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PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.

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DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS

FROM THE

MIDDLE AND UPPER TERTIARIES OF THE EAST OF ENGLAND.

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BY

SEARLES V. WOOD, F.G.S.

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PART 1.
UNIVALVES.
Division of 99-5
LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1848.

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PNA ODUCTTON:

A GrotocicaL History or details of the different Formations, not coming
within the object of the Palaeontographical Society, it is only necessary here to state
that this work may be considered as an illustrated description of my Catalogue of
Crag Shells, published in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ 1840-42,
including such Species as have since been discovered, in addition to those already

enumerated.

It is intended to include as Crag Shells all those species, hitherto considered as
coming under this general and well-understood denomination, from the three different
Periods, into which that Formation has been divided by geologists, viz., the Coralline
Crag, as representing in this country the remains of the Miocene Period; the Red
Crag, those of the Pliocene Period; and the Mammaliferous Crag, those of the
Pleistocene Period. In the latter are included the several species that have been
obtained at Bridlington, as that bed is now considered to be a Marine Formation
of the Pleistocene Period, and consequently synchronous with the Estuary deposits
of Bramerton and Thorpe. The northern beds of the Clyde, &c., may belong to the
same Period; but I am not sufficiently acquainted with those deposits to express
an opinion on that point, as I have seen only such shells from them as may be
considered identical with existing species. A Catalogue of the Mollusca from the
Lacustrine or Fluviatile deposits of Grays,* Clacton,t Stutton,{ and Copford,{

will be given as an Appendix to the Second Part of this work, as those beds are

* Grays, on the river Thames, twenty-one miles from London, in the county of Essex.
_+ Clacton, in Essex, on the coast, seven miles south-west of Walton Naze.

{ Stutton, in Suffolk, on the banks of the river Stour, six miles south of Ipswich.

§ Copford, in Essex, about four miles south-west of Colchester.

vi INTRODUCTION.

probably the Freshwater equivalents to the Crag Periods; the first three mentioned
localities belonging, perhaps, to the Red Crag Period, while the Copford deposit
may be of a more modern date. As these localities contain Mollusca, of which all
the species are identical with existing forms, and which have been already figured
and described, it is presumed that a name alone, with reference to the work in which
each species is given, will be sufficient for geological; purposes. The land and
Freshwater shells delimeated here, having been found in the Red and Mammaliferous
deposits, intermixed with Marine species, may be considered as forming an integral
portion of these beds, as their geological age cannot be doubted: they therefore
cannot well be omitted, more especially as they exhibit, in most instances, a variation
in form, more or less considerable, from their typical characters, thus exciting our
interest regarding the climatal and other conditions under which they existed, and
which appear to have exerted no little influence upon most of the animals of that
Period.

In justice to my predecessors in this field of geological and paleontological

research, a small space may be allotted for a brief summary of their labours.

‘An Attempt towards a Natural History of Fossils,’ by John Woodward, in 1729,

contains the first notice of any organic remains from the Crag Formation.

Robert Dale, in his ‘ History and Antiquities of Harwich, published in 1730,
gives copious descriptions, as well as representations, of several species from the Crag,
that were found at that time in the Cliff near Harwich; the execution of some of
these figures is by no means to be despised, and the shells may be readily recognised.
This author states that during the time he had observed the Cliff, the wearing away
of its materials was so rapid, that after a period of forty years but little of the stratum
remained from which he had, in the early part of his life, collected his fossils; and
although portions of the Crag were remaining during the time of his publication, all

vestiges of it have long disappeared from that locality.

Parkinson, in his ‘Organic Remains of a Former World, 1811, gives a few good

figures of Crag shells.

In 1816, William Smith, “the Father of Geological Science in England,” published
a plate of good figures of Crag fossils in his ‘ Strata Identified by Organized Fossils.’

INTRODUCTION. Vii

Mr. Richard Cowling Taylor published, in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine,’ 1822-24,
some observations on the Norfolk Cliffs, as well as a Paper, in the ‘ Geological
Transactions,’ upon the Tertiary deposits of Norfolk and Suffolk; some good figures of

Crag Corals were also given by him in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History,’ 1830.

In 1826, Mr. Robberds published some ‘Observations on the Eastern Valleys of
Norfolk.’

In 1833, ‘An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk’ was published by Samuel
Woodward the elder, in which there are some good figures of Crag fossils, from the
beds in the immediate neighbourhood of Norwich, relating only to the Mammaliferous

Crag.

The geological features of the upper Tertiaries of this country, more especially
those portions from which the shells here illustrated have been extracted, have been
ably delineated by Mr. Lyell, in his ‘ Principles’ as well as in his ‘Elements of Geology;
and also in a special Memoir, published in the ‘ Magazine of Natural History’ for 1839.

Mr. Charlesworth also published a series of Papers in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine’
for 1835, in which the Crag Formation was separated into ¢/yee .different Periods, the
oldest of which he designated the “ Coralline Crag,” as expressive of its contents, that
Formation being in some places composed entirely of Zoophytic remains. - The
succeeding Period, or “ Red Crag,” was so denominated from its peculiar ochreous
colour, the beds being strongly stained by large quantities of the hydrous oxide of iron;
but it was considered as geologically distinct, on account of the absence of the great
mass of Zoophytes peculiar to the lower beds, as well as of the introduction of a
new group of Testacea. A further examination of what had previously been considered
as an extension of the Red Crag Formation into Norfolk, induced that author to
suspect the Crag of Norfolk to be of posterior age, and, as position in this case was no
guide to such determination, he appealed to the certain evidence of zoological
distinction, which presented a more recent aspect than either of the preceding ; and
as amongst its imbedded fossils are the remains of numerous Mammalia, he gave to this
Formation the title of “Mammaliferous Crag.” These terms are employed in the

present work.

In 1836, Mr. John Morris published some observations, in the ‘ Magazine of Natural

viil INTRODUCTION.

History,’ upon the Freshwater Formation of the upper Tertiaries at Maidstone,
in Kent. The Period to which this bed belongs has not yet been satisfactorily

determined.

In the eighth volume of the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ 1839, Mr. W. Bean
gave an account of a deposit at Bridlington Quay, whence some of the shells I have

figured were obtained.

In 1840, Mr. John Brown, of Stanway, communicated a Paper to the ‘ Magazine of
Natural History, describing a Lacustrine deposit at Clacton, on the coast of Essex,
which is probably the Freshwater equivalent to the Red Crag Formation. This
gentleman also printed and privately distributed a list of Crag Shells, obtained by him
from a place called Beaumont, in Essex. In this list, however, there are not the
names of any species but such as have been obtained at Walton-on-the-Naze by myself ;
and as I have not been able personally to inspect the locality referred to by Mr. Brown,

no special reference has been made to it.

In December, 1843, Professor Henslow read a Paper before the Geological Society,
describing fossils from the Crag at Felixstow, which he considered to be the Croprolitic
remains of whales; and introduced a notice respecting some tympanic bones, which

were referred to the genus Balenodon by Professor Owen.

As early as the year 1812, Mr. James Sowerby, senior, commenced the ‘ Mineral
Conchology,’ which for a long series of years has been almost the only publication by
which British fossil shells of all Periods have been made known to the public in this
country; and this work has been ably continued by his son, Mr. James De Carle

Sowerby, to the present time.

The first portion of the present work contains descriptions of univalve shells,
or the calcareous remains of Gasteropodous Molluscs. The great variety of forms pre-
sented by the testaceous coverings of this class of animals, depends upon the height
or length of the cone. This ranges through every degree of angularity, from the
nearly discoidal form exhibited by some of the Patelliform species, in which the cone
is so depressed as to form an angle, from the vertex to the margin, of 170 degrees, to
that of an elongated tube, extended in some cases so much as to become nearly

cylindrical, and twisted into almost every conceivable form of spiral, for the convenience,

INTRODUCTION. ix

or rather according to the necessities of the animal. Among the spiral shells these
varying forms are the result of an obliquity in the mode of growth, caused by a greater
development or increase of one side of the opening, whereby an heliciform direction
is given to the shell in the process of enlargement. It is, perhaps, needless to say,
that the mode of increase or growth of the shell is by the successive deposition of
calcareous matter secreted by the mantle, and deposited on the margin of the aperture,
and moulded as it were upon the soft body of the animal, by which means the impress
of every peculiarity is formed, and permanently fixed in the calcareous covering. It
may, however, be observed, that some of the exterior ornaments of these shells are
formed by an extension or protrusion of the mantle, whereby a fimbriated, and
sometimes a spinose, varix is formed upon the margin of the outer lip, producing
many varied and beautiful ornaments upon the spiral shell, which, however,
have no corresponding characters upon the soft body of the animal. It is from
these appearances alone, that presumed specific distinctions can be determined ; and
the characters drawn from them, although they may be considered as somewhat
extrinsic to the animal, are the only means afforded to the paleontologist for the
determination of species. From the recent researches of Mr. Bowerbank and
Dr. Carpenter, in their Microscopic Examinations into the Structure of Shells, it would
appear that there is a more intimate connexion between the animal and its envelope
during its lifetime than could be imagined by the supposition of a simple addition of
earthy matter deposited upon its cuticle; and that this strong covering is an organized
body, and part and parcel of the animal itself. Important as are those observations
and suggestions, which bear considerably on generic groups, and by which, perhaps,
even minor distinctions may hereafter be pointed out, the specific determinations
referred to in the present monograph have not been submitted to such tests, but are
merely drawn from the various external differences existing in the shells, and which
variations in structure are generally considered as resulting from some internal economy

of the animal.

This mode of determination may, perhaps, be correctly applicable only to shells in
perfect condition; whereas, some of those figured in this work have undergone con-
siderable alteration, either by the loss of colour and animal matter, or by decom-
position of the outer coating, while many of them have sustained mutilation by the
mechanical action of the waves. These accumulated difficulties are serious impediments
to accurate comparisons; and the identifications in many cases must be looked upon
only as approximations: a correct Marine Fauna of this period will, it is to be feared,

be for many years to come a desideratum.

x INTRODUCTION.

