PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOL. XLVIIL JURASSIC GASTEROPODA. Pant £,. No..!7. GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Paces 325—390; Pratus XXVII—XXXII. CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAITADITES. Parr. I. CARBONICOLA (ANTHRACOSIA). Paces 1—80; Pirates I—XI. INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES. Part IX. , Paces 377—456; Prates XCIII—CIU. FISHES OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE. Parr IT, ‘Noi T. THE ASTEROLEPID. Paces 63—90; Purates XV—XVIII. IssuED For L894. California Academy of Sciences Presented by Paleontographical Society : a December , 1906+ a hetidd tb 7377 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library http://www.archive.org/details/monographof481894pala =e a » j - ro —— J = — « > & i f tt i é i Ns ‘) , i i i 0 - 7 - ay =f J ~~ We STs = : * > - a a a a ‘m ne . ( t PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOLUME XLVIIl. CONTAINING THE JURASSIC GASTEROPODA. Part I, No. VII. By Mr. W.H. Hupuzston. Six Plates. CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Part I. CARBONICOLA (AntHRacosia). By Dr. WuEELTON Hinp. Eleven Plates. THE INFERIOR OOLITE AMMONITES. Part IX. By Mr. 8:8. Buckman. Eleven Plates. THE FISHES OF THE OLD RED SANDSTONE. Part II, No.1. By Dr. R. H. Traquarr. Four Plates. ISSUED FOR 1894. NOVEMBER, 1894, THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847, for the purpose of figuring and describing the whole of the British Fossils. Each person subscribing ONE GUINEA is considered a Member of the Society, and is entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates. Subscriptions are considered to be due on the First of January in each year. The back volumes are in stock. Monographs which have been completed can be obtained, apart from the annual volumes, on application to the Honorary Secretary. Gentlemen desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with plates and circulars for distribution on application to the Honorary Secretary, the Rev. Professor THomas Wiutsuire, M.A., F.G.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London, S.E. A List of completed Monographs ready for binding as separate volumes will be found on page 22. The Annual Volumes are now issued in two forms of Binding: st, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; 2nd, with each of the Monographs in a paper cover, and the whole of the separate parts enclosed in an envelope. Members wishing to obtain the Volume arranged in the Larrer FORM are requested to communicate with the Honorary Secretary. PEs. 2 OF Che Council, Secretaries, md AMembers OF THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ; AND I. A CATALOGUE OF THE WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED ; II. a CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE MONOGRAPHS COMPLETED, IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION, AND IN PREPARATION, WITH THE NAMES OF THEIR RESPECTIVE AUTHORS ; III. THE DATES OF ISSUE OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ; IV. A GENERAL SUMMARY, SHOWING THE NUMBER OF THE PAGES, PLATES, FIGURES, AND SPECIES IN EACH MONOGRAPH ; V. A STRATIGRAPHICAL LIST OF THE BRITISH FOSSILS FIGURED AND DESCRIBED IN THE YEARLY VOLUMES. Council and Officers elected 22nd June, 1894. President. THE RIGHT HON. T. H. HUXLEY, F.R.S. Vite-Dresidents. Sie A. Gerxis, F.R.S. | W. H. Hupteston, Esq., F.R.S. Pror. H. Atteynge NicHotson, F.G.S. Dr. H. Woopwarp, F.R.S. Council, Dr. W. T. BuanFrorp, F.R.S. J. W. Inort, Esq. Rev. Pror. Bonney, F.R.S. Pror. R. Jonzs, F.R.S. Rev. H. G. Day, M.A. Pror. Liverne, M.A. Siz Joun Evans, F.R.S. Dr. J. 8. Puensé, F.G.S. Sir W. H. Frowsr, F.R.S. W. P. Suapen, Esa., F.G.S. Dr. H. Hicks, F.R.S. C. Tver, Esq., F.G.S. Pror. R. McK. Hueuss, F.R.S. Rev. G. F. Wurpzorne, F.G.S. Pror. E. Hutt, F.R.S. Rev. H. H. Winwoop, F.G.S. Treasurer. R. Erneripes, Esa., F.R.S., 14, Carlyle Square, Chelsea, S.W. Honorary Secretary, Rev. Pror. T. Wiitsuire, M.A., F.G.S., 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, London. S.E. Local Secretaries. Bath—Rrv. H. H. Winwoop, M.A., F.G.S. Melbourne—R. T. Lirron, Esq., F.G.S. Berlin—MeEssrs. FRIEDLANDER & Son. North Devon—TownsEND M. Haut, Esgq., F.G.S. Birmingham—W. R. Hueues, Esq., F.L.S. Oxford—Pror. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S. Cambridge—JaMES Carter, Esa., F.G.S. Roxburghshire—D. Watson, Esa. Durham—Rev. A. Warts, F.G.S. Scotland (Central and Southern)—Dr. J. R. S. Gloucester—S S. Buckman, Esa., F.G.S. Hunter, F.G.S. Hertfordshire—J. Hopxtnson, Esa., F.G.S. Sydney—H. Duane, Esq, F.LS. Liverpool—G H. Mortox, Esq., F.G.S. LIST OF MEMBERS.* CORRECTED TO OCTOBER, 1894. Her Mosr Gracious Masresty THE QUEEN. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A. Adelaide Public Library, Australia. Adlard, R. E., Esg., Bartholomew Close. E.C. Agassiz, Alex., Esq., Cambridge, U.S.A. Albert Memorial Museum, Queen Street, Exeter. Allendale E. J. A., Esq., Creswick, Victoria, Australia. Ambhurst College, Mass., U.S.A. Asher and Co., Messrs., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W.C. Ashworth, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor Road, Heaton Chapel, near Stockport. Atheneum Library, Liverpool. Auckland, The Institute of, New Zealand. Australia, Acclimatization Society of. Balme, E. B. Wheatley, Esq., Loughrigg, Ambleside. Balston, W. E., Esq., F.G.S8., Barvin, Potters Bar. Banks, W. H., Esq., Ridgebourne, Kington, Herefordshire. Barclay, E. F., Esq., F.G.S., Warleigh Lodge, Wimbledon. Barclay, Joseph G., Esq., 54, Lombard Street. E.C. Bardin, Mons. le Prof. L., Université d’Angers, Maine et Loire, France. Barrow-in-Furness Free Public Library. Barthes and Lowell, Messrs., 14, Great Marlborough Street. W. Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution. Bather, F. A., Esq., F.G.S., British Museum (Natural History). S.W. Battersea Public Library, Lavender Hill. S.W. Bedford, J., Esq., Woodhouse Cliff, Leeds. Belfast Library, Donegall Square North, Belfast. Bell, W. H., Esq., F.G.S., Cleeve House, Seend, Melksham. Bell and Bradfute, Messrs., 12, Bank Street, Edinburgh. Benn, C. A., Esq., Pudleston Court, Leominster. Berkeley, Earl of, The Heath, Bear’s Hill, near Abingdon. Berthand, Prof., Faculté des Sciences, Lyons. * The Members are requested to inform the Secretary of any errors or omissions in this list, and of any delay in the transmission of the Yearly Volumes. Bewley, Henry, Esq., 16, Beresford Road, Oxton, Birkenhead. Bibliothéque de Ecole des Mines, Paris. Bibliothéque du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Bibliothéque du Palais des Arts, Lyons. Bibliotheque Communal, Boulogne-sur-Mer, per Mons. Martel, Conserv. Adjoints. Birkenhead Free Library. Birmingham Free Library, Ratcliff Place, Birmingham. Birmingham Old Library, Union Street, Birmingham. Blackburn Free Library. Blackmore, Humphrey P., M.D., F.G.S., Salisbury. Blake, W., Esq., Bridge House, South Petherton, minster. Blanford, W. T., Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., 72, Bedford Gardens, Kensington. W. Blathwayt, Lieut.-Col. Linley, Eagle House, Batheaston, Bath. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Bompas, G. C., Esq., F.G.S., 121, Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park. W. Bonissent, Monsieur, Clarentan. Bonney, Rev. Prof. T. George, D. Sc., F.R.S., 23, Denning Road, Hampstead. N.W. Bootle cum Linacre, Free Public Library, Liverpool. Bordeaux, La Faculté des Sciences. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, U.S.A. Bradford Technical College. Braga, J. F., Esq., F.G.S,, Glen Villa, Sunbury-on-Thames. Brassey, Lord, K.C.B., 24, Park Lane. W. Brenchley Trustees, Museum, Maidstone. Brentford Free Public Library. Briggs, Miss Ellen, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. W.C. Brighton aud Sussex Natural History Society, Brighton. Bristol Museum and Reference Library, Qneen’s Road, Bristol. Bristol Naturalists Society, Geological Section. British Museum, Departmental Geological Library. S.W. British Museum, Printed Book Department. W.C. Brown, Isaac, Esq., Kendal. Brown, T. Forster, Esq., F.G.S., Guildhall Chambers, Cardiff. Bruce, J. Esq., Port Mulgrave, Hinderwell. 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Cheltenham Permanent Library, Royal Crescent, Cheltenham. Chester Society of Natural Science. Chicago, Library of. Christiania, Library of University of, Norway. Christ’s College, Cambridge, Library of. Cincinnati Public Library, United States America. Clark, J. E., Esq., Bootham Schvol, York. Clarke, Mrs. Stephenson, Croydon Lodge, Croydon. Clifton College, Clifton, Bristol. Clothworkers’ Company, Mincing Lane. E.C. Clough, C. T., Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W. Cobbold, E. 8., Esq., Church Stretton, R.S.O., Shropshire. Cochrane, C., Esq., Green Royde, Pedmore, near Stourbridge. Colman, J. J., Esq., M.P., &c., Carrow House, Norwich. Copland-Crawford, Robert Fitzgerald, General, R.A., F.G.S., Sudbury Lodge, Harrow. Cornell University, Ithica, U.S.A. Corporation of London, Library Committee of, Guildhall. E.C. Coventry Free Public Library. Cowan, Thomas W. Esq., F.G.S., R.M.S., 31, Belsize Park Gardens, Hampstead. N.W. Craig, R., Esq., King Cottage, Beith, Ayrshire, N.B. Crosfield, Miss Margaret, Undercroft, Reigate. Cross, Rev. J. E., F.G.S., Halecote, Grange-over-Sands. Croston, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., 29, Ostrich Lane, Prestwich. Croydon Free Library. Cullis, F. J., Esq., F.G.S., Tuffley, Gloucestershire. Darlington Public Library. Darwin, W. E., Esq., Ridgemont, Bassett, Southampton. Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., G.S., Woodhurst, Wilmsiow Road, Fallow Field, Manchester. Day, Rev. Hen. George, M.A., 55, Denmark Villas, West Brighton. Day, J. T., Esq., ¥.G.S., 12, Albert Square, Stepney. Deane, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Railway Department, Sydney, New South Wales. Deighton, Bell, & Co., Messrs., Cambridge. Delgado, Signor J. F. N., Seccad dos Trabathos geologicos, 113, Rua do Arco a Jesus, Lisbon. Derby, Free Library and Museum. Derham, Walter, Esq., 76, Lancaster Gate. W. Devas, Mrs. Anne, The Quarry, Colwall, Great Malvern. Devonshire, Duke of, F.R.S., G.S., &c., Devonshire House, Piccadilly. W. Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter. Dewalque, Prof., F.C.G.S., Liége. Dickinson, W., Esq., F.G.S., Warham Road, Croydon. S. Dickson, Edw., Esq., 11, West Cliff Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancashire. Donald, Miss, care of Miss Fraser, 10, Etterby Street, Stanwix, Carlisle. Doncaster Borough Free Library. Dorset County Museum Library, Dorchester. Dowson, E. T., Esg., F.R.M.S., Geldeston, Beccles. Dresden Nat. Society, Isis. Drew, Dr. J., F.G.S., Montrose, Battledown, Cheltenham. Ducie, the Earl of, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 16, Portman Square, W.; and Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O., Gloucestershire. Dudley and Midland Geological and Scientific Society and Field-Club. Dundee Free Library. Dundee Naturalists Society, University College, Dundee. Dunlop, R. Esq., Staurigg Oil Works, Airdrie, N.B. Durham, the Dean and Chapter of (by C. Rowlandson, Esq., the College, Durham). Edinburgh Geological Society, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Argyle Square, Edinburgh. Edinburgh Public Library. Edwards, S.. Esq., F.Z.S., Kidbrooke Lodge, Blackheath. S.E. Epsom College. Essex Field Club, per A. P. Wire, Esq., 1, Seaton Villas, Birkbeck Road, Leytonstone. E. Etheridge, R., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., Treasurer, 14, Carlyle Square, Chelsea. Eton College Museum, Windsor. Eunson, J., Esg., F.G.S., 43, Abington Street, Northampton. Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead. Eyre and Spottiswoode, Messrs., Great New Street. H.C. Feddon, F., Esq., F.G.S., Geological Survey of India. Firth College, Sheffield. Florence, Gambinetto di Geologia, per Prof. C. de Stefani. Flower, Sir W. H., LL.D., F.R.S., British Museum, South Kensington. S.W. Felkestone Public Library. Fontannes, Mons. F., 4, Rue de Lyon, Lyon. Foulerton, Dr. J., 44, Pembridge Villas, Bayswater. W. Fraser, John, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.Edin., F.G.S., Chapel Ash, Wolverhampton. Friedlander, Messrs., Local Secretaries, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin. Fritsch, Prof. K. von, Halle. Fuller, Rev. 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Gough, Viscount, F.G.S., L.S., &c., Lough Cutra Castle, Gort, co. Galway. Green, Prof. A. H., F.R.S., Local Secretary, Oxford. Guilles-Allés Library, Guernsey. Haileybury College, near Hertford. Halifax Free Public Library. Hall, Townshend M., Esq., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Orchard House, Pilton, Barnstaple. Hammersmith Free Public Library, Ravenscourt Park, Hammersmith. W. Hannah, R., Esq., F.G.S., 82, Addison Road, Kensington. W. Harker, Alfred, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge. Harley, Dr. John, F.L.S., 9, Stratford Place. W. Harmer, F. W., Esq., F.G.S., Oakland House, Cringleford, near Norwich. Hartley Institution, Southampton, per T. W. Shore, Esq., F.G.S., Secretary. Haughton, Rev. Professor S., M.D., F.R.S., G.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. Hawick Public Library. N.B. Hawkshaw, J. Clarke, Esq., 33, Great George Street, Westminster. S.W. Hedderley, J. S. Esq., Bulcote, near Nottingham. Heidelburg Library. Herdman, J., Esq., 18, Camden Crescent, Bath. Herdman, W., Esq., F.G.S., Cow Green Mine, Langdon Beck, Middleton-in-Teesdale, co. Durham. Heywood, James, Esq., F.R.S., G.S., &c., 26, Palace Gardens, Bayswater Road. W. Hicks, Dr. H., F.R.S., Hendon Grove, Hendon. N.W. Hill, Wm., Esq., The Maples, Hitchin. Hind, Wheelton, Esq., M.D.Lond., F.R.C.S., F.G.S.,8, Wood House Terrace, Stoke-on-Trent. Hinde, Geo., Esq., Ph.D., F.G.S., Avondale Road, South Croydon. Hodges, Figgis and Co., Messrs., 104, Grafton Street, Dublin. Holcroft, C., Esq., The Shrubbery, Summerhill, Kingswinford, near Dudley. Hopgood, James, Esq., Clapham Common. S.W. Hopkinson, John, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Local Secretary, The Grange, St. Albans. Horen, Dr. F. Van, St. Trond, Belgium. Host, M., Copenhagen. Howden, Dr. J. C., Sunnyside, Montrose. Howse, H. G., Esq., M.S., F.R.C.S., 59, Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. W. Hudleston, W. H., Esq., F.R.S., G.S., Vice-President, 8, Stanhope Gardens. S.W. Hughes, Prof. T. M‘K., F.R.S., &c., 4, Cintra Terrace, Cambridge. Hull, Prof. Edw., LL.D., F.R.S., 20, Arundel Gardens, Notting Hill. W. Hunter, Dr. J. R. S., Local Secretary, Daleville House, Carluke. N.B, Hunter, Rev. R., LL.D., M.A., F.G.S., Forest Retreat, Staples Road, Loughton, Hssex. Huxley, the Right Hon. T. H., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., President, Hodeslea, Staveley Road, Eastbourne. 2 10 Tlott, James William, Esq., Beechfield, Bromley, Kent. India, Geological Survey of. Ipswich Museum, Ipswich. Isaac, T. S., Esq., Tapley Lodge, Bishop’s Teignton, nr. Teignmouth, Devon. Isle of Man Natural History Society, Ramsey, Isle of Man. Johnes, Mrs., and Lady E. Hills, Dolan Cothy, Llandeilo, R.S.O., South Wales. Jones, Professor T. Rupert, F.R.S., G.S., &c., 10, Uverdale Road, King’s Road, Chelsea. Judd, Prof. J, W., F.R.S., &c., Hurstleigh, Kew. Jukes-Browne, A. J., Esq., Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street. S.W. Keighley Mechanics’ Institute. Kendal Literary Institution, The Museum, Kendal, per S. Severs, Esq., Hon. Sec. Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock. N.B. King’s School, Library of, Sherborne. Kingswood School, Bath. Kirkaldy Naturalists’ Society. N.B. Kirberger, W. H., Esq., Rokin 134, Amsterdam. Kirkby, J. W., Esq., Kirkland, Leven, Fife. Kirkland, Cope and Co., 4, Northumberland Street, Strand. W.C. Koebner, Herr W., Breslau, Germany. Koettlitz, Dr., Bleak House, Butterknowle, R.S.O., Darlington. Kynaston, Herbert, Esq., The College, Durham. Laurie, Malcolm, Esq., King’s College, Cambridge. Lausaune Musée Géologique, Switzerland. S.W. Leaver, J. M. L. A., Esq., F.G.S., Hunter Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Leeds Public Library. Leese, J., Esq., B.A., F.G.S., 8, Lancaster Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancashire. Lefevre, Mons. T., 10, Rue du Pont Neuf, Brussels. Leicester Town Museum. Leigh, Hon. Dudley, 18, Great Stanhope Street. W. Leighton, T., Esq., 16, New Street Square, Fleet Street. E.C. Leipzig, Museum of. Lemarchand, Mons., Rouen. Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly. W. Lister, Arthur, Esq., Leytonstone. N.E. Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Literary and Philosophical Society of Sheffield. Litton, Robert T., Esq., Sec. Geol. Soc., Australasia, Local Secretary, 45, Queen Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Liveing, Professor G. D., M.A., Cambridge. Liverpool Free Public Library. London Amateur Society, H. Fleck, Esq., Secretary, 1284, Queen’s Road, Peckham, S.E. ll London Institution, Finsbury Circus. E.C. London Library, St. James Square. S.W. Lovén, Professor S., Stockholm. Lubbock, Sir John W., Bart., M.P., F.R.S., L.S., &c., 15, Lombard Street. E.C. Luck, H. C., Esq., A.K.C., 68, Sumner Street, Southwark. S.E. Luzac and Co., Messrs., 46, Great Russell Street. W.C. Lyon, Bibliothéque de la Ville de. Lyons, Lieut. H. G., R.E., F.G.S., Wady Halfa, Upper Egypt. Mackenzie, G. 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Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Phené, John 8., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., G.S., 32, Oakley Street, Chelsea. S.W. Piper, G. H., Esq., F.G.S., Court House, Ledbury. Plymouth Free Library. Plymouth Institution, Library of. Pochin, P. G., Esq., F.G.S., R.M.S., care of W. G. Gover, Esq., 3, Malvern Villas, Camden Road, Bath. Portal, Wyndham S., Esq., Malshanger House, Basingstoke. Portis, Dr. A., Professor of Geology, The University, Rome. Portsmouth Free Public Library. Poynton, Rev. Francis, Rectory, Kelston, Bath. Preston Free Library. Prestwich, Prof. Joseph, F.R.S., G.S., Shoreham, near Sevenoaks, Kent. Price, F. G. H., Esq., 17, Collingham Gardens, South Kensington. S.W. Pruen, J. A., Esq., M.A., F.R.G.S., Romsdal, Guildford. Pryor, M. R., Esq., Weston Manor, Stevenage, Herts. Quaritch, B., Esq., Piccadilly. W. Queen’s College, Belfast. Queen’s College, Cork (by Messrs. Hodges and Smith). 13 Queen’s College, Galway. Queensland Museum. Radcliffe Library, Oxford Ramsden, Hildebrand, Esq., 26, Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square. W.C. Reading Public Library and Museum. Richards, W., Esq., B.Sc., F.C.S., Clock House, Tooting. S.W. Ripon, Marquis of, 9, Chelsea Embankment. S.W. Roberts, Isaac, Esq., D.Sc., F.R.S., Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex. Roberts, Sir Owen, M.A., F.S.A., 48, Westbourne Terrace. W. Robinson, George, Esq., 8, Broad Street, Halifax, and Portalegre, Portugal. Rochdale Free Public Library. Rogers, G. H., Esq., The Red House, Bagshot, Surrey. Ross, Dr. J. C., F.R.C.P. Edin., F.G.S., F.S.A. Scot., Parsonage Nook, Withington, Manchester. Rowe, A. W., Esq., 1, Cecil Street, Margate. Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Royal College of Science for Ireland, Stephen’s Green, Dublin. Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields. W.C. Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Penzance. Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro. Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street. W. Royal Institution, Liverpool. Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea. Royal Irish Academy, 19, Dawson Street, Dublin. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Royal Society of London, Burlington House. W. Royal Society of New South Wales. Rudler, F. W., Esq., F.G.S., Museum Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. S.W. Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., G.S., Highfields, Thelwall, near Warrington. St. Duustan’s College, Catford. S.E. St. Helens Free Public Library, Town Hall, St. Helens. St. John’s College, Cambridge. St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields Public Library, 115, St. Martin’s Lane. W.C. St. Peter’s College, Cambridge. Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park, Manchester. Salt, 8., Esq., Gateside, Silecroft, Cumberland. Sampson Low and Co., Messrs., Crown Buildings, 188, Fleet Street. E.C. Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, Wellington, Somerset. Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq., F.L.S., G.S., 9, Finsbury Circus. E.C, Scarborough, Philosophical Society of. Science and Art Department, South Kensington. S.W. Scientific Society, Midland Institute, Birmingham. Seguenza, Prof., Messina. Semple, Dr. Andrew, F.C.S.E., Caledonian United Service Club, Edinburgh. Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 830, Compton Road, Highbury. N. Sheffield Free Public Library. 14 Shrewsbury Free Library. Sidney Sussex College Library, Cambridge. Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., Messrs., Stationers’ Hall Court. E.C. Simpson, Rev. A., B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 46, Princes Square, Strathbango, Glasgow. Sladen, W. P., Esq., F.G.S., 13, Hyde Park Gate. S.W. Slatter, T. J., Esq., F.G.S., The Drift, Evesham. Smith, B. Woodd, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., F.Z.S., Branch Hill Lodge, Hampstead Heath. N.W. Smith, J., Esq., Monkredding, Kilwinning, N.B. Smithe, Rev. F., LL.D., M.A., F.G.S., Churchdown, Gloucester. Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Museum, Taunton. Sorbonne Laboratoire de Géologie, Paris. Southport Free Library. South Shields Free Public Library. Spicer, Henry, Esq., jun., F.G.S., 14, Aberdeen Park, Highbury. N. Spackman, F. T. Esq., 7, Richmond Road, Worcester. Stanford, Woodward, Esq., Lucan, 8.O., co. Dublin, Ireland. Stanley, F., Esq., Rokeby, Edgar Road, Margate. Stanley, W. F., Esq., F.G.S., Cumberlow, South Norwood. S.E. Stebbing, W. P. D., Esq., 79, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park. W. Stirrup, Mark, Esq., F.G.S., High Thorn, Stamford Road, Bowdon, Cheshire. Stobart, W. C., Esq., Spellow Hill, Burton Leonard, Yorkshire. Stockholm Royal Library. Stoke-upon-Trent Free Library. Stonyhurst College, Blackburn. Strahan, A., Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W. Strangways, C. Fox, Esq., F.G.S., Museum, Jermyn Street. S.W. Streatfield, H. S., Esq., F.G.S., The Limes, Leigham Court Road, Streatham. S.W. Strickland, Sir C. W., Hildenley, Malton. Sugg, J. W., Esq., F.G.S., Knollbrow, Dorking. Sunderland Corporation Museum, Sunderland. Sunderland Subscription Library, Fawcett Street, Sunderland. Tasmania, Royal Society of. Taylor, S. Watson, Esq., Erlestoke Park, Devizes. Tegima, S., Esq., Tokio Educational Museum, Japan. Thornaby-on-Tees Public Library. Toronto University. Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe Road, Torquay. Trautschold, Dr., Moscow. Traquair, Dr. R. H., 8, Dean Park Crescent, Edinburgh. Trinity College, Cambridge. Twelvetrees, W. H., Esq., F.L.8., F.G.S., Elphin Road, Launceston, Tasmania. Tyler, Capt. Chas., F.L.S., G.S., Elberton, New West End, Hampstead. N.W. University College, Gower Street, London. W.C. University of Bale, Switzerland. 15 University of Edinburgh. University of Glasgow. University of Marsburgh. University of Sydney, New South Wales. University Library, Aberdeen. University Library, Bordeaux. University Library, Leipzig. University Library, Rennes, France. University Library, St. Andrew’s. University Library, Toulouse. Upton, C., Esq., Merton Lodge, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. Varty, Major Thos., Stagstones, Penrith. Vernon Park Museum, Stockport. Vicary, William, Esq., F.G.S., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter. Victoria Public Library, per 8. Mullen, Esq., 48, Paternoster Row. E.C. Volney, The Dean of the Faculty of Sciences of, Angers, France. Walcott, C. D., Esq., U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, United States, America. Walker, B. E., Esq., Canadian Bank of Commerce, Toronto, Canada. Walker, Rev. F. A., Dues Mallard, Cricklewood. N.W. Walmstedt, Dr. L. P., Professor of Mineralogy, Upsala. Walford, E. A., Esq., F.G.S., West Bar, Banbury. Wandsworth Public Library, West Hill, Wandsworth. S.W. Warburton, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., 11, Grange Road, Canonbury. N. Ward, Henry, Esq., F.G.S., Rodbaston, Penkridge. Wardle, Thos., Esq., F.G.S., St. Edward Street, Leek. Warrington Museum and Library. Watson, Rev. R. B., B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.C., Manse, Cardross, Dumbarton, Scotland. Watts, Rev. Arthur, F.G.8., Local Secretary, Rectory, Witton Gilbert, Durham. Watts, W. W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 28, Jermyn Street, W.C., and Corndon, Worcester Road, Sutton, Surrey. Weston Park Public Museum, Sheffield. Whidborne, Rev. G. F., F.G.S., St. George’s Vicarage, Battersea Park Road. S.W. Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society, Museum, Whitby. White, C., Hsq., Holly House, Warrington. Wight, G. P., Esq., 46, Lady Margaret Road, Brecknock Road. N.W. Williams, H. S., Esq., United States Survey, Ithaca, N. Y., United States America. Williams and Norgate, Messrs., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. W.C. Willis and Sotheran, Messrs., Strand. W.C. Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society, H. E. Medlicott, Esq., Hon. Sec., Sandfield, Potterne, Devizes. Wiltshire, Rev. Prof. Thomas, M.A., Treas. G.S., F.R.A.S., L.S., Honorary Secretary, 25, Granville Park, Lewisham, Kent. S.E. Winchester College Natural History Society. Winwood, Rev. Henry H., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 11, Cavendish Crescent, Bath. 16 Wolley-Dod, Rev. Charles, Edge Hall, Malpas, Cheshire. Wolverhampton Public Library. Wood, J. G., Esq., M.A., LL.B., F.G.S., 7, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn. Woodall, Major J. W., M.A., F.G.S., &., St. Nicholas House, Scarborough. Woods, H., Esq., F.G.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge. Woodd, A. B., Esq., Little Dene, Dennington Park Road, West Hampstead. N.W. Woodward, Henry, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Pres. G.S., Vice-President, British Museum. S.W. Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Worcester Public Library and Hastings Museum. Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 4, Alfred Street, Belfast. Wurzburg, the Royal University Library of. Yeats, Dr. J., F.G.S., 7, Beaufort Square, Chepstow, Monmouth. Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Yorkshire Philosophical Society Museum, York. Yule, Miss A. F., Taradale House, by Muir of Ord, Rossshire, N.B. Zoological Society of London, 3, Hanover Square. W. §Il. CATALOGUE OF WORKS ALREADY PUBLISHED BY THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY: Showing the OrpER of publication ; the Yuars during which the Society has been in operation ; and the Contents of each yearly Volume. Vol. I. Issued for the Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 21 plates. The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Profs. Owen and Bell, 38 plates. The Eocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 9 plates. 5, Jl 1845 1 The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 7 plates. The Permian Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King, 29 plates. The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. 1, Part II, Crocodilia and Ophidia, &c., by Prof. 4 Owen, 18 plates. | The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 11 plates. The Crag Mollusca, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 12 plates. The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 15 anes Oh" a 1850 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates. * The Volume for the year 1849 consists of two separate portions, each of which is stitched in a paper cover, on which are printed the dates 1848, 1849, and 1850. The one portion contains ‘Cretaceous Entomostraca’ and ‘ Permian Fossils ;’ the other, ‘London Clay Reptilia,’ Part II, and ‘ Fossil Corals,’ Part I. ” Vol! V. oy Wile 5) WAU » VIII.* jy LOS p py elk 57 Oa a5 OQ Issued for the Year 1851 17 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen, 39 plates. ce eae Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 19 plates. The Fossil Lepadidz, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 5 plates. p The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part I, Tertiary, by Mr. Davidson, 2 plates. 1852 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic, by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. The Hocene Mollusca, Part II, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 6 plates. L The Radiaria of the Crag, London Clay, &c., by Prof. E. Forbes, 4 plates. f The Hoe Corals, Part IV, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 10 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. 1853 2 The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 10 plates. The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part Il, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 8 plates. | The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 8 plates. L The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen, 9 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, with Appendix and Index f to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. | The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett, 7 plates. 1854.4 The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, 16 plates. The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Darwin, 2 plates. The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 6 plates. l The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mr. F. E. Edwards, 8 plates. ( The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 11 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 12 plates. | The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 2, Prosobranchiata, continued, by Mr. F. E. 1855 4 Edwards, 4 plates. | The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part III, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe, 11 plates. | The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones, 6 plates. L The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 12 plates. The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part IV, Permian, by Mr. Davidson, 4 plates. 1856 3 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Hepat of the Wealden Formations, Part IV (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen, plates. The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I (Supplement), by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. 1857 4 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen, 8 plates. The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk, 22 plates. | | L ( The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 7 plates. | The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F. E. | Edwards, 6 plates. 1 The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen, 7 plates. bake Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 20 plates. 1859 4 The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. 1 The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. L The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 18 plates. * This Vol. is marked on the outside 1855. + This Vol. is marked on the outside 1856. 1858 18 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen, 11 plates. The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen, 1 plate. The Fossil Estherie, by Prof. Rupert Jones, 5 plates. The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell, 11 plates. Vol. XIV. Issued for the | es Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright, 13 Year 1860 ” XV. 9 1861 plates. Supplement to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett, 15 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 11 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Mr. J. W. Salter, 6 plates. 47 SAA se 1862 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part V1, No. 1, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 9 plates. | The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 7 plates. l The sieee of the Cretaceous and Wealden Formations (Supplements), by Prof. Owen, plates. ( The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part II, by Mr. J. W. | Salter, 8 plates. ap "Aoi A 1863 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson, 11 plates. The Belemnitide, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 16 plates. p The Fossil Hchinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part II (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 6 plates. | The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part III, by Mr. J. W. Salter, 11 plates. The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis spelea, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 5 plates. Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous, OVS... 1864 4 | ve and Wealden Formations. f u The Crag Foraminifera, Part 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady, 4 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan, 10 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 9 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 12 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 11 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr. » XX.* . 1866 4 J. W. Salter, 6 plates. | The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. ITI, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Belemnitide, Part III, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 13 plates. ( Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 14 plates. aes P55 1865 2 Ol lie 3 1867 4 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray | Lankester, 5 plates. wees Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis spelea, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 14 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 9 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part II, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 15 plates. oes 1868 { The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 7 plates. | The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part III, Felis spelea, concluded, with F. lynx, by la Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 6 plates. c | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Belemnitide, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips, 9 plates. fy 2-2-4100 Eee 1869 4 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and | E. Ray Lankester, 9 plates. | The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. \ The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen, 5 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XXIV.* 9, XXKV.* » XXVI* » SXVIL* » XXVITI.* » XXIX.* 3 © XX.* 5 O60 OM Ge = 2. DOA 19 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. ( The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10 Issued for the | plates. ” ” The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 5 plates. The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. { The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. | The coe Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward, plates. Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, with an Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. 1871 4 Harmer, 7 plates and map. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen, 3 plates The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, 2 plates. | The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins, L 5 plates. f Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan, with an Index | to the Tertiary and Secondary Species, 7 plates. 1872 4 The Fossil Kchinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Hurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H Woodward, 10 plates. L the Fossil Trigonie, No. I, by Dr. Lycett, 9 plates. ( The Fossil Kchinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol I, Part V1, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by My. Davidson, 8 plates. 1873 4 Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, 5 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa) No. VI, by Prof. Owen. Une Fossil] Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. ( The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. 8. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. | D. Robertson, 16 plates. 1874 { The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones | and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. 8. Brady, 5 plates. The Fossil Trigoniz, No. II, by Dr. Lycett, 10 plates. The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part IV, by Mr. E. W. Binney, 6 plates. 1875 The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Fossil Trigoniz, No. III, by Dr. Lycett, 8 plates. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen, 20 plates. (The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. | H. B. Brady, 12 plates. 1876 J Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part II, No. 1 (Jurassic and Triassic), | by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Poikilopleuron and Chondrosteosaurus), L No. VII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. Supplement to the Eocene Mollusca (Bivalves), by Mr. 8. V. Wood, 2 plates. 1877 | Year 1870 [ ah Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates. The Fossil Trigoniz, No. IV, by Dr. Lycett, 13 plates. The Eocene Mollusca (Univalves), Part IV, by Mr. S. V. Wood, 1 plate. The Carboniferous Ganoid Fishes, Part I (Paleoniscide), by Dr. Traquair, 7 plates. The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. l The Fossil Elephants (H. antiquus), Part I, by Prof. Leith Adams, 5 plates. ( The Fossil Hchinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VIII, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. Index and Title Page to the Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I (Hchinoidea), by Dr. Wright. The Fossil Merostomata, Part V (Neolimulus, &c.), by Dr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part II, No. 2 (Jurassic and Triassic), 1878 by Mr. Davidson, 13 plates. | The Lias Ammonites, Part I, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. The Sirenoid and Crossopterygian Ganoids, Part I, by Prof. Miall, 6 plates. Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus, and Sucho- saurus), No. VIII, by Prof. Owen, 6 plates. : L The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part A (Preliminary Treatise), by Prof. Boyd Dawkins. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XXXIII.* 5, XXXIV.* 39 XV » XXX VI* » SXXVIL* » SXXVITI.* » XXXIX.* 57 ae » LIF 20 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. ( The Hocene Flora, Vol. I, Part I, by Mr. J.S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen, 5 plates. Second Supplement to the Crag Mollusca (Univalves and Bivalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, 6 plates. Issued for the } The Fossil Trigoniz, No. V (Conclusion), by Dr. Lycett, 1 plate. Year 1879 1 The Lias Ammonites, Part II, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. | Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Brachydectes, Nannosuchus, Theriosuchus, and Nuthetes), No. [X, by Prof. Owen, 4 plates. L The Fossil Elephants (E. primigenius), Part II, by Prof. Leith Adams, 10 plates. ( The Eocene Flora, Vol. I, Part II, by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen, 6 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part III (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright, 3 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part III (Permian and Carboniferous), by Mr. Davidson, 8 plates. | The Lias Ammonites, Part III, by Dr. Wright, 22 plates. (The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. II, Part I (Chelone) by Prof. Owen, 2 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part 1X, by Dr. Wright, 6 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part IV (Devonian and Silurian, from Budleigh-Salterton Pebble Bed), by Mr. Davidson, 5 plates. 1881 The Fossil Trigonie (Supplement No. 1), by Dr. Lycett. eb) The Lias Ammonites, Part IV, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part III (Conclusion), by Prof. Owen, 13 plates. The Fossil Elephants (E. primigenius and H. meridionalis), Part III (Conclusion), by Prof. Leith Adams, 13 plates. ( The Eocene Flora, Vol. I, Part III (Conclusion), by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron Kttingshausen, 2 plates. | Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by the late Mr. S. V. Wood, 1 plate. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cret., Vol. I, Part X (Conclusion), by Dr. Wright, 5 plates. Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part V (Conclusion), by Dr. Davidson. Do., Vol. V, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Dr. Davidson, 7 plates. (_ The Lias Ammonites, Part V, by Dr. Wright, 22 plates. ( The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part I, by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 9 plates. The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part V (Conclusion), by the late Mr. J. W. Salter. * 1880 1 ~ 1882 1883 : The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part I, by Dr. H. Woodward, 6 plates. #0 “] Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part IL (Silurian), by Dr. Davidson, 10 plates. The Fossil Trigoniz (Supplement No. 2), by the late Dr. Lycett, 4 plates. (The Lias Ammonites, Part VI, by Dr. Wright, 8 plates. f The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part II, by Mr. J.S. Gardner, 11 plates. The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I, No. 2 (Conclusion), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G. 8. Brady, 2 plates. "3 1884 { The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part II, by Dr. H. Woodward, 4 plates. | Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part III (Conclusion), by Dr. Davidson, 4, plates. L The Lias Ammonites, Part VII, by Dr. Wright, 10 plates. The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part III (Conclusion), by Mr. J. 8. Gardner, 7 plates. The Stromatoporoids, Part I, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 11 plates. 5 1885 4} The Fossil Brachiopoda (Bibliography), Vol. VI (Conclusion), by the late Dr. Davidson and Mr. W. H. Dalton. The Lias Ammonites, Part VIII (Conclusion), by the late Dr. Wright, 1 plate. ( The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria Ficoides, by Prof. W. C. Williamson, 15 plates. 1886 The Fossil Sponges, Part I, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 8 plates. ” 886 4 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 1, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part I, by Mr. §. S. Buckman, 6 plates. The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part VI, by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, 7 plates. The Fossil Sponges, Part II, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 1 plate. 1887 The Palzozoic Phyllopoda, Part I, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward, 12 plates. 9 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 2, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part II, by Mr. 8. 8S. Buckman, 8 plates. * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding ; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. 21 CATALOGUE OF WORKS—Continued. The Stromatoporoids, Part II, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 8 plates. The Tertiary Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Mr. C. D. Sherborn, 3 plates. The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 3, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 5 plates. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part III, by Mr. S. S. Buckman, 10 plates. The ae Fauna of the South of England, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, plates. Title-pages to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck (Supple- ments), Kimmeridge Clay, and Mesozoic Formations, and on the Cetacea of the Red Crag. Vol, XLII.