SECOND SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

MOSOGRAPH OF THE CRAG MOLLDSCA,

WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS

FROM THE

UPPEE TERTIABIES OF THE EAST OF ENGLAND.

BY

SEARLES V. WOOD, F.G.S.

VOL. IV.

UNIVALVES AND BIVALVES.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE PAL^EONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

1879.

FEINTED BT
J. E. ADLAED, BABTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

PBEFACE.

WHEN I had completed my first Supplement to the " Crag Mollusca " in 1872-4,
I did not contemplate ever attempting any further addition, as even if I had desired
to make any, my advanced years rendered it improbable that I could accomplish such
a thing. The discovery, however, of some shells at Boy ton, one of them (Fusus Waelii)
apparently identical with a shell from older beds in Belgium and Germany, and
two others (Murex Eeedii, and M. pseudo-Nystii) presenting an approach to certain
Murices of the same older beds, were of such interest as to render their represen-
tation by figure and description desirable, for if, as is probable, they lived in the
Coralline Crag sea, they furnish evidence of a nearer connection of that sea with
the Miocene than modern opinion has been inclined to grant.

I was thus induced to enter upon a second Supplement, which I at first thought
might be confined to a single plate, but when this had been engraved I reflected
that as so many species had been introduced into lists of Crag shells, which I had
not introduced into my first Supplement from a feeling that the authority for them
was too scant or doubtful to justify it, or, in some instances, from a feeling that
the identity was erroneous, it was incumbent on me to present to geologists by
figured representations the evidence upon which these introductions were based<
This, therefore, I have endeavoured to do, and by it have, perhaps, exposed myself
to the objection that the plates have been extended to but little purpose, as many
of the so-called new species are either very doubtful in themselves, or are merely
derivatives from destroyed beds ; though most of these beds probably belong either
to the Coralline, or to some still older part of the Crag; i.e. to the oldest Pliocene,
now present in Belgium. To such objections my answer would be that I have long
felt that the introduction of so many new species into Crag lists, either from the
unsatisfactory evidence of a single specimen, or from the (in my view) improper
identification made, or from the presence of mere derivatives, must produce among
geologists, especially those abroad, very erroneous conceptions of the Crag Fauna ;
and that it was to the advantage of science that these evidences should be placed
in an appreciable form before the scientific world.

87493

ii PREFACE.

I fear that most of the additions thus made of late years to the Crag Fauna,
coupled with the antagonism between the views of Dr. Jeffreys, concerning the
identification of many Crag shells with recent species (as expressed by the list
which accompanies the paper of Prof. Prestwich, in the twenty-seventh Volume of
the ' Journal of Geological Society ') and those of myself, will render the subject of
the Crag Mollusca, for some time to come, a subject of more perplexity than interest
to students of the upper tertiaries.

I have now by inquiry in every quarter which afforded the slightest chance of
result exhausted all possible additions to the Molluscan Fauna of the Crag up to
the present time, doubtful or otherwise, and dealt with them in the present
Supplement.

Dr. Lycett has (after a lapse of more than twenty years) written to me that the
attribution of an analysis of the Myadce to Prof. Morris made in the footnote to
p. 265 of my second volume of the " Crag Mollusca " was an error, and that the
analysis was entirely his own. I take this opportunity, therefore, of acknowledging
the error, and of expressing my regret for it.

s. Y. WOOD.

iXOYEMBEB, 1878.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

CRAG MOLLUSC A,

BUCCINUM NUDUM, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 1 a, b.

Spec. Char. B. Testa tenui, elongato-ovatd, turritd, laemgatd, apice obtusd, depressd ;
anfractibus septenis, convexiusculis ; suturd impressd ; aperturd ovatd ; labro tenui acuto,
columelld regulariter concavd.

Axis 2j inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

The shell here represented is from the collection of Mr. Canham, who tells me he
obtained it from the lower part of the Cor. Crag at Sutton. The shell is very thin and
fragile and has lost some small portion of its exterior and a small part of the shell, but it
has retained its natural form by the somewhat slight consolidation of the material within.
It resembles a shell I figured in my Suppl., Addendum Plate, fig. 11, under the
name of BUG. TomZinei, but that is not quite so elongated as the present one, and it is
ornamented with large and distinct spiral striae ; while our present shell, where the outer
coat has been preserved, appears to have been perfectly smooth and very thin. I
have a cast of this shell in one of the so-called " box stones '' of the Red Crag. It
belongs apparently to a group of shells of which Sue. Dalei may be considered as the
type ; but it departs as much or more from that species as does the other Cor. Crag
shell pseudo-Dalei. Both, however, are obnoxious to the same objection that they are
founded on solitary specimens. To this objection the extreme rarity in the Cor. Crag
of the normal form Dalei is to some extent an answer.

At fig. 5 a, b, tab. i, of the same plate is represented a specimen which I have referred
(with doubt) as a deformity to Buc. nndatum ; it somewhat resembles a shell I figured in
Sup. to Crag Moll., tab. ii, fig. 5, and considered as a deformed specimen or variety of that
species, and I am inclined to think our present shell is in a similar condition. It was
sent to me by Dr. Reed, and is said to have come from the Red Crag of Butley, the
locality from which I obtained my specimen. The volutions are somewhat angulated at

2 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

the base, and slightly so at the shoulder, where there are traces of undulated ridges like
those of undatum.

I have also figure.d another shell from the Cor. Crag belonging to Dr. Reed which, I
think, is a deformed specimen of Buccinum Dalei (2nd Sup., tab. i, fig. 2) ; the thickened
margin was formed, I imagine, when its growth was arrested, and the ridge upon the
columella is, I think, the result of disease, and therefore only a malformation.

BUCCINUM DECEIVE, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 10 a, b.

Locality. Cor. Crag ? Boy ton.

This is another specimen out of the rich cabinet of Dr. Reed, who gives it from that
somewhat doubtful locality of Boy ton. This specimen may be described as ovato-
fusiformi, spira elevata, apice obtusa, spiraliter striata, anfractibus 5 — 6 convexis, suturis
depressis, valde distinctis, obsolete costata ; apertura ovata, labro simplici acuta ; canali
breve. It is, I believe, distinct from any of the varieties of the variable shell B. undatum,
the volutions are more, con vex, with a much deeper suture, and it has a more obtuse or
mammillated apex.

The shell has been a good deal rubbed. The striae, although somewhat obliterated,
are visible in places, and the longitudinal ridges are also visible, but not very regular or
distinct. These do not appear to be at all " undulated "as if the outer lip had been
sinuated, and as this character seems to indicate that the shell is distinct from undatum,
I have assigned to it the above name, but it must be regarded as a doubtful species.

NASSA PRISMATICA, Brocchi. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 6.

BUCCINUM PEYSMATICUM, Broc. Conch. Foss. Subap., p. 337, t. v, fig. 7, 1814.

Spec. Char. "Testa ovato-oUongd, longitudinaliter costata, striis transversis crebris,
elevatis, labro columettari, superne uniplicato, basi reflexd, emarginatd " (Brocchi).

Axis 1 inch.

Localities. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Fossil in Piacentino, Italy.

The present specimen is from the cabinet of the Rev. Mr. Canham, and from the lower
part of the Coralline Crag. The shell represented under this name in the Crag Moll,
vol. i, p. 32, tab. iii, fig. 6, is, I now believe, a distinct species, and I have resumed
the name of Nassa microstoma for it as next described.

GASTEROPODA. 3

Our present specimen is not quite so large as the one figured by Brocchi, which is a
full-grown shell,, whereas the one now represented has not attained to maturity, and has
the outer lip sharp without denticulation on the inside of it.

NASSA MICROSTOMA, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 4 a, b.

NASSA MICKOSTOMA, S. Wood. Catal. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842.

— PRISMATICA, S. Wood. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 32, t. iii, fig. 6, 1848.

— ELEGANS, Dujard. Tr. Geol. Soc. Fr., p. 298, pi. xx, figs. 3—10, 1837.

Spec. Char. Testa turritd, spird elevatd, costatd, costis 20 — 24, spiraliter striatd ;
anfractibus 1 — 8, qonvexis, suturis profundis, aperturd rotundato-ovatd ; labro incrassato,
intus denticulate ; labio superne uniplicato.

Axis -fs of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag? Boy ton.

Fossil in Touraine, France.

The specimen represented in the above figure is from the cabinet of Mr. Robert Bell,
and he tells me that it came from Boyton. Doubts occur as to whether shells from
this locality, not previously known in the Crag, belong to the Red or to the Coralline
Crag,1 but I am inclined to refer our present specimen to the older formation, both from
the colour and appearance of the shell and from its apparent connections.

I now consider this species as specifically distinct from prismatica, and probably the
same as the shell figured in Crag Mol., vol. i, PI. Ill, fig. 6, and which in my synoptical
list is inserted as Nassa prismatica var. limata. I refer it to AT. elegans, Dujardin, an
abundant Touraine shell which is much less than prismatica, has a greater number of
costee, and a smaller opening comparatively ; as it is quite distinct from the well-
established Red Crag species called N. elegans by the late Rev. G. R. Leathes in 1824,
while Dujardin's name of elegans bears a date of 1837, it is necessary to suppress the
latter to avoid confusion, and I have therefore assigned to it the name microstoma which
I used first in my catalogue of 1842 referred to.

1 I have not been able to see the Boyton excavation open, but I am informed that a thin layer of Red
Crag is found there reposing upon a small thickness of Coralline, and the whole being inundated with
water the two are shovelled out together and washed for the phosphatic nodules, so that the specimens
from each bed are intermingled beyond possibility of distinction other than what may be drawn from the
appearance of the specimen or the character of the species.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

NASSA CONSOCIATA, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 130,3; Crag Moll., vol. i,

p. 31, Tab. Ill, fig. 7.

Axis fths of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The specimen figured as above referred to is said by Mr. Canham to be from
Waldringfield, and is in the collection made by him and now placed in the Ipswich
Museum. That locality has yielded so many derivatives that I think the present shell
may have been introduced from the destruction of material belonging to the Coralline
Crag period. It is larger than any specimen I have from this latter formation, but this
constitutes the only difference that I can discover.

Tab. IV, fig. 15, represents a small specimen of Nassa from the Red Crag of Butley,
sent to me by Mr. Robert Bell with the MS. name of N. tumida, as he considers it a
distinct species. This I have had figured, as it presents some differences from
N. incrassata (the shell to which I believe it approaches nearest) in being more ovate
and possessing more numerous costae, and in being smaller ; but as I do not think that
these suffice to distinguish the shell specifically from incrassata, I have here called it
var. tumida of that species. In the same Plate, fig. 12, is represented a small specimen
from the Red Crag of Sutton, which I think is only a dwarf individual of Nassa
granulata, here called var. nana; it much resembles N. granifera, but in that shell the
costae stand further apart with a plain space between them. In our present shell the
costae meet at the bases.

NASSA ANGULATA ? Brocchi. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig.

BUCCINUM AKGULATUM, Broc. Conch. Foss. Subap., p. 654, tab. xv, fig. 18, 1814.

Locality. Boy ton.

This is another form of the genus Nassa for which I have had great difficulty in
making a reference, and have given to it the above one provisionally, having seen but the
single specimen now figured, and this comes from a locality of doubtful age. It is from
Mr. Robert Bell.

COLUMBELLA ? (AsTTRis) suLCULATA, S. "Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 3.

Spec. Char. C. Testa turritd, elongatd, spird elevatd, apice obtusd, acuto ? anfrac-
tibus convecviusculis, transversim late sulcatis ; aperturd guadrato-ovatd ; labro intits denti-
culato ; basi truncatd) canali breve.

GASTEROPODA.

Axis f ths of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton, Shottisham.

The specimen figured is from the cabinet of Dr. Reed, and to this the name of
Lackesis magna was attached by Mr. A. Bell, but it appears to me to approach so near to
Columbella sulcata, J. Sow., from Walton Naze, see Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 23, tab. ii,
fig. 2, that I have given to it the same generic name of that aberrant section of Columbella.

Our present shell may be described as having an elevated spire, volutions slightly
convex, ornamented with five or six rather broad and flattened striae, separated by a fine
and narrow line, with a deep and distinct suture ; the aperture is ovately quadrangular,
but not so much so as that of C. sulcata ; the columella somewhat concave, and the canal
short ; the apex is not quite perfect.

Since the figure was engraved Mr. Robert Bell has presented me with a specimen of
this species, a trifle larger than the one figured, and to this he has given the generic name
of Pisania, but I see nothing in the specimen to require (according to my view) a new
generic position.

I have here also given the representation of a shell in my own cabinet (2nd Sup.,
tab. iii, fig. 11), which I think is a distorted, abraded, and immature specimen of
Columbella sulcata. It is ornamented with the same kind of spiral striae, the last
whorl (only) inflated, and the volutions are made more convex by decortication.

Lachesis Anglica, Sup., Crag Moll., Addendum Plate, fig. 7, probably belongs to the
same section of Columbella. I do not know what especial character is given to the shell
for the generic name of Lachesis.

PURPURA LAPILLUS. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 13.

The shell shown in the above figure represents a specimen that has been sent to me
with the name of "Buccinum?" but I believe it to be simply a distortion of Purpura
lapitlus, and as it comes from Bramerton, whence I had previously received many speci-
mens of other shells greatly distorted, I am strengthened in this view, and the shell may
be classed with other distorted specimens figured in the Crag Moll. ; see tab. iv, fig. 6,
and tab. xix, fig. 12. The full-grown individuals of this species, or at least nearly all of
them, have the outer lip sharp and simple, but in the young state the specimens are some-
times regularly and strongly dentated on the inside of the outer lip. I have other specimens
of the same size, and less than the one figured, which have a few and strongly marked
denticles on the right side of the aperture, but in general they are absent. The present
specimen has been much rubbed and abraded, indicating the shallowness of the water in
which it had lived. What should cause this peculiar dentation to the aperture in some of
the young shells and not in others I am unable to explain. This character of dentation

6 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

is an accompaniment of the full-grown shell in most species rather than of the young, and
I have had the specimen figured lest by any chance it should have been regarded as some
new species and added to the number of such in lists of crag shells for which I can find
no warrant.

Captain Brown has figured a specimen of this species with a dentated outer lip
(' Illustr. Conch. Grt. Britain,' PL xlix, fig. 6), which he has called Purpura Anglicance,
referring to 'Lister's Conch.,' PL 965, fig. 18. "Lister does not say from whence he
obtained this singular variety '' (Brown).

TROPHON (SiPHo) ISLANDICUS, Chemnitz. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, figs. 3 0, 3 b recent.

Fusus ISLANDICUS, Forb. and Hani. Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 416, pi. ciii, fig. 3, 1853.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

The shell figured as above represents a specimen which I found many years ago and
regarded as a var. of Trophon gracilis, figured and described in Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 46,
tab. vi; but which I here give as a true representation of the recent British shell
called Islandicus (fig. 3 a) ; and by the side of it have had engraved the figure of a recent
specimen of that species for comparison, (fig. 3 b] because it has been said not to be a crag
species. This shell is rather more elongated than gracilis, and deserves the name of
angustius, originally given to it long before the time of Linne or of Gmelin, and which I
adopted in my original catalogue published in the Annals of Nat. Hist, in 1842, p. 541.
That name, however, being anterior to the time of our starting point, the 12th edit, of
Linne, I give the shell under the usually received name of Islandicus.

TROPHON (SiPHo) TORTUOSUS, L. Reeve. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 2 a, b.

TROPHON GRACILE, var. S. Wood. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 46, tab. vi, fig. 105, 1848.

Dr. Reed has lately sent me several specimens both from the Coralline and Red Crags
that belong to a group of 'shells of which Fusus Islandicus may be considered as the type.
Among those from the Red is one (fig. 20) supplied by Mr. A. Bell and marked by the
latter as Fusus tortuosus of L. Reeve, figured and described in Sir Edward Belcher's ' Last
of the Arctic Voyages,' vol. ii, p. 394, PL xxxii, fig. 5 a, b.

The shell figured in the Crag Moll., tab. vi, fig. 10 b, is referred by Mr. A. Bell to
the same species, and I am now disposed to think that Mr. Bell's references of this shell
to Lovell Reeve's species is correct, if the differences be sufficient to constitute a specific

GASTEROPODA. 7

removal. Mr. Bell also says that fig. 10 a, c, of the same plate may be referred to
Fusus Olavii, Beck, and considered a distinct species.

The principal character, indeed I believe the only one, by which tortuosus can be dis-
tinguished from either gracilis or propinquus is the greater convexity of the volutions ;
the form of the canal being similar in each with the volutions covered by regularly broad-
spiral striae. I have here had represented as above (fig. 2 a) the specimen from
Dr. Reed, and which, in outward form, varies from the figure in the Crag Moll, as
also from that given as mentioned by Lovell Reeve. I think it may be considered only as
a variety ; it is said to have come from Waldringfield. Fig. 2 b of my present plate is the
representation of a specimen of my own found by myself in the Red Crag at Sutton many
years ago, and this I now think is only a slight distorted form of tortuosus, as I have two
others similar in the volutions, but not so perfect, and thought it only a variety, not of
sufficient importance to deserve a figure ; but so many separations having been made out
of a group of shells which probably may be united under the name of Sipho, I have had it
here figured and have endeavoured to group these shells together under that name,
which have been found in the Upper Tertiaries of the east of England, viz. :

Trophon (Sipho) Islandicus? C/tem. 2nd Sup., tab. ii, fig. 3. Red Crag.

Olavii, Seek. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 46, tab. vi, fig. 10 a, c. Red Crag.

— gracilis, Da Costa. 2nd Sup., tab. ii, fig. 4. Cor. Crag,
propinquus, Alder. App. Crag Moll., tab. xxxi, fig. 3 a. b. Cor. Crag.

id. Sup., tab. vii, fig. 21, sinistral. Red Crag,
id. 2nd Sup., tab. ii, fig. 5. Cor. Crag.
Sarsii, Jefl. Sup., p. 23, tab. i, fig. 9. Red Crag.

— tortuosus, L. Reeve. Crag Moll., vol. i, tab. vi, fig. 10 b. Red Crag.

id. Sup., tab. ii, fig. 15 a. Red Crag.

id. 2nd Sup., tab. ii, fig. 2 a, b. Red Crag.

— Sabini, Hancock. Sup., tab. ii, fig. 1 5 c. Bridlington.

— ventricosus, Gray. Sup., p. 22, tab. iii, fig 4. Bridlington

— Leckenbyi, S. Wood. Sup., p. 24, tab. vii, fig. 1. Bridlington.

The whole of these may very probably be only inconstant varieties of Islandicus, but
I have figured them under the names of their authors to show their occurrence in the
deposits embraced by my Monograph. T. Leckenbyi of myself stands in this respect on
an equal footing with the other so-called species given above.

Note. — Sipho, Klein, 1753. This name is previous to our starting point, the 12th
edit, of Linne, but it appears now to be adopted by many of our conchologists.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

TROPHON PSEUDO-TUETONI, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 1 ; and Tab. IV, fig. 1.

TKOPHON NORVEGICDS ? Chemn. Appendix to Crag Moll., t. xxxi, fig. 1; 1st Sup-
plement to Crag Moll., t. v, fig. 14 ; and
Addendum Tab., fig. 16.

Locality. — Red Crag, Waldringfield.

In the Appendix to the Crag Mollusca and in ray previous Suppl. are figured and
described some specimens of this shell, none of them perfect, under the name of Trophon
Norvegicus. The perfect specimens which I arn now able to represent seem to me to differ so
considerably, however, from the recent shell called Norvegicus, that I have proposed for it the
above name, indicative at once of its distinctive character from Norvegicus and of its affinity
to that species. Our present shell possesses more convex volutions and a much deeper
suture, a longer spire with a smaller and shorter opening. The recent shell Norvegicus
is described as having " the body whorl disproportionately large compared with the spire ;"
" the body occupies fths of the dorsal length." The body whorl of our present fossil
measures only half of its entire length, and is also more strongly striated ; for assuming
even that it has been decorticated and lost some of its outer coating, these striae are
more visible than those on the living shell, which on a specimen in my possession are
principally confined to the epidermis, or at least are but very slightly visible beneath it.
I am anxious to have this fossil correctly described and delineated because in a list of
fossils from Uddevalla, by Mr. Jeffreys, read at the Brit. Assoc. 1863, at p. 77, is the
name ofFusus Turtonii, Bean, with this remark "a var. approaching in shape F. Norvegicus;'
and I imagine this Uddevalla fossil may possibly be the same as our present specimen.
I cannot, however, fairly refer the shell figured to either of those species ; and it appears
to me to be intermediate between the two. The late Dr. S. P. Woodward in his list of
shells from the Norwich crag has the name of T. Norvegicus (J. M. and R. F.) which as
well as the one called by Mr. Bell F. Lagillierti (Sup. to Crag Moll., Addendum Plate,
fig. 16), may also, I imagine, be the same as the present shell.

The specimen figured, Tab. IY, fig. 1, is from the Ipswich Museum by the kindness
of Dr. J. E. Taylor, the curator.

TROPHON (TRITONOFUSUS) ALTUS, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 11. Crag Moll., vol. i,

Tab. VI, fig. 13, as Trophon altum.
1st Sup., p. 23, Tab. II, fig. 17.

To whatever genus this shell may belong, the specimens exhibit great variation like

GASTEROPODA. 9

those of Buccinum undatum and Trophon antiquus. A further figure which I have now
given shows the canal not to be prolonged beyond the lower portion of the outer lip,
corresponding in that respect to the diagnosis of the genus Buccinum. Some of the
specimens I have figured and referred to this species have on the upper portion of the
spire some obsolete costge, which are absent from our present specimen ; but this, I think,
is insufficient for specific removal, as the same differences may be seen in specimens of the
common Buc. undatum.

The specimen now figured is from the cabinet of Dr. Reed, who obtained it from Mr.
A. Bell, by whom it had been labelled as a new species from the Red Crag, Butley,
which was one of the reasons that induced me to have it figured. It is a very perfect
specimen, and shows an expanded lip like that of Buccinum.

TROPHON (BucciNorusus) KROYERI ?juv. Holler. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 8.
Fusus KROYEBJ, Moll. Index Moll. Groenlandise, p. 15, 1842.

Axis 1 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Shottisham.

The present specimen has been sent to me by Mr. Robert Bell with the above name,
and I give it on his authority ; he says he has compared it with a recent specimen of the
above name in the British Museum, and it appears to him to correspond with the younger
or upper part of that species. I saw that species in the British Museum some years ago,
and so far as my memory will assist me, I think probably it may be so. I have given to
it the above name with a mark of doubt, as it will be necessary to have a better specimen
for a more correct determination. The specimen is without striation, or otherwise the
striae have been obliterated.

Fusus WAELII, Nyst. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 10 a, b, c.

Fusus WAELII, von Kbnen. Mitt. Oligoc., p. 76, taf. vi, fig. 2 a — d, 1867.

— S. Wood. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxiii, p. 120, 1877.

Spec. Char. F. Testa elongato-fusiformi, spird elevatd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus
convexis, longitndinaliter costatis, spiraliter striatis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali, elongato paulo
contorto terminate.

Axis, 1 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, ? Boy ton.

10 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSC A.

This shell was noticed by me as from the Coralline Crag in the ' Quart. Jour/ of
the Geol. Soc. above referred to, and I have now the opportunity of figuring the
specimens. I have also since then received two specimens of the typical oligocene form
from Dr. Nyst, from the locality of Baesele, near Boom (Rupelien) ; and I think the
British Crag Fossil may safely be referred to it. The only difference which I can detect
is that the inside of the outer lip in one of the Belgian specimens is denticulated, while
that of the Crag shell is not. The other specimen sent to me by Dr. Nyst, however,
does not present this character j nor so far as I can see do specimens sent me by Dr.
Von Konen, from the German Oligocene of Sternberger Gastein, nor by some speci-
mens from the Oligocene of Rupelmonde, in Belgium, sent me by M. Rutot ; the artist
has given a representation to my specimen which might be mistaken for denticulations
on the inside of the outer lip, but there are none, and the ribs are not so wide and
coarse as he has shown them. I have had the only two specimens (which I believe have
as yet been found) figured, one of which is more elongated than the other, and
they appear to correspond as well with the two figures given by Dr. Von Konen
as with the oligocene specimens to which I have referred. Our shell has eight,
somewhat rounded ribs or costae upon the last volution, the spiral striae resemble
those upon the Baesele shell, and the caudal termination is long and slightly twisted as in
the one before mentioned ; the apex is obtuse, with the first volution apparently smooth,
but the volution not being perfect this cannot positively be affirmed. This shell also very
strongly resembles Fusus crispus, and a worn specimen was figured by me in my first
Suppl. under that name, with a note doubting the correctness of the reference (p. 29,
Tab. II, fig. 10). Two specimens with the name of F. crispus, Broc., and the syn. F. Rothi,
and the locality Bekken (miocene) attached, I have, by the kindness of M. Bosquet, long
possessed, and these show prominent and sharp spiral striae, with two small ridges upon
the columella ; but these ridges are not visible in the only two worn specimens from the
Crag, on which I made the reference in p. 29 of my Suppl. A fine specimen of F.
crispus, Borson, sent me by Dr. Von Konen, from the Miocene of Langenfelde near
Hamburg, has the inner part of the outer lip denticulated, but has no folds on the
columella ; in other respects it agrees with specimens sent me from the bed at Kiel and
Edeghem in Belgium, under the name F, secccostatus. A specimen of F. secccostatus
from the Miocene of Dingden near Wesel, kindly sent me by Dr. Konen is destitute of
these folds on the columella, and were it not that the three upper whorls are smooth
(which is not the case with the Crag specimens), would equally agree with the more
elongated form of the two now given specimens figured above. On the other hand,
specimens sent me by M. Rutot, under the name of F. sexcostatus, from the so-called
Miocene of Kiel and Edeghem in Belgium, with the apices perfect, are destitute of these
three unornamented whorls ; but one of them has two folds on the columella ; another
(the largest) has but one, while another, the smallest, has none at all. Not one of these
three last-mentioned specimens has the inside of the outer lip denticulated, and the

GASTEROPODA. 11

smallest of them is not distinguishable in any respect from the longer of the two Crag
specimens which I have figured under the name of Waelii. Under these circumstances
it seems to me that, though F. Waelii is not recognised as a species of the Belgian
Miocene (a formation which M. Vanden Broeck now refers to the oldest Pliocene, con-
tending that the true Miocene is absent in Belgium), the shell I have figured under this
name does occur in the Belgian formations ; and it may perhaps be that, if a large series
of specimens of F. Waelii, F. crispus, and F. sexcostatus, were compared with each
other, it would be impossible to separate them into distinct species.

