BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

§ III. Unpvnarz.

TRIGONIA ANGULATA, Sow. Plate XIV, figs. 5, 6.

TRIGONIA ANGULATA, Sowerby. Mineral Conchology, 1826, pl. 508, fig. 1.
— ANGULOSA, Agassiz. Trigonies, 1840, p. 9.
— ANGULATA, J. Trigonies, 1840, p. 50.
od — Roemer, Versteinerungen, Oolith, 1836, p. 96.
oe — Morris. Catal., 1854, p. 228.
_ — D’ Orbigny. Prodrome de Paléont., 1850, i, p. 308, No. 223.
-— - Iycett. Inf. Ool. Trigonias, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1850,
p. 427.

Taking the figure in the ‘Mineral Conchology’ as representing the typical form,
obtained from the Upper Ragstones of the Inferior Oolite at Nunney, near Frome, the
following will serve for its description :

Shell sub-ovately elongated, convex; umbones obtuse, antero-mesial, much incurved
and slightly recurved; anterior side much produced and rounded with considerable
convexity ; lower border lengthened, nearly straight, but with a slight undulation or
excavation posteally ; hinge-border lengthened, concave, sloping towards the more
produced and narrow posteal extremity of the area, with which it forms a considerable
angle. Escutcheon moderately wide, depressed, and concave. Area narrow and flattened,
with two very small, but well-defined, bounding carine, and in some specimens there is
an obscure line of minute tubercles bordermg upon the median furrow, which is usually
distinct ; the bounding carinz are also minutely tuberculated upon their upper portions,
they have always much curvature; the area has transverse irregular plications, near to the
apices these become distinct, regular costelle. The sides of the valves have upon their
anteal portions a few narrow, inconspicuous, sub-tuberculated coste, which are directed
obliquely downwards to the middle of the valve, but not in the direction of the lines of
growth; they form a curve or undulation, the convex border of which is directed towards
the marginal carina; for the most part their posteal extremities are bent suddenly
upwards or united to a larger nodulous series of costa or varices, which approach the
carina at aconsiderable angle, and the few lower costz approach it almost perpendicularly ;
these are scarcely so numerous as the anteal series. he first-formed five or six costz
are without undulation, or are nearly concentric; all are slightly nodulous. The larger
example figured has some variability in its costee, which, however, does not entitle it to be
considered as a distinct variety. The few last-formed costz are irregular or confusedly

UNDULATA. 55

nodulous, and the larger or posteal costae disappear in their course upwards, leaving a
smooth, plain, and depressed space separating them from the carina.

The first of the two figures of 7. wadulata, From., given by Agassiz (‘'Trigonies,’ pl. 6,
fig. 1), has been quoted by D’Orbigny and by Oppel as a synonym of 7. angulata; mn
this opinion I cannot concur, the large varices upon the marginal and inner carine, together
with the considerable breadth of the area, appear clearly to separate the Swiss Great
Oolite fossil. The second example of 7. undulata (‘ Trigonies,’ pl. 10, fig. 14) is another
equally distinct species, and still more removed from 7. angulata.

The authors above quoted appear to have had little confidence in the figure of
T. angulata given in the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ which, although rudely engraved, is really
a good drawing and faithfully renders the characters of the species in a small specimen.

T. angulata has more or less affinities with all the species of the Undulate: for
distinctive differences the reader is referred to the descriptions of the numerous forms
depicted upon Plates X to XVI inclusive.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. T. angulata has occurred in the Inferior Oolite
of Nunney, near Frome, whence the type-specimen, associated with Astarte elegans,
was obtained ; Dundry, in the same county, is another locality. I have obtained it at
various Gloucestershire localities in the Oolite-marl and in the Upper Grit-stones of the
same formation in the Cotteswold Hills, but the entire number of examples which have
come under my notice are inconsiderable, and no evidence has been obtained connecting
the species with the southern portion of Somersetshire, or of Dorsetshire; it also appears
to be absent throughout the long course of the Inferior Oolite in Oxfordshire, Northamp-
tonshire, Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire. Upon the whole, therefore, it may
be regarded as a rare species.

In France 7. angulata has been described by Oppel (‘Juraformation,’ p. 485) as a
species of the Cornbrash at Marquise, near Boulogne ; some fine specimens from that
formation and locality attributed to our species have been found upon examination to be
T. fiecta. D’Orbigny (‘Prodrome,’ 1, p. 308) places our species in his Etage 11,
Bathonien. Rcemer (‘ Nordd. Oolith.,’ p. 96) records the occurrence of 7! anxgulata in the
Dogger of Porta Westphalica.

Triconia rLzcta, Mor. and Lyc. Plate XIV, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.

TRIGONIA ANGULATA, D’Orbigny. Prodrome de Paléont., 1850, vol. i, p. 308.
_ PLECTA, Mor. and Lye. Monogr. Gr. Ool., Pal. Soc., 1853, p. 60, pl. v,
fig. 20.
== — Morris. Catal., 1854, p. 228.
— ANGULATA, Oppel. Juraformation, 1857, p. 485, No. 45.

Shell sub-ovate, or ovately oblong, somewhat depressed; umbones antero-mesial,

56 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

with little prominence, erect, or in other examples slightly recurved; anterior side
moderately produced, its border curved elliptically with the lower border ; hinge-border
lengthened with some concavity, or in other instances nearly straight, sloping obliquely
downwards ; its length is nearly equal to twice that of the posteal border of the area,
with which it forms a considerable angle. Escutcheon lengthened, much excavated, but
having its superior border raised. Area of moderate breadth, concave immediately beneath
the apex, but expanded and flattened posteally ; it has regular, transverse, prominent plica-
tions, which become costellee near to the apex ; there is a well-marked mesial furrow ; the
bounding carinz are small, but elevated and distinct ; they have small, closely arranged,
ovate tubercles or varices throughout their entire length; there is no median carina.
The other portion of the valve has the rows of costs rather numerous (about sixteen)
anteally ; they are plain, narrow, depressed, and horizontal, or are directed slightly
downwards to about the middle of the valve, where they enlarge, form two or three
nodose varices, and, curving gracefully upwards, become again suddenly attenuated, and
meet the marginal carina at a considerable angle; in some instances, as in fig. 9, the
costee become broken mesially, and form an imperfect angle with their posteal portions.
In adult specimens two or three of the last-formed anteal costz coincide in their direction
with the lines of growth; they therefore take the direction of the lower border, which
is without any undulation, as in 7. angulata ; the anteal cost are always somewhat more
numerous than the others.

Affinities. The nearest ally is Z. angulata, compared with which it is more depressed
both anteally and mesially ; its posteal portion is more expanded, and its lower border is
destitute of the posteal undulation of that species; its coste are also more numerous
anteally, and do not form a distinct undulation or double curvature upon the middle of
the valve, so that their general direction accords more nearly with the lines of growth ;
their posteal portions are also larger and broader.

7. Painei, another species of the Great Oolite, has also considerable affinities with our
species; the latter has the form more lengthened posteally, the umbones are less
produced, and are more anteal; the coste are more numerous; its area more especially
differs in having delicately tuberculated carinze and a rugose plicated surface.

T. paucicosta, of the Kelloway Rock, has greater general convexity, and its area, with
the peculiarity of its few, large, widely separated tubercles upon its carine, will readily be
distinguished. ‘

The young shells of 7. flecta offer little that is distinctive from specimens of similar
size pertaining to 7. angulata and 7. Painei ; the transverse costellee upon the area are,
however, smaller than in the last-named species; compared with 7. paucicosta their
general ornamentation is much less conspicuous, more especially upon their carine.

The largest of our specimens has the length of 23 lines, height 193 lines, diameter
through the united valves 10 lines.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. T.flecta appears to be a somewhat rare species;

UNDULATA. 57

‘when figured and described in the ‘ Monograph of the Great Oolite Mollusca,’ published
by the Palzontographical Society in 1853, it was only known as a British species from a
single specimen indifferently preserved, and not sufficiently exhibiting the characteristic
features ; it was obtained at Trewsbury Quarry, in Forest Marble, near to the Tetbury
Road Station of the Great Western Railway, near to Cirencester. More recently the
Rev. J. E. Cross has obtained fine examples in the upper subdivision of the Great Oolite
at Thornholm, near to the Village of Appleby, Lincolnshire; to the liberality of that
gentleman I am indebted for the specimens now figured. Mr. Cunnington has also
kindly forwarded to me four specimens from the Cornbrash of Hilperton, near Trowbridge ;
Hinton, in the same county, is another locality.

Fine examples of 7: flecta have also been obtained in the Great Oolite of Marquise,
near to Boulogne; they constitute the 7. angulata of D’Orbigny and of Oppel.

Trigonta Paucicosta, Lycet/, sp. nov. Plate XI, figs. 8,9; Plate XVI, fig. 7.

Shell ovately oblong, convex; umbones moderately elevated, antero-mesial, and
recurved; anterior side rather short, its border curved; lower border much more
lengthened, with a lesser curvature; superior border lengthened, somewhat concave,
sloping obliquely, forming a conspicuous angle with the posteal border of the area.
Escutcheon narrow, slightly depressed, its superior border somewhat raised. Area
narrow, flattened, divided by a mesial furrow, bordered by a minute row of tubercles,
bounded by two small distinct carine, which have each a row of tubercles; those of
the marginal carina are large, regular, widely separated, and somewhat compressed by
the lmes of growth, they become evanescent upon the posteal half of the valve in
specimens of advanced growth, upon which portion the surface has conspicuous irregular
transverse plications ; in the young shell the area has a few plain transverse costelle.
The costee upon the other portion of the surface consist at first, of three or four narrow,
elevated, plain, somewhat angulated ridges, which become, near to the carina, sub-
tuberculated ; subsequently they form two series, the anteal series are narrow, distinctly
ridged, irregularly knotted or sub-tuberculated, they are nearly straight, and pass
obliquely downwards to the middle of the valve, when they meet with a much larger, less
numerous, posteal series of nodose varices ; this posteal series turns upwards suddenly at
a considerable angle to the anteal series, towards the carina, from which the varices are
well separated, and with which they form right angles. In adult forms the lower portion
of the valve has the anteal coste more irregular, and the junction of the two series is
less angulated or more obscure; the whole aspect becomes influenced by the folds of
growth which are conspicuous. Some specimens which scarcely constitute a distinct

58 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

variety have the coste, both anteal and posteal, plain ; the posteal series, however, are
usually slightly nodulous.

T. paucicosta is nearly allied to 7. angulata, Sow., but has a much shorter anteal,
and more lengthened posteal side; the ornamentation of the area is much larger,
especially the tubercles upon the marginal carima, the few larger nodes upon the posteal
series of varices are different to the small tubercular rows of 7. angulata ; the angles
which the rows form at the middle of the valves are also distinct from the curvature or
undulation of Z. angulata. Another allied form is 7. undulata, Fromherz (Agassiz,
‘Trigonies,’ pl. x, fig. 4), also a specimen figured under the same name (pl. vi, fig. 1) ;
the description refers only to the former of the two specimens, which has the varices,
both anteal and posteal, equal in size, and united mesially; the marginal carina has
unusual prominence. ‘The specimen, pl. vi, fig. 1, may possibly be identical with our
T. paucicosta, but it appears to have undergone compression, and is therefore scarcely to
be relied upon; should its identity with our species be eventually established, the name
I have chosen may remain, as it is sufficiently distinct from the typical form figured by
Agassiz, which may be regarded as the true 7. wadulata (‘Trig.,’ pl. 10, fig. 4).

For comparison with 7. flecta, another allied species, the reader is referred to that
shell.

The specimens selected for our figures sufficiently exemplify the general variability of
the species, and also the changes of aspect produced by advance of growth; usually
examples of very advanced growth are more imperfectly preserved, and are therefore less
fitted to exemplify the species.

There is so much variability, both im the figure and ornamentation, that measure-
ments of proportions have but little utility, descriptions also must, to some extent, be
subordinate to figures in conveying correct or sufficient ideas of its several aspects.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. Uitherto 7. paucicosta has been obtained
only in the Kelloway Rock, of Cayton Bay, three miles to the southward of Scarborough.
Numerous specimens in various stages of growth occur in the higher beds of the
formation at that locality, in hard, brownish, sub-siliceous rock, occupying a thickness of
eight feet, and associated with a multitude of the characteristic Ammonites of the
formation. Other beds, six feet or more, separate it from certain lower hard beds,
mostly of pale grey colour, which yield Z2gonia Rupellensis in considerable numbers,
even down to the dark clay which separates it from the Cornbrash. (The discovery of
numerous examples of the latter species having occurred since page 28 was printed,
I take the present opportunity of mentioning that it is intended to give additional
illustrations of it upon the last plate of the present Monograph.) ‘The entire thickness
of Kelloway Rock at Cayton Bay, and beneath the adjacent Red Cliff does not exceed
twenty-five feet, the section of the same formation to the northward of Scarborough
Castle is upwards of three times that thickness, including a portion of the highest
beds removed for foundations of houses. These excavations produced the finest

UNDULAT. 59

Ammonites of the formation in the collection made by Mr. Leckenby, now in the
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, including the specimens figured in the plates
accompanying his memoir on the Kelloway Rock of Yorkshire (‘ Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.,’
1858, vol. xv); but no example of Zrigonia paucicosta has occurred at that locality.

‘Triconta Partner, Zyc. Pl. XII, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

Triconia GotpFussi1, Morris and Lycett. Monog. Moll. Gr. Ool., Pal. Soc., 1853,
Bivalves, pl. v, figs. 18, 18a; not Lyro-
don literatum, Goldfuss.

— _ Morris. Catalogue, 1854, p. 228.

