PALONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOL. XRrx. CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. Part IV. (SIGILLARIA anp STIGMARIA.) Paces 97—147; Pratrss XIX—XXIV. CRETACEOUS ECHINODERMATA. Vou. I; Parr VII. (ECHINOCONIDA, ECHINONIDZ, ECHINOBRISSID A, ECHINOLAMPIDA, ann SPATANGIDZ.) Paces 225—264; Prares LITI—LXIL. Noe. ITE, Paces 98—148; Prarrs XX—XXVII. MESOZOIC REPTILIA. Part JI. (BOTHRIOSPONDYLUS, CETIOSAURUS, OMOSAURUS.) Paces 15—93; Prates ITI—XXII. IssuED FOR 1875. e California Academy of Sciences Presented byPaleontographical Socie December s,s «1906. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 https://archive.org/details/monographof2918/5pala PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOLUME XXIxX. CONTAINING THE FLORA OF THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATA. Part IV. By Mr. E. W. Bryney. Six Plates. THE CRETACEOUS ECHINODERMATA. Vol. I, Part VII. By Dr. Wricur. Ten Plates. THE FOSSIL TRIGONLE. No. III. By Dr. Lycerr. Light Plates. THE FOSSIL REPTILIA OF THE MESOZOIC FORMATIONS. Part Il. By Prof. Owzn. Twenty Plates. ISSUED FOR 1875. DECEMBER, 1875. THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847, for the purpose of figurmg and describing the whole of the British Fossils. Each person subscribing ONE GuinEA 7s considered a Member of the Society, and is entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates. Subscriptions are considered to be due on the First of January in each year. All the back volumes are in stock, and can be obtained (one or more) on application to the Treasurer or the Honorary Secretary. The volumes are delivered free of carriage to any address within three miles of the General Post-Office, and are booked to any place beyond the three-mile radius; but in the latter case the carriage must be paid by the Member to whom they are sent. Gentlemen desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with circulars for distribution on application to the Honorary Secretary, the Rev. THomas Wintsuire, 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London, S.E. 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Gwyn, LL.D., F.R.S., Tres. G.S., L.S., The Priory, Ware, Herts. Jesson, Thomas, Esq., 3, Clarendon Terrace, Brighton. Johnes, J., Esq., F.G.S., Dolancothy, Llandilo, Wales. Jones, John, Esq., Saltburn by the Sea, Yorkshire. Jones, Professor T. Rupert, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 5, College Terrace, York-town, Surrey. 11 Jordan, Swinfen, Esq., Cherith Lodge, Clifton Park, Bristol. Jose, J. H. Esq., 1, Royal York Crescent, Clifton, Bristol. King, W. P., Esq., Avonside, Clifton Down, Bristol. Kinnaird, Lord, Rossie Priory, Inchture. N.B. King’s School, Library of, Sherborne. Kingston, G. 8., Esq., Grote Street, Adelaide, South Australia, Knapp, Rev. John, St. John’s Parsonage, Portsea, Portsmouth, Hants. Krantz, Herr, Bonn. Lawrance, John, Esq., F.G.S., Elton, Peterborough. Leaf, C. J., Esq., F.G.S., Old Change, E.C.; and Cobham, Surrey. Leckenby, John, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Scarborough. Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., The Waldrons, Croydon. S&S. Lee, John Edward, Esq., F.G.S., Villa Syracuse, Torquay. Leeds, C. E., Esq., M.A., Embury, Peterborough. Leeds Library, Commercial Street, Leeds, Yorkshire. Leicester Town Museum. Leighton, W. H., Esq., 2, Merton Place, Turnham Green. W. Leipzig, Museum of. Lindsay, Charles, Esq., Ridge Park, Lanark. N.B. Lingard, John R., Esq., 8, Booth Street, Piccadilly, Manchester. Linn, James, Esq., Livingstone, by Midcalder. N.B. Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly. W. Lister, Arthur, Esq., Leytonstone. N.E. Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield. Liveing, Professor G. D., M.A., The Pigthtle, Cambridge. Liverpool Free Public Library. Lloyd, J. H., Esq., 100, Lancaster Gate. W. Lobley, J. L., Esq., F.G.S., 59, Clarendon Road, Kensington Park. W. London Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C, Loriol, Mons. P. de, Céligny, Switzerland. Lovén, Professor S., Stockholm. Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.A., F.R.S., L.S., &., 15, Lombard Street. E.C. Ludlow Natural History Society. Lyon, Bibliothéque de la Ville de. McMurtrie, James, Esq., Radstock, Bath. Mackenzie, J. W., Esq., 15, Hans Place. S.W. Mackeson, Henry B., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Hythe, Kent. Macmillan, Messrs., Cambridge. Mac Moreland, Rev. J. P., The Manse, Minto, Hawick. N.B. Madras Government Museum (per Messrs. Williams and Norgate). Maggs, T. C., Esq., Medical Hall, Yeovil. Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, Upper Thames Street. E.C. Manchester Free Library. Mann, C. S., Esq., F.G.S., Eltham, Kent. S.E. 12 Mansel-Pleydell, John, Esq., F.G.S., Longthorns, Blandford, Dorset. Manzoni, Dr. Angelo, Ravenia. Marburgh, University of. Marshall, Reginald D., Esq., Cookridge Hall, Leeds. Marsham, Hon. Robert, F.G.S., 5, Chesterfield Street, Mayfair. W. Martin, Miss, Bredon’s Norton, near Tewkesbury. Mason, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., India Museum, Calcutta. Mason, P. B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent. Mason, Robert, Esq., 6, Albion Crescent, Downhill, Glasgow. Mathews, W., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 49, Hanborne Road, Birmingham. Maw, G., Esq., F.S.A., L.S., G.S., Benthall Hall, Broseley, Salop. Meade, Rev. R. J., Castle Cary. Merian, Professor Dr. Pierre, F.M.G.S., Directeur du Muséum, Basle. Meryon, Edward, M.D., F.G.S., 14, Clarges Street. W. Meyer, C. J. A., Esq., F.G.S., 8, Church Buildings, Clapham Common, S.W. Milne-Edwards, Prof. H., F.M.G.S., Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Mitchell, F. J., Esq., Llanbrechba Grange, Newport, Monmouthshire. Mohr, M., Esq. Moiser, H. R., Esq., F.G.S., Heworth Grange, York. Molyneaux, W., Esq. Monk, James, Esq., Aden Cottage, Durham. Mons, Museum of, Belgium, per Prof. C. A Houzeau, Ryon, prés Mons. Moore, J. Carrick, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 113, Eaton Square. S.W. Moore, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., 6, Cambridge Place, Widcome Hill, Bath. Moore, Joseph, Esq., Brockwell House, Dulwich. S.E. Morton, George Highfield, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 122, London Road, Liverpool. Murdock, James Barclay, Esq., 33, Lynedoch Street, Glasgow. Mure, T. M., Esq., Perceton-by-Irvine, Ayrshire, N.B. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W. Nantes, Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de. Neale, Edward Vansittart, Esq., 12, Church Row, Hampstead. N.W. Neilson, J., Esq., Jun., 824, Callowgate, Glasgow. Newberry, Dr. John, School of Mines, Columbia College, New York. Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich. Norton, R. B., Esq., 3, Chesterfield Street, Mayfair, London. W. Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society, School of Art, Nottingham. Nutt, D., Esq., Strand. W.C. Oldham, Mrs., Hyde House, South Littleton, Evesham, Worcestershire. Onate, Countess of, Madrid. Oswestry Naturalists’ Field Club, Oswestry. Ormerod, G. W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., &., Brookbank, Teignmouth. Owen, Professor R., M.D., LL.D., C.B., F.R.S., L.S., G.S., &e., Vice-President, British Museum. W.C. Owens College, Manchester. Paine, Mrs. J. M., Farnham, Surrey. Panter, Rev. J. Arthur, B.A., College House, Malvern. Papillon, Rev. J., Rectory, Lexden, Colchester, 13 Parker, J., Esq., F.G.S., Turl Street, Oxford. Parrott, J., Esq., Jolesfield Schools, West Grimstead, Horsham. Pattison, S. R., Esq., F.G.S., 50, Lombard Street. E.C. Paynter, Rev. Samuel, Stoke Hill, Guildford, Surrey. Peabody Institution, America. Pease, Thomas, Esq., F.G.S., Cote Bank, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach. Peek, Sir Henry W., Bart., M.P., Wimbledon House, Wimbledon, S.W. Pengelly, William, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Local Secretary, Torquay. Penny, Rev. C. W., Wellington College, Wokingham. Penruddocke, Charles, Esq., Compton Park, near Salisbury. Perkins, Rev. R. B., Wootton-Underedge, Gloucestershire. Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Phear, Rev. George, F.G.S., Emmanuel College Lodge, Cambridge. Phené, John S., LL.D., F.G.S., 32, Oakley Street, Chelsea. S.W. Pictet, Mons. 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C., Bart., F.G.S., Wellington, Newcastle-on-Tyne; and Athenzeum Club. S.W. Trinity College, Cambridge. Twamley, Charles, Esq., F.G.S., 11, Regent’s Park Road. N.W. Tyler, Capt. Chas., F.L.S., G.S., 317, Holloway Road, Holloway. N. Tylor, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Warwick Lane, Newgate Street. E.C. University of Edinburgh. University of Glasgow. University Library, Aberdeen. University Library, Leipzig. University Library, St. Andrew’s. Valpy, B. H., Esq. Verneuil, Mons. Edouard de, Mem. de ]’Instit., F.M.G.S., 76, Rue de Varenne, Paris. Vernon Park Museum, Stockport. Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter. 16 Wall, Geo. P., Esq., F.G.S., 3, Victoria Street, Broomhill Park, near Sheffield. Walmstedt, Dr. L. P., Professor of Mineralogy, Upsala. Walton, William, Esq., 11, Paragon, Blackheath. S.E. Ward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Rodbaston, Penkridge. Wardle, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., St. Edward Street, Leek. Waring, Samuel Long, Esq., F.G.S., The Oaks, Norwood, Surrey. S. Warrington Museum and Library. Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick. Watson, Rev. R. B., F.G.S., 19, Chalmers Street, Edinburgh. West, G. Herbert, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., Woodcote, Bournemouth, Hants. Westermann, Messrs., New York. Wetherell, N. T., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Highgate. N. White, Alfred, Esq., F.L.8., West Drayton. Willaume, T. B. T., Esq., jun., 9, Queensborough Terrace, Kensington Gardens. W. Willcock, J. W., Esq., Cliebion, Clemmaes, Montgomeryshire. Williams and Norgate, Messrs., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. W.C. Willis and Sotheran, Messrs., Strand. W.C. Wilson, J. M., Esg., B.A., F.G.S., Rugby. Wiltshire, Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.L.8., Sec. G.S., &c., Honorary Secretary, 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, Kent. S.E. Winstone, Benjamin, M.D., 53, Russell Square. W.C. Witts, Rev. E. F., F.G.S., Rectory, Upper Slaughter, near Stow-on-the-Wold. Winchester College Natural History Society. Winwood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 4, Cavendish Crescent, Bath. Wollaston, G. H., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 117, Pembroke Road, Clifton, Bristol. Wolley-Dod, Rev. Charles, Eton College. Wood, Edward, Hsq., F.G.S., R.S.L., &c., Local Secretary, Richmond, Yorkshire. Wood, Henry, Esq., 10, Cleveland Square, Bayswater. W. Wood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Holwell Rectory, Sherborne, Dorset. Wood, Rev. J. E. Tenison, F.G.S., Penola, South Australia. Wood, Rev. Matthew T., The Lodge, Evesham. Wood, 8. V., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Treasurer, Beacon Hill House, Martlesham, Woodbridge,. Suffolk, Woodall, Major J. W., M.A., F.G.S., &c., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough. Woodd, A. B., Esq., Woodlands, Hampstead. N.W. Woodd, C. H. L., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Roslyn, Hampstead. N.W. Woodward, Charles, Esq., F.R.S., 10, Compton Terrace, Islington. N. Woodward, Henry, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Z.S., British Museum. W.C. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Worcestershire Natural History Society, Foregate, Worcester. Wright, F. Beresford, Esq., Aldercar Hill, Langley Mill, Nottingham. Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 1, Donegall Street, Belfast. Wright, Thomas, M.D., F.R.S.E., G.S., Vice-President, St. Margaret’s Terrace, Cheltenham. Wrightman, W. H., Esq., Minster Buildings, Church Street, Liverpool. Wurzburg, the Royal University Library of. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York. Zoological Society of London, 11, Hanover Square. W. 17 CATALOGUE OF WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED BY THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY: Showing the OrvER of publication; the Yuars during which the Society has been in operation ; and the Contents of each yearly Volume. Vol. I. Issued for the Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 21 plates. Fae 8 » UL* ey. “ee NHL plates. 1248 { The Reptilia of the London Clay, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Profs. Owen and Bell, 38 The Eocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 9 plates. { The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 7 plates. The Permian Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King, 29 plates. 1849 J The Reptilia of the London Clay, Part Il, Crocedilia and Ophidia, &c., by Prof. Owen, 18 plates. | The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Milne Edwards L and Jules Haime, 11 plates. The Crag Mollusca, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 12 plates. The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 15 1850 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates. The Fossil Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 19 plates. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen, 39 plates. 1851 The Fossil Lepadide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 5 plates. '¢ The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part I, Tertiary, by Mr. Davidson, 2 plates. 1852 3 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part IT, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part II, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 6 plates. The Radiaria of the Crag, London Clay, &c., by Prof. E. Forbes, 4 plates. * The volume for the year 1849 consists of two separate portions, each of which is stitched in a paper cover, on which are printed the dates 1848, 1849, and 1850. 3 18 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. fake Fossil Corals, Part [V, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 10 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. Vol. VII. Issued for the Year 3 The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 10 plates. 1853 | The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part II, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 8 plates. The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen, 9 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part II,,No. 2, Cretaceous, by. Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 7 plates. VIII ¥1854. 2 The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 2 i x2) plates. The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 2 plates. The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 6 plates. The Hocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mr. F. EH. Edwards, 8 plates. ( The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 11 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 12 plates. : | The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 2, Prosobranchiata, continued, by Mr. F. E. a) we . $1855 Edwards, 4 plates. | The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part III, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 11 plates. The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 6 plates. L The Fossil Hehinodermata, Part I, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Part II, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 12 plates. The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part IV, Permian, by Mr. Davidson, 4 plates. ay ok 3 1856 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part IV (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen, 11 plates. L The Reptilia of the London Clay (Supplement), by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. { The Fossil Echinodermata, Part IIT, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. 1857 | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. » XI. ” ‘4 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement 1), by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 8 plates. The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk, 22 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Part IV, Oolitic, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. HE. Edwards, 6 plates. » XII. ” 1858 4 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen, 7 plates. The Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates. XIII 1859 J The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. oF : 4 The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. L'The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 13 plates. * This Vol. is marked on the outside 1855. + This Vol. is marked on the outside 1856. 19 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. a Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 5, ae eens by ee Davidson, 8 plates. he Reptilia of the Oolitic Formation, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates. Vol. XIV. Issued for the Year The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates. The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Vol. II, Part I (Oolitic Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13 oe . 1861 plates. Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates. ¢ The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 11 plates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I, by Mr. J. W. Salter, 6 plates. 2 WA 33 1862 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VI, No. 1. Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 7 plates. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen, 10 plates. Salter, 8 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates. The Belemnitide, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips. l The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W. ” XV. Il. ” 1863 rp The Fossil Echinodermata, Vol. II, Part If (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 6 lates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part ITI, by Mr. J. W. Salter, 11 plates. -- G10 a 1864 4 The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd | Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates. Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous, L and Wealden Formations. H. B. Brady, 4 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates. | The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mx. Davidson, 12 plates. The Crag Foraminifera, Part I, No. 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and 29 xIxX.* ” 1865 | ‘i Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr. ESD OR a 1866 J. W. Salter, 6 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mx. Davidson, 10 plates. The Belemnitidx, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 13 plates. if Flora of Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. | The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. » XXI* 1867 5 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, 5 plates. | the Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis spelza, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. The previous volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XXII.* Issued for the Year 1868 Pxx* | 0.40 6 ae POX PeXX Vie... 7 VLE » XXVIII* ,, OK REKO le 20 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part II, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. ] The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. [ The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelewa, concluded, with F. lynx, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates. L Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Belemnitide, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 9 plates. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and 1869 KE. Ray Lankester, 9 plates. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 5 plates. ( The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. souk : 1870 | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part VII, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates. The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. { The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward, 5 plates. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, with an Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. 1871 4 Harmer, 7 plates and map. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen, 3 plates The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 2 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins, 5 plates. ent to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan, with an Index to the Tertiary and Secondary Species, 7 plates. i 1879 J The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Hurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H. j Woodward, 10 plates. | The Fossil Trigonix, No. I, by Dr. Lycett, 9 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol I, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. 1873 4 Suppiement to the Crag Mollusca, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, 5 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen, f Supplem 2 plates plates. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa) No. VI, by Prof. Owen. (The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. { The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. S. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D. Robertson, 16 plates. 1874 4 The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. 8. Brady, 5 plates. The Fossil Trigoniz No. II, by Dr. Lycett, 10 plates. The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part IV, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Trigonix, No. III, by Dr. Lycett, 8 plates. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part II, by Professor Owen, 20 plates. 1875 * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding ; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. 21 LIST OF MONOGRAPHS Completed, in course of Publication, and in Preparation. MONOGRAPHS which have been Comp.Letep :— The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Devonian, and Silurian Corals, by MM. Milne Edwards and J, Haime. The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Mr. G. Busk. The Tertiary Echinodermata, by Professor Forbes. The Fossil Cirripedes, by Mr. C. Darwin. The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. S. Brady, the Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D. Robertson. The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Liassic, Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian Brachiopoda, by Mr. 'T’. Davidson. The Mollusca of the Crag, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. The Great Oolite Mollusca, by Professor Morris and Mr. J. Lycett. The Cretaceous (Upper) Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe. The Fossils of the Permian Formation, by Professor King. The Reptilia of the London Clay (and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds), by Professors Owen and Bell. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous, Wealden, and Purbeck Formations, by Professor Owen. The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. MONOGRAPHS in course of PuBLication :*— The Flora of the Carboniferous Formation, by Mr. E. W. Binney. The Crag Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Dr. Duncan. The Echinodermata of the Oolitic and Cretaceous Formations, by Dr. Wright. The Carboniferous Entomostraca, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, J. W. Kirkby, and G. 8S. Brady. The Fossil Merostomata, by Mr. H. Woodward. * Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary. 22 MONOGRAPHS in course of Pusiication—Continued. The Trilobites of the Mountain-Limestone, Devonian, and Silurian Formations, by Mr. J. W. Salter.* The Malacostracous Crustacea, by Professor Bell. Supplement to the Fossil! Brachiopoda, by Mr. T. Davidson. The Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. The Eocene Mollusca, by Mr. S. V. Wood. The Belemnites, by Professor Phillips.+ The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester; and Professor Traquair. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formation (Supplements), by Professor Owen. The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, by Professor Owen. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, by Professor Owen. The Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford. The Cetacea of the Crag, by Professor Owen. * Unfinished through the death of the Author, but will be continued by Mr. H. Woodward. + Unfinished through the death of the Author, but will be continued by Mr. R. Etheridge. MONOGRAPHS which are in course of PREPARATION :{- The Cretaceous Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady. The Foraminifera of the Lias, by Mr. H. B. Brady. The Foraminifera of the Carboniferous and Permian Formations, by Mr. H. B. Brady. The Graptolites, by Professor Wyville Thomson. The Polyzoa of the Chalk Formation, by Mr. G. Busk. The Paleozoic Polyzoa, by Dr. Duncan. The Crinoidea, by Professor Wyville Thomson. The Wealden, Purbeck, and Jurassic Entomostraca, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones and G. S. Brady. The Post-Tertiary Mollusca, by Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys. The Cretaceous Mollusca (exclusive of the Brachiopoda), by the Rev. T. Wiltshire. The Purbeck Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Inferior Oolite Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Rheetic Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Liassic Gasteropoda, by Mr. Ralph Tate. The Ammonites of the Lias, by Dr. Wright. The Ganoid Fishes, by Mr. L. C. Miall. { Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary. 23 Dates of the Issue of the Yearly Volumes of the Palzeontographical Society. The Volume for 1847 was issued to the Members, March, 1848. . 1848 Ps Pe a July, 1849. sg 1849 ae es 5 August, 1850. a 1850 * P= ~ June, 1851. 49 1851 A es June, 1851. a 1852 . a August, 1852. FT 1853 eG ie is December, 1853. 3 1854 oe . 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ee ee ee ee ee eee eee eer rer creer rrrrerrverrrr rarer rrr reer ei rit Lace) ats) (6 atc) { JO osinoo ul ‘spavapay "G “aT ‘tT Aq ‘soayeatug puv wpodoreydeg ‘vosnqopy ouooomy ory, Teeseeeeceusecereesescecerecerenessseerers g9a7duod “poomy *A “SAI Aq “eosnqpoy, SviQ oy} 09 guamtoyddng HEEL OOH E EMRE HEHEHE OEE PEE HES EERE ED EEE E ESTEE HESS HSER THEE EHH ES OOO EEE® agaydwuoa ‘(soaTvatg) AE ‘TOA er aICA —:poom "A *S “a Aq ‘Bvx_Q oy] Jo vosnqfoyy yy, COON OORT CORTE H ORO ORE Ee OOO EOE OEE HEHE OEE HEHE S CONES T ORS ORO EEE EE® agajzdwuoa ‘(SdATBATUL ) ‘HAVUYONONM 40 LOaraas oul GH, dO ANYWAY 26 STRATIGRAPHICAL TaBLE exhibiting the Brivisn Fossius already figured and described in the ANNUAL VoLumEs (1847—1875) of the PALHMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. PROTOZOA. RADIATA. ARTICULATA. SESS i 2 g S 8-18 & 3S 25 < o = a = Ss so 8 o g = mS) op =| = o zB, Hai ac} 2 as A) & E 8 8 5 Save pes a < 53 Daeg 5 : £ 5 Sa lg 5 & ae 8 | e S oO = r= Pleistocene ee (ese) em gk eee My eR Bess Cibelli) Geo 3 1874 Ce eee ve | vas 4.1865 | 1989 1852 a 1849 1851 O25 eee |e Sa Bleed ere Waal ae cos 1856 ( 1862 | 1867 £1849 | 1869 1851 | Cretaceous......... sc ‘|| 68s st 1868 +| 4 1870 { 1854 TAMA Mosq |) Ssogot4 ||| nodtco 1860 1869] | | 1872 | 1873 1875 Wealden .......,. | ..- so see “hed | aeecocne reeks. Haas ... {1860 1851 1855, 1856, } Rliticw esd a a ee 1857, 1858, |$ 1851 [1860 1861 1851 1855, 1856, WEPARSIC. Rec seeeie, 5A0 ee Fos ; 1866 1858, 1861, 1867 1864 SIGYASSIC cae esse sce a6 aa Pa Geen SIP ON casexce) | Maal oe Kanes ..- {L860 : 1849 Permian ...,..... |1849) 1849 | 1849 1852 WSAD Pm eee, 1849 |1860 1867 R 1870 Carboniferous... 1871 USD ZA cava =A UE ence 1874 |1860) 1872 1875 1865 Devonian ......... me wae Fad OO all Pascaa se) Sum eace ... |1860) < 1868 1862 1872 1868 mes 1862, 1863 Silurian............ Sak one a GSA ERT access — Silt sec Se le 1871 i i {387 {1864, 1866 Cambrian asec rca | mereeninwese ml fe MN cee OE cee a Ue lh eee 1864 Nors.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates. 27 STRATIGRAPHICAL TABLE exhibiting the Britisu Fossius already figured and described in the ANNUAL VotuMEs (1847—1875) of the PaLZoNTOGRAPHICAL Soctury (continued). MOLLUSCA. VERTEBRATA. Sn ets . 4 ages co ° a > ia as a a & 8 5 Pat S 5 g rs E ee ie Bas 3 ie = 3 3) Ss qi ca 2 EI a Ey 688 B m S i) AAS to) Pleistocene ...... aes iSvBse We Shaan te tse. We eens 1852 1847, 1850, 7 1857 { ees 1853, 1855, re ar alae |) Gites. 1871, 1873 1852, 1854, J 1852 1855, 1858, IMOGENE Fascceesses. ine | 1873 1859, 1862 1848 saa 1848, 1849, 1856 1870 1853 1852, 1854, 1872 1851, 1857, Cretaceous......... es 1873 1875 is! a 1858, 1862 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, Wealden ......... SPD © uAtsowsten | ol @ nakeses see ae 1 1857, 1862, 1871, 1873, L 1875 Purbeck) 1853, | 1850 fs im. ( | ee | 1858 (Kim. | “ | 1954 | 1861 ) a DONGG ae cccasccens i 1850, 1852 eRe ia .. | 2 1860,1868, $ | | | 1873,1875, | 1874 1869 . L 1875 J (Great Oolite) | 1875 AJ etn Ls 1859, 1860, HGTABSICMscancsnscines 505 1850, 1852 1874 1866 1863, 1869, 1868 1873 JURE Ciin6 goocebton'l|! wl CooaMied| MMR Ie toeee in | a errs iii (airs | a eamene PP OMINIATY osc. oss: 1849 1849, 1856 1849 1849 1849 1849 1856, 1857, Carboniferous ... 1858, 1859, 1860 sae 3 1867 evonian ......... » 1862,1868 | { ieee es 1865, 1866 UWP EM sere scsss +e 1868, 1870 Cambrian ...5..... ce SS Nore.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates. PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. MDCCCLXXYV. be hi hee ey jiten) ; = Be 4 par Sei 6 OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF FOSSIL PLANTS FOUND IN THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATA. BY E. W. BINNEY, E.R.S., F.G.S. PART IV. SIGILLARIA AND STIGMARIA. Paces 97—147; Prares XIX—XXIV. LONDON : PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1875. _ ss PRINTED BY J. B ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. +? CONTENTS. PAGE I. IntrRopuctory RemaRrxKs 4 : , 3 : : ee Oy, II. GenERAL OBSERVATIONS : ‘ ; : . , GG: III. BrpLioGRaPHy : : : é 5 : . 104 § 1. Steinhaur (Roots), 1818 j , : : : ~ 105 2. Witham (Stem), 1833. E : ; : . 108 3. Lindley and Hutton (Roots), 1838 j 5 : : ~ 108 4. Brongniart (Sigillaria, &c.), 1839 . ; i j : . 108 5. Morris (Roots), 1840. : : 5 : . 2 h2 6. Goeppert (Roots), 1841 : : ‘ : : + RIS 7. Binney (Roots), 1844 . 3 : : : i . 113 8. Binney and Harkness (Roots), 1845 : 5 : 3 » 113 9. Corda (Diploxylon), 1845 : : : ; 2 . Its 10. King (Sigillaria and Anabathra), 1845 : : : ; . 114 11. Binney (Roots), 1846. : : : : = 118 12. Brown (Roots), 1846 . : ‘ j : 5 . 118 13. Binney (Roots), 1847 . 5 5 ; : ee ite 14. Hooker (Roots), 1848 . : 2 : : : ats 15. Brown (Roots), 1848 . , ; F : ‘ 5 TUS) 16. Brown (Roots), 1849 . : A : : : 5S) 17. Brongniart (Sigillaria, &e.), 1849 : : : ‘ =) LS 18. Binney (Spores and Roots), 1849 . : : ; : ug 19. Dawson (Roots), 1854 : F : : 3 1UIg) 20. Goldenberg (Spores), 1855 : < ; : : “LLG 21. Binney (Roots), 1858 . 4 : ; : ; . TIS 22. Binney (Roots), 1861 . : 2 . 119 23. Binney (Sigillaria and Stigmaria), 1862 : ; : : 5 ie 24. Binney (Diploxylon), 1865 : : : : : eae 25. Binney (Sigillaria), 1865 , “ ; : : = 122 26. Binney (Stigmaria), 1865 : ; ; : : 2 27 27. Carruthers (Sigillaria, &e.), 1866 . ; : : 5 IS 28. Schimper (Sigillaria), 1870 : ; . : : - 128 29. Williamson (Stigmaria), 1871 5 : 5 ; F we Poll 30. Williamson (Diploxylon), 1872 : : i IPS 31. Newberry (Stgillaria), 1873 : : : : . 134 32. Renault and Grand’ Eury (Sigillaria SEN 1874 . : ‘ 5 es 33. Brongniart (Sigillaria), 1875 ; : : 5 : ~ 36 IV. Description oF THE SPECIMENS : , ; : . 136 § 1. Nos. 39 and 40. Sigillaria Species : : : 5 . 136 2. Nos. 41, 42, and 43. Stigmaria ficoides P : ‘ : a Ue) 3. No. 44. Sigillaris vascularis : : : ; : . 141 4. No. 45. Stigmaria ficoides : : ‘ : : . 148 5. Nos. 46 and 47. Stigmaria ficoides . ; ; : . 