The specimens present all the appearance of genuine fossils of the Coralline Crag,
though from their locality (see footnote, p. 3) a question may attach as to this.

Fusus ? OBSCURUS, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 12 a, b.

Axis, -f-ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag,? Boy ton.

A single specimen, to which I have given the indefinite or undefined generic name of
Fusus, was kindly sent to me by Mr. R. Bell. Although the shell is perfect it is decorti-
cated throughout, and it is impossible to say whether it was, in its perfect condition,
striated or not ; but in its present state I cannot discover any trace of striae upon it. 1
give it therefore under the above name from its uncertain characters.

Fusus? EXACUTUS, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 18.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Our present figure represents only a fragment of a shell which has been in my
Cabinet for many years. It was found by myself at Sutton in the upper portion of the
Coralline Crag, and I have kept it hitherto unfigured in the hope of a better specimen
turning up. On the left or columella side of the aperture is the impression of what
appears to have been that of the fleshy lobe of the animal, but it is not represented in the
engraving. The large opening in the outer lip is too low for a sinus, and is, I believe,
simply a fracture. I think the specimen belongs to the genus Fusus and not to Pleurotoma.
I now figure it because at my advanced age I must relinquish the hope of seeing
a more perfect specimen.

12 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

Fusus NODIFER, A. Sett, MS. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 4 a, b.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The specimen here represented is from the Cabinet of Dr. Reed, and was obtained by
Mr. Alf. Bel!, who had affixed to it the above name and the following description : —
" Shell fusiform, volutions 5, convex, with a ridge at the section, and eight or nine
rounded ribs covered with coarse spiral striae." The specimen is much rubbed and
worn, and it is doubtless derived from an older formation.

At p. 117 of my first Supplement reference is made to the name of Fusus despectus,
Linn., which has been given in the list to the paper of Mr. Prestwich as a species new
to the Crag, and also in Mr. A. Bell's list of Crag shells. I have made every endeavour
to ascertain where the specimens are upon which this name has been founded, but without
success. In my large series of the abundant Red Crag shell, antiquus, nearly every form
of exterior ornament, from the very finely striated specimens to such as are ornamented
with large and prominent spiral ridges, like those upon F. despectus (' Ency. Meth.,'
pi. 426) may be seen ; but this latter shell in the recent state has apparently a slightly
curved outer lip, and this variety I have not seen from the Crag. Fusus tornatus, Gould,
is another proximate form, but in this the canal seems to be a little more oblique than
in that of the Crag shell, and if these characters be the only differences all three might,
I think, be united as varieties of one species.

Mr. Jas. Reeve has recently sent to me a specimen from the Norwich Museum which,
he says, was found at Bramerton ; the name of Fusus antiquus accompanied the shell, and
in this I believe he is perfectly right. It appears to have lost the whole, or very nearly so, of
the thick outer layer of the original shell, and in its present state, it somewhat resembles
what I have called Trophon altus, so much so that if it had been entirely denuded by the
removal of the outer shell it could not have been recognised for what it really is. So
many specimens from the Crag have suffered more or less by the removal of either the
outer layer of the shell, or partially so in the destruction of some of its ornamentation,
that I mention this case as an instance of the liability to which palaeontologists are
sometimes misled, by such alterations in the condition of the shell into the adoption of
new species or of new identifications.

A specimen also from Dr. Reed has recently been sent to me with a label on which
is written " Fusus antiquus, L., Cor. Crag, Broom Pits, near Orford, from the upper
beds." This is nothing but a recent specimen filled with and partially stained on the
surface by the Cor. Crag material. I have not yet seen this species (antiquus} from the
Cor. Crag. The shell which I have figured as Trophon elegam, is in the list of Mr.
Prestwich's paper, p. 492, called a variety of antiquus ; but so far from assenting to that

GASTEROPODA 13

reference, I rather believe the shell to be the type of a new Genus, as suggested by
Mr. Charles worth, who figured and described it in the 'Mag. Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, p. 219,
fig. 23 ; as it has asmall apex, and a deposit of calcareous matter on the upper part
of the left lip.1

MUREX REEDII, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 9 a, 6.

MUKEX REEDII, S. Wood. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,, vol. xxxiii, p. 120, 1877.

Spec. Char. Testa fusiformi, crassa ; spird elevata ; apice acutd, anfractibus septenis
subangulatis ; varicibus tenuibus, sublamettosis, ultimo anfractu maxima ; aperturd ovatd,
labro intus incrassato dentato ; columelld incurvata.

Length, Ifths inch.
Breadth, Jths inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag ? Boy ton.

A specimen is among the shells sent to me by Dr. Reed, and from the perfection in
which it was found, I am enabled to make a fair comparison of it with other shells of
this genus in similar condition. It has prominent varices, which are not much foliated.
It somewhat resembles M. tripartita, but is more elongated, and differs from it in not
having spiral strias like that shell, or like the long known Crag shell M. tortuosus, J.
Sow., which is covered with large and prominent spiral striae or ridges.

The artist's representation (figs. 9 a, d, of Tab. 1) might raise the idea that our present
shell was obscurely striated, but I can detect no striation, though there are some faint trans-
verse marks between one pair of varices, and as the shell is in such a fresh and unworn
state it may be safely said that it never possessed striations. I have endeavoured by sending
accurate drawings of the shell to Dr. Nyst, and several other Belgian conchologists, to
ascertain whether anything like it was known from the Belgian beds ; but they all assure
me that they know of nothing like it. The canal and mouth are slightly oblique (a
feature which the artist has failed in the engraving to catch), and there are six varices on

1 I may mention here that a dead and bleached specimen of Conus tulipa was once showed to me, and
said to have been found in the Cor. Crag at Ramsholt ; and I have also seen a very pretty (fabricated)
shell as a Red Crag fossil from Walton-on-the-Naze. This was a thick specimen of Buct Dalei, beauti-
fully ornamented with elevated ridges in a Harpa-like fashion, and executed in a very skilful manner, but
the artist had left unobliterated a few small marks of his graving tool. These specimens are probably
still in existence, and I mention them here like that of Fusus antiquus from Orford by way only of
caution.

14 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

the body whorl and upon the preceding volution. The apex probably was sharp, but
the specimen is there slightly broken. The shell is not quite so robust
in proportion to its length as the artist has represented it. It some-
what resembles M. Haidingeri, from the Vienna beds shown in Tab.
23 of Dr. Homes' work ; but his figure differs from our present shell
in having no denticulations on the outer lip, and in having the varices
strongly continued down the canal.

In consequence of the unsatisfactory representation to which I have
referred, I annex a cut made from a drawing which shows the
characters of the shell more accurately.
The appearance of the specimen is not at all suggestive of its being a derivative ; and

though obnoxious to the uncertainty which I have before (p. 3) mentioned as attaching

to the specimen from Boyton, the specimen presents altogether the appearance of a

genuine fossil of the Coralline Crag.

MUREX PSEUDO-NYSTII, S. Wood. Tab. I, fig. 8 a, b.

M. Testa elongato-fusiformi, crassd ; spird elevatd, anfractibus septenis, converts ;
superne subangulatis, spiralite rlate striatis ; varicatis, varicibus, 7 — 10, tenuibus, lamellosis,
compressis ; ultimo anfractu equaliter longiore ; aperturd ovatd, canaliculata, canali
attenuate, labro intus pauci denticulate.

Axis, 1 Jth of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag? Boyton.

A perfect specimen as above represented has been sent to me by Dr. Reed, and so
far as I am able to ascertain it appears to be specifically distinct from any previously
described species. The shell may be described as elongately fusiform, with seven or
eight convex volutions, the upper part of these somewhat depressed, giving a slight
shoulder to the volutions ; coarsely striated in a spiral direction, but above the shoulder
these striae do not extend : the apex was probably sharp and acute, but it is slightly
broken ; aperture small and ovate, and the outer lip extremely thick ; and on which there
were two prominent denticles, and one nearly obsolete on the lower part of the inner lip ;
it has a long canal, slightly curved, and open. The first two volutions appear to be
smooth or destitute of marking either spirally or longitudinally.

I have compared it with specimens of Von Konen's species Nystii, kindly sent me by
Dr. Nyst, and with others from Edeghem, in Belgium,1 sent me by M. Rutot, and
although it approaches that shell in several respects, it does not do so sufficiently to
justify any identity with it. Nevertheless, to indicate its affinity I have assigned it the

1 This deposit of Edeghem has hitherto been regarded as miocene, but it is placed by M. E. Vanden
Broeck with that of Kiel and some other localities near Antwerp as oldest Pliocene " Esquisse Geologique
et Paleontologique des depots Pliocenes des environs d'Anvers," p. 35.

GASTEROPODA. 15

above name. Nystii is a less tapering shell, and possesses only half the number of varices,
and these more thick and prominent than those of our present shell.

The same remark in reference to the genuineness of the shell as a species of the
Coralline Crag, which I have made in the case of the last described species (Reedii),
applies to the present case.

Two imperfect specimens, or rather the larger portion of some small species belonging
to this genus, were found by myself many years ago in the Cor. Crag of Sutton, and
were retained in the hope that something better would turn up to enable me correctly to
describe them, or to refer to some previously described species. These are shown in
figs. 7 #, b of Tab. I, and exhibit the last volution with the aperture and its straight
canal perfect ; and as these constitute the principal portion of the shell, a fair idea of it
may be thus formed. The specimens very much resemble Murex Canhami, figured in
No. 14 of Tab. VII of my first supplement in their coarse spiral striations, but they
have not the prominent points or shoulders to the varices which that shell possesses, and
their canals are straight and narrower than that of Canhami. In their imperfect state I
have here called them provisionally Murex recticanalis.

MUREX CROWFOOTII, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 15.

Locality. Cor. Crag, ? Boy ton.

The specimen figured is imperfect, as shown by the fragment of the last whorl
which remains adherent to the preceding one, but in other respects is in finely
preserved condition. The cross striation, which is very thick and strong, resembles that
in M. toriuosus, but the form of the shell is much less elongated, and the number of dis-
tinct whorls preserved would seem to indicate that, when perfect, the specimen could be
only that of a much smaller shell than tortuosus. As it was placed in my hands by Mr.
W. M. Crowfoot, to whom it belongs, I have given it under the name of Crowfootii,
which will also serve to indicate the ownership of the specimen, for comparison in the
event of any one more perfect turning up. I am informed by Mr. Robert Bell that he
has obtained many specimens of M. tortuosustfrow the Coralline Crag, which confirms my
belief that this species which was long known from the Red Crag only, is merely present
as a derivative in that formation.

TRITON CONNECTENS ? S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 14 a, b.

TRITON HEPTAGONUS, 5. Wood. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 41, tab. iv, fig. 8, 1848.
„ CONNECTENS, id. Supplement to Crag Moll., p. 30, 1872.

Axis, 1 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

A specimen of this genus has been sent to me by Mr. R. Bell, which he says is from

16 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

Waldringfield, that receptacle for so many derivatives ; and as this shell is very rare to
my researches, and the present specimen presents differences from the one previously
represented, I have had it figured as above. It is doubtless derivative.

RANELLA ? ANGLICA, A. Bell 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 3.

RANELLA ANGLICA. A. Bell. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., May, 1871.

Spec. Char. " Shell small ; whorls 3, 4 (apex wanting), convex, with coarse elevated
ridges on the bottom whorl, crossing the periodic growths (which are very distinct), and
extending to the mouth, becoming very marked at the base ; mouth angulated above,
outer lip spreading towards the base, where it is sharply angulated by one of the ridges ;
pillar reflected ; canal rather open ; umbilical chink small." — A. Bell.

Length, -j^ths of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The only specimen of this shell which has been obtained, so far as I know, is the
one now figured. It is from Dr. Reed's collection, and was described as above by Mr.
A. Bell. It is not in a perfect condition, and I am doubtful of the correctness of the
assignment, but have thought it best to have it figured, and give it under Mr. A. Bell's
name and description. It is no doubt derived from some antecedent formation, and
seems to me to resemble a good deal the imperfect specimen from the Cor. Crag, figured
by me in Tab. II of my first Suppt., under the name Murex corallinus. There are
some spiral strise or ridges on the base or lower part of the volution, but the specimen is
too much mutilated on the spire to show whether it was covered entirely with strise.
There are three or four distinct denticles on the inside of the outer lip, as in M. coral-
linus, and a few coarse ridges on the outside of this outer lip, as if the spire had also
been so covered.

PLEUROTOMA MOIIIIENI, De Konninck. Tab. II, fig. 6 a, b.

PLEUROTOMA MORRENI, De Kon. Desc. Coq. Foss. de Basele, p. 21, pi. i, fig. 3, 1837.
,, ,, Nyst. Coq. Foss. de Belg., p. 510, pi. xl, fig. 6 a, b, 1843.

„ INTORTA (?), Bellardi. Foss. del Piedm., p. 16, tav. i, fig. 13, 1847.

Axis, 1 J inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The specimen as above represented is from the Cabinet of Mr. Canham, who

GASTEROPODA. 17

tells me he obtained it from the well-known phosphatic nodule pit at the above-named
locality.

M. Nyst, as also M. de Konninck, appear to think the shell referred to is a species
distinct from PL intorta, Broc. ; and as the Belgian shell seems not to be rare, and to
have been found in good preservation, probably they have good means for such
determination. In * Crag Moll./ vol. i, tab. vi, fig. 4, I figured two specimens of which
the smaller one may possibly be the same as our present shell, except that it is more
elongated and has a less pointed termination, and as I am not imposing a new name I
have thought it best to figure and describe our present shell which, however, much
resembles fig. 13, tab i, of M. Bellardi's paper. This naturalist, however, seems to
consider the shell so figured by him as only a variety of Brocchi's species.

The Waldringfield specimen is doubtless derivative, but from what formation it has
come is, of course, conjectural. Considering, however, the close resemblance of the Cor.
Crag shell which I have figured under the name Fusus Waelii to a shell which occurs at
Baesele, (the locality from which De Konninck describes our present species,) it is quite
possible that our present shell may be among the many yet unrecognised species of the
Cor. Crag which by the destruction of this Crag have gone to fill that museum of
derivatives which the Waldringfield Red Crag accumulation constitutes.

PLEUROTOMA CURTISTOMA ? A. Bell. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 9, a, b.

PLEUKOTOMA CURTISTOMA, A. Bell. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871, p. 7.

Axis, 1 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag? Boy ton.

The shell represented has been recently sent to me by Dr. Reed, and it was, he
tells me, obtained from the above-named locality. In colour it resembles the Coralline Crag.
From the description given by Mr. Bell I have referred it doubtfully to curtistoma, but I
have not had for examination the specimen to which Mr. Bell assigned that name, which
I believe has gone into the British Museum. He 'gives for it the locality Cor. Crag,
Gedgrave. The shell now figured is closely connected with one that I figured in my first
Suppt. under the name of Plemot. Bertrandi (?), Addendum Plate, fig. 4, p. 179, but
it has a smaller and shorter aperture. In Mr. Prestwich's List, p. 494, PL curtistoma is
given as a variety of Pleurot. attenuata. I think, however, that our shell is distinct, as it
is not attenuated and has a shorter aperture, but more and better specimens than I have
seen will be necessary for certain determination.

18 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSC A.

PLEUROTOMA TERES ? Forbes. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 7, a, 6.

PLEUROTOMA TERES, Forbes. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiv, p. 412, pi. x, fig. 3.
MANGELIA TERES, Forbes and Hanb. Brit. Moll., vol. iii, pi. cxiii, figs. 1, 2.
DEFRANCIA TERES, Jeff. Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 362, pi. Ixxxviii, fig. 5.

Axis, i^-ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A small and worn specimen was found by myself some years ago in the Cor. Crag
of Sutton, which I have kept unfigured in the hope of obtaining another and better
preserved specimen to assist in its correct determination, but without success. I now
give it as above, but with a mark of doubt ; and it is evidently distinct from tereoides,
' Supplement to Crag Moll.,' Addendum Plate, tig. 3 a, b. In the ' Crag Moll./ vol. i,
tab. vi, fig. 6, is figured a minute shell with a peculiar ornamentation on the young or
upper volutions ; this was called Trophon pautulum, and considered as the young of
a larger shell. In Professor Prestwich's paper, ' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. xxvii,
p. 146, this is referred to PL feres, which probably it is (see 1st Supplement to Crag
Moll./ p. 27). My present specimen is somewhat abraded, and shows more numerous
and close spiral striae than the recent feres usually presents. These in my specimen are
not carried over the ribs, but this may be due to obliteration from wear ; the ribs also are
more prominent than in the recent shell. On the other hand, the form of the shell,
and its deep and broad sinus, agree with the recent species. The striae on the lower
whorls are rather more numerous than represented by the engraver.

PLEUROTOMA GRACILI-COSTATA, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 8.

Spec. Char. Testa ovato-fusiformi, ventricosd, brevispird, acuminatd ; anfractibus
vonvexis, longitudinaliter et anguste costatis ; transversim striatis ; ultimo basi sulcato ;
columelld canalique brevi, contortis ; aperturd ovatd.

Axis, f ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

The specimen figured was found by myself many years ago, but from its peculiar
appearance I postponed noticing it, hoping that something better might turn up to
assist in its determination. It occurred to me that the costae or ribs which are
formed by the periodical arrest of the outer lip during growth might have been originally

GASTEROPODA. 19

round and hollow, and that the upper part of them had been decorticated, and a portion
consisting of the two sides of the original ribs only left, the effect of which would be
to show a number of thin sharp, instead of half that number of wide and blunt costae.
The apex is sharp, the three first volutions being without riblets, and the fourth volu-
tion has 4 or 5 rounded riblets, beyond which these riblets are double in number. My
specimen is not sufficiently perfect to show if there have been any spiral striae. The outer
lip is much curved and there is a large deep sinus a little below the suture ; the outer
lip is also sharp, without any striae or ridges on the inside of it. My specimen re-
sembles the figures given by M. Nyst with the name of Pleurot. acuticosta (' Coq. foss.
de Belg.,' p. 529, pi. 42, fig. 5), but that figure is indifferent, and the description
is too short to supply the deficiency. Pleurot. incrassata from Touraine somewhat
resembles our shell, but I have not a specimen for comparison. The above name is
given provisionally.

PLEUROTOMA ICENORUM, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 8, a, 6.

PLEUROTOMA ICENORTJM, & Wood. 1st Supplement Crag Moll., p. 35.

Locality. Cor. Crag near Orford.

There is so much doubt and difficulty about this shell that I find it necessary to give
another figure of it, from a perfect specimen in my own cabinet. My shell has a row of
nodules formed at the projecting portion of the outer lip, with a row of smaller nodules
adjoining the suture ; thus making two rows on all but the lower volution. The two
apical whorls are quite smooth and without ornament, making the apex very obtuse ;
differing thereby from the representation of PL coronata of Bellardi. At the base
there is an umbilicus caused by a slight obliquity of the volutions outwardly. Two
specimens have been sent to me from Dr. Reed's collection with the name of PL uinbili-
cata, A. Bell, which correspond with Icenorum. Our shell has unfortunately had several
names. In Mr. Prestwich's list, p. 145, it is called Pleurotoma galerita^ Phil. In Mr.
BelPs List of the English Crags, p. 35, it is said to have been figured and named by
Dr. von Konen as PL Hosiusii (' Mioc. Nord. Deutch. Moll.,' p. 105, taf. 2, fig. 12 a, d).
These foreign species appear to me (judging from representations) to be different from
our shell, which has an obtuse apex and an umbilicus, neither of which is possessed by
them. The name of PL semicolon , given in Crag Moll., is also erroneous for the reasons
mentioned in my first Supplement, p. 35. I would have adopted Mr. Bell's name of
umbilicata, were it not that the shell to which I had previously assigned the name
Icenorum is, in my opinion, the same species.

20 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

PLEUROTOMA SENILIS, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 2 a, b.

PLEUROTOMA SENILIS, S. Wood. 1st Supplement, p. 42, tab. v, fig. 5.
ABCTICA ?, Adams. — p. 45, t. vi, fig. 9.

VIOLACEA, M. & A.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Waldringfield.

The original specimen, figured in my first Supplement, was very much worn, but
some better preserved specimens from the Red Crag have been obtained by Mr. Canham.
That which I have now figured as 2 b was the most perfect, and has since been lost by
him, but having while it was in my hands had a drawing made of it I am enabled to give
the figure 2 b from this. The specimen figured in Tab. V of my first Suppl. was so
much rubbed that some uncertainty attaches to its identification with the shells now
figured, and under these circumstances it is our present shell that I desire to distinguish
by the specific name of senilis. The fragment, No. 9, figured by me in Tab. VI of my
first Suppl. under the name of arctica, seems to be one of a much worn specimen of the
present species. They are all derivative in the Red Crag, but may, I think, not impro-
bably have been derived from the Coralline, though nothing identical with them has yet
been obtained from that formation. Under the circumstances explained above, I have
removed the name of P. violacea from my Synoptical list.

PLEUROTOMA CATENATA, A. Sell, MS. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 5.

Axis, j^-ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

The above figure is taken from a specimen in the Cabinet of Dr. Reed, which was
obtained from the Cor. Crag by Mr. A. Bell, who had assigned it the above name
in MS.

There is so much uncertainty attending many identifications of the species of this
genus that I prefer giving the figure of the shell with Mr. A. Bell's assignment of it to
expressing any opinion of my own about it.

The shell has eight volutions, very slightly convex, indeed nearly flattened ; apex
obtuse ; embryonic whorls smooth ; there are two rows of nodules, above which is the
sinus and two smaller spirally nodulous lines ; base of volution covered with prominent
spiral lines ; aperture ovate, with a canal of moderate length ; the ornamentation, though
not very well defined, appears to be its only distinction. The specimen figured is the
only one which I have seen, and is by no means perfect.

GASTEROPODA. 21

PLEUROTOMA PANNUS, Basterot. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 6.

PLEUROTOMA PANNUS, Bast. Foss. du Sud-ouest de la France, p. 63.

— Bellardi. Monog. delle Pleur., p. 27, tav. ii, fig. 2.
DUMONTII, Nyst. Beige Foss., p. 527, tab. xlii, fig. 4.

Spec. Char. "P. striis transversis, numerosis, minutis ; striis incrementi decussatis."
-Bast.

Axis, f ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, near Orford.

France : Saucats, Le'ognan, Dax.
Piedmont : Torino, Colli Tortonesi.

The specimen figured, which, however, is not quite perfect, was found near Orford
by Dr. von Konen ; and he has kindly sent me a specimen of the same species from
„ Antwerp, which seems to correspond with our Crag shell. Mr. A. Bell has introduced
this name into his list of Coralline Crag shells, so that probably several other specimens
may have been found, but that in my possession is the only one from the Crag that I
have seen. PL catenata of Mr. Bell strongly resembles it, and may be only a variety.

As with so many species of this variable genus, it is difficult to say whether the
distinctive features which induce authors to make specific distinctions are in the present
case constant ; but the identification of the shell by so good a conchologist as Dr. von
Konen, and the production by him of a specimen from Antwerp identical in character
with our Cor. Crag specimen, gives me more confidence in the present identification
than I should otherwise entertain.

The specimen figured as No. 1 of Tab. Ill was sent to me by Dr. Reed, and has a
label attached with the name of Borsonia prima assigned by Mr. A. Bell, who gives for it
the locality of " Red Crag, Waldringfield." The shell looks like a deformity, and the
ridge upon the columella accidental, as it is angular in form, and like a simple projec-
tion. The shell is much abraded, and appears like a mutilated specimen of Pleurotoma
turrifera, Nyst (P. turricula of Brocchi, figured in ' Crag Moll.,' Tab. VI). As the
name Borsonia prima may, perhaps, be introduced into lists of shells from the Crag, I
think it best to give a figure of the specimen, to enable others to judge for themselves.

Borsonia prima, Bellardi, ' Monog. Pleurot. Toss.,' pi. iv, fig. 13, is, I think, a
different shell altogether.