In regard to the admeasurement of shells in the present work, minute fractional
descriptions have not been very particularly attended to, but a general approximation
only has been given, from a belief that a comparison of the dimensions of the aperture and
the axis of a shell is a test of fallacious dependence. In many instances, specimens
of the same species have a much greater range in variation than, as a general character,
would be exhibited between two proximate species ; the aperture in some individuals
being equal to two thirds of the length of axis, while in others of the same species it
does not exceed one third. In an elevated or cylindrically formed shell, with numerous
volutions, the aperture of a young individual bears a greater proportion to the axis of
the shell than it does when the animal is fully grown; and it is not always possible to
ascertain when an individual has reached a state of maturity. The form of the
aperture is nearly the same at all ages or states of the individual, but the lengthening
or shortening of the convoluted cone, which may be the result of external causes, will
materially affect any mathematical proportion that may be assumed as a standard for
specific determination ; and the spiral angle, or angle of volution,* upon which some
Continental conchologists have placed so great reliance, is a test, in my opinion, equally
illusory and deceptive. In Lzttorina littorea, for example, the variations extend, in
what I firmly believe to be individuals of the same species, from a subulate or tapering
form of volution, denoting an angle of scarcely twenty degrees, to another form which,
by the application of the same rule, would show an angle of ninety degrees; this may
be seen in Plate X, where the figures are by no means exaggerated, but rather fall
short of the two extremes. A like want of permanent regularity in proportionate
dimensions is equally exhibited im the Acephala or bivalve molluscs; and minute
attention to accurate detail or mathematical proportions is rarely to be depended
upon, even in that class. In some species, of which the general form may be con-
sidered as transverse, the character may be traced through triflmg and almost imper-
ceptible gradations until it is decidedly elongate, so that mathematical proportions in
such cases are of no determinate value. This is more particularly evident in some of the
species in the Crag Formations, where, perhaps, a rather more than ordinary degree of
variation may be seen; and such are the extraordinary varieties in many of the species,
that no reliance can be placed, for specific determination, upon minute proportionate

dimensions, although, as an auxiliary, they may in some cases be usefully referred to.

No alteration has been thought necessary in the generally accepted terms of

* The angle formed by a line drawn from the vertex on each side of the shell, which varies, of course,
upon the greater or less depression of the volution, the sutural angle, also, depending upon the same cause.

INTRODUCTION. xi

longitudinal and transverse, applying them to what is so in appearance only; and the
term /abrum is applied to that portion of the peritreme which corresponds with the
right hand of the investigator ; while /aécwm is given to its opposite or columella lip.

For the dates of publication of the different genera, I am much indebted to the
work of M. A. N. Hermansen, entitled ‘Indicis Genera Malacozoorum Primordia,’
now in course of publication; and also to a very valuable Paper on a similar subject,
by J. E. Gray, Esq., published in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’
November, 1847.

Considerable difficulty has been experienced im selecting an Order of Arrangement
for the shells described. An immense mass of information regarding the soft parts of
Mollusca has been obtained within the last few years; and the animal inhabitants of
no less than five thousand species are now known, and have been examined:* yet,
notwithstanding this additional information, we are still without a Natural Classification,
to which anything like a general concurrence appears to be given; and it is only
necessary to compare such as have been most recently published on the Continent
with those of our own naturalists in England, to observe the great dissimilarity
between them. It has therefore been thought most advisable to employ the old
artificial arrangement, with some slight modifications, uniting in different sections
those shells in which the aperture is emarginate, or furnished with a canal for the
siphon of the animal, and those in which the mouth is circular, or with a continuous
peritreme, and merely placing in advance the Pulmonata, or air-breathing animals,
after the manner of Cuvier, conceiving them to be more highly organized than those
which breathe simply by means of gills.

If at first sight it should be considered improbable that some of the extreme
varieties in form belonged to one species, it must be stated that these results have
been arrived at, not only by the possession, but by the careful examination of a large
series of individuals.

Some information has been introduced that may be thought unnecessary ; but

I have considered that the newly-established Paleontographical Society will, in all
probability, contain among its members students just entering the field of Palzeonto-

* Gray, Zoological Proceedings, p. 132, November, 1847.

Xi INTRODUCTION.

logical research, to whom every species of information, although familiar to those

long engaged in the study, will be acceptable.

It has been, of course, my endeavour to make the work as complete as possible,
though it merely professes to be a plain and faithful delineation and history of the

b)

“ Remains of Mollusca from the Crag.” I do not pretend to put it forth as free from
errors; on the contrary, it would be surprising if they were not zwmerous, more
especially when it is recollected that in many instances, in consequence of the
insufficient materials, and imperfect and altered condition of the shells, a more than

ordinary degree of labour is imposed upon the Paleontologist.

The figures, in every instance, have been engraved from specimens in my own
cabinet, and obtained by myself, excepting where otherwise particularly expressed ;
and I beg to return my sincere thanks to my friends for their liberal assistance during
the progress of the work ; particularly to Miss Alexander, Mr. Lyell, Capt. Alexander,
Mr. Gibson, Mr. Charlesworth, Mr. Daniel, Mr. Perry, Mr. Robert Fitch, and
Mr. Wigham, who have allowed me the use of their best specimens for the purpose of
comparison and for figuring ; and to Mr. Bean and Mr. Leckenby, for the loan of their
specimens from the Bridlington beds. I beg also to express my obligations to several
friends who have assisted me with their opinions upon conchological subjects, especially
to Professor E. Forbes, Mr. Alder, Mr. Hanley, and Mr. W. Thompson.

SEARLES V. WOOD.
January, 1848.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

CLASS—CEPHALOPODA.

No remains of any animal belonging to this Class have, that I am aware of, been
detected in any of the three Formations into which the Crag is divided. My cabinet
contains a few specimens of Belemnites belonging to two different species, found by
myself among the gravelly portion of the Red Crag. These, however, as they have
been introduced from the older rocks, and have no connexion with the Tertiary
Periods, do not require to be here particularised.

CLASS—GASTEROPODA.

Orv. PULMONATA, Cuv.
TERRICOLA, Friem,

HeLix,* Zinn. 1758.

Generic Character. Shell turbinated, orbicular, subglobose or depressed, light
and thin: spire slightly elevated, with several more or less convex volutions, mostly
smooth ; last whorl often large and ventricose, with an oblique aperture of a lunate or
semi-ovate form, generally broader than long, impressed by the prominent part of
the body whorl: peristome confluent with the columella, mostly strengthened
internally by a thickened rib, and often having a reflected edge, especially on the left
side covering the umbilicus, without an operculum.

Animals belonging to this order (Pulmonata), differ from the generality of the
Gasteropoda in being capable of respiration direct from the atmosphere, and are fur-

* Etym.”Edcé, quod contortum est.

2 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

nished with a simple pulmonary cavity, situated beneath the edge of the mantle, on
the right side of the animal; most of them are covered and protected by a calcareous
shell, more or less convolute. Those which are constant inhabitants of the water,
come occasionally to the surface for a supply of air, a necessary and vital element,
which they cannot sufficiently obtain from the water alone.

As the species of this genus are entirely terrestrial, the presence of specimens
found associated with marine shells in the Mammaliferous Crag may be due to the
transporting power of rains and floods, conveying them into the ancient estuary, and
to their buoyancy (more especially if dead shells) permitting them to be carried to
greater or less distances, before they become entombed with the marine exuviz.

Upwards of a hundred synonyms are given by Hermansen to this genus as originally
established, many authors conceiving a very slight alteration of character sufficient to
constitute generic distinction. ;

A genus like the present, which, even when shorn of all those marine, fluviatile,
and terrestrial forms that were included in it by Limneus and other ancient
authors, contains in a living state, nearly one thousand species, might, however, be
considered as deserving of subdivision, were it only to assist the student in the difficult
task of investigation.

1. Hexrx uisprpa. Linn. Tab. I, fig. 3, a—e.
Hnirx wisprpa. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 1244, 1766.
— Miiller. Verm. 11, p. 73, No. 268, 1774.
— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 423, t. 23, fig. 3, 1803.
-= Rissmasler. Iconog. t. 31, fig. 426-427, 1835.
= Gray. 2d edit. of Turt. Man. p. 154, t. 4, fig. 51, 1844.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— var. concinna. Jeffreys, Synopsis.

H. Testé orbiculato-convexd; spird depressd, anfractibus 4—5 viv carinatis; apertura
semilunari, labro tenui, sub-reflexa ; umbilico profundo.

Shell orbiculato-convex, with a somewhat depressed spire; whorls four or five,
slightly carinated ; aperture semilunate, with a moderately sized, and deep umbilicus.

Diameter, + of an inch ; elevation, } ditto.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.

Several specimens have been kindly lent to me for comparison, from these, with a few
of my own, I have no hesitation in assigning this to H/. /ispida. Two varieties are among
those belonging to Mr. Lyell, one of which has the name of /7. plebeiwm upon the tablet,
which I think, however, is only a variety of H. /ispida with a spire rather more de-
pressed, and an umbilicus a little larger. I have the same varieties from Stutton and
Clacton. This shell appears to present a slightly carinated form in the young state,
though not quite so much so in the middle of the volution as in HW. rufescens ; this
character is less distinct in the older specimens.

GASTEROPODA. 3

2. HELIX PULCHELLA. Jfill. Tab. I, fig. 4, a—e.

HeLix putcnerta. Mill. Verm. p. 30, No. 232, 1773.
— patuposa. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 440, 1803.

ZURAMA PULCHELLA. Leach. Moll. p. 108, 1819.

Lucena PULCHELLA. Hartman. t. 1, fig. 6, 1821.

Hewix costata. Flem. Brit. An. p. 263, 1828.

AMPLEXIS PALUDOSIS. Brown. Con. Illust. pl. 41, f. 76, 77, 1827.

— CRENELLUS. = = - pl. 41, f. 78, 79.

Hewix minutus. Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. I. 123, 1830.
— PULCHELLA. Gray. 2d edit. of Turt. Man. p. 141, pl. 5, fig. 49, 1844.
— —_ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

H. Testa minutd, orbiculato-depressd, umbilicatd ; anfractibus 4, convewis, suturis
depressis ; labri margine crasso, albo, refleco ; umbilico magno.

Shell small, orbiculato-depressed, with about four volutions, finely marked with
lines of growth; suture deep; aperture subcircular ; peritreme thickened and reflected;
a large and open umbilicus, showing the volutions within.

Diameter, 3, of an inch; elevation, half the diameter.

Locality. Red Crag, Bawdsey. Recent, Britain.