Shell depressed, ovately trigonal; umbones antero-mesial, large, elevated, and .

slightly recurved; anterior border moderately produced, and elliptically curved with
the lower border ; hinge-border nearly straight, sloping obliquely, and terminating in an
oblique truncation of the posteal extremity of the area. Escutcheon narrow, depressed,
and lengthened ; its superior border is much raised: the area is narrow and flattened,
divided by an oblique mesial furrow, and bounded by two inconspicuous slightly knotted
carine, which disappear altogether posteally; near to the apex the area has a few
transverse plications, but the surface generally is nearly smooth. ‘The lines of growth
are only faintly marked. ‘The other portion of the shell has the first-formed six or seven
rows of coste entire and smooth, they pass obliquely downwards from the anterior
border, and curve to the carina at a right angle; the subsequently formed costz consist
of two portions, the anteal series consist of a few narrow and depressed subnodulous
costae, which pass obliquely downwards to the middle of the valve, where their extremities
are contiguous to the extremities of a few, much larger, nodose varices which pass upwards
almost perpendicularly to the carina.

Much variability in the cost is observable in different specimens, and not un-
frequently the ornamentation over the greater portion of the valve is effaced ; the later-
formed coste are usually disunited and very irregular. Our largest example has thir-
teen costee. ‘The species was at first mistaken for 7. Goldfussii, Ag. (Lyrodon literatum
Goldf.), which is more lengthened, and has a more prominent kind of ornamentation ; it
occurs in the Upper Oolites, but has not been discovered in Britain.

The smallest of our figures exemplifies a young shell with the coste prominent,
smooth, and ridge-like; they are united to the carina, where they form a projecting
angle, and pass undivided across the area as somewhat smaller costelle. Some doubt
may exist whether the minute figure of 7. cuspidata, Sow., given in the ‘ Mineral Con-
chology,’ pl. evii, figs. 4, 5, is intended for a dwarfed example of this form, or for the
young state of 7: Moretoni, as there is no very clear distinction between them; but as
the first-formed costz of 7. Moretoni are usually smaller and more closely arranged than

60 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

in 7. Painei, and as the latter species has not been obtained at Ancliff, which was the.
locality of Sowerby’s little specimen, it is more probable that 7. cuspidata is the
young of 7 Moretoni in a more dwarfed condition than has been obtained at Minchin-
hampton.

Adult examples of Z. Pamei are most nearly allied to 7. flecta, to which the reader
is referred.

A shell figured by Messrs. Rigaux and Sauvage asa variety of 7. Arduenna, Buv., in
their interesting Memoir on new species from the Bathonian formation of Boulogne
(‘Mém. de la Soc. Acad. de Boulogne,’ 1868, vol. i, pl. vi, fig. 4), appears nearly
allied to, and perhaps is not really distinct from, 7. Painei. Our Plate XI, fig. 3,
which presents an approximation to the Boulogne shell, represents the most common
aspect of the species in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton, or perhaps with the costae
more than usually prominent; not unfrequently, however, the posteal varices are
more imperfectly developed, or more nearly resembling the figure of Messrs. Rigaux.
and Sauvage.

7. Arduenna, Buv., a much smaller species, is less short in its general figure,
with much more numerous and more closely placed costae and varices; the rugose area
is another distinctive feature.

Dimensions.—Our largest specimen has the length upon the marginal carina of 24
inches ; the opposite measurement is 2 inches; the convexity of a single valve 7 lines ;
the length of the escutcheon 18 lies.

The name is intended as a slight recognition of the success which has attended
the exertions of Dr. Paine, of Stroud, as Honorary Secretary of the Cotteswold Naturalists,
Field-Club during a long period, and also of his acquirements in the cultitivation of the.
natural Sciences.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. In the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton
Common, in the beds called “ planking,” where the species occurs of every stage of growth,
and; is not infrequent, the valves are always disunited, and are often abraded, or have the
ornamentation scarcely perceptible. It has also been obtained in the Great Oolite
of South Lincolnshire. The specimen figured by Messrs. Rigaux and Sauvage, from
Boulogne, is stated to have been procured in the zone with Clypeus Plotii. 'The British
Museum has fine examples from the Great Oolite of Normandy.

Triconra propvucta, Lyc. PI. XIII, figs. 1, 2, 8, 4.

TRIGONIA PRODUCTA, Lycett. Note in Wright’s Memoir on the Inferior Oolite,
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., 1859, vol. xvi, p. 45.

Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat depressed, elongated posteally, short but curved

UNDULATA. 61

anteally ; superior border lengthened, straight, or slightly concave ; lower border. slightly
curved elliptically ; umbones antero-mesial, elevated, obtuse, and but little recurved.
Area narrow, flattened, somewhat raised, with numerous very irregular, rugose, trans-
verse plications; it has a well-defined median furrow, bordering upon which, on each
side, is arow of minute tubercles ; the inner and marginal carine are each represented
by a small row of inconspicuous tubercles or knotted terminations of the transverse
plications of the area. The escutcheon is depressed and flattened, its length is con-
siderable, or nearly equal to the measurement across the valves ; its posteal extremity
forms an obtuse angle with that of the area. The coste upon the sides of the valves
have but little prominence, the first-formed three or four rows are horizontal or slightly
oblique, with small, regular, cord-like tubercles, the succeeding rows form two distinct
series ; the anteal series are few, oblique, and very irregularly sub-tuberculated ; for the
most part the rows have but little prominence and sometimes become nearly evanescent
towards the middle of the valve ; the few last-formed or lower ones are commonly more
or less confused or imperfect ; about the middle of the valve this anteal series is replaced
by a more numerous posteal series, whose lower extremities form nearly right angles with
the other series ; they are regular, narrow, closely arranged, straight, imperfectly tuber-
culated, and are somewhat more prominent than the anteal series; they pass upwards
nearly perpendicularly to the marginal carina; there are about fifteen rows, and their
size continues nearly equal even to the posteal extremity of the valve.

The test is thick, the borders of the valves smooth, and the hinge is remarkable for the
great breadth and flattening of the central tooth in the left valve. The larger of our speci-
mens has the length, upon the marginal carina, of 84 inches; the opposite measurement
is 24 inches; the diameter through the united valves is inconsiderable. ZT. producta
has occurred only in single valves; the internal mould is unknown: it is one of the
largest and least known of the Undulate; several young examples have been obtained,
these are but little distinguished from similar examples of 7" signata. The costee supply
the distinguishing features of 7! producta, the few widely separated and rather obscure
anteal series, and the more closely arranged, but separate, straight, and narrow posteal
rows, serve to remove it from 7. s¢gnata, which has moreover the umbones more mesial and
recurved ; the anterior side and border is more produced and rounded; this arrange-
ment of the cost is very distinct from 7. V-costata, which has the anteal series much
more numerous, and of a different figure, and does not form rows of separate tubercles.
It has also some affinity with Zyrodon literatum, Goldf., in the characters of the costee ;
but the latter species has the general figure more lengthened and oblong, and the posteal
portion of the area has much greater breadth; the marginal carina also has a row of
large rounded tubercles ; the umbones are smaller and less elevated ; the anterior side is
also more produced. In Z producta the whole of the ornamentation has but little
prominence, and in some examples it is partially obscured by the plications of growth,
which become large and rugose over the lower portion of the valve.

62 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

Messieurs Terquem and Jourdy have figured, under the name of 7. producta, a small
species of the Clavellate from the Great Oolite of the Department of the Moselle (‘ Mém.
Soc. Géol. Fr.,’ 2 sér., tom. ix, 1869, pl. xi, figs. 29, 30), this is allied to, and perhaps
is not really distinct from, 7. impressa, Sow.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. T. producta is one of the rarer fossils of
the Trigonia-grit of the Inferior Oolite, near to Cheltenham and to Stroud ; fine
examples have also been obtained in Northamptonshire by the officers of the National
Geological Survey. Specimens from the Inferior Oolite of Normandy are in the British
Museum.

TRIGoNIA conyuNcENS, Phil. Pl. X, figs. 5, 7,8; Pl. XHI, fig. 6.

TRIGONIA CONJUNGENS, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., 1829, vol. i, p. 156.
_ _ Morris, Catal., 1854, p. 228.

Shell ovately oblong, moderately convex mesially, somewhat depressed near to the
anterior and posterior borders; umbones elevated, obtuse, erect, or slightly recurved,
placed within, or in other specimens upon, the line of the anterior third of the valves ;
anterior border produced, curved elliptically with the lower border; hinge-border
straight, lengthened, sloping obliquely, and terminating posteally in the wide, rounded,
posteal border of the area. Escutcheon large, lengthened, depressed, excepting its
superior border, which is raised. Area very wide, occupying about one third of the
surface of the valve; it is somewhat raised, expanded, and flattened posteally ; it has
a wellsmarked mesial oblique furrow, and is traversed transversely by numerous large
plications, which increase in size posteally, and become irregular, prominent, and
wrinkled (see Plate XIII, fig. 6); the bounding carine are small and distinct; the
marginal carina is minutely plicated, excepting its posteal portion, which is occupied by
the large transverse plications of the area; these form small varices upon the inner
carina ; there is no median carina. The costated portion of the valve has numerous rows
(eighteen or nineteen in adult forms) of tuberculated or sub-tuberculated coste, the first-
formed six or seven rows are very closely arranged, regular, plain, nearly horizontal,
and slightly curved at their two extremities: those which succeed form two series; the
anteal series are somewhat irregular in their arrangement, but are always small and
inconspicuous ; they are directed somewhat obliquely downwards to the middle of the
valve, and are occasionally distinctly tuberculated, but commonly are irregularly sub-
tuberculated ; their posteal extremities are united about the middle of the valve to
another, less numerous, and somewhat larger posteal series of coste, which are also either
distinctly tuberculated or sub-tuberculated ; they approach the carina at a considerable

UNDULATA. 63

angle, and the last-formed three or four rows pass perpendicularly down to the lower
border ; their anteal or lower extremities are for the most part united to the extremities
of the more numerous anteal series, with which they form a considerable undulation or
angle, which is always less than a right angle; not unfrequently, however, the few
last-formed anteal coste are altogether irregular, presenting only small confused
tubercles.

This appears to be the shell indicated by the author of the ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’
who gave a short notice of it at page 156 of the first edition of that work, but without
any figure. It is nearly allied to 7. angulata, Sow., in the general arrangement of its
ornamentation ; but it differs from that species constantly and materially in the general
figure, which is much more broad and expanded posteally,—so different from the narrow,
concave, and delicately plicated area of 7. angulata ; it is also without the undulation
upon the lower borders of the latter species, and its rows of anteal costz are more
numerous ; but usually the outline of the two forms will at once show their distinctness.
It is also somewhat allied to 7. Moreton?, M. and L., but is more oblong, with a much
wider and more rugose area; the marginal carina is much smaller, the cost are also
more disunited mesially, and have the tubercles smaller, and the costz less ridge-like.

The two small lower figures of plate lxxxvii ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ represented as a
variety of 7. clavellata, have some affinities with our species in the general figure, and the
characters of the costa ; but the area is destitute of the large transverse rugose costelle ;
there are also indications of a small median carina, it is probably therefore distinct.

T. compta, Lyc., of the Collyweston Slate, is also nearly allied to it, both in the general
outline and the ornamentation. The flattened condition of the slate species prevents any
comparison of the convexity, but the coste in adult specimens are fewer; the area is
smooth, and has three distinct tuberculated carinee,—characters which are so different from
that portion of Z. conjungens as to compel their separation as species.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. During many years 7. conjungens remained one
of the more obscure and doubtful forms of Trigonia, and was usually omitted, even in the
lists of Yorkshire fossils; this arose from the very few words of description allotted to it
by Professor Phillips in his ‘ Geology of Yorkshire,’ and not less so to the very intract-
able stone of the Millepore-bed, a hard, rough, semi-ferruginous stratum at Cloughton
Cliffs, to the northward of Scarborough. A considerable number of examples of 7.
conjungens have been obtained from that locality, but only a few have been separated well
preserved. Brandsby, Yorkshire, was the locality given by Professor Phillips, at which
place the beds are not now accessible: it has also been obtained in the White Oolite
of Whitwell, in the same county. The Cloughton specimens are associated with 7.
recticosta, and a considerable number of Inferior Oolite Conchifera. It also occurs in the
same stratum exposed at Cayton Bay, to the southward of Scarborough. Specimens are
in the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society at York, also in the collection of
Mr. Reed, of the same place; in the collection of Mr. Leckenby, now forming part of

64 BRITISH. FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge; also in the author’s cabinet. It is now for the
first time figured. .

TRIGONIA LITERATA, Young and Bird. PI. XIV, figs. 1, la, 2, 3, 4.

TRIGONIA LITERATA, Young and Bird. Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast, 2nd
ed., 1828, p. 225, pl. viii, fig. 23.

— — Phillips. Geol. of Yorkshire, 1829—1835, vol. i, pl. xiv, fig. 11.

— — Williamson. Distribution of Fossil Remains on the Yorkshire
Coast, Tr. Geol. Soc., 2nd series, 1836, vol. v,
p. 243.

_ — Pusch. Polens Paleeont., 1837, p. 60.

— LITTERATA, Agassiz. Trigonies, 1840, pp. 8 and 50.

—_ — Brown. Foss. Conchol. of Great Britain, 1845.

_— LYRATA. D’Orbigny. Prodr. de Paléont., 1850, vol. i, p. 218.

— LITTERATA, Morris. Catal. 1854, p. 229.

— LITTERATA, Simpson. Fossils of Lias, 1855, p. 116.

_ LITTERATA, Quenstedt. Der Jura., 1856, p. 442.

_ — Oppel. Juraformation, 1856, p. 260.

_— LITTERATA, Late. Geol. Mag., 1872, vol. ix, p. 306.