A specimen of Pleurotoma from Boyton has been very recently sent to me by

22 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

Mr. Cavell, of Saxmundham, which closely corresponds with Pleurot. lavigata, Phil.r
being quite destitute of costse; but the shell cannot be described as " Isevissima," as there
are vestiges of spiral striae remaining upon the Crag specimen. This is possibly the
same as fig. 12, tab. vii, of ' Crag Moll.,' but it is distinct from fig. 15, tab. vi, of my
first Supplement, which I think may be referred to P. nebula of Mont.

CANCELLARIA (ADMETE) AVARA ? Say. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 5.

COLUMBELLA AVARA, Say. Gould. Invert. Massach., p. 313, fig. 197.
CANCELLARIA AVARA, A. Bell. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., May, 1871.

Axis, J an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

This is another imperfect and much worn specimen from Dr. Reed's Collection, but
as it has been published by Mr. Bell in his list of Crag shells as a species of that forma-
tion, I have had it figured as above. I am unable to give a full description of the
specimen from its mutilated condition, but it possesses several folds or small ridges upon
the columella, from which, and its general form, it seems referable to that group of
the Cancellarise to which the subgeneric name Admete has been given, but beyond that I
can express no opinion of its identity, and I give it under the name Avar a solely on the
authority of Mr. Bell. It appears to me like a derivative. I have a very imperfect
specimen of an elongated species of Cancettaria from the Coralline Crag, but it is too
much mutilated to permit of its being even provisionally described. It does not,
however, appear to have belonged to the same species as the above shell.

CANCELLARIA CRASSISTRIATA, A. Bell, MS. Tab. Ill, fig. 16 a, b.

Axis, jz an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield

The figure is taken from one of two debauched specimens from the Red Crag of
Waldringfield in Dr. Reed's Cabinet, which were obtained for him by Mr. A. Bell,
and who has sent me the following rough note upon them : — " Specimens much
worn and decorticated. There are about ten stria3 on the body whorl, the most
prominent being three on the most extended part of the volution, crossed by some
broad obscure ribs ; the outer lip is thickened inside at the top ; inner lip reflected
upon the pillar, showing in worn specimens an umbilical chink. The absence of teeth
on the inner lip would place the shell in the section Admete." Whatever the specimens
may prove to be, they are evidently derivative in the Red Crag.

GASTEROPODA. 23

CERITHIUM VARICULOSUM, Nyst. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 69, Tab. VIII, fig. 3 ; 2nd Sup.,

Tab. II, fig. 15.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

The figure given of this shell in the ' Crag Moll/ does not quite correctly represent the
fossil found at Walton Naze, which in Prestwich's list is referred to Cerithium reticulatum,
but which I believe is specifically distinct ; the volutions of my fossil are more convex, and
are not only destitute of thickened varices, but have a different ornamentation from the
recent shell. I have now figured a fragment found by myself at Walton Naze ; and this
has decidedly convex volutions, with three spiral and nodulous ridges, and a small one
at the base ; moreover, these spiral ridges are not equally distributed over the whorls,
there being a wider space between the upper one and the suture, than there is between
the others. In C. reticulatum the volutions are nearly flat and have four equidistant
nodulous striae. I have therefore retained the shell under the name originally given.

CERITHIUM GREENII? Adams. 2nd Sp., Tab. IV, fig. 16.

CERITHIUM GREENII, Adams. Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. xi, p. 287, pi. iv, fig. 12.

Locality. Chillesford Bed, Bramerton.

Two small but very perfect specimens of some species of the genus Cerithium have
been sent to me by Mr. Reeve with the locality of "Upper bed at Bramerton." I have
a difficulty in referring them to anything previously described, and have therefore given
them provisionally the above name. The shell to which they present the nearest approach
is Cerithium Greenii, C. B. Adams, figured and described by Gould (' Invert. Mass.,' p. 279,
fig. 184), but I have not the recent shell to compare with it. In 'Brit. Conch./ vol. iv,
p. 267, it is said that C. Greenii is the same as Cerithiopsis tubercularis, but my shell
does not correspond with anything that I have seen of this very variable species. It does
not seem possible that it can be the young of C. tricinctum, though it does not exceed
in length -f§t\\s of an inch, for it has seven volutions, which is repugnant to its being the
young of any species. The base of our very perfect specimens is quite free from striae or
markings of any kind, and the volutions, which have three nodules, are separated by a
deep suture, the two forming the apex being smooth. If the shell should prove distinct
from Greenii the name Reevii might be assigned to it, as the specimen was found and
sent to me by Mr. Reeve, of the Norwich Museum.

24 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

CHEMNITZIA INTERNODULA? S. Wood. Far. ligata, 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 11.

CHEMNITZIA INTERNODULA, S. Wood. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 81, tab. x, fig. 6 ; 1st Sup.

Crag Moll., p. 60, for normal form.

Axis i%ths of an inch.

Locality. Eluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

The specimen here represented is in the Norwich Museum, and was sent to me by its
curator Mr. Reeve. As it seems to differ so materially in form from the numerous
specimens and fragments of infemodula that I have obtained from the Cor. Crag, I
have here figured it in juxtaposition, with a representation (fig. 12) of one of my
specimens from the Cor. Crag of Sutton. It may have been affected, like the Littorina,
&c., by the brackish water, and consequently have much altered its normal form. If it
be of the same species I would call it Chemn. internodula, var. ligata; and the latter
might be adopted for its specific designation if the shell should prove to be specifically
distinct. The only difference, however, that I can see is that the Norwich Crag shell is
much less slender, the internodulation being the same. Mr. Crowfoot has sent me
several specimens of this species from the Crag found in the Beccles Waterworks Well,
which corresponds with the Eluvio-marine of Bramerton. These, though rather more
slender than the variety figured above, are yet nearer to it than to the usual Coralline to
Crag form.

CHEMNITZIA SENISTRIATA, JS. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 20.

CHEMNITZIA SENISTBJATA, S. Wood. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii, p. 120, 1877.

Spec. Char. Testa angustd, subulatd, elongatd^ apice obtusd ; anfractibus 8 — 9,
conve-xiusculis, spiraliter sulcatis, vel siriatis ; striae senis, latis, depressis ; aperturd
sulquadrangulatd ; columelld recta, simplici ; labro intus laemgato.

Axis \ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is the shell mentioned by me in the ' Crag Moll./ vol. i, p. 84, as a var. of
similis with spiral striae, but no costae. I now consider it as distinct and figure it under
the above name. It approaches a shell called Scalaria quadristrata by Dr. Speyer (' Die
Conch, der. Casseler. Tert.,' p. 181, tab. xxiv, figs. 7, 8), but the aperture of my shell is of
a different form to the one there represented, and it has more numerous striae than that
species. The striae upon the specimen now figured are six in number, broad and rather
flat, separated by a narrow line, and the volutions are very slightly convex.

GASTEROPODA. 25

Chemnitzia similis (' Crag Moll.,' vol. i, p. 84, tab. x, fig. 11) strongly resembles the
representations of a shell called Scalaria ? (Pyrgiscus) Leunisii, Phil., from the upper
oligocene given in Speyer's work, ("Die conch der Casseler Tertiarbildungen." p. 180,
tab. xxiv, figs'. 10 — 12), but I have not been able to compare my shell with the original
of this. The apex of my shell is obtuse or slightly reversed as in the shell represented by
Dr. Speyer, and has ten volutions, with 12 — 17 upright or slightly sloping costulae,
traversed by six or seven spiral lines. The Crag shell, similis, though abundant, is seldom
in perfection (the surface being often worn down or decorticated), and it is rather more
cylindrical than the German species represented by Dr. Speyer.

SCALARIA TORULOSA, Brocchi. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 13.

TURBO TOKULOSUS, Broc. Conch. Foss. Subap., vol. ii, p. 377, tab. vii, fig. 4.
SCALAKIA TORULOSA, Homes. Vienna Foss., p. 488, taf. xlvi, fig. 13 a, 5.

Length 1 inch.

Breadth 4 lines.

Locality. Cor. Crag ?, Boy ton.

A single specimen of this species has been obligingly sent to me by Dr. Reed, and he
tells me he obtained it from Mr. Charlesworth, who says it was turned out of the phos-
phatic nodule workings at the edge of the Butley river in the Parish of Boyton, to which I
have already (p. 3, footnote) referred, and its reference to a particular division of the Crag
is therefore somewhat uncertain, but unless it be a specimen from the nodule bed itself
(in which case it would in all probability be derivative from a formation older than the
Coralline Crag), it is to that division rather than the Red that I should refer it. I
have little doubt but that it may safely be referred to the fossil called as above by
Brocchi ; it is also present in the Vienna beds. Our specimen appears to have been
a good deal rubbed (which favours its derivative origin), and the fine striae with which
it was originally ornamented are nearly obliterated. I have also received from Mr.
R. Bell a fragment of this species, with a notification that it came from the Red Crag
of Waldringfield. This fragment is much mutilated and abraded, and evidently of
derivative origin.

SCALARIA FIMBRIOSA, S. Wood. Crag. Moll., vol. i, p. 91, Tab. VIII, fig. 12; 2nd Sup.,

Tab. Ill, fig. 17 0, 6.

Locality. Cor. Crag, near Orford.

The specimen now figured presents some differences from that figured in Tab. viii

4

26 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

of the first volume of the ' Crag Mollusca/ in having the varices closer, and a more
distinct ridge round the base of the lower whorl, which I have endeavoured to show by
fig. 17 b, Tab. III. It agrees closely with one, rather larger, sent me by M. Rutot,
of Brussels, from Kiel, near Antwerp, a bed which has, until lately, been regarded as
miocene, but which M. Vandenbroeck refers to the oldest pliocene,1 and there can, I
think, be no doubt of the identity of the two shells.

SCALARIA GENICULATA ?, SroccM. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 11.

TURBO GENICULATUS, Broc. Conch. Foss. Subap., p. 659, t. xvi, fig. 1.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A small fragment of a species of the genus Scalaria is in my cabinet, which may
possibly be referred as above, depending, as I am obliged to do, upon the figure and
description by Brocchi. This seems to differ from all other species of the genus in being
less strongly or coarsely costulated, and in having the spiral striae broader and flatter,
with a very narrow depression between them.

This is another instance in which I regret my inability to compare my own shell
with a veritable specimen of the species to which I have referred it. Brocchi describes
his species thus : — " T. subulata, anfractibus subrotundatis, costellis capillaribus, varice
ad utrumque latus crassiore." This thickened rib is not visible in my fragment.

TURRITELLA (MESALIA) PFNEPOLARIS, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 14.

TURRITELLA PENEPOLARis, S. Wood. Suppl. to Crag Moll., p. 53, t. iv, fig. 20.

T. Testa turritd, elongatd; apice acutd? anfractibus 10—12 conveasiusculis striatis ;
mturd depressd ; aperturd subovatd ; columelld concammculd ; labro tenui.

Axis 1 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Suttton, and Cor. Crag ?, Boyton.

The figures which I have previously been able to give of this shell have been those of
fragments only, but I am now enabled to give a figure of the entire shell from one of
two specimens sent me by Dr. Reed, which was obtained from the nodule workings at
Boyton, but which, therefore, is of uncertain reference so far as its geological position is
concerned, and may even be derivative, for it has been considerably abraded. It shows

1 'Esquisse Geologique et Pale'ontologique des Depots Pliocenes des Environs d'Anvers,' p. 35,
Brussels, 1876.

GASTEROPODA. 27

the form of the aperture, which more resembles that of those species from the Lower
Tertiaries (such as Turritetta sulcata and others) which were placed in a new genus pro-
posed by Dr. Gray, 1840, and called Mesalia.

The engraver has in the figure shown the specimen in too perfect preservation, for the
striations on the upper whorls are, in the specimen itself, obliterated, as are those also
along the central portion of the lower whorls, and the aperture also is less perfect than
represented.

TURRITELLA TAURiNENsis (?), Mickelotti. 2nd Sup., Tab. II, fig. 19.

TUREITELLA TAURINENSIS, Mich. Etud. Mioc. Inf., p. 84, pi. x, figs. 1, 2.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

This imperfect specimen of some species of the genus Turritetta has been in my
possession for some years. The genus is one in which the determination of a species is
most difficult from the great variation which individuals belonging undoubtedly to one
species, such as those of Turritetta incrassata, present, and out of which variation several
species have been made. The present specimen seems, however, to differ so much that I
think it must be distinct from any of the forms of incrassata. There is a difference in
the thread-like arrangement of the striae, and a greater convexity in the volutions, than
in either incrassata or terebra. A shell described by Dr. Speyer, under the name of
Turritetta Geinitzii, Cassel, ' Tert. Conch.,' p. 145, tab. xx, figs. 8 — 12, is not unlike
the one now figured, and I have little doubt that our present specimen is a derivative
in the Red Crag from some bed older than the Coralline Crag. Figs. 16 and 17, Tab. II,
represent varieties of T. incrassata, which may, I think, be referred to T. acutangulata
and T. subangulata, Brocchi.

EULIMA NAUMANNI ? von Konen. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 22.

EULIMA NAUMANNI, von Konen. Marine Mittel. Oligoc., t. xi, fig. 19.

Speyer. Cassel. Tert. Conch., p. 202, taf. xxvi, figs. 12, 13, a, b.

Axis i^ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A single specimen in my cabinet differs so much from any of the species of Eulima
known from the Crag that I have referred it provisionally as above, depending upon the
representation of the species given in the works of Speyer, and von Konen. So many
so-called species in this genus present such trifling differences that before a correct determi-
nation can be made it will be necessary closely to compare the specimens themselves,

28 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

which, in the present case, I have not been able to do. Our present shell corresponds
with the size and form of the figure given by Dr. von Konen, but not quite so much so
with the figure by Dr. Speyer, who refers his shell to Dr. von Konen's species. Dr.
Speyer's figure, however, shows an obsolete keel (or the vestige of a keel) at the base of
the volution, which is not visible in my specimen, nor in von Konen's figure. My speci-
men seems to have had a very slight curvature at the lower part of the outer lip, but as
it is not quite perfect this is obscure. The apex is rather obtuse, and the volutions, of
which there are 7 — 8, are very slightly convex, giving a depression, or great distinctness
to the suture.

EULIMA HEBE, Semper. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 18.

EULIMA HEBE, Semper. Palaeont. Unters., s. i, 171 (fide Speyer).

— Speyer. Cassil. Tert. Conch., p. 203, taf. xxvii, fig. 2.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Germany : Ober-Oligocene, Nieder-Kaufungen.

The specimen figured is the only one which I have seen, and was found by myself in
the Cor. Crag of Sutton. Having now been enabled to compare it with specimens from
the German beds, I can assign it as above.

EULIMA ROBUSTA, A. Bell, MS. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 17.

Axis, % an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

This shell, from Dr. Reed's Cabinet, with the above name given to it by Mr. A. Bell,
has recently been put into my hands. It somewhat resembles E. acicula of Sandberger,
figured and described by Dr. Speyer, ' Cass. Tert. Conch./ p. 205, tab. xxvii, fig. 4, but
has apparently fewer and more convex volutions, and is not so elongate and tapering as
that species. The apex of our specimen is broken, and the outer lip is nearly straight,
like that of Eul. intermedia, but it differs from that species in the convexity of the
volution. It is doubtless derivative in the Red Crag.

The shell figured in my 1st Supplement (tab. iv, fig. 25) as E. stenostoma, Jeff.,
has since been so injured as to be unrecognisable, so that I am doubtful of its correct
assignment, and whether it may not be the shell given above under the name of E. Hebe,
Semper.

On the other hand, I have specimens from the Coralline Crag of Eulima differing

GASTEROPODA. 29

from E. subulata in the possession of a curved lip, which appears to be the only
distinction from that shell upon which d'Orbigny's species of subula is founded. With
this, and omitting, for the reason just given, stenostoma from the category, the following
ten species of what I refer to the genus Eulima, with the exception of the derived robusta,
have formed part of the Crag fauna, one of them, the doubtful similis, belonging to the
newer or Red division only.

It must be confessed that some of these species are separated upon distinctions such
as in more variable genera are considered only of varietal importance. Continental
conchologists seem to consider the form of the outer lip as a good auxiliary character for
separation, but I am unable to say if this be one on which a safe reliance can be placed,
Shells of this genus are of a porcellanous structure and opaque, the lines of increase being
invisible.

1. Eulima polita, Linn. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 96, tab. xix, fig. 1 b. Curved outer lip.

2. — intermedia, Cantraine. Crag Moll, vol. i, p. 96, tab. xix, fig. 1 a. Lip

nearly straight.

3. — subulata, Donovan. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 96, tab. xix, fig. 3. Straight

outer lip.

4. — subula, D ' Orbigny. Prodrom., iii, p. 34, No. 478. Curved outer lip.

5. — bilineata, Alder. Sup. Crag Moll., p. 66. Spirally coloured.

6. — similis ?, I? Orb. Sup., Crag Moll., p. 65, tab. vii, fig. 6. Spire inflected.

7. — glabella, S. Wood. Crag Moll., p. 98, tab. xix, fig. 2. Apex obtuse.

8. — Hebe, Semper. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 18. Elongated aperture.

9. — Naumanni?, von Konen. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 22.

10. robusta, A. Bell. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 17. Convex volution.

RISSOA COSTULATA, Alder. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 23.

RISSOA COSTOLATA, Alder. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 324, pi. viii, figs. 8, 9.

Forb. and Hani. Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 103, pi. Ixxvii, figs. 4, 5.
Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 35, pi. Ixviii, fig. 1.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A single specimen has very recently come into my hands from Dr. Reed, with the
above-named locality given to it by Mr. A. Bell. This resembles in form Rissoa crassi-
striata of ' Crag Moll./ vol. i, tab. xi, fig. 13, but that shell has large and coarse spiral
striae, of which the present species is destitute.

RISSOA PARVA?, Da Costa. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 21.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

30 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

The specimen figured is from my own cabinet, and was found by myself. It appears
to answer to this species, though from being unique and imperfect, I give it with doubt.

RISSOA RETICULATA, Mont. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 19.

A specimen with this name has been sent to me by Dr. Reed, which seems to corre-
spond with the recent British shell to which I have, as above referred, it. The shell so
called in ' Crag Mol./ vol. i, p. 163, tab. i, fig. 5, has been the subject of a criticism
not easily to be understood (see 1st Suppt., p. 73). I have therefore had the present
specimen figured, which is a more elongated form.

HYDROBIA OBTUSA, Sandberger. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 7.

LITTORINELLA OBTUSA, Sandb. Conch, de Mainz Tertiarb., s. 81, taf. 6, fig. 8 a — c.

Length 1 line.

Locality. Fluviomarine Crag, Bramerton.

Several specimens of this little shell have been sent to me by Mr. Jas. Reeve, who tells
me that he found them at Bramerton, and was doubtful about their correct assignment.
The one figured is the longest of the series, and seems to approach very close to the
figure of the shell given by Dr. Speyer from the middle oligocene of Germany, under the
name of Bithinia obtusa, Sandberger ; and as the specimens show the same thickened lip
as does his figure, I have ventured to identify them with it. As the specimens are in
good condition, and the allied species subumbilicata, tkermalis, and ventrosa, which are
abundant and in very perfect condition at Bramerton, are also figured by Dr. Speyer
(under the name J2. acuta, Drap.) from the same middle oligocene beds, I am disposed to
regard the species now under description as having lived in the waters of the Crag
Period equally with subumbilicata ; and not to be of the derivative origin of the shells
described in the postscript.

NATICA (AMATJROPSIS) JAPONICA ?, A. Adams, M.S. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 11.

Axis J of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Butley.

A small specimen is among the shells sent to me by Dr. Reed, with the above name
attached (by, I believe, Mr. A. Bell, who obtained it from Butley).

It is in good preservation and I have had it here figured, but whether it be the shell above

GASTEROPODA. F iS 31

named I must leave for further observation and more specimens to determine. It much
resembles a small form of Natica Jtelicoides (Islandica, Gmel.), 'Crag Moll./ vol. i,
p. 145, tab. xvi, fig. 3, and may possibly be the young of that shell, though it seems to
be more elongated, and to possess a more elevated spire and more pointed umbo ; the
present specimen is quite free from striae of any kind, and it does not appear to have
lost any of its outer coating, which is so common in specimens of Naticce from that
locality, and this is perhaps in favour of its being distinct. I have not been able to see
the living shell to which Mr. Bell has referred it, which, on the label appended to our
present specimen, is called " undescribed." The volutions in this specimen are convex,
and between them is a deep and depressed suture, like that upon helicoides, but our
present shell has a very distinct umbilicus. Mr. Bell tells me he has seen the young of
N. helicoides, and that our present shell differs from it. I have put a mark of doubt
against the present name, as I have not much confidence in the above assignment.

NATICA GROENLANDICA ?, Seek., var. declivis. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 12 a — b ; Crag

Moll., vol. i, p. 146, Tab. XII, fig. 5 5
1st Sup., p. 75.

Axis f ths of an inch nearly.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley.

The shell now figured differs so materially from all the Crag Naticte that I have been
at a loss to what it should be referred. Its elevated spire almost brings it into what has
been generically called Amauropsis, but as I believe it to be a true Natica I have pre-
ferred to give it here simply as a very abnormal form of some known species of that
genus ; and as N. Groenlandica seems to answer to it in respect of the more reliable
characteristics upon which the species of Natica have been separated, and is withal a variable
species, it is to this that I provisionally assign it as a variety (declivis). I am reluctant to
assign new specific names on the evidence of a solitary specimen where the distinction of
it from any other known form is not clear, but if further specimens of this shell should
be found, then I think it might be regarded as a new species under the name declivis.

NATICA TRISERIATA ? Say. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 14, a — b.

NATICA TRISERIATA, Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 211 (fide Gould).
Gould. Invert. Massachusetts, p. 233, fig. 165.

Axis 1 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley.

32 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

The specimen figured seems to be intermediate between Natica sordida and Natica
Alderi, approaching rather nearer to the latter than the former, but to neither does it
strictly accord, having the form and nearly the size of sordida, but without its depression
upon the upper portion of the volution. It is also rather more elongated than either,
while the left lip is more extended than in Alderi, but rather less so than TV. sordida.
The shell is strong and nearly ovate, the contour showing but very little depression
between the volutions, which slopes from the small and pointed apex. The exterior is
smooth with simple lines of growth. As the specimens maintaining these characters are
not rare I have ventured to refer them as above, though they bear a resemblance
to Natica hemiclausa, a shell very abundant in the older part of the Red Crag at Walton
Naze, but this latter has the umbilicus covered by the left lip in specimens that are full
grown.

Naticce are extremely abundant in the Butley bed, in association with the various
peculiar and northern species of mollusca, which distinguish that newer portion of the
Red Crag from the older or Walton portion, and their generally decorticated condition, in
which the specimens which I refer to triseriata participate, increases the difficulties
which attach to their specific separation.

I have not the recent species for comparison, and in making my reference to it my
dependence is upon the figure and description given by Gould. The coloured markings
which induced that author to give to it its name have disappeared in the Crag fossil, if
they ever were present. There is also a resemblance between our fossil, and Natica
immaculata, Totten, but this Mr. Jeffreys refers to N. Alderi, to which species I think the
present fossil does not belong.

In ' Crag Moll./ vol. i, p. 144, I said, when speaking of Natica varians, " It appears
to be quite distinct from Natica hemiclausa, and it agrees in most of its characters with
N. varians from Touraine." I am still of the same opinion. In Mr. Prestwich's List,
p. 144, N- varians of the Cor. Crag is referred as a variety to N. cirriformis, but
N. cirriformis is there referred to N. sordida. In Mr. A. Bell's List of the Lower
English Crag, N. varians of the Crag is considered as N. helicina, Broc. The same shell
is by M.'Nyst figured as Natica hemiclausa, Sow. These conflicting opinions afford a
proof of the perplexity in which those who study fossil mollusca become involved when
occupied with this genus.

I have in Tab. Ill, fig. 7 a — b, given the representation of another specimen of this
genus from the Coralline Crag near Orford, which is in Mr. Cavell's collection. This seems
to differ materially from the shell which I have figured as N. helicina from the Red Crag
of Walton Naze (' Sup. Crag Moll.,' p. 74, fig. 8 a, b), as it possesses a large and deep
umbilicus, and although the front of the shell shows a depression at the suture, there is
remaining a small portion of shelly matter, which if continuous would cover this deep
suture entirely, and indicate that it possessed this covering feature, which is wanting
in N. helicina.

GASTEROPODA. 33

Being a solitary specimen and surrounded by this uncertainty I have not ventured to
assign it as a new species, preferring to give it as a variety, heliciformis, of N. kelicina ;
but should more specimens occur maintaining its characters that varietal name might be
assigned to it specifically.

In Tab. IV, fig. 12, of my first Supplement, is represented a specimen under the
name of N. proxima, S. Wood, and at p. 74 of the same Supplement, the shell so repre-
sented is referred to the species figured in Tab. XVI of my original work under that name.
As, however, the specimen in question does not show the depression on the upper part of
the volution, and seems to be identical with the shell above given as N. triseriata, this
reference was, I now consider, erroneous ; and the figure should be regarded as one of
the last-named species.

AM AURA HESTERNA, S. Wood. Figured in the margin.