The only specimen of this species in my cabinet was found in loose and disturbed
Crag; it is, however, deeply tinged with the hydrous oxide of iron, having all the
appearance of a genuine Crag shell; and asit is very abundant in the fluviatile deposits
of Stutton and Clacton, it was in all probability a living species during the Red Crag
period.

3. HELIX ARBUSTORUM (?) Linn. Tab. I, fig. 2.
HeLix arpustorum (?) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1245.
—_ Draparnaud. Moll. p. 38, t. 5, fig. 18, 1805.
— Turt. Man. pl. 3, fig. 25, 1819.
— Réssmasler. Iconog. p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1835.

H. Testa subglobosd, perforata, levigata(?); spird obtusa ; anfractibus quinque, subcari-
natis; apertura oblique semilunari, labri margine reflexo ; umbilico obtecto.

Shell subglobose and perforated ; smooth (?), with a short conoidal spire ; volutions
five, slightly convex above, and rather compressed beneath, very obtusely carinate ;
margin reflected, covering the umbilicus.

Diameter, 3 of an inch ; elevation, } ditto.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Southwold. Recent, Britain.

The specimen figured is from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell, and is the only one I have
seen. I have assigned it to the well-known recent species, although it is considerably
altered in appearance, and differs from the general form of that shell in being more
depressed, and in the obtusely or roundedly carinated form of the volutions. I have,
however, some recent specimens as much depressed, and some which, in the young
state, show a carinated form of volution. It somewhat resembles Z. Turonensis, but
that species is generally much larger, and the peristome of our shell is never so much

4 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

reflected or thickened, more especially at the lower and inner part of the mouth. The
perfectly smooth appearance of the specimen is in all probability the result of attrition.

A recent specimen from Ayrshire, much depressed in form, has been obligingly sent
me by Wm. Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, which very strongly resembles our Crag shell.

4, Hettx rysa. SS. Wood. 1847. Tab. I, fig. 1.

H. Testé orbiculato-depressd, perforata, supra converd, radiata, rugosd, seu corrugatd ;
subtus rotundatd, profundé umbilicatd et subtilissimé striata; anfractibus septem obtuse
carinatis, carinis prope suturam distinctis: aperturd subdepressd, late lunari ; peritremate
acuto, reflexo.

Shell orbiculato-depressed, perforated, convex, rugosely striated, or rather corru
gated, on the upper half of the volutions, rounded, and faintly striated on the under
surface, with a large and deep umbilicus; volutions seven, obtusely but distinctly
keeled ; keel visible at the suture on the upper side; aperture broadly lunate, with a
sharp and reflected peritreme.

Diameter, % of an inch ; elevation, + ditto.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

The elegant and, as far as I know, unique specimen, from which the figure above
referred to was taken, is from the cabinet of G. 8S. Gibson, Esq., of Saffron Walden,
who has kindly intrusted me with this rarity for publication. It was found, he
informs me, in the interior of a specimen of Buccinum undatum.

By careful examination, as well as by the assistance of my conchological friends, I
have been unable to find a species with which this could be identified. In comparing
it with /. rufescens, the shell to which it appears to have the greatest affinity, some
essential differences exist; it is rather larger, and has seven volutions, whereas in that
species | have never been able to obtain a specimen with more than six; it is more
distinctly and roughly corrugated on the upper surface, and the keel, though obtuse,
is visible up the spire; the lines of growth are not more prominent upon the under
surface than those upon JZ. rufescens, where there is a strong resemblance between
the two. In this the aperture is of the same form, though the peritreme is rather
more reflected, and a little depressed at the suture.

Cycitostoma,* Zam. 1799.
CycLostoMa ELEGANS. Drap.

Specimens of this well-known species are found in the upper part of the Coralline
Crag, as well as of Helix crystallina, Pupa marginata, and Cyrena trigonula, in association
with marine species. The locality from which they were obtained is rather a doubtful
one, and from their very recent aspect they must, at least for the present, be considered

* Btym. Kuxnos, a circle, and oripa, a mouth.

GASTEROPODA. 5

as not of the age of the Coralline Crag. The material in which they are found may
probably be a disturbed deposit of a more recent period. I have also found this species,
with its operculum in position, in the superficial earth resting upon the Red Crag, at
the depth of six or eight feet from the surface, but have never seen it in a living state
in the eastern part of the county of Suffolk.

Succinea,* Drap. 1805.

AMPHIBULIMA. Lam. 1805.
CocHLoHyDRA. Ferus. 1819.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, rather elongate ; volutions few; spire short; texture thin,
fragile, subcorneous, semitransparent ; aperture large and entire, longitudinally ovate ;
peritreme sharp, and confluent with the columella, inner lip spread over a part of the
body whorl.

This approaches in general form the genus Limnza, but may be distinguished by
the absence of an oblique fold, which is always more or less distinct upon the columella
of the latter. The British species are found about the margins of ponds and ditches,
where the surface is moist and damp, and generally upon the stems and leaves of
plants. The Succinez are strictly land animals, although capable of remaining a con-
siderable time under water.

]. SuccINEA PuTRIS(?) Jizan. Tab. I, fig. 5.
Heuix purris. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1249, 1766.
— svucctnEa. Mill. Verm. 11, p. 97, No. 296, 1774.
— purris. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 376, t. 16, fig. 4, 1803.
Succrnea aAmpHiBIA. Drap. Moll. p. 58, t. 3, fig. 22, 23, 1805.
_ puTRis. Flem. Brit. An. p. 267, 1828.
_- AMPHIBIA. Réssm. Icon. p. 91, t. 2, fig. 45, 1835.

S. Testa elongato-ovatd, tenui, fragili ; anfractibus tribus convexiusculis, supra depressis,
suturis profundis ; aperturd ovatd, subverticall.

Shell elongato-ovate, thin and fragile, with about three slightly convex volutions,
rather depressed on the upper part; aperture broadly ovate, subvertical; suture
moderately deep.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

This species I presume to be rare ; but one specimen has come into my possession
since the publication of my Catalogue, and this appears to be only a little more
elongated than the general form of this species, but in that character it is variable,
especially among my specimens from the fluviatile deposit at Stutton, where it is
abundant. The artist has given rather too great an expansion to the lower part of
the aperture; bringing the resemblance too near to the following species. It is,
however, a doubtful identification.

* Etym. Succineus, of amber.

6 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. SUCCINEA OBLoNGA. Drap. Tab. I, fig. 6.

Succrnga optonGa. Drap. Moll. p. 59, tab. 3, fig. 24-25, 1805.

Hewix nLoneata. Daudeb. Hist. des Moll. pl. 11, fig. 1-3.

AMPHIBULINA OBLONGA. Pfeiff. p. 68, t. 3, fig. 39, 1821.

SuccrnEA OBLONGA. Réssm. Icon. p. 92, t. 2, fig. 47, 1835.
= Grateloup. Cat. des Moll. de Dax, p. 123, 1838.
_ Nyst Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 466, pl. 39, fig. 11, 1844.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1844.

S. Testa elongato-ovatd, tenui ; spird elevatd, acuminatd ; apice obtuso, suturd profunda;
anfractibus tribus subobliqus ; aperturd ovata, spiram vie superante.

Shell elongato-ovate, with an elevated and acuminated spire, and an obtuse apex ;
volutions three, rather oblique and ventricose, with a deep suture ; aperture ovate,
not exceeding the length of the spire.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.

One specimen of this species, from the cabinet of Captain Alexander, is all that I
have seen. It appears to correspond with the recent shell, although the suture is not
quite so deep. ‘This species is also found, I believe, abundantly at Maidstone ; some
specimens from that locality were given me by Mr. Morris, and I have found the same
species, though sparimgly, at Clacton, in which specimens the suture is rather deeper

than in the Crag shell.

Aquatic, Mem.
Limnza,* Zam. 1799.

Limnevus. Drap. 1805.
Lymnaus. Brand. 1815.
Lymn=®a. Desmarest.
Lymnra. Risso. 1826.
Limngea. Flem. 1828.
Lymnus. Montf. 1810.
LepronimMNngéA. Swains. 1840.
Staeniconta. Leach. 1820.
GULNARIA. — 1820.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate or oblong, sometimes elongate and acutely turreted, smooth
and naked; spire always apparent, more or less elevated ; semitransparent and of a
subcorneous texture; volutions convex, somewhat depressed, sometimes tumid and
rapidly enlarging ; aperture large, open, and ovate, with a flexuous or plicated colu-
mella; peritreme acute.

Animals of this genus are inhabitants of fresh water, more especially of that which

is still and stagnant, although a few have been occasionally found in marshes where

* Etym. Acpraios, of stagnant water.

GASTEROPODA. é

the water is brackish. The species found in the Crag are, however, such as in the
present day are frequenters of ponds and ditches, and were in all probability conveyed
to their present locality as dead and empty specimens. Hitherto this genus has not
been found in any older formation than the Eocene, durmg which period it lived and
flourished in great profusion.

1. Limnaa PaAtustris (?) Linn. Tab. I, fig. 9, a—d.
HELIx patustris. Gmel. Syst. p. 3658, 1782.
Limnets patustris. Drap. Hist. Nat. des Moll. ter. et fluv. p. 52, tab. 2, fig. 40, 1805.
Herx patusrris. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 373, t. 16, fig. 10, 1803.
Lymy2%a Tenvts. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 30, 1833.
LimMN&Us PaLustRIs. Gray. 2d edit. Turt. p. 239, fig. 107, 1844.
Lymnevs paLustris. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

L. Testa elongato-ovatd, tenui: spird elevatd, apice acuto; anfractibus 4A—} convexris,
levigatis; apertura ovata.

Shell elongato-ovate, thin, with an elevated spire and acute apex; whorls about
five, convex and smooth, aperture ovate, half the length of shell.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bulcham. Recent, Britain.

Two or three belonging to Mr. Lyell, with one of my own, are all the fossil
specimens that I have been able to examine; they do not satisfactorily agree with the
above recent species, although they resemble it more than any other with which I am
acquainted, and present a sort of intermediate form between it and Z. pereger, having the
elevated spire of Z. palustris and the convex whorls of L. pereger, or perhaps more
like gigantic specimens of L. truxcatulus. The left lip, which in the recent shell is a good
deal reflected, is broken away in the Crag specimens, showing a small umbilicus.
This species I have found at Stutton and Clacton, precisely resembling the recent form.

