PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOL. XLVI STROMATOPOROIDS. Part IV (Concuuston). Paces 203—234; PLarrs XXVI—XXIX. PALAOZOIC PHYLLOPODA | (PHYLLOCARIDA, Packarp). Part II. SOME BIVALVED AND UNIVALVED SPECIES. Paces 73—124; Pirates XIJI—XVII. JURASSIC GASTEROPODA. Parr I, No. 6. GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Paces 273—324; Pirates XXI—XXVI. INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES. Parr VII. Paces 313—344; Pirates LVII—LXXVI. DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND. Vor tk (Pane EN. Paces 57—88; Pirates VI-—X. Issugp For 1892. ~ California Academy of Sciences | | Presented by Paleontographical Society. December , 1906+ i hiteetd Tho. 7 36 , ~~ —— Digitized by the Internet Archive - in 2011 https ://archive.org/details/monographof461892pala . PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOLUME XLVI. CONTAINING THE STROMATOPOROIDS. Part IV (Conclusion). By Prof. ALLEYNE Nicuotson. Four Plates. THE PALMOZOIC PHYLLOPODA. Part II. By Prof. T. Rursrr Jonzs and Dr. H. Woopwarp. Five Plates. THE JURASSIC GASTEROPODA. Part I, No. VI. By Mr. W. H. Hupurston. Six Plates. THE INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES. Part VII. By Mr. 8.8. Buckman. Twenty Plates. THE DEVONIAN FAUNA OF THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND. Volume II, Part 11. By the Rev. G. F. WuHiIpBorNE. Five Plates. ISSUED FOR 1892. NOVEMBER, 1892. THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847, for the purpose of figuring and describing the whole of the British Fossils. Each person subscribing ONE GUINEA is considered a Member of the Society, and is entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates. Subscriptions are considered to be due on the First of January in each year. The back volumes ave in stock. Monographs which have been completed can be obtained, apart from the annual volumes, on application to the Honorary Secretary. Gentlemen desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with plates and circulars for distribution on application to the Honorary Secretary, the Rev. Professor THomas Whittsuire, M.A., F.G.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham,. t) 3 London, S.E. A List of completed Monographs ready for binding as separate volumes will be Sound on page 22. The Annual Volumes are now issued in fwo forms of Binding: (st, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; 2nd, with each of the Monographs in a paper cover, and the whole of the separate parts enclosed in an envelope. Members wishing to obtain the Volume arranged in the LATTER FORM are requested to communicate with the Honorary Secretary. va i ab OF at yy \ — The Council, Secretaries, and embers OF THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ; I. A CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED ; II. A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE MONOGRAPHS COMPLETED, IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION, AND IN PREPARATION, WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS ; III. THE DATES OF ISSUE OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES; IV. A GENERAL SUMMARY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF THE PAGES, PLATES, FIGURES, AND SPECIES IN EACH MONOGRAPH ; V. A STRATIGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE BRITISH FOSSILS FIGURED AND DESCRIBED IN THE YEARLY VOLUMES. Council and Officers elected 24th June, 1892. President. PROFESSOR SIR R. OWEN, K.C.B., F.R.S., GS. Vite-Presidents. Sie A. Getxin, F.R.S. | W. H. Hupteston, Esq., F.R.S. Pror. H. AtteyNe Nicuotson, F.G.S. Dr. H. Woopwarp, F.R.S. Council, Rev. Pror. Bonney, D.Sc., F.R.S. J. E. Marr, Esa., F.R.S. J. Carter, Esa., F.G.S. G. H. Morton, Esa., F.G.S. J. W. Davis, Esa., F.S.A. | S. R. Pattison, Esa., F.G.S. Rev. H. Day, M.A. | Dr. J. S. Puené, F.G:S. Dr. H. Hicks, F.R.S. W. P. SuapeEn, Esa., F.G.S. Pror. E. Hutt, F.R.S. C. Trier, Esq., F.G.S. J. W. Itort, Esq. | Rev. G. F. WurpBorng, F.G.S. Pror. Liverne, M.A. Rev. H. H. Winwoop, F.G:S. Treasurer. R. Ernerives, Esa., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural History), 8S.W. Honorary Secretary. Rev. Pror. T. Wrursuire, M.A., F.G.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London. S.E. Vocal Secretaries. Bath—Rrv. H. WH. Winwoop, M.A., F.G.S. | Liverpool—G. H. Morton, Esq., F.G.S. Berlin—Mussrs. FRIEDLANDER & Son. _ Melbourne—R. T. Lirton, Esq., F.G.S. Birmingham—W. R. Huauss, Esq, F.L.S. | North Devon—TownseEnvd M. Hatt, Esq., F.G.S. Cambridge—James Carter, Esa., F.G.S, | Oxford—Pror. A. H. Green, M.A,, F.R.S. Cheltenham—K. WETHERED, Esq., F.G.S. | Paris—M. F. Savy. Durham—Revy. A. Warts, F.G.S. | Roxburghshire—D. Watson, Esa. Glasgow—J. Tuomson, Hsa., F.G.S. Gloucester—S S. Buckman, Esa., F.G.S8. Hunter, F.G.S. Halifax—J. W. Davis, Esq., F.G.S. Sydney—H. Drans, Esq, F.L.S. Hert fordshire—J. Hopkinson, Esa., F.G.S8. — Torquay—W. PENGELLY, Esa., F.RS. Scotland (Central and Southern)—Dr. J. R. 8. LIST OF MEMBERS.* CORRECTED TO JULY, 1892. Her Most Gracious Masesty THE QUEEN. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A. Adelaide Public Library, Australia. Adlard, R. E., Esg., Bartholomew Close. E.C. Agassiz, Alex., Esq., Cambridge, U.S.A. Albert Memorial Museum, Queen Street, Exeter. Allendale E. J. 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Bedford, J., Esq., Woodhouse Cliff, Leeds. Belfast Library, Donegall Square North, Belfast. Bell, W. H., Esq., F.G.S., Cleeve House, Seend, Melksham. Bell and Bradfute, Messrs., 12, Bank Street, Edinburgh. Benn, C. A., Esq., Pudleston Hall, Leominster. Berkeley, Earl of, 1, Drayton Gardens, South Kensington. S.W. Berthand, Prof., Faculté des Sciences, Lyons. Bewley, John, Esq., Central Buildings, 41, North John Street, Liverpool. Bibliothéque de Ecole des Mines, Paris. * The Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or omissions in this list, and of any delay in the transmission of the Yearly Volumes. Bibliothéque du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Bibliothéque du Palais des Arts, Lyons. Bibliothéque Communal, Boulogne-sur-Mer, per Mons. Martel, Conserv. Adjoints. Birkenhead Free Library. Birmingham Free Library, Ratcliff Place, Birmingham. Birmingham Old Library, Union Street, Birmingham. Blackburn Free Library. Blackmore, Humphrey P., M.D., F.G.S., Salisbury. Blake, W., Esq., Bridge House, South Petherton, Ilminster. Blanford, H. T., Eq, 7, Inglis Road, Folkestone. Blanford, W. T., Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., 72, Bedford Gardens, Kensington. W. Blathwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, Eagle House, Batheaston, Bath. Bompas, G. C., Esq, F.G.S., 121, Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park. W. Bonissent, Monsieur, Clarentan. Bonney, Rev. Prof. T. George, D. Sc., F.R.S., 23, Denning Road, Hampstead. N.W. Bootle cum Linacre, Free Public Library, Liverpool. Bordeaux, La Faculté des Sciences de. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, U.S.A. Bradford Technical College. Braga, J. F., Esq., F.G.S,, Glen Villa, Sunbury-on-Thames. Brassey, Lord, K.C.B., 24, Park Lane. W. Brenchley Trustees, Museum, Maidstone. Brentford Free Public Library. Briggs, Miss Ellen, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. W.C. Brighton aud Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton. Bristol Naturalists Society, Geological Section, A. M. Metcalf, Esq., Hon. Sec. 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T., Esg., F.R.M.S., Geldeston, Beccles. Dresden Nat. Society, Isis. Drew, Dr. J., F.G.S., Montrose, Battledown, Cheltenham. Ducie, the Earl of, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 16, Portman Square, W.; and Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O., Gloucestershire. Dudley and Midland Geological and Scientific Society and Field-Club. Dundee Free Library. Dundee Naturalists Society, Albert Institute, Dundee. Dunlop, R. Esq., Staurigg Oil Works, Airdrie. N.B. Durham, the Dean and Chapter of (by C. Rowlandson, Esq., the College, Durham). Edinburgh Geological Society, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Argyle Square, Edinburgh. Edinburgh Public Library. Edwards, S.. Esq., F.Z.S., Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath. S.E. Epsom College, Epsom. Essex Field Club, per A. P. Wire, Esq., 1, Seaton Villas, Birkbeck Road, Leytonstone. E. Etheridge, R., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &., Treasurer, British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington. S.W. Eton College Museum, Windsor. Eunson, J., Esq., F.G.S., 20, St. Giles Street, Northampton. Evans, Sir John, D.C.L., F.R.S., G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead. Eyre and Spottiswoode, Messrs., Great New Street. E.C. Feddon, F., Esq., F.G.S., Geological Survey of India. Firth College, Sheffield. Florence, Gambinetto di Geologia, per Prof. C. de Stefani. Flower, Prof. W. H., LL.D., F.R.S., British Museum, South Kensington. S.W. Fontannes, Mons. F., 4, Rue de Lyon, Lyon. Foster, H. S., Esq., F.G.S., 40, Cornwall Gardens, South Kensington. S.W. Foulerton, Dr. J., 44, Pembridge Villas, Bayswater. W. Fraser, John, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S. Edin., Chapel Ash, Wolverhampton. Friedlander, Messrs., Local Secretaries, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin. Fritsch, Prof. K. von, Halle. Fuller, Rev. A., Pallant, Chichester. Galton, Sir Douglas, K.C.B., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 12, Chester Street, Grosvenor Place. S8.W. Gardner, J. S., Esq., F.G.S., 29, Albert Embankment, Lambeth. S.E. Garnett, C., Esq., Rownham House, Clifton, Bristol. Gatty, Charles Henry, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Felbridge Place, East Grinstead. Gaudry, Prof., Membre de l’Institute, F.M.G.S., Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Geikie, Sir Archibald, LL.D., F.R.S.L. & E., Vice-President, Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W. Geneva, Museum of Natural History. Geological Society of Liverpool. Geological Society of Manchester. Geological Survey of Ireland. Geologists’ Association, University College. W.C. Gibson, Miss, Hill House, Saffron Walden. Gilmour, M., Esq., Saffronhall House, 1, Windmill Road, Hamilton. N.B. Glasgow Geological Society, 207, Bath Street, Glasgow. Glen, D. C., Esq., F.G.S., 14, Annfield Place, Dennistown, Glasgow. Godlee, Mrs., Whips Cross, Walthamstow. Goss, W. H., Esq., F.G.S., Stoke-on-Trent. Gosselet, Prof. J., F.M.G.S., Faculté des Sciences, Rue des Fleurs, Lille, France. Gough, Viscount, F.G.S., L.S8., &., Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, Galway, Ireland. Grant, J., Esq., 25, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh. ’ Green, Prof. A. H., F.R.S., Local Secretary, Oxford. Guilles-Allés Library, Guernsey. Haileybury College, near Hertford, Halifax Free Public Library. Hall, Townshend M., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Orchard House, Pilton, Barnstaple. Hammersmith Free Public Library, Ravenscourt Park, Hammersmith. W. Hannah, R., Esq., F.G.S., 82, Addison Road, Kensington. W. Harker, Alfred, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge. Harley, Dr. John, F.L.S., 9, Stratford Place. W. Harmer, F. W., Esq., F.G.S., Oakland House, Cringleford, near Norwich. Hartley Institution, Southampton, per T. W. Shore, Esq., F.G.S., Secretary. Haughton, Rev. Professor 8., M.D., F.R.S., G.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Hawick Public Library. N.B. Hawkshaw, J. Clarke, Esq., 18, Harrington Gardens, Gloucester Road. S.W. Hedderley, J. S. Esq., Bulcote, near Nottingham. Heidelburg Library. Hepburn, A. Buchan, Esq., Smeaton-Hepburn, Preston Kirk. N.B. Herdman, J., Esq., 18, Camden Crescent, Bath, Herdman, W., Esq., Messrs. Backhouse, Nursery Offices, York. Heywood, James, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 26, Palace Gardens, Bayswater Road. W. Hicks, Dr. H., F.R.S., Hendon Grove, Hendon. N.W. “Hill, Wm., Esq., jun., The Maples, Hitchin. Hind, Wheelton, Esq., M.D.Lond., F.R.C.S., F.G.S.,8, Wood House Terrace, Stoke-on-Trent. Hinde, Geo., Esq., Ph.D., F.G.S., Avondale Road, South Croydon. Hodges, Figgis and Co., Messrs., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin. Holcroft, C., Esq., The Shrubbery, Summerhill, King’s Winford, near Dudley. Hopgood, James, Esq., Clapham Common. S.W. Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.8., G.S., Local Secretary, The Grange, St. Albans. Horen, Dr. F. Van, St. Trond, Belgium. Hoskold, Signor Don C. A. L., 1% Ing", National Departments of Mines and Geology, Casilla, Correos 900, Buenos Aires. Hoskold, Signor Don H. D., F.R.G.S., F.G.8.M. Soc. A., Inst. M.E., Inspector-General of Mines, Argentine Republic, Casilla, Correos 900, Buenos Aires. Host, M., Copenhagen. Howden, Dr. J. C., Sunnyside, Montrose. Howse, H. G., Esq., M.S., F.R.C.S., 59, Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. W. Hudleston, W. H., Esq., F.R.S., Pres. G.S., Vice-President, 8, Stanhope Gardens. S.W. Hudson, Rev. R., M.A., Houghton, 9, The Drive, Brighton. Hughes, Prof. T. M‘K., F.R.S., &c., 4, Cintra Terrace, Cambridge. Hughes, W. R., Esq., F.L.8., Local Secretary, Wood House, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham. 2 10 Hull, Prof. Edw., LL.D., F.R.S., 20, Arundel Gardens, Notting Hill. W. Hunt, J., Esq., Milton of Campsie, Glasgow. N.B. Hunter, Dr. J. R. S., Local Secretary, Daleville House, Carluke. N.B. Hunter, Rev. R., LL.D., M.A., F.G.S., Forest Retreat, Staples Road, Loughton, Essex. Huxley, Prof. T. H., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Museum, South Kensington. S.W. llott, James William, Esq., Beechfield, Bromley, Kent. India, Geological Survey of. Ipswich Museum, Ipswich. Isle of Man Natural History Society, Ramsey, Isle of Man. Johnes, Mrs., and Lady E. Hills, Dolan Cothy, Llandeilo, R.S.O., South Wales. Jones, Professor T. Rupert, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 10, Uverdale Road, King’s Road, Chelsea. Judd, Prof. J, W., F.R.S., &c., Hurstleigh, Kew. Jukes-Browne, A. J., Esq., Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street. S.W. Keighley Mechanics’ Institute. Kendal Literary Institution, The Museum, Kendal, per S. Severs, Esq., Hon. Sec. Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock. N.B. King’s School, Library of, Sherborne. Kirkaldy Naturalists’ Society. N.B. Kirberger, W. H., Esq., Rokin 134, Amsterdam. Kirkby, J. W., Esq., Kirkland, Leven, Fife. Kirkland, Cope and Co., 4, Northumberland Street, Strand. W.C. Knowles, G., Esq., Moorhead, Shipley, near Leeds. Koebner, Herr W., Breslau, Germany. Koettlitz, Dr., Bleak House, Butterknowle, R.S.O., Darlington. Kynaston, Herbert, Esq., King’s College, Cambridge. Laurie, Malcolm, Esq., King’s College, Cambridge. 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Liverpool Free Public Library. ll London Amateur Society, H. Fleck, Esq., Secretary, 128, Queen’s Road, Peckham. S.E. London Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C, London Library, St. James Square. S.W. Lovén, Professor S., Stockholm. Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.P., F.R.S., L.S., &c., 15, Lombard Street. E.C. Luck, H. C., Esq., A.K.C., 68, Sumner Street, Southwark. S.E. Lucy, W. C., Esq., F.G.S., Brookthorpe, near Gloucester. Luzac and Co., Messrs., 46, Great Russell Street. W.C. Lyon, Bibliothéque de la Ville de. Lyons, Lieut. H. G., R.E., F.G.S., Wady Halfa, Upper Egypt. Macadam, Prof. W. Ivison R.S.E., F.I.C., Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh. Mackenzie, G. W., Esq., 13, William Street, Lowndes Square. S.W. Mackeson, Henry B., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Hythe, Kent. Macmillan, Messrs., Cambridge. Madeley, W., Esq., Local Secretary, Martins Hill House, Dudley. Madras Government Museum (per Messrs. Williams and Norgate). Major, Charles, H. Esq., Cromwell House, Croydon. 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Bishop, Diocese of Peterborough, Rectory, Sibstone, Atherstone. Monks, Lieut.-Col. James, Aden Cottage, Durham. Mons, Museum of, Belgium, per Prof. C. A Houzeau, Ryon, prés Mons. Moore, J. Carrick, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 118, Eaton Square. S.W. Morton, George Highfield, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 209, Edge Lane, Liverpool. Munich Royal Library. Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W. Nantes, Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle de. National Library, Dublin. Neale, Edward Vansittart, Esq., Bisham Abbey, Marlow, Bucks. Newberry Library, Chicago, United States America. 12 Newport (Monmouthshire) Free Library. Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Library. Nicholson Institute (Library of), Leek, Staffordshire. Nicholson, Prof. H. Alleyne, F.G.S., Vice-President, Marischal College, Aberdeen. N.B. Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich. Norwich Free Library. Norman, Rev. A. M., Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses, Durham. North Devon Athenzum, Barnstaple. North Staffordshire Naturalists’ Society, Hanley, Staffordshire. Northampton Natural History Society. Nottingham Free Library. Nottingham Naturalists’ Society, F. R. Jackson, Esq., Hon. Sec., 2, Stratford Square, Shakespeare Street, Nottingham. Nutt, D., Esq., Strand. w.Cc, Oldham Free Public Library. Oldham, Mrs., 96, Lexham Gardens, Kensington. W. Omond, R. T., Esq., F.G.S.E., &c., Ben Nevis Observatory, Fort William. N.B. Ormerod, H. M., Esq., 5, Clarence Street, Manchester. Owen, Professor Sir R., M.D., LL.D., K.C.B., F.R.S., &c., President, Sheen Lodge, Richmond Park, East Sheen. S.W. Owens College Library, Manchester. Paisley Philosophical Institution. Parker, J., Esq., F.G.S., Turl Street, Oxford. Paterson, J., Esg., Palmyra Square, Warrington. Pattison, S. R., Esq., F.G.S., 11, Queen Victoria Street. E.C. Paynter, Rev. Samuel, 4, Marlborough Gate, Hyde Park. W. Peabody Institute, Baltimore, America. Peal, C. N., Esq., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Mattock Lane, Ealing. Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach. Peek, Sir Henry W., Bart., Wimbledon House, Wimbledon. Pengelly, William, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Local Secretary, Lamorna, Torquay. Penruddocke, Charles, Esq., Compton Park, near Salisbury. Penton, Edw., Esq., '.G.S., 1, Mortimer Street. W. Peterborough Natural History, Scientific, and Archeological Society. Peyton, J. E. H., Esq., F.G.S., R.A.S., 5, Fourth Avenue, Brighton. Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Phené, John S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., G.S., 32, Oakley Street, Chelsea. S.W. Piper, G. H., Esq., F.G.S., Court House, Ledbury. Plymouth Free Library. Plymouth Institution, Library of. Pochin, P. G., Esq., F.G.S., R.M.S., care of W. G. Gover, Esq., 3, Malvern Villas, Camden Road, Bath. Portal, Wyndham §., Esq., Malshanger House, Basingstoke. Portis, Dr. A., Professor of Geology, The University, Rome. Portsmouth Free Public Library. Poynton, Rev. Francis, Rectory, Kelston, Bath. Preston Free Library. Prestwich, Prof. Joseph, F.R.S.,G.S., Shoreham, near Sevenoaks, Kent. 13 Price, F. G. H., Esq., 17, Collingham Gardens, South Kensington. S.W. Pryor, M. R., Esq., Weston Manor, Stevenage, Herts. Quaritch, B., Esq., Piccadilly. W. Queen’s College, Belfast. Queen’s College, Cork (by Messrs. Hodges and Smith). Queen’s College, Galway. Queensland Museum. Radcliffe Library, Oxford Ramsden, Hildebrand, Esq., 26, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square. W.C. Reading Public Library and Museum. Reed, Dr. Frederick G., 46, Hertford Street, May Fair. W. Richards, W., Esq., B.Sc., F.C.S., Clock House, Tooting. S.W. Ridge, 8., Esq., F.R.A.S., 257, Victoria Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Ripon, Marquis of, 9, Chelsea Embankment. S.W. Roberts, Isaac, Esq., F.G.S., Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex, Roberts, Sir Owen, M.A., F.S.A., 48, Westbourne Terrace. W. Robinson, George, Esq., 8, Broad Street, Halifax, and Portalegre, Portugal. Rochdale Free Public Library. Rogers, G. H. 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R., M.A., Ephraim Lodge, The Common, Tunbridge Wells. Stirrup, Mark, Esq., F.G.S., High Thorn, Stamford Road, Bowdon, Cheshire. Stobart, W. C., Esq., Spellow Hiil, Burton Leonard, Yorkshire. Stockholm Royal Library. Stoke-upon-Trent Free Library. Stonyhurst College, Blackburn. Strahan, A., Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W. Strangways, C. Fox, Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W. Streatfield, H. 8., Esq., F.G.S., The Limes, Leigham Court Road, Streatham. Strickland, Sir C. W., Hildenley, Malton. Sugg, H., Esq., F.G.S., Rostowe, Trent Road, Brixton Hill. S.W. Sugg, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., Knollbrow, Dorking. Sunderland Corporation Museum, Sunderland. Sunderland Subscription Library, Fawcett Street, Sunderland. Swanston, W., Esq., F.G.S., 50, King Street, Belfast. Sympson, T.. Hsq., F.R.C.S., James Street, Lincoln. Tasmania, Royal Society of. Tate, A. Norman, Ksq., F.G.S., 9, Hackins Hey, Liverpool. Taylor, S. Watson, Esq., Erlestoke Park, Devizes. Taylor-Smith, Dr. James, Bellingham, Northumberland. Tegima, S., Esq., Tokio Educational Museum, Japan. Thomson, James, Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 26, Leven Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. 15 Toronto University. Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe Road, Torquay. Trautschold, Dr., Moscow. Traquair, Dr. R. H., 8, Dean Park Crescent, Edinburgh. Trinity College, Cambridge. Twelvetrees, W. H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Elphin Road, Launceston, Tasmania. Tyler, Capt. Chas., F.L.8., G.S., Elberton, New West End, Hampstead. N.W. University College, Gower Street, London. W.C. University of Bale, Switzerland, University of Edinburgh. University of Glasgow. University of Marsburgh. University of Sydney, New South Wales. University Library, Aberdeen. University Library, Bordeaux. University Library, Leipzig. University Library, Rennes, France. University Library, St. Andrew’s. University Library, Toulouse. Upton, C., Esq., Merton Lodge, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. Varty, Major Thos., Stagstones, Penrith. Vernon Park Museum, Stockport. Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter. Victoria Public Library, per S. Mullen, Esq., 48, Paternoster Row. H.C. Volney, The Dean of the Faculty of Sciences of, Angers, France. Walcott, C. D., Esq., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, United States, America. Walker, B. E., Esq., Canadian Bank of Commerce, Toronto, Canada. Walker, Rev. F. A., Dues Mallard, Cricklewood. N.W. Walmstedt, Dr. L. P., Professor of Mineralogy, Upsala. Walford, EK. A., Esq., F.G.S., West Bar, Banbury. Wandsworth Public Library, West Hill, Wandsworth. S.W. Warburton, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., 11, Grange Road, Canonbury. N. Ward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Rodbaston, Penkridge. Wardle, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., St. Edward Street, Leek. Warrington Museum and Library. Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick. Watson, D., Esq., Local Secretary, Hillside Cottage, Hawick, N.B. Watson, Rev. R. 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G.S., F.R.A.S., L.S., Honorary Secretary, 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, Kent. S.E. Winchester College Natural History Society. Winwood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 11, Cavendish Crescent, Bath. Witts, G. B., Esq., Hill House, Leckhampton, near Cheltenham. Wolley-Dod, Rev. Charles, Edge Hall, Malpas, Cheshire. Wolverhampton Public Library. Wood, J. G., Esq., M.A., LL.B., F.G.S., 7, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn. Woodall, Major J. W., M.A., F.G.S., &c., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough. Woods, H., Esq., F.G.S., Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Woodd, A. B., Esq., Little Dene, Dennington Park Road, West Hampstead. N.W. Woodd, C. H. L., Esq., F.G.S., &c., Roslyn, Hampstead. NW. Woodward, Henry, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., G.S., Vice-President, British Museum. S.W. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Worcester Public Library and Hastings Museum. Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 4, Alfred Street, Belfast. Wurzburg, the Royal University Library of. Yeats, Dr. J., F.G.S., 7, Beaufort Square, Chepstow, Monmouth. Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Yorkshire Philosophical Society Museum, York. Yule, Miss A. F., Chateau Malet, St. Etienne au Mont, Pas de Calais, France. Zoological Society of London, 3, Hanover Square. W. §I. CATALOGUE OF WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED BY THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY: Showing the ORDER of publication ; the Yuars during which the Society has been in operation ; and the Contents of each yearly Volume. Vol. I. Issued for the Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 21 plates. The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Profs. Owen and 1845 | Bell, 38 plates. ” IE ” The Eocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by My. F. EK. Edwards, 9 plates. Vol). ITI.* 3 LV. Panik » VIL. , VIIL+ ab ple 17 { The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 7 plates. The Permian Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King, 29 plates. Issued for the | The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I, Part II, Crocodilia and Ophidia, &c., by Prof. Year 1849 4 Owen, 18 plates. | The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Milne Edwards L and Jules Haime, 11 plates. The Crag Mollusea, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 12 plates. The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 15 1850 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen, 39 plates. 1851 The Fossil Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 19 plates. The Fossil Lepadide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 5 plates. i The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part I, Tertiary, by Mr. Davidson, 2 plates. 1852 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part IT, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. The Kocene Mollusca, Part II, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 6 plates. L The Radiaria of the Crag, London Clay, &c., by Prof. E. Forbes, 4 plates. The Fossil Corals, Part IV, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 19 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. 1853 2 The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 10 plates. | The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part II, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 8 plates. The Mollusca of the Crag, Part IT, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen, 9 plates. i L The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, with Appendix and Index [ to Vol. I, by Mx. Davidson, 8 plates. | The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. | The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 7 plates. : 1854.4 The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 2 plates. The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 6 plates. lL The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 8 plates. The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 11 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 12 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 2, Prosobranchiata, continued, by Mr. F. E. 1855 4 Edwards, 4 plates. The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part III, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 11 plates. The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 6 plates. L The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 12 plates. The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part IV, Permian, by Mr. Davidson, 4 plates. 1856 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. 1 The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part IV (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen. 11 plates. The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I (Supplement), by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. | L ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IT, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. 1857 4 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. | The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 8 plates. L The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk, 22 plates. * The Volume for the year 1849 consists of two separate portions, each of which is stitched in a paper cover, on which are printed the dates 1848, 1849, and 1850. The one portion contains ‘Cretaceous Entomostraca’ and ‘ Permian Fossils ;’ the other, ‘ London Clay Reptilia,’ Part II, and ‘ Fossil Corals,’ Part I. + This Vol. is marked on the outside 1855. {t This Vol. is marked on the outside 1856. 18 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. E. | . | Edwards, 6 plates. Vol. XII. role for the 5 me Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen, ear 1858 7 plates l The Reptila of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates. - i The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. 1859 1 The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Hocene Mollusea, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 13 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. 1860 | ay LLY i The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates, The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. | The Fossil Estherie, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates. L The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. », XIV. » The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13 1861 ' plates. Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 11 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Mr. J. W. Salter, 6 plates. » XVI. ¥9 1862 { The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part V1, No. 1, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 7 plates. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen, 10 plates. L ( The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W- | Salter, 8 plates. 34 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates. | The Belemnitide, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips. ( The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates. ey LL os 186 p The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part II (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 6 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part III, by Mr. J. W. | Salter, 11 plates. A-SI 1864 4 The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd | Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates. Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous, L and Wealden Formations. { The Crag Foraminifera, Part 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and | H. B. Brady, 4 plates. ay RC; 1865 } Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates. LThe Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 12 plates. ( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr. Pe. ©. Ga m 1866 4 J. W. Salter, 6 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. L'The Belemnitidx, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 13 plates. ( Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. Pa. Bi rr 18673 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, 5 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis spelea, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd ( Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XXII.* » XXITL* He. OG he 3) VE 99 XX VI* a » XXVIL* » XXVIIIL* ff PAD. Ges Pp. 0.0.6, Issued for the Year 1868 ” ” 3 19 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part Il, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. | The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelwa, concluded, with F. lynx, by L Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates. " | | | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Belemnitide, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 9 plates. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, 9 plates. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. \ The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 5 plates. ( The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10 1870 3 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 18 plates. The Hocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood, 5 plates. The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. { The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | The Fossil Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward, 5 plates. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, with an Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. 8. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. 1871 4 Harmer, 7 plates and map. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen, 3 plates The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 2 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins, 5 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan, with an Index L . [ to the Tertiary and Secondary Species, 7 plates. "9 J The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. | i 1869 1878 The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Kurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H. Woodward, 10 plates. L The Fossil Trigoniw, No. I, by Dr. Lycett, 9 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol I, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. } Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. | Supple to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa) No. VI, by Prof. Owen, the Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. ( The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. 8S. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. | D. Robertson, 16 plates. 1874 4 The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. 8. Brady, 5 plates. The Fossil Trigoniw, No. IT, by Dr. Lycett, 10 plates. The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part IV, by Mr. KE. W. Binney, 6 plates. 1875 The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Trigoniw, No. III, by Dr. Lycett, 8 plates. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. 1873 (The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. H. B. Brady, 12 plates. 1876 J Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I, No. 1 (Jurassic and Triassic), } by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Poikilopleuron and Chondrosteosaurus), L No. VII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope, The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XII. yy OQOU 3 Fy Oe 3 Pais 5 re: ia E _ yy OA . AVI ;, 5 a 18 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. ¢ The Fossil Kchinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates. The Eocene Mollusea, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 6 plates. | : | eee 1 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen 7 plates. [ The Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates. I The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. 1859 5 The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. ( The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 13 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates, 1860 ¢ The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. | The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates. L The Fossil Crustacea, Part IT, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. plates. Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 11 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Mr. J. W. Salter, 6 plates. 1862 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. ITI, Part VI, No. 1, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. | The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 7 plates. lL The Reptilia of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen, 10 plates. ( The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W- | Salter, 8 plates. 1863 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates. | The Belemnitide, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips. ( The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates. 1861 | The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13 rp The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part II (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 6 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part III, by Mr. J. W. | Salter, 11 plates. 1864 4 The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd | Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates. Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous, L and Wealden Formations. { The Crag Foraminifera, Part 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and | H. B. Brady, 4 plates. 1865 4 Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates. | The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates. Lhe Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 12 plates. ( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr. 1866 4 J. W. Salter, 6 plates. . | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. L The Belemnitide, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 13 plates. ( Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. 18674 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, 5 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis speleea, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd L Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XXII.* » SXITL* » XXIV.* 7:2. Bs 1» &XVI* »’XX& VIL* een VL LT > XXIX.* 9» AXK.* 19 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part II, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. Tnsucditoe the [me Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. ” ” 3 Year 1868 4 The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelewa, concluded, with F. lynx, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates. | | L ( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. | The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. | The Belemnitide, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 9 plates. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and | KE. Ray Lankester, 9 plates. | The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. U The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 5 plates. The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10 1870 J plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IIT, Part VII, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates. The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. { The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | The Fossil Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward, 5 plates. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, with an Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. 8. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. 1871 4 Harmer, 7 plates and map. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen, 3 plates The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 2 plates. | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins, tC 5 plates. ( Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan, with an Index : to the Tertiary and Secondary Species, 7 plates. 1872 ] The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. “ | The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Eurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H. I Woodward, 10 plates. L The Fossil Trigoniw, No. I, by Dr. Lycett, 9 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol I, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. } Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1V, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. 1873 2 Supptement to the Crag Mollusca, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 5 plates. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. { Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa) No. VI, by Prof. Owen. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. ( The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. 8. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. | D. Robertson, 16 plates. 1874 4 The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones | and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. 8S. Brady, 5 plates. The Fossil Trigonie, No. II, by Dr. Lycett, 10 plates. The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part IV, by Mr. KE. W. Binney, 6 plates. 1875 The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Trigoniz, No. III, by Dr. Lycett, 8 plates. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. 1869 (The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. | H. B. Brady, 12 plates. 1876 3 Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part II, No. 1 (Jurassic and Triassic), | by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Poikilopleuron and Chondrosteosaurus), L No. VII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope, The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. 20 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. Supplement to the Eocene Mollusca (Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 2 plates. The Fossil Trigonie, No. IV, by Dr. Lycett, 13 plates. Vol. XXXI.* Issued for the | The Eocene Mollusca (Univalves), Part IV, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 1 plate. Year 1877 | The Carboniferous Ganoid Fishes, Part I (Paleoniscide), by Dr. Traquair, 7 plates. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. l The Fossil Elephants (KH. antiquus), Part I, by Prof. Leith Adams, 5 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VIII, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. Index and Title Page to the Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I (Echinoidea), by Dr. Wright. The Fossil Merostomata, Part V (Neolimulus, &e.), by Dr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I, No. 2 (Jurassic and Triassic), 4 by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. ; » XXXIL* os 1878 } mye Lias Ammonites, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. | The Sirenoid and Crossopterygian Ganoids, Part I, by Prof. Miall, 6 plates. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus, and Sucho- saurus), No. VIII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part A (Preliminary Treatise), by Prof. Boyd Dawkins. ( The Kocene Flora, Vol. I, Part I, by Mv. J.S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen, 5 plates. Second Supplement to the Crag Mollusca (Univalves and Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 6 plates. The Fossil Trigoniw, No. V (Conclusion), by Dr. Lycett, 1 plate. » XXXL ,, 1879 4 The Lias Ammonites, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Brachydectes, Nannosuchus, Theriosuchus, and Nuthetes), No. [X, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. L The Fossil Elephants (E. primigenius), Part II, by Prof. Leith Adams, 10 plates. ( The Eocene Flora, Vol. 1, Part II, by My. J. 8. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen, | 6 plates. | The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part III (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. ay it 1 Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part III (Permian and Carboniferous), } by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | The Lias Ammonites, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 22 plates. The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. II, Part I (Chelone) by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IX, by Dr. Wright, 6 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part IV (Devonian and Silurian, from Budleigh-Salterton Pebble ne by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. ‘ The Fossil Trigonizw (Supplement No. 1), by Dr. Lycett. » XXXV.* 2? 1881 The Lias Ammonites, Bart IV, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part ITI (Conclusion), by Prof. Owen, 13 plates. The Fossil Elephants (EH. primigenius and EK. meridionalis), Part III (Conclusion), L by Prof. Leith Adams, 15 plates. ( The Eocene Flora, Vol. I, Part III (Conclusion), by Mr. J. 8. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen, 2 plates. | Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by the late Mr. $8. V. Wood, 1 plate. XXXVL* 1gg9 1 Lhe Fossil Echinodermata, Cret., Vol. I, Part X (Conelusion), by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. e : i °= | Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part V (Conclusion), by Dr. Davidson. Do., Vol. V, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Dr. Davidson, 7 plates. The Lias Ammonites, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 22 plates. ( The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part I, by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 9 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part V (Conclusion), by the late Mr. J. W. Salter. The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part I, by Dr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part If (Silurian), by Dr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Fossil Trigoniw (Supplement No. 2), by the late Dr. Lycett, 4 plates. The Lias Ammonites, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part II, by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 11 plates. The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I, No. 2 (Conclusion), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G. 8. Brady, 2 plates. , XXXVIL* , 1883 ; yp. @.@.2'6 tb gees 1884 4 The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part II, by Dr. H. Woodward, 4 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part III (Conclusion), by Dr. Davidson, 4 plates. LThe Lias Ammonites, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding ; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover ; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. 21 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part III (Conclusion), by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 7 plates. I The Stromatoporoids, Part I, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 11 plates. ; Vol. XXXIX.* Issued for the } The Fossil Brachiopoda (Bibliography), Vol. VI (Conclusion), by the late Dr. Davidson Year 1885 and Mr. W. H. Dalton. The Lias Ammonites, Part VIII (Conclusion), by the late Dr. Wright, 1 plate. ( The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria Ficoides, by Prof. W. C. Williamson, 15 plates. ‘ The Fossil Sponges, Part I, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 8 plates. » XL. ” 1886 1 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 1, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part I, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 6 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part VI, by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, 7 plates. The Fossil Sponges, Part II, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 1 plate. XLL* 1887 The Paleozoic Phyllopoda, Part I, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr, Woodward, 12 plates. 2” : ” The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 2, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part I, by Mr. 8. 5. Buckman, 8 plates. (aie Stromatoporoids, Part II, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 8 plates. The Tertiary Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Mr. C. D. Sherborn, 3 plates. The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 3, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 5 plates. XLIL* 1888 4 The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part III, by Mr. 8. 5. Buckman, 10 plates. 2 : a2 ‘ The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 4 plates. Title-pages to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck (Supple- i ments), Kimmeridge Clay, and Mesozoic Formations, and on the Cetacea of L the Red Crag. ( The Cretaceous Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. G. J- Hinde, 4 plates. XLItL* 1889 4 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 4, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 5 plates. ze : a4 1 The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part IV, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, 13 plates. | The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, L 12 plates. ( The Stromatoporoids, Part III, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 6 plates. | The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Percy | Sladen, 8 ptates. 3 XLIV.* 45 1890 { The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part V, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, 8 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part III, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 9 plates. L Title-pages to the Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Prof. Duncan. ( The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 5, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 4 plates. | The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VI, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 12 plates. » SLV.* 3 1891 4 The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part IV (Conclusion of Vol. I), | 7 plates. li Hs 3 Vol. II, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 5 plates. The Stromatoporoids, Part TV (Conclusion), by Prot. Alleyne Nicholson, 4 plates. The Paleozoic Phylopoda, Part II, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward, 5 plates. XLVL* 1892 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 6, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates. ” : E “) The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VII, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman, 20 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. ( Whidborne, 5 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. § II. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS Completed, in course of Publication, and in Preparation. 1. MONOGRAPHS which have been Comptetep, and which may be bound as separate Volumes, with directions for the Binp1ne :— The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria ficoides by Prof. W. C. Williamson. (Complete with Title-page and Index in the Volume for the year 1886.) The Eocene Flora, Vol. I (Filices), by Mr. J. 8. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1879, 1880, and 1882. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for 1882.) The Eocene Flora, Vol. Il (Gymnosperme), by Mr. J. S. Gardner. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1888, 1884, and 1885. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for 1885.) The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. H. B. Brady. (Complete in the Volume for the year 1876.) The Stromatoporoids, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1885, 1888, 1890, and 1892. The Title-page Index, and directions for binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1892.) The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Devonian, and Silurian Corals, by MM. Milne-Edwards and J. Haime. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1849, 1851, 1852, 1853, and 1854. The Title-page and Index, with corrected explanations of Plates XVII and XVIII, will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.) Supplement to the Tertiary, Cretaceous, Liassic, and Oolitic Corals, by Prof. Martin Duncan. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1872, and 1890. The Title-page, with directions for binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1890.) The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Mr. G. Busk. (Complete with Title-page and Index in the Volume for the year 1857.) The Tertiary Echinodermata, by Professor Forbes. (Complete with Title-page in the Volume for the year 1852.) The Fossil Cirripedes, by Mr. C. Darwin. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1851, 1854, and 1858. The Title-page will be found in the Volume for the year 1854, and the Index in the Volume for the year 1858. The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. S. Brady, the Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D. Robertson. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1874.) The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1855.) The Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1849.) Supplement to the Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr, G. J. Hinde. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1889.) The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade and their allies), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G. 8. Brady. (Complete in the volumes for the years 1874. and 1884. The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1884.) The Fossil Estheriw, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1860.) 23 The Trilobites of the Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations, by Mr. J. W. Salter. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1863, 1864, 1866, and 1883. The Title- page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1883.) The Fossil Merostomata, by Dr. H. Woodward. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1865, 1868, 1871, 1872, and 1878. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1878.) The Fossil Brachiopoda (Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, and Liassic), Vol. I, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1852, 1853, and 1854. The Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1854, and corrected Title-page in that for 1870.) The Fossil Brachiopoda (Permian and Carboniferous), Vol. II, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1860. The Index will be found im the Volume for the year 1860, and corrected Title-page in that for 1870.) The Fossil Brachiopoda (Devonian and Silurian), Vol. III, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1863, 1865, 1866, 1868, and 1870. The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1870.) The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, by Dr. T. Davidson. Supplements: Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, and Carboniferous. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 18738, 1876, 1878, 1880, 1881, and 1882. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the bindiny will be found in the Volume for the year 1882.) The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, by Dr. T. Davidson. Supplements : Devonian and Silurian. Appendix to Supplements, General Summary, Catalogue aud Index of the British Species. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1882, 1883, and 1884. The Vitle-page, with directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for 1884.) The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. VI, by Dr. T. Davidson and Mr. W. H. Dalton. Biblio- graphy. (Complete in the Volume for the year 1885.) The Eocene Bivalves, Vol. I, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volumes for the yeurs 1859, 1862, and 1870. The directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1870.) Supplement to the Eocene Bivalves, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-paye and Index, in the Volume for the year 1877.) The Eocene Cephalopoda and Univalves, Vol. I, by Mr. F. E. Edwards and Mr. 8S. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1848, 1852, 1854, 1855, 1858, and 1877. The Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1877.) The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. I, Univalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (The Text, Plates, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1847, and the Title-page will be found in the Volume for the year 1855.) The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. II, Bivalves, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1858, 1855, 1858, and 1873. The Title-page will be found in the Volume jor the year 1878, and the Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1855, and a Note in the Volume for the year 1858). The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. III, Supplement, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1871 and 1873. The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1873.) Second Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-paye and Index, in the Voiume for the year 1879.) Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1882.) 24: The Great Oolite Mollusca, by Professor Morris and Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1853, and 1854. The Title-paye and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.) The Fossil Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1872, 1874, 1875, 1877, and 1879. The directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1879.) Supplement to the Fossil Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1881 and 1888. The Title-page, Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1883.) The Oolitic Echinodermata, Vol. I, Echinoidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, and 1878. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1878.) The Oolitic Echinodermata, Vol. II, Asteroidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1861, 1864, and 1880. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1880). The Cretaceous Echinodermata, Vol. I, Echinoidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1878, 1881, and 1882. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1882.) The Cretaceous (Upper) Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1858, 1854, and 1855, but wants Title-page and Index.) The Lias Ammonites, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, and 1885. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1885.) The Fossils of the Permian Formation, by Professor King. Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1849. Corrected explanations of Plates XXVIII and XXVITIT* will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.) The Reptilia of the London Clay (and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds), Vol. I, by Professors Owen and Bell. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1848, 1849, 1856, and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.) Part I of Vol. II, containing Chelone gigas (to be found in the Volume for the year 1880), can be added. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1851, 1857, 1858, 1862, and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.) The Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1862, and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-pages, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.) The Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations (Supplements 4—9), by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1871, 1873, 1876, 1878, 1879, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1859, 1860, 1868, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title- page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1859, 1860, 1863, 1869, and 1881. Directions for the binding, Title-pages, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1881.) The Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volume for the years 1878, 1875, 1877, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) 25 The Red Crag Cetacea, by Professor Owen. (Complete im the Volume for the years 1869 and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) The Fossil] Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete, with Title- page and Table of Contents, in the Volume for the year 1870.) The Fossil Elephants, by Professor Leith Adams. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1877, 1879, and 1881. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1881. 2. MONOGRAPHS in course of PusLicatTion :*— The Eocene Flora, by Mr. J. S. Gardner. The Fossil Sponges, by Dr. G. J. Hinde. The Crag Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady.+ The Jurassic Gasteropoda, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston. The Paleozoic Phyllopoda, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. H. Woodward. The Trilobites, by Dr. H. Woodward. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman. The Belemnites, by Professor Phillips. The Sirenoid and Crossopterygian Ganoids, by Professor Miall. The Fishes of the Carboniferous Formation, by Prof. Traquair. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, and Professor Traquair. The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford. The Fauna of the Devonian Formation of the South of England, by the Rev, G, F. Whidborne. 3. MONOGRAPHS which are im course of PREPARATION :*¥— The Fossil Cycadee, by Mr. W. Carruthers. The Graptolites, by Prof. Lapworth. The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part II (Leperditiadee), by Prof. 'T. Rupert Jones. The Wealden, Purbeck, and Jurassic Entomostraca, by Prof. T. R. Jones. The Purbeck Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Rhetic Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Cambrian Fossils, by Dr. H. Hicks, The Silurian Fish Bed, by Dr. Harley. The Fossils of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne. * Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary. + Will be finished by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. { Unfinished through the death of the Author, but will be continued by Mr. G, C. Crick. 4 4: § III. Dates Volume I for »9 En 2) III PP) 7 IV a) 2”? Vv 2) ” VIG, a AVATTis a VIII i, ” LDS oe 7) xX a) » x +) XII » a XIII ,, he XIV _,, 2) XV +” 5 XVI ,, y XVII ,, » XVIII ,, 3 XIX ,, » xX; 5 XXI_,, i XXII ,, SOOO Sy, » XIV | > XXV oP) pe VE » XXVII ,, » XXVIII ,, . OB. a XEXCXGT s XXXI_,, a. ©.0,@ tie Ay 200.00 » XXXIV ,, a OOOO PE XOXEVIIN Pox vile OO ONIle FOS OORE) ” XL ” i Danae eX Elen: ee Xe fe Pe oXbive* » uN 2 GON AiO of the Issue of the Yearly Volumes of the 26 Paleontographical Society. 1847 was 1848 ae 1849 55 1850 5 1851 35 1852 $n 1853 ie 1854, 53 1855 ne 1856 i 1857 45 1858 35 1859 Sp 1860 5 1861 my 1862 55 1863 55 1864 - 1865 - 1866 5 1867 x 1868 $5 1869 ov 1870 s 1871 + 1872 #5 1873 5 1874. is 1875 ss 1876 74 1877 5. 1878 55 1879 . 1880 8 1881 * 1882 ” 1883 ah 1884 . 1885 #5 1886 e 1887 RR 1888, 1889 nf 1890, 1891 a 1892 issued to the Members, March, 1848. July, 1849. August, 1850. June, 1851. June, 1851. August, 1852. December, 1853. May, 1855. February, 1857. April, 1858. November, 1859. March, 1861. December, 1861. May, 1863. May, 1863. August, 1864. June, 1865. April, 1866. December, 1866. June, 1867. June, 1868. February, 1869. January, 1870. January, 1871. June, 1872. October, 1872. February, 1874. July, 1874. December, 1875. December, 1876. February, 1877. March, 1878. May, 1879. May, 1880. May, 1881. June, 1882. October, 1883. December, 1884. January, 1886. March, 1887. January, 1888. March, 1889. March, 1890. Apmil, 1891. February, 1892. November, 1892. hitharts wide to F Pe % x . NV t iS) Tey Cas Ny N § q sh ' ER Ky . { wourty plates, £7 ont ole 2ber of pages, flee ree fee A 4 Be a R ” 4 of. 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Lo} : 4/2 | 3 |. e8 z ee (geieulen, Z a) 2 | @ | 3 3 & |Ee|2] ¢ Ay Dn a3 a ee Oa a a iS Oa a ié) 2 a ° ios Fe is ESS = (PTSIsGOCEM eM usc: scl |i uceee | iee sae |lincccianl (ance cnenn| Mune camer biagioint | { ae | 1851 Cragg same | a. | 1865 | 1849 1852 1854 1888 (|1879)) 1880 | 1882 1849 ¢ 1851 1855 Eocene ......65 4 1883 Wie ieee 1852 1854 TSSSi ieee seek | |1884) | | |1885) J ( 1862 | 1867 | 1869 | | 1870 | 1849 , 1872 Cretaceous......... {sss J 1873 +} { er ee Becule goacere 1869} | | 1875 | 1878 | 1881 | | 1882 | 1890 ) Wealden: Aotcratenlceaslly aeouelt cen |) | aeeeeWie “ater? , JNM 1860 1855, 1856, = 1851 1857, 1858, Oolitic .i...50..00 1872 1861, 1878, 1851 1860 1880 1851 1855, 1856, META SSIG, ese eecerads 1866 1858, 1861, 1867 1864 Triassic ............ 1880 |... 1860 . 1849) 1849 Permian oo... ia 1849 1876| 1852 VB49) fo . vseess 1849 |1860) (1867, | |1870 | . 1874 |1860 1872 Carboniferous... 4 |1871| >1887| 1876 | 1852 | oe { | | i875 1884 1887, 1878 L}1886) (1853) 1865 ; | 1868 Devonian ......... | 1887 1888 b) a... 1888 |1860) 1872 | 1890 | | 1878 (1892 J | 1854. ee 427, | f 1886| 1887 1871 Silurian. .......... - 1887 te {is | meets) WIM orecriy es { 1892 1872 1890 1878 ‘aoe "1886 Cambrian ......... - |4 1887 hae U890 |) aeeee 1) vernass LSS71 | Wester | Trilobites. Malacostracous Crustacea. sees 1883, 1884 1862, 1888 ee 1863 1864, 1866 1864 Nore.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates. 31 STRATIGRAPHICAL TABLE exhibiting the Brivisu Fossius already figured and described in the ANNUAL VoLumgs (1847—1892) of the PALBONTOGRAPHICAL Soctery (continued). MOLLUSCA. VERTEBRATA. i de ss a : c 3 4 ges Ged es 3 5 < FA a bo aa a = 2 2 aeo 3 = (1864 1867 1868 | 1871 Pleistocene ...... see WS7e° || waeetess .. ee | neeress 1877 1878 1879 1881 woe) piste i (0) Yay ee 1857 1873 ea a Seal) ree site oo {iss 1871, 1873, i \ 1881 : 1879, 1882 1888 1852, 1854, 1852 1855, 1858, pcan lca (Purbeck) 1853, ) jae, | (1850, 1861, |) [ 1858 (Kim. | sceeatees 1874, 1875, | | | 1868, 1869, || | Clay), 1859, | Wate, foreaere, || 4 1877, 1879, | J 1886, 1887, | | 1860, 1868, aoe Olitic os .sesseses - 76,1878, (| + 1883, 1886, f |} 1888, 1889 i 1873, 1875, f : | | 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891, 1877,1888 | | | 1889, 1891, | 1892 J (Great Oolite) L 1892 ) | (1863, 1864, | 1875, 1888 i 1 | 1850,1852, ae 1866, 1868, | 1859, 1860, _ 74, 1877, 1878, 1879, Liassic ............ {ses | ate 1883 4 1880. 1881 ner \ 1863, 1869, 1884. a [oeopeceeali| 1873, 1881 | 1882, 1883, | | 1884, 1885, | J Triassic............ a 1876, 1878 Kei | eee 18781) en 1870 Oo | Permian ......... 1849 ree | 1849 1819 1849 1849 1856,1857, | i-<@ i} Carboniferous ... {sa Pet. ir wicaaranes 1877 1884. 1862,1863, ieee Devonian ......... {Iss1ase2 1890, 1891, 1892 1889 1869 1884. : 1865,1866, Sins 1868,1870, TLUPTAY coc tsa aves 18811882. 1883 Cambrian ...,..... Note.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates. PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1892. LONDON: MDCCCXCII A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, M.D., D.Sc., Pu.D., F.G.S., REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. PART IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS, DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES, SUPPLEMENT, APPENDIX, INDEX, AND GENERAL TITLE-PAGE, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR BINDING. Paars 2083—234; Phares XXVI—XXIX. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1892, PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. LONDON: SOCIETY. THE BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The Monograph on the British Stromatoporoids will be found in the Volumes of the Paleonto- graphical Society for the years 1885, 1888, 1890, and 1892. Cancel the Title-pages to the Parts I, II, III, and IV issued in the Volumes of the Paleonto- graphical Society for the years 1885, 1888, 1890, and 1892; cancel also the Table of Contents in the Volume for the year 1885; substitute the accompanying General Title-page and Table of Contents now provided, and place the sheets and Plates in the order indicated below. ORDER OF BINDING AND DATES OF PUBLICATION. PAGES PLATES tree has PUBLISHED Title- page — 1892 November, 1892 Table of Contents == >» ” i—ill — 1885 January, 1886 1—130 I—XI ” 131—158 XII—XIX 1888 March, 1889 159— 202 XX—XXV 1890 April, 1891 203—234 XXVI—XXIX 1892 November, 1892 A MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH STROMATOPOROTDS. BY H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, M.D., D.Sce., Px.D., ¥.G:S., REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1886—1892. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Intropvuctory Remarks. if Hisroricat INTRODUCTION . II. Tue Genera STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON TUM 1. General Form and Mode of Growth 2. Chemical Composition and Mode of Preservation 3. The Minute Structure of the Skeleton a. The Skeletal Tissue : ; 6. The Radial Pillars and Concentric Laminze c. Variations in the Structure of these d. The Interlaminar Spaces e. The Zodidal Tubes . Ff. The Astrorhize g. The Axial Tubes h. The Epitheca 7. The Surface yj. The Reproductive Organs Systematic Position AND AFFINITIES OF THE STROMATOPOROIDS . SKETCH- CLASSIFICATION . FAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE STROMATOPOROIDS 1. Actinostromidee 2. Labechiid 3. Stromatoporidx 4. Idiostromide . . Toe Nature or “ Caunopora” . DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES . SUPPLEMENT TO THE HistroricaL INTRODUCTION . APPENDIX . LyDEX PAGE 32 110 131—228 STROMATOPORELLA GRANULATA. 203 vermiculate ridges. Parts of the surface may be covered by a thin calcareous membrane, which is perforated by scattered circular apertures (Plate IV, fig. 6). As regards its internal structure, the skeleton-fibre is minutely porous, or 1s penetrated by delicate canaliculi (Plate I, figs. 4 and 5); while the general coenosteal tissue is of the incompletely reticulated type. Vertical sections (Plate I, fig. 5, and Plate VII, fig. 6) show well-developed ‘* concentric lamine,”’ each of which commonly exhibits a median clear line. The apparent ‘ laminze ”’ of vertical sections (Plate XXVI, fig. 1) represent the regularly developed connecting processes of the radial pillars; the latter structures being short and usually discontinuous, being commonly confined to the interlaminar space in which they originate. From eight to ten concentric laminz occupy the space of 2 mm. measured vertically. Imperfect zodidal tubes, with remote tabule, are sometimes recognisable, but, in general, vertical sections do not clearly exhibit the presence of such structures in a definite form. In tangential sections (Plate I, fig. 15; Plate XXVI, fig. 1 a) the perforated tubercles of the successive laminee are abundantly seen, each in the form of a more or less complete ring, enclosing a central space. Occasionally the intervals between the cut ends of the radial pillars are crossed by delicate partitions, indicating the presence of astrorhizal tabulee or “‘ interlaminar septa.” Obs.—Having now fully examined my available material, I have come to the conclusion that the Devonian rocks of North America contain two allied but nevertheless really distinct species of Stromatoporella, which up till now I have included under the single name of 8S. granulata. One of these—the true S. granulata—occurs in the Hamilton formation, and I have supplemented the figures of its microscopic structure with a drawing of an actual specimen (Plate XXVI, fig. 1). The other form in question occurs in the Corniferous Limestone of Canada; and I shall briefly describe it under the name of S. Selwynii, Nich. Neither of these forms can be positively asserted to occur in the Devonian rocks of either Britain or Germany, though from both of these regions I have examples of closely related if not identical types. As regards its general characters, S. granulata, Nich., as here restricted, is distinguished by its laminar coenosteum, its non-parasitic habit, and its epithecate under surface. The upper surface always exhibits well-marked astrorhizal prominences or ‘‘ mamelons”’ (Plate XXVI, fig. 1), and is always studded with numerous tubercles, of which the larger have apertures at their apices.’ ! In the heading to this description of 8. granulata, fig. 14 of Plate I is inadvertently quoted as illustrating the surface-characters of the species. In the explanation to Plate I this same illustration is likewise ascribed to 8. granulata. This figure, however, really belongs to the form which I now name S. Selwyniz?, which in surface-characters closely resembles 8. granulata. Fig. 6 of Plate IV is illustrative of the surface of the true S. granulata. 28 204 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. As regards its microscopic structure, the most marked feature in S. granulata is the presence in tangential sections (Plate I, fig. 15, and Plate XXVI, fig. 1 a) of more or less numerous, complete or incomplete, rings, enclosing each a central space. These represent the perforated tubercles of the successive laming, as seen when transversely divided. ‘The same feature characterises corresponding sections of S. Selwynii, Nich., also; but the latter species is sufficiently separated from the present form by its comparatively coarse structure. From SW. eifeliensis, Nich., the present species is distinguished by its non- parasitic habit of growth, by the much more limited development of the astrorhize, by the presence of ‘‘ mamelons”’ or astrorhizal prominences, and by the possession of the perforated tubercles alluded to above. The form which I shall here describe under the name of S. solitaria is nearly related to S. granulata, as shown by its similar mode of growth, its possession of “‘mamelons,”’ and the general likeness of the minute structure of the skeleton in the two. It also exhibits in tangential sections (Plate XX VII, fig. 6) appearances very similar to those which are above referred to as characterising corresponding sections of S. granulata. At the same time WN. solitaria is sufficiently proved to be distinct from S. graiulata by its decidedly coarser structure, and also by the much more complete development of “astrorhizal cylinders,” while its skeleton resembles that of S. ezfeliensis in being tubulated rather than simply porous. From 8. socialis, Nich., the most abundant of the British species of Stromato- povella, the present species is distinguished by its generally thicker skeleton-fibre, and more lax structure, as well as by the characteristic perforated tubercles pre- viously referred to. Lastly, S. danmoiniensis, Nich., is adequately separated from S. granulata by its much coarser skeleton-fibre, as well as by the limited develop- ment of its astrorhizal system. I have not so far met with any example of Stromatoporella granulata in the ** Caunopora-state.”’ Indeed, one of the difficulties in arriving at absolutely clear and satisfactory conclusions as to the so-called ‘‘ Caunopore ” is that ‘ Caunopora tubes’ are so commonly present in certain Stromatoporoids, while there are a few forms—apparently of very similar structure and habit—in which such tubes are seemingly never present. Distribution.—Not uncommon in the Devonian rocks (Hamilton formation) of Ontario. As above stated, no undoubted British or German examples of this species have been recognised as yet; but the microscopic structure of some of the Stroiatoporelle which abound in the pebbles of Devonian Limestone in the Triassic conglomerates of South Devon strongly reminds us of this species. STROMATOPORELLA SELWYNII. 205 2. STROMATOPORELLA SELWYNI, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 14, and Pl. XXVI, fies. 2—4. The ccenosteuin in this species is massive or laminar, and apparently attains a considerable size. ‘The mode of attachment, in the only case observed, is by the greater portion of the under surface. The lamine are gently undulated, but 9 there are no distinct astrorhizal eminences or ‘‘ mamelons,”’ nor are “ astrorhizal cylinders’ developed. The surface is studded with numerous tubercles, of different sizes, the smaller ones being imperforate, while the larger ones are blunt, and have their apices pierced by round apertures (Plate XXVI, fig. 2). Astrorhize are apparently wanting, or may be incompletely developed; but they do not constitute a marked feature in the specimens examined. As regards microscopic structure the skeleton-fibre is thick, and is seen in sections to be minutely porous. Tangential sections (Plate XXVI, fig: 3) show the cut ends of the radial pillars, together with a larger or smaller number of complete or incomplete rings, the latter representing sections of the hollow tubercles which are developed on each successive lamina. Vertical sections (Plate XXVI, fig. 4) show very well-defined concentric laminz, of which about six occupy the space of 2 mm. measured vertically. The radial pillars are well developed, but are, as a rule, confined each to its own interlaminar space. Imperfect zodidal tubes are occasionally recognisable, but are never conspicuous. Obs.—This form, as shown by the characters of the skeleton, is closely related to S. granulata, Nich., and I had previously regarded it as merely a variety of the latter. Iam, however, now satisfied that it may be fairly considered as a good species, and [ have much pleasure in naming it after the distinguished Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. Stromatoporella Selwynii is separated from S. granulata by the fact that the lamine of the coenosteum are simply undulated, and the astrorhizz are imperfectly developed, the surface therefore never exhibiting the characteristic rounded or conical “‘mamelons”’ of the latter species. As regards internal characters, S. Selwyntt is further separated from S. granulata by its markedly coarser structure, as will be at once seen from a comparison of corresponding sections of the two forms in question drawn to the same scale (compare figs. 1 a and 1 b of Plate XX VI with figs. 3 and 4 of the same plate). From other related species of the genus Stromatoporella, S. Selwynii is separated by characters essentially the same as those distinctive of S. granulata, as pointed out in the observations made with regard to the latter form. Distribution.—Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, Ontario. S. Selwynii has not yet been certainly recognised in Britain, though 206 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. some specimens from the Devonian pebbles in the Triassic conglomerates of Devonshire yield sections in some respects resembling those of the present species. 3. STROMATOPORELLA SOCIALIS, n. sp. Pl. XXVI, figs. 5—7. This species is only known to me from the pebbles of Devonian Limestone in the Triassic conglomerates of South Devon, and the characters of its surface and its mode of growth are therefore imperfectly or not at all known. It appears, however, to have been in general either laminar or massive in form, and it certainly was not of an encrusting habit. The laminz of the coenosteum are always more or less extensively undulated, and sections show conclusively that *‘astrorhizal cylinders’? were usually more or less largely developed. The astrorhize, namely, are not only well marked and of large size, but they are super- imposed in vertical rows in successive lamine, each series having a wall-less axial canal round which the lamin are concentrically wrapped (Plate XXVI, fig. 5). The interspaces between the astrorhizal cylinders are occupied by undulating laminz, in the same manner as in Actinostroma verrucosum, Goldf. We may, therefore, assume that the surface, when observed, will be found to be more or less extensively covered with prominent conical eminences or “‘ mamelons,” at the apex of each of which the central canal of a series of astrorhize will open. The skeleton-fibre was doubtless porous, but in all the specimens examined the intimate structure of the fibre has been so obscured by secondary crystal- lisation that this point cannot be definitely ascertained. Tangential sections (Plate XXVI, figs. 5 and 6) show the cut ends of the radial pillars united into a reticulation, which, though imperfect, is more complete than is usual in the genus Stromatoporella. Where such sections traverse an astrorhizal cylinder (as in Plate XXVI, fig. 5), then, of course, the lamine are seen as cut vertically or obliquely. Tangential sections do not exhibit the incomplete or complete rings so characteristic of corresponding sections of Stromatoporella granulata or 8. Selwynii, and we may therefore conclude that the surface did not possess the perforated tubercles of the species just mentioned. Vertical sections (Plate XXVI, fig. 7) show well-defined concentric laminz and short radial pillars, the latter confined to their respective interlaminar spaces, or not even extending completely across these. Definite zodidal tubes cannot be detected. Nine or ten laminz occupy the space of 2 mm. measured vertically. Obs.—This is by far the commonest species of Stvomatoporella in the Devonian rocks of Britain ; and its microscopic characters enable us to separate it definitely from the other species of the genus. From SN. granulata, Nich., it is distinguished STROMATOPORELLA DAMNONIENSIS. 207 by its total want of perforated tubercles, and the more complete development of astrorhizal cylinders, pointing to a more massive habit of growth. From S. Selwynii, Nich., it is separated not only by the characters just mentioned, but also by the much finer structure of the skeleton. In the general structure of the skeleton, and more especially in the possession of astrorhizal cylinders, S. socialis more nearly resembles S. solitaria, Nich., than it does either of the species just alluded to ; but its skeletal tissue is much finer and closer, while the latter has perforated tubercles. From S. dainoniensis, Nich., lastly, the present species is at once distinguished by the much greater delicacy of its skeleton. There are no other species of the genus known to me with which S. socialis could well be confounded. The great majority of the specimens of Stromatoporella socialis occur in the ** Caunopora-state”’? (Plate XX VI, fig. 6), the ‘* Caunopora-tubes ” showing well marked infundibuliform tabulz and, occasionally, radiating spines or “ septa.” A few specimens appear to be free from ‘‘ Caunopora-tubes ”’ (Plate XX VI, fig. 5). Distribution.—Very abundant in the pebbles of Devonian Limestone in the Triassic conglomerates of South Devon. It occurs also in the Devonian Limestone of Dartington and at Bishopsteignton. An apparently identical form, with a laminar coenosteum, occurs in the Middle Devonian of the Eifel. 4, STROMATOPORELLA DAMNONIENSIS, Nicholson. Pl. XXVII, figs. 8 and 9. STROMATOPORELLA DAMNONIENSIS, Wicholson. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. xvii, p. 237, pl. viii, figs. 3 and 4, 1886. The external characters of this species are imperfectly known; but the coenosteum appears to be in general massive, and more or less hemispherical in shape, with an epithecate under surface. The upper surface is not known com- pletely, but seems to have been generally gently undulated. The concentric laminz of the coenosteum are gently undulated, and the astro- rhize are arranged in vertical systems, each of which is built up round a wall-less axial canal; so that ‘“‘ mamelons” were almost certainly present. At the same time the astrorhize are comparatively small and remote. ‘ Astrorhizal tabule ”’ are present in the horizontal astrorhizal canals. The skeleton-fibre is exceedingly thick, and is minutely tubulated. About six lamine and five interlaminar spaces occupy the space of 2 mm. measured vertically, the laminz and intervening spaces being of about equal width as seen in vertical sections (Plate XXVII, fig. 9). The radial pillars are confined to their 208 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. respective interlaminar spaces. Irregular tabulate zodidal tubes, usually extend- ing from one interlaminar space to the next above only, may be present. T'an- gential sections (Plate XXVIT, fig. 8) show an irregular and imperfect reticula- tion, the more complete tracts of which (where the section is most completely coincident with the plane of a concentric lamina) exhibit the rounded apertures of the irregularly divided zodidal tubes. Obs.—This species is most nearly related to S. solitaria, Nich., from which it is distinguished more particularly by the markedly greater thickness of the skeleton-fibre, and the greater density of the coenosteal network thence resulting. The astrorhizal system is also not so highly developed in S. daimnoniensis as it 1s in N. solitavia. From S. eifeliensis, Nich., the present species is distinguished by its wholly different mode of growth, by the much more rudimentary condition of the astrorhizal system, and by the more solid character of the skeleton-fibre. There are no other species of the genus Stromatoporella, as yet described, with which S. damnoniensis could well be confounded. The external characters of S. damnoniensis are imperfectly known, as all the - British examples hitherto recognised have been derived from the Triassic con- glomerates of Devonshire, and the few German specimens which I have collected are in a state of poor preservation. Distribution.—Rare in the pebbles of Devonian Limestone in the Triassic conglomerates of Teignmouth. Also in the Middle Devonian Limestones of Sotenich, in the Eifel. 5. STROMATOPORELLA EIFELIENSIS, Nicholson. Pl. IV, fig. 2; Pl. VII, fig. 3 (non fig. 4); Pl. XI, figs. 1 and 2; Pl. XXVII, figs. 1—3. STROMATOPORELLA EIFELIENSIS, icholson. Mon. Brit. Strom., part 1, 1886 (named and figured, but not described). —_ — — (pars). Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. xvii, p. 235, pl. viii, fig. 5 (non figs. 6 and 7), 1866. The coenosteum in this species is encrusting and parasitic, and is attached by the whole of the lower surface to some foreign body, the thickness of the crust varying from one millimétre up to 14 centimétres. The lamine are straight or gently curved, and the surface is therefore smooth and destitute of ‘‘ mamelons.”’ ‘The astrorhize are exceedingly well developed, greatly ramified (Plate XXVII, fig. 1, and Plate IV, fig. 2), and often of remarkably large size, their centres STROMATOPORELLA EIFELIENSIS. 209 being commonly 2 to 3 centimetres apart. The astrorhizal canals are often fur- nished with transverse partitions or “ astrorhizal tabule;” but the astrorhizal systems are not superimposed in vertical groups. As regards its minute structure, the skeleton-fibre is thick, and is seen in well-preserved examples to be traversed by minute inosculating microscopic tubuli (Plate XI, figs. 1 and 2, and Plate XXVII, figs. 2 and3). Vertical sections (Plate XXVII, fig. 3) show thick and very distinct concentric lamine, of which about six occupy the space of 2mm. measured vertically. Owing to the thickness of the lamine, the interlaminar spaces are comparatively narrow, and the correspondingly thick radial pillars usually run from lamina to lamina, but do not extend beyond the interlaminar space within which each originates. Definite zodidal tubes are not recognisable. The interlaminar spaces are occa- sionally traversed by a few irregular, curved, calcareous partitions (‘ interlaminar septa’), but these are never numerous, and may be wanting. Tangential sections (Plate XXVII, fig. 2) show that the skeleton is more completely reticulate than is usual in the genus Stromatoporella. The cut ends of the radial pillars are so far confluent as to give rise to a coarse network, which is traversed by the branches of the astrorhizal canals, and is perforated by rounded or oval apertures representing sections of short zodidal tubes. S. eifeliensis, as above defined, has not as yet been recognised in the ** Cauno- pora-state.” Obs.—A careful examination of a very large series of specimens has now satisfied me that m my former description of the species (‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 5, vol. xvu, p. 235) I embraced two distinct though related types, which differ from one other both in habit and in minute structure. One of these forms, to which I shall restrict the name of S. eifeliensis, is invariably parasitic, and forms thin crusts attached by the whole of the lower surface to foreign organisms, such as LHeliolites povosa, Goldf., or, still more com- monly, Rhaphidopora stromatoporoides, Roem. The other form, which I shall describe immediately under .the name of S. solitavia, possesses a laminar coenos- teum with an epithecate under surface, and is non-parasitic, being attached by a limited point only. The surface of S. eifeliensis 1s smooth, and is destitute of (Plate XXVII, fig. 1); while it is characterised by the extraordinary develop- ment of the astrorhizal gutters, which are typically so extremely branched as to permit of the free imosculation of adjoining systems. The general aspect of the surface in well-preserved specimens thus closely reminds us of that of Stroimato- pora discoidea, Lonsd. ‘The astrorhize (Plate IV, fig. 2) are, moreover, usually of large size, and their centres are widely remote. On the other hand, in SV. solitaria the astrorhize are circumscribed and comparatively small, while they are 66 mamelons”’ 210 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. arranged in vertically superimposed systems. Hach of these systems, further, becomes surrounded in NS. solitaria by an “ astrorhizal cylinder,” similar to what is seen in Actinostroma verrucosum, Goldf. Hence the surface exhibits con- spicuous conical prominences or ‘‘mamelons”’ (Plate XXVII, fig. 4). Again, as regards the minute structure of the coenosteum, though the concen- tric laminz have much about the same closeness in the two species, these struc- tures are much more delicate in S. solitaria than they are in VN. ecfeliensis, the interlaminar spaces of the former thus becoming comparatively much wider and more open (compare figs. 3 and 7, Plate XX VII). Lastly, the skeletal tissue is much less completely reticulated in S. solitaria than it is in SN. erfeliensis, while there exist perforated tubercles of the same character as those seen in S. granulata, Nich. As above restricted, 8. evfeliensis becomes an exceedingly natural and well- defined species of Stromatoporella ; and the only other form of the genus with which it could be confounded is S. arachnoidea, Nich., which occurs associated with it. This latter species (‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 5, vol. xvii, p. 287, pl. vil, figs. 1 and 2) is, however, distinguished from S. eifeliensis not only by its non-parasitic habit, but also by the extraordinary development of the “ inter- laminar septa,’ which give to both tangential and vertical sections of the coenosteum an altogether unique and characteristic appearance. Distribution.