Axis. \ of an inch.

Locality. Crag, Boyton.

Spec. Char. Testa turritd, elongato-conoided, nitidd, glabrd ; apice obtitsd et depressd ;
anfractibus conveaciuscuHs 5 — 6; suturis distinctis ; aperturd brevi pyriformi: labro
acuto simplici.

Mr. Robert Bell has sent me a specimen, but without a name, which he says came
from Boyton, and which appears to belong to the same genus as the specimen figured in
my first Supplement under the name of Amaura Candida, Tab. I, fig. 3, from the Red
Crag of Butley, and of which a very perfect specimen was also ob tained by Mr. Crowfoot
from the locality of Boyton. This latter specimen, however, was stained with the Red
Crag colour as much as was the Butley specimen, and undoubtedly
belongs to the Red Crag. The specimen I am now describing
however, though evidently of the same genus, is not only
specifically different from Candida, but is unstained with any red
colour, for it is polished and nearly colourless. It has the two
apical volutions shallower and more depressed comparatively to
the others, the suture distinct and somewhat deep, the aperture Amaura ^sterna, s. Wood,

cnltirirccl —

elongately ovate, terminating acutely at the body of the volution,

the outer lip sharp and simple, with a small but distinct umbilicus, and the body whorl

occupies more than half of the entire shell.

This and Candida are the only species of the genus at present known to me. Their
generic character is particularly indicated by the uppermost whorls that succeed the apex
being unlike those which follow them, for instead of maintaining the proportions with
which the shell commences to grow, the whorls increase in depth far beyond the pro-
portions due to the increasing size of the animal, so that the angle of volution becomes
greatly diminished. In fact, the Mollusc appears to begin life under the form of Natica,

5

34 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

and, after the growth of two whorls, to change its form so as to produce a shell quite
unlike the oblate form of Natica, and of a more cylindrical shape. Our present shell is
much more tapering than Candida, and it possesses also one more whorl than the Red
Crag specimens of that species, though it has only half their linear dimensions. It
therefore seems to be a full-grown shell.

ADEORBIS? NATICOIDES, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 13 a, b.

Diameter, j^th of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A small shell has been in my hands for many years, found by myself in the Cor. Crag
of Sutton. This has always much perplexed me, and it remained in my cabinet unfigured
and undescribed from the idea that it might be the young or embryo condition of some
larger species, and in the hope that I might obtain something further to assist in its
correct determination. Not having succeeded in this, I now figure the specimen as above.
I have a large number of very small specimens of several species of Natica, and have
broken up many of them with the expectation that I might produce something that would
show a keel round the umbilicus similar to the one in my present specimen, but without
success. There is a large umbilicus in some species of Natica, but in none can I find any
ridge around this great opening such as the shell now figured presents. Two very
anomalous shells, having large umbilical openings surrounded by a keel, have been figured
by the late M. Deshayes, viz. Lacuna mirabilis. ' An. du Bas. de Par.,' vol. ii, p. 372,
PI. XVIII, figs. 1 — 4, and Sigaretus problematicus, vol. iii, p. 90, PI. LXIV, figs. 7 — 9;
but neither of these correspond to our present specimen. There is also the living British
species, Lacuna pattidula, which possesses a somewhat similar keel round an open umbilicus;
but our shell has a distinct ridge or keel within the umbilical aperture, of which no species
of Lacuna that I have examined shows any trace.

Delphinula trigonostoma, ' Bast. Bord. foss.,' p. 28, PI. IV, fig. 10 (which I had given
as a synonym to Adeorbis subcarinata, but I believe erroneously), is perhaps the nearest
approach to my shell. I feel that the reference of the shell is very doubtful, but I give
it to draw the attention of collectors.

TROCHUS ZIZIPHINTJS, Linn. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 20 ; Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 124,

Tab. XIII, fig 9; 1st Sup., p. 81.

Dimensions. Height, -^th inch.

Breadth, y^th inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

GASTEROPODA. 35

The present shell is from the collection of Mr. Canham, who tells me he procured it
from the lower portion of the Cor. Crag at Sutton, and I have figured it in consequence
of its unusual size. This shell was originally figured in Min. Conch under the name of
T. lavigatus, and figured under that name by Nyst from the Belgian beds. In my
catalogue (1842) I called it pseudo-ziziphinus ; from its resemblance to the living ziziphinus,
and in the first vol. of Crag Moll, gave it as identical with that shell. It appears to be
identical in ornament (though not in form, being less tapering), with a specimen from the
Sicilian beds in my cabinet. This is probably the same as the shell living in the
Mediterranean called conulus. I have many Crag specimens, smaller than the one figured,
in which the exterior with its ornamentation is in perfection j and this so agrees with that
in conulus, that if our Crag shell called ziziphinus be only one of the living varieties of
that species, I think conulus and ziziphinus should be united.

ASSIMINIA GRAYANA ? Leach. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 18 a, b.

ASSIMINIA GRAYANA, Leach. Fleming's Brit. Anim., p. 275.

Ford. Sf Hard. Brit. Mollusca, vol. iii, p. 70, pi. Ixxi, figs. 3, 4.
Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. v, p. 99.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

Two specimens have been sent to me by Mr. J. Reeve as from the " Scrobicularia
bed at Bramerton,"1 having been thought by him to be something different from
Hydrobia ventrosa. One of these two I have here had represented, and I have referred
it with some doubt as above, as it does not strictly accord with the living shell, which is
obscurely angulated at the base of the last volution, like the shell of Hydrobia viva,
whereas in our present specimens the base is rounded. It differs materially from any
specimen of ventrosa that I have seen, and has not the depressed or deep suture of
Bythinia Leachii. In form it seems intermediate between B. tentaculata and If.
ventrosa.

The shells at Bramerton being not unfrequently so distorted as to be scarcely
recognisable for the species, or even genus, to which they belong, it is possible that the
specimens in question are cases of this kind, so that I make the present reference with
all reserve.

1 This Scrobicularia bed at Bramerton appears to intervene between the few feet of specially Fluvio-
marine Crag (4 of sect, xvi of the Introduction to my first ' Supplement') which rests on the chalk and
the Chillesford bed (5' of that section), thus answering exactly to the Scrobicularia beds at Butley, (4'" of
sect, xvii of the same Introduction) to which the fourth column of the synoptical list refers.

36 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

VALVATA CRISTATA, Miiller. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 8 a, 6.
VALVATA CRISTATA, Mull. Hist. Verm., pt. ii/'p. 198.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

This shell is abundant in the Freshwater deposits of Stutton, Grays, and Clacton,
but I have only met with the one now figured from the Fluvio-marine Crag.

VALVATA PISCINALIS. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 9.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

This is also very abundant in the same Freshwater deposits, but it is very rare in
the Fluvio-marine Crag; it so closely resembles Margarita helicina that it is very
difficult to distinguish the difference, and scarcely possible, except with perfect
specimens; and I am doubtful whether a specimen found by Mr. Harmer at March,
given by me at p. 121 of Vol. XXIII of the c Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' as Trochus
helicinuSyTEWj not be merely Valvata piscinalis, since Freshwater shells occasionally occur
in the March gravel.

The figure previously given of V. piscinalis, f Crag Moll.,' Tab. XII, fig. 3,
represents the depressed form, and I have given the more elevated one, which, when
first discovered, was considered as a distinct species, and called antiqua.

The reference of Margarita Jielicina to the Coralline Crag made in my Catalogue
of 1842 was an error.

LIMN^EA AURICULARIA, Lime. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 3 a.

HELIX AURICULARIA, Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. 12, p. 1249.
LiMN.a3A Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., vol. i, p. 108, pi. vii, fig. 4.

LIMKEUS AURICULARIUS, var. AccTUs, Forb. fy Hani. Vol. iv, p. 171, pi. cxxiii,

fig. 2.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

A single specimen, as above represented, has been sent to me by Mr. Reeve, and it
is the first instance that I have met with of this species having been found in the Crag.
It is, however, present in most of our newer Pliocene Freshwater beds, as may be
seen in my List, * Crag Moll.,' vol. ii, p. 307. Dr. Jeffreys gives three varieties
to this species, our shell agreeing best with the one he first gave as distinct (Limnceus
acutus in ' Linn. Trans.,' xvi, p. 373), but which he afterwards reduced to a variety.
Our fig. 3 b was made from a recent specimen by mistake.

GASTEROPODA. 37

V

PALUSTRIS, Mutter. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 2 a, 6.

BUCCINUM PALUSTRE, Miill. Verm. Tert. et Fluv., vol. ii, p. 131.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

The shell figured and described in ' Crag. Moll.,' vol. i, p. 7, Tab. I, fig. 9, as
L. palustris is, I think, there erroneously referred, as it more resembles the American
species or variety called elodes, to which I would now refer it. I have received from
Mr. Reeve a specimen, of which the one above referred to is a representation, and which,
I think, is the true form of L. palustris.

LIMNJEA PEREGRA, Mutter. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 4.

BUCCINUM PEREGRUM, Mull. Verm. Hist., pt. xi, p. 130.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

The shell now figured is the true form of the common variety of this species. The
one previously figured in ' Crag Moll.,' Tab. I, fig. 7, resembles the northern form
called L. Fingelii by Moller, to which I will refer it. Fig. 8 of Tab. I of ' Crag
Moll.,' there called L. truncatula (?), corresponds with L. Holbottii, Moller, and I have
not seen the true form of truncatula from any East Anglian bed.

PUPA EDENTULA, Draparnaud. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 6.

PUPA EDENTULA, Drop. Hist. Moll., p. 52, pi. iii, figs. 28, 29.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

This has been obtained by Mr. Reeve, and he tells me it is from the " Scrobicularia
bed " at that locality.1 The generic name of Vertigo is now given to this shell by some
authors in consequence, it is said, of a difference in the animal, Vertigo having only two
tentacles, while that of Pupa has four ; but there is nothing in the shell to denote a
generic difference, and I have therefore retained its original name. Our present shell is
not rare in the newer Pliocene Freshwater beds, but it has not been hitherto given as a
Crag shell, so far as I am aware.

1 See note, p. 35.

38 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

MELAMPUS FUSIFORMIS, 8. Wood, var. ELONGATUS. 2nd Sup., Tab. Ill, fig. 15; Crag

Moll., vol. i, p. 12, Tab. I, fig. 14 ; and 1st Sup.,
p. 3, Tab. I, fig. 1.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The above specimen was obtained by Mr. Canham, and is perfect, except a slight
fracture in the back, which, however, is no injury to the shape of the shell. It is more
elongated than any form of the genus that I am acquainted with, but, unfortunately, the
artist has not represented this character sufficiently in the present figure, which can
scarcely be distinguished from the original fusiformis.

BULIMUS LUBRICUS, Mutter. 2nd Sup., Tab. IV, fig. 10 ; 1st Sup., p. 187.

HELIX LUBRICA, Mull. Hist. Verm., pt. xi, p. 104.

ZUA LUBRICA, Forb. Sf Hani. Brit. Moll., vol. iv, p. 125, pi. cxxv, fig. 8.

COCHLICOPA LUBRICA, Jeff. Brit. Conch., vol. i, p, 292, pi. xviii, fig. 2.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley.

The specimen figured is that referred to in my first ' Supplement ' as found by Mr.
Canham, in the Crag of Butley, and although it is not uncommon in the Freshwater
deposits of Stutton, Clacton, Grays, and Copford, it is the first and only one that I have
seen from the Crag ; I have therefore had it figured. This shell has received several
generic names, but the above having been previously used in my list of the Land
and Freshwater shells in my second volume of the * Crag Moll./ I have not thought it
necessary to alter it here.

POSTSCRIPT.

DURING the progress of the foregoing through the press Mr. Jas. Reeve, of the
Norwich Museum, was good enough to send me a quantity of small shells, which he had
extracted from the sand of the Bramerton Crag Pit. These consisted for the most part of
specimens of species already figured and described, but among them were two or three
which appear to me to be quite new to the Crag, if not, indeed, undescribed from any
formation. These specimens are all more or less worn and imperfect, a character which
is not usual with the specimens of species belonging to any horizon of the Crag in
Norfolk ; and I feel little doubt that they are not shells which lived in the Crag waters,

GASTEROPODA. 39

but are derivatives from some other formation. As they approach species figured in Dr.
Speyer's work from the Oligocene of Cassel, in Germany, nearer than they do to any others
that I can find figured and described, I suspect that they have been introduced from some
Upper Eocene or Oligocene formation in North-Eastern Norfolk, through which a stream
flowed which discharged into the estuary of the Fluvio-marine Crag. The probability of
such a thing is strengthened by the circumstance that the chalk disappears below the
water-line of the country immediately east of the Bramerton Crag Pit, and by the Lower
Eocene having been pierced at Yarmouth and found to extend to a depth of 526 feet
below the sea level.1

The specimens in question comprise —

1. CERITHIUM DERIVATUM, S. Wood. Figured in margin.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

Two specimens of this species were among the shells sent by Mr. Reeve. One of
these was so much worn and mutilated as to be recognisable with great difficulty, but
the other, which is that represented in the zincograph, is in tolerable condition ; for
though it has lost its apex, that is a thing not unfrequent with
fossils of this genus, even where no suspicion of derivation attaches
to them, and the surface is but little worn. It resembles the
representation given by Dr. Speyer of Ceritldum Descoudresi, from
the Upper Oligocene, ' Cassel Tert. Conch.,' Taf. xx, fig. 20, b ;
but his figure shows six distinct transverse or spiral lines, whereas
the Bramerton specimen shows but four on the lower, and not so cerithium derivat™, & Wood,
many on the upper whorls. With that distinction I have been enlarged \.

unable to refer the specimen to Dr. Speyer's species, but as the number of transverse
lines in this genus is not a constant character, it may, nevertheless, belong to it, and
further specimens would determine that question. I haye accordingly assigned to it
provisionally the above name in order to distinguish its derivative origin. The specimens
will be preserved in the Norwich Museum.

2. ODOSTOMIA ? DERIVATA, S. Wood. Figured in margin.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

Several specimens of this shell were among the quantity already mentioned as sent

1 Prestwich, in ' Quarterly Journal of the Geol. Soc./ vol. xvi, p. 450.

;

40 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

me by Mr. Reeve ; but all of them were in a more or less mutilated condition. One

of the best preserved of them is represented in the accompanying
zincograph.

The shell much resembles the figure of Action lavisulcatus of
Sandberger (Nos. 4 and 5 of Taf. xxxiii of Dr. Speyer's ' Cassel
Tert. Conch.'), a species of the Upper and Middle Oligocene of
Germany ; but as neither the apex nor the mouth of any of the
J Bramerton specimens are perfect, I do not feel sufficient confidence
in their identity to refer them to Sandberger's species, and have,
Wood therefore, given them under the above name provisionally. The
enlarged ¥. shading in the figure being effected by coarse lines gives the

erroneous idea of the shell being covered with fine vertical lines. It, however, possesses
only the strong horizontal or spiral striae shown in the figure.

Besides the above there was a single specimen of an Odostomia, which I am unable
to refer to any Crag species or to any living British form ; but it is too much worn for
me to venture to describe it as a new species. It is about an eighth of an inch in length,
and in its present state is free from striae. It is probably, like the foregoing, a derivative
from some older formation. There were also among the specimens fragments of the
hinge portion of a small bivalve resembling the figure of Siliquaria parva, Speyer (' Ober.
Oligocan Tert. Detmold,' p. 33, Taf. iv, fig. 2), but they are too imperfect for correct
recognition. There was also among them an imperfect specimen of a minute Actteon,
which, I think, may be perhaps A. Philippii, Koch and Wiechmann (Die oberoligoc. Fau.
des Sternberger Gesteins in Meckl./ Abth. s. 7, Taf. i, fig. 3 a — c, represented by Speyer in
Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1 — 3 of his work on the ' Cassel Tertiaries/) It resembles that species in
form ; and possessing four complete whorls, though only one eighth of an inch in length,
it can hardly be the young of either of the Crag species Noae and tornatilis. As, however,
I could not under a magnifyer detect the peculiar pitted marks which separate the
striations in A. Phittippii, I have not ventured so to assign it. Among the specimens
there was also one of Eissoa proximo,, Alder, which, though it has lost the upper whorls,
is otherwise well preserved, and on the authority of it I have introduced that name into
the Fluvio-rnarine Crag column of the synoptical list. These specimens also will be
preserved in the Norwich Museum.

41

BIVALVIA.

ANOMIA STRIATA, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 3 a— -f; Crag Moll., vol ii, p. 11,

Tab. II, fig. 3 ; 1st Sup., p. 100.

Diameter. If ths of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and near Orford.

In my figure and description of this shell in the * Crag. Moll./ above referred to, the
exterior only is represented. I now give, therefore, one of the interior of a specimen of
similar magnitude, and also a separate fig. (3 c), representing the thickened portion of
the lower valve, which resembles what I erroneously figured in ' Crag. Moll.' (vol. ii,
Tab. XXXI, fig. 24), as possibly the internal shell of Aplysia. The lower valve of
Anomia is very thin, except the ridge, which is represented in fig. 3 d, which, therefore,
is the only part of this valve usually found ; but fig. 3 e represents a perfect specimen of
this valve, showing the opening for the byssus close to the connecting ligament.

Fig 3 /represents a small specimen of the upper valve from the Coralline Crag of
Sutton, which shows that the shell in its young condition is perfectly free from striae,
these appearing when it is a little further advanced in life. This is the only specimen
out of many hundreds that I have obtained from the Cor. Crag in which this feature is
shown.

OSTREA UNGULATA, Nyst. 2nd Sup., Tab. V, fig. 7 a, 6; Crag Moll., vol. ii, Tab. II,

fig. 1 a.

OSTREA UNGULATA, Nyst., var. A. Coq. Foss. Belg., pl.xxxiv, fig. 1.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

I have here given another figure of the Ostrea occurring in the Coralline Crag, which
was in the ' Crag Mollusca ' referred by me to edulis, and of which a specimen
with the two valves united is represented in fig. 1 a of Tab II of vol. ii of that work. I

6

42 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

am now inclined to think that this form is so far distinct from the common edulis that it
should be separated from it. The O. edulis of our coasts has the lower valve always
more or less covered with imbricated radiations, of which the Cor. Crag shell is destitute,
or on which, at least, they are obsolete or nearly invisible. The common form of our
edible Oyster has not come under my observation, either from the Coralline or from the
Red Crag. Figs, a and 2 b of Tab. II, ' Crag. Moll.,' may possibly be the immature
state of O.princeps. Our edible Oyster is described in 'Brit. Conch.,' vol. ii, p. 38, as
having the " hinge-line narrow and nearly straight," " lateral edges (especially of the flat
valve) finely crenulated or notched on the upper part;" but the Cor. Crag shell is destitute
of these, and the depression left by the connector is greatly incurved; I have, in
consequence, had the outside of the lower valve, as well as the place of the connector
figured.

The Cor. Crag shell is very thick and ponderous ; and in that respect it resembles
the more southern form of edulis, which Lamark described as a species under the name
of Ostrea hippopus. It, however, corresponds better with the Oyster from the Antwerp
beds, which is figured by M. Nyst under the name ungulata, var. A.

M. Nyst says of this shell (p. 326 of his work), " La var. A est plus bombee. Les
sillons longitudinaux ont entitlement disparu sur les deux valves," but in his figure he
has represented these " sillons " (radiations) obsolete or obscure, like they are on our
Cor. Crag, shell. He gives the localities of 0. ungulata as Anvers and Bognor, but does
not specify the special locality for var A. The form in his pi. xxiv, fig. 1, is, however,
probably O. Bellovacina from Bognor, while var. A is presumably from Anvers ; and on
that assumption I have referred our Crag, shell to it, for it is certainly not the Eocene
Bellovacina.

In the ever recurring difficulty as to whether shells in the Red Crag belong to that
formation, or are only derivative in it, it is impossible to say whether this shell, of which
specimens have occurred in the Red Crag, belongs to the age of that Crag or not ; but I
have not met with the true form of the British 0. edulis in the Red Crag.

I do not think now that the shell figured in my first Supplement, Tab. VIII, as
Ostrea plicatula is the same as the shell here figured as ungulata.

MYTILUS EDULIS, var. GALLOPROVINCIALIS. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 9.

MYTILTJS GALLOPEOVINCIALIS, Lam. An. Sans. Vert., t. vii, p. 46.

— Phil. Moll. Sic., vol. ii, p. 53, t. vi, figs. 12, 13.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

The specimen of this peculiar form, above figured, has been obtained by Mr. Edward
Moore, of Woodbridge, from the Red Crag as above.

BIVALVIA. 43

MYTILUS EDULIS, var. UNGULATUS. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 9 b.
MYTILCS UNGULATUS, Linn. Syat. Nat., p. 1137.

Locality. Cor. Crag ? Boyton.

The present figure, ungulatus, represents a specimen obtained by Mr. Charlesworth,
now in the cabinet of Dr. Reed ; this is said to be from Boyton, and from the colour of
the specimen, it most probably came from the Lower or Cor. Crag of that locality.
These two very different forms of this genus, jrattoprovmcialis, and ungulates, are now
generally admitted to be only variations of our common edible mussel, and I have
introduced them to show that they lived in the Crag Sea. They were both figured by
Dr. Jeffreys in the 4 Mag. Nat. Hist/ for 1859, and at p. 10, ungulatus is there described
as an " unquestionably distinct species /' but in his later work, the Brit. Conch., they are
considered as varieties of edulis, in which opinion I coincide. Fig. 20, Tab. II, of
c Woodward's Geol. of Norfolk ' is another form of this variable species.

PECTUNCULTJS PILOSUS, var. INSUBRICUS. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 4 a, 6; Crag. Moll.,

vol ii, Tab. IX, fig. 1 d.

AKCA INSUBKICA, Broc. Conch. FOBS., sub. ap., p. 492, tav. xi, fig. 10 a, 6.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Ramsholt.

When figuring the shells of this genus in c Crag Mol., vol. ii, tab. ix, I gave a
representation (fig. 1 d] of what I considered as an elongated variety of P. glycimeris,
but this has since been given as a distinct species from the Crag, by Mr. A. Bell, as
P. insubricus. I have therefore now given a figure of its interior, and I am unable to
perceive any differences in this shell which justifies its separation from the general thick
solid form which has been called pilosus, beyond its slightly more elongated form, and
this may be connected with the more laterally extended form, common to pilosus, by
individuals partaking more or less of this elongated character. The recent shell called
P. violacescens, presents precisely the same form, with hinge and denticles the same.
Fig. 5 a of Tab. IV is one of the laterally extended forms of P. glycimeris, from the
Coralline Crag of Sutton, obtained by myself. Fig. 5 b is that of a specimen of my own
from the Cor. Crag of Sutton, which seems to agree with that figured by Brocchi,
' Conch. Fos. Sub-Ap,' p. 483, Tab. II, fig. 8, under the name of nummarius. Fig. 4 b
represents the inner lining of one of my specimens which separated itself; and as it
corresponds with a figure given by Phillippi, c En. Moll. Sic./ Vol. II, Tab. XVIII,
fig. 10 0, b, I thought it best to have it here figured.

44 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

NUCULA TURGENS, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. V, fig. 6 a, b.

Spec. CJiar. N. testa ovato-rotundatd, ventricosd, tumidd,partim l&vigatd et partim con-
centrice costulatd; margine dorsali et ventrali convexiusculd ; margine intus denticulatd.

Diameter f ths of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

A single specimen of the genus Nucula is among Dr. Reed's specimens, kindly sent to
me for examination, which I have here had represented ; it has attached to it the name
of N. nucleus ? var. I think, however, it cannot be referred to that species, which is
much less inflated, and comparatively longer. The two valves are closely united,
and cannot be separated without endangering the integrity of the specimen. The shell
to which it seems to approach the nearest, from its tumidity, is N. sphenoides, Edwards,
an Eocene species, but that shell differs in shape, being more angular and elongated.
Our shell may be described as small, roundedly triangular, and very tumid, margin
crenulated (the margins, though the valves are adherent, disclosing this). The exterior,
which has been much rubbed, is smooth on the part nearest the umbo, but deeply ridged
on the part nearest the margin, and these ridges do not appear to be the result of
decomposition. Mr. Hancock has figured and described a shell under the name of N.
inflata, 'Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist./ 1846, p. 333, pi. v, figs. 13, 14, and this, Mr.
Hanley says, in his 'Monog. of the Nuculidae ' (p. 34, figs. 115, 116) is the same as
N. tennis, Moller (as he Jaas determined from the examination of his specimen), but as this
latter has a smooth margin and is more transverse than our present shell I am not able
to refer the latter to it, and have therefore given to it provisionally a new name.

It may not improbably be a derivative specimen.

ARCA TETRAGONA, Poli. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 8 a, b ; Crag. Moll., vol. ii, p. 76,

Tab. X, fig. 1 ; 1st Sup. to do., p. 116.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

The specimen 8 b now figured is given merely because it is that upon which the name
of Area nodulosa, Mull., was introduced by Mr. A. Bell, into his list of Crag shells in the
* Proc. of the Geological Association/ vol. ii. It is now in the cabinet of Dr. Reed, and has
been sent to me by that gentleman with the proposed name of Arcapuella, A. Bell, attached.
I have had a small specimen of my own finding here also represented (fig. 8 a of Tab. VI),
which is very like it, and both, in my opinion, are specimens of A. tetragona, with coarser
ornament than usual.