2. LIMN@%A PEREGRA. Mill. Tab. I, fig. 7, a—é.
Buccinum perecruM. Mill. Verm. p. 130, No. 324, 1774.
BuLIMUs PEREGER. Bruguiére. Dict. No. 10, 1789.
LIMNEUS PEREGER. Drap. Moll. pl. 2, fig. 34-37, 1805.
HeELix PEREGRA. Mont. Test. Brit. 1803.
Lom 2s vutearts. Réssmasler. Icon. p. 97, t. 2, fig. 53-54, 1835.
— PEREGER. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

L. Testa ovato-oblongd, tenut, Sraghi ; anfractibus quatuor, convevis ; suturis profundis ;
spird mediocri, acutd ; labio reflexo, apertura ovatda.

Shell ovato-oblong, thin, and fragile, with four convex volutions and a deep suture ;
moderately elevated spire, and acute apex; aperture elongato-ovate, with a subreflected
peritreme ; left lip covering the umbilicus.

Ais, + an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Southwold and Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

One specimen of my own, with a few belonging to Mr. Wigham, obligingly sent to

8 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

me for the purpose of being figured, are sufficiently characteristic to be fairly identified
with one of the recent British forms; and I feel justified im assigning it to LZ. peregra.
This is also found at Stutton and Clacton, but I have only met there with the more
ovate and less elongated variety.

3. LIMNHA TRUNCATULA (?) Mill. Tab. I, fig. 8, a—é.
Buccrnum TruncatuLUM. Miill. Verm. p. 130, No. 325, 1774.
Heix rossarta. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 372, t. 16, fig. 9, 1803.
Lymyevs minutus. Drap. Moll. pl. 3, fig. 5-7, 1805.
— ossarius. Twurt. Man. fig. 108.
LimNEA Fossarta. Fem. Brit. An. p. 274, 1828.
LIMNEUS MINUTUS. dssm. Icon. p. 100, t. 2, fig. 57, 1835.

L. Testé pusilla, ovato-conicd, perforata, tenui, fragili ; anfractibus quinque conveais ;
suturis profundis ; spird elevatd ; apice acuto ; apertura ovatd.

Shell small, ovato-conical, perforated, thin, and fragile, with about five convex
volutions, and a deep suture; spire elevated; apex acute; aperture ovate; and a
slightly reflected pillar lip.

Aais, + of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

One small specimen, represented at fig. 84, sent to me by Mr. Wigham for the
purpose of description, appears to belong to this species; it has the convex volutions,
deep suture, and open umbilicus, corresponding with those of the recent shell. Fig. 8 a
is the representation of a specimen from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell of a more doubtful
character ;* although more elongated than the general form of the recent species, it
appears to correspond in other respects, and I feel disposed to assign it to
L. truncatulus. This species is found in the truly Lacustrine beds of Stutton and
Clacton, corresponding precisely with the recent form. .

Pranorsis,} filler, 1781.

Gen. Char. Shell orbiculato-depressed, discoidal; volutions apparent above and
below, convoluted upon a nearly horizontal axis, thin, light, smooth, and somewhat
corneous ; aperture simple, lunate, crescent-shaped, or subquadrate ; outer lip thin,
sharp ; inner lip slightly spreading over the body whorl. No operculum.

The animals belonging to this genus are inhabitants of pure fresh water; their
most favoured places of abode being in waters that are stagnant, although a few are
found in gentle streams; but none are as yet known in those places to which salt
or brackish water has access; the specimens, therefore, found in the Crag must of
course have been accidentally introduced, and are few in number. Shells of this
genus are formed upon a nearly horizontal plane, and some considerable disagreement

* Mr, Lyell’s specimen measures 3 of an inch.
+ Etym. Planus, flat, and orbis, a cirele.

GASTEROPODA. 9

(not yet satisfactorily adjusted) has existed among conchologists as to the correct
determination of the upper and under sides of these shells ; some have considered them
as dextral, while others maintained them to be sinistral; in my descriptions they are
considered as dextral, although the artist has made them sinistral.

1. PLANORBIS COMPLANATUS. Jizz. Tab. I, fig. 10, a—e.

HeELix compianaTa. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1242, 1766.

PLANORBIS UMBILICATUS. Mill. Verm. p. 160, No. 439, 1774.

Heirx compranata. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 450, t. 25, fig. 4, 1803.

PLANORBIS COMPLANATUS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 278, 1828.

PLANORBIS MARGINATUS. Drap. Moll. p. 45, pl. 2, fig. 11-12, 1805.
— Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. p. 265, fig. 88, 1840.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Pl. Testi discoided, complanatd, levigaté: anfractibus superné convexis, inferne
complanatis : carina marginali, non prominenti ; spird depressda.

Shell discoidal, flattish, smooth, with the spire slightly depressed; nearly flat
beneath, with the margin carinated but not prominent; volutions convex above;
aperture lunate; the upper part of the peritreme projecting beyond the lower.

Diameter, % of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley.

Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.

My cabinet contains but one specimen of this species, found by myself in undis-
turbed Red Crag. It corresponds with the common recent form of this shell, and has a
slightly carinated edge on the flat or lower side, while the volutions on the other side
are convex, with the spire depressed and concave, and the edge of the outer lip
projecting and curved. Two specimens from the Mam. Crag, near Norwich, were
sent to me for description by Mr. Wigham ; they do not differ, however, in any respect
from my own.

2. PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Jill. Tab. I, fig. 11, a—e.
PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Mill. Verm. 11, p. 161, 1774.
HeLIx sprrorpis. Gmel. Syst. p. 3624, No. 36, 1788.
— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 455, t. 25, fig. 2, 1803.
PLANORBIS VORTEX, var. 8. Drap. Moll. t. 2, fig. 6-7, 1805.
PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. p. 268, fig. 98.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Pl. Lesté discoidea, utrinque plano-depressd ; anfractibus subcylindraceis, ultimo obsolete
angulato.

Shell discoidal, thin, fragile, somewhat concave on both sides, with very slightly
increasing, subcylindrical or subquadrate volutions ; outer or lower margin obsoletely

angulated.
Diameter, + of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.

9

10 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

This is figured and described from a single specimen, belonging to Mr. Lyell. Its
outer edge is rounded and not carinated, corresponding in that respect with the recent
shell, which is now considered by most conchologists to be distinct from P. vortew,
in which one edge is strongly keeled, and the surface thereby made quite flat, with the
suture reduced to a fine and narrow line. Both these species are found in the fresh-
water deposit, at Clacton, although P. vortex is the most abundant.

3. PLANORBIS CORNEUS. Linn. Tab. I, fig. 12, a—e.
Hewrx cornea. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1243, 1766.
_ Mont. Test. Brit. p. 448, 1803.

PLaNoRBIS corNnEUS. Drap. Moll. pl. 1, fig. 42, 44, 1805.
= Gray. 2d edit. Turton’s Man. fig. 95, 1840.
= G. B. Sowerby. Genera, fig. 1, 18—?
— Lam. 20 edit. Hist. Nat. des An. sans Vert. viii. p. 382, 1837.
— Rossmasler. Icon. t. 2, p. 14, pl. 7, fig. 113, 1838.
— Dujardin. Mém. Soe. Géol. de France, t. 11, 1837.
—_ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Pl. Testd discoided, tenui, fragili, plano-depressa, altero laté et profunde umbilicata ;
anfractibus teretibus rapide crescentibus ; apertura lunato rotunda.

Shell discoidal, thin, and fragile, rather flat on one side, with a deep or canaliculated
suture; umbilicus broad and deep; volutions subcylindrical, rapidly increasing,
impressed by the previous whorl.

Diameter, % of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.

The figure is from a specimen in the cabinet of Capt. Alexander, and the only one
I have seen. It corresponds precisely with specimens of the same size, of the common
recent British species, and there is no doubt of its identity. The recent shell, in its young
state, is marked with fine spiral strie, and the volutions, in more advanced age,
are sometimes angulated. The striz are more especially distinct in the perios-
traca, which, when removed, leave the shell nearly smooth. Our specimen has the
slightest possible trace of spiral striz. This species has much the character of a
sinistral shell, taking that for the under side in which the spire is most depressed
and umbilicated ; but the portion of the peritreme is more produced and projecting on
that side which, if it were a dextral shell, would be the uppermost. The depression
of the vertex appears rather an anomaly in the mode of volution, but it occasionally
occurs in species that are convolute upon a horizontal axis, as among some of the
Bulle, where the lip is elevated above the spire, giving it there a deep umbilicus.
Moreover, I should imagine that the projection of the lower portion of the aperture of
the shell would rather impede the action of the foot, and incommode the motions of
the animal. I have therefore considered that to be the upper side (fig. 12, 4), in
which the projecting portion of the peritreme would act rather as a protective covering
to the animal.

GASTEROPODA. 1]

Conovu.Lus,* Zam. 1812.

Meuamevus. Montf. 1810.
ConovuLa. Ferus. 1819.
Marinuta. King. 1831.
ConovuLtum. G. B. Sow. jun. 1841.
AvricuLa. Lam.

Vouuta {(spec.) Linn.

Gen. Char. Shell oval or elongate, subcylindrical ; with generally a smooth exterior
and short conoidal spire; aperture rather long and narrow; peritreme continuous,
with two or three folds upon the columella; outer lip sometimes plain, occasionally
denticulated within.

This was proposed, in the first instance, by Lamarck, as a division of his extensive
genus Auricula, but was afterwards suppressed by himself. Mr. J. E. Gray has
recently adopted it in his edition of Turton’s ‘ Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells,’
as a distinction from the Auricule, which are land shells. The Conovuli live generally
in water, and are found sometimes where it is purely fresh; at others they extend
their range into the sea.

1. ConovuLus pyRAMIDALIS. J. Sow. Tab. I, fig. 13, a—é.
AURICULA PYRAMIDALIS. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 379, 1822.
_ Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 473, pl. 39, fig. 12, 1844.
ConovuLus pyramipaLis. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa ovato-ventricosd, striata, crassa ; spird conoided pyramidali ; apice obtusiusculo ;
anfractibus 7—8 angustis, superné convevis, subcylindraceis; aperturd ovato-oblongda auri-
Sormi ; columella biplicata.