Shell sub-ovate or ovately oblong, convex; umbones large, moderately elevated,
obtuse, nearly erect, placed within the anterior third of the valves; anterior side
moderately produced, its border curved elliptically with the lower border; superior
border lengthened, nearly straight, sloping obliquely downwards, and forming posteally
nearly a right angle with the posterior border of the area. Escutcheon wide and some-
what concave, its superior border is moderately raised. Area narrow, slightly convex,
with a well-defined mesial furrow. Young examples have two distinct bounding carine ;
the inner carina is characterised by transverse narrow irregular varices; the marginal
carina has irregular widely separated tubercles; in examples of more advanced growth
the carinee have small varices which are united to the transverse plications upon the area ;
much variability exists in the prominence of the plications, but usually specimens of full
development have the posteal portions of their areas characterised only by delicate lines of
growth, and are altogether without ornamentation. he other portion of the surface has
two distinct series of tuberculated costz, this distinctness commences at the apices even
of the youngest specimens; the anteal series has the rows very numerous, small, and
extremely irregular ; in young specimens they approach the anterior borders horizontally, |
as smooth attenuated lines ; with the curvature of the valve they become sub-tuberculated,
and are usually deflected slightly downwards, but their direction is scarcely alike in any
two specimens; they are always small and unsymmetrical, one row with another, unequal,
and either prominent or obscure, sometimes partially united to the extremities of the
larger posteal series, or altogether separated from them and excentric. Well-preserved

UNDULATA. 65

adult forms have the few lower costz of the anteal series more or less wrinkled and
obscure, these take the direction of the lines of growth, and therefore curve upwards to
the anterior border; other examples have the whole of the anteal series forming smooth,
irregular and unequal, oblique, wrinkled cost, but in all instances this series occupies
only the smaller portion of the costated surface, their junction with the other series is
always anteal to the middle of the costated surface; the posteal series are fewer, much
larger, and more regular; they form prominent nodose ridges, which descend almost
perpendicularly from the carina, enlarging downwards, and forming acute angles with the
anteal series ; about a moiety of the posteal series attain the lower border: our largest
specimen has twelve of these cost. Few examples of the genus have the lines of growth
so strongly marked as in the adult examples of 7. /terata, they impress the cost very
conspicuously.

Young specimens from nine to twelve lines across the valves are remarkable for the
prominence, delicacy, and beauty of their ornamentation ; they are slightly more lengthened,
than the adult form, but are less oblong and quadrate than the little Zragonia pulchella,
of Agassiz, to which their ornamentation approximates considerably.

Dimensions of a large specimen.

Length : ot ‘ i . 24 inches.
Opposite measurement ‘ 3 ‘ . 145-,,
Diameter through the united valves. : ee

Several Jurassic species approximate to Z. /iterata in the general plan of their
ornamentation. Lyrodon literatum, Goldf., a larger species, has the general figure more
lengthened, and the area much larger in proportion. 7. sudglobosa, Mor. and Lyc., is
distinguished by the more globose form, by the large tuberculated carinal, and by the few
very large posteal varices. Z. Painei, Lyc., on the other hand is much more depressed,
and the coste fewer. JZ. V-costata, Lyc., has not. the two series of coste broken
and separated as in the present form, it is also much less convex: other of the Undulate
are more remotely allied to it.

History, Stratigraphical position, and Locality. Messrs. Young and Bird, in their Geolo-
gical Survey of the Coast of Yorkshire (1822), first described 7. “ferata : they assigned it
to the Lower Lias Shale, but without any locality : the figure of it given upon plate viii of
their work is very indifferently executed. In the year 1829, Professor Phillips, in his
‘ Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire,’ gave a much better figure: he assigned the
species to the Lower Lias Shale of Robin Hood’s Bay, and figured it with the fossils of
that stage ; he also noticed its occurrence in Upper Lias Shale upon the authority of Mr.
Williamson (p. 161). In 1850, D’Orbigny in his ‘ Prodrome,’ also erroneously placed it
(printed 7. /yrata) in his Etage Simemurien, and gave the vicinity of Metz (Moselle) as a
locality. In addition to 7 Jiterata, Agassiz placed the five following species in the

66 BRITISH. FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

Upper Lias: 7. navis, Lam., 7. pulchella, Ag., T. tuberculata, Ag. (TL. spinulosa, Y. and
B.), Z. similis, Bronn, and 7. costellata, Ag. Subsequent researches have shown that
the latter five species are associated more or less one with another in a single geological
position, and that two or more of them occur together at several localities in Southern
Germany, Professor Quenstedt (‘ Der Jura.’) has established 7. navisand TZ. pulchella as
species of the lower portion of the Inferior Oolite.

In Britain 7: spinulosa pertains both to the Supra-Liassic Sands and to the lower
portion of the Inferior Oolite ; and, as the two remaining species are associated in Southern
Germany with the three former, it may be inferred that all of them belong to a higher
position than 7’ /iterata, and that the latter therefore occupies the lowest position of any
known species of the Upper Lias.

In Britain 7. /iterata has occurred only at a single locality ; namely, a little higher than
the middle of the Upper Lias Shale at the Peak, Robin Hood’s Bay, in scars accessible only
at low water; there are no Ammonites in this stratum, but it immediately overlies a bed
with Ammonites crassus, Y. and B.; it is lower than the beds worked for alum upon the
same coast. Specimens occur of every stage of growth, with the valves both united and
separated ; but, as the greater number have the characters of the surface ill-preserved, good
specimens are somewhat rare.

Trieonta V-costata, Zyc. Plate XIII, fig. 5; Plate XV, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

TRIGONIA ANGULATA, Phil. Geol. York., 1829, vol. i, p. 156 (not Sow.).
— — Williamson. On Distribution of Fossils, Yorkshire Coast, Trans.
Geol. Soc., 1836, 2 ser., iii, p. 229.
— v-costata, Lycett. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 422.
a _ Morris. Catalogue, 1854, p. 228.
— _ Lycett. Cotteswold Hills Handbook, 1857, pl. vi, fig. 5.

Shell ovately trigonial, moderately convex ; umbones nearly mesial, produced, obtuse,
and usually somewhat recurved ; anterior side produced, its border curved elliptically
with the lower border; hinge-border slightly concave, sloping obliquely, its extremity
forming an obtuse angle with the extremity of the area. Area narrow, concave beneath
the apices, but flattened posteally ; it is traversed transversely by delicate plications,
which near to the apices form a few regular, smooth costelle ; it has a mesial longitudinal
furrow, and in the young condition three closely tuberculated carine, which become
evanescent posteally with advance of growth. The escutcheon is much depressed compared
with the inner carina; it is lengthened, of moderate breadth, and perflectly flat. The
other portion of the surface has the rows of costae numerous (twenty to twenty-four) and
narrow ; they are but little raised, and are rather inconstant in their characters ; sometimes

UNDULATA. 67

they are plain, but more frequently they are subtuberculated ; all of them commence at
the anterior border and curve obliquely downwards ; the first few rows are simply curved
upwards at their posteal extremities to the carina; those which succeed are more straight
and oblique ; their posteal portions form with the anteal portions a more decided angle,
which increases with every succeeding costa, until they form acute angles upon the middle
of the valve, the posteal portions passing upwards perpendicularly to the carma, but
without any increase in their size. In adult forms the last three or four posteal coste
pass downwards perpendicularly to the pallial border.

Three Jurassic Trigonie are allied to 7. V-costata. T. tripartita, Forbes, a much
smaller species, differs im having a few large posteal, straight, oblique coste, which are
distinct from the far more numerous and smaller anteal costee. The figure of 7. angulata,
Sow., is much more produced, and attenuated posteally; the hinge-border is more
lengthened and concave; the umbones are more prominent and recurved; the cost are
very much fewer, and posteally they form an undulation rather than an angle; it is very
correctly represented by the coarse figure in the ‘Mineral Conchology’” 7. producta,
Lycett, is somewhat allied to it in the characters of the coste, but has the anteal series
few and distinctly tuberculated ; the general figure also is essentially different ; the anteal
not recurved apices, the lengthened and flattened area, together with the greater
general length of the shell, separate them very clearly.

Adult specimens of 7. V-costata have the length one sixth greater than the height ; of
small specimens the number is far more considerable; these latter have been obtained at
numerous localities in beds of very different mineral character ; usually they have a more
lengthened figure transversely ; they differ materially one from another in the closeness
or wider separation of the coste.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. The figure given in the ‘Annals of
Natural History’ was from a large example obtained in the Upper Trigonia-grit of
Rodborough Hill, near Stroud; a few specimens haye also occurred in a similar position
at several localities near to Cheltenham; it is, however, rare throughout the Cotteswold
Hills. In Northamptonshire it occurs more commonly in the ferruginous beds, and is of
smaller dimensions. Numerous specimens (apparently dwarfed) also occur in the very
fossiliferous bed of the Dogger at Blue Wyke, near Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire ; they
are of various stages of growth; three are depicted upon Plate XV. A considerable
number of small, imperfectly preserved Trigoniz also occur in the layers of oolitic slate
at Collyweston; they are deprived of the test, and have probably undergone vertical
compression ; their condition, therefore, does not admit of a rigid comparison ; they also
differ much one with another in the general figure, and in the prominence or indistinctive-
ness of the costa; all have the appearance of young shells, and occasionally specimens
have the figure more lengthened transversely than is observed even in young examples of
7. V-costata ; there does not, however, occur any constant characters which will justify
their separation from that species, to which, therefore, they are provisionally united; two

68 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

examples are figured on Plate XI, figs. 6, 7. In the absence of better illustrative
specimens it is therefore necessary to cancel “ 7. minor,” as this obscure form was desig-
nated in the list of Inferior Oolite Trigoniz, page 12 of this Monograph.

The internal mould is not known; impressions occur in the Ferruginous Oolite of
Glaizedale, North Yorkshire. All the localities are in Inferior Oolite.

Triconia suBeLososa, Lyc. Plate XII, figs. 8, 9, 10.

TRIGONIA SUBGLOBOSA, Lycett. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 421.
— — Morris and Lycett. Gr. Ool. Monog., Pal. Soc., 1853, p. 55,
pl. v, fig. 21.
— -- Morris. Catal., 1854, p. 229.

An inflated shell with prominent ornamentation and nodose angulated costz.

Shell ovately globose ; umbones antero-mesial, large, produced, much incurved, and
slightly recurved ; anterior and inferior borders curved elliptically ; posterior or superior
border short, concave, its posteal extremity forming an obtuse angle with the posteal
border of the area. Escutcheon wide, depressed, and rather short. Area wide, flattened,
slightly excavated, its surface forming a considerable angle with the other portion of the
shell; it is conspicuously bi-partite, the lower constituting the larger portion; it is
traversed transversely by irregular rugose plications, which near to the apex are replaced
by a few, narrow, regular, plain costelle; it is bounded by tuberculated carinz ; the
tubercles upon the marginal carina are unusually large and nodose ; the median carina is
also represented by a similar, but smaller row of tubercles. The other portion of the
shell has upon its anteal side thirteen or more, narrow, depressed, subtuberculated costz,
which are rather irregular in their course, but, for the most part, curve obliquely down-
wards to within a short, distance of the carma, when they meet with a much larger and
more prominent nodose posteal series, fewer in number (about eight or nine), which pass
upwards perpendicularly to the carina, their point of junction with each of the anteal
series having a large tubercle ; the angles thus formed are more considerable than right
angles. Upon the lower third of the adult valves the plications of growth become
strongly marked anteally, and all other ornamentation then ceases; this change is also
accompanied by a sub-concentric sulcation which crosses the valve longitudinally.

Afinities. It is allied to a larger species, 7. Painei, Lyc., in the general features of
its ornamentation, but is greatly more inflated; the area is much wider and more
ornamented, and more especially by the presence of the prominent marginal carina with its
few large tubercles ; this latter feature, together with the absence of large transverse plica-
tions upon the area, and its sub-globose figure, serve also to separate it from 7. conjungens.
The valves are separate, or spread open and held in contact by their ligament.

UNDULATA. 69

Stratigraphical position and Localities. Near to Stroud and Nailsworth, Gloucester-
shire, in the middle portion of the Inferior Oolite; ina bed of pale, tough, cream-coloured
limestone (Coralline mud), associated with Trigonia costatula, Lyc., T. angulata, Sow.,
fT. Philiipsi, Mor. and Lyc., a crowd of small, sub-cylindrical Nerina, sub-acicular
Chemnitzie, and a numerous group of Molluscan forms, both of Gasteropoda and
Conchifera: but all the Trigoniz are rare.

Triconia GrocRaPHica, 4g. Plate-X, fig. 6.

TRIGONIA GEOGRAPHICA, Agassiz. Meém. sur les Trigonies, 1840, p. 25, tab. 10,
fig. 7 (Excl. tab. 6, figs. 2, 3).

_ _ D’ Orbigny. Prodr. de Paléont., 1850, vol. ii, p. 17, No.
267.

_ — De Loriol, E. Royer, and H. Tombeck. Descr. Géol. et
Paléont. des Htages Jurassiques Supérieurs de
la Haut Marne, 1872. Meém. Soc. Linn. de
Normandie, tom. 13, pl. 17, fig. 7.

Shell ovately trigonal, moderately convex ; umbones submesial, not much produced,
and only shghtly recurved ; anterior side produced, its border curved elliptically with the
lower border ; hinge-border straight, sloping obliquely downwards. Area narrow, somewhat
concave, divided into two portions by a considerable depression of the upper half; the
whole is transversely striated ; the bounding carinz are very smal], without any distinct
tubercles. Escutcheon narrow, depressed, and moderately lengthened. The other portion
of the shell has numerous rows of narrow, plain, closely arranged costz, all of which
originate at the anterior border and pass over the middle of the shell obliquely downwards
with a slight curvature ; they enlarge somewhat posteally, and curve upwards towards the
carina; about twelve or thirteen of the costz first-formed are plain, those which follow
gradually become tuberculated and enlarge at their posteal portions ; each succeeding row
becomes more tuberculated, so that the rows last-formed have only a short portion plain
anteally ; they thus gradually form two series of coste, of which the posteal or tuberculated
series is the larger and less numerous in consequence of the intercalation of three or four
rows of short anteal coste, which impart much irregularity to the few last-formed rows ;

‘the tubercles are neither regular nor symmetrical, some are distinct and oval, others are
united in the rows which all curve upwards to the carina.