BIVALVTA. 45

CHAMA GRYPHOIDES, Linn., var. GRYPHINA. 2nd Sup., Tab.V, fig.l a, b, c.
CHA.MA GRYPHOIDES, Linn. Crag. Moll., vol. ii, p. 162, tab. xv, fig, 8.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The specimen here represented is from Mr. Canham's collection. This I have referred
as above, believing it to be merely a reversed form produced by the adherence of the right
valve instead of the left. The present specimen is from the Red Crag, but probably only
so by derivation from the Coralline.

LUCINA CRASSIDENS, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. V, fig. 4 a, b.

Diameter, f-ths of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

This is from Dr. Reed's cabinet ; and it is in all probability a derivative from some
anterior formation. The specimen seems to be not only full grown, but probably an old
individual with a thickened interior. It has a prominent umbo, with a very broad and
thickened hinge area. I thought at first sight that it might have been a specimen of
Lucina uncinata, an Eocene species, which has an elevated dorsal margin, but that shell
is much larger when full grown, and it has not the broad hinge of our shell. The
present specimen is quite smooth on the exterior, but it has probably been much rolled
and abraded.

Another specimen of this genus, from the nodule workings in the Red Crag, which,
from having both valves adherent and filled with indurated material, is clearly also a
derivative, was given to me by Mr. Charlesworth many years ago, and this I believe to
be Lucina crassa from the Kimmeridge Clay.

LUCINOPSIS LAJONKAIRII, Payr, var. SUBOBLIQUA. Figured in margin.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

A single valve of this species was found by myself some time ago, which in the
outline differs so widely from all other specimens I have seen, that I have had it

46 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

represented. It is suborbicular or slightly oblique, subequilateral, and much flatter

than the ordinary form : the exterior is covered with the same
radiating fine striae, decussated by lines of growth, as are present
on the ordinary form, with which also its dentition is identical;
and it possesses the same impression or siphonal scar which is
characteristic of L. Lajonkairii. As the differences presented
by the present shell consist only in its greater flatness and

Lucinopsis Lajonkairii, Payr. different outline, I have regarded it as an accidental variety
var. subobiiqua, s. Wood, only ; but if a series should be obtained maintaining these

characters, they might be regarded as of specific value, and the above name, subobiiqua, then

be assigned specifically.

ASTARTE MUTABILIS, S. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 1.

ASTARTE MUTABILIS, S. Wood. Crag Moll., vol. ii, p. 179, tab. xvi, fig. I.

Diameter, 2 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, near Orford.

I have had the present specimen figured for its great size, showing the margin
without crenulations. This freedom from crenulation has always been considered by
myself a distinguishing mark denoting that the animal which formed the shell had not
arrived at maturity, and I can see no reason against such a supposition. This is as
large as the largest of any specimens I have of this species, and larger than many which
have the margin ornamented with crenulations. So far as I have studied the shells of
the genus Astarte, I have always found the young or immature specimens of a species,
that is decidedly crenulated when full grown, to be without that peculiarity.

In the plate of the "Arctic Shells/' in Sir E. Belcher's 'Arctic Voyage,' are the
figures of two species of Astarte. Eig. 7 a, 6, of Tab. XXXIII, is named and described
as new under the name of A. Rickardsoni. This is stated by Dr. Jeffreys, in ' Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist.' for 1877, p. 234, to be the same as A. crebricostata of Eorbes,
but unless the figure given in Belcher's work be erroneous, it seems to me to be the
common form of Astarte borealis, such as occurs in the East Anglian beds ; while
fig. 5 a, b, of the same Tab., called A. fabulat answers to the shell figured and described
from the Red Crag as A. crebrilirata, 'Crag Moll./ vol. ii, p. 184, tab. xvi, fig. 2, and
which would thus appear to be living in the Arctic seas.

B1VALVIA. 47

MACTRA PONDEROSA ? Stimpson. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 2.

MACTRA PONDEROSA, Stimpson. Shells of New England.

Dimensions, 2 inches by If.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

A specimen of Mactra has been sent to me by Dr. Reed, with the above name and
locality attached by (I believe) Mr. A. Bell. It is unknown to me either as recent or
fossil, but it deserves a representation. Its form and appearance much resemble a large
specimen of M. solida, and is different from M. solidissima (M. ovalis, Gould), ' Inv.
Massach.,5 p. 53, fig. 32, but it is not very far removed from it.

MACTRA ARCUATA, /. Sow. Crag Moll, vol. ii, p. 243, Tab. XXIII, fig. 5 ; 1st Sup.,

p. 155.

I omitted to point out in my first Supplement that this species belongs to a section of
the Mactrce, which the late Dr. J. E. Gray proposed to distinguish as a separate genus
under the name of Spisula, this section being distinguished by the possession of the
fimbriated mark or perpendicular striation on the lateral teeth, which forms part of the
diagnosis of this species given at p. 243 of the ' Crag Moll/ ; and that Mactra glauca, of
which arcuata is called a variety in the list which accompanies Mr. Prestwich's paper
on the Crag, belongs to the other section, viz. that which is destitute of this impression.

A fragment of a full-grown shell, showing the hinge with this fimbriated mark, and
which therefore seems to be one of M. arcuata, was obtained by my son from a band of
shell fragments at the top of the Middle Glacial sand, three or four feet below the over-
lying chalky clay, in a well at Bealings, near Woodbridge, this seam exactly corresponding
in position to that at Billockby and Hopton, from which the species given in my first
Supplement were obtained.

THRACIA PAPYRACEA, Poli. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 6 a, &.

THRACIA PHASEOLINA. Crag Moll., vol. ii, p. 259, tab. xxvi, fig. 2.

PAPYRACEA. 1st Sup. to do., p. 156.

Additional localities. Chillesford Bed, Sudbourn Church Walks ; Lower Glacial,
Belaugh.

Dr. Reed having sent to me a specimen with the name Thracia villosiuscula attached,

48 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

upon which that name as a variety of T. papyracea had been introduced into the list by
Mr. A. Bell in the 2nd vol. of the ' Proceedings of the Geol. Association,' I have had it
figured as above (6 b], and with it one of my own from the same locality, exhibiting
the ordinary form of papyracea (6 a).

T. vittosiuscula is considered both by Forbes and Hanley and by Dr. Jeffreys as a
variety of papyracea, as being more equilateral than the typical form of that species, but
the specimen sent me by Dr. Reed is rather less equilateral than the typical form. The
species itself is difficult of distinction from the young of T. pubescens.

I also possess a perfect specimen of this shell from the Lower Glacial sand ofBelaugh.

THRACIA VENTRICOSA, Phil. 2nd Sup., Tab. V, fig. 3 ; Crag Moll., vol. ii, p. 262,

Tab. XXVI, fig. 5 ; 1st Sup., p. 156.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

In the list of the Crag shells appended to Mr. Prestwich's paper, p. 141,
the one I called by the above name is said to be Thracia convexa, W. Wood, and I have
in consequence figured a specimen obtained by myself from the Cor. Crag of Ramsholt.
I thought, and still think, that the differences between the Crag shell and T. convexa
are sufficient for their being kept distinct, and the specimen now^ figured exhibits these
differences better than that figured in my original work; they consist in ventricosa
having a far greater length of the posterior part of the shell and a less tumidity of the
anterior. Indeed, the form of ventricosa is nearer to that of pubescens than it is to
convexa.

In this, as in many other similar cases of living species approaching the Crag form,
T. convexa may be the descendant of T. ventricosa, but if so the time which has elapsed
since the deposit of the Coralline Crag has been sufficient to produce those differences,
which, as I have pointed out in the concluding remarks of my first Supplement (p. 192),
I consider should justify us in designating species as distinct.

PHOLAS INTERMEDIA, 8. Wood. 2nd Sup., Tab. VI, fig. 7 ; Tab. V, fig. 2 a— c.

Dimensions. Length, 2 inches. Breadth of valve, 1-^ inch.

Localities. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave ; Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The specimen represented in Tab. V, fig. 2, is in the collection of Mr. Canham, now
in the Ipswich Museum, and was obtained from the phosphatic nodule pits at Waldring-
field. As the valves are held together by the Red Crag material within them,
I infer that the specimen died in the Red Crag, the material of which occupied the cavity

BIVALVIA. 49

as the animal decayed, though the valves are not precisely adherent as they are in life.
But for this I should have supposed it to have been a derivative from the Coralline Crag,
from which the smaller specimen shown in fig. 7 of Tab. VI was obtained. I at first
thought that it might be the same as the Pholas brevis from the Cor. Crag, of which I
was enabled to figure a fragment in my first Sup. (Tab. X, fig. 24) ; but the differences
are so great that I cannot regard the two as identical. Both shells, however, belong to
the true genus Pholas, and not to that section of it called Zirphea, which was proposed
as a separate genus by the late Dr. J. E. Gray ; and in which the rays are confined to
the anterior portion of the shell, and are bounded by a deep sulcus ; and to which
section P. crispata belongs.

The specimen, consisting of a single and smaller valve, which is represented in Tab. VI,
fig. 1, was sent to me by Dr. Reed, with the name of Pholas parva attached, as from
the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, but it seems so closely to resemble the large shell from
the Red Crag, represented in Tab. V, fig. 2, that I think it must be the younger state of
it. It differs from parva in being considerably shorter in proportion to its breadth, the
figure of that species from the Red Crag, given in the first Sup., Tab. X, being taken
from a specimen which had been somewhat distorted by confinement in the crypt, and I
have not seen that species in the Coralline Crag. I think it possible that the small
specimen represented in fig. 245 of Tab. X of my first Supplement, may be a still
younger state of our present shell instead of, as supposed in that Supplement, the young
of the shell represented in fig. 240 of the same plate (and which I retain as Pholas brevis},
as it has a similar deep opening for the foot ; but a good series is required for a satis-
factory determination of that question.

Pholas dactylus, Linn., has been given as a species from the Red Crag in Mr.
Prestwich's paper ' Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc./ vol. xxvii, p. 485, and by Mr. Bell in his
paper on the English Crags, ' Proc. Geol. Assoc./ vol. ii, No. 5, p. 26, from the " Middle
(or Oldest Red) Crag." I have procured from Dr. Reed the specimen upon which this
identification was based, and which has the locality of Walton Naze marked upon it,
and to set the subject at rest I have had it represented in fig. 5 of Tab. V. The
specimen exhibits unequivocally those characteristics which I have pointed out at p. 295
of the second volume of the ' Crag Mollusca ' as distinguishing cylindrica from dactylus,
and there can be no question of its being the common Walton species, Ph. cylindrica,
J. Sow. In the list1 given in the lately published memoir of the ' Geol. Survey,' for half
sheet No. 48, this species is introduced, but this is probably only by adoption from the

1 There are some errors in this list, even as regards Walton ; but that part of it which refers to
Beaumont (and which I presume is merely a repetition of the late Mr. John Brown's list of shells
obtained from that locality) is, in my opinion, quite untrustworthy. Pyrula uniplicata, Duj., given in the
memoir list, is probably a clerical error for some other shell, possibly Pyramidella unisulcata, which in
Mr. Prestwich's Coralline Crag list is regarded as identical with P. laviuscula, but which I do not
consider to exist in any part of the Crag. There is also a clerical error in respect of that shell in Mr.
Frestwich's Red Crag list.

50 SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

list in Mr. Prestwich's paper, in which the name was introduced from the specimen of
cylindrica now under consideration. Pholas lata is also given in the same memoir as
from Beaumont, but I do not know such a species unless it be Pholas crispata, to
which shell the name of lata was given by Lister (see the synonyms of that shell in vol. ii
of 'Crag. Moll./ p. 296).

Venus dysera, Brocchi, and Venus fasdata, Dacosta, are given by Mr. A. Bell
from the Cor. Crag, but I believe the former of these to be the young state of Venus
imbricata, a specimen of which I had represented in ' Crag Moll.,' vol. ii, Tab. XIX,
fig. 3 b. This may possibly be, in the young condition, undistinguishable from
V. fasdata, but I have not yet seen any specimen from the Cor. Crag that could be
pronounced positively as identical with that species. The young of many proximate but
distinct species so closely resemble each other as to be incapable, in that state, of separa-
tion, the specific distinction ouly appearing as the animal advances in growth. I cannot
therefore admit dysera into my list at all, nor fasdata into it as a Cor. Crag shell.

'

UNIVERSITY
*P/r

51

BRACHIOPODA.

DR. JEFFREYS has recently described several species of Brachiopoda that were
obtained by the deep-sea dredginga during the expeditions of H.M.S. "Lightning"
and " Porcupine," and he has figured them in the e Proceedings of the Zool. Soc./
April 16th, 1878. One of these species, to which he has given the name of Terelratda
trigona, Plate xxii, fig. 3, very strongly resembles a small specimen that I found in the
Cor. Crag of Sutton, and which is figured in my first Supplement, Tab. xi, fig. 3 c,
and there considered as a young or small variety of Terebratulina caput serpentis, and I
am disposed to think that if the crag fossil could be compared with the recent shell they
might perhaps be specifically united. I cannot say if there be any difference in the form
of the loop in my specimen, as I am unable to separate the valves of the only one at
present known to me. I have also figured another specimen from the Cor. Crag in the
same plate (fig. 3 d) as caput serpentis, but this is so abnormal that when more and
similar specimens are found it may be perhaps entitled to specific distinction, and be
called anceps. At p. 169 of my first Supplement I have pointed out that the beak of
this latter shell has the form of that possessed by Rhynconetta, In the ' Quarterly
Journ. of the Geol. Society/ vol. xxvii, p. 137, Dr. Jeffreys says that the Discina from
the Cor. Crag is the same species as Discina Atlantica, King ; possibly this may be so,
but, as in the case of the above Terebratulina, better evidence than we at present possess
will be necessary for the correct determination of the question. The only two specimens
of the Crag Discina that I know, or have heard of, were found by myself, and these are
both upper valves. One of them is that figured by Mr. Davidson in 1852, also in Tab.
XI of my first Supplement, and is in the collection of Crag Mollusca which I gave to the
British Museum, and this is not perfect. The other (which is in my own cabinet) I
found subsequently, and in this the characters are obscured by the shell being covered
with a mass of Cellepora.

52

MEMORANDUM.

THE following species, all contained in my original synoptical list, have also
since occurred in beds represented in its columns beyond what is there shown.

IN THE RED CEAG OF SUTTON AND BUTLET. — Nassa conglobata. A solitary specimen
found at Walton thirty-five years ago by Mr. Charlesworth, and in my collection in
the British Museum, was the only instance of this shell known to me until lately.
In Mr. Canham's collection, however, I observed a specimen from the Red Crag of
Sutton ; and it seems to me, therefore, that although it has not yet occurred in the
Coralline Crag, this shell is properly a species of that Crag, and not of the Eed,
and is only present in the latter (albeit that it has occurred at Walton) by
derivation from the Coralline.

IN THE CHILLESFOED BEDS. — Cardita corbis and Abra prismatica. Mr. Dowson
informs me that he has found several specimens of these shells at Aldeby.

IN THE LOWEE GLACIAL. — From a fossiliferous seam in the pebbly sands near
Southwold Mr. Crowfoot has obtained several of the species given in my original
list from these sands in Norfolk, and in addition Cerithium tricinctum, Melampus
(Conovulus) pyramidalis, and Donax vittatus. Perfect specimens also of the latter
from Belaugh and Weybourn are in my cabinet. An imperfect specimen of
Gardium in my cabinet from Belaugh seems referable to Cardium Islandicum,
but no reliance can be placed upon such fragments, either in this or other beds, for
specific determination. Similarly, the fragments upon which the name of C. Grcen-
landicum is inserted in the list of shells given by Mr. C. Reid from these sands
where they underlie the Till along the Cromer coast (in the ' Geological Magazine '
for July, 1877), are equally unreliable, and might be referred to more than one
large species of Cardium. Whether Islandicum or Groenlandicum, the Belaugh
and Cromer fragments are probably those of the same species only, and would
answer as well for the one as for the other of these shells. Mr. Crowfoot also

MEMORANDUM. 53

gives the name Grcenlandicum among those of the species obtained by him from
the pebbly sands at Southwold. Astarte sulcata, Ostrea edulis, and Pleurotoma
turricula are also given by Mr. C. Reid as having been found by him in these sands
on the Cromer coast.

IN THE MIDDLE GLACIAL. — ffydrobia ulvce. A specimen of this shell was found by
Mr. Harmer at Lound, near Yarmouth, in association with some of the commoner
species of this deposit.

IN THE MARCH GRAVEL. — Tellina lata. A small specimen of this shell from March
is in the Cambridge Museum. Mr. Harmer has found the freshwater shell, Cyrena
fluminalis, in numbers in this gravel, associated with Gardium edulis and other
marine shells; an asociation corresponding to that which occurs in the Hessle
gravel at Kelsea Hill in Yorkshire.

54

ADDITION TO THE SYNOPTICAL LIST GIVEN AT PAGE 203 OF FIRST
SUPPLEMENT TO " THE CRAG MOLLUSCA."

Species and varieties new to the Synoptical List are in Koman letters. Species already in the Synoptical List are in
italics, and are only inserted to indicate their occurrence in some one or other of the formations, referred to in the separate
columns, beyond what is specified in the original list. Such of the latter as are marked f are given in the Lower Glacial
column, on the authority only of Mr. C. Keid's paper, on the " Cromer Pliocene," in the ' Geological Magazine ' for July,
1877.

Page
iu
2nd
Supp.

bo

2
o

d Crag, Walton.

13 «

roticularia Crag.

.ivio-marine Crag.

illesford Beds.

wer Glacial.

ddle Glacial.

per Glacial.

st Glacial, Kelsey.

st Glacial, March.

st Glacial, Hun-
stanton.

st Glacial, Nar
Brickearth.

n
'3
*c

60

a

C3
t-t

boS

a

ring, elsewhere.

5

3

5

co

&

t>

,3

S

p

PH

OH

OH

SH

a

a

3

4

Columbella sulculata, S. Wood

X

2

Nassa prismatica, Broc

X

X

x

4

— incrassata, Mull., var. ~[

X

4

tumida. J
— angulata ? Sroc

X

52

— conglobata, Broc

X

3

— microstoma, S. Wood ^
(N. prismatica, var. >

X

X

X

2

limata). )
Succinum Dalei ? J. Sow., "1

X

1

var. distorta. J
— «wda£wjw,Linn.,var.distorta

X

— — \Ki.tenerum

1

— nudum, S. Wood

X

2

X

13

Murex Reedii, S. Wood

X

15

— recticanalis, S. Wood

X

15

— Crowfootii, S. Wood

X

14

— pseudo Nystii, S. Wood...

16

Ranella ? Anglica, A. Sell

X

15

Triton connectens ? S. Wood . . .

X

9

Fusus Waelii, Nyst

X

11

— obscurus, S. Wood

X

12

— nodifer, A. Sell

X

11

— ? exacutus, S. Wood

X

6

Trophon(Sipho)Islandicus, Gmel.

X

y.

X

7

— ( — ) gracilis, Da Costa...

X

X

6

— ( — ) tortuosus, L. Meeve

X

X

7

— ( — ) Olavii, Seek

X

9

— Krbyeri, Moll

X

8

— pseudo Turtoni, S. Wood

X

16

Pleurotoma Morreni, De Konink

X

18

— teres, Forbes

X

18

— gracilicostata, S. Wood...

X

17

— curtistorna, A. Sell

X

21

— pannus, Sast

20

— senilis, S. Wood

X

20

— catenata, A. Sell

f — turricula, Mont

2?,

Cancellaria (Admete)Avara ?Say

X

22

— crassistriata, A. Sell

39

Cerithiuin derivatum, 8. Wood

X

23

— Greenii ? Adams

X

X

52

— tricinetum. Broc

27

Turritella Taurinensis, Mich....

27

— incrassata, var. acutan- "1

X

27

gula ? Broc. J
— — var.subangulata,Broc

X

25

Scalaria torulosa, Sroc

X

26

— geniculata ? Sroc

X

REMARKS.

C Derivative in Red Crag of Sut-
ton; possibly derivative also
(. at Walton.

:S. Greenlandicum, Chem. sec,
Jeffreys Ann. and Mag. Nat,
Hist., 1876, p. 323.

Derivative.

Derivative in Red Crag.

Derivative.

:Trop7ion Norwegians of the
synoptical list.
Derivative at Waldringfield.

Derivative.

Possibly the same as pannus.

Derivative.
Derivative.

Derivative.

SYNOPTICAL LIST.

55

ape
in
iid
upp.

bi
0

1

Red Crag, Walton.

1

I|

*-.

Scrobicularia Crag.

6C
C

o

I

o

Chillesford Beds.

Lower Glacial.

Middle Glacial.

Upper Glacial.

Post Glacial, Kelsey.

Post Glacial, March.

Post Glacial, Hun-
stanton.

Post Glacial, Nar
Brickearth.

a

PQ

bo
c

^ 0.

a

£

60

fl

REMARKS.

M

Chemnitzia senistriata, S.Wood

X

24.

— internodula, S. Wood, 1

SO

var. ligata. J
Odostomia derivata, S. Wood .

Derivative.

?8

9<)

77

— Naumanni ? von Kbnen. . .

98

Derivative ?

oq

X

X

X

— costulata, Alder

X

X

X

40

35

X

SO

Hydrobia obtusa, Sandberger..,

53

In the middle glacial of Lound.

33

p

?

! Doubtful whether from the Cor.
Crag or from the Red of

30

Natica (Amauropsis) Japo- "1

X

Butley, &c.

31

nica ? A. Adams. J

X

32

— helicina var helicifor- "J_

X

31

mis, S. Wood J
— Groenlandica, Beck, "1

34

var. declivis. J
Adeorbis ? naticoides, S. Wood

X

A very doubtful species.

38

Melampusfusiformis,£7FoocZ, 1

Derivative ?

52

var. elongatus. J

f Rackheath ; Southwold ; and,

41

BIVALVIA.

\ according to Mr. Reid, Runt on.

53

f — edulis, Linn

43

Mytilus edulis, var. ungulatus. . .

4?,

— — var. galloprovincialis

43

Pectunculus pilosus, var. in- 1

x

43

subricus, Broc. J
— var. nummarius, Broc. ...

44.

Nucula turgens, S. Wood

Derivative ?

45

Lucina crassidens, S. Wood ...

Derivative.

45

Lucinopsis Lajonkairii,T?ayr., ~[

X

45

var. subobliqua. J
Chama grypkoides, Linn., \

Derivative in Red Crag.

(a

var. gryphina. J

X

Aldeby.

52

Cardium Islandicum ? Linn. . . .

53

^Astarte sulcata, Da Costa

X

5?,

Donax vittatus, Da Costa ... "I

TBelaugh and Weybourne; also,
•s according to Mr. C. Reid, from

53

(anatinus. P. & H.) J

[_ Runton.
{A specimen from the March
gravel in th« Cambridge Mu-

52

Abra prismatica, Mont

X

seum.
Several specimens from Aldeby.

47

Mactra ponderosa ? Stimpson. .

47

• arcuata, J. Sow

47

Thracia papyracea, Poli

Perfect from Belaugh.

48

Pholas intermedia, S. Wood.

The following species should be omitted from the Synoptical List altogether, viz. TropTion Norvegicus, see p. 7 ; Pleuro-
toma violacea, see p. 20 ; and Pholas dactylus, see p. 49 ; and from the Coralline and Red Crag columns of the list, Ostrea
edulis, see p. 42.