Shell ovato-ventricose, striated? thick and strong, with a conoidal or pyramidal
spire, and a slightly obtuse apex; volutions about seven, elongated and subcylindrical,
with an ear-shaped aperture, and two folds upon the columella; inner lip slightly
reflected, generally covering the umbilicus.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Thorpe, near Aldborough.

Found rather sparingly, in the Red Crag, but abundantly in the estuary deposit,
at Thorpe, where the specimens are generally more perfect, though seldom so
large. It is a thick and strong shell, rather clumsily formed, with a sharp and simple
outer lip, somewhat thickened within, particularly at the lower part, and slightly con-
tracted in the middle; the upper part of the volution slightly convex, sloping outwards,
the body of the shell nearly straight, contracting towards the base, with two folds
upon the inner lip; the upper one sharp, prominent, and compressed; nearly at right

* Etym. Conus and ovulum. This name of Melampus has priority, and ought to have been the one
employed, but this having been used in my Catalogue is here retained.

12 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

angles to the axis of the shell, and situate about the middle of the aperture, at the
lower part of the body of the shell; the other upon the columella, midway between the
upper fold and the base of the aperture, and is more oblique of the two. The inner lip
is thick, especially at the lower part, and reflected, sometimes entirely covering the
umbilicus. The specimens are generally quite smooth; but that I imagine is an acci-
dental circumstance, as vestiges of punctured strize, may be occasionally observed within
the aperture, or by the removal of the left lip, and the shell was probably, in its recent
state, entirely covered with striz. There is one deep ridge round the upper part of the
volution a little below the suture, and an incipient sinus at the upper angle of the
aperture. Iam strongly induced to think that the inhabitant was an animal more
inclined to salt water than to fresh, as the specimens from the Red Crag have attained
to a greater size, and appear to have received their full development as associates
with purely marine forms.

2. ConovuLus MyosorTis (?) Drap. Tab. I, fig. 14, a—é. var. B, fig. 15.
AURICULA MyosoTIs. Drap. Hist. des Moll. pl. 3, fig. 16, 17, 1805.
ConovULUs BIDENTATUS. Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. p. 227, pl. 12, fig. 145, 1840.
Conovutus myosorts. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa oblongo-conied levigata; spird elevatd, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8,
conveaiusculis ; columella biplicata ; labro tenut, simplict.

Shell elongated, smooth, with an elevated conical spire, and slightly obtuse apex ;
whorls moderately convex, with two folds upon the columella; outer lip sharp and plain.

Avis, 7, of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

Three specimens of this species were found by myself in the Red Crag, associated
with deep water, as well as more littoral species, probably carried there by the efflux
of the tide upon pieces of decayed wood, its favorite haunt. It has only two folds
upon the columella, the upper one is prominent and compressed, placed at nearly right
angles to the axis, the lower one is rather more obtuse and oblique. It is larger than
any British specimens I have seen, but is less elongated than my recent specimens of
C. myosotis from France, which have also three folds. Montague says of his Voluta
denticulata that it is a variable shell, and that specimens have sometimes as many as
four folds upon the columella, while others have only two, and that the outer lip is
sometimes denticulated within.

The same remark is made by Dr. Gould, who considers it probable that no less
than six, perhaps seven, shells, figured and described under different names, are only
modifications of this one species, arising from age, accident, and locality.

The Crag shell resembles, in its dentition and ovate form, the recent British species or
variety C. bidentatus, Gray, but is much larger, having at least twice its length, with a cor-
responding diameter. In the figure above referred to the artist has scarcely represented

GASTEROPODA. 13

it as sufficiently elongated. Fig. 15 is the representation of a shorter and more
inflated variety, which might perhaps be considered as a species, with the name of
intermedius, except that C. myosotis has in itself a tendency to extraordinary variation,
and coming from a formation in which we are presented in other species with so
many monstrous forms, we may be allowed, if necessary, a more than common
deviation in this case. The number of teeth upon the columella being three, with a
slight difference in their size and inclination, at one time induced a belief that it might
be distinct, but the recent species, possessing even a greater degree of variation, will
justify this bemg considered only as a variety. One specimen from the cabinet of
Capt. Alexander, and one of my own, are all that I have seen from the Mammaliferous
Crag.

Orv. PHCTINIBRANCHIATA, Cuv.

Sect. a2. SOLENOSTOMATA, Fem.
Gen. OvuLA,* Bruguiere, 1792.

AMPHICERAS. Gronov. 1781 (fide Gray).
Ovutus. De Montfort. 1810.

Srinta. Leach. 1819. Risso. 1826.
Ovutum. G, B. Sowerby, 18—(’)
Buia (spec.) Linn.

CatpurNna. Flem. 1828.

Brrostra. Swains. 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell fusiform or oviform, sometimes attenuated or greatly extended
at each extremity ; externally smooth or very finely striated ; convolute upon a nearly
horizontal axis, with a hidden spire; aperture elongate and narrow; outer lip
generally inflected and denticulated; inner hp smooth.

In form and mode of volution this genus approaches some of the species in the genus
Bulla, especially Bulla acuminata ; but it may be distinguished from that genus by
its having both extremities of the aperture canaliculated. In this a fold or tooth-
like projection is visible at the upper part above the spire, whereas in Bulla, the fold,
when visible, is upon the columella. The surface of the shell, when it has attained its
full size, is covered with an enamel-like coat, which is the extension of the columella
lip; and it is therefore supposed that the animal has a mantle so extensive as to be
able to envelope the entire shell. It differs from Cyprza principally in the ventricose
smooth body of the volution, and im the absence of denticulations on the columellar
lip.

In a recent state the greater number of known species are natives of a warm
climate, and one is quoted as an inhabitant of the British seas. Itis not as yet known
below the tertiary formations, and two British fossil species have been published, one
of which is from the Crag.

* Etym. The diminutive of ovwm, an egg.

14 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1. Ovuta Leatuestt. J. Sow. Tab. I, fig. 1, a—é.
Ovuta Leatuesit. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 478, 1824.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 605, pl. 43, fig. 19, 1844.
Caupurna Leatuestt. Flem. Brit. An. p. 331, 1828.
Ovuta Leatuesit. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Ovutum Leatuesit. Morris. Catalogue, p. 155, 1843.
Buita spevta. Linn.

O. Testa elongato-ovatd, fusiformi, medio ventricosd, utrinque subacuminatd ; apertura
superne lineari, inferne sub-effusd ; labro intus incrassato, subtus rotundato-angulato ;
columella superne uniplicata.

Shell elongato-ovate, fusiform, smooth, rather ventricose in the middle, slightly
acuminated at each extremity ; aperture contracted above, and a little expanded at the
lower part, with a very short canal; outer lip thickened within, reflected on the
exterior ; inner lip thin, expanded, with an obtuse fold upon the upper part, above the
spire.

Axis, 3 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, Mediterranean.

This is at present rare in the Red Crag, and [ have only a fragment from the
Coralline Formation. It is in an altered condition, some of the outer coating has gone,
leaving the reflected outer lip separated from the shell. There are some faint traces of
denticulations upon the inside of the outer lip, as well as a few strize upon the lower
part of the shell; the inner lip is depressed, slightly concave, with a projecting
callosity inward. So far as the altered state of this shell will allow of a fair com-
parison, I do not see any good specific character by which it can be separated from
Bulla spelta of Linneeus, which is given as a Touraine fossil by Dujardin (Mem. de la
Soc. Géol. de France, 1837, p. 302.)

Gen. Cyprma,* Linn. 1740.
Prrtsous (spec.) Adanson. 1757.
CoccinELLA, Leach. 1820.
Trivia. Gray. 1830.

Gen. Char. Shell oviform, oblong, or subglobular, with a short depressed spire,
visible only in the young state; covered with a coating of enamel in the adult. Aper-
ture linear, as long as the shell, crenulated or denticulated on both sides, terminating
at both extremities in a short canal, with an inflected and inflated outer lip, generally
smooth, sometimes pustulous, or transversely ribbed.

In my Catalogue the species belonging to this genus were enumerated under the
name of Trivia, proposed by Mr. J. E. Gray, for the reception of those species which
are transversely ridged or sulcated upon the exterior ; as the animals, however, are known
not to differ in any essential character from true Cypraa, I have accordingly restored

* Etym. Cypris, one of the names of Venus.

GASTEROPODA. 15

them to that genus. The shells of these species are, in the young state, quite
smooth, and have a visible spire, with a sharp and simple outer lip, and it is only
when full grown that the mantle envelopes the entire shell, depositing a calcareous
coating, by which the spire is hidden, the exterior is covered with transverse ridges,
and the outer lip is thickened and inverted.

The larger and smoother species are inhabitants of tropical or subtropical regions,
but, as a genus, it extends from the equator to the coast of Greenland. A species of
the section Trivia has been found in the Eocene formations of this country, one
specimen of which is in the cabinet of Mr. Wetherell, and another in that of the late
Mr. Channing Pearce.

“ Pig” is the common name of these shells upon the coast. In Italy they are
called Porcelli; and Porcelain, the common name of cowries, is taken from the fancied

resemblance of these shells to pigs.”—(Gray Zool. Proc. 1832.)

1. CyPR@A AVELLANA. /J/. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 5, a—e.
CYPR#A AVELLANA. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 378, fig. 3, 1832.
TRIVIA AVELLANA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TRIVIA TESTUDINELLA, var. 3. S. Wood. Catalogue.
CypR#A AVELLANA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 608, pl. 45, fig. 13, 1844.
TRIVIA AVELLANA. © Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 164, 1843.

C. Testa ovato-globosd, crassa, transversim striata, striis plus minusve numerosis, sulco
dorsali interruptis ; aperturd lineari angustata .

Shell ovato-globose, variable, thick and strong, covered with transverse striz or
ridges, more or less numerous, interrupted on the back by a longitudinal sulcus ; aper-
ture linear, with the inner lip concave at the lower part.

Avis, 3 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Walton and Sutton.