* Issued for the Year 1888 Hinde, 4 plates. The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 4, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 5 plates. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part IV, by Mr. S. S. Buckman, 13 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 12 plates. », &LIII.* The Cretaceous Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. G. J. ” 1889 | L The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part I (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Percy Sladen, 8 plates. », XLIV.* 9 1890 { The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part V, by Mr. S. S. Buckman, 8 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part III, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 9 plates. \_Title-pages to the Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Prof. Duncan. [ The Stromatoporoids, Part III, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 6 plates. | The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VI, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 12 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part IV (Conclusion of Vol. 1), | 7 plates. L ” 93 Vol. II, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 5 plates. The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 5, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 4 plates. » XLV.* ss 1891 ( The Stromatoporoids, Part TV (Conclusion), by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson, 4 plates. The Palzozoic Phyllopoda, Part II, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward, 5 plates. XLVL* 1892 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 6, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates. 22 : 32 The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VII, by Mr. 8. 8S. Buckman, 20 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, 5 plates. The Fossil Sponges, Part III, by Dr. G. J. Hinde, 10 plates. [ The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part Il (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Percy 1893 3 Sladen, 8 plates. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VIII, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman, 16 plates. The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part III, by the Rev. G. F. L Whidborne, 7 plates. » XLVII.* 33 Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part I, by Dr. W. Hind, 11 plates. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part 1X, by Mr. S. 8. Buckman, 11 plates. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part II, No.1, by Dr. R. H. Traquair, 4 plates. The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 7, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston, 6 plates. » SLVIII.* 1894, | * These Volumes are issued in two forms of binding; first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover ; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. 22 § II. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS Completed, in course of Publication, and in Preparation. 1. MONOGRAPHS which have been Compteren, and which may be bound as separate Volumes, with directions for the Binp1ne :— The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria ficoides by Prof. W. C, Williamson. (Complete with Title-page and Index in the Volume for the year 1886.) The Eocene Flora, Vol. I (Filices), by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1879, 1880, and 1882. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for 1882.) The Eocene Flora, Vol. Il (Gymnosperme), by Mr. J. S. Gardner. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1883, 1884, and 1885. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for 1885.) The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. H. B. Brady. (Complete in the Volume for the year 1876.) The Stromatoporoids, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1885, 1888, 1890, and 1892. The Title-page Index, and directions for binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1892.) The Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, Devonian, and Silurian Corals, by MM. Milne-Edwards and J. Haime. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1849, 1851, 1852, 1853, and 1854. The Title-page and Index, with corrected explanations of Plates XVII and XVIII, will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.) Supplement to the Tertiary, Cretaceous, Liassic, and Oolitic Corals, by Prof. Martin Duncan. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1872, and 1890. The Title-page, with directions for binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1890.) The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Mr. G. Busk. (Complete with Title-page and Index in the Volume for the year 1857.) The Tertiary Echinodermata, by Professor Forbes. (Complete with Title-page in the Volume for the year 1852.) The Fossil Cirripedes, by Mr. C. Darwin. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1851, 1854, and 1858. The Title-page will be found in the Volume for the year 1854, and the Index in the Volume for the year 1858. The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. S. Brady, the Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D. Robertson. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1874.) The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1855.) The Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1849.) Supplement to the Cretaceous Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. G. J. Hinde. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1889.) The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinade and their allies), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G.S. Brady. (Complete in the volumes for the years 1874 and 1884. The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1884.) The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. T, Rupert Jones. (Complete, with Title-puge and Index, in the Volume for the year 1860.) 23 The Trilobites of the Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations, by Mr. J. W. Salter. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1863, 1864, 1866, and 1883. The Title- page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1883.) The Fossil Merostomata, by Dr. H. Woodward. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1865, 1868, 1871, 1872, and 1878. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1878.) The Fossil Brachiopoda (Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, and Liassic), Vol. I, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1852, 1853, and 1854. The Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1854, and corrected Title-page in that for 1870.) The Fossil Brachiopoda (Permian and Carboniferous), Vol. II, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1860. The Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1860, and corrected Title-page in that for 1870.) The Fossil Brachiopoda (Devonian and Silurian), Vol. III, by Mr. T. Davidson. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1863, 1865, 1866, 1868, and 1870. The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1870.) The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, by Dr. T. Davidson. Supplements: Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, and Carboniferous. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1873, 1876, 1878, 1880, 1881, and 1882. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1882.) The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, by Dr. T. Davidson. Supplements : Devonian and Silurian. Appendix to Supplements, General Summary, Catalogue and Index of the British Species. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1882, 1883, and 1884. The Title-page, with directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1884.) The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. VI, by Dr. T. Davidson and Mr. W. H. Dalton. Biblio- graphy. (Complete in the Volume for the year 1885.) The Eocene Bivalves, Vol. I, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volumes for the years 1859, 1862, and 1870. The directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1870.) Supplement to the Eocene Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-paye and Index, in the Volume for the year 1877.) The Eocene Cephalopoda and Univalves, Vol. I, by Mr. F. E. Edwards and Mr. S. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1848, 1852, 1854, 1855, 1858, and 1877. The Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1877.) The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. I, Univalves, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. (Zhe Text, Plates, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1847, and the Title-page will be found in the Volume for the year 1855.) The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. II, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1853, 1855, 1858, and 1873. The Title-page will be found in the Volume for the year 1878, and the Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1855, and a Note in the Volume for the year 1858). The Mollusca of the Crag, Vol. III, Supplement, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1871 and 1873. The Title-page and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1873.) Second Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8S. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1879.) Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by Mr. 8. V. Wood. (Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1882.) 24 The Great Oolite Mollusca, by Professor Morris and Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1850, 1853, and 1854. The Title-paye and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.) The Fossil Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1872, 1874, 1875, 1877, and 1879. The directions for the binding will be found in the Volume for the year 1879.) Supplement to the Fossil Trigoniz, by Dr. Lycett. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1881 and 1883. The Title-page, Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1883.) The Oolitic Echinodermata, Vol. I, Echinoidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, and 1878. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1878.) The Oolitic Echinodermata, Vol. II, Asteroidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1861, 1864, and 1880. Title-page, Index, and directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1880). The Cretaceous Echinodermata, Vol. I, Echinoidea, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1862, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1878, 1881, and 1882. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1832.) The Cretaceous (Upper) Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1858, 1854, and 1855, but wants Title-page and Indez.) The Lias Ammonites, by Dr. Wright. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, and 1885. The Title-page and Index, with directions for the binding, will be found in the Volume for the year 1885.) The Fossils of the Permian Formation, by Professor King. Complete, with Title-page and Index, in the Volume for the year 1849. Corrected explanations of Plates XXVIII and XXVIII* will be found in the Volume for the year 1854.) The Reptilia of the London Clay (and of the Bracklesham and other Tertiary Beds), Vol. I, by Professors Owen and Bell. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1848, 1849, 1856, and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.) Part I of Vol. II, containing Chelone gigas (to be found in the Volume for the year 1880), can be added. The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1851, 1857, 1858, 1862, and 1864. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.) The Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1862, and 1864, Directions for the binding, Title-pages, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1864.) The Reptilia of the Wealden aud Purbeck Formations (Supplements 4—9), by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1871, 1873, 1876, 1878, 1879, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1859, 1860, 1868, and 1888. Durections for the binding, Title- page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1859, 1860, 1868, 1869, and 1881. Directions for the binding, Title-pages, and Index, will be found in the Volume for the year 1881.) The Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volume fo: the years 1873, 1875, 1877, and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) 25 The Red Crag Cetacea, by Professor Owen. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1869 and 1888. Directions for the binding, Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents, will be found in the Volume for the year 1888.) The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Professor Owen. (Complete, with Title- page and Table of Contents, in the Volume for the year 1870.) The Fossil Elephants, by Professor Leith Adams. (Complete in the Volumes for the years 1877, 1879, and 1881. Directions for the binding, Title-page, and Index will be found in the Volume for the year 1881. 2. MONOGRAPHS in course of Pusuication :*¥— The Fossil Sponges, by Dr. G. J. Hinde. The Crag Foraminifera, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and H. B. Brady.t+ The Jurassic Gasteropoda, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston. Carbonica, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, by Dr. Wheelton Hind. The Palzeozoic Phyllopoda, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. H. Woodward. The Trilobites, by Dr. H. Woodward. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, by Mr. S. S. Buckman. The Belemnites, by Professor Phillips.t The Sirenoid and Crossopterygian Ganoids, by Professor Miall. The Fishes of the Carboniferous Formation, by Dr. R. H. Traquair. The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E. Ray Lankester, and Professor Traquair. The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford. The Fauna of the Devonian Formation of the South of England, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne. 3. MONOGRAPHS which are promised or are in course of PREPARATION :*¥— The Fossil Cycadex, by Mr. W. Carruthers. The Graptolites, by Prof. Lapworth. The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part II (Leperditiade), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. The Wealden, Purbeck, and Jurassic Entomostraca, by Prof. T. R. Jones. The Purbeck Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Rheetic Mollusca, by Mr. R. Etheridge. The Cambrian Fossils, by Dr. H. Hicks, The Silurian Fish Bed, by Dr. Harley. The Fossils of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne. * Members having specimens which might assist the authors in preparing their respective Monographs are requested to communicate in the first instance with the Honorary Secretary. + Will be finished by Prof. T. Rupert Jones. { Unfinished through the death of the Author, but will be continued by Mr. G. C. Crick. = § III. Dates of the Issue of the Yearly Volumes of the Volume I for 2? UT 2) ” Rik 3? IY; 2) 23 iv oP) 99 VI > BP] Vil 22 e VILE .4; 2) IX >B) a) X 2) 3? XI bP) ” XII ,, 3 XT 5 33 XIV PP] 3) XV 3) ” Vis; Pe RVI eh fe SOVIET oS a » SD. Saee 9 D6 ae 3 GE 5, Be p.S.4 ies ime, © i li Matas en LN «igs ie ee 35 ee Se MAE ts Samp. ®. 4" eee eV LL |, et eens SS, » XXX ,, ee? ?. 2.4 ee aie). ©.©,% |) ae Par es... 8 Ol ee ite ESE V: > 35 cae’. ©. 5 Maen +e VS, NAL 45, y.®.©. 9509 Rae 3 Oe -,, ” XL +) 59 ALI ;; ‘3 2.S Fd ae oy SEE 55 3 MLV? ;; ” XLV ,, ; mo Val 7; a MLIVEE ,, Spe PN Os gla 26 Palzeontographical Society. 1847 was issued to the Members, 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864, 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 ”? ? oP) 2) March, 1848. July, 1849. August, 1850. - June, 1851. June, 1851. August, 1852. December, 1853. May, 1855. February, 1857. April, 1858. November, 1859. March, 1861. December, 1861. May, 1863. May, 1863. August, 1864. June, 1865. April, 1866. December, 1866. June, 1867. June, 1868. February, 1869. January, 1870. January, 1871. June, 1872. October, 1872. February, 1874. July, 1874. December, 1875. December, 1876. February, 1877. March, 1878. May, 1879. May, 1880. May, 1881. June, 1882. October, 1883. December, 1884. January, 1886. March, 1887. January, 1888. March, 1889. March, 1890. Apnil, 1891. February, 1892. November, 1892. December, 1893. November, 1894. 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SETIASHIC Tov oweevseee P3880) Hi eee cce. 1860 Permian... ..... 1849) 1849 |{ 1873) 1889 1849 4) .s. 1849 |1860 (1867) | |1870) | a i7il 19671 Baye | 4852 -| “asc, | eae ere nce! gona (| 1808-184 1875) | (|1886| } (1853) 1865 | 1885 | Devonian ......... | 1887 TSSGN (Re Geectee | Bh. che | 1888 1860 4 jes >| 1862, 1888 Le | 1878 | (1892 J 1854 aaee Sys £1886 | 1887| } 1871 | | ¢1862, 1863 TMA cere ceirene= | eee | reel aa {1855 | Ree eee || © eeetee { 1892| ) 1872 {ised 1866 | 1878 4 1886 Cambrian ......... 1887 ee SSOP Br ccdee il) Siaees | SS 7 ewece es 1864 Note.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates. 31 STRATIGRAPHICAL TABLE exhibiting the Britisu Fossius already figured and described in the ANNUAL VotumEs (1847—1894) of the PaLmontoGRaAPHICAL Socipry (continued). MOLLUSCA. VERTEBRATA. - aT « . a 3 ‘£ 8 3 < a a § 2. SB 5 g & 3 > = Bin 3 4 $ 3 3 3 ses E A 5 g ib i) ie & S832 5 eS = a) =| aS ro) (1864 1867 1868 | 1871 Pleistocene ...... 1873 | pees ce- ep ihe esate 4 ae 1878 1879 1881 1847, 1850, 1886 1852 aes | 1869 Crag ...... Reoasnies 1857 1873 1871, 1873, i Bare {188 1879 1879, 1882 1888 1852, 1854, 1852 1855, 1858, BUSCNG’ escacesecase aah Tree ieee 1848 1848, 1849, 1856,1880 1870, 1877 1872 1853 A 1852,1854, 1875 fee 1851, 1857, 1858, veseneses 1873, 1884 1877 Toke 1862, 1873, 1888 1879 1853, 1854, | 1855, 1856, 1857, 1862, Wealden ......... mo) conn 1 1871, 1873, | 1875, 1876, 1878, 1879 1850, 1853, > (Purbeck) 1853, } 1854 1972, | (1850, 1861, |} 1858 (Kim. -1850.1852 1874, 1875, | 1868, 1869, Clay), 1859, Batik 1876,1878, 1877, 1879, | 1886, 1887, § | 1860, 1868, ee WAN BcocacoeonG a4 4 1883, 1886, 1888, 1889, }? 1873, 1875, ( 8 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891, | 1877,1888° | 1889, 1891, | | 192.1894 | (Great Oolite) | 1892, 1894 J | (1863, 1864, 1875, 1888 J 1850,1852 1866, 1868, 1859, 1860, he. 1852, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, Liassic eeeccesvcece je7eass | { 1879 1883 4 1880. 1881 t ' 1863, 1869, 1884. pease o ll 1873, 1881 | 1882, 1883, | | 1884, 1885, | } Meine seeialc ds 1876, i878 1979. ti ees 1s78° | ee 1870 Permian 1849 i yeah 1849 1849 1849 1849 1856,1857, 1858,1859, Carboniferous ... 1860,1880, S94 | Netoncee 1877 1884. 1862,1863, 1867 Mey OnIAN%/cscs jissiase| { oes eee 1889 is 1884 ,1893 > 1894. 1865,1866, Silurian 1868,1870, Peas, 18811862, Cambrian ......... 1883 Notr.—The numbers in the above List refer to the Volumes issued for those Dates. Ps ice 7 iiss if a ft . 7 ’ ioe- a : TY a ae : ; i — a we _ = Vs a a i» é Mh ah - J ¥ ert 7 yes e ui # ov j vy ‘ : ’ , ) : . . . ; be a g 1 v ies" pe Pe a | yO 4 eet en” © 5.5 % ® : é 0 way \ E - S 2 aru 7 - od a - Pale Hel , 7 ‘ 7 ih — iS a . 1 ‘ i “ rn il | " = 7 + TY - THE PAL.RONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVIL. VOLUME FOR 1894. MDCCCXCIV. A MONOGRAPH BRITISH JURASSIC GASTEROPODA. BY WILFRID H. HUDLESTON, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. PART E No: 7. GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITEH. Paces 325—390; Puates XX VII—XXXII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1894, PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W. ONUSTUS. 325 Genus—Onvstus, Humphrey, 1797. We owe to the late Hugéne Deslongchamps, in the first instance, the recognition of the fact that several trochiform shells found in the Jurassic rocks, which had been referred by d’Orbigny to the genus Trochus, might with more propriety be classed under the genus Onustus. Deslongchamps published his conclusions on this subject in 1860,' and pointed out that in the Jurassic rocks of France the genus had been noted in the Middle Lias, the Upper Lias, the Inferior Oolite, the Great Oolite, and the Callovian. Lycett in 1863” accepted these conclusions, and gave a diagnosis, based upon that of Deslongchamps, more especially applicable to the Jurassic species. Shell conical, wide-angled, whorls flattened or rendered somewhat concave by an expansion of their lower borders, which overhang and conceal the suture ; the lower border of the last whorl is produced horizontally ; surface irregularly striated. The base is concave towards the outer border and convex towards the centre; the umbilical orifice is sometimes large but in other instances small, and becomes nearly concealed by advance of growth ; the aperture is depressed and oblique, columellar side curved, outer lip angular and prodwced.—Modified after Lycurr. As observed by Lycett, none of the Jurassic species exhibit those agglutinations of shells and stones which are so characteristic of the Tertiary and Recent examples of Onustus. In the Jurassic rocks of this country the genus is first noted in the Upper Lias, where fairly characteristic specimens of O. heliacus, d’Orb., are quoted from more than one locality, and a similar form occurs in the Lias-Oolite sands of Nibley, in Gloucestershire. A small and interesting form, near to O. heliacus, occurs sparingly in the Opalinus-zone ; whilst the Murchisonx-zone is characterised by a group of much larger forms, which it is convenient to focus for the most part under Onustus pyramidatus, Phil. In the Upper Division of the Inferior Oolite Onustus ornatissimus, d’Orb., is far from uncommon at Burton Bradstock, and a variety of this has been noted by Morris from the Lincolnshire Limestone. The genus is but poorly represented in the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds, and has not been recorded, to my knowledge, from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton. The French authors have described one or two species from the Bathonian and Callovian of France, and Lycett described Onustus Burtonensis from the Forest-Marble of Burton Bradstock. | t «Bull. Soe. Linn. Norm..,’ voi. v. 2 «Suppl. to Great Oolite Mollusca,’ p. 103. A2 326 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. There can be little doubt that these shells have their ornamentation con- siderably modified by the accidents of preservation and mineralisation, so that appearances are not altogether to be trusted. This is especially the case in the Dogger, where it sometimes happens that the characteristic species, O. pyramidatus, Phil., appears deprived of all its coste, or is otherwise so modified as to invite distinct recognition. Hence my hesitation to deal with forms which undoubtedly present considerable variety, and which under other conditions I should scarcely hesitate to regard as fairly distinct species. Roughly speaking, the Jurassic species referred to Onustus may be divided into two groups, viz. (1) that represented by O. pyramidatus, Phil., where the basal periphery is almost simple and the base nearly smooth. To this group belong O. lamellosus, d’Orb., and O. acwminatus, sp. n. (Pl. XXVII, fig. 3), in the Inferior Oolite; O. liasinus, H. Desl., of the Middle Lias of May; and O. papyraceus, Héb. and Desl., from the Callovian of Montreuil-Bellay. (2) The second group is represented by O. ornatissimus, d’Orb., where the basal periphery is more or less serrated, whilst in the majority of cases the base itself is more or less marked by spiral striz. This group includes O. heliacus, d’Orb., of the Upper Lias, and the var. opalina (Pl. XXVII, fig. 4). In O. Heberti, Laube, the characters of the two groups seem to be somewhat blended. 259. OnusTus pyramiIpatus, Phillips, 1829. Plate XXVII, figs. 1 and 2. 1829, 1835. Trocuvus pyramipatvs, Phillips. Geol. Yorks., pt. 1, pl. xi, fig. 22. 1884. Onustus pyRamiIDATUS, Phil., sp. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i, p- 294, pl. ix, figs. 2 and 3. See also for this group of Onustus— TROCHUS LAMELLOSUS, d@’Orbigny. Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 270, pl. cccxi, figs. 11—13. Onustvus Liasinus, Eugene Deslongchamps. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm., vol. v; pl. x, fig. 10. — papyraceus, Héb. and Desl. Op. et vol. cit., pl. ix, fig. 8. — oknatisstmus, Hudl., non d’Orb. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i, p- 293, pl. ix, fig. 1. Bibliography, §c.—The original Trochus pyramidatus, now preserved in the York Museum, does not very much resemble the figure by Phillips in the ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’ which seems to represent a more costated shell. I think, however, the specimen may have suffered from scaling, to which fossils from the Dogger are liable. ONUSTUS. 327 Description.—The following are the proportions of the type specimen : Height : ‘ : #17 mm. Width ; ‘ d : . 23 mm. Spiral angle . : : meSOrr. The spiral angle may be said to range from about 80° to 86°, and is slightly concave to nearly regular. Whorls six to seven in number; they are irregularly concave and more or less overlap, the line of junction being usually slightly crenulated. The costz are numerous, prominent, straight or slightly sinuous, the intercostal spaces being roughened by closely-set lamelle, which give a scaly appearance. This is much more conspicuous in some specimens than in others—a circumstance which may be attributed to differences in mineralisa- tion. The margin of the base is but slightly crenulated, the peripheral edge being almost plain, and so thin that the outline is seldom perfectly preserved in any of the specimens. The base has very fine radial lines, with occasional traces of spiral ones, but is otherwise smooth ; it is only slightly concave, rising again towards the columella. There is a semicircular umbilical excavation of moderate dimensions, but no umbilicus. Aperture very oblique. Varieties.—Of those to which it may be necessary to draw particular attention the most frequent is one which occurs in the Dogger and elsewhere, and which was mistaken by me for O. ornatissimus, d’Orb, (vide ‘Geol. Mag.’ ut supra). In this form the cost are very short, and do not meet, so that the imbrication or overlap of the whorls is very conspicuous; spire conical. This variety might be known as semicostata. Another variety from the Dogger is a very conical form, presenting the usual characteristics of O. pyramidatus, especially the flat and scarcely excavated base, but is absolutely devoid of costz. Whether or no this is a trick of mineralisation seems uncertain. This may be known as var. incostata. There are also in the Murchisonx-zone of Bradford Abbas and Halfway House some megalomorphs, which it would seem proper to regard as referable to this species, the more so as they exhibit the characteristic base; one of these must have measured 40 mm. in width. These seem to answer to Hugéne Deslongchamps’ description of Onustus lamellosus, d’Orb. (vide ‘ Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm.,’ vol. v, p- 133). Relations and Distribution.— Onustus pyramidatus may be regarded as the most abundant representative of the genus in the Jurassic rocks; distinguished from O. heliacus, d’Orb., by its larger habit, more closely-set coste, and more scaly surface, and also by the greater smoothness of the basal border. The same features will also serve to distinguish it from O. ornatissinws, d’Orb. It is not common anywhere, but occurs mostly in the Yorkshire Dogger 328 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. and in the lower zones of the Inferior Oolite in Dorset, especially at Bradford Abbas. Rare at Duston. The two species next described are closely related, and indeed Onustus acuminatus is little more than a variety. 260. ONUSTUS ACUMINATUS, sp. nov. Plate XXVII, fig. 3. Description : Height restored 2 : 3 . 22 mm. Width : : : > 26 mms Opening of spiral due ‘ : . 40°. Mean spiral angle : sel Oe Shell pyramidal, imperforate ; spiral pls Saivewioly concave. Number of whorls about nine ; the apical whorls are flat, but with the increase of the spiral angle become much more excavated, so much so that the spire seems as if it scarcely belonged to the three anterior whorls. ‘The ornaments are similar to those in some of the varieties of O. pyramidatus, the costs being fully developed to the very edge of each whorl. The base is flat, smooth, or with slight radial lines of growth, and there is scarcely any trace of an umbilical excavation. Relations and Distribution—This form exhibits the concave spiral angle to a far greater extent than any species of Onustus in the Inferior Oolite of this country, in this respect somewhat resembling Onustus papyraceus, Héb. and Desl., from the Callovian of Montreuil-Bellay. It is quite possible that where the spire has been lost there are no means of distinguishing O. acwminatus from the more common O. pyramidatus. Rare in the Murchisone-zone at Bradford Abbas, and probably occurring on the same horizon at one or two other places in North Dorset. There are two specimens from the Inferior Oolite of Nailsworth, now in the Jermyn Street Museum, which may be referred to O. acuminatus. 261. Onustus, species or variety. Plate XXVII, figs. 5a, 5b. Description : Height : : : . 16 mm. Width ; : ; : . 23 mm. Spiral angle . : ; 5 wS82F. oo ONUSTUS. 329 The proportions in this form are very similar to those of an average specimen of O. pyramidatus. The chief differences to note are that the coste are finer and more numerous, the scaly character remaining much about the same. Instead, however, of the nearly flat and unexcavated base, there is a very marked umbilical cavity. The base is plain, convex towards the centre, and presents towards the periphery a wide channel occasioned by the overlap of the margin of the body- whorl. It is true that this feature is partly shared by all varieties of the pyramidatus-group, but it seems especially developed in this form. Relations and Distribution.—In many respects this variety approaches O. lamellosus, @’Orb., more especially in the character of the base. None of our specimens exhibit the fine spiral striz round the umbilicus mentioned by the author, but the absence of these might easily be accounted for by the state of preservation. Very rare at Bradford Abbas; the figured specimen is from the Concavus-bed. 262. Onustus HELIACUS, d’Orbigny, var. oPALINA. Plate XXVII, figs. 4a, 4b. In this variety, which is rather narrower than the typical form, the spiral angle rarely attains to 70°. The figure is perfectly conical, rather reminding us of O. pyramidatus, from which species it obviously differs in its smaller habit of growth, in the wideness of the space between the axial cost, and in the more crenulated margin of the base. The base itself is smooth with fine radial lines. In the figured specimen very slight spiral striz are also noted. There is scarcely even a trace of an umbilical fissure, and this seems inconsistent with d’Orbigny’s description of O. heliacus. But Eugéne Deslongchamps tells us (‘ Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm..,’ vol. v, p. 182) that the so-called umbilicus in that species is a mere umbilical hollow. This variety of O. heliacus occurs on or about the Opalinus-zone at Drympton and Burton Bradstock. The majority of the specimens are in very bad condition, but the width between the cost in those cases where the crenulated margin is broken away will serve to distinguish it from all varieties of the pyramidatus-group. 263. Onustus Heserti, Laube, 1867. Plate XXVII, figs. 6a, 6b, and 7. 1867. Onusrus Heserti, Laube. Gastropoden des braunen Jura von Balin, p. 14 (sep. copy), pl. iii, fig. 5. 330 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Bibliography, §c.—The author recognised a form of Onustus, occurring rarely at Balin and Sanka, which he regarded as occupying an intermediate position between O. ornatissimus, d’Orbigny, and O. papyraceus, Héb. and Desl., the latter representing the section of which O. pyramidatus is the type: Description : Height : ; : i, 10) mm: Width : ‘ : a -» 12mm: Spiral angle . : : 68°. Shell short, conical, pointed. The spiral angle but slightly concave. Number of whorls about six. These are flat, closely fitting, and ornamented with very regular costz of moderate prominence, so arranged that there are about thirty in the body-whorl. The intercostal spaces are moderately scaly. Base nearly flat, but rising towards the rhomboidal aperture ; peripheral border slightly crenulated. There is a very faint submarginal channel, and an umbilical hollow rather than a true umbilicus: spiral striz of the base very distinct. Relations and Distribution.—Although this shell does not correspond in all respects with the form described by Laube, its obviously intermediate character between the pyramidatus-group and O. ornatissimus must be my justification for thus identifying it. Whilst the flanks of the shell are characteristic of O. pyramidatus and its allies, though with a narrower spiral angle, the spiral ornamentation of the base entirely removes it from this group, and brings it into comparison with the still stronger basal striz of the species next described. A single specimen from Stoford, horizon unknown. Fig. 7, representing a shell from the Cadomensis-bed, Oborne, may be a variety. 264. Onustus orNaATIssiMuS, d’Orbigny, 1850. Plate XXVII, figs. 8 a, 8 b. 1850. Trocuus ornatisstmus, d’Orbigny. Prod., i, p. 264. 1852. — as = Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 272, pl. ccexii, figs. 5—8. Cf. also — — _ ?, var. Pontonts. Morris, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ix, p. 343, pl. xiv, fig. 10. Non Onvstus ornarisstuus, d’Orb., sp. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i, p- 298, pl. ix, fig. 1. Description : Height of average specimen 5 . 10—12 mm. Width ; : , . 17—19 mm. Spiral angle (concave) . i : . 80°—85°. NERITIDA. 331 The following description by d’Orbigny suits the British specimens very well. ‘*Shell much wider than high, considerably umbilicated. Spire formed by a concave angle, excavated, composed of whorls somewhat concave, furnished axially with straight coste, radiating from the summit of the spire towards the margin, where they are terminated by a point. In the interspaces are fine oblique trans- verse lamellae. The last whorl, somewhat convex above, carinated, and with points on the periphery, is umbilicated in the centre, and around this occurs a prominence with concentric striz.” The aperture is rhomboidal and depressed, as in all species of Onustus from the Jurassic rocks. Relations and Distribution.—This species is easily distinguished from O. pyramidatus and its allies by the coarseness and wideness apart of the axial costz and the serrated character of the basal periphery, which in some specimens almost equals the figures in the ‘ Terrains Jurassiques.’ Fig. 8 of the accom- panying plate represents the usual British form, whilst fig. 7 represents a peculiar form occurring in the upper part of the Humphriesianus-zone at Oborne, which seems to connect rather with O. Heberti. In the width between the costz and in some other respects 0. ornatissimus presents certain analogies with O. heliacus and its varieties, which it also more resembles in size; but it is distinguished from that species by the presence of a distinct umbilicus, the edge of which is spirally striated, and also by the much stronger serrations of the basal periphery. Typical specimens are somewhat abundant in the Parkinsoni-zone of Burton Bradstock and Vitney Cross, but very rare elsewhere, and almost unknown much further north. Var. Pontonis, Morris.— Specimens from the Lincolnshire Limestone are in such a poor state of preservation that it is difficult to say what their relations may be. I have a specimen from Ponton which seems to be a small variety of this species, but as the base is not seen the identification cannot be regarded as certain. Family—NERITIDA. Shell imperforate, globular, semiglobular, or patelliform ; spire very small, cavity simple owing to the absorption of the internal portions of the whorls ; aperture seni- lunate ; columellar side expanded and often flattened. In the Inferior Oolite of this country the following genera or sub-genera occur, viz. Nerita, Neridomus, and Pileolus. Of these Neridomwus is perhaps best considered as a section of Nerita allied to Neritina. Shells of this family are far from abundant in our Inferior Oolite. They mostly occur on a low horizon, and appear to be wanting in the rich shell-beds of the Dorset-Somerset district. 332 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Genus—Nrrita, Linneus, 1758. Systematic conchologists, such as Fischer, do not carry the genus Nerita so far back in time as the Jurassic period. That author (‘ Manuel,’ p. 800) observes that the Jurassic forms of Nerita are doubtful and belong to the genus Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. Accepting provisionally the classification of these authors for the Neritoid shells of the Lower Oolites, [think that Nevita will cover the more rugose and costated forms with flattened inner lip, though, as far as my experience goes, there is no denticulation of theedge. Viewing Neridomus as a section of Nerita, this will include shells which are smooth and have the inner lip convex. It has always seemed to me that Neridomus was more nearly related to Neritina than to Nerita. Cossmann, I may remark, is disposed to query the value of the generic distinction between Neritina and Nerita, and he has no hesitation in placing all the Nerite-like shells of the Jurassic rocks under Nerita.* As amatter of fact, I distinguish in our Inferior Oolite three rugose and costated forms, which no doubt are closely related, and more or less run into each other. There are also two, if not three, fairly distinct smooth forms which belong to the section Neridomus, besides some others which are too obscure to notice. 265. Nerita costunata, Deshayes, 1838. Plate XL, figs. 6a, 66; and P Plate XXVIII, figs. 6a, 65. 1824. Nerita costata, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. cccelxiii, figs. 5 and 6. 1838. — costunata, Deshayes. Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., 2nd edit., vol. viii, p. 617. 1851. _— _ — Morris and Lycett, Great Ool. Moll., pt. i, p- 57, pl. viii, fig. 6. 1884. P — — — [var.] Hudleston. Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i, p. 299, pl. ix, fig. 10. 1885. — minura, Sow. Cossmann, Ht. Bath., p. 154, pl. xiii, figs. 30, 31. Bibliography, §c.—There has been much trouble in regard to the synonymy of this well-marked species, first described by Sowerby from the Great Oolite of Ancliff. But it seems to me that this confusion has been intensified through the view taken by d’Orbigny in the ‘Terrains Jurassiques’ (vol. ii, p. 231) that Nerita minuta, Sow., is the young stage of the costate species. I quite agree that Morris and Lycett were not correct in their identification of Sowerby’s Nerita 1“ Btage Bathonien,’ p. 151. NERITA. 333 minuta, as pointed out by Cossmann (loc. cit.), but that is a very different thing from our accepting the view that Nerita minuta and Nerita costata are different stages of the same species. The figures of d’Orbigny are altogether beside the mark, as his artist evidently had no idea whatever of Nerita costata. Specimens from the Pea-grit, except as to size, very much resemble the Ancliff fossil, and we can trace the costate form in the very earliest whorls. Consequently, as far as the Inferior Oolite is concerned, I cannot agree to the union of these two species of Sowerby, and must continue to regard Nerita minuta as a distinct fossil. The Nerita minuta figured by Cossmann is evidently Sowerby’s Nerita costata = costulata, Deshayes. Description : Height . ; average 9 mm. Width . : . 11—12 mm. Shell transversely ovate, tumid, moderately thick; variable in size, but rarely exceeding 15 mm. in width. Spire small and depressed, consisting of about two and a half whorls, which are costated and sunk in a deep sutural channel. Body- whorl relatively large, constituting about nine-tenths of the total height, and flattened posteriorly so as to impart a certain degree of angularity to the shell, which is ornamented throughout with numerous and rather fine radial coste, closely set and deflected posteriorly. Aperture large ; columellar lip wide and flat, but without denticulation of the inner margin. Relations and Distribution.—This species may be regarded as one of the most typical Nerites occurring in the Lower Oolites. The most numerous and best preserved specimens occur in the Pea-grit of Crickley Hill, where they are seen to differ somewhat in shape; here and there a specimen being unusually transverse, as though approaching the contour of Nerita Buvigmeri of the Great Oolite. The shorter specimens exhibit a tendency to merge into the species next described. In the Yorkshire beds Nevrita costulata is rare, being generally represented in the Dogger by Nerita pseudo-costa (perhaps only a variety), whilst in the Scarborough Limestone it seems to pass into a more rugose form. 266. Nuriva psgupo-costata, d’Orbigny, 1850. Plate XXVIII, figs. 7, 8, and 9. 1829 and 1835. Nerira cosrata, Sow., sp. Phillips, Geol. Yorks., pt. 1, pl. xi, fig. 32. 1850. — pseupo-costata, d’Orb. Prod., i, p. 264 (mon Gmelin, 1789). Blue Wick. 1854. _ — — Morris, Cat., p. 264. Blue Wick. 1884. — — — Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i p- 298, pl. ix, figs. 7, 8, and 9. Cf. also — costirera, Piette. Cossmann, Et. Bath., p. 156, pl. xvii, figs. 59 and 60. ? 43 334 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Bibliography, §c.—This species or variety was first noticed by Phillips, who referred it to the Nerita costata of the‘ Mineral Conchology.’ D’Orbigny re-named it N. pseudo-costata, and by that name this rather abundant Dogger shell has gene- rally been known to British paleontologists. Not quoted in the ‘ Terrains Juras- siques.’ Description.—The width and height are nearly equal, the height of a full-sized specimen being about 9 mm. In other respects the shape of the shell as in the preceding species. ‘The flanks of all the whorls are ornamented with very strong radial coste, regular, and separated by sulci about twice the width of each rib. Relations and Distribution.—This form can be regarded as little more than a variety of the preceding species, somewhat less transverse in shape, and with stouter and fewer ribs. It replaces N. costulata in the Yorkshire Dogger, and occurs very sparingly in the Pea-grit of Crickley. It is not improbable that Nerita costifera, Piette, from the Bathonian of Rumigny, is a micromorph of this species on a higher horizon. 267. NERITA SUBRUGOSA, sp. nov. Plate XL, figs. 7a, 7 b, 8. Description : Height : ; ; 8 mm. Width : : : 9°3 mm. Shell transversely ovate, angulated, rather higher than wide, thick ; spire short, few-whorled, whorls sunk inadeep channel. Body-whorl relatively large, flattened and angulated posteriorly, and provided with a carina of moderate salience, which is situated rather above the middle of the whorl. Costz fine, regular, and numerous, and exhibiting slight nodes on crossing the median carina. Aperture very wide, columellar area flattened ; other indications wanting. Relations and Distribution.—Nerita subrugosa is a form intermediate between Nerita costulata, Desh., and Nerita rugosa, Morris and Lycett. From the former it differs in its more angular outline, in the development of a median carina, and in the finer and more closely-set costz. The specimen figured (Plate XXVIII, fig. 6) in the present work, from the Scarborough Limestone, probably represents a sort of a passage between N. cos- tulata and N. subrugosa, where there is a very slight tendency to a median carina. On the other hand, Nerita rugosa, M. and L., is less transversely ovate, has a higher spire, and the median carina is much more strongly developed; it is in fact altogether a coarser shell. Nerita subrugosa has been found sparingly in the Scarborough Limestone at NERITA. 335 Scarborough, and in the Northampton Sand at Duston, thus appearing on two different horizons of the Inferior Oolite. Tae smootH Nerites—Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. There is more than ordinary difficulty as regards nomenclature in this group, part of which has originated in the interpretation placed upon that very trouble- some and obscure micromorph, Nerita minuta, Sow. I have endeavoured to focus the smooth Nerites of our Inferior Oolite under two names. ‘There are also afew forms which could not be thus arranged, but as the indications are obscure I have concluded not to attempt them. 268. Nerita (NeRipomus) tumipuLa, Phillips, 1829. Plate XXVIII, figs. 12 a, 12. 1829 and 1835. Natica tumiputa, Phil. Geol. Yorks., pt. i, pl. xi, fig. 25. (Nerita minuta, Min. Conch., pl. eecelxiii P). 1854. — — — Morris, Cat., p. 262. 1884. Nerira minuta, Sow., var. tuMIpULA, Phil. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i, p. 296, pl. ix, figs. 4a, 46, 5a, 5 6, 6. Bibliography, §c.—Morris in his Catalogue, it would seem, did not favour the view that ‘‘ Natica” twmidula, Phil., was to be regarded either as a synonym or variety of Nerita minuta, Sow. On the other hand, the Yorkshire fossil has been labelled Nerita minuta, Sow., in the Lycett collection of the Jermyn Street Museum, presumably in accordance with the identification of Lycett himself. Description.—Measurements of a specimen from the Dogger: height 11 mm., width 11 mm. Shell ovate, tumid, smooth, and but slightly oblique, the height and width being nearly equal. The spire is composed of a small button-like apex, expanding in the course of two or three widely separated volutions into a large body-whorl, which exhibits a slight posterior flattening, whilst the rest of the whorl is globose, and without ornament other than fine lines of growth. No colour markings are visible in the Dogger shells, the matrix not being favorable. | Aperture large, outer lip crescent-shaped and thin ; inner lip thick, subconvex, and slightly sinuated, without denticulations on the margin. N.B.—In the majority of specimens, as in the one figured, there is a slight abrasion of the 336 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. anterior extremity of the aperture, thus producing a somewhat Naticoid aspect. It may have been the above peculiarity which induced Phillips to regard this species as a Natica. Pl. XXVIII, figs. lla@,11b. Variety from the Pea-grit of Crickley, almost identical with Nerita ovata, Romer (‘ Nordd. Oolith.,’ p. 156, pl. x, fig. 6). Specimens are a little larger than those from the Dogger, and are somewhat more transversely ovate. The callus on the inner lip is subconvex, thus bringing the shell within the definition of Neridomus. The colour markings, often well preserved, are suggestive of Neritina; cf. also Neritina Cooksonii, Desl. Relations and Distribution.—lIn addition to the above a few small shells, about the size of buckshot, occur in the Lincolnshire Limestone both at Weldon and at Ponton, and also more rarely in the Cotteswolds. Because they are small they are sometimes named Nerita “ pulla.” They are probably micromorphs of N. tumidula, which is the representative on this horizon of N. ovata, Rom., if not absolutely identical. A small species in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton, described by Morris and Lycett (‘Grt. Ool. Moll.,’ p. 58, pl. xi, figs. 19, 19a) as Nerita minuta, Sow., may be ranked in the same category. 269. Nerira (NeRmomus), transverse species. Plate XL, figs. 9 a, 9 b. Description : Height : : : 12°6 mm. Width , : 14°3 mm. Shell transversely ovate, tumid, moderately thick ; spire low, occupying about one-tenth the height of the entire shell, and formed of about two and a half whorls widely separated by the suture, which is canaliculate at the junction with the body-whorl. This is extremely ventricose, only slightly flattened posteriorly, and sloping. Aperture large, with a thin hemispherical outer lip, whilst there is a very wide and convex (Nevridomus) callus on the columellar lip, the margin of which is nearly straight and not denticulated. Colour markings are often well preserved ; these resemble the markings shown on P].XXVIILI, fig. 11a. Relations and Distribution.—Throughout the various horizons in the Oolitic rocks we distinguish an ovate and also a transverse form of Nerite. Such a transverse form as the one figured in Pl. XL is met with sparingly in the Oolite Marl horizon of the Cotteswolds, and also in the Dogger at Blue Wyke. Itis more transverse than Nevitina Cooksonii, Desl., yet not precisely like the Nerita trans- versa, von Seebach, of the Upper Oolites. The species is marked in my collection as Neritina “ subtransversa.” PILEOLUS. 337 Genus—PiLEoLus, G. B. Sowerby, 1823. Shell limpet-like above, with a subcentral apew ; concave beneath, with a narrow semilunar aperture, having a raised border and a columellar disc, surrounded by a broad and continuous peristome. Ape not spiral; shell provided with a columellar septum. According to the original diagnosis of this singular genus, Sowerby regarded it as possessed of a short internal spire, and this statement is repeated by Morris and Lycett. There does not seem any reason, however, to suppose that Pileolus possessed an internal spire, although the plications shown in the enlarged section (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 16) in the region to the left of the columellar septum are some- what imitative of one. Fischer speaks of the apex as being subcentral, not spiral. Mr. B. B. Wood- ward also, in a recent communication to the Zoological Society,’ observes that this genus most clearly possesses a septum, as in Neritina crepidularia and Tomo- stoma, and that there is no true internal spire. 270. Pitzotus piicatus, G. B. Sowerby, 1823. Plate XXVIII: var. A, figs. 13 a, 130; var. B, figs. 14a—c. En- larged section, fig. 16. 1823. Pitrotus pricatus, G. B. Sowerby. Genera of British Shells, No. 19, figs. 1—4. 1823. _ — J. Sow. Min. Conch., pl. cecexxxii, figs. 1—4. 1851. — = Sow. Morris and Lycett, Great Ool. Moll., pt. i, p- 60, pl. ix, figs. 36, 36 a—e. 1854. — _ G. Sow. Morris, Cat., p. 268. ? Syn. Pareria cosruLara, Miinst. Goldf., Petref. Germ., pl. elxvii, fig. 9. Bibliography, §c.—The type of Pileolus plicatus was obtained from the Great Oolite of Ancliff; the species is also well known, though far from common, in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton. Morris quotes both this and P. levis from the Inferior Oolite of the same district, and other authors, including Witchell (‘ Geology of Stroud,’ p. 47), make mention of these two species as occurring in the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds. I have not seen specimens from the Cotteswolds, but the specimens from Lincoln, figured in the accompanying plate, differ consider- ably from the form prevailing in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton. 1 “On the Mode of Growth and the Structure of the Shell in Velates conoideus, Lamk., and other Neritidex,’’ ‘Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ June 14th, 1892. 338 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. At Lincoln I recognise two varieties, each of which differs more or less from the Minchinhampton shell. Description, var. A (fig. 13): Height : : ; ; . 2°75 mm. Basal length ; ; . 650 mm. Shell suborbicular, with a sharp seneeatal apex of low elevation. The radiating ribs are about eighteen in number, the four posterior ones being more elevated and wider apart than the others. The indications as to the base are not good, so that one cannot say whether the margin is serrated or otherwise. This form is much more depressed and of smaller habit than the one which prevails in the Great Oolite, whilst the ribs are fewer in number and relatively larger. Var. B (fig. 14) : Height . : : . 3°50 mm. Basal length : ° . 8:50 mm. This form, which is more abundant a Lincoln than var. A, has a higher and blunter apex, the whole shell being more cap-like. Four or five conspicuous costz occupy the posterior area, whilst the indications of coste in the anterior portion of the shell are usually indistinct. A few coarse serrations are noticeable in the posterior portion of the margin, the rest of which is smooth. In height and shape var. B resembles the typical P. plicatus, but the costz are less numerous. There are also some indications of difference in the base, the position of the cushion not being exactly the same. So far as I can ascertain the inner lip is not crenulated, as stated by Sowerby; Morris and Lycett make no mention of this feature. Relations and Distribution.—Pileolus plicatus may be accepted as a sort of generalised term for costate forms of the genus. Strictly speaking, I consider that there are two forms at Lincoin, which so far differ from the regular Bathonian P. plicatus as to be possibly entitled to rank as two distinct species. But, in order to establish these, more favorable conditions for comparison are required. The Pea-grit horizon of the Cotteswolds and the “‘ Base bed” at Lincoln are the only places in the Inferior Oolite of this country where Pileolus plicatus and its varieties are known to occur. 271. Piteo.os tavis, G. B. Sowerby, 1823. Plate XXVIII, figs. 15 a—ec. 1823. PriLEoLus LavIs, G. B. Sowerby. Genera of Shells, No. 19, figs. 5—8. 1823. — — J.8ow. Min. Conch., pl. cecexxxii, figs. 5—8. NERITOPSIS. 339 1851. PiLEoLUs LzvIs, Sow. Morris and Lycett, Great Ool. Moll., pt. i, p. 60, pl. ix, figs. 37, 37 a, 37 b. 1852. — — — d@Orbigny, Terr. Jur., ii, p. 240, pl. ceciv, figs. 1—4. 1854. — — G.Sow. Morris, Cat., p. 268. PSyn. ParerLa MaMMitiaris, Miinst. Goldf., Petref. Germ., pl. clxvii, fig. 10. Description : Height . : 3 : . 1:35 mm. Basal length , ‘ sad (COTE, Shell elliptical, extremely depressed, apex subcentral; surface smooth, or only marked with indistinct furrows ; the cushion is central; there are no indications of any crenulation on the inner lip. Relations and Distribution.—It is not possible fully to verify Sowerby’s diagnosis either for this or the preceding species. Morris and Lycett recognise the form in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton. D’Orbigny’s figure may represent this species, though it is too orbicular. A single specimen from the ‘ Base bed,’”’ Lincoln. Quoted from the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds by Morris and by Witchell. Family—NERITOPSIDA. * Shell neritiform or naticiform, imperforate, solid; aperture entire, semilunar or oval; lip arched; columella slightly excavated, internal septa not entirely absorbed. . Operculum calcareous, thick, non-spiral.””—FIscHER. This family is limited to the genera Neritopsis and Naticopsis, whose opercula have in former days puzzled alike the Mesozoic and Paleozoic paleontologist. Genus—Nenitopsis, Grateloup, 18382. Shell imperforate, subglobular, neritiform, solid, few-whorled; spire short ; surface ornamented with spiral bands and awial ribs or striw. Aperture semicircular, entire, columellar side not denticulated, excavated towards the middle; lip simple, thick. Operculum scutiform, not spiral ; woper surface provided with a wide truncated appendia which fits into the columellar notch.—Modified after Fiscurr. It must be admitted that none of the specimens figured in illustration of this Monograph, though as good as any which can be procured on this side of the Channel, exhibit the columellar notch so characteristic of Neritopsis. Moreover 340 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. the operculum of Neritopsis Bajocensis (Pl. XXVII, fig. 10) shows no very obvious signs of the process which should fit into the notch. Hence it must be remembered that, so far as the Inferior Oolite of this country is concerned, one of the most characteristic features in the diagnosis of the genus Neritopsis is wanting. The most probable explanation is that the feature has been obscured through the accidents of fossilisation; but the absence of this character has induced some conchologists of eminence, such as the late Robert Bell, to regard these forms as belonging to Narica (Vanikoro). Several species of Neritopsis are noticed by Moore as occurring in the Upper Lias, and he also described Nevitopsis cancellata, Moore, from the Lower Lias of Brocastle. Seeing that specific differences, both in the Lias and Oolites, are mainly based on variety of ornamentation, which evidently varied according to locality as well as according to horizon, the precise biological value of these distinctions may not be very great. In the Inferior Oolite of Dorsetshire specimens run much larger than in other districts, but, on the whole, Neritopsis, though far from being abundant, is by no means confined in its distribution. 272. Nuritopsis Basocensis, d’Orbigny, 1850. Plate XXVII, figs. 9 a—c. Operculum, fig. 10. 1850. Nerrropsts Basocensts, d’Orbigny. Prod., i, p. 264. 1852. — — —_— Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 228, pl. cee, figs. 8—10. 1867. — — -- Laube, Gast. Br. Jura von Balin, p: 6; pl. 1,.fig. 9. Non os — a Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. i, p- 300, pl. ix, fig. 11. Description : Height of a medium specimen. : . 23 mm. Width : : 4 : - 26 mm. The following is the author’s diagnosis :—‘ Shell oval, transverse. Spire very short, composed of three very convex whorls, excavated near the suture, increasing very rapidly, of which the last, of enormous size, is furnished spirally with numerous small alternate unequal cost, and with radial undulations, like rounded furrows.” Relations and Distribution.—This species is especially characterised by the thick undulating coste on the rounded shoulder of the body-whorl. It is essentially a fossil of the Upper Division of the Inferior Oolite, and is almost NERITOPSIS. 341 restricted in this country to the Parkinsoni-zone of Burton Bradstock, where it occasionally attains a large size. 273. Neriropsis Putiea, d’Orbigny, 1850. Inferior Oolite variety, Plate XXVII, fies 1a; Rlcby ise: 1850. Neriropsis Putte, d’Orbigny. Prod., i, p. 247. 1852. _ — — Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 222, pl. cece, figs. 5—7. Cf. also — Basocensis, d’Orb. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 1, p. 800, pl. ix, fig. 11 (Dogger variety). The Dogger specimen above referred to was described by me as an intermediate form, and it belongs to the variety figured on the accompanying plate (XXVII, 11), which is the prevailing form in the Concavus-bed at Bradford Abbas, where it sometimes attains a width of nearly 40 mm. It has the flattened shoulder and spiral ornamentation of Neritopsis Philea, and is devoid of the thick radial cost so characteristic of N. Bajocensis. The “ rampe postérieur,” however, is scarcely developed in this variety, and the ornamentation generally is finer. Occasionally a specimen which corresponds almost exactly with d’Orbigny’s figure and description may be found in the Concavus-bed. To these the name N. Philea may be applied without hesitation. If it is desirable to recognise the variety I would suggest Neritopsis Philea, var. Abbas. 274. Neriropsis varicosa, Morris and Lycett, 1851. Plate XXVIII, figs. 1a,1b, le. 1851. Neritoprsis vartcosa, Morris and Lycett. Great Ool. Moll., pt. i, p. 106, pl. xi, figs. 20, 20a; pl. xiii, fig. 5. 1854, — — — Morris, Cat., p. 265. Description : Height of a full-sized specimen ‘ . 13°5 mm. Width : ‘ , : . » L6soimng: The following is the diagnosis by the authors :—‘‘ Shell neritiform, ovately oblong; varices large, longitudinal (about ten in a volution), more or less elevated, decussated, with numerous regular, elevated, and transverse (spiral) lines; the lines are impressed with extremely fine and dense perpendicular strize; the aperture round.” Relations and Distribution.—This species is related to N. Bajocensis, from 44 342 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. which it may be distinguished by its uniformly smaller habit, by its more transverse shape, and by the fact that the longitudinal (7. e. radial) varices are relatively larger and extend across the entire body-whorl. But, as noted by the authors, the varices vary much in magnitude, so that in some specimens they are nearly obsolete. Under these circumstances the shells are not easily distinguished from Neritopsis, ef. decussata, Minster. Although regarded by Morris and Lycett as a Great Oolite species, I am somewhat doubtful of the occurrence of Nevritopsis varicosa in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton. On the other hand, it occurs not unfrequently in the Oolite Mar! of the Cotteswolds, and more rarely in the Pea-grit. 275. Nurivopsis, cf. pecussata, Minster, 1844. Plate XXVIII, figs. 5a, 5d, 5c. 1844. Narica pEcussara, Miimst. Goldfuss, Petref. Germ., pl. excix, fig. 10. As a species from the Coral Rag. 1852. Neriropsis pecussata, Miinst. D’Orbigny, Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 227, pl. ecei, figs. 8—10. The species described above (N. varicosa) gradually shades off into cancellated forms such as those figured in the accompanying plate. I might also refer to Neritopsis cancellata, Moore (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxii, p. 548, pl. xv, fig. 20), and to some of the forms described under N. Guerrei, Héb. and Desl. (‘ Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm..,’ vol. v, p. 185, pl. i, fig. 4). Cancellatied forms of this kind seem to occur on more than one horizon. There are two specimens from the ‘ Base- bed ” at Lincoln, one of which is figured in the accompanying plate. The aperture is somewhat more angular on the columellar side than usual. 276. NERITOPSIS INCISA, sp. nov. Plate XXVIII, fig. 2. Description : Height . ; ? . 12:5 mm. Width , = LO am? Shell transversely ovate-oblong; spire extremely few-whorled and very low. Body-whorl relatively enormous, with a somewhat flattened posterior area. The ornaments consist of about ten or twelve extremely rugose radial ribs, irregularly developed and divided by deeply-cut sulci. These are decussated throughout by NERITOPSIS. 343 numerous coarse spiral bands, forming very prominent nodes at the intersections. Aperture nearly circular. Relations and Distribution.—From Neritopsis varicosa, M. and L., this species may be distinguished by its more angular and transverse form, by the almost aborted spire, and by the exaggerated character of the radial coste. It is nearly related to Neritopsis Hebertana, d’Orb., and might perhaps be regarded as little more than a variety. The spiral belts are more numerous and less salient than seems to be the case with d’Orbigny’s species. This bizarre form was first noticed in the ‘‘ Base-bed ”’ at Lincoln, whence I have obtained some characteristic specimens since the one figured on the accompanying plate was drawn. A single specimen from the Nerincea-bed in the Pea-grit at Crickley. 277. Neritopsis, cf. HEBERTANA, d’Orbigny, 1852. Plate XXVIII, figs. 3a, 3b, 3c. 1852. Neriropsis Hesertana, d’Orbigny. Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 221, pl. cece, figs. 1—4. Description : Height. ; : : . 12°5 mm. Width : : . 15 mm. Shell transversely oblong, angular, thick; spire very short, composed of two or three angular and rugosely ornamented whorls set in a sutural hollow, and developing into a relatively enormous body-whorl, which is transversely oblong and very angular. Four extremely prominent spiral bands are decussated by radial coste of nearly equal strength; the points of intersection are marked by nodes which must have been extremely spinous. Aperture subcircular and wide, but not sufficiently preserved in the available specimens for correct diagnosis. Relations and Distribution.—There is something in this form not exactly like Neritopsis, and yet on the whole I think it must be regarded as an extremely rugose relative of Neritopsis Hebertana. There are two specimens from Stoford (North Dorset), and I have seen two more, which are stated to have come from the Inferior Oolite at Bathford. 344. GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. 278. Nuritopsis, cf. sutcosa, d@ Archiac, 1843. Plate XXVIII, fig. 4. 1843. ? Nerira suxcosa, d’Archiac. Mém. Soc. Géol. France, vol. v, pt. 2, p.377, pl. xxviii, fig. 10. 1851. Nertropsts suncosa, d’Archiac. Morris and Lycett, Great Ool. Moll., pt. 1, p. 59, pl. xi, fig. 12. 1884. - -- “= Cossmann, Et. Bath. (Mém. Soc. Geol. France), p. 159, pl. iii, figs. 16—17. ‘ Attention is called to a specimen from the Nerinza-bed in the Pea-grit of Crickley, which has considerable resemblance to this Bathonian species. The Inferior Oolite specimen is somewhat squeezed out of shape, but the ornamentation is similar to that of N. sulcosa. It might also be regarded as a modified form of the fine variety of Neritopsis Philea. 279. “« Nunirorsis bavicata.” Plate XXVIII, fig. 10. 1885. Neriropsis (? TurBo) L#vieata, Phil., pars. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. ii, p. 49, pl. ii, fig. 2. Non figs. 1, 3, 3a. Since the Dogger shell, represented in the accompanying plate, was originally figured, evidence has been obtained which renders it probable that this form should be separated entirely from Turbo levigatus, Phil. A very similar and possibly identical form occurs at Duston in the North- ampton Sand. These shells are transversely ovate, globose, and thick, averaging 22 mm. in height and 26 mm. in width. The very small spire consists of from two to three smooth and rounded whorls, the whole shell suddenly expanding into an enormous body-whorl, the sutures being rather close. The posterior area of the body-whorl is subtabulate, the sides ventricose, and the ornaments consist of fine spiral striz decussated by growth-lines. Aperture large and semilunar ; character of the inner lip uncertain. It cannot be affirmed with certainty that this species really is a Neritopsis. The Duston shells seem related to a very large form of Natica or Ampullina, which occurs in the Lincolnshire Limestone, and which I have hitherto considered as being identical with Natica cincta (Leckhamptonensis). On the whole, ‘ Neritopsis levigata’’ cannot be regarded as an established species. CROSSOSTOMA. 345 Familyj—TURBINIDA. © Shell spiral, turbinated or pyramidal, nacreous inside; operculum calcareous and pauci-spiral, or horny and multispiral.” —S. P. Woopwarp. The above diagnosis includes the Turbinide, Trochide, and Delphinulide of other authors, and, as far as Jurassic fossils are concerned, where the nacreous layer is generally destroyed and opercula hardly ever to be found, cannot be followed very closely. The withdrawal of Amberleya and the so-called ‘‘ Littorina”’ reduces the number of shells remaining to be considered under this family. These are for the most part small. Whatever generic names are adopted, we recognise two groups, Viz. a group of smooth and a group of richly sculptured shells. Grove [.—Smooth Shells. The smooth and generally small Turbinide of the Jurassic Rocks have been variously classified. The following are amongst the genera which have been invoked: Ataphrus, Crossostoma, Chrysostoma, Monodonta, Plewratella, Plocostylus, Rotella, Teinostoma, Trochopsis, Trochus, and Turbo. In the Inferior Oolite of this country I think that the smooth Turbinidze may be focussed, provisionally at least, under three genera. Apart from one or two forms which it may be convenient to arrange under Turbo (Section 1), the rest of the shells exhibit a sequence from the most depressed form—Crossostoma Prattii, to the most acutely trochiform Monodontoid, viz. Ataphrus Acis. Mr. Tawney, it may be remembered, only recognised two species in his ‘ Dundry Gasteropoda,’ viz. “* Monodonta” lxvigata, Sow., and “ Monodonta” Acmon, d’ Orb. Genus—Orossostoma, Morris and Lycett, 1851. “Shell thick, turbinated, smooth, somewhat depressed ov rotelliform ; whorls more or less flattened, few; apex of the spire obtuse, depressed; apertwre nearly circular, entire ; the columella forms at its base a simple prominent obtuse tooth ; the outer lip is smooth ; there is no umbilicus. . . . .’—Morris anp Lycerr. Lycett, in notes and corrections to the ‘Supplement,’ p. 153, withdrew 346 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Crossostoma discoideum and C. heliciforme, which he finally regarded as adult and discoidal forms of smooth ‘‘ Monodontas,” leaving only Orossostoma Prattii as the representative of the genus. This fossil was said to have come from the Inferior Oolite near Bath. I have not succeeded in obtaining a sight of the type. The genus is held to include Crossostoma (Delphinula) reflewilabrum, d’Orb., from the Lias. 280. Crossostoma, sp.; cf. Crossostoma Pratt, Morris and Lycett, 1851. Plate XXVIII, figs. 17 a, 17 dD. 1851. Crossostoma Prattii, Morris and Lycett. Great Ool. Moll., pt. 1, p. 72, pl. xi, figs. 21, 21a. Cf. also RotTetta Macrostoma, Sfoliczka. Hierlatzschicten, p. 178, pl. ii, fig. 5. Trrnostoma Nreumayri, Gemmellaro. Faune Giuresi, &e., p. 344, pl. xxvii, figs. 15, 16. Description.—Shell thick, nearly twice as wide as high, discoidal ; spire greatly depressed. The width of the figured specimen is 15 mm., and of a smaller one, which I possess, 10 mm. The body-whorl is essentially rotelliform, the aperture small and circular, and there is a considerable thickening towards the columellar extremity. N.B.—There is no umbilicus, as might possibly be inferred from the figure. Relations and Distribution.—The probable relations of this very discoidal shell are indicated in the list of references. It may be Crossostoma Prattii, but if so the figure in the ‘ Great Oolite Mollusca’ is not sufficiently discoidal. The form is very rare. The figured specimen is a brown ferruginated fossil, suggestive of Dundry or of some of the Dorset beds. Another specimen in my collection is from the Pea-grit of Crickley. This is much smaller, and altogether more repre- sentative of C. Pratti, as far as one can judge of that species. Genus—AtaPuRus, Gabb, 1869. The bulk of the smooth “ Monodontas’’ remain to be described, and the question for consideration is—under what genus? Monsieur Cossmann, in his excellent memoir on the ‘ Bathonian’ in France, adopted the genus Ataphrus. He attached much importance to the presence of a columellar furrow in the species thus classified by him. Certainly, in the majority of the smooth “ Monodontas”’ ATAPHRUS. 347 of our Inferior Oolite this feature of a columellar furrow is greatly subordinate to the columellar callosity which generally culminates in a sort of denticle— the small tubercle of Gemmellaro’s genus Plocostylus. This feature was especially recognised by d’Orbigny in his description of Trochus Belus and Trochus Acmon, the former of which was regarded by Gabb as typical of his genus Ataphius. On the whole, it would seem that Gemmellaro’s genus Plocostylus, slightly modified, would embrace the depressed forms of the smooth ‘“‘ Monodontas ’’ more correctly than Ataphrus. But it is desirable to place the trochiform as well as the turbinate ‘“‘ Monodontas”’ under one genus. This view was adopted by Messrs. Hudleston and Wilson in their ‘ Catalogue of British Jurassic Gasteropoda.’ Notwithstanding certain difficulties, to which allusion has been made, a similar arrangement is adopted in this Monograph. ‘The following diagnosis, although somewhat different from that of Gabb, relates more especially to the fossils of the Inferior Oolite described below. If this diagnosis is inapplicable to Ataphrus, we must look for another generic name. Shell thick, smooth, and generally small, turbinate or trochiform, imperforate ; spire obtuse and often much depressed. Body-whorl relatively large, base more or less flattened, aperture subcircular and restricted. The colwmellar lip is very short and much incrusted, so that the thickening usually assumes the form of a small blunt denticle towards the extremity of the columella. Growth-lines extremely fine and close. The above diagnosis possesses many of the characteristics of Plocostylus, but is more comprehensive, since it includes trochiform species, such as Ataphrus Acis. In fact, as far as the Inferior Oolite is concerned, it comprises a regular ascending sequence from ovulate to trochoidal forms. ‘The question of texture is important in defining the genus. In certain matrices these shells present a glabrous appearance, due to the extreme fineness of the growth-lines, which very often are invisible. The glabrous surface, the blunt and obtuse character of the apical region, the full whorls, and the closely fitting suture are distinctive features, quite as much as the columellar callosity, or the furrow with which it is associated. In assigning specific names I have endeavoured in nearly all cases, even at the risk of stretching a point, to make use of those already in existence, and of these there is a plentiful supply. It need scarcely be said that forms intermediate to those named also present themselves, and are not easy toallocate. There does not seem to be any special relation between the species and the horizon. 348 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. 281. Araparus, cf. Luctpus, Thorent, 1839. Plate XXVIII, figs. 18a, 18d. 1839. (Rorenia) Luctpa, Thorent, sp. Fide Cossmann, Etage Bath., p. 277, pl. vii, figs. 1, 2. Cf. also PLocostyLus TyPus, Gemmellaro. Faune Giuresi, p. 346, pl. xxviii, figs. 1 and 2. The specimen from the Oolite Mar] of the Nailsworth district, figured in the accompanying plate, is unique as far as my collection goes. It has a basal diameter of 13 mm.; ratio of width to height as 10: 7. There is the possibility that this may be nothing more than a megalomorph of Ataphrus heliciformis, M. and L. D’Orbigny’s figure of Trochus lucidus (‘T. J.,’ ii, pl. eecxiv, figs. 5—7) differs from that given by Cossmann. 282. ATapHRUS HELICIFORMIS, Morris and Lycett, 1851. 1851. ? CRrossosroMa HELICIFORME, Morris and Lycett. Great Ool. Moll. pt. 1, p. 73, pl. xi, fig. 8. 1863. Monoponta HELICIFoRMIS, Morris and Lycett. Lycett, Suppl., p. 123. Cf. also — ovutaTa, Héb. and Desl. Foss. Montreuil-Bellay, p. 58, pl. ii, fig. 9. Bibliography, &c.—Although originally described as a fossil of the Great Oolite, the authors noted that C. heliciforme occurred in the middle division of the Inferior Oolite at Leckhampton. Monodonta ovulata seems to occupy an intermediate position between this form and the more abundant Ataphrus levigatus. Description.—In the majority of the specimens the basal diameter is about 10 mm. or rather less ; ratio of width to height as 4: 3, being slightly less depressed than Ataphrus lucidus. The following is the original diagnosis :—“ Shell smooth, turbinated, some- what depressed; spire small, but little elevated; whorls rather convex ; aperture elliptical.” Relations and Distribution.—More depressed than Ataphrus levigatus, less so than the preceding species. Occurs at Stoford in Dorset, but principally in the Oolite Marl of the Cotteswolds, and in the Parkinsoni-zone of Aston and Not- erove. ATAPHRUS. 349 283. ATapHRUS LavicaTuSs, Sowerby, 1818. Plate XXIX, fig. 5; and variety ap- proaching A. Betus, d’Orb., fig. 6. 1818. Nerira tavieata, Sowerby. Min. Conch., pl. cexvii, fig. 1. 1853. Monopoyta tavieata, Sow. Lycett, Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Club, vol. i, peck 1854. —_ — — Morris, Cat., p. 258. = 1873. — _ — Tawney, Dundry Gasteropoda, p. 34 (26). 1885. Turso (Monoponta) Ltavieatus, Sow. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. ii, pl. ii, fig. 6. Cf. also Monoponta ovutata, Héb. and Desl. Op. cit. Curysostoma ovuLtata, Héb. and Desl. Laube, Gast. Br. Jura von Balin, p. 18, pl. iii, fig. 3. Bibliography, §c.—Sowerby’s figure is far from being characteristic, as he remarks that “ the specimens do not exhibit the columella.”” Had this been other- wise he would hardly have taken his fossil for a Nerite. Mr. Tawney thought that Sowerby’s type was in the Bristol Museum, With reference to this point Mr. Wilson, the present Curator, wrote in 1893, ‘‘ The types do not appear, after all, to be at Bristol. Our tablet of specimens, so classed, probably gives a good exem- plification of Sowerby’s species.’ With this latter remark I quite agree; in the majority of these specimens the denticle is conspicuous. Description : Width or basal diameter ; : 12—14 mm. Width to height ‘ : oa Shell globular, smooth and thick; spire moderately depressed; number of whorls about four; last whorl ventricose, with sometimes a slight posterior flattening ; sutures close. Aperture circular and small, with a strong columellar callosity or denticle, associated in some cases with a faint columellar furrow or pit. Relations and Distribution.—This is the most common form of Ataphrus in the Inferior Oolite, and may be regarded as the representative of the turbinate section, where the spiral angle, as far as it can be determined in such obtuse shells, exceeds 90°. There is considerable variety; or, what amounts to the same thing, we are content to place a certain range of forms under one specific designation. These differences are greatly accentuated by the state of preservation, which varies considerably according to the nature of the deposit. The finest and most characteristic specimens occur at Dundry; but it is to be met with, more frequently perhaps on a low horizon, in many parts of the Inferior Oolite from Dorset to Yorkshire. Variety in the Lincolnshire Limestone. Cf. Trocuus Betus, d’Orb., ‘ Terr. Jur.,’ vol. 11, p. 283, pl. cecxv, figs. 9—12. 45 350 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. This variety (see Pl. XXIX, fig. 6) is smaller and slightly less depressed than average specimens of Ataphrus levigatus. It is, I have no doubt, the form identified (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. ix, p. 326) as Trochus Belus from Ponton. Extremely abundant also at Weldon. The denticle is usually more conspicuous than in the accompanying figure, where indeed it is scarcely noticeable. 284. ATAPHRUS OBTORTUS, Sp. nov. Plate XXIX, figs. 7 and 8. Description : Width or basal diameter. : . 1O—14 mm. Width to height . ; een OvOn Shell smooth, thick and gibbous ; spire raedoeately depressed, and consisting of about four or five whorls, of which the penultimate exhibits a remarkable bulge in the anterior portion. Aperture circular and small, with a thick denticle on the columella, succeeded anteriorly by a shallow pit. felations and Distribution.—In many places where Ataphrus levigatus occurs this form may also be noticed, though in fewer numbers. It is probably nothing more than a gibbous variety of the common form. I recognise specimens of Ataphrus obtortus from Dundry, Beaminster, Mapperton, Stoford, and also from the Parkinson-zone of Burton Bradstock; also in the Dogger. The interest consists in the fact that this species gradually shades off into less depressed forms, which are difficult to separate from gibbous varieties of At. Acmon. 285. Artapurus LapapyeEl, @’ Archiac, 1843. Inferior Oolite varieties. Plate XXIX, figs. 9 and 10. 1843. Trocuvus Lazpapyet, d’Archiac. Mém. Soc. Géol. France, vol. v, pt. 2, p- 379, pl. xxix, fig. 2. 1850. Turso Lazpapyet, d’Arch. D’Orbigny, Prod., i, p. 301. 1851. Monopvonta Lapapyet, d’ Arch. Morris and Lycett, Great Ool. Moll., pt. 1, p. 68, pl. xi, fig. 2; and var., fig. 11. 1884. ArTapHrus LapapyeE!, d’Arch. Cossmann, Etage Bath., p. 279, pl. vii, figs. 5—8. Cf. also ? Monoponta Lavicata, Minst. Goldfuss, Petref. Germ., pl. exev, fig. 5. Curysostoma Acmon, Laube (non d’Orb.). Gast. Br. Jura von Balin, p. 13, pl. iii, fig. 2. Turso (Monoponra) L£VIGATUS, Sow. ; var. BELLULATA, Bean. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. ii, p. 53, pl. 11, fig. 4. ATAPHRUS. 351 Bibliography, Sc.—Our Inferior Oolite specimens appear somewhat more elongated than the Bathonian types, yet not so dissimilar but what they may be referred to d’Archiac’s species. ‘* Nerita” bellulata, Bean, which I include here, is perhaps more close to Monodonta papilla, H. and D. (‘ Foss. Mont.-Bellay,’ p. 59, pl. iii, fig. 1). In fact, At. Labadyei, At. papilla, and At. Acmon have at least this feature in common, viz. that they are smooth trochiform shells, where the height and width are about equal. Description : Height of full-sized specimens . : . 15 mm. Width, about . : : . 15—16 mm. Shell conoidal, subturbinate, smooth, tolerably thick. Spire elevated, the apex very obtuse. Whorls about six, subconvex and prominent, standing out well from the suture. The body-whorl is large, slightly depressed posteriorly, rounded at the angle, and subconvex in the base. Aperture restricted and almost circular, with a moderate columellar denticle, succeeded anteriorly by a very shallow sulcus or pit. Relations and Distribution.—Distinguished from At. Acmon by the prominence of the whorls. At. Labadyei, and the varieties therewith included, are also more widely distributed throughout the Inferior Oolite. Although in the main a Great Oolite species, At. Labadyei occurs in the Lower Division of the Inferior Oolite both in Dorset and in the Cotteswolds. It also occurs in the Clypeus-grit and in other localities and horizons; whilst in the Dogger it is represented by the var. bellulata, Bean. N.B.—Should there be any disposition to challenge the identification of At. Labadyei as an Inferior Oolite species, I would suggest that the forms from the Lower Division be classified as Ataphrus bellulatus. 286. AtapHrus Acwon, d’ Orbigny, 1850. Plate XXIX, figs. 11 and var. fig. 12 ; var. approaching Ataphrus papilla, H. and D., fig. 18. 1850. Trocuus Acmon, d’Orbigny. Prod., i, p. 265. 1852. — _ — Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p.278, pl. ecexiv, figs. 1—4. 1873. Monoponta Acmon, d’Orb. Tawney, Dundry Gasteropoda, p. 35 (27). 1884. ArapuHrus Acmon, d’Orb. Cossmann, Etage Bath., p. 281, pl. vii, figs. 9, 10. Cf. also — Heserti, Piette. Cossmann, op. cit., p. 281, pl. xvii, figs. 43, 44. Bibliography, 5c.—This is essentially a Bajocian form, the types being from Bayeux and Port-en-Bessin; also abundant at Sully; all places where the fossili- 354 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. ‘COT TREO: A certain number of smooth turbinate forms are classed provisionally under Turbo. 288. Turso tavicatus, Phillips, 1829. 1829 and 1835. Turso tavicatus (NeRITa LaviIGATA, Sow., Min. Conch.), Phillips. Geol. Yorks., pt. 1, pl. xi, fig. 31; and 3rd edit. (1875), p. 330, pl. xi, fig. 31. 1885. Nertrorsis (? Turbo) tavieata, Phil., pars. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dee. 3, vol. ii, p. 49, pl. ii, fig. 3. Cf. also ? Turso arBzosts, d’Orbigny. Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 342, pl. ceexxx, figs. 1—3. ? Monoponta Laviaata, Thorent. Morris, Cat., p. 258. I must refer to my remarks in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ restricted to var. B. See also antea, p. 344, with reference to “ Neritopsis levigata.” It still remains a matter of doubt what the Phillipsian species may be. The specimen from the York Museum, figured in the ‘ Geol. Mag.’ (vol. cit., pl. u1, fig. 3) is, perhaps, the nearest, but the system of undulating spirals seen in that specimen on close in- spection is rather puzzling. I have in my own collection a similar but smaller fossil from the Dogger, where such spirals are not noticeable. ? Variety from the Lincolnshire Limestone, Pl. XXIX, fig. 1. Height . : : : 6°5 mm. Width ; : : ; 75 mm. Spiral angle (eebular) ‘ : S15) Shell smooth, turbinate, oblique, not nahiliowied spire subdepressed, apex sharp. Number of whorls about five, smooth, tumid, and well marked off by the suture. Body-whorl fully two-thirds the entire height, regularly convex, large and without ornament other than broad growth-lines. Aperture wide and circular, with a rather thin outer lip, and an excavated and slightly encrusted columella, which carries no denticle, but is scored by a double furrow. Although there is a superficial resemblance to the turbinate forms described above under Ataphrus, there are several indications which point to a different genus. ‘Thus the apex is sharp, not obtuse, the spire regular, the sutures are impressed, and the texture, as shown by the broad growth-lines, is coarse. In a second and smaller specimen which I possess these lines exhibit colour- markings. The aperture is wide, and there is no actual denticle. TURBO. 355 289. “* Torso PaLuDINoIDES.” Plate XXIX, fig. 2. Description : Height : : . 10°5 mm. Width . : : : : . 10°5 mm. Mean spiral angle : A eahOes Shell smooth, conical, turbinate, imperforate ; suvatanes rather thin. The apex is rather obtuse, with a change in the spiral angle about the third whorl. Total number of whorls six or seven, convex, and well marked off by the suture; without ornament, and rather glabrous, though fairly wide growth-lines are visible in some portions of the shell. The body-whor]l slightly exceeds one-half of the total height, and is regularly convex throughout, with a full and rounded base. Aperture fairly wide and circular, outer lip thin; columella excavated, but only moderately encrusted, and marked by a narrow sinuous furrow. It is not intended that this form, though figured, should take rank as a species until we know something more of its true relationships. The aperture is more circular than in Bourguetia ; at the same time the shell is very thin for a Turbo, whilst the sutures are rather too close for a Paludina.' A single specimen, presumably from the Concavus-bed of Bradford Abbas. 290. Turzo (? ArapHrus) Linpsconinus, sp. nov. Plate XXIX, figs. 3 and 4. Description : Height é ; : : eS) ieaniay Width ‘ : : - /omm, Mean spiral angle : . 55°—60°. Shell conical, turbinate, rather thick, not Hanae spire slightly obtuse. Number of whorls six, smooth, convex, and well marked off by the suture. The body-whor! is about half the entire height, smooth, regularly convex, and with no other indication of ornament than curved growth-lines ; basal angle rounded, base full and smooth. Aperture subcircular and rather small; outer lip thin and semilunar ; columella short and inclined to be straight, with a moderate callus, and in some specimens a slight columellar furrow. 1 N.B.—There is a bed in the Chipping Norton district, somewhere about the junction of the Inferior and Great Oolites, which yields a species of Palwdina in considerable quantities. 356 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. N.B.—The figured specimen does not exhibit these latter features distinctly. Relations and Distribution.—This very commonplace little shell seems to differ, as far as I can judge, from any species in the Inferior Oolite, though it may resemble some of the smooth Turbos recognised in the Lias. Notwithstanding the absence of any well-defined denticle, the character of the aperture rather reminds one of Ataphrus. Not very uncommon in the ‘‘ Base-bed”’ at Lincoln. Grove II.—Sculptured Shells. One of the most difficult problems which present themselves for solution in Jurassic paleontology is the correct generic classification of the numerous members of the Turbinide coming under Group II. Except as regards the genus Trochus, which is undoubtedly represented in considerable numbers, the identification of the modern genera, Monodonta, Turbo, Delphinula, &c., is to a certain extent empirical. I have always had an objection to the acceptance of Monodonta, but there is safety in Turbo as a general term, which may be held to include various sections by some recognised as distinct genera. Delphinula, too, has had its advocates, and many species of Jurassic Turbinide have from time to time been thus classified. If, then, I continue to use the genus Monodonta for Jurassic shells, it is only ina conventional sense, as Turbo would do just as well. For the same reason no diagnosis is offered either of Monoponta, Turso, or DELPHINULA. 291. MonopontTa PISOLITICA, sp. nov. Plate XXIX, fig. 17 and P fig. 18. Description : Height ‘ ‘ . : . 4mm. Width : . 35 mm. Spiral angle . ; 3682. Shell trochiform, thick, imperforate; apex rather obtuse, spiral angle regular. Number of whorls about five; the apical ones are smooth and round, the remainder flat, and ornamented by four tuberculated spirals, which in the body-whorl present some differences, the anterior spiral at the angle of the shell having larger granulations than the others. Body-whorl subangular and rather more than half the total height ; base full, and ornamented with granulated spirals rather finer than those at the sides. Outer lip circular; columella nearly straight, and reflexed TURBO (MONODONTA). 357 towards the anterior extremity, so as to produce a denticulated appearance succeeded by a kind of notch. Relations and Distribution.—Although there is much in this curious little shell to remind one of Brachytrema, I think we must regard it as a member of the Turbinide. The form (fig. 18) may represent an aged specimen, or possibly another species. It bears some resemblance to Monodonta exigua, Lycett (‘ Suppl.,’ p- 22, pl. xliv, fig. 29), from the Great Oolite. Monodonta pisolitica is fairly plentiful in the Pea-grit at Leckhampton. 292. Monoponta Lyetut, d’Archiac, 1843. Plate XXX, figs. 1 and 2; var. humilis, fig. 3. 1843. Monoponta Lyeuut, d’ Archiac. Mém. Soc. Géol. France, vol. v, pt. 2, p- 380, pl. xxix, figs. 8 and 8a; id., var., 86, 8c. 1850. Turso Lyerxtti, d’Orb. Prod., i, p. 301. 1851. Monopoyta Lyenutt, d’ Arch. Morris and Lycett, Great Ool. Moll., pt. 1, p- 67, pl. xi, fig. 4. 1853. — — —_ Morris, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce., vol. ix, p- 326. 1884. - Lyewut, d’Arch. Cossmann, Etage Bath., p. 271, pl. vii, figs. 28, 29. Bibliography, §c.— We have the authority of Morris as to the occurrence of this well-known Bathonian species in the Lincolnshire Limestone, where the forms differ somewhat from those in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton, and possibly still more from d’Archiac’s types. It seems to be an eastern form, being quoted from the Bathonian and Bajocian of Hastern France. Description : Height of average specimen ; ; . Simm, Width : « “(Tam Mean spiral angle : 65°. Shell turbinate, subumbilicate ; spiral angle fairly regular, but with a flattened apex ; sutures wide and canaliculate. Number of whorls four, the two at the apex smooth, the other two ornamented with from three to four tuberculated spirals, the tubercles having a shallow concave pit on the anterior side. The body-whorl is subventricose, more or less carinated, and carries three strongly tuberculated spirals on the side, and a fourth, with lesser tuberculations, at the:angle. Four more tuberculated spirals ornament the base, including the umbilical cavity, the margin of which is fringed by the one carrying the strongest 46 358 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. row of tubercles. The aperture is subcircular, outer lip lunate and crenulated ; columella curved, slightly reflexed and truncated. Relations and Distribution.—As a rule, specimens from the Lincolnshire Lime- stone are smaller, less elevated, and more distinctly tuberculated than those from the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton referred to Monodonta Lyelli. But they vary also much amongst themselves. A depressed and more carinated form is represented in Pl. XXX, fig. 2, and this tendency is further shown in the var. humilis described below. It is not always easy, when specimens are indifferently preserved, to distinguish between Monodonta Lyelli and Turbo Hamptonensis (Inferior Oolite variety). Athough for the sake of reference it is convenient to place these in separate genera, so as to change the usual names as little as possible, yet practically they belong to the same genus. M. Lyelli may generally be distinguished by the more gaping suture, less regular form, more carinated body-whorl, and by the more irregular character of the ornaments. It seems to be chiefly confined to the upper beds of the Lincolnshire Limestone, notably at Ponton, Barnack, and Weldon. I think, too, that it may be recognised at Hook Norton. Var. humilis, Pl. XXX, fig. 3. More depressed than the preceding ; the height averages 4. mm., and the width 5 mm. There are four whorls, the apical ones very depressed ; the third whorl is angular and subbicarinate, having two spirals, of which the upper one only is tuberculated. The body-whorl, more than half the entire height of the shell, is large, bicarinate, and furnished with two or three spirals, of which the lower one is often plain; the spirals in the base are finer, except the last, which encircles the umbilicus with a richly tuberculated demilune. Since the number of whorls is the same, this form cannot be regarded as the young of M. Lyelli, but rather as a stunted and local variety, which is itself very variable, and only partly represented in fig. 3 of the accompanying plate. Most of my specimens are from Weldon. 293. TurBo “‘ DEPRESsIUSCULA.” Plate XXX, fig. 4. Description : Height : : ; é > SOumm, Width 5 : . Omninnn, Shell obtusely conical, subdepressed, umbilicate ; apex obtuse, consisting of two smooth and flattened whorls; third whorl bicarinate with two richly tuberculated spirals, the tubercles being connected by short axial cost; sutures wide and canaliculate. The body-whorl is angular and strongly bicarinate, having TURBO. 359 three tuberculated spirals, one on the posterior margin, and one on each of the carine ; the tubercles of the first and second spiral are connected across the sloping part of the whorl by axial costz. Base rather inclined to be flat, and ornamented with four spirals which are finely granulated, except the last, surrounding the circular margin of the umbilicus, where the tuberculations are again larger. The umbilicus is rather wide, and the aperture inclined to be circular, but the indications are not clear. Apparently related to the more depressed section of M. Lyelli, but differing considerably in the ornamentation and shape of the whorls. There is one specimen in the Sharp Collection at the British Museum, most probably from Ponton or Barnack. A second specimen in my own Collection already shows some difference. No others have come under my notice. 294. Turpo “‘ spatHica.” Plate XXX, fig. 5. Description : Height : : ‘ ‘ . 45 mm. Width ‘ : ; ; . Omm. Shell conical, umbilicated, spire elevated, apex obtuse, number of whorls five. Toa certain extent this form reminds one of Turbo delphinuloides, d’ Arch. (op. cit., p. 379, pl. xxix, figs. 3a—c). Ours is a smaller and more conical shell than d’Archiac’s species, but the angular character of the whorls and the thick radial costz are points of resemblance. The base is rounded and smooth (radial lines alone being visible)—a feature which at once separates M. “spathica”’ from M. Lyelli and its relatives. Two specimens are known to me, both being from the Lincolnshire Limestone, precise locality unknown—probably Ponton, Barnack, or Weldon. 295. Turso Hampronensis, Morris and Lycett, 1851, Inferior Oolite variety, Plate XXIX, figs. 19 and 20. 1851. Turso Hampronensts, Morris and Lycett. Great. Ool. Moll., pt.1, p. 64, pl. ix, fig. 30. Cf. also — Burronensis, Lycett. Supplement, p. 100, pl. xlv, fig. 15. — (Denpninvta) FuyicuLatus, Phil., vars. Hudleston, Geol. Mag., dec. 8, vol. ii, p. 54, pl. ii, figs. 7 and 8. 360 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Bibliography, §c.—In adopting the above name I wish to indicate that a certain form is widely, though not abundantly, spread throughout the Lower Oolites, which undoubtedly belongs to the group of which the Corallian species, D. funata, Minst., is a member, but yet is not the same species. The question calling for immediate decision is, what shall we call this fossil? On the whole, it seems to me that Turbo Hamptonensis may be made to cover the ground with the reserve, ‘‘ Inferior Oolite variety.” Description.—Height 11 mm., width 10 mm., but variable in this respect ; spiral angle 65°. Shell conical, moderately umbilicated. Spiral angle fairly regular, but with a flattened apex. Number of whorls usually five, those at the apex smooth, the others richly ornamented with tuberculated spiral bands, about three in number on the penult and antepenult ; sutures wide and in some cases almost gaping. The body-whorl is about half the entire height, subventricose, and carries four tuberculated spirals on the flank, which is in some specimens somewhat bicarinated. Base rounded and studded with tuberculated spirals, of which the lowest, dis- tinguished by larger granulations, forms a prominent demilune at the margin of the umbilical cavity. The aperture is subcircular, the outer lip thin and crenulated ; the inner lip is slightly angular towards the columellar extremity, where there is a sort of thickening. Relations and Distribution.—The above diagnosis represents a more vigorous form than Turbo Hamptonensis, which was described from a single specimen in the Great Oolite of Minchinhampton. A still smaller variety is Turbo Burtonensis, from the Forest-Marble. Not always to be distinguished from Monodonta Lyelli, and intimately connected with Turbo Davoustii, which is probably nothing more than an exaggerated and squamose variety. Rare in Dorset; occurs at different places and on different horizons in the Cotteswolds. Some of the most characteristic specimens are from the neighbour- hood of Hook Norton, where it is not always easy to distinguish it from Monodonta Iyelli. Varieties from the Dogger and Cornbrash of Yorkshire have been figured by me in the ‘ Geological Magazine’ (vol. cit.). 296. Turso (Denpuinuta) Davousti, d’Orbigny, 1850. Plate XXX, fig. 7; and var. Lindonensis, fig. 6. 1850. Turso Davoustu, d’Orbigny. Prod., i, p. 266. 1852. _— —_ _ Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 344, pl. cecxxxi, figs. 7—10. Bibliography, §c.—This is perhaps the form recognised by Lycett (‘ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Club,’ vol. i, p. 71) as Delphinula funata, Goldfuss, and also by TURBO. 361 Witchell (‘ Geology of Stroud,’ p. 51) as a fossil of the Oolite-Marl under the same name. It belongs to the same group, no doubt, and has another relative in Turbo segregatus, H. and D. (‘ Foss. Mont.-Bellay,’ p. 57, pl. ii, fig. 10). N.B.— Hitherto I have always quoted D. funata as a fossil of the Inferior Oolite in the Cotteswolds on the authority of Lycett and Witchell, but it seems that Turbo or Delphinula Davoustvi is more suitable. Description : Height : 3 : : .; 13mm: Width : : : . 14mm. Spiral angle . eo The description given by dt Ocbigay 1S puaicennis near to permit of an approximate identification, although there are some differences of detail. T. Davoustii may be regarded as a wide-angled and spinulose relative of T. Hamptonensis. It is especially characterised by tuberculations which have semilunar pits of varying depth on the anterior side (a feature also of D. funata, Goldf., and of Turbo [| Delphinula| funiculatus, Phil.). The character of the base and aperture is also the same, except that the tuberculations are far more vigorous. The best specimens are from Bradford Abbas, presumably from the higher zones ; it is also found at Horton Hill in the Parkinsoni-zone, but the specimens are inferior. There are also, in all probability, inferior specimens on other horizons and in other localities of the Cotteswolds. Variety Lindonensis (fig. 6). Description : Height : : : 2 11 mm: Width é : : : . 13 mm. Spiral angle . : 2 OOK Shell turbinate, moderately taabilicated! The spire is convex and irregular, with a gaping suture, especially pronounced in the last whorl. Apex obtuse; number of whorls about four, angular and subtabulate, the whole shell being conspicuously muricated ; penult ornamented by three or four rows of spinous tubercles. The body-whorl is somewhat bicarinate, and has on the flank three rows of very spinous tubercles, hollowed anteriorly ; the middle row, which is situate at the posterior angle, carries the largest spines. Base rounded, and ornamented with four or five rows of smaller tubercles. Umbilicus and aperture as in 7. Davoustit. Of all the members of the group known to occur in the Inferior Oolite, the var. Lindonensis has perhaps the most considerable resemblance to the Corallian 362 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. Delphinula funiculata, Phil., which I hold to be very much the same as D. funata, Goldf. In the looseness of the whorls it also serves to remind us of T. segregatus. Occurs rather abundantly in the ‘‘ Base-bed”’ at Lincoln. Inferior specimens in the Oolite-Marl of the Cotteswolds, rare. Group related to Delphinula alta, Morris and Lycett (Great Ool. Moll., pt. 1, pa (Le pleix stig. oll). From a purely biological point of view it is probable that the “‘ species” hereunder described are all localised varieties of a generalised form, which might be focussed under the general term Delphinula alta—the more so since these variations occur on one horizon, and consequently do not in any way mark time. Delphinula alta has been quoted as a fossil of the Lincolnshire Limestone by Mr. Etheridge (Judd, ‘Geology of Rutland,’ p. 282); but whether or not in reference to the strongly marked fossils from the base of that formation at Lincoln, figured in pl. xxx, I cannot ascertain. For this group generally cf.— Delphinula serrata, Buvig., ‘ Géol. Meuse,’ pl. xxiv, figs. 26—29. — stellata, Buvig., op. cit., pl. xxiv, figs. 37—39. — hirsuta, Hug. Desl., MS., Cossmann, ‘ tage Bath.,’ p. 270, pl. x, figs. 42, 43. 297. DELPHINULA ALTA-BICARINATA, Sp. nov. Plate XXX, fig. 8. Description : Height : : 4 : . 10 mm Width : ; ‘1 12)mom, Shell irregularly turbinate, umbilicate; apex obtuse, the apical whorls being smooth ; number of whorls four; sutural space very wide, almost gaping. The penultimate is angular and bicarinate, each angle being marked by a studded belt of tuberculations, those in the upper belt are the strongest. The body-whorl is large, extremely angular and bicarinate, the carinz being fur- nished with large squamous tuberculations, strongest in the upper row, the tubercles being very hollow. Fine and sinuous radial ornamentation pervades the sides, especially,on the posterior area, where it is sometimes wrinkled up into a subsidiary carina. The base is much produced, and has three raised spirals, the anterior one DELPHINULA. 363 bordering the umbilical excavation being roughly serrated. The umbilical hollow terminates in a true umbilicus of considerable depth. Aperture circular, with an expansion of the inner lip, so as to produce a slight projection towards the columellar extremity. Relations and Distribution.—This form occurs rarely in the ‘‘ Base-bed”’ at Lincoln, and also at Stoke Lodge. I possess a specimen, considerably larger than the one figured, said to have come from the Inferior Oolite of Rodborough Hill. 298. DELPHINULA ALTA-ACANTHICA, sp. nov. Pl. XXX, fig. 9; variety, fig. 10. Description : Height : : : ; . 8mm. Width : : : : = LO:nom: Differs from the preceding chiefly in the more gaping suture, in the freedom from bicarination, which is especially marked in the body-whorl ; and, above all, in the great size and length of the spinous processes (hollow) on the single carina situate at the angle of each whorl. Relations and Distribution.—It is just possible that this form may represent D. alta, M. and L., under circumstances which permit of its bizarre ornamentation being preserved. Excellent specimens are occasionally obtained from the ‘ Base-bed” at Lincoln. Hitherto I have not noticed this particular form elsewhere in the Inferior Oolite. DELPHINULA ACANTHICA, var. DEPRESSA, fig. 10. Description.—Height 4:3 mm.; width (without spines) 65 mm. Number of whorls the same as in the more usual form, but all extremely depressed. The penult and body-whorl are flattened out, angular, muricated, and furnished with a keel, which produces wide-apart, upturned spines, whose length keeps increasing anteriorly until a very salient projection is attained. This is the most bizarre of all the forms connected with this group of Delphinula. For comparison vide list given supra. It is just possible that Euomphalus coronatus, Sow., may be a micromorph, though, if Sowerby’s enlarge- ment is to be relied on, that shell is more likely to be a Straparollus. Rare in the “ Base-bed”’ at Lincoln. 364 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. 299. Deveuinuta (TursBo) Buoxmannt, Morris and Lycett, 1851, Inferior Oolite variety. Plate XXX, fig. 11. 1851. Dertruinuta Buckmannt, Morris and Lycett. Great Ool. Moll., pt. 1, p. 71, pl. v, fig; 8. 1884. Turso Bucxmannt, Morris and Lycett. Cossmann, Etage Bath., p. 265, pl. vu, fig. 50. Bibliography, §c.—The authors speak of D. Buckmanni as occurring in the beds of coarse planking on Minchinhampton Common, though it must be rare, as I have never seen any specimens from the Great Oolite except the three in the Jermyn Street Museum, one of which is the type. In none of these are there strong indica- tions of an umbilicus. Quoted by Cossmann from two localities in the Bathonian of France. Specimens from the Inferior Oolite show a considerable umbilicus. The following relates exclusively to Inferior Oolite specimens, which may possibly represent a distinct species. . Description : Height : ; ‘ , . 10 mm. Width : : E » mm. Spiral angle . ; , OO: Shell turbinate, moderately thick, more or less umbilicated ; the spire, which is pointed and conical, occupies about two-fifths of the total height. Number of whorls five ; the two apical ones smooth, the next two are carinated anteriorly, and ornamented with a pair of tuberculated spirals, the points of which are joined by thick radial cost ; sutures moderately wide. The body-whorl is large, angular, and bicarinate; base full. The primary ornaments consist of a tuberculated spiral on the posterior margin, and one on each of the carine, these being decussated by a system of thick radial cost, which extend from the posterior margin of the whorls across the intercarinal hollow, and right across the base to the margin of the funnel-shaped umbilicus; fine spiral striz, especially conspicuous in the intercarinal hollow, constitute a secondary ornamentation. The aperture is circular, with but little callus on the inner lip. The radial costz are sometimes continued over the margin of the umbilicus, which varies as to size, being much encroached upon in some of the older shells. Relations and Distribution.—If this is really the same as the Great Oolite species, the range of D. Buckmanni is considerable. In the Inferior Oolite it has only been found, so far as I know, in the Oolite-Marl of the Nailsworth district, whence specimens are occasionally obtained. TURBO OR DELPHINULA. 365 N.B.—The remainder of Pl. XXX is occupied with figures of an interesting group of turbinate shells, generally known to me as the Granata-group. This group is confined to the Lower Division of the Inferior Oolite, and often to a low horizon such as the Opalinus-zone and the lower part of the Murchisonx-zone, but is also abundantly represented in the Concavus-bed of Bradford Abbas. These depressed and highly ornamented ‘‘ Turbos”’ are characterised by a large and infundibuliform umbilicus. Interiorly the aperture is circular, but with a subrhomboidal peristome, reminding one greatly of Delphinula, a view which is further supported by the character of the umbilicus. Bean seems to have been the first naturalist in this country whose attention was drawn to the subject. Specimens from the Dogger were sometimes named in his MS. Delphinula granata, sometimes Solarium granatum. Mr. Tawney named a species of this group from the Concavus-bed of Bradford Abbas Turbo Shaleri. If, on the present occasion, I adopt the double name, it must be understood that ‘ Turdo”’ is only used in a conventional sense, and that to my mind Delphinula is nearer the mark. Then comes the question of ‘‘ species.”” The relationship of the forms from 12 to 17 figured in the accompanying plate is obvious, and one might select a much larger number of varieties. This is a case where the binomial system of nomenclature is evidently at fault. Whatever specific name is used, in each case the word ** granata’”’ should be understood. 300. Turso (Detpainvuta) Suatert, Tawney, 1873. Plate XXX, fig. 12. 1873. Turso SHatERI, Tawney. Dundry Gasteropoda, p. 31 (23), pl. ii, fig. 3. Description : Height ; : ‘ », 9 mnt. Width : 2 : : » 125 mm. Spiral angle . ‘ - 90°—95° N.B.—The largest specimen from Bradford Abbas does not exceed 14 mm. in width. Specimens from Dundry, according to Mr. Tawney’s measurements, seem to be larger. Shell turbinate, widely umbilicate; the spire is regular in some specimens, gibbous in others, and ranges from one-third to two-fifths the total height. Apex pointed, number of whorls five, sloping easily to a very strong anterior keel, which is richly ornamented with rather fine granulations ; in some cases a second keel is exposed in the penult; a fine and almost imperceptible circle of granulations also lines the posterior margin. 47 366 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. The body-whor] is large, angular, and sub-bicarinate, the widest part being at the upper keel, but the difference in width between the upper and lower keel varies considerably. The keels are richly granulated, the granulations in the lower keel being smaller, and the whole surface of the shell is covered by an interlacing network of spiral and radial striz, the umbilicus being encircled by a row of prominent tubercles rather wide apart. Aperture sub-rhomboidal to circular ; umbilicus funnel-shaped and deep. Relations and Distribution.—There is much variety in the shells classed under Turbo Shaleri, chiefly owing to the difference in the amount of exposure in the penultimate—thus producing a figure very different to that of the specimen selected (fig. 12). It is obviously a member of the Gvanata-group, especially characteristic of the Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. Quoted from Dundry by Tawney, where specimens seem to be less highly ornamented. 301. Delphinula, species or variety. Plate XXX, fig. 13. The specimen figured in the accompanying plate differs so considerably, both from Turbo Shalerit and also from the other members of the Gvranata-group, described below, as to be worthy of notice. The opening of the spiral angle is about 115°, the body-whorl is equally bicarinate, and the ornaments are very fine, except where a circle of elongated tubercles borders the wide and funnel-shaped umbilicus. The specimen is believed to be from the Inferior Oolite of the Dorset district and is unique. Asa mere name of convenience I would distinguish it as Delphinula ** densistriata.”’ In shape, but not in ornamentation, it has some resemblance to Turbo Theodori (Goldf., t. 179, 1). 302. DgLPHINULA SHALERI, VAR. PULCHRIOR. Plate XXX, fig. 14. Description : Height ‘ : : : . 22mm. Width ; : : : . 16mm. Mean spiral angle about : : hy 85% Shell turbinate, moderately umbilicated, spire fairly elevated, ranging from more than one-third to less than one-half the total height; apex flattened, apical whorls smooth. Number of whorls five, concave, and ornamented by tuber- DELPHINULA. 367 culated spirals at the posterior and anterior margins, the interspaces being richly interwoven with fine granular ornaments; sutures regular and canaliculate. Body-whorl large, subangular and bicarinate, the tuberculated carine being equal and approximate ; a granulated spiral belt adorns the posterior margin. The tuberculations on the carinz are radially elongate, and the entire surface of the shell, including the full base, is richly chased with granular spiral ornament. 17 mm, Spiral angle . 85°. Shell conical, imperforate. Spire regular and about half the entire height. Number of whorls five, nearly flat ; suture rather close. The ornaments consist of stout granulated spiral bands, those towards the base of each whorl having a slight prominence. The body-whorl shows a slight prominence at the basal periphery. Base nearly flat, with strong spirals decussated by radiating lines. Aperture trapezoidal and depressed. Relations and Distribution.—Probably a Plewrotomaria with the simus-band obscured. A single specimen from the Scarborough Limestone. 326. Trocaus BiaRMATUS, Minster, 1844. Plate XXXII, fig. 14. 1844. Trocuvs Brarmatvs, UM Goldf., Petref. Germ., pl. clxxx, fig. 2. 1873. Lirrorina BrarMata, M. Tawney, Dundry Gasteropoda, p. 24 (16). Cf. also Trocuus Bitorqguatus, Héb. and Desl. Foss. Montreuil-Bellay, p. 61, pl. ii, fig. 6. TROCHUS. 387 Bibliography, §c.—According to Tawney (op. cit.), Oppel, and after him Brauns, identified Miinster’s species with 7. monilitectus, Phil., but for this identification there is clearly no warrant. I cannot follow Tawney in regarding this species as a Littorina. Description : Height. ; 3 : iy 2am, Width : é : ; ; 105mm, Spiral angle : 5 . ~ Odie Shell conical, not umbilicated, slightly turreted. Spire nearly two-thirds the total height; spiral angle sometimes rather obtuse. Number of whorls seven, separated by a very wide suture. Those at the extreme apex are smooth, but all the principal whorls are concave, and bounded by tuberculated spiral belts at the posterior and anterior margins. The body-whorl, which is separated from the spire by a very wide suture, is similar in shape and ornament, but carries a third keel at the angle of the shells, the third one being the least prominent. Base nearly flat and spirally ornamented. Aperture subrhomboidal and depressed. Relations and Distribution.—Regarded as a Trochus this species stands pretty well alone. 1’. biarmatus, M., differs from Hnglish specimens in having the third keel exposed in the whorls of the spire—always supposing the enlarged figure of Goldfuss to be an accurate representation. T'rochus bitorquatus, Héb. and Desl., greatly resembles our Inferior Oolite specimens. Trochus biarmatus with us is essentially a fossil of the Parkinsoni-zone or of the beds immediately below. ‘The most northerly point noted is Notgrove. At Horton Hill it is abundant and well developed. The best specimens come from Grove and Woolston (Castle Cary district). It is met with in the Parkinsom- marl of Bradford Abbas; also at Stoford, and in the Parkinsoni-zone of South Dorset. 327. TRocHUS MaRGA, sp. nov. Plate XXXII, fig. 15. Description : Height ‘ 2) (Ohman Width : : ‘ : . | onmm Spiral angle . oh oa Shell conical, imperforate. Spire elevated and acute with a slightly obtuse apex. Number of whorls six; slightly concave, with a considerable anterior prominence. Body-whorl very concave with a blunt carina at the angle. The entire shell is ornamented by fine spiral striz, closely set, and faintly decussated 388 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. by axial lines. Base rounded and similarly ornamented. Aperture subquadrate with a columellar furrow. Relations and Distribution.—An increase in the strength of the axial orna- mentation would approximate this form to Trochus Niortensis. T. marga is most abundant in the Parkinsoni-marl at Bradford Abbas. It occurs more rarely on the same horizon at Burton Bradstock. 328. Troocuus Niortensis, d’Orbigny, 1852. 1852. Trocuus Niorrensis, d’Orbigny. Terr. Jur., vol. ii, p. 282, pl. eccxv, figs. 5—8. 1873. — _ —_ Tawney, Dundry Gasteropoda, p. 33 (25). When Mr. Tawney wrote, there were in the Bristol Museum two specimens. from Dundry agreeing precisely with d’Orbigny’s description. A third specimen has since been added. Mr. Wilson, the present curator, informs me that this Species ranges up from the Middle Lias. The micromorph from the Pea-grit of Leckhampton (Pl. XXXII, figs. 18a, 18 b) is related. .N.B.—The whorls of this small shell are more concave than is shown in the enlargement. 329. TRoonus, species or variety. Plate XXXII, fig. 16. A small, unornamented Trochus, with whorls very much undercut, occurs sparingly at Weldon in the Lincolnshire Limestone. In my Collection this is designated Trochus ‘* subimbricatus.” 330. Troonus cf. Brxa, d’Orbigny, 1850. Plate XXXII, fig. 17; and ? Plate XX XI, fos 16, 1850. Trocuus Brxa, d’Orbigny. Prod., 1, p. 300. 1852. — — — Terr. Jur., vol. 1i, p. 287, pl. ecexvi, figs. 13—16. Cf. also — Lanerunensts, d’Orb. Cossmann, Etage Bath., p. 289, pl. xiii, figs. 24—25. Bibliography, §c.—Specimens from our Inferior Oolite agree so well with the description and figures of d’Orbigny of a shell from the Bathonian of Luc in Calvados that I do not feel justified in separating them, notwithstanding the difference in geological age. M. Cossmann regards 1’. Biva, d’Orb., as merely a synonym of 7’. Langrunensis, d’Orb.; but as our shells resemble 7’. Biza I retain the former name, the more so since the essential feature of spiral striation is entirely wanting in 7. Langrwnensis—possibly from attrition. TROCHUS. 389 Description : Height : : : , A ee) vaahuils Width : : : - ) Gam: Spiral angle (about) . : 00 Shell conoidal, imperforate; spiral angle obtuse with a rather sharp apex. Number of whorls about five, moderately convex, sutures close; the ornaments consist of very numerous, fine, spiral lines, with but faint traces of radial decussation. The body-whorl is about half the entire height, and slightly compressed anteriorly so as to be well within the spiral angle. The spiral lines are extremely numerous, and one, a little more elevated than the rest, forms a slight keel at the angle of the whorl; this angle is rounded off into the very full base, which is similarly striated. The aperture is suborbicular and rather restricted, without the least trace of an umbilical or columellar furrow. Specimens from Lincoln are similar, except that the base is rather more rounded off and there is a slight ‘* monodontoid ” appearance on the columel a. Relations and Distribution.—This peculiar form seems to stand by itself in our Inferior Oolite, occurring in the Murchisonx-zone at two widely separate localities, viz. at Lincoln in the “ Base-bed,’ and at Burton Bradstock in the Irony Nodule-bed. 331. P Troonus BicincenDuS, Lycett, 1850. Plate XXXI, fig. 15. 1850. Trocnus Bicinernpvs, Lycett. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd ser., vol. vi, p- 416; and Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Club, vol. i, p. 77. The following is the author’s diagnosis :—‘“ Elevated whorls rather concave, with two encircling nodose ribs, one at each margin of the whorl, and three mesial circles of nodules.” The type, which is in the Jermyn-Street Museum, measures :—Height 8 mm., width 4°5 mm., spiral angle 45°. From the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds. It seems probable that Trochus bicingendus represents the early stage of a shell from the Pea-grit of Longfords, represented in the present work (Pl. XXIV, fig. 7), and which was correlated (p. 301) with Ltttorina recteplanata, Tawney. If this correlation be correct, it would seem proper to substitute Lycett’s specific name ; but, since there is a doubt, we must retain both names for the present. It is quite likely that I have not succeeded in enumerating every species of fossil shell from our Inferior Oolite entitled to the name of Trochus. For instance, there is 7’. clypeatus, Witchell (‘ Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Club,’ vol. vii, p. 128, pl. iv, fig. 3), which I have not seen; though, to judge from the figure and description, it is most probably identical with Trochus dimidiatus, Sow. 50 390 GASTEROPODA OF THE INFERIOR OOLITE. On the other hand, there occurs in the Concavus-bed at Bradford Abbas a remarkable trochoid species, which, although it is probably not a Trochus, I may enumerate provisionally under this genus. 332. “ TRocHUS” ATTROOHUS, sp. nov. Plate XXIX, fig. 15, and var. fig. 16. Description : Height. : : . od mm. Width : ; » 6mm. Shell irregularly conical, thin, subumbilicate. The angle of the spire is regular, but owing to the sudden increase of the body-whorl, the spiral angle of the entire shell is concave. In fact, so ventricose is the body-whorl that, in some cases, the spire has the appearance of belonging to another shell. Total number of whorls five; those of the spire are flat (smooth at the extreme apex), whilst the penult and antepenult are ornamented with a loosely granulated spiral on the posterior margin, and a finely granulated keel anteriorly. The body-whorl is angular and enormously ventricose, and separated from the spire by a wide and subcanaliculate suture. The ornaments are the same as in the lower whorls of the spire, viz. a circlet of distant nodules on the posterior edge, and a conspicuous carina with fine granulations; this carina is median, and above it there are no certain traces of spiral lines, whilst below and in the base are considerable indications of spiral lines. Base widely but not deeply excavated. — The aperture is large and prominent anteriorly, the lips being somewhat thin, outer lip angular, inner lip circular. N.B.—The thickening of the inner lip, shown in Fig. 15, is not quite correct. Varieties.—There is considerable irregularity of development. In some specimens the whorls of the spire appear undercut owing to the salience of the the carina; in these cases the body-whorl is usually less ventricose, and the shell more regularly conical. The variety from Beaminster (fig. 16), besides being smaller, shows some modification in the spiral ornament below the carina of the body-whorl, and otherwise differs in some minor points. Relations and Distribution.—At present this curious species seem to stand alone with reference to the other Gasteropoda of the Inferior Oolite. It may be related to some of the perforated Trochi of the Paléontologie Frangaise; but Gemmellaro’s genus Palzxoniso, if one may judge from the species described and figured by that author, does not seem applicable in the present instance. Known only from the Concavus-bed at Bradford Abbas and the parallel horizon at Beaminster. PLATE XXVII. N.B.—About half the figures are drawn from photographs, more or less enlarged. Fra. la, 1b. Onustus pyramidatus, Phillips. Wide-angled variety with straight ribs. From (?) Murchisone-zone, Chideock. My Collection. Front and base xX 13. (Page 326.) 2a,2b. The same. Specimen believed to be the type, Dogger; Blue Wyke. York Museum. Back and base x 13. 3. Onustus acuminatus, sp. nov. Murchisone-zone, North Dorset. Whidborne Collection. Back x 1}. (Page 328.) 4a, 4b. Onustus heliacus, d’Orb., var. opalina. Opalinus-zone, Drympton. My Collection. Front and base x 13. (Page 329.) 5a, 5b. Onustus ef. lamellosus, d’Orbigny. (The base shows a deeply excavated umbilicus as in d’Orbigny’s figure, but the radial ornaments are wanting). Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. Front and base x 13. (Page 328.) 6 a, 6b. Onustus Heberti, Laube. Stoford. ? Parkinsoni-zone. My Collection. Front and base X 2. (Page 329.) 7. The same. Wide-angled variety, with the spirals in the base and the crenulations of the margin more strongly developed. Cadomensis-bed, Oborne. My Collection. Base x 2. 8a, 8b. Onustus ornatissimus, d’Orbigny. Parkinsoni-zone, Burton Bradstock. My Collection. Front and base x 14. (Page 330.) 9a,9b,9¢. Neritopsis Bajocensis, @Orbigny. Parkisoni-zone, Burton Brad- stock. My Collection (Stephens). Front, back, and apex Xx 14. (Page 340.) 10. Operculum of Neritopsis Bajocensis, d’Orb. Huwmphriesianus-zone, Sherborne district. My Collection (Stephens). In position, natural size. lla, 116, 11 ¢. Neritopsis Philea, d’Orbigny, Inferior Oolite variety. Concavus- bed, Bradford Abbas. My Collection. Front, back, and apex X 13. (Page 341.) PLATE XXVII a ants : Geo.West & Sons del lith etimp ‘a ne ’ ‘ . > . , ~ -——— . * ¢ = 4 : . ; i i + ~ — - | = ~* \- — a — vg ~~ - re ~ 2 - , - - a 3 f PLATE XXVIII. N.B.—All figures, except figs. 16, 17 b, and 18 b, are from pencil drawings. Fig. la, 1b, le. Neritopsis varicosa, Morris and Lycett. Oolite Marl, Nailsworth. My Collection (Wright). Front, back, and apical x 2. (Page 341.) 2. Neritopsis incisa, sp. nov. Base of Lincolnshire Limestone, Swan’s Brickyard, Lincoln. My Collection. Back x 2. (Page 342.) 3a, 3b, 3e. Neritopsis cf. Hebertana, d’Orbigny. Stoford. My Collection. Back, front, and apical x 2. (Page 343.) 4. Neritopsis cf. sulcosa, d’Archiac, or P a modified form of WV. Philea, d’Orb. Pea-grit, Crickley. My Collection. Back x 2. (Page 344.) 5a,56b,5c. Neritopsis cf. decussata, Minster. Base-bed, Lincoln. Back, front, and apical x 2. (Page 342.) 6a, 6b. Nerita costulata, Deshayes (Nerita costata, Sow.). Variety from the Scarborough Limestone, White Nab. Herries Collection. Back and apical x 2. (Page 332.) 7,8, 9. Nerita pseudocostata, d’Orbigny. Dogger, Blue Wyke. lLeckenby Collection. Three specimens showing different aspects, each x 2. (Page 333.) 10. “ Neritopsis lxvigata.” Dogger, Blue Wyke. Jermyn Street Museum. Front x 2. (Page 344.) lla,11b. Nerita (Neridomus) near to ovata, Romer (ef. also Neritina Oooksonii, Deslongchamps). Pea-grit, Crickley. My Collection. Front and back x 2. lle. Portion further enlarged to show colour markings. (Page 336.) 12a, 126. Nerita (Neridomus) tumidula, Phillips. Dogger, Blue Wyke. My Collection. Front and back x 2. (Page 335.) 13 a, 136. Pileolus plicatus, Sowerby, var. A. Base-bed, Lincoln. My Collection. Apical and side x 8. (Page 337.) 14a, 146, 14¢. Pileolus plicatus, Sow., var. B. Same locality and Collection. Apical, side and base x 3. (Page 337.) 15a, 156, 15¢. Pileolus levis, Sowerby. Inferior Oolite variety. Same locality and Collection. Apical, side and base x 3. (Page 338.) 16. Section of Pileolus to show the columellar septum. Base of Lincolnshire Limestone, Lincoln. My Collection. Section x 3. (Page 337.) 17a, 176. Crossostoma cf. Prattii, Morris and Lycett. ? Irony Nodule-bed, Burton Bradstock. My Collection. Front and back x 13. (Page 346.) 18a,186. *. | . } bs i : a EL qe ; i Fig. . Monodonta Lyelli, d’Archiac. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. Back and PLATE XXX. N.B. 1. All the figures on this plate are drawn from photographs. N.B. 2. All specimens are from my Collection unless otherwise stated. N.B. 3. All figures magnified about two diameters. front (Page 357.) . The same ; variety with shorter spire. Same horizon and locality. Back. . Monodonta Lyelli, var. humilis. Lincolnshire Limestone, Ponton or Barnack. British Museum. Back and front. . Turbo “ depressiuscula.” Lincolnshire Limestone. Same Collection. Back. (Page 358.) . Turbo “ spathica”’ (ef. T. delphinuloides, d’ Archiac). Lincolnshire Limestone. Same Collection. Back and front. (Page 359.) . Turbo Davoustu, d Orbigny, var. Lindonensis. Base of Lincolnshire Limestone, Lincoln. Back. (Page 361.) - Turbo Davoustii, dOrbigny. Parkinzoni-zone, Aston. Back and front. (Page 360.) . Delphinula alta-bicarinata, sp. nov. Base of Lincolnshire Limestone, Lincoln. Front and back. (Page 362.) . Delphinula alta-acanthica, sp. nov. Same horizon and locality. Back and front. (Page 363.) . Delphinula alta-acanthica, var. depressa. Same horizon and locality. Back and front. (Page 363.) . Delphinula Buckmanni, Morris and Lycett. Oolite Marl, Nailsworth. Front and back. (Page 364.) . Turbo (Delphinula) Shaleri, Tawney. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. Back and front. (Page 365.) . Delphinula or Turbo, species or variety. Inferior Oolite, Dorset. Front and back. (Page 366.) . Delphinula Shaleri, var. pulchior. Stoford. Back and front. (Page 366.) . Delphinula angulata, sp. nov. Murchisone- or concavus-zone, Half-way House. Back and front. (Page 367.) . The same; depressed variety. Opalinus-zone, Drympton. Front and back. . Delphinula (Turbo) granata, Hudleston. Dogger, Blue Wyke. Front and back. (Page 368.) 18 a. Delphinula (Turbo) Santonis, sp. nov. Lincolnshire Limestone, Santon. Jermyn Street Museum. Back and front. (Page 369.) GeoWest & Sone del lithetimp Fie. PLATE XXXI. N.B. 1. All fiaures on this plate are drawn from photographs. N.B. 2. All. specimens are from my Collection unless otherwise stated. N.B. 3. All figures are magnified a little over two diameters except fig. 16. . Trochus Sandersii, Vawney. Murchisone-zone, Bradford Abbas. Back and front. (Page 370.) . Trochus rupestris, sp. nov. Irony Nodule-bed (Murchisonx-zone), Burton Bradstock. Back. (Page 371.) . Trochus sybilla, sp. nov. Opalinus-zone, Drympton. Back and front. (Page 371.) Trochus Winwoodi, Tawney, var. minor. Stoford (? Concavus-bed). Back and front. (Page 372.) . Trochus Winwoodi, Tawney, var. major. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. Back and front. (Page 372.) . Trochus spiratus, d’Archiac. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. Front and back. (Page 378.) . Trochus spiratus, conical variety. Weldon. Back. N.B.—This specimen, like so many of the Weldon fossils, has suffered from attrition. . Trochus dimidiatus, Sowerby. Parkinsoni-zone, Woolston. Front and back. (Page 379.) . Trochus Zetes, d’Orbigny, as identified by Tawney. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. Back and front. (Page. 379.) . Trochus duplicatus, Sowerby. Parkinsoni-zone, Burton Bradstock. Back and front. (Page. 373.) . Trochus angulatus, Sowerby [? var. of T. duplicatus, Sow., ef. also T. Lorieri, @Orb.]. Parkinsoni-zone, Burton Bradstock. Back and front. (Page 374.) . Trochus Duryanus, @Orbigny. Parkinsoni-zone, Grove. Back and front. (Page 375.) . Trochus subduplicatus, dOrbigny. Small form from the “Sands,” Brims- combe. Back. (Page 375.) . The same. Large form from the “ Sands,’’ Newton, near Yeovil. Front. . “ Trochus bicingendus,’’ Lycett. Oolite Marl, Nailsworth. Jermyn Street Museum. Back. (Page 389.) . Trochus cf. Bixa, @Orbigny. Base of the Lincolnshire Limestone, Lincoln. Front. X 13. (Page 388 ) PLATE XXXI “ newininceue* EEL. Geo.West & Sons del lith etimp My * { i : ‘ ; ' . ‘ : ? ' , , ye) Me ‘ i \ > i / J ‘ ; ’ , * : ‘ wh r] ; Nad bs 7 3 7 fla io 2 . r a men 1 84 : ' ‘ : ie _ ac is at ; ’ t 7 U j ' | a ; : : on ie : , f re | 4 hie ‘ hl ‘ ae he ‘ ft J . ye —_ TH ery a =. ” ; 5 PLATE XXXII. N.B. 1. All figures, except figs. 3a, 3b, 13, and 18}, are drawn from photographs. N.B. 2. All specimens are from my Collection unless otherwise stated. N.B. 3. The majority of the figures are magnified a little over two diameters. Fra. 1. Trochus subduplicatus, d’Orbigny, var. Abbas. Concavus-bed, Bradford Abbas. Back and front. (Page 377.) 2. Trochus subduplicatus, var plicata, Goldf. Dumortieria-beds, foot of Hast Cliff, Bridport Harbour. Back and front. (Page 376.) 3.4, 3b. Trochus mowilitectus, Phillips. Scarborough Limestone. Bean Ooll., British Museum. Back and front. (Page 380.) 4. Trochus substrigosus, sp. nov., incomplete form, say 7’. ‘‘ nemoralis”’ by way of distinction. Parkinsoni-zone, Grove. Front and back. (Page 384.) 5. Trochus squamosiwr, sp. nov. Base of Lincolnshire Limestone, Lincoln. Back. (Page 382.) 6. Trochus subluciensis, sp. nov. Oolite-Marl, Nailsworth Hill. Front and base. (Page 381.) 7. The same; larger and coarser form. Irony Nodule-bed, Burton Bradstock. Back. 8. Trochus squaniger, Morris and Lycett. Freestones of the Oolite-Marl, Nailsworth Hill. Base and front. (Page 382.) 9. Trochus vicinus, sp. nov. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. Front and back. (Page 383.) 10. Trochus Dunkeri, Morris and Lycett, var. Weldonis. Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. Front and back. (Page 383.) 11. Trochus substrigosus, sp. nov. Parkinsoni-zone, Burton Bradstock. Front and back. (Page 384.) 12. Trochus Burtonensis, Lycett; Inferior-Oolite variety. Parkinsoni-zone, Horton Hill. Front and back. (Page 385.) 13. P Trochus Leckenbyi, Morris and Lycett. Scarborough Limestone. Leckenby Collection, Woodwardian Museum. Back. (Page 386.) 14. Trochus biarmatus, Minster. Parkinsoni-zone, Grove. Back and front. (Page 386.) 15. Trochus marga, sp. nov. Parkinzoni-zone, Burton Bradstock. Front and back. (Page 387.) 16. Trochus * subimbricatus.” Lincolnshire Limestone, Weldon. Front and back. (Page 388.) 17. Trochus Biva, @Orbigny. Irony Nodule-bed, Burton Bradstock. Front. (Page 388.) 18a. Micromorph of ? Trochus Niortensis, d’Orb. Pea-grit, Crickley. Back. 186. The same X 10. (Page 388.) PLATE XXXII. Sas Eset em Geo.West & Sone del lithetimp ri + teag v THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVIL. VOLUME FOR 1894. LONDON: MDCCCXCIV. A MONOGRAPH ON CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. BY WHEELTON HIND, M.D., B.S.Lonp., F.R.C.S., F.G.S. PART I. CARBONICOLA (ANTHRACOSIA). Paces 1—80; Piatres I—XI. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1894. meg Ore ee ee hal Ses ee + Ieee os - PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C. AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W. A MONOGRAPH ON CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. § I. INTRODUCTION.! Tue fossils to be described in this Monograph are obtained, almost without exception, from the productive Coal-measures of the Carboniferous Series ; whether they occur, as in Scotland, the North of Ireland, and the North of England, at the base of this formation, as well as in the Coal-measures proper; or, as in the other coal-fields of Ireland, the remainder of England and Wales, and the Continent, above the Millstone-grit, in the upper beds. They chiefly occur in ironstone bands or nodules in indurated marl, and in black carbonaceous shales, and often in such profusion as to constitute shell-beds which extend over large areas. On the Continent it is found that the genera occurring in the Coal-measures pass up into beds of Permian age; but it is doubtful at present whether it can be shown that the same species survived through both periods. It is not within the scope of this Monograph to attempt the correlation of the various strata found in the different coal-fields of Great Britain ; Indeed, the Author believes that it would be impossible to do so, from the fact that the nature and thickness of the coal-seams and intervening beds undergo such alterations in the same coal-field that the conditions affecting the deposit must have been very 1 In working up the Bibliography of the bivalve Mollusca of the Coal-measures I have been reluctantly obliged to acknowledge that in two at least of the three genera to be described in this Monograph the names now in use must be abandoned for others which have the priority. M‘Coy’s name of Carbonicola, though accompanied by a partly erroneous diagnosis, is undoubtedly a few months older than King’s Anthracosia, in which, too, the hinge characters described belong to a species, and not to the genus. And also there is no doubt that Prof. J. W. Dawson’s Naiadites is older than Salter’s Anthracoptera, although Dawson’s genus originally contained members of all the genera to be described in this work. 1 2 local. Essentially Fresh-water and Estuarine Beds. Essentially Marine. CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. I adopt the table published by Professor EK. Hull in his paper’ (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxiii, 1877, p. 615), as being the result of many years’ labour on the Carboniferous Series of Great Britain by the greatest authority on the subject, and because I think the various stages proposed by him are well marked out by their fossil contents; and therefore they form the best scheme for the comparison of the various horizons in different coal-fields. THE BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS SERIES.? Bepbs, In DrescenpING ORDER, WITH LOCALITIES. Name of Formation. STAGE G. Upper Coal-measures.—Reddish and grey sand- stones, breccias, and clays, with thin coal-seams and limestones. Fossits (fresh-water or estuarine).—Fish (migratory) ; Crustacea, Leperditia inflata; Annelids, Spirorbis carbonarius.* STAGE F. Middle Coal-measures.— Yellowish sandstones, clays, and shales, with thick coals. Fossits (fresh-water or estuarine).—Fish (migratory) ; Molluses, Anthracosia (Carbonicola), Anthracomya ; Crustacea, Beyrichia, Estheria ; Annelids, Spirorbis. Marine species rare. STAGE E. Gannister Beds (Phillips) or Lower Coal- measures.— FE lagstones, shales, and thin coals, with hard siliceous floors (Gannister). Fossizs (Marine).—Fish similar to those above (migra- tory); Molluscs, Goniatites, Discites, Orthoceras, Posidonia (sic), Monotis, Aviculopecten, Anthracosia (Carbonicola), Lingula, &e. STAGE D. Millstone-grit Series.—Coarse grits, flagstones, and shales, with a few thin coal-seams. Fossits (Marine).—Similar to those of the Lower Coal- measures. STAGE C. Yoredale Series.—Shales and grits, passing downwards into dark shales and earthy limestones. Fosstzrs (Marine).—Including Goniatites, Aviculopecten, Ctenodonta, Chonetes, Discina, Posidonomya, Pro- ductus, &c. Localities. Manchester, Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyne, south- ern part of Dudley Coal-field ; Banks of the Dee, near Rua- bon; Hamilton and Ayrshire, in Scotland. Central portions of all the coal- fields of England and Wales; Upper Coal-measures of Scot- land. South Laneashire, N orth Staf- fordshire, North Wales, and South Wales. Uplands of Yorkshire, Lanca- shire, and Derbyshire, North Staffordshire, North and South Wales, &e. Uplands and valleys of Lanca- shire, Yorkshire, and Derby- shire, North Staffordshire, Wales, &e. 1 “Qn the Upper Limit of the essentially Marine Beds of the Carboniferous Group of the British Isles and adjoining Continental Districts ; with Suggestions for a Fresh Classification of the Carboniferous Series.” > This table is inserted by the kind permission of Prof. Hull. 3 The name Spirorbis pusillus is given in Etheridge’s ‘ Catalogue of British Paleozoic Fossils.’ INTRODUCTION. 3 Name of Formation. Localities. STAGE B. Carboniferous Limestone.—Massive limestone, Wales, North and South; Derby- passing northwards into several beds, with intervening shire, Yorkshire, Cumberland ; shales and grits. in Scotland, the Lower or Fossits.—Fish, Crustacea, Molluscs, Crinoids, Corals, Main Limestone. &c., all marine species. STAGE A. Lower Limestone Shale and Calciferous Sand- South Wales, Northumberland, stone.—Dark shales in some places ; grits, conglome- and Durham; in Scotland, rates, and red sandstones and shales in the northern “ Calciferous Sandstone Se- districts. ries.” Essentially Marine (except Stage A in Scotland) Fosstzrs (Marine).—Spirifera cuspidata, Rhynchoneila pleurodon, &e. and conglomerates. Scotland (Dura Den) ; Ireland Fosstis (fresh-water).— Not well represented in England. (Kiltorean). water Beds. Fresh- ve Upper Old Red Sandstone.—Yellow sandstones South Wales; Northumberland ; The marine or fresh-water origin of much of the Coal-measures has always been a disputed point. Palzontologists have hesitated to affirm the latter on account of the almost universal occurrence throughout the coal-fields of Hurope, in some few beds at the base of the Coal-measures, of Unio-like shells with typically marine forms; but it is questionable whether the presence of the two forms together is not apparent only,—I say apparent because, in collecting fossils from coal-pits, there is always great difficulty in accurately determining, to within a few feet or inches, the exact bed where each one is obtained: very few indeed can be obtained i situ ; the greater part are gathered from the spoil-heaps, where accurate reference to any horizon is next to impossible. A fresh-water bed a few inches thick would pass unnoticed, and its fossils be mixed with those from marine beds above or below it. Many very thin beds containing fossils peculiar to them- selves are known to occur at many geological horizons ; and, as I shall describe hereafter, certain narrow bands, containing a typical marine fauna, do occur in the Upper Carboniferous strata, only to be recognised as of marine origin by their fossil contents. So that I conceive it to be highly probable that thin fresh-water bands exist amongst the marine beds at the base of the Coal-measures, a series universally recognised as one deposited under changing conditions ; and this view is borne out by Prof. Phillips (‘ Encyclop. Metrop.,’ 1834, p. 590), who describes two bands of Unios in the Gannister Series of Lancashire.’ A mixture of marine and fresh-water forms in any bed may be brought about in several ways. It is highly probable that fresh-water forms would be washed down by currents and deposited with marine forms near the bar of the river in 1 Vide postea, p. 15. 4 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. which they lived ; or the periodical inundations of the sea might distribute marine forms in such a manner that they would be deposited in the same beds with fresh- water forms; or a river cutting its way through slightly older marine beds might re- deposit fossil forms with those living in its waters,—indeed, stratigraphical evidence as to condition is so lable to be misinterpreted, and so many different factors may have been introduced, causing a mélange of marine and fresh-water fauna, that more stress is to be laid on biological evidence, which, perhaps not itself altogether satisfactory when only a single genus is taken into account, becomes more satis- factory as other genera are brought forward as evidence of the main or predomi- nant conditions existing during the deposition of any bed containing them. When, in addition to strong presumptive evidence, the great bulk of stratigraphical obser- vations in the majority of cases would seem to show that the beds in which the genera Carbonicola (Anthracosia), Anthracomya, and Naiadites (Anthracoptera) occur are not of marine origin, from the all but universal absence of typical marine forms, it would appear to be safe to affirm a fresh-water or estuarine habitat for them. With regard to the views of Scotch geologists on this point, I quote from Dr. John Young’s memoir ‘‘On the Carboniferous Fossils of the West of Scotland” (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. iii, 1871, p. 44), where he says, speaking of the so-called Coal Unios, ‘‘ None of the shells or other fossils of the marine limestone series are found in the same beds with this group of molluses; and it has occurred to me that in the one or two instances in which a single example of Anthracosia is said to have been found associated with marine shells it may have been drifted from its proper habitat, or washed out of some older bed of fresh-water strata.’”’ And again, in 1880 (‘ Trans. Geol. Soe. Glasgow,’ vol. vi, p. 223), “ As far as Scotland is concerned, I have never observed any commingling of true marine fossils in any of our mussel-band beds. The reptiles, fishes, molluscs, annelids, ostracods, and other organisms belong to genera and species that are seldom or never met with in marine limestone strata. This being the case, I believe the opinion formerly entertained, as to the marine origin of the strata of our Upper and Middle Coal-measures, especially of the bed characterised by Anthracosia, was an opinion based on faulty observation, and which will yet be proved to be untrue when the fossils occupying each horizon of strata come to be critically examined. Oscillations of the earth’s crust may bring strata, which have been deposited under either lacustrine or estuarine conditions, into very close contact with those of true oceanic deposits, and this may be repeated again and again in the same series of beds. It becomes, therefore, the work of the paleontologist to say which of the organisms found in this com- mingling of beds properly belong to the sea, and which to lakes and rivers.” This is most valuable evidence, as beds of coal and ironstone occur in the INTRODUCTION. 5 Carboniferous Limestone Series of Scotland when there is a frequent alternation of beds with a typically marine fauna with those containing Carbonicola and its congeners. The Penneystone Limestone of Coalbrookdale, in which occur typically marine shells—Hdmondia, Sangwinolites, Schizodus, and Brachiopoda, together with Anthracosia and Naiadites (the ‘ Unios”’ of Professor Prestwich), would appear to be an exception to this view. There is, however, evidence to show that the Unio-like shells contained in this probably mainly marine bed had been washed down into it, on account of the occurrence of typical land plants in the bed. The marine fauna, too, is very interesting and characteristic, containing a much larger percentage of Lamellibranchiata than obtains in the Carboniferous Limestone as a rule, and probably indicating very shallow water and a littoral deposit. The marine fauna closely resembles that found in the Redesdale ironstone of Northumberland, with the exception that the latter does not, so far as I can learn, contain the Unio-like forms; in the ‘‘ Chance Penneystone”’ of Coalbrookdale, where marine forms again appear, Carbonicola, &c., are conspicuously absent; and conversely, at the other horizons at which these shells are found, marine forms do not occur. This view was held by Prof. Prestwich, who, in his memoir on the ‘ Geology of Coalbrookdale,’’ says, ‘‘ We find . . . . evidences of strong river action in the presence of transported vegetables . . . . and fluviatile shells, intermingled with the marine Testacea of the sea into which they were drifted.” And again, in a note at p. 466, referring to the mixture of marine and fluviatile forms, and the question of their identification by the presence or absence of eroded beaks, “ I have examined a considerable suite of shells apparently belonging to this genus (Unio), but, as they are all casts in ironstone, I have not been able to come to any very decided opinion; nevertheless the greater number of specimens exhibited no trace of erosion, but a few, and amongst them several from the Penneystone, decidedly did,’’—an observation which I shall illustrate in shells from the North Staffordshire Coal-field. Speaking of the probable condition under which the Coal-measures of Coalbrookdale were deposited, Sir R. I. Murchison says :” ** Doubtless, therefore, as hinted at in the preceding chapter, this tract of Coalbrookdale must originally have been a bay of the sea, into which streams of fresh water discharged materials derived from those lands, the contiguity of which has been previously inferred from the existence of fresh-water limestone in the adjacent coal-fields. This view is also quite in accordance with that of Mr. Prestwich, who is of opinion ‘that the alternations of fresh-water shells with 1 «Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond.,’ ser. 2, vol. v, pt. 3, 1840, p. 469. “Silurian Syst.,’ p. 105. 6 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAITADITES. marine remains do not prove as many relative changes of land and sea, but that the Coal-measures were deposited in an estuary, into which flowed a considerable river, subject to occasional freshes; and he conceives that this position is supported by the fact of frequent alternations of coarse sandstones and conglo- merates with beds of clay or shale containing the remains of the plants which have been brought down by the river.” A very important statement is made by the officers of the Geological Survey in the large memoir ‘ The Geology of the Yorkshire Coal-field,’ p. 14 :—‘* The few mollusca met with may be divided into two groups. One group contains shells, such as Anthracosia and Anthracomya, which are allied to recent fresh-water forms ; the other group consists exclusively of marine genera, such as Aviculopecten, Posidonomya, and Goniatites. These two groups have never yet been found together, and the marine forms occur only on a few horizons and in beds of no ereat thickness ;” though this evidence is rather discounted by the notice (at p- 85) of a section at Hoarstones Road showing black shale with Anthracosia acuta, A. robusta, var. B, Aviculopecten papyraceus, Goniatites, and scales of Palzoniscus. The absence of Carbonicola (Anthracosia) and its allied forms from the Gannister-beds of Lancashire and Yorkshire, stage E of Professor Hull, and, indeed, with one or two exceptions, from the whole of stage H, is very marked ; and I have reason to believe that he may have-been misinformed by local collectors as to the true genera of the specimens: many shells which have been shown to me from these beds as Carbonicola and Naiadites I have found to be crushed specimens of Schizodus. This was the case with a shell figured by Mr. George Wild (‘ Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc.,’ pt. 13, vol. xxi, pl. u, fig. 7). I have been permitted to examine this specimen, and have no doubt as to its being Schizodus Saltert ; and as the same shell occurs in the North Staffordshire Gannister-beds, I think it exceedingly probable that either this shell or perhaps a true Modiola, which is found in the Wetley Moor ironstones, has been mistaken for Naiadites. Strange to say, Prof. Hull has made no mention of Anthracosia, &c., occurring in the Penneystone of Coalbrookdale (stage E); while, as to the occurrence of Anthracomya in this stage in Glamorganshire, as quoted by him, this horizon is not given by Salter (‘ Iron Ores of Great Britain,’ pt. 3, 1861). It is important to note that in the thin marine bands of the Upper and Middle Coal-measures, with a characteristic marine fauna, differing much from that of the Gannister, especially in the paucity of Lamellibranchiata, Carbonicola (Anthra- cosia), &¢., never occur. INTRODUCTION. 7 In the North Staffordshire Coal-field there are at least two well-recognised marine beds. The one ‘‘ the Gin Mine,” or “ Golden Twist,” containing— Gontatites excavatus, Phil. Solemya primzva, Phil. 93 striatus, Phil. Chonetes Laguessiana, De Kon. < multilobus, Phil. Nucula gibbosa, Flem. Cypricardia glabrata, Phil. » lineata, Phil. Aviculopecten, sp. Machrocheilus Michotianus, De Kon. Euomphalus tuberculatus, Flem. Bellerophon Dumontii, F. d’ Orb. Pleurotomaria, sp. Leda clavata, M‘Coy. Productus semireticulatus, Mart. Loxonema, sp. Spirifer Urei, Flem. Ctenodonta, sp. Axinus (Schizodus), sp. Discites subsulcatus, Sow. Orthoceras, sp. The other bed, occurring above the “‘ Knowles seams” and immediately overlying the ‘‘ Bay Coal,” was discovered by Mr. John Ward, of Longton, in a sinking at the Foley colliery, and he states in his work on the Geology of the North Staffordshire Coal-fields,' “ After a careful search I have failed to discover in the North Staffordshire Coal-field mollusca of a fresh-water type in direct associa- tion with those of a marine facies. In every instance where the two have approached each other the line of demarcation has been clear and distinct.” Even the beds over the Four-Foot coal of Wetley Moor and Biddulph, the beds containing Lingula and Coniatites are perfectly distinct from those containing Carbonicola, both in their horizon and lithological character—a fact I have been able to observe very recently in a sinking near the top of Haves Lane, Wetley Moor. The following fossils occur in the Bay Coal band : Aviculopecten papyraceus, Sow. Machrocheilus, sp. Ctenodonta, sp. Nautilus (Discites) faleatus, Sow. Discina nitida, Phil. Productus, sp. Lingula squamiformis, Phil. Spirifer, sp. » mytiloides, Sow. Another such marine band in the banks of the Tame at Ashton-under-Lyme was discovered by Prof. A. H. Green, and a list of the contents is given by Mr. Salter in the Memoir on the Country round Oldham,’ which I quote here. Calamites, narrow ridges. Discites rotifer. Wood. = sp. 2. Serpulites. eal) eos Aviculopecten fibrillosus. Gontatites, sp. + papyraceus, Goldf. Orthoceras, sp., thin. Ctenodonta, sp. Megalichthys Hibberti, Agass. Nautilus preecox. 1 «Trans. North Staffs Institute of Min. and Mech. Engineers, vol. x, pt. 5, 1890, p. 49. > «Geol. Surv. Mem.,’ ‘ Geology of the Country round Oldham,” 1864, p. 64. 8 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. The same writer is responsible for the following statement in his Appendix to the ‘Geol. Survey Memoir, Country round Wigan,’ 2nd edition, 1862, p. 43 :— * With Goniatites, Anthracosia occurs in abundance, not actually discovered in the same layers, but closely intermixed, so that it is difficult to believe that one is a fresh- and the other a salt-water shell.” No other observer has made a similar statement ; but he goes on to say, ‘* Anthracosia acuta occurs in strata undoubtedly marine at Clitheroe ; ”’ and names the discoverer—a statement which is very vague as regards locality and horizon; and, as the specimen itself is not in evidence, it is impossible to place much reliance on this solitary find, which was probably another bivalve from the Carboniferous or Yoredale beds. There are at least two beds in Scotland in which Carbonicola (Anthracosia) and undoubted marine fossils appear to occur together; one of these is the “ Slaty- band” or ‘‘ Lingula-ironstone”’ of Lanarkshire, which contains— Lingula mytiloides. Anthracosia (Carbonicola) aquilina. » sgquamiformis. - a acuta. Anthracosia (Carbonicola) subconstricta. (‘ Mem. Geol. Survey Scotland,’ Explanation of Sheet 23, pp. 89, 90, 1873.) This bed is probably equivalent to the Gannister Series in England, and belongs to stage H. The other bed is that at the base of the ‘‘ Cement-stone Group” at Water of Leith, from which Dr. Rhind' and Captain T. Brown’ have obtained a shell, according to the former, “‘ from a bed of shale below ten feet of sandstone, but the marine character of the bed is not made out, and it is very probable from the plant remains in the Cement-stone Group that these beds are not marine. R. Etheridge, jun.,* records a similar shell (the original having been lost, the reference is somewhat doubtful) from hardened shale in a quarry on the north side of the Colinton Road, under Craiglockart Hill, near Edinburgh, at about the same horizon. It has generally been considered that Anthracoptera crassa (the Myalina crassa of Fleming, Etheridge, and others), which I have shown to be anatomically identical with the Naiadites (Anthracoptera) of the Coal-measures,* is a marine shell. It occurs at Cults, Pitlessie, Fife, in a bed almost completely composed of these shells, at the west end of the workings, now almost covered with talus ; but there are several broken specimens lying about with corals (Zaphrentis), Aviculopecten, fish remains (Megalichthys) and Stigmaria—a curious fauna, indicating the 1 Rhind, ‘ Age of the Earth,’ p. 167, pl. ii, figs. a, b. * «Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 1, vol. xii, pl. xvi, fig. 1, p. 394; ‘ Fossil Conchology,’ p. 178, pl. xxiii, fig. 8. 3 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.,’ vol. xxxiv, pl. ii, fig. 20, p. 16, 1878. + Hind, ‘ Geol. Mag.,’ Decade ITI, vol. x, Nov., 1898, p. 514. INTRODUCTION. 9 proximity of land. The shells of Naiadites (Anthracoptera) are very large and fine ; and whatever conditions obtained, they were very favorable to the growth and life of the species. As to Beith, the other locality where this shell occurs, Mr. Robert Craig writes me that it is a rare shell there except in two places, where it existed in large colonies, at Roughwood in a shale averaging three feet in thickness, which rests on a bed of coal and is very fossiliferous. The lowest two inches contain a mixture of marine and brackish water forms, above which the fossils are marine. In the Beith quarries Myalina is found in a shale ten inches thick, which rests on a coal, and is associated with fish remains, of brackish water origin. The real nature of these beds is therefore quite open to question. In the brackish or possibly fresh-water beds of the Cement-stone Group occurs a slighter form, which Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun., describes’ as of slighter make than those from Cults ; and he refers it to the form described by Captain Thomas Brown as Avicula modioliformis ;” but he says “I cannot distinguish any characters, either external or internal, by which specifically to distinguish Captain Brown’s shell from Dr. Fleming’s, and I propose to adopt the name given by the former as a varietal designation for the thinner and lighter form of Myalina crassa.” It is quite possible that the change in size was merely due to change in environ- ment, and that we have here an example of a species, originally marine in habitat, growing luxuriantly under marine littoral conditions, but dwindling rapidly in size, and passing off into varietal forms, under the fresh-water conditions of the Middle and Upper Coal-measures. The universal absence of marine forms of life in the Middle and Upper Coal stages F and G throughout the coal-fields of Europe is very striking, and Continental geologists are almost unanimous in considering Carbonicola, Anthra- comya, and Naiadites to have had a fresh-water habitat. Doubt has been thrown on this point by Salter,® who says, ‘‘ Meantime there is yet more doubt if they can be fresh-water forms, associated as they always are with Modiola and other true sea animals,’’—a statement certainly not borne out by observation. The association with true marine animals is certainly not ‘‘ always,” and the word “rarely? might have been substituted for it with greater approach to truth. But IT shall show later on that Salter was led to misinterpret and neglect several previously observed and obvious anatomical facts in order to establish Anthracosia and his new genus Anthracomya as marine forms. Prof. Hull* states, ‘‘ These bivalves (the Anthracosia of King) are the bane of palzontologists, and after a long consideration of their relationship to other fossils in Carboniferous strata, 1 ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.,’ vol. xxxiv, p. 18, 1878. 2 «Foss. Conch.,’ 1849, p. 162, pl. Ixvi, fig. 19. 3 «Geol. Survey Men..,’ “‘ Iron Ores, South Wales,” pt. ili, p. 227, 1861. * Supra cit., ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxiui, p. 643. 10 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. and their very varying forms, I have come to the conclusion that either they were capable of inhabiting both lakes and estuaries on the one hand, and the open sea on the other, or else the marine and fresh water forms are so similar in appearance that they can only be identified by reference to those which may occur along with them in the bed. Thus when, (as in Coalbrookdale and Lancashire), [I doubt the latter locality] we find them associated with undoubted marine forms, we can only conclude that they themselves were inhabitants of the sea; but if they happen to occur unaccompanied by such well-recognised forms, then we may assume that they represent lacustrine or estuarine conditions, the probability being that had the strata been formed under the sea marine shells would have been preserved along with those of this genus.” I have shown above that the mixture of marine forms with Carbonicola (Anthracosia) is by no means so common as might be supposed from this remark, and that it may be accounted for in other ways than those advanced by the Professor; and I am sure that the true reason of this group of shells being a ‘‘ bane to palzontologists”’ is because they have never been systematically collected and studied. It is perfectly astonishing to see the paucity of specimens of these shells in museums, and more so in the museums of large towns situated in coal-measure districts. It is, indeed, a matter of very considerable difficulty to obtain these fossils im situ, and unless the greatest care is observed, and the collector possesses an intimate acquaintance with the naked-eye characters of the various shells and rocks on the waste-heaps, it is very easy to infer that fossils which lie close together on the mound, belonging to widely separated beds, are from the same horizon. Another obstacle arises from the carelessness of many collectors in not labelling each specimen immediately it has been brought home, and often putting them by with others, so that shells from various beds become mixed and the horizons forgotten. I can testify myself to the frequent difficulty and almost impossibility of arriving at any but the approximate horizon of many specimens ; often I have found some of my best specimens lying weathered-out on the rubbish-heap of a pit-bank years after the pit has ceased working, and which, from the hardness of the matrix and 1 On the authority of Prof. Phillips (article on ‘ Geology,” ‘Encyclopedia Metropolitana,’ 1834, p. 590), who, in speaking of the marine shells in the Lower Coal-measures of Lancashire and Yorkshire, says, “In the midst of this series of Gannister Coal two layers of these shells [Unio] occur, one of them about the middle of the series, considerably above the Pecten Coal, and the other near the bottom, considerably below that coal.” This extract is quoted by Binney in two papers on “The Marine Shells of the Lower Coal-measures” (‘ Manchester Geol. Soc. Trans.,’ vol. i, p. 82, 1841; vol. ii, p. 75, 1860). Mr. Bolton, assistant keeper of Owens College Museum, writes me :— “In the Rossendale area of the lower coal-measures a very persistent bed of ironstone shale with ironstone, the whole charged with Carbonicola in the state of casts, occurs immediately over the Bassey or Salts Mine. The same bed has been found at Helpit Edge, Saddleworth. I am sure that careful search would prove its existence in the Haslingden district.” INTRODUCTION. aad small size of the specimen, it would have been practically impossible to procure when the portion of the bed containing them was brought to the bank. It is also, unfortunately, only too true that miners are very fond of deceiving collectors, and handing them specimens which have been obtained from quite different localities ; and had I not known the rocks and localities well, I might often have been deceived by marine fossil forms (often Carboniferous) said to have been obtained from certain horizons, which, happily I knew, could not have been the case. A strong point in favour of the fresh-water origin of much of the coal-measures is brought forward by Prof. A. H. Green (‘ Coal and its Uses,’ edited by Thorpe, 1878, p. 31). When discussing the want of unanimity among observers on this subject, and the distinction of the fauna of the Carboniferous Limestone from that of the Coal-measures, he says, “They [the fauna] are rarely, if ever, found together. One, we know, was marine; is it not, then, to say the least, likely that the other was fresh-water?” And in support of this view he says, ‘‘ No marine amphibian is known, and we may therefore conclude that these [ Labyrinthodonta | were fluviatile in their habit.” In the same volume, p. 154, Prof. Miall, speaking of the same subject, says an examination of the fossils of the Coal-measures, apart from marine bands, gives a result strongly in favour of the fluviatile or terrestrial origin of the bulk of the Coal-measures ; and in adopting this conclusion we have no difficulty to face, except that implied by the supposition that the EHlasmobranchs were more largely fluviatile than in other periods.”’ To sum up then, on the whole, very little positive evidence can be brought forward on behalf of a marine habitat for these shells; while there is, to say the least, a fair amount of presumption that they lived under fresh-water conditions. It may be, however, that we have in the occurrence of Carbonicola and Naradites with various marine forms at the base only cf the Coal-measures, an example of a genus changing its habitat. It is probable that all molluscan forms were originally marine in habit, and that by modification and adaptation some few forms became able to exist in fresh water; and it is also probable that this adaptation took place at different times, and is even going on now,—to wit, the discovery of Hydrobia Jenkinsi in inland canals of late years, which shell had till that time been only known under estuarine conditions. 12 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. § II. CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. The literature of this subject, though scattered, is fairly extensive; but unfortunately authors have worked independently, and not consulted previous writings: and this fault is much more marked amongst the Continental paleontologists, some of whom, writing within the last thirty years, have ignored all the work done in Great Britain; and, failing to grasp the number of varietal forms which the shells under notice are capable of assuming, have described each small variation as typical of a different species. 1720. 'The earliest literary trace of these Coal-measure shells that I am able to discover goes back as far as 1720, in a work entitled ‘Memorabilia Saxioniz Subterranie,”’ by G. F. Myles, published at Leipzig, a work of high artistic and paleontographical value in the accuracy and detail of its many plates of fossil plants and prehistoric remains. Only one plate, however, refers to the subject of the present memoir, pl. xxvi, figs. 1, 9, 10, with a short description at p. 39, which [here transcribe. The quaint mingling of Latinand German, and reference to the Unio-like character of the fossils, are of interest : Fig. 1. ‘‘ Patellee seu conche pictoriz werden darum die auf diesen Stein sie presenterenden Muschelen genennt, weil sie der Mahler gar sehn zu gebrauchen pflegen, daher sie auch in L. 17, ff. de instr. et instrum. leg. als instrumenta pictorum angeschen werden. Nicht weniger finden sich auf diesen Stein noch eine Art, welche Dactyli, germ. Kinel-Nagel, oder Finger-Muscheln und Schalen heissen, deren Plinius, Lib. 9, cap. 61, gedenckt.” Fig. 8. ‘* Die Muschel so allhier sich zeiget, ist gleichfals mit dem sub. fig. 1, erwehnten Dactylis zu vergleichen immassen auch die Selb.” Fig. 10. ‘‘ In copia communicerten denen Patellis f. conchis pictoris, obschon nicht in dergleichen Grésse, tiber einkommen.”’ The former two figures refer to Carbonicola, the latter evidently to Naiadites. It is interesting to note in this earliest account the occurrence of these two genera together, and the reference of these fossils to Unio. It will be seen that the older writers on this subject were all of this opinion, and many Continental authors have continued to hold this view. 1793. From 1720 to 1793 I can find no mention of Coal-measure shells; but in that year the Rev. David Ure published his ‘ Natural History of Rutherglen,’ a lasting testimony to his acuteness of observation and scientific mind. He describes certainly one shell now referred to Carbonicola, and possibly four. He says, p. 311, “The marble in Rutherglen . . . abounds in mussels. Some entire specimens are enveloped in till” (? marl). He figures a specimen, pl. xvi, fig. 4, which has the appearance of the Carbonicola aquilina of later authors ; CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 13 and I am the more inclined to this view from the examination of a specimen from that locality in the possession of Dr. John Young, Curator of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow. About the figures, pl. xvi, figs. 5, 6, I must say I have great doubt as to the shells they are intended to represent. Ure says, ‘‘ Two species of mussel are found in Kilbride: those of the former are casts and rare; the latter are in ironstone and lie flat.” The former is possibly Naiadites, the latter Lingula. He figures on pl. xv, fig. 2, a shell which more closely resembles Anthracosia robusta than anything else I know, of which he says, “ The cockle is found very perfect in schists with Orthoceras, Encrinites, &c., at Black Craig and Thornley Bank.” I have, however, never known C. robusta to be associated with marine forms in Scotland, and Mr. James Nielson tells me that Carbonicola robusta never occurs in this locality. 1809. The next to write on the subject appears to have been W. Martin, who brought out his ‘ Petrefacta Derbyensia’ in 1809 at Macclesfield ; and, although holding somewhat curious views of the true import of fossils, yet he was endowed with an acute observation. His figures and description are excellent; and his work is still a standard reference as containing the first descriptions and figures of many Carboniferous Limestone species. He seemed to consider that each fossil species was but the representation in stone of living forms, as is shown in his description, where he states, ‘‘ The hinge (visible only in recent species), &c.”’ He figures three specimens from ironstone, and I feel no doubt as to the form represented. The name ‘‘ Conchyliolithus (Mya ovalis)”’ is given to it. It is here to be noted that the Mya of Linnzus equals Unio of Lamarck. 1813. Sowerby, in 1818, published the vol. i of his ‘Mineral Conchology,’ containing a plate of Coal-measure shells, tab. xxxin, figs. 1—3, 5—7, with short descriptions, pp. 83, 84, under the names Unio subconstrictus and U. acutus. The other figure on this plate (fig. 4) is said to have been obtained from marl at Felmersham, Bedfordshire, an Oolitic locality. I have examined the original Specimen in the Sowerby Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, and, from the matrix and characters, consider it to be a well-known Oolite shell; but, curiously enough, this Oolite shell, called Unio umiformis, was considered by Sowerby to be the same form as Martin’s Mya ovalis from the Coal-measures of Derbyshire, and the name was substituted because the former was in use for recent shells. 1824. Defrance, in the ‘ Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles,’ vol. xxxin, p-. 295, in 1824 followed Sowerby, but suggested that, as nothing of the interior was known, the genus was doubtful, and that the various forms described were simply variations. 1828. Fleming, in his ‘ History of British Animals,’ 1828, quotes Unio acutus, Sow., giving, however, the locality as Middle Oolite, and Unio Uvrii, referring 14 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Martin’s shell to this form. He also quotes Mytilus crassus, referring to his previous note on this form, as Modiolus, sp., in the ‘Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,’ vol. xii, 1825, p. 246. 1829. H. Bronn, “ Verzeichniss der im Heidelberger Mineralien Komptoir,” &c. In‘ Taschenbuch fiir die gesammte Mineralogie’ (Leonard’s ‘ Zeitschrift fir Mineralogie’), Jahrgang 1829, Bd. i, p. 76, 8vo., Heidelberg, 1829, is the following : 363. P Unio carbonarius, n.; ? Mytulites carbonarius, a.” That is to say, Bronn, in 1829, made Boné’s species of Mytulites a Unio. Bronn, in his list, should have put ‘‘ Zeit. Leonard’’ instead of “Jb.” d = Stein- kohlen-Formazion. 1829. In the same year Héninghaus published a list of the fossils in the University of Bonn (‘“ Verzeichniss der dem Museum der Universitit, Bonn,” &c., ‘ Petrefacten Sammlung’), mentioning at p. 17 Mya tellinaria, Mya ventricosa from Liége, Mya minuta from Camerberg, (Mya?) Unio acutus, Sow., from Bocheim, and Mytilus crassus (Mya sulcata ?) from Werden. 1832. A. H. Dumont, in his ‘Mémoire sur la Constitution géologique de la Province de Liége,’ published in 1832, gives at p. 356 a list of fossils from the Upper Coal-measures, amongst which are— Locality. Unio acutus, Sow. Mya acuta, Honinghaus. Unio subconstrictus, Sow. Mya tellinaria, Honinghaus. Le Val Benoit. » ventricosa, 5 ; Bougny ; Jemeppe. 1834. Mammatt published his ‘Geological Facts of the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Coal-field’ in 1834, and alluded to beds full of Mya ovalis, figuring small portions and crushed shells on several plates; but none can be recognised owing to their fragmentary condition. 1835. Hibbert, in 1835, published his memoir on the Burdiehouse Limestone, figuring without description a shell from that bed as Umo nuciformis, of which, unfortunately, all trace has been lost. 1836. In 1836 W. C. Williamson alludes in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine,’ vol. ix, p. 351, to a shell from the Spirorbis Limestone of Pendlebury as Unio Phillips, and, giving a detailed description but no figures, refers to Hibbert’s work, and suggests the similarity of the two shells. 1838. In 1838 Dr. W. Rhind, of Edinburgh, issued his little book ‘ The Age of the Karth,’ figuring on pl. ii, c,d,e, f, Unios from the Coal-shale of Polmont, Falkirk; figs. a and 6, Avinus Pentlandicus (probably Schizodus), and fig. g, a modioliform shell, all from Woodhall, Water of Leith. CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 15 1839, In 1839 Murchison refers in his ‘ Silurian System,’ p. 88, to a letter from Prof. Phillips, describing three Unios and one modioliform shell from Ardwick, the latter of which he figures, p. 84, fig. c, and gives a woodcut of Unio acuta on p. 105, fig. e, but he does not discuss further the nature of these shells. Prof. Phillips’s letter is as follows :—‘'This is a small shell from the Spirorbis Limestone of Ardwick, and looks so like a young Modiola that I hesitate to call it Unio. Tumid shell with prominent beaks, smooth, but with lines of growth, short straight hinge. In the argillaceous beds associated with the limestones are three Unios. The most common of these is nearly elliptical, hinge-line deviates considerably from parallelism, with front ends in prominent angle, lines of growth strong, shell thin, beaks slightly prominent. Professor Williamson refers this to Unio nuciformis of Hibbert inaccurately. It occurs in red beds, above limestone, black bass, and underlying coal-measures. “2nd Sp.—I have named Unio linguiformis (U. Phillipsii of Williamson), transversely elongated, three times as wide as long, hinge-line almost parallel to front lines of growth. Shell fine, thin, smooth. (Black bass.) “3rd Sp.—Unio rugulosus, obliquely expanded, in semi-elliptical form, the hinge-line forming the diameter. Surface concentrically marked with broken undulations, showing radiations on posterior slope. Shell very thin, occurring in marls above limestones, black bass, and shale, beneath calcareous bands.” 1833. Davreux, in his ‘ Essai sur la constitution géognostique de la Province de Liége,’ published in 1833, remarks at p. 101, ‘* Les Unios ou Myas, ou peut- étre Lingulz, se montre dans un grand nombre de nos Houillitres. . . . Ces bivalves fluviatiles se trouvent toutes en toit des couches, et n’ont jamais un volume trés considérable.” He figures— Uni tus, Sow., nv0 aew! us, SOW ‘ pl. v, figs, 3, 4, 8, » antiquus, Sow., the latter a very characteristic cast of the hinge. 1834. Prof. Phillips, in his article on “‘ Geology ”’ in the ‘ Encyclopzdia Metro- politana,’ p. 590, speaking of the bands of marine shells in the Lower Coal- measures of Lancashire and Yorkshire, says, “In the midst of this series of Gannister Coal two layers of these shells occur ; one of them about the middle of the series, considerably above the ‘ Pecten Coal,’ and the other near the bottom, considerably below that coal.” This paragraph is quoted by Mr. Binney in two papers on the marine shells of the Lower Coal-measures, ‘ Manchester Geol. Soe. Trans.,’ vol. i, p. 82; and vol. u, p. 75. 1834—1840. Goldfuss published his ‘ Petrefacta Germanica,’ p. 180, during the years 1834 to 1840, and he described and figured (tab. exxx1)— 16 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Unio abbreviatus, Goldf. ,, utratus, Goldf. tellinarius, Goldf. », subconstrictus, Sow. From Liége. He Cor aie » uniformis, Sow. : From Kusel. » earbonarius, Bronn. It had evidently escaped his notice that Sowerby states that his Unio uniformis did not occur in the Coal-measures, and, in addition, there is not the slightest resemblance between these two forms, as was pointed out later by de Koninck, and the name Unio Goldfussianus was given by him to Goldfuss’s shell. I believe it really belongs to the genus Anthracomya. Goldfuss’s description of the genus is evidently given from recent specimens. He enumerates as characteristic a pearly interior, eroded (abgeriebenes) umbones, cardinal lateral teeth; and he remarks that it is supposed because all recent forms inhabit fresh water that fossil forms indicate the same conditions, and that the Coal, Lias, and Oolite forms have been referred to this genus from external appearances, although their interiors are almost unknown. Unio carbonarius, Goldfuss, differs entirely from Unio carbo- narius, Bronn. The originals of Goldfuss’s figures are said to be in the museum at Bonn, but Professor Schliiter tells me that he has searched for the figured specimens, and they are not to be found. He states that there are a few named specimens, but so badly preserved and so fragmentary that no opinion can be based on them. 1840. It was in 1840 that Professor Prestwich published his paper on the Coalbrookdale Coal-field, in the Appendix of which James DeCarle Sowerby described and figured twenty species of bivalves from that district.' This paper was read, however, before the Geological Society on February 5th, 1834, and April 13th and 27th, 1836. 1. Donaz ? sulcata. 11. Unio phaseolus. 2. Venus ? carbonaria. 12. ,, aquilinus. 3. Nucula xqualis. 13. ,, centralis. 4. 4, decipiens. 14. ,, + robustus. 5. 4 acuta. 15. Modiola carinata. 6. Unio Urii. 16. Mytilus triangularis. 7. 4, Ansticet. 17. Avicula quadrata. 8. 5, parallelus. 18. », modiolaris. 9. ,, dolobratus. 19. Pecten gentilis. 10. ,, modiolaris. 20. » scalaris. Of these, Nos. 1 to 8, and 19, 20, are marine forms. Unio Urii is certainly wrongly referred to Ure’s shell ; for it belongs to quite a different genus, probably Edmondia, to which also Unio Ansticei and U. parallelus may be referred. 1 “Trans. Geol. Soc.,’ 2nd series, vol. v, 1840. CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. si Of the remaining shells named Unio, Nos. 9 and 10 are now referred to Anthracomya (Salter), Nos. 11 to 14 to Carbonicola (M‘Coy), while Nos. 15, 16, 17, and 18, described as Modiola, Mytilus, and Avicula, are now referred to Naiadites (Dawson). The figures are good and very typical, except in the case of Carbonicola robusta and Anthracomya dolobrata, which are from imperfect specimens. 1842. In 1842 8. Stutchbury (‘ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ vol. viii, p. 481) proposed the name Pachyodon for certain Liasic and other shells which possessed a peculiar hinge-tooth, but he did not include any Coal-measure shells under this denomination ; and it was from external appearance only that later on Captain Brown considered that the Coal-measure Unios might belong to this genus. 1842. In 1842 appeared Agassiz’ translation of Sowerby’s ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ in which he proposed the name Cardinia for the shells of the Coal-measures pre- viously described as Unios, considering them to be related to certain Jurassic forms. About the same year (1842) de Koninck described and figured nine forms in his ‘ Des animaux fossiles du bassin Carbonifére de la Belge,’ only one of which (Cardinia nana), which Geinitz thinks’ belongs to Hstheria, was mentioned for the first time. Iam told by Professor Dewalque, of Liége, that these specimens are in the museum of Cambridge, Massachusetts. They are as follows: Cardinia acuta. Cardinia nana. = subconstricta. ss abbreviata. atrata. 2 tellinaria. br robusta. carbonaria. 3 phaseolus. +5 ovalis. He follows Agassiz in referring these forms to Cardinia, and describes the shell in such a manner that it is evident he never saw an interior of a Coal-measure shell, and that he took his type from Jurassic specimens. The figure of Cardinia robusta is remarkable, and has apparently been drawn from Sowerby’s type, which, however, is incomplete, so that the lines of growth terminate abruptly ; but in the Belgian form the lines of growth are carefully curved upwards to end, as if naturally, in the posterior slope. This form is not mentioned by any Continental author by name, and is only figured by Achepol under a different title,” and in that case is found in a different coal-field. De Koninck’s figure of Cardinia carbonara is very different from Unio carbonarius, Bronn, to which it is referred. 1843. Colonel Portlock, in his ‘ Geological Report on Londonderry,’ p. 568, mentions a shell described as Unio ? figured pl. xxxvii, fig. 6, as a doubtful shell with a deep impression near the beak. It is, however, associated with marine shells, ' «Neues Jahrbuch f. Min.,’ &c., 1864, p. 654; see also ‘Report British Association’ (for 1887), 1888, pp. 68 and 69, where Ludwig’s Permian Cyclas nana (1861) and de Koninck’s Upper Carboniferous Cardinia nana (1842), which are distinct forms, are referred to the genus Estheria. 2 Vide infra. 3 18 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. and probably belongs to the genus Sanguinolites, though it has somewhat the shape of Anthracomya. 1843. Morris’ gives in his ‘Catalogue of British Fossils,’ Ist edition, 1843, under Unio, some of the shells described in Prestwich’s memoir, U. ? aquilinus, U. ? centralis, U. ?dolobratus, U. ?modiolaris, and U. ? Urii; under the name Cardinia, U. acutus, U. subconstrictus, U. ovalis, U. phaseolus, and U. robustus ; under Modiola, Sowerby and Prestwich’s Modiola carinata; under Mytilus, Fleming’s Myalina crassa, Sowerby and Prestwich’s Mytilus triangularis ; under Avicula, the same authors’ Avicula quadrata and A. modiolaris. 1843-46-55-64-67. H. B. Geinitz, in 1843, in ‘Gaea von Sachsen,’ p. 66, gives the forms Mya minuta, Unio carbonarius, Unio uniformis, the last of which, in 1846 (‘Grundriss,’ &c., p. 443, pl. xvi, figs. 16, 17), Geinitz re-described as Cardinia Goldfussiana, probably because Goldfuss had not noted the fact that Sowerby’s shell Unio uniformis was from Oolite beds; and again in 1855 (* Die Versteinerungen der Steinkohlen-formation in Sachsen’ he gives a list of syno- nyms and references to date, and re-describes the species. He describes in 1855 Unio tellinarius, of which he says, “ The posterior part of this shell is very variable—in fact, I never saw such a specimen as Goldfuss figures. Mine resemble more closely the second form figured by de Koninck, and when flat- tened, Cardinia phaseolus.’ A new form, Cardinia Freystenii, pl. xxxv, fig. 7 a, a, here figured and described for the first time, appears to be a short truncate Anthracomya. A very important paper by this author appeared in 1864 in ‘ Neues Jahrbuch,’ &e., p- 651, which will be alluded to in detail further on, as it is a criticism on a work which had appeared just previously. In 1867, in the ‘Neues Jahrbuch f. Min.,’ &c., p. 682, Prof. Geinitz figured and described Anthracosia Weissiana from the Saarbruck Coal-field. I have been able to examine, by the kindness of Prof. Geinitz at Dresden, the type specimen, which consists of impressions in a micaceous sandstone. The shell is probably ! In Morris’s ‘ Cat. Brit. Foss.,’ 2nd edit., 1854, Under Unio— Under Myalina— Unio ? aquilinus, Sow. Myalina carinata, Sow. » ? ecentralis, Sow. is quadrata, Sow. » ? dolabratus, Sow. Under Mytilus— » ? modiolaris, Sow. Mytilus crassus, Fleming. » ? parallelus, Sow. x triangularis, Sow. » ? Uri, Fleming. Under Avicula— Under Myacites— Avicula modiolaris, Sow. Myacites Ansticei, Sow. = modioliformis, Brown. At p. 189, under Cardinia, those forms described as such in the previous edition are repeated ; and in addition, under Cardinia (Pachyodon), all those described by Capt. Brown in the ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ 1843 (see next page). CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. J) Anthracomya Williamson ; but I have no doubt at all as to the genus, as there are portions showing casts of the hinge-line and posterior end. The peculiar wrinkling of the periostracum, so frequently seen in Anthracomya, is well shown in one specimen on the slab. 1843. In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xii, p. 390, 1843, Captain T. Brown figured and described under Stutchbury’s name Pachyodon, as new, twenty-six forms from English and Scotch Coal-measures : Pachyodon Gerardit. Pachyodon Smithit. x lateralis. be Embletoni. > suleatus. Ap Heyit. z TUGOSUS. y agrestis. 55 subrotundus. 5 similis. a bipennis. “ turgidus. <5 Dawsoni. < nucleus. Be nanus. * Blaydsiz. S Rhindiz. < Aldamiz. . amygdalus. n antiquus. a exoletus. | 5 transversus. - dubius. 5 Levidensis. 35 subtriangularis. 3 pyramidatus. Of these, I think P. Gerardii and P. pyramidatus may have belonged to Schizodus ; and, owing to the fact that Captain Brown did not recognise the extent of variation of which this form of genus was capable of assuming, many of these names must be considered as synonymous; but, nevertheless, several well-marked species and varietal forms are in this paper figured and described for the first time : unfortunately the descriptions are meagre, and the original speci- mens cannot be traced. 1844. It was in 1844 that W. King proposed the name ‘‘ Anthracosia for a group of Unionide characteristic of the Coal-measures”’ (‘ Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ ser. 1, vol. xiv, p. 318, 1844), which he says he intended to describe in his ‘Monograph of the Permian Fossils ;’ but nothing further is said by King on the subject’ save the sentence quoted. 1844. In the same year and volume, p. 100, is an interesting and valuable paper by Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. He points out that in ‘ Etudes critiques sur les Mollusques fossiles,’ Agassiz, the author of the term, seems to regard Cardinia as exclusively confined to the Lias and Lower Oolite, and justly criticises de Koninck for classifying ‘‘ these Coal-measure shells as Cardinia, and prefixing a definition of the genus, which seems to be chiefly copied from de Christol’s definition of Sinemuria ; and we may, therefore, conclude that de Koninck had not been able to examine the interior of the fossils which he 1 Until 1856, in the ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ vide infra. 20 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NATADITES. describes.” Mr. Strickland then points out the difference in the characters of the Coal-measure shells from those of Cardinia, and contends for a fresh-water habitat for the former. 1844. In the same year Dr. Garner gave some drawings in the ‘ Natural History of the County of Stafford,’ pl. KE, of Coal-measure shells from the North Staffordshire coal-field ; but he neither named nor described them. Figs. 21, 22, appear to be Naiadites modiolaris ; fig. 19, Natadites carinata ; figs. 20 and 23, three forms of Carbonicola. 1845. In 1845 Murchison, von Keyserling, and de Verneuil (‘ Russia and the Ural Mountains,’ pl. xxi, fig. 9), and de Verneuil (‘ Paléontologie de la Russie,’ pl. xix, fig. 10), described and figured Unio Hichwaldianus as a Coal-measure form, closely allied to Unio subconstrictus, Sow., and Unio uniformis, Goldfuss, shells which probably belong to two different genera. In 1846 von Keyserling, in ‘ Petschoraland,’ &., described Cardinia sub- parallela from Coal-measures. 1850. In a memoir with the title of ‘Mélanges paléontologiques,’ part 1, published in 1850, P. de Ryckholt described and figured— Cardinia atrata, Goldfuss (not figured), Cardinia Scherpenzeeliana, Ryckh., Se Hullosiana, Ryckh., Fe salebrosa, Ryckh., colliculus, Rhyck., Fe macillenta, Ryckh., = nucularis, Mytilus prepes, A as Toillieziana, Ryckh., - Wesemelianus, » *lrans, Toillieziana, A uncinata es Fontenoyanus, *Omaliusianus, re ligonula, » *ampetilicola, » fabalis, » *cordolianus, “ Geinitzianus, angulata, : divisus, mostly from the neighbourhood of Mons, Liége, and Tournay ; but those marked thus * were from Visé. Most of the forms described as Mytilus are young examples of Naiadites, but I think it possible that Posidonomya Gibsoni is included amongst them. I have been to the Museums of Brussels and Liége, but have not been able to find the original specimens, although Professor Dewalque showed me many in his own collection named after Ryckholt; and at the former place there are also specimens with his name attached. It is highly probable that many of the forms named above are synonymous, and denote different stages of growth of the same shell. The name Mytilus prepes is given to Anthracomya Williamsont (Bronn) at Brussels. With regard to those shells described as Cardinia, all the forms figured belong to cicatricosa. In 1861, in another paper entitled ‘“‘ Sisswasserbewohner aus der Westphilis- chen Steinkohlenformation ”’ (‘ Paleontographica,’ Band vii, p. 182), he describes and figures— 24. CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Unio Lottneri. Unio angulatus, Ryckholt. » erassidens. Cyclas elegans. » batilliformis. Dreissina Feldmannt. » Geinitzi. dilatata. 9 , atratus, Goldfuss. 3 inflata. In 1861 (‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. x, pp. 21 and 22), in his memoir on the fresh-water shells of the (Permian ?) Coal-formation of the Ural, Ludwig figures and describes Anodonta (Anthracomya ?) Uralica and A. ? obstipa. In 1863, in another paper entitled “ Die Paliontologie des Urals” (‘ Paleeonto- graphica,’ Band x, p. 18, &c.), he mentions— Unio tellinarius, Goldf. Anodonta Hichwaldiana, Murchison, Keyserling, » Goldfussianus, Koninck. and Verneuil. » Dhuringensis, Ludwig. 5 tenera, Kichwald. Anodonta carbonaria, Koninck. - Uralica, Ludwig. ovalis, Martin. obstipa, Ludwig. o angulata, Khyckholt. Cyclas obuncula, Ludwig. A subparallela, Keyserling. Unio lepidus, Ludwig. Again, in 1863-4, this author published a paper in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xi, pp. 166, &c., on Unio pachyodon and three other species from various formations ; Unio Kirnensis (being a form from the Coal-measures near Kirn, which he says is very like U. Goldfussianus), U. compressus, and U. fabeformis from the Rothliegenden of Neurode. So that this author is responsible for twenty-three forms of Unio and four forms of Dreissina from the Coal-measures. The genera Unio, Anodonta, Cyrena, and Cyclas may all be here considered as synonymous with Carbonicola, and the author gives no reasons for this subdivision of the genera. The majority of the originals of these figures are in the Geological Museum at Dresden, and I was permitted by the kindness of Professor Geinitz to study them there. I will first quote Professor Geinitz on the subject of Ludwig’s papers, which criticism appeared in 1864 as an addendum to a paper by Giimbel (to be quoted later on in its chronological order) in the ‘ Neues Jahrbuch f. Min.,’ &c., 1854, p- 651, where he says, ‘“‘On the whole, my conclusions upon the species of Unio and Anodonta from the Coal-measures and Dyas, which Ludwig has so carefully described, differ considerably from those of that learned author ;”’ and he proceeds to show that many of the forms are the same. The chief thing to be noticed on comparing the originals with the drawings is the amount of invention and artistic embellishment which have made crushed and damaged specimens appear as perfect. In one case the fossil itself is invented, being only a concretionary mass (Dreissina inflata, ‘ Paleontographica,’ Bd. viii, t. xxi, fig. 10). Many of the different CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 25 forms assumed by the shells are the result of crushing or imperfection, and the general accuracy of the work may be judged from Taf. v, fig. 8, where the impression of the external surface of a shell is correctly shown by the lines of growth ; but the learned author has invented the anterior and posterior muscle- scars on the outer surface of the shell, and found there the accessory adductor scar wanting throughout the genus, and has described them in the text. Further, certain swellings and prominences are said to be enlargements for the ovary, and characteristic of the female sex. In the figure showing the hinge-plate of Unio crassidens the greater part is drawn from the imagination ; for the original speci- men consists of two valves which have slipped on each other somewhat at the posterior end, and shows only the posterior half of the hinge-line. I have been unable to see the lateral anterior and posterior teeth described in the text and figured, but this point will be discussed in detail hereafter. The total neglect (in three papers out of four) of all the work done on the subject, both on the Continent and in England, is to be regretted; as, from a careful comparison of the shells, I have no doubt that the species are to a large extent the same as those previously described and figured by others. The following papers will not be all found in strict chronological order, for in many cases there are several papers on the subject by the same author, and in this case it has been thought better to group them together, so that each writer’s views may be presented in as concise a form as possible. 1860. In the Geological Survey Memoir to Sheet 142, parts of the Counties of Clare, Limerick, and Kerry, on p. 13 is a note by Mr. W. H. Baily in which is a figure (fig. 4) of Myalina Foynesiana from the Coal-measures of Foynes Island, co. Limerick. The specimen occurs in black shale with a Goniatite, and several specimens of Posidonomya. The original specimen is in the Geological Survey Collection at Dublin. In a note in the Memoir explanatory of Sheet 137, p. 12, Mr. Baily says, “‘ At Bilboa colliery in the four-feet bed of shale immediately over coal No. 3 (three feet, or old colliery coal), which contained but few plants, fresh-water or estuarine shells (Myacites) allied to Unio, having both valves united, were found in great abundance; . . . with these were other species of bivalves, having the shells compressed, belonging to the same genus and to Myalina. 1860-78. The publication of the ‘ Acadian Geology’ in 1860 by Sir William Dawson is important, as the name Naiadites is there given in the Supplementary Chapter to embrace all those Coal-measure shells called Unio, Anodon, Modiola, &c., by various authors. He describes eight species, six of which are figured. In the second edition, 1868, and third edition, 1878, p. 204, the shells are again figured and described with Salter’s names given in brackets, the author advancing good reasons for not accepting Salter’s misnomer Anthracomya. 4 26 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NATADITES. Naiadites (Anthracoptera) carbonaria, Dawson. Naiadites ovalis, Dawson. ” : levis, Dawson. e angulata, Dawson. FA (Anthracomya) elongata, Dawson. 5 obtusa, Dawson. a arenacea, Dawson. Anthracosia Bradorica, Dawson (p. 314). I have, by the kindness of Sir W. J. Dawson, been allowed to examine a series of his specimens, and the result appeared in a joint paper before the Geological Society of London (read February 21st, 1894), ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,’ vol. L, pp. 485—442, 1894. 1861. In 1861 appeared the first edition of Hull’s ‘ Coal-fields of Great Britain,’ which contained one plate, of which fig. 1 is said to be Anthracosia robusta ; and in a very brief reference to the Mollusca, pp. 40 and 43, under the names Anthracosia (Unio of early authors) and Modiola,a few words are said as to the marine or brackish water habitat of these forms. In later editions, 1873 and 1881, the original plate was done away with and a new one (to face p. 38) given, with Anthracomya carinata (sic, for Anthracoptera carimata), Anthracosia centralis, and A. aquilina. Prof. Hull’s views as to the habitat of these shells appears to have somewhat changed ; he says, ‘‘ Anthracosia (Unio), Anthracomya, and Anthracoptera, capable apparently of living in fresh-water lakes or brackish water estuaries.” A very valuable paper by the same author, bearing very little on the shells themselves, from which I have quoted freely above (pp. 2, 3), appeared in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxii, 1877, p. 618, &e., “On the Classification of the Carboniferous Series;” but I doubt whether any evidence which he has adduced on the strength of the shells in question is of much value, owing to the great confusion which has existed up to the present time with various authors as to the generic characters of the various forms. 1856-63. The first memoir of Mr. Salter which I can find on this subject, to which he paid some attention, appeared in 1860 as the “ Memoir of the Geological Survey,’ ‘The Iron Ores of Great Britain,’ Part I, 1856. ‘The Iron Ores of the North and North Midland Counties’ contains only the casual remark that certain beds at Chesterfield (‘“‘dog-tooth rake’) “are almost made up of fossil bivalves (Anthracosia),”’ which he refers to Unio agrestis of Brown. He says that the ‘‘ Wallis rake” at Codnor Park, Butterley, is full of the same shell. : 1861. In Part III, ‘The Iron Ores of South Wales,’ in 1861, he enters more fully into the subject, and gives the diagnosis of his new genus Anthracomya, describing and figuring— Anthracomya Adamsii. Anthracomya subcentralis. 75 pumila. A senex. CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 27 He figures also— Anthracomya modiolaris. Anthracosia acuta. Myalina quadrata. 5 aquilina. 5 modiolaris. ovalis. » A carinata. He discusses at some length the salt or fresh-water habitat of these groups, and endeavours to demonstrate that the Anthracosia were allied to the Myacide, and were burrowers. 1862. The next year he published in the Appendix to the ‘ Geological Survey Memoir,’ “ The Geology of the Country round Wigan,” 2nd edition, a figure of Anthracosia robusta, showing the hinge, and the diagnosis, with diagrammatic figure, of his new genus Anthracoptera, the Myalina of his previous memoir. The description is curious, because he affirms the existence of “an obscure tooth in the anterior part of the hinge-line,’’ and founds his genus to include those aviculoid shells “ which have not the striated hinge-plate of Myalina,” a character which I have shown' they have. He apparently made a species (A. Browniana) by dotting in a characteristic outline to the figure of another shell. In the same year, in the Appendix to Part IV of the ‘ Iron Ores,’ he gives lists of the twelve mollusca of the North Staffordshire Coal-field, and the horizons at which they occur, on the authority of Mr. John Ward, F.G.S., of Longton; and in 1864, in the Appendix to the ‘ Geological Survey Memoir: the Country round Oldham,’ he gives lists and horizons of Unio forms from the Lancashire Coal-field. Later on, in his list of fossils in ‘The Country round Bolton,’ he mentions a new form, Anthracomya sanguinolaria, MS.; but there has been no other reference made to it, and it is impossible to ascertain now what was the particular form for which the name was intended. Mr. Salter gives also numerous other lists in subsequent Geological Survey Memoirs, but does not give in them any further contributions of importance to the subject. 1863. In 1863, however, in a paper ‘‘ On some Fossil Crustacea from the Coal- measures and Devonian Rocks of British North America,” in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xix, pp. 79, 80, treating of Some Fossils from the South Joggins Coal- field, Mr. Salter figured and described Anthracomya elongata (fig. 1), Anthracoptera carbonaria (fig. 3, a different figure from that of Dawson’s Naiadites carbonaria), and Anthracoptera (Naiadites, p. 78) levis (fig. 2, and p. 80), substituting these generic names for ‘‘ Naiadites ’’ proposed by Dr. Dawson, but without description.” Anthracomya elongata, p. 79, fig. 1. Naiadites levis, p, 79, fig. 2 (Anthracomya, p. 80) f Naiadites, Dawson, p. 80. Anthracoptera carbonaria, p. 79, fig. 3. 1 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xlix, 1893, pl. vii, figs. 1, 2. 2 On February 21st, 1894, a note “On the Genus Naiadites occurring in the Coal-formation of 28 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NATADITES. 1862. Mr. Thos. Wardle, F.G.S., contributed a paper on “ The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Leek” to John Sleigh’s ‘ Ancient History of Leek,’ in which he gives lists of Anthracosia (Carbonicola), Anthracomya, and Anthracoptera (Naiadites) which occur in the beds of the North Staffordshire Coal-field, and on pl. iv figures two specimens of Carbonicola acuta, fig. 13, under the name of Anthracosia robusta. Fig. 14, as Anthracomya, resembles A. pumila. 1862. In April of this year Mr. George Wild read his paper on “ The Fulledge Section of the Burnley Coal-field’ before the Manchester Geological Society, subsequently published in vol. iv, pp. 180, &c., of the ‘ Transactions.’ He gives accurate horizons for shell-bearing beds, but only mentions the specific names of two of them, Anthracosia robusta and A. acuta. 1865. Huxley and Etheridge enumerate several species in their ‘ Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology,’ pp. 156—161, but mention no new forms nor give any descriptive details. 1864-82. H. B. Geinitz remarks on the paper by Giimbel, “Ueber das Vorkommen von Siisswasserconchylien am Irmelsberge bei Crock am Thiiringer- Wald,” in the ‘ Neues Jahrbuch f. Min.,’ &c., 1864, p. 651, on the forms— Unio tellinarius, Gold., Unio crassidens, Ludwig, » Dhuringensis, Ludwig, , carbonaria, Gold, » wuniformis, Goldfuss, » Goldfussiana, de Koninck, Anodonta phaseolina, ? Estheria, Anodonta ovalis, Martin, only inventing the doubtful form A. phaseolina. He criticises Ludwig’s species, and considers many of the named forms as synonymous. 1882. Later again, in 1882, he published a new form from the Dyas, Anthracosia stegocephalum (‘ Nachtrige zur Dyas,’ Heft 2, 1882, p. 43, pl. vii, figs. 20, 21). 1865. Volpersdorf describes and figures a Modiola, sp., from Glatz County in beds with scales of Rhizodus Hibberti, im the ‘ Zeitschrift des Deutsch. Geol. Ges.,’ vol. xvii, 1865, p. 276, pl. vi, fig. 6, which is doubtless Anthracomya. 1860. McChesney described Myalina Swallovi in his ‘New Species of Paleozoic Fossils,’ p. 57, issued in 1860, and with the illustrations to the same gives figures on pl. ii, figs. 64,60: “I have not been able to obtain access to these papers, and quote the reference from Messrs. Meek and Worthen’s ‘ Geological Survey of [Illinois (Palzontology),’ vol. ii, p. 341.” 1860. In the ‘ Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- Nova Scotia,” by Sir William Dawson, was read before the Geol. Soc. London, in which he points out that some of the shells named by him Naiadites belong to the same genera as those subsequently named Anthracomya and Anthracoptera by Salter; and that consequently his name Nazadites has priority. He advances additional reasons for a fresh-water habitat of these shells. A note was appended by myself, in which I concurred in the substitution of the name Naiadites for Anthracoptera. CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 29 delphia’ for 1860, p. 496, Messrs. F. B. Meek and A. H. Worthen publish a paper entitled “Descriptions of New Carboniferous Fossils from Illinois and other Western States,” in which is described Myalina recurvirostris from the Coal-measures, Illinois. 1864. In the volume of the same Society for 1864 the same authors, on p. 246, describe Plewrophorus subcostatus from the Coal-measure of Illinois, which I believe to be from the description a form of Anthracomya. 1886. In vol. i of the ‘ Proceedings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences,’ p. 18, is a paper by Messrs. F. B. Meek and A. H. Worthen entitled ‘“ Descriptions of Paleozoic Fossils from the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous Rocks of Illinois and other Western States,’ in which they describe as new species Anthra- coptera ? fragilis from the Keokuk division of the Subcarboniferous series and Myalina meliniformis from Coal-measures of Illinois. 1866. F. B. Meek redescribes and figures in the Report of the ‘ Geol. Surv. Illinois,’ vol. 11, Paleeontology— Myalina concentrica, Meek and Worthen, pl. xix, figs. 3 a, 36, 3 ¢, p. 281. i angulata, pl. xxiii, figs. 7 a and 8, p. 300. Fr recurvirostris, pl. xxvi, figs. 9 a—c, p. 334. Pa Swallovi, McChesney, pl. xxvii, figs. 1 a—d, p. 341. 9 meliniformis, Meek and Worthen, pl. xxvii, fig. 3, p. 343. 1868. In the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow,’ read February 8th, 1868, vol. iii, 1871, p. 96, is found a valuable paper entitled ‘“ On the Upper Coal-measures of Lanarkshire,” by William Grossart, the object of which is to correlate the various beds by their fossil contents. He states, p. 102, ‘ Of the genus Anthracosia, the species A. acuta, A. aquilina, A. ovalis, A. centralis, A. phaseolus, are found in most of the beds of Kiltongue coal, but no further. Anthracomya modiolaris, Anthracoptera modiolaris, and A. carinata prevail in most of the beds. . . . . Anthracoptera quadrata appears to have had a very limited range, being seldom, if at all, seen beyond the region of the Splint Coal.” Anthracosia rugosa [evidently robusta] is first met with in the Drumgray Coal, all other species of the genus having now disappeared.’ ‘This is the bed from which so many good specimens of A. robusta are obtained at Shotts. He appends the following note :—‘‘ The genus Anthracosia appears to be confined to the Upper Coal-measures of Lanarkshire.” In the same volume, p. 283, in a paper by Mr. Robert Craig on “The Carboniferous Basin of Dalry,’’ mention is made of the occurrence of Myalina crassa at Roughwood, Lyonshield, and Broadstone. . 1870. Romer described, in 1870, a little bivalve-like Modiola from the “ Coal- group, Charlotte,’ near Czernitz, in the “Geologie und Paliontologie von Oberschlesien,” foot-note to p. 76, and ‘probably identical with Modiola, sp. 30 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NATADITES. (Volpersdorf, op. supra cit.). This shell occurs in the Coal-measures of Lancashire. 1870. In tne ‘ Geological Magazine’ for 1870 is a paper by Professor Rupert Jones on some “ Entomostraca from the Coal-measures of South Wales.” At p. 216 he notices some Anthracomyzx from the Ebbw Valley, and refers to the compressed Anthracomye in the Ardwick beds described by Phillips (op. supra cit.), and figures (figs. 3 and 18, pl. ix) are given. 1891. This author also refers generally to the Coal-measure bivalves in his Address to the Geological Section of the British Association at Cardiff, in 1891. At p. 17 he remarks, ‘“‘ There is great probability of these not being truly marine. They may have lived in the brackish waters of lagoons and creeks, in the black, muddy swamps, having some communication with the sea, and often or occasionally inundated with salt water.” 1871. Messrs. Young and Armstrong brought out their work ‘ On the Carbo- niferous Fossils of the West of Scotland, for the Use of the British Association Meeting at Glasgow, 1871.’ They give lists and localities, but describe no new forms. Their views as to the fresh-water habitat of the shells I have quoted above (p. 4). 1871. In 1871 Ferd. Stoliczka, in ‘ Paleontologica Indica,’ vol. vii, p. 84, places Anthracosia under Saxicava, and writes, ‘‘ Prof. King advocates the idea that Anthracosia is a genus of Unionide, but there can be little doubt as to its close relation to Notomya, and it is even difficult to distinguish some of the species generically. The ligamental area of Anthracosia much more recalls that of Panopxa and Cyrtodaria than that of any known Unionide, and as Salter distinctly asserts that it is a marine or brackish water shell, I think its classifica- tion in this place (Sawicava) may be the more correct one.” 1873. The work was carried on in Scotland by Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun., his first paper on the subject appearing in the Appendix to the ‘ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland: Explanation of Sheet 23.’ Here a stratigraphical list of the localities and beds containing Coal-measure Lamellibranchs is given, and a note is appended (p. 104) on the burrowing habits and affinities of Anthracosia ; he says, “Specimens of A. robusta and A. acuta were obtained resting on their ventral margins at right angles to the bedding of the entombing matrix; but none were obtained in a vertical position burrowing, as we find is the case with recent Mya truncata.” 1875. In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ series 4, vol. xv, 1875, p. 427, ‘ Notes on Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata,”’ he gives the bibliography of Myalina crassa (Mytilus crassus of Fleming), and discusses its generic relations, giving some excellent plates. 1877. In the ‘ Geological Magazine,’ new series, dec. 2, vol. iv, June, 1877, CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 31 pp. 243, 244, Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., gives a bibliographical account and a full accurate description of Anthracomya Phillipsii; and describes and figures a new form, Anthracomya Scotica, which he compares with Naiadites levis, Dawson (Salter), and Unio nuciformis of Hibbert. 1878. His next contribution to the subject was in 1878, in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxiv, “‘ On our Present Knowledge of the Invertebrate Fauna of the Lower Carboniferous and Calciferous Sandsone Series,’ read November 7th, 1877. He re-describes Salter’s genus of Anthracoptera, and doubtfully gives a new species, Anthracoptera (?) obesa (p. 12), pl. i, figs. 12, 18, 14(?). He also makes some addi- tional remarks on Myalina crassa, and describes and figures another form as Myalina sublamellosa, pl. i, fig. 15; pl. u, figs. 16,17. A specimen, pl. ii, fig. 20, is also doubtfully referred to Anthracosia nucleus, Brown, and Avinus Pentlandicus (pars), Rhind. 1879-81. In 1879, in the Appendix to the ‘ Geological Survey Memoir Scotland,’ Explanation of Sheet 31, full lists of localities of shells occurring in the district are given, unfortunately often without specific names ; anda new form of Anthracoptera, A. tumida is described (without a figure) from the ‘‘ Edge Coal” series, and its specific characters discussed at p. 82. Again, in 1881, in his Address delivered before the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, on ‘*‘ The Paleozoic Conchology of Scotland,” pp. 48, 50, and 53, the generic affinities and the habitats of the genera Anthracoptera (Naiadites), Anthracomya, and Anthracosia (Carbonicola) are dis- cussed. He sums up, “* Anthracosia was probably not a purely fresh-water genus, but of brackish water habit.” 1875. In a valuable paper on the ‘‘ Organic Remains of the Coal-measures of North Staffordshire,” published in the ‘ Proceedings of the North Staffordshire Field Club and Archzological Society,’ 1875, p. 184, Mr. John Ward, F.G.S., gives a list of the Anthracosix, Anthracomyx, and Anthracoptere, and a record of the horizons at which they occur. He describes no new forms, and figures none of the shells, but gives full references to his authorities. The paper contains a short discussion on the vexed question of habitat ; and he believes he has found Anthra- cosia in the vertical position in the ‘‘ Cockshead Shale.” A fuller account appeared in his monograph, ‘“‘ Geology of the North Stafford- shire Coal-field, ‘ Trans. N. Staff. Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers,’ vol. x, part v, issued in 1890, and pl. i contains figures of— Anthracosia robusta. Anthracomya modiolaris (Anthracoptera). A acuta (a fine interior). 5 carinata ( Anthracoptera). rf centralis ?. Modiola lithodomoides, on the authority of R. 3 aquilina ?. Etheridge, sen. (Anthracomya lanceolata, Anthracomya Adamsii. Hind). A Adamsii (allied to A. modiolaris). 32 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. The notes of interrogation and remarks are my own, from a personal examination of the specimens figured. One new form, “ Anthracomya Wardi,”’ is described by R. Etheridge, sen., as if that genus belonged to the Myacidz. In the text which deals with the strati- graphy of the coal-field, the beds in which the various forms occur are carefully ‘ noted. 1878. Mr. G. H. Kinahan, M.R.I.A., gives in his ‘Geology of Ireland’ a plate (pl. iv) with two forms of Coal-measure bivalves from Bilboa, Queen’s Co., which he names Myacites fabeformis and Anthracosia Bilboensis. I have seen examples of the latter in the Royal Museum, Dresden, which were collected from Bilboa by Dr. Geinitz, and which I recognise as Anthraconya Williamsoni (Brown).’ He quotes Mr. Baily as to the occurrence of bivalve mollusca in the various Irish coal-fields. 1880. In 1880 Dr. John Young read, January 13th, a paper, subsequently pub- lished in the ‘ Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow,” vol. vi, p. 223, for that year, entitled “ Notes on some Carboniferous Lamellibranchs.” He dis- cusses and sums up in favour of the fresh-water habitat of the genera Anthracoptera, Anthracomya, and Anthracosia. He there chronicles his discovery of prismatic cellular structure in the shells of Anthracoptera (Naiadites). 1880. In the ‘ Palzontographica,’ vol. xxvii, p. 109, is a paper by Dr. Hans Polig, under the curious title “‘ Maritime Unionen.’”’ In this he advances the view that the Anthracosiex of the Coal-measures, the Unios of the Triassic, and the Cardinie of the Jurassic form a natural group, connecting on the one hand the Cyprinidx, and on the other Wajades. 1880-83. ‘ The Niederrheinisch Westfallisch Steinkohlen-Gebirge Atlas’ was published by Achepol during the years 1880 to 1883. This remarkable work is distinguished by having, instead of plates, photographs of the objects themselves. These photographs are often so imperfect, from bad arrangement of the ight during the process of photography, and the objects themselves are so often fragmentary and indistinct, that little or nothing can be made out of them. Added to this, the inventive genius of the author as to species-making is excessive, and he describes and figures thirty-seven forms, thirty-two of which are said to be new, although he has adopted names which previous authors had given to different forms. Anthracosia Goldfussi, Achepol. Anthracomya Williamsoni. -. tellinaria. i securtformis, Ludwig. 1 Since going to press I have by the courtesy of the Officers of the Geological Survey of Ireland been permitted to examine the specimens in the Dublin Museum. I consider that the forms labelled there as above are both of them Anthracomya closely allied to A. Williamsoni. CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 33 Conocardium fusiforme, Achepol. Not to be recognised. 3 elegans, Achepol. Evidently Naiadites. Anthracosia Beyrichi, Achepol. Carbonicola aquilina. Terebratula planosulcata, Achepol. Naiadites ? said to have umbones. Anthracosia gracilis, Achepol. p caudata, Achepol. Photography and figures too poor. ss minor, Achepol. 53 Schliiteri, Achepol. C. acuta in Supplement. x batilliformis, Lud. s Decheni, Achepol. os Serloz, Achepol. “ rectangularis, Achepol. C. acuta. \ C. aquilina. . Hauchecornei, Achepol. C. aquilina. » species ? Achepol. fi ; a minima, Achepol. } Hon teserncnbayy 3 Berendti, Achepol. C. aquilina. Pe Fabricii, Achepol. C. acuta. Rémeri, Achepol. C. aquilina. PS Harzi, Achepol. Anthracomya. 3 crassa, Achepol. Carbonicola robusta. , naviformis, Achepol. Anthracomya ? >A obtusa, Achepol. Not Ludwig. ss brevis, Achepol. Anthracomya ? a cassiformis, Achepol. C. turgida. ri concentrica, Achepol. C. aquilina. a conocardium, Achepol. Carbonicola, crushed. - Geinitzi, Lud. m, Lottneri, Lud. Anthracosia ovalis, Achepol. } C. aquilina. Mytilus eduliformis, Achepol. Naiadites carinata. Anodonta angulata, Achepol. Anthracomya. Dreissena Rémeri, Achepol. 59 Schliteri, Achepol. \ Naiadites carinata. The figures of specimens described as Dreissina, Mytilus, Terebratula, and Conocardium are evidently those of Naiadites. The figures given in the four supplemental plates are better, but no reference is given in these to the specimens. Looking critically through these plates, I can find little or nothing new. The specimens figured as A. Goldfussi, A. naviformis, A. brevis, A. Harz, and Anodonta angulata are evidently Anthracomye. The real merit of the work lies in the careful record of the fossils (plants and mollusca) which each bed contains; and it is a great pity that more care was not taken to compare the shells with the superabundant forms already named. I have given by the side of the list the proper equivalents, as far as I can judge from the figures and descriptions. 34 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. 1881. Mr. W. H. Baily, in the ‘“‘ Explanatory Memoir of the Geology of the Leinster Coal-fields,’”’ ‘ Geological Survey of Ireland,’ 1881, on pp. 21 and 25 notes the occurrence of Anthracosia Bilboensis and Myacites fabeformis’ in the Lower and Middle Coal-measures of and around Castlecomer. 1881. Professor A. von Koenen, of Gottingen, has an important paper’ in the ‘Zeitsch. Deutschen Geolog. Gesellsch.,’ vol. xxxii, 1881, p. 680, pl. xxvi, figs. 6, 7, in which he re-describes the hinge of Anthracosia securiformis, and points out that Ludwig overlooked the fact that the supernumerary muscle-scar is close to the hinge-line, and on this fact bases his view that the Anthracosix are related to Cardiniex. With regard to a lateral tooth he says, ‘“‘ Als Seitenzahn deutbar eine stumppe Kante auf dem Schossrande der linken Klappe und in der rechten eine flache Furche vorhanden.” His figures are typical of the hinge of Carbonicola aquilina, and agree well with King’s figures (op. supra cit.). 1882. The ‘ Recherches sur les Terrains anciens des Asturies et de la Galice’ of Dr. C. Barrois appeared in 1882. He refers to Coal-measure shells at pp. 334 and 335. He makes the pertinent observation that the forms referred to Myalina by Meek and Worthen (op. supra cit.) cannot be separated from Salter’s Anthracoptera, and describes and figures Myalina carinata and M. triangularis ; but does not recognise the fact that these forms have not the true myophores of Myalina. He figures and describes a shell which he refers to Pachyodon bipennis, Brown; but his figure appears too angular to agree with the original drawing. There is also one new form described, at p. 343, as Naiadites Tarini, the figure of which (pl. xvii, fig. 14) is exceedingly lke the shell I figured (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1893, pl. x, fig. 13) as Anthracomya lanceolata. It is probable that the two shells may be of the same species. 1882. In the same year Dr. J. R. S. Hunter, of Braidwood, produced his paper (‘Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow,’ March, 1882, vol. vi, p. 143, &c.) “On the Geology and Paleontology of Banhead, Bellfield, Coalburn, and Lesma- hagow,” with lists of fossils. He enumerates from the Middle Coal-measures (p. 150)— Anthracoptera carinata. Anthracoptera quadrata. modiolaris. Anthracosia acuta. 1888. The following British forms of Anthracomya, Anthracosia, and Anthracoptera are enumerated in Etheridge’s ‘ Catalogue of Palzeozoic Fossils, Britain,’ 1888, p. 278, &c. : 1 There is a misprint in the original, p. 25, of fabzforonis for fabeformis. 2 “ Ueber die Gattung Anoplophora, Sandberger (Uniona, Pohlig).” CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 35 Myade. Anthracomya Adamsit. Anthracomya pumila. is dolobrata. 5 rugulosa. 45 modiolaris. 5 sanguinolaria. +‘ Phillipsiv. 5 Scotica. a subcentralis. senex. 5 sp. (Phillips). Unionide. Anthracosia acuta. Anthracosia ovalis. 5 aquilina. phaseolus. PA centralis. a robusta. i lateralis. A subconstricta. es nuciformis. <5 turgida. ss nucleus. . Urei. Mytilide. Anthracoptera Browniana. Anthracoptera quadrata. a carinata. A sp. (Salter). i. modiolaris. RA tumida. ” obesa. 1890. Mr. Charles Roeder, in ‘‘ Notes on the Upper Coal-measures of Slade Lane, Burnage ” (‘ Manchester Geol. Soc. Trans,’ vol. xxi, p. 114, read December, 1890), gives a full description of these beds, many of which contain mollusca. With one or two exceptions, however, he gives no specific names. 1892. In the same volume (vol. xxi, p. 364, read December 8th, 1891) is a paper by Mr. George Wild, on ‘“‘ The Lower Coal-measures of Lancashire,” of great value. He figures (pl. ui, fig. 7) a new angular species of Anthracosia, which turns out, however, to be Schizodus carbonarius. He also mentions in his Catalogue at the end of his paper, Anthracosia, sp., like Sanguwinolites, from the Mountain-mine roof, Shaw, near Oldham; and Anthracosia aquilina, from a bed thirteen yards below the same seam at Rishton. 1892. M. X. Stainier gives (in ‘ Annales Soc. Géol. de Belg.,’ vol. xix, p. 2) a list of shells, referred to by previous authors, from beds in Belgium, with a few additional localities from bis own knowledge. 1892. In 1892 appeared the work of Professor W. Amalizky, ‘“‘ Ueber die Anthracosien der Permformation Russlands,”’? in which he reviews most of the literature bearing on the generic affinity of the Unio-like forms of the Coal- measures. He erects the group into a family, under the name of Anthracoside, and divides the family into five genera: Anthracosia, King. Cardinal teeth only. Carbonicola, M‘Coy. Cardinal and lateral teeth. Najadites, Dawson. Edentulous forms. Paleomutela. Olgndon. ‘ New multidentate forms. cy Palzeontographica,’ Band xxxix, 1892, p. 125, &e. 36 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NATADITES. Many species of each form are described from the Permian beds of Russia, but the work will be here more fully discussed under the observations on the genus Oarbonicola. : 1893. In 1893 he published a small paper in Russ and German, ‘“ Ueber susswasser Lamellibranchiata aus den carbonischen Bildungen des Donetz Beckens,” read before the Section of Geology and Mineralogy of the St. Petersburg Natural History Society ; in this he gives a plate, figs. 1 to 7, showing the hinge apparatus of Carbonicola, M‘Coy, and figs. 10 to 17 of Anthracosia, King. 1893. In the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ May, 1893, vol. xlix, p. 249, is a paper by myselt on “ The Affinities of Anthracoptera and Anthracomya,” in which I attempted to delineate more fully the generic characters of each, and to describe and figure the known forms. Subsequent study has necessitated some few alterations. Another short paper of mine is to be found in the ‘Annual Report of the North Staffordshire Field Naturalists’ Club and Archeological Society,’ which, however, contains nothing beyond what is included in the previous paper. In the ‘Geological Magazine,’ dec. III, 1893, vol. x, p. 514, 1s a note on the so-called Myalina crassa, Fleming, in which I point out the identity of the anatomical characters of the shell of Myalina crassa with those of Anthracoptera (Naiadites). In the same volume, p. 540, is a note (with a woodcut) ona slab from the shale above the Kinderscout Grit, showing a piece of fossil wood surrounded by numbers of Anthracoptera (Naiadites), and to which they had evidently attached themselves with the byssus. 