INDEX

TO THE

SECOND SUPPLEMENT OF THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

PAGE

Actaeon Philippii ? Koch 40

Adeorbis ? naticoides, S. Wood 34

Amaura Candida, Moller 33

„ hesterna, S. Wood 33

Anomia striata ? Brocchi 41

Area tetragona, Poll 44

,, „ var. puella, A. Bell 44

Astarte/a&M/a, Belcher 46

„ mutabilis, S. Wood 46

,, Richdrdsoni, Belcher 46

Assiminia Grayana ? Leach 35

Borsonia prima, A. Bell 21

Brachiopoda 51

Buccinum Dalei, J. Sowerby 1

„ declive, S. Wood 2

„ nudum, S. Wood 1

,, pseudo-Dalei, S. Wood 1

„ undatum ? 1

Bulimus lubricus, Muller 38

Cancellaria avara ? Say ... 22

„ crassistriata, A. Bell 22

Cerithium derivatum, /S1. Wood 39

,, Descoudresi, Speyer 39

„ Greenii ? Adams 23

„ Reeveiy S. Wood 23

„ variculosum, Nyst 23

Chama gryphoides, Linn 45

Chemnitzia internodula? S. Wood 24

„ senistriata, S. Wood 24

Columbella sulcata, J. Sow 5

„ sulculata S. Wood , 4

Discina Atlantica? King... 51

PAGE

Eulima Hebe, Semper 28

„ Naumanni, Von Konen 27

„ robusta, A. Bell 28

Fusus antiquus, Linn 12

„ crispus, Broc 10

„ despectus, Linn 12

„ elegans, Charleaworth 12

„ esacutus, <S. Wood 11

„ nodifer, A. Bell 12

„ obscurus, S. Wood 11

„ sexcostatus, Beyr 10

„ Waelii, Nyst 9

Hydrobia obtusa, Sandberger 30

Lachesis Anglica, A. Bell 5

Limnsea auricularia, Linn 36

,, palustris, Muller 37

„ peregra, Muller 37

Lucina crassa, J. Sow 45

„ crassidens, S. Wood 45

„ uncinata, Defr 45

Lucinopsis Lajonkairii, Payr 46

Mactra ponderosa ? Stimpson 47

Margarita helidna, Fabr 36

Melampus fusiformis, S. Wood 38

Murex Crowfootii, S. Wood 15

,, Haidingeri, Homes 14

,, pseudo-Nystii, S. Wood 14

,, recticanalis, S. Wood 15

„ Reedii, S. Wood 13

„ tortuosus, J. Sowerby 13

Mytilus edulis, var. ungulatus 43

„ „ var. galloprovincialis 42

58

SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

PAGE

Natica Groenlandica ? var. declivis 31

„ heliciformis, S. Wood 33

„ Japonica? A Adams 30

„ triseriata ? Say 31

Nassa angulata ? Brocchi 4

„ consdciata, S. Wood 4

„ elegans, Dujardin 3

,, incrassata, var. turnida 4

,, microstoma, S. Wood 3

„ prisraatica, Brocchi 2

Nucula turgens, S. Wood 44

Ostrea hippopus, Lam 42

„ ungulata, Nyst 41

Odostomia derivata, S. Wood 39

Pectunculus insubricus 43

Pholas dactylus, Linn 49

,, intermedia, S. Wood 48

„ lata 49

,, parva 49

Pleurotoma Arctica ? Adams 20

,, eaten ata, A. Bell 20

„ coronata, Bellardi 19

„ curtistoma, A. Sell 17

„ gracilicosta, S. Wood 18

,, Hosiusii, Von Konen 19

,, Icenorum, S. Wood 19

„ intorta, Brocchi 17

„ Icevigata, Phil 22

„ Morreni, De Konninck 16

,, pannus, Basterot 21

„ senilis, S. Wood 20

„ teres ? Forbes 18

„ umbilicata, A. Bell 19

PAGE

Pupa edentula, Drop 37

Purpura lapillus, Linn 5

Pyrgiscus Leunissii, Phil 25

Pyrula uniplicata 49

Ranella? Anglica, A. Bell 16

Rissoa costellata, Alder 29

„ parva, Da Costa 29

„ reticulata, Mont 30

Scalaria fimbriosa, S. Wood 25

„ geniculata? Broc 26

„ torulosa, Broc 25

Terebratula anceps, S. Wood 51

„ trigonal Jeff. 51

Thracia papyracea, Poli 47

„ ventricosa, Phil 48

„ villosiuscula, McGill. 48

Triton connectens, S. Wood 15

Trochus ziziphinus, Linn 35

Trophon altus, /S. Wood 8

„ Islandicus, Chem 6

„ Kro'yeri ? Holler 9

„ pseudo-Turtoni, S. Wood 8

„ tortuosus, L. Reeve 6

Turritella incrassata, J. Sow * 27

„ „ var. acutangula 27

„ „ ,, subangulata 27

„ penepolaris, S. Wood 26

„ Taurinensis? Mich 27

Venus dysera, Broc ; 50

„ fasciata, Da Costa 50

Valvata crietata, Muller 36

„ piscinalis, Muller ;. 36

PLATE I.

Names of the shells.

PAGE

FIG.

1, #, b. JBuccinum nudum ... 1

2, a, b. Dalei ? (dis-

torted) 2

3, Columbetta? (Astyris) sul-

culata 4

4, Nassa microstoma ... 3

5, a, b. Buccinum nndatum ? (dis-

torted) 1

6, Nassa prismatica ... 2

7, a, b. Murex recticanalis . 15

8, #, b. — pseudo-Nystii . . 14

9, a, b. — Reedii . . . . 13

10, a, b, c. Fusus Waelii . A. . . 9

1 1 . Trophon altus .... 8

12, a, b. Fusus obscurus . . . .11

13. Purpura lapittus ... 5

14, a, b. Triton connectens? . 15

15. Murex Crowfootii ... 15

Localities from which the specimens figured
were obtained.

Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Shottisham.
Cor. Crag ? Boy ton.

Red Crag, Butley.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag ? Boy ton.
Cor. Crag? Boyton.
Cor. Crag ? Boyton.
Red Crag, Butley.
Cor. Crag 1 Boyton.
Fluvio-marine, Bramerton.
Red Crag, Waldringfield.
Cor. Crag ? Boyton.

7t>

9a

/A/

PLATE II.

FIG.

1.

2, a.

2, 3.

3, a.
3,3.
4.
5.

6, a, b.

7, a, b.
8.

9, a, b.
10, a, 3.
11.

12.
13.
14.

15.
16.

17.

18.
19.
20.

Names of the shells.

Trophon pseudo-Turtoni
— tortuosus

Localities from which the specimens figured
were obtained.

— — var.

— Islandicus . . .

— gracilis ....

— propinquus . . .
Pleurotoma Morreni

teres . . .

— gracilicostata .

— curtistoma ?
Buccinum declive
Chemnitzia internodula var.

ligata

Scalaria torulosa
Turritetta (Mesalia) pene-

polaris

Cerithium variculosum .
Turriletta incrassata, var.

acutangulata ....
Turritetta incrassata, var.

subangulata .
Fusus ? eccacutus
Turritetta Taurinensis?
Chemnitzia senistriata .

PAGE

8 Red Crag, Waldringfield.

6 Red Crag, Waldringfield.

6 Red Crag, Sutton.

6 Red Crag, Sutton.

6 A recent specimen.

7 Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
7 Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

16 Red Crag, Waldringfield.
18 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

18 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

17 Cor. Crag? Gedgrave.
2 Cor. Crag? Boyton.

24 Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.

24 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

25 Cor. Crag? Boyton.

26 Cor. Crag? Boyton.

23 Red Crag, Walton Naze.

27 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

27 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

11 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

27 Red Crag, Sutton (derived),

24 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

(7 n

PLATE III.

FIG. Names of the shells.

1. Borsonia? . . . .

2 a, b. Pleurotoma senilis

3. Ranella Anglica .

4 a, b. Fusus nodifer ....

5. Pleurotoma calenata . .

6. — pannm .

7 a, b. Natica heliciformis

8 a, b. Pleurotoma Icenorum . .
9.* Tropkon Kroyeri?

lO.f Columbella sulcata (de-

formed) ....

11 a, b. Natica (Amauropsis) Ja-
ponica

12, a, b. Natica Grcenlandica ?
var. declivis

13 a — c. Adeorbis ? naticoides .

14 a, b. Natica triseriata ? . . .
15. Melampus fusiformis, var.

elongatus

16 a, b. Cancellaria crassistriata

17 a, b. Scalaria fimbriosa . . .
18. Assiminea Gray ana ? . .

PAGE

Localities from which the specimens figured
were obtained.

21 Red

20 Red

16 Red

12 Red

20 Cor.

21 Cor.
32 Cor.
19 Cor.

9 Red

Crag, Waldringfield.

Crag, Sutton.

Crag, Waldringfield (derived?).

Crag, Waldringfield (derived ?).

Crag, Gedgrave.

Crag, near Orford.

Crag, Gedgrave.

Crag, near Orford.

Crag, Shottisham.

5 Red Crag, Walton Naze.

30 Red Crag, Butley.

31 Red Crag, Butley.
34 Cor. Crag, Sutton.
31 Red Crag, Butley.

38 Red Crag, Waldringfield.

22 Red Crag, Waldringfield (derived?),

25 Cor. Crag, near Orford.

35 Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

* Referred to at p. 9 as Tab. Ill, .fig. 8.
t Eeferred to at p. 5 as Tab. Ill, fig. 11.

2? SuppHTab

lieu

18 b

Was

16 b

G.J3 Si wet

PLATE IV.

FIG.

1.

2, a, b.

3, a.
b.

4.
5.
6.

7.

8, a—b.

9.

10.
11.
12.

13, a—b.

14.

15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

Names of the shells.

TropJion pseudo-Turtoni .

Limn&a palmtris .
— auricularia .

Figure of a recent specimen
by mistake of the en-
graver ......

Limnaa peregra .

Cancellaria avara ?

Pupa edentula ....

Hydrobia obtusa
Falvata cristata .
— piscinalis
quo)

BuUmus lubricus .

ScaJaria geniculata ?

Nassa granulata,

PAGE

8

37
36

Localities from which the specimens figured
were obtained.

(anti-

var.

nana

37
30

36

— consociata

— angulata ?
incrassata, var.

tumida ... 4

Cerithium Greenii? . . 23

Eulima robusta ... 28

— Hebe .... 28

Rissoa reticulata ... 30

Trockm ziziphinus, var. . 34

Rissoa parva .... 29

Eulima Naumanni ? . . 27

Rissoa costulata 29

Red Crag, Waldringfield.
Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.
Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.

37 Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.
Red Crag, Waldringfield.
Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.
Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.
Eluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.

36 Fluv.-mar. Crag, Bramerton.
38 Red Crag, Butley.
26 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

4 Red Crag, Sutton.

4 Red Crag, Waldringfield.

4 Red Crag ? Boyton.

Red Crag, Butley.
Chillesford bed, Bramerton.
Red Crag, Waldringfield.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Cor. Crag, Sutton.

OCL-

II

10

I

//

PLATE V.

FIG.

Names of the shells.

PAGE

1, a — c. Chama gryphoides, var.

gryphina .... 45

2, a — <?. Pholas intermedia ... 48

3, Thracia ventricosa ... 48

4, a — b. Lucina crassidens ... 45

5, Pholas cylindrica ... 49

6, a, b. Nucula turgens .... 44

7, a. Ostrea ungulata (outside

lower valve) .... 41
7, b. (inside

upper valve) .... 41

Localities from which the specimens figured
were obtained.

Red Crag, Waldringfield (derived).

Red Crag, Waldringfield.

Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

Red Crag, Waldringfield? (derived).

Red Crag, Walton Naze. Specimen to which

the name of dactylus was assigned.
Red Crag, Waldringfield ? (derived).

Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.
Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

The inside view of this oyster, not having been reversed by the Engraver, fig. 7 b
presents an erroneous appearance, inasmuch as that the umbo of the valve should turn
to the right instead of the left. Viewed by reflection in a mirror the representation will
be found correct.

PLATE VI.

FIG. Names of the shells.

1. Aslarte mutabilis ....

2. Mactra ponder osa ....

3 a. Anomia striata (upper valve)
b. — (inside of

upper valve) ....

d. — (thickened
portion of lower valve) .

e. — (lower valve
with opening) . . .

f. — • (upper valve
showing early part plain,
afterwards striated) . .

4 a. Pectunculus pilosus, var. in-

subricus) . . . .
b. Inside lining of ditto . . .

5 a. Pectunculus glycimeris .

b. var.
nummarius

6 a. Thracia papyracea }\w . (villo-

siuscula ?)

b. juv. . .

7. P kolas intermedia . . . .
8 a. Area tetragona ....

b. — —

9 a. Mytilus edulis, var. gallo-

provincialis

b. — var. ungu-

latus

PAGE

Localities from which the specimens figured
were obtained,

46 Cor. Crag, near Orford.

47 Red Crag, Waldringfield.
41 Cor. Crag, near Orford.

41 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

41 Cor. Crag, near Orford.

41 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

41 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

43 Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

43 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

43 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

43 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

47 Chillesford bed at Sudbourn Church Walks.

47 Chillesford bed at Sudbourn Church Walks.

48 Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

44 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

44 Cor. Crag, Sutton. The specimen to which
the names A.puetta and A. nodulosa have
been assigned.

42 Red Crag, Sutton.

43 Cor. Crag ? Boyton.

B . Si'U'C

THIRD SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

CRAG MOLLUSCA,

COMPRISING

BY THE LATE

SEARLES V. WOOD, F.G.S.

EDITED BY HIS SON SEAELES V. WOOD, F.G.S.

PREFACE; PAGES 1—24; PLATE I.

UNIVALVES AND BIVALVES.

LONDON:

PKINTED FOB THE PAL^EONTOGKAPHICAL SOCIETY.

1882.

PEINTBD BY
J. E. ADLARD, BAETHOLOMEW CLOSE.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOE.

MY late father had at the time of his death (which took place on Oct. 26th, 1880
collected some materials and written the text for a further short Supplement to his
original work on the " Crag Mollusca." These materials and text consisted of the
descriptions here given, and also of those of the remains of certain vermiform mollusca
which he had got together from the Coralline and Red Crag beds. The latter, however,
were not left by him in such a form as would allow me to give his views without risk
of misrepresentation ; and as I know, moreover, that in respect of one at least of these
forms he was in great doubt to the last, whether it belonged to the Molluscous sub-
kingdom at all, I have thought it best to suppress that portion of his notes, and to
give only the portion which relates to the Gasteropoda and Bivalvia ; as to which I well
know what his ideas were. This part forms but an insignificant addition to the pre-
ceding portions of his work, and comprises for the most part only shells that have got
into the Red Crag beds by derivation from older formations ; but as all such shells
must be considered, and eliminated from the evidence which is obtainable to show of
what the molluscan Fauna of that part of the North Sea which washed the shore of
East Anglia at the time of the Red Crag really consisted, their description and repre-
sentation by figure, as my father intended, appear to me to form a proper sequel to his
work.

The text which is not comprised by brackets is that left by my father. The text
within brackets (with the exception of the description of Margarita crassi-striata, and
of the bed at Boyton from which that shell was obtained, which is by Mr. Robert Bell,
is by myself.

THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

GASTEROPODA.

ROSTELLARIA? GRACiLENTA, S. Wood. 3rd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 1.

Axis, 1 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Felixstowe.

Many years ago I found a few specimens in the Red Crag at Sutton, to which I gave
the provisional name of Rostettaria plurimacosta in my original Catalogue in ' Mag. Nat.
Hist./ September, 1842, p. 543. Not finding any of the like form and character in
better preservation I, in the first supplement (1872) to my work on the ' Crag Mollusca '
(p. 5, Tab. II, fig. 14), gave a figure with the best information I possessed respecting
the few specimens in my own cabinet, and referred them (doubtfully) to a well-known
Eocene species R. lucida, J. Sow.

In my recent researches at Eelixstowe I have obtained three or four more specimens
of this shell, though in a more mutilated condition. With these I have found some other
mutilated specimens, the best of which I have here had figured. This resembles in its
ornamentation the Eocene species lucida, which is from the upper part of the London
Clay (' Min. Con.,' Tab. 91), but it differs in other respects, as it is much more slender,
more elongated, and possesses larger and fewer costulae. Unfortunately the mouth
or aperture is imperfect so that the genus cannot with certainty be determined. I,
however, propose for it provisionally the name above. It is undoubtedly an immature
specimen, with its outer lip sharp as it would naturally be in a young and growing
shell.

In the Ipswich Museum there is a mass of material, nearly two feet across and about
three inches in thickness, found in the nodule bed at the base of the Red Crag at
Waldringfield, and on the upper surface are a large number of specimens of a vermiform
shell identical with what has been figured in ' Min. Conch./ Tab. 596, figs. 1 — 3, as
Vermetus Bognoriensis, and with them are several specimens, but in a mutilated
condition, of what may be referred to Rostettaria lucida, as also some specimens resem-
bling my present shell in a similar condition to my own above figured. There can

1

2 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

therefore, I think, be little doubt but that the shell now figured is like the true lucida, a
London Clay species, and has got into the Crag by derivation from that formation ; for
the shell figured by Sowerby in Dixon's ' Geology of Sussex,' Tab. V, fig. 21, from the
Bracklesham beds as R. lucida, differs from that originally figured by him under this
name in ' Min. Con.' (and which was from the London Clay of Highgate), and, in my
opinion, is specifically distinct from it, as it possesses more numerous and sharp ribs or
costulae, and is more regularly striated in a spiral direction, the striations covering the
entire surface.

TROPHON ANTIQUUS, var. DESPECTUS. 3rd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 9.

MUREX DESPECTUS, Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, p. 1222, 1766.

Fusus — Lam. An. sans Vert., 2nd ed., torn, ix, p. 448, 1843.

Fleming. Brit. Anim., p. 349, ISVS.
TEITONIUM DESPECTUM var. ANTIQUATA, Middendorf. Maikop., p. 135, 1849.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

In the first portion of my work I have given many of the extreme forms of this
variable species, but there is no figure representing the front or opening of the present
variety ; and as the above name of despectus has been several times given as a distinct
species from the Red Crag I have thought it necessary to represent a shell here which
resembles the recent form of that name. This was introduced as a distinct Crag species
by the late Sir Cbas. Lyell in a list accompanying a paper by him, and published in the
' Mag. Nat. Hist/ in 1839, p. 329; by the late Edward Forbes, also, in his Memoir in
the ' Geol. Survey,' 1846, p. 426, and in the list by Professor Prestwich in 'Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc./ vol. xxvii, p. 488. I think it therefore incumbent on me to give the
accompanying figure of this variety, for such only do I conceive it to be. I will, there-
fore, refer to Plate V of my first volume, and assign the figures therein as the following
varieties of this species according to my view, viz. Fusus decemcostatus, Gould, ' Invert.
Massach./ is represented in it by fig. 1 a; Fusus carinatus, Lam., by fig. 1 b ; Fusus
striatus, Sow., by fig. 1 c; Fusus contrarius, Phil, and Nyst, by figs. 1 d — k.

There are some other varieties, I believe, in the Crag of which I have not been able
to obtain specimens for representation. Fusus tornatus, Gould, is, I believe, only a
variety of T. antiquus, and the shell figured in the ' Ency. Method.' with wavy ridges,
' pi. 426, fig. 4, is another variety, and this I am told has been found in the Red Crag,
but I have not been able to see a specimen or I would have had it figured. Brown, in
his ' Illustr. Brit. Conch./ pi. 47, figs. 10 and 13, has figured this shell with wavy
ridges, and calls it Fusus subantiquatus, but says, " I have great doubts of this being

GASTEROPODA. 3

a British shell." This undulation is produced by a sinuated form of the outer lip, and
is probably a distortion, and if so the specimens are not likely to be very numerous.

TROPHON MURICATUS, Mont. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 50, and 1st Sup., p. 28.

TROPHON MURICATUS var. EXOSSUS. 3rd Supplement, tab. i, fig. 3, 1882.

Locality. Red Crag, Felixstowe.

The specimen figured as above was recently found by me, and though in excellent
preservation is quite destitute of the longitudinal ribs present in the ordinary form of this
species. I have therefore distinguished it as a variety, under the name of eoaossus*

PLEUROTOMA TURRIS, Lamarck, 3rd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 8.

PLEUROTOMA TURRIS, Lam. An. sans Vert., torn, vii, p. 97, 1822.

Ibid., 2nd ed., torn, ix, p. 367, 1843.
— Ency. Method., p. 795, t. 441, fig. 7, 1832.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg., p. 525, 1843.
MUREX INTERRUPTUS, Brocchi. Conch, foss. Subap., p, 433, pi. ix, fig. 21, 1814.

Spec. Char. "T.fusiformi-iurrita, transversim sulcato-rugosa ; striis longitudinalibus
tenuissimis in areis planulatis per undulatis ; anfractibus, infra medium ungulatis, ultra
angulum plano-concavis, prope suturas marginatis"

Axis, \\ inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Felixstowe.

There is some confusion respecting the name of this species. Lamarck described
two species as interrupts, one a recent and very distinct shell, the other a fossil for which
he adopted the specific name of (Mure®} interruptus, referring it to the Murex interruptus
figured and described by Brocchi in 1814 ; but a shell named Murex interruptus had
been described by Pilkington in ' Trans. Linn. Soc.,' for 1804, vol. vii, T. 11, f. 5 (arid
also figured in ' Min. Conch.,' T. 304), which takes precedence and is entitled to that
specific name. I have therefore adopted the above specific name of turris for the fossil
from the Red Crag, Pilkington's species being a British Lower Tertiary form, and quite
distinct from our present shell which is a Bolderberg and Italian species.

Bellardi has represented two shells under the name of Pleurotoma interrupt a,
considering them only as varieties of the same species, and the specimen from the Red
Crag at Waldringfield, figured in my first Supplement, T. V., f. 1, seems to corres-

4 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

pond with his variety C, given in fig. 11 of Tab. I of his work, while the present shell
corresponds with his fig. 16 of the same plate. [Our specimen therefore seems to have
got into the Red Crag from some bed corresponding to those of the Bolderberg. — ED.]

I found also among my siftings in the Red Crag at Eelixstowe a considerable portion
of a specimen of a species belonging to this genus with very distinct ornamental ridges
or costse which appears to correspond or at least to approach nearer to Pleurotoma
abnormis of F. Edwards, ' Eocene Mollusca,' p. 294, Tab. XXX, fig. 14, a. &., than to
any other species I have compared it with. This being a London Clay species it may
have come into the Red Crag with the Eostettarice which I have figured. I also obtained
a fragment of what seems to be Pleurotoma Gastaldi, Bellardi, Tab. II, fig. 19, but neither
of them being in a condition to allow of correct determination I have not thought it
worth while to have them figured.

Pig. 5 of Tab. I, represents one of two small specimens kindly sent to me by Dr.
Reed with the name of Pleurotoma gracilior, A. Bell, from the Red Crag of Walton
Naze affixed to it. These appear to have lost their outer coating, but are the same as
the shell represented in fig. 12 of Tab. VII of vol. i of ' Crag. Moll./ under the name
lavigata, Phil., and which at p. 41 of my first Supp., is referred to P. tenuistriata,
A. Bell. One of them has the upper whorls destroyed, but the other has all the whorls
perfect and so peculiar that I have had it represented. It shows not only an obtuse
apical region, but the first volutions are wholly different from the more cylindrical
volutions of the rest of the shell.

PLEUROTOMA NEBULA, Mont. 3rd Supp., Tab. I, fig. 7.

Fusus ? NEBULA, S. Wood Catal. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 541, 1842.
CLAVATULA — Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 60, tab. vii, fig. 10, i848.

PLEUROTOMA — 1st Supplement, p. 45, tab. vii, fig. 7, 1872.

MANGELJA Forb. fy Hani. Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 476, pi. 1 14, figs. 7—9, 1853.

Although I have already given two figures of the Crag shell under the above specific
name, they neither of them show a satisfactory representation of this long known species,
and I have therefore determined to give another of a specimen in a more perfect condition
from the cabinet of Mr. Robert Bell, which has retained some of its spiral striae.

GASTEROPODA.

PLEUROTOMA HARPULA, Brocchi. 3rd Suppt., Tab. 1, fig. 4.

MUREX HARPULA, Brocchi. Conch, foss. Subap., p. 421, tab. viii, fig. 12, 1814.
PLEUROTOMA - Phil. En. Moll. Sic., vol. ii, p. 173, 1844.
Fusus — Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe Merid., vol. iv, p. 208, 1826.

RAPHITOMA • Bellardi. Monog. de Pleurot., p. 101, No. 22, 1847.

Axis, 4 of an inch.

Locality. — Boyton .

A single specimen has been sent to me for examination and illustration by Mr. Robt.
Bell, with Brocchi's specific name attached, and in this assignment I quite coincide. It
appears in shape to be intermediate between Fusus and Pleurotoma, but probably only
doubtfully to be entitled to the above generic position, as it seems quite destitute of the
" side slit " of that genus. Our shell may be described in the words of Brocchi, viz. :
" Testa turrita, longitudinaliter costata costis (8 — 9) termis, spiraliter striatis, interstitiis
laevigatis, anfractibus convexiusculis, apertura ovata ; cauda brevissima aperta.

RAPHITOMA SUBMARGINATA, Bellardi. 3rd Suppt., Tab. 1, fig. 2.

PLEUROTOMA SUB-MARGINATA, Bonelli. Cat. Mus., fide Bellardi.
RHAPHITOMA Bellardi. Monog. Pleurot. foss., p. 95, tab. iv, fig. 20,

1847.

Axis, ~ of an inch.

Locality. — Red Crag, Felixstowe.

A single specimen, but unfortunately not quite in perfection, has been found in my
siftings of the Red Crag material at Felixstowe, and I have referred it as above, but my
dependence for so doing has been upon the description and figure by Bellardi, not
having a specimen of the Italian fossil for comparison. My shell appears to be some-
what intermediate between this and R. plicatella, but I have no doubt that it is one of
the very large group of fossil shells varying in some trifling degree only which connect
the genus Pleurotoma and Fusus, and for which I believe nearly twenty generic divisions
have been proposed. My shell is not far removed from Murex vulpeculus, Brocchi, and
Pleurotoma Maggiori, Phil., forms, which, I think, might without any impropriety be
specifically united. My shell measures six-tenths of an inch in length, and two-tenths
in its diameter, without any ridges or folds upon the columella, or any denticulations

6 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

on the inside of the outer lip ; but this may be from its not having arrived at maturity.
There are "traces of spiral striae, but the specimen has had its surface much eroded, and
when perfect it was probably fully covered. It has about a dozen costulas or riblets on
the last volution. [The specimen appears to me to be a derivative. — ED.]

COLUMBELLA ERYTHROSTOMA? Bonanni. 3rd Suppt., Tab. 1, fig. 10 a, b.

COLUMBELLA ERYTHuosTOMA, Bon. Fide Bellardi Monog. delle Columbelle foss. del

Piedmonte, p. 9, fig. 4, 1848.