144 V. ConcLtupinec REMARKS ; 5 2 ‘ F : > 45 PART ORV SIGILLARIA. AND STIGMARIA. I. Intropuctory REMARKS. In this Part of my Monograph it is intended to give a summary of the present state of our knowledge on the structure of Sigi//aria and the allied plants, rather than descriptions of many new specimens. further information, however, on Sigillaria vascularis will be given; and a Stigmaria, not only showing structure in the medulla, but in every respect agreeing with Sigillaria vascularis, will be figured and described. Some additional information on Sfigmaria will also be furnished; and the structure of its rootlets, as well as the remarkable sutures dividing the base of the stem of S/gilaria, will be treated more at length than they have been in my previous papers. Since the publication of my views, that large and small specimens of Sigillaria vascularis, as well as Diploxylon cycadoideum, had piths formed of barred tubes, and not parenchyma, several authors have doubted the correctness of the description given of my specimens, and asserted that such plants, as well as Stigmaria, had piths of parenchyma similar to those of the ZLepidodendron Harcourtii described in this Monograph. More evidence will be adduced in support of my views, and it is hoped that it will be conclusively shown that at least one Stigmaria, and that the only specimen of the kind ever described with a pith in a perfect state of preservation, had a pith composed of barred tubes and cells. What was the structure of other Stigmarie, so far as regards their piths, yet remains to be proved; and we must wait patiently for the discovery of specimens in such a state of preservation as to afford us the desired. information. This may come any day, now such diligent search is being made for the discovery of Coal-measure Plants showing structure. In the present as well as in the former Parts of this Monograph it has been my endeavour to describe the most perfect specimens that could be procured, showing the appearance of the exterior of the plant as well as its internal structure; as I have always found great difficulties in examining imperfect fragments of plants, however well their structure may have been preserved. 15 98 FOSSIL PLANTS. A great amount of labour, no doubt, has still to be devoted to the study of the structure of many of our common Coal-measure Plants before we can speak on all points with positive certainty. II. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON SIGILLARIA, ANABATHRA, DIPLOXYLON, AND STIGMARIA. Ever since the time when the Fossil Plants of the Coal-measures first attracted attention, Sigzl/aria has occupied a chief place in the minds of botanists ; for it is to be met with in the strata near most seams of coal, in a more or less perfect state of preser- vation. ‘The trunks of this genus are of two kinds, namely, those distinctly ribbed and furrowed, with leaf-scars on the ribs at greater or less distances, and those with the leaf- scars contiguous, and covering the whole surface of the trunk; both having them in a spiral arrangement around the axis. Nearly one hundred species have been described by different authors, who have made numerous species out of the same trunk; various parts of it being in a bad or good state of preservation. No doubt, when we are better acquainted with the true nature of the plant, the number of species will be greatly reduced. | For a long time Srgil/aria and Stigmaria were regarded as distinct genera of plants, and even now, on the Continent, some distinguished paleontologists are disposed to remain of that opinion. In the specimens first described by me, in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine’ for 1844,’ which were found in Mr. Littler’s quarry, near St. Helen’s, Stigmaria was clearly traced to the trunks of the large, irregularly ribbed and furrowed Sigillarie, showing little, if any, traces of leaf-scars; but it was there distinctly stated that around these trunks smaller trunks were found standing, which showed all the characters of Stgillaria reniformis, with Stigmaria rootlets in the adjoining strata, - pointing in the direction of the root, but not absolutely proved to be connected with it. On viewing the specimens as they originally stood in the quarry before their removal, little doubt could be entertained as to all the trees there found having had Skgmarie for their roots. In some specimens, however, afterwards described by me in the ‘Philosophical Magazine’ for 1847, ser. 3, vol. xxxi, p. 259, the connection of Stigmaria, as a root, with Stgillaria reniformis, S. alternans, and S. organum, was clearly proved.” ‘The regularly ribbed and furrowed Stgi//aria, with distinct leaf-scars, generally found flattened and compressed in the sandstones and shales, are seldom of so large a size as t «Phil. Mag., ser. 3, vol. xxiv, p. 168; and 1845, vol. xxvii, p. 241, &e. 2 See also ‘Quart. Journ. of Geol. Soc.,’ vol. ii, p. 391. SIGILLARIA. 99 those irregularly ribbed and furrowed stems described by me under the name Sigil/aria vascularis, sometimes attaining seven feet in diameter. In the fossil forests of trees standing erect in the Coal-measures, which have come under my observation, nearly all belong to the last-named genus. In the Pemberton Hill Cutting, on the railway between Wigan and Liverpool, six out of thirty stems, from one to two feet in diameter, exhibited the scars of Sigillaria reniformis, 8. alternans, and S. organum; the remaining twenty- four belonging to S. vascularis. On the numerous fossil trees found in cutting the Clay-Cross tunnel, on the Midland Railway, near Chesterfield; in the specimens found in the deep pit at Pendleton, some of which were more than fifty feet in height; in that from the Victoria pit, Dukinfield, now in the Manchester Museum; in those on the Manchester and Bolton Railway, at Dixon Fold, described by Messrs. Hawkshaw and Bowman ; and in the large stems from the Trap-Ash, of Laggan Bay, discovered by Mr. Wiinsch; there was no evidence of distinct leaf-scars, but only irregular ribs and furrows. All the specimens except the last named were seen and examined by me 7m situ. The only example of a very large Sigi/aria showing distinct leaf-scars, which has come under my observation, is specimen “No. 49” of Stgillaria reniformis, now in the Museum of the School of Mines in Jermyn Street. Unfortunately, all the above-mentioned specimens, except those from Laggan Bay, afford no traces of internal structure. These last, however, some of which are about two feet in diameter, afford evidence of the structure of the thick inner bark, termed by me the outer radiating cylinder, and the woody or inner radiating cylinder of barred tubes, containing vascular bundles and medullary rays, enclosing a medulla, composed of barred tubes, in all respects exactly similar in structure to the large Sigil/aria vascularis, with irregular ribs and furrows, described by me in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions ;7 and the smaller specimens, exhibiting on their outsides scars of Lepidodendron, described in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.” These large and small specimens gradually pass one into the other, as numerous specimens in my cabinet, in addition to those figured, amply testify. Many persons have become accustomed to class my small specimens, the first ever described showing a medulla of vascular tubes, as Lepidodendra, from their external characters, without regarding their inner radiating cylinder and its singular medulla, so totally different in arrangement to the vascular cylinder and medulla of orthosenchymatous tissue of Lepidodendron Harcourtii before described in this Monograph. | When M. Brongniart described the structure of Stgi//aria elegans he had before him, and described in the same Memoir as perfect specimens of Lepidodendron and Stigmaria, with the exception of the medulla and outer radiating cylinder, as have been met with up to this time; and he alludes to the probability of Stigmaria being the root of Sigillaria ; but he notices the remarkable difference in structure between Svgillaria and Lepidodendron. 1 For 1865, p. 579 e¢ seq. 2 Vol. xviii, 1862, p. 111. 100 FOSSIL PLANTS. The large Stgillaria, described in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ does not show many cicatrices of leaves on its outside, and is not of great size as a specimen of that genus, but it is the largest found by me in a calcareous nodule in a seam of coal. It is probable that it may have been portion of a main root, rather than a stem; for those portions of Sigdlaria, whatever the characters of the stem, show nothing but irregular ribs and furrows on their surface. There are generally twenty-four of these main roots to one stem. In structure, however, it agreed with Brongniart’s Stzgillaria elegans more than any other then known plant; and it was classed with Sigillaria chiefly on that ground. Owing to the small size of the nodules in coal, in which the fossil wood is found, we can never expect to find any very large specimens; for ten inches is the diameter of a very large nodule. Portions of Stgillaria reniformis, S. alternans, S. catenulata, S'. t¢esselata, and S. organum have come under my observation, clearly showing the structure of the outer radiating cylinder or inner bark (first noticed in Brongniart’s specimen), sometimes reaching to as much as five or six mches in thickness, and enveloped in a stout outer bark, converted into bright coal; but they are all destitute of the internal radiating cylinder and the medulla. ‘The absence of the latter is what might have been anticipated, as it is so generally absent in Stigmaria; but why the former should not be met with is not so evident, except that in large trees, at the present day, decomposition commences in the centre, and extends towards the circumference ; and so it may have been in ancient times. ‘The tannin in the bark may have had greater power to resist decomposition than the inner parts of the tree. In my figured specimens of small Sigi/aria vascularis, the medulla is in a perfect condition ; but in the large specimens of that plant, and in Diplowylon, described by me in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1865, the central portion of the medulla is somewhat disarranged. Since the publication, however, of that Memoir fresh transverse sections of the large specimen of S. vascularis have been made, which prove beyond question that the whole of the medulla is composed of barred tubes. In my description of the inner radiating cylinders of the large specimens, mention is made of medullary rays of various breadths, some much narrower than the diameter of the tubes they traverse, and others considerably broader, corresponding with what Professor Williamson has since designated “ primary and secondary rays.” ‘These are termed medullary rays or bundles’ in the Memoir, and they chiefly relate to the primary rays, but there are also numerous medullary rays of one and two cells in breadth. They were met with in both Diplorylon and Sigillaria vascularis ; and, although the divisions in the radiating cylinder of the former might appear to indicate that vascular bundles, ! In my paper I used the term “ medullary rays or bundles,” owing to the large rays being composed of vascular tubes and not of cellular tissue, as is generally the case in recent plants; but the smaller ones were of cellular tissue, like ordinary medullary rays. Objection may be made to the term, but in using it no hypothesis is advanced. SIGILLARIA. 101 similar to what Corda had described in his specimen, had occupied them, none were seen. The rays, whether the large oval or the small ones, consisting of a series of single or double cells in a vertical line, were not distinctly shown in the longitudinal section, however large, but only in the tangential sections, which is rather singular. The larger or primary rays in the inner radiating cylinder were in no case absolutely traced to those traversing the outer cylinder, but in the small S. vascularis, figured in the woodcut No. 5 (p. 594), they were distinctly seen proceeding from the owfside of the inner to the exterior of the outer radiating cylinder. Still, they were not absolutely proved to be connected with the inner primary rays. ‘These latter, as previously stated, were only seen in tangential section, so it is difficult to speak with certainty whether they were composed of barred tubes or not. Since the publication of my Memoir all my specimens of Dzploxylon and Sigillaria have been again carefully examined in their longitudinal sections, and traces of vascular bundles like those so frequently found in common Sfymaria, and which form so marked a character in Corda’s Diplowylon cycadoideum, have been found; but certainly not so distinctly, or communicating with the medulla, as shown in the transverse and longitudinal sections of his specimens. In the outer radiating cylinder, or inner bark, the foliar bundles, enveloped in masses -of very large and lax parenchyma, of a double-cone form, noticed by Professor King, are seen traversing the prosenchymatous tubes and pushing them aside; but these are shown chiefly in the tangential section, although a few traces of them are met with in the longitudinal section. One of the best examples hitherto met with is that figured m plate 34, fig. 2, of my Memoir in the ‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1865. These characters are much the same, whether observed in the large specimens, with irregular ribs and furrows, or those with rhomboidal scars on their outsides, like fig. 5, m plate 35, of that Memoir; thus showing, by their structure, that both specimens most probably belong to one plant. In the midst of this lax tissue the bundle of vascular tubes, in tangential section, presents a kidney shape, similar to what MM. Renault and Grand’ Eury have noticed in Styillaria spinulosa. In none of my sections, however, has there been seen any indication of the anastomozing observed by those authors in trans- verse and longitudinal sections of their specimen. As the stems grow larger the lax cellular tissue enveloping the foliar bundles becomes Jess, so that in an outer radiating cylinder, five to six inches in breadth, little of it is seen ; and what does appear is far more compact in structure than the very large cells -of lax parenchyma seen nearer the centre. The wedge-shaped masses of parenchyma containing the foliar bundles of vascular tissue divide the wedge-shaped masses of prosenchymatous tissue ; and these wedges have their thin and thick ends opposite to each other, the one increasing inwards and the other outwards. It is most probable, owing to the very large size of the cells of this lax parenchyma, that the space between the inner and outer radiating cylinders in S. vascwlaris is so often wanting in structure. 102 FOSSIL PLANTS. My neighbour Professor Williamson has described some portions of Diploxylon, Sigillaria, and Stigmaria, which, he thinks, confirms his opinion that all these plants had piths composed of parenchyma, and not piths of vascular tubes of various sizes, and sometimes more or less mixed with orthosenchymatous tissue, as I had described as occurring in the two first-named genera; im fact, that their piths and the pith of Lapidodendron Harcourtii were much the same in structure. My specimens described in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ and in the ‘ Phil. Transactions’ were probably in a more perfect state than any figured and described previously, so far as Diplorylon and Siyillaria were concerned. As for Stigmaria no one had described the pith except Goeppert’ and myself; and both of the specimens described by us were looked upon as more than doubtful by recent writers. Professor Williamson says, ‘I have elsewhere called attention to the way in which the rootlets of Stigmaria have penetrated everything within their reach that was penetrable ; and I have no doubt that in both Professor Goeppert’s and Mr. Binney’s specimens these supposed medullary vessels were really Stigmarian rootlets that had found their way into the interior of the cavity left by the decay of the medulla, and been mistaken for a part of the plant into which they had intruded themselves.” Now, in my Staffordshire “specimen, which exhibited all the external characters of Stigmaria jicoides, mention is made only of the large vascular bundles found in the axis, without calling them medullary or any other vessels. As figured in the plate and described in the letterpress no one could scarcely take them for the rootlets of Stigmaria. ‘The woody cylinder was one of those having the mner parts of their circle close together, and not open, as in Professor Goeppert’s specimen. It is possible that the large tubes in my specimen are not in their normal condition ; and they may have been somewhat altered m the process of minerali- sation ; but it is very improbable that they were ever introduced into the axis after the pith had been removed. ‘The specimen figured and described by Goeppert is very different from mine, being more open in the spaces between the wedges of the woody cylinder ; and its central part is enclosed in a Stigmaria, showing the exterior in a most beautiful state of preservation. It appears to me that the vascular bundles in the pith, though it might be urged that they have'been squeezed from their true position between the wedges of the inner radiating cylinder into the parts where they are now found, are certainly not intruded rootlets. In comparing Geoppert’s and my specimens with Professor Williamson’s any one will see that they are in a much more perfect state of preservation than the Oldham fragments. Many beautiful specimens of Stigmaria, showing structure, have been met with in the trap-ash of Scotland by Mr. Greive and Mr. John Young of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, to both of whom I am much indebted for their kindness in presenting me with 1 «Phil. Transactions,’ 1872; Part II of the Professor’ Memoir “‘On the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-measures,” p. 215. 2 «Genres des Plantes fossiles, pl. 13. SIGILLARIA. 103 “specimens. But all these have lost their piths, and fail to give us any information as to what they were composed of. Some years since I found a specimen in the “ Bullion” seam of coal at Clough Head, near Burnley, having every part of the medulla beautifully preserved; and, although showing little trace of the exterior of a Stigmaria, it affords undoubted evidence, in its transverse section, of several bell-shaped cavities, from which the rootlets proceeded. In every portion this plant resembles in structure the specimens of Szgidlaria vascularis, formerly described by me in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ and the * Philosophical Transactions ;’ and, if perfect identity of structure is to be taken as proving the connection of root and stem, this must be held to be the root of that plant. It also shows the occurrence of barred tubes or utricles of very large size, almost as large as those found in my Staffordshire specimen, on which so much doubt had been thrown. Another specimen of Stigmaria was found by me in the same locality as the last, having the open spaces between the wedge-shaped masses of wood freely communicating with the medulla, and not bounded by the dark line so marked in my Staffordshire ‘specimen, and the one showing structure from Clough Head. Both specimens exhibit vascular bundles and medullary rays, traversing the woody cylinder alike; but the last-mentioned specimen has lost nearly all its medulla. It is now described for the purpose of showing its difference in structure from the first-mentioned specimen. In my’ paper on Stgillaria and Diploxylon in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ 1865, it is stated (p. 585) that “ the lunette-shaped extremities of the inner radiating cylinder of Diploaylon cycadotdeum, as well as those in my specimen, remind us of a similar arrangement shown to occur in Stagmaria by Dr. Hooker, Plate 2, fig. 14, ‘ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. 11, Part I; and they appear to differ from those found in Sigillaria vascularis in not being divided from the central axis by a distinct line of demarcation, just as the same author’s Stiymaria, fig. 5, differs from fig. 14. The interior of the inner radiating cylinder of the former plant is more free and open, and not so sharp and compact as that of the latter plant. Indeed, from structure alone it would appear probable that the first-named Stigmaria was the root of Diplorylon, whilst the last one was the root of Sigilaria vascularis.” In the memoirs published on the structure of fossil plants it has always been stated by me that Lepidodendron was closely allied to Sigillaria ; but, as previously mentioned im this Monograph, Z. Harcourtii contains a medulla of orthosenchymous tissue, and no imner radiating cylinder; and, on the other hand, Stgillaria vascularis has a medulla composed of large and small vascular tubes, and an inner radiating woody cylinder. My opinion has been formed from an examination of my own specimens; and other authors may have reasons, unknown to me, for classing Sigil/aria vascularis as a Lepido- dendron. M. Bronguiart, who has given to the world nearly all the knowledge we possess of the structure of Stgillaria elegans, never supposed that his plant was a Lepidodendron, 104 FOSSIL PLANTS. however much he observed its resemblance in structure to Stiymaria, so as to induce hiny to believe that the latter plant was the root of the former. As previously stated, Ha/onia regularis is most probably the root of Lepidodendron Harcourtii, if identity of structure can prove it. ‘The vascular bundles and medullary rays can often be distinctly seen in the transverse section of Diploxylon cycadoideum, and in the Stigmaria, with wide spaces between the woody wedges; but, so far as my knowledge extends, they have not yet beer found in Sigillaria vascularis and the close-wedged Stigmaria, communicating with the outside of the woody cylinder next to the medullary sheath or the medulla itself. The last-named kind of Stiymaria las only been described by Dr. Hooker and myself; even so exhaustive an author as Professor Schimper does not figure nor allude to one.. In my experience the one kind is nearly as common as the other. Up to the present time little information has been published on the organs of fructification of Szyillaria with the exception of the cone described by me in the ‘Philosophical Transactions, 1665, p. 595. ‘That specimen was very imperfectly figured in the woodcut (fig. 6); but from the form and arrangement of the bracts, and their resemblance to the form and arrangement of the leaf-scars of Sigelarta organum, tf am strongly inclined to believe that it belongs to some species of Svgi//aria. The specimen described by Goldenberg does not appear to me to have belonged to a large-ribbed-and-furrowed Sigillaria. It is to be hoped, however, that some cones will soon be met with showing the structure of the central column to be the same as that of S. elegans or S. vascularis, as was proved to be the case with ZLepidostrobus and Lepidodendron previously shown in this Monograph. The specimen “No. 19 Cone,” described at p. 49 of this Monograph, so far as structure goes, is the nearest to that of the stem of Stgilaria vascularis of any that have come under my observation; but that does not go so far as to prove perfect identity of structure. It affords little evidence of the characters of the spores; indicating microspores only. III. Breiiograrny. In giving a summary of what has been published on S¢gil/aria it is.only possible to quote the opinions of those authors who have written on the structure of the plant, without noticing the numerous writers who have described its external characters. ‘I'he only exception to this rule is the insertion, at length, of the Rev. Mr. Sremnaur’s Memoir on Stigmaria. his is so full and true a description of the root, its author being, too, the first to surmise that Stigmaria might be a root, that it appears desirable to give the paper at length. The views of the authors are generally given in their own words. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 105 1. Srzinwavr’ (Roots).— Sp. 1. Phytolithus verrucosus, plate iv, figs. 1—6. Martin, ‘ Petrificata Derbiensia,’ plates 11, 12, and 13; Parkinson, ‘Organic Remains,’ vol. i, pe Til, fig. 1. “The fossil which has received this name from the ingenious author of the ‘ Petrificata Derbiensia’ is by far the most common, and perhaps the most remarkable, of this class. Woodward seems already to have collected numerous specimens, notwithstanding their bulk and comparative unsightliness (‘ Catalogue of English Fossils,’ vol. i, part 2, p. 104; vol. il, p. 59, &c.); and Mr. Parkinson has exercised considerable, though fruitless, ingenuity in elucidating them. It might appear presumptuous, after the labours of men of such distinguished abilities, to obtrude to public notice any further remarks, had not these authors left abundant room for observation, which place of abode and inclination have enabled the writer to pursue during a series of several years. Within this period we have collected several hundred specimens, worked many from the bed of clay in which they were embedded, and examined in quarries, on coalpit hills, araong heaps of stone by the roadside, and in various other situations, several thousand. The geological situation of this fossil is well known to be the coal strata, in almost all which, as far as the writer is enabled to judge, it is found. Its geographical habitats in these strata may be partly collected from the works already quoted. The specimens more immediately examined were found in the neighbourhood of Fulneck, near Leeds, or in the space included by the towns of Leeds, Otley, Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, and Wakefield ; but I have also found it on the top of Ingleborough ; in the Coal strata of Northumber- land ; abundantly in Derbyshire; at Dudley in Shropshire ; and in the neighbourhood of Bristol. With respect to mineralogical constituent matter, it seems always to coincide with that of the stratum in which it is imbedded, with a slight modification of density. It is most abundant in the fine-grained siliceous stone provincially called ‘ Calliard’ and ‘ Ganister,’ and in some of the coal ‘ Binds’ or ‘Crowstones,’ which have probably received this appellation from spots of bitumen or coal attached to these petrifactions. It is rather less frequent in the beds of scaly clay or clay mixed with siliceous sand and mica; very common, but completely compressed, in the coal shales or bituminous slate- clay ; of occasional occurrence in the argillaceous iron-stone ; not rare in the common grit, and upper thick beds of argillaceo-micaceous sandstone, or rag, and sometimes, though rarely, discoverable in the coal itself. Mr. White Watson, of Bakewell, had also in his collection, which we examined, a specimen in the Derby Toadstone or Trap; and we have also ‘noticed it in the limestone behind the Bristol Hot Wells, at its junction with the sandstone. So immense, however, is the number of relics that, when the eye has been accustomed to catch their appearance, it is scarcely possible to walk a furlong in the districts where they are at home without meeting them in one shape or another. The most perfect form in which this fossil occurs is that of a cylinder more or 1 ‘Transactions of the American Phil. Soc.,’ vol. i, p. 265, 1868. 16 106 FOSSIL PLANTS. less compressed, and generally flatter on one side than the other (plate iv, figs. 1 and 2). Not unfrequently the flattened side turns in so as to form a groove. The surface is marked in quincuncial order with pustules, or rather areolz, with a rising in the middle, in the centre of which rising a minute speck is often observable. From different modes and degrees of compression, and probably from different states of the original vegetable, these areole assume very different appearances ; sometimes running into indistinct rime like the bark of an aged willow ; sometimes, as in the shale impressions, exhibiting little more than a neat sketch of the concentric circles (figs. 4, 5, 6). Mr. Martin suspected that these pustules were the marks of the attachment of the penduncules of leaves, and pl. xii represents a specimen in which he thought that he had discovered the reliquie of the leaves themselves. We have examined the specimen when the drawing, which is extremely correct, was made, but are convinced that Mr. Martin was misled by an accidental compression in describing these leaves as being flat. Numerous specimens in ‘ Ganister,’ in which the lateral compression of the trunk is generally trifling, place the assertion beyond a doubt that the fibrous processes, acini, spines, or whatever else they may be called, are cylindrical; and small fragments of these cylinders show distinctly a central line (pith) coinciding with the point in the centre of the pustule. Convinced of the existence of these fibres, we were soon able to detect their remains, forming consider- able masses of stone, particularly of Coal-bind, on Wibsey Slack and at Lower Wike, where their contorted figure imitates the figure of Serpulz ; but it excited much surprise, on examining the projecting ends of some trunks which lay horizontally in a bed of clay, extending along the southern bank of the rivulet which separates the townships of Pudsey and Tong, and which is exposed by slips in several places, to find traces of these fibres proceeding from the central cylinder, in rays through the stratum, in every direc- tion, to the distance of above twenty feet. Repeated observations, and the concurrent conviction of unprejudiced persons made attentive to the phenomenon, compelled the belief that they originally belonged to the trunks in question, and consequently that the vegetable grew in its present horizontal position at a time that the stratum was in a state capable of supporting its vegetation, and shot out its fibres in every direction through the then yielding mud. For if it grew erect, even admitting the fibres to be as rigid as the firmest spines with which we are acquainted, it would be difficult to devise means gentle enough to bring it into a recumbent posture without deranging their position. This supposition gains strength from the circumstance that they are found lying in all directions across one another and not to any particular point of the compass. “The flattened and sometimes grooved form of one side of the cylinder has already been noticed. Woodward already observed that along this side there generally, or at least frequently, ran an included cylinder, which at one extremity of the specimen would approach the outside, so as almost to leave the trunk, while on the other end it seemed nearly central. A reference to his ‘Catalogue,’ vol. i, part 2, p. 104, to Mr. Parkinson’s ‘Organic Remains,’ vol. i, p. 427, and to Martin’s ‘ Petrificata Derbiensia,’ fig. 1 c, will BIBLIOGRAPHY. 107 show how much this included cylinder has embarrassed those who have considered it with a view to the vegetable organ to which it owes its origin. In the specimens of Calliard, which have suffered little compression, but which are seldom above a few inches in length, this body is generally nearly central; perhaps in no instance perfectly lateral. In the specimens in clay, from one of which we were able to detach upwards of 6 feet, the flattened or grooved side is invariably downward ; and consequently the included cylinder is in the position which it would assume if it had subsided at one end, while the other was supported, or which would be the result of its sinking through a medium of nearly the same specific gravity with itself, provided it was at one end rather denser than at the other. It must be observed that this mcluded body appears to have suffered various degrees of compression, being sometimes cylindrical, which was evidently its original form, and sometimes almost entirely flattened. In the coal shale we were never able to detect a trace of its existence. “ Besides these indications of organisation, we have met with several specimens which, on being longitudinally split, discovered marks of perforations or fibres, more or less parallel with the axis of the cylinder, and in some degree resembling the perfora- tions of T'erebellze in the fossil wood of Highgate and some other places. Whether these configurations be owing to the organisation of the original vegetable, or to some process which it underwent during its decay, seems impossible to determine; the specimens examined afforded no opportunity of discovering a connection between these tubes and either the internal cylinders or the external surface. *“Among the vast number of specimens examined, only one was detected which appeared to terminate, closing from a thickness of 3 inches to an obtuse point. We have given a figure of it, pl. 4, fig. 3. ‘Two instances also came to our knowledge of branched specimens, in which the trunk divided into nearly two equal branches. So rare an occurence of this circumstance would, however, rather induce the supposition that the original was properly simple, and that these were only exceptions or monstrosities. The size of different species varies greatly; but we have seen none under 2 inches in diameter; the general size is 3 or 4, and some occur, but with very indistinct traces of the pustules, even 12 inches across. “ From the above, it appears rational to suppose that the original was a cylin- drical trunk or root, growing in a direction nearly horizontal in the soft mud at the bottom of fresh-water lakes or seas, without branches, but sending out fibres from all sides ; that it was furnished in the centre with a pith, of a structure different from the surrounding wood or cellular substance, more dense and distinct at the older end of the plant and more similar to the external substance towards the termination, which continued to shoot; and perhaps that, besides this central pith, were longitudinal fibres proceeding through the plant, like those of the roots of the Pferis aquilina. With respect to any stem arising from it, if a_root or foliage belonging to it, if a creeping trunk, we have hardly ground for a supposition.” 