Our specimen resembles only the second figure of Agassiz (‘Trigonies,’ tab. 10,
fig. 7), but is a smaller example with less prominent posteal tubercles; the area is also
nearly destitute of ornamentation, which is probably due to defective preservation. The
figure given by De Loriol, Royer, and Tombeck is more lengthened, and the coste have

10

70 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

less posteal curvature towards the carina; the tubercles also appear small for a specimen
of such advanced growth, differences which indicate a variety.

Stratigraphical position and Locality. Our specimen was obtained in the Trigonia-
bed of the Coralline Oolite at Pickering; no second specimen has come under my
observation.

Triconta compra, Lyc. Plate XV, figs. 5, 6, 7.

TRIGoNIA compta, Lycett. Suppl. Mon. Gr. Ool. Mollusca, Pal. Soc., 1863, p. 50,
pl. xl, fig. 1.

Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat depressed; umbones moderately elevated, antero-
mesial, not recurved, obtuse ; anterior side produced, curved elliptically with the lower
border ; posterior border truncated at its extremity. Escutcheon narrow and incon-
Spicuous. Area rather wide, flattened, with a mesial] furrow and three small tuberculated
carine ; its general surface is smooth, with faintly traced lines ‘of growth. In other
specimens the carinz are evanescent, and the area is altogether smooth ; its entire surface
is raised, so that the marginal carina, although so little conspicuous, forms a prominent
ridge compared with the more depressed, adjacent costated portion of the valve.

The other portion of the surface has about twelve rows of coste, which pass from the
anterior border obliquely downwards ; they are very narrow, elevated, and sub-tuberculated,
or occasionally plain; posteally they increase in size, become partially disunited, and
form two distinct, large, depressed nodes or varices, which curve upwards and meet the
marginal carina at a right angle ; each row of varices corresponds to every alternate row
of the narrow anteal coste.

The general ornamentation has but little prominence, and not unfrequently it is rather
obscure. :

Young specimens, when only three lines across, have narrow, horizontal, plain costa,
which are slightly curved upwards at their posteal extremities ; the marginal carina is then
prominent.

T. compta is a small species not uncommon in the slate of Collyweston; the specimens
are usually more or less compressed; it also occurs more rarely in the sand of
Northampton, in which it retains its original convexity. It differs from 7 Moretoni in
having much fewer costz, which do not form continuous curves as in that species, but
are disunited posteally, forming a less numerous series of short large varices; the area
destitute of large transverse rugose folds, is another distinctive feature.

From 7. costatula it is separated by the more lengthened form, less convexity, larger
area, and the presence of the short, curved, large posteal varices. The same general
features, together with the larger ornamentation, also separate it from 7. cmpressa.

UNDULATA. v1

Compared with 7. conjungens, its ornamentation is much less prominent; its posteal
varices are larger and more depressed ; the area is less expanded posteally, and is destitute
of the large rugose plications which are so conspicuous on that species.

Locality. The finely laminated, slaty sandstone has preserved the ornamentation in a
very perfect manner, although the test has wholly disappeared. It has only been recognised
in the vicinity of Collyweston, and in an apparently similar geological position in the
Inferior Oolite of Northamptonshire.

Trieonta Leckensyl, Lycet/, sp.nov. Plate XVI, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovately oblong, lengthened and attenuated posteally, much depressed ; umbones
sub-anterior, obtuse, not conspicuous ; anterior side short and rounded ; lower border
lengthened, curved elliptically ; superior border lengthened, slightly concave, and having
a gentle curvature downwards posteally to the lower extremity of the area, which is.
somewhat pointed. Area narrow and flattened with some obscure transverse plications ;
the bounding carinz are scarcely elevated, the marginal carina has a row of small tubercles,
which disappear posteally; there is no distinct mesial furrow. ‘The escutcheon is
lengthened, very narrow, and depressed. ‘The other portion of the valve has the rows of
costze in two series; the posteal series consists of depressed, curved, rounded, sub-
tuberculated costee, which pass downwards almost perpendicularly from the carina to the
middle of the valve; their number is from fourteen to sixteen, they are cord-like, and
become attenuated near to the carina; the anteal series is much smaller and more
numerous, the rows are sub-tuberculated, and, for the most part, nearly horizontal in their
direction; they are not distinctly united to the extremities of the posteal series, but
become broken into small, irregular, isolated tubercles, which occupy the middle of the
valve, even to the lower border; the general direction of the rows of posteal costa is
therefore not conformable with that of the anteal series. The lines of growth appear to
have but little prominence; no portion of the test has been preserved in the larger
example, and only partially so in the smaller.

This remarkable example of the Udulate, conspicuous for its very much depressed,
lengthened figure, and the delicate, but composite, character of its ornamentation, possesses
some general resemblance to 7. angulata, from which it will readily be distinguished by its.
large obtuse umbo and depressed figure; or, when the costz are preserved, the very
numerous and minutely knotted anteal series is a characteristic feature. ‘The lengthened
depressed form equally removes it from 7. /iterata, Phil., to which it approximates in the
general character of its costee. Other species more remotely allied are 7’. v.-costata and
T. paucicosta, to the descriptions of which the reader is referred. 7. Ramsayi, from
nearly the same geological horizon in Gloucestershire, with a more lengthened form and.

72 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

cord-like costs, is without the small anteal series. In the general Jengthened outline it is
also not without some resemblance to 7’ Pellati; but they differs in all the essential
features of ornamentation.

Stratigraphical position and Locality. T. Leckenbyi ranks as one of the most rare of
the Trigoniz. I am not aware that more than four entire examples of single valves have
been procured, and fragments of a few others; all are more or less flattened from
vertical pressure, and only portions of the test remain; but the characters of the surface
are sufficiently well preserved. The rock is a dark grey, highly micaceous, thin-bedded,
shaley sandstone, a member of the stage which may be provisionally termed Supra-liassic,
and according in position with the Jwrensis-beds of the Cotteswold Hills; it is associated
with some of the characteristic fossils of that stage, and more especially with Zeredratula
trilineata, Y. and B. It has been procured only over a small area in shore-beds covered
by the tide at high water, between Blue Wyke and the Peak, near Robin Hood’s Bay,
upon the coast of Yorkshire. The geological position is therefore higher than the Alum
Shale or the zone of Ammonites communis, and lower than the stratum with Lingula
Beanit.

Tricgonta Carrel, Mun.-Chal. Pl. XII, fig. 1.

Triconta Carrer, Munier-Chalmas. Note sur quel. esp. nouv. du genre Trigonia,
Bull. Soc. Linn. de Normandie, 1865, vol. ix.
_ — De Loriolet Pellat. Mon. Paléont. et Géol. de l’étage Portlandien
des env. de Boulogne, 1866, pl. viii, fig. 5.
—_ — Hébert. Terr. jurass. du Boulonnais, Bull. de la Soc. Géol. France,
1866, 2 ser., t. xxiii, p. 216.

Shell ovately trigonal, moderately convex; umbones sub-anterior, elevated, obtuse,
and erect; anterior side short, its border somewhat truncated, but having its lower
portion curved elliptically with the lower border; cardinal border moderately lengthened,
straight, sloping obliquely, and curved suddenly with the posterior extremity of the area.
Escutcheon excavated, its superior border raised. Area narrow, flattened, conspicuously
bi-partite ; the plane of its surface forms a considerable angle with the other portion of the
shell; it is bounded by two well-defined tuberculated carine; the tubercles upon the
marginal carina are more especially large and distantly arranged; there is also a line
of small tubercles bordering upon the mesial furrow; the transverse plications upon the
area are irregular and not conspicuous. The other portion of the surface has a series of
large elevated varices, about twelve in number, which curve downwards from the
carina, occupying more than half the costated surface ; each row has about nine depressed
nodes ; the lower extremities of these varices meet the posteal extremities of a much
smaller anteal series, which are nodose, short, and nearly horizontal in their direction,

UNDULAT. 73

but with some irregularity. The lines of growth are conspicuous over the greater
portion of the shell. Portions of the epidermal granulated tegument are preserved,
and have the lines of granules larger than is usual in the Undulate or the Clavellate.
Our figure exemplifies a specimen, the posteal extremity of which is somewhat defective
from disappearance of the test.

Locality and History. Our specimen is from the Portland Oolite of Tisbury; Mr.
Cunnington has also obtained the species in the same formation near to Devizes ; at both
localities it ranks as one of the most rare Testacea in the formation. Allusion may here
be made to 7. radiata, Benett, the absence of which in this Monograph as a recognised
species requires some explanation.

In the year 1831, Miss Etherelda Benett, of Warminster, published a small folio
volume, intended as an illustrated catalogue of Wiltshire fossils; plate xvii, fig. 3,
of that work, represents 7rzyonia radiata from the Portland Limestone of Tisbury ; the
figures generally in Miss Benett’s work are carefully drawn, it may therefore be assumed
that the deficiencies in the Trigonia represent the defective condition of the specimen.
The general aspect seems to indicate flattening or compression ; the area has no clearly
defined features ; the marginal carina has some indistinct tubercles; the rows of varices which
pass downwards from the carina are more clearly expressed, and appear to be obtusely
nodose ; there are also some partially preserved tubercles upon the pallial portion of the
valve near to the lower border ; all else is left to the imagination. The type specimen
was removed to the Philadelphian Museum, with the whole of Miss Benett’s collection, at
the decease of that lady ; but, judging from the figure, the possession of the specimen
would have added but little to our knowledge of the species, and no second British
example recognised as 7’. radiata is known.

In the year,1865 M. Munier-Chalmas figured and described under the name of
T. Ferryt (‘ Bull. Soc. Linn. de Normandie,’ vol. ix), a Trigonia which in the general
characters of its varices possesses a considerable resemblance to the figure given by Miss
Benett ; the anteal portion of the valve is represented as devoid of ornamentation, but as
this, in common with the other figures upon the same plate, is reduced in size, we are
the less able to judge of the actual condition of the specimen; he also described in the
memoir accompanying the plate an allied Trigonia from the same formation, in the
vicinity of Boulogne, under the name of 7. Carrez, but of this no figure was given.

In the following year appeared the almost simultaneous publication of Memoirs on the
Portland formation of Boulogne by Professor Hébert, and Messieurs de Loriol and
Pellat, each of these palzontologists discovered the apparent identity of 7. Ferry with
T. radiata, and the last-named authors figured a very perfect example of Z. Carrei, and
another of 7. radiata; the latter form is, however, apparently defective, the anteal
half of the valve being separated from the other portion with varices by a line of fracture,
which apparently indicates the absence of the test upon the anteal portion of the valve,
the varices of which end abruptly at the line of fracture. Several large clavellated

74 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

‘Trigonize, or portions of them from the Portland formation of Oxfordshire and Wiltshire,
which have come under my notice, are too imperfect in their general condition to admit
of any satisfactory comparison with other known forms; at present, therefore, I can only
allude to 7. radiata as a British species with much hesitation, as being represented
possibly by examples which are too defective to be submitted to the artist as illustrations
of Miss Benett’s species. It may also be remarked that an entire absence of ornamen-
tation upon the anteal portion of the shell, such as appears to be indicated by the
specimen of Miss Benett, by that of Munier-Chalmas, and also by the defective figure of
De Loriol, represents a feature to which we discover nothing analogous throughout the
entire series of the genus Trigonia. In the absence of any more satisfactory example it
is intended to figure an imperfect specimen in the Oxford University Museum, obtained
in the Portland Limestone of Shotover Hill, and kindly brought under my notice by
Professor Phillips.

TRIGONIA TRIPARTITA, Fordes. Pl. XII, fig. 7.

TRIGONIA TRIPARTITA, Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., 1851, vol. vii, p.111, pl v,
fig. 11.
—_ — Morris. Catal., 1854, p. 229.
— — Lycett. Pal. Soc. Suppl. Gr. Ool. Monogr., 1863, p. 51, p. xl,
fig. 4.

Shell ovately trigonal, short, rather depressed; umbones elevated, obtuse, and
scarcely recurved ; anterior and lower borders curved elliptically ; hinge-border short,
sloping obliquely. Area of moderate breadth, flattened, distinctly bipartite, the inner or
superior half being the more depressed ; it is traversed transversely by delicate lines of
growth, and near to the umbones by a few small costelle ; the bounding carinz are distinct,
but have little prominence, and are only imperfectly tuberculated ; the posteal border of the
area forms only a slight angle with the superior border of the escutcheon, which is small
and depressed. The costated portion forms a considerable angle with the plane of the
area; the coste form two distinct series; the more numerous or anteal series has the
rows very small, plain, and closely arranged; their direction is uniform, passing from the
anteal border obliquely downwards to the middle of the valve, where they are cut off by
a much larger, less numerous, posteal series of costa, seven or eight in number, which
are slightly tuberculated, and pass downwards from the carina almost perpendicularly,
forming right angles with the anteal series. The comparative size and direction of the
two species of costz will serve to distinguish this little shell from 7! v.-costata, from 7.
undulata, and from 7. detrita; others of the Undulate are more remotely allied. The

anteal ribbing in Fig. 7 is more minute than in the specimen figured by Professor E. Forbes,
and this is the sole difference observable.

UNDULAT A. 75

Stratigraphical position and Localities. Our specimen was obtained by Mr. Walton,
of Bath, in the Cornbrash of Chippenham; the type specimen was found by the late
Professor Edmund Forbes in a stratum of soft crumbling yellowish limestone and shale
beneath the Oxford Clay at Loch Staffin, Isle of Skye, associated with Testacea, which
are for the most part estuarine or fluviatile forms ; the geological position is probably not
very different from that of the Chippenham Cornbrash, but modified by peculiar local
conditions.’