Spec, char. — " Testa turrito-elongata, turgidula, anfractibus laembus, convexiusculis ;
ultimo magno : apertura dilatato-elongata, labro subarcuato, subvaricoso ; columetta
adnata, regulariter et numerose rugosa ; rugis brevibus externis" — Bellardi.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley.

The above figures represent specimens found by myself some years ago, in the Red
Crag of Butley, which I have hitherto left unnoticed, regarding them merely as specimens
of C. sulcata, Sowerby, derived from an older part of the Red Crag, and worn smooth in
consequence, that species being abundant at Walton, and variable in length ; one figured
in Supplement to Crag Moll., p. 9, Tab. 11, f. 16, measuring one inch and five-eighths,
while another is less than three-quarters of an inch, both of them being full-grown, and
belonging, I believe, to the same species.

The specimens now figured are quite smooth, a character agreeing with that which
Bellardi has given for the Italian fossil erythrostoma, which is described as " anfractibus
lavibus ; " but if ray specimens have been derived from an anterior Red Crag bed, they
may have lost the spiral striae from either decortication or abrasion, and so be, as I
originally supposed them to be, merely worn specimens of C. sulcata. Mr. A. Bell gives
three specimens of this genus from what he terms the Middle and Upper Crag, viz. C.
sulcata, C. abbreviata, and C. Borsoni ; and another is added in Prof. Prestwich's catalogue
of mollusca from the Red Crag, viz. C. scripta. In my original work, and in the supple-
ments thereto, I have figured several different forms of what appear all to be C. sulcata ;
and as two specimens, which had been furnished him by Mr. A. Bell, under the name of
Columbetta abbreviata, have been kindly sent to me by Dr. Reed, I have figured one of
them (Tab. 1, fig. 6), in order that a representation of the shell, on the strength of which
this name of abbreviata has been introduced into the list of Red Crag Mollusca, may
appear. The shorter of the two specimens which I have figured under the name of
erythrostoma (fig. 10 A), agrees with this abbreviata, but is smooth.

GASTEROPODA.

LACUNA (MEDORIA) TEREBELLATA, Nyst.

MELANIA TEREBELLATA, Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 413, pi. xxxviii, fig. 12, 1843.
PALUDESTKINA S. Wood. Crag Moll., vol. i, p. 109, tab. xii, fig. 7, 1848.

EULIMENE 1st Supplement, p. 65, 1872.

This shell was figured by myself in the ' Crag Moll.' under the generic name of
Paludestrina. In my first Supplement I, in my perplexity, grouped it in a new genus,
in which I proposed to embrace another crag shell, viz., Eulimene. It is not, I think,
either a freshwater or an estuarine shell, neither does it belong either to Paludina or to
Littorina.

In the Red Crag at Felixstowe I have lately obtained more than a hundred speci-
mens, varying in the length of axis from an eighth of an inch to upwards of five eighths,
every one of which is in a mutilated condition, but all belonging to this species (what-
ever it may be) ; and every one has, more or less, its umbilicus (lacuna), covered over,
by apparently, an extension of the left lip of the shell. This extremely mutilated
condition evidently indicates that the specimens have been introduced into the Red
Crag both at Walton and elsewhere from some older bed, but I have not been able to
trace whence. They are very thick and strong shells, more so than any freshwater
species in this country.

[The shell is described by M. Nyst, in his ' Coq. foss. de Beige/ as occurring at
Antwerp and Calloo, and as being rare, but he does not there specify in what division of
the Upper Tertiaries at these places the shell is found. In his ' Listes des Fossiles des
divers Etages,' p. 424, however, he gives it from the Crag jaune (or uppermost crag)
only. I do not find it in any of the lists given by M. Vanden Broeck, in his ' Esquisse
Geologique,' for the different horizons which he seeks to establish of the beds at, and in
the neighbourhood of Antwerp. — ED.]

In the ' Crag Moll.,' vol. i, p. 108, Tab. XI, fig. 2«, b, is figured and described a
shell from Bramerton, under the name of Paludestrina subumbilicata, which may, I
now think, be regarded as the ancestor of the living ventrosa, and it is there stated that
in my cabinet was one specimen from the Cor. Crag, the identity of which was given as
doubtful in consequence of the Bramerton shell (subumbilicata or ventrosa) being
generally considered a freshwater or estuarine inhabitant. This species, however, as
well as ulvcB) is capable of living where the water is not quite fresh, and I have
lately found in the purely marine Red Crag of Felixstowe a few specimens which appear
to me undistinguishable either from the Bramerton shell, or from the living species, called
by the British Conchologists Hydrobia ventrosa. If we may depend upon figures and
descriptions, there are several continental shells with different names (both generic and

8 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

specific) which cannot be separated from the Crag and recent shell above referred to, but
of these some are given as fossils from deposits that are said to be purely of freshwater
origin, while others are given as from beds of purely marine origin. This species so
closely resembles some of those of Rissoa, that I do not know any character in the
testaceous part by which it can be separated from that genus.

NODOSTOMA ORNATA, S. Wood, ' Crag Moll./ vol. i, p. 87, Tab. IX, fig. 6, as Odostomia

simillima; 1st Sup., p. 64, as 0. ornata ; 3rd Sup.,
Tab. I, fig. 13.

Locality. — Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This pretty little shell was figured and described in the ' Crag Moll./' under the
name of Odostomia simittima, and was assigned to Montagu's species simillimus, which I
now consider was erroneous ; and in my first Supplement I assigned it as distinct, and
gave it the name ornata. The obscure tooth, stated in my first volume (p. 87) as
present upon the columella, is, I find, only a fragment of sand adhering to the columella,
while the aperture is more elongately ovate than in Odostomia, and of quite a different
form from that in Chemnitzia. My specimens were very few and somewhat variable, but
the species, I think, cannot be placed in the genus Odostomia, being apparently inter-
mediate between that genus and Eulima. I therefore propose to call it Nodostoma1 from
its evident relationship with Odostomia^ but separated from it by its toothless character.

The shell described by Montague is considered by the authors of ' Brit. Moll./ as well
as by the author of 'Brit. Conch./ to have been " a bleached and worn specimen" of
Chemnitzia rufa, Phil., and doubtfully British. The present figure is taken from a
single specimen that I have recently found, the shell being extremely rare.

NODOSTOMA EULIMELLOIDES, S. Wood. 3rd Sup., Tab. I, fig. 14.

Locality. — Cor. Crag, Sutton.

[Of the specimen figured as above, a sketch was made by my father for his intended
plate under this name ; and he appears to have intended to give it as a second species of
his new genus, Nodostoma, but he has left no other MS. respecting it beyond the above
specific name of eulimelloides. I have compared it with all the species of Eulima
described by him from the Crag, and it agrees with none satisfactorily. It comes nearest
to Ealima glabeHa, but the form of the mouth differs, the whorls are more cylindrical,

, toothless, and oro/ua, mouth.

GASTEROPODA. 9

and the suture is deeper or more marked. The surface is smooth and without any
ornament. Though imperfect by the loss of the upper whorls, the specimen is otherwise
in good preservation, and shows these distinguishing characters clearly. — ED.]

MENESTHO ? SUTTONENSIS, S. Wood. 3rd. Sup., Tab. I, fig. 11.

Locality. — Cor. Crag, Sutton.

The above figure represents a small shell found by myself some years ago and
retained until now in the hope of obtaining a better specimen. I have referred it to the
genus Menestho, as to which I have made some remark at p. 56 of my first Supplement.

My shell is unfortunately not quite perfect, the outer lip being slightly broken, but it
much resembles the opening of Rissoa or Odostomia. The specimen is covered with four
rather coarse spiral lines and depressions on the lower whorl, and three on the next
above this, but probably it may not be a full-grown shell. The nearest figure to which
I have been at all able to refer it (approximately) is a very small shell, described by
Isaac Lea in his contributions to ' Geology,' pi. iv, fig. 84, under the name of Pasithea
sulcata, but, judging from this figure, my shell is distinct. Lea gives no less than nine
species under that generic name, several of them differing materially in characters that
it would be difficult to collect into one genus, and be does not specify which of these he
regards as the type of his genus Pasit/iea, so that I am unable to adopt that genus for
my present species.

ODOSTOMIA REEVEI, S. Wood, 3rd Supp., Tab. I, fig. 12.

Locality. Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton.

The above figure represents a specimen of the above-named genus sent to me by
Mr. Jas. Reeve, of the Norwich museum and found by him at Bramerton in the bed
which yielded the specimens of Ceritldum derivatmn and Odostomia derivata described in
the ' Second Supplement to the Crag Moll.' (pp. 39 — 40). The nearest species to which
1 can compare it is 0. dubia, Jeff., but it differs sufficiently, I think, to be considered
distinct, at least as much so as several of our so-called British species. The shell is
somewhat thick and free from striae of any kind, the aperture measures half the length
of the entire shell, and is of a very ovate form, the base of it being contracted more than
usual in any species of this genus. The shell is rather larger than any of my specimens
from the Cor. Crag, with the exception of 0. conoidea and 0. turrita, which have eleven
volutions while the present shell has not more than four, or perhaps five.

2

10 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSC A.

In the ' British Mollusca," and in the ' British Conchology/ there are more than
twenty Odostomia described as distinct species, each with very slight differences of
character ; but whether they are all specifically distinct is perhaps questionable. The
Authors of ' British Mollusca,' vol. iii, p. 260, justly say : " The species are difficult to
distinguish and very critical." I have figured several so-called species under this generic
name and I have in most cases assigned them from the figures and descriptions of these
Authors, and of the Author of ' British Conchology/ as they had better means for
determination than I have had.

[The specimen figured is probably one which has been carried into the fluvio-marine
Crag from the same bed as that which supplied Cerithium derivatum and Odostomia
derivata. — ED.] .

[The following description of a new species and some remarks as to the bed at
Boy ton, in which it occurred, have been kindly supplied by Mr. Robert Bell. — ED.]

[MARGARITA CRASSI-STRIATA, Eobt. Sett. 3rd Sup., Tab. 1, fig. 15.

Locality. Boyton.

Shell small, very solid, somewhat conical ; whorls Jive ; suture deep, each volution
having four or Jive thick revolving ridges with traces of Jine intermediate ridges. These
are crossed by prominent lines of groioth, giving them a slightly crenulated appearance.
The base is, like the whorls, rounded and strongly ridged, with a very small umbilicus.
Mouth rounded, with an obscure tooth or fold near the base of the columettar lip.

The species which seems nearest to it is Margarita cinerea, Couthuoy, but it differs
in having much stronger ridges, especially at the base, and a smaller umbilicus. The
upper whorls also do not seem to have that lattice-like appearance which is present in
well-preserved specimens of M. cinerea.

It is difficult to indicate which formation this shell belongs to. The section of Crag
worked at Boyton can seldom be seen, being an excavation close to the Butley River, and
mostly from three to six feet under water, the coprolite diggers standing in the water
when at work, and scooping up the sand from the bottom of the trench ; but from what
I have been able to observe, and from an examination of a large number of species
found there, the formation seems to range from the fossiliferous beds of the Coralline
(Zone d. of Prestwich's section in his paper on the " Crag Beds of Suffolk and Norfolk,"
' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. xxvii, p. 121,) up to the middle portion of the Red Crag.
Probably some of the beds have been reconstructed from the wearing away of the Upper
Coralline strata on the other side of the river, although a bed of the larger bivalves

BIVALVIA. 11

Astarte, Cardita, &c.) was seen some few years ago in situ at the base of the excavation,
in a part now filled in, and I have obtained many double shells from there exactly
answering to those found in the pits at Broom Hill, Sudbourn, and at Sutton. There
seems also to be an admixture of shells from some formation with which we are
unacquainted in England (most probably the Belgian Crag) as several species have been
found here that have not been detected in any other Crag bed (Fusus Waelii, Murex
Reedii, &c.). The Red Crag element is, however, sufficiently prevalent, and such shells
as TropJion scalariformis, T. muricatm, and especially Nassa reticosa, are particularly
abundant.1 The specimen of Amaura Candida mentioned in the column of remarks in the
list of Mollusca given in the first ' Supplement to the Crag Mollusca,' as found at Boyton,
came, I believe, from Butley, i. e. from the same locality as the specimen figured in
Tab. I, fig. 3, of that Supplement. Robt. Bell.]

BIVALVIA.

SILIQUARIA PARVA, Speyer. 3rd Sup., Tab. I, figs, 16 a — b.

SiLiqUARiA PARVA, Speyer. Ober.-Oligoc. Tertiar. Detmold., p. 33, tab. iv, fig. 2 a, b,

Palseontographica, Band xvi, 1869.

Spec. Char. " Testa parva tenuissima, ollonga, antice brevis, postice producta,
utrinque tEqualiter rotundata, Z&vigafa, nitida ; cardo subumbone parvulo fossula plana
instructus, dente unico munitus. Nympha breves angustce" Speyer.

Locality. Bramerton.

Two fragmentary specimens of a small bivalve were sent to me by Mr. Jas. Reeve (as
mentioned in my second Supplement, p. 40), which I thought were too small and
imperfect to be represented, but as they appear to be indicative of the presence in
Norfolk of an older formation than the one in which they have been found, I think it
desirable to figure them, imperfect as they are. The hinge has a prominent fulcrum for
the support of its external connector, the central tooth large, prominent, and obtuse, being
immediately before it and under the umbo ; and there is a depression in the corresponding
valve for its reception2 similar to the hinge furniture ol Saxicava, which it much resembles,
as it does also the shells of Sphenia, but there appears, I think, sufficient difference to

1 [See also footnote to p. 3 of Second Supplement as to this Boyton bed, the information quoted there
having been obtained from Mr. Alfred Bell. From that it would appear that the bed containing Astarte
and Cardita was part of the lowest portion of the Coralline Crag, and was overlain by some Red Crag ;
the shells of both formations becoming thus intermingled in the working.

2 The engraver has not been successful in delineating the character of the hinge in either valve. The
generic name Siliquaria is used here from Speyer, but it is that also of a vermiform shell. — ED.]

12 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSC A.

justify a generic distinction. The hinge more resembles that of the latter shell, but that
species (Sphenia) has an internal connector. The name of Siliquaria (of Schumacher), as
given to the OHgocene shell by Dr. Speyer, is, I think, sufficient to guide us in our
future determination, for although I have many hundreds of specimens of Saccicava of
small size from the Coralline Crag, I have nothing that will fairly correspond with the
present shell.

[The specimens have probably got into the Eluvio-marine Crag of Norfolk from the
same formation there which supplied those of Cerithium derivatum, Odostomia derivata,
and Odostomia Reevii. — ED.]

CARDIUM ECHINATUM, Linn. Crag Moll., vol. ii, p. 152.

As stated at p. 152 of my second volume this species has very rarelv occurred in the
Crag, but a specimen has lately been found at Eelixstowe by Mr. W. E. Hardy, of Park
Crescent, Stockwell, which was sent to me for verification, and it is similar to the one
(now in the British Museum) figured in the ' Crag Moll.,' vol. ii, p. 152, Tab. XIV,
fig. 3. It belongs probably to the variety called ovata by Dr. Jeffreys in 'Brit. Conch./
vol. ii, p. 271, and described by him as having the " ribs sharp." The Crag shell has
triangular ribs (unlike the common recent species, on which the ribs are quadrate), with
spines in a slight depression down the centre of these. The species is very rare in my
collection, I having found no other specimen than the one I gave to the British Museum.
This specimen is in good preservation with the exception of having lost all its spines. I
have a shell from the Sicilian beds which it more resembles, with sharp angular ribs
covered with broad spatulate imbricated spines, but Mr. Hardy's specimen, though well
preserved otherwise, has lost all. I do not know whether this Sicilian fossil has ever
been figured.

PECTEN DISPARATUS, 8. Wood. 3rd Suppt., Tab. I, fig. 17.

Locality. Red Crag, Waldringfield.

The shell as above represented has been sent to me by Mr. R. Bell, but without a
name, and I know not to what published species it can be justly referred. I thought at
first that it might be one of the many varieties of that variable shell P. Danicus (septem
radiatus), but I have not been able to find one precisely similar in character ; and
although there is much resemblance to two or three other species, I have not been able
to assign it satisfactorily to any one. I have therefore given to it provisionally the above

OBSERVATIONS. 13

name. It is somewhat similar to P. multicarinatus, Lam., figured and described by the
late Dr. Deshayes, 'Descr. de Coq. foss. des Env. de Par./ p. 307, PI. XLII, figs. 17,
18, 19, but that is not quite so large a shell, and is said to be from Panics, in the upper
portion of the Paris Eocene. It differs essentially from P. duplicates, on which the ribs
are nearly uniform in size. Our shell is nearly orbicular, covered with ten or twelve
large and slightly prominent convex rays, upon which, and also between them are
three smaller rays, and between each of these is an alternate smaller one, so that between
each of the most prominent there are seven smaller. All of these are ornamented with
sharp imbrications, and the shell has unequal auricles, which in our specimen are
not quite perfect ; but there are indications of these being of large size in the perfect
shell. In the interior of this valve, which is the right one, there are eight or nine
furrows corresponding to the elevation of the prominences of the larger ribs. The muscle
mark is not very distinct. This specimen, is, in all probability, a derivative from an
older formation.

OBSERVATIONS AS TO THE SUCCESSIVE FORMATION OF THE BEDS
FORMING THE APPARENTLY HOMOGENEOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS
MASS OF "RED CRAG," AND THE ILLUSORY CHARACTER OF THE
EVIDENCE AFFORDED BY PART OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS IN
THEM.

HAVING in a previous portion of my work on the Crag Mollusca expressed my
opinion of the distinctive character of the beds at Walton Naze from the main portion
of the Red Crag, and of their older age, I took the opportunity of a few months' stay
at Felixstowe in 1879-80 to thoroughly sift and search a large quantity of the Red Crag
there, to ascertain not merely what species of Mollusca could be detected in it, but
also the general condition in which the remains of these were preserved, so as to compare
them with those at the Walton Naze locality, with which, from many visits to that place
in the earlier years of my study of the subject, I was very familiar.

The following list is the result of that investigation ; and in it I have affixed to those
species which appear to me to have come into the Red Crag of Felixstowe only by
derivation from beds older than the Red Crag (including those of the Coralline Crag,)
the letter D, while to those which appear to me to have come only by derivation from
earlier beds of Red Crag age, such as that at Walton Naze, I have affixed the letter W, the
exclusively fragmentary condition of some species being indicated by the letter F.

THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

REMAINS OF MoLLUscA1 FOUND IN THE CRAG OF FELIXSTOWE.

Gasteropoda.

Cypraea Europea, Mont.

— avellana, /. Sow., W.
Voluta Lamberti, /. Sow., F, D, W.
Terebra inversa, Nyst, F, D.

— canalis, S. Wood, E, D.
Columbella sulcata, /. Sow., F, W.
Cassidaria bicatenata, /. Sow., F, D.
Nassa granulata, /. Sow.

— incrassata, Mull.

— consociata, S. Wood, F, D.

— propinqua, /. Sow.

— pygmcea, Lam.

— labiosa, J. Sow., F, D.

— reticosa, J. Sow., W. and mostly F. or

imperfect.
Rostellaria lucida, /. Sow., F, D.

gracilenta, S. Wood, F, D.
Buccinum Dalei, /. Sow.

undatum, Linn.
Purpura lapillus, Linn.

— incrassata, /. Sow.

— tetragona, J. Sow., F, W.
Murex tortuosus, /. Sow., F, D.
Trophon antiquus, Linn.

— id. var. contrarius.

— alveolatus, /. Sow., F, D.

— costifer, Nyst, F, W.

— altus, S. Wood.

— gracilis, Dacosta.

— muricatus, Mont.

— id. var. exossus.

— Olavii, Beck.

— scalariformis, Gould.
Pleurotoma interrupta, Broc., F, D.

— turricula, Mont.
1 The absence of a capital letter after the name

Pleurotoma Trevelyana, Turt.

scalaris, Moll (one specimen full

size and perfect),
nebula, Mont.
costata, Dacosta.
Cancellaria scalaroides, S. Wood, F, D.

(Admete) viridula, Fab (one

specimen broken).
Cerithium tricinctum, Broc., F.

variculosum, Nyst (one whirl

only), F,W.

— granosum, S. Wood ? F, W.
Aporrhais pespelicani, Linn., F, D. (very

worn fragments).
Turritella incrassata, J. Sow., F. and mostly

D.
Scalaria funiculus, S. Wood, F, D.

— foliacea, J. Sow., F, D.
Chemnitzia internodula, S. Wood.
Eulima intermedia, Cant., D and W ?
Eulimene pendula, S. Wood.

Lacuna (Eulimene) terebellata, Nyst., D.
Rissoa curticostata, S. Wood.
Littorina littorea, Linn.
Natica catena, Da Costa.

— eaten oides ? S. Wood.

— clausa, Brod. and Sow.

— hemiclausa, /. Sow.

— multipunctata, S. Wood.
Vermetus intortus, Lam., D ?

Trochus cinerarius, Linn., W ? (the speci-
mens are all slightly mutilated).

— Montacuti, W. Wood.

— tumidus, Mont.

— zizyphinus, Linn., F, D.

of a species means that that species is not derivative.

OBSERVATIONS.

15

Fissurella Grseca, Linn.
Emarginula fissura, Linn.
Calyptroea Chinensis, Linn.
Capulus Ungaricus, Linn.
Tectura virginea, Moll.

Dentalium dentalis, Linn., F, D.

entails, Linn., D? (worn).
Ringicula buccinea, Broc., F, D.
Bulla cylindracea, Penn., F.
Melampus pyramidalis, /. Sow.

Bivalvia.

Anomia, sp.

Ostrea, sp.

Pecten maximus, Linn., F, D.

— opercularis, Linn.

— pusio, Penn.

Lima exilis, S. Wood, F, D, W?
Mytilus edulis, Linn., F.
Arcalactea, Linn.
Pectunculus glycimeris, Linn.

subobliquus, S. Wood, W.

pilosus, Linn., D.
Nucula laevigata, J. Sow.
Cobboldias, /. Sow.

— nucleus, Linn.
Leda oblongoides, S. Wood.
Lucina borealis, Linn.
Diplodonta astartea, Nyst.
Cardita senilis, Lam., D.

— scalaris, Leathes.

— chamaeformis, Leathes, D (worn).

— corbis, Phil.
Cardium angustatum, /. Sow.

— decorticatum, S. Wood, D.

— edule, Linn.

— echinatum, Linn.

— Parkinson!, /. Sow.

— venustum ? S. Wood.
Astarte Basterotii, de la Jonkaire, F, D.

— Burtinii, de la Jonkaire, D.

— crebrilirata, S. Wood.

Astarte incrassata, Broc., D.

— obliquata, /. Sow.

— Omalii, de la Jonk.t F, D.

— compressa ? Mont.
Woodia digitaria, Linn.
Cyprina islandica, Linn., F.
Venus casina, Linn., F, D.

— fasciata, Da Costa.
Cytherea chione, Linn., F, D.

— rudis, Poli.

Artemis lentiformis, /. Sow., F, W.
Tapes pullastra, W. Wood, F.

— virgineus ? Linn., F.
Gastrana laminosa, /. Sow., F, D.
Donax politus, Poli, F, D ?
Psammobia, sp., F, D.

Tellina obliqua, /. Sow.

— praetenuis, Leathes.
Mactra arcuata, /. Sow.

— ovalis, /. Sow.
Solen siliqua, Linn., F.

— ensis, Linn., F.
Corbula striata, Walk.
Corbulomya complanata, /. Sow., W ?
Saxicava arctica, Linn.

Panopea Faujasii, Men de la Groye, F, D.
Mya arenaria, Linn., mostly F.
Pholas crispata. Linn., F.

— cylindrica, /. Sow., F, W?
Gastrochsena dubia, Penn, F, D.

16 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

[Mr. Robert Bell, who has of late years very assiduously searched the Walton beds,
as well as examined several collections made by others from that locality, has kindly
furnished the following list of all the molluscan remains which he has been able to
detect there, beyond those given in the column for that place in my father's lists in the
first Supplement to his work. The species to which an asterisk is affixed are additions
to the mollusca of the Upper Tertiaries of the east of England, given in the previous part
of this work, and are inserted solely on the authority of Mr. Bell.

Gasteropoda.

Erato lasvis, Don. Natica catena, Da Costa.

Nassa labiosa, J. Sow. — clausa, Brod. and Sow. (affinis. of

— propinqua, J. Sow. Gmel.}
Buccinum un datum, Linn — varians, Dujardin.
Trophon consocialis, JS. Wood (one speci- Vermetus intortus, Lam.

men only, much worn, and Trochus formosus, Forbes.

probably derivative). — multigranus, S. Wood.

— gracilis, Da Costa. — Adansoni, Payr.

scalariformis, Gould. — tumidus, Mont.

Pleurotoma linearis, Mont. — Kicksii, Nyst.

turrifera, Nyst. — Montacuti, W. Wood.

— nebula, Mont. — zizyphinus, Linn.

rufa ? Mont. Emarginula crassa, /. Sow.

Turritella planispira, S. Wood. Tectura virginea, Mull.

Chemnitzia communis,* ? Risso. (perhaps Dentalium dentalis, Linn.

only a short form of C. internodula.} — rectum, Linn.

Eulima subulata, Don. Action subulatus, S. Wood.

Odostomia acuta, Jeff* — tornatilis, Linn.

Bivalvia.

Mytilus edulis, Linn. Nucula tenuis ? Mont.

Modiola phaseolina? Phil. Cardita senilis, Lam.

Nucula nucleus, Linn. Cardium fasciatum, Mom.

— Cobboldise, /. Sow. P1 Cardium strigilliferum, S. Wooa.

1 My father collected extensively at Walton at intervals during forty years, and Mr. Robert Bell also
very assiduously for many years past, without either of them having met there with the slightest trace of this
shell, so common in the later part of the Red Crag ; but Mr. Bell has lately met with a single worn valve
in the collection made from Walton by Mr. Greenhill, of Vermont College, Clapton, on the authority of
which the shell is inserted with a note of interrogation in the above list.

OBSERVATIONS. 17

Cardium pinnatulum, Con. (nodosulum). Tellina obliqua, /. Sow. (a fragment only
Astarte Galeotii, Nyst. by Mr. Bell, another fragment

Forbesii, S. Wood. by Mr. Hy. Norton of Norwich,

Circe minima, Mont. and a single valve by Mr.

Abra prismatica, Mont. Greenhill.)

Mactra glauca, Born. Mya arenaria, Linn.

The contrast thus shown by the Crag of Felixstowe to that at Walton Naze (seven miles
distant from it) is very striking. At the former place such species as Tropkon costifer,
and Nassa reticosa, among Gasteropods, which abound at Walton, and are there
preserved in the most perfect condition, are, though abundant, scarcely to be found
unmutilated ; and such very few examples of them as do occur but little broken are all
more or less worn. Among the Bivalvia one of the most abundant shells at Walton,
Artemis lentiformis, and which at that place is almost always perfect (though generally with
valves detached), is, though very abundant, invariably in fragments at Felixstowe. That
this fragmentary condition at Felixstowe can only arise from the presence of the shell in
the Crag there being due to derivation from the destruction of anterior accumulations,
is shown by the fact that while A. lentiformis, which is thus in fragments is a strong shell,
the thin and fragile shell, Tellina pratenuis (a species unknown from the Walton bed but
in tolerable abundance at Felixstowe) occurs almost always perfect. It is, in my opinion,
abundantly clear that during the time which elapsed between the accumulation of the
Walton beds of Red Crag and their destruction and re-accumulation to form the Red
Crag of Felixstowe, such shells as TropJion costifer, Nassa reticosa, and Artemis lenti-
formis, as well perhaps as some others had ceased to live in the Red Crag sea ; and that
other shells such as the dextral form of Trophon antiquus, Leda ollongoides, Tellina
prcetenms> to which might have been added Nucula Cobboldia, but for the solitary and
somewhat uncertain occurrence mentioned in the footnote on p. 16, (all of these
being species which endured into the early Glacial sea,) and probably some others
which might be mentioned, had been introduced into it. Moreover, the extremely
profuse shell of all the rest of the Red Crag and of the Lower Glacial sands, Tellina
obliqua, but which had lived in the Coralline Crag sea, was during the Walton accumu-
lation so scarce in the Red Crag sea that only a single valve of it and two fragments (by
three separate collectors) have been detected there.

In the Red Crag of Butley the change becomes further marked, both by the greater
frequency of these later introductions, and by the presence of arctic species, which have
not yet been detected in the Crag of Essex or of the more southern part of Suffolk, the
Upper Beds of the Red Crag having either been removed from, or else having never been
formed in, that part of Suffolk.

The changes which led to the peculiar and exceptionally perplexing features thus
presented by the beds of the Red Crag of England, with their large admixture of false

3

18 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

evidence afforded by derivations from beds anterior to that Crag, to a smaller extent also
by derivations from earlier beds of Red Crag age, appear briefly to have been these.

At the incoming of marine conditions over part of England after the long interval of
terrestrial conditions which had endured since the elevation and denudation of the
Oligocene sea-bed, and when several of the tropical genera of Mollusca characteristic
of the older tertiary time still lived in the sea of our latitudes, the older Pliocene
submergence seems to have extended from, the north of Belgium, over the south-east of
England, and in that way formed a strait, connecting the North Sea with an arm from
the Atlantic which extended over Touraine.1 The evidences of the oldest accumula-
tions of this strait which remain in England are probably some sands on the Chalk
Downs between Maidstone and Dover, and (I think it likely) also an outspread of shingle
along the strait's northern shore, of which patches remain on the Lower Bagshot outliers of
South Essex, and of the Isle of Sheppy,2 and sweep over the edges of some of these on
to the uppermost beds of the London Clay there, as well as of a patch of the same
shingle crowning the middle part of the London Clay on Shooters Hill, in north-west
Kent, and possibly some others on the chalk of North Surrey, near Caterham.
Changes took place in the distribution of the land and water of this strait, and the
Coralline Crag ensued. Except over a part of Belgium, and (deeply buried under more
recent beds) probably a part of Holland also, the oldest beds of this Pliocene Strait
have been almost entirely removed by the later action of the sea, and numerous remains
of the marine animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, which were entombed in them
have, in consequence, got into the Red Crag, particularly the nodule bed at its base.
Remnants of the Coralline Crag, however, remain near each extremity of this Strait, viz.
in Normandy near the one, and in Suffolk near the other end, besides a more general

1 The French geologists still apply the term "Miocene" to the Faluns of Maine et Loire and of
Touraine, although these Faluns appear to be coeval with beds in Belgium to which several of the
geologists of that country apply the term "Pliocene," insisting that the "Miocene," i.e. the marine
equivalent for the terrestrial interval between the " Oligocene " and the oldest " Pliocene," is not repre-
sented by any marine deposits there. To avoid as much as possible adding to this confusion, especially as
the oldest part of the English Crag — the Coralline — is clearly "Pliocene," I have avoided in the text the
use of the word " Miocene." The beds of Maine et Loire and of Touraine not only contain many shells of
the Coralline Crag which do not appear to be survivors from the older Tertiary seas of England and
France, but also living British shells, such as Murex erinaceus, which do not appear to have entered
British seas until the time of the Red Crag, or, such as Nassa reticulata, even until the Glacial
submergence.

2 See 'Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. 24, p. 464, and bed No. viii, of the plate in vol. 36, p. 457.
Prof. Prestwich, in a paper " On the Extension into Essex, Middlesex, and other inland counties, of the
Mundesley and Westleton Beds," read before the Brit. Assoc. in 1881, appears to refer the shingle men-
tioned in the text as occurring on the Lower Bagshot outliers to the Lower Glacial pebbly sand (No. 6 of
the beds described in the "Introduction" to the first Supplement to the Crag Mollusca) ; from which view,
as well as from others in the same paper, I differ. My own view of the events which took place during the
Newer Pliocene period in England is given in a memoir of which the first part is published in the 36th
volume of the 'Quarterly Journal of the Geol. Soc.,' p. 457.

OBSERVATIONS. 19

outspread in Belgium. By the gradual emergence of this strait the sea in Belgium and
East Anglia, at the time represented by the Red Crag, i.e. the commencement of the
Newer Pliocene period, had become separated by land from that in Normandy, but the
molluscan remains which it has left in the latter country closely agree with those of the
elder portions of the Red Crag of East Anglia.1 One of the results of this separation
seems to have been to cause, on the English Coast of the North Sea, a great rise and fall
of the tide over a very shallow and flat bottom. As this tide surged round the low
island of Coralline Crag at Sutton, and also round the peninsula of the same Crag formed
by the parishes of Sudbourn, Orford, and Aldboro' (the rest of the Coralline Crag,
vvith some small exception, having been destroyed either during emergence by the sea
which deposited it or by the inroad of the Red Crag water), it carried from that Crag a large
quantity of its Molluscan remains which thus became mixed with the remains of the
Mollusca then living in this sea, so that the banks of Red Crag, which were then
accumulating in South Suffolk, became full of such derivatives, while the bed at Walton,
being- more distant from that island and peninsula, was left almost entirely destitute of
organisms of this extraneous origin.

Eormed under these conditions, and accumulated as banks or foreshores between
high and low- water mark, as their peculiarly continuous highly oblique bedding attests,
the marine beds of the Red Crag (with the exception of the latest or Chillesford beds of
that formation, which accumulated during a slight depression of the area at the close
of the Crag,) were continuously undergoing destruction and reaccumulation ; and succes-
sive accumulations of them, formed between tide marks, may be seen in some sections laid
up at the foreshore angle of bedding, one upon another. Thus the changes in the
molluscan life of the North Sea, which from the approach of the glacial period were
taking place during the Red Crag, have become obscured by the circumstance that the
remains of mollusca which had died out (in that sea at least) were, in consequence of the
destruction of these older banks, and the reaccumulation of the material of them in new
banks of the same character and mode of deposit, mixed up with those of the mollusca
still surviving there, and of some new forms which the change of climate, and probably
distant geographical changes also, were bringing in ; this mixed accumulation being
further complicated by the introduction of molluscan remains from the Coralline Crag
and still older formations.

1 See ' Etude Geologique sur les Terrains Cretaces et Tertiares du Cotentin,' par. MM. Viellard and
Dollfus, Caen, 1875, pp. 148—163. The material of these beds of the Cotentin referable to the Coralline
Crag (Conglom£ratdt£rebratules),of which Mr. Harmer brought me some from St. Georges de Bohon,near
Carentan, appears undistinguishaWe, both in mineral character and included organisms, from the Upper
Beds of the Coralline Crag, at Sudbourn.

20 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

I take this opportunity of correcting the representations given by Mr. Harmer and
myself of the beds of the Crag district in the map, and sections which accompany the
" Introduction " to the first Supplement to the Crag Mollusca in the volume of the
Society for 1871, so far as subsequent observations have rendered necessary, as follows:

Owing to the obscurity existing where sand rests on sand, the Lower Glacial sand,
No. 6 of the map, is not shown further south than the neighbourhood of Dunwich ; and
in the section (A) through the Red Crag area it is omitted altogether, and the Middle
Glacial (No. 8) represented as resting throughout on the Red Crag. Residence in the
district since 1873 has afforded me the means of a closer examination and comparison of
pit sections there, and convinced me that this representation (which was mine only) was
erroneous, and that the sand No. 6 is not only present, but is the principal formation in
this area ; for though it is mostly underlain by Red Crag, it in many places takes the
place of this, and rests direct on the London Clay. Over the Red Crag, however, there is
in some excavations a reddish-brown sand, soft, loamy, and destitute of the smallest
fragment of shell, but in which sometimes masses of shelly crag are enveloped, and in
which, in some rare instances, bands of ironstone containing casts of Red Crag shells also
occur. This sand is merely the Red Crag from, which the calcareous constituents have
been carried away by dissolution in water, while the argillaceous and ferruginous consti-
tuents have been either left unaffected, or else redeposited in the undisturbed sandy mass.
The difficulty, therefore, is to distinguish between this and the sand No. 6 ; for in South
Suffolk the latter loses the shingly or pebbly character which enables it to be easily
recognised in North East Suffolk and in Norfolk. Over the Red Crag area the sand
No. 6 passes upwards by the mere substitution of argillaceous for arenaceous sediment
into stratified brickearth, just as it does on the Cromer Coast and generally in North
Norfolk, though from its geographical position in South Suffolk this brickearth has not
there received that copious intermixture of chalk debris and chalk silt which along the
Cromer Coast (where it is represented by the " Contorted Drift," bed No. 7 of the Map,
&c.) forms its preponderating constituent, in proportion to the diminution in its distance
from the Lincolnshire Chalkwold, from the degradation of which by the land ice
during the earlier part of the Glacial period, when England was undergoing its great
submergence, this debris and silt were derived; but thin layers of this debris are
sometimes present in it in South Suffolk, as e.g. at Kesgrave. Neither has it been so
disturbed by the action of grounding bergs as in North Norfolk, where the result of this
action has obtained for it the name of " Contorted Drift ; " nevertheless, it is sometimes
contorted in Suffolk, as I observed in an excavation of it beneath the chalky clay on the
Hasketon side of Woodbridge in 1874. Over the Red Crag area this bed has suffered
'so generally and extensively from the wash of the sea during the emergence of the
country, when the Middle Glacial gravel (No. 8) was in course of accumulation, and
the lan.d ice, of which the chalky clay was the moraine, was extending from the Wold to
follow the retiring sea, that only patches of it remain there. One of these patches, that

OBSERVATIONS. 21

at Kesgrave, is shown in the map, but another occurs at California-by-Ipswich, another at
Kirton, and another at Rookery Farm, Eyke, none of which are shown in it. All of
these appear to be of considerable thickness (40 to 50 feet), and the first and last of
them have a little of the Middle Glacial gravel over them in places. Another patch, on
the Hasketon side of Woodbridge, is overlain by the chalky clay ; and at Tuddenham,
near Ipswich, the base of this brickearth is exposed passing down into the sand No. 6,
of which about twenty feet underlies it, and rests on the London Clay ; and there also
the denudation of this brickearth, which took place prior to the deposit on it of the
Middle Glacial gravel, is well shown by the irregular way in which that gravel lies
upon it. Remnants occur also in other parts of South Suffolk, but they are beyond
the limit of the map.1 In the Section (A) drawn through the Red Crag area, the
Middle Glacial is therefore erroneously represented as resting generally on the Red
Crag, whereas this is exceptional, and the Lower Glacial sands should have been shown
in most parts (i.e. in those where they have not taken the place of the Crag altogether)
as intervening, and the thickness of the Middle Glacial been there proportionately
reduced. The correct position of all the beds of this sequence is shown in fig. 1 of
the plate which accompanies my memoir on the " Newer Pliocene Period in England,"
in the thirty-sixth volume of the ' Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society/ the line
of which is drawn through three of these remnants of the brickearth ; and in it the
Middle Glacial gravel is shown on the plateaux as very thin, and in places absent
altogether, but as thickening towards the brows of the valleys, which, when they were in
the condition of troughs excavated in the rising sea bottom of the sand No. 6, had
been filled by it ; the gravel in the central parts of these troughs having been cut out as
these were deepened by the shrinkage into them of the ice of the chalky clay, or by the
action of the sea, as emergence went on. A well which I sunk to a depth of eighty-four
feet subsequently to the publication of that figure, but on the exact line of it, and on the
eastern edge of the plateau from which the valley of the Deben is cut down, showed
this gravel to be there seventy feet thick beneath six feet of the chalky clay (the upper
thirty feet being full of the chalk debris of that clay), and that the sands No. 6 had been
almost all removed to give place for it. It is this sand, or else that formed by the
decalcification of the Crag, and not the Middle Glacial, which overlies the Crag shown in
the cut on page xxi of the " Introduction " and in Sections XIX and XX.

The map thus requires to be corrected by the intercalation of a belt of the shade and
colour representing the sand No. 6 between the Red Crag and the Middle Glacial ; and it

1 One of these, at Stowmarket, is in the footnote to p. 22 of the " Introduction," referred to as of
post-glacial age, and another about six miles north of Ipswich, and three-quarters of a mile south-west of
Hemingstone Church, is shown in the map by a dot of the wrong colour (that of bed No. 10). I am
informed also by Mr. Dal ton, of the Geological Survey, that he found an exposure of this brickearth under
the chalky clay at Baddingham, just midway between the patch of it shown in the map at Bloxhall, in
South-east Suffolk, and the exposure of it at Withersdale, on the Waveney, near Harleston, so that pro-
bably much of the chalky clay of High Suffolk is underlain by remnants of the same bed.

22 THIRD SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

also requires the substitution of this colour for that of the Middle Glacial over most of the
nrea east of the chalky clay, which stretches from Sizewell to the River Blyth, and to the
cliffs of Easton Bavent and Covehithe ; there being but very little, if any, of the Middle
Glacial present over this area, which is occupied by the sand and shingle No. 6 in greater
thickness than elsewhere.

The Section (R) of Dunwich Cliff, and that (s) of Easton Bavent and Covehithe
Cliffs, also require correction, the bed shown in the latter as the Contorted Drift (No 7)
being the same as the capping loam of Dunwich Cliff, which in Section R is shown under
the number 10;1 both of them being, as a late examination of them has enabled me to
perceive, a morainic bed formed (in Dunwich and the southern part of Easton Cliffs,
from a reconstruction of the pebbly sand No. 6 with some admixture of the material of
the chalky clay, and in the northern part of Easton Cliff, from a reconstruction of these
sands and the Chillesford clay together,) by the ice in its passage to the sea after this
part of Suffolk had emerged towards the close of the chalky clay formation ; and the gravel,
shown by the number 10, as resting on this bed and on the Chillesford clay in this cliff, and
shown also in Covehithe Cliff, is merely a part of this morainic bed, being pots of pebbles
derived from No. 6. A bed of this morainic material cutting like a dyke through the
sands No. 6 at the southern end of Easton Cliff (where this cliff is only six or seven
feet high) requires to be added to Section s. Another such bed forms the northern
extremity of Southwold Cliff, overlying the bed of derivative shells in the shingly sand
No. 6, presently to be referred to. The section of Dunwich Cliff also requires correction
by the omission of the Middle Glacial which is shown in it under the numbers 8", 8"', and
S"" -, all of this being part of the sand No. 6, to which the shingle under the ruins
(shown in Section R by the figure 10) also belongs ; and this shingle is still more largely
present in that sand at the southern end of this cliff. The whole of Dunwich Cliff, from
below the beach line up to the capping loam of morainic origin just mentioned, is thus
formed of No. 6, the intercalation of clay shown in Section R by the figure 9 being
probably a modification of the sandy formation, by the introduction of argillaceous
material analogous to that which gave rise to the Cromer Till and Contorted Drift of
North Norfolk ; both of which are, in my view, merely modifications of the same shingly
sand by the introduction of a different sediment. . ,

Descending thus below the beach line, and forming (with the morainic loam already
mentioned) the whole of the cliffs of Dunwich and Southwold, this sand there occupies a
space from which the Chillesford clay and the upper part of the Crag beneath it had been
removed, so as to form a channel in the Lower Glacial sea which divided two islands
formed of Chillesford clay and Crag beds ; of which islands the southern was comprised
by the country extending from Butley and Chillesford to Sizewell, and the northern by
the area of which the cliffs of Easton and Covehithe (Sect, s) furnish a section. The
sands No. 6, which, as already mentioned, cover the Red Crag area, lie up to the
1 See the footnote No. 5 to p. 29 of the " Introduction."

OBSERVATIONS. 23

southern of these two islands, as well as extend over it, just as they do in the
case of the northern, and so that, being bedded in the channel and up to the shore
of this southern island, they lie much below the level of the Chillesford beds
which cap it at Chillesford, Sudbourne, Iken, Oxford, and Aldboro', as well as below
much of the Coralline and Red Crag on which those beds there rest, and of which that
island is formed.1 Occupying also the channel dividing these islands from each other,
and in that way furnishing the section of Dunwich and Southwold Cliffs, these sands lie
up to the shore of the northern island thus formed of beds of Crag age, as may be seen
in the southern part of Easton Cliff when this is sufficiently free from talus. It is in
this part that a bed of shells occurs in these sands, and it is the only one, so far as I am
aware, that they yield in Suffolk. This shell bed is exposed at the northern end of
Southwold Cliff, about the beach level, and immediately under the morainic loam already
mentioned;2 and I call attention to it because I believe that all the shells in it are
derivatives from the Crag of which this Lower Glacial island was formed, before the pro-
gress of the submergence overwhelmed it, in a similar way to that in which so large a part
of the shells in the Red Crag are derivatives from the island and peninsula of Coralline
Crag which existed in the Red Crag sea. Not only is the characteristic species of these
sands in Norfolk, Tellina Balthica, not present in this bed, but the shells that are in it,
even the strongest, such as the Littorinas, are for the most part fragmentary. The
shells which I was able to detect in it during many repeated searches were the
following, viz. Nassa incrassata, Purpura lapillus, Cerithium tricinctum, Turritella

1 The southern of the two islands mentioned in the text may have been divided into three smaller, by
channels now represented by the mouth of the Aide and by the Butley creek, in which these Lower Glacial
sands may have been bedded and since removed ; for at Iken Cliff, on the Aide, these sands are in section
at the sea level, nearly fifty feet below the contiguous top of the Chillesford beds on this island. This
southern island (or islands) was probably abutted on the south by another island formed of Red Crag, and
now buried beneath the Lower Glacial sand (capped with more or less of the Middle Glacial gravel) of the
heaths of Hollesley, Boyton, Sutton, and Alderton ; for exposures of Eed Crag along the edges of the small
valleys penetrating this tract of country occur at as high or even higher level than the Chillesford beds
just referred to. This, again, was probably divided by a channel now represented by the Deben from
another island of Red Crag, represented by the tract between the Deben and Orwell estuaries, and this
again by one represented by the tract between the Orwell and Stour estuaries ; as from the way in which
the Lower Glacial sands take the place of the Crag in many parts along the sides of the valleys of these
estuaries, these latter may very likely have been channels during the earlier part of the Lower Glacial sea,
and been once filled by its sands, which were removed by the action of the sea, followed up by the land
ice as the land was emerging during the formation of the chalky clay. "Whether the Chillesford clay ever
was spread out over that part of the Red Crag which occupies the area between Butley and the Stour, and
was afterwards removed, or whether this southern part of the Red Crag was land during the slight depres-
sion under which the Chillesford beds were spread out, there are no means of determining, though the
Chillesford clay seems to have been deposited in north-east Essex (Walton), and up the Gipping valley at
Needham.

3 This bed was also found about half a mile inland in making the railway cutting near Southward
station.

24 THIRD];SUPPLEMENT TO THE CRAG MOLLUSCA.

terebra, Littorina littorea, Natica clama, Leda oblongoides, Lucina borealis, Cardium
edule, Astarte compressa, Cyprina islandica, Tettina obliqua, Corbula striata, and Mya
arenaria ; all being species which occur in the adjacent Crag beds.

The fluvio-marine Crag from which the Chillesford beds have been removed to 'form
this channel, and on which the sands No. 6 thus rest below the beach line, comes through
the beach in two very small knobs about a quarter of a mile from the southern end of
Dunwich Cliff, which are crowded with shells ; and it yielded me also an equine tooth.

Lastly, I have in the memoir of the " Newer Pliocene Period " in England, already
referred to, given rny reasons for regarding the Bridlington bed from which the Mollusca
given in the " Upper Glacial " column of the tabular list at the end of the first Supple-
ment to the " Crag Mollusca " were obtained, and also the basement clay of Holderness
with which that bed is associated, as being of Lower Glacial age, such clay being, in
fact, the actual moraine of the ice from which proceeded the material interstratified
in the Cromer Till (No. 6 a of the Map, &c.) ; and for regarding the molluscan
remains given in the "Middle Glacial" column of the same tabular list, as being
an admixture of remains from the bottom of some fiord which had been in pro-
cess of accumulation from the commencement of the sands No. 6, and during the
whole of the Glacial submergence, but which was ploughed out by the ice of the
chalky clay during its advance as it followed the retreating sea during emergence;
so that these remains became embedded by this derivative process in the upper part of
the Middle Glacial (No. 8 of the Map and Sections), as that bed was emerging, and
just before the chalky clay moraine was pushed over it.

I should add that though, to avoid confusion in this explanation, I have adhered to
the term Middle Glacial, this formation is (in the view to which the continued study of
the subject has brought me) merely the marine accumulation which was synchronous with
the moraine of the land ice which is represented by the chalky clay ; and the precise
mode in which the two were accumulated, according to my view, is traced in detail in the
memoir just referred to.]

PLATE I.

Fio.
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

10,0.
10,3.
11.

12.
13.
14.

15.

16,0.
16,3.
17.

Names of the shells.
Rostellaria? gracilenta (nat.

Localities from which the specimens figured
PAGE were obtained.

size)

Raphitoma submarginata (en-
larged) .......

Trophon muricatus, var. exosms
(enlarged)

Pleurotoma liarpula (enlarged)

— gracilior (enlarged)
Columbetta abbreviata .
Pleurotoma nebula (enlarged).

turris (nat. size) .

Trophon antiquus, var. des-

pectus (nat. size) . . .

Columbetta erytkrostoma ? (nat.

size)

? (nat.
size) .

Menestho Suttonensis (en-
larged)

Odostomia Reevei (enlarged) .
Nodostoma ornata (enlarged)
eulimettoides (en-
larged)

Margarita crassi-striata (en-
larged)

Siliquaria parva (enlarged) .

— — (enlarged) .
Pecten disparatus (nat. size) .

1 Red Crag, Felixstowe (derived).
5 Red Crag, Felixstowe (derived).

3 Red Crag, Felixstowe.

5 ? Crag, Boy ton.

4 Red Crag, Walton Naze.

6 Red Crag, Foxhall.
4 Red Crag.

3 Red Crag, Felixstowe (derived).

2 Red Crag, Sutton.
6 Red Crag, Butley.
6 Red Crag, Butley.

9 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

9 Fluvio-marineCrag,Bramerton (derived?)

8 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

8 Cor. Crag, Sutton.

10 ? Crag, Boyton.

11} Fluvio-marine Crag, Bramerton (de-
ll ) rived?)

12 Red Crag.

nab

3 Supplement. Tab. I.

4-

G.B. Soirerby

7986

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