108 _ FOSSIL PLANTS. 2. Witaam’ (Stem) describes his Axabathra pulcherrima, found in the Mountain- limestone series at Allenbank, in Berwickshire, as follows :—‘ A medullary axis ; woody tissue consisting of elongated cellules; medullary rays scattered at great distances. Stems roundish or compressed, tapering; pith of irregular polygonal cellules; woody tissues, in the transverse section, presenting the appearance of regular, parallel, radiating series of four-sided or subhexagonal cellules, with radiating tubular ducts interspersed at intervals. In the longitudinal sections the cellules have all their walls very regularly marked with parallel straight lines or ridges. ‘The medullary rays, in their transverse section, are of an elliptical form, and composed of irregular reticulations.” 3. Linpuny and Hurron’ (Roots).—Describing Mr. Prestwich’s specimen of Stigmaria, they state—“ The transverse section exhibited a meshing, something like that of Coniferze, but with no concentric circles, and with the medullary rays consisting rather of open spaces between the other tissue, than of common muriform tissue found in such places. The longitudinal section (fig. 2) presented an assemblage of spiral vessels, of a very tortuous and unequal figure, without any woody or cellular matter intermixed. “These formed a cylinder, which was surrounded externally by a mass of inorganic mineral matter, upon which surface the peculiar markings of Stgmarca were preserved, and which enclosed a hollow cavity, altogether destitute of mineral deposit. “Tt would therefore appear that Stigmaria was a plant with a very thick cellular coating or bark, surrounding a hollow cylinder, composed exclusively of spiral vessels and containing a rather thick pith ; and that the plates of cellular tissue, which preserved the communication between the bark and the pith, were of so delicate an organisation that they disappear under the mineralising process which fixed the organic characters of the wood.” 4. Broneniarr® (Sigillaria, &c.).—“ En faisant abstraction des colorations diverses de la silice qui occupe les parties dans lesquelles le tissu est complétement détruit, on voit que cette tige est formée de deux cylindres de tissus plus résistants, et dont la texture est parfaitement conservée, cylindres qui ne sont pas concentriques l’un a lautre ; lun, tout-a-fait extérieur et superficiel, constitue une sorte d’écorce, et présente extérieurement les bases saillantes, ou mamelons rhomboidaux, qui correspondent aux points d’insertion de chaque feuille ; le tissu qui le compose, et qui parait parfaitement continu, est cellulo- fibreux, trés-fin et tres-dense ; l’autre cylindre, intérieur, rapproché d’un cété du cylindre extérieur, en est séparé par un espace assez large sur un coté, étroit de l’autre, qui parait avoir été occupé par un tissu cellulaire délicat (pl. i, figs. 3, 4, e e’), dont il ne reste de trace que dans quelques points, et surtout pres de la zone corticale ou extérieure; ce tissu cellulaire est représenté pl. ii, figs. 1, 2, 3, e’; e’, Vintérieur de ce méme cylindre (pl. 1, figs. 3, 4, @a@; pl. ii, 1 a) ne présente que de la silice amorphe, transparente ou ‘On the Internal Structure of Fossil Vegetables,’ p. 74, Edinburgh, 1833. 1 * «Fossil Flora,’ &c., by Lindley and Hutton, vol. ili, p. 47, 1838. 3 “Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle,’ &c., tome i, p. 410, 1839. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 109 opaque, incolore ou diversement colorée, mais qui a pris probablement la place d’un tissu cellulaire, analogue a celui dont il reste quelques traces entre l’écorce et le cylindre intérieur. “Quant a ce cylindre creux, a cette sorte de tube excentrique, la disposition et la nature des parties qui le constituent méritent de fixer en premier notre attention, car il représente le systéme vasculaire ou ligneux de la plante. _ “Jl forme un cylindre parfaitement régulier, de 13 & 14 millimetres de diamétre intérieur, et d’un millimetre d’épaisseur, composé d’un nombre déterminé de faisceaux, tous parfaitement égaux et semblables, placés les uns a cdté des autres, sans aucun intervalle appréciable dans la plupart des cas, mais distincts par la forme arrondie de chacun d’eux du cété intérieur, ce qui donne au bord interne, sur la coupe transversale, une forme festonnée. “Tl suffit d’un faible grossissement pour reconnaitre que chacun de ces faisceaux est formé de deux zones distinctes, lune interne, constituant ces sortes de festons, ]’autre externe, beaucoup plus étendue. Ces deux zones, quoique immédiatément contigués, se distinguent facilement par une modification dans leur aspect et dans leur coloration vers leur point de contact ; mais un plus fort grossissement rend bientot compte des différences de leur organisation. “Sur la coupe transversale (pl. i, fig. 4 4, et pl. i, fig. 1 4 2’), on voit que les parties internes des faisceaux, ayant la forme d’un segment de cercle dont la convexité est tournée intérieurement, sont formées entiérement par un tissu dont les parois ont la méme épaisseur et le méme aspect; ce sont, comme on le verra plus tard, des vaisseaux' a parois rayées transversalement ou obliquement, ou méme réticulées, dont les orifices, anguleux et irréguliers, sont disposés sans ordre, mais dont les plus grands (4) sont du cété du centre du cylindre, les plus petits (d’), au contraire, vers l’extérieur et appliqués contre la zone externe de ce cylindre vasculaire. “Cette zone extérieure (pl. i, fig. 3, 4, ¢; pl. ii, fig. 1, ¢ c’) est formée par un tissu disposé avec une grande régularité, en séries rayonnantes, tantot tout-a-fait contigués, tantdt séparées par d’étroits intervalles, occupés par des rayons médullaires, dont le tissu est maintenant détruit. Les orifices des vaisseaux (car ce sont encore des tubes rayés qui constituent toute cette zone) dont chacune de ces séries est composée vont en diminuant vers l’intérieur, les plus petits (c) étant presque en contact avec les plus petits vaisseaux des faisceaux internes, et ces vaisseaux d’un petit calibre formant, par leur rapprochement, mais sans se confondre, la ligne de démarcation entre les faisceaux internes, composés de vaisseaux disposés sans ordre, et les faisceaux externes, dont les vaisseaux sont disposés en séries rayonnantes, séparées par des rayons médullaires. 1 J’emploie habituellement le mot vaisseaux pour indiquer ce tissu, quoiqu’il n’ait pas, ainsi qu’on le verra plus tard, les caractéres des vrais vaisseaux. Ces tubes sont plutét des utricules trés-alongés et communiquant entre eux par leurs ouvertures latérales, comme les tubes fendus des Fougéres et les tubes poreux qui forment le bois des Coniféres, que de vrais vaisseaux dont les cavités seraient continues. 110 FOSSIL PLANTS. “Ces faisceaux, par leur contact presque immédiat, et la maniére dont ils se correspondent avec une régularité parfaite, sont dans les mémes rapports que les faisceaux fibro-vasculaires qui constituent le bois, proprement dit, dans les plantes dicotylédones, et les faisceaux de trachées qui, dans ces mémes plantes, sont placés & la partie interne de ces faisceaux ligneux, et constituent ’étui médullaire. Aussi, quoique ces faisceaux internes n’aient pas exactement l’organisation et la disposition des faisceaux de trachées de l’étui médullaire, leur position, relativement aux autres parties, étant la méme, je les désignerai sous le nom de faisceaux médullaires, pour les distinguer des faisceaux plus extérieurs, qui ont la structure rayonnante de la zone ligneuse, ce que j’appellerai les faisceaux ligneux. “En dehors de ces derniers, on voit encore de petits faisceaux, dont la coupe trans- versale est arrondie, qui sont complétement isolés des faisceaux ligneux, mais qui en sont tantot trés-rapprochés, tantdt un peu plus éloignés, et qui correspondent exactement au milieu de chacun d’eux, puis enfin quelques-uns plus éloignés et disposés avec moins de régularité. Ces faisceaux sont, comme les faisceaux médullaires et ligneux, com- posés d’un tissu uniforme, mais plus fin, irrégulier et sans disposition rayonnante ; ils me paraissent avoir été isolés dans le tissu cellulaire extérieur, et n’étre probablement que des faisceaux détachés du cylindre vasculaire et se portant dans les feuilles, mais qui ne seront conservés que dans la partie voisine de l’axe ligneux, tandis que la partie qui traver- sait obliquement la zone celluleuse extérieure aura ¢té détruite, soit avant, soit pendant la pétrification, en méme temps que le tissu cellulaire qui les environnait. “ Si nous examinons, au moyen de coupes longitudinales (pl. i, fig. 2), ces mémes parties vasculaires, dont je viens d’indiquer les positions respectives, telles que nous les offre la coupe transversale de la tige, nous verrons que tous les tissus conservés, et. dont nous avons vu les orifices dans cette coupe, sont d’une structure trés-analogue et ne présentent que de légeéres différences, qui peuvent échapper au premier coup d’ceil, mais qui ne sont pas cependant sans quelque importance. “ Les faisceaux mternes ou médullaires (pl. ii, fig. 2 4 4’) sont composés d'utricules tubuleux trés-allongés, trés-inégaux en grosseur, dont les plus petits, 4’, sont extérieurs, et les plus grands, 4, sont placés au cété interne ; ces utricules, disposés sans régularité, assez flexueux, sont non seulement différents par leur grosseur, mais aussi par leur longueur. * Les plus petits sont en méme temps beaucoup plus courts, et leurs deux extrémités, terminées en cdnes obtus, se présentent assez souvent simultanément dans le champ du microscope. “Les plus gros, au contraire, sont aussi beaucoup plus allongés, mais cependant on les voit aussi se terminer par une extrémité close et arrondie. * Les parois de ces utricules ont un caractere commun, c’est que toutes sont marquées. de stries transversales ou spirales, trés-nombreuses et assez fines, mais trés-variables, soit de l’un a l’autre, soit dans les diverses parties de l’étendue d’une méme utricule. “ Les plus gros (pl. iv, fig. 1 6), et ceux dont les angles sont les plus prononcés, présen- BIBLIOGRAPHY. ity tent en général des stries transversales, perpendiculaires a leur direction longitudinale ou peu obliqués, qui se réunissent entre elles dans les angles de ces utricules. Ils sont alors trés-analogues aux vaisseaux rayés de beaucoup de Fougéres et de Lycopodes, sauf quel- ques différences sur lesquelles je reviendrai plus tard. “ Dans d’autres utricules, généralement d’un moindre calibre, les stries ou raies sont beaucoup plus obliques, contournées en spirales, mais encore unies entre elles dans les points qui correspondent aux angles de ces utricules. Ces vaisseaux a raies obliques, & 0’, passent tres-fréquemment a une disposition réticulée trés-réguliére dans la plupart des cas, qui semblerait produite par deux ordres de stries obliques en sens inverse, et se croisant de maniére a former un réseau a mailles rhomboidales, ou devenant hexagonales par l’inflexion réguliére de ces stries. Avec un faible grossissement, et par conséquent des lentilles d’un foyer moins limité, ou peut croire d’abord que l’on voit simultanément les stries spirales appartenant aux deux faces opposées d’un méme utricule; mais un grossissement plus considérable prouve que ces stries obliques en sens inverse sont tracées sur une méme paroi, & moins toutefois qu’elles ne résultent de J’application trés-intime des parois de deux utricules différents juxta-posés. La manicre dont les fibres trans- versales passent aux fibres obliques, celles-ci a des fibres réticulées irréguliérement, puis réguliérement (pl. iv, fig. 4), me fait cependant douter que cette explication soit exacte, et me porte a croire que ces diverses modifications s’opérent dans les parois d’un seul et méme utricule. “Les utricules les plus petits de ces faisceaux, ceux qui sont situés vers la partie externe, et qui sont aussi moins étendus en longueur, offrent encore une troisiéme modifica- tion (pl. iv, fig. 1 6” 6” et B), a laquelle cependant on arrive insensiblement. Ils présentent de véritables fibres spirales continues, au nombre de 2, 3, ou 4, se contournant parallele- ment les unes aux autres, sans aucune réticulation, exactement comme dans les trachées a fibres multiples, sauf la plus grande briéveté des utricules qui présentent cette structure, et Vespacement sensible des tours de spires, qui peut faire penser qu’ils étaient unis par une membrane appréciable, et quils se rapportaient par conséquent plutot a la modification qu’on a designée sous le nom de fausses trachées. “ L’intervalle qui sépare ces fibres, soit dans ces utricules a fibre spirale, soit dans ceux a fibres obliques ou réticulées, soit enfin dans ceux a fibres transversales, ne varie pas sensiblement dans un méme utricule, mais varie notablement de I’un a l’autre ; il est moindre dans les utricules d’un petit calibre, 4 fibres généralement en spirale, et atteint son maximum dans les plus gros utricules, a fibres transversales ou peu obliques ; mais ces variations sont comprises entre $5 et zi5 de millimétre. Si ces utricules, allongés et striés en spirale, ne sont pas de vraies trachées, on voit cependant qu’elles ont beaucoup d’analogie avec ces vaisseaux par Yobliquité et la disposition spirale de leurs fibres, et sont, pour ainsi dire, intermédiaires entre les trachées a spire multiple et les vaisseaux striés des Fougéres et des Lycopodiacées. . . . . . “ Ainsi, dans le Lépidodendron Harcourtit, dont j’ai pu examiner la structure dans tous 112 FOSSIL PLANTS. ses détails, grace aux échantillons qui ont été donnés au Muséum par M. Hutton et par M. R. Brown, on voit qu'il y a, comme dans le Siyil/aria elegans, wn cylindre vasculaire excentrique, séparé de l’écorce par une large zone d’épaisseur inégale, d’un tissu cellulaire en partie détruit, et renfermant une masse celluleuse centrale également trés-altérée. Au premier aspect il semblerait done y avoir beaucoup d’analogie entre ces deux tiges, mais un examen plus attentif montre que la structure du cylindre vasculaire est tout-a-fait différente. “Dans le Lépidodendron Harcourt il n’y a aucune trace de rayons médullaires, et le tissu vasculaire n’affecte pas cette disposition en séries rayonnantes, qui parait presque toujours étre la conséquence de l’existence des rayons médullaires. Ainsi, par la disposition des éléments qui le constituent, le cylindre vasculaire de ce Lépidodendron n’a aucune analogie avec le cylindre ligneux des S/gillaria, des Stigmaria, ou des Anabathra, mais cependant il est formé d’éléments semblables, c’est-a-dire de ces tubes prismatiques rayés transversalement qui constituent le tissu ligneux ou vasculaire de ces trois tiges, et il semblerait représenter le cercle interne ou médullaire de ? Anabathra ou du Sigitlaria, si dans ce dernier on supposait que les divers faisceaux qui le constituent fussent réunis en un cylindre continu. “De méme que nous avons remarqué que les tiges du Sfigmaria avaient tous les caractéres essentiels de celles du S/yi//aria, sion supprimait dans cette derniére les faisceaux médullaires, de méme on peut dire que le cylindre vasculaire continu du Lépidodendron Harcourtii représente Ja zone vasculaire intérieure ou médullaire de |’ Anabathra (en admettant que nos prévisions sur la nature soient exactes), dépouillée de la couche lieneuse et épaisse qui l’environne. N’y aurait-il pas dans le premier cas simplement la différence d’une tige a une racine, dans le second d’un jeune rameau chargé de feuilles a une tige plus Agée? Cette dernicre hypothese me parait cependant peu probable, a cause des prolongements vers l’extérieur que présente la zone vasculaire du Lépidodendron Harcourtii (pl. vi, fig. 5 6°; pl. vu, fig. 1 6”), prolongement dont on ne voit aucune trace sur la zone vasculaire interne de l’ Anadathra.” 5. Morris’ (Roots)—In describing Mr. Prestwich’s specimens Professor Morris says—‘ The portion of the stem of which the figure is a transverse section is in more perfect preservation than the specimens of Stigmaria usually are found in ; it is of nearly cylindrical form, about 43 inches diameter, the external surface exhibiting the usual markings of this curious plant ; the internal part, with the exception of a vascular cylinder (also minera- lised), being replaced by clay-ironstone.” Referring to the description of Stigmaria in the ‘ Fossil Flora,’ Professor Morris states—“ It has been thought advisable to have another section represented, with a view of showing what has hitherto not been well illustrated in the published figures of its structure. The internal cylinder in the specimen (fig. 3) is concentric, and consists of 1 “Qn the Geology of Coalbrook Dale,” by Joseph Prestwich, ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of London,’ 2nd series, vol. i, Explanation of Plates. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 118 wedge-like portions of vascular tissue, the rounded origin of which, internally, is well defined ; these wedges are generally of equal or nearly equal size, but they occasionally become confluent by the joining of two or more of them together. The form of the space necessarily left, or interstices between the sections where these are distinct, varies a little, in some cases being of nearly equal breadth throughout, and in others becoming narrower outwards and appearing to terminate or contract about the middle of the vascular tissue, beyond which they again frequently widen outwards: these spaces often contain portions of oblique and smaller vascular cords, apparently arising at different depths in the vertical cylinder, the origin and connection of which with the cylinder is shown in the oblique section, where a single series of vessels is seen passing from it surrounded by tissue of smaller diameter (pl. xxxvni, fig. 3 a). “Tn no specimen yet examined has the course of the oblique cords been absolutely ascertained, but there can scarcely be any doubt, as suggested by Mr. Brown (to whom we are also indebted for the above observations), that these vessels, after arising from the cylinder, passed to the tubercles of the surface, through the thick cellular tissue which once probably occupied the larger space in the original plant. The discovery of these smaller oblique vessels is an interesting feature in the anatomy of Stiymaria; and they have also been pointed out by Mr. Brown as existing in Anabathra ; and one of these is actually figured by Mr. Witham in his work (pl. viii, fig. 10), but considered by hita (p. 41) as a section of a medullary ray. The analogous vessels existing in Lepidodendron Harcourtii, as figured by Mr. Witham (‘Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Newcastle,’ 1832), appear to arise from the outer part of the vascular cylinder. A somewhat similar division is found in that division of Lycopodiacee consisting of Psilotum and Tmesepteris ; in those genera (according to Brongniart, ‘ Veg. Foss.,’ vol. viii, pp. 44, 45) the vascular cylinder from which the oblique cords proceed includes a central pith.” 6. Gourrnrr’ (Roots) describes a very good specimen of Stégmaria with the pith containing vascular bundles, interspersed in cellular tissue, and the structure of the rootlets having an axis of vascular tubes, surrounded by cellular tissue. He appears to have been the first author to publish information on the structure of those portions of the root. 7. Bryney’ (Roots) describes the Fossil Trees having Stigmaria roots in Littler’s quarry, near St. Helen’s, Lancashire. 8. Binnry and Harxnrss® (Roots)—Further observations on the last-named speci- mens. 9. Corpa (Diploxylon).—Corda‘ describes the characters of his Diploxylon cyca- deoidum :—“ 'Truncus medullosus cylindricus ; decorticatus extus longitudinaliter obscure- 1 ‘Les Genres des Plantes fossiles,’ Bonn, 1841. 2 «The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Phil. Mag.,’ ser. 3, vol. xxiv, p. 165, 1844. 3 Tbid., vol. xxvii, p. 241, 1845. 4 «Beitrage zur Flora der Vorwelt,’ Prague, 1845. ty 114 FOSSIL PLANTS. striatus. Corpus corticale crassum medullosum. Cylindricus lignosus minutus, e stratis duplicibus compositus. Stratum internum continuum annuliforme, externo adpressum, vasis irregulariter positis amplis, sexangularibus. Stratum externum crassum, e vasis minutis seriatis et fasciculatim junctis compositum, et radiis vasorum ligni interni percursum. Radii medullaris nulli. Medulla ampla.” By the author’s figure the medulla appears to be altogether wanting in the centre of the specimen; what it was composed of there is no evidence to show; it might have been parenchymatous tissue, or barred tubes. The vascular bundles shown traversing the woody cylinder, and their free communication with the inside medulla, and the rounded ends of such cylinder as well as the curved bundle of vascular tubes seen in the longi- tudinal section, show a considerable difference in structure from both Déploaylon and Sigillaria vascularis described by me in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’ 10. Kine (Sigillaria and Anabathra).—Professor W. King,’ in a most excellent paper entitled “ Contributions towards establishing the General Characters of the Fossil Plants of the Genus Sig//aria,” gave a lucid account of Brongniart’s Sigil/aria, showing its connection with Stigmaria ; also some valuable original observations on specimens from Ouseburn, and North Biddick, proving that Svgllarca had a Stigmaroid root. His remarks on Mr. Witham’s Anabathra pulcherrima show that its woody cylinder was identical in structure with that of Sigidlaria vascularis, having been furnished with the sharp dark line separating it from the pith, without the interstices between the wedge- shaped bundles of the woody cylinder so distinctly shown in the Corda’s Diplowylon cycadoideum :— “ Let us, in the next place, consider that remarkable fossil which Mr. Wirnam was the first to make known, under the name Anabathra pulcherrima. At the time when Anabathra was described few botanists had attended to the minute difference in yegetable tissue, which forms so conspicuous a feature in the phytological works of the present day; hence a few errors have been committed in drawing up the description which has been published of this fossil. Some of these errors have been rectified by M. Brongniart in his ‘ Observations on the Internal Structure of Sige/aria elegans ;’ buts as there are others which this gentleman had not the means of correcting, I have been induced to. enter into the following description more minutely than would have been other- wise necessary. It requires also to be stated that, with the view of enabling me to become acquainted with the internal structure of fossil plants in general, Mr. Witham has, in the most handsome manner, placed in my hands the whole of his invaluable collection of sections, among which there is an instructive suite of Anabathra. ‘T'o this gentleman, for so marked an act of kindness, there is certainly due from me an expression of deep obligation. “Before commencing to describe the tissues of Anadathra it is necessary to make a slight reference to the state in which Mr. Witham’s specimen existed when first dis- 1 «Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,’ vol. xxxvili, p. 119, 1845. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 115 covered. It was invested with an irregular coat of mineral matter; in which were observed numerous small portions of vegetable tissue, intermixed with what appear to be twigs. Mr. Witham has represented this coat, charged with its vegetable fragments, in pl. vin, fig. 7, of his ‘ Internal Structure of Fossil Plants.’ The matrix, as it ought rather to be called, was in immediate contact with the tissue of what we shall presently see is the ligneous zone of the fossil—a circumstance which prevents us coming to any conclusion as to the thickness of its bark ; for instance, whether it was thin, like most of the Conifers, or thick, as is the case with the Sigillarie, the Cycases and Cactuses. Mr. Witham, in his description, says that the specimen when complete was a tapering body several inches in length, rounded at the extremity, and resembling the termination of a stem or branch. In another part it is stated that the specimen, divested of its envelope, was compressed so as to have one diameter about a half greater than the other. ‘ At the lower part the large diameter was upwards of two inches; and at the extremity one diameter is about half an inch, the other nearly a fourth. I may observe that the sections before me answer to these and the intermediate sizes. If we were uncertain that Anabathra pos- sessed a thick bark, there is something in the description just quoted which would induce one to suppose that this fossil was a short fleshy plant, resembling some of the Cactuses. Let it be understood, however, that I am far from thinking that this was the case. Mr. Witham states that the specimen presented the appearance of natural joints at the distance of about two inches, and that its surface was slightly striated in the longitudinal direction. I mention these circumstances merely to give it as my opinion that the striated appearance was caused by the very elongated tubes of the ligneous zone, and that the joints were simply transverse cracks. “A very singular result has been brought about by mineralisation in Mr. Witham’s specimen. A large portion of the radiated tissue has been destroyed; what remains is contained in a narrow marginal strip and in numerous isolated pea-shaped bodies, imbedded in a crystalline matrix, and situated inwardly to the latter. The reader is therefore requested to fill up in imagination all the vacant spaces which are represented im figs. 2 and 3 of pl. iv, and with the same kind of tissue as that which forms the marginal strip and the isolated bodies. ‘To aid this a transverse restoration of the vascular and ligneous system is given in fig. 1, which is a little above the natural size. “ Anabathra pulcherrima is undoubtedly a dicotyledonous plant. It possesses a broad ligneous zone (a, fig. 1, pl. iv), a large medullary sheath in the shape of a hollow cylinder (4), and apparently a large pith (¢). The ligneous tissue consists of very much elongated tubes which are occasionally quadrilateral, but generally hexagonal ; they are arranged in radiating series, and are remarkably regular in diameter throughout the thickness of the zone, till within the precincts of the vascular cylinder, where they become considerably reduced. The apertures caused by sectionising these tubes are distinctly seen with a common magnifier. ‘Their length appears to be considerable, since a longitudinal section nearly half an inch long shows none of the tubes with both 116 FOSSIL PLANTS. terminations (see figs. 3 and 4). The whole of their walls are marked with fine trans- verse lines or bars, which in general are parallel to each other; but occasionally they divide as is represented in fig. 5. All the tubes have their walls of a uniform thickness, so that Anabathra displays no appearance of the concentric rigs which are found in the wood of ordinary exogenous trees. The ligneous zone appears to have been intersected by numerous narrow medullary rays, judging from the interspaces which are marked d in figs 2 and 4. “The vascular cylinder is composed of elongated tubes which on the transverse section are irregularly angular, and somewhat variable in their proportion. Those of the greatest diameter are a little larger than the tubes composing the marginal strip of the ligneous zone, and they constitute the imner four fifths of the cylinder; while the smallest, into which the others gradually pass, occupy the remaining or outer portion. At the margin of the cylinder the vessels have become so diminished in size as to resemble the small ligneous tubes which immediately circumscribe them ; occasionally a small vessel is to be seen among the larger ones. With the exception of their being placed somewhat according to size, as just stated, the tubes of the medullary sheath possess no order in their arrangement. ‘The tissue of this part appears to be shorter than that of the ligneous zone, as there are several termimations displayed on a longitudinal section (see 4, fig. 3); but I am strongly inclined to believe that the shortness is more apparent than real: it ought rather to be said that the tubes in their longitudinal direction are very flexuous and twisted round each other. This circumstance, by causing a longi- tudinal section to display certain of the tubes obliquely cut, and others deviating from each side of the plane of the section would produce, it is conceived, the appearance as if these cuts and deviations were so many terminations. The walls of the tubes are marked with transverse lines or bars, which differ somewhat from those on the ligneous tissue, inasmuch as they are closer to each other, and they are often seen coming in contact, which gives them an anastomosed appearance (see fig. 6, pl. iv). In none of the large vascular tubes are the lines so disposed as to form a spiral, either broken or continuous ; probably this is the case in the smallest, but the section is not sufficiently thin to allow of its being seen. ‘The vascular cylinder is in close contact with the ligneous zone; and in no part does it display the least appearance of openings or - medullary rays. “The pith appears to have been formed of fusiform cells, analogous to those which Brongniart describes as belonging to the corresponding part of Lepedodendron. It may be doubted, however, that what I have considered as forming a portion of the pith of Anabathra did in reality belong to this part, since it is simply a portion of fusiform tissue crossing the centre of one of the transverse sections. “ Reverting to the ligneous tissue, and adverting to the longitudinal section repre- sented in fig. 4, pl. iv, which is at right angles to the medullary rays, and through the marginal strip, our attention must now be directed to these large openings (e) which BIBLIOGRAPHY. 117 form so prominent a feature. There are only two represented, owing to a greater number requiring more space than could be allotted for the figure; it consequently requires to be stated that they are arranged in a spiral manner. Mr. Witham described these openings as containing the medullary rays, which is not the case, because what has been probably taken for cellular tissue is in reality a number of small vessels (f) similar _ to those which occupy the outer part of the medullary sheath. Although the longitudinal sections do not exhibit any of these bundles springing froin the vascular cylinder, their proximity to this part in some transverse sections (see fig. 2), together with the fact just stated, leaves no room to doubt their having constituted the leaf-cords of the plant. According to Mr. Morris it would appear that Dr. Brown had ascertained this point some time since.. Owing to one of the openings, or vascular passages, having been intersected in a portion of its course through the ligneous zone, as shown in the longi- tudinal section parallel to the medullary rays in fig. 3, pl. iv, we have displayed in a very instructive manner a leaf-cord, or vascular bundle (/), traversing at right angles the ligneous tissue; a similar bundle is exhibited in the transverse section (fig. 2). These two sections prove that the leaf-cords curve but very slightly in their passage through the ligneous zone, as they proceed horizontally for a considerable distance. From the passage being in part hollow (see fig. 4), it may reasonably be supposed that the cords were accompanied in their course with a portion of cellular tissue. ““We may now be permitted to say a few words on the comparative anatomy of Anabathra. No one can help being struck with the similarity which this plant possesses in some points of its structure to Sigillaria and Lepidodendron. ‘The width of the ligneous zone is certainly greater in Anabathra than in Sigillaria; but there scarcely appears to be a shade of difference in the character of its constituent tissue in either plant; while between ZLepidodendron and Anadbathra there is in their vascular cylinder the closest resemblance. It is, therefore, clear that these three plants are nearly related to each other. “The resemblance between Anabathra and Lepidodendron in their vascular cylinder has induced Brongniart to hazard a question to this effect: May not the latter be the young branch, and the former the stem, of one and the same plant? ‘The hypothesis involved in this question,’ says its author, ‘appears, however, to have little probability in its favour, in consequence of there being on the outer part of the vascular cylinder of Anabathra none of the prolongations which are visible on the corresponding part of Lepidodendron.’ The prolongations here alluded to are those portions of the leaf-cords which are on the point of curving off from the cylinder, to the margin of which they give a sinuous appearance. Mr. Witham’s transverse sections of Azabathra certainly do not show any sinuosities. Brongniart’s objection is, therefore, so far a valid one; but it seems to me that, before Lepidodendron can be considered as the branch of Anabathra, 1 «Transact. Geological Society,’ 2nd series, vol. v, description of pl. xxxviil. See above, p. 113. 118 FOSSIL PLANTS. there is required to be known an example of a Dicotyledonous tree having young branches without any radically arranged ligneous tissue. “ Sigillaria elegans possesses in its anatomy a peculiarity of considerable interest in a physiological point of view. It is furnished with a medullary sheath, which, there is a strong reason to believe, existed to a certain degree independently of the ligneous zone. But whatever doubt might stand in the way of such a peculiarity possessing itself of our own conviction, so far as Sigillaria is concerned, it is clearly demonstrated ~ by what is observable in ZLepidodendron and Anabathra, asmuch as in the former the vascular cylinder has performed its function without the presence of the ligneous zone of the latter ; add to this, that in Anadathra, although these two parts are in immediate contact with each other, the differences which have been pointed out in their respective tissues further prove that they represent independent systems. It will now be seen on what grounds the distinction has been made in this paper between the vascular and the ligneous part of the fossils which have been mentioned.” 11. Brynzy’ (Roots).—Description of the Dukinfield Siged/arza with long Stigmaria roots, showing how the latter change their characters as they extend outwards from the tree. 12. Brown’ (Roots.)—In a paper on a group of fossil trees, in the Sydney Coal- field of Cape Breton, with Stigmaria roots. 13. Bryyzy* (Roots).—Description of Sigillaria reniformis having Stigmaria ficoides as its roots, from the Pemberton Hill Cutting, on the Bolton and Liverpool Railway. 14, Hooxnr* (Roots).—Dr. Hooker describes Stigmaria with close wedges in the woody cylinder, as well as one with open wedges, and shows that these two different roots belong to specimens having the same external characters. He also notices the depth of the bell-shaped cavities from which the rootlets proceed. 15. Brown® (Roots).—Description of an upright Lepidodendron with Stigmaria roots in the Sydney Main Coal, in the Island of Cape Breton. 16. Brown® (Roots).—Description of a S/gil/aria, with conical tap-roots found in the Sydney Main Coal. 17. Bronentart’ classes under Dicotylédones gymnospermes the family Sigillariées, containing the genera Sigillaria, Stigmaria, Syringodendron, Diplozylon, Ancistro- phyllum ? and Didimophylium ? and considers that Witham’s Anabathra and Corda’s Diplozylon belong to the same genus. The same author, in treating on the Diploxylon of Corda, writes :* “Ce genre n’est connu que par sa structure interne, qui me parait se rapprocher du Sigil/aria, dont il differe cependant par le cylindre continu, formé par 1 «Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc.,’ vol. ii, p. 391, 1846. 2 Ibid., p. 393, 1846. 3 ¢Phil. Mag.,’ s. 3, vol. xxvii, p. 259, 1847. “ “Memoirs of the Geological Survey,’ vol. ii, part ii, p. 431, &c., 1848. 5 “Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc.,’ vol. iv, p. 46, 1848. 6 Tbid., vol. v, p. 354, 1849. 7 8 ‘Tableau de Vegétaux fossiles,’ p. 97, 1849. (Bxt. Dic. univ. d’Hist. Nat.) Ibid., p. 57. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 9 les vaisseaux qui environnent la moélle et, suivant M. Corda, par labsence de rayons médullaires. M. Corda ne rapporte a ce genre qu’une seule espeéce, le Diplowylon cycadoideum, décrite par lui, et trouvée dans le terrain houiller de Chomle, en Boheme ; mais je crois que c’est & ce meme genre qui appartient, sans aucun doute, |’ Anabathra pulcherrima de Witham (‘ Int. Struct. of Foss. Veg.,’ p. 40, pl. 8), et je me fonde pour cela sur d’excellentes coupes de ce fossile remarquable, qui m’ont été adressées par ce savant, et qui montrent que le tissu qui entourne la moélle détruite, mais dont on voit quelque trace, forme un cylindre continu sans direction rayonnante, et composé de vaisseaux rayés disposés comme dans Diploxylon. C’est une seconde espéce de ce genre, a moins qu’on ne croie devoir réserver a ce groupe le nom d’ Anabathra.” 18. Bryney' alludes to the occurrence of spores in the inside of Stigmaria, and notices the remarkable crucial sutures on the base of the stems of some Stgi/laria. 19. Dawson’ (Roots), in his description of the Coal-measures of South Joggins, Nova Scotia, alludes to Sigilaria having Stigmaria roots. 20. Gonprnsere® describes and figures spherical bodies, some with a triradiate ridge, and others without that character, as the fruit of Sigillaria, Stigmaria, and fossil Selaging. ‘These bodies, according to the author, appear to be attached to the scales of the cones, and not contained in a sporangium ; and in the figures they appear chiefly at the base of the specimen. 21. Biynery* (Roots) gives information as to the origin of the medullary rays, and the nature of the vascular bundles, in the pith of Stgmaria, also as to the structure of its radicles. 22. Binney’ on Sigillaria and its roots. 23. Brnney® (Sigillaria and Stigmaria) :—“ In the present paper it is my intention to confine myself to the description of three specimens of fossil plants which would gene- rally have been designated Lepidodendron in England and Sagenaria on the Continent. “No. 1.—The specimen illustrated in pl. iv consists of a cylindrical stem 38sths of an inch in diameter, nearly enveloped in its stony matrix, and only showing its external characters on one side. ‘These consist of rhomboidal scars of an elongated and some- what irregular form, arranged in quincuncial order, but not so perfectly as seen in most species of Lepidodendron. In the middle of each scar there is an oval depression, from which rises a rounded prominence, where the leaf was attached. The scars resemble those of Lepidodendron selaginoides, figured by Messrs. Lindley and Hutton in their ‘Fossil Flora,’ vol. i, fig, 12, but the depression in the scar on their specimen is not so marked as in mine. 1 “Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. x, p. 1, 1854. 2 Tbid., vol. vi, p. 17, 1849. 3 « Flora Sarzepontana fossilis,’ pl. B, figs. 18 to 25 (1855), pl. x, figs. 1 and 2 (1857). 4 ¢ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xv, p. 76, 1858. 5 6 ‘Trans. Manchester Geological Soc.,’ vol. iii, p. 110, 1861. ‘Quart. Journal Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xviii, p. 107, &., 1862. 120 FOSSIL PLANTS. “Jn the middle of the large cylinder last described is a smaller one, about +th of am inch in diameter. ‘This is composed of large hexagonal vessels, of irregular sizes (a, a), placed one beside the other, without order, but becoming smaller as they approach the circumference, all having their sides barred with transverse striz, and some of the smaller ones (a, a) being divided at short intervals by horizontal and oblique partitions. ‘The outside of this inner cylinder’ (4, 4) is composed of hexagonal cells, barred with trans- verse striz, about ¢th of the diameter of those contained in the centre, arranged in radiating series of a wedge shape, and divided by medullary rays or vessels very finely barred (c, c) as in the vascular cylinders of Svgillaria and Stigmaria, respectively described by Brongniart and Hooker. Around and placed next to the cylinder are a number of round bundles of fine vascular tissue (d, d), some of which are opposite to the medullary rays or vessels, and others apparently away from them, near the wedges of the wood. ‘These bundles seem to be connected with the vessels which supply the leaves, but cannot be well traced to the medullary rays in all cases. It is probable that they may be sections of vessels passing from the medullary rays, or vessels, to the leaves. They are evidently the same vessels as are figured by Messrs. Lindley and Hutton (‘ Fossil Flora,’ vol. 11, Pl. 99, fig. 1), and also resemble the vessels described by Bron- gniart as occurring on the outside of the woody cylinder in Styillaria elegans. On the external portion of the outer radiating cylinder of the specimen similar vessels can be distinctly traced into the projecting scars from whence the leaves arise. ““ Next occurs a space of about 345ths of an inch (e, e), in which the tissue has for the most part disappeared and been replaced by mineral matter; but it seems to have been composed of delicate cellular tissue, which was traversed by bundles of vessels leading from the axis to the leaves. Then comes a zone of coarse cellular tissue (jf, 7) which gradually passes into small elongated utricles, of hexagonal form, and arranged in radiating series, which probably formed the inner bark. These in their turn pass into a black carbonaceous matter (h, 2), the remains of the outer bark of the tree. ‘The vessels traversing the external cylinder are of the same character as those traversing the internal one, except that they are of much greater size, each of the latter being probably com- posed of two or more of the former, as Dr. Hooker describes in S/gillaria.? A transverse section of the specimen ‘ No. 1’ is similar to the same section of Stgillaria elegans, with this exception, namely, that the inner lunette-shaped bundles of vessels found within and next to the woody cylinder in M. Brongniart’s specimen fill the whole of the central axis in mine. At first sight it might have been supposed that the specimen of Sigillaria elegans beforenamed had some of its middle portion destroyed, and that the lunette- shaped bundles once occupied the whole of the central axis ; but having by the kindness of M. Brongniart been permitted to examine the original specimen preserved in the 1 “Tn this specimen by some cause a portion of the inner cylinder has been destroyed, either by the section not being cut true or by a part of the woody cylinder having been destroyed in calcification.” 9 * “ “Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. i, part ii, p. 436.” BIBLIOGRAPHY. 121 Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, it appears to me that the learned author’s description ‘of the specimen, as well as the figure in the plate, are both remarkably correct. Although his specimen does not show the external structure of large Sigil/arie, my own observations lead me to the conclusion that we shall find the latter very much resembling, if not altogether identical in structure with, Sigillaria elegans. In large specimens of S. renzformis and S. organum, whose structure is preserved in my own ‘cabinet, there is distinct evidence of the internal cortical envelope, formed of elongated cellular tissue, or utricles, and disposed in radiating series, in all respects like that ‘described by M. Brongniart in his Autun specimen. “The longitudinal and tangential sections of my specimen show that the vessels of the central axis and the woody cylinder are barred transversely on all their sides. M. Brongniart found this to be the case with Sigi/aria, and gives it as characteristic of Sigillaria, Stigmaria, and Anabathra.' Specimens of these three, now in my cabinet, clearly prove that their central axes and their woody cylinders are exactly the same in ‘structure and arrangement ; thus affording evidence, from structure, that Stiymaria is the root of Sigidlaria, and that Anabathra is a Sigillaria—which has long been expected would prove to be the case.” 24. Brnnuy’ (Diploxylon) :—“ This specimen [No. 1] is not in so perfect a state of preservation as those fossil woods intended to be hereinafter described in this communi- eation, especially as regards its central and external parts; but it certainly differs from them in having a larger mass of scalariform tissue composing the central axis, and having the inner portion of the wedge-shaped bundles forming the ternal radiating cylinder of a convex shape as they approach the central axis, somewhat like those represented by Brongniart in his Sigil/aria elegans, and still more resembling those described by Corda in Diploxylon cycadoideum; but my specimen shows within those convex bundles a broad zone of scalariform tissue, arranged without order, and marked with transverse striz. “Tt has been assumed, both by Corda and Brongniart, that Diplorylon had a pith composed of cellular tissue, surrounded by a medullary sheath of hexagonal vessels, arranged without order, barred on all their sides with transverse stria. My specimen is evidently more complete in structure than those of the last-mentioned authors, or even that which Witham himself described ; but, although it shows the so-called medullary sheath in a very perfect state, there is nothing to indicate the former existence of a pith of cellular tissue. All the specimens examined by Witham, Corda, and Brongniart appear to have had their central axes removed altogether, and replaced by mineral matter, or else only showing slight traces of their structure; and these authors appear to . have inferred the former existence of a pith of cellular tissue, rather than to have had any direct evidence of it in the specimens of Anabathra, Diploxylon, and Sigillaria 1 “« Extrait des Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,’ p. 429, Paris, 1839.” 9 * © Phil. Transactions,’ vol. 155, p. 583, 1865. 18 122 FOSSIL PLANTS. respectively figured by them. Every collector of Coal-plants is aware of the blank space so: generally left in the above fossil plants, as well as in the roots Stigmarie. It is quite true that a little disarrangement of the scalariform vessels (a’) in the specimen is seen; but the part which remains undisturbed shows that the whole of the central axis was formerly composed of hexagonal vessels [tubes], arranged without order, having all their sides marked with transverse strice, and not of cellular tissue. This view is confirmed by another and more perfect specimen of Anabathra | Diploaylon| in my cabinet, and enables me to speak with positive certainty, and to show that these three plants had a similar structure in the central axes to the specimens of Sigillaria vascularis described by me in my paper published in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.’ “My specimen clearly proves the existence of medullary rays or bundles traversing the internal woody cylinder, which originate on the outside of the central axis; and it appears to me pretty certain that Corda’s specimen of Diploxylon cycadoideum, if tangential sections had been made and carefully examined, would have done the same. “The exterior of the specimen is not in a complete state of preservation, but it seems to have been covered by irregular ribs and furrows, with slight indications of the remains of the cicatrices of leaf-scars. Its marked character, as previously alluded to, is the great space occupied by the central axis. This is of much larger size than in either the Sigillaria vascularis or the specimens intended to be next described. “The lunette-shaped ends of the wedge-like bundles of the inner woody cylinder bear some resemblance to the form of the same parts of the Stgillaria elegans of Brongniart ; but much more to those of Corda’s Diplowyylon cycadoideum, with which it appears to be identical. at “ As Brongniart has preferred Corda’s name of Diplorylon to Anabathra, and as the former is a more expressive generic name, in my opinion, probably it is better to adopt it, and accordingly the specimen has been denominated Diplowylon cycadoideum.” 25. Brynuy’ (Siyillaria) :—* Fig. 2 shows the outside appearance of the specimen marked with fine longitudinal striz, irregular ribs and furrows, and some cicatrices of leaf-scars, which would induce most collectors of Coal-plants to class it with a decorti- cated specimen of Sigillaria. It most resembles Sigillaria organum. The bark of a portion of the specimen remains attached to it in the form of coal that is united to the matrix of the seam in which the fossil was found embedded. ‘The reverse side of the specimen does not show the character so distinctly. “ Here we have a Shgmaria-like woody cylinder, with a central axis composed of barred vessels arranged without order, found in the inside of a stem of Siyi//aria in such a position as it existed in the living plant. It is not a solitary instance, but one of more than fifty specimens exhibiting similar characters which have come under my obser- vation. “In pl. xxxii, fig. 1, is represented the light-coloured disk previously alluded to and 1 Op. cit., p. 586, &c., 1865, BIBLIOGRAPHY. 123 shown in pl. xxxi of the natural size, but here magnified 5 diameters, exhibiting the central axis composed of hexagonal vessels arranged without order, of several sizes, those in the middle being smaller, and becoming larger towards the outside, where they come in contact with the internal radiating cylinder, 6, and then again diminishing in size. This latter was no doubt cylindrical, like the stem of the plant; but both parts in the process of petrification have been altered by pressure to their present forms. It consists of a broad cylinder, 4, about an inch in diameter, composed of parallel elongated tetra- gonal or hexagonal tubes, of equal diameter throughout for the greater part of their length, obtuse and rounded at either extremity, and everywhere marked with crowded parallel lines, which are free or anastomosing all over the surface. The tubes towards the axis are of the smallest diameter; they gradually enlarge towards the circumference, where the largest are situated, though bundles of smaller tubes occasionally occur among the larger. This cylinder, which, for convenience, may be called the internal woody system of the plant, is divided into elongated wedge-shaped masses, pointed at their posterior or inner extremity, and parted by fine medullary rays, of various breadths, some much narrower than the diameter of the tubes, others considerably broader ; but none are conspicuous to the naked eye, except towards the outer circumference in some rare instances. “ Fig. 2 represents a transverse section of the central axis and the commencement of the internal radiating cylinder, magnified 12 diameters. The hexagonal vessels in the centre and at the circumference, where they come in contact with the internal radiating cylinder, are smaller in size than those seen in the other parts of the axis. The dark line across the axis, as well as the dark space in the centre,*both seem to be the result of a disarrangement of the tubes during the process of mineralization, as similar appearances have not been observed in many other specimens examined by me, which in those parts are in a more perfect state of preservation. The dark and sharp line separating the vessels of the central axis from those of the internal radiating cylinder does not permit us to clearly see the origin of the medullary rays or bundles which undoubtedly traverse the latter. “Fig. 3 represents a longitudinal section taken on the right-hand side of the specimen, and extending across the whole of the internal radiating cylinder, through the central axis, the intermediate space between the internal radiating cylinder and the outer cylinder, and the external radiating cylinder, to the outside of the stem, magnified 4 diameters ; a, a showing the smaller barred vessels of the central axis, having some (@’, a’) which appear to have been disarranged; 6, 6 the internal radiating cylinder of larger barred vessels ; c the space occupied by lax cellular tissue, traversed by bundles of vessels ; and d the external radiating cylinder, consisting of elongated tubes, or utricles, arranged in radiating series, diverging from certain circular openings, and divided by masses of muriform tissue, which contain the medullary rays or bundles. « Fig. 4 is a tangential section of the same parts of the specimen as lastly described, 124 FOSSIL PLANTS. magnified 4 diameters ; 4’, 6’ showing the medullary rays or bundles traversing the inner radiating cylinder, and d’, d’ those traversing the outer radiating cylinder. “ Pl. xxxii, fig. 1, is a longitudinal section of a portion of the same specimen, exhibiting the central axis‘ and the inner radiating cylinder, magnified 15 diameters. Fig. 2 shows several of the vessels of the central axis, as they would be if they were not ground away in the operations of slicing and polishing, magnified 45 diameters. Fig. 3. is a tangential section of the inner radiating cylinder; 4 showing the barred vessels, and 6” the medullary rays or bundles, magnified 15 diameters. Figs. 4 and 5, longitudinal. and tangential sections of the same specimens, showing the structure of the outer radiating cylinder ; d denoting the tubes, or elongated utricles, of which it is composed, and d’ the medullary rays or bundles which traverse it, magnified 10 diameters. 7 “Pl. xxxvi, fig. i, represents a transverse section of a ribbed and furrowed stem (No. 3’), displaying similar cicatrices to that of ‘No. 2,’ given in pl. xxxi, and having a lke central axis, as well as like internal and external radiating cylinders and other parts, magnified 2 diameters. It is given for the purpose of more distinctly showing the tubes. or elongated utricles, ¢, and the fusiform openings formed of very open muriform tissue, d’, enclosing the medullary rays or bundles which traverse the external radiating cylinder ; this it does in a very marked manner; magnified 20 diameters. “Tn pl. xxxv, figs. 1, 2, and 3 (‘Nos. 4, 5, and 6’), are shown the exteriors of three central axes, separated from large-ribbed-and-furrowed stems, in every respect similar to those described in pl. xxxi, and pl. xxxiv; and such as might easily be taken for small Calamites ; magnified 2} diameters. Tig 4 (‘ No. 7’) shows the outside of the internal woody cylinder of a Stzgmaria, with ribbed and furrowed characters, resembling those shown on the outsides of the central axes lastly described; also magnified 24 diameters. The first three specimens, ‘ Nos. 4, 5, and 6,’ are from the Halifax ‘ Hard Seam ’ of coal, at South Owram; but ‘No. 7’ is from the Wigan “ Five-feet Mine,” a seam in the Middle Coal-measures. The tangential sections which show the medullary rays, or bundles that traverse the inner and outer radiating cylinders, afford clear evidence: of the different appearance of the bundles marked 0” in pl. xxxmi, fig. 3, from those m pl. xxxiv, fig. 2, marked d’. “ Specimens ‘ Nos. 2 and 3’ bear considerable resemblance to the Sigil/aria elegans of Brongniart, with respect to their internal radiating cylinder and the medullary rays or bundles which traverse it, assuming that such vessels come from the outside of the central axis, and not from the exterior of the internal radiating cylinder, as that distin- guished savant supposed. Certainly there is no evidence in my specimens to support the latter view. A great many specimens have been broken up and destroyed for the 1 «Tn the plate the small tubes a’, a’ appear to be divided by septa. This is certainly the case in one slice; but in another of the same specimen these septa are not seen, but small barred vessels appear jn their places, so the former may probably be due to the direction of the slice being cut along the dark line which traverses the central axis, as shown in pl. xxxii, figs. 1 and 2.” BIBLIOGRAPHY. 125 purpose of examining the inner radiating cylinder, and in every case medullary rays or bundles were found traversing it, just as you find in the same part of Stigmaria. On the outside of the inner cylinder, at the extreme part of the zone of coarse and lax cellular tissue which bounds it, are some circular openings from which spring the wedge-shaped masses of quadrangular, tubular, or elongated utricles which form the outer radiating cylinder. ‘The lax cellular tissue has nearly always been displaced and disarranged in the process of mineralization, and sometimes the outer radiating cylinder, and the cir- cular orifices connected with it, have been pushed towards the inner cylinder. This may be the case in Brongniart’s specimen, and have caused him to suppose that the medullary rays or bundles originated only on the outside, and were not joined to those which traversed the inner cylinder. So far as my larger specimens show there were medullary rays, which had their origin next the central axis, passed through the inner cylinder, and, after traversing the zone of lax cellular tissue outside the latter, apparently communicated with similar rays or bundles of vessels of much larger size, which are always found traversing the outer radiating cylinder, and then went on to the Jeaves on the outside pf RMR SEEMMR Lire. « “Tn the specimens Nos. 2 and 3 the outer radiating cylinders are nearly an inch and a half in breadth, of thick-walled tubes or elongated utricles arranged in radiating series and diverging from a circular opening ; while in Brongniart’s Sigil/aria elegans the outer radiating cylinder was not more than yyth of that breadth. Probably my specimens may not prove to be of the same species as that of the celebrated Autun specimen; still they may be of the same genus, although of considerably greater age. But they have the greatest resemblance to the Stgillaria vascularis described by me in a paper read before the Geological Society and printed in its ‘ Journal’ (vol. xv, p. 636). All the specimens described in that communication, as well as those in the present, were obtained by me from the same seam of coal, but at different places; still the two, namely the large-ribbed-and-furrowed specimens and the small rhomboidal-scarred stems, are always found associated together, and they can be traced gradually passing from one into the other. These facts, when taken in connection with the similarity in structure in the central axis, the internal radiating cylinder, the space filled with lax cellular tissue between the latter and the outer radiating cylinder diverging from circular openings, clearly prove that the smaller specimen is but the young branch of the older stem ‘ No. 2.’ It is true that the earlier authors who have written on these plants would scarcely have admitted a ribbed and furrowed Sigil/aria to have been so intimately connected with a rhomboidal-scarred plant, but it is now generally allowed that such differences in external characters would afford no grounds for ignoring the structural similarity of the specimens. Undoubtedly the small Sigi/aria vascularis was part of a branching stem, for in my cabinet there is a specimen clearly showing two internal radiating cylinders just at the point where the branches dichotomized, as shown in the woodcut (fig. 2), so often met with in Lepidodendron.’...... 1 See Plate XIV, fig. 4, of this Monograph. ¢ 126 FOSSIL PLANTS. “ The broad space intervening between the internal and external radiating cylinders, filled with lax cellular tissue and traversed by medullary bundles communicating with the leaves on the outside of the stem, as shown in the specimens described in this paper, is the only part on which information is required to complete our knowledge of the structure of the stem of Sige/aria. Fortunately a small specimen of Sigillaria vascularis, kindly presented to me by Mr. Ward, of Long- ton, a most indefatigable collector, has enabled me to obtain con- siderable information on this point. This specimen shows the rhom- boidal scars on the outside of the stem, the ‘two radiating cylinders, and the space between occupied by lax cellular tissue and traversed by medullary bundles. “The specimen in this woodcut’ (fig. 5 [fig. 4], magnified twice) is of smaller size than any previously described by me, but it is, from both its internal structure and external characters, a small Sigillaria vascularis in its young state, when the two radiating cylinders, espe- cially the outer one, of the plant were only slightly developed. The medullary rays are seen on the outside of the inner radiating cylinder, and pass, inclining upwards at a small angle, from the inner cylinder to nearly the outside of the stem. No trace of the outer cylinder can be seen, so as to enable us to see whether the smaller-sized medullary bundles, coming from the inner cylinder, join the larger ones in the outer cylinder, described in pl. xxxiv, fig. 2, and there marked d’. All the tangential sections show the medullary bun- dles, both in large and small specimens, to be much greater and stronger in the outer than in the inner radiating cylinder; but no evidence has yet been found of the junction of these medullary bundles to prove that the former run into the latter, or whether the two are distinct. They consist of hexagonal tubes, barred on all their sides, surrounded by muriform tissue, that on the outside of the specimen being of very coarse texture.”” Sigillaria vascularis. 1 Obligingly lent by the Council of the Royal Society. 2 Tn all the large and small specimens of Sigillaria vascularis which have come under my observation that illustrated by this woodcut is the only one that clearly shows the vascular or foliar bundles proceeding direct from the outside of the inner radiating cylinder to the leaf-scars. This, from recent investigations, has been known to be the case. On its outside it is covered with rhomboidal scars like all the small specimens. ‘The space intervening between the inner radiating cylinder and the outer one appears to have once consisted of iron-pyrites, which has since been decomposed, leaving the vascular or foliar bundles fully exposed. On comparing the direction which these organs take, from the inner to the outer radiating cylinder, with those shown in the specimen “No. 31,” Plate XIII, figs. 2 and 3, of Lepidodendron Harcourtii in this Monograph, it will be seen that they run in nearly a horizontal direction, compared with the high angle the latter make when proceeding from the stem. This difference in the direction of the vascular or foliar bundles in Lepidodendron and Sigillaria vascularis is very marked, and worthy of the attention of those authors who contend that the latter plant is only a Lepidodendron.—H. W. B. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 127 26. Bryney’ (Stigmaria) :—‘ Many years since, after an examination of a great number of specimens of Stigmaria in my collection, it occurred to me that an outer radiating cylinder would ultimately be discovered. In my remarks on Stigmaria’ is the following passage :—‘ That part of Stzgmaria which intervened between the vascular axis and the bark appears to have consisted of two different kinds of cellular tissue. These in most cases have been unfortunately destroyed, so that we cannot positively know their true nature ; but they appear to be of different characters, for there generally appears to be a well-marked division. This is often shown in specimens composed of clay-ironstone which have not been flattened, and the boundary-line is generally about a quarter of an inch from the outside of the specimen. More probably the outer part of the zone has been composed of stronger tissue than the inner one, as is the case with well-preserved specimens of Lepidodendron.’ It is smgular that Drs. Lindley and Hooker, as well as such acute observers as Brongniart and Goppert, had not noticed this line of division ; but this was, no doubt, owing to the imperfect specimens they had examined. After the discovery of the outer radiating cylinder by Witham in Lepidodendron, and the same arrangement in Sigdl/aria by Brongniart, it was to be expected that such outer radiating cylinder would be found to occur in Stigmaria, if it were the root of Sigilaria. After an inspection of a great number of specimens, the cabinet of Mr. Russell, of Chapel Hall, Airdrie, has afforded me four or five distinct specimens which give clear evidence of the existence of this outer radiating cylinder in Stigmaria. They are all in clay-ironstone, and have not been much compressed. He has kindly allowed me to slice two of the specimens, which afford decisive evidence of the former existence of both an inner and an outer radiating cylinder. The space on the outside of the inner cylinder does not distinctly show the bundles of vessels communicating with the rootlets, although there is some evidence of their former existence. The bell-shaped ori- fices from which the rootlets spring are well displayed, and the space between them is occupied by wedge-shaped masses of tubes or elongated utricles arranged im radiating series, and not to be distin- guished in any way from those shown in pl. xxxv, fig. 5. Indeed, the transverse section of the specimens there figured Section of Stigmaria, from Airdrie. 1 ¢Phil, Trans.,’ vol. clv, 1865, p. 592. * “Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. vi, p. 20. * For this and the preceding woodcut I am indebted to the Council of the Royal Society, who have kindly lent me the blocks. 128 FOSSIL PLANTS. would almost do for a representation of the Stigmaria, if the latter had the central axis preserved, which it unfortunately has not. There is the same internal radiating cylinder, the same space occupied by lax cellular tissue, which gradually passes into tubes or elongated utricles, arranged in radiating series, apparently diverging from circular open- ings, and parted by large bundles of muriform tissue containing vessels barred on all their sides, extending to the outer bark. The accompanying woodcut (fig. 5) will give a much better idea of its structure than our laboured description. “This specimen clearly proves, by the evidence of internal structure alone, that Stigmaria is the root of Sigillaria, each of them having an inner radiating cylinder com- posed of barred vessels, a space occupied by lax cellular tissue, and an outer radiating cylinder composed of tubes or elongated utricles. 27. CarrutuErs (Sigillaria, §c., 1866).—For the views of this author see page 65 of this Monograph. 28. Scuimpzr (Sigillaria)—Professor Schimper’ classes Sigil/aria under the Lyco- podinées, and in the family Stgillarie. Ue writes—‘'Trunci cylindrici, simplices vel apice pluries furcati, longitudinaliter sulcati vel laeves, foliorum cicatricibus regularibus spiraliter dispositis ornati, cylindro axili continuo vel radiis medullaribus (fasciculis vascularibus ?) pertuso medullam crassum includente instructi, caterum e parenchymate (vivo succulento) cortice solido tecto compositi. Radices crass, pluries dichotome, longissimee, horizontaliter expanse, radiculis longis, simplicibus, erassiusculis, spiraliter dispositis, articulatione circulari insertis. Folia graminiformia triplicata nervo simplici percursa, post lapsum cicatrices relinquentia ovatas, ovato-hexagonas, exacte hexagonas, vel transverse rhombeas, vasorum cicatriculis tribus notatas, medio punctiformi, duabus lateralibus semilunaribus; cicatriculis trunci decortati binis, approximatis hic illic in unam confluentibus, ovalibusve linearibus. Fructificatio spiceeformis, sporangiis bractearum basi dilatata insertis. “D’accord avec la plupart des auteurs modernes, je range les Sigillariées dans l’ordre des Lycopodiacées, malgré la présence des rayons médullaires dans le cylindre ligneux, dont, d’aprés M. Brongniart, les ‘ vaisseaux rayés et réticulés’ seraient ‘ disposés en séries rayonnantes’ comme dans les Cycadées, ce qui a engagé ce savant @ réunir ces plantes aux Gymnospermes. La nature des vaisseaux, en grande partie scalariformes, le vaste parenchyme qui recouvre le cylindre ligneux, la forme régulicre des cicatrices foliaires et celles des feuilles elles-mémes, enfin la mode de fructification, qui est celle des Lyco- podiacées, sont des caractéres qui rapprochent ces singuliers fossiles plutot des Lépidodendrées que de tout autre type végétal. D’aprés plusieurs observations récentes, la végétation souterraine des Lépidodendron aurait méme une grande ressemblance avec celle des Styillaria. Cette végétation était formée par des racines puissantes, ramifiées par dichotomie répétée, s’étendant horizontalement 4 de grandes distances et garnies de 1 «Traité de Paléontologie Vegétale,’ tome ii, premiere partie, p. 76, 1870. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 129 radicelles épaisses, charnues, disposées en spirale, et se désarticulant, comme les feuilles, en laissant des cicatrices persistantes circulaires. Les Sigillariées comptent parmi les plantes les plus communes dans le terrain houiller, et paraissent avoir habité de préférence les endroits marécageux. “A. Trunci, Sigillaria, Brong., Syringodendron, Sternb., Brongt., ex. p. Atlas, pl. Ixvul, Ixviii. “'T'runci arborei, elati, crassi, simplices rarius, ad apicem dichotomi. Foliorum cicatrices, rectiseriate., seriebus sulco a se invicem’ separatis, vel contiguee corticemque clathrato-reticulatum reddentes, vel tandem distantes atque cortici levi vel leniter ruguloso insidentes, nunc ovales apiceque truncate vel emarginate, nunc ovato seu regulariter hexagon, rarius transverse rhombez diagonali transversa longiore quam recta ; cicatriculis fasciculorum vascularium tribus, medio punctiformi, lataralibus lunularibus. Folia ipsa Inearia, longa, subplana, vel triplicata, plicis carinatis, spiraliter vel verticillatim disposita. “Les trones des Styillaria peuvent étre divisés en deux groupes, en troncs cannelés et en troncs lisses. Les premiers sont parcourus de cdtes aplaties verticales paralléles, dont chacune porte une seule série de cicatrices; ces cotes ont leurs cOtés exactement paralléles, ou elles sont plus ou moins distinctement étranglées entre les cicatrices. Dans les formes oti ces cOtes n’existent pas les cicatrices sont contigués, et recouvrent toute la surface du tronc, ou elles sont séparées par des espaces lisses plus ou moins large. Aprés la chute de l’écorce il ne reste plus sur le trone que les cicatricules des faisceaux vasculaires, trés-variables quant 4 leur grandeur, ovalaires, réunies ensemble ou confondues en une seule, saillantes ou enfoncées dans une fossette (pl. 67, f. 8, 9, pl. 58). L’arrangement phyllotaxique des cicatrices est analogue a celui des Lepidodendron.' On remarque assez souvent, entre les séries des cicatrices foliaires, des séries interrompues de cicatrices tout-a-fait différentes de ces derniéres. Ces cicatrices sont ovalaires, convexes, ombilignées au centre, d’ou partent en rayonnant plusieurs rides (voy. pl. 67, f. 2 a). Ce sont probablement les cicatrices d’insertion des épis fertiles (figs. 12, 13, 14). Sur une espéce, le Sig. spinulosa, espece, dont les cicatrices foliaires sont espacées, et |’écorce lisse, il existe immédiatement sous ces derniéres une ou deux petites cicatrices circulaires a bord relevé en bourrelet et ombiliquées au centre. Ces cicatrices ont été prises pour des cicatrices provenant d’épines dont cette espéce aurait été munie, a linstar de quelques Euphorbiacées frutescentes ou arborescentes. J’y vois des cicatrices de racines adventives. Leur forme est en petit celle de cicatrices des Stiymaria (voy. figs. 12, 12 4). “Comme dans les Lepidodendyon, la structure microscopique du tronc n’a encore été reconnue que sur un trés-petit nombre de fragments silicifiés. Je n’ai jamais eu occasion d’examiner de pareils fragments en détail, et me vois, par conséquent, obligé de m’en rapporter & ce qui a été publié sur ce sujet. M. Brongniart, qui a été assez heureux de 1 Voyez, pour la disposition des feuilles dans les Sigil/aria, Naumann, ‘ Ueber d. Quincunx als Gesetz der Blattstellung vieler Pflanzen,’ Leipzig, 1845. Goldenberg, ‘ Flora Sarcep. Foss.,’ livre 2, p. 1, et suiv. 19 130 FOSSIL PLANTS. pouvoir étudier un échantillon silicifié du Sivilaria elegans,’ dit dans son ‘Tableau des genres de végétaux fossiles, p. 55— ‘Le caractére essentiel de ces plantes c’est de présenter, dans lintérieur de leur tige, un cylindre lgneux entiérement composé de vaisseaux rayés ou réticulés, disposés en séries rayonnantes, séparés en général par des rayons médullaires ou par les faisceaux vasculaires qui, de l’étui médullaire, se portent vers les feuilles. Cette organisation est presque identique avec celle des Cycadées; mais outre la différence des formes extérieures, les principaux genres de cette famille, ceux qui appartiennent sans aucun doute a de vraies tiges, présentent, en dedans du cylindre ligneux dont je viens de parler, un cylindre intérieur, sorte d’étui médullaire, continu et sans rayons médullaires dans le Dzplowylon, divisé en faisceaux correspondant aux faisceaux principaux du cylindre ligneux dans le Stgillaria.” Je ne pense pas quon puisse prendre les lames parenchymateuses qui séparent les faisceaux vasculaires dont se compose le cylindre ligneux pour des rayons médullaires dans le sens propre du mot. Nous voyons aussi dans d’autres Lycopodiacées les faisceaux vasculaires qui concourent @ la formation du cylindre ligneux séparés les uns des autres par un tissu parenchymateux qui se confond avec le tissu médullaire central. M. Binney’ décrit et figure le cylindre ligneux intérieur de son Sigillaria vascularis comme enticrement occupé par un tissu composé de larges vaisseaux scalariformes et d’autres de moindres dimensions (vaisseaux spirals). Le méme auteur dit que les rayons médullaires qui passent entre les faisceaux vasculaires dont se compose le cylindre ligneux extérieur sont formés par des vaisseaux finement rayés et se rendent dans les feuilles! Nous aurions donc affaire plutdt a des faisceaux vasculaires partant de lintérieur du cylindre ligneux que des rayons médullaires. Cela parait étre mis hors de doute par la figure qu’a publiée M. Binney (¢ Phil. Transact.,’ l.c., p. 594) Wun fragment de jeune tige de S. vascularis, dans lequel ces soi-disant rayons médullaires sont réguli¢rement disposés en quinconces. Le cylindre ligneux extérieur est suivi d’un large parenchyme a cellules trés-délicates, auquel succéde un tissu cellulaire plus lache, limité extérieurement par le tissu cortical, trés-serré, et solide. “Dans le S. elegans, Brong., le cylindre ligneux est formé en partie vers sa partie intérieure de vaisseaux spirals trés-étroits; ce méme genre de vaisseaux se trouve aussi dans le cylindre médullaire (voy. Brong., /. c., pl. xxviii, f. 1 4, 4, B). “ J’ai déja fait remarquer plus haut que les cicatrices foliaires du Sigillaria vascularis, Binney, ne different pas de celles du Lepidodendron vasculaire du méme auteur ; j’ajouterai 1 Brongniart, “ Observations sur la Structure Intérieure du Sigillaria elegans,” &c., ‘ Arch. d. Mus. d’Hist. Nat.,’ tome i, p. 406, pl. xxv—xxviii. 2 E. W. Binney, “On some Fossil Plants showing Structure, Stgillaria and Lepidodendron,” ‘ Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc.,’ May, 1862, p. 106, pl. iv, v; ¢dem, ‘Philosoph. Transact.,’ mdecelxv, p. 580, pl. xxxi-xxxy. M. Binney figure a la pl. xxxv, f. 6, un échantillon qwil rapporte au S. vascularis, et dont les cicatrices foliaires dénotent evidemment un Lepidodendron trés-voisin du L. Veltheimianum, et probablement identique avec son S. vasculare. Voyez aussi, Dawson, ‘On Vegetable Structure of Coal,’’ ‘Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xv, p. 636 ; idem, “Coal. Format. of N. Scotia and New Brunswick,” ‘Quart. Journ. Geo. Soc.,’ xxi, 1865. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 131 encore que la surface extérieure du tronc muni de ces cicatrices, que M. Binney a figuré a la pl. xxxv, f. 6, de son ‘ Descript. of some Fossil Plants showing Structure’ (‘ Philos. Trans.,’ vol. mdcccelxv), ressemble a un tel point a celle du Sagenaria fusiformis, Corda, (‘ Beitr.,’ tab. vi), qu’il est impossible de l’en distinguer. Ce Sagenaria est trés-voisin du type de Lepidodendron représenté par le L. Veltheimianum, type qui pourrait bien former le passage de ce genre au genre Sigillaria. “De nombreuses observations paraissent prouver a l’évidence que le Lepid. Velthei- mianum possédait pour racine ou rhizome un Stigmaria; nous aurions Ja une nouvelle preuve pour ce passage. “ J] résulte de tout ce que nous venons de dire que, malgré les beaux travaux qui ont été faits sur ce sujet, notre connaissance sur la structure microscopique des tiges de Sigillaria laisse encore beaucoup a désirer. Mais je crois que M. Binney a parfaitement raison quand il dit, ‘ Hverything has led me to believe that the leaves and branches (?), and probably the fructification of Stgi//aria would prove to be very analogous to those of Lepidodendron ° (loc. cit., p. 591)? “Les Sigillaria n’ont jamais été rencontrés en dehors du terrain houiller, et ils abondent surtout dans les formations houilléres moyennes et supérieures, dans lesquelles on a souvent observé des troncs d’une hauteur considérable, occupant encore leur position verticale primitive, mais ne montrant jamais aucune ramification. C’est ainsi qu’on a découvert, en construisant le chemin-de-fer de Saarbriicken a Neunkirchen, toute une forét de Sigillaires encore debout. Dawson a vu la méme chose dans les houilléres de la Nouvelle Ecosse. A Saint-Etienne et & Anzice, en France, les troncs de Sigillaires traversant perpendiculairement plusieurs couches houilleres ne sont pas rares. Hn Europe, comme en Amérique, ce sont surtout les trones des S. reniformis et levigata qui ont conservé ainsi leur position primitive.” 29. Witiiamson (Stzgmaria, 1871).—See page 71 of this Monograph. 80. Wituiamson (Diploxylon).—After adopting Mr. Carruther’s views as to some of the specimens of my Stigmaria vascularis belonging to Lepidodendra, Professor Williamson® treats of Diploxylon. He states, “ My specimens throw no direct light upon the struc- ture of the vascular and medullary axis of the true Sigil/ariz as distinguished from the Favularian type; but the cortical portions of all the plants, including the true Sii/larie, exhibit what is practically an identity of structure. In all we have a remarkably thick, spongy bark, reminding us, in many of its features, of that found in the living Cycads. This consisted either of parenchyma, prosenchyma, or of both combined, enclosed externally in a vast layer of elongated prosenchymatous tubes, which, in turn, is invested by a layer of cellular parenchyma supporting the bases of leaves, the latter invariably consisting of the same form of parenchyma as the epidermis. M. Brongniart’s specimen of Sigillaria (Favularia) elegans exhibits a central axis the structure of which is nearly iden- 1 As to Knorria having Stigmaroid roots, see p. 89 of this Monograph.—E. W. B. * ¢ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1872, p. 198, and p. 227. 132 FOSSIL PLANTS. tical with that of my specimen (pl. xxviii, figs. 83 and 34). This, in its turn, only differs from the more ordinary forms of Diplorylon in the crenulated outline which sepa- rates the ligneous zone from the cylinder of medullary vessels, giving to the exterior of the latter a fluted aspect, like that of a Calamite, but without the transverse nodal con- striction of the latter genus. The Diploxylons, again, as I have already shown, shade off into the ordinary forms of Lepidodendron, and are, undoubtedly, Lepidodendroid plants which have lost the central portion of their medullary axis. Remove the cellular tissues from the centre of the plant which I have represented in figs. 8 and 9, and we have at once the closest resemblance to Witham’s Azadathra and Corda’s Diploxylon, as well as to those now under consideration. That Witham’s plant is identical in type with mine is further indicated by his tab. 8, fig. 12, where he exhibits one of the large compound medullary rays shown in my pl. xxvii, fig. 23. The cellular tissues have not been preserved in the medullary rays of Brongniart’s Sigillaria elegans ; but tab. 4, fig. 2, of his memoir shows that his plant possessed similar ones to those which Witham and I have figured. Further, the description which M. Brongniart has given of the ovfer bark and epidermis of his plant, these being the only cortical elements remaining in his specimen, would apply, with little or no alteration, to several of my Lepidodendroid and Sigillarian types; so that, whilst a really indisputable StgiW/aria, like my pl. xxix, fig. 39, but in which the woody axis is preserved zz szdw, is still an important desideratum, I have very little doubt that, when discovered, it will be found to correspond with one of the several varieties of Diploxylon. Most probably, also, my pl. xxv, fig. 8, representing one of the extremes of the two types figured by Mr. Binney under the name of Stgillaria vascularis, will also be found to belong to the same subtype of the same genus. Yet my indefatigable friend informs me that his cabinet contains specimens in which the most gradual transition can be traced, from the plant just referred to, to the Lepedodendron selayinoides, the oppositely divergent form of the same group, hence his inclusion of both under one common name. .... “Having thus obtained (Wituiamson, op. cit., p. 238) additional heht respecting the Diploxylons, I again turned to the more highly organised of the stems described by Mr. Binney under the name of Sigillaria vascularis, and which I have already represented in pl. xxv, figs. 8—11. I made a fresh series of carefully prepared dissections, and succeeded in demonstrating the existence, in this plant, of a series of primary and secondary medullary rays, the former containing large foliar bundles _pre- cisely identical with those of Diplorylon cycadoideum. 1 have not succeeded in dis- covering in the former plant the cellular layer intervening between the medullary vascular cylinder and the woody zone of the latter one. The large primary medullary rays are composed of barred cells, which are sometimes mural, but more frequently prosenchy- matous ; through the upper part of each of these large rays there proceeds a bundle of true barred vessels. I have not succeeded in tracing one of these bundles to its medul- lary extremity, consequently I cannot yet affirm how it originates; but I have seen BIBLIOGRAPHY. 133 sufficient to confirm what I have already stated in the body of the memoir, that we need only remove the central cellular medulla of the plant i question to convert it into a true Diploxylon ; the identity of the two, so far as structural type is concerned, is as close as it can be even in its minuter details. Such being my conviction, I propose to designate the plant represented in figs. S—11 Diplorylon vasculare, and to apply Corda’s name of D. cycadoideum to figs. 21—23. “The plant represented by figs. 33, 34 distinguished by its large medullary axis and by the deeply fluted aspect of the interior surface of its ligneous zone, I propose to designate Diplorylon cylindricum ; whilst a fourth form, exhibiting some different features yet to be noticed, I would term D. stigmarioideum. So far as the general structure of the stem is concerned, the last-named plant does not differ from the other Diploxylons. The cellular medulla has disappeared, but there remains the medullary ring of barred vessels, surrounded by the exogenous ligneous zone. ‘The primary and secondary medul- lary rays also appear, but neither of them occurs so abundantly as in the other species. Moreover, in the radial vertical sections, the vascular bundles occupying the primary rays exhibit a different aspect from those of the other species described, and approach nearer to what exists in Stigmaria ficoides. his is represented in fig. 23, 6. The vascular bundle (m) appears to be derived from the body of the ligneous zone, and not from its medullary surface. It is composed of smaller vessels than those seen at e; but we find that at e these vessels diminish in size, and approach in magnitude those of the bundle m; not only so, but, whilst the upper extremities of the small vessels of m exhibit the perpen- dicular arrangement indicating that they belong to the part of the woody zone in which they occur, the lower extremities of the large vessels (e) are deflected in the direction of those of the foliar bundle, which is never the case with the corresponding ones of the other forms of Diploxylons. The lower margin of the foliar bundle is cut off in this section by an oblique, sharply defined line; this indicates that the large vessels at e” have been sharply deflected to the right and left of the bundle, to allow the latter to pass between them. All these appearances correspond so closely with what we find in Stigmaria that for a long time this plant seriously perplexed me; but it appears to be a true Diploxylon, since it has the vascular medullary cylinder of that genus as well defined as in any other species. This cylinder is never found in Stigmaria ficoides. It has been more especially in connection with this species of Dzploxylon, though not exclusively, that IT have found the peculiar bark represented in figs. 54—57. It is possible that this plant may, like Stagmaria, prove to be the uppermost part of a root of some of the other forms, though I have never yet found it associated with any rootlets; or it may be a fragment from the base where stem and roots united. . “ Amongst the numerous other interesting plants for which I am indebted to G. Grieve, Esq., of Burntisland, in Fifeshire, is a well-marked Diylovylon, closely allied to D. cyca- deoideum. Like the rest of Mr. Grieve’s specimens, it is froni the deposit of the Lower Carboniferous age which occurs embedded amongst trappean rocks at Pettycur Bay. 134 FOSSIL PLANTS. This specimen is instructive, since, though abundantly furnished with primary and secondary medullary rays, or rather with the spaces which they occupied, all the cellular tissues have disappeared from both, whilst the vascular foliar bundles are well preserved. Weare thus enabled to distinguish the respective areas occupied by the two tissues in a manner that I have not succeeded in doing so distinctly m the other specimens described. Each bundle is cylindrical, occupying the centre of the lenticular section of the ray, when cut at right angles to its direction, and consisting of very small, barred vessels. Above and below the vessels are open spaces; but these were originally occupied by the cellular tissues of the ray, the forms of the cells being strongly impresssed upon the indented walls of the contiguous longitudinal vessels of the ligneous zone. I have not discovered im this plant the cellular layer intervening between the medullary vascular cylinder and the woody zone ; in this respect it appears to approach nearer to D. vasculare than to the other forms. ‘The vascular medullary cylinder or sheath is strangely marked; but all the medullary cellular tissues have disappeared. I pointed out some time ago! that some of these Lepidodendra exhibited a feature not previously noticed ; namely, the vessels were not only barred transversely, but, in addition, the transverse bars of lignine were connected by a delicate series of threads of the same material, running parallel with the longer axis of the vessel. I find this feature in al] Diploxylons; but in the Burntisland specimen it is so famt that it can only be discovered under the microscope by a careful adjustment of the light. The coarser transverse bars are also much more irregular in size, number, and direction than is usual amongst the Diploxylons of the Upper Coal-measures. “The Diploxylon of Corda is so obviously identical generically with the Axabathra of Witham that the latter name ought to be adopted in preference to the former one. But ere long, in all probability, both these names will have to be abandoned, since there appears little doubt that they represent the woody axes of some of the common Lepidodendroid plants of the Coal-measures; and, as soon as the identification of these internal axes with their correlate external forms is indisputably accomplished, the yet older names of the latter must become the adopted ones. Under these circumstances it is scarcely desirable to disturb a widely accepted nomenclature, since any day may furnish the required connecting link. “The general conclusion towards which all these additional observations point is the same as that of the preceding memoir, which they strengthen and confirm, viz. that all these varied plants are constructed upon a common type, and belong to one Lycopo- diaceous family.” 31. Newserry? (Stgillaria) :—“ Fossil-botanists have discussed the relations of Sigillaria at considerable length, without reaching any universally accepted conclusion. Professor Dawson considers they are Gymnosperms, while Mr. Carruthers regards them as distinctly Cryptogamous, and more nearly allied to Lycopods than to the Conifers. My 1 “Monthly Microscopical Journal,’ August Ist, 1869, pl. xx, fig. 10. 2 « Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio,” vol. i, Part II, ‘Paleontology,’ p. B, 65, 1873. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 135 ‘own observations confirm those of Professor Dawson in regard to the structure of the trunk of Sigillaria. The outside was evidently composed of a thick cortical integument, to which the leaves were attached. Within this was a mass of cellular tissue, surrounded by a slender woody axis, with a relatively large medullary cavity. This is very unlike the structure of the trunk in most of our Conifers, but it is not very dissimilar to the trunk of Cycads. The probabilities are, that the Sigd/arie formed a group of plants con- siderably unlike any now living, and, as such, served to connect the Gymnosperms with the Acrogens. If this was their botanical position, it would not be at all surprising if we found that they possessed a trunk sharing the peculiarities of the Sago-palms and Tree- ferns, bearing drupaceous fruits not unlike those of the Cycads and some of the infinitely varied Coniferee. If we compare the fruits of Pinus, Taxus, Salisburia, and Ephodia, among the Conifere, we shall discover such a latitude of structure as will prepare us to accept the association of the fruit of Zrigonocarpon with the trunk of Stgillaria without much hesitation.” 32. RENAULT AND Granpd’ Evry’ (Sigillaria spinulosa) :—“ Des faits qui précédent il résulte principalement que les vraies Sigillaires, ainsi que le pensait déja M. Brongniart, ont les éléments ligneux arrangés en séries radiales et croisantes, séparés par de vrais rayons médullaires, comme les plantes phanérogames gymnospermes; que les faisceaux foliaires tirent leur origine de l’étui médullaire, comme il arrive chez les plantes dicotylédones. ntre le cylindre ligneux et I’étui médullaire il n’existe aucune couche cellulaire analogue a celle du Diploaylon cycadeoidum signalée par M. Williamson. Les cellules des rayons médullaires ne sont pas barrées comme celles qui forment les rayons médullaires du Deplorylon et du S. vascularis. Les faisceaux foliaires partent de la portion intérieure et médiane des faisceaux médullaires, celle qui est composée de vaisseaux plus petits, barrés et spirals, et, apres avoir traversé le bois obliquement, ils s’élévent verticalement dans la zone parenchymateuse de l’écorce, et sinfléchissent ensuite pour parcourir presque horizontalement la partie tubéreuse. De chaque coté du faisceau foliaire deux lacunes, parcourues par des canaux volumineux, prennent leur origine dans le tissu cellulaire sous-cortical, et viennent former a l’extérieur, sur la cicatrice, ces deux arcs placés de chaque coté du faisceau foliaire, médian et unique, et si apparents dans les Sigillaires. L’écorce tubéreuse est parcourue obliquement, de bas en haut, par de nombreux rayons cellulaires, limités par un tissu formé de cellules extrémement régulicres, disposées par bandes rayonnantes. Par les caractéres les plus essentiels, les Sigil/aires ont donc bien l’organisation des tiges dicotylédonées, et particulicrement des Gymnospermes et surtout des Cycadées. “Dans le mémoire cité plus haut M. Williamson, aprés avoir fait ressortir les analogies existant entre quelques portions de Lépidodendrées, le Sigi/arva vascularis, les Diploaylon et les vraies Sigillaires, dont il ne met pas en doute les caracteres phanéro- 1 ‘Mémoires a l’Académie des Sciences, &c.,’ vol. xxii, No. 9, p. 16, 1874. 136 FOSSIL PLANTS. gamiques, qui vont, au contraire, comme il Je fait marquer, en s’accusant de plus en plus dans ces derniéres, conclut que toutes ces variétés de plantes ont le méme prototype, et qu’elles appartiennent & une méme famille, les Lycopodiacées. “Tout en reconnaissant ce qu’il y a de séduisant & admettre lexistence d’une longue série de plantes cryptogamiques de plus en plus ¢levées en organisation, et dont l’un des termes les plus parfaits serait les vraies Sigillaires, qui offrent dans leur structure les principaux traits des Phanérogames—tout en admettant importance philosophique d’une hypothése qui n’a rien que de trés-naturel et de trés-conforme a ce qui existe dans d’autres branches de I’histoire des étres—nous pensons devoir rester dans une sage réserve, en attendant le moment, peut-¢tre prochain, ou des fructifications parfaitement authentiques et bien conservées permettront de trancher définitivement la question.”’ 33. Bronenrart.'—In writing on Zrigonocarpon M. Brongniart states in a note— “Je dois rappeler ici que j’ai toujours considéré, d’aprés la structure de leurs tiges, les Sigillaria et les Calamodendron comme se reportant & des types détruits de végétaux arborescents de la grande division des Dicotylédones Gymnospermes, contrairement a Yopinion de plusieurs paléontologistes, qui les rangent parmi les Cryptogames, prés des Lycopodiacées et des Equisétacées. “Le nombre et la variété des graines de Gymnospermes que je signale dans ce memoire confirment cette opinion, que je vois avec satisfaction adoptée par M. Newberry dans son mémoire récent sur diverses graines des terrains houillers de ’Etat de ’ Ohio.” IV. Description OF THE SPECIMENS. § 1. Sprcimuns Nos. 39 and 40, Sivillaria vascularis, Binney. Pl. XIX, figs. 1 and 2; Pl. XX, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. ’ The first specimen intended to be described in this Memoir is from a calcareous nodule found in the Halifax ‘“ Hard Seam” of coal at South Owram, Yorkshire, and marked “**” in the section of strata given at page 12. It was associated with Sigillaria, Stigmaria, Lepidodendron, Calamodendron, and other Coal-measure Plants. The chemical composition of the nodule of limestone and the circumstances connected with the occurrence of the fossil wood are the same as those previously described with regard to No. 3 specimen in this Monograph. ‘The specimen illustrated in Plate XIX, figs. 1 and 2, No. 39, natural size, is of an irregular oval shape, one foot in circumference, five inches in its major and three inches in its minor diameter. When first discovered it was six inches in length, being a fragment of a much larger stem. ‘The light-coloured disk im the middle, about an inch in diameter, shows the central axis and the internal 1 «Extrait des Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ “ Botanique,” 5e série, vol. xx, p. 5, 1875. SIGILLARIA VASCULARIS. 137 radiating cylinder of woody tissue; while lines radiating towards the circumference indicate the outer radiating cylinder composing the inner bark, formed of thick-walled utricles, or elongated cells, of a quadrangular form, arranged in wedge-shaped masses, divided by very coarse cellular tissue, oblong in its transverse section, somewhat like that described by me as occurring in Calamodendron commune, and containing a vascular bundle, also wedge-shaped, but increasing in the direction opposite to that in which the first- named wedge-shaped masses do: all figured of the natural size. The outer bark had been converted into a mass of bright coal, about an inch in thickness. Fig. 2 shows the outside appearance of the fossil” in a decorticated state, marked with fine longitudinal strie, irregular ribs and furrows, and some rather indistinct traces of the cicatrices of leaf- scars, which would induce many collectors of coal-plants to class it with a decorticated specimen of Sigilaria. ‘The outer bark of the specimen remains attached to it, in the form of coal, united to the matrix of the fossil. The reverse side of the specimen has the same characters, with the exception of the oval protuberance shown in the plate. In Plate XX, fig. 1, is represented a transverse section of the light-coloured disk previously alluded to and shown, of natural size, in Plate XIX, fig. 1, but here magnified 43 diameters, exhibiting the central axis composed of hexagonal tubes arranged without order, and of several sizes, those in the middle being rather smaller, but becoming larger towards the outside, where they come in contact with the internal radiating cylinder J, and then again diminishing in size just at the point of junction. This was no doubt originally cylindrical, like the stem of the plant; but both parts, in the process of petrification, have been altered by pressure to their present forms. It consists of a broad cylinder (4), about an inch in diameter, composed of parallel, elongated, tetragonal, or hexagonal tubes, of equal diameter throughout for the greater part of their length, obtuse or rounded at either extremity, and everywhere marked with crowded parallel lines, which are free or anastomosing all over the surface. The tubes towards the axis are of the smallest diameter; they gradually enlarge towards the circumference, where they are the largest, though bundles of small tubes occasionally occur among the larger. This cylinder, which may be called the internal woody system of the plant, is divided into elongated, wedge-shaped masses, pointed at their posterior or inner extremities, and parted by vascular bundles and fine medullary rays, of various breadths, some much narrower than the diameter of the tubes, others considerably broader, but none are conspicuous to the naked eye, except towards the circumference in some few instances. The disarrangement of the tubes of the central axis seems to be the result of the process of mineralization, as similar appearances have not been observed in many other specimens examined, which in that part are in a more perfect state of preservation. ‘The dark and sharp line separating the vessels of the central axis from those of the internal radiating cylinder does not permit us to clearly see the origin of the vascular bundles or medullary rays which undoubtedly traverse the latter. Fig. 2 represents a longitudinal section through the specimen, extending across the 20 138 FOSSIL PLANTS. whole of the internal radiating cylinder and the central axis, magnified 12 diameters ; (a) showing the barred tubes of the central axis; (4 4) the internal radiating cylinder of barred tubes, at first next the central axis, small, but increasing in size; (¢ c) as they approach the outside. In this section no part of the zone of lax cellular tissue, the outer radiating cylinder, the prosenchymatous tissue forming the inner bark, or of the outer bark, is shown ; nor are there any traces of vascular bundles. Fig. 3 is a tangential section of a portion of the inner radiating cylinder, magnified 16 diameters; (7) showing the large bundle of vascular tubes, and (d’) the medul- lary rays consisting of a single row of cells traversing the inner radiating cylinder. Although all the tangential sections afford evidence of these two kinds of rays, they have not been yet observed in the longitudinal sections ; so we cannot be certain whether the larger have a bundle of vascular tissue surrounded by cellular tissue, like those seen in Stigmarva, or not ; and we have no direct evidence to connect them with the pith or central axis, the latter being separated from the inner radiating cylinder by a sharp and distinct line, and showing no communication with the pith, such as is seen in some Stigmaria, and in Corda’s Diploxylon cycadoideum; but exactly resembling Witham’s Anabathra pulcherrima in every particular. Fig. 4 is a portion of the outer radiating cylinder, composed of small rectangular tubes, or elongated utricles, magnified 12 diameters. This band of prosenchymatous tissue is traversed by wedge-shaped masses of lax cellular tissue, which gradually diminish in size as they approach the outer bark. The tangential section does not exhibit the vascular or foliar bundles in so good a state of preservation as my large specimen in plate xxxiv, vol. clv, of the ‘ Phil. Trans.,’ but it shows that they are exactly of the same character, so far as they have been preserved. Fig. 5 (No. 40). This is a transverse section of the inner radiating cylinder, enclosing acentral axis or pith, of a small Svgid/aria vascularis, in all respects, except as to size, similar to the large specimen; magnified 9 diameters. The tubes in the centre, both great and small, are barred on their sides. he specimen has an outer zone of lax cellular tissue, passing into the outer radiating cylinder of prosenchymatous tissue, surrounded by an epidermis converted into coal. he figure is given for the purpose of showing that the small specimens of Sigillaria vascularis, with piths of barred vessels, first described by me in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ pass gradually into the large specimens described in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ and in the present Monograph. A number of the central axes have been taken out of the internal radiating cylinders of Sigillaria vascularis for the purpose of endeavouring to trace the connection of the medullary rays with the central axes or piths; but no evidence was obtained to show where these rays originated. They could only be traced to the dark line separating the pith from the inner radiating cylinder, but not passing through that line. The inner walls of the outer radiating cylinder, next the central axis or pith, were STIGMARIA FICOIDES. 139 found to be finely ribbed and furrowed longitudinally ; but no trace of openings, either large or small, similar to those seen on the inner walls of the open-wedged Stigmaria, was met with. In my Memoir in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ figures of three piths, taken out of three specimens of Sigillaria vascularis, are given. ‘They consist of barred tubes, and are all alike in their outward appearance, being slightly ribbed and furrowed; but they present no casts of oval openings, such as are seen on the inner sides of the wedge-shaped bundles of the inner radiating cylinder of Stzgmaria of the open-wedged character. This specimen in all respects resembles the large specimens of S. vascularis described by me in the ‘Phil. Transactions,’ but the outer radiating cylinder is not shown so well in tangential section as No. 2 therein mentioned. Still sufficient evidence is afforded of the wedge-shaped masses of large and lax parenchymatous tissue, enveloping a kidney- shaped bundle of barred tubes, which traverse and divide the wedge-shaped masses of prosenchymatous tubes or utricles in their way to the leaves. They are not seen in the transverse and longitudinal, only in the tangential, sections; and have not been found to anastomose, as described by MM. Renault and Grand’ Eury in the specimen of Stgillaria spinulosa described by them. § 2. Tun Sprcrmens Nos. 41, 42, and 43, Stigmaria ficoides. Plate XXI, figs. 1—7. Specimen No. 41, fig. 1 (magnified 6 diameters), is a transverse section of a Shgmaria jficoides, found by me in the “ Bullion Seam” (marked ** in the section of strata of the Lancashire Coal-measures hereinbefore given at page 12 of this Monograph) at Clough Head, near Burnley, in a calcareous nodule. The specimen is oval, and about an inch in diameter; but the figure only represents the inner radiating cylinder and one of the vascular bundles proceeding to the rootlets, the medulla being absent. The wedge-shaped masses of the wood are parted by wide spaces, and their ends are slightly convex, projecting into the space formerly occupied by the medullary tissue; im every respect similar to Goeppert’s specimen, and quite different from the close-wedged example from North Staffordshire described by me in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geol. Soc.,’ which had its woody system separated from the medulla, or central axis, by a sharp and distinct line. The tubes are quadrangular, and arranged in radiating series, being smallest near the axis, and gradually increasing as they approach the circumference. On the left- hand side of the figure there is represented one of the bell-shaped cavities that contained the vascular bundles communicating with the rootlets; but the zone of lax parenchy- matous tissue, surrounding the inner radiating cylinder, as well as the outer radiating cylinder, formed of prosenchymatous tissue, first described by me in my Memoir in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ are not shown. 140 . FOSSIL PLANTS. Fig. 2 (magnified 6 diameters) is a longitudinal section of the same specimen, showing the space formerly occupied by the medulla, but now only containing a little disarranged tissue (a), the smaller tubes next the medulla, barred on all their sides, forming the inner radiating cylinder (c), traversed by one of the large vascular bundles (d), proceeding from the medulla towards the outside and the bell-shaped cavity containing the vascular bundle (d), traversing the zone of lax parenchymatous tissue (e), is well shown on the left-hand side of the figure. Hig. 3 (magnified 8 diameters) is a tangential section of the same specimen, showing the large oval vascular bundle (¢), and the numerous small medullary rays of single cells in vertical series (d’) traversing the woody cylinder. Fig. 4 (natural size) is a representation of the outside of the specimen, showing cica- trices of rootlets. Specimen No. 42, fig. 5 (natural size), shows a beautiful pyritized specimen of Stigmaria ficoides,. the common open-wedged form, from the Lower Coal-measures of Lancashire (the exact locality not known), exhibiting the inner radiating cylinder in a perfect condition, with the inner ends of the wedge-shaped masses of the woody cylinder pierced by elongated oval cavities, in which were the large vascular bundles commuai- cating with the central axis and proceeding to the rootlets. Fig. 7, specimen No. 43 (magnified 6 diameters), represents the inner portion of another pyritized specimen from the “Stinking Two Row Seam” of coal at Golden Hill, North Staffordshire, in which the parts of the wedge-shaped masses of the woody cylinder next the medulla not only show the large oval orifices described in No. 42, but also traces of the small medullary rays seen in the tangential sections of the inner parts. This specimen is close-wedged, and is a portion of that described by me in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ and contains the large tubes in the central axis which some writers have taken to be the rootlets of other Stgmarie that have invaded the medullary portion of the plant. The oval openings (¢) seen on the ends of the wedge-shaped masses of the woody cylinder are all arranged in quincuncial order, exactly the same as the rootlets are on the outside of the root, and doubtless contained the vascular bundles which proceeded from the medulla and communicated with the rootlets. 1 This is part of a specimen which many years ago led me to search all the Lower Coal-measures of Lancashire and Yorkshire for a long time, until I discovered the calcareous nodules in the ‘‘ Brooksbottom” and “Upper Foot Coals”? near Burnley, Oldham, and Halifax, yielding specimens showing structure, about twenty years since. SIGILLARIA VASCULARIS. 14] § 3. Tue Specrmnn No. 44, Sigillaria vascularis, Binney. Plate XXII, figs. 1—4, and Plate XXIII, figs. 1—3. Specimen No. 44, fig. 1 (natural size), is the outside of a calcareous nodule from the “* Builion Seam” of coal at Clough Head, near Burnley, showing the transverse section of a root, in a most beautiful state of preservation. very part of the central axis (com- posed of large and small tubes and cells, barred on all their sides, and arranged without order) is entirely preserved in its structure, as is also the woody cylinder surrounding it ; ‘about one half of its diameter arranged in radiating series, with no division in its wedges, and separated from the axis by a sharp and distinct line. No oval openings are seen in the thin end of the wedges, like those of the Stigmaria (No. 41) hereinbefore described. ‘On the outside of the woody cylinder is a zone of lax parenchymatous tissue, much disarranged, but gradually passing into an outer radiating cylinder of prosenchymatous tissue, which is traversed by numerous bell-shaped cavities, that contain the vascular bundles leading to the rootlets. In fact, we have a Stigmaria showing a medulla, or central axis, surrounded by a woody cylinder, but separated from it by a distinct line of demarcation, and having none of the openings communicating with the central axis such -as are met with in Stigmarig like No. 41. The scars, in the form of depressed areole, -on the outside, are not shown, being enveloped in the matrix of carbonate of lime; but the bell-shaped cavities are well exhibited, and sufficient to prove it to be a Stigmaria, and in all respects similar in structure to the specimen of Siyi//aria vascularis, Nos. 39 and 40, hereinbefore described. Fig. 2 (magnified 6 diameters) is a representation of the central axis and the inner vadiating cylinder; the former composed of large and small tubes and cells, barred on all their sides ; the latter being found chiefly near the centre, and the outside next to the ‘woody cylinder. ‘The last-named part is composed of rectangular tubes, placed close together, increasing in size as they extend outwards, and in radiating series. This figure is taken by reflected light. Fig. 3 (magnified 15 diameters) is a transverse section of another portion of the inner radiating cylinder, composed of rectangular tubes, showing a large vascular bundle -and a small medullary ray. Fig. 4 (magnified 12 diameters) is a tangential section of the inner radiating cylinder of barred tubes, showing a large oval vascular bundle of about thirty cells’ (2), and smaller medullary rays of one and two cells each (d’), arranged in vertical series. Plate XXIII, fig. 1 (magnified § diameters), is another transverse section of the same specimen, in a different part of the root, and seen by transmitted light, showing the central axis and the inner radiating cylinder, as previously described. It is given for the 1 In the figure only six cells are shown, but more than thirty are seen by a high power. 142 | FOSSIL PLANTS. purpose of showing that different transverse sections of the root give the same result as: to the structure of the central axis. Fig. 2 (magnified 8 diameters) is a transverse section of a portion of the root taken near the outside of the specimen, showing the lax parenchymatous tissue (e) passing into the outer radiating cylinder of prosenchymatous tissue, formed of rectangular tubes (/), traversed by four bell-shaped cavities (Z), connected with the pear-shaped bundle of barred tubes, like those found in Stigmaria rootlets. In one of these cavities is a rootlet. Fig. 3 (magnified 8 diameters) is a longitudinal section (unfortunately not very true, being nearly diagonal across the inner radiating cylinder and the central axis) showing the large and small tubes and cells (a) which, by the direction of the section, appear like utricles and cells, large and small, barred on all their sides, the small tubes (4) next to the central axis and the larger tubes (e), also barred on all their sides, forming the inner radiating cylinder. In this figure the small tubes appear more like cells than tubes ; but under a high magnifying power they show the bars on their sides, like those seen on the larger tubes. In all the longitudinal sections of specimens of Sigillaria vascularis (Nos. 39 and 40) we have not been able to trace any vascular bundles proceeding from the central axis or traversing the inner radiating cylinder, having their origin in a medulla or a medullary sheath, similar to those found in the Stigmaria ficoides with open wedges. In the tangential section we cross the large vascular bundles and small medullary rays, which in their sectional view do not afford any direct evidence of their being formed of barred tubes, and this is all that can be said of them. In the examination of numerous casts of the outside of the medulla, or central axis, of Stgillaria vascularis, as previously stated, there have been found no openings in the ends of the wedge-shaped masses of the wood of the inner radiating cylinder, like those found in the open-wedged Stigmaria. This is the case with all the specimens of Diplorylon cycadoideum and Sigillaria vascularis that have come under my observation. In tangential sections of the outer radiating cylinder or inner bark of the latter plant (pl. xxxiv, fig. 2, im my Memoir in the ‘Phil. Trans.’) there is evidence of a foliar bundle similar to that shown to exist in Sigillaria spinulosa by MM. Renault and Grand’ Eury. ‘This is also seen in similar sections of the small Sigillaria vascularis described by me (loc. cit., pl. xxxv, fig. 5), and which Professor Williamson and Mr. Carruthers think is a Lepidodendron, and which Professor Schimper identifies with Z. Veltheimianum. The large size of the tubes and cells in the medulla is very remarkable, and in a great measure accounts for the absence of that part of Stigmaria; for such bodies were not likely to have been able to resist decomposition for any considerable time; and it also tends to confirm the probability of the large tubes found in the pith of my Staffordshire specimen, hereinbefore referred to and questioned by Professor Williamson. STIGMARIA FICOIDES. 143 § 4. Taz Specimen No. 45, Stigmaria ficoides. Plate XXIV, figs. 1—8. Fig. 1 (natural size) represents the exterior of a decorticated Stigmaria ficoides, found by me on an old coal-pit hillock at Over Darwen, Lancashire. It is uncertain whether it came from the ‘“Gannister” or from the “Lower Fort Mine” of the Lower Coal- measures, as both those seams had been wrought in the pit. It occurred in a nodule of rich clay-ironstone. The depressed areole, with a little mammelon in the centre, marked by a dark spot, as also the corrugated lines surrounding the areole, are very distinct, and a better specimen of Stigmaria ficoides, of small size, is not often met with, as far as its exterior is concerned. The rootlet from which my sections were taken was imbedded in the outer radiating cylinder, or inner bark, about half an inch in depth, and was originally one fourth of an inch in diameter, but it had diminished one half, probably from the removal of its thick carbonaceous exterior during the process of petrification. The remaining eighth of an inch is, for the chief part, composed of crystallized matter, most probably silica; and it is only a small circular speck, about one thirtieth of an inch in diameter, in the centre of the rootlet, that affords evidence of structure. Fig. 2 (magnified 90 diameters) is a transverse section of the small circular speck. Its exterior consists of a ring of fine parenchymatous tissue, three or four cells in breadth. ‘This is surrounded by a space, four or five times the diameter of the ring above named, in which no structure is apparent, the fine tissue formerly occupying it having disappeared ; then in the centre there is a beautiful pear-shaped mass of vascular tissue, one ninetieth of an inch in diameter, consisting of twenty-seven large vessels, of hexagonal, pentagonal, and other shapes, and of a bundle of very minute nearly circular vessels at the upper extremity. Fig. 3 (magnified 90 diameters) is not a straight section, bemg about half way between a longitudinal and a transverse section; but it clearly proves that the vascular tubes on all their sides were marked with transverse striz, as described by Professor Goeppert in 1841; but his specimen did not exhibit so many vessels, only eleven, and was not in so good a state of preservation as the one here described. Dr. J. D. Hooker also examined and described a similar specimen, but it was not very distinct. As none of the rootlets thus described were traced to their exact position in the main root; and as in my first description in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geol. Soc.’ no figure was given of the Stigmaria in which the rootlet occurred, it has been considered desirable to again describe the specimen and at greater length. 144 FOSSIL PLANTS. § 5. Tue Specimens Nos. 46 and 47, Stigmaria ficoides. Plate XXIV, figs. 4, 5, No. 46; figs. 6, 7, 8, No. 47. Fig. 4 represents, on a greatly reduced scale, the base of a stem (No. 46) having the irregular ribs and furrows so generally found on the outside of Stgil/aria vascularis when in a decorticated state. The greatest breadth across the specimen is about four feet and six inches, from one of the main roots to the other on the oppo- site side. Fig. 5, on a greatly reduced scale, represents the under side of the same specimen, » showing the crucial sutures. Specimen No. 47, fig. 6, on a greatly reduced scale, shows the base of another decorticated stem, having its sides covered with the same kind of irregular ribs and furrows as above described on No. 46. ‘The greatest breadth across the specimen is about thirty inches. As part of the secondary roots of this specimen remain, there is evidence of the- same system of dichotomization which has been observed in the Dixon Fold, St. Helens, and other examples of large fossil trees of Siyillarta vascularis. Fig. 7 represents the under view of the same specimen, showing the crucial sutures. Fig. 8 shows the distinct areola, with a little round elevation in the centre, and the convex corrugated lines so commonly found on the outside of Stigmaria. The above specimens are in the Museum of the Leeds Philosophical Society, and were observed in 1839 by the late Mr. Bowman and myself. That gentleman made drawings of them at the time, and the present figures are reduced copies. ‘The specimens consist of a fine-grained sandstone; and we were informed that they had been found in the Lower Coal-measures near Bradford, Yorkshire. In alluding to these singular sutures Dr. Hooker, at page 417 of his memoir,’ says— “A yet more remarkable and anomalous structure in Sigdd/aria than either that of their stigmaroid roots or fluted stems was pointed out to me by Mr. Binney. This is the curious crucial mark which quarters the base of the trunk. The S/gllaria generally divides into four main roots at the base, which unite to form the crown of the dome: described by Lindley and Hutton ; and it is along the line of union of these four roots that these strongly marked lines run, all meeting at the centre of the dome. I know nothing analogous to this in recent or fossil botany.” Dr. Schimper observes’—“ On remarque trés-souvent a la face inférieure du trone une suture en forme de croix, dont les extrémités correspondent aux angles de bifurcation 1 ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. ii, part ii, p. 417. 2 *Traité de Paléontologie Végétale,’ vol. ii, p. 112. SIGILLARIA AND STIGMARIA. 145 des quatre racines primaires. Cette suture n’est autre chose qu’une ligne de contact produite par l’epaississement de ces quatre racines (voy. notre pl., fig. 14); elle se continue aussi vers le haut entre ces mémes racines.” V. ConcLupinc REMARKS. When Brongniart described his Styil/aria elegans, the Rev. Mr. Harcourt’s Lepido- dendron, Lindley and Hutton’s Stigmaria, and Mr. Witham’s Anabathra, he had before him all the materials then known, for examining the structure of those plants, that the » Coal-measures had afforded. Subsequently Corda added the Diplorylon cycadoideum. Then Goeppert described his Stigmaria with the vascular bundles in the pith. But in all these specimens, except the last, the structure of the piths was more or less wanting. The first time that anything was published as to stems with vascular tubes in their piths was in my paper in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ and this was further extended in my Memoir in the ‘ Philosophical 'l'ransactions, where were described larger specimens of S/gillaria vascularis and Diploaylon cycadoideum, all showing structure similar to that of the smaller ones first described, with the exception of the Diploaylon having the edges of the woody bundles of the inner radiating cylinder slightly lunette-shaped, and running into the pith, like those described by Corda in his specimen, but in a less degree. Professor King, in his description of Witham’s Anabathra, shows it to be like Sigillaria vascularis, except in the pith, which was not distinctly shown. Each plant had the same medulla, inner radiating cylinder traversed by large and small medullary rays, since termed primary and secondary, the same zone of lax parenchymatous tissue, gradually passing into prosenchyma, and traversed by vascular bundles leading to the leaves, and which, although traced to the outside of the inner radiating cylinder, could not be absolutely proved to be connected with the large medullary rays, and the same outer bark generally converted into bright coal. It was also asserted that the small Lepidodendroid stem gradually passed into the irregularly ribbed and furrowed Sigillaria, and that the open-wedged Stigmaria belonged to Diplowylon cycadoideum, as its root, whilst the close-wedged one belonged to Sigidlaria vascularis. Since these, in this Monograph, Mr. Dawes’ specimen of Lepedodendron Harcourtii has been described, and shown to contain a medulla of orthosenchymatous tissue, which Mr. Harcourt’s specimen did not afford. The question now for con- sideration is this,—is the latter to be regarded as the type of the structure of Lepido- dendron, or is the new plant described by me to be so regarded, taking the evidence of internal structure, without regarding the external character. So far as the former goes, it appears to me desirable for the present to limit the genus Lepidodendron to the old type; and therefore I object to Mr. Carruthers taking my small specimens as Lepr- dodendron, and Professor Williamson taking my large ones.as Diploaylon vasculare. My 21 146 FOSSIL PLANTS. names are only provisional, but I think it better that they should remain until we know more of the fructification of the plant. In all the large specimens of Sigil/aria vascularis Witherto observed the zone of lax parenchyma intervening betwixt the inner and outer radiating cylinders is so disturbed that we have been unable to absolutely prove that the vascular bundles which traverse the one are connected with those that traverse the other, however probable it may appear that such is the case. In the small specimen, where this part of the plant is seen in contact with the inner radiating cylinder, and extending to the leaf-scars, it proceeds in a nearly horizontal direction, as previously shown in the woodcut (fig. 5), very differently to the vascular bundle of the Zepidodendron Harcourtii (No. 31) described in this Monograph, which at first proceeds from the medullary sheath in a nearly vertical direction, and then makes a gradual curve to the leaf-scar. It appears to me nearly certain, as some authors have suggested, that the large vascular bundles which traverse the inner radiating cylinder, and proceed through the outer one to the leaves, are really foliar bundles, and not medullary rays, and that we must limit the term “medullary ray” to the single- and double-celled rays found in the tangential sections of the immer radiating cylinder. In examining the structure of Coal-measure Plants we labour under great difficulties, owing to the fragmentary state of the specimens, and we have to collect evidence gradually and with patience. It has never been my practice to pretend to do much more than to collect the best specimens, and to carefully describe them, in accordance with the advice of that great botanist, the late Dr. Ropert Brown, who more than once stated to me that such was the course he should recommend, and which he himself would adopt. To other more experienced botanists is left the task of comparing the ancient with the modern flora. To those who asserted confidently that Siyi/aria vascularis had a medulla of parenchyma, and not of barred tubes, specimen No. 39, hereinbefore described, is adduced as evidence in favour of my views and against theirs; and to those who con- tended that Stigmaria had a medulla of parenchyma, and not of barred tubes as alleged by me, the specimen No. 44 is brought forward in support of my view that such root had a medulla of barred tubes and cells. Both these specimens, to my mind, appear to prove that Sigilaria vascularis had for its root a Stigmaria with a medulla of barred tubes and cells similar to those found in its own stem, whatever kind of St, aie AS ie ¥ Waller Lith 18, Hotton Garde Fig. 2 a Q&@s ae PLATE LVI. Trematopyeus Farineponrnsis, Wright. From the Lower Greensand. Test, upper surface, natural size. My collection. (P. 253.) Do. do. magnified one and a half times. Do. do. do. do. . Do. lateral view do. one half. . Do. posterior do. do. do. . Apical disc, magnified. . Ambulacral and inter-ambulacral plates and poriferous zones, magnified six times. . Basal tubercles, showing structural details. CARATOMUS ROSTRATUS, Agassiz. From the Upper Greensand. Vertical line, showing natural size. (P. 255.) Upper surface, magnified six diameters. Under = do. do. do. Posterior do. do. do. Lateral view do. do. PL LVI Nee Cer ' F Waller, Lith.18, Harton Garden let Lith. PLATE LVIII. Pyeurus Lampas, De la Beche. From the Upper Greensand. Test, upper surface, natural size. British Museum. (P. 258.) Do. . Ambulacral and inter-ambulacral plates, with poriferous zones, magnified six do. magnified one and a half times. . under surface do. do. . lateral view do. do. . posterior do. do. ‘do. anterior view of the front of the test, magnified one and a half times. times. Pl vil. ier je sare See coer ud F Waller ith 18,Hatton Garden PLATE LIX. Epraster Dz Lorioxiu, Wright. From the Upper Greensand. Fig. 1 a. Test, upper surface, natural size. My collection. (P. 265.) 6. Do. under do. do. c. Do. lateral view do. d. Do. posterior do. do. e. Do. anterior do. do. jf. Ambulacral and inter-ambulacral plates, with poriferous zones, magnified three times. g. Apical disc, magnified three times. Us pew B voy 2 F Waller Lith 18. Harton Garden et Lith PLATE LX. Ecuinospatacus Murcuisonianus, Wantell. From the Upper Greensand. Fig. 1 a. Test, upper surface, natural size. British Museum. 6. Do. under do. do. c. Do. lateral view do. d. Do. posterior do. do. e. Apical disc, magnified. /. Plates with tubercles, the fasciole an artist’s mistake. g. Skeleton structure of the ambulacra and poriferous zones and apical disc. A. Structure of the anteal ambulacrum. 2. Tubercles, boss, and encircling granules, magnified. Hemiaster Batityi, Forées. From the Gault. Fig. 2. Test, natural size. Royal School of Mines. (P. 264.) Hemiaster ASTERIAS, Forées. From the Gault. Fig. 3. Test, natural size. Royal School of Mines. (P. 264.) aaa j i ] one tial, H <=> fo Ya g ENGI A OIA OX oN a 4 ~ a F Waller lath JS Hatton Garden PLATE LXI. Hemraster Morrisis, Porbes. From the Grey Chalk. . Test, upper surface, natural size. My collection. (P. 262.) Do. under do. do. Do. lateral view do. Do. posterior do. do. Do. anterior do. do. Apical disc, magnified. . Portion of the dorsal plates, showing the peripetal fasciole, magnified. . Ambulacral and inter-ambulacral plates, magnified three times. Tubercles and granules on the upper surface, magnified. . Tubercles and granules on the under surface _—_ do. ' is) mS 7 = = PLATE LXII. MicrAsTER cor-ANncuinuM, Klein. From the Upper Chalk. Fig. | a. Test, upper surface, natural size. My collection. 6. Do. under do. do. c. Do. lateral view do. d. Do. posterior do. do. e. Do. anterior do. do. Jf. Ambulacral and inter-ambulacral plates, magnified three times. g. Apical disc, highly magnified. A. Lateral ambulacra, magnified four diameters. 2. Anterior single ambulacrum, magnified four diameters. k. Structure of the sub-anal fasciole, magnified. /. Structure of tubercles, bosses, and granules, magnified. Fig. 3. Portion of a spine adherent to the test do. Fig. 4. Do. do. do. do. Fig. 5. Spine found on the test do. go e2en Fe ree a IR..Bone del.et ith. W.West &Co.1mp PALONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVI. DCCCLXXY. A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONTA, BY POEN 2 YOCR TE, .h:C.P.E., de. No. II. Paces 93—148; Puares XX—XXVII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1875. OP 4) ol - -:: “J. B, ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE er Pt et Sa | GLABRA. 93 Shell subovate, very convex; umbones prominent, obtuse, antero-mesial, much incurved and slighly recurved; anterior side short, curved elliptically with the lower border; hinge-border short, convex, curving downwards posteally with the siphonal border, the length of which nearly equals that of the hinge-border. Area narrow, its surface forming nearly a right angle with the other portion of the valve; it is slightly concave near to the apex, becoming convex posteally ; it is divided by a deeply marked mesial furrow, and is traversed transversely in common with the whole shell by delicate lines of growth; it is bounded by two small carine, which are conspicuous near to the apex; the marginal carina has a few small distantly arranged tubercles; the inner carina is also slightly knotted. ‘I'he escutcheon is small, depressed, but becomes some- what elevated at its upper border. ‘The ante-carinal space is remarkable for its great breadth, which at the pallial border exceeds that of the area, and is equal to one third of the length across the valve, its upper portion forms a considerable concavity. The anteal or costated portion of the shell is comparatively narrow, occupying only half the surface of the valve; the costz are plain, oblique, and have some irregularity, curving downwards from the anterior border, and terminating abruptly at the smooth and more depressed ante-carinal space; for the most part their posteal extremities become irregularly nodose. An arrest of growth or concentric sulcation occurs beneath the middle of the valve; the costze subsequently have less obliquity, or are more concentric, curving upwards anteally, and externally to the extremities of the cost upon the upper half of the valve. The large proportion which the smooth ante-carinal space bears to the other portions of the surface, together with the few, plain, oblique, and irregular series of short anteal coste, constitute the most conspicuous distinctive characters. Our figure is taken from a gutta-percha pressing of an external cast in the collection of Mr. Cunnington, and was obtained by him in the Portland Oolite of the vicinity of Devizes; a second specimen in a condition nearly similar is in the same collection. Specimens of the typical form of 7. Michelotti from the Kim- meridge strata of Boulogne were figured by Goldfuss under the name of Lyrodon excentricum, and by De Loriol under that of Zrigonia Michelotti; it was also described and stratigraphically determined by Professor Hébert under the name of T. Mumieri ; it has a lower position than that of our Devizes specimens; the Boulogne shell also possesses some conspicuous distinctive features; the figure is more lengthened, the umbones are much less elevated, and less recurved; the short anteal costz are less prominent, or are somewhat obscure, and are therefore not nodose; the carinz have less distinctness, and are without tubercles. These differences are of considerable importance, and were they founded upon a sufficient number of specimens, both French and British, there would remain no doubt of the propriety of separating them as species, but with the very limited materials of either form at my disposal or brought under my notice, and knowing the variability exhibited by some of the Zrigonie Glabre of the Portland 13 94 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA. formation, more especially by the two more abundant of its forms, 7. gidbosa and 7. Damoniana, 1 prefer to regard (provisionally at least) the two allied forms from Boulogne and Devizes as constituting only well-defined varieties of one species. Dimensions.—Length 16 lines, height 13 lines, thickness through a single valve A lines. Triconia excentrica, Park. Plate XX, figs. 5,6; Plate XXI, figs. 6,7; Plate XXII, figs. 5, 5a. TRIGONIA EXCENTRICA, Parkinson. Org. Rem., vol. iii, pl. xii, 1811. — sinvata, 1d. Ibid., fig. 13. — EXxcENTRIcA, Sow. Min. Conch., vol. iii, p. 11, tab. 208, figs. 1, 2, 1821. — arFFinis, Miller and Sow. Ibid., tab. 253, fig. 3, 1821. -— — Defrance. Dict. des Scien. Nat., tab. lv, p. 297, 1828. — — Pusch. Polens, Paléontologie, p. 61, 1837. — ExcentTRica, Jb. Ibid. ~ — Agassiz. Trigonies, p. 9, 1840. — arFinis, Jd. Ibid., pp. 9 et 52, 1840. — ExcENTRIcA, D’Orbigny. Prodrome de Paléont., 1850, vol. ii, p. 160, No. 328. — stnuata, 16. Pal. Franc., Terr. Crét., tom. iii, p. 147, pl. 293, 1843. — — Ib. Prodrome de Paleont., vol. ii, p. 161, No. 323, 1850. — — Morris. Catalogue, p. 229, 1854. — eExcenTRica. Ib. Ibid., p. 228, 1854. Shell inequilateral, subovate, rather depressed and thin in the very young condition, becoming thick, with a considerable convexity, in an advanced stage of growth ; umbones pointed, erect, little produced, situated about two fifths the length of the valve from the anterior border. Anterior side produced, its border curved elliptically with the lower border ; hinge-border nearly straight, or in some examples slightly concave, sloping obliquely downwards, lengthened, terminating in a posteal extremity, which is rounded but attenuated. Area narrow, slightly concave near to the umbo, where the valve forms an oblique angle, separating the area from the anteal portion; the angularity soon disappears, the area then acquires some convexity, and has no distinct separation from the other portion of the surface excepting that a space anteal to the area becomes somewhat depressed near to the lower or pallial border. The other portion of the shell is covered by a series of very numerous, inconspicuous, slightly elevated, longitudinal or horizontal costee, which are indented anteally by oblique intersecting lines of growth ; the costee are regular and distinct, crossing the entire valve near to the umbo, but they soon disappear over the posteal third of the surface, and examples of adult growth have the GLABRA. 95 costae everywhere evanescent near to the pallial border, where the surface is occupied almost solely by the lines of growth, which are large, irregular, and rather distantly arranged. Several sulcations or arrests of growth are usually visible at irregular intervals. The costee have their anteal portions horizontal or directed slightly down- wards ; this excentrical direction has been depicted both by Parkinson and by Sowerby in a manner somewhat exaggerated where the costa are crossed by oblique lines of growth. The length compared with the height is as ten to seven, or, as in other examples, as ten to eight. The hinge-teeth diverge widely, and are larger than is usual in the Glabre; the adductor scars are deeply impressed, more especially the anteal adductor, which forms a deep sinus, passing upwards towards the apex of the valve concealed by the anterior dental process in each valve; the borders of the valves are plain, their inner surfaces exhibit remains of the iridescent nacre in well-preserved specimens. The figures upon Plate XX illustrate the young condition of the species; fig. 6 closely resembles the 7. sinwata of Parkinson; fig. 5, a specimen of much more advanced erowth, retains the surface ornaments similar to the smaller specimen; Plate XXJI, fig. 6, and Plate XXII, figs. 5, 5a, represent common examples of 7. excentrica in which the umbonal portion of the test does not retain the characters of the surface; the large specimen, Plate XXI, fig. 7, which agrees with the 7. afinis of the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ has the valve thickened from advanced growth, and the horizontal costz are obscure. Much of the variability seen in this species is produced by differences in the general figure which are not dependent upon any one stage of growth; thus, the short and thick example fully developed, depicted upon Plate X XI, which fairly represents the 7. afinis ‘of the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ is nearly allied in figure to certain young forms which are only three or four lines in length; these latter also pass gradually into the undoubted young condition of 7. excentrica, Plate XX, fig. 6, which is more lengthened. The six figures upon our plates, although exhibiting much diversity of aspect, do not sufficiently exemplify the medium-sized and fully developed forms of the more lengthened specimens ; through the kindness and discrimination of Mr. Vicary this defect may be rectified, that gentleman having recently forwarded to me so considerable a series of specimens from the Greensand of the Blackdown region as to enable me both to verify the unity of these three supposed species and to select from them specimens exhibiting the surface ornaments of the umbonal portions of 7. excentrica and their identity with the small specimens commonly referred to 7. sinwata. These will be given upon a future plate. Dimensions. —Length of the largest of our specimens 2? inches, height 27 inches, convexity of a single valve 2 inch. Occasionally the species attaims larger di- mensions. Afinities —The umbonal portion of the shell in the posteal sinuation of its delicate 96 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA. costee resembles a similar feature in 7! semiculta, Forbes, from the Cretaceous rocks of Verdachellum, near Pondicherry, Southern India (see the description of Z. aliformis) ; in the Indian species the coste are much larger, and the posteal slope or area forms a greater angle with the other portion of the valve. A similar feature is also conspicuous in 7. Sancte Crucis, Valang, (Pictet, Paléon. Suisse,’ plate 128, figs. 1—5). The latter shell has the anterior side shorter and its umbones more obtuse; the anteal portions of its costz are also less distinctly horizontal or excentrical. For 7. Coguandiana, D’Orb., which is also an allied form, see the next species. Owing to the fragility of the test, and the more compact matrix, specimens in Green- sand collections are usually very imperfect, and afford no adequate means for testing the . distinctness or affinity of other examples of the Glare from the same formation. These remarks also apply to specimens upon the tablets im the two national metropolitan museums, and enhance the value of the aid which has been afforded by the contribution from the collection of Mr. Vicary. As both 7! excentrica and T. sinuata are figured upon the same plate in the ‘ Organic Remains’ by Parkinson, neither form possesses priority; I have made 7. simuata a ~ synonym, as it exemplifies only the very young condition of the more fully developed T. excentrica. The internal mould does not appear to have been identified. The valves are always disunited. Stratigraphical Positions and Localities.—T. excentrica in its different aspects occurs in the Greensand of the Blackdown and Haldon regions at several localities, as at Hembury Fort, at Staple Hill, and near to Collumpton. The Chloritic Marls and Sandstones at Dunscomb Cliffs, to the eastward of Sidmouth, is another locality. D’Orbigny records 7. sinuata, including 7. afinis, in the lower beds of his Terrain Turonien or Chloritic Chalk of the Ligerian and Pyrenean basins; the localities given by him are Mans, Saint-Calais, Coudrecieux (Sarthe), Fouras, and the Isle d’Aix (Charente Inférieure), Ambillon (Marne et Loire).. He retained 7. excentrica as distinct from 7. sinuata, but the only locality attached to it is Blackdown. TRIGONIA L&viusCULA, Lyc., sp. nov. Plate XXII, fig. 6. Shell depressed, lengthened; umbo moderately produced, small, placed upon the boundary line of the anteal third of the valve and slightly recurved ; anterior and lower borders rounded elliptically ; superior border somewhat concave ; posteal extremity of the valve produced, attenuated, and depressed, its outline rounded. The portion of the valve adjacent to the posteal or superior border is slightly convex, and is without any GLABRA. 97 angular division ; its surface is smooth, or traversed only by delicate lines of growth. The other portion of the surface has horizontal, broad, depressed, plain, slightly irregular, and unequal ridges, which over the middle and lower portion of the valve become evanescent posteally ; the space thus rendered plain has three or four obscure longitudinal sulcations, and is somewhat more depressed than the costated portion ; its boundary anteally is nearly perpendicular, and extends somewhat anteal to the posteal third of the valve. The umbonal coste are very delicate and closely arranged; near to the pallial border the costee become widely separated, irregular in their directions, and more obscure. The lines of growth are very delicate, they decussate the horizontal anteal extremities of the costa. Internally the borders of the valves are smooth, the test is rather thin, and the hinge dental processes have but little prominence. I have no knowledge of the internal mould. This fine specimen was obtained by Mr. Vicary, of Exeter, in the Greensand of the Blackdown Hills, near to Collumpton, Devon; it is shorter posteally than 7. longa, Ag., and its few lower costz are more widely separated and irregular. Compared with 7. excentrica, Park., the latter has the general figure shorter, more especially anteally ; the convexity is much greater, the umbones are more conspicuous, and the longitudinal ridges are less widely separated. The test generally has greater thickness, and the hinge dental processes project more considerably ; the posteal smooth, wide, depressed space in 7. /eviuscula is also distinctive. Mr. Meyer has obtained the species ill preserved in chloritic sandy marl at Duns- comb Cliffs between Beer Head and Sidmouth; these imperfect specimens and the single example herewith figured are only materials known to me. More especially allied to 7. Coguandiana, D’Orbigny (‘ Pal. Fran.,’ vol. iit, pl. 294,) for which the imperfect specimens first collected were mistaken. It differs from the species of D’Orbigny in the following features: the convexity of the valves is less ; the posterior extremity is shorter or more rounded ; the costz disappear altogether over a considerable portion of the surface posteally ; there is also no indication of the little intercalated rib between each of the rows, as in 7: Coguandiana ; the latter species has the costz well defined and passing across the valve continuously its entire length. 98 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA. Triconra Linconensis, Dum. Plate XXII, figs. 1, 1 a, 2, 3, 4. Triconta LinGonENSIS, Dumortier. Etudes Jurrassiques du Rhone, p. 275, pl. xxii, figs. 6—8, 1861. —_ — Tate. Discovery of the oldest known Trigonia in Britain, “Geol. Mag.,’ vol. ix, No. 97, p. 306, 1872. Shell ovately trigonal, very convex ; umbo antero-mesial, pointed, much produced, and slightly recurved; anteal, lower, and posteal borders curved elliptically ; hinge- border nearly straight, sloping obliquely downwards, and forming an obtuse angle with the rounded siphonal border of the area. Escutcheon wide, depressed, traversed by transversely oblique, delicate plications, which become conspicuous and more strongly marked upon the obtuse inner carina. Area concave, bounded by two raised, obtusely rounded prominences or carine, traversed mesially for about a moiety of its length by a small furrow; both the area and its carine are traversed obliquely by very numerous unequal rugose elevations; near to the umbo these form a row of minutely knotted papille upon the border of the narrow ridge-like, inner carina. The marginal carina is distinct and elevated only as compared with the area, but has no distinctiveness or separation when compared with the other portion of the shell whose rugze pass across it without interruption ; near to the apex, however, it becomes elevated, narrow, and ridge-like, and the surface anterior to it has densely arranged acute ruge. The other portion of the surface has a numerous irregular and unequal series of rug, which take the direction of the lines of growth; all originate at the pedal border as narrow, densely arranged plications, which become less conspicuous and nearly evanescent upon the middle of the valve; they are continued unin- terruptedly across the area and escutcheon. There are also, in some instances, several longitudinal sulcations which are conformable with the rugee in their direction, and are similarly unequal in their distinctness and distances ; other specimens are nearly destitute of these sulcations. ‘The area forms nearly a right angle with the other or pallial portion of the valve, so that, when a specimen is placed in a horizontal position and viewed from above, the area and escutcheon are scarcely visible. Dimensions.—The largest of the specimens herewith figured has the length, measured from the apex to the posteal extremity, 28 lines; from the upper extremity of the siphonal border across the valve, at right angles to the length, 24 lines; thickness through the single valve 94 lines, length of the siphonal border 10 lines, length of the superior border of the escutcheon 18 lines. ‘These dimensions do not refer to the largest specimen obtained, as they are exceeded by one in the museum of the Philosophical Society at York; very rarely also the valves are found in position. GLABRA. 99 The hinge dental processes are exposed in two of the specimens figured; they agree with those of the Gladre generally, and are less massive than in those of other Jurassic sectional forms. ‘The internal mould has the adductor scars well developed; there are also traces of the external encircling ruge ; the test appears to be thin. The external ruge differ much in their prominence in different specimens, so that in some instances the general surface is smooth, and has rugz only near to the pedal border. M. Dumortier described 7. Lingonensis from the Marlstone beds of the valley of the Rhone, near to Langres; his figure has a slight depression of the surface anteal to the angle of the valve. None of the British specimens possess this feature, which probably, there- fore, is only accidental. Mr. R. Tate, now a resident at Redcar, to whom we owe its discovery as a British species, states that it occurs in the main seam of ironstone throughout the Cleveland district in the zone of Ammonites spinatus, and that it has been obtained at the following localities : Skinningrone mines; Hobb Hill mine, near Saltburn; Eston mines, near Middles- boro’; Belman Bank and Challoner mines, near Guisborough ; that the species is rare, excepting at Eston, but well-preserved specimens are everywhere rare. The two larger of our specimens were obtained by Mr. G. Lee, manager of the Eston mines at that locality, and generously presented by him for the present Monograph. Examples of this remarkable Trigonia are in the museum of the Royal School of Mines ; in the museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society ; in the collection of Mr. R. Tate at Redcar; in that of Mr. G. Lee at Eston; and in my own cabinet—all from the ironstone of the Cleveland district. The British Museum has a specimen obtained by the late Miss Baker, of Northampton, in the Middle Lias at Preston Capes in that county ; no other example from the Lias of the midland or southern counties has come under my observation. Afinities—The almost entire absence of ornaments upon the surface associates it with the Glabre, a section which has only a small number of ascertained species, and, unlike other sections of the genus, is not limited to one portion of the Mesozoic period, but occurs at intervals widely separated stratigraphically; thus, the Clavellate, the Undulate, and the Costate, are limited almost exclusively to the Jurassic formations. The Quadrate and the Scadre are not less strictly Cretaceous forms, but the Gladre, although represented by few species, constitute a section which embraces nearly the entire limits of the Mesozoic period. T. Lingonensis, the oldest known Trigonia, is limited to the Middle Lias. The next known example of the section is our 7! Beesl/eyana, which occurs not less rarely in the Inferior Oolite at a single locality. From that position the section appears to be absent until we arrive at the Portland formation, where it becomes the predominating section of the genus, and is represented in Britain by five species, two of which are abundant. Again, after a long stratigraphical interval, the section reappears in the middle portion of 100 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA. the Cretaceous rocks represented by two species in the Devonshire Greensand and Upper Greensands and Chloritic Marls of the South Devon coast. Two other European forms are also recorded. The Cretaceous rocks of India have yielded to the researches of Forbes and of Stoliczka four characteristic examples of the section. It is chiefly in the Cretaceous examples of the Glaére, both European and Asiatic, that we discover affinities with the Liassic 7. Lingonensis, species placed almost at the opposite stratigraphical limits of the Mesozoic formations; these affinities, however, have only a general or sectional resemblance, and refer chiefly to the characters of the area, so little separated from the pallial portion of the surface. § V. QuapRATA. In Britain the Quadrate are represented by four species only, two of these each constitute two varieties; they possess the several features special to the section prominently developed. Externally their escutcheons have small nodose varices ; internally the posteal portion of the pallial border has a short row of quadrate pits and elevations; there is also a smaller oblique series of pits or furrows at the posteal extremity of the hinge-border. Plate XXIV, fig. 1 a, exemplifies the pallial pits of T. nodosa. T. dedalea and T. spectabilis have less than half the number of these pits upon their inner surfaces. Triconia DEDALEA, Park. Plate XXII, figs. 7, 8; Plate XXIII, figs. 2, 3. Var. confusa, Plate XXIII, fig. 1. TRIGONIA D#DALEA, Parkinson. Org. Rem., vol. iii, pl. xii, fig. 6, 1811. — P rupis, Id. Ibid., fig. 10. _ DHDALEA, Sowerby. Min. Conch., vol. i, tab. Ixxxviii, 1815. — quapRaTa, Ié6. Geol. Trans, 2nd series, vol. iv, pl. xvii, fig. 10 (young example), 1836. — DEDALEA, Pusch. Polens, Paléont., p. 60, 1837. — — 22, lines); Length of the escutcheon A ; .. lS imes': Length of the siphonal border ; . 15 lines; Across the area : ; : . 11 lines; Across the pallial surface ; +s 42: lines: Specimens of less mature growth have the length and height equal, the measure- ment across the area is also equal to that across the pallial surface. Stratigraphical positions and Localities—The typical form of 7. dedalea is not uncommon in the lower beds of Greensand at several localities in the Blackdown region, more especially in the Whetstone Pits near to Lyme Regis, Honiton, and Collumpton. The south-western outliers of the Greensand at Great and Little Haldon have not produced the typical form, excepting in its very young condition. It appears to be also absent in the coast sections of Upper Greensand and Chloritic Marls upon the coast of South Devon, and equally so at the Isle of Wight, in Wiltshire, and in Kent and Sussex, and as no foreign example is known it may be presumed to have been a species eminently localised and restricted to a very limited area. The large variety confusa, Plate XXIII, fig. 1, was obtained by Mr. Vicary at Little Haldon, near Dawlish, in the second bed of Greensand, which underlies the bed with Orbitulites. As these latter fossils are abundant and do not occur at Great Haldon, which is separated from the other hill only by the narrow valley of Escombe, Mr. Vicary inclines to the opinion that the upper beds at Little Haldon are somewhat higher in the series than the other. The pebbly stratum enclosing Greensand fossils, including Trigonia pennata, T. sulcataria, and 7. Vicaryana, with numerous other forms well preserved, caps the hills both of Great and Little Haldon. These Zrzgonie do not occur in the Blackdown region. Afinities and differences.—The only figure of 7. dedalea, other than those of Parkinson and of Sowerby, which has come under my notice is a variety which con- stitutes the 7. palmataof Deshayes (Leymerie, ‘Mém. Soc. Géol. Fr.,’sér. 2e, vol. v, plate viii, fig. 5). Compared with British specimens, the small but distinctly raised marginal carina is destitute of nodes; the rows of pallial varices are much fewer; small at the 104. BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA. carina, they enlarge rapidly downwards towards the pallial border; the spaces between the rows are plain and very wide. This well-marked variety has not been observed in Britain. The fine specimen of 7. dedalea figured in the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ now in the British Museum, having so frequently been regarded as identical with the variety of 7. nodosa so abundant in the beds called “ Crackers” of the Neocomian formation at Atherfield, a comparison of the two forms becomes necessary. Z: dedalea has much less convexity ; this feature alone will usually be sufficient to separate them; it is also shorter in the general figure, more especially upon the superior border, which has the escutcheon small and inconspicuous. ‘The area is more flattened and its ornamentation is much more minute; it is much less decidedly bipartite, or is without the concavity formed by the upper half of the area in 7’ zodosa. Its three rows of carinal nodes upon the apical portion of the valve are minute, very numerous, and closely arranged, so that the transverse ridges which cross that portion of the area and are continued to the anteal border of the valve are also greatly more numerous and closely arranged. The rows of pallial varices have greater curvature, they pass upwards towards the angle of the valve almost perpendicularly, or form a much greater angle with it than is seen in T. nodosa ; the nodes in the rows are also more elevated and pointed ; they lessen in size rapidly and regularly from the border upwards, so different from the irregular and unequal nodes in 7. nodosa, which, for the most part, have the largest nodes about the middle of the rows. But apart from these details, a first glance at the depressed, short figure of Z. dedalea will usually suffice to separate it from the Neocomian species. ‘The foregoing details will also serve sufficiently to separate the Devonshire 7. dedalea from that different example of the Quadrate afforded by the Greensand of Le Mans, with which, misled by Parkinson’s very insufficient figure, Deshayes and D’Orbigny united it. Sowerby (‘ Geol. Trans.,’ 2nd series, vol. iv, pl. xvii, fig. 10) depicted a very young, almost embryotic example of 7. dedalea under the name of 7. quadrata. A similar but larger specimen is given, Plate XXII, fig. 8, of the present Monograph ; it should be compared with the young example of Z. nodosa, Plate XXIV, fig. 3. Four years subsequently to the appearance of Sowerby’s figure, Agassiz, who had received specimens of 7. dedalea from England, was therefore fully aware of their distinctness from the large species of Le Mans, figured and described the latter under the name of T. quadrata (‘ Trigonies,’ p. 27, tab. vi, figs. 7—9); apparently he was unaware that Sowerby had appropriated that name for his little Greensand specimen. By reuniting the little species of Sowerby to 7. dedalea the name quadrata given by Agassiz to the large species of Le Mans will thus be entitled to remain; it has not been obtained in Britain. Possessing such materials for comparison it is remarkable that Agassiz, upon page 26 of the same work, should have tabulated 7. dedalea, Park., as identical with a Trigonia from the Portland formation of Besancon, which he figured and described QUADRATA. 105 under the name of 7. Parkinsoni (‘Trigonies, tab. x, fig. 6), but he avows his uncertainty as to the correctness of this identification. Judging from the drawing upon the plate of Agassiz, it is not identical with any known British species; of its several features the general form alone possesses any similarity to the section of the Quadrate in which that author placed it. Three years after the publication of the memoir of Agassiz D’Orbigny figured and described the large Le Mans shell for the 7. dedalea of Parkinson (‘ Paléont. Fran., Ter. Crét.,’ vol. ii, p. 45, plate 292). ‘ola HH Ui iis fo Ia aa . ng > Ste cnt) Go oo 6 i Our wood engraving exemplifies 7. guadrata, Ag., or 7. dedalea, D’Orbigny ; the original is one of a fine series in the British Museum, numbered 32,394 ; it is remark- able for the great length of the siphonal border, which exceeds that of the upper border of the valve ; the absence of any row of nodes at the carinal angle of the valve, the more numerous and smaller rows of pallial nodes, their general confusion, or, in other instances, the attenuation and crowded bifurcation of the rows near to the pallial border, the simple curvature of the few first-formed rows, and the general absence of any distinct separation between the pallial and siphonal portions of the valve, supply very evident distinctive differences. The valves of 7. guadrata are also more depressed, more thin, their surface ornaments are much less prominent than in 7. dedalea, their condition of preservation is also less satisfactory ; not unfrequently large portions of their surfaces are deprived of the test or have the ornaments imperfectly preserved. 106 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA. TRIGONIA Noposa, Sow. Plate XXV, figs. 1,2. Var. Onpienyana, Plate XXIV, figs. La, 250% TRIGONIA CLAVELLATA, Mantell. Geol. Sussex, p. 73, No. 10, 1822. — wnoposa, Sowerby. Mineral Conchology, vol. vi, tab. 507, fig. 1, p. 7, 1829. — pa#paLEa, De la Beche. Geol. Manual, p. 287, 1832. a — Mantell. Geol. of South-east of England, p. 179, 1833. TRIGONIA cINcTA, Agassiz. Trigonies, p. 27, tab. vii, figs. 21—23,; and tab. viii, figs. 2—4, 1840. -- — Matheron. Catal. de Corps Org. Foss. du Depart. des Bouches du Rhone, p. 166, 1842. — rvupis, D’Orbigny. Pal. Fran. Terr. Crét., pl. 289, 1843. — op#paLea, Ibbetson and Forbes. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iv, p. 144, 1844. — — Fitton. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, p. 317, 1845. — Rupis, D’Orbigny. Prodrome de Paléont., vol. ii, p. 78, No. 291, 1850. — cincta, Buvignier. Statist. Geol. Minér. et Paleont. du Départ. de la Meuse, p. 473, 1852. — woposa, Morris. Catal., p. 229, 1854. —— — Cotteau. Moll. Foss. de l’Yonne, p. 76, 1857. — D#£DALEA, Pictet et Renevier. Foss. du Terr. Aptien de la Perte du . Rhone et des Env. de Ste. Croix, pl. xu, fig. 1, 1857. Shell ovately oblong, moderately convex anteally and mesially, depressed posteally ; umbones small, anterior, pointed, scarcely elevated above the superior border ; anterior side very short, its border curved elliptically with the lower border; superior border lengthened, straight, its posteal extremity forming an obtuse angle with the siphonal border of the area, which is sinuated, and its lower extremity curves elliptically with the lower border. Ligament of the hinge occasionally preserved ; large, in its absence the ligamental plates are conspicuous in their wide fossa. Escutcheon narrow, horizontal, flattened, its surface with small, oblique, irregular, nodose elevations. Area large, flattened, equal to two fifths of the surface of the valve in the variety Ordzgnyana, or to a moiety of the surface in the typical form; a row of nodes divides the area into two portions, the superior or outer portion is the larger, and is somewhat more depressed than the other, adjacent to the umbo; the area has three conspicuous rows of large depressed nodes, representing the inner, median, and marginal carine ; the inner carina has its nodes ovately lengthened, and near to the posteal extremity of the escutcheon they become mere plications of growth; the median and marginal carine have their nodes more rounded, but often somewhat concave upon their anteal sides, producing a comma- QUADRATA. 107 like figure. This, however, is not constant, and not unfrequently the nodes are ovate or slightly oblong, or in other instances the marginal carina has its nodes unequal in size and irregular in figure ; all the rows become evanescent upon the posteal half of the valve, where the area is occupied by large, irregular, knotted, transverse plications ; the portion of the area near to the umbo has regular transverse ridges, which are united to the carinal nodes ; the whole of this portion of the area has rows of regular, minute, trans- verse, papillary elevations, more or less distinct, which impart a highly ornamented aspect to the valve. The rows of nodose varices or costze upon the other or pallial portion of the valve commence, as in some other species, with about seven elevated biangulated, ridge-like rows, which pass obliquely downwards from the anterior border to the middle of the costated surface, where they are bent suddenly and pass uninter- ruptedly across the area obliquely, forming small elevated nodes at the marginal and median carine, and smaller ridges as they are prolonged to the inner carina; the succeeding rows consist of large, closely arranged, rounded varices, curved obliquely downwards from the marginal carina ; their nodes usually increase in size downwards in each row ; as they approach the pallial border they curve upwards in the direction of the lines of growth ; there is some irregularity in the rows of anteal varices which succeed the first-formed plain ridged series; they form a few short supplementary rows, several of which are intercalated with the anteal portions of the oblique rows ; the nodes nearest to the carina are smaller than those of the carina, with which they are also unconformable in number, as they are slightly more numerous than the carinal nodes. Owing to the enlargement of the nodes nearest to the pallial border and their more lengthened figures, the aspect of that portion of the valve is sometimes remarkable, the nodes being so closely placed that their arrangement in rows is scarcely perceptible unless the shell is viewed from the anterior side and at a little distance, when their order becomes more evident. In the variety Ordignyana the size and figure of the nodes have commonly great variability and inequality, sometimes even in a single row, so that the anteal or pallial extremities of the rows have the nodes large and ovately lengthened, or in other specimens their anteal extremities are attenuated, their nodes becoming small, cord-like, and indistinct ; both kind of rows have their anteal extremities conformable with the lines of growth or with the pallial border. For the most part the variety of the Perna bed or typical form has the rows of varices and nodes rather smaller and more regular (Plate XXV, fig. 1). The rows are more separated; the carinal nodes are also more regular and equal, so that the general aspect has little of the confused and crowded nodes so commonly seen in the variety of the crackers. Young examples, from five to fifteen lines in length, have the general figure depressed, and are shorter or more quadrate; the area is also in proportion larger; the cost or varices form plain ridges without nodes. The “Cracker ” variety Ordignyana has occurred abundantly at Atherfield, in beds 108 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA. higher than those which are characterised by the typical form ; the former are also found in a better condition of preservation; their profuse and varied ornamentation command general admiration, and require several specimens to exemplify adequately their several aspects ; this variability, although considerable, scarcely affects the general figure, and is nearly limited to the ornamentation of the surface ; but with so much irregularity in the nodes, description must to some extent become subordinate to figures. The difference of figure supplies the most constant and clear distinction which characterises the two varieties. In the typical form (Plate XXV) the area constitutes a moiety of the valve, and the pallial or costated portion has somewhat less breadth than in the other; the great length of the siphonal border imparts consequently a more quadrate figure to the shell. The variety Ordignyana has the costated or pallial portion larger than the area; the siphonal border passes more obliquely downwards, or forms a more obtuse angle with the upper border ; the lower or posteal extremity of the valve is therefore more produced and pointed. The internal moulds are only known to me from the small specimens of 7. ciacta figured by Agassiz; in these the height is less in proportion than in specimens not deprived of the test. Dimensions.—Specimen of the typical form from the Perna bed at Red Cliff, . Sandown. Length measured upon the marginal carina 4 . 80 lines. At right angles to the carina across the pallial surface SG as Across the area. ; ike Fp de Length of the siphonal rele. ; ali aise Length of the escutcheon , i eee Dimensions of a specimen from Hythe : Length upon the marginal carina . 40 lines. At right angles. to the carina across the pallial aimatace OG 2ET Across the area. . 1) doy Length of the siphonal Berdee , wees Length of the escutcheon . » Qos Variety Orbignyana : Length upon the marginal carina , . og wines, At right angles across the pallial surface . ale aie Across the area. aes Length of the siphonal donler. . pe OFS Length of the escutcheon ; ee Diameter through the valves . ae Sage Breadth of escutcheon : : eh 2) os QUADRATA. 109 Stratigraphical position and Localities—T. nodosa constitutes two varieties in Britain, the differing characters of which may be stated synoptically as follows :—Zhe typical form.—Ayrea forming a moiety of the surface of the entire valve; nodes of the marginal carina small and regular in figure, size, and arrangement; rows of pallial varices regular, without bifurcations, and becoming attenuated near to the border. Position—Perna bed at Redcliff, Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight. Hythe, dark grey sandstone bed with 7. ornata. Maidstone, Molluskite bed. ‘'Tealby, brown pisolite bed. Variety ORBIiGNYANA.—-Surface of the area never exceeding two fifths of the entire valve ; nodes of the marginal carina unequal in size and irregular in figure and arrangement ; rows of pallial varices variable in figure and arrangement, at the border either large and simple or bifurcating and attenuated, the nodes either distinct or crowded. Position — The Cracker beds at Atherfield, Isle of Wight; rarely in the Perna bed at Redcliff, near Sandown. History, ufinities, and comparisons with allied testacea—For specimens illustrative of T. nodosa from the Neocomian sandstone quarries near Hythe, which was the locality of the type-specimen figured by Mr. Sowerby, I am indebted to Mr. Mackeson, of that place, who, in compliance with requests from Rev. 'T’. Wiltshire and myself, obtained several examples ; these are obscure moulds of external casts in coarse sandstone. Mr. Mackeson had also the good fortune to procure upon a slab of sandstone two external casts of uncompressed specimens ; these have afforded good reproductions of the shell by the aid of gutta-percha pressings, and are found to agree with the form procured at Lympne and in the Perna bed at Redcliff, Sandown Bay. I have also been favoured with information respecting the condition of the species in the quarries of Kentish Rag near Maidstone, in a communication from Mr. J. Bensted, jun., the son of the proprietor of the quarries, whose intelligent remarks I have pleasure in quoting. ‘It is not uncommon in the Tguanodon quarries, and is found principally in one particular bed of sandstone called Molluskite bed, but simply as a faint white mark formed by the lime of the original shells, which are quite valueless as specimens. I have a single specimen only, which owes its preservation to the fact that the space occupied by the shell appears to have been filled with flint, which was to a certain extent able to resist the pressure which squeezed the others flat.” The same gentleman also favoured me with a drawing of the fossil which demonstrated its identity as a species with the gutta-percha pressings from Hythe, the specimen from ‘Tealby, and those from the Perna bed at Redcliff; from the latter locality the Royal School of Mines has a large specimen, presented by Dr. Fitton, as an example of 7. dedalea, but as the surface of the area is ill-preserved it is not fitted for the artist. Upon the same plate with the fragment figured by Parkinson for his Z: dedalea (Org. Rem.,’ vol. iii, pl. xii) is another more doubtful fragment, to which he attached the name of 7: rudis; it supplies a warning example of the impropriety of publishing such materials when no satisfactory description can possibly be founded upon them. 16 110 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA. This figure, so worthless in itself, has been the source of confusions and errors of identification in the Cretaceous Zrigonie for upwards of sixty years. One of the most singular and notable of these arrangements is seen in the great work of D’Orbigny above referred to. I am only able to correlate with some doubt Parkinson’s fragment of 7. rudis. The confusedly scattered tubercles upon the area, and the apparent absence of distinct carinal nodes, associate it better with the large variety of 7. dedalea than with any other species. Professor Morris (‘ Catalogue,’ p. 229) placed 7! rudis doubtfully with 7. specta- ditis. A slight error in Sowerby’s delineation of 7. dedalea (‘ Min. Con.,’ tab. Ixxxviil) gives the appearance of rounded nodes upon the marginal angle of the valve, larger than those upon the adjacent rows of pallial varices ; this has been a frequent source of error connected with 7. nodosa, or rather with its variety Orbignyana; specimens of this variety have been freely dispersed over Europe, and have been regarded as examples of 7. dedalea; it was adopted as such by Ibbetson and Forbes (‘ Proc. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. iv, p. 414), by Fitton (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. ii, p. 317), and also by the latter author in his elaborate stratigraphical list of Lower Greensand fossils It is also the 7. dedalea of Mantell (‘ Geology of the South-East of England,’ p. 179) and of De la Beche (‘ Geol. Manual,’ p. 287). It may afford some explanation of these errors to mention that Sowerby’s original figure of T. nodosa does not accord very closely with any actual known specimen; the effects of vertical pressure will explain the appearance of flattening at the umbo, the partial exposure of the striated hinge processes, the apparent absence of the angulated costee upon that portion of the shell. Mr. Sowerby’s collections of fossils, now in the British Museum, does not contain the original specimen of 7. nodosa figured in the ‘Mineral Conchology,’ and no information concerning it can be obtained; two very indifferently preserved portions of the Trigonia in the collection are probably the ‘ inside casts ’’ mentioned in his description. Agassiz, in common with other paleontologists, appears to have experienced much difficulty in the determination of this species (‘ Trigonies,’ p. 27, tab. vu, figs. 21—23 5 table viii, figs. 2—4 ;) the figures upon his plates are named 7. nodosa ; subsequently he was led to regard the species of Sowerby as distinct, and described the supposed new species under the appellation of 7. cincta. Agassiz grounds the distinctness of 7. cincta upon its smaller and more regular varices, upon the greater breadth of its area, and upon the ornamentation of the area, which in 7. nodosa appears to be nearly smooth, excepting that it possesses carinal nodes. The condition of the Hythe specimens is such that we should not expect to have the ornamentation of the area preserved ; usually the size of the area is nearly equal to a moiety of the entire surface of the valve, and the rows of varices in Sowerby’s figure do not agree very strictly with other Neocomian examples of the same species. ‘I'he only specimen with the test preserved figured by Agassiz is in an indifferent condition of preservation, the general figure resembles the typical form as exemplified by our specimen from the brown pisolite of Tealby, and also the variety QUADRATA. 1g from Ventoux figured by D’Orbigny (‘ Pal. Fran.,’ pl. 289, fig. 5), but the characters of the surface are obscure, and do not afford an adequate idea of the species. The very characteristic figures given by D’Orbigny (‘ Paléont. Fran., Terr. Crét.,’ Atlas,’ tom. ii, plate 289, figs. 1—5) represent three Neocomian ‘Trigoniz of differing aspects, which are intended as illustrative figures of 7. rudis, Park.; TZ. nodosa, Sow. ; T. spectabilis, Sow.; 7. cincta, Ag.; and 7. palmata, Desh. The specimen figs. 1, 2 has affinities with certain ill-preserved examples of 7. nodosa, from the coarse sandstone at Hythe, in the more horizontal direction of the rows of pallial varices, and in the great length of the siphonal border; two imperfect specimens in Mr. Sowerby’s collection, mentioned by him in the ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ now in the British Museum, illustrate these features; also our specimen from the lowest or Perna bed at Redcliff, Sandown Bay, excepting that the figure is more lengthened. Fig. 5, from Ventoux, has affinities with our Tealby specimen in the surface of the area and in the rows of small pallial varices with their rounded nodes, but differs in the ornamentation upon the position of the marginal carina; the Z. cincta of Agassiz also approximates to the Ventoux variety. Figs. 3, 4 are strictly identical with the more common aspect of specimens from the beds of Crackers, Isle of Wight, which I have distinguished as 7. Orbignyana. None of the figures present even a remote approximation to 7. spectabilis, Sow., or to T. palmata, Desh. The former of these is the species next described ; the latter is referred to as a variety of 7. dedalea ; neither of them occurs in the Neocomian formation. Our variety Orbignyana is well exemplified by the shell figured for 7. dedalea by Pictet and Renevier (‘ Foss. du Terr. Aptien de la Perte du Rhone,’ plate 12, fig. 1), which offers no material difference when compared with the Atherfield specimens. Their example of 7. nodosa, fig. 2 upon the same plate, differs so materially from all varieties of the species, whether British or foreign, that it cannot be accepted as pertaining to that species. The escutcheon in the present shell is so large, both in length and breadth, that when we find it furnished with a numerous series of regular transverse costellz, which are visible even when the shell is laid upon its side, it is impossible to associate it with the narrow form, horizontal surface, and crowded, obliquely nodose varices which characterise the escutcheon in 7’. nodosa ; the unusually lengthened form, the row of rounded nodes upon the whole length of the median carina, together with the short perpendicular rows of equal nodes upon the pallial portion of the valve, are equally distinctive; they also separate it from a large, imperfect, clavellated Zrigonia figured by Pictet and Roux (‘Grés Vert,’ plate xxxvy, fig. 5) for 7: nodosa, in which the rounded nodes in the rows become symmetrically small and inconspicuous as they approach the area ; they even pass across the area in an attenuated form. ‘The general aspect of this species would associate it with the Clavellate, but as the limits of the area are not clearly defined, as it is without bounding caring, and as some of the rows of nodes pass across it, it should apparently be arranged with the Quadrate. ‘The escutcheon is not seen. Foreign Localities—The small examples of 7. xodosa or T. cincta figured by 112 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONL&. Agassiz are from blue Neocomian marls at Neuchatel. D’Orbigny records the occurrence of his 7. rudis at Ventoux (Vauclose); Morteau (Doubs) ; Saint Souveure (Yonne). TrIGONIA spECTABILIS, Sow. Plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. TRIGONIA SPECTABILIS, Sow. Min. Conch., vol. vi, tab. 544, p. 83, 1829. — — Pusch. Polens Palaontol., p. 60, 1837. _ _ Agassiz. Trigonies, p. 8, 1840. _ — Morris. Catal., p. 229, 1854. — Noposa, Pictet et Renevier. Grés Vert, p. 484, pl. xxxv, fig. 5, 1857. Shell subquadrate, short, depressed in the young state, thick and moderately convex when fully developed; umbones small, pointed, scarcely elevated above the superior border, of which they form the anteal extremity; the anterior border is truncated, it descends almost perpendicularly, but is curved at its junction with the lower border ; hinge-border straight, forming nearly a right angle both with the anterior border and with the lengthened siphonal border. ‘The surface of the area is equal to three sevenths of the entire valve; it is slightly convex, but depressed at the well-marked mesial junction of the two portions; the superior or more depressed half has a few unequal and imperfect rows of small nodes, or, in other instances, the few nodes are scattered irre- gularly ; the other or mner portion of the area has at its umbonal extremity several subangular transverse ridges, which are continuations of those upon the other portion of the valve; each of these forms a prominent node at the position of the marginal and also of the median carina to the number of four or five rows, posteally to which the area has only a few irregular and obscure nodosities, which near to the siphonal border are effaced by plications of growth. The escutcheon is lengthened, very narrow, flattened, and inconspicuous; it is slightly overwrapped at its outer border by the nodosities of the inner carina of the area which are extended upon the escutcheon. The other portion of the shell has, mesially, four or five rows of very large, depressed, rounded varices ; they become small and curved near to the pallial border, and enlarge con- siderably towards the angle of the valve; each row has about eight or nine large, de- pressed, ovate, and scarcely separated nodes, the longer diameter of these is across the varices; or the nodes are sometimes only obscurely defined or partially united in the rows; the first-formed four or five varices are entire, narrow, angulated, and transverse ; their anteal extremities are bent upwards suddenly and perpendicularly ; there is also an additional short varix adjoining the anteal extremity of the fourth row. The two last-formed rows of pallial varices are comparatively small, depressed, and cord- like ; their general direction coincides with the lines of growth. In fully developed QUADRATA. 118 specimens there is a space posteal to the varices which is occupied solely by prominent rugose folds of growth. Internally the margins of the valves are smooth, excepting the pallial pits and eminences, which are small and only two or three in number. The prominences within the border of the escutcheon are also only two or three, and rather obscure. The cardinal teeth are large and diverge widely. All the specimens examined are single valves. The internal mould has not been ascertained. Dimensions.—The largest example figured upon Plate XX VI is surpassed in size by specimens in both of the National Metropolitan Geological Museums; as, however, its condition of preservation is good, and as it sufficiently represents an advanced stage of growth, it may be accepted as a good illustration of the species. The length transversely is 25 lines; the height 34 lines ; the length of the siphonal border and of the escutcheon are nearly equal, or 24 lines; the thickness through the single valve 5 lines. A smaller example has the length and height equal, but usually the length exceeds the height. Comparisons.—No example of the Quadrate, either British or foreign, appears to possess any near affinity with 7. spectabilis in the combination of its few, simple, leading features, viz. the short, depressed, subquadrate figure, the few unusually large, nodose, unequal, but sometimes connected or cord-like pallial varices, together with the smaller and for the most part few and irregular nodes upon the expanded area. Our smallest figure, which illustrates the very young condition, is also well characterised by its high- ridged acute cost and flattened form. Fully developed specimens have sometimes much rude irregularity in their surface ornaments. These occasionally altogether disappear, and the posteal half of the valve is then occupied solely by large rugose plications of growth. Our figures are truthful and characteristic, but do not fully exemplify these conditions, which may be better appreciated by examining the series of specimens upon the tablets in the British Museum. Pictet and Renevier, in their work above cited, have given a good figure of the present species under the designation of 7. zodosa ; no other author after Sowerby appears to have figured it. D’Orbigny united it to his 7. rudis, together with 7. nodosa, T. cincta, and 7. palmata (‘ Pal. Fran., Terr. Crét.,’ vol. iu, p. 137); but his illustrative figures represent Neocomian forms only, and are altogether distinct from 7. spectadilis. Stratigraphical position and Localities.—It is associated in the Greensand of Black- down with the other Zrigonie of those beds, but, owing to the fragility of the test, entire valves are rare. J am indebted to the liberality of Mr. Vicary, F.G.S., of Exeter, for the gift of specimens to illustrate 7’. spectadilis in the present Monograph; the species is well exemplified in both of the National Metropolitan Museums ; more frequently private collections have it only in fragments. 114 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA. Triconia TEALBYENSIS, Lyc., sp. nov. A single very imperfect specimen in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, is the only one known to me of a beautiful species of the Quadrate obtained in the Neocomian formation at Tealby, Lincolnshire. Should no other more suitable specimen occur it is proposed to figure this fossil upon a future plate; unfortunately the shells in the bed of hard limestone at that locality are converted into fragile crystalline lime, which breaks into fragments by the concussion of a blow with a hammer; there is, therefore, little probability that any example devoid of injury will be obtained from that bed. In the present instance the posteal half of the valve has been broken away, and the figure of the shell longitudinally is, therefore, rather doubtful. Diagnostic characters——Shell short, inflated; umbones much arched mwards, slightly recurved, not prominent, obtuse; anterior side short, its border curved elliptically with the lower border; superior border convex. Escutcheon broad and flattened, its upper border elevated, its outer or carinal border depressed with closely arranged, narrow, diverging scabrous plications or rugose folds. Area narrow, flattened, forming a considerable angle with the other portion of the valve. ‘The ornamentation of the umbonal portion of its surface is minute and delicate; there is a small median furrow ; the marginal and inner carinz are also very small and slightly knotted. The surface of the area has numerous regular, faintly defined, small, transverse indented lines. The other and by much the larger portion of the shell has the rows of nodose costae numerous, concentric, and closely arranged; the nodes upon the rows are very numerous, small, perfectly regular, closely arranged, prominent, and only partially rounded, as if compressed laterally in the rows or moulded by the lines of growth, which are densely arranged and conspicuous over the anteal and middle portions of the valve ; the rows have a slight horizontal flexure at their posteal extremities and also near to the anterior border, where their nodes become indistinct or cord-like. The fragment referred to has upwards of twenty rows of costa, which do not represent the entire number. The convexity of the valve is very considerable; the faintly marked features upon the anteal portion of the area indicate that the posteal portion is altogether without ornamentation. ‘The short, subglobose figure suggests the possibility that it may be identical with 7? paradowva, Ag. (‘Trig.,’ p. 46, tab. x, figs. 12, 13), known only from two internal moulds, which exhibit no trace of the external ornaments; in common with our shell they appear to have no near affinities with any one of the Cretaceous Trigonie ; both are from the same formation. The French specimens of 7. paradova are from the Neocomian of Besancon. SCABRA. 115 § VI. Scasra. This, the predominating section of the genus in the Cretaceous rocks, is also special to them; the entire series has crenulated or scabrous cost and costelle ; the area and escutcheon, devoid of bounding carinze, are each limited by an angularity of the surface ; the transverse costelle of the escutcheon for the most part also pass across the area. It is decisively separated from all other sections by the position of the ligamental fissure, which. is strictly inter-umbonal, so that in some species when the valves are united the ligament is concealed, or when the umbones are not closely placed the lengthened narrow fissure extends anteally to them. In Britain the Scabre form three sub-groups, which may be designated the aliformis, the pennata, and the spinosa groups. The first of these is remarkable for the prolonged and attenuated posteal extremity; the siphonal border is, therefore, very short; the incurrent orifice, the excurrent and anal orifices, were arranged near to each other, but separated by a short internal rib, as in other examples of the genus; in Britain its representatives are Z. aliformis, T. Vectiana, T. caudata, T. scabricola, T. Etheridge, 7. Meyeri, and 7. Fitton: ; there are also a numerous series of foreign analogous forms. The second or pennata group has the attenuated posteal extremity of the first group; it is characterised by a feature which somewhat resembles the section of the Glabre ; it has an ante-carinal diagonal depressed space, which is either smooth or has a faintly defined series of perpendicular coste. 7. pennata and T. sulcataria are the only British species ; two other species occur in France. The third or spinosa group has the borders of the valves comparatively short and rounded. ‘The pallial costze and costellz of the area and escutcheon diverge from the angle of the valve. 7. spinosa, T. ornata, T. Archiaciana, T. Agassiz, T. Vicaryana, and T. Cunningtoni are its British representatives. The foreign analogues of this group are even more numerous. A fourth group, which does not appear to be represented in Britain, is characterised by possessing the usual ornamented escutcheon of the Scaére together with the area of the Clavellate, with their bounding carine and delicate transverse plications ; the pallial coste are extremely variable. 7. Lwsitanica, Sharpe, 7. elegans, Baily, and 2. Con- stantii, D’Orbigny, may be referred to this group. 116 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONIA. TRIGONIA ALIFORMIS, Park. Plate XXV, figs. 3, 3a, 4, 4a, 5, 6. TRIGONIA ALIFORMIS, Parkinson. Org. Remains, vol. iii, p. 176, tab. xii, fig. 9, 1811. — aLmrorMis, Sowerby. Mineral Conchology, vol. iii, tab. 215, 1818. — atLiFrorMis, Deshayes. Coq. car., p. 33, tab. x, figs. 6, 7, 1831. LyRIODON ALHFORME, Bronn. Leth. Geog., vol. 11, p. 700, tab. xxxii, fig. 15, 1837-8. TRIGONIA AL&FORMIS, Pusch. Polens Palaontologie, p. 60, 1837. — ALirorMis, Fitton. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, p. 289 (pars), 1843. -- — Agassiz. Trigonies, p. 31, tab. vii, figs. 14—16, tab. viii, fig. 12, 1840. —— ALEZFoRMIS, Morris. Catalogue, 2nd ed., p. 228 (pars), 1854; exclude L. G. S. of Sandgate and Boughton. oa ALIFORMIS, Pictet. Paleont. Suisse, tom. i, pl. xiv, fig. 1, 1857; exclude fig. 2. Exclude the following figures of Trigonie named T. aliformis : Leopold de Buch, Petrefacta recuillies en Amerique, par A. de Humboldt et par Ch. Degenhardt, fig. 10, 1839. Forbes, Geol. Trans., 2 ser., vol. vii, part ili, p. 151, 1846. D’Orbigny, Pal. Fran., Terr. Crét., vol. iii, p. 143, pl. 291, figs. 1—3. Lyroden aliforme, Goldfuss, Petref., vol. ii, tab. 137, fig. 6, 1836. Pictet and Roux, Grés Vert, pl. xxxv, figs. 2 a, 6, 1847-53. Pictet and Renevier, Terr. Aptien de la Perte du Rhone, pl. xiv, fig. 2, 1857. (Fig. 1 is from a Blackdown specimen.) Trigonia aliformis is placed at the head of the first group; it is characterised as follows : Shell sublunate, inflated anteally, produced, attenuated and depressed _posteally ; umbones much elevated, antero-mesial, pointed, much recurved and incurved; anterior side produced, its border rounded; lower border rounded, but somewhat excavated posteally ; hinge-border lengthened, concave, terminating posteally in a rostrated and attenuated extremity; Jigamental aperture narrow, inter-umbonal. Escutcheon lengthened, deeply concave, occupying the entire upper surface of the shell; its superior or inner border is plain and much raised; its outer border is formed by a narrow, elevated, and rounded area; it is traversed transversely or obliquely by numerous closely arranged, small, serrated costellae, which are prominent near to the umbones, but become only faintly traced posteally. The area is very narrow, raised, and convex; it is rendered bipartite throughout its entire length by a deep groove and its superior or umbonal portion has a few small, ridge-like, transverse costelle ; the remainder of its Jength has small, irregular, transverse plications. The other portion of the surface has a numerous series of coste, which originate at SCABRA. 117 the border of the area as narrow, rounded, crenulated ridges, and diverge in every direction ; about seven costa nearest to the apex are concentric or are curved obliquely ; the next succeeding seven, or more, enlarge or become inflated at their middle portions, and pass obliquely downwards to the pallial border; their crenulations are faintly traced and irregular, forming obtuse, transverse nodes upon the costz, which become attenuated as they approach the pallial border. The more numerous and smaller cost occupy the more flattened or posteal portion of the shell; they are small, narrow, rounded, very closely arranged, minutely crenulated, and nearly perpendicular ; their extremities render the lower border dentated. The middle or inflated coste form a slight undulation approaching to a falciform flexure ; the interstitial spaces are plain. The narrow posteal portion of the shell, with its closely placed perpendicular costz and depressed surface, contrasts strongly with the inflated anteal surface with its more widely separated costz enlarged mesially and attenuated at their extremities. Usually specimens of adult growth have upon the anteal face of the valve-and adjacent .to the borders numerous small, rather obscure, horizontal ridges, or supplementary costellze, which occupy the intercostal spaces of the first-formed six or seven cost, a feature which is only visible in well-preserved specimens. ‘The change from the inflated anteal surface to the depressed and flattened posteal portion is abrupt and strongly characterises the species. The inner borders of the valves are dentated by the extremities of the pallial cost ; the narrow flattened surface forming the inner border of the escutcheon has a numerous series of small transverse pits; the narrow produced siphonal border is gaping, and contracted mesially by a projecting longitudinal internal rib in each valve placed beneath the mesial furrow of the area and serving to separate the incurrent and excurrent orifices ; the other borders of the valves are close fitting. Dimensions of an unusually fine specimen in the collection of Mr. Vicary and intended to be figured upon a future plate :—Length of the angle of the valve 27 lines; length from the pedal border to the siphonal border 26 lines; height 21 lines; diameter anteally through the united valves 14 lines; breadth across the area and escutcheon 9 lines ; length of the siphonal border 5 lines. T. aliformis also occurs as a distinct variety and in some abundance in the highest Greensands of Wiltshire at Warminster, and of the Isle of Wight at Ventnor; the fossils are invariably deprived of their tests, and are usually flattened from vertical pressure. Two uncompressed specimens are represented (Plate XXV, figs. 5, 6); the surface ornaments are sufficiently distinct excepting upon the area and escutcheon, where they do not appear to differ materially from the corresponding portions of the typical form. Compared with the latter, the figure is more produced and attenuated posteally and less inflated anteally ; the change from the small posteal perpendicular coste to the larger, curved, middle series is much less abrupt, and, as the umbones are less recurved, they are more erect, and are nearer to the anterior side, which is shorter; the escutcheon is also more lengthened. Possessing these differences, which are well 16 118 BRITISH FOSSIL TRIGONLA. exemplified by our figures, it is, perhaps, doubtful whether the variety from the Chloritic Marls and Sands should be named aliformis. The question has engaged my attention fully, aided by the comparison of ample materials. The typical form of the Blackdown and Haldon Greensand is remarkably exempt from any considerable amount of variability, so that, whatever may be the number of specimens or their stages of growth, no question can ever arise respecting their identity as a species. With the presumed variety the conditions are altogether different; deprived of the test, the most reliable means of comparison does not exist. The Warminster specimens are not only ill preserved, but they are invariably flattened and sometimes distorted by vertical pressure. Such appears to be the case with all the specimens collected by Mr. Cunnington, who kindly forwarded to me an unusually numerous series for comparison.