Trigonra DreTRiItA, Zerg. and Jour. Pl. X, figs. 3, 3a, 4.

TRIGOIA DEETTRITA, Zerquem et Jourdy. Monog. de |’ Btage Bathonien dans le
Département de la Moselle ; Mem. Soc.
Geol. de France, deux. sér., tom. neuv.,
1869, pl. xii, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell ovately trigonal, moderately convex ; umbones placed within the anterior third
of the valves, moderately elevated, only slightly recurved; anterior side very short, its
border curved elliptically with the lower border; superior border straight, sloping
obliquely downwards and forming an obtuse angle with the posteal border of the area.
Escutcheon lengthened, concave, its superior border somewhat raised. Area of moderate
breadth, flattened, having a well-defined mesial furrow; it is transversely rugosely
plicated and bounded by two small elevated, tuberculated, or rather closely arranged,
plicated carinze, which are formed by enlarged continuations of the transverse rugee upon
the area. ‘The other portion of the shell has numerous, very closely arranged, plain,
rounded costz ; the few first-formed are regular and almost horizontal, succeeded by rows
more oblique or directed obliquely downwards from the anterior border ; posteally they
form a sudden flexure somewhat downwards and then turn upwards perpendicularly to
the carina; at first the posteal angle is but small, but it regularly increases with the
succeeding costa, so that the few last formed have their posteal portions somewhat dis-
united ; they become slightly nodulous and, forming each a right angle, pass per-

' The association of the generic forms of Testacea in the Hebridean deposit described in the
Memoir quoted and depicted upon the plate which accompanies it, is curious and instructive, especially
when compared with the habitats of two of the living Australian Zrigonie. T. tripartita was found
in the Loch Staffin shale with a Perna and an Ostrea, and with ten other species, belonging to the
fluviatile genera, Cyrena, Potamomya, Unio, Neritina, and Hydrobia. That this association was not
accidental may be inferred from the following analogous facts. The recent Zrigonia Lamarckii occurs in
Sydney Harbour, partially buried in black mud, and also in the Paramatta River, within reach of the tide ;
in like manner the larger 7. pectinata is found in Launceston River, Tasmania, in similar black mud,
exposed to the alternating influences of fresh and of tidal brackish water. Any section of these Australian
deposits may, therefore, be expected to expose the T’rigonie associated, as at Loch Staffin, with the fluviatile
or estuarine testacea with which they lived and were buried.

76 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

pendicularly upwards ; the last-formed two or three anteal costz become slightly waved
or irregular, and their direction accords nearly with the lines of growth, which become
conspicuous near the lower border; they also form, near the middle of the valve, an
horizontal sulcation or arrest of growth.

Localities. The materials upon which the foregoing description is founded are some-
what scanty, consisting of three British and as many foreign examples. The larger of the
specimens figured, with the valves united, is in a very perfect condition, and was obtained
by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, in Forest Marble, near to the Tetbury Road Station of the Great
Western Railway, North Wilts ; the small example is from the Cornbrash of Hilperton,
which has also produced other specimens. ‘There are several in the British Museum, of
medium sizefrom the Great Oolite of Ranville, Normandy. ‘This appears to have affinity
much larger and imperfect fossil figured by Goldfuss (‘ Petrefac.,’ pl. 136, fig. 5c)
from the Lower Oolite of Pegnitz, formmg one of a group which he attributed to
T. literata. Its nearest ally probably is 7. wadulata, which is obtained in a similar
geological position; compared with the latter species it has greater convexity, more
especially at the umbonal portion of the valves, which has also the coste much more
closely arranged, more horizontal, more numerous, and more rounded ; the slight posteal
flexure downwards and the considerable angles which they form with the short, nodulous,.
perpendicular series is also distinctive. In 7. wnadulata the angle or curvature is situated
nearly at the middle of the valve.

Messrs. Terquem and Jourdy have figured a large example of 7. detrita in their
‘Monograph on the Great Oolite of the Department of the Moselle.’

Triconta Cuytia, D’Ord. Pl. XI, figs. 4,5; Pl. XVI, fig. 7.

Triconia Ciyt1a, D’Orbigny. Prodrome de Paléont., 1850, vol. i, p. 309.
— — ILyceett. Gr. Ool. Suppl. Monog., Pal. Soc., 1863, p. 48, pl. xl,
fig. 5.
— — Rigaux et Sauvage. Deser. de quelg. esp. nouv. de l’Etage Batho-
: nien du Bas-Boulon., 1868, p. 19.

Shell small, sub-trigonal, moderately convex ; umbones elevated, sub-mesial, pointed,
and recurved; anterior side produced and curved elliptically with the lower border ;
superior border short, somewhat convex, passing abruptly downwards to the pointed
posteal extremity. Escutcheon small and depressed. Area narrow; the plane of its
surface forms nearly a right angle with the other portion of the shell; it is traversed
transversely by a few large depressed costella, which are waved as they pass the mesial
furrow ; there are also three slightly nodulous caring, of which the inner and median
caring are very small, the marginal carina is much larger. The other portion of the shell
has the costz plain, numerous, small, and very closely arranged, convex upon their lower

UNDULAT&. 77

and concave upon their upper sides; their direction has a slight curvature obliquely
downwards towards the carina; the first-formed four coste are simply horizontal, the
succeeding costz are bent suddenly upwards at their posteal extremities, forming a series
of right angles, one of which proceeds from every second costa. The entire number of
costz in adult shells is nineteen or twenty im a specimen eight lines in height. In aged
specimens the few last-formed coste are small, or indistinct, broken, or undulating, and
their posteal extremities become somewhat nodulous when the whole of the ornamenta-
tion becomes nearly effaced.

The height and lateral diameter are nearly equal; the diameter through both the
valves is one fifth less. The size varies from three to ten lines across the valves.

Stratigraphical positions and Localities. ‘The Great Oolite of Box, near Bath, has
produced numerous examples of varying dimensions and stages of growth. Mr.
Cunnington has also obtained it in the Cornbrash of Westbrook and Trowbridge.
Specimens are in the British Museum; in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn
Street ; the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge ; in the Cabinet of Mr. Walton, of Bath ;
Mr. Cunnington, of Devizes; and in my own collection. France Luc, Calvados, in the
Great Oolite.

TRIGONIA uNDULATA, Fromherz. Pl. XVI, figs. 9,10,11; Pl. XVII, figs. 5, 6.

TRIGONIA UNDULATA, Fromherz. Agassiz, Trigonies, 1840, p. 34, tab. x, figs. 14, 16,
exclude tab. vi, fig. 1.
— ARATA, Lycett. Suppl. Monogr. Gr. Ool. Moll., Pal. Soc., 1863, p. 52,
tab. xl, fig. 2 (variety).

Shell sub-ovate or ovately trigonal, moderately convex; umbones little produced,
obtuse, nearly erect, antero-mesial ; anterior border moderately produced, curved ellipti-
cally with the lower border ; hinge-border lengthened, nearly straight, sloping obliquely,
forming a considerable angle with the posteal extremity of the area. Area flattened but
slightly convex, the plane of its surface differmg only slightly from that of the other
portion of the valve; its breadth is equal to one third of the costated surface ; it is
traversed by large transverse plications which become prominent costella upon the upper
third of its length; the marginal carina has little prominence ; the median furrow is well
defined, but there is no median carina; the posteal extremities of the costelle form a
tuberculated inner carina. The escutcheon is narrow and much excavated, its superior
border is raised ; one of our specimens has several oblique varices across its surface, but
this appears to be an abnormal feature. The rows of coste are numerous, small, and
not quite regular in their arrangement, the first-formed six rows are plain, slightly curved
and acute; the succeeding rows descend obliquely from the anterior side, and about the

Py

78 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

middle of the valve form a sudden curvature or an imperfect angle; their posteal
portions curve upwards towards the marginal carina, which they meet at a considerable
angle. ‘The rows are nearly equal in size throughout their length, but become somewhat
attenuated towards their two extremities. Some specimens have the cost almost
entirely plain, or only sparingly and slightly knotted (Pl. XVI, fig. 11), others have the
tubercles small, numerous, and irregular ; usually the anteal portions of such have the
tubercles more or less lamellated, their posteal portions more frequently form rounded
tubercles; in other instances they are only sub-tuberculated or cord-like (Pl. XVI,
fig. 9; Pl. XVII, fig. 5); each row extends to the marginal carina, the tubercles of
which form the terminations of the rows of cost, but towards the middle and lower
portion of the carina its tubercles become somewhat compressed, and are more numerous
than the rows of costa. An examination of numerous specimens in various conditions
of preservation and in different stages of growth prove that the costa have great
variability, both in their figure and in the presence or absence of tubercles. Occasionally
a specimen will occur with the costa plain and oblique, forming a considerable angle with
the posteal portion, which, over the lower half of the valve, rise upwards almost at a
right angle with their anteal portions, but even such specimens are never altogether
destitute of small depressed nodose elevations upon the coste; others are irregularly
tuberculated or nodose over two thirds of the height of the valve, and are more or less
angulated ; again, other specimens have the few last-formed coste altogether variable
both in their direction and in the size and arrangement of their nodose tubercles which
meander across the valve (Pl. XVI, figs. 9, 10), but their posteal portions are invariably
nodose and curve suddenly upwards to the carma. Without exception fully developed
forms have one or occasionally two supplementary anteal costz. ‘

The example figured under the name of 7: arata in the ‘ Supplementary Monograph
of the Great Oolite Mollusca,’ above cited, was one of several very indifferently preserved
specimens obtained by Mr. Walton in the Forest Marble of Farleigh, near Bath; the
specimen is not of fully developed growth, the coste are plain or have only slight
indications of tubercles, and there is no distinct carina; other examples forwarded to me
by the same gentleman were of more advanced growth and tuberculated, but so im-
perfect as to be unfit for purposes of illustration. ‘The portions of their surface preserved
agree with the larger and more irregular of our Lincolnshire examples.

Affinities and differences. From T. v.-costata it differs in the figures of the costz,
which are not V-like; the area is also much more rugose, and it is without the median
carina.

It is more nearly allied to some forms of that very variable species, 7! Moretoni ;
unlike the latter, the posteal portions of the costee do not enlarge, but become somewhat
attenuated near to the carina, to which, in the best preserved examples, they are united,
each small tubercle upon the carina forming the terminal tubercle of one of the rows of
coste; the median carina in 7. Moretoni has no counterpart in 7. waduata ; the latter-

UNDULATA. 79

formed coste in our species have also much greater irregularity than is seen in 7.
Moretoni. Upon the whole the enlargement of the posteal portions of the costa in the
latter species appears to be the most reliable distinctive feature, as it is always present.
The remarkable variability above described will account for our having failed to identify
with the second figure of Agassiz the very imperfect examples from the Forest Marble of
Farleigh ; and it has only been after comparison with examples from several localities
that I have become convinced of the necessity of merging 7’ aratain T. undulata. By this
latter species is intended only the specimen upon table x of the work of Agassiz,
excluding table 6, figure 1, which appears to be a different species with a few large,
widely-separated varices upon the angle of the valves or marginal carina.

In no British specimen examined, is the marginal caria and its row of tubercles so
large, as in the figure of Agassiz, table x, which appears to constitute the extreme limit of
its variability in one direction; other examples with the marginal carina nearly plain
constituting the opposite limit of variability.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. T. undulata has been obtained only in the
upper subdivision of the Great Oolite. Mr. Walton procured specimens in the Forest
Marble of Farleigh ; Mr. Cunnington in the Cornbrash of Hilperton, near Trowbridge.
The officers of the National Geological Survey have also obtained it in Northamptonshire
and Southern Lincolnshire; our figured examples are from Edenham, near Bourne,
Lincolnshire. ‘The specimen figured by Agassiz was from Piedmont.

Trigonta Smarerana, Lycett, sp. nov. Pl. XV, fig. 11; Pl. XVL, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.

LNs loa < att Ra Morton. Natural History of Northamptonshire, 1712, tab. vi,
fig. 9.

Shell ovately trigonal, convex ; umbones elevated, and slightly recurved ; anterior
side short, its border curved elliptically with the lower border; hinge-border short,
nearly horizontal, terminating posteally in the wide, rounded, and produced posteal
border of the area. Escutcheon depressed, wide, and short; its upper border is some-
what raised. Area very wide, flattened, but occasionally with some convexity, bipartite,
and bounded by two regular, small, delicately, and closely tuberculated carine; it is
traversed transversely by narrow, sparingly arranged, regular costelle, which become
evanescent posteally in specimens of advanced growth; each costella has for its carinal
termination one of the small carinal varices ; the area occupies fully one third the surface
of the valve. The other portion of the surface has numerous (16—17) rows of minutely
tuberculated coste; the first-formed four or five rows are nearly concentric, narrow,
elevated, and only slightly tuberculated; the succeeding rows are closely arranged
posteally ; they descend from the carina almost perpendicularly to the middle of the

80 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

valve, where they are suddenly bent horizontally forwards, and form a slight undulation
nearly to the anterior border ; the last-formed three or four rows descend perpendicularly
to the lower border; all the rows have great regularity in their arrangement, and are
nearly of equal size throughout their course.

The internal mould is unknown.

Stratigraphical position.—A specimen unusually large but without name as a
species was figured by Morton in his ‘Natural History’ of Northamptonshire.
The figure gives the characteristic features with truthfulness and minuteness, and
is the only notice of it which T have discovered. Our smaller figures represent
the usual size of specimens preserved in the form of external casts upon slabs of
the sandy iron oolite of Northamptonshire. These preserve the more minute features
of the Trigonia with great delicacy; for examples I am indebted to the kindness
of Mr. S. Sharp, of Dallington Hall, Northampton, who has investigated the
geology and palzontology of his district with long-continued perseverance and success.
His collection has the only few Northamptonshire specimens with the tests preserved
which I am acquainted with ; my own cabinet has a single much larger example, but of
less mature growth, from the shelly bed of the Dogger at Blue Wyke, near Robin Hood
Bay, Yorkshire. The coarse ferruginous Oolite of Glaizedale in the same county also
very commonly contains external casts of this Trigonia under circumstances of lithological
character closely resembling the beds in Northamptonshire, and in like manner associated
with Astarte elegans, Sow., A. rhomboidalis, Phil., and other well-known testacea of the
Inferior Oolite. The Glaizedale casts of the Trigonia are much ‘larger than those of
Northamptonshire. It, therefore, appears to be a characteristic shell of the lower portion
of the Inferior Oolite in the midland and northern counties of England.

Affinities. It isallied to 7. compta, from which it is distinguished by having the area
more expanded, by the absence of the few large isolated varices at the posteal extremities
of the coste, by their greater upward posteal curvature, and by their anteal undulation.
From 7. Phillipsi it is separated by the great breadth of the area with its distantly
arranged transverse costell, together with the undulation and occasional angularity in
the curvature of the rows of coste.

T. Sharpiana has also considerable affinities with a still smaller species, viz. the 7.
pulchella, of Agassiz (‘ Trig.,’ pl. xxv, t. 2, figs. 1—7), from strata, which he assigns to
Upper Lias, at Urweilar and Mihlhausen (Haut-Rhin). Subsequently Quenstedt
figured this little species in his ‘ Handbuche der Petrefacten ’ (tab. 43, fig. 14), and assigned
it to the lowest zone of the Inferior Oolite. Compared with the British species all these
forms are more oblong or sub-quadrate; their umbones are therefore more anterior, and
are scarcely raised above the superior border. In 7 Sharpiana the wmbones are much
raised, and have so much prominence that the general figure is ovately trigonal; the
number of tuberculated coste are variable, and differ much in their mesial angularity or
undulation, but they are always more numerous, and never assume the broken and irre-

UNDULAT&. 81

gular aspect exhibited in all the specimens figured by Agassiz. ‘The figures of
Quenstedt have the ornamentation approximating more nearly to our species, but the
general figure coincides with the shell of Agassiz, and cannot be identified with 7:
Sharpiana. Various specimens from Normandy in the British Museum from the Inferior
Oolite at St. Vigor and Montiers have an absolute specific identity with the British
examples, and serve materially to establish their distinctness from 7. pulchella.

Triconia costatuLa, Lyc. Pl. XV, figs. 8,9, 10; Pl. XI, fig. 6, 6a.

“TRIGONTA cosTaTuLA, Lyceét. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 421, tab. xi, fig. 5.
_ EXIGUA, Lycett. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1850, tab. xi, fig. 3 (young
example dwarfed).
— cCOSTATULA and T. exicua, Morris. Catal., 1854, p. 228.

Shell convex, ovately trigonal, or sub-quadrate; umbones elevated, obtuse, sub-
mesial, scarcely recurved; anterior side produced, its border, together with the lower
border, curved elliptically. Escutcheon narrow, short, and depressed ; only slightly more
lengthened than the posterior border of the area, with which it forms an obtuse angle.
Area wide, flattened, divided by an oblique mesial furrow, and bounded by two incon-
spicuous, knotted, small carinee; the knots upon the inner carina assume the form of
small varices, which are occasionally somewhat extended upon the escutcheon ; the inter-
carinal space is occupied by small, irregular, transverse plications, which are sometimes
only faintly traced. The other portion of the shell has a numerous series (21—22) of
smooth, narrow, horizontal, or somewhat concentrically curved coste, which near to the
lower border become less elevated, and have also less regularity ; a large specimen of the
left valve has the last-formed two or three costz more or less broken posteally ; other
specimens have their last-formed four or five cost attenuated posteally, aud bent slightly
upwards with some irregularity to the marginal carina.

Trigonta exigua was founded upon very perfect examples of the young shell of the
present species, obtained with numerous other dwarfed and immature testacea in the
shelly freestone of Leckhampton Hill, near Cheltenham. In this young condition the first-
formed costz, to the number of thirteen or fourteen, are united almost uninterruptedly to
the knotted elevations which constitute the marginal carina; they then pass across
the area in the form of smaller costellz, each of which terminates at the slight nodosities
which form the inner carina; occasionally an intercalated costella is formed upon the
area, which also possesses only slight indications of a median furrow; the uniformity,
close arrangement, elevation, and acute edges of these first-formed costz are remarkable,
and differ greatly from the condition of specimens of more-developed growth, obtained in
a bed of hard cream-coloured limestone (coralline mud), in which specimens have been
cleared with great difficulty with the help of cutting instruments. Due allowance being

82 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

made for these adverse circumstances, it will readily be understood that the specific
identity of the two forms, apparently dissimilar, was not at first discovered, and that they
were believed to represent different species; the cream-coloured rock, which also abounds
with the genus Werinea in the vicinity of Stroud and Nailsworth, is little used for
economical purposes, and the Trigonia therefore has very rarely been obtained.

Trigonia costatula appears to occupy in its sectional characters a position between the
costate and the wndulate, or to connect these groups, but as the area and escutcheon
agree with those parts of the wduate, and are altogether distinct from the costate, I
have preferred to place it with the former section, notwithstanding the presence of a series
of plain horizontal costae upon the other portion of the shell.

Specimens of this rare species are in the Museum of the Royal School of Mines ;
in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge; also in the collections of Dr. Wright,
Cheltenham ; Mr. Witchell, Stroud; Rev. P. B. Brodie, Rowington, near Warwick ; and
in my own cabinet ; all from the middle portion of the Inferior Oolite in the vicinity of
Cheltenham and of Stroud.

Triconia Joasst, Lycett, sp.nov. Pl. XX, figs. 2, 3, 4.

Shell ovately oblong, convex ; umbones placed within the anterior third of the valves,
moderately elevated; anterior side short, curved elliptically with the lower border ;
posterior side much produced and somewhat depressed, pointed at the extremity of the
marginal carina. Area of considerable breadth, flattened, rugosely plicated transversely.
Escutcheon lengthened, narrow and flattened; marginal carina slightly elevated, trans-
versely knotted. The other portion of the surface has the rows of cost very
numerous, each row having a double undulation resembling in figure the radii upon the
Ammonites of the group of Fulciferi, but with less regularity. The nodes in the rows
are usually small, with much inequality in size and variability in figure, but for the most
part they are either rounded or ovate; anteally they become much attenuated or cord-
like ; they are curved upwards obliquely from the anterior border, and at the end of
about two fifths of their course form a sudden flexure directed obliquely downwards and
become more distinctly nodulous. The nodes are irregular in the rows, and about the
middle of the valve some of the anteal rows terminate; the remainder of the rows form
another undulation, curving upwards to the marginal carina at a considerable angle,
becoming more ridge-like and attenuated at their extremities. The nodes upon the
middle portion of the valve are commonly confused, unequal in size, and irregular in
figure ; but this does not appear to be an invariable feature, as a specimen in the collec-
tion of Mr. Grant, of Lossimouth, has the rows of nodes regularly falciform and nearly
equal. This specimen, although imperfect, shows that the rows near to the umbones

UNDULATA. 83

become simply transverse and lose the falciform aspect. The materials upon which the
foregoing description is founded are all more or less imperfect, but in the aggregate they
exemplify nearly the whole of the more important features. The specimen with the
ornamentation preserved over the greater part of the costated surface is in two portions,
exhibiting only a moiety of the marginal carina, and is destitute of the area. ‘The
internal mould gives the general outline and proportions ; the large striated hinge teeth,
the muscular scars, and pallial lines ; fortunately also, owing to the thinness of the test,
the exterior ornamentation is obscurely visible, and even the posteal portion of
the area has delicate, faintly-marked, transverse striations. The mould and also the
specimen belonging to Mr. Grant have the few last-formed posteal portions of the coste
almost effaced, a condition which appears to be a concomitant of the last stage of growth.
The specimen figured with the surface ‘preserved retains its costa at that portion of the
valve.

The third specimen, which exhibits the greater portion of the area, is slightly defective
near to the pallial border, and also at the apex; it is a gutta-percha pressing taken from
a well-preserved external cast, kindly forwarded by the Rev. Mr. Joass; the compact
siliceous rock has retained the impression of the surface of the shell with minuteness and
delicacy. In the aggregate the examples figured upon our Plate appear sufficiently to
elucidate the species.

Afinities. No one of the British Undulata presents any near approximation to 7. Joassi ;
there is, however, one foreign Zrzgonia from the Oxford Clay of Gundershofen, which
might possibly be mistaken for it, the Lyrodon htteratum of Goldfuss ( Petref.,’ vol. u,
p. 200, tab. 136, fig. 5 4) ; the largest figure is the nearest ally ; excluding other testacea
upon the same plate, also named /itteratum, which belong to two other species; the
broken specimen pertains to the Inferior Oolite, the other to the Neocomian formation.
Limiting the Ziéteratum of Goldfuss in this manner, it will be found to have the area
larger than in our species, which is also without the row of distinct rounded tubercles
upon the marginal carina; upon the other portion of the valve the species of Gunders-
hofen possesses in its ornamentation a certain amount of resemblance to 7. Joass?,
differing from the latter in the posteal portions of the costa, which are larger and for the
most part almost perpendicular and disunited from the other portions; the anteal coste
are also larger and less numerous. For examples of this fine species of the Undulate I
am indebted to the kindness of Mr. J. W. Judd, who obtained them at Brora, in the far
north of Scotland, during long and persevering researches in the Jurassic rocks of that
little-known region. The imperfect specimen in two portions, but having the surface
preserved, is from plaster casts of originals in the British Museum, obtained by Mr.
Charles Peach in the Brora region. The species is dedicated to the Rev. J. M. Joass, of
Golspie, at the suggestion of Mr. Judd, as a fitting recognition of his own obligations to
that gentleman, for untiring efforts in his assistance, during the survey of a region
heretofore but little explored by geologists.

84. BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. The Brora specimens are in a pale whitish
argillaceous grit, which Mr. Judd believes to be upon the horizon of the Lower Calcareous.
Grit of Yorkshire ; they are associated with Pecten vimineus, Sow.

§ IV. Guasre.

TRIGONIA cipposa, Sow. Plate XVIII, figs. 1, 2, 2a, 3, 4,5, 6; Plate XIX,
figs. 1; Mia, VG; 2:

Triconia GiBBosa, Sowerby. Min. Conch., tabs. 235, 236, p. 61, vol. iii.
— — Benett. Catal. Org. Rem. County of Wilts, 1831.
= — Deshayes. Coq. Carac., 1831, pl. xi, fig. 8, p. 37, 1831.
_ _ De la Beche. Manual of Geology, 1833.
— — Fitton. Géol. Trans., 2 sér., 4, p. 356, 1835.
— — Pusch. Potens Paléont., 1837, p. 60.

— a= Fitton. Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 1839, 1 sér., tom. x, p. 445.
_ = Agassiz. Trigoniés, 1840, p. 10.
— =_ Bronn. Index. Paléont., 1848, p. 686.

— — D’Orbigny. Prodrome de Paléont., 1850, vol. ii, No. 42, p. 60.

—_ — Buvigier. Statist. Minér. et Géol. Meuse, pp. 370, 401, 1852.

_ — Morris. Catalogue, 1854, p. 228.

— — Pictet. Traité de Paleont., t. iii, p. 539, 1855.

— — Hébert. Terr. Jurass de la Bassin de Paris, p. 73, 1857.

— —_ Oppel. Juraformation, p. 722, No. 144, 1856.

_ _ Contejean. tage Kimmeridgien de Mont Belliard, pp. 60 et 217,
1859.

= — Coquand. Synopsis des Foss. de la Charent., 1860, p. 36.

_ _ Rigeauz. Notice Stat. sur le Bas Boulonnais, 1865, p. 26.

— — Pellat. Bull. Soc. Géol. de Fr., 2 sér., tom. xxiii, pp. 208, 209,.

1866.
— — Hébert. Note sur le terrain Jurassique du Boulonnais, Bull. Soc.
Géol. Fr., 1866, 2 sér., tom. xxiii, p. 21.
— — De Loriol and Pellat. Monog. Paleont. et Géol. de l’étage

Portlandien des env. de Boulogne,
1866, pl. iii, figs. 1, 2, 3.
= _ Wright. Correlation of Jurassic Rocks, Proceedings of Cottes-
wold Nat. Club, 1869, p. 88.

Shell somewhat inflated, sub-ovate, or ovately oblong; umbones large, obtuse,
elevated, antero-mesial and erect ; anterior and inferior borders elliptically curved, hinge-
border concave, its posteal extremity curved gently with the posteal border of the area.

GLABRA. 85

The area is narrow, slightly convex, having a mesial oblique furrow ; there are no distinct
bounding carine, but near to the umbo the area forms a distinct angle with the more
depressed ante-carinal space. The escutcheon is of moderate breadth, smooth and
depressed. ‘The ante-carinal space is much depressed near to the umbo ; downwards it
becomes more flattened and widens regularly towards the lower border, where its breadth
exceeds that of the area. The entire valve in the adult state is divided into four or more
zones by large, deeply-indented, transverse sulcations which are always conspicuous ; they
curve upwards at their extremities in accordance with the lines of growth. The costated
portion occupies more than half the valve; the costz in their prominence, number, and
general aspects possess so much variability that, without the possession of numerous
connecting specimens, other species may possibly be united with it; whenever the coste
are distinct upon the first or umbonal zone they are moderately numerous, plain, and
oblique; upon the next and the succeeding zones they have greater curvature; anteally
the extremities of the coste in each zone curve upwards, external to the
extremities of the costz in the preceding zones, so that anteally the costa appear to be
unsymmetrical ; upon the last zone the coste become smaller and less distinct, or are
confused irregularly with the lines of growth. 7 gibbosa may be arranged under three
varieties as follows :

Var, a,—Figure, Unio like or produced posteally ; longitudinal sulcations large and deep,
irregular and unequal near the pallial border; ante-carinal space narrow
and not well defined, excepting near the apex; surface generally destitute
of ornamentation, occasionally with some indications of coste. Plate XVIII,
figs. 5, 6.