1893. Mr. J. F. Whiteeaves published a paper on some large Unio-like shells of the South Joggins in the ‘ Trans. Royal Society of Canada,’ Sect. IV, 1893, p. 21, in which he discusses the question of the earliest occurrence of Unio in geological strata, and describes some very large new Coal-measure fossils as Asthenodonta Weston, with two figures, from which their close generic relation- ship to Carbomcola is very apparent, the hinge resembling that of Carbonicola aquilina, and to this genus it will probably be one day referred. When I went to look through the collection of Coal-measure shells in the_ Manchester Museum, Owens College, I found that Mr. H. Bolton, F.R.S.E., Assistant Keeper, had intended to work up the subject, and had already in MS. a portion of his paper. It was at first proposed that he should join me, and — that we should issuea joint Monograph ; but subsequently, with great generosity, he retired and left the work to me. I have to thank him for his self-effacement in this matter, and for his further kindness in looking over my specimens, MS., and proof sheets, and for several valuable observations which have been of great service to me in the preparation of the section on Carbonicola. CARBONICOLA. 37 § III. CARBONICOLA. It is always a difficult matter to decide as to which characters in a group of Shells are to be regarded as of definite generic or specific value. Classifications, though based on anatomical resemblances, are, as Herbert Spencer states, only “subjective conceptions which have no absolute demarcations in nature corresponding to them ;” so that it comes to be almost a purely personal matter to decide on what forms shall be considered for utilitarian purposes as of specific rank, or what others shall only be estimated as varieties. I have felt that it was necessary as an aid to determine the horizons of such important beds as those of the Coal-measures to give specific rank to any forms which seemed to be typical of a bed; in other cases, when in the same beds a series of varieties occurred, to include them under one species. The great difficulty in the subject lies in the very variable shape and characters of shells from the same beds ; and were it not for the fact that I have fortunately been able in nearly every case to study hundreds of specimens, I probably should have been tempted to double the number of named forms. A larger amount of variation might have been expected to have occurred in forms of this group obtained from the different coal-fields, but as a matter of fact the local variation is far greater. Amongst fresh-water shells there cannot exist the means for that free intermixture and consequent maintenance of a more constant type which obtains with marine mollusca. They would of necessity be isolated by drainage systems; and it is difficult to see, in the absence of aérial animals, how any amount of dispersion could take place except by floods. It is difficult to account for excessive variation in gregarious organisms with an identical environment ; and this tendency to vary would appear to be universal, from the large numbers of forms that have been described and named by previous authors. The beds in which the bivalve mollusca of the Coal-measures occur are indurated marls, black shales, and ironstones ; and in most cases the fossils have both valves preserved in a closed position, showing that they are in the place and position in which they lived. They generally he with their long axes parallel to the lines of stratification ; but there exist beds in nearly every coal-field composed of the crushed valves and débris of myriads of shells which appear to have been finally deposited after death of the animal, the valves being nearly all single, or if double, widely opened out flat. As a rule, the lower beds of the Middle Coal- measures (stage F of Prof. Hull) are the most prolific in molluscan remains. I can find no evidence of any shells, except a compressed Anthracomya (A. Phillipsit) 38 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. above the Spirorbis Limestone. These occur in North Staffordshire, in the Blackband Ironstones. In a downward direction these shells are rarely found below the Millstone-grit, or even in these beds except in Scotland, and perhaps the north of England; and this is probably due to the fact that in England the Yoredale and Lower Limestone series (stages A, B, and C of Professor Hull) are essentially and probably wholly marine; while in Scotland and the north of England marine appear to have alternated with fresh-water conditions. ASIPHONIDAS (InrscRopaLyiata). Class PELECYPODA (LameniipraNncHiata). Family UNIONIDA. Genus Carspontcota, M‘Coy, 1855. Synonyms : Unio, Retzius, 1788. Mya, Martin, 1809. Unio, Sowerby, 1829. Pachyodon, Brown (non Stuchbury), 1843. Cardinia (in part), Agassiz, 1841. — —- De Koninck, 1842. Anthracosia, King, 1856. — Amalizky, 1893. Naiadites (in part), Dawson, 1860. Carbonicola, Amalizky, 1893. Generic Characters.—Hquivalve, inequilateral, ovate or elongated, umbones convex, raised above hinge-line, sometimes eroded, generally anterior, beaks more or less contiguous, and with well-marked oval lunette in front of them. Anterior part of shell broad and tumid, posterior narrower and slightly compressed. 15. mm: Observations.—This somewhat infrequent form I regard as closely allied to C. acuta. Indeed, had it not been for the fact that Martin figured and described the shell, I should probably have considered the form as CO. acuta. It occurs occasionally in the C.-acuta-bed of North Staffordshire (Cockshead roof). Sowerby, in his ‘ Mineral Conchology,’ substituted the name Unio wniformis for Martin’s A. ovalis, for reasons of nomenclature; but the shell which he described is said to have come from Felmersham, in Bedfordshire, and is therefore an Oolitic species, and not in any way related to Martin’s form, which was from the ironstone of Tupton Moor and Staveley. Martin’s original specimen has disappeared, but it had the characteristically curved lower border rounded off anteriorly and posteriorly. Martin describes ‘‘ one end pointed,” but the figure shows for the posterior end a different shape from the ordinary form of C. acuta. I regard Sowerby’s form of Unio centralis, from Coalbrookdale, pl. xxxix, fig. 13, in Prof. Prestwich’s memoir, as identical with Martin's species, and I have been permitted, by the kindness of Prof. Prestwich, to re-figure the original specimen, Pl. IV, fig. 18. This specimen shows umbones more central than usual, but this is due to some imperfection of the posterior end. PI. IV, fig. 19, is a cast of another specimen from the same locality, and is in the Nottingham Museum. One other specimen from the same collection is in Pl. IV, fig. 22, from Butterley, Leicestershire. Pl. IV, figs. 20 and 21, are forms lent me by Mr. J. Neilson from the Kenmuir and Clydesdale pits near Glasgow, the latter of which shows a form intermediate between CO. acuta and C. ovalis. Salter’s figure of Anthracosia ovalis in the ‘ Geological Survey Memoir on the Iron Ores of Great Britain,’ part 3, pl. i, fig. 22, is, I think, that of a totally different shell, viz. Carbonicola turgida. The hinge-characters are shown on Pl. V, fig. 38, in a specimen which I obtained from the Cockshead rock, which lies some little way above the Cockshead Bass (the C.-acuta-bed). It has the form y, which I have described above under C. acuta: thus in the right valve a central subumbonal tooth, with concavity anterior and posterior to 8 58 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. it; in the left valve a split cardinal tooth, which receives between its two halves the tooth of the opposite valve; anterior and posterior laterals are absent. In the figure will be noticed a faint oblique line on the posterior part of the hinge-plate, which, with a similar occurrence in Pl. VI, fig. 2, are the only indications of horizontal lateral teeth that I have met with. Pl. V, fig. 38, contains a small pearly nodule, well shown at “‘a”’ in the drawing. That this form of hinge-plate (y) is not confined to C. ovalis is certain, I think, from the occurrence of a similar form in specimens having the typical shape of C. acuta. Prof. Amalizky’ has referred a new species of his, named Anthracosia subnucleus, from the Permian formation of the Oka Volga Basin, as allied to the forms— U. ovalis, Martin; U. centralis, Sow.; U. uniformis, Sow.; U. nucleus, Brown; and U. ovalis, Salter. Judging, however, from the figures, dimensions, and description, his shell is totally different from the form under discussion, and I have shown above that the forms referred to are themselves very different, one of them being from the Oolite. Localities —England : Tupton Moor and Staveley. Roof of the Cockshead Seam and the Cockshead Rock, Lower Coal-measures of North Staffordshire. Pennystone Beds, White Flats, Blue Flats—Coalbrookdale. Butterley, Leicester- shire. Old Coal, South Wales. Scotland: Kenmuir and Clyde Pits, Lanarkshire Coal-field. 5. CARBONICOLA PoLmonteNsIs (Brown). Pl. VII, figs. 1—4. Unto (from Coal-shale), Rhind. Age of the Earth, pl. ii, figs. o, p. — Potmontensis, Brown. Foss. Conch., pl. lxxiii, figs. 32, 33. Specific Characters.—Transversely elongate-oval ; sides flatly convex. Umbones are much elongated transversely, narrowed, apart, and everted anteriorly, situated at two-fifths of the length of the shell from the anterior end, which is rounded. The posterior end is compressed and bluntly pointed. The hinge-line is straight, and in casts median. The interior of the shell shows fine striz radiating from the umbones to the surface. Posterior slope obtusely rounded; upper surface expanded. There is an oblique, shallow, broad depression on the sides of the shell, most marked towards the posterior part of the inferior border. External characters unknown. Muscular scars normal. Pallial line not very far from the margin of the shell. * * Paleontographica,’ vol. xxxix, 1892 ; ‘Ueber der Anthracosien die Perm-formation Russlands,’ 156, pl. xx, figs. 19, 20. CARBONICOLA SUBCONSTRICTA. 59 Dimensions : Antero-posteriorly ‘ ‘ ‘ . 48 mm. Dorso-ventrally : : : . 27 mm. Laterally : . 15 mm. Locality.—Coal-shale, Polmont, near Falkirk. Springhill Colliery, near Kil- marnock. Kirkwood Upper Coal-measures, Ell-coal, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. Observations.—I have met with this form only in Scotch localities. Unfortu- nately I have not seen any testiferous examples, and am quite unable to state anything as to the external characters of the shell. The form was originally figured by Dr. Rhind in his little work ‘The Age of the Earth,’ and was named Polmontensis by Captain Brown from the locality whence it was first obtained, and he refigured the shell, giving a typical figure of the umbones and upper surface of the shell as shown in a cast. In casts the peculiar long, narrow, widely-separated umbones are quite characteristic. I figure specimens from the several Scotch localities, which are all in the Upper Coal-measures. The figures show a slight variation in shape. The shell appears to have some resemblance to C. acuta, but it is flatter, and differs from that species in the peculiarity of the umbones. 6. CaRBONICOLA suBCoNsTRIOTA (Sowerby). Plate VI, fig.44; Plate VII, figs. 5—15. Unio susconstrictus, Sow. Min. Conch., vol. i, 1812, p. 83, pl. xxxiii, figs. 1—3. — — Defrance. Dict. Sci. Nat., 1824, vol. xxxiii, p. 294. ~- -— Dumont. Constitution géologique Liege, 1832, p. 356. —- _ Goldfuss. Petrefact. Germaniz, 1834-40, pl. cxxxi, fig. 18. CaRDINIA sUBCONSTRICTA, Agassiz. Trad. de Sowerby’s Min. Conch. (1842), p. 58, pl. xxii, figs. 1—3. — — de Koninck. Carb. Foss. de Belgique, 1842-4, p. 73, pl. I, fig. 9. PACHYODON SUBTRIANGULARIS, Brown. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, vol. xii, p. 393, pl. xvi, fig. 6. _— Smitui1, Brown. Ibid., p. 393, pl. xvi, figs. 7, 8. a Emepxeront, Brown. Ibid., p. 393, pl. xvi, fig. 9. — Heyi, Brown. Ibid., p. 393, pl. xvi, fig. 10. UNIO sUBTRIANGULARIS, Brown. Fossil Conch., 1849, p. 178, pl. Ixxii, fig. 12. — Smrrui, Brown. Ibid., p. 178, pl. lxxiii, figs. 10, 11. — Enmpueront, Brown. Ibid., p. 178, pl. lxxiii, fig. 6. — Hey, Brown. ibid., p. 178, pl. lxxiii, fig. 1. CaRrBoNIcoLa suBconstTRICTA, M‘Coy. Brit. Paleozoic Foss., 1855, p. 515. AnTHRaACosIA Smituit, King. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,ser. 2, vol. xvii, 1856, pl. iv, fig. 6. Specific Description.—Shell ovate ; anterior end rounded and short. Posterior end obliquely truncate from above downwards and bluntly rounded. Somewhat 60 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAITADITES. narrowed by a convergence of the dorsal and ventral margins. Inferior border uniformly and convexly curved, or there may be a concave sinuation in it posteriorly. Umbones situated in the anterior one-third of the shell raised above the rest of the shell, tumid and very blunt, widely separated in casts and excavated internally in front, so that they appear to have an oblique direction forwards and outwards. Lunule wide, rapidly widening anteriorly, marked by longitudinal striz, which are continuous with lines of growth of the shell. In those specimens which have a sinuated ventral margin an almost obsolete, shallow, broad, oblique constriction is seen on the side of the shell, commencing near the umbones, it passes downwards and backwards, gradually widening until it terminates in the sinuated portion of the inferior border. Valves somewhat convexly flattened ; greatest convexity is situated immediately below the umbones. Posterior slope bluntly rounded or angulated. Hinge-line straight in casts, and there is no indication of any anterior or lateral cardinal teeth. In right valve there is a single obliquely diverging tooth, with a pit posterior to it to receive the corresponding tooth of left valve. Shell moderately thick, marked with concentric striz and very fine lines of growth. Plate VII, fig. 8, measures— Antero-posteriorly 4 ; : . 38 mm. Dorso-ventrally ; . 22 mm. Laterally . 15 mm. Localities —Low Moor, Bradford; Thin bed, Burnley. Observations.—I have been permitted to refigure the original shells of Sowerby’s figures of Unio subconstricta (Pl. VII, figs. 5—7) by the kindness of Dr. H. Woodward. The feature of the shallow oblique sinus is not at all uncommon in many other species of Carbonicola, and can no longer be regarded as a specific character. As amatter of fact, it is much shallower in the form under description than obtains in many specimens of C. acuta and CO. robusta ; indeed, M‘Coy (op. cit., p- 515) thought that C. robusta was only an adult form of C. subconstricta. I know of only two specimens which retain the shell, and these are in the ** Sowerby Collection” (British Museum). ‘There is also a fine series of casts in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge, which nevertheless show very faint striz over the lower part of the shell (figs. 8—10, Pl. VII). The form of OC. subconstricta appears to me to connect C. acuta with C. aquilina, there being a marked approach towards the shape of the anterior end of C. sub- constricta and CU. aquilina ; and there is also to be noted in the former a slight degree of obliquity to the long axis of the shell in the lines of growth. M‘Coy laid great stress upon the presence of an obtuse angle along the dorsal “CARBONICOLA OBTUSA. 61 margin, and suggested that the Unio tellinarius of Goldfuss and de Koninck, which is also stated to possess this character, may belong to Sowerby’s species. The only specimen showing the hinge-character of this species is in the Wood- wardian, and I have been allowed to figure it and other specimens from that collection by the kindness of Professor McKenny Hughes (PI. VI, fig. 44). In the drawing the fragment is looked at from below, and shows the lower edge of the hinge-plate, which is non-articular, the upper part of the plate being in consequence fore- shortened. This fragment shows a total absence of any prominence which can be con- structed into an anterior lateral tooth ; but there is a sloping surface continuous above the striated lunule, which becomes thickened and raised, immediately below the umbo, into an oblique posteriorly diverging cardinal tooth. Immediately posterior to it is a pit, so that the tooth in the right valve is immediately in front of that in the left valve; the pit in the right valve has a plain triangular surface, and there is no evidence of any posterior lateral tooth. M‘Coy states (p. 515, op. supra cit.), ** Casts show the thick cardinal tooth, and slender, elongate, lamellar lateral teeth.” I am unable to understand this state- ment, as I cannot conceive it possible for the cast of a bivalve shell, the valves being in their natural position, to show anything of the sort. The Professor evidently mistook the groove left in casts on each side of the middle line by the lower edge of the hinge-plate, both anteriorly and posteriorly, to represent ante- rior and posterior lateral teeth. I have made a series of plaster casts of Unio tumidus, which have definite lateral lamellar teeth, but can obtain no indication of them in the casts. This shell does not appear to have a very wide distribution. I only know of the above-mentioned localities where it occurs; and it appears to be confined to the horizon of the Low Moor Ironstone beds. The large specimens, figured Pl. VII, figs. 11 and 15, belonging to Mr. George Wild, of Bardsley, are from the Fullege Colliery, Burnley, and at about the horizon of the Thin bed. “las 7. CARBONICOLA OBTUSA, sp. nov. Plate VII, figs. 16—23; Plate XI, figs. 1, 2. Specific Characters.—Shape variable, but more or less subquadrate and flattened. The anterior end is moderately convex, short but deep in a dorso-ventral direction ; its border circularly rounded. The inferior border is rounded in, front, becoming almost straight posteriorly. The posterior part of the shell is narrowed from above downwards by the slope of the upper border, which leaves a long, bluntly rounded or truncate posterior border. 62 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. The umbones appear to rise gradually from the whole surface of the shell, and are blunt, raised above the hinge-line ; excavated anteriorly, and thinned internally by the encroachment of the lunule, which is moderately deep, widens anteriorly, and is roughly marked by striz continuous with the lines of growth which pass into it from the surface of the shell. The external ligament is prominent and erect, extending half the way from the umbones to the posterior end. The hinge-line is slightly arched. Huinge-plate triangular as in (C. acuta, the normal form ; but, owing to the more quadrate and stumpy form of the shell, this part of the plate, posterior to the cardinal tooth, is placed at an obtuse angle to the anterior portion. Valves compressed with an almost obsolete, broad, oblique sinus, most apparent at the lower border. The posterior slope is dilated and obtuse. Shell thick. Muscle-scars normal. The surface is rough with coarse lines of growth. Periostracum thick and much wrinkled. Dimensions (Pl. VII, fig. 18) : Antero-posteriorly ‘ = 30) mime Dorso-ventrally : : : < 25 mm. Laterally . . 16 mm. Localities.—The roof of the Ten-foot Coal, and the horizon of the Cockshead Rock, Hulme Colliery. Ivy House Colliery, Bucknall. Whitfield Colliery. All in the Lower Coal-measures of North Staffordshire; Middle Coal-measures of Oldham. Observations.—The form of this species appears to be less variable than most ; and although fig. 22, Pl. VII, appears to differ in form from the others, it will be noted that the shell is imperfect at the posterior-inferior angle. Since having the plates printed I have lifted fig. 16, Pl. VII, from the matrix, and cleaned out the hinge-plates, finding them to be exactly on the plan of that shown in Pl. V, fig. 1. I have not been able to get at more than two interiors, but these do not vary at all. On Pl. XI, fig. 1, is the figure of the hinge-plate of fig. 16, which will be of interest, as it is very rarely that the hinge-plates of two opposing valves can be studied. The lnes of growth are more rough, irregular, and deeper cut than in other forms; and this point, taken in connection with the shape, will serve as diagnostic in determining the species. This species occurs at only one horizon in the North-Staffordshire Coal-field, but in great abundance, whole beds being made up of it. It is rare in certain places to find the valves in contact, showing that the shells were probably washed into little bays after death. In these places are to be found occasionally a pair of valves opened out as in Pl. VII, fig. 16. CARBONICOLA NUCULARIS. 63 8. CARBONICOLA NUCULABIS, sp. nov. Plate VII, figs. 24—42; Plate IX, fig. 11; Plate XI, figs. 14 and 16. Specific Characters.—Shell produced transversely in adults, moderately gibbous, evenly convex, more so comparatively in young forms. Anterior end short, about one-fourth of the whole shell, with a regularly curved border meeting the hinge- line above at an angle, but passing into the inferior border with a regular curve. Inferior border broadly curved in its anterior half; then becoming straight and slightly sinuous. Posterior border bluntly rounded ; in older forms the junction with the inferior border is somewhat angular. Hinge-line apparently shghtly arched, due to the meeting of the anterior and posterior parts at an obtuse angle. The posterior end is regularly and evenly compressed into its lower and posterior borders ; but above the posterior-dorsal slope is expanded, subcarinate, and slightly concave above. Umbones obtuse and blunt, remote, varying slightly in position, never central, somewhat raised above the hinge-line; lunule small. Hinge-plate narrow ; the anterior and posterior parts meet at a very wide angle. In the right valve there is a small cardinal tooth just posterior to the umbo, with a pit behind it, Pl. IX, fig. 11. The posterior part of the plate is a narrow ledge, with a groove above it forthe ligament. Interior normal. Internal surface very smooth, marked on the posterior slope by radiating lines. Surface in the two testiferous forms marked with very faint concentric lines of growth. Periostracum much wrinkled. Measurements : Antero-posteriorly. Dorso-ventrally. Laterally. 28 mm. 17 mm. 11°5 mm. Medium forms 20 ,, 1A oy; Oy Young forms 16 ,, ees 9°35". 5s Localities—England : Hard-mine roof, North Staffordshire. Mountain Mine, Wigan. Doe Hill, Nottingham. Leicester Coal-field. Coal-measures, South Wales. Scotland: Limestone-Shale, Dunfermline. Remarks.—There is some resemblance between the species under description and the figure given by Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxxiv, pl. u, fig. 20, under the name of Anthracosia ? nucleus (Brown ?), but he states that the specimen was too imperfect to give a description of it. It was from the original locality of Captain Brown’s Unio and Pachyodon nucleus, the description of which differs only from my form in the fact that it is said to possess a posterior end elongated and acute, whereas I have never found a specimen which can be considered to be acute. Mr. Etheridge, jun., considered it probable that Brown’s shell was identical with one form of Rhind’s Avinus Pentlandicus, ‘ Age 64 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NATADITES. of the Earth,’ pl. uu, fig. a. I have unfortunately not been able to see any specimens from the given Scotch localities, and therefore cannot state anything about the probable nature of the shell, and I have thought it best to invent a new term for the species under notice. I have had the pleasure of examining two specimens, which I here name OC. nucularis, from Dunfermline, in the Braid- wood Collection of Dr.. Hunter, although they are somewhat different from my other examples. As far as I know, the species has a limited horizontal and vertical range, and I can only quote three localities. In the Hard-mine roof in North Staffordshire, whence I have obtained about fifty specimens, it occurs with C. aqguilina, Anthracomya Williamsoni, and three forms of Naiadites, and in about the same proportion as A. Williamsoni, both being markedly less frequent than the associated shells. I have figured a series from this bed in order to show the amount of variation which occurs. All my specimens have been gathered in about one square mile, with the exception of figs. 30 and 31, Pl. VIL. The blunt posterior end seems characteristic. This form is not met with of ereater size than fig. 25, Pl. VIL; and specimens as large as this are by no means common. If the hinge-line be carefully examined in many, there will be noted a slight S-shaped curve between the umbones, indicating cardinal teeth, the curve showing the right cardinal tooth to have been anterior. ‘This sinuation is so very slight that in some shells it may be easily overlooked. I have never found any testiferous specimens in the south-east end of the coal-field. The two figs. 30 and 31 come from beds of the same horizon at Talk-o’-th’-Hill. I was fortunate enough, among the specimens from the Mountain Mine of Wigan, sent me by Mr. Waring, to find one in which the valves had slipped, so that the anterior part of the hinge-plate was seen. I did not think it necessary to figure it, as I had before figured specimens showing the normal plan of the hinge apparatus, Pl. V, fig. 1, as it occurs in C. acuta. The specimens from Wigan and Leicestershire show very fine lines of growth indeed, and the same condition is very apparent (in the testiferous specimens figured) beneath the much-wrinkled periostracum. In the Cardiff Museum I have noted a series of four which retain the shell and periostracum. They are truncate forms, like those figured in PI. VII, figs. 36, 40, and 41. Unfortunately the horizon at which they occurred in the South Wales Coal-field is not stated. The shell is more tumid and regularly swollen for its size than any other form, and the umbones are lower and less pronounced. CARBONICOLA SUBROTUNDA. 65 9. CARBONICOLA GIBBOSA, sp. nov. Plate VIII, figs. 1, la, 14, 2. Specific Characters.—Shell massive, very gibbous, somewhat oblique. Anterior end short, swollen, and deeply excavated above by the lunule, so that it is almost bluntly pointed. The posterior end comprises most of the shell, and is very tumid, becoming gradually compressed toward the posterior end into the border. This end is curved obtusely and rapidly downwards from the end of the hinge-line to meet the inferior border at a blunted angle, which would be a right angle were it not rounded. Inferior border very slightly convex for the greater part of its length, becoming slightly concave posteriorly. The hinge-line, if produced anteriorly, would form a very acute angle with the inferior border, and is somewhat arched and comparatively long. The external ligament extends nearly to the posterior end of the hinge-line. The umbones are very gibbous and obtuse; with the beaks curved forwards and downwards, con- tiguous, raised above the hinge-line, and excavated anteriorly by a deep and broad lunule, which is heart-shaped. Surface covered by concentric lines of growth and strie, which are oblique to the long axis of the shell. Interior not seen. Dimensions : Antero-posteriorly é , ; . 45 mm. Dorso-ventrally ; : ; . 32mm. Laterally 2 50 Lamm. Locality. —Shale above the roof of the Moss Coal, Longton. Observations.—The only other form of Carbonicola which approaches the one under description is A. turgida, of which it is quite possible that it may be a very large variety. The lunule of the species under description is comparatively wider and deeper. I only know of two specimens of the shell. From the cabinet of Mr. J. Ward, of Longton, who obtained them from the roof of the Moss Coal, North Staffordshire Coal-field. ‘This shell must be very rare indeed. Fig. 1, Pl. VIII, is a very perfect specimen, and I have given three views of it. Fig. 2, Pl. VIII, is a less perfect form, and has been somewhat crushed. 10. CarBonicoLa suBrotunDA (Brown). Plate VIII, figs. 3—7. PacHyopon suBrorunDus, Brown. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, vol. xii, pl. xv, fig. 8. Unio susrotunnus, Brown. Fossil Conchology, 1849, pl. lxxii, fig. 22. Pacryopon Dawsont, Brown. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, vol. xii, pl. xv, fig. 10. Unto Dawsont, Brown. Foss. Conch., 1849, pl. lxxiii, fig. 3. ?> — — Garner. Nat. Hist. Staffordshire, 1844, pl. 5, fig. 20. 9 66 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Specific Characters. —Shell subrotund, tumid ; the anterior part almost equal to the posterior in size. Anterior, inferior, and posterior borders rounded; its posterior inferior angle less regularly curved than the rest of the margin. Umbones central or slightly subcentral, tumid, obtuse, separated and raised above the hinge-line, which is slightly arched, with the convexity upwards. lLunule distinct and elongated. Ligament external, nearly as long as the posterior part of the hinge- line. Surface with concentric striz and lines of growth. Periostracum thick and much wrinkled. Interior unknown. Dimensions : Antero-posteriorly : . 31mm. Dorso-ventrally ; ‘ . 23 mm. Laterally . 21 mm. Localities—Banbury Seam, Adderley Green, Longton, North Staffordshire. Oldham; Lowmoor, Bradford; Wednesbury Oak. Observations.—The figures of Unio and Pachyodon Dawson (Brown) are very characteristic of entire specimens of this shell; those of U. or P. subrotuwndus are typical of crushed forms, giving rise to the appearance of alz on each side, and forcing the umbo to one side or other. The form is very characteristic, and seems to vary less than any other species of this genus. I consider it to be a rare form; and, although Captain Brown quotes the occurrence of this species from Lowmoor and Oldham, I have not met with any specimens except in North Staffordshire, neither have I come across examples in any museum. The figured specimens all show much wrinkling of the periostracum, which was probably, therefore, very thick. I have several other specimens from the same locality, but they are much crushed, and when in this condition resemble Brown’s figure of Unio Dawsow. I have adhered to the name ‘‘ subrotunda,” as the figure by which U. subrotundus is represented is one of a much more perfect specimen than that of U. Dawsont. 11. Carzontcota TuRGIDA (Brown). Plate VIII, figs. 8—25. Pacuyopon tuRGIDUS, Brown. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 1848, p. 394, pl. xvi, figs. 18, 14. — puBIus, Brown. Ibid., p. 392, pl. xvi, fig. 5. _ sIMILis, Brown. Ibid., p. 393, pl. xvi, fig. 12. — Buaypst, Brown. Ibid., p. 394, pl. xvi*, fig. 2. Unto turetpus, Brown. Fossil Conchology, 1849, p. 178, pl. lxxiii, figs. 10, 17. — pvusivs, Brown. Ibid., p. 177, pl. Ixxiii, fig. 13. — simiiis, Brown. Ibid., p. 178, pl. xxiii, fig. 9. — Buaypst1, Brown. Ibid., p. 178, pl. Ixxiii, fig. 2. CARBONICOLA TURGIDA. 67 CaRBoNIcOLA TuRGIDA, M‘Coy. British Paleoz. Foss., 1854, p. 516. ANTHRACOSIA OVALIS, Salter. Memoirs Geol. Surv. Great Britain, Iron Ores, &c., 1861, pt. 3, p. 226, pl. ii, figs. 22, 22 a. — CENTRALIS, Ward. Transact. North Staffordsh. Instit. Min. Mech. Engineers, vol. x, 1890, p. 126, pl. i, fig. 16. Specific Characters.—Shell obliquely and obtusely oblong, very gibbous. The anterior end, situated below the level of the umbones, has a rounded anterior superior angle and an obtusely rounded border, passing by a gradual curve into the inferior border. The anterior part of the shell is small and compressed at the border, but swelling rapidly. The posterior end forms the greater part (about two-thirds) of the shell, and it becomes compressed above into the hinge-line and border. The posterior border is obliquely truncate with an obtuse angle. Ventral margin nearly straight. Hinge-line straight, about half the total length of the shell, oblique to the long axis of shell. Umbones situated about the centre of the hinge-line, large, obtuse, contiguous. Lunule elongate and narrow. Ligament external and short. The edges of the valves posterior to the ligament are bevelled at the expense of the upper border, forming an elongated \/-shaped trench. Valves very tumid, more so anteriorly, becoming gradually flattened posteriorly, marked with fine concentric striz and lines of growth, often slightly oblique to the long axis of the shell, also very fine radiating striz. Interior very smooth. Muscle- scars: anterior-adductor scar circular and shallow, almost marginal; accessory pedal-scar above it. The posterior-adductor scar is ovately triangular, situated high up near the posterior superior angle of the shell. In the right valve the lower edge of the anterior portion of the hinge-plate is bevelled and facetted at the expense of its lower border, and above this is a slight horizontal ridge, which is the inner edge of the lunule. The lunule terminates in a ridge directed obliquely backwards and downwards, which is the cardinal tooth, and behind it is a pit for the reception of the cardinal tooth of the left valve. Posterior to this pit the hinge-plate is thickened into a boss, forming a second cardinal tooth. The rest of the hinge-plate is flat and smooth. Dimensions : Scotch specimen. Antero-posteriorly . 3) 3 mime 43 mm. Dorso-ventrally . 23 mm. 30 mm. Laterally . s. Lé:mmi 20 mm. Localities.—England : Stubbs’ Mine, Bardsley, Coalbrookdale. Grain’s Iron- stone, Farthing Lane, Dudley. Roof of the Moss Seam, North Staffordshire. Stanley Main and Shale Coal, Wakefield. Wales: Two feet above bottom vein, Gantre, Ebbw Vale, South Wales. Scotland: Dallmellington, Lurgar. Splint Coal, Wishaw Coal-measures. Upper Coal-measures, Cambuslang and Shettleston. Observations.—Captain Brown, who first described this form, gave two very 68 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. good figures (op. supra cit.), but in this same paper described, under the names of Pachyodon dubius and P. similis, two shells which I consider to belong to the same species. His figure of P. dubius resembles the specimen I have figured on Pl. VIII, fig. 17, from the collection of Dr. John Young, and which I regard as a young example of this species. The description given by M‘Coy is very accurate and striking. He states that ‘this species is easily distinguished from all others by its short quadrate form and evenly gibbous, very tumid valves.” This form does not appear to have been recognised by Mr. Salter; for he figures a specimen of it (op. supra cit.), under the name of Anthracosia ovalis (Martin), which shows not the slightest resem- blance to Martin’s original figure. Mr. Ward figures a somewhat imperfect specimen from the roof of the Moss Coal (op. supra cit.) under the name Anthracosia centralis, but it has the tumid prominent umbones of the species under notice. I have figured a number of crushed and smaller forms from this bed, which may be young of 0. turgida, Pl. VIII, figs. 21—25. The peculiar shapes in these cases are due to crushing-in of the lower edges of the shell and separation of the valves, but they all possess the characteristically shaped posterior slope and prominent tumid umbones. This species is not at all common, and where it occurs has a very small vertical range ; but it seems to have had a wide horizontal distribution. It is one of the most elegant of the Coal-measure shells when perfect; but it is often difficult to recog- nise when crushed. The form, too, is fairly constant; but it will be observed that the obliquity of the striz so marked in some specimens (Pl. VIII, figs. 8, 12, and 18) is not always present ; figs. 10, 13, 19, and 20 showing an almost perfect con- centric arrangement. Whether this variation is due to locality I cannot say, but all the specimens which have come into my hands from Coalbrookdale and most of those from North Staffordshire are not obliquely grown. Most of the Scotch forms appear as casts. The form is closely allied to C. gibbosa, which perhaps may be only a giant variety ; but there are certain differences, which have induced me to separate the two forms. The cast of the hinge-line, fig. 15a, Pl. VIII, indicates by the S-shaped flexure between the umbones the presence of cardinal teeth. The name turgida has been adopted because the shells figured by Captain Brown under this term are more typical than those figured under those names which I have regarded as synonymous. CARBONICOLA AQUILINA. 69 12. CAaRBONICOLA AQUILINA, Sowerby. Plate V, fig .2; Plate IX, figs. 1—10, 12—37 ; Plate X, figs. 1—42 ; Plate XI, figs. 31—33. Unto (no specific name), Ure. Natural History of Rutherglen, 1793, pp. 310, 311, pl. xvi, fig. 4. — agutuinus, Sowerby. In Prestwich, J..On the Geology of the Coal-field of Coalbrookdale (read April 27th, 1836), Trans. Geol. Soe. London, ser. 2, vol. v, 1840, pl. xxxix, fig. 12. — PHASEOLUS, Sowerby. Ibid., pl. xxxix, fig. 11. — amTratus, Goldfuss. Petrefacta Germania, livr., 1837, p. 180, pl. exxxi, fig. 16. PaCHYODON LATERALIS, Brown. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 391, pl. xv, fig. 3. — suLcaTus, Brown. Ibid., p. 391, pl. xv, figs. 4 and 5. — BIPENNIS, Brown. Ibid., p. 391, pl. xv, fig. 9. Unio LATERALIS, Brown. Fossil Conchology, 1849, p. 177, pl. Ixxiu, fig. 26. — BIPENNIS, Brown. Ibid., p. 177, pl. lxxiii, fig. 27. — suLcatus, Brown. Ibid., p. 177, pl. xxiii, figs. 28, 29. — aguiLinus, Brown. Ibid., p. 181, pl. xxviii, fig. 23. — pHAsEOLUS, Brown. Ibid., p. 181, pl. lxxviii, figs. 21, 22. AnTHRacosta Brantana, King. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1856, ser. 2, vol. xvii, p- 54, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2. Unio securrForMis, Ludwig. Paleontographica, Band viii, 1859, p. 33, pl. iv, figs. 1—9. ANoDONTA PROCERA, Ludwig. Ibid., p. 36, pl. v, figs. 9, 10. — cicaTricosa, Ludwig. Ibid., p. 35, pl. v, figs. 7, 8. Unio crassIpENs, Ludwig. Ibid., Bd. viii, 1861, p. 184, pl. lxxi, figs. 15—17. ANTHRACOSIA AQUILINA, Salter. Mem. of the Geol. Survey of Great Britain, Iron Ores of South Wales, pt. 3, 1861, pl. ii, fig. 17. — mQuILINvs, Hull. Coal-fields of Great Britain, 1873, pl. i, fig. 5. — SECURIFORMIS, AKoenen. Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell., vol. xxxiii, 1881, p. 686, pl. xxvi, figs. 6 and 7. Non — aguitina, Ward. Trans. North-Staff. Inst. Mining and Mech. Engineers, vol. x, 1890, p. 128, pl. i, figs. 5 and 14. — Bryricut, Achepol. Niederrheinisch.-Westfalliche Steinkohlen Gebirge, Atlas, 1880-83, p. 60, Blatte xvii, figs. 4, 20; Supplement, iii, figs. 17—21. = SEeRxo!, Achepol. Ibid., p. 84, cuts 1 and 2; Supp. ui, figs. 283—29. a= Lorrneri, Achepol. Ibid., Supp. iv, fig. 4. — Decuent, Achepol. Ibid., Supp. iv, figs. 8—10. = HavcuHecornel, Achepol. Ibid., Supp. iv, figs. 13, 15. — Berenpti ?, Achepol. Ibid., Supp. iv, figs. 47, 48. — Roémeuni, Achepol. Ibid., Supp. iv, figs. 79, 80. Specific Characters——Shell transversely ovate, flattened and compressed, variable. Anterior end rounded, compressed, and small, its upper border being at 70 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. a lower level than the rest of the shell. The inferior border, convex anteriorly, soon becomes almost straight. The posterior part of the shell is produced, uniformly tumid, and is hardly compressed till near the borders. ‘The posterior border may be rounded or obliquely truncate from above downwards, or almost pointed. The upper borders of the valves are flattened and expanded, so that the greatest convexity of the shell is on a level with the hinge, this rendering the posterior slope very blunt and angular. The umbones are anterior, slightly everted, obtuse, with the apices directed forwards and remote. They rise in front by a well-marked curved fold which has a well-defined edge, and takes its origin from the surface of the valve below the upper edge of the valve, which appears to be compressed anteriorly to and above the fold. Posteriorly the umbones pass into the posterior slope very gradually. The hinge-line is below the level of the upper surface of the valves, and each valve is channelled above by a longitudinal groove which lies between the hinge-edge, which is compressed and raised upwards, and the posterior umbonal slope. These grooves are well marked in casts. The external ligament is inserted into the bottom of these grooves, where the fibres appear to be continuous with the lines of growth, as they turn over the upper border of the shell and dip into the groove. The surface is marked by fine or coarse lines and striz of growth, markedly oblique in their arrangement to the long axis of the shell and eccentric. These striz are crowded and very convexly curved at the anterior end, but they gradually become further apart and almost straight till they are rapidly reflected at an angle over the umbonal slope, when they become directed forwards and inwards. The surface is often subsulcated. The hinge-plate consists of two portions which are placed at an angle with each other, the direction of the anterior part being upwards and backwards, and that of the posterior part almost horizontal, but there is no plate of shell connecting the two portions. I quote King’s original description of the hinge apparatus :— “ Teeth, one in each valve below (and anterior to) the umbo, rather low and massive ; crown of tooth of right valve excavated anteriorly (and below) and ridged pos- teriorly ; crown of tooth of left valve ridged anteriorly and sloped posteriorly.” These teeth may be facetted. The posterior part of the hinge-plate joining the anterior part at an acute angle is flattened, or sometimes rounded, and excavated as in Anodon for the posterior terminal attachment of the external ligament, and ultimately is lost on the inner surface of the shell. Above the hinge-plate is a longitudinal groove formed by the curving round and terminating of the lines of growth, which serves for the lateral attachment of the hgament. Interior.—The anterior-adductor scar is almost marginal, the front part being CARBONICOLA AQUILINA. (3h deep and smooth; the hinder gradually becomes more shallow, and is rough and subdivided by numerous irregularly branching lines. The anterior accessory pedal scars are small, pit-like, and situated immediately behind the posterior- superior angle of the anterior adductor. The posterior-adductor scars are shallow, somewhat broader posteriorly than anteriorly, situated within the posterior slope close to the hinge-line, and not far from the posterior end. The position of both adductor muscles is often indicated on the exterior of the shell by marked depressions due to muscular strain. Casts indicate a longitudinal groove between the umbones and the hinge-edge, Pl. X, figs. 19 a, 20 a, 21 a, and a broad, deep excavation anterior to the umbones for the hinge-locking teeth, crossing which the line representing the junction of the two valves becomes sinuously curved, being deviated from before backwards, first to the right and then to the left, demonstrating the presence of cardinal teeth in the valves, of which that in the left is slightly anterior to that in the right. There is always posteriorly a raised central ridge corresponding to the interval between the hinge-plates, which shows that the ‘‘ posterior elongate lamellar teeth’ of M‘Coy and Amalizky are absent. The surface of casts is marked by broad, shallow, eccentric sulci, and often with obscure radiating lines. Dimensions : Antero-posteriorly. Dorso-ventrally. Laterally. Pl. IX, fig.6 . 45 mm. 18 mm. 14 mm. Pe heb) 4.0mm. 16 mm. 10 mm, Pieieig. t 30mm: 15 mm. 10 mm. Observations.