—s. eifeliensis occurs abundantly in the Middle Devonian of Gerolstein, in the Hifel. I have not certainly identified the species as occurring in the corresponding rocks in Britain, the form which I doubtfully referred to this species (‘ Mon. Brit. Strom.,’ pl. 1, figs. 9 and 10) being rather referable to the type which I now eall S. solitavia. 6. STROMATOPORELLA SOLITARIA, n. sp. Pl. VII, fig. 4, and Pl. XXVII, figs. 4—7 ; (?) also Pl. II, figs. 9 and 10. STROMATOPORELLA EIFELIENSIS, Wicholson. Mon. Brit. Strom., pt. 1, pl. vii, fig. 4 (figure only) ; and woodcut, fig. 7, 1886. — — — (pars). Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. xvii, pl. vill, figs. 5 and 7 (not fig. 6), 1886. he econosteum in this species is of considerable size, laminar in form, with a basal epitheca, attached at one point only, not parasitic. The thickness of the coenosteum is from two to nearly three centimetres. The surface (Plate XX VII, fig. 4) exhibits prominent conical eminences or “ mamelons,” the centres of which STROMATOPORELLA SOLITARIA. 24k are from one to one and a half centimetres apart; and is covered with small but well-marked tubercles, some of which appear to be perforated at their apices. The *“mamelons”’ are formed by the upward bending of the skeletal laminz in such a way as to form “ astrorhizal cylinders,” each of which encloses a vertical wall- less canal forming the axis of a series of superimposed astrorhize (woodcut, fig. 28). The opening of this axial canal is placed at the summit of a mamelon, and the radiating canals diverge from this. The astrorhizz are, however, small and circumscribed, and they do not become confluent by the anastomosis of the terminal twigs of adjoining systems. Fig. 28.—Vertical section through part of an astrorhizal cylinder of Stroma- toporella solitaria, Nich., enlarged twelve times. Middle Devonian, Gerolstein, Hifel. (This is fig. 7, p. 56, where it is figured as belonging to S. eifeliensis, Nich.) As regards internal structure, the skeleton-fibre is moderately thick, and is minutely porous, or even delicately canaliculated, though it does not exhibit the marked tubulated structure of typical examples of XS. eifeliensis. Tangential sections exhibit different appearances according as the section traverses an interspace between two mamelons, or cuts across one of these eminences. In the first case (Plate XXVII, fig. 6) the cut ends of the radial pillars are seen, separate or more or less confluent, and often showing central clear spots which correspond with those seen in similar sections in S. yranulata, Nich., and NW. Selwynii, Nich., and which indicate the presence of perforated surface-tubercles. On the other hand, if the section traverses a mamelon (Plate XXVII, fig. 5), we see in the centre the aperture of a transversely divided axial astrorhizal canal, surrounded by concentrically disposed laminze with their uniting pillars. 29 212 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. Vertical sections (Plate XXVII, fig. 7) show well-marked concentric lamin, of which about six occupy the space of 2 mm. measured vertically. The radial pillars are stout, and are confined to the interlaminar spaces in which each originates. ‘‘ Interlaminar septa”’ are often present in fairly large numbers, and have the form of delicate curved calcareous partitions intersecting the inter- laminar spaces obliquely. Ifa vertical section traverses a mamelon (woodcut, fig. 28), the axial and radial canals of the astrorhizal system belonging thereto are seen to be crossed by irregular calcareous partitions or ‘‘ astrorhizal tabulee.”’ Specimens of S. solitaria are commonly found in the ‘‘ Caunopora-state,” but show no phenomena of special interest. Obs.—As previously pointed out, I am now satisfied that I formerly included two distinct types under the name of Stromatoporella eifeliensis; and I now propose the name of SN. solitaria for those specimens which agree with the specific description above given. In various respects, and particularly as regards minute structure, S. solitaria agrees with S. eifeliensis ; while the difficulty of separating the one from the other is enhanced by the fact that specimens of the two are very commonly associated with one another. Nevertheless, both as regards microscopic structure and macroscopic characters, there are sufficient distinctive features to warrant the separation of the two forms as distinct species. Thus while the coenosteum of S. eifeliensis has the form of a crust para- sitically attached to foreign bodies by the whole of the lower surface, that of S. solitaria is laminar, is furnished with an inferior epithecal membrane, and is attached by one point only. The astrorhize of S. eifeliensis are extraordinarily developed, and anastomose freely with one another, but they are not arranged in superimposed systems, and neither “ astrorhizal cylinders” nor surface-eminences are developed. On the other hand, the astrorhize of SN. solitaria are compara- tively small, and are circumscribed ; but they are vertically superimposed, and usually form the centres of well-defined ‘‘ astrorhizal cylinders,” while they open on prominent surface-projections or “‘mamelons”’ (Plate XX VII, fig. 4). As regards minute structure, again, tle skeleton-fibre of S. solitaria is not so finely tubulated as it is in S. eéfeliensis, and is at the same time much more delicate. The result of this latter character is that the ccenosteal network of S. solitaria becomes conspicuously more lax and open than is the case in S. eifeliensis (compare figs. 2 and 3 with figs. 6 and 7 of Plate XXVII). Lastly, S. solitavia shows in tangential sections the same perforated tubercles as are characteristic of corresponding sections of S. granulata or S. Selwynii. Leaving N. eifeliensis out of consideration, the species which S. solitaria most nearly resembles is S. Selwynit, Nich. From this form, however, the present species is separated by the comparatively greater delicacy of the skeletal frame- work, the much more extensive development of the astrorhizal system, and the STROMATOPORELLA CURIOSA. 213 presence of “mamelons.”’ There is no other species of Stromatoporella which S. solitaria resembles with such closeness in internal structure as to demand a detailed comparison. Distribution.—S. solitaria is not uncommon in the Middle Devonian Lime- stones of the Auberg, at Gerolstein in the Hifel. It is very difficult to identify this form among the species of Stromatoporella which occur in the pebbles of Devonian Limestone in the Triassic conglomerates of Devonshire, since such de- rived specimens necessarily exhibit no surface-characters. Iam disposed, how- ever, to think that the sections figured by me in Plate II, figs. 9 and 10, and doubtfully referred to S. eifeliensis, really belong to the present species. 7. STROMATOPORELLA cuRIosA, Barg. sp. Pl. XXVIII, figs. 1—3. STROMATOPORA POLYMORPHA, Goldfuss. Petref. Germ., pl. Ixiv, figs. 8a, 8c, and 8d (cet. excl.), 1826. = curiosa, Bargatzky. Die Stromatoporen des Rheinischen Devons, p. 55, 1881. | STROMATOPORELLA cuRIOSA, Wicholson. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. v, vol. xviii, p. 8, pl. i, figs. 1—8, 1886. Ccenosteum incrusting, thin, attached by the whole of the inferior surface to some foreign body, and usually developing externally numerous irregular pointed eminences, at the extremities of which the astrorhize open. Surface usually covered with minute rounded tubercles, the apices of which may be perforated, and also exhibiting branched astrorhizal canals; in other cases part or the whole of the surface may be covered by a thin calcareous membrane, which exhibits few or no apertures of any kind. As regards internal structure, the skeleton-fibre is minutely porous, and the skeletal tissue is of the imperfectly reticulate type. The concentric laminz are thick and well marked, often with a median clear line in each (as seen in vertical section), and they are placed from + to 4 millimétre apart. The transversely divided ends of the radial pillars can be more or less extensively recognised as distinct structures in tangential sections. The astrorhize are fur- nished with vertical axial canals, and astrorhizal tabule may be sparingly present. Definite zodidal tubes are not recognisable. Obs.—This is a typical example of an incrusting and parasitic Stromatoporoid. It envelops Rugose Corals or other organisms, and forms crusts varying in thick- ness from less than a millimetre up to 5 or 6 millimétres One of its most charac- teristic and conspicuous external features is the fact that the exterior is more or less extensively covered with pointed conical eminences (Plate XXVIII, fig. 1), which may be imperforate, or which may terminate in an aperture corresponding with 214 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. the centre of one of the astrorhizal systems. These eminences or ‘‘mamelons”’ may be comparatively large, sometimes more than a centimetre in height, in which case they are comparatively few in number. More usually they are smaller, perhaps 2 or 3 millimétres in height, and in this case they are numerous. When well developed, each of these pointed eminences consists of concentrically laminated tissue traversed centrally by the axial canal of an astrorhizal system, and having the external opening of the same at its apex, while the astrorhizal twigs run down its sides externally. The surface presents curious and very puzzling variations in different ex- amples, or in different regions of the same specimen. Sometimes the whole, or a part only, of the surface is covered with minute rounded or elongated tubercles, which sometimes coalesce into vermiculate ridges, and which may have their apices perforated with minute circular apertures. This seems to be the normal condition of the surface. In many specimens, however, this granulated surface is extensively or completely concealed from view by the development of a delicate smooth calcareous pellicle or membrane. This external membrane may pass un- brokenly over the mamelons as well as over the general surface ; but commonly the apices of the mamelons show a few small apertures or the single larger open- ing of an astrorhizal canal. In this latter case the appearances presented remind one of the general surface of Distichopora at points where ampulle are developed. As regards internal structure, the general appearances presented by tangential and vertical sections (Plate XXVIII, figs. 2 and 3) are very similar to those of corresponding sections of Stromatoporella eifeliensis, Nich., and need not be more minutely discussed here. The present species is distinguished from SN. ezfeliensis, as from the other related species of Stroimatoporella, by its uniformly incrusting habit, the development of pomted mamelons, and the characters of its surface. On the other hand, there is a close general resemblance between Stromatoporella curiosa, Barg., and the form which Hall and Whitfield described from the Devonian rocks of lowa under the name of Canostroma incrustans (‘'Twenty- third Ann. Rep. of the State Cabinet,’ p. 227, pl. ix, fig. 3, 1873). This latter, as I have shown elsewhere (‘ Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 6, vol. vii, p. 310, 1891) is really identical with the fossil which I described from the Hamilton rocks of Ontario under the name of Stromatopora wulliporoides (‘Second Report on the Paleontology of Ontario,’ p. 78, 1875), this title thus falling to be abandoned. | have now examined an authentic example of Canostroma incrustans, H. and W., and find it to be a species of Stromatoporella, very nearly related to S. curiosa, Barg., in gencral characters and in minute structure. Upon the whole, however, the American and Canadian type may fairly rank as a distinct species, since it uot only shows the superficial distinction that its mamelons are closer set, more HERMATOSTROMA SCHLUTERI. 215 regular, and more pointed than they are in S. cwriosa (see Plate III, fig. 6), but the general skeletal tissue, as shown in thin sections, is decidedly more close and dense. Distribution.—This species is of common occurrence in the Middle Devonian Limestones of Biichel (in the Paffrath district), and occurs also in the Eifel. As regards Britain, I possess two examples of an incrusting Stromatoporoid, collected by the late Mr. Champernowne in the Middle Devonian Limestones of Pit Park Quarry, Dartington, which show all the general characters of the present species. Unfortunately the internal structure of these specimens is imperfectly preserved, and though I have no reason to doubt the correctness of my determination, I have preferred to take the description of the species from specimens collected in Germany, and the specimens figured are also German. Genus 4.—Hermatostroma, Nicholson, 1886. (General Introduction, p. 105.) 1. Hermatostroma Scutttert, Nicholson. Pl. III, figs. 1 and 2; Pl. XXVIII, figs. 12 and 13; and woodcuts, figs. 1, 16, 29, 30, 31, and 32. Hermatostroma Scuuiirert, Nicholson. Mon. Brit. Strom., General Introduc- tion, p. 105, 1886 (figured but not described). The ccenosteum in this species is massive, and readily splits into thick concentric strata of the nature of ‘ latilaminex.” The true surface is not known, but the supposed upper surfaces of the laminze are covered with broad and comparatively low, rounded elevations of variable size, which are formed by gentle bendings of the concentric layers (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12). These elevations are about 3—4 mm. in diameter, two of them usually occupying a space of about 1 cm., and they do not constitute proper “‘mamelons,” since they do not carry the apertures of the astrorhize at their summits. Astrorhize, in fact, appear to be wanting. As regards its minute structure, the skeleton-fibre is very thick, and is furnished with an axial canal, which may give off secondary prolongations, but it is not minutely porous. Vertical sections (Plate II, fig. 2) show exceedingly b) strong ‘“ continuous” radial pillars, which traverse many successive interlaminar spaces without a break, and are connected at definite imtervals by short and stout connecting processes, which give rise to very regular ‘* concentric laminz.” As the connecting processes are rectangular to the pillars, vertical sections show 216 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. a characteristic trellis-like appearance, the interlaminar spaces being broken up into rectangular meshes. The radial pillars are traversed by very large axial canals, and prolongations of these canals extend into the horizontal connecting processes. Six or fewer pillars, and a ike number of concentric laminz, occupy a space of 2 mm., measured respectively in the transverse or vertical direction. Tangential sections (Plate III, fig. 1) show the broad round or oval ends of the transversely divided radial pillars, with the dark infilling of the cut axial canals of the pillars. Where the section corresponds with the plane of a concentric lamina, the cut ends of the pillars are seen to be united into a loose network, with rounded or oval meshes representing sections of zodidal tubes. Tangential sections also commonly show large oval or rounded apertures (woodcut, fig. 16 a), which are bounded by thin but definite walls, and are placed at distances of from 3 to 12 or 15 mm. apart. The apertures in question are cross-sections of short, wide, flexuous tubes, which pierce the skeletal network at right angles to the surface, are bounded by thin proper walls, and are crossed by occasional horizontal *‘ tabulee ” (woodcut, fig. 166). Tubes of this kind seem to be very generally developed in variable numbers, and they open sometimes on the convex, but more usually on the concave surfaces of the laminz (woodcut, fig. 29). The nature of these tubes is quite problematical, and it is not clear that they are Fie. 29. Fira. 29.—Under (?) surface of part of a lamina of Hermatostroma Schliiteri, Nich., enlarged, showing the apertures of two of the large thin-walled tubes which traverse the coenosteum of this species at irregular intervals. not adventitious structures. If they really belong to the Stromatoporoid in which they are found, they may perhaps be connected with the function of reproduction. Obs.—Al}) the examples of this species which I possess are fragments of a single very large specimen, the complete form of which was, unfortunately, not accurately noted before it was broken up. All the fragments are made up of gently curved concentric layers, and are, therefore, more or less convex on one HERMATOSTROMA SCHLUTERI. 217 side and concave on the other. If we are to judge from analogy, the convex sides of such fragments ought to represent the wpper surfaces of the mass, and this view is supported by the fact that these sides (Plate XXVIII, fig. 12) are covered with rounded eminences resembling the “ mamelons” of the Stromatoporoids generally. It is, however, possible that the mass was really basin-shaped, and that the concave sides are really the successive upper surfaces. This view is supported by the fact that the wide, scattered, and thin-walled tubes above spoken of as perforating the coonosteum—whatever their true nature may be— generally open by prominent apertures on the concave sides of the lamine. In the possession of definite and “continuous” radial pillars Hermatostroma Schlitert entirely resembles a true Actinostroima, but differs from the species of this genus in the fact that the connecting processes of the pillars do not give rise to an angular or ‘‘hexactinellid” network. On the contrary, the ccenosteal meshes are oval or round; and the aspect of tangential sections, so far as this point is concerned, resembles that of similar sections of Stromatopora or Stromato- porella. From these latter genera the present form is distinguished not only by the complete development of the radial pillars as distinct structures, but also by the fact that the skeleton-fibre is apparently not of the minutely “ porous” type. The other two general features distinctive of Herimatostroma Nchliitervi are the apparent absence of astrorhize, and the imperfect development of zodidal tubes as recognisable structures. The zodidal tubes are, in fact, in general represented by nothing more than the pores which pierce the successive “ lamine” of the skeleton. The most remarkable features in the skeleton of Hermatostroma Nchliteri are connected with the tubulated condition of the skeleton-fibre. Vertical sections (woodcut, fig. 30) show that each radial pillar is traversed by a wide axial canal, which sends out horizontal prolongations into the successive laminze formed by the connecting processes. The entire canal-systemis more or less completely injected with some opaque material, apparently an iron oxide, and the extensions of the radial canals into the lamin can thus easily be followed, the crossing nodes of the two sets of canals being generally more or less dilated. The laminar canals also send off irregular secondary tubes, but it is uncertain whether or not these open directly into the interlaminar spaces, On the other hand, an examination of the surfaces of the concentric lamin, as exposed by fractures, renders it certain that the axial canals of the radial pillars open by circular apertures both superiorly and inferiorly (Plate XXVIII, fig. 15). Tangential sections (woodcut, fig. 31) show that the large dark masses representing the infiltrated axial canals of the radial pillars are connected with one another by more delicate dark threads representing the canals of the connecting processes. Moreover the main axial canals are commonly seen to give off subordinate and irregular prolongations, 218 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. which may form a loose network in the substance of the fibre, and which seem in some cases to actually reach the surface of the fibre itself, so as to open into the interlaminar spaces. ea 4 EDR 6 Fira. 30.—Part of a vertical section of Hermatostroma Fie. 31.—Part of a tangential section of the same, Schliuteri, Nich., enlarged about 24 times. similarly enlarged. It follows from what has been above said that, though the skeleton-fibre of Hermatostroma NSchliiteri is not ‘‘ porous,’ in the sense in which this term is used in connection with the ccenosteal fibre of Stromatopora, it is nevertheless traversed by tubes which, in point of fact, are chiefly remarkable for their exceptional size and regular distribution. It has further to be borne in mind that the only known example of this species has undergone considerable change in fossilisation, and that the apparent absence of minute pores in the skeleton- fibre may be simply the result of mineralisation. This view is rendered the more probable since the Heriatostroma episcopale of the British Devonians—to be described immediately—has, if rightly placed in this genus, a skeleton-fibre which is both porous and tubulated. The generic diagnosis of Hermatostroma given in the earlier portion of this work (p. 105) must be, therefore, so far amended as to admit that the skeleton- fibre is, in some cases at any rate, porous as well as canaliculated. A further amendment has been necessitated by the examination of H. episcopale, since this species possesses well-marked astrorhize. T had formerly placed the genus Hermatostroma in the immediate neighbour- hood of Idiostroma chiefly on account of its possession of a skeleton which is essentially reticulate, but which at the same time possesses exceedingly well- developed radial pillars. Upon the whole, however, I am now rather disposed to consider I/eriatostroma as really one of the same series of generic types as Stromatopora, Stromatoporella, and Parallelopora. The essential distinctions HERMATOSTROMA EPISCOPALE. 219 between the members of this series, on the view here expressed, may be summarised as follows : . 1. Stromatopora.—Skeleton-fibre minutely porous; radial pillars and_ their connecting processes more or less indistinguishably fused to form a reticulate skeleton. 2. Stromatoporella.—The skeleton-fibre minutely porous ; the skeleton network incompletely reticulate, and the radial pillars more or less clearly recognisable as distinct structures. 3. Parallelopora. —Skeleton-fibre porous and minutely canaliculated; the skeleton incompletely reticulate, and the radial pillars more or less clearly recognisable, but never traversed by large axial canals. 4. Hermatostroma.—Skeleton-fibre with large and conspicuous canaliculi, and sometimes also minutely porous; the skeleton reticulate, but showing exceedingly well developed, ‘* continuous ” radial pillars, which are traversed by large axial canals. From Hermatostroma episcopale, Nich., the only other species of the genus at present known to me, the present form is at once distinguished by the greater coarseness of the skeleton-fibre, the absence of astrorhize, and the extraordinary development of the canal-system of the radial pillars. Distribution.—Rare in the Middle Devonian Limestones of Hebborn in the Paffrath district. The species has not been recognised in Britain. 2. HERMATOSTROMA EPISCOPALE, n. sp. Pl. XXVIII, figs. 4—11. ? SrROMATOPORA CONCENTRICA, Phillips. Pal. Foss. of Cornwall, &c., p. 18, pl. x, figs. 28 a, 286, 1841. The ccenosteum in this species is massive, not composed of definite latilamine, and apparently attached at one point only; but its mode of growth is not perfectly known. It may, however, be inferred from the structure of the skeleton that the surface was elevated into prominent astrorhizal eminences—‘‘ mamelons,”’ and at the same time covered with well-defined tubercles, the latter being probably perforated at their apices. The lamine are undulated, and well-defined ‘‘ astrorhizal cylinders” are developed round the astrorhizal systems (Plate XXVIII, fig. 4). The astrorhiz, though of small size, are usually well developed, their centres being from 7 to 10 mm. apart. They are arranged in vertically superimposed systems, each system having an axial wall-less canal, which doubtless opened on the surface at the apex of a mamelon. 30 220 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. As regards the internal structure, the skeleton-fibre is of moderate thickness, and is minutely porous, the pores being often unrecognisable, or being infiltrated with some foreign material, and appearing therefore as so many dark dots (Plate XXVIII, fig. 10). Tangential sections (Plate XXVIII, figs. 5, 7, and 8) show the cut ends of the radial pillars, sometimes more or less distinct, sometimes completely confluent, according as the plane of the section corresponds with an interlaminar space or intersects a concentric lamina. Definite zodidal tubes cannot be clearly distinguished, and are represented essentially by mere perfora- tions in the concentric laminz. Tangential sections further show the transversely divided astrorhizal cylinders (Plate XXVIII, figs. 4 and 5). Vertical sections (Plate XXVIII, figs. 6, 9, and 11) show well-marked, often undulated, concentric lamin, and very distinct radial pillars of the ‘‘ continuous type’’—7. e. pillars which are continued for longer or shorter distances across successive interlaminar spaces. About six concentric laminz occupy a space of 2 mm. measured vertically, and about six or seven radial pillars occupy the same space measured transversely. In well-preserved examples both vertical and tangential sections show that the radial pillars are occupied by large axial canals, which send off delicate prolongations into the periodically produced horizontal connecting processes, which unite adjoining pillars at corresponding levels, and thus give origin to the “concentric lamine.” Both the vertical and the horizontal canals are usually infiltrated with some dark and opaque material, and in this condition they are readily recognised in both vertical and tangential sections (Plate XXVIII, figs. 6, 8, and 11). In badly preserved specimens the canals of the skeleton-fibre may be imperfectly infiltrated, and may therefore be recognisable with difficulty (Plate XXVIII, figs. 7 and 9). In some cases the canals cannot be clearly made out at all. Vertical sections, lastly, often show that the interlaminar spaces are traversed by a larger or smaller number of curved or straight calcareous partitions, or “interlaminar septa,” which are commonly more or less horizontal in direction, and thus run parallel with the concentric laminw (Plate XXVIII, fig. 9). Specimens occasionally, but not very commonly, present themselves in the “* Caunopora-state.”’ Obs.—Herimatostroma episcopale is a common Stromatoporoid in parts of the Devonian rocks of Britain, and the reference of the species to Hermatostroma, rather than to Stromatopora or Stromatoporella, appears to be justified by its minute structure. It agrees, namely, with the first of these genera, and differs from the two latter in its possession of ‘ continuous” radial pillars, and also in the fact that these structures are furnished with well-marked axial canals. The specimens known to me are, however, as a rule, so imperfectly preserved, that, STACHYODES VERTICILLATA. 22] though it is possible to determine their generic affinities, they do not throw any additional light upon the structure of the genus Hermatostroma. Hermatostroma episcopale differs from H. Schliiteri, the only other recorded species of the genus, in the following characters : (a) The astrorhizal system of H. episcopale is very well developed, and astro- rhizal cylinders are present; on the other hand, in H. Schliiteri astrorhize are apparently not developed in any recognisable form. - (b) The skeletal tissue of H. episcopale is not so coarse as that of H. Schliteri, and the axial canals of the radial pillars are proportionately less developed. (c) The skeleton-fibre of H. episcopale, apart from the presence of the axial canals above spoken of, is minutely porous ; whereas in H. Schliiteri the skeleton- fibre, but for the above-mentioned canals, appears to be solid. It is to be remembered, however, that the porous character of the skeleton-fibre can be recognised in H. episcopale in certain specimens only, and it is therefore quite possible that the apparently solid nature of the skeleton-fibre in the only known example of H. Schliteri may be simply the result of imperfect preservation. (d) The interlaminar spaces of H. episcopale are usually intersected by more or less numerous “ interlaminar septa,’ which generally have a direction more or less conforming to that of the concentric laminz themselves. Similar structures do not occur in any marked form in H. Schliiteri. Distribution.—Hermatostroma episcopale is not uncommon in the Devonian of Shaldon and Bishopsteignton, and occurs more rarely in the pebbles of the Triassic conglomerates at Teignmouth. Famity—IDIOSTROMID. Genus 1.—Sracuyopes, Bargatzhy, 1881. (Introduction, p. 107.) 1. Stacnyopes verticiuiara, M‘Coy sp. Pl. VIII. figs. 9—14; Pl. XI, fig. 5; and P]. XXIX, fies. 1 and 2. SrromaTopora (Cavnopora) verticinnara, J/‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 66, woodcuts a and 6, 1851. Sracuyopes raMOosA, Bargatzky. “eitschr. der deutschen Geol. Ges., Jahrg., 1881, p- 688. — vertictILiaTa, Nicholson. Mon. Brit. Strom., General Introduction, p. 107, pl. viii, figs. 9—14; and pl. xi, fig. 5, 1586. eo eo BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. The ccenosteum in this type consists of rounded cylindrical stems (Plate VIII, fig. 9), rooted basally, and terminating distally in rounded ends, the diameter varying from 4 cm. up to as much as 13 cm. The surface is generally more or less extensively covered with the rounded or polygonal apertures of the zodidal tubes (Plate VIII, fig. 9), thus giving the fossil the aspect of a dendroid Monticuliporoid, or of a species of Pachypora with small corallites. In many specimens, however, the surface is not uniformly occupied by the zodidal apertures, but larger or smaller areas may be covered by a thin imperforate calcareous membrane (Plate VIII, fig. 12). The surface does not exhibit “‘ mamelons,”’ nor are astrorhize developed. As regards the internal structure of the ccenosteum, the centre of each stem is occupied by a main axial tube, from } to 3 mm. in diameter, which is crossed by more or less numerous curved or straight tabule, and which gives off smaller lateral branches, which are directed upwards and outwards. These lateral branches subdivide, and may also be more or less extensively furnished with tabule. The principal axial tube seems to terminate at the end of the stem in one, two, or more apertures, but the extremities of the branches are commonly in a state of bad preservation, and may not exhibit any openings. Longitudinal sections (Plate VIII, figs. 10 and 14) show that the lateral divisions of the main axial tube become connected, as they pass outwards, with numerous small zodidal tubes, which are continued to the surface, and which have few tabule or none. Long sections further show, in an exceedingly marked and characteristic manner, the mode of growth of the ccenosteum. Such sections, namely, always exhibit a series of delicate, curved, concentric lines, the convexities of which are directed towards the distal ends of the branches (Plate VIII, fig. 10). These lines are due to the formation of successive conical layers of ccenosteal tissue, which are much thicker over the growing ends of the branches than elsewhere. Hence, as viewed in long sections, these lines are seen to be comparatively wide apart in the centre of the branches, but to approximate gradually to one another as they approach the surface, with which they ultimately become nearly parallel. Transverse sections of the ccoenosteum (Plate VIII, fig. 11) show the cross- sections of the main axial tube and its lateral offshoots. Moreover, owing to the fact that the zodidal tubes in proceeding to the surface bend outwards till they become nearly rectangular to the axis of the stem, the peripheral portion of a transverse section shows the zodidal tubes in longitudinal section. The skeletal tissue of Sfachyodes verticillata is of the reticulate type, neither radial pillars nor concentric laminz being recognisable as distinct structures. Sections of the skeleton, taken in any direction, show that the sclerenchyma ‘is traversed by a series of exceedingly delicate and close-set tubuli, which in the AMPHIPORA RAMOSA. 223 main run parallel with the zoédidal tubes, but frequently branch and anastomose with one another. The precise appearance presented by these tubuli in thin sections varies according as they are infiltrated with calcite or with oxide of iron. Tn the latter condition—which is the one of most frequent occurrence—the tubuli appear in long sections of the skeletal fibre as delicate and closely approximated dark lines (Plate VIII, fig. 14), whereas in cross-sections of the fibre they appear as minute dark and well-defined dots (Plate XI, fig. 5). Obs.—As there is only one known species of Stachyodes, and as its peculiarities are exceedingly well marked and distinctive, it is unnecessary to add anything to the above description. The only Stromatoporoid with which it would be possible, even on a superficial examination, to confound WS. verticillata is Idiostroma oculatum, Nich.; but, apart from grosser differences between the two, a thin section of Stachyodes verticillata would be at once recognised by the highly characteristic minute tubulation of the skeleton-fibre. Having examined a very large series of both German and British specimens (the former collected by myself from Bargatzky’s typical locality), I do not see any reason to doubt the identity of Stuchyodes vrainosa, Barg., with the previously described Stromatopora verticillata of M‘Coy. It is true that M‘Coy has described his species from very small examples, and he states that the diameter of the stems is from ‘‘ one to two lines,” but this is clearly a matter of little importance. The stems in the British examples which I have examined never fall below a tenth of an inch in diameter, and their average diameter is about three tenths of an inch, but I cannot think that this is a matter of specific value. I have never seen an example of Stachyodes verticillata in the ‘* Caunopora- state.” Distribution.—Stachyodes verticillata, McCoy, is a not uncommon form in the Devonian Limestone of Shaldon and Teignmouth (pebbles in the Triassic con- glomerates). In the German Devonians I am only acquainted with it as occur- ring in the limestones of Hebborn, in the Paffrath district, where it is by no means uncommon. Genus 2.—Ampuipora, Schulz, 1882. (Introduction, p, 109.) 1. Amputpora RAMoSA, Phill. sp. Pl. IX, figs. 1—4, and Pl. XXIX, figs. 3—7. Caunopora RAMOSA, Phillips. Paleozoic Foss. of Cornwall, &c., p. 19, pl. viii, fig. 22, 1841. SrRoMATOPORA (CauNnopora) RaMmosA, M‘Coy. Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 67, 1851. 224 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. Ampuipora RAMOSA, Schulz. Die Eifelkalkmulde von Hillesheim, p. 90, pl. xxi, figs. 5 and 6, and pl. xxiii, fig. 1, 1882 (Jahrg. d. kénigl. preuss. geol. Landesanstalt fiir 1882). —_ — Nicholson. Mon. Brit. Strom., Introduction, p. 109, pl. ix, figs. 1—4, 1886. The coenosteum in Amphipora ramosa is in the form of slender cylindrical stems, from 2 to 7 mm. in diameter, which may be simple, or may branch in a dichoto- mous manner. The surface of the ccenosteum is smooth, exhibiting neither ‘“mamelons”’ nor astrorhize, and presenting itself under two different aspects (Plate IX, fig. 1). In one series of specimens the surface shows numerous irre- gularly rounded or vermiculate zodidal apertures, with prominent tuberculate mar- gins, giving to the fossil the aspect of a small dendroid Alveolites. In another series of specimens the surface is covered with a thin imperforate calcareous membrane, and the fossil looks like a stem of some such coral as [ithostrotion juncewm. Partly decorticated specimens may show zoéidal apertures over part of the surface, while other portions are covered with a calcareous membrane; but there is reason to think that the two conditions of the surface are not simply due to the state of preservation, but indicate differences in the state of the organism in different examples (see p. 110). As regards the internal structure of the skeleton, the cylindrical ccenosteum is traversed by a wide axial tube, which is intersected by transverse or funnel- shaped tabule (Plate IX, figs. 2 and 4, and Plate XXIX, fig. 4). The general coenosteal tissue is completely reticulate, of the type of that of the Stromatoporide, neither radial pillars nor concentric lamine being recognisable as distinct struc- tures. The skeleton-fibre (Plate XXIX, fig. 6 a) is apparently solid, without pores or tubuli, each lamina being traversed by a median, dense, and dark-coloured primordial layer, thickened on both sides by lighter-coloured, fibro-crystalline, secondary sclerenchyma, and thus resembling the structure seen in many corals. Irregular zodidal tubes radiate outwards from the axial tube, to open on the surface by definite apertures; but the development of the zodidal tubes is very variable, and they are generally short and sinuous, and are apparently for the most part destitute of tabulee. Many examples of Amphipora ramosa have the cylindrical coenosteum sur- rounded by a sheath of large-sized lenticular vesicles, which are in turn sur- rounded by the delicate imperforate calcareous cuticle above spoken of (Plate IX, figs. 2 and 3, and Plate XXIX, fig. 5). Other specimens either show no traces of marginal vesicles and a bounding membrane (Plate IX, fig. 4), or they may have the marginal vesicles imperfectly developed and of small size (Plate XXIX, figs. 6 and 7). ‘The significance of the above variations of structure cannot be at present fully estimated; but it is possible that the marginal vesicles are connected IDIOSTROMA OCULATUM. 225 with reproduction, and that they correspond with the “‘ampulle” of the Stylas- terids and of Millepora. Obs.—Amphipora ramosa, Phill. sp., being the only known species of the genus Amphipora, | have nothing special to add to the above description of its general characters. In an examination of a large number of transverse and longitudinal sections of the species one is at once struck with the fact that certain specimens (Plate LX, fig. 3, and Plate XXIX, fig. 5) are composed of a comparatively dense central core of reticulated tissue, which is traversed by a large axial canal, and is enclosed in a sheath of large peripheral vesicles bounded externally by a delicate calcareous membrane. Other specimens, on the contrary, have a generally more loosely reticulate structure, and have comparatively small marginal vesicles, while an axial canal may apparently be wanting or imperfectly developed (Plate IX, fig. 4, and Plate XXIX, figs. 6 and 7). Other examples, lastly, appear to be completely devoid both of the marginal zone of vesicles and of the external calcareous cuticle (Plate IX, fig. 4), though a well-marked axial tube may be present. It seems most probable that these different forms are really different conditions of a single type, though it must be admitted that at present we have no decisive evidence in support of this view. I have never seen any example of Amphipora ramosa in which ‘‘ Caunopora- tubes’ are developed. Distribution.—Amphipora raimosa occurs in great numbers in the Devonian rocks of both Germany and Britain, marking a distinct horizon, which the German geologists have determined as being in the upper portion of the Middle Devonian rocks (the “ Ramosa-biinke”’ of Schultz). The Amphipora-ramosa-beds of the German Devonians are admirably seen at Hebborn (Paffrath district) and at Hillesheim (in the Hifel). In Britain the species occurs abundantly in the Devonian Limestones of Devonshire, at Shaldon, Newton Abbot, Teignmouth, &c. Genus 3.—Iptostroma, Winchell, 1867. (Introduction, p. 99.) 1. Iptostroma ocuLatum, Nicholson. Pl. XXIX, figs. 8—11; woodcuts, figs. 32, 33. IprostromMa ocunatuM, Nicholson. Mon. Brit. Strom., Introduction, p. 101, figs. 14 and 15, 1886. The coenosteum in this form consists of slender cylindrical stems, from 3 to 10 mm. in diameter, which branch and inosculate freely, so as to give rise to 226 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. fasciculate masses of considerable size (woodcut, fig. 32). The surface is devoid of ‘*mamelons”’ or astrorhize, and is partly covered with the irregularly rounded Fig. 32. Fig. 32.—A fragment of the ccenosteum of Idiostroma oculatum, Nich., of the natural size. Devonian, Biichel. a@. A small portion of the surface of the same enlarged. or vermiculate apertures of the zodidal tubes, while other portions are covered with a smooth calcareous membrane. As regards internal structure, the general coenosteal tissue is more or less reticulate; but stout radial pillars are usually clearly recognisable in transverse sections of the stems (Plate XXIX, fig. 9). Such sections also generally show with extreme clearness that the skeleton is built up of definite concentric layers surrounding a central core of loose reticulate tissue. The skeleton-fibre is almost certainly porous (as it is in I. Remeri, Nich.); but owing to the extent to which all the specimens examined are mineralised, this point cannot be certainly ascertained. Each stem typically exhibits in longitudinal section (Plate X XIX, fig. 11) a well-developed axial tube, which is provided with transverse or infundibuliform tabule. This central tube gives off lateral branches, which are also tabulate, and which ascend obliquely towards the surface, giving off secondary branches in their course. Hence in transverse sections (Plate XXIX, fig. 9) we may see not only the central opening representing the section of the main axial canal, but also a variable number of apertures external to this, representing sections of the secondary tubes above spoken of. ‘Tangential sections (Plate XXIX, fig. 10) likewise often show these secondary tubes as seen when obliquely divided. None of the specimens examined show the final terminations of the axial tubes, so that it is unknown whether or not they open on the surface. Zooidal tubes are sometimes well exhibited in the peripheral portions of IDIOSTROMA OCULATUM. 227 transverse sections of the stems; but in longitudinal sections they are usually badly shown, apparently owing to their tortuous character. Many specimens of Idiostroma oculatwin exhibit embedded tubes which have the general character of ‘* Caunopora-tubes,” since they open on the surface by Fig. 33. Fie. 33.—Transverse section of half of a stem of Zdiostroma oculatum, Nich., enlarged about 12 times. a@. The axial canal transversely divided. 66. Large radially directed tubes embedded in the ccnosteum, opening inferiorly into the interlaminar spaces, but acquiring thickened walls, and becoming intersected by tabule where they approach the surface. rounded apertures with thickened margins, and are provided with proper walls (woodcuts, figs. 32 a and 33). Other examples show no traces of these embedded tubes (Plate XXIX, fig. 8). Sections of the stems (Plate XXIX, fig. 11, and woodcut, fig. 33) show that these supposed ‘‘ Caunopora-tubes” possess a thickened proper wall in the outer part of their course, but apparently lose this as they are traced internally, till they appear in some cases to open directly into the interlaminar spaces of the coenosteum. Doubt is thus thrown upon the true nature of these embedded tubes; and if they were constantly present there would be good ground for thinking that they really belong to the organism with which they are associated. This conclusion is, however, rendered doubtful by the fact that some specimens do not show any traces of the presence of these tubes; and, in spite of a laborious investigation, I must still confess myself as unable to come to any positive conclusion as to whether or not these embedded tubes are adven- titious. In view, however, of the extent to which the calcareous tissue of a shell enclosed in a crust of the recent Hydractinia echinata may be eaten away or absorbed by the parasite, I feel inclined to doubt if any stress can be laid upon the apparent absence of a proper wall to the embedded tubes of Idiostroma oculatwm in the more deeply buried part of their course. Obs.