Var. 6—Coste prominent and numerous, covering the greater portion of the valve;
narrow, ridge-like, small, and plain anteally, forming large, oblong, or sub-
ovate nodes posteally ; ante-carinal space much larger and more defined than
in Var. a; the area also more distinctly marked, sometimes with slightly
knotted elevations at the positions of the marginal and inner carine.
Longitudinal sulcations distinct, but smaller than in Var. a. Plate XVIII,
figs. 1, 2,2a,4; Plate XIX, fig. 2.

Var. c.—Ante-carinal space very large and depressed; sulcations only slightly defined ;
rows of costz very numerous and irregular, with small, crowded, but
prominent nodes, producing a roughened surface ; area narrow, strongly
defined, transversely coarsely plicated, its bounding carinz knotted ane
plicated posteally. Plate XXI, fig. 1.

The figures in Sowerby’s ‘ Mineral Conchology’ represent the varieties a and 6.
12

86 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIZ.

7. gibbosa in the work of De Loriol and Pellat is exemplified only by the
variety a.

The 7. gibbosa of Seebach (‘ Der Hannoversche Jura,’ tab. 2, fig. 6 a, 6), from the
Pterocera Beds of Tongesberge (a lower zone of the Jura formation), is evidently a
distinct species characterised by a more trigonal form; by the absence of the large
longitudinal sulcations and of the wide ante-carinal space, the costz are also different.

Stratigraphical postion and Localities. In Britain 7. gibbosa is the most well-known
Trigonia of the Portland Oolite, and is limited to that rock and the subjacent sands ; at
Chilmark and at Tisbury all its varieties are exemplified throughout beds, the entire
thickness of which is not less than sixty feet. Other reputed localities are the Isle of
Portland, Devizes, Brill, Hartwell, and Swindon, but the examination of a multitude of
examples of the Gludre from those places demonstrate that Z’ Dasmoniana is their
prevailing Trigonia.

Chicksgrove Quarry, Tisbury, has disunited valves of 7. giddosa in great profusion,
sometimes covering large slabs of the bed called Zroughstone, to the exclusion of all other
testacea. The Portland formation in Britain is well characterised by the presence of its
Trigonia, all of which appear to be special to it; those of the oolites and sands are
T. Damoniana, T. Manseli, T. Micheloti, T. tenuitexta, T. muricata, T. incurva, and T.
Carrei ; those of the lower or Kimmeridge Clay are 7. Voltzii, T. Juddiana, T. Pellati,
T. Woodwardi, also another lengthened form, somewhat doubtful, which I have provision-
ally placed as a variety of 7. cxcurva (Pl. IX, fig. 2). }

In the vicinity of Boulogne 7. gidéosa is also an abundant species at numerous
localities, and in various beds of the upper portion of the Portland Formation. For
ample details the reader is referred to the important memoirs by M. Hébert and by
De Loriol and Pellat above cited.

Triconia Mansext, Lycett, sp. nov. Pl. XIX, figs. 3, 4, 4 a, 6.

Shell subovate or ovately oblong, inflated mesially, compressed near to the pallial
border ; umbones antero-mesial, prominent, large, and obtuse, much incurved and nearly
erect; anterior and lower borders curved elliptically ; hinge-border rather convex, curved
gently with the posteal extremity of the area and terminating in an extremity which is
somewhat produced and pointed. Escutcheon smooth and concave, but having its upper
border somewhat raised. Area narrow, convex, and raised, divided conspicuously by a
deep mesial furrow, which has bordering upon it, immediately upon either side, a slightly
defined row of small tubercles, or in other specimens they are evanescent ; there is also a
well-defined line of small tubercles or varices which forms an inner carina ; these varices
are extended somewhat upon the escutcheon. The position of the marginal carina is

GLABRA. 87

indicated near to the umbones by a well-marked obtuse ridge, but this soon disappears
with advance of growth, and the carina is then represented only by the rounded elevation
which the border of the area forms, adjoming to the wide and very depressed smooth or
ante-carinal space ; the plications of growth are well defined over the whole of the area.
The other portion of the surface has a very numerous and well-marked series of obliquely
directed tuberculated costz ; upon the umbones the coste are different ; they there form
a densely-arranged minute or linear series which pass horizontally across the whole of
the valve uninterruptedly; they are plain and the breadth of the series does not exceed
three lines (this feature, unfortunately, is not depicted upon our figures 4 a and 4 4); the
coste then change abruptly to oblique tuberculated rows which continue with only slight
irregularity even to the lower border; the coste (about twenty-four in number) are
narrow, Closely arranged, curved, and somewhat attenuated near to the pallial border ;
they pass upwards in a manner sometimes somewhat waved and meet the depressed
ante-carinal space at a considerable angle, the tubercles in the rows (about twenty) are
rounded or ovate and closely arranged, but upon the anteal attenuated portions of the
costz they are indistinct or cord-like; the costal terminations, posteally, are abrupt but
do not form a regular line, so that the anteal boundary of the ante-carinal space is
irregular. The arrangement of the rows is so close that it is sometimes difficult to
discover the real direction of the lines of tubercles; in such instances the attenuated
pallial extremities of the rows of costz afford the real guide. The ante-carinal space is
less wide than in 7. Micheloti and T. gibbosa, but it is always conspicuously depressed
longitudinally, which imparts an additional apparent convexity to the area. The valve
has three transverse sulcations or arrests of growth; these are not very conspicuous and
do not appear materially to have interfered with the direction of the rows of costa which
pass across them.

This pretty species constitutes one of the most clearly defined examples of the Glabrae,
the direction and arrangements of the rows of tubercles immediately suffice to determine
the species; perhaps it may be the shell of which a fragment of the anteal side was
figured by Agassiz, ‘ Trigonies,’ tab. 6, fig. 11, under the name of 7! picta, from the White
Coral Crag of Hoggerwald (Canton of Soleure), the general direction of the lines of
tubercles and their attenuation towards the border agree with 7 Manseli, but in the
absence of the greater and more important portion of the valve I prefer only to allude to
their possible specific identity.

Upon the whole there is much variability in the characters of the tuberculated costz ;
occasionally the anteal portions of the umbonal rows are somewhat angulated or are
curved concentrically, or the anteal portions of the latter-formed series have an occasional
intercalated costa. The varying size of the tubercles in different specimens, and their
more close or distant arrangement in the rows, impart much variability to the aspect
of the species, but in every instance the tubercles are rounded and have much
prominence.

88 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA.

The size is usually smaller than 7! Damoniana.

Dimensions of a specimen rather smaller than usual :

Length 22 lines, height 18 lines, diameter through the united valves 143 lines.

The name is intended as a slight recognition of most welcome assistance rendered to
the author by the loan of some interesting Zrigonie from the Kimmeridge Clay of the
Cliffs of Dorsetshire, one of the results of extensive explorations made by J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq., of Longthorns, near Blandford, Dorset, upon his property in the
Kimmeridge Clay, a formation which has been but little exposed in England.

Stratigraphical position and Localities—T. Manseli has occurred somewhat rarely in
the Limestone of the Isle of Portland and Tisbury. Specimens are in the Museum of
Practical Geology, Jermyn Street ; in the collection of Dr. Wright, of Cheltenham ; in
the collection of Mr. Cunnington, of Devizes ; also in my own cabinet.

Triconta Damoniana, de Lor. Pl. XVIII, fig. 3; Pl. XX, figs. 1,2,2a,2 6; Pl. XIX,
fee. -ly tw, 1 O.

TRIGONIA GIBBOSA, a new variety, Htherelda Benett. Catal. Org. Rem. County of Wilts,
1830, pl. xviii, fig. 1.
_— — Damon. Geol. Weymouth, Suppl., 1860, pl. vii, fig. 2.
— Damontana, de Loriol and Pellat. Monog. Paléont. et Géol. de l’étage
Portlandien des envir. de Boulogne,
1866, pl. xvii, figs. 4, 5.

Shell sub-ovate, lengthened obliquely, convex, umbones large, erect, very prominent
and somewhat pointed, much incurved and rendered bipartite by the narrow deep
sulcation produced by the apical termination of the ante-carinal space; borders of the
valves elliptically rounded, excepting the hinge-border, which is straight and lengthened,
sloping obliquely ; the anterior face of the valves has also a large, rounded, depressed
space or lunule, which gives a slightly truncated aspect to that portion when viewed
laterally. The escutcheon is depressed, cordiform, and strongly marked by the lines of
growth ; the area is narrow, slightly elevated or convex, traversed transversely by irre-
gular folds of growth; it has a well-marked mesial furrow, and is bounded at its upper
or umbonal portion by two rows of minute, sparsely-arranged tubercles ; some specimens
have also a median line of minute tubercles bordering upon the groove; more frequently
these three lines of carinal tubercles cannot be traced or only partially so even upon well-
preserved specimens. The anti-carinal space or sulcation is narrow, smooth, and only
slightly depressed, excepting near to the umbones, where it forms a deep sulcation; more
frequently in adult forms its slight depression is the only feature which separates it from the
area. ‘The costated portion is divided into three or four zones by as many elliptical horizontal
furrows ; these are much less conspicuous than in 7. gibdosa ; like to that species the

GLABRA. | 89

direction of the rows of costa are not conformable with the sulcations; they are more
horizontal, thus rendering their aspect rather excentric; upon the anterior face of the
shell they are entire, much attenuated, and form a slight angle or undulation ; the costa
upon the umbo form a very numerous, plain, minute, closely-arranged, horizontal series,
which pass also across the ante-carinal sulcation and area with slightly diminished
prominence ; subsequently the rows have their~ middle and posteal portions closely
arranged and very unequal in size; they are usually slightly knotted or nodose, becoming
larger posteally, and terminate abruptly at the smooth ante-carinal space, but occasionally
over the lowest zone they.are confusedly crowded, and minute or even continued across
the ante-carinal space. Our example, Pl. XVIII, fig. 3, represents a well-marked
variety, with few prominent coste, each of which has about seven, large, widely separated
tubercles ; a specimen of more advanced growth has the last zone crowded with minute
tubercles, which afford a remarkable contrast to the other rows of coste, but the umbones
have their costz plain, minute, and dense, as in the typical form.

Compared with Z: gidbosa the general figure differs considerably. It is shorter
transversely, or more obliquely lengthened or ovate ; the concentric sulcations are smaller,
the umbones are more elevated, the cost are smaller, more numerous, and more minutely
nodose ; the very numerous linear series which occupies the first zone of the shell and
passes across the whole of the valves transversely is also another remarkable and
distinctive feature. As there is much variability in the obliquity of the valves, measure-
ments of proportions would have but little utility.

The first notice of 7. Damoniana as distinguished from 7. gidéosa occurs in a thin
quarto volume published by Miss Etherelda Benett, of Warminster, in the year 1831 ;
intended as an illustrated catalogue of organic remains in the County of Wilts, it is
therein mentioned as a distinct variety of 7. gibdosa; the drawing is characteristic and
satisfactory, but the extreme scarceness of the work in question, together perhaps with
some supineness or absence of sufficient investigation by British paleontologists, rendered
it altogether neglected as a species.

Stratigraphical position and Localities. T. Damoniana is an abundant fossil at
several localities, more especially in the white limestone of the Isle of Portland ; at Brill,
Bucks, and at Swindon, at the latter place the reddish ferruginous sandy beds at
Dayhouse Farm have produced very numerous separate valves of 7. Damoniana, having
the ornamentation for the most part very well preserved ; the specimens are of every
stage of growth, but are frequently distorted by vertical pressure ; they are spread out
laterally and slightly flattened; specimens are in the Museum of Practical Geology and
in the collection of Mr. Cunnington, of Devizes. Internal moulds are abundant at
Swindon. They are shorter and more oblique than those of 7. gibdosa.

A very large majority of examples of 7. Damoniana obtained in the Isle of Portland
coincide with the foregoing description ; rarely, however, certain features become promi-
nent, indicative of an additional variety, characterised by the great breadth of the smooth

90 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

ante-carinal space. Apparently this is the form figured by De Loriol and Pellat for the
T. variegata of Credner (‘ Monog. de la Portland. de Boulogne,’ 1868, pl. 7, figs. 6, 7) ;
the latter species, which is from the Kimmeridge strata of Fritzow, has large oblong nodes
upon the posteal portions of the costa ; these are much fewer, and the ante-carinal space
is much smaller than in our variety. In the expectation that examples of 7. variegata
might occur in the Portland formation of England I have attentively examined a multi-
tude of examples of the Glabre from its beds, but have failed to ascertain its presence ;
perhaps, considering the general very limited stratigraphical range of the Zrigonia, we
should scarcely expect to discover one of its Kimmeridge Clay species in the Portland
Oolite; our British examples from the upper and lower stages of the formation indicate
this distinctness very conclusively. The figures in the little work of Credner (‘ Ueber die
Gliederung der Obern Juraformation und der Wealden Bildung in Nordwestlichen
Deutschland, &.,’ Prag, 1863) are, upon the whole, coarsely engraved, and the drawings
of the Zrzgonie@ are apparently not very reliable for correctness ; in them we observe only
a remote resemblance to the two figures of 7. variegata given by De Loriol and Pellat from
Boulogne.