—This species is by far the most common form in British coal- measures, both in its vertical and horizontal range, and it also occurs in many localities abroad, in Belgium and Germany, a fact which 1s well attested by the list of synonyms. ‘The shell is very variable indeed in shape, size, and also in the strength of the surface striz; but I have not been able to convince myself of the necessity of giving varietal names, from the study of large numbers of shells belonging to this species from the same and different beds. I find that all forms are met with in the beds at Whitley, Northumberland, the Hard Mine, North Staffordshire, and the Grain’s, Gubbin, and Brooch Ironstones, South Staffordshire, showing, I think, by the presence of all the extreme forms and complete series of intermediate ones, that they were all fertile inter se. The hinge characters appear to be constant, and to bear out Professor King’s observations (op. supra cit.), and I have met with no variation except that of degree in the form of the hinge. It is important to note that abroad Ludwig, Amalizky, and others have mistaken the sharp superior edge of the posterior part of the hinge-plate with the groove 72 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. for the insertion of the hgament parallel to it, for the elongate lamellar teeth of M‘Coy, which are not indicated in casts, and are characteristically absent in the hinges of C. aquilina, which I figure Pl. IX, figs. 5, 9, 12—14. In the many fragments exhibiting all parts of the hinge-plate which have passed through my hands I have never observed any indications of lateral teeth, my experience com- pletely coinciding with Professor King’s original observations on this point. The diagnostic features on which I have relied for the identification of this species are the shape of the anterior end and the umbones, and the obliquity of the lines of growth, taken together with the wedge-shaped, flattened form of the sides of the valves and the broadly channelled upper border, characters which are well shown in Sowerby’s original figure in Professor Prestwich’s ‘Geology of Coalbrookdale.’ It is quite possible that the original of Ure’s shell may have belonged to the species under discussion, but the shell itself is lost. The characteristic oblique lines of growth are indicated in his figure, and Dr. John Young, ot the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, showed me a specimen from the original locality which was certainly C. aquilina. Fleming, however, who was responsible for the name Unio Urei, Ure having unfortunately omitted any description of his form, describes, in his ‘ History of British Animals,’ the shell Unio Urei as follows :—‘‘ Transversely oblong, dorsal margin nearly straight, unequally striated by lines of growth ;” but he considered that this shell was synonymous with Martin’s Mya ovalis, which exhibits none of the characters of C. aquilina. In addition Ure’s shell has been erroneously referred to Sanguinolites by Sowerby (Prestwich, ‘ Geol. of Coalbrook- dale,’ vide supra, pl. xxxix, fig. 6); I say erroneously, because several Scotch geologists inform me that no marine forms ever occur in Ure’s original locality. After all, on account of the confusion attaching to the history of Ure’s shell, I have thought it advisable to adopt Sowerby’s specific name of aquilinus in place of the doubtful reference to Ure. I believe that Goldfuss’s Unio atratus and possibly his U. tellinarius may belong to Sowerby’s species ; the former has the character- istically shaped anterior end, but the oblique lines of growth are not shown, and the latter is crushed. A series of specimens, however, from the neighbour- hood of Liége, which I examined at Liége, Brussels, and the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), labelled with these names, convinced me that the species were identical. I have been in doubt as to the question of priority between Sowerby’s aquilinus and Goldfuss’s atratus. Bound copies of ‘ Petrefacta Germaniz’ bear the date 1840, but the work came out in parts, commencing 1836. This coal- measure shell appears on pl. cxxxi, and its description at p. 180 was issued in the livraison dated “1837”. Prof. Prestwich’s ‘Geology of Coalbrookdale’ was published in 1840, and Sowerby’s description of coal-measure shells was issued as an appendix to it; but the paper was read before the Geological Society on CARBONICOLA AQUILINA. 73 February 5th, 1834, and on April 13th and 27th, 1836. The Assistant-Secretary, Mr. L. Belinfante, B.Sc., has kindly looked up the original minutes of these Meetings, and he finds with regard to the Meeting on February 5th, 1834, the following entry :—‘‘ The author concludes his memoir with some observations on the fossils . . . of 18 generaof shells which he enumerates; 12 are marine.” In the minute for April 27th, 1836, is found—* The fossils of the coal-measures are described with great detail.”” This evidence I take to be conclusive as to the priority of the name aquilina over atrata. I endeavoured to obtain accurate information as to the character of Goldfuss’s shells, but Professor Schliiter of Bonn, where the originals are said to have been placed, writes me that they have either disappeared or are so fragmentary as to be unrecognisable. I have come to the conclusion that the shell figured by Sowerby as Unio phaseolus is only a very young form of C. aquilina. The original figure agreés very closely with the shell figured on Pl. X, 19 to 42, a series of casts intended to show stages of growth, from the roof of the Hard Mine seam, North Stafford- shire, in which bed the shell occurs in hundreds, the majority of the specimens being casts of perfect examples. Its anterior end is shown to be very small in the original figure, a condition which is shown specially in Pl. X, figs. 26, 33, 40. There can be, I think, little or no hesitation in referring Captain Brown’s three species, Pachyodon or Unio lateralis, bipennis, and sulcatus, to C. aquilina. The figures of Pachyodon and Unio lateralis are those of a cast which shows the characteristically shaped anterior end, and are closely resembled by Pl. X, fig. 36. The figures of Pachyodon and Unio sulcatus show the obliquity of the lines of growth and anteriorly directed umbones, and agree in general shape with the deeper forms of C. aquilina, Pl. X, figs. 15, 16, 17, and 20, from Whitley; but the figures of Pachyodon and Unio bipennis have the characteristic features of C. aquilina, and evidently belong to that form which possesses a blunt truncated posterior end, as Pl. IX, figs. 2, 3, and 31; Pl. X, figs. 20 and 23. Professor King says, in his remarks on his new species Anthracosia Beaniana, ** This species has some resemblance to Brown’s Pachyodon bipennis, but it differs from the latter notably in the anterior end being much shorter,” a character which a study of my figures on Pls. [X and X will show not to be of specific value. The description is very meagre, consisting of ‘‘ Diagnosis: Oval, very inequilateral. Umbones small; valves thin, rather tumid, and marked with nearly obsolete wrinkles,”’ which, unfortunately, gives no very definite characteristics. Figures only of the inner surface of the shell are given; but in these the obliquity of the lines of growth curving over the posterior slope into the groove along the edge of the valve are markedly shown. The originals cannot be traced, unless some fragments in the Science Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne, which Mr. Howse tells me are labelled in Professor King’s handwriting, represent them. One of these 10 74 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. fragments is that of C. aquilina, showing the characteristic hinge-plate, which is the form described by Professor King as occurring in A. Beaniana. This hinge-plate has been necessarily modified from that occurring in other species of the genus by the obliquity of the growth of the shell, and is anything but characteristic of the genus,—in fact, I believe, from my observations, that it is peculiar to the species QO. aqulina. I made a special visit to the shell-bearing beds at Whitley, whence Professor King obtained his original specimens, and was able to bring away with me about 100 specimens, some of which I have figured, Pl. IX, figs. 10—24, a series which shows the variable character of the shell. From a personal study of Ludwig’s original specimens, kindly permitted me by Professor Geinitz at Dresden, I have no hesitation in saying that his Unio securiformis, Anodonta procera, A. cicatricosa, and Unio crassidens are synonymous with Sowerby’s CO. aquilina, and to this list Achepol has added no less than seven. Koenen’s figures of Anthracosia securiformis are certainly typical of the species under discussion. This author states that the originals of his figures are in the Museum of Berlin. If so, there is no label to note that the specimen has been figured, but I fully believe I saw the specimen there when I was permitted by the authorities to study all the Coal-measure bivalves. The specimens in the Berlin Natural History Museum labelled A. securiformis are certainly the same as those I am figuring as C. aquilina, but they are very large forms, and have the edge of the cardinal tooth facetted. Large forms are rare in England, but I figure one which occurred to me in the roof of the Hard Mine at Hulme Colliery, Adderley Green, on PI. XI, fig. 31; but this is the only one which I have seen to attain these dimensions. The shells figured by Mr. John Ward, F.G.S. (op. supra cit.), possess none of the specific characters of C. aquilina, and should, I think, be referred to C. acuta. Mr. Ward has handed to me for figuring some shells of C. aquilina which have several small circular holes scattered over them. These holes are so regular in shape that they can scarcely have been due to erosion by plants, and so many that the probability of the cause being due to boring by some gasteropodous mollusc may be set aside. The edges of the apertures are everted, and it has occurred to me that they may have been due to the bursting through the periostracum of bubbles of CO, gas due to decomposition (?). Figures of two of these shells are given on Pl. XI, figs. 32 and 33. ; The shell figured by Mr. Salter (op. supra cit.) as Anthracosia aquilina is very characteristic in shape and excellently drawn, showing the specific details very accurately. It is less elongated transversely, and has a comparatively greater dorso-ventral measurement than obtains in the type, and thus is more akin in shape to the form called by Professor King Anthracosia Beaniana. Localities —England: Banbury; Hard Mine, Bowling-alley Seam; roof of CARBONICOLA ANGULATA. 75 Moss Coal, N.-Staff. Field; Blue Flats, Coalbrookdale; Bradford; Grains Iron- stone; Brooch Ironstone; Gubbin Measures, Foxyard; Dudley, S. Staffs; Radstock ;' Whitley, shale above Lower Main Coal, and Newbiggin; Cannock Chase ; Netherton, near Morpeth, above high main seam; Horsley Wood, Wylam ; 17 feet below Bensham seam; 5 feet 4 inches seam, Heworth; Beaumont seam, Newcastle-on-Tyne; roof of Shale Coal, Stanley Main, Wakefield; New Mine, Bardsley; Stubbs’s Mine. Wales: 8. Wales, over Four-foot, Hafod; Sychffos ; Ynys Cedwin, from the Pennypieces; Bagillt, Hollywell, Flintshire. Many of these localities are copied from labels of specimens in the Museum of the Geological Survey, Jermyn Street. Scotland: Mussel-band, Kilbride; U. C. M., Fullerton, Ayrshire; Hight-foot Coal, Scoonie, Fife. 13. CarBonicota anauLata (de Ryckholt). Plate XI, figs. 3—5. CaRDINIA aNGuLATA, de Ryckholt. 1850, p. 104, part i, pl. vi, figs. 10 and 11. Anoponta aneunata, Ludwig. Pal. Urals, 1863, band x, pl. iii, figs. 9, 9 a. NatapITEs an@uLata, Dawson. Acadian Geology, 2nd edit., 1868, p. 248, fig. 46. Carzonicota anauLata, Hind. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1894, p. 441, pl. xx, fig. 14. Specific Characters.—Shell transverse, small; anterior end rounded, moderately tumid, consisting of about one-third of the shell. The posterior end is obliquely truncate from above downwards, with the upper angle obtuse, and the inferior one rather less than a right angle. The inferior border is almost straight. The umbones are small, elongate, with their apices pointing slightly forwards, contiguous, and prolonged backwards and downwards in an angular ridge, which terminates in the posterior inferior angle of the shell. They rise in front by a gradual tumidity, concave upwards, commencing at the anterior margin of the shell. The valves are compressed and flattened into the superior and posterior borders above the oblique ridge. Surface marked with fine striz and lines of growth. Interiors—Normal; but no specimens showing the hinge have been met with. 1 This is the only specimen of molluscan remains which I have seen from the Radstock Coal- measures, and is in the possession of Mr. R. Kidston, of Sterling. It occurs on a piece of shale with plant remains from the Upper Coal-measures of Radstock. At p. 36 of the ‘Memoirs Geol. Survey Great Britain,’ “The Geology of the East Somerset and Bristol Coal-fields,”’ 1876, is a notice of the occurrence of “casts of bivalve mollusca (Anthracoptera?) in the coal-shale at Twerton, on the authority of Prof. Morris; and of “ Anthracosia?”’ at Cammerton on the authority of Mr. McMurtrie. Owing to the high position of the beds of this Coal-field, which, according to Mr. Kidston, are the highest in England, the paucity of molluscan remains points to a change in the conditions of deposition from that which obtained in the period of the Middle Coal-measures. 76 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Dimensions : Antero-posteriorly ; ‘ ; . 20 mm. Dorso-ventrally f ‘ Locality.—Low-bottom Bed, Fulledge, Burnley. Observations.—¥rom the description and figures of de Ryckholt’s Cardinia angulata I am inclined to refer the British forms to his species, to which I consider Sir Wm. Dawson’s specimen of C. angulata from the South Joggins Coal-field also belongs, the specific name angulata having been given to it by him indepen- dently. I have therefore referred the specimens from Burnley to this species. The English examples, however, are somewhat larger. I have been able to examine very few specimens of this species, all of which are from Burnley; and I have not met with the form from any other British locality. It approaches somewhat the next species to be described, C. similis (Brown), in the possession of an oblique ridge and the compression above it; but the general shape and dimensions have made me hesitate to refer it to this species, and unfortunately at present no specimens have been found with the valves closed, so that the general shape of the united valves is not known. 9 mm. 14. CarBonicota stmiLis (Brown), 1843. Plate XI, figs. 6—13, 15, 17—23, 25—27. PacHYODON sIMILIs, Brown. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 1843, p. 398, pl. xvi, fig. 12. Unto stmitis, Brown. Fossil Conchology, 1849, p. 178, pl. xxii, fig. 9. PacHyopon nanus, Brown. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 1843, p. 392, pl. xvi, fig. 1. Unio nanus, Brown. Fossil Conchology, 1849, p. 177, pl. Ixxiii, fig. 7. Non Carpryta nana, de Koninck. Descript. Carbonif. Anim. Foss. Belgique, 1842, p- 71, pl. i,-fig. 6. Specific Characters.—Shell almond-shaped, transversely oval, slightly oblique ; anterior end elliptically rounded; narrow dorso-ventrally. Inferior border regularly convex, not interrupted by a sinus. Posterior end deeper than the anterior, and bluntly rounded in old specimens; but in young forms it is obliquely truncate from above downwards, with a somewhat acute posterior inferior angle. The superior and inferior borders are subparallel. The umbones are moderately convex, flattened, elongated, low, and contiguous ; situated about the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the shell. They are continued downwards posteriorly to the posterior-inferior angle by a ridge, above which the shell is rapidly compressed into the superior and posterior CARBONICOLA SIMILIS. ret borders. This compression in many cases results in a sloping smooth surface, slightly concave from side to side. The lunule is elongated and narrow. External ligament short and erect. Valves evenly convex; in some cases flattened, in others more cylindrical. Shell thin. Lines of growth very fine, arranged concentrically. Periostracum thin ; much wrinkled and folded towards the circumference of the shell. Interior.—The posterior adductor-muscle scar is situated along and just above the ridge which passes upwards into the umbo. Hinge-plate as in C. robusta, Ele fe. la. Dimensions : PIO, fig. .6: fie. 8. fig. 9. Antero-posteriorly $ 30mm, 32 mm. 27 mm. Dorso-ventrally = L6smim: 20 mm. 14 mm. Laterally -» ~6 mam. 13 mm. 7 mm. Localities —A thin band of ironstone above the Cockshead Rock. Hulme Colliery, Longton. Horizon of Banbury Coal, Bucknall. South-west of Mow Cop on the same horizon. 7-foot—Banbury? (Talk-o’-th’-Hill). All in the lower measures of the North Staffordshire Coal-field. South Staffordshire, above the Brooch Coal. Scotland—Lurgar. Springshill Colliery, Ayrshire. Remarks.—From the figures and description I have no doubt that the species under notice is that figured by Captain Brown under the names of Pachyodon and Unio similis, the figures representing an adult form; while in his figures of Pachyodon and Unio nanus a young form is depicted. From the series of specimens which I figure in Pl. XI, figs. 6 and 7, 9—13, and 15, from the horizon of the Brooch Coal, Dudley, it appears that the characteristic shape of the adult shell is not possessed by the young, although the oblique line passing from the umbones backwards to the lower angle is always present, together with the characteristic compression of the shell above this line. In young shells, however, the posterior end is truncate and the inferior extremity acute; but in process of growth the shell expands upwards and backwards at the posterior superior angle more rapidly than it does below, so that the posterior end becomes expanded in a dorso-ventral direction, and the end of the shell itself becomes bluntly rounded. There is also at the same time a greater expansion circumferentially, so that the adult shells are much less convex comparatively than the young. These changes by growth account for the fact that Captain Brown made two species of what I consider I have shown to be only one; and, indeed, if it were not that I fortunately was able to study a series of shells in all stages of growth, I have no doubt that I should have separated the adult and young forms into two different groups. From my observations in the North-Staffordshire Coal-field I consider that 78 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. this species may be of value in denoting a definite horizon. I have found it to occur all round the basin, from Hulme Colliery on the south-west, along the outcrop north-east to the foot of Mow Cop, and south-west by Talk-o’-th’-Hill to Halmerend ina bed some little way above the Cockshead Rock. Though found to have a fairly wide horizontal distribution, it does not appear to occur at more than one horizon. Although in no one specimen is the whole of the hinge- plate to be seen, yet, from many specimens where portions of it are to be seen, it appears to have a fairly regular character, resembling that of Carbonicola robusta. Portions of the hinge are seen in Pl. XI, figs. 15, 25, and 26. The figure of Unio Castor, Hichwald, ‘ Lethza Rossica,’ 1855-9, pl. xxxix, fig. 20, somewhat resembles the species under description; but the latter is from beds of Permian age, and I have not been able to compare the shells, so that I cannot say whether the species are the same; but certainly Brown’s name has the priority. Prof. Amalizky (‘ Paleeontographica,’ vo]. xxxix, ‘“‘ Ueber die Anthracosien der Permformation Russlands,” pl. xxii) gives figures of Naiadites subcastor, nov. sp., figs. 30—33 ; Naiadites Fischeri, nov. sp., figs. 34 to 39 ; and Naiadites Castor, figs. 40 to 43,—all of which show some resemblance to the adult forms of C. similis. Captain Brown’s description is as follows:—‘‘Compressed, anterior side rounded ; umbones hardly produced, contiguous ; posterior side parallel, obliquely truncate; hinge-lne straight, basal line arcuated; surface with transverse wrinkles.” Both the shells Unio similis and Unio nanus are from the same locality —Middleton, near Leeds. De Koninck gave the specific name Cardinia nana to a small fossil which Prof. Geinitz considers to be the same as that figured later on by Ludwig as Cyclas nanus ; and he states that the fossil in question is an H’stheria, and proposes that both should be placed in that group under the name of Hstheria nana (‘ Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,’ &c., 1864, pp. 653-4; see above, p. 17). Specimens of Cardinia Scherpenzeeliana (de Ryckholt, 1850) approach, very closely in form the young of Bronn’s species, e.g. Pl. XI, figs. 10, 11, 13. 15. CaRBONICOLA OCUNEIFORMIS, sp. nov. Plate XI, figs. 24, 24a. Specific Characters.—Shell very oblique, moderately convex, wedge-shaped. The anterior end is small and compressed, but broad above. The shell rapidly becomes swollen in a posterior direction, and after attainmg the maximum convexity is gradually compressed into the posterior border. The anterior border terminates abruptly above, forming a rounded slightly CARBONICOLA ANTIQUA. 79 obtuse angle with the upper border; it then becomes rapidly rounded, the convexity being very acute at the junction with the inferior border, which is sinuously curved, so that the posterior inferior angle of the shell, which is very blunt, is below the level of the rest of the border. The posterior border is convexly truncate. There is a marked shallow, oblique subconstriction, which does not extend far up the shell towards the posterior end. The shell is much broader at its upper border than anywhere else. The umbones are anterior, broad, obtuse, and remote, rising rapidly in front, and posteriorly forming an acute well-marked ridge, which passes down towards the inferior angle, just above which it becomes lost on the surface of the shell. The posterior part of the shell above this ridge is deeply channelled, the groove becoming wider and shallower as it passes backwards. The lunule is wide and flattened. The posterior ligament appears to be attached to the faces of the hinge-plate. Interior normal. Exterior: Lines of growth very fine. Dimensions : Antero-posteriorly —. : . mom: Dorso-ventrally : ‘ : - 710mm. Laterally . : . 8mm. Locality.—Roof of the Hardmine Coal, Bucknall Colliery, North Staffordshire. Observations.—I know only two specimens of this species. They are totally different in shape and appearance from any of the other species, and loth as I am to found a species on the occurrence of only two examples in such a variable genus, I have felt that it was impossible to refer the shell to any known form. 16. CAaRBONICOLA ANTIQUA, sp. nov. Plate XI, figs. 28—30. Specific Characters.—Shell moderately tumid, nuculiform, oblique. The anterior end is short and swollen, with an almost circular border. The inferior border is gently convex in front, becoming straight in the posterior two-thirds. Its posterior surface is gradually compressed, with a bluntly truncate end, which may become almost pointed at the inferior angle; the descent of the superior border is at first somewhat rapid, it is flattened above, and terminates outwards in a bluntly rounded ridge which is continuous with the umbo above, and passes downwards and backwards to the posterior inferior angle. The umbones are anterior, depressed, moderately convex, pointed forwards and contiguous. Lunule is well marked and striated. The surface is ornamented with well-marked but fine lines and striz of growth, somewhat oblique in direction to the long axis of the shell. 80 CARBONICOLA, ANTHRACOMYA, AND NAIADITES. Interiors normal. Hinge-line arched, edentulous, surmounted posteriorly by a longitudinal hollow groove or elongated escutcheon, below which the ligament arises from a faint linear groove on the extreme edge of the shell. Dimensions (fig. 29) : Antero-posteriorly ‘ : é . \ 20 mame Dorso-ventrally : ; : . 6am. Laterally . . . 12:mnun Locality.—Calciferous Sandstone Series, Kilminning and Kilrenny Mill, Fife ; where it occurs at two horizons, one a hard shell bed in large numbers, the other a siliceous limestone with Littorina (?) Scotoburdigalensis twigs of Lepidodendron. Observations.—I am indebted to Mr. Kirkby, of Leven, Fife, for the opportunity of studying these shells. They are interesting as occurring very low down in the Carboniferous series, and are probably the oldest form of Carbonicola known if I am right in my determination. Mr. Kirkby tells me that the late Mr. Salter referred them to Anthracosia. In support of this view, the lunule and general shape of the shell are very characteristic of Carbonicola, and I can discover no evidence of the peculiar teeth of Nucula. The shape and obliquity of the lines of growth show a relationship to C. aquilina, the shell of greatest range in this group, but the two forms are easily distinguished. I have visited the locality myself this summer and obtained a number of specimens, some of which showed the interior. The accessory anterior adductor muscle scar is above the anterior adductor, as in other members of this genus. The hinge is without cardinal teeth, but there is an approach towards a flattened hinge-plate seen as an expansion down- wards of the edge of the shell, more easily seen in casts; the groove for the ligament is apparent, but I have not seen any specimens with the ligament preserved. In the bed at Kilrenny Mill the shell occurs in great numbers though the horizontal distribution seems limited to a few inches, and a mytiliform shell is very abundant, which I expect is the form named by R. Etheridge, jun., Anthracoptera ? obesa ;* but I hesitate to refer it to this genus (Naiadites) because in addition to the striated hinge-plate it possesses a well-marked tooth in the hinge. I would point out that Mr. R. Etheridge, jun.,’? doubtfully refers a shell from the cement stone group of Craiglockhart Hill, near Edinburgh, to Anthra- cosia ? (Unio) nucleus, Brown, to which I have alluded on p. 63, the original locality being Woodhall, Water of Leith, and it is very possible that it and the species under discussion are the same. 1 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,’ vol. xxxiv, 1878, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 12 and 18, (14°). 2 Ibid, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 20. b= 4 PLATE Fig. 1.—Carbonicola robusta. From Lower Yard Seam, Fulledge, Burnley. In Mr. George Wild’s Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 2.—Carbonicola robusta. 'The original of Prof. Prestwich’s figure, ‘ Geology of Coalbrookdale,’ pl. xxxix, fig. 14, from his Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 2 a.—The same specimen viewed from superior border. Fig. 3.—Carbonicola robusta. From Dalmellington, Upper Coal-measures. From Dr. Hunter’s Braidwood Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 3a.—The same, showing the external view of hinge and ligament. (Page 45.) Fig. 4.—Carbonicola robusta. Dalmellington, Upper Coal-measures. Dr. John Young’s Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 5.—Carbonicola robusta. Dalmellington, Upper Coal-measures. Dr. John Young’s Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 6.—Carbonicola robusta. Upper Coal-measures, Dalmellington. A less transverse form from Dr. Hunter’s Braidwood Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 6a.—The same, showing the external view of the hinge and ligament. (Page 45.) . Searle del. et hth. PLATE I Mintern Bros . imp. / i LJ tee Peer PLATE II. Fig. 1.—Carbomcola robusta. Transverse form from Limerigg Slamannan Collection of Mr. Smith of Kilwinning, Ayrshire. (Page 45.) Fig. 1a.—Carbonicola robusta. The same shell, showing interior and hinge of the right valve. a. The edentulous anterior portion of the hinge-plate. b. Cardinal tooth somewhat bevelled at the expense of its lower border. cc. Con- cavity for cardinal tooth of the left valve. d. Plain toothless surface of the posterior part of the hinge-plate. The unsinuated pallial sinus and posterior adductor scar, are also shown. (Page 45.) Fig. 2.—Carbonicola robusta. Small form from Shotts. Same Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 3.—Carbonicola robusta. A more rotund form from Upper Coal-measures, Airdrie. Dr. John Young’s Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 4.—Carbonicola robusta. Dalmellington. Dr. Hunter’s Braidwood Col- lection. (Page 45.) Fig. 5.—Carbonicola robusta. Quadrate form from Dalmellington. Dr. Hunter’s Braidwood Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 5a.—The same, showing cast of the interior and hinge-line. (Page 45.) Fig. 6.—Carbowicola robusta. Young form. Mr. Beveridge’s Collection. (Page 45.) Fig. 7.—Carbonicola rugosa. From Cant Clough, Burnley. Mr. George Wild’s Collection. (Page 49.) Fig. 8.—Carbonicola rugosa. From Hebden Bridge. Collection of the Geo- logical Survey, Jermyn Street. (Page 49.) Fig. 8a.—The same, showing external hgament and hinge-line. Fig. 9.—Carbonicola robusta. Hinge-plate of specimen from the Holly Lane Seam (?), Hanley and Bucknall Colliery, North Staffordshire. My Collection. (Page 45.) Figs. 10 and 11.—Carbonicola robusta. From the Shale above Stinking Coal, Froghall. My Collection. (Page 45.) IPL ANI, 1. eae ee ee imyp Mintern Bros AH Searle delet lith PLATE. EH. Fig. 1.—Carbonicola acuta. The original specimen, figured in vol. i, pl. xxxiii, fig. 6, in Sowerby’s ‘ Mineral Conchology.’ In the Sowerby Collection, Nat. Hist. Museum, South Kensington. (Page 50.) Fig. 2.—Carbonicola acuta? Ditto, pl. xxxi, fig. 5; but it is a question whether this shell should not rather be referred to C. subconstricta. (Page 53.) Fig. 3.—Carbonicola acuta? From the original specimen figured, vol. i, pl. xxxiu, fig. 7, in Sowerby’s ‘ Mineral Conchology.’ In the Sowerby Collection of the Nat. Hist. Museum, South Kensington. (Page 54.) Figs. 4—12.—Carbonicola acuta. A series from the roof of the Cockshead Coal Seam, Adderley Green, North Staffordshire, to show the variation in form and the gradual passage into C. acuta, var. rhomboidalis. My Collection. (Page 50.) Figs. 5a and 11 a.—Carbonicola acuta. Figs. 5 and 11 viewed from above, showing the lunule, the external ligament, and the bevelled edges of the hinge- plates posteriorly. (Page 50.) Figs. 13—21.—Carbonicola acuta, var. rhomboidalis. From the roof of the Cockshead Coal, Adderley Green, North Staffordshire, all showing erosion of the umbones, an obliquity in the lines of growth to the long axis of the shell, and a marked broad, shallow, oblique constriction on the surface of the valve. My Collection. (Page 55.) IP iyvAIS, JOU BeeSeasle delet ki earle delet lth. Mintern. Bros. imp. z - ‘ a a 5 mo : . » L > ‘ ~~ a . » = er I - a > 5 - is Siew . a FS “ ~ ert < = P : we. + a - . “ Le fs “ — ‘ tom . i a % > " . * i ot ote * > ue laa mad ‘ = a y mA P~ i, Six He = y P) Sn) i am - « - 4 * ra ‘ , > = ~ . =r s - - ett 2 : ‘ * ¥ . , - ng be a * a : - ¥ > ¢ : a * ~~ Sy “a , _ : -" ; ' ~~ - A ° 7 . 3 my = : n “ay : - ‘ . reek. |e ate = a = ‘ » ry € - ~ Pa ‘ 4 . - » es en ws { « e . ~ ” ; i R - 7 = a 2 “ o4 é mal of eo a {: ip j : Pome! FA ‘ - ‘ a sof" t 7 pom 7 ‘ re i hk tf . hal ‘ A ue vile oe a nae ; ee na : . ame 2h7 8 p Arycetyg AALS iis seer 5 ; ok } ’ =) n 4 ; ) am eg Fait Aas Cais Be 3 yt Vy - a 7 * me! : ae - r >" i « ba 2 > 4 1 i 1 ¢ 4 its a 7 yi BK : ae i J c E a Ww i a . "aa . ae — J § ia a7 * = - . Ler f Fh fa : ‘ r rd y 4 4 h 77 “ 4 ~“s ry | ea ae . 3 , = A . ' ‘ 7 . a . vabagt 1 J a i wet < { a On Mi °s ; te 1 . - =. bio © a or rs 7 s : . f tt « w a 4 ‘ ow! ao t / = Lao8 d My _ « a ® fs « A ‘ - Ts . . * = 7 + 4 a . + > > ré a 4) . - ©» aA ore, 4 oe gs ta " ‘C= - io ~ 1 ‘ is ‘ i omc y | ) # % " MI ie ! / ‘ee * mer + y 7 , j . . f ; 4 f u moe } H + ; 3 oe ( 4 : Abe rd. 5 4 “ ead f al ’ ¥ f ‘ ‘ . rae s 1 iz 1 t car ~~ 2 MH ty * PLATE IV. Figs. 1—7.—Carbonicola acuta, var. rhomboidalis. Showing the passage from a truncate and obtuse posterior end to a beaked and sinuated form. From the roof of the Cockshead Seam, Adderley Green, North Staffordshire. My Collection. (Page 55.) Figs. 8—12.—Carbonicola acuta. To show the eroded umbones. Figs. 8 and 9 are different views of the same specimen. From the roof of the Cocks- head Seam, Adderley Green, North Staffordshire. My Collection. (Page 50.) Figs. 13—15.—Carbonicola acuta. A smaller form from the Nether Pit, Derbyshire. My Collection. (Page 50.) Fig. 16.—Carbonicola acuta. A form with an almost obsolete anterior end, ? from the Upper Coal-measures of Ayrshire. In the Collection of Mr. Smith of Kilwinning. (Page 50.) Fig. 17.—Carbonicola acuta. A compressed example from the Coal-measures of Coalbrookdale. In the Collection of Professor Prestwich. (Page 50.) Fig. 18.—Carbonicola ovalis. The original specimen figured by Sowerby in Prestwich’s “Geology of Coalbrookdale,’’ ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.,’? Ser. 2, vol. v, pl. xxxix, fig. 18. From the Pennystone beds? Coalbrookdale. In the Collection of Professor Prestwich. (Page 56.) Fig. 19.—Carbonicola ovalis. A cast of both valves from the Coal-measures of Coalbrookdale. In the Geological Collection of the Nottingham Museum. (Page 56.) Fig. 20.—Carbonicola ovalis. From the Upper Coal-measures of Lanarkshire. From the Collection of Mr. J. Nielson, of Glasgow. (Page 56.) Fig. 21.—Carbonicola ovalis. From the same locality and Collection. A form connecting C. acuta with C. ovalis. (Page 56.) Fig. 22.—Carbonicola ovalis. From Butterley, Leicestershire. In the Geological Collection of the Nottingham Museum. (Page 56.) onsniby hig Ning ted j Paar et = Re, Mintern Pro A.H. Searle del.et hth. =e L. 3 7 e he a es > x ae er fk ese r i , = > : ‘ PLATE V. Fig. 1.—Carbonicola acuta (form a), showing the opposing hinge-plates of oppo- site valves from the Bowling Alley roof, Ivy House Colliery, Bucknall. This I regard as the normal form. My Collection. (Page 51.) Fig. 2.—Carbonicola aquilina, showing the opposite hinge-plates of opposite valves. From the same locality as above. My Collection. (Page 69.) Fig. 3.—Carbonicola acuta (form a). Left valve, showing hinge. Cockshead Rock, Hulme Colliery. My Collection. (Page 51.) Figs. 5—11, 18, 15, 16.—Carbonicola acuta (form a). A series of valves from the Cockshead Rock, Hulme Colliery, Adderley Green, showing minute variations in details in the hinge. My Collection. (Page 51.) Figs. 4 and 12. Carbonicola acuta (form a), showing the hinge, from the Ten- foot Coal, Bucknall. My Collection. (Page 51.) Fig 14.—Carbonicola acuta (form a). View in profile of a section of the valve through the umbones. Same locality. My Collection. (Page 51.) Figs. 17—34.—Carbonicola acuta (form (3). A series showing the bevelling of the lower edge of the hinge-plate with occasional facets, and a transverse pro- longation of the cardinal tooth, all with the exception of Fig. 32 from the same locality, this one coming from Hanley ; and Fig. 22, which is from the roof of the Ten-foot, Bucknall. My Collection. (Page 52.) Figs. 35—37.—Carbonicola acuta. A series showing the elongated cardinal tooth becoming bifid in the right valve. Same locality. Type y. My Collection. (Page 52.) Fig. 38.—Carbonicola ovalis. Left valve, showing a central cardinal tooth, with a pit anterior and posterior to it for the reception of the bifid teeth of the right valve. There is a faint indication of a posterior lateral tooth, also some pearly nodules. Same locality. My Collection. (Page 56.) Fig. 39.—Carbonicola acuta. Right valve, showing a trifid cardinal tooth. Same locality. My Collection. (Page 50.) PLATE V. AH. Searle delet lith. Mintern Bros, amp. PLATE VI. Fig. 1.—Carbonicola acuta. Left valve, showing single median cardinal tooth. From the Cockshead Rock, Adderley Green. My Collection. (Page 50.) Fig. 2.—Carbonicola acuta. Right valve, showing a slight indication of a posterior lateral tooth. Same locality. My Collection. (Page 50.) Fig. 3—42.—Carbonicola acuta. A series from the same locality, exhibiting several variations in detail and form of the hinge apparatus. (Page 50.) Fig. 43.—Carbonicola acuta. A left valve from the Collection of the Wood- wardian Museum, Cambridge, from Bradford, Yorkshire, showing the absence of a posterior lateral tooth. (Page 50.) Fig. 44.—Carbonicola subconstricta. A right valve from the same Collection and locality, showing a posteriorly diverging cardinal tooth with a corresponding pit posterior to it to receive the cardinal tooth of the opposite valve, and the absence of a lateral tooth. (Page 59.) a) = Fs 3,4 ‘ * i ; ‘ \ 1 - - ws - - , } ‘ ’ ' ’ . x ‘ i * . » i i . i i \ ' 4 r - Ties . " . : ‘ . i t { “ - y \ . e f ‘* ~ but ~ . < . , - %, 2 i vs i F ‘ < ” . a . . . : ‘ 7 * A ‘ - PRAT ED Vil. Fig. 1.—Carbonicola Polmontensis. The cast of a full-grown example from Omoa, U. C. M. Scotland. Collection of Mr. James Nielson. (Page 58.) Fig. 2.—Carbonicola Polmontensis. Cast showing the pallial line and the adductor muscle scars, from Kirkwood, U. C. M., Scotland. Same Collection. (Page 58.) Fig. 3.—Carbonicola Polmontensis. A cast from Springhill Colliery, Kilmarnock. Collection of Mr. Beveridge. (Page 58.) Fig. 3 a.—The same specimen viewed from above. (Page 58.) _ Fig. 4.—Carbonicola Polmontensis. A cast from the Ell coal, Kilmarnock. Collection of Mr. Smith. (Page 58.) Fig. 5.—Carbonicola subconstricta. The original of the figure in Sowerby’s ‘ Min. Conch.,’ vol. i, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1. In the Sowerby Collection, Nat. Hist. Mus., South Kensington. (Page 59.) Fig. 6.—Carbonicola subconstricta. The original of the figure in Sowerby’s ‘Min. Conch.,’ vol. i, pl. xxxiii, fig. 2. In the same Collection. (Page 59.) Fig. 7.—Carbonicola subconstricta. The original of the figure in Sowerby’s ‘ Min. Conch.,’ vol. i, pl. xxxiii, fig. 3. In the same Collection. (Page 59.) Figs. 8—10.—Carbonicola subconstricta. A series from Lowmoor, Bradford, Yorkshire, in the Collection of the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. (Page 59.) Figs. 11 and 15.—Carbonicola subconstricta. Casts of large forms, showing pallial line and adductor scars from above the thin bed, Burnley. Collection of Mr. George Wild. (Page 59.) Figs. 12 and 14.—Carbonicola subconstricta. A series from Lowmoor, Bradford, Yorkshire. My Collection. (Page 59.) Fig. 14.a.—A view of fig. 14 seen from above. (Page 59.) Fig. 16.—Carbonicola obtusa. From the Lower Coal-measures of North Staffordshire, Whitfield Colliery. The shale has been worked away from these valves since the drawing was made, and the hinge-plates are to be seen on Pl. XI, fig. 1. My Collection. (Page 61.) Figs. 17 and 18.—Carbonicola obtusa. Full-sized examples from the Cockshead Rock, Hulme Colliery, Adderley Green. (Page 61.) Fig. 18 a.—Fig. 18 seen from above. My Collection. (Page 61.) Fig. 19.—Carbonicola obtusa. A specimen from the M. C. M. of Ashton-under-Lyme, in the Collection of the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. (Page 61.) Fig. 19 a.—Carbonicola obtusa. The same specimen, viewed from above, showing ? eroded umbones and the wide and excavated lunule. (Page 61.) Figs. 20—23.—Carbonicola obtusa. A series of young forms from a disused pit on the same horizon as the Hulme Colliery, Dividy Lane. My Collection. (Page 61.) Figs. 24—29.—Carbonicola nucularis. A series from the roof of the Hard Mine Coal of Adderley Green and Bucknall, showing variations in shape; all casts. My Collection. (Page 63.) Figs. 26a and 29 a.—Two of the specimens showing the casts of the umbones and hinge-line. (Page 63.) Figs. 30 and 31.—Carbonicola nucularis. Two testiferous specimens from beds of the same horizon, Talk-o’-th’-Hill. My Collection. (Page 63.) Figs. 32—42.—Carbonicola nucularis. A further series from the roof of the Hard Mine Coal, North Staffordshire. My Collection. (Page 63.) The number 39 on the left-hand side should be 36. PLATE VIII. Fig. 1.—Carbonicola gibbosa. From the roof of the Moss Coal, Fenton, showing anterior end view and deep lunule. Collection of Mr. John Ward, F.G.S. (Page 65.) Fig. 1 a.—The same shell. Lateral view. Fig. 1 b.—The same shell, showing the umbones, external ligament, and upper surface. Fig. 2.—Carbonicola gibbosa. Another example from the same bed. Collection of Mr. J. Ward, F.G.S. (Page 65.) Figs. 3—7.—Carbonicola subrotunda. A series from the Lower Coal-measures of North Staffordshire, exact horizon not known, but some distance above the Hard Mine Seam. The bed was passed through in sinking the Adderley Green Colliery. My Collection. (Page 65.) Figs. 4a and 5a.—The upper surfaces, umbones, lunule, and external liga- ments of figs. 4 and 5. (Page 65.) Fig. 8.—Carbonicola turgida. A typical specimen from Stubb’s Mine, Bardsley. My Collection. (Page 66.) Fig. 2 a.—The same specimen, seen from above. (Page 66.) Fig. 9.—Carbonicola turgida,— Showing the hinge-plate and interior of a right valve. Stanley Main Seam, Wakefield. My Collection. (Page 66.) Figs. 10—12 a.—Carbonicola turgida. A series from the horizon of Stubb’s Mine, Bardsley. Presented to me by Mr. George Wild. My Collection. (Page 66.) Fig. 13.—Carbonicola turgida. Coalbrookdale. My Collection. (Page 66.) Fig. 14.—Carbonicola turgida. A cast from the Splint Coal, Wishaw, in the Braidwood Collection of Dr. Hunter. (Page 66.) Fig. 15.—Carbonicola turgida. A cast from the Ell Coal, Cambushlang. From the same Collection. (Page 66.) Fig. 16.—Carbonicola turgida.—A cast showing muscle-scars from Shettleston, in the Collection of Dr. John Young. (Page 66.) Fig. 16 a.—The same cast, viewed from above. (Page 66.) Fig. 17.—Carbonicola turgida. A young and shortened form from the Collec- tion of Dr. John Young. (Page 66.) Fig. 17 a.—The same shell viewed from above. Fig. 18.—Carbonicola turgida. Coalbrookdale. My Collection. (Page 66.) Fig. 18a.—The same shell viewed from the front, showing the deep heart- shaped lunule. Fig. 18 b.—The same shell seen from above. Fig. 19.—Carbonicola turgida. A large example from the North Staffordshire Coal-field. Horizon not known. My Collection. (Page 66.) Fig. 20.—Carbonicola tuwrgida. Coalbrookdale, Madeley Court. ‘a PLATE IX. Figs. 1 and 2.—Carbonicola aquilina. From the locality of the original specimen, Blue Flats, Coalbrookdale. My Collection. (Page 69.) Figs. 3 and 4.—Carbonicola aquilina. From the Brooch Coal, Dudley. Pre- sented to me by Mr. Wm, Madeley. My Collection. (Page 69.) Fig. 5.—Carbonicola aquilina. From old workings at Whitley, Northumber- land, the original locality of Professor King’s Anthracosia Beaniana, showing the anterior two-thirds of the hinge-plate. My Collection. (Page 69.) Figs. 6 and 7.—Carbonicola aquilina. In the Manchester Museum Collection, Owens College. (Page 69.) Fig. 8.—Carbonicola aquilina. Showing typical anterior end from the Grains Ironstone, Dudley. Presented to me by Mr. Wm. Madeley. My Collection. (Page 69.) Fig. 9. Carbonicola aquilina. A fine interior from the roof of the Bowling Alley Seam. Ivy House Colliery, Hanley. It has evidently been fractured, but repaired during life. My Collection. (Page 69.) Figs. 10, 12, and 138.—Carbonicola aquilina. From the Coal-measures, Whitley, showing portions of the hinge-plate. Fig. 12 has the right valve crushed, but the hinge-plate is in shadow at (a). My Collection. (Page 69.) Fig. 11.—Carbonicola nucularis. Whitley. Showing hinge-plate. My Collection. (Page 63.) Fig. 14.—Carbonicola aquilina. Horizon of the Thick Coal, Tipton, South Staffordshire, showing the hinge-plate of the left valve, owing to the slipping of one valve over the other. Presented to me by Mr. Waring. My Collection. (Page 69.) Figs. 15—24.—Carbonicola aquilina. Whitley. A series to show the variation in form and in the surface markings from one locality. My Collection. (Page 69.) Fig. 25.—Carbonicola aquilina. From the Brooch Coal, Dudley. My Collection. (Page 69.) Figs. 26—30.—Carbonicola aquilina. Clough Hall Collieries, North Staffordshire. Pyritised specimens in black shale about the horizon of the Banbury seams. Figs. 29 and 30 show a strongly wrinkled periostracum. My Collection. (Page 69.) Figs. 31—36.—Carbonicola aquilina. A series from one horizon in the Wigan Coal-field showing the typical form of the Unio lateralis of Brown. Figs. 35 and 36 are much elongated transversely. (Page 69.) Fig. 37.—Carbonicola aquilina. From roof of the Hard Mine Coal. Hulme Colliery, Adderley Green. My Collection. (Page 69.) ah: es Sn DVI Deen nas Pad AH Searle del et lith Mintern Bros. imp PLATE X. Fig. 1.—Carbonicola aquilina.