—The only other species of the genus Idiostroma with which I have any 31 228 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. personal acquaintance is Idiostroma Roemeri, Nich., of the Devonian rocks of Germany (Introduction, p. 100, Plate IX, figs. 6—10). From this latter species the present form is at once distinguished by its slender stems, its fasciculate mode of growth, the characters of its surface, and the much less complete development of the zodidal tubes. Distribution.—Not uncommon in the Devonian Limestones of Biichel, in the Paffrath district. It is also of not very rare occurrence in the Devonian Lime- stones of South Devon (Teignmouth, Shaldon, &c.). SUPPLEMENT TO THE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Iv what follows I have given a brief notice of all the memoirs or works dealing with the Stromatoporoids which are known to meas having been published subsequent to the autumn of 1885, at which time the first part of the present Monograph was in print. In the later part of 1885 Herr Fritz Frech described some Stromatoporoids from the Upper Devonian rocks of Germany in a paper entitled ‘‘ Die Korallen- fauna des Oberdevons in Deutschland” (‘Zeitschr. d. deutschen Geol. Ges., Jahrg.,’ 1885). Following Bargatzky and Maurer, the author selected a species of Actinostroma as being the form described by Goldfuss as Stromatopora concentrica. In an appendix, however, the author states that he is now satisfied that this identification is incorrect, though he still regards an Actinostroma as being the true Stromatopora concentrica, Goldf. A Stromatoporoid (apparently a Stromatoporella) is identified with the Stromatopora stellifera of A. Romer; and a new species, of uncertain affinities, is described under the name of Stromatopora philoclymenia. In 1886, in his work entitled ‘* Die Cyathophylliden und Zaphren- tiden des deutschen Mitteldevon” (‘ Palaeontologische Abhandlungen,’ Berlin), Herr Frech discusses the nature of ‘“* Cawnopora,” and concludes that the fossils included under this name are the result of the commensal growth of a Stromato- poroid with an Aulopora or a Syringopora. In 1886, Mdlle. Eugenia Solomko published a work on the Stromatoporoids of the Devonian rocks of Russia (pp. 48, with two plates, St. Petersburg, 1886). As it is written in Russian I have, unfortunately, been unable to read this memoir, but an analysis of its contents is given by Waagen and Wentzel in the ‘Palwontologia Indica,’ “Salt Range Fossils,” ser. 13, vol. vil, 1887. Mdlle. Solomko deals principally with points connected with the general structure of the Stromatoporoids, and proposes a classification based upon the structure of the skeleton-fibre. The Stromatoporoids are regarded as belonging to the Sponges (Pharetrones). No new species are described. In 1886, Mr. E. O. Ulrich described and figured a species of Labechia from the Cincinnati group of Ohio under the name of L. montifera (‘Contributions to North American Paleontology,’ vol. i, p. 33, woodcut and pl. u, figs.9 and 91). 230 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. Mr. Ulrich has been so good as to supply me with a specimen of this form, and I think it is certainly identical with that previously described by me under the name of L. ohioensis. In 1886, Dr. C. Rominger published a paper on the ‘* Minute Structure of Stromatopora and its Allies” (‘ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,’ pp. 39—56, 1886). This paper is principally occupied with a criticism of the memoir on the structure of the skeleton of the Stromatoporoids published in 1878 by Dr. Murie and the present writer; but as Dr. Rominger wrote without having previously made himself acquainted with the General Introduction to the present work, it is unnecessary to discuss his views in detail. Dr. Rominger further resuscitates a number of manuscript names of Stromatoporoids which he had employed in a paper which had been laid before the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia in 1871, but which had never been published. The names in question cannot, however, be now allowed to have any validity, since the forms to which they were applied by Dr. Rominger have been described, prior to 1886, under other titles in various published memoirs by other investigators. In 1886, the present writer published two parts of a paper entitled “* On some New or Imperfectly described Species of Stromatoporoids” (‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 5, vol. xvii, pp. 225—239, pls. vi—vil; and vol. xvii, pp. 8—22, pls. i and ii). The species dealt with are fully described, and in all cases figures of the microscopic structure of the skeleton are given. The following forms are described and figured :—Actinostroma clathratum, Nich. ; A. verrucosum, Goldf. ; A. hebbornense, Nich.; A. astroites, Rosen sp.; A. bifariwm, Nich.; A. stellulatum, Nich ; A. Schmidtii, Rosen sp.; A. wntertextum, Nich. ; Stromatoporella laminata, Barg. sp.; S. eifeliensis, Nich.; S. damnomensis, Nich. ; S. arachnoidea, Nich.; S. curiosa, Barg. sp.; S. granulata, Nich.; Labechia conferta, Lonsd. sp.; L. ohioensis, Nich.; L. canadensis, Nich. and Mur. ; L. serotina, Nich.; Lophiostroma (Labechia ?) Schmidt, Nich.; Rosenella dentata, Rosen sp.; 2. macrocystis, Nich.; and I. pachyphylla, Nich. In 1887, the third part of the preceding memoir was published (‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 5, vol. xix, pp. 1—17, pls. i—ii). The following species are described and figured :—Clathrodictyon vesiculoswm, Nich. and Mur. ; C. variolare, Rosen sp.; C. Linnarssoni, Nich.; C. striatellwm, D’Orb. sp. ; C. crassuin, Nich.; C. fastigiatum, Nich.; C. vegulare, Rosen sp.; C. cellulosum, Nich. and Mur.; C. ostiolatwm, Nich.; C. lawwm, Nich.; C. retiforme, Nich. and Mur.; and C. (7) tuberculatum, Nich. In 1887, Waagen and Wentzel published the volume of the “ Salt Range Fossils” dealing with the Stromatoporoids and some of the Corals (‘ Paleon- tologia Indica,’ ser. 13, vol. vii, pp. 925—962, pls. exvii—exxi). The earlier portion of this work is occupied with a discussion of the general structure SUPPLEMENT. 231 and zoological affinities of the Stromatoporoids, which the authors divide into two families, and refer to the Hydrocorallines. It would, however, be unprofitable to discuss at length the views on the above subjects propounded in the work now under consideration ; since it may be reasonably assumed that the authors would have materially modified many of their statements had they been acquainted with the previously published ‘‘ General Introduction”’’ to the present Monograph, of the existence of which they appear to have been in ignorance. The authors retain the genus Canostroma, Winch., as the type of their family Cwnostromide, upon the ground that it possesses astrorhize; whereas they assert these struc- tures to be wanting in Stroiatopora concentrica, Goldf., the type of the genus Stromatopora. As a matter of fact, however, astrorhize are always more or less largely developed in Stromatopora concentrica, Goldf., so that the alleged distine- tion between Canostroma and Stvomatopora cannot be maintained. The authors further propose five new genera of Stromatoporoids under the titles of Carterina, Circopora, Disjectopora, Irregulatopora, and Rosenia. Having had no opportunity of examining specimens of the first four of these genera, I do not feel myself competent to discuss their relationships. The last-mentioned genus, however, is proposed for the fossil described by von Rosen under the name of Stroimatopora astroites, and I have shown that this is really a species of Actinostroma. The most Interesting and important point established by the researches of Waagen and Wentzel is that forms of the Hydrozoa related to Stromatopora proper occur in the ‘‘ Productus Limestone” of the Salt Range of India, the age of which is regarded as Permo-Carboniterous. We may, therefore, look forward with confidence to the future discovery of Stromatoporoids in the Carboniferous rocks of Hurope and America. In 1889 Herr Joseph Wentzel published a memoir entitled ‘“ Ueber fossile Hydrocorallinen (Stromatopora und ihre Verwandten) nebst einem Anhange” (‘ Lotos,’ Neue Folge, Bd. ix, pp. 1—24, pls. i—i) ; but this is essentially a kind of abstract of the earlier portion of the work just spoken of, and, for reasons given above, does not require detailed discussion. In 1889 Professor Lindstrém published a memoir with the title “Ueber die Gattung Prisciturben, Kunth” (‘ Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar,’ Bd. xv, Afd. 4, No. 9, p. 10, pl. 1). In this memoir Lindstrém shows that the genus Prisciturben, Kunth, is not referable to a Perforate Coral, but that it is founded upon a mixed organism resulting from the commensalism of a Stroma- toporoid and a Cyathophylloid coral. _In 1889 appeared the second part of the present Monograph, in which Actinostroma fenestratum and Clathrodictyon confertuin are described for the first time. In 1890 the present writer recorded the occurrence in Devonian deposits in 232 BRITISH STROMATOPOROIDS. Western Australia of two European Stromatoporoids, viz. Actinostroma clathratum, Nich., and Stromatoporella eifeliensis, Nich. (‘Notes on the Paleontology of Western Australia,” ‘Geol. Mag.,’ dec. 3, vol. vii, p. 193, pl. viii). In 1891 appeared the third part of the present Monograph. The species described in this for the first time are Labechia scabiosa, L. stylophora, Stroma- topora Oartert, S. inequalis, and WN. flovigera. Lastly, in 1891 was published part iv of the memoir by the present writer, “*On some New or imperfectly Known Stromatoporoids”’ (‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 6, vol. vil, pp. 309—328, pls. vili—x, and two engravings). The forms described are principally American, and include the following :—Stroma- topora antiqua, Nich. and Mur.; S. (Cawnopora) Hudsonica, Daws.; S. Carteri, Nich. ; S. borealis, Nich. ; Actinostroma expanswm, Hall and Whitf. sp.; A. Tyrrellit, Nich.; A. Whiteavesii, Nich. ; A. matutinum, Nich.; A. fenestratum, Nich. ; Syringo- stroma ristigouchense, Spencer sp.; S. (Stromatopora) nodulatum, Nich.; and S. densum, Nich. The species described for the first time are Stromatopora borealis, Actinostroma Tyrrell, A. Whiteavesii, and A. matutinum. It is further pointed out that the form described by the author from the Hamilton formation of Ontario under the name of Stromatopora nulliporoides (‘ Report on the Palzontology of Ontario,’ 1875, p. 78) is identical with the previously described Cenostroma incrustans of Hall and Whitfield from the Devonian rocks of Iowa, and that the latter is properly referable to the genus Stromatoporella. APPENDIX. By the kindness of Professor Edward Orton, of the State University of Ohio, I have been permitted to re-examine the fossil which I originally described as a Stromatoporoid under the name of Dictyostroma wndulatum, and, which I regarded as the type of the genus Dictyostroma (‘ Paleontology of Ohio,’ vol. 1, p, 254, pl. xxiv, fig. 6, 1875). In the Introduction to the present work (p. 85) I pointed out that the genus Dictyostroma, for want of knowledge of its microscopic structure, could not be regarded as being “‘ adequately defined or satisfactorily established.” Having now made a careful examination of the original example of Dictyostroma undulatum, Nich., by means of thin sections, I am able to state that the fossil so named is certainly not referable to the Stromatoporoids. Its precise affinities are not absolutely clear, but it is sufficient for my present purpose to point out that the genus Dictyostroma, Nich., must no longer be regarded as a member of the great series of the Stromatoporoidea. FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES OF STROMATOPOROIDS DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH. INDEX TO THE [Names of genera or species which are regarded as synonyms, or invalid, are printed in italics. ] Actinostroma, Nich. ‘ — astroites, Rosen, sp. = bifarium, Nich. — clathratum, Nich. — var. irregulare, Nich. — fenestratum, Nich. — Hebbornense, Nich. — intertextum, Wich. — stellulatum, Wich. — verrucosum, Goldf., sp. Actinostromide, WVich. . Alcyonium echinatum, Stein. Amphipora, Schulz. — ramosa, Phill., sp. Beatricea, Billings Caunopora, Phill. — placenta, Phill. —_ — Barg. —- biicheliensis — ramosa, Phill. Ceriopora verrucosa, Goldf. Clathrodictyon, Wich. and Mur. . — confertum, Nich. — erassum, Wich. _ fastigiatum, Wich. — regulare, Rosen, sp. — striatellum, d’Orb. — variolare, Rosen, sp. PAGE 75—77 143 136 131 133 146 137 138 140 . 134 74,75 134 109 223 86—90 110—130 176 176 186 . 2293 4, 134 77—T79 154 151 152 155 156 150 — vesiculosum, Wich. and Mur. 147 Conostroma, Winchell . — discoideum, Lindstr. Coscinopora placenta, Lonsd. Diapora, Barg. Dictyostroma, Nich. Heliolites ? discoideus, Salt. ak Hermatostroma, Nich. . — episcopale, Nich. — Schliiteri, Nich. . Idiostroma, Winch. — eapitatum, Nich. _ oculatum, Wich. _- Roemeri, Nich. Idiostromide, Nich. Labechia, Hdw. and Haime — canadensis, Wich. and Mur. — conferta, Lonsd., sp. a scabiosa, Wich. — serotina, Wich. — stylophora, Nich. Labechiidee, Nich. Monticularia conferta, Lonsd. Parallelopora, Barg. . ‘ — capitata, Goldf., sp. — dartingtonensis, Cart., sp. -- var. filitexta, Nich. _ Goldfussi, Barg. . — ostiolata, Barg. Rosenella, Nich. Stachyodes, Barg. . — verticillata, ‘Coy, sp. _ ramosa, Barg. Stromatoceritum canadense, Nich. and Mur. Stromatopora, Goldf- — astroites, Barg. Rosen . — Beuthii, Barg. — Maurer — Biicheliensis, Barg. = capitata, d’ Orb. — Carteri, Nick. PAGE 105 219 215 99 197 101 100 98 81 163 158 160 162 . 161 74, 80 158 95, 191 197 199 201 191 193 54 107 221 221 163 91 234 INDEX. PAGE Stromatopora concentrica, Goldf. 2, 3, 5, 164 var. colliculata, Nich. . 166 — astrigera, Nich. . 166 concentrica, Barg. . 131, 197 — Frech. Pep sal = Lonsd. . 156 — M‘Coy . 181 — Maurer . 140 dartingtonensis, Carter . 199 discoidea, Lonsd. . . 188 elegans, Carter. . 199 — Rosen . . 188 florigera, Nich. . . 182 granulata, Nich. . . 202 Hudsonica, Daws.. . 172 Hiipschi, Barg. . . 176 inequalis, Nich. . . 181 indubia, Maurer. . 176 maculosa, Maurer . ZG mammillata, Fr. Schmidt . 156 minuta, Rominger . - 147 mummulitisimilis, Lonsd. . G polymorpha, Goldf. . 45 — Phill. . 5 AG Stromatopora ramosa, M‘Coy Stromatoporella, Wich. Stromatoporide, Nich. . Stromatoporoidea, Nich. and Mur. Stylodictyon, Nich. Syringostroma, Nich. Tragos capitatum, Goldf. PAGE 223 reqularis, Rosen 155 striatella, Orb. . 147 = M‘Coy . 147 turgidecolumnata, Maurer 183 typica, Rosen : 169 verrucosa, Barg. 134 — Quenst. 134 verticillata, M‘Coy 221 92 curiosa, Barg., sp. 213 damnoniensis, Nich. 207 Eifeliensis, Wich. 208 granulata, Nich. 202 Selwynii, Wich. 205 socialis, Wich. 206 solitaria, Wich. . 210 Worthent, Quenst. 17, 80 74, 90, 164 73 79 . 97 4,197 PLATE XXVI. Fic. 1.—Surface of a specimen of Stromatoporella granulata, Nich., of the natural size. Devonian (Hamilton Formation), Arkona, Ontario. Fic. 1 a.—Tangential section of the same, enlarged about ten times. Fic. 1 6.—Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fic. 2.—Surface of a specimen of Stromatoporella Selwynii, Nich., enlarged. Devonian (Corniferous Limestone), Port Colborne, Ontario. This figure is repeated from PI. I, fig. 14, where it is referred to Stromatoporella granulata, Nich. Fic. 3.—Tangential section of the same, enlarged about ten times. (The section is slightly oblique.) Fic. 4.—Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fic. 5.—Tangential section of Stromatoporella socialis, Nich., showing part of one of the astrorhizal cylinders, enlarged about ten times. Middle Devonian, Teignmouth [pebble in the Triassic conglomerates |. Fig. 6.—Tangential section of another specimen of the same, from the same locality, showing ‘‘ Caunopora-tubes.” Enlarged about ten times. Fic. 7.—Vertical section of the preceding specimen, similarly enlarged. PLATE XXVII. Fic. 1.—Surface of Stromatoporella eifeliensis, Nich., enlarged. Middle Devonian, Gerolstein. Fic. 2.—Tangential section of the same, enlarged ten times, from the same formation and locality. Fic. 3.—Vertical section of the preceding specimen, similarly enlarged. Fic. 4.—Specimen of Stromatoporella solitaria, Nich., of the natural size, showing the characters of the surface. Middle Devonian, Gerolstein. Fic. 5.—Tangential section of the same, across one of the astrorhizal mamelons, enlarged ten times, from the same formation and locality. Fic. 6.—Tangential section of the same, traversing a space between two astrorhizal mamelons, similarly enlarged [erroneously referred in a paper in the ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 5, vol. xvii, pl. viii, fig. 5, to S. eifeliensis]. Fic. 7.—Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fie. 8—Tangential section of Stromatoporella damnoniensis, Nich., enlarged about ten times. Middle Devonian, Devonshire. (From the pebble beds in the Trias of Teignmouth.) Fic. 9.—Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. PLATE: XX¥V eat I ais 2 8 : HAMcholson del AT Hollick hth PLATE XXVIII. Fic, 1—A specimen of Stromatoporella curiosa, Barg., of the natural size, forming a crust upon a Rugose Coral. Middle Devonian, Biichel (Paffrath District). Fic. 2.—Tangential section of the same, enlarged between 10 and 12 times. Fic. 3.—Vertical section of the same, similarly enlarged. Fig. 4.—Portion of a polished section of Hermatostroma episcopale, Nich., of the natural size. Middle Devonian (pebble in Triassic conglomerate), ‘Teignmouth. Fie. 5.—Tangential section of another specimen of the same, from Shaldon, South Devon, enlarged 10 times. Fic. 6.—Vertical section of the preceding specimen, similarly enlarged. Fic. 7.—Tangential section of another example of the same, enlarged about 15 times. Devonian, Shaldon. Fic. 8.—Tangential section of another example of the same, enlarged about 15 times. Teignmouth. Fic. 9.—Vertical section of the preceding, similarly enlarged. Fic. 10.—Portion of a tangential section of Hermatostroma episcopale, Nich., from the Devonian of Shaldon, enlarged rather more than 20 times, showing the porous nature of the skeleton-fibre. Fic. 11.—Part of a vertical section of the preceding specimen, similarly enlarged, showing the canal-system infiltrated with some opaque material. Fic. 12.—Fragment of Herimatostroma Schliteri, Nich., of the natural size. Middle Devonian, Hebborn (Paffrath District). Fic. 13.—Part of the surface of a concentric lamina of the same, greatly enlarged. HANicholson de] AT Volkicic lth: PEATE YY AX If PLATE XXIX. Fic. 1.—Part of a polished transverse section of a specimen of Stachyodes verticillata, M‘Coy sp., of the natural size. From a Devonian pebble in the Triassic conglomerates of Teignmouth. Fic. 2.—Part of a polished vertical section of the same species, of the natural size. From the same locality. Fia 3.—Part of a polished section of a specimen of Devonian limestone containing numerous stems of Amphipora vramosa, Phill., sp., of the natural size. Shaldon, South Devon. Fic. 4.—Part of a longitudinal polished section of Amphipora ramosa, Phill. sp., enlarged about 10 times. Shaldon, South Devon. Fic. 5.—A transverse polished section of a stem of the same species, similarly enlarged. Shaldon, South Devon. Fic. 6.—Part of transverse thin section of a stem of Aimphipora ramosa, Phill, sp., in which no axial canal is shown, and the marginal vesicles are comparatively small, similarly enlarged. Shaldon, South Devon. Fic. 6a.—A portion of the preceding section, enlarged still further, showing the structure of the skeleton-fibre. Fic. 7.—A polished transverse section of a stem of Amphipora ramosa, Phill, sp., enlarged about 10 times. No axial canal is seen in this section, and the marginal vesicles are comparatively small. Shaldon, South Devon. Fic. 8.—Part of a transverse section of a specimen of Devonian limestone containing a colony of Idiostroma oculatum, Nich., of the natural size. Shaldon, South Devon. Fic. 9.—Part of a thin section of the preceding specimen, showing a single stem transversely divided ; enlarged 10 times. Shaldon, South Devon. Fre. 10. enlarged 10 times, showing Caunopora-tubes (?) and tabulate canals. Middle Devonian, Biichel (Paffrath District). Fic. 11.—Part of the vertical section of the preceding specimen, similarly enlarged, showing the axial tabulate canal, and a (?) Caunopora-tube. Part of a tangential section of a stem of I[diostroma oculatum, Nich., PLATE XxX, HA Wicholson del Font N AT Hollick ith PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVIL. GOON. DON: MDCCCXCII. A MONOGRAPH BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOPODA (PH YLLOCARIDA, Packarp). PROF. T. RUPERT JONES, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., AND DR. HENRY WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. PARLE SUT, SOME BIVALVED AND UNIVALVED SPECIES. Paces 73—124; Puates XITI—XVII. Wirgw AppENpDA AND CorricrENpDA to Part I. LrOuN DON: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1892. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. Parr I, Page 11. After the 16th line from the top add 1885, J. M. Clarke. The Higher Devonian Fauna of Ontario County, New York, pp. 43, 44. Pages 16 and 19. PI. IV, fig. 3, is Ceratiocaris tyrannus (not C. Murchison‘). Pages 20 and 21. PI. VI, fig. 11, is Ceratiocaris tyrannus (not C. valida). Page 23. Before the 10th line from the bottom add:—A specimen of C. tyrannus from the Upper Coldwell beds, near Troutbeck, Westmoreland, is in Professor Térnquist’s collection, Lund. Page 25. In the last two paragraphs lines 2nd and 5th from the bottom may refer to Ceratio- caris tyrannus rather than to C. gigas or C. Murchisont. Page 37. Add to the footnote—and ‘Mem. Geol. Survey,’ explan. sheet 23 (1879), pp. 9, &e. Page 44. The 4th paragraph from the bottom refers to Ceratiocaris patula (not to C. robusta). Pages 61 and 72. Pl. XI, fig. 16, may belong to the genus E/ymocaris, Beecher, as suggested at p- 62. Pages 62 and 72. Ceratiocaris ? lata belongs most probably to Hymenocaris. We have to add that in the Lee Collection, British Museum, there are— I, 1163. From the Upper Ludlow beds of Logan Water, portions of the tail-pieces of Ceratio- caris papilio. I, 1169. From the Lower Ludlow of Leintwardine, near Ludlow, the end of an abdomen, telson, and cercopods of C. papilio. I, 1167. From the Lower Ludlow of Church Hill, Leintwardine, the inside exposure of a left- band valve of C. Halliana. I, 1170. From the same locality a nearly perfect specimen of C. Halliana, Young. I, 1168. From the Lower Ludlow beds, Ludlow—C. cassia. ‘ ' . ‘ ; | ; PAR. Af, Tue Table given at pages 2 and 3 of Part I (1888) indicates that bivalved forms with the carapace-valves more or less easily separable, and either pod- shaped or conchiferoid, come near to Ceratiocaris lately described in that Part. Some of these we shall deal with presently. There is one form, however, having a folded shield, like that of Nebalia, which has the lateral halves of the carapace and the exserted abdominal segments so much like those features in Ceratiocaris that it seems advisable to take it (Hyimenocavis) into consideration at once. We may here remark that, with regard to the two associates of Hyimenocaris in the Table at page 2, we have not yet obtained any further information about Barrande’s ** Oytheropsis testis ;”' and that Proricaris (wrongly referred to this group as Proto- cavis) is nota Phyllopod, but had been conjecturally made up of portions of the limbs of Hurypterus or Pterygotus. (See ‘Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1889 (1890), p. 68.) It will be convenient to take up in succession to Hyimenocaris those forms (Lingulocarvis, &c.) resembling the shells of some bivalve molluscs, and then the httle pod-like Caryocaris, which is probably not far removed zoologically from Ceratiocaris. Subsequently those with flat sutured carapaces (Aptychopsis, Peltocaris, and Pinnocaris) will be described, and then such as have flat entire carapaces (Discinocaris) ; and, lastly, the Apus-lke forms (Dithyrocaris). A. Phyllopodous Forins with Hinged or Folded Valve-like Carapaces. V. Genus—Hymenocaris, Salter, 1853. Sauter, ‘ Report British Assoc.’ for 1852 (1858), Transact. Sect., pp. 56—58. Morris, ‘ Catal. Brit. Foss.,’ 1854, p. 109. H. Woopwarp and Satter, ‘ Catal. and Chart Foss. Crust.,’ 1865, p. 17. Satter, ‘Memoirs Geol. Survey Great Britain, &c.,’ vol. iii, 1866, p. 293; 2nd edit., 1881, p- 484. 1 The form quoted as such by MM. de Tromelin and Lebesconte in 1875 is not the same (see Dr. C. Barrois’s ‘‘ Mémoire sur la Faune du Grés Armoricain,” ‘Annales Soe. Géol. du Nord,’ vol. xix, 1891, pp. 147 and 149). 10 74 BRITISH PALASOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. H. Woopwarp, ‘ Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust.,’ 1877, p. 75. T. R. Jones and H. Woopwarp, ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1883 (1884), p. 217 ; ‘Monogr. Brit. Paleozoic Phyllop.,’ Pal. Soc., pt. 1, 1888, p. 2. Erueripae, ‘ Foss. Brit.,’ vol. i, Palzeozoic, 1888, p. 55. Woops, ‘ Catal. Type Fossils Woodw. Mus. Cambridge,’ 1891, p. 136. This Paleozoic Phyllopod was first noticed and named by Mr. J. W. Salter. It is a somewhat shrimp-like form, allied to the living Nebalia and the Silurian Jeratiocaris. The carapace is simply bent on the back, so as to form two subtriangular lateral flaps or attached valves. Several (eight or nine) abdominal seoments are exposed, ending with six delicate, tapering caudal appendages. Its generic characters are recognised in a detailed description of its one best-known species. 1. Hymenocaris vermicaupA, Salter. Plate XIII, figs. 1—14. HYMENOCARIS VERMICAUDA, Salter. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1852 (1853), p. 58. Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., 2nd edit., 1854, p. 109. Salter. In Murchison’s Siluria, 1st edit., 1854, p. 42, foss. 3; 3rd edit. (including Sil. Syst.), 1859, p. 45, foss. 5, fig. 1; 4th edit. (including Sil. Syst.), 1867, p. 44, foss. 6, fig. 1. Woodward and Salter. Catal. and Chart Foss. Crust., 1865, p. 17, fig. 1. Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey Great Brit., vol. iii, 1866, p. 298, pl. ii, figs. 1—4 (the last is a restoration); pl. v, fig. 25; 2nd edit., 1881, p. 484, the same figs. Baily. Figures Charact. Brit. Fossils, 1867, p. 8, pl. iv, figs. La, 1 6 (restoration). Bigsby. Thesaurus Siluricus, 1868, p. 75. Salter. Catal. Camb. Silur. Foss. Cambridge, 1873, p. 10, woodcut (restoration). H. Woodward. Cat. Brit. Foss. Crust., 1877, p. 76. Husley, Newton, and Etheridge. Catal. Cambr. Sil. Foss. Mus. Pract. Geol., 1878, pp. 7, 10. T. R. Jones. Geol. Mag., 1883, p. 463. T. R. Jones and H. Woodward. Report! Brit. Assoc. for 1883 (1884), p. 217; ibid.? for 1888 (1889), p. 178, figs. 2—5. Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleeoz., 1888, p. 55. Woods. Catal. Type Fossils Cambridge, 1891, p. 186. ' The First Report of the Committee, consisting of Mr. R. Etheridge, Dr. H. Woodward, and Professor T. Rupert Jones (Secretary), on the Fossil Phyllopoda of the Paleozoic Rocks. * The Sixth Report. HYMENOCARIS VERMICAUDA. 75 Hymenocaris vermicauda has its carapace folded or bent along the back, so as to form an overarching carapace (as in Nebalia) with two symmetrical, suboval, valve-like sides, somewhat resembling saddle-flaps, not so deep in front as behind, obliquely rounded or semi-elliptical below, and with a very slightly convex dorsal line." The curvature of the ventral edge varies in fulness and in obliquity with individuals, and is nearly always modified by the pressure to which the shale or mudstone containing the fossils has been subjected. The specimens are all flattened laterally ; some are lengthened, and some shortened, according to their position relative to the direction of the squeeze ; and nearly all are crumpled or “ plaited’’? with parallel foldings, coarse or fine, at right angles to the line of pressure. Some of the best preserved individuals measure 3% inch (21 mm.), others 1 inch (23 mm.), and others (imperfect otherwise) even more, along the back line. Those with the first two measurements are 485 inch (19 mm.) in height ; and their angular length (from antero-dorsal to postero-ventral point) is 14%; inches (56 mm.). Many smaller individuals occur. The carapace was thin (hence the name= ‘“‘ membranous’’) and apparently smooth. No definite structure has been observed, but Salter noted “ short wavy nes ”’ on the carapace and the abdominal segments (‘ Mem. Geol. Survey,’ vol. iu, p. 294), and a marginal furrow along the posterior border of the valves (p. 293). Owing to the compressed and plaited condition of the schistose matrix, it is difficult to define the original outline of the ends of the carapace. The fig. 4 in pl. 11, ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. i, is a restoration, and its truncate anterior end is a very doubtful feature. The outline given of a specimen shown in fig. 3 (loc. cit.) is not supported by the specimen itself.” The front angle, though often modified or suppressed by the imperfect cleavage of the squeezed mudstone, is sometimes perfect enough to show that it was much sharper than in the fig. 4 referred to above, in which the truncation is probably due to fracture of one of the specimens used in making this restoration of the animal. The posterior margin appears to have sloped downwards and outwards, with a bold ventral curve, but usually without the sinuous (ogee) bend under the dorsal angle which Ceratiocaris generally exhibits. The relative position of carapace and body-segments has been subjected to much interference, between the death and the imbedment of the specimens, from the decomposition of the soft parts or connecting tissues and the shifting of the 1 Much like the carapace-valves of Ceratiocaris Pardoéana in shape (Monogr., part i, 1888, pl. v, figs. 1 and 2. 2 Salter, ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. x, 1854, p. 209; and ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ iii, 1866, p. 247, note. 3 The two small spikes figured in the same illustration are illusory, as are also the three needle- like projections in the woodcut in ‘Siluria,’ 1854, 1859, and 1867, though often copied in text- books. 76 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. harder covering; yet Mr. Salter’s determination of the more truncate or wider (higher) end of the carapace being the hinder margin seems to be well founded, whether the abdomen be still in apposition or not. The crumpled bed-planes of the hard shale or flagstone frequently exhibit crushed body-joints of the Hymenocaris; but these relics of the abdominal portion vary much in the number of attached segments. Sometimes four or five, but not uncommonly six or seven body-joints occur, with or without the telson being apparent. Hight or nine together are less frequent. In one instance (in the Owens College Museum) ten or eleven segments can be counted, besides an obscure telson, in an unattached body (PI. XIII, fig. 10) lying on a slab containing numerous specimens of carapaces and body-rings of Hymenocaris (from Gareg- felen, collected and given by Mr. D. Homfray). In this case some (five or six) segments, which appear to have been softer than the others, may have been within the carapace, for they differ from the others in size and distinctness of outline. The crushing and squeeze have rendered even the best and most promising specimens so obscure that much doubt still exists in the observations on this Phyllopod. Mr. Salter determined nine exposed body-rings (‘ Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. in, p. 298, but only eight are shown in his pl. ui, fig. 4), with one pair of styles and two pairs of stylets attached to the last joint (op. cit., pl. v, fig. 2). The abdominal joints vary from about 43; to 76 inch (7 to 9 mm.) in height, sometimes to 7°; (12 mm.), very rarely to 38 and 7% (15 and i73 mm.), but in one case to 4% inch (20 mm.), according to size of individuals and the accidental crush. The caudal appendages consist of six sete, springing from the terminal edge of the last body-segment or telson, and arranged in three pairs, namely, a central pair, 5°75 mm. long, and two outside pairs, each of which has its inner spine or seta, 8mm. long, and its outer spinule, 3:17 mm. long (see Pl. XIII, fig. 9, magnified). In his * Monograph of the Phyllopod Crustacea of North America ”’ (¢ Twelfth Annual Report of the U.S. Geol. Survey,’ 1883), Dr. A. 8. Packard figured and described (pp. 437, 536, and 590, pl. xxxvi, fig. 7, and pl. xxxvu, fig. 5) the cercopods of Nehalia. An embryonic N. Geoffroyi has two strong tapering cerco- pods, each terminating with a long seta between two short spinose sete. If the two cercopods were reduced and united laterally, the six sete would be brought together, and represent the three paired (or doubly trifid) cercopods of Hymeno- earvis. In other words, Hymenocarvis has caudal appendages equivalent to the terminal sete: of the Nebalia referred to if these latter were brought together laterally, and stood out directly from the last body-segment or telson without any differentiated basal cercopods. HYMENOCARIS VERMICAUDA. ah Aymenocaris vermicauda occurs in the Lower Lingula-flags, especially ‘in the upper portions of the true Lingula-flags” (Salter, op. cit., p. 293, and ‘Catal. Pal. Foss. Cambridge Mus.,’ p. 10), near Tremadoc, Ffestiniog, and Dolgelly. The particular localities’ are the railway-cutting near Wern, not far from Penmorfa; Pentre’r-felin, west of Penmorfa; Gareg-felen; Bryntwr Summerhouse ; and especially the hill descending to Penmorfa Church ; Moel-y- gest, the hill behind Portmadoc; Borth cove or harbour, near Portmadoc; also at Ffestiniog; Gwern-y-barcud (‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. iii, p. 294), Moel-hafod-Owen, and other places near Dolgelly; and doubtfully at Pont Seiont, Caernarvon. A specimen in the British Museum is from the ‘ Upper Tremadoc’ schistose shale of Garth, near Portmadoc. The Halifax Museum also possesses one or more specimens from the “ Upper Tremadoc flags” of Garth, Portmadoc. The rippled flagstones of the Lingula series near Tremadoe, at the village of Y-Felin-newydd, and near Pentre’r-felin and Wern, on the Criccieth road, are marked with tracks referred, with good reason, by Mr. Salter to Hymenocaris vermicauda (¢ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.,’ vol. x, 1854, pp. 208—211; and ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. in, p. 248 and p. 294, pl. i). § 1. Carapaces. The chief specimens which we have met with and regarded as illustrative of this species are the following : 1. A large specimen (Pl. XIII, fig. 1) wanting the caudal extremity. Both the carapace and the eight abdominal segments have been obliquely squeezed from above and behind towards the infero-anterior region; and the left-hand carapace-valve here shown is, in particular, somewhat lengthened backwards and downwards. This occurs in dark-grey slaty mudstone, minutely micaceous, from the Middle Lingula-flags, at Borth, Portmadoc. In the Cambridge Museum (+4; z25). It is referred to in the ‘Report on British Paleozoic Phyllopoda’ for 1888 (1889), p. 178, fig. 4. This is very similar to the specimen figured by Salter in the ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. iii, 1866, pl. ii, fig. 1, which is in the Museum of Practical Geology, and which lies in dark-grey schistose mudstone from Penmorfa, near Tremadoc. 2. Carapace and abdomen of a large individual (Pl. XIII, fig. 12). Both are imperfect and much compressed. The two valves are indistinctly indicated; the 1 Mr. David Homfray, who collected the larger portion of the known specimens of this genus, has favoured us with a note of the localities. 78 BRITISH PALMOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. abdomen retains some trace of caudal spines, but has probably been turned upside down. In bluish-grey shaly flagstones with rusty facings. From the Lingula-flags at Borth, Portmadoc. Cambridge Museum (;?#; +5). 3. A distorted and somewhat crushed, but otherwise nearly perfect individual (Pl. XIII, fig. 2). The abdominal segments (eight well shown with a trace of another) are turned up behind at a sharp angle with the carapace; and the last segment retains some portions of the caudal appendages. In bluish-grey flagstone with rusty facings. Middle Lingula-flags; Borth, Portmadoc. British Museum, I 322. D. H. 4, The broken front part of a valve, with eight segments (and trace of a ninth) lying at an angle with it, and retaining portions of the tail-spines. Pl. XIII, fig. 3. In bluish-grey slaty flagstone with rusty facings. Portmadoc. British Museum, T1322, ). i, 5. Carapace or left-hand valve, lying separate from seven body-segments, not perfect, but retaining a remnant of one of the caudalspines. Pl. XIII, fig. 4. In dark grey slaty mudstone, minutely micaceous. Middle Lingula-flags ; Borth, Portmadoc. In the Cambridge Museum (74; 745). Referred to in the ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1888 (1889), p. 178, fig. 3. 6. A small specimen (PI. XIII, fig. 5), showing the right-hand side of a cara- pace having a bold posterior ogee curve that has been increased by pressure. Also eight body-segments, turned downwards at right angles, and retaining the full number of cercopods, namely, a small central pair, flanked on each side by one large and one small spine. Of these appendages the middle pair are rather shorter than those in fig. 9 (magnified.23 diameters), but the outer pairs are of about the same length. In dark-grey slaty mudstone. Middle Lingula-flags; Borth. Cambridge Museum (,4; z4y- D. H.). Referred to in ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1888 (1889), p. 178, fig. 5. 7. A large carapace, or left-hand valve (Pl. XITI, fig. 13), modified by pressure, and widened into an irregular lozenge shape. In dark-grey schistose mudstone. lLingula-flags; Portmadoc. Museum Practical Geology, marked ;,; Wyatt-Edgell Coll. ‘Catal. Camb. Sil. Foss.,’ 1878,-p. 10, 8. Distorted valve, narrowed by pressure, and imperfect by fracture at the lower part of the posterior edge. Pl. XIII, fig. 6. In contrast with fig. 13. Referred to in the ‘ Report British Assoc.’ for 1888 (1889), p. 178, fig. 2. In dark-grey slaty flagstone, very minutely micaceous, much squeezed. From the Ffestiniog group; Borth, Portmadoc. Cambridge Museum (#5). HYMENOCARIS LATA. 79 § 2. Bopy-sEGMENTS, 9. Eight body-segments, of large size, without caudal appendages (Pl. XIII, fig. 7). Much compressed, thereby having greater height than originally. In bluish-grey slaty flagstone with rusty facing, squeezed. Lingula-flags; Cae’n- y-coed, near Maentwrog. Cambridge Museum (777 gs7- D. H.). Referred to in ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1883 (1884), p. 221. 10. Five body-segments, with portions of the tail-spines on the last (Pl. XIII, fig. 14), somewhat crumpled by oblique pressure. In light bluish-grey schistose mudstone with rusty facings. Borth, Portmadoc. British Museum, I 322. 11. Six (?) body-segments, with remnants of the tail-spines (Pl. XIII, fig. 8). In dark-grey slaty mudstone, minutely micaceous, squeezed. Portmadoc. Museum Pract. Geol., marked 3!5; Wyatt-Edgell Coll. ‘Catal. Cambr. Sil. Foss.,’ 1878, p. 10. 12. The last three body-segments, with the six caudal appendages well exhibited (Pl. XITI, fig. 9). Magnified 25 diameters. This is the same specimen as that figured in the ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. i, pl. v, fig. 25. In dark-grey slaty mudstone, Lower Lingula-flags ; Moel-y-gest, Tremadoc. 13. Two groups of narrow body-segments, separate from their carapaces. Pl. XIII, fig. 10 shows eleven (?) joints, five or six of which seem to have been soft, round, and indistinct, whilst five or six were harder, more angular, distinct, and terminated with caudal spines. Fig. 11 shows 15 (?) segments, separated, distorted, and possibly not all belonging to one and the same animal. In dark- erey slaty mudstone with Lingule, squeezed. Lingula-flags; Gareg-felen, D. H. The Owens College, Manchester. The gradation in size of the abdominal segments from fig. 7 to figs. 1, 12, 2, 3, 14, and 4, and to figs. 5, 8, 10, 11, and 9 (x 23), may be accounted for by relative age alone. 2. Hymenocaris ? ata, Salter, 1866. Fig. 4 (woodcut). Hymenocaris? tatus, Salter. Mem. Geol. Sarv., vol. ii, 1866, p. 240 (in list). Creratrocaris? Latus, Salter. Ibid., p. 294, woodcut 5 ; 2nd edit., 1881, p. 486, woodcut 5. — — Salter. In Siluria, 1867, p. 516. -— — Salter. Catal. Cambr. Silur. Foss., 1873, p. 16. a — H. Woodward. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., 1877, p. 71. — — T.R.J.and H. W. Geol. Mag., 1885, p. 465. = = = Ibid., 1886, p. 460. 80 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. CERaTrocaRis P Larus, 7. R. J. and H. W. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1885 (1886), p- 351. _ — — Monogr. Brit. Paleeoz. Phyll., parti, 1888, p. 63. — — Woods. Catal. Type Foss. Camb. Mus., 1891, p. 134. Mr. Salter’s figure referred to above is a restoration of five (?) body-seements, which apparently had been embedded in an oblique position and crushed endwise so as to be widened and shortened, with a subspiral outline, 28 mm. broad by 12 mm. high (the restoration gives 22 by 15 mm.). See Fig. 4 (woodcut). The direction of pressure must have been at right angles to the minute plaiting of the matrix, obliquely crossing the compressed remains of the animal, and therefore not quite coincident with the long axis of the original individual. These segments are probably not too broad for some such individual as that to which fig. 7 of our Pl. XIII belonged ; but they are so narrow in their longitudinal succession, though with great apparent breadth, and Salter’s restora- Fie. 4. — Hymenocaris ; aaa 9 Wits, Salter. Some cblicuaiy Ul makes them taper so rapidly, that we may conveniently squeezed abdominal ses- keep the specific name given by Salter, though we prefer to adopt his first suggestion (in the list at p. 240, op. cit.) that it was referable to Hyimenocaris. In dark-grey flagstone, Upper Tremadoc group; Garth, Portmadoc. Cam- bridge Museum. VI. Genus—Lineutocaris, Salter, 1866. Satter, ‘Mem. Geol. Survey,’ vol. iii, 1866, pp. 252 and 294; 2nd edit., 1881, p. 485. H. Woopwarp, ‘Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust.,’ 1877, p. 76. T. RK. Jonus, ‘Geol. Mag.,’ 1883, p. 463. T. R. Jones and H. Woopwarp, ‘ Report Brit. Assoc.’ for 1883 (1884), pp. 217 and 223. Erueripes, ‘ Foss. Brit.,’ vol. i, Paleeoz., 1888, p. 58. This was determined and described as a Paleozoic bivalved Phyllopod, from the Upper Tremadoc slates of Tu-hwnt-i’r-bwlch, Garth, Portmadoc, North Wales, by Mr. J. W. Salter, in the ‘ Memoirs of the Geological Survey,’ vol. ii, 1866, pp. 253 and 294. His description of the generic characters is as follows :—‘* A thin bivalve crustacean shell, with a generic form like that of a Modiola or Mytilus, with scarcely prominent beaks, and no? hinge-teeth; the surface of the carapace is covered by fine, raised, concentric lines.” LINGULOCARIS SILIQUIFORMIS. 81 1. LincuLocaris LiIncuLacomEs, Salter, 1866. Plate XIV, fig. 4 (?). LINGULOCARIS LINGULHCOMES, Salter. Mem. Geol. Survey (Appendix to Ramsay’s Geol. North Wales), vol. iii (1866), pp. 253 and 294, pl. x, figs. 1 and 2; and 2nd edit. of Ramsay’s Geol. North Wales, 1881, p. 485, pl. x, figs. 1, 2. a — — Catal. Cambr. Silur. Foss. Cambridge, 1873, p. 16, woodcut. — — Bigsby. Thesaur. Silur., 1868, p. 76. — —_ H.W. Cat. Brit. Foss. Crust., 1877, p. 76. = — H., N., and HE. Cat. Cambr. Foss. Mus. Pract. Geol., 1878, p. 15 (2). — — T. Rk. J. and H. W. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1888 (1884), p. 223. — — Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz., 1888, p. 58. — — Woods. Catal. Type Foss. Cambridge, 1891, p. 186. In the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge are two specimens of a bivalve (sts), there labelled ‘‘ Mytilocaris lingulecomes, Salter,’ from the Upper Tre- madoc slates, Garth, Portmadoc, one of which, seemingly representing the out- side, but somewhat crumpled longitudinally, approximates in its outline and size (133; 4 inch = 32x12 mm.) to Mr. Salter’s restoration (?), fig. 1, pl. x, and woodcut in ‘Cat. Cambridge Foss.,’ p. 16. The other is a less perfect internal cast. Otherwise we have not met with any corresponding specimen ; in the Museum of Practical Geology, however, there is an imperfect internal cast showing the dorsal aspect, somewhat deformed by pressure, of a bivalved form (Pl. XIV, fig. 4), which may possibly belong to L. lingulecomes or an allied form, referred to in the ‘Catal. M. P.G. Mus. Cambr. Sil. Fossils,’ 1878, p. 28, as “ Bivalve Crustacean.” Itis marked pyg. From the Upper Llandeilo, near Builth ; in dark flagstone minutely micaceous. In the Halifax Museum are specimens of this species from the Upper Tremadoc flags at Portmadoc. An imperfect specimen in schistose mudstone from the Upper Tremadoc series at Garth, Portmadoc, in the Museum of Practical Geology, much crushed, marked 4, as well as six rather small, crushed, and distorted specimens (2) are referred to L. lingulecomes at p. 15, ‘ Catal. Cambr. and Silur. Foss. M. P. G.,’ 1878. 2. LINGULOCARIS SILIQUIFORMIS, Jones, 1883. Plate XIV, figs. 1 and 2. LINGULocARIS LINGULHCOMES, Hualey, Newton, and Etheridge. Catal. Cambr. Silur. Foss. Mus. Pract. Geol., 1878, p. 15 (4). ll 82 BRITISH PALASOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. Linevuocaris sILiguirormis, 7. R. Jones. Geol. Mag., 1883, p. 464. -—— — T. R. Jones and H. Woodward. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1883 (1884), pp. 215 and 228; ibid. for 1888 (1889), p. 177, figs. 8 and 9. In the British Museum are casts of the insides of two bivalves (‘‘ 48654” and “TI, 2590’’) labelled ‘* Lingulocaris ;”? but, though probably belonging to Mr. Salter’s genus here mentioned, they differ much from its first species in outline. They are longer, sharper at one end, and more nearly resembling a pea- pod in shape. This species we have distinguished as L. siliquiformis. At p. 225 of the First Report (1883) we described this Cambrian Phyllocarid as differing from Salter’s L. lingulecomes, as above. One specimen (Pl. XIV, fig. 1), rather wrinkled by crush, in bluish-grey slaty mudstone, with rusty facings, from the Upper Tremadoc series at Garth Hill, Portmadoc, was presented to the British Museum by the Rev. J. F. Blake (No. I, 2590). Another (fig. 2), in grey slaty micaceous mudstone, also in the British Museum, is marked “ 48654 from the schistose Bala rock at Bwlch-y-gaseg, near Cynwyd, Corwen; J. P., March 14th, 1868.” 3. Lincunocaris Satrertana, 7. Rh. J. and H. W., 1889. Plate XIV, fig. 3. Lineutocaris Sattertiana, 7. R. Jones and H. Woodward. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1888 (1889), pp. 176 and 177, figs. 6 and 7. The British Museum has a fine specimen of one of the old Cambrian Phyllocarids from the Tremadoc-slate series (No. I, 2591). It is a black, shining, and filmy valve (or compressed bivalved carapace), seen as an impression and counterpart on a split slab of hard, dark-grey, micaceous mudstone, which has been subjected to the usual lateral pressure. The valve, 3+? x 14 inches (83 by 28 mm.), is acutely subovate or sharply boat-shaped in outline, convex below and straight above, and was acute probably at each end, though one of them is damaged. It retains a remnant of one of the small, subtriangular, terminal extensions of the dorsal edge, such as are present in J. siliquiformis. See fig. 6in our Sixth Report, for 1888, p. 178. The surface is peculiarly marked with what seem to be modifications of ornamental striz or linear plaits, namely, very small lenticular and bead-like elevations, which may have resulted from raised longitudinal strive being crossed by the delicate plaiting of lateral pressure at slightly different angles. We dedicated this fine species to the memory of our friend Mr. J. W. Salter, LINGULOCARIS. 83 whose labours in elucidating these old Phyllopodous forms are well known. It was found by Dr. R. Roberts in the Tu-hwnt-i’r-bwlch quarry at Portmadoc, with Asaphus. Another of the old associates of Hymenocavis in the Tremadoce series is the ** second specimen’”’ mentioned at p. 220 of our First Report (1883). Though smaller than the foregoing (2§x + inches, 70 by 21 mm.), it is of a somewhat similar shape, having been acute at both ends (probably, though one is broken), elliptically curved below and nearly straight above, thus having the outline of a sharp-ended boat (fig. 7 in our Sixth Report (for 1888), p. 179). It is not really ** emarginate ” at one end, as stated at p. 220 of the First Report, that appearance being due to a slight transverse crack and some inequality of the surface near the end, which was probably acute, but has been squeezed out of shape and frayed away by the longitudinal plaiting of the hard, compressed, slaty shale or mudstone. The cross-pressure has also coarsely plaited the valve throughout, and somewhat lengthened it. From the upper part of the Lower Lingula-flags at Cae’n-y-coed, near A Maentwrog. Coll. Mr. D. Homfray. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (+¢>). A somewhat similar but badly preserved fossil, from the Brathay Flags of Long Sleddale (Marr Coll. in the Cambridge Museum), is probably a Lingulocaris of the same or a closely allied species (‘ Catal. Type Foss. Camb. Mus.,’ 1891, p. 136). 4, LineuLocaris, sp. Plate XIV, figs. 5 a, 5 b. ‘Report. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1889 (1890), p. 65. An interesting specimen in M. Lebesconte’s collection (at Angers) from the ‘Schiste ardoisier inférieur (Faune 2"°)’ of Angers (Maine et Loire), very closely resembles Lingulocaris Salteriana, J. and W., shown by fig. 6, at p. 179 of our Sixth Report (for 1888), and in Pl. XIV, figs. 1 and 2. Unfortunately it is badly preserved and not quite perfect. It was probably about 80 mm. long when perfect; it is 21 mm. broad (high) where widest, at a third of its length from one end, which, if it be the anterior, is more acute than in LZ. siliquiformis. The dorsal lme was gently convex, and the ventral was much fuller, with a somewhat angular convexity. Fig. 5 b shows the sectional area at the widest part ; its contours may have been modified by pressure. Much of the surface of the cast is thickly dotted over with possible indications of spinules or small tubercles. 84. BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. VII. Genus—Saccocaris, Salter, 1868. ‘ Proceed. Geol. Polytech. Soc. W. R. Yorkshire,’ vol. iv, 1868, pp. 588, 589. In 1867 Mr. Salter noticed a relatively large oblong carapace from the Lingula flags, and at first referred it to Hymenocaris, but subsequently to a new genus, Saccocaris. The characters of this genus as first determined are mainly those of its first-described species, which here follows. 1, Saccocaris masor, Salter. Plate XIV, fig. 6. Saccocaris, Salter. Report Proceed. Geol. Polytech. Soc. West Riding of Yorkshire (for 1867), vol. iv, 1868, pp. 588, 589. Hymenocaris (Saccooaris) mMasor, Salter. Catal. Paleeoz. Fossils Cambridge Museum, 1873, p. 7.1 — MAJOR, Etheridge. Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, 2nd edit., 1881, p- 366 (in list). — (SaccocaRis) MAJOR, T. R. Jones and H. Woodward. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1883 (1884), pp. 219, 220. Saccocaris masor, 7. R. Jones and H. Woodward. Ibid. for 1888 (1889), pp. 175, 176. Saccocarix (sic), Htheridge. Brit. Foss., part 1, Pal., 1888, p. 55. SaccocaRis MAJOR, Woods. Catal. Type Foss. Camb. Mus., 1891, p. 136. In the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge there are three specimens labelled “* Hymenocaris ? major,’ with some doubt, and possibly by Salter himself. Only one of them, however, answers to Salter’s brief generic description. This specimen (marked ;3;), which most nearly corresponds with the original description, namely, ‘‘a large ovate carapace, strongly emarginate behind, and larger than H. vermicauda,” is a relatively large, thin, filmy compressed valve, 4,°5 inches long and 2 inches high (120 by 51 mm.), suboblong, with nearly parallel dorsal and ventral borders, the former straighter than the latter, which has a slight outward (downward) curve. Obliquely elliptical in front, the acme 1 Here entered as ‘‘ Hymenocaris (Saccocaris, ‘ Halifax Trans.,’ 1867) major, Salter, n.s.” The reference is a mistake for ‘Report Proceed. Geolog. Polytech. Soc. West Riding, Yorkshire, for 1867’ (Leeds, 1868). The reference is to vol. iv, p. 588, ‘On Sacocaris, a new genus of Phyllopoda from the Lingula-flags,’ by J. W. Salter, A.L.S., F.G.S. SACCOCARIS MAJOR. 85 of the curvature being above the mesial line, thus making the antero-dorsal much shorter than the antero-ventral curve. Apparently blunt or truncate behind, with a gentle outward curve rather above the middle. The exact line of this posterior margin is not clearly seen, owing to its passing into the substance of the black schistose mudstone, the valve having been delicately plaited (with the stone), and gently undulate throughout, in lines parallel to the long axis of the valve; and pressure having acted at right angles to its length, this longitudinal plaiting (pleating) is transverse to the hind border, and the whole surface is compressed and corrugated from edge to edge. The hinder margin of the valve, indeed, is barely perceptible, having been shredded or frayed off by its extremely plaited state, or, in other words, frittered away in longitudinal shreds parallel with the plaiting of the rock, showing probably that this end was of thinner consistence than the rounded front edge, which has not been affected nearly so much, having probably been thicker, or even slightly rimmed. This frayed condition often occurs with the ends of phyllopodous specimens in the Lingula-flags. There are also some irregular concentric lines in the antero- ventral area of the specimen, caused by depression in the convexity of the valve. By the cross-pressure the specimen must have lost something in height, and has had its length exaggerated. The valve, slightly hollow, is probably the right-hand valve, showing its inside. Several concentric, irregular, narrow foldings, following the contour of the anterior and antero-ventral border, are apparently due to the compression of the convexity of the valve. This specimen, No. 1 at p. 220 of the First Report, and fig. 1, p. 178, Report for 1888, is marked +45, z%,, in the Woodwardian Museum of the Cambridge University, and was collected by Mr. D. Homfray from the upper part of the Lower Lingula-flags at Cae’n-y-coed, near Maentwrog. This was at first (in 1867) regarded by Mr. Salter as a flat carapace, “after the manner of Apus ;” but afterwards (in 1873) he referred it to the bivalved, folded, or Nebalioid forms of carapace, and placed it as an ally of Hymenocaris, with the name Saccocaris. In shape it differs much from the valves of that genus, as it wants their triangular form, due to the dorsal line forming an angle with the front edge, which slopes rapidly downwards and backwards all along the ventral, to join the posterior margin, with a bold, oblique postero-ventral curve. Differing also remarkably in size, it must be assigned to a different generic group, and we thought it best to recall the name which Salter was at first inclined to give it, namely Saccocaris. We have met with no evidence of the body-segments alluded to by Mr. Salter, nor are the ‘‘ three distinct ridges on the hinder border”’ recognisable. On the 86 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. upper part of the posterior region there are some small suboblong pits, which may possibly indicate the bases of former prickles or tubercles. 2. Saccocarts minor, 7’. R. J. and H. W., 1891. Plate XIV, figs. 7—9, and fig. 10 (?). Saccocaris minor, T. R. Jones and H. Woodward. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1890 (1891), p. 424, figs. 1—17. — — Woods. Catal. Type Foss. Cambridge, 1891, p. 137. On a large piece of the “ Upper Shale (== Daear-fawr Shale) west of the Craig known as Craig-yr-hyrddod, Arenig,’ North Wales, kindly submitted by Professor T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., for examination, are numerous, and at first sight somewhat obscure impressions of a bivalved Phyllocarid, together with some body-segments of the same. The rock is ‘‘ the top bed of shale tangled among the porphyries of the Mountain Arenig. It is, therefore, the highest fossiliferous zone of the Arenig of Arenig.” The slab, measuring 18 by 10 inches, and half an inch thick, consists of a hard, dark-coloured, fine-grained flagstone (dark-blue within and weathering dull rusty grey), not argillaceous nor calcareous, made up of minute, fragmentary, crystalline particles. One edge is straight and ragged, and the opposite edge is rounded, as if it had been a part of a large fissile concretion. The slab separates horizontally into two parts, and the counterpart surfaces are covered with the fossil impressions, which are mainly convex on one of the faces, and concave on the other. One larger convex cast (Pl. XIV, fig. 7) hes almost alone on the rusty weathered back of the piece that bears the concave impressions. ‘These carapaces and abdominal segments are merely dark films, more or less flattened, and squeezed across their length. Some, however, among the numerous individuals are less distorted by pressure, especially the one (fig. 7), which is isolated on a different (outer and broadly rippled) surface of the stone. The crowded fossils lie mostly oblique to the long axis of the stone, near to each other, often close together, more or less parallel, and generally with the same end in one direction. On the plate at page 425 of the Report for 1890 some of the best preserved specimens were selected and outlined just as the individuals he on the stone; sometimes, as figs. 1 and 2, 9, 10, and 11, 7, 15, 16, and 17, in groups. See also Pl. XIV, fig. 9. . These carapace-valves are more or less oval-oblong in outline, but often imperfect, and in nearly all cases modified in shape by pressure. The largest individual (Pl. XIV, fig. 8), 37 mm. long and 22 mm. high (broad), having nearly its original shape, has its upper and lower edges slightly convex and nearly parallel; the upper (dorsal) edge is somewhat more fully — SACCOCARIS MINOR. 87 curved than the other, especially in the antero-dorsal region. The front end (to the left hand in the figure) was probably rounded, but is broken; the hinder extremity is obliquely truncate, but bears some indication of an ogee curvature, such as is seen in many Ceratiocavide and other Phyllocarids. Three abdominal segments (one imperfect) are still attached to this end of the carapace ; the first two are about 5 mm. long, and the third about 7 mm. ‘They appear to have been originally as deep as the carapace,' and each segment at its hollow curve below its convexity and lateral articulation was marked with vertical strie. The surface of fig. 8 bears five delicate, longitudinal, gently curved subparallel lines. These lines are partly raised and partly hollow, as if, having a consistency different from that of the rest of the valve, they have been differently affected by the pressure to which the matrix had been subjected. Fragments of probably a specimen similar to the foregoing lay close to it, as shown by fig. 2, p. 425 of the Report for 1890 (Highth Report). There is a remarkable similarity in outline between Pl. XIV, fig. 8, here described, and fig. 6, namely, Saccocaris major, Salter. Although the relative size differs very much (11050 mm. and 37 x 22 mm.), and the proportions are also somewhat different (11050 : 10166), we are inclined to refer the two specimens (both of which are from the Cambrian rocks) to the same genus. Probably, if it were not for the broken anterior border in fig. 8, and the broken posterior margin of Saccocaris major, they might have presented a still stronger likeness. We have regarded this form as a new species, and named it Saccocaris minor, defined as follows: Carapace valve suboblong, arched above, nearly straight below, elliptically rounded in front, with the acme of curvature probably coincident with the mesial line of the valve; truncate behind, with a slightly projecting and blunt angle at its upper fourth. Surface marked with five longitudinal, slightly curved, subparallel lines, somewhat like the nervures in an insect’s wing; one or more of the lines seem to branch backwards. Abdominal segments present (see Pl. XIV, figs. 8 and 9, and other figs. in Report for 1890), and are of considerable interest as connecting this old form with Hymenocaris, Ceratiocaris, and other allies. Some of the caudal spines are obscurely preserved on the slab. Owing to the pressure that has so greatly affected the specimens on the two counterpart faces of the split slab, there is considerable variation in the outlines of the individuals, nor do they quite match fig. 8, Pl. XIV. Fig. 3 (Report of 1890) measures 27 X15 mm. ; fig. 4 (1890), 27x 10 mm. ; fig. 7 (1890), 28x11 mm.; fig. 9 (1890), 23x 7 mm.; fig. 11 (1890), 25x8 mm. Nevertheless some features of fig. 8, Pl. XIV, are traceable in the majority. Looking at the 1 This would agree with Mr. Salter’s suggestion that the body-rings in S. major were probably as high (wide) as the valve itself. 88 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. selected outlines drawn from the slab in 1890, we see the rounded front in figs. 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 17 of the Report, and partially in figs. 7, 10, and 14 of that Report. Figs. 3 and 15 (1890) retain some of the proportionate height of Pl. XIV, fig. 8; but others seem to have become narrower by cross-pressure, but this may have been an original specific feature (although very doubtful). Some trace of the hinder ogee outline is visible in figs. 3, 5, 7,9, 11, and 15 of the Report (sometimes neater than in Pl. XIV, fig. 8); also in figs. 14 and 17, which are apparently veversed valves, with the dorsal edge downwards. The superficial longitudinal lines are evident in all the valves ; and 4, 5, 7, and 15 (1890) show the backward branching, but in fig. 17 the branching veins seem to have a forward direction. Unequal pressure may have modified these appearances. We regard these smaller valves as being most probably immature forms, rather than showing either sexual or specific differences. Abdominal segments are attached to the valves in figs. 3, 4, 7, and 14 of the Report; and are separate in figs. 6, 8, 12, 13, and 16 of that series. In shape, size, and ornament these differ too much for us to pretend to decide whether they are really all of one kind or not, the modes and degrees of preservation probably making more distinctions than originally existed. Pl. XIV, fig. 8, represents fig. 1 of the Report, and fig. 9 comprises figs. 9, 10, 11 of the Report. Bearing in mind the gregarious habits of modern Entomostraca, it seems most probable that we have here another illustration of the crowding together of numbers of individuals of one species which lived in the same shallow lagoon, a portion of which may have been dried up (as in a modern shore pool), leaving its inhabitants to perish in the sun and to be covered up with a fresh layer of mud by the next tide. Such a local accumulation of animal matter may have caused a segregation of special mineral matter in the matrix, and have given rise to the local concretion. The slab and its counterpart from the Arenig slates, as mentioned above (p. 86), collected by Professor T. M‘Kenny Hughes, are preserved in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge. A small specimen of an imperfect valve in the Woodwardian Museum (marked z7y) from Wern, near Portmadoc, in a bluish schistose mudstone, weathering greenish-grey, shows a definitely sinuous (ogee) posterior margin, thus presenting a feature seen in some specimens of Saccocaris minor (as also in Ceratiocaris). This posterior moiety of a valve is 23 mm. long by 15 mm. high. We figure it here (Pl. XIV, fig. 10) as being probably of the same genus, if not of the same species as S. minor. This specimen was described at p. 220 of the First Report (1883), and figured in outline at p. 179 of the Sixth (1888) Report, fig. 10, as being doubtfully a part of the valve of a Ceratiocaris. CARYOCARIS WRIGHTII. 89 VIII. Genus—Caryocaris, Salter, 1863. Sater, ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.,’ vol. xix, 1868, pp. 135, 189. Biassy, ‘Thesaur. Silur.,’ 1868, p. 73. T. R. Jones, ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1883, p. 463. T. R. Jones and H. Woopwarp, ‘ Report Brit. Assoc. for 1883’ (1884), pp. 217 and 221. _— — ‘Monogr. Brit. Pal. Phyllop.,’ pt. 1, 1888, p. 3. ETHERIDGE, ‘ Foss. Brit.,’ vol. i, Paleeoz., 1888, p. 46. Mr. J. W. Salter determined Caryocaris (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xix, p. 139) as having a “bivalved carapace (with distinct hinge-pits), rounded anteriorly, subtruncate behind, and with the back and front subparallel. The surface is smooth, or with only oblique wrinkles near the margins, but with no parallel lines of sculpture.” The body and abdominal appendages were unknown to Mr. Salter; but he suggested, in a restoration (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xix, p. 137, fig. 15), a strong, tapering telson (or last body-segment), carrying a sharply lanceolate style and stylet, much like fig. 16a, Pl. XI of this Monograph (Part I, 1888). Mr. Marr has found in association with Caryocaris, at the tramway bridge crossing the Seiont in Caernarvonshire, some small slender spines or pointed styles, from about 38; to ~g inch in length, which are longer than Salter’s ideal figure; but Prof. Malaise, of Gemboux, Belgium, has favoured us with the loan of a specimen showing three definite sharp dagger-like stylets as the cercopods of this genus (see the figure at p. 91). 1. Caryooaris Wricuti, Salter, 1863. Plate XIV, figs. 11—15; and Figures 5 and 6 (woodcuts). Caryocarts Wrieurtt, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xix, 1863, pp. 137, 135, fig. 15, and p. 189. — _ _ Catal. Cambr. Silur. Foss. Cambridge, 1873, p- 21, woodcut. — — H. Woodward. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crustac., 1877, p. 70. — - H. N.and E. Catal. Camb. Silur. Foss. Mus. Pract. Geol., 1878, p. 19. = _ T. R. J.and H. W. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1883 (1884), p. 222. — —_ Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz., 1888, p. 46. The test is smooth, thick, and somewhat horny in appearance, often with light purplish tints, sometimes black and filmy, rarely white and thick (fig. 12). The ventral margin is thickened with a raised rim; and sometimes the appearance of 12 90 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. two such rims arises from the impression of one valve marking the ventral region of the other. The extremities rarely exhibit any raised margin; and we have not recognised the dorsal rim nor the hinge-marks alluded to by Salter. Owing to the relative solidity of the valves this fossil is not unfrequently preserved in shape, even when the “plaiting” or imperfect cleavage of the. compressed flagstone crosses them at various angles. Hence these valves are not so much altered in form in the Skiddaw Slates as the Hymenocarides are in the Lingula-flags: yet occasionally, when they le parallel with the superinduced grain of the schist, their ends are frayed out or ‘ plaited ”’ into a mere fringe. A very much crumpled specimen from near Keswick was figured by Mr. Salter in the ‘Geologist,’ vol. iv, 1861, p. 74, before he described the genus and species in detail. Of the great number of individuals present in the Skiddaw Slates, the shape of most has been more or less modified by pressure. Though Mr. Salter adopted the narrow end as the anterior in his figures, we prefer to regard the broader and prow-shaped end as the front. Taking fig. 13 (B. M. 47935) as presenting a well-preserved outline, we regard the narrow end as the posterior, vertically truncate, and very slightly sinuous ; whilst the anterior end is broader (higher), with an acute angle above the medial line, and passing gently into the slightly convex dorsal margin, and with a bold elliptical curve into the strongly convex ventral margin. Fig. 14 (B. M. 42162), though somewhat crumpled, shows these features. Fig. 11 (M. P. G. 2) has both ends modified into nearly upright curves. Fig. 12 (M. P. G. 3, p#,) has the anterior almost as truncate as the posterior. Fig. 15 (C. M. 54, i), has the anterior obliquely truncate. How far some of these modifications may be due to differences of growth and habit it is difficult to say, but certainly pressure has been mainly concerned with them. With regard to size, some measure $8 X35 inch, or 32125 mm.; #2x 345 inch, or 29X10 mm.; 1X 4% inch, or 25x 12°5 mm.; and 4x 2 inch, or 226 mm. This small, pod-lke,' Palsozoic Phyllopod abounds in the Skiddaw Slate (Lower Llandeilo or Arenig group) at many places near Keswick—as, for instance, at Braithwaite Brow, where specimens are numerous on many bed-planes of the hard shales or flagstones; and Mr. Salter mentions Causey Pike and Grassmoor, Cumberland (‘ Catal. Pal. Foss. Cambridge,’ 1873, p.21). H. Woodward mentions Barff and Longside (‘ Catal. Brit. Crust.,’ 1877, p. 70). It has been collected by Mr. J. E. Marr at the Nantlle tramway or “ Wantlle railroad,’ Pont Sciont, near Caernarvon (Upper-Arenig group); see ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxxii, 1876, p- 154. The “ phyllopod crustaceans” mentioned, ibid., p. 1385, and preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, are several specimens of Caryocaris, and ' Somewhat like the seed of the custard-apple, but more slender in shape. CARYOCARIS WRIGHTII. 91 some small caudal styles which may possibly have belonged to species of the genus, though they somewhat resemble those associated with the Upper-Silurian Peltocaris and Discinocavis in the Coniston Mudstone of Skelgill, also collected by Mr. Marr. Professor Lapworth records the occurrence of Caryocaris Wrightii in the shales of Arenig age at Bennane Head, in the Ballantrae area, on the Firth of Clyde (‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1889, p. 22). Professor C. Malaise, of Gemboux, has obligingly lent us three specimens of OC. Wrightii, obtained by him from the Arenig series of Huy and Nannine, Belgium. Of these specimens, one is large (Fig. 5, woodcut), one imperfect, and one small with a trifid tail partly extruded from below the narrow extremity (Fig. 6, woodcut). They are black and shiny; in hard, black, micaceous shale, jointed, with ferruginous facings. The small specimen with caudal appendage is of great interest : first, because it corroborates our opinion that the smaller end is the posterior extremity of the valve ; secondly, Fie. 5.—C. Wrightii. Compressed carapace show- ing right valve. Huy, Bel- . . . . lum. because in it we have the only certain evidence of the form * of the cercopods in this animal (Fig. 6, woodcut). They are not wholly exposed, but evidently comprise three lancet- shaped, flat, thin, blade-like members, one of which, apparently larger than the others, as far as they are exposed, may be the style or chief cercopod. We do not know any set of style and stylets exactly corresponding to these. Those of Hly- mocaris (Beecher, ‘Report Geol. Surv. Pennsylv.,’ 1884, Fie. 6.—C. Wrightii. Compressed carapace show- ing left valve and the trifid caudal appendage ; with fragments of other valves ? Huy, Belgium. p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 1) have a close resemblance: so also LH. ? longi- cauda (Sharpe), supra, Part I, Pl. XI, fig. 16a; and C. patula, ib., fig. 11. One of the nearest in shape (but not in size) is the much larger trifid set of caudal appendages belonging to a Carboniferous species of Dithyrocaris (undetermined) described and figured by Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxv, 1879, p. 466, pl. xxii, fig. 2; and those of D. testudineus, Scouler, ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1873, pl. xvi, fig. 1. The larger specimen (Fig. 5, woodcut), measuring 27x10 mm., has the ordinary shape, like Pl. XIV, fig. 13; Fig. 6, woodcut, is smaller (19 X7°5 mm.), and more crushed. 92 BRITISH PALMHOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. 2. Caryocaris Marri, Hicks, 1876. Plate XIV, figs. 16—18. Caryocaris Marri, Hicks. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxii, p. 138. — — 4H. Woodward. Catal. Brit. Foss. Crust., 1877, p. 70. — — T7.R.J. Geol. Mag., 1883, p. 464. — — T7.R.J.and H.W. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1883 (1884), pp. 215 and 222. _ Marnri[Rrit], Woods. Catal. Type Fossils Cambridge, 1891, p. 134. Much like C. Wrightii in general appearance, but smaller, being both shorter and narrower; nearly straight on dorsal and ventral margins, but sometimes slightly curved (Pl. XIV, figs. 16 and 18), probably from the effect of pressure. One end narrower and less decidedly truncate than others (fig. 17), and sometimes rounded (figs. 16 and 18), having been modified by pressure. A good specimen (fig. 17) is black, shining, and somewhat leech-like. In the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, some specimens from the Upper Arenig schists on the Nantlle tramway are labelled C. Marri, Hicks. 1. One, with a black test, compressed, measures 36; x 3%; inch, or 15 xX 7:5 mm.; and this has been so much squeezed that possibly it is now even narrower than it originally was; but the front end is broken, and the hinder end is fringed off with the ‘plaiting’ of the rock. This seems to be OC. Wrightw. It is somewhat thickened at the ventral edge. 2. A similar but imperfect specimen, modified with oblique ‘ plaiting.” Ventral border thickened. 3. Two imperfect speci- mens on one slab (;4;), one of which, probably about 3% imch or 19 mm. long, is only 7 inch or 3°5 mm. across (high). The ends are modified by cleavage- pressure. This (fig. 18) approaches most nearly to Dr. Hicks’s description of C. Marrit. A specimen in the British Museum (42162, Pl. XIV, fig. 17) has kept the shape of its ends more perfectly, and they are more decidedly truneate than in C. Wrightii, one extremity being more bluntly truncate and higher than the other. Another, in the Museum Pract. Geol. (#5, fig. 16), is truncate at one extremity, whilst the valve, narrow throughout, tapers with a rounded end at the other; and this seems to us to be probably one of the best preserved outlines of C. Marrii. It corresponds with a good specimen (hollow cast with ;45) in the Woodwardian Museum, which is 20 mm. long x 4 mm. wide, truncate at both ends, one of which is wider (4 mm.) than the other (2°5 mm), and straight throughout, not curved like fig. 16, and having a close relationship to fig. 17; whilst, with its curved outline and rounded end, fig. 16 has fig. 18 for a poor representative. All these individuals of C. Mavrii occur on the same slabs as, and generally close to, C. Wrightii. It is possible that the two forms show sexual differences. CARYOCARIS SALTERI. 93 Note.—The specimens, figs. 13,14 (C. Wrightii), and 17 (C. Marit), Pl. XIV, occur in greyish-black flagstone,’ from near Keswick, traversed by numerous, parallel, dark lines, superinduced, but not affecting the shape of the fossils. Fig. 18 (C. Marit) is in a greyish-black micaceous mudstone, squeezed and jointed, joint-faces weathered brownish. 3. Caryocaris? Saureri (M‘Coy), 1861. HymeEwnocaris Sabtert, M‘Coy. Exhib. Essay? (in German), 1861, p. 168; Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. ix, p. 140; ibid., 1867, vol. xx, p. 201. ? — VERMICAUDA, Hochstetter. Jahrb. k.-k. geol. Reichsanst., vol. xu, 1861 (Sitzungsb. k.-k. geol. Reichs.), p. 238. ? Caryocaris Savrert, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xix, 1863, p. 189 (note). CaryocaRIs SALTERI, Bigsby. Thesaur. Silur., 1868, p. 73. HyMeEnocaris Sarert, Bigsby. Ibid., p. 200. — — &. B. Smyth. Report of Progress Geol. Surv. Victoria, 1874, p. 33. — — Etheridge,jun. Catal. Australian Fossils, 1878, p. 17. The references to this Australian species (from Redesdale, Victoria) are given in the ‘ Catalogue of Australian Fossils,’ by R. Etheridge, jun., 1878, p. 17. There is some uncertainty, however, as to its generic relationship ; for in a paper written by Mr. Salter in 1862, and published in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xix, 1863, p. 135, &c., after noticing that the Australian Graptolites sent to the International Exhibition in London (1862) were recognisable as belonging to the Llandeilo series as determined in the north of England, he adds in a foot-note (p. 139), ‘* There is even a crustacean [from the same Australian beds | apparently of the genus Caryocaris, which M‘Coy has done me the favour to name Hymenocaris Salter.’ Thus it is evident that Salter saw one example, if not more, of this Australian species in 1862, and did not regard it as a Hymenocaris. 1 Some of the Skiddaw slates are minutely micaceous. ? One of the essays prefatory to the ‘Catalogue of the Victorian Exhibition at Melbourne,’ 1861, German edition, 8vo, Melbourne, 1861. 94 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. B. Shield-like Phyllopodous Carapaces sutured along the Back. Before we proceed with the comparative descriptions, we may remark that a few little fossils,’ similar to those about to be described, were noticed long ago by palzontologists, before the Crustacean characters of the latter were recognised ; and their general likeness to the opercula of Ammonites* led some observers to suggest that they may have belonged to Goniatites, an ‘* Ammonitidal” Cephalopod found occasionally in strata of the same formation (Devonian) as that in which certain of these Aptychus-like fossils occur.* Many of the real Crustacean species, however, occur in beds in which Goniatites are unknown. Of the Phyllopodous forms under consideration we have some, like Discwo- caris, Which could not, on account of their shape in general, and the presence of the frontal piece in particular, have belonged to any Cephalopod. Next we have a large series of forms which occur in beds wherein no Goniatites have been found ; and some occur in beds containing Govniatites, though their outlines do not correspond exactly with the apertures of the shells of such Cephalopods. As other Phyllopods, such as Hstheria, are imbedded in Devonian rocks, it is not strange that these Phyllocarida should be there also. Whilst, however, we are far from denying that some forms, now associated with undoubted shield-bearing Phyllopoda, may hereafter be shown to be Molluscan, — we are certain that some have no relation to Mollusca. We are the more strengthened in our opinion of the affinities of the Palaeozoic Crustacean shields, because the ornamentation often agrees with that of known Phyllopod carapaces, both in the minute, ridge-like, concentric lines of growth, and, in some cases, in the delicate surface-ornament between them. Another objection to the supposed Aptychus-nature of many of these circular and ovate shields arises from the fact that they were not originally flat discs or plates, as may be seen by examining a series from various localities. Thus Discinocaris Browniana was in some degree convex, with a low conical apex ; Aspidocaris triasica was evidently conical, as may be seen by the split state of the outer rim, caused by the flattening of the whole shield; others, as Lisgo- caris Lutheri, had elevated sub-conical carapaces. .) \—/2 3 mm.; 1 See ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxiv, 1878, pp. 265, 274, and 279. ® Tbid., vol. xxxiv, 1878, p. 290. 116 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. 3. PELTOCARIS PATULA, sp. nov. Plate XVI, figs. 10 and 11. PeLTocaRis, sp. nov., 7. R. J. and H. W. Geol. Mag., 1884, p. 355. _ _— _— Report Brit. Assoc. for 1884 (1885), pp. 76 and 94. — sp., Woods. Catal. Type Foss. Cambridge, 1891, p. 136. Two small oblate shields, with the oval notch of Peltocaris, differ from any of the foregoing species of this genus. In their broad, transversely oval, or elliptical outline they resemble Aptychopsis oblata, Pl. XV, figs. 21 and 23. Their propor- tion of width to length is about 7 mm. to 5 mm. Pl. XVI, fig. 10. Valves, delicate pyritous films, slightly broken by pressure and somewhat widened. In black graptolitic shale of the Moffat (Birkhill) series, from Beleraig,' Annandale. Coll. Lapworth. Brit. Mus. No. 59620. Pl. XVI, fig. 11. Pyritous films of the valves of a small oblate test, similar to the above, but finely crumpled, separated, and somewhat widened by cross- pressure at right angles to the dorsal axis of the shield. In black graptolitic shale or mudstone from Skelgill Beck, near Ambleside, Westmoreland. Coll. J. HK. Marr. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. 4, PuurocaRis CARRUTHERSII, sp. nov. Plate XVII, fig. 7. Pretrocaris aprycHorpEs, H. Woodward. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xxi, 1866, p. 504, pl. xxv, fig. 6. — — Lapworth and Swanston. Proceed. Belfast Nat. Field Club, Appendix, 1877, Table, pl. vii, fig. 246 (fig. 24a is apparently a broken Discinocaris, not a Peltocaris). —_ — Dairon. Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soe., vol. vii, 1883, p. 181, pl. vii, fig. 29. This was noticed in 1866 by Dr. H. Woodward among the fossils from the Moffat shales in Mr. Carruthers’ cabinet, but it has been unfortunately mislaid. It differs from Salter’s type by its bluntly oval shape and its strong concentric striation. The figure (magnified three times) given of this form in 1866 is about 12 mm. long and 10 mm. wide, with the notch 4 mm. deep and 3 mm. wide. It is somewhat like Aptychopsis Lapworthi, but hasa rounded notch. The illustration given in 1866 being trustworthy, we propose to treat this as a distinct species, and ' See ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,’ vol. xxxiv, p. 284. PINNOCARIS. ky: name it after our friend Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., who gave much attention to the Moffat fossils. In the table appended to his paper Dr. Lapworth refers his figs. 24 a and} to the Lower Llandovery beds of Tieveshilly near Portaferry, and Coal-pit Bay, county Down, North-east Ireland.* The late Mr. M. Dairon quoted the object of his fig. 29 from Dobbs Linn, near Moffat. 5. Paeirocaris ? Harkness, Salter, 1863. Petrocaris? Harkness, Salter. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xix, 1863, p. 89, fig. 2 (woodcut). — — Bigsby. Thesaur. Silur., 1868, p. 76. — — T. Rk. J. and H. W. Geol. Mag., 1884, p. 355. — Report Brit. Assoc., 1884 (1885), pp- 76 and 94. _ = Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleoz., 1888, p. 62. Shape indeterminate; it may be a piece of any large Phyllopod? species: the author was uncertain as to its alliance. Graptolitic beds (of Llandeilo age), Dumfriesshire. XI. Genus Pinnocanis, f. Htheridge, jun., 1878. R. ErHerrpes, jun., ‘ Proceed. Roy. Phil. Soe. Edinb.,’ vol. iv, 1878, p. 167. H. A. Nicnonson and R. Ernertpesr, Jun., ‘Monogr. Silur. Foss. Girvan, Ayrshire,’ vol. i, 1880, pp. 207—209. Carapace capable of being bent, possibly sutured along the back. Lateral pieces, found apart, in outline like the valves of a Pinna. Dorsal (inner) margin straight ; front edge rounded (in some cases semicircular, in others elliptically rounded) ; ventral (outer) margin sinuous, fully convex anteriorly, sloping and partly concave posteriorly. Concentrically striate, with delicate lines following the contour of the margin and centring on a kind of umbo situate at about a third of the length of the valve from its front edge. ‘The inner border of the anterior third is somewhat oblique in some cases, and apparently the two valves together would open shghtly from in front towards the 1 At the top of the Middle or the base of the Upper Silurian. 118 BRITISH PALASOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. subcentral umbo, but there is no direct evidence of an open nuchal notch nor of any cephalic or rostral piece to occupy it. ‘The hinder part of the carapace had a long triangular sulcus, either floored with a thinner kind of test, easily broken so as to come apart in a line with the umbo, and leaving narrow lateral remnants, or possibly sutured. Its ally Pholadocaris is not sutured. 1. Pinnocarts Lapwortut, R. Etheridge, jun. Plate XV, fig. 24. Prynocaris Lapwortut, R&R. Eth., jun. Proc. Roy. Phil. Soc. Edinb., vol. iv (1878), p. 169, pl. ii, figs. 3—5. — — Nicholson and Etheridge, jun. Monogr. Silur. Foss. Girvan, vol. i (1880), p. 210, pl. xiv, figs. 17—20. Pl. XV, fig. 24, resembles the Girvan specimen as figured (1880), especially fig. 17, except that it has lost a part of the anterior rim, whilst fig. 17 has lost part of the posterior rim. In that fig., and in fig. 20, the filmy ragged edge of the posterior sulcus has been partly preserved, in fig. 17 its edge is entire, whilst in fig. 18 such a ragged selvedge passes beyond the umbo to the front margin, showing, apparently, that there was a continuous junction of the two moieties by thin material throughout the carapace. Pl. XV, fig. 24, 1s not altogether different in this respect, though the posterior inner selvedge (on the right-hand side of the figure) seems to have been thickened up into a wrinkled rim. It had a stronger umbo than seen in figs. 17, 18, and 19 (Girvan), but this has been crushed down, and is about the same as in fig. 20. There is no radiate ornament. In fig. 17 (Girvan) there is an associated sharp-pointed narrow body, which has been regarded as being probably one of the tail-spines belonging to this Phyllopod. These are from the Lower Silurian at Balcletchie, Girvan, Ayrshire. We here figure, Pl. XV, fig. 24, a specimen of the form or variety shown by fig. 17, that is, with the hinder portion less pinched in, from the Upper Silurian of Kendal. The shield is triangular-obovate ; if the two lateral pieces were complete and laid out together the length would be about 25 mm. and the width 20 mm. It is in the British Museum. I, 2952. No Goniatites accompany these specimens.' 1 The Phyllopod described as accompanying Pinnocaris at Girvan belongs to J. M. Clarke’s genus Dipterocaris (1883; see our Report for 1884 (1885), p. 85). This is of Devonian age in the State of New York, U.S.A.; and, whether or not associated with Goniatites there, it is of Silurian age and without Goniatites in this country. DISCINOCARIS BROWNIANA. 119 In the ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1882, p. 388, is a foot-note referring to some points of similarity between Pinnocaris and Pholadocaris (op. cit., p. 388, pl. ix, fig. 16). The latter has in its posterior region a narrow, triangular, sunken area occupied by a thinner (?) test, without a suture. The front third, however, has a broad cervical notch, and in this and its broader outline the German Pholadocaris (Devonian) differs from the British Pinnocaris (Silurian). XII. Genus Disctnocaris, H. Woodward, 1866. Discinocaris, H. Woodward. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1865 (1866), Trans. Sect., p. 78. _ — Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce., vol. xxii, 1866, p. 503 ; Geol. Mag., vol. viii, 1866, p. 72. — Bigsby. Thesaur, Silur., 1868, p. 74. — T. R. Jones. Geol. Mag., 1883, p. 462. — T. R. J. and H.W. Thid., 1884, p. 348. — Report Brit. Assoc., 1883 (1884), p. 216. — = Ibid., 1884 (1885), pp. 75 and 78. _ Monogr. Brit. Palwoz. Phyllop., pt. 1, 1888, p. 2. — Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Palzoz., 1888, p. 51. _— Woods. Catal. Type Foss. Cambridge, 1891, p. 136. This Phyllopod has normally a round test, slightly conical, without a median or dorsal suture, but an anterior triangular segment is separated from the rest of the disc-shaped shield by a line of suture, and this is usually left as an empty notch. The test is concentrically striated with lines of growth, and occasionally a reticulate or a striate ornament is recognisable between them. Prof. A. E. von Reuss has figured and described from the Alpine Trias (Raibl beds, near Hallstadt) a very similar form (Aspidocaris) : ‘ Sitzberichte k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-nat. Cl.,’ vol. lv, 1867, pp. 277—281, plate, figs. 1—5 ; ‘Geol. Mag.,’ 1882, p. 386, and 1884, p. 351. 1. Discinocaris Browniana, H. Woodward, 1866. Plate XVI, figs. 12—19, 21—23. Discinocaris Brown1ana, H. Woodward. Report Brit. Assoc. for 1865 (1866), Trans. Sect., p. 78; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxii, 1866, p. 504, pl. xxv, figs. 4, 5(?), 7; Geol. Mag.,, vol. iii, 1866, p. 72. 