Rare in the Coralline Crag, but not so in the Red Crag at Walton. It is a
very variable species, the length of axis ranging from three fourths to less than one
fourth of an inch, with a transverse diameter, in some individuals, equal to its length,
while, in others, it does not exceed two thirds of it. The number of ridges upon the
exterior varies in almost an equal degree, and affords but little assistance for specific
determination. One specimen in my cabinet has as many as forty, while another
has only twenty-four ridges. 7. ¢estudinella of my Catalogue was the elongated
var. (fig. 5, c), which is now united with C. avellana, as 1 have reason to believe,
from the examination of more specimens, that the differences are not specific, and that
they may be connected by intermediate forms. It appears distinct from C. affnis,
Dujard., in which the costz are more irregular, and terminate obtusely, leaving a naked
sulcus on the back, while in this species the ridges are continued across it.

This species is also found in the Touraine beds, specimens of it, from that locality,

are in the cabinet of Mr. Lyell.

16 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. CypR@A AFFINIS. Dujard. Tab. II, fig. 9, a—d.
Cyprma arrrnts. Duwjard. Mém. sur les Conches du Sol en Touraine, Mém. de la Soc. Geol.
de France, 1837, p. 304, pl. 19, fig. 12.
Trivia arrinis. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa ovato-oblongd, transversim striata ; striis sulco dorsali interruptis, et prope
suleum sub incrassatis ; apertura angustatda.

Shell ovato-oblong, transversely striated or ridged, interrupted on the back with a
longitudinal furrow; striz or ridges rather irregular, slightly thickened at their
terminations ; aperture elongate.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

At present I have only two specimens of this species, from the Crag of Suffolk, and
they appear to differ from C. avel/ana in being of a more elongated form, in the irre-
gularity of the ridges, and in their thickened terminations at the borders of the sulcus.
Mr. Lyell has liberally supplied me with a good series of this species from the Touraine
beds, which, although presenting much variation among themselves, are always less in
size than the British species, and appear to preserve the general character of a naked
sulcus. They may, nevertheless, be only varieties of one species, but I have no speci-
mens that will unite the two, and have in consequence kept them distinct, as in all I
have hitherto seen a difference may be readily pointed out.

3. CyprmA AneLtim. WS. Wood. Tab. Il, fig. 7, a—dé.

Trivia ANGLIz. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa ovato-globosd, striis, transversis paucis, sulco dorsali interruptis, et prope
sulcum sub incrassatis ; apertura lineari subcentrali.

Shell globosely ovate, with a small number of transverse ridges, interrupted by a
dorsal sulcus; ridges slightly thickened at the edge of sulcus; aperture subcentral ;
outer lip thickened and recurved.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

This species is rare. It differs from the two preceding ones in having a less number
of ridges, and in being rather more depressed, with a more orbicular form. The ridges
seldom exceed nine in number, and are carried over the sulcus, but appear a little
thickened at their edges. The sulcus in the figure is scarcely enough displayed.

4. Cyprma RETuSA. J. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 8, a—é.
Cyprma retusa. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 378, fig. 2, 1832.
Trivia RETUSA. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
LT. Testa ovato-globosd, transversim striatd, striis paucis remotis ; sulco dorsali nullo ;
apertura lineata, submediand.
Shell ovato-globose, with few transverse strive, not exceeding 8—9 ; spaces between
them broad ; no dorsal sulcus ; aperture subcentral, nearly straight.

GASTEROPODA. 17

Avis, 2 of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton.

This is not abundant in either formation. It much resembles the preceding
(C. Angliz), in form and paucity of ridges, but there is no longitudinal sulcus on the
back. The outer lip is reflected, bringing its linear opening nearly to the centre
of the shell. These differences, as well as its more orbicular form, strike the eye
immediately, and are, I think, sufficient specific characters. One specimen has only
seven ridges across the back.

5. Cyprma Europ#a. Mont. Tab. Il, fig. 6.

Cyprm®a PEDICULUS Europma. Gel. Syst. Nat. p. 3418.
— Evrorpma. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. p. 88, 1808.
— ArcTIca. - - - - p. 200.
— BULLATA, juv. - . - p- 202.
— coccrneLuA. Lam. An. du Mus. tom. xvi, p. 104, 1810.
ah = Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 609, pl. 45, fig. 14.
— coccINELLOIDES. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 378, fig. 1, 1823.
— Evrorna. Flem. Brit. An. p. 330, 1828.
— Evrorma. Gray. Zool. Proc. p. 14, 1832.
— Norvnerca. Sars. Beskr. og. Jag. 1835.

Trivia Europma. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa ovato-oblongd, ventricosd ; sulcis transversis levibus, sulco dorsali nullo ;
apertura regulariter arcuatd, postice subproductd, dentibus equalibus.

Shell oblong, ovate, ventricose, transversely sulcated, ridges bifurcating, smooth,
raised ; aperture linear; lower part of inner lip concave, slightly produced.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, passim. Recent, Britain.

This is very abundant in the Red Crag, and exceedingly variable. My largest
specimen reaches 3 of an inch in length, while the smallest is little more than } inch,
with ridges varying on the back from ten to twenty, bifurcating towards the edges.
The sulci, as well as the ridges in this and all the preceding species, are quite smooth,
the latter being less in width than the former, and generally flat upon the top. Although
this species is so abundant, I have never yet been able to procure a young or immature
specimen. Mr. Lyell has it also from Touraine.

In describing these shells the term transverse is given to the ridges upon the
exterior, while the sulcus upon the back is called longitudinal, corresponding in that
character with the position of the animal in its natural state, with the head in a linear
direction from the apex of the spire, irrespective of the volutions of the shell.

In England these shells are called “Nuns,” and in Scotland “Johnny Groat’s
Buckie,” according to Dr. Fleming. In France they have the name of Poux-de-

Mer.
3

18 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Erato,* fzsso, 1826.
Votura (spec.) Don.
Cyprma. Mont.
MarGInELLA. De France.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, more or less angulated or conoidal, generally smooth,
with a short, conical, distinct, but visible spire, and submammillated apex;
last whorl large, inflated; aperture linear; outer lip, in the adult state, thickened,
inflected, and denticulated within; suture covered with enamel, base slightly emarginate.

Only a few species of this group are as yet known, which have been variously
described by different authors either as Volutes, Cypraeze, or Marginella, and, as far
as the shell may be a guide to its determination, it appears to come between the last
two genera, having the inflected lip of the former with the small but visible spire of the
latter. Seven recent species have been figured and described by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun.,
in his ‘ Conchological Illustrations,’ and these are all small shells ; they have generally
a few folds or plice at the base of the columella, but are sufficiently characterized to
form a distinct and separate genus.

1. Erato tavis. Don. Tab. Il, fig. 10, a—d.
Voututa t&vis. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 145, 1799.
Cyprma votuta. Moné. Test. Brit. t. 6, fig. 7, 1803.
BULLA DIAPHANA, juv. Test. Brit. p. 225, t. 7, fig. 8.
Voututa cypraona? Broc. Sub Appen. t. 4, fig. 10, a—é, 1814.
ERATO cyPRMOLA. Risso. Hist. Nat. des princip. Prod. de I’ Europe, tom. iv, pl. 7, fig. 85, 1826.
Mareinetua Donovanr. Payr. Cat. t. 8, fig. 25, 27, 1826.
— cyprmota. Dujard. Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, p. 302, 1837.
Erato travis. S§. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

E. Testé subconoided, vel pyriformi, politd ; spird prominuld, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus
3—4 obsoletis ; apertura angustatd, labro extus marginato, intus denticulato ; columelld ad
basim plicatda.

Shell subconoidal or pear-shaped, smooth and glossy, with a short obtuse spire ;
volutions obsolete; outer lip thickened without, and toothed within; inner lip slightly
denticulated, with two or three folds upon the base of the columella.

Ais, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

This species is rare, particularly in the Red Crag. It appears to agree in every
respect with the recent British shell. The mantle enveloped the entire shell in its adult
state, and the sutures of the spire are obliterated by an enamel-like calcareous deposit,
which extends over the apex. The outer lip is thickened and contracted in the middle,
with a row of very small teeth on the left side; these enlarge into two or three folds
at the base of the columella. A ventricose variety of this species is in Mr. Lyell’s
cabinet, from Touraine.

* The name of one of the Muses (que presit rebus amatoriis,) given to this genus probably from
its connexion with Cypreea (Cypris).

GASTEROPODA. 19

2. ERATO MAUGERIZ. Gray, Tab. II, fig. 11, a—é.
Erato MAUGERIM. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
a G. Sowerby. Conch. Illust. fig. 57, 1841.

LB. Testa conoided, subangulatd, levigata politd ; spird brevi, obtusa ; anfractibus, tribus ;
apertura lineata, basi subcanaliculato ; labro denticulato ; columelld subplicatd.

Shell small, conoidal, subangulated, smooth, and glossy; spire short; volutions
3—4 tumid, base subcaniculated ; outer hp denticulated, with a few plaits upon the
lower part of the columella ; outer lip a little thickened in the middle.

Avis, + of an inch nearly.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, West Indies.

I have only one specimen from the Red Crag, but it is by no means rare in the
Coralline beds. There is, I think, no doubt of its identity with the West Indian
shell. It has three folds at the base of the columella, with four or five denticulations
above them ; the outer lip is rather thickened in the middle. One of my specimens
from the Cor. Crag has a tinge of colour remaining in the outer lip. The principal
differences between this and the preceding (/. /evis) are its size and its more tumid
and angular form of volution. The figures are slightly enlarged. This species
is also from Touraine, in Mr. Lyell’s cabinet.

Voxtuta,* Linneus, 1767.

Mirra. Flem. 1828.

Fascronarta. Conrad.

Harputa. Swains. 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell subovate, or elongato-fusiform, more or less ventricose, sometimes
angulated, thick, strong, and generally large, smooth, striated, or tuberculated; apex
obtuse or mammillated ; outer lip simple, sometimes thickened within; aperture gene-
rally large and linear, terminating in a short and deep notch; columella with several
folds, of which the lowest is the largest.

Shells of a truly mammillated apex are not as yet known below the Miocene forma-
tions. Those species hitherto considered as Volutes, from the Eocene deposits, have an
elevated spire and an acuminated apex; they differed probably in their animal inha-
bitants, and may constitute another genus.

A species in Mr. Lyell’s cabinet from the Eocene formation, at Claibourne,
Alabama, and also one in the possession of Mr. Edwards, from Bracklesham, appear
to preserve an intermediate character, having a small papilliform apex, showing the
transition from the acute to the obtuse.