For the most part the size and general aspect of the ante-carinal space affords a good
distinctive feature for the G/adre, and aids materially in the separation of its species, but
in the present, as in some other instances, it assumes an amount of variability indicative
of its subordination to some other specific characters. Other variable examples of this
feature are seen in the smooth or typical form of 7. gidéosa, in which the space is smaller
and less distinct than in the other varieties ; the same remark will also apply to certain
examples of 7. Juddiana and of T. irregularis in the Clavellate and to T. angulata in the
Undulate ; but it is only in the Glabre that this feature, from its constancy and promi-
nence, becomes of sectional importance.

Triconia TENUITEXTA, Lycett, sp. nov. Plate XX, figs. 1, la.

Shell with the general outline of 7 Damoniana, but with less convexity ; the most
striking peculiarity is afforded by the ante-carinal space, which is nearly absent ; there is
only a narrow slight depression indicating its position ; the knotted coste upon the side
of the valve are remarkable for their minuteness, close arrangement, and irregularity or
undulations, so that they appear partially confused ; they are also continued more or less
obscurely even across the ante-carinal space; upon the umbonal portion the minute tu-
bercles with which the coste are crowded, disappear, and they there form avery numerous,
minute, plain, or almost linear series. Upon the specimen figured the escutcheon has a
few regular oblique plications; as this feature is one altogether foreign to the Glabre, and
occurs only in the Quadrate, the Scabre, and the Costate, its occurrence in the present
instance may be regarded as only an abnormal or individual peculiarity.

GLABRA. 91

Afinities. Compared with the allied form, 7. Damoniana, the partial disappearance of
the ante-carinal space, the smaller, much more numerous and crowded, meandering cost,
serve sufficiently to distinguish it. These characters also separate it from other Zrigonie
of the same section.

The magnified figure 1 @ represents the umbonal costz constituting a very numerous,
minute series, directed horizontally, without interruption, across both the ante-carinal
space and the area.

Stratigraphical position. ‘The specimen figured is from the limestone of the Isle of
Portland. A series of specimens more or less imperfect, kindly forwarded to me by Mr.
Cunnington, proves that the species also occurs in the Portland Oolite at Devizes, Crook-
wood, and Tisbury.

Triconia Brrsieyana, Lycett, sp. nov. Plate XVII, figs. 2, 3, 4.

Shell ovately oblong, depressed, transverse, thin; umbones antero-mesial, small,
depressed, only slightly raised above the superior border; anterior side moderately
produced; its border rounded; lower border lengthened and curved eelliptically, its
posteal extremity pointed; superior border moderately lengthened, nearly horizontal,
curved downwards posteally. Each valve is divided into two unequal portions by a plain
oblique angle. The escutcheon is of moderate breadth, flattened, but somewhat concave,
traversed by very numerous, rounded, regular, depressed, delicate costella, which pass
across its surface horizontally, and are slightly indented transversely by the lines of
growth ; a few of the costellz are bifurcated near to the superior border. There is no
marginal carina, but a distinct oblique divisional angle, such as occurs in a portion of the
Scabre ; to this latter group it is also allied by the entire absence of an area and by the
ornamentation of the escutcheon, the costella upon which are similar in character or
slightly scabrous. The middle portion of the valve comprising nearly the half of the
whole surface is plain, and its surface is traversed only by the very delicate lines of
growth; it is also without the oblique depression which usually is characteristic of the
Glabre. 'The anteal portion of the valve has numerous delicate, narrow, smooth, small
costae, which are conspicuous at the anteal border; they pass towards the middle of the
valve obliquely downwards; they are slightly waved, and become evanescent ere they
have traversed little more than one fourth of the length of the valve ; towards the umbo
they are scarcely perceptible. The lines of growth are numerous, unequal, and delicate.
The internal mould is well preserved, it exhibits very wide-spreading, coarsely striated,

dental processes, and owing to the general depression of the valves, there is little convexity
excepting near to the umbones; the muscular scars have but little prominence, and there
are no traces of the external ornamentation. I have also succeeded in exposing the

92 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA.

dental characters in a specimen of the right valve; the processes are narrow, widely
divergent, and have little prominence, corresponding with the internal mould.

Dimensions —Height 20 lines, length 27 lines; diameter through the united valves
6 lines.

My attention was first directed to this remarkable form by my friend Mr. J. W. Judd,
who during his labours in the geological survey of Oxfordshire saw this Trigonia in the
collection of Mr. Beesley, of Banbury, and was much struck with its novel aspect. So
singular is the combination of characters which it presents, that the term paradova might
be fitly applied to it were it not already employed in the genus. Its analogues belong
altogether to the Cretaceous rocks ; the general outline and also the ornamentation of the
anterior side much resembles 7! eacentrica, Park. The posteal angle-and slope with the
characters of that portion of its surface assimilate it to some of the cretaceous Scaére,
and more especially to 7. Hondeana, Coq., 7. tenwisulcata, Duj., and 7. Archiaciana,
D’Orb., and this remarkable combination of sectional characters, so foreign to the Jurassic
species, occurs in a Trigonia from almost the base of the Lower Oolites associated with
a numerous series of Conchifera special to that stage.

Stratigraphical position and Locality. The two fine examples herewith figured, several
others less well preserved, and a few internal moulds, constitute all the materials known ;
Mr. Beesley, to whom we owe their discovery, informs me that the locality of the quarry
is T'ynehill, in the parish of Adderbury, between that place and Great Barford, Oxfordshire.
The rock is coarse, brown, shelly Oolite ; amongst the Inferior Oolite Testacea found with
it are Cricopora straminea, Phil., sp., Serpula socialis, Goldf., Natica Leckhamptonensis, Lye.
Lima bellula, Mor. and Lyc., Nerinea Jonesi, Lyc., &c. The specimens figured are
from the collection of Mr. Beesley; the University Museum, Oxford, also possesses a
specimen.

Triconta Micueiorri, De Lor. et Pellat (variety). Plate XX, fig. 7.

LyrRoDON EXcCENTRICUM, Goldfuss and Munster. Petrefacta, 1836, vol. ii, page 203,
plate 137, fig. 8. (Not Trigonia
excentrica, Park.)

Triconra Micuexortt, 7. de Loriol et EL. Pellat. Monog. Paléont. et Géol. de l’étage
Portlandien des env. de Boulogne-

sur-Mer, 1866, plate 7, fig. 9.
— Mounieri, Hébert. Note sur le terr. jurass. der Boulonnois, Bull. de la Soc.

Géol. de France, 2 sér., 1866, tom. 23, page 216.

1 Tam unable to determine to which of the eminent French geologists above cited priority should be
given, as their publications are dated in the same year. Some consideration is perhaps due to the fact that
the beautiful Monograph by De Loriol and Pellat gives the only figure of the species which has appeared
since the great work of Goldfuss and Munster, in 1836.

PLATE X.

Frye.
1, 2, Zrigonia Voltevi, Ag. (2. Thurmanni, Cont.). Kimmeridge Clay, near

Weymouth. (Page 20.)

Se i detrita, erg. and Jour. Forest Marble, near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire. (Page 75.)

A. ” 33 Cornbrash, Hilperton. (Page 75.)

geay,> \) Pec conjungens, Phil. Inferior Oolite (Millepore bed), Cloughton, near
Scarborough. (Page 62.)

6. » geographica, Ag. Coral Rag, Pickermg. (Page 69.)

P. Lackerbauer ad natin lap. del. Imp.Becquet a Paris.

de

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Fic.
t.

2.

9.

PLATE XI.

Trigonia Pella, Mun. Chal. Kimmeridge Clay, near St. Ives. (Page 41.)

29

>

2?

formosa, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, Rodborough Hill, near Stroud; specimen
with the coste deformed. (Page 35.)

perlata, Ag. Coral Rag, Pickering ; specimen with the pallial portions of
the costz irregular. (Page 22.)

clytia, D’Orb. Great Oolite, Box near Bath. (Page 76.)

Impressions of small Trigoniz, probably young examples of 7’
v.-costata, Collyweston Slate. (Page 66.)

>>

paucicosta, Lye. Kelloway Rock, Cayton Bay, near Scarborough.
(Page 57.)

Young example of the same species, from the same locality and

2?

formation.

Pile

J

P. Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap. del. : Imp.Becquet a Paris.

a

Fie.

PLATE XII.

1. Trigonia Carrei, Mun. Chal. Portland Limestone, Tisbury, Wilts. (Page 72.)

2, o.
A.

6, 6, a.

29

or)

99

be)

Paine, Lyc. Great Oolite, Minchinhampton. (Page 59.)
3 Specimen from the Great Oolite of South Lincolnshire.
Young example from the same locality.

2”

costatula, liye. Young example. Inferior Oolite, Leckhampton Hill,
Cheltenham. (Page 81.) 6, a, enlarged.

tripartita, Forbes. Cornbrash, Chippenham. (Page 74.)
subglobosa, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, near Stroud. (Page 68.)

29

Large specimens of the same species, from the same _for-
mation and locality. Coll. Royal School of Mines.

yeas

P. Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap del, Imp. Becquet a Paris.

PLATE XIII.

Fic.

1,2. Trigonia producta, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, Rodborough Hill, near Stroud.
(Page 60.)

5, Ai: = es Valves of the same species, exhibiting the hinge. Inferior
Oolite, Oxfordshire. Coll. Royal School of Mines.

5. 3: v.-costata, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, Cold Comfort, near Cheltenham ;
specimen with the costz deformed. (Page 66.)

6. » conjungens, Phil. Inferior Oolite, Millepore bed, near Scarborough.

Also Plate X, figs. 5, 7, 8. (Page 62.)

PL Anoe

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PLATE XIV.

Fie.
1, 1, a, 2,3, 4. TZrigonia hterata, Young and Bird. Upper Lias, Robin Hood’s Bay,
Yorkshire. (Page 64.)

5,. 6. fe angulata, Sow. Inferior Oolite, Rodborough Hill, Stroud.
(Page 54.)
iO OSLO. m flecta, Lye. Cornbrash or Forest Marble, Thornholme,

Appleby, Lincolnshire. (Page 55.)

PI. 14.

—-|

P Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap. del. Imp.Becquet a Paris.

Fic.

PLATE XV.

1. Zrigonia v.-costata, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, Rodborough Hill, Stroud. (Page 66.)

Coll. Royal School of Mines.

Smaller examples, Inferior Oolite, Dogger, Blue Wyke,
Yorkshire.

compta, yc. Inferior Oolite, Collyweston slate. (Page 70.)

29

costatula, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, near Stroud. (Page 81.) Coll. Royal
School of Mines. :

A smaller specimen, from the same formation and locality.

>?

Sharpiana, Lyc. Inferior Oolite (ferruginous), near Northampton.
(Page 79.)

P.Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap.del.

Ble de.

Imp.Becquet a Paris.

Fic.

PLATE XV.

1. Zrigonia v.-costata, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, Rodborough Hill, Stroud. - (Page 66.)

2, 3, 4.

29

Coll. Royal School of Mines.

29

Smaller examples, Inferior Oolite, Dogger, Blue Wyke,
Yorkshire.

compta, Lye. Inferior Oolite, Collyweston slate. (Page 70.)

costatula, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, near Stroud. (Page 81.) Coll. Royal
School of Mines.

A smaller specimen, from the same formation and locality.

o>

Sharpiana, Lye. Inferior Oolite (ferruginous), near Northampton.
(Page 79.)

Ploy

P.Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap.del. 4 Imp.Becquet au eariss

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PLATE XVI.

Fic.
1. Trigonia Leckenbyi, Lyc. Supra-Liassic Sandstone, Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire.
(Page 71.) Coll. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

2. 4 . A smaller specimen, from the same formation and locality.
3. ,, Sharpiana. Dogger, Blue Wyke. (Page 79.)
A, 5, 6. ,, . Same species (ferruginous). Inferior Oolite, Northamptonshire.
ie ,, paucicosta, lyc. Kelloway Rock, Cayton Bay, near Scarborough.
(Page 57.)
8. " Williamsoni, yc. Kelloway Rock, Cayton Bay, near Scarborough.
(Page 53.)

9,10, 11. wndulata, From. Great Oolite, near Bourn, Lincolnshire. (Page 77.)

Pane

P Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap. del. Imp. Becquet a Paris.

PLATE XVII.

Fic.
1. Trigonia Woodward, Lyc. Kimmeridge Clay, Dorsetshire. (Page 40.)

DS, Aros Beesleyana, Lyc. Inferior Oolite, Combe Hill, Oxfordshire. (Page 90.)
9B, 6.° - “55 undulata, From. Great Oolite, South Lincolnshire. (Page 77.)
is » élytia, D’Orb. Great Oolite, Box, near Bath. (Page 76.)

P Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap del Imp .Becquet a Paris

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PLATE XVIII.

Fie.
1,2, 2, a. Trigona gibbosa, Sow. Variety with prominent nodose coste and wide
ante-carinal space. Portland Oolite, Tisbury. Also

Plate XXI, fig. 1. (Page 84.)

3. » Damoniana, De Lor. Variety with few large nodes upon the
coste ; see also Plate XXI, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.
Portland Limestone, Portland. (Page 88.)

A, » gibbosa. Variety with the coste small, partially plain or sub-
tuberculated ; see also Plate XIX, fig. 2. Portland

Oolite, Tisbury. (Page 84.)

5, 6. » gibbosa. The typical form, longitudinal sulcations strongly
defined. Portland Oolite, Tisbury. (Page 84.)

PItes

P. Lackerbauer ad nat.in lap del, Imp Becquet a Paris.

PLATE XIX.

Fie.
1,1, 4,6. Trigonia Damoniana, De Lor. Internal moulds. Portland Oolite,
Swindon, Wilts. (Page 88.)

2. s gibbosa, Sow. Variety; see also fig. 4, Plate XVIIT. Portland
Oolite, Tisbury. (Page 84.)

ge a a Mansel, Lyc. Portland Oolite, Isle of Portland. (Page 86.)

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