120 BRITISH PALAOZOIC PHYLLOCARIDA. Discrnocaris Browntana, Armstrong, Young, and Robertson. Catal. West-Scot. Foss., 1876, p. 7. — _ Bigsby. Thesaur. Silur., 1868, p. 74. — —_ Lapworth and Swanston. Proceed. Belfast Nat. Field Club, Appendix, 1877, p. 114, and Table, pl. vu, figs. 24 a, 25 a, and 25. — — H. N. and E. Catal. Cambr. Sil. Foss. Pract. Geol. Mus., 1878, p. 28. — — T. R. J. and H.W. Geol. Mag., 1884, pp. 348 and a — _— 351. Report Brit. Assoc., 1884 (1885), pp. 75 and 78. — — Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Paleeoz., 1888, p. 51. This is a circular shield-like test, closely resembling a Discina at first sight, but it has a section of one-sixth of its are removed in nearly every specimen. This triangular anterior or nuchal valvular piece is crossed by concentric striz coincident with the lines of growth on the rest of the test. The rostral notch has normally an angle of about 90°. It extends less than half the length of the shield. The shape of these little fossils has been much modified by pressure— vertical, lateral, or oblique. In fig. 12 the shell seems to have retained its original shape ; others have been widened by pressure, as figs. 15, 16, 22, and especially fig. 17 ; some have been obliquely squeezed, as figs. 21 and 23; and some have been narrowed by cross-pressure, as figs. 13, 14, and especially figs. 18 and 19. A larger specimen, and apparently with the two lateral flaps or valves folded together, was figured in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxii, 1866, pl. 25, fig. 5, and described at page 503 as retaining some remains of the tail-segments with the folded shell. Unfortunately the specimen (formerly in Mr. D. J. Brown’s cabinet) has been lent or given away, at all events lost, and we cannot at present learn anything more about it. Pl. XVI, fig. 12. Black shining film on black graptolitic, finely micaceous shale. The test is almost circular and nearly perfect, but the nuchal piece is somewhat obscure, having been broken or slightly shifted, so as to leave a small open angle at the upper part of the left-hand slope of the notch. The width of the shield to the length is as 12 to 11. From the Moffat shales of Dumfriesshire. Coll. Carruthers. British Museum. No. 58869. This is probably the specimen represented by fig. 7 (somewhat restored), ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1866, pl. 25. Pl. XVI, fig. 18. Black film on black shale from Garple Linn. It is slightly deformed by cross-pressure. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotland. M. 4371. Pl. XVI, fig. 14. Black film on black shale from Dobbs Linn. Deformed by pressure. Mus. Geol. Surv. Scotland. M. 4439 ¢. Pl. XVI, fig. 15. A rather large specimen, but broken and widened by vertical DISCINOCARIS OVALIS. 121 pressure. Black film on black graptolitic shale from Dobbs Linn. Coll. Dairon. Pl. XVI, figs. 16a, b. Pyritous film of a similar fossil, also from Dobbs Linn. Geol. Surv. Scotland. M 42690 and 4270c. Fig. 16a gives M 4270¢c, being the convex counterpart ; and 16 } shows the traces of a reticulate ornament between the concentric striz (as in Hstherix, &c.), magnified forty diameters. Pl. XVI, figs. 17, 18, and 19. These are filmy representatives of three individuals in the same schistose-graptolitic shale, squeezed, cleaved, and jointed. They have been pyritous, but are decomposed and partially ochreous ; their present shapes, whether widened or narrowed, are directly due to the force which has compressed and hardened the shale, its crumplings being at right angles to the pressure. From the Lower Footbridge, Skelgill; Graptolitic Mudstone, A Z. Coll. Marr. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Fig. 19 is referred to in the ‘ Report Brit. Assoc. for 1884’ (1885), p. 94, and ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ 1884, p. 351, as Discinocaris, sp. nov.; and in the ‘ Catal. Type Foss.,’ Cambridge, 1891, p. 136, as Discinocaris, sp., from the Coniston Mudstone, Skelgill Beck, Ambleside. Pl. XVI, fig. 21. A black, strong, shining, imperfect film, in black, finely micaceous shale (with a concave counterpart) ; the edges of the notch are partially overlapped by matrix, giving them a false, sinuous appearance. Bors Shell eucycloid, turrited. Whorls about six, angular, and increasing suddenly ; suture wide. The ornaments are very coarse, consisting of three nearly equal spiral belts, rugosely crenulated, the upper one at some distance from the suture ; cross-hatchings coarse and wide apart. Body-whorl ventricose in most cases, rather exceeding half the height of the shell; base with five spirals, moderately crenulate. Aperture as in other varieties of Amberleya ornata. Relations and Distribution.—This form differs from other varieties of 9 xam, Shell depressed, discoidal; under surface considerably excavated, upper surface nearly flat, or sometimes slightly raised. The whorls are numerous, quadrangular, narrow (spirally), deep (axially); the sides are flattened with a considerable amount of anterior contraction as shown in the body-whorl. The tuberculations on the upper marginal keel are very dense and round, and the effect is to raise the keel considerably, and thus produce a sulcation of the rest of the upper surface, which also has about four dotted spiral lines between the rows of tubercles. The body-whorl is deep, its height being equal to half the total diameter of the shell, though there is some difference in this respect; ornamented on the flank with spiral lines, which decussate with curved growth-lines so as to produce a rich reticulate pattern. The upper angle is somewhat less than a right 320 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. angle; its edge (upper marginal keel) 1s ornamented with numerous sharpish tubercles, decussated by spiral lines. The lower marginal keel is also provided with a number of sharp tuberculations set like a ring round the umbilicus. Ornaments of the lower or umbilical surface uncertain, though there are indications that they bear considerable resemblance to those of the upper surface. Aperture quadrangular, the axial diameter longer than the spiral. Relations and Distribution.—The great depth of this shell, irrespective of its peculiar ornamentation, separates this species readily from any previously de- scribed in this work. The best and most characteristic specimens are from Dundry. A variety occurs at Stoford, most probably in the Murchisone-zone. I also possess five specimens in a matrix similar to that of the Murchisonx-zone at Coker, and there is one specimen belonging to the Jermyn Street Museum from the same locality. Altogether about a dozen specimens are known to me. 253. STRAPAROLLUS EXSERTUS, sp. nov. Plate XXVI, figs. 3 and 4. Description : Diameter : ’ i , ~ * 20 mim: Height excluding spire . ‘ ; 2 oetmm, Height including spire . : . 13 mm. Shell depressed, subdiscoidal, widely umbilicate. Spire rather oblique, slightly trochoid, and sometimes equal to about one-third the entire height. Number of whorls about seven, narrow, subquadrangular, and arranged in steps. The tuberculations on the upper marginal keels are large, pointed, and wide apart, the tuberculations beg drawn out spirally. The upper angle of the body-whorl is nearly a right angle, but the flank is rapidly pinched in towards the anterior marginal keel so as to produce a subtrigonal shape of the whorl. The ornaments of the base or umbilical area are not known for certain, except that the edge of the umbilicus formed by the lower marginal keel is tuberculated. The aperture is quadrangular, the axial diameter being the longest, and the outer lip is somewhat produced anteriorly. Relations and Distvibution.—This species forms a step in the direction of Solarium. The bold and rather widely spaced tuberculation separates it from those varieties of Str. Dundriensis where the spire is somewhat salient. Of the forms previously described in this Monograph, the nearest in ornamentation and in the narrowness of the whorls is Str. pulchvior, but in that species the whorls are square rather than subtrigonal, and not nearly so deep, whilst the upper surface is always flat. SOLARIUM. 321 Straparollus exsertus is a fossil of the Murchisone-zone of Bradford Abbas and Coker, where it is extremely rare. Fig. 4 represents a more depressed variety from North Dorset, but the precise horizon and locality are unknown. 254, STRAPAROLLUS, cf. aLtTus, @’Orbigny, 1853. Plate XXVI, fig. 5. 1852-3. STRAPAROLLUS aLTUs, d@’Orb. Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 314, pl. ecexxxi, figs, 5—8. Description : Diameter ; ; , : .. Li rami Height ‘ : : : LO anim: In the specimen under notice the width and height are nearly equal; spire about one-fifth the total height. The whorls externally (six) are subquadrangular to trigonal, flat atop, and occur in steps. The marginal tuberculations are well developed and rather close. The upper angle of the body-whorl is a right angle, but the flank rapidly contracts towards the umbilicus, which is of moderate dimensions and surrounded by a few large and pointed tubercles. Aperture trapezoidal and produced in front. Relations and Distribution.—This form seems to be a further step in the direction of Solarium; though about three times the size of d’Orbigny’s type from the Bathonian of Langrune, the resemblance is strong. A single specimen from the Inferior Oolite near Beaminster. Note.—Besides the species of Discoheliv and Straparollus enumerated above, we find here and there throughout the Inferior Oolite specimens which from imperfect preservation it is impossible to diagnose, ¢. y. below the Opalinus-bed at Burton Chiff. Again, there is a very thin form in the Upalinus-bed of the same locality: a similar form occurs in the blue stone at Duston. Genus—Sorarium, Lamarck, 1799. Shell orbicular, conical-depressed, largely wmbilicated ; whorls subtrigonal and sloping ; spire regular, nucleus oblique ; umbilicus deep, the outer margin crenulated ; aperture trapezoidal, D’Orbigny seemed to entertain no doubt as to Solariwm having been a Jurassic 4] 322 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. genus ; and Cossmann would still further enlarge its scope, since the latter author refers several of the species described by d’Orbigny under Straparollus to Solarium. Fischer, on the other hand, expresses doubts, observing that “ the numerous species [of Solavinm] indicated in the Jurassic beds belong probably to the genus Straparollus.” Morris and Lycett described two species of Solarium from the Great Oolite; one of these (S. disculum) is, according to my views, a species of Straparollus, The small shells from the Inferior Oolite which I refer to Solarium constitute a fairly distinct group in that series ; and one of them, S. subvaricosum, may fairly be regarded as a typical representative of the modern genus. 255. SOLARIUM PISOLITICUM, sp. nov. Plate XXVI, figs. 6—8. > Sp 9 US Description : Diameter (average size) . 4mm. Height. ; . 2°75 mm. Spiral angle , 125°. Shell greatly depressed, moderately umbilicated; nucleus oblique. Number of whorls in the majority of specimens about five; the earlier ones convex and orbicular at the periphery, but the body-whorl is flatter and slightly angulated at the periphery. As regards ornaments, the extreme apicals appear to have been rather smooth, but a rich radial ornamentation is early developed, and this in the body-whorl is shghtly decussated spirally, so as to form a series of closely-set nodose coste. The body-whorl is relatively large and bicarinated, and the radial ornamen- tation is carried as far as the anterior keel, which, as a rule, is less nodose than the upper one. Base full, rounded, and produced; it is provided with fine reticulate ornaments, which are gathered into a ring of tubercles at the edge of the umbilicus. * Aperture trapeziform or subpentagonal. Relations and Distribution—This pretty little shell is easily distinguished from the majority of the species referred to Straparollus by its regular spire and sloping whorls, and also by the radial or axial character of the ornamentation. The very small specimen from Crickley (fig. 7) is believed to represent the earlier stage, when the periphery is extremely orbicular. The very large one (9 mm. in diameter) from the Pea-grit of Cleeve Hill may, on the other hand, be regarded as a megalomorph, where another whorl has been added. The usual or average form is tolerably abundant in the Pea-grit at Leckhampton. SOLARIUM. 323 256. SoLaRIUM POLYGONOIDES, sp. nov. Plate XXVI, fig. 9. Description : Diameter : ; : : . 4mm. Height : , == SUI, Spiralangle . : : vldoe, This rare form, although related to the species last described, differs from it in being somewhat less depressed ; the radial coste are wider apart, and more strongly developed towards the periphery, thus imparting a slightly polygonal outline, which is well seen in the body-whorl. The bicarination of the body- whorl is less pronounced, and the ring of tubercles at the margin of the umbilicus less distinct. [The conditions of preservation leave some doubt upon this point. | Relations and Distribution —From specimens of S. polygonium, d’Arch., in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton this form is distinguished by the greater number aud lesser salience of the angles of the periphery, and by other points of ornamentation. As a matter of fact, S. polygonoides would seem to occupy an intermediate position between S. pisoliticum and S. polygonium, and this accords with its stratigraphical position in the Clypeus-grit at Barrington. A single specimen. 257. Souarium DIADEMA, Lycett, MS. Plate XXVI, fig. 10. Note.—No publication has given me so much trouble and cause for perplexity as the paper by Lycett on the “Fossil Shells from the Inferior Oolite in Gloucestershire,” which appeared in the first volume of the ‘ Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Club’ in 1853, and previously in the ‘ Annals.’ In that paper (p. 80) Lycett describes ‘ Solarimm” Cotswoldi# and no other species, although previously (p. 72) he had enumerated in addition three species of Solarium, one of which received the specific name “ diadema.” Of mere names in a table I should not feel bound to take notice unless there was corroborative evidence on the point. It so happens that in Mr. Brodie’s Collection there is a very pretty fragment marked ‘ Solarium diadema,” presumably on Lycett’s authority. It is different from any other form, and seems worthy of distinction. Description : Diameter ; : ; . . 1¢ mM: Height : ‘ : . 6mm. Spiral angle . ; ; : ~ 200% 324 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. 1e ornaments are somewhat similar to those . pisoliticum, bu e att ents are so hat lar to those of 8S. pisolit , but th proportions differ considerably, as this is a truly conical shell. It occurs in the Freestones of Leckhampton, and seems to be very rare. 258. SOLARIUM SUBVARICOSUM, sp. nov. Plate XXVI, figs. 11, 12. Description : Diameter (large size) . : : . 13mm. Height ; : : : > 10am: Spiral angle . : ’ : . 90°. Shell conical, moderately depressed, deeply but not widely umbilicated. The form is that of a true cone with a somewhat flattened apex; nucleus oblique. Number of whorls six, increasing under a regular angle, and rather concave; sutures distinct. The upper margin of each whorl has a circlet of fine, closely- set granulations, whilst the corresponding ornament at the base of each whorl consists of a circlet of stout tuberculations set widely apart. The interspaces are markedly rugose; axial lines inclined from left to right, and decussated by very fine spirals. The body-whorl occupies somewhat more than half the height of the shell, and is markedly concave, with a blunt carinated margin studded with broad tubercles; the base is nearly flat, being only shghtly raised towards the edge of the umbilicus, where the ends of the curved axial wrinkles are gathered into a ring of tubercles. The base is decussated throughout by a system of fine spiral and growth lines. Aperture subquadrate or trapezoidal. Relations and Distribution.—This very typical species of Solarium is obviously related to S. varicosum, Morris and Lycett. It differs from the Great Oolite species inasmuch as the whorls are concave rather than angular. The umbilicus also in the Inferior Oolite shell is larger and more tuberculated at the margin, and the base less flat. It is also closely related to Solariwin formoswm, Terq. and Jourd., and to S. serpentinum, Terq. and Jourd., both from the Bathonian of Les Clapes. The Inferior Oolite species is less depressed. The smaller specimen (fig. 11) 1s from the Parkinsoni-zone of Aston cutting ; the larger specimen (fig. 12) probably from the Inferior Oolite of the Yeovil district, but the exact locality is doubtful. Six specimens are known to me. Those from the Parkinsoni-zone of Aston cutting differ somewhat from the shells of the Dorset-Somerset district. PLATE XXI. Fic. 1. Pseudomelania procera, Deslongchamps. Subulate and corroded specimen, showing striato-punctate structure. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Stephens). (Page 237.) 2. Huspira, ef. coronata, Morris and Lycett. Northampton Sand, Duston. Crick Collection. (Page 270.) 3. Natica cincta, Phillips, cast, x3. Lincolnshire Limestone, ? Denton. British Museum. (Page 266.) 4, Natica cincta, Phillips, shell, x 3. Coombe Hill, Deddington, Oxfordshire. My Collection. 5. * Phasianella”’ Leymeriei, dArchiac, var. Lindonensis. ‘ Bastard” bed between the Northampton Sand and the Lincolnshire Limestone, Lincoln. My Collection. (Page 253.) 6. Pseudomelania levigata, Morris and Lycett. 2. Scarborough Limestone, Cloughton Wyke. Figure compounded of two specimens, one in the British Museum (type), the other in my Collection. (Page 244.) 7. Rissoina obliquata, Sowerby. xX 4. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. My Collection. (Page 272.) 8. Rissoina obliquata, Sowerby, var. parcicostata. x4. Lincolnshire Limestone, Ponton. My Collection. (Page 272.) 9. Rissoina obliquata, Sowerby, var. inflata. Xx 4. Lincolnshire Limestone, Ponton or Barnack. British Museum. (Page 272.) 10a. Rissoina obtusa, Lycett. x4. Pea-grit, Crickley. My Collection. 10 bd. The same specimen, X10. (Page 273.) 11. Rissoina gymnoides, sp. nov. X 6. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. My Collection. (Page 273.) 12. Amberleya capitanea, Minster. Juwrensis-zone, variabilis-beds, North Nibley. My Collection (Buckman). (Page 277.) 13. Amberleya ornata, Sowerby. Dundry. Bristol Museum; probably one of Sowerby’s types—a worn specimen. (Page 279.) 14. The same. Dundry. My Collection (Wiison)—an unworn specimen from the same locality. 15. Amberleya ornata, Sow., var. spinulosa, Minst. (Bathis, d’Orb). Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. 16. Amberleya ornata, var. abbas. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collec- tion. Middle-sized specimen, showing the Purpurina-like mouth. 17, 18. Portions of more adult specimens of A. ornata, var. abbas, showing the modification of the aperture. Same locality and Collection. (Page 280.) ae 7 a Fra. i 14, PLATE XXII. Amberleya ornata, Sow., var. abbas ; young form, showing the Purpwrina-like mouth. x 1?. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. (Page 280.) . Amberleya ornata, Sow., var. horvida. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. (Page 281.) . Amberleya densinodosa, sp. nov. Burton Bradstock variety. Irony nodule bed, B. B. (Murchisonx-zone). My Collection. (Page 282.) . Amberleya densinodosa, typical form. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Stephens). . The same; young form, showing the Puwrpurina-like mouth. Same horizon and locality. My Collection. . Amberleya goniata, Deslongchamps, young form. Parkinsoni-zone, Burton Bradstock. My Collection. (Page 284.) . Amberleya Orbignyana, sp. nov. (Purpurina ornata, d’Orb., non Sow.). Parkinsoni-zone, Broadwindsor. My Collection. (Page 285.) . The same. Humphriesianus- or Parkinsoni-zone, Louse Hill. My Collection. . Amberleya pagodiformis, sp. nov. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Buckman). (Page 287.) . Amberleya Obornensis, sp. nov. Base of Humphriesianus-zone, Oborne. My Collection. (Page 286.) . Amberleya Murchisoni, Mimster. x 13. Humphriesianus-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. (Page 286.) . Amberleya, ef. Trochus anaglypticus, Minst. Hwmphriesianus-zone, Oborne. Yay guy 9 9 My Collection (Stephens). (Page 288.) . Amberleya (Littorina) biserta, Phillips (section A); young specimen, showing the Purpurina-like mouth. 2. Dogger, Blue Wyke. My Collection. (Page 288.) The same, = Tvochus bisertus, Phillips. Opalinus-zone, Drympton. My Collection. PLATE XX Cur GeoWest & Sons del lithetimp Fig. . Lnttorina unicarinata, Bean. ? Young of Aimberleya biserta, Phillips, heb 6. PLATE XXIII. section B. Dogger, Blue Wyke. Leckenby Collection. (Page 289.) . Amberleya biserta, Phillips, section B. Dogger, Blue Wyke. Jermyn Street Museum. (Page 288.) . Amberleya generalis, Miinster. ? Dundry. My Collection (Buckman). (Page 287.) . Littorina or Hehinella, species or variety. x 13. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. (Page 295.) . Amberleya (Turbo) Milleri, Wright, MS. x 1%. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Stephens). (Page 290.) Amberleya (Turbo), between Amb. Milleri and Amb. turbinoides, but probably nearer to the latter. x 1%. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Stephens). (Page 290.) . Amberleya turbinoides, sp. nov. ? Stoford. My Collection. (Page 290.) . Amberleya elongata, sp. nov. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Col- lection. (Page 292.) . The same. ? A megalomorph. Pea-grit, Longfords. My Collection. . Aimberleya or Littorina, species or variety. x 12. Murchisonx-zone, Stoford. My Collection (Buckman). (Page 293.) . Amberleya (Turbo) Stoddarti, Tawney. Dundry. My Collection (Wright). (Page 291.) . Inttorina polytimeta, sp. nov. xX 2. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Stephens). (Page 295.) . The same. Larger specimen, to show the increased thickening on the pillar- hp. ™ 1g. Same horizon, locality, and Collection. . Littorina or Amberleya, species or variety. ? Allied to L. polytimeta. x 2. ** Base-bed,” Lincoln. My Collection. (Page 296.) . Littorina suleata, Hébert and Deslongchamps. x 2. Parkinsoni-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection (Buckman). (Page 297.) . Littovrina Phillipsii, Morris and Lycett. x 2. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. My Collection. (Page 296.) . Amberleya cf. Meriani, Goldfuss. Lincolnshire Limestone, Ponton. My Collection. (Page 283.) . Littorina Weldonis, sp. nov. x 3. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. My Collection. (Page 297.) . Amberleya gemmata, Lyecett. x 3. Lincolnshire Limestone, Ponton or Barnack. British Museum. (Page 281.) PLATE XXIII GeoWest & Sone del lith etimp es i Fic. . Littorina xdilis, Minster. > 2. Dundry. Bristol Museum. (Page 298.) . littorina ? exdilis, Mister. xX 3. Lincolnshire Limestone, Ponton or Sa im oo Or J 13. 14. ive . Cirrus * reticulatus ;’ PLATE XXIV. Barnack. British Museum. . Intiorina Dorsetensis, sp. nov.—var. A, typical. x 2. (Page 299.) . The same, var. B, resembling Tvrochus granarius, Hébert and Deslong- champs. X 2. . The same, var. C, eucycloid variety. x 13. All from the Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. . Littorina (2? Trochus) recteplanata, Tawney. X 13. Dundry. Bristol Museum. (Page 300.) . The same. Pea-grit, Longfords. x 1}. My Collection. N.B.—Fig. 6 repre- sents a worn specimen, fig. 7 a well-preserved and much larger one. . Littorina pretor, Goldfuss. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collec- tion (Buckman). (Page 294.) . Littorina (2? Trochus) pisolitica, sp. nov. x 6. Pea-grit, Leckhampton. My Collection. (Page 300.) . Amberleya cygnea, sp. nov. (but ef. Turbo Meriani, Goldf.). ‘ Base-bed,” Lincoln. My Collection. (Page 283.) . Amberleya (Turbo) Dundriensis, Tawney. X 3. Dundry. Bristol Museum. (Page 293.) . Hamusina Damesi, Gemmellaro, var. Babylonica. Murchisone-zone, Babylon Hill. Whidborne Collection. (Page 304.) Hamusina Oppelensis, Lycett, Dorset variety. Murchisonx-zone, Coker. My Collection. This specimen shows the single row of nodules as distin- euished from the double row in Hamusina Bertheloti, @Orb. (Page 305.) The same. ? Upper Pisolite, Longfords. Jermyn Street Museum. N.B.— Type refigured to show the supposed costz which are really due to an imperfect and misleading’ surface. . Cirrus Htheridgu, Lycett. Nailsworth district. Jermyn Street Museum. x 14. (Page 306.) * may possibly represent Oirrus Htheridgiw in the Dorsetshire beds, Bradford Abbas. Monk Collection. (Page 307.) Cirrus gradatus, sp. nov. Murchisonex-zone, Coker. My Collection. (Page 307.) 18 and 19. Cirrus pyramidalis, Tawney. Dundry. Bristol Museum. ‘The types 20. refigured. (Page 311.) Cirrus pyramidalis, Tawney. Cotteswold variety. Longfords. My Col- lection. PLATE XXIV. Geo.West & Sone del hth etimp PLATE XXV. Fig. 1. Cirrus Calisto, ?Orbigny, Murchisone-zone, Coker. My Collection (Buckman). (Page 312.) . Cirrus varicosus, sp. nov. X 13. Oolite-Marl or Pisolite of the Nailsworth district. My Collection (Wright). (Page 313.) 3. Cirrus Leachi, Sowerby, rugose variety. Murchisone-zone, Mapperton. My Collection. (Page 308.) 4, The same. Variety with small umbilicus. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. . Curvus Leachi, Sowerby, ornaments finer and closer. Muchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. 6. Cirrus nodosus, Sowerby. Murchisone-zone, Coker or Stoford. My Collection. (Page 313.) . Discoheliv Cotswoldiz, Lycett. x 2. Oolite-Marl or Pisolite of the Nailsworth district. My Collection (Wright). (Page 316.) 8. Discoheliv spinosus, Wright, MS. Shghtly enlarged. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. Woodwardian Museum. (Page 317.) N.B.—This species attains to a considerable size; one specimen in my Collection has a bo Gr “J chameter of 44 mm., which is very much larger than any other species. of Discoheliv or Straparollus from the Inferior Oolite of this country. 9. Straparollus pulchrior, sp.nov. Murchisone-zone, Mapperton. My Collection (Page 318.) PLATE XXV. Geo.West & Sons del lith etimp Fia. . Straparollus * tuberculosus-deater,” Thorent (dextralform). Xx 2. Parkinsoni- bo a | LO, ua: PLATE XXVI. zone, Burton Bradstock. Jermyn Street Museum. (Page 317.) . Straparollus Dindriensis, Tawney. Dundry. xX 2. Bristol Museum, type refigured. (Page 319.) . Straparollus exsertus, sp.nov. X 13. Bradford Abbas, ? Murchisone-zone. Monk Collection. (Page 320.) . Variety of Straparollus exsertus. X 13. The precise horizon and locality unknown; probably from the Murchisone-zone of Stoford. Wood- wardian Museum. . Straparollus, cf. altus, @Orbigny. x 2. Murchisone- or concavus-zone, neighbourhood of Beaminster. My Collection. (Page 321.) . Solarium pisoliticum, sp.nov. X 43. Pea-grit, Leckhampton. My Col- lection. This represents an average specimen. (Page 322.) . The same. X 8. Specimen from the Pea-grit, Crickley, showing the earlier stage. My Collection. . The same. X 4. Unusually fine specimen from the Pea-grit, Cleeve Hill. My Collection. . Solarviuin polygonoides, sp. nov. X 5. Clypeus-grit, Barrington. My Col- lection. (Page 323.) Solarium diadema, Lycett. x 43. Freestones, Leckhampton. Brodie Collection. (Page 323.) Solarium subvaricosum, sp. nov. X 4. Parkinsoni-zone of Aston cutting. My Collection. (Page 324.) . The same. & 4. ? Dorsget-Somerset district. Woodwardian Museum (Walton Collection). PLATE XXVI Seo West & Sons del Nit het imp PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1892. LONDON: MDCCCXCII. A MONOGRAPH ON THE INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. BY JCKMAN, F.G.S S. S. BUCKMAN, F.GS., HONORARY MEMBER OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. PART VII. Pages 3183—344; Prarrs LVII—LXXVI. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1892. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. SONNININ A. 313 SONNININA (continued). Genus—Sonninia, Bayle. (Type—SonnInIa PROPINQUANS, Bayle.) — HakRpoceras (pars) auctorum. — HamMaroceras (pars) auctorwm. 1878. Waagenta, Bayle. Explic. carte géol. France ; Explan. of pl. lxxxiv. (Non Neumayr.) 1879. Sonninta, Bayle. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. vii, sér. 3, p. 92. 1885. Gruppe des Hammartoceras Sowersyl, Haug. Beitr. Monogr. Harpo- ceras ; Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineral., &c., Beil.-Bd. iii, p. 654. 1885. Gruppe des Hammatoceras Ocerrent, Haug. Ibid., p. 657 (pars). 1889. Sonnrnta, S. Buckman. Descent of Sonninia, &c., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlv. It is impossible to give any short and exact definition of this comprehensive genus. ‘The biologically-earliest species belong to the spimous stage from early infancy (Pl. XLIX). In some cases the spinous stage persists to maturity, but generally it retrogrades to a costate stage in adolescence, or even in infancy. In biologically-later species the costate stage retrogrades to a striate in maturity, in adolescence, or even in infancy, and the spinous stage may be omitted from the ontogeny.’ Roughly speaking inclusion and compression of whorls correlate with the amount of ornament—the most ornate species being the most evolute, and having almost circular whorls ; but the exactitude of the correlation varies in the different branches into which the genus splits up, and in one branch it is altogether falsified on account of a remarkable renewal of progressive development after a period of retrogression. The hollow carina is not always present, but itis the rule. In the extremely retro- gressive forms of the genus, however, not only is the hollow carma absent, but the keel is altogether lost, and the ventral area becomes quite rounded in maturity. The suture-line is an important feature. The lobes are generally narrow- stemmed, in some species exceedingly so; the superior lateral lobe has a peculiar cruciform arrangement of its chief terminal branches, which are long and important ;’ the first auxiliary lobe often has a slight twist towards the inferior lateral ; the inner end of the suture-line is not, practically speaking, dependent or retracted. In general the complexity of the suture-line increases in proportion 1 To favour direct development, illustrating the law of the partial or modifying action of earlier inheritance. 2 In some of the broad-whorled forms the symmetry is destroyed by an excessive growth of the outer lobule. 40 314. INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES. to the decrease of ornament, a feature similar to what may be noted in the case of Amaltheus. From Hammatoceras, which parallels this genus very closely in retrogressive development—in some species particularly the likeness is very close—Sonninia may be known by the greater forward curvature of its ribs on the ventral area, the lesser proportionate depth of its saddles, and the absence of a strongly-retracted or dependent inner portion of the suture-line.' From Zurcheria the genus Sonnima is distinguished by its carina and the different position of its spines; from Haploplewroceras by not having two rows of spines. From Dovsetensia the costate and less ornamented forms are separated by their more complex suture-line, with its peculiar cruciform superior lateral lobe. No unispinous species of Dorsetensia have yet been found. From Witchellia, in general, the longer lobes with their narrower stems become the chief features distinguishing the present genus; but other matters will be noticed when that genus is described. From “ Plewroceras”? and Amaltheus the present genus is easily separable by the absence of a crenulate carina. Some of the species which have retrograded so much as to have, practically speaking, lost all distinguishing ornament, become very like certain genera of the Hildoceratide ; but they may be distinguished therefrom by the peculiar features of their suture-line, namely, the depth of the saddles, the somewhat cruciform arrangement of the superior lateral lobe, and the greater general complexity of the septa. Like the other genera of the Amaltheidx, Souninia must be regarded as a cryptogenetic series at present. ‘The species representing the progressive stages of development (p. 289) which preceded the spinous stage have not yet been discovered. From the fact of the spines being an embryonic feature the existence of a considerable series of spinous forms may be inferred; because, from analogy with the development of other groups, it may be argued that the spines were once confined to the adult, and that they have become embryonic by the law of earlier inheritance.” This alone implies a considerable and varied series of ancestors. Such spinous species would be, presumably, the highest forms of the progressive series, and the nearest approach to them is seen in Sonninia multispinata. 1 “Descent of Sonninia,” &., ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.,’ vol. xlv. * In all the species which have come under my notice the spines are solid, but in the armatus- group (Deroceras) the spines are hollow, that is, separated by a partition in the same way as a hollow carina (see p. 81, foot-note). The difference is most striking in the casts of spines of Sonninia and Deroceras. ee SONNININ A. 315 This can hardly be an adult form. It is, presumably, only a youthful form of an unknown adult, but it is certainly the earliest, biologically, of the series ; and it may be considered as the “ morphological representation’! of an earlier adult of the phylogenetic series, in accordance with the law of earlier inheritance. In the same way earlier inner whorls of Sonn. multispinata, so far as they can be seen, are a morphological representation of a still earlier ancestor of the genus ; and this is confirmed by the inner whorls of other species.” Such an ancestor would be evolute, slowly-coiled, with a broad sulcate-carinate abdomen almost flat from spine to spine, and the spines themselves in a regular sequence. Sonn. multispinata shows the commencement of the change which produced a more gibbous and narrower abdomen. Roughly speaking, with the exception of this species, all the Sonniniw known are examples of retrogression® from the type of which Sonn. multispinata is the morphological representation ; although there is, as it were, a certain want of decision about the retrogression of the earlier species. In fact, although there are many species’ of the genus which are extremely retrograde forms, yet the 1 It becomes absolutely necessary to employ a phrase of this kind in a definite manner in connection with the phenomena of earlier inheritance. In tracing a genetic series upwards the adult stage of an early species, say a, becomes adolescent in the later form, B, infantile in c, and so on. Therefore I wish to call the adolescent B the “ morphological representation” of the adult a, and the infantile c the ‘‘ morphological representation” of adolescent B or of adult a. In the same way adolescent c is the “ morphological representation ” of adult 8. In reverse manner adult a may be spoken of as the “morphological prefiguration ” of adolescent 8B, or of infantile c,and so on. We thus obtain, with a phrase of Hyatt’s, three terms in regard to the relations of an individual. It is a “morphological prefiguration” in regard to the future, a ‘‘ morphological representation” in relation to the past, and a “ morphological equivalent ”’ in comparison with the individuals of other series which have attained the same degree of development. 2 The homologue of these and of some earlier inner whorls may be seen in Pl. X LIX, figs. 8, 8 a, and part figs. 86,9, 9a. a oie a ee ~ ‘ . \ / Hath 7 | oof , fx, : st hth } wan dele a S A.¢ a PLATE LXXVI. Concavume-zone. Figs. 1—6.—Sonninta maGnispinata, S. Buckman. Fig. 1.—Side view of the typical form, showing the large regular spines followed by spines and ribs. Bradford Abbas, Dorset. My Collection. (Page 341.) Fig. 2.—Front view of the same shell, showing the size of the spines. Fig. 3.—Back view of the same specimen, to illustrate the cara and ventral area. Fig. 4.—Side view of an older example, to show the costate stage. Bradford Abbas. From my father’s Collection. Fig. 5.—Section of the aperture, in outline ; embraced whorl with test, outer whorl without. Fig. 6.—The suture-line of the same specimen, showing a rather broad- stemmed, tripartite superior lateral lobe. Figs. 7—9.—NSonninia ALTERNATA, S. Buckman. Fig. 7.—Side view of a young specimen with well-preserved test, showing the peculiarities of the ribbing. (This is the form described as B, page 345.) Brad- ford Abbas. From my father’s Collection. (Page 346.) Fig. 8.—Back view, showing the ventrally-projected strive. Fig. 9.—Section of the whorl in outline, test present. THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVILI. VOLUME FOR 1892. MDCCCXCII. A MONOGRAPH OF THE DEVONIAN FAUNA SOUTH OF ENGLAND. BY G. F. WHIDBORNE, M.A., F.G:S. Vou. [T.—Parrt II. THE FAUNA OF THE LIMESTONES OF LUMMATON, WOLBOROUGH, CHIRCOMBE BRIDGE, AND CHUDLEIGH (continued). Paces 57—88; PLates VI—X. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1892. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON. BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE PTERINEA. 57 Isocardia vetusta, Goldfuss,' differs from the widest variety of our shell by having a blunter umbo, a staighter hinge-line, and more definite wings. TInoceramus inversus, Goldfuss,? which is Posidonomya inversa, Geinitz,® has a more terminal umbo, no anterior ear, and indistinct posterior radiations. Rutotia obtusa, de Koninck,* is much higher than long, and has more equal and angular wines and a blunter umbo. R. obesa, de Koninck,’ is transversely striated, and has a more obtuse umbo and a more defined and higher hind wing. R. ornithocephala, de Koninck,’ has a more prominent, twisted, and sharper beak, and is more oblique and not quite smooth. R. ainygdalina, de Koninck,’ very nearly agrees in shape with our younger forms, but is striated, and has a smaller, blunter umbo and less unequal wings. 3. Genus.—Prarinea, Goldfuss, 1826. This genus seems distinguished from Avicula and Actinopteria by its large prominent central and lateral teeth, by its strong horizontal lgamental furrows, and by the great inequality of its valves. The shell seems generally to be thick and the hinge-area broad and flat. ‘The anterior muscle-scar is moderately developed and deep. Frech has placed it with Actinoderma, Sandberger, in a separate sub-family, which he calls Pterinewine, while Hall ranks it with Actinopteria under a distinct family, Pterinide. It finds its chief development in the Devonian period, but it is also quoted from the Silurian and the Carboniferous. 1. Preringa BELLULA, Whidborne. Pl. IV, fig. 11. 1889. PrerInEa BELLULA, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. Description.—Left valve large, slightly oblique, apparently much broader than long, moderately convex. Umbo small, anterior, proximate, incurved, and 1 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 284, fig. 160, fig. 14. 2 Ibid., vol. ii, p. 108, pl. cix, figs. 6a, b. 3 1853, Geinitz, ‘ Verst. Grauw. Sachsen,’ pt. 2, p. 58, pl. xii, fig. 25; and pl. xii, figs. 1, 2. 4 1885, de Koninck, ‘Ann. Mus. Roy. H. N. Belg.,’ vol. ix, pt. v, p. 199, pl. xxii, figs. 6, 17. 5 Tbid., p. 199, pl. vii, figs. 3, 4. 6 Tbid., p. 200, pl. vii, figs. 29, 30; and pl. xxii, figs. 25, 29. 7 Ibid., p. 200, pl. xiii, figs. 24, 25, 44, 45. VOL. II. 8 58 DEVONIAN FAUNA. turned forward. Front wing defined. Anterior margin (omitting the front wing, which is broken away) concave above, convex below. Inferior margin apparently short and very convex. Contour of surface steeply convex in front and sloping out flatly below and behind. Posterior wing apparently not defined. Surface bear- ing about twelve large, narrow, elevated, triangular, distant ribs, extending from the umbo, between which, at least on the posterior side, is a secondary series of smaller and shorter ribs, and again between these a third series of still smaller riblets, the whole being crossed by a few ridges of growth and possibly with a finer lineation. Size.-—About 40 mm. broad, 48 mm. deep. Locality.— A single defective specimen from Wolborough is in the Museum of Practical Geology. Remarks.—This evidently is a distinct and fine species belonging to the true Ptevinex of the group of Pt. costata, Goldfuss,' as defined by Frech.’ Our solitary example is unfortunately too defective to permit a full description. Its anterior wing is gone, the margins can only be approximately traced, and the surface has lost its finer ornamentation. The posterior portion is obscured by matrix, but it appears to have been considerably produced, so as to form a large undefined hind wing with few and coarse ribs. Affinities.—It so closely resembles Pt. dichotoma, Krantz,’ as in the defective state of our specimen to admit the question of its identity. It appears, however, to have fewer and more definitely alternating ribs, and a much less defined hind wing, which, as far as seen, shows no signs of fine radiations. Frech’s* version of that shell approaches it more nearly in shape, but still differs in the same particulars. Pt. fasciculata, Goldfuss,’ differs in its greater obliquity, its more evenly rounded back, its flat defined hind wing, its numerous equal minor strize between the major ribs, and its smooth cast. Frech,’ however, disagrees with Goldfuss in describing its major ribs as alternating. Pt. costulata, F. A. Romer,’ is distinguished by having its ribs nodu- lous. 1 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 137, pl. exx, fig. 4. 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band 9, pt. 8, p. 81. 3 1857, Krantz, ‘ Verhand. n. Vereins preuss. Rheinl.,’ vol. xiv, p. 157, pl. xi, fig. 5. 4 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band 9, pt. 8, p. 88, pl. ix, fig. 16. 5 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 137, pl. exx, fig. 5; and 1853, Sandberger, ‘ Verst. Rhein. Nassau,’ p. 293, pl. xxx, fig. 7. 6 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band 9, pt. 3, p. 84, pl. viii, figs. 1, 1la@; and pl. ix, figs. 1—3. 7 1850, F. A. Romer, ‘ Beitr.,’ pt. 1, p. 3, pl. i, fig. 3. bo ACTINOPTERIA. 59 Avicula Ibergensis, F. A. Roémer,' and Pt. flabella, Conrad,? differ from it in most of the same particulars as does Pt. fasciculata, Goldfuss. Pt. Sechendorfii, F. A, Romer,’ appears to have fewer coste, a blunter umbo, and a straighter anterior side. Avicula levicostata, Follmann,' seems to be a decidedly more transverse shell, with a larger and more prominent umbo, blunter ridges, and no minor ribs. Pt. Paillettei, de Verneuil,’ is distinguished by its greater obliquity and its large and smooth hind wing. Pt. subfasciculata, de Verneul® (which is separated from Pt. fasciculata, Goldfuss, by its smaller size, smaller posterior ear, and the absence of minor ribs), seems to differ from the present shell in having flat interspaces and no alternations in the ribs. 4. Genus.—ActinopreriA, Hall, 1883. Hall describes this genus or sub-genus as “ characterised from Pterinea in the absence of a broad striated iigamental area, and strong cardinal and lateral teeth. Right valve sub-convex. Surface with fine rays.” Frech, on the other hand, regards it as merely a group in the genus Avicula, and intimates that living forms which are classed with Avicula fall within its limits. To this latter genus it is certainly more closely allied than to Pterimea, but it appears to be very different in general aspect from its typical forms, and I should be inclined to regard Barrois as right in accepting it as a genus or sub-genus. It is charac- teristic of Devonian Beds, and many forms occur in HKurope and America. It is especially well represented in the localities now under review. 1 1855, F. A. Romer, ‘ Beitr.,’ pt. 3, p. 35, pl. vu, fig. 3. 2 1884, Hall, ‘Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 93, pl. xiv, figs. 1—21; pl. xv, figs. 8—10; and pl. Ixxxiu, figs. 11, 12. 3 1848, F. A. Romer, ‘ Verst. Harzgeb.,’ p. 23, pl. xii, fig. 28. 4 1885, Follmann, ‘ Verh. Nat. Hist. Vereins Preuss. Rheinl.,’ vol. xlii, p. 195, pl. v, figs. 4, 4a. 5 1855, de Verneuil, ‘Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr.,’ ser. 2, vol. xiid, p. 1003, pl. xxix, fig. 3; and 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 83, pl. 9, fig. 3. 6 1869, de Verneuil, ‘ Faun. Devon. Bosphore,’ p. 82, pl. xx, fig. 6. 60 DEVONIAN FAUNA. 1. ActinoprertA ? Rossrtsu, n. sp. Pl. VI, figs. 2—4. Description.—Left valve small, oblique, convex, transverse. Umbo small, anterior, proximate. Anterior wing small, obtuse, convex, divided from the back by asharp concave depression. Posterior wing small, triangular, flat, sharply defined. Hinge-line rather short, being less than half the length of the shell. Anterior margin convex above, straight and oblique below. Inferior margin oblique and gently convex. Postero-inferior corner much produced and very convex. Posterior margin oblique and straight below, hecoming broadly concave above, where it bounds the wing. Contour of surface convex, the highest line running down from the umbo to the postero-inferior corner, and the surface sloping from it more steeply on the posterior than the anterior side. Surface of wings almost smooth, or marked by sharp, distant growth-ridges. Surface of back bearing between twenty-five and thirty very distant, small, sharp rays, divided by broad and slightly concave interspaces, and crossed by sharp, distant, irregular, and indistinct threads or growth-lines. Size.—Length 20 mm., breadth 16 mm., depth of left valve 4 mm. Locality.—Lummaton. There are seven specimens in my Collection, and two in the Woodwardian Museum. Remarks.—This species is distinguished by the shape of its wings; the front wing being short, swollen, and rounded, and the hind wing being very small, flat, triangular, well-defined, and with a concave posterior margin. Its ornament is also characteristic, the ribs being few in number, narrow and sharp, and much more prominent than the distant, transverse striz or threads on the body of the shell, while on the wings the latter become stronger, and the former almost entirely disappear. It would seem, however, that on the hind wing at least six or seven rays were normally present, but these are generally obliterated either during life or fossilization. Afjinities.—I have met with few foreign species that approach it closely except Avicula immunis, Barrande. Beushausen’s’ figure of A. Jugleri, F. A. Romer,’ agrees in the shape of its hind wing, but its anterior side is different, and its ribs are stronger and closer. As given by F. A. Romer and Frech’* this species is widely distinct. Avicula nuevo, Barrande,* has a much smaller front wing, and differs in the 1 1884, Beushausen, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band vi, pt. 1, p. 55, pl. ii, fig. 9. 2 1843, F. A. Romer, ‘ Verst. Harzgeb.,’ p. 21, pl. vi, fig. 4. 3 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 18, pl. xvii, fig. 2. * 1881, Barrande, ‘ Syst. Sil. Bohém.,’ vol. vi, pl. cexviii, figs. 7—10, Et. E. ACTINOPTERIA. 61 contour of its margins, and in the closeness of its transverse ornament, but presents some general approximation. Aviculopecten dupliciradiatus, de Koninck,' seems distinguished by its closer transverse marks, its double ribs, and its more triangular front wing. Avicula immunis, Barrande,’ has a smaller front wing, and a larger hind wing. Its front wing seems sharper, and the rays on the hind wing are coarser than the transverse striz. The ornament, though much the same in character, seems decidedly finer. It is very nearly allied, but not I think identical. Actinopteria eta, Hall,*® has a larger, sharper, and more closely striated hind wing and coarser ornament. Pterinea oblonga, Trenkner,* seems hardly identifiable from its figure and description. In some respects it is not unlike the present shell, but its rays seem coarser. Its wings do not seem to be shown. Note.—In naming this species after the late Mr. Tom Roberts, F.G.S., the writer cannot forbear expressing his sense of the great loss which British paleontology has sustained by his death. He combined with a keen eye and a clear judgment a fund of quiet perseverance and an extensive knowledge both of the literature and the stone records of his favourite science. Had he lived he would doubtless soon have occupied a place as a paleontologist rivalled by few. That he had not already done this was due to the simple fact of his generosity. He spent his time in helping others, and so he could do httle to make the results of his own researches known. The present writer has been under the deepest obligation to him for constant help, guidance, and correction in the course of this work. 9. ACTINOPTERIA HIRUNDELLA, Whidborne, sp. Pl. VI, figs. 5, 5a, 6, 6a, and Pl. VII, figs. 4, 4a, 40. 1889. PreRINEA HIRUNDELLA, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. ??1889. AcTrNopTeERIA MANCA, Barrois (not Barrande). Faun. Cale. d’Erbray, p. 175, pl. xii, figs. 1, 18. 1 1885, De Koninck, ‘Ann. Mus. Roy. H. N. Belg.,’ vol. xi, pt. 5, p. 239, t. 34, figs. 1—3. 1881, Barrande, ‘ Syst. Sil. Bohém.,’ vol. vi, pl. cexxiv, figs. 3, 1-8, Et. E. 3 1884, Hall, ‘ Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 124, pl. lxxxiv, figs, 8—11. + 1867, Trenkner, ‘ Palaont. Novit.,’ pt. 1, p. 24, pl. in, fig. 52. is) 62 DEVONIAN FAUNA. Description.— Left valve large, transverse, very oblique, convex. Umbo very anterior. Front wing unseen. Anterior margin rather narrow, receding. Inferior margin very long, oblique, and slightly convex. Postero-inferior corner very much produced, very convex. Posterior margin oblique and nearly straight, becoming erect and concave in the upper part which bounds the hind wing. Hind wing rather small, triangular, flattish, rather clearly defined, and bearing coarser rays. Contour of surface nearly straight along the line from the deepest point near the umbo to the postero-inferior corner, and nearly evenly convex in the direction perpendicular to this line. Surface covered with multitudinous, minute, distant, elevated, shghtly alternating rays, crossed and cancellated by fine, regular, elevated threads, rather more distant than the rays, and by a few coarse bulges or striz of growth. Hinge-line apparently about two thirds the length of the shell. Right valve very similar in shape and convexity to the left, but with its umbo rather less anterior, with a produced front wing, and with a rather broader anterior margin. Hind wing large, undefined. Surface covered by delicate, regular, distant, transverse threads, which are crossed on the postero-superior part, or hind wing, by some rather closer and more rounded, small, irregularly alternating rays. Shell-structure very thin. Size.-—Length 48 mm., breadth 35 mm., depth of left valve 8 mm. Localities. —From Wolborough there is a left valve in the Museum of Practical Geology. From Lummaton there is a left valve in Mr. Lee’s Collection in the British Museum, and a right valve and a small and doubtful left valve in my Collection. Remarks.—Although many of the most important parts of the shell are very imperfectly indicated by the specimens here described, enough remains to show that they belong to a species distinct from the others which accompany it, though bearing a strong resemblance to some of them. The left valve seems distinguished by its short hinge-line, its small hind wing, its fine and numerous ribs, its great length and obliquity, and the delicate regular and distant threads which traverse both the ribs and the furrows. The ribs on the hind wing seem decidedly coarser and larger than those upon other parts of the shell. It approaches Avicula (Pterinea ?) ala, Barrande,' very closely, but differs by its much greater length and obliquity, and by its ornament being finer, its postero-inferior corner more produced, and its hind wing apparently smaller and more definite. In that Bohemian shell the two valves are very dissimilar from each other in ' 1881, Barrande, ‘ Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. eev, fig. 8, 1-7; pl. eexvii, fig. 5, 1-3 ; pl. cexviil, figs. 21—23; and pl. celxxxi, figs. 1—6, Ht. F. ACTINOPTERIA. 63 ornament and other points, and its right valve bears much the same relationship to the right valve here described from Lummaton, that the respective left valves do. We are therefore led to the belief that the English right and left valves belong to one species; and this belief is confirmed by comparing them together. The ornament of the right valve appears to agree with that of the left in essence though not in development, while it does not seem to me to do so with the left valves of any of the accompanying species. The specimen from Lummaton is interesting from showing a curious mending of an injury to the shell during life. Under the name Actinoptera manca, Barrois' describes a very kindred species, which seems chiefly to differ in being rayed only over the central part of the surface, and in having more lamellar transverse markings; the latter point, however, may perhaps be an accidental effect of age or sediment. Possibly it may prove identical. Barrande’s’ original Avicula or Myalina manca seems to differ in shape and in the coarseness of its ornament. Affinities.—Pterinea perdita, Barrande,’® resembles the right valve in ornament, but is a very much shorter shell, and has the transverse striz much less curved. Pterinea (Actinoptera) Trigeri, Hhlert,* seems distinguished by having no rays whatever on the right valve, and no regular fine striz on the left valve. Its anterior wing cannot of course be compared with that of our shells. It evidently is so closely allied as to be on the verge of identity. 3. ACTINOPTERIA MuSICATA, n. sp. Pl. VI, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. Description.—Left valve large, flattish, transverse, sub-quadrate, oblique. Umbo rather small, situated at the anterior end of the hinge-line (excluding the anterior wing, which is unknown), oblique, flattened, proximate. Hinge-line long, straight, nearly equal to the greatest extension of the shell behind. Anterior margin probably narrow and oblique. Inferior margin wide, moderately convex. Posterior margin slightly oblique, sigmoid. Posterior wing large, sloping, undefined. Contour of surface slightly convex, steeper in front, shehtly concave behind the post-umbonal line. Surface ornamented by a major series of thirty or forty fine, low, narrow, rounded, and very distant rays, between each of which are < | 1889, Barrois, ‘Faun. Cale. d’Erbray,’ p. 175, pl. xii, figs. 1, 1 a, 1d. 2 1881, Barrande, ‘ Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. cexxii, figs. 8, 9, Et. F. 3 1881, ibid., vol. vi, pl. exxv, figs. 1—3, Et. F. 4 188%, CEhlert, ‘ Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr.,’ ser. 3, vol. xvi, p. 646, pl. xiv, figs. 4, 4a. 64: DEVONIAN FAUNA. a varying number of still finer sub-equal radiations, the whole crossed by numerous, transverse undulations, and by sharp, close growth-strie, which occasionally break the continuity of the ribs. Shell-structure very thin. Size of left valve-—About 45 mm. long, 35 mm. broad, and 7 mm. deep. Locality.—W olborough. There is a specimen in Mr. Vicary’s Collection. Remarks.—This species appears to be well characterised by its ornamentation. The major rays are very small and distant. The number of the minor rays in each interspace varies, there often being four or five in the central parts, and frequently none in the front parts or on the hind wing, while sometimes the central line is larger than the rest. The transverse striz and undulations together result in a rather irregular ornament. The shell is also distinguished from most of the accompanying species, except A. placida, by its greater flatness. I am aware of few, if any, other species which are similarly marked. Affinities —Some specimens of Actinopteria subdecussata, Hall,‘ very nearly approach this shell, but the rays of that species seem to alternate more regularly, and the cross lines to be less crowded. 4. Actinoprerta DILATATA, Whidborne, sp. Pl. VI, figs. 8—10; Pl. VII, figs. 1—3 ; and Pl. VIII, figs. 8, 8 a. 21842. Avicuna cratHRata, Sandberger. Neues Jahrb. f. M., p. 397. P1848. — — Bronn (pars). Handbuch, pt. 3, p. 1052. ? 1853. a oo Sandberger. Verst. Rhein. Nassau, p. 286, pl. xxix, figs. 1S—18 d. 1889. Prerivea pinatTata, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. 21891. AvicuLa cLtaTHRATA, Frech. Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss., Band 9, pt. 3, p. 41, pl. i, figs. 10, 10 a. Descviption.—Left valve large, convex, sub-quadrate, transverse. Umbo prominent, wide, rounded, oblique, situated at the anterior end of the hinge-line (excluding the front wing). Huinge-line long, straight, extending almost the extreme length of the shell behind. Front wing apparently small, rounded, convex, and rather undefined. Anterior margin rather narrow, convex, and oblique. Inferior margin very long, shghtly oblique, and gently convex. Posterior margin nearly erect and sigmoid. Hind wing long, narrow, sloping, and undefined. Contour of surface convex in the centre, very steep in front, and slightly concave behind the umbo. Surface ornamented with about sixty or 1 1884, Hall, ‘Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 110, pl. xvii, figs. 28, 24-27, 29—31. ACTINOPTERIA. 65 seventy distant, elevated, rounded, and usually alternating rays, which are sepa- rated by flat interspaces, generally wider than the rays; the whole crossed by occasional indistinct bulges, by minute, close, regular, rounded, transverse strie, and in some well-preserved specimens by rather regular, distant, fine, foliaceous threads. Shell-structure thin. Right valve large, flattish, oblique, slightly transverse. Umbo apparently prominent, oblique, anterior. Anterior margin receding. Inferior margin obliquely convex. Infero-posterior corner broadly convex. Posterior margin straight, erect. Posterior wing large, broad, triangular, undefined, extending the whole length of the shell. Contour of surface convex near the umbo, flattened towards the margins. Surface with about twelve low, rounded, small, distant rays on the posterior wing, and about ten, which are still less distinct, on the adjacent parts of the median region; elsewhere without rays; the whole shell being covered by fifty or sixty sharp, minute, and very distant, transverse ridges, the steep sides of which face the umbo. Size.—A left valve measures about 45 mm. long, 36 mm. broad, and 12 mm. deep. A right valve apparently measures about 60 mm. long, 47 mm. broad, and 10 mm. deep. Localities— There are fifteen examples of the left valve in my Collection from Lummaton, and four of the left valve and one of the right valve in Mr. Vicary’s Collection from Wolborough. Remarks.—The left valve of this species seems characterised by its convexity, its transverse sub-quadrate shape, its low, rounded, distant ribs, and its small, regular, close striae. It seems to vary considerably both in length and in shape, as well as in the number of ribs, the latter quality being apparently due to the smaller of the alternating ribs being in some cases obsolete. Some of the extreme forms, perhaps, may ultimately prove to be distinct ; but, as it does not seem possible to draw any definite line between them, I have thought it best to leave them together. Thus several specimens show a narrower and more oblique anterior side, and in these the distant transverse threadings are more clearly seen. Hence they approach A. intermedia, Hhlert,' though still being much less triangular in shape than that species. But to prove that these small differences are more than accidental would require a much more perfect series of specimens than are at present at command. The largest specimen from Wolborough (PI. VI, fig. 8) seems to be much flatter than the other shells, and its rays are more numerous and less promment. I am inclined to think that these characters are to be accounted for by the fact that it 1 1881, @hlert, ‘Mém. Soc. Geol. Fr.,’ ser. 3, vol. ii, p. 21, t. 3, figs. 1—le. VOL. II. 9 66 DEVONIAN FAUNA. is an aged shell. As the specimen is very imperfect it may appear less convex than it really is. Another large specimen in Mr. Vicary’s Collection (PI. VII, fig. 2) is interesting from having been broken during life, and mended by a convex patch of shell in which the ribs run obliquely. It appears difficult from the state of our material to decide whether A. clathrata, Sandberger, is identical. Its resemblance in shape and in the arrange- ment of the ribs and striz is close, but its ornament seems rather coarser, its shape less convex, its anterior side less steep, and its front wing larger and flatter and less defined. The front wing is, however, very imperfectly seen in all the English specimens. I have regarded as belonging to this species a very large and imperfect right valve (Pl. VIII, fig. 8) in Mr. Vicary’s Collection. As it is not in contact with a left valve, and as its ornamentation is very different from that of the other speci- mens, this identification can only be regarded as tentative. But, on the other hand, the close similarity between the mutually corresponding valves of Actin- opteria theta, Hall, and A. ala, Barrande, are strong arguments in its favour, and Mr. Vicary’s specimen of the right valve appears to agree more nearly in size and character with the left valves of the present species than with those of any of the adjoining forms. ; Affinities.—Actinopteria theta, Hall,’ Avicula normata,’ Barrande, and Avicula (Actinopteria) emiliana, Frech,’ are very closely allied species, but all differ in bemg decidedly broader shells. The transverse ornament on the left valve of A. xiviliana is more regular and distant, and the right valve of A. theta has fewer rays. Avicula (Pterinea) perdita, Barrande,* has every appearance of being simply the right valve of his A. normata, and it is moreover rather broader and smoother than the present fossil. - Avicula ala, Barrande, also seems a broader and more quadrate shell. The transverse ridges of its left valve appear to be stronger and more regular, and the hind wing seems shorter. The smoothness of its right valve varies greatly ; the rays on it being sometimes numerous, and sometimes entirely absent except on the wing. 1 1884, Hall, ‘ Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 125, pl. lxxxiv, figs. 18, 19. 21881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohém.,’ vol. vi, pl. exxv, figs. 4—9; and pl. cexxii, figs. 17—20, Ht. F. % 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 48, pl. iii, figs. 1—1 d. * 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohém.,’ vol, vi, pl. exxv, figs. 1—3, Et. F. > Ibid., pl. cev, fig. 8, 1-7; pl. cexvii, fig. 5,1-3; pl. cexviii, figs. 21—23; and pl. cclxxxi, figs. 1—6, Et, F. ACTINOPTERIA. 67 Pterinea lineata, Goldfuss' (which includes Pt. plana, Goldfuss,’ and Pt. elongata, Goldfuss,’ according to Frech*), appears distinguished by a much more defined and usually much longer hind wing, and by finer radiations. Avicula intermedia, Gshlert,’? seems more triangular in shape, being much more truncated in the antero-inferior region. Avicula cancellata, Phillips,’ from North Devon, might, as figured by him, perhaps be supposed to be identical. Specimens, however, in Mr. Hall’s collection and in the Museum of Practical Geology, which evidently belong to that species, show that it is a shell of a different type. Its general contour is different and its ribs are finer and not alternating. It belongs, with its cogener Avicula Dam- nomiensis, Sowerby,’ to the group of shells which Hall has separated under the generic name of Ptychopteria.° 5. ActINopTERIA PLACIDA, Whidborne, sp. Pl. VII, figs. 5—11; and Pl. VIII, fies. 7, 7 a. 1887. Actrnoprerta Borpt, Tschernyschew (not Conrad). Mém. Com. Géol. Russ., vol. iii, pt. 3, p. 44, pl. vi, figs. 18—20. 1889. Prertnea pLactpa, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. 1889. -- opovata, Whidborne. Ibid., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. Description.—Left valve small, sub-quadrate, oblique, rather transverse, moderately convex. Umbo prominent, oblique, incurved, proximate, extending slightly above the hinge-line, and situated at the anterior quarter of its length (including the anterior wing). Anterior wing very large, broad, convex, trape- zoidal, defined by a shallow concavity from the umbo, and ornamented by about ten coarse, close rays. Posterior wing large, flattish, triangular, shghtly defined, and bearing about twelve coarse, rounded, and rather close rays. Anterior margin oblique, slightly notched under the wing, and convex below it. Inferior margin wide, slightly oblique, and convex. Postero-inferior corner broadly rounded. Posterior margin nearly erect and slightly concave. Hinge-line straight and equal to the greatest length of the shell. Contour of surface gently convex, sinking suddenly to the anterior wing and rather more gradually 1 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 135, pl. exix, figs. 6 a—e. ? Tbid., p. 185, pl. exix, figs. 4 a—f 3 Tbid., p. 135, pl. cxix, figs. 5 a—e. 4 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 89, pl. ix, figs. 17—19. ~ 5 1881, Ehlert, ‘Mém. Soe. Géol. Fr.,’ ser. 3, vol. ii, p- 21, pl. ili, figs. 1—ie. 1841, Phillips, ‘ Pal. Foss.,’ p. 49, pl. xxii, fig. 84. 1840, Sowerby, ‘ Geol. Trans.,’ ser. 2, vol. v, pt. 8, pl. li, fig. 22. rSS4 tials * Pal. N, ¥., vol.v, piel, pau. ao nN PQ oOo 68 DEVONIAN FAUNA. to the posterior wing, and sloping out flatly to the lower margins. Surface covered with about sixty rather close, alternating, elevated, rounded rays, separated by narrow furrows ; the whole crossed by occasional indistinct growth- bulges and (in well-preserved specimens) by very minute and distant, regular, elevated threads, and apparently by close, intermediate strize. Right valve transverse, convex, oblique. Umbo slightly more central and less prominent than the umbo of the other valve. Front wing long, square, deeply- notched below ; in contour, convex, and separated from the umbo by a deep con- cavity. Hind wing flattish, well-defined. Contour of surface slightly convex in the centre, very steep in front and behind, and spreading out flatly to the lower margins. Surface bearing six or seven sharp, coarse, distant rays upon the hind wing only, the rest of the surface having no rays; but the whole being covered by minute, distant, sharp, very regular, elevated threads, which become closer on the front wing, and follow the curves of the margins. Size.—Left valve: Length, 23 mm.; breadth, 18 mm.; depth, 4 mm. A small specimen of the closed valves measures 15 mm. long, 11 mm. broad, and 6 mm. deep. Localities.—Of the left valve there are seventeen specimens in my Collection and four in the Woodwardian Museum from Lummaton, two probably from the same locality in the Torquay Museum, and one from Barton in Mr. Lee’s Collection. Of the right valve there are three specimens from Lummaton in my Collection. There is a specimen of the closed valves from Lummaton in the Torquay Museum. Remarks.—This species seems to be well-defined and clearly distinguishable from the accompanying forms. It is characterized by its small size, its large front wing, its close-set, rounded ribs, and its very distant, minute, and regular transverse threads. The ribs seem coarser on the wings than on the central parts of the shell, and the furrows increase in width as they approach the margins. This shell presents some amount of variation both in shape, convexity, and ornament. I formerly thought that several of the specimens (e.g. Pl. VII, figs. 10 and 11) could be specifically separated, owing to their larger front wing, their ereater convexity, their more defined hind wing, and their closer and fewer ribs. Further examination, however, makes me believe that these appearances are in great part due to these specimens, though apparently well-preserved, really wanting their marginal parts, and therefore that they can at most only be regarded as varieties of the present form. The evidence that the right valves belong to the same species 1s only pre- sumptive. My three examples of them are all so defective that their true shape cannot be defined, but their ornament is just what might be expected in com- parison with that of the left valves. The only specimen with the two valves in ACTINOPTERIA. 69 contact is in the Torquay Museum, and, while the surface of its right valve is in a fair state of preservation, that of its left valve is almost entirely destroyed, so that all that can be asserted is that it agrees with the other specimens of the left valve in general shape. It shows that the right valve is slightly flatter than the left, and that its umbo is a little more central. The specimen shown at Pl. VIII, fig. 7, has caused me some perplexity. I believe, however, that it is a specimen of the present shell, obliquely set in the matrix, and with the finer ornamentation of its surface weathered away. Affinities.—Both valves of this shell bear great likeness to the two valves of Avicula troglodytes, Goldfuss MS.,' thus supporting the presumption of their own identity ; the likeness even extends to the existence of the minute threads, and to the nearly equal depth of the two valves, so that the German species is evidently a very near relation. It seems, however, to be specifically distinguished by its shape, being a much less oblique shell, and having longer and more defined wings and more arching margins. Frech* refers Follmann’s species to his group of Avicula Wwirimit. Ptevinea lineata, Goldtuss,*’ with which Frech* unites Pt. elongata, Goldfuss,* and Pt. plana, Goldfuss (pars), is also very similar in ornament, but has a very much smaller anterior wing, a more defined and generally much longer posterior wing, and a more sigmoid posterior margin. Avicula expulsa, Barrande,’ approaches our shells in shape, but its ribs are finer and not alternating, its transverse markings are much fewer and coarser, and its front ear is more truncated. A. urbana, Barrande,’ is much too fragmentary for identification. Its ribs do not alternate, and show no transverse markings, and its shape seems broader. The right valve of Avicula twmida, F. A. Rémer,® seems to be much more produced in front, and to have a much smaller wing. 11885, Follmann, ‘ Verh. Nat. Hist. Vereins preuss. Rheinl., vol. xlu, p. 202, pl. iu, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. 2 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 40, pl. 1, fig. 5. 3 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. 11, p. 135, pl. exix, figs. 6 a—e. Tbid., p. 135, pl. exix, figs. 5 a—e. 5 Ibid., p. 185, pl. exix, figs. 4a—f. 1881, Barrande, ‘ Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. eexvii, figs. 18, 14. 7 Thid., pl. cexix, fig. 6, 1, 2. 8 1860, F. A. Romer, ‘ Beitr.,’ pt. 4, p. 161, pl. xxv, fig. 7. 70 DEVONIAN FAUNA. 6. Actinopreria Jost, Frech, sp. Pl. VI, figs. 12,12 a; and Pl. VIII, fig. 1. 1891. Avicuta Justi, Hrech. Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss., Band 1x, pt. 3, p. 36, pl. iii, fig. 11; and pl. xiv, fig. 7. Description.—Left valve of moderate size, quadrate, nearly as broad as long. Umbo prominent, slightly oblique, incurved, slightly elevated above the hinge- line, and situated nearly at its anterior end. Hinge-line straight and equal to the length of the shell. Anterior wing small, convex, defined, and bearing three or four ribs. Anterior margin broad, nearly erect. Inferior margin moderately convex, hardly oblique. Infero-posterior corner broadly rounded. Posterior margin erect and nearly straight. External contour evenly convex in the centre, almost perpendicular in front, and sloping gently to the other margins. Hind wing large, sloping, and undefined. Surface bearing about thirty large, rounded, distant ribs, of which about ten are on the hind wing; the whole being crossed by coarse striz and by a few indistinct undulations. Shell-structure thin. Size of left valve-—Length 30 mm., breadth 26 mm., depth 9 mm. Locality. —A single specimen from Wolborough is in Mr. Vicary’s Collection, and two smaller examples from Lummaton are in my Collection. Remarks.—Mr. Vicary’s specimen is almost perfect in shape, but, if not actually a cast, it is certainly without the outer layer of shell, and hence its ornament is lower and more confluent than would otherwise be the case. The species is distinguished from those that accompany it by its quadrate shape, its broad and erect anterior side, and the fewness and coarseness of its ribs. It appears to agree accurately with the German fossil to which Frech has given the name Aviciula Justi. The anterior wing in Mr, Vicary’s specimen is very obscure, but I think the figure at Pl. VITI, fig. 1, would have more accurately represented it if a minute triangular shp had been removed from its upper part. Affinities—A. placida differs in the much greater size of its front wing, and the fineness and closeness of its markings. A, dilatata is much more transverse and has finer and more numerous ribs. Whether A. Justi is more than a variety of A. Wwirnii may perhaps be ques- tioned. Our Enghsh material would be hardly sufficient by itself to decide the point. But a comparison of our specimens of the two forms with Frech’s description of them confirms the view that they are distinct species. Not only are the nbs much fewer and coarser in A. Justi, but the anterior side is broader and less truncated, so that the shell is squarer in shape. ACTINOPTERIA. 71 7. ActinopreRIA Woruu, #. A. Rimer, sp. Pl. VIII, fies. 2, 3, and 5. 1843. AvicuLba Wuruul, F. A. Rimer. Verst. Harzgeb., p. 21, pl. vi, fig. 7. 1848, — cLATHRATA, Bronn. Handbuch, pt. 3, p. 1052. 1849. — Wort, d’Orbigny. Prodrome, vol. i, p. 85. ? 1860. — TRAPEZIFORMIS, #. A. Romer. Beitr., pt. 4, p. 161, pl. xxv, fig. 6. 1881. — (Prerinna?) normara, Barrande. Syst. Sil. Bohém., vol. vi, pl. exxv, figs. 4—9; and pl. exxii, figs. 17—20, Et. F. 1881. al — perpita, Barrande. Ibid., vol. vi, pl. exxv, figs. 1 —3, Et. F. 1884. PreringEa Woruil, Clarke. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil.-Band iii, p. 369. L884. AvicuLta WunMu, Tsehernyschew. Mém. Com. Géol. Russ., vol. i, p. 3, pls 1, fie. ? 1885. _ — Maurer. Abhandl. Grossh. Hessich. Geol. Lands., Band i, pt. 2, p. 224, pl. ix, fig. 17. 1887. ActTiInoprerta Wort, Zschernyschew. Mém. Com. Géol. Russ., vol. iu, pt. 3, p. 43, pl. vil, figs. 15 a—e. 1889. PrErinEA Wurmil, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 78. 1891. Avicuta Wuvuruu, Frech. Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss., Band ix, pt. 3, p. 42, pl. iii, figs. 4—4 d. Description.—Left valve rather large and convex, oblique, very broad. Umbo rather oblique and recurved, prominent, apparently extending slightly above the hinge-line, and situated at its anterior end (excluding a small front wing). Hinge-line straight, nearly the same length as the shell. Posterior wing large, broad, undefined, triangular, slightly concave. Anterior margin long, oblique. Inferior margin gently convex. Postero-inferior corner broadly rounded. Posterior margin nearly perpendicular. External contour gently rounded, steeper in front. Surface bearing rather numerous and very distant, low, rounded, alternating rays crossed by occasional minute threads and by micro- scopic transverse markings. Shell-structure very thin. Size of left valve.i—About 25 mm. long, about 25 mm. broad, and about 7 mm. deep. Localities —From Lummaton there are five specimens in my Collection ; and from Wolborough a worn and doubtful example is in the Museum of Practical Geology. A fragmentary specimen is in the Bristol Museum. ~ Remarks.—As usual among these fossils the state of preservation of the specimens renders their specific determination perplexing. They seem, however, in their general shape and ornament to be distinguishable from the adjoining 72 DEVONIAN FAUNA. shells, though until better specimens come to hand some doubt must remain both as to their specific value and their relationship to foreign forms. In none of our specimens is the front wing clearly seen; but in other respects they agree accurately with Avicula Wuimii, F. A. Romer, both as originally described, and as given by Frech. The same shell has been described from Russia by Tschernyschew. Frech considers the shell referred to Rémer’s species by Maurer as doubtful, and it certainly has decidedly fewer ribs than are seen in our English specimens. Avicula trapeziformis, F. A. Romer, is a very imperfectly described shell. It seems to me that it may possibly be identical with the present species. Pterinea novmata, Barrande, also appears to be identical, although in some of Barrande’s figures the ribs appear to be more distant and to alternate more rarely ; and in others to be closer and finer. Pt. perdita, Barrande, has every appearance of being the opposite valve of Pt. wimata. Barrande mentions that his specimen is lost, which may be the reason he has not united them. Affinities.—Avicula wutermedia, Gihlert,’ is very similar, and Frech seems half inclined to regard it as identical. It chiefly differs from the German species (including our specimens) by its much greater length and much more triangular shape. A. Trigeri, Hhlert,’ is more transverse and more finely ribbed. Ptevinea Morleti, Gshlert and Davoust,’ is broader, less oblique, and more finely and evenly ribbed. Avicula pectinoides, Sowerby,* while presenting in his fragmentary type a somewhat similar appearance, is easily distinguished by its large anterior wing and much more central umbo. Sandberger’® describes a shell under the name of Pferinea clathrata, with which he identifies both A. Wiwrimii, F. A. Romer, and A. texturata, but which is certainly distinct from the former, and most probably from the latter. From A. Wurmit it is at once to be distinguished by its transverseness and its very large anterior wing, as well as by its prominent transverse striz. Frech seems to doubt whether Actinopteria subdecussata, Hall,® is not identical. While it certainly is extremely similar, it seems to me that its ornamentation is ' 1881, Ghlert, ‘Mém. Soc. Géol. Fr.,’ ser. 3, vol. ii, p. 21, pl. iu, figs. 1—1 e. 2 1888, ibid., ser. 3, vol. xvi, p. 647, pl. xiv, fig. 4. * 1880, Ahlert and Davoust, ibid., ser. 3, vol. vii, p. 715, pl. xv, fig. 9. * 1840, Sowerby, ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ ser. 2, vol. vi, pt. 3, pl. liv, fig. 2. ’ 1853, Sandberger, ‘ Verst. Rhein. Nassau,’ p. 286, pl. xxix, fig. 18. ° 1884, Hall, ‘Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 110, pl. xvii, figs. 28, 25—27, 29—31; and pl. xix, ACTINOPTERIA. 73 decidedly finer, and that its shape is generally more transverse. I therefore have followed him in not uniting it at present. Actinopteria Boydii, Conrad, sp., has more or less foliaceous transverse strive, and its front wing is rather larger. Under the name Avicula xmiliana, Frech’ separates from A. Wurmii a shell which he chiefly distinguishes by its rather finer striz and its rather larger front ear. Thus it tends in the direction of A. dilatata, but its distinctions from A. Wurmii are so slight as to be in my view scarcely specific ; especially when the variability of these shells is taken into account. As the anterior wings of our specimens are unknown, no comparison can be made in that direction; their ribbing seems to agree rather better with that of Rémer’s shell. Limoptera Bohemica, Barrois,’ which is Avicula Bohemica, Barrande,* has much more definite threads which reticulate the rays. Actinopteria theta, Hall,’ which is regarded as a synonym of the present species by Tschernyschew, is much more finely ribbed. 8. ACTINOPTERIA RUDIS, Phillips, sp.? Pl. VIII, figs. 4 and 6, 6a. 1841. AvicuLa ruDIs, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 50, pl. xxii, figs. 85a, b. 1848. — — Bronn. Handbuch, pt. 3, p. 141. 1849. — — dOrbigny. Prodrome, vol. i, p. 84. 1854. — — Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 162. ? 1860. — semrGLososa, Ff. A. Rimer. Beitr., pt. 4, p. 161, pl. xxv, fig. 8. 1880. Prertmrea Morurti, @hlert and Davoust. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., ser. 3 vol. vii, p. 715, pl. xv, fig. 9. 1888. _ ruDIs, Etheridge. Foss. Brit., vol. i, Pal., p. 159. 1889. — — Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 78. Deseription.—Left valve rather small, convex, broader than long, shghtly oblique. Umbo large, prominent, rounded, proximate, apparently extending slightly above the hinge-line, and situated at about the anterior third of its length (including the anterior wing). Anterior wing rather large, long, trapezoidal, perpendicularly convex, and defined. Posterior wing large, very broad, flattish, and defined. Hinge-line straight, nearly as long as the shell. Anterior margin 1 1842, Conrad, ‘Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,’ vol. viii, p. 287, pl. xii, fig. 4; and 1884, Hall, ‘Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 118, pl. xix, figs. 2—24, 26—30; and pl. Ixxxiv, figs. 16, 17. 2 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band xi, pt. 3, pl. 11, figs. 1—1 6. 3 1889, Barrois, ‘ Faun. Calc. d’Erbray,’ p. 173, pl. x, figs. 9—9 6. 4 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohém.,’ vol. vi, pl. cexix, fig. 7, 1-3; and pl. eexxil, fig. 1, 14-16, Et. F. 5 1884, Hall. ‘ Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 125, pl. Ixxxiv, figs. 18, 19. VOL. II. 10 74 DEVONIAN FAUNA. very long, nearly horizontal under the wing, and then obliquely convex. Inferior margin rather narrow, roundly convex. Posterior margin nearly erect, sigmoid. Contour of surface flatly convex in the centre, sinking steeply to the wings, and sloping out to the lower margins. Surface covered by about eighty very fine, narrow, distant, sharpish, rather irregularly alternating ribs, which are rather coarser on the hind wing, and very indistinct on the front wing, but with hardly any transverse markings except on the front wing, which bears about seven rounded, parallel, regular undulations. Shell-structure thin. Size of left valve-—Length about 22 mm., breadth 18 mm., depth 5 mm. Locality.—Lummaton. There are three specimens in my Collection. Remarks.—Of these specimens the largest is the best, but does not show the front wing; the smallest is slightly narrower, and shows the front wing well; the third is a hardly recognisable fragment. It is not certain whether they may be identified with Avicula rudis, Phillips, from Barnstaple, as his figure is extremely imperfect and his description vague. As far as can be seen, the chief difference is that its transverse bulges are very much more clearly visible, but this may be due to its being a crushed or older shell. There does not seem, therefore, any reason for separating it. Pterinea Morleti, Gihlert and Davoust, also appears to belong to the same species, the figure of the French shell being exactly similar to my largest specimen ; but some doubt must remain for the present, as neither of the two shows the front wing. The species is characterised by its great breadth, slight obliquity, and fine sharp ornament. The hinge-line meets the posterior margin at a sharp angle, and the posterior wing is very broad. I have been unable to meet with Phillips’s type, but there are two very doubtful specimens in Mr. Townsend Hall’s Collection from Sloly, which may possibly belong to the same species. A, seimiglobosa, F. A. Romer, may possibly be identical. Its figure, however, seems to differ in having a smaller wing and a fuller anterior side. Affinities. —A. placida is longer and more oblique, and has coarser and closer ribs and a larger wing. 9. ACTINOPTERIA TEXTURATA, Phillips, sp. Plate IX, figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 5—7. 1841. AvicuLa TEXTURATA, Phillips. Pal. Foss., p. 51, pl. xxiii, figs. 87 a, 6. 1848. — — Bronn. Handbuch, pt. 3, p. 143. 1849. _ — @ Orbigny. Prodrome, vol. i, p. 84. 1854. — a Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss., p. 163. ACTINOPTERIA. 75 21881. Avicunra (PTERINEA?) MIGRANS, Barrande. Syst. Sil. Bohéme, vol. vi, pl. cexxix, fig. 12, 1-324, Et. F. 1888. PrERINEA TEXTURATA, Etheridge. Foss, Brit., vol. i, Pal., p. 159. Description.—Left valve large, sub-quadrate, moderately transverse, convex. Umbo prominent, rounded, proximate, arching obliquely forward, extending slightly above the hinge-line, and situated at the anterior point of the shell, excluding the anterior wing. Hinge-line straight, equal to the extreme length of the shell, apparently rather oblique in front of the umbo, and bearing a slight linear ligamental (?) groove from the umbo to the hind margin. Anterior wing large, obtusely triangular, convex, separated by a broad concavity from the body of the shell. Anterior margin oblique, concave in the centre, convex above and below. Inferior margin wide, shghtly oblique and convex. Postero-inferior corner rather produced and roundly convex. Posterior side oblique. Surface covered with numerous, coarse, distant, elevated ribs, tesselated by coarse, distant, regular, elevated threads or lamine. Size of left valve-—Length 25 mm., breadth 20 mm., depth 5 mm. Another specimen is 37 mm. in breadth and 14 mm. in depth. Localities —From Wolborough there are two specimens of the left valve in Mr. Vicary’s Collection, two in the Museum of Practical Geology, and two, perhaps from the same locality, in the Torquay Museum. From Lummaton there is one specimen in Mr. Lee’s Collection, one in the Woodwardian Museum, two doubtful specimens in my Collection, and five, probably from the same locality, in the Torquay Museum. A right valve from Lummaton m my Collection perhaps belongs to this species. Remarks.—From the fragmentary condition of our specimens and the amount of variation displayed in them it is not very easy to be sure of their specific mits, nor is it absolutely certain that they are really more than the coarser variety of one of the adjoining forms. On the other hand, it seems to me that the presump- tion is that they will ultimately be found to constitute one well-defined species, and that there is no doubt that they belong to the form to which Phillips has given the name Avicula texturata. This form seems characterised by its large, convex, confluent front wing, its coarse ribs barred with strong sharp concentric stria, and its oblique and rather short anterior side. There are several Bohemian shells which present considerable resemblance to it. Of these Avicula inigrans, Barrande, is probably identical, as it only differs in some slight particulars, ¢.g. in having the anterior side rather narrower, and the posterior margin rather more concave. I am doubtful whether the right valve in my Collection should be referred to this species or to A. dilatata. Tt has about thirty strong, sharp, distant threads, 76 DEVONIAN FAUNA. and the greater portion of its surface is covered with very indistinct rounded rays. It perhaps corresponds best with the left valves of the present form. Affinities —The figures of Avicula Bohemica, Barrande,' are too defective for complete determination. Its sculpture appears similar, but its shape is decidedly broader. Avicula pupa, Barrande,’ and A. sericaria, Barrande,® are distinguished by having smaller front and hind wings. Avicula fenestrata, Follmann,* as given by Frech,°’ is similar in ornament but quite different in shape, being more circular and having a less anterior umbo. Pterinea reticulata, Goldfuss,6 seems to be a broader shell, with a more indented posterior side and a smaller front ear. 10. AcTinopTeRIA TextuURATA, Phillips, var. SUBFENESTRATA, nov. Plate IX, fig. 4. Remarks.—A specimen in the Torquay Museum, which apparently came from Barton or Lummaton, differs from the foregoing species in several particulars. Its ornamentation is much coarser and more foliaceous, its shape much broader, and its anterior side considerably longer. The margins are, however, so covered by the matrix that its exact form cannot be determined with certainty. It seems possible that it may be only a coarse variety of A. textwrata, as its general contour seems to correspond; and I have thought it safer to regard it as such for the present. At the same time the parts of it that are visible agree with Avicula fenestrata, Follman,’ except that the anterior side has the appearance of being steeper and more oblique, and it is very possible that it may prove to belong to that species instead of to the one to which it is at present annexed. Affinities. —Pterinopecten Dauniensis, Frech,® has still coarser and more distant ribs, and a much more central umbo. ! 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. cexix, fig. 7,1-5; and pl. cexxii, figs. 14—16, Kt. F. 2 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. cexix, fig. 1, 1-3, Bt. F. 3 Ibid., pl. cexix, fig. 2, 1-3, Kt. F. + 1885, Follmann, “ Ueber Dev. Aviculaceen,” ‘ Verh. Nat. Hist. Vereins preuss. Rheinl.,’ vol. xlii, p. 201, pl. ii, figs. 4a, b. * 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 35, pl. xiv, figs. 11—11 d. * 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 186, pl. exx, fig. 2; and 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band 9, pt. 3, p. 34, pl. iii, fig. 7; and pl. xiv, figs. 4—4 6. 7 1885, Follmann, ‘ Verh. Nat. Hist. Vereins p. Rheinl.,’ vol. xlii, p. 201, pl. iv, figs. 4—4 6; and 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 35, pl. xiv, figs. 11—11 d. 5 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 15, pl. i, figs. 8—8 B. ACTINOPTERIA. 77 11. ActinopreriIA crENATISSIMA, Whidborne, sp. Pl. IX, figs. 8, 8 a, 9, 9 a. 1889. PTERINEA CRENATISSIMA, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. Description.—Left valve rather large, more or less convex, trapezoidal, not transverse. Umbo large, prominent, incurved, arching forward, and situate at the anterior extremity of the shell. Hinge-margin straight, almost the full length of the shell. Anterior wing unseen, but apparently very small and short. Posterior wing large, undefined, oblique, and triangular. Anterior margin broad, slightly convex and receding. Inferior margin oblique and shghtly convex. Postero-inferior corner slightly produced and rounded. Posterior margin slightly oblique and concave. Contour of surface steep in front, sloping more gradually towards the inferior and infero-posterior margins, and slightly concave on the hind wing. Surface covered with nine or ten low, irregular growth-swellings, and with multitudinous, microscopic, close, rounded rays, crossed by still more numerous, crenulated, concentric threads. Size of left valve-—Length 41 mm., width 38 mm., depth 9 mm. Localities—There are four specimens in my Collection from Lummaton and one in Mr. Vicary’s Collection from Wolborough. Remarks.—These shells are distinguished by their broad sub-quadrate shape, and by their exceedingly minute and numerous radiations, which are hardly visible to the naked eye. These rays are slightly undulating, and are crenulated by crowded elevated threads of unequal strength, which are almost foliaceous. There seems to be a considerable amount of variation in the convexity of the specimens. My best shell is decidedly flatter than the rest and has slightly coarser markings, but I do not think that there is any reason to separate it, even as a variety. Affinities—Avicula Daleidensis, Steininger,’ appears to be rather similar in shape, but to have decidedly coarser markings. Steininger describes it as flat. His figure is hardly sufficiently definite for identification. Pterinea striatocostata, Giebel, as given by Barrois,” is a nearly allied form, and I at one time thought it might be identical. It seems, however, to differ by being a more convex shell, and by having a much broader anterior side, as well as coarser and less granulated ribs. Barrois identifies this shell with Pterinea ? sp., Kayser,® which comes even closer to ours, though still differmg from it in much the same particulars. Kayser in turn appears to unite his species with 1 1853, Steininger, ‘ Geogn. Beschr. Eifel,’ p. 56, pl. iv, fig. 7. 2 1889, Barrois, ‘Faun. Calc. d’Erbray,’ p. 171, pl. x, figs. 8 a—d. 3 1878, Kayser, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ii, pt. 4, p. 185, pl. xix, fig. 4. 78 DEVONIAN FAUNA. Giebel’s, though without adopting his name. Giebel’s original figure’ is that of a mere fragment, insufficient for unassisted identification ; but it distinctly differs from our fossils, both in the size and the simple character of its ribs, and evidently, if accurate, does not belong to the same species. Pterinea expulsa, Barrande,”’ seems a decidedly longer shell with simpler ribs. The original figure of Pterinea truncata, F. Romer,’ bears some slight resem- blance to our fossils; but, under the name of Gosseletia truncata, it is shown by Frech‘ to be entirely unlike them. Pterinea crinita, F. A. Romer, is a much more circular and convex shell, with a broader and less oblique anterior margin. It is placed by Frech,’ together with Pt. striatocostata, under a new genus Myalinoptera among the Myalinine. In Avicula hians, Waldsmidt,’ the umbo is much more central and the shape more circular. 5. Genus.—Leiopreria, Hall, 1883. This genus or sub-genus is, in contour, median between Avicula and Gervillia, and is distinguished from Actinopteria by its general shape, its sharp posterior wing, and the absence of rays on both valves. It is covered by more or less regular transverse folds or growth-lines; and is quoted from the Devonian and Carboniferous beds of Hurope and America. It is very closely allied to Hall’s other genus Leptodesia, which he distinguished simply because its ‘anterior end is always nasute and acute instead of auriculate and rounded.” Frech merges both of Hall’s genera as ‘‘ groups”’ or subdivisions of the genus Avicula. De Koninck gives some forms of Streblopteria, M’Coy, which so nearly approach the shell described below as to suggest generic identity. 1, Lelopreria LINGULATA, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 1. 21882. Prertnea, n. sp., Holzapfel. Paleontographica, vol. xxviii, p. 258, pl. xlix, fig. 12. Description.—Left valve gently convex, transversely oval, slightly oblique, with definite wings. Umbo minute, proximate, anterior, direct, acute, just 1 1858, Giebel, ‘Silur. Faun. Unterharz,’ p. 27, pl. v, figs. 15, 18. * 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. cexvii, figs. 13, 14, Et. F. > 1844, F’. Romer, ‘ Rhein. Uebergangsgeb.,’ p. 78, pl. ui, figs. 1 a, b. * 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band 9, pt. 3, p. 119, pl. xii, figs. 2—4. ° Tbid., p. 137, pl. xi, figs. 1—7. 6 1885, Waldsmidt, ‘ Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell.,’ vol. xxxvii, p. 924, pl. xl, figs. 4, 4a. LEIOPTERIA. 79 projecting above the hinge-line, and situated probably at about its anterior third. Hinge-line straight, thickened, more than half the total length of the shell. Wings small, narrow, seemingly concave. Posterior wing apparently about twice the size of the front wing. Anterior margin, below the wing, narrow and very convex. Inferior margin oblique and slightly convex. Infero-posterior margin very broad and regularly convex. Supero-posterior margin straight and very oblique, till it becomes sharply concave on the wing. Contour of surface gently rounded on the back, sinking steeply to the front, and sloping out more flatly to the rear. Surface bearing several irregularly arranged and slightly foliaceous growth-lines so as to present a tendency to alternating sharpish ridges and depressions. Shell- structure papyraceous. Size.—Length 20 mm., width 16 mm., depth 4 mm. Locality.—There is a single specimen from Newton (Wolborough ?) in the Lee Collection in the British Museum. Remarks.—This is a peculiarly neat and graceful shell, and is very different from any of the accompanying species. It is distinguished by its obliquely ovoid form, by the absence of radiating striz, and by its concentric markings, which are more in the nature of changes of surface level than of defined ornament. Both wings are defective in the specimen, the hinge-line being injured at both extremities, and the front wing obscured by matrix. Their general form can, however, be pretty clearly traced. There are a few indistinct, radiating markings on the back, which may, perhaps, be the remains of colour-lines, as they do not seem to affect the level of the surface. Affinities. —It seems to be somewhat similar to a fossil described by Holzapfel as Pterinea, n. sp.,' which differs in being much smaller, longer, and more coarsely ornamented, and in not showing any defined wings. As, however, Holzapfel’s figure is very small, it is possible that these differences may be accidents of the drawing, but, if they are correct, his shell ought, I think, rather to be referred to the genus Posidonoinya. Avicula incisa, Barrande,* differs in having a longer hinge-line, a more curved inferior margin, and a shorter anterior side. Clinopistha lata, de Koninck,* is at first sight strikingly like, but a closer comparison at once shows that this likeness is purely superficial, and that its generic characteristics are totally different. The various species of Leiopteria, Hall, described by himself and de Koninck,* all differ in having the anterior side much narrower and more oblique, but in other 1 1882, Holzapfel, ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxviii, p. 258, pl. xlix, fig. 12. 881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pt. 1, pl. exx, figs. 1—8, Et. D. 1885, de Koninek, ‘ Ann. Mus. Roy. H. N. Belg.,’ vol. ix, pt. 5, p. 124, pl. sii, figs. 5, 6. * Ibid., p. 187, pl. xxx. wo ew jut 78 DEVONIAN FAUNA. Giebel’s, though without adopting his name. Giebel’s original figure’ is that of a mere fragment, insufficient for unassisted identification ; but it distinctly differs from our fossils, both in the size and the simple character of its ribs, and evidently, if accurate, does not belong to the same species. Pterinea expulsa, Barrande,’ seems a decidedly longer shell with simpler ribs. The original figure of Pterinea truncata, F. Romer,’ bears some slight resem- blance to our fossils; but, under the name of Gosseletia truncata, it is shown by Frech* to be entirely unlike them. Pterinea crinita, F. A. Romer, is a much more circular and convex shell, with a broader and less oblique anterior margin. It is placed by Frech,’ together with Pt. striatocostata, under a new genus Myalinoptera among the Myalinine. In Avicula hians, Waldsmidt,’ the umbo is much more central and the shape more circular. 5. Genus.—Loeiorreria, Hall, 1883. This genus or sub-genus is, in contour, median between Avicula and Gervillia, and is distinguished from Actinopteria by its general shape, its sharp posterior wing, and the absence of rays on both valves. It is covered by more or less recular transverse folds or growth-lines ; and is quoted from the Devonian and Carboniferous beds of Hurope and America. It is very closely allied to Hall’s other genus Leptodesma, which he distinguished simply because its ‘anterior end is always nasute and acute instead of auriculate and rounded.” Frech merges both of Hall’s genera as ‘‘ groups” or subdivisions of the genus Avicula. De Koninck gives some forms of Streblopteria, M’Coy, which so nearly approach the shell described below as to suggest generic identity. 1, LEIOPTERIA LINGULATA, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 1. 21882. Prertea, n. sp., Holzapfel. Paleontographica, vol. xxviii, p. 258, pl. xlx, fig. 12. Description.—Left valve gently convex, transversely oval, slightly oblique, with definite wings. Umbo minute, proximate, anterior, direct, acute, just ' 1858, Giebel, ‘Silur. Faun. Unterharz,’ p. 27, pl. v, figs. 15, 18. 2 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. cexviii, figs. 18, 14, Et. F. > 1844, I’. Romer, ‘ Rhein. Uebergangsgeb.,’ p. 78, pl. ii, figs. 1 a, b. * 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band 9, pt. 3, p. 119, pl. xii, figs. 2—4. 5 Ibid., p. 137, pl. xi, figs. 1—7. 6 1885, Waldsmidt, ‘ Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell.,’ vol. xxxvii, p. 924, pl. xl, figs. 4, 4a. LEIOPTERIA. 79 projecting above the hinge-line, and situated probably at about its anterior third. Hinge-line straight, thickened, more than half the total length of the shell. Wings small, narrow, seemingly concave. Posterior wing apparently about twice the size of the front wing. Anterior margin, below the wing, narrow and very convex. Inferior margin oblique and slightly convex. Infero-posterior margin very broad and regularly convex. Supero-posterior margin straight and very oblique, till it becomes sharply concave on the wing. Contour of surface gently rounded on the back, sinking steeply to the front, and sloping out more flatly to the rear. Surface bearing several irregularly arranged and slightly foliaceous growth-lines so as to present a tendency to alternating sharpish ridges and depressions. Shell- structure papyraceous. Size.—Length 20 mm., width 16 mm., depth 4 mm. Locality.—There is a single specimen from Newton (Wolborough ?) in the Lee Collection in the British Museum. Remarks.—This is a peculiarly neat and graceful shell, and is very different from any of the accompauying species. It is distinguished by its obliquely ovoid form, by the absence of radiating stria, and by its concentric markings, which are more in the nature of changes of surface level than of defined ornament. Both wings are defective in the specimen, the hinge-line being injured at both extremities, and the front wing obscured by matrix. Their general form can, however, be pretty clearly traced. There are a few indistinct, radiating markings on the back, which may, perhaps, be the remains of colour-lines, as they do not seem to affect the level of the surface. Affinities. —It seems to be somewhat similar to a fossil described by Holzapfel as Pterinea, n. sp.,' which differs in being much smaller, longer, and more coarsely ornamented, and in not showing any defined wings. As, however, Holzapfel’s figure is very small, it is possible that these differences may be accidents of the drawing, but, if they are correct, his shell ought, I think, rather to be referred to the genus Posidonomya. Avicula incisa, Barrande, differs in having a longer hinge-line, a more curved inferior margin, and a shorter anterior side. Clinopistha lata, de Koninck,* is at first sight strikingly lke, but a closer comparison at once shows that this likeness is purely superficial, and that its generic characteristics are totally different. The various species of Leiopteria, Hall, described by himself and de Koninck,* all differ in having the anterior side much narrower and more oblique, but in other 1 1882, Holzapfel, < Paleontographica,’ vol. xxviii, p. 258, pl. xlix, fig. 12. 2 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pt. 1, pl. exx, figs. 1—3, Et. D. 3 1885, de Koninck, ‘ Ann. Mus. Roy. H. N. Belg.,’ vol. ix, pt. 5, p. 124, pl. xii, figs. 5, 6. 4-Tbid., p.187,, pl. xxx. 80 DEVONIAN FAUNA. respects their resemblance is so close that I think it may be safely referred to that genus. III. Sus-orppr.—MONOMYARIA, Lamarck, 1809. I. Family.—Pecrinipa, Mlening, 1828. 1. Genus or Sub-genus.—PreRinopecten, Hall, 1883. This is a section of the Aviculopectens, with a long hinge-line and large undefined and subequal wings. I have retained the name as marking a prevalent group, for which it is a good designation, As pointed out below, however, it would have been better (if it were not for the confusion it would cause) to have limited the name Aviculopecten to the present group, and to have found a new designation for the shells to which Hall has restricted that name. These shells occur in the Devonian and Carboniferous Rocks. 1, PrERINOPECTEN GRacILINUS, Whidborne, sp. Pl. IX, fig. 10; and Pl. X, figs. 2, 2a, 3,34. 1889. AVICULOPECTEN GRAcILINUS, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. Description.—Left valve of moderate size, flat, sub-circular, slightly inequi- lateral. Umbo minute, low, proximate, not elevated above the hinge-line, slightly anterior, undefined. Hinge-line almost or quite as long as the shell, straight. Anterior wing small, flat, narrow, acutely triangular, with a sigmoid anterior margin; and defined by a concave line running from the front of the umbo. Hind wing confluent with the rest of the shell. Anterior margin very broad, with a small deep notch at the base of the wing, and then obliquely convex, forming a continuous curve with the inferior and posterior margins, till, in the upper part, the posterior margin becomes slightly concave. Contour of surface slightly convex in the central part, and sloping flatly to the margins on every side, except the supero-anterior, where a sudden depression divides it from the wing. Surface covered by about sixty prominent, rounded, radiating ribs, only about fifteen of which are seen on the umbo itself, and the others start at different points, some- times near the umbo, and sometimes only close to the margin ; the whole crossed by much more numerous, very fine, flat, close, microscopic threads, and occasional PTERINOPECTEN. 81 low irregularities or bulges. Front wing with only one or two indistinct. ribs. Shell-structure papyraceous. Right valve unknown. Size.-—Length 30 mm., breadth 27 mm., depth of one valve 4 mm. Localities—From Wolborough there is a single fine specimen in Mr. Lee’s Collection, another in Mr. Vicary’s Collection, and two more in my Collection. From Lummaton there is a specimen in my Collection. Remarks.—This is a peculiarly beautiful shell. It is distinguished by its flatness, by its well-defined narrow and almost smooth front ear, by its close rounded ribs, which arise in all parts of the shell, often very near the margins, and by its very regular and close transverse threads or beading. Affinities.—Pecten papyraceus, Sowerby,' is evidently a proximate form. It is, however, distinguished by its much broader and more convex front wing, by its ornamentation, especially on the wing, and apparently by its greater convexity when it retains its natural shape. According to the original figure, Pecten granosus, Sowerby,’ from the Black Limestone of Queen’s County, seems to come still closer, and the anterior ear seems similar in shape and in ornament. It is described as “‘ having about thirty granulated very regular rays, and as many nearly smooth ones alternating between them.” From this figure and description it might, perhaps, be supposed to be identical, but Irish specimens in the Museum of Practical Geology at once prove it to be quite distinct. Its rays are fewer and coarser, and the cross-striz are very distant and coarsely granulate the ribs. ‘Their front ears also seem to be diverse in character. Avicula Neptuni, Goldfuss,* has a much broader and differently ornamented front wing. Avicula papyracea, Sowerby, sp., as given by Goldfuss,* seems chiefly to differ in having the anterior ear shorter, broader, and strongly rayed, and in being more transverse. I formerly thought that my specimen from Wolborough was distinct from the others, and corresponded with Aviculopecten consolans, Barr.’ Further examina- tion proves this not to be the case. The apparent differences are evidently due to the defectiveness and the crushing of the fossil, while A. consolans, though similar to that shell, is easily distinguishable from the other English specimens. It is a much longer form; its front wing differs very much in shape, and bears numerous ribs ; its umbo is less central, and its depth is greater. 1 1822, Sowerby, ‘ Min. Conch.,’ vol. iv, p. 75, pl. eccliv. 2 1827, ibid., vol. vi, p. 144, pl. dlxxiv, fig. 2. 3 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 125, pl. exvi, figs. 4a, 6. * Thid., p. 126, pl. exvi, figs. 5a, 6. 5 1881, Barrande, ‘Syst. Sil. Bohéme,’ vol. vi, pl. eexxii, figs. 2, 1-14, Et. F. Vou: 11, 1 82 DEVONIAN FAUNA. Under the designation Pterinea, sp., Kayser’ figures the hinder part of a right valve of a species which may, perhaps, be kindred to the present, but his figure is insufficient for specific identification. It seems to differ in having much wider interspaces and narrower ribs, and in not having a minor series coming in between the major ribs. Monotis Hercynica, Beushausen,’ differs in the shape of its anterior ear, in its ribs being coarser, and its umbo more prominent. Pterinopecten crenicostatus, Hall,’ and Pterinopecten suborbicularis, Hall,* are American forms that come so near as to be local representatives or possibly even local varieties of the present species. The first is distinguished by its fewer, coarser, and more distant ribs, the second by its much less defined anterior ear. 2. Prerinoprcten CyBeLE, Barrande, sp. Pl. VIII, fig. 9, 9a, 10, 10a; Pl. IX, he Ws 1881. AvicuLoPECTEN CyBELE, Barrande. Syst. Sil. Bohéme, vol. vi, pl. cexxviii, figs. 2, 1-10, Ht. E. 1889. —_— — Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 78. Description.—Left valve of moderate size, obliquely ovoid, not transverse ; length and breadth nearly equal. Umbo small, low, direct, rather flattened, proximate, extending slightly above the hinge-line, and situated, some distance in front of the middle line of the shell. Hinge-line long, straight, equal to the greatest length of the shell. Anterior wing diffuse, broad, rather large ; convex above and then concave as it passes insensibly into the median part of the shell. Posterior wing broad, triangular, flat. Anterior margin oblique, being nearly erect and slightly concave below the hinge-line, the margin being then continued in a shghtly convex curve over the rest of the anterior and inferior rim until the: infero-posterior corner, round which the curvature increases. Posterior margin sigmoid, being slightly convex and oblique below and concave above. Contour of surface gently and evenly convex in the central parts, concave at the junction of the wings. Surface covered with about seventy or eighty smooth, rounded, distant ribs, sometimes alternating and mostly extending nearly to the umbo, separated by flat interspaces wider than the ribs; the whole crossed by minute threads and by ten or twelve well-marked and rather regular concentric undula- 11878, Kayser, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ii, pt. 4, p. 138, pl. xix, fig. 1. * 1884, Beushausen, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band vi, pt. 2, p. 61, pl. ii, fig. 4. 3 1884, Hall, ‘ Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 78, pl. viii, figs. 3,4; and pl. Ixxxii, fig. 14. ' Ibid., p. 80, pl. viii, figs. 1, 2; pl. xxiv, fig. 10; and pl. Ixxxii, fig. 6. PTERINOPECTEN. 83 tions, which sometimes break the course of the ribs, or even obliterate them. Shell-structure apparently thin. Size of left valve-—Length about 38 mm., breadth about 35 mm., depth about 6 mm. Localities.—There are two specimens from Lummaton in my Collection, and one from Wolborough in Mr. Vicary’s Collection. Remarks.—Our specimens of this shell are defective. The front part only is shown in two and the rear part in the third. Nevertheless, they mutually pre- sent so close a resemblance to Aviculopecten Cybele, Barrande, that I have little hesitation in identifying them with that species. They are to be distinguished by their squarish shape, their sub-central umbo, their numerous regular, concentric bulges, their numerous smooth rays, of which a few seem slightly larger than the rest, and their diffuse anterior ear. The shape of the latter is especially characteristic ; it 1s only marked by a slight concavity of the margin, and by a gentle convexity of the surface succeeded by a concavity. In Mr. Vicary’s specimen the rays are worn off from most of the concave slopes of the bulges, which thus assume the appearance of smooth transverse bands. The same seems to have occurred in Bohemian specimens. It is not clear from Barrande’s figures whether the rays are close or distant. The shell seems to have reached a considerably larger size in England than in Bohemia. Affinities —Aviculopecten Jugleri, F. A. Romer,’ has very much smaller wings. Pterinopecten Neptuni, Goldfuss, sp.,’ is less oblique and has coarser ribs. It seems otherwise very closely related. 3. PTeRINoPEcTEN consoLans, Barvande, Pl. IX, fig. 11. 1881. AVICULOPECTEN CoNSOLANS, Barrande. Syst. Sil. Bohém., vol. vi, pl. eexxii, figs. 2, 1-14, Et. F. 21884. PrrRrinoprectEN Vertumnes, Hall. Pal. N. Y., vol. v, pt. 1, p. 71, pl. v, figs. 1—8 ; and pl. Ixxxiii, figs. 2, 3. 1889. AvVICULOPECTEN consoLaNs, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 78. 1891. — — Frech. Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss., Band ix, pt. 3, p. 26, pl. ii, fig. 6. Description.—Left valve of moderate size, convex, transverse, slightly oblique. Umbo small, not prominent, situated at about the anterior third of the length. ' 1843, F. A. Romer, ‘ Verst. Harzgeb.,’ p. 21, pl. vi, fig. 4; and 1891, Frech, ‘Abhandl, Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 18, pl. xvii, fig. 2. 2 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 125, pl. exvi, fig. 4; and 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 18, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2. 84 DEVONIAN FAUNA. Hind wing apparently narrow, flat, ill-defined. Lower margin moderately convex. Contour of surface gently convex on back, steeper in front, and concave near the hind wing. Surface ornamented by between forty and fifty bold, rounded, alternating rays, separated by similar furrows ; about ten of the major series of rays being much larger than the rest, and the rays upon the hind wing becoming smaller, closer, and more equal; the whole crossed by a series of broad, low, rounded, regular, transverse undulations, in number about twelve. Size of left valve.-—Length about 35 mm., width 25 mm., depth 7 mm. Locality.—A single specimen from Lummaton is in my Collection. Remarks.—Unfortunately the hinge-line, wings, and margins of this interesting fossil are so defective and obscured that a complete description is impossible, and an identification difficult. Its shape and ornamentation distinctly separate it from its English comrades. There seems no reason to doubt that it belongs to the group of shells of which Aviculopecten consolans, Barrande, Pterinopecten Vertumnus, letus, and intermedius, Hall, and Aviculopecten Wulfi, Frech, are members. When, however, we proceed to the question of specific identity, the subject becomes more difficult. I am inclined to think after comparing it with the various figures of A. consolans given by Barrande that it falls within the limits of that species. On the other hand, it corresponds minutely in all the points which it actually shows with one of Hall’s figures of P. Vertwmnus. This American species chiefly differs from the Bohemian shell by having a rather smaller hind wing and more oblique anterior and posterior margins, and in these points the indications in our fossil rather point to the latter, though the small equal ribs of its hind wing agree better with the former. The solution may be that the two foreign shells are really local varieties of the one species, and that the English fossil is a ink between them. Affinities. —Pterinopecten letus, Hall,’ has finer and more equal ribs. In P. intermedius, Hall,’ the ribs are much smaller and more distant. In A. multiplicans, Barrande,’ the ribs form complex groups. In A. Wulfi, Frech,* the umbo is more central, the shape broader, and the ribs rounder, closer, and more even. Pterinopecten gracilinus has finer ribs and is flatter and less transverse in shape than the present specimen. It differs widely from Pt. consolans in other particulars. 1 1884, Hall, ‘ Pal. N. Y..,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 63, pl. i, fig. 13. 2 Thid., p. 68, pl. xvii, fig. 19; and pl. Ixxxiii, figs. 4, 5. ° 1881, Barrande, ‘ Syst. Sil. Bohém.,’ vol. vi, pl. cexxi, figs. 3, 1-6, Et. F. + 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 26, fig. 1; and pl. ii, fig. 7. AVICULOPECTEN. 85 2. Genus.—AvicuLoprcren, M*Coy. This genus is thus defined by Woodward :—“ Shell inequivalve, sub-orbicular, eared ; hinge-areas flat, with several long cartilage-furrows, slightly oblique on each side of the umbones; right valve with a deep and narrow byssal sinus beneath the anterior ear; adductor-impression large, simple, sub-central ; pedal scar small and deep, beneath the umbo.” ‘There appears some difference of opinion whether it should be classed with the Pectiiide or the Aviculide ; for instance, Hall, Zittel, Fischer place it with the former; S. P. Woodward and Frech with the latter. Tate, in his Appendix to Woodward’s ‘ Manual of the Mollusca,’ transposes it from the latter to the former family, remarking that it “does not possess the prismatic of the Aviculide, but the peculiar corrugated tubular structure of the Pectinide (Meek). It bears the same relations to existing Pectens as Pterinea does to existing Aviculas.” Hall restricts the genus ‘‘to those forms which have the hinge-line usually shorter than the transverse diameter, and both ears well-defined. Test orna- mented with rays.’’ This division seems unfortunate, as it excludes the type species of the genus, Pecten yranosus, Sowerby, which comes closer to Hall’s new genus Pterinopecten. As, however, the latter is probably, as pointed out by Frech, only to be regarded as a section or sub-genus of Aviculopecten, useful for the convenient grouping of kindred shapes, rather than for marking any decided physiological differences, it may cause less confusion simply to point out the accident. Aviculopecten occurs from the Lower Silurian to the Permian. 1. AVICULOPECTEN AvIFoRMIS, Whidborne. Pl. X, figs. 7—1I1. 1889. AVICULOPECTEN aviroRMIs, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dee. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. Description.—Right valve of moderate size, very flat, more or less transverse, oblique, inequilateral. Umbo minute, low, sharp, proximate, not elevated above the hinge-margins, situated rather in front of the centre of the hinge-line, or about one-third from the anterior extremity of the shell, and bounded on each side by sharp concavities, which define the wings. Anterior wing very small, acutely triangular, with sigmoid margin, flat, and well-defined. Posterior wing slightly larger, acutely triangular, with concave margin, flat, and well defined. Anterior margin rather broad, deeply convex. Inferior margin oblique, long, moderately convex. Posterior margin straight and very oblique in the part 86 DEVONIAN FAUNA. immediately below the wing, and much produced and rapidly convex in the lower part. Contour of surface shghtly convex in the central region, and flattening out to the margin. Surface marked by about sixty low, fine, very distant, sharpish, alternating ribs, separated by broad, flat interspaces, of which a few are generally visible on the umbo, but most start at different points lower down on the back of the shell; the whole crossed by occasional, low, concentric bulges or inequalities, and by very indistinct, close, fine, concentric striz. Wings similarly, but more finely, marked. Shell-structure papyraceous. Left valve unknown. Size —Length 26 mm., breadth 23 mm., depth of left valve about 3 mm. Localities—From Wolborough there are three specimens in Mr. Vicary’s Collection, and three in the Museum of Practical Geology. From Lummaton there are two specimens in my Collection; three specimens in the Torquay Museum probably came from the same locality or from Barton. Remarks.—While presenting the same general characters, the specimens above enumerated show considerable variation in detail, and, unfortunately, they are not sufficiently perfect to be easily compared. Thus they seem to vary considerably in length and obliquity, in the smoothness of the shell about the umbo, and in the distinctness of the transverse striz. I have, however, been unable to find anything like specific differences in them, and in this view I had the support of my friend the late Mr. Tom Roberts when we examined them together. The species must therefore be regarded as somewhat variable. Affinities. —I have met with no described shell hitherto with which they could be classed. 3. Genus.—Lyrioprcten, Hall, 1883. This genus or sub-genus contains Aviculopectens, which have short hinge-lines and small ears,and which are sub-circular in shape. Frech has substituted the name Orbipecten because Hall had originally used for them the name Lyropecten, which had heen preoccupied by Conrad for a different genus of more recent shells. As, however, Hall has himself changed his name to Lyriopecten there seems no logical reason for any further alteration. he group or genus appears to have been confined to the Devonian period. 1. Lyrtopecten ripratus, nu. sp. Pl. VI, figs. 1, 1 a, 1b. Deseription.—Left valve large, flat, wider than long, equilateral, sub-circular. Umbo minute, direct, sharp, low, proximate, not elevated above the hinge-line, and situated slightly in front of its central point. Hinge-line straight, long, probably about two-thirds the length of the shell. Front wing rather large, LYRIOPECTEN. 87 triangular, flat, well defined. Posterior wing large, undefined. Anterior margin very broad, sigmoid, being concave on the wing and then advancing and becoming regularly convex over its greatest portion. Inferior margin apparently moderately convex. Posterior margin apparently moderately convex below, and becoming slightly concave near the hinge-margin. Contour of surface slightly convex in the central parts, divided from the front wing by a straight, perpendicular declivity from the umbo, and becoming slightly concave longitudinally in the postero-superior margin, so as to form the hind wing. Surface marked by multitudinous, fine, alternating and rather irregularly placed, narrow, elevated rays, divided by broader concave interspaces, and crossed by equally numerous, very fine, distant threads, so as to divide the surface into hollow tesserz. Shell- structure papyraceous. Right valve unknown. Size.—Length 44 mm., width 45 mm., depth of one valve 7 mm. Locality.—There is a single specimen in Mr. Champernowne’s Collection from Lummaton. Remarks.—This is a very beautiful and distinct species. Mr. Champernowne’s fine fossil is unfortunately much injured round the margin, so that the shape can only be made out approximately by tracing the lines of growth; the surface, moreover, is slightly decayed, so that the fine reticulations can only be observed in occasional patches. The shell is widely distinct from any that accompany it, and may easily be distinguished by its broad wings, by the central position and small obliquity of its umbo, and by the very great fineness of its ornamentation. Affinities.—Phillips’s figure’ of Pecten transversus, Sowerby,’ presents some similarity. Specimens of that shell, however, in Mr. Townsend Hall’s Collection and in the Museum of Practical Geology show that it is very different. For instance, its ornament is coarser, and consists of sharp triangular ridges grouped in sets of three, the central of which is the largest. Sowerby’s original description bears out its distinctness; while Pterinea vadiata, Goldfuss,’ with which Mr. Phillips identifies the North-Devon shell, is still further removed from ours, having very much fewer and more rounded ribs. Pecten lineatus, Goldfuss,‘ is more oblique, and has still more numerous and closer ribs. That shell seems very kindred to P. granulosus, Phillips.’ Orbipecten Follmanni, Frech,’ approaches it most nearly, but is distinguished by a less defined front wing, and the absence of the prominent transverse threads. 1 1841, Phillips, ‘ Pal. Foss.,’ p. 46, pl. xxi, figs. 7, 7 a, 6. 2 1840, Sowerby, ‘ Geol. Trans.,’ ser. 2, vol. v, pt. 3, pl. lin, fig. 3. 3 1834-40, Goldfuss, ‘ Petref. Germ.,’ vol. ii, p. 128, pl. exix, figs. 7 a, 6. 4 Tbid., p. 78, pl. cxiv, fig. 9. 5 1841, Phillips, ‘ Pal. Foss.,’ p. 46, pl. xxi, figs. 75 a—e. 6 1891, Frech, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss.,’ Band ix, pt. 3, p. 29, pl. ii, figs. 8-9 a. 88 DEVONIAN FAUNA. Pterinea, sp., Kayser,’ is more inequilateral and still less transverse. In Lyriopecten orbicularis, Hall,’ the ribs are coarser, and the front wing is undefined. Avicula sinplicicosta, Trenkner,*’ seems to have a smaller front wing and close rounded rays divided by linear furrows. Aviculopecten coelatus, M‘Coy,* which is a kindred Carboniferous form, is much more coarsely ribbed. 4. Genus.—Crenipecren, Hall, 1883. Hall defines this genus as having “ the form of Aviculopecten, but with a hinge furnished with a series of small cartilage-pits throughout its entire length.” This distinctive hinge is not visible in any of our English examples, but they so nearly correspond with the shells placed by Hall in this group that they may presump- tively be located within it. 1. Crentpecten ? comma, Whidborne, sp. Pl. X, figs. 4, 4 a, 5, 5 a. 1889. AvicuLoPEcTEN comma, Whidborne. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. vi, p. 79. Description.— Left valve small, flattish, triangular, equilateral, oblique. Umbo small, sharp, central, direct, proximate, shghtly elevated. Hinge-margin short, straight. Front wing unseen. Hind wing small, short, flat, broad, triangular. Sides of the umbo defined by two nearly straight steep declivities, forming the boundaries of the shell apart from the wings, of which the front is about one- third, and the rear about two-thirds the total breadth of the shell. Front margin rather narrow, shghtly concave as far as the end of the declivity, and then becoming convex. Inferior margin obliquely convex. Posterior margin oblique, straight for the greatest part of its width, and then produced and convex in the inferior region. Contour of valve-surface gently convex, almost perpen- dicular at the sides, and spreading out flatly to the ventral margins. Surface covered with about thirty low, rounded, alternating ribs, separated by much wider, flat interspaces ; some of the ribs reaching almost to the umbo, but others being much smaller and starting much lower down ; the whole crossed by numerous, very fine, linear, distant threads, which thus reticulate the surface. Size.—Length 9 mm., width 9 mm., depth of one valve 1 mm. ! 1878, Kayser, ‘ Abhandl. Geol. Specialk. Preuss., Band ii, pt. 4, p. 135, pl. xix, fig. 5. 2 1884, Hall, ‘ Pal. N. Y.,’ vol. v, pt. 1, p. 42, pl. iv, figs. 3—8; and pl. Ixxxii, fig. 3. > 1868, Trenkner, ‘ Paliont. Novitat.,’ pt. 2, p. 28, pl. vil, fig, 4. ' 1855, M‘Coy, ‘ Brit. Pal. Foss.,’ p. 483, pl. ii, figs. 5, 5a. Fia4. ie PLATE VI. LYRIOPECTEN FIBRATUS, n. sp. (Page 86.) Left valve of a large specimen, defective round the edges ; 1 a, superior view; 1}, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. Champernowne Collection. ACTINOPTERIA ? RoBeRTSU, n. sp. (Page 60.) . Left valve, defective in front ; 2 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. . Another specimen showing the anterior wing; 3 a, front view. Lummaton. My Collection. . Another specimen showing the anterior wing, defective behind. Lummaton. Woodwardian Museum. ACTINOPTERIA HIRUNDELLA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 61.) . Left valve, defective above and in front (the hinge-margin being destroyed the amount of obliquity cannot be ascertained, but it 1s probably greater than appears from the figure); 5 a, portion of surface enlarged. Wol- borough. Museum of Practical Geology. . Another specimen; 6 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. Lee Collection, British Museum. ACTINOPTERIA MUSICATA, n. sp. (Page 63.) . Portion of a left valve; 7 a, 7b, portions of surface enlarged. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. ACTINOPTERIA DILATATA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 64.) . Portion of a very large shell; 8 ¢, portion of surface enlarged. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. 10. 'wo worn specimens from one slab; 9a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. VOR: - PLATE VI, a en t | { | | | | | | | | | i | | | | | | 4 a = = = { Mintern Bros. imp A. Gawan del et lith \ Fie. L 2. 3. 10, Ak, PLATE VII. ActinoprerIA pinaTata, Whidborne, sp. (Page 64.) Left valve of a very transverse specimen, imperfectly showing the front wing ; 1a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. Left valve of a large specimen ; 2 a, portion of surface enlarged. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. Left valve of another specimen. Lummaton. My Collection. ACTINOPTERIA HIRUNDELLA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 61.) . Right valve of a large specimen wanting the greatest part of the wings; 4a, portion of the posterior wing enlarged ; 4), portion of the central part of the surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. ACTINOPTERIA PLACIDA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 67.) . Right valve, showing the front wing and the coarse ribs on the hind wing ; 5a, portion of the surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. . Worn specimen of the closed valves; 6a, superior view. Lummaton (?). Torquay Museum. . Left valve of aflatspecimen. 7 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton (?). Torquay Museum. . Left valve of a more oblique specimen. Lummaton (?). Torquay Museum. . Left valve of another flattish specimen. Lummaton. My Collection. Left valve of a very well preserved specimen with coarse ribs; 10 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. Left valve of a coarsely-ribbed specimen, probably wanting the lower and posterior margins; lla, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. Actinopreria Justi, Mrech, sp. (Page 70.) . Left valve of a rather oblique specimen; 12a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. VOL II +} A Gawan del et lith Mintern Bro ump PLATE VIII. ActinopTerta Justi, Frech, sp. (Page 70.) Fie. 1. Left valve wanting the external shell. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. ActinoprertA Wournu, Ff. A. Romer, sp. (Page 71.) 2. Left valve of a coarse-ribbed specimen. Lummaton. My Collection. . Left valve of a fine-ribbed and well-preserved, but very defective specimen. Lummaton. My Collection. 5. Left valve of a specimen partly hidden by the matrix. Lummaton. My Collection. O> Actinoprerta rupIS, Phillips, sp. (Page 73.) 4, Left valve of a small specimen, showing the long anterior wing. Lummaton. My Collection. 6. Left valve of a larger specimen, defective in front; 6a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. Actinopreria pLactDA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 67.) . Left valve of a specimen set obliquely in the matrix and injured behind ; 7a, portion of the worn surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. “J AcTINOPTERIA DILATATA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 64.) 8. Right valve of a very large, but much injured, specimen; 8 a, portion of posterior wing enlarged. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. PrurINopEcteN Cyber, Barrande, sp. (Page 82.) 9. Left valve of a well-preserved specimen, wanting the umbo; 9a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Coilection. 10. Left valve of a smaller specimen showing the front wing; 10 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. PLATE IX. PrERINOPECTEN CyBeLE, Barrande, sp. (Page 82.) Fia. 1. Left valve, defective behind, showing the discontinuous character of the ribs. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. ACTINOPERIA TEXTURATA, Phillips, sp. (Page 74.) 2. Left valve, somewhat worn on the back. 2a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. Torquay Museum. 3. Left valve of a well-preserved and perfect specimen. 3a. Portion of surface enlarged. Barton. Torquay Museum. 5. Left valve with well-preserved surface, but much hidden by matrix. Wol- borough (?). Torquay Museum. 6. Left valve of a large specimen, defective behind. Wolborough. Museum of Practical Geology. 7. Left valve of another large specimen; 7a, portion of surface enlarged Wolborough. Vicary Collection. ACTINOPTERIA TEXTURATA, Phillips, var. SUBFENESTRATA, nov. (Page 76.) 4. Left valve showing the very coarse ornamentation. (A fragment of a Brachiopod is on the same slab.) Lummaton(?). Torquay Museum. ACTINOPTERIA CRENATISSIMA, Whidborne, sp. (Page 77.) 8. Left valve of a very convex specimen; 8a, portion of surface enlarged showing the very minute ribs. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. 9. Left valve of a very large and flattish specimen; 9a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. PTERINOPECTEN GRACILINUS, Whidborne, sp. (Page 80.) 10. Left valve, defective on the front wing and margins. Wolborough. My Collection. PTERINOPECTEN CoNSOLANS, Barrande, sp. (Page 83.) 11. Left valve, much injured, but showing the coarse rounded ribs. Lummaton. My Collection. Conocarptum Mars, Gthlert (?). (Page 23.) 12. Small specimen partially embedded in matrix; 12 a, anterior view; 12), portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton (?). Torquay Museum. . ‘ an | ‘ 7 ‘ ' i . . 1 , - 4 7 , ‘ , ' ‘ 1 A - 7 7 ; < * 1 Ps i 4 i ’ cd iy . Fig. L 9. 11. PLATE X. LEIOPTERIA LINGULATA, n. sp. (Page 78.) Left valve, somewhat defective about the wings. Wolborough. British Museum. PrERINOPECTEN GRACILINUS, Whidborne, sp. (Page 80.) . Large and nearly perfect specimen of the left valve showing the alternating ribs ; 2 a, portion of surface enlarged. Wolborough. Lee Collection. . Still larger left valve, somewhat obscure round the margins; 3 a, portion of surface enlarged. Wolborough. Vicary Collection. CrENIPECTEN ? comma, Whidborne, sp. (Page 88.) . Left valve, showing hind wing; 4 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. . Another specimen, defective in front, but apparently rather more produced in the antero-superior part; 5 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. CRENIPECTEN ? Oonant, Goldfuss, sp. (Page 89.) . Specimen figured by Phillips as Pecten plicatus, Sowerby. Wolborough. Museum of Practical Geology. AVICULOPECTEN AvirorMIs, Whidborne. (Page 85.) . Specimen of the umbonal half of a left valve showing the character of the radiations ; 7 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. . A large and very transverse specimen; 8 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lummaton. My Collection. Another specimen defective behind ; 9 a, portion of surface enlarged. Wol- borough. Vicary Collection. . Another transverse specimen; 10 a, portion of surface enlarged. Lum- maton (?). Torquay Museum. A much less transverse specimen; 11 a, portion of surface enlarged. Wol- borough. Vicary Collection. - Ree as VOL. II amp rm Marit A. Gawan del et hth ES LIBRARY NC | — € =o N ————1 9) —r S u——— © a) S ———= u. Doe (o) Qa ——O Ps) lo <== © = ng — —— a 3