The recent species belonging to this genus are generally natives of the warmer
regions of the globe, although one large species of true Volute, with an emarginate
base, has been found on the southern coast of Patagonia, in lat. 51° 8.

* Etym. Volutus, rolled, a volvo.

20 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1. Votura LamsBerti. /J/. Sow. Tab. I, fig. 3, a—é.

= Dale. Hist. of Harwich, pl. 10, fig. 14, 1730.

Voture or Harwicu. Park. Organ. Rem. t. 5, fig. 13, 1811.

Votura Lamperti. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 129, 1816.

Mirra Lamperti. Flem. Brit. An. p. 333, 1828.

Fascrovarta Lamperti. Conrad. Journ. Nat. Se. vol. vi, p. 216.

Votuta Lamperti. Charlesworth. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 37, fig. 7, 1837.
— Grateloup. Cat. des An. de ? Adour, p. 50, 1838.
-- Dujard. Mém. de la Soc. Geol. de France, tom. ii, pt. 2, p. 300, 1837.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 587, pl. 45, fig. 4, 1844.
_ Morris. Catalog. of Brit. Foss. p. 167, 1843.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

V. Testa fusiformi, ovatd, vel elongata, tenuissime striata, spird conicd, apice papillari ;
anfractibus convewiusculis, superne depressis; aperturd ovata, ad basim subcanaliculatd,
atlenuatd, vie emarginatd, columella recta, plicata.

Shell fusiform, ovate, or elongated, very finely striated, with 5—6 slightly convex

volutions ; aperture ovate; base subcanaliculated, rather produced ; columella straight,
with four plaits.

Axis, 7 mches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Aldborough, Ramsholt.
Red Crag, passim.

This species is not confined to any locality, but is found in most places where a
section of the Crag is visible. It scarcely fulfils the conditions required by the above
generic characters, the base being produced and not emarginate, and the lower plait
upon the columella being the smallest. As similar characters may be observed in some
recent species, still imcluded in this genus, it may be as well to leave the Crag one
where it has been so long placed, until further information be obtained respecting their
inhabitants.

It presents a good deal of variation in the proportionate dimensions, some speci-
mens being much elongated, with a longitudinal diameter three times that of its
transverse, while in others it is only as long again. The outer lip, when perfect,
is sharp and rather arched, with an incipient sinus at the suture. The shell was
probably covered with fine striae, in its original state, but very little of those markings
can ever be seen; they are most visible on those specimens that are washed up on
the beach at Felixstow. This important character was first pomted out by Mr.
Charlesworth, at the above reference.

The length of my largest specimen is seven inches; another imperfect one
mdicates a magnitude of at least two inches more. Some fine specimens of a Volute,
from Touraine, in Mr. Lyell’s cabinet, belong, I think, to this species; they are
rather thicker than the Crag ones, and short, resembling var. @ (of our plate), and the
folds upon the columella are rather less oblique, but not sufficiently different to remove
it from this species. A young specimen shows the fine transverse strie.

GASTEROPODA 21

Mitra, Zam. 1801.

Gen. Char. Shell turreted, elongated; spire elevated, apex generally acute ;
volutions smooth, striated, sulcated, or, more frequently, costated; columella slightly
recurved and plicated; folds less oblique than in Voluta, the lower fold always the
smallest ; aperture narrow and elongated; outer lip slightly thickened, and often
dentated. .

The greater part of the shells constituting this extensive genus, in the recent state,
are natives of tropical or subtropical regions, but its geographical range is very
extended, one species inhabiting the Greenland seas. Fossil species are by no means
abundant, although they are occasionally present in all the tertiary deposits. The range,
in depth, of many of the species is very considerable. Professor E. Forbes dredged
up Mitra ebena in the Mediterranean, at depths varying from twenty to cighty fathoms,
and some are even littoral species.

1. Mrrra piiciFERA. 8S. Wood.
Mirra piicirera. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

The shell that stands under this name in my Catalogue is a true Mitra, possessing
four folds upon the columella, the upper one the largest and most isolated, while the
lower one is small and nearly obsolete. It is obtusely costated upon the volutions, and
transversely «striated. My specimens are unfortunately in bad condition, unfit for
figuring, and all further notice respecting it must be deferred until some better pre-
served individuals are obtained.

RineicuLta,* Deshayes, 1838.
AURICULINA. Grateloup. 1838.
Maremeta. Ménard de la Groye.
Peripes. Dwyardin.

AURICULA (spec.) Lam.

Gen. Char. Shell small and ovate, with a short spire and acute apex ; smooth or
striated externally; columella callous, deeply plicated; outer lip thickened and
reflected, with a deep notch at the base of the aperture.

This is a marine genus, and on that account separated by Deshayes from Auricula,
in which these shells had been previously placed by Lamarck. It is in all probability
one of the zoophagous molluscs, as the deep notch for the syphon would seem to
indicate, though its place in a natural arrangement has not been well determined.
Few species are as yet known, and those sparingly distributed throughout the
tertiaries ; one is still living in the Mediterranean and one at the Gallapagos islands.

* Etym. The diminutive of ringens (from ringo, ringere, to grim), the specifie name of the type of the
genus. The name of Auriculina was proposed by Grateloup, in 1838, for this genus, but the above name
had been previously (?) used by Deshayes, in the same year, in the 2d edition of Lam. Hist. des An. sans
Vert., vol. viii.

22 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1. RINGICULA BUCCINEA. J. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 2, a—d.
VoLuTA BucCINEA. Broc. Sub Appen. pl. 4, fig. 9, 1814.
AvricuLa BuccinEA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 465, fig. 2, 1823.
MARGINELLA AURICULATA. Dubois de Montp. pl. 1, fig. 15, 16, 1831.
Peprrrs BuccinEA. Dward. Mem. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii, pt. 2, p. 277, 1837.
AURICULINA RINGENS, var. 8. Grat. Mém. sur la Fam. des Melan. p. 12, 1838.
Rryercuna BuccinEA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 604, pl. 45, fig. 12, 1844.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

R. Testa subovatd, levigatd, apice acuto, spird elevatd ; anfractibus, 5—6, subinflatis ;
basi emarginatd ; columella plicis tribus acutis ; labro marginato, calloso; in medio inflato,
non crenato.

Shell subovate, smooth, with an acute and rather elevated spire; volutions, 5—6,
very slightly inflated ; columella with three folds ; base short, emarginate ; outer lip
thickened ; callous in the middle, not crenated ; inner lip spreading on the body whorl.

Avis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton.

There is, in fact, but one acute and prominent tooth upon the columella, the upper
one is a thickening or compression of the inner lip upon the body of the shell, visible
only within the mouth; the lower one is the replication of the lower part of the
columella. This is very abundant at the first-mentioned locality, where there is also a
small variety not more than one eighth of an inch in length.

2. RINGICULA VENTRICOSA. J. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 1, a—é.
AURICULA VENTRICOSA. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 465, fig. 1, 1823.
AURICULINA RINGENS. Grat. Foss. de Bord. p. 11, pl. 6, fig. 6, 7, 1838.

R. Testa ovata, inflata, tumidd ; transversim sulcatd, spira brevi, acutd ; columella tripli-
cata ; labro expanso, adnato, calloso, non crenato.

Shell ovate, tumid, inflated, sulcated along the volutions; spire short; apex
acute ; outer lip thickened, without crenulations ; mner lip expanded.

Avis, § of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton.

Abundant in the Red Crag, and very scarce in the Coralline. This and the pre-
ceding shell are considered as varieties by some conchologists. I am induced to
keep them separate for the following reasons. ‘This is shorter, broader, more inflated
in the volutions than #. éuccinea; the exterior is deeply sulcated, and the two
uppermost folds are placed further apart ; the two lower plaits not reaching half-way
up the mouth, whereas, in /. duccinea, the three plaits are nearly equidistant, and
the two lower ones occupy at least two thirds of the mouth; the form of the outer lip
in this shell is also more quadrate, and the inside of the outer lip is not so much
thickened, nor so callous in the centre. Among all my numerous specimens there are
no intermediate forms by which they can be fairly united.

GASTEROPODA. 23

CoLUMBELLA,* Lam. 1799.
Buccrnum (spec.) Adans.
Pyem£za. Humph. 1797.
Cotumsus. Montf. 1810.
ContDEA. Swains. 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell generally thick, strong, ovate, or somewhat angular, with a short
spire, though sometimes turriculate and elevated ; aperture oblong; base emarginate ;
outer lip thickened and dentated within; generally more or less tumid in the middle ;
inner lip irregularly crenulated, thickened posteriorly, and callous ; operculum small
and corneous.

Shells of this genus have a tropical or subtropical character, and may be
considered almost as a recent group ; a few species have, however, been found in the
Touraine beds. The Crag one is rather of an aberrant form, connecting it with
Nassa.

1. CoLuMBELLA sutcaTa. J. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 2, a—d.
Buccrnum sutcatum. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 375, fig. 2, 1823.
— var. B. Min. Con. t. 477, fig. 4.
CotuMBELLA suLtcaTa. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa turritd, elongatd ; spird elevatd, apice acuto, anfractibus numerosis, convexis,
transversim sulcatis ; aperturd elongatd ; labro incrassato, intus denticulato ; basi truncata,
emarginata ; labro inferné plicato.

Shell elongate, turreted, and sulcated; spire elevated, apex acute, whorls 8—10,
convex; aperture elongate, subtrapezoidal; outer lip nearly straight, thickened, and
denticulated within; base short, open, and truncated; left lip thin, crenulated.

Axis, 1+ inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze. Var. 3, Sutton.

Abundant at Walton, but rare in all other parts. Iam not aware of its having
been found in the Coralline Crag. It is very variable in its proportionate dimensions.
In one specimen the mouth is nearly one half its length, while in another it is not more
than one fourth. The outer lip is thickened and denticulated within, when in its adult
state, and no doubt the left lip was also crenated when recent. One specimen shows
a few folds upon the lower part of the columella, with a slight thickening in the middle
of the outer lip. These characters are considered sufficient to retain it in the above
genus,

RostTELLARiA,~ Lam. 1801.
SrromsBts (spec.) Linn.

Gen. Char. Shell turreted or fusiform, with numerous volutions, generally orna-

mented on the exterior by longitudinal costz or transverse striz ; aperture ovate, with

* Etym. (?) The diminutive of Columba, a dove.
+ Etym. Rostellum, a little beak.

24 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

its superior extremity extended in the form of an elongated and very narrow canal ;
base with sometimes a lengthened siphonal canal, and a sinus in the lower part of
the outer lip.

RosTeLLaRtA pLuRIMAcosTA. SS. Wood. Catalogue of Crag Shells, 1842.

A few worn specimens of a species of Rostellaria are in my cabinet, from the Red
Crag of Sutton. They are in a mutilated condition, and unfit for fair comparison ; they
bear a resemblance, and may possibly be the &. /ucida, J. Sow. (Min. Con. t. 7),
perhaps washed out of the London clay.

Aporruais,* Aldrovandus.
RosteLvLarta. Lam. 1801.
CueEnorpus. Phil. 1836.

Gen. Char. Shell turreted or fusiform, thick and strong, generally ribbed, nodulous,
or carinated; aperture ovate or elongate, terminating in a canal with a calcareous
pointed process at the base, and having, in the adult state, an expanded, angularly
lobed, or digitated outer lip, simuated at the lower part near the canal. Operculum
corneous.

The name for this genus was used by Aldrovandus in 1623, and by Petiver ‘in
1702, when describing the pes-pelicani with the followimg words: ‘‘ Aporrhais Edin-
burgensis minor nodosa.” (Gazophylacium, fol. 17, Tab. 79, f. 6, and Tab. 127, f. 11,
Cat. No. 85.) Da Costa (History of British Shells, 4to, 1778) characterizes the
same species under the name of Aporrhais with a new specific appellation, and a
reference to Petiver. In the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1823, Dillwyn uses the same
name as a generic term, and applies it to the pes-pelicani ; and this may be considered
as a fair revival of a name proposed before the time of Linneus. This species, upon
which the genus has been established, was included by Lamarck in Rostellaria, in
consequence of the sinus in the lower part of the outer lip resembling the shells of that
genus.

In 1836, M. Philippi (Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 215,) described the animal of
pes-pelicani, which, he says, is decidedly different from that of Rostellaria, and proposes,
in consequence, to erect it into a genus, under the new name Chenopus, with the pes-
pelicani as its type.

It has been contended that the genus was in the first instance established upon
the form of the shell alone, without a knowledge of its animal inhabitant; and that a
detection of a difference in some of the soft parts, with a publication of the anatomical
details, will justify the rejection of an old established name and the substitution of a
new one. A principle which, if admitted, will endanger the stability of many other
genera that have been formed upon the shell alone, and priority of date, as now
considered, will be no security for an author’s name.

* Probably derived from amopja® or amoppwz, rent, torn, in allusion to the ragged or digitiform
processes of the outer lip.

GASTEROPODA. 25

1. APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI. Jinn. Tab. II, fig. 4, a—é.
SrroMBUs PES-PELICANI. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1207, 1767.
TRITONIUM PES-PELICANI. Miill. Zool. Dan. prod. p. 244, 1776.
APORRHAIS QUADRIFIDUS. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 136, t. 7, fig. 7, 1778.
RosTELLARIA PES-PELICANI. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 558, 1827.
— Dubois de Montp. Conch. foss. du Plat. Volhyn. Podol. pl. 1,
fig. 31, 1831.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 561, pl. 43, fig. 7, 1844.
CHENoPUS PES-PELICANI. PAil. En. Moll. Sic. p. 215, 1836.
APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 138, 1843.

A. Testi turritd ; anfractibus convexis, subangulatis, medio nodulosis, striatis ; labro
dilatato, in tres digitos partito ; digitis divaricatis, canali, elongato, obliquo.

Shell turreted, with 10—11 convex volutions, covered in the centre with small
nodules; transversely striated; outer lip digitated, and separated into three sharp
digitiform processes, one of which runs up the spire; base of volution angulated;
canal produced and curved.

Aris, } mch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton, Newbourn, Brightwell, and Bawdsey. Recent, British Seas.

This shell is rarely found in good condition in the Red Crag; some well-preserved
specimens, however, show a perfect identity with the long known recent species.
The middle of the volution is slightly angular and nodulous, so also is the prominent
keel at the base of the whorl, like that of the recent shell, with another ridge beneath
it. The strize are obliterated from all my Red Crag specimens, though shown in those
from the Coralline. This is a living Mediterranean species, and stated by Philippi to
be exceedingly variable there. My Crag specimens are very uniform in character.

TEREBRA,* Adanson, 1757.

TEREBRA. Lam.
Susuua. Blainville.

Gen. Char. Shell subulate, turriculate, generally much elongated, with an acumi-
nated apex; volutions numerous; aperture comparatively short, ovate ; base emarginate,
with or without a canal; outer lip thin; columella often oblique and spiral, sometimes
striated; many species have a corneous operculum.

This as a recent genus is abundant in species, and is nearly confined to the tropical
seas. Mr. J. E. Gray has separated several recent species included by Lamarck in this
genus, in consequence of a difference in the animal, and united them into a distinct
group, under the name of Bullia. There are no good generic characters in the shell
of Bullia by which it can be distinguished, although its general form is intermediate
between the elongated Terebree and some of the Nasse.

* Etym. Terebro, to bore.

26 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1. TeEREBRA INVERSA. JVyst. Tab. IV, fig. 3, a—d.
TEREBRA INVERSA. Myst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 581, pl. 44, fig. 9, 1844.
— uererostropHa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

T. Testa turritd, subulatd, sinistrorsd; longitudinaliter plicatd, anfractibus sub-planulatis,
prope suturam appressis, inferne conveatusculis; aperturd ovata sub effusd; columella contorta ;
labro acuto, intus nitido.

Shell fusiform, turriculate, sinistral, with a rather obtuse apex; whorls nearly flat,
longitudinally plicated ; aperture ovate: outer lip sharp, with a slightly recurved canal.

Avis, nearly 3 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton.

In a communication from M. Nyst, he says that the Belgian shell, which I have not
seen, is perfectly identical with that from the Crag. I have therefore given his name ;
mine, being without description, can be considered only as provisional. My specimens
are few, and not in good condition; one of the most perfect shows a ridge running
round the upper part of the volution, like that in 7. pertusa, but not so distinct ; neither
are the volutions so flat as in that shell, and it appears to have a longer canal.

2. TEREBRA CANALIS. Tab. IV, fig. 4.
TEREBRA CANALIS. S. Wood. Catalogue.

I have only three or four imperfect specimens of what stands under this name in
my Catalogue. It much resembles the preceding in the length of its canal and form
of its volutions, and may possibly be only a dextral variety ; but better specimens than
I possess are necessary for such a determination.

The figure above referred to is a restored form by the union. of two imperfect
specimens.

CassIDARIA,* Zam. 1812.
Morio. Monftf. 1810.
Ecurnora. Schum. 1817.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, ventricose, with a short turreted spire, last whorl much
inflated, for the most part spirally grooved or tuberculated ; aperture large, termi-
nating anteriorly in a slightly recurved canal; outer lip thickened, reflected, and
dentated within, in the adult state ; inner lip broad and expanded over the umbilicus,
with part of its lower edge free. Operculum (?)

This genus in most of its characters resembles Cassis, but is distinguished by
its rather lengthened and less suddenly recurved canal. In Cassis it is emarginate,
short, and reflected. The Crag shell was first placed in the latter genus in the
‘Mineral Conchology,’ the canal not having been seen by the author of that work.

This genus is rather indicative of tropical or subtropical regions, and several species
have been described from the Eocene as well as from the Meiocene formations of Europe.

* Etym. Cassida, a helmet. The name of Morio appears to haye priority of date. Cassidaria having
been used in my Catalogue, it is not thought necessary to alter it.

GASTEROPODA. 27

1. CASSIDARIA BICATENATA. J. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 5, a—d.
CassIs BICATENATUS. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 151, 1824.
CassIDARIA BICATENATA. S. Wood. Cat. of Crag Shells in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 538, 1842.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 565, pl. 46, fig. 6, 1844.

C. Testé ovato-ventricosd, transversin sulcatd; sulcis depressis, longitudinaliter
decussatis ; anfractibus convewis, subcarinatis ; carinis tuberculosis ; labro incrassato, intus
obscuré dentato.

Shell ventricose, ovate, sulcated or ridged; obscurely decussated; volutions
tumid; last whorl large, inflated, upper part subcarinated and tuberculated; outer
lip thickened, faintly dentated ; inner lip broad and expanded; columella finely and
irregularly striated.

Avis, 4 inches ; transverse diameter, nearly 3 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton, Bawdsey, and Felixstow.

This handsome shell is at present exceedingly rare in both formations. Specimens
have been occasionally washed up on the beach at Felixstow, along with Voluta
Lamberti, apparently thicker and stronger than the generality of shells from the Red
Crag, which Mr. Charlesworth (Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 38) thinks were from a
deposit posterior in age to that formation.

The subangulated appearance on the upper part of the volution is produced by a
double row of nodules upon the ridges, the upper one of which is the most prominent.
These nodules may be traced upon two or three of the ridges, becoming more obscure
as they descend upon the body whorl. The outer lip of one specimen is much thick-
ened and a large callus deposited upon the body of the shell, forming a distinct sinus
at the upper part of the aperture. The canal is rather shorter than in the generality
of shells in this genus, but is not deep and reflected like that in Cassis. This shell
thickens its outer lip at irregular periods of growth, leaving thereby obtuse varices
visible upon the spire. This is also the case in many of the Helmets. Specimens
from the English Crag attain a magnitude considerably beyond that figured by
M. Nyst ; one of mine exceeds it twofold in linear dimensions.

Nassa,* Zam. 1801.

Buccrnum (spec.) Linn.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, turriculate or conoidal; spire generally longer than the
_aperture; apex mostly acute; exterior grooved, striated, granulated, or tuberculated,
sometimes smooth; inner lip largely expanded, with a tooth-like projection at the base
of the columella, and sometimes a tooth upon the left hp, at the upper part of the

* Nassa is the name of a kindof net, for catching fish, made of twigs like an eel-pot ; probably in
allusion to the generally reticulated surface of these shells.

28 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG,

aperture; outer lip generally thickened and dentated within, with a short and some-
what reflected canal ; operculum corneous.

This genus is not admitted by all conchologists as a necessary separation from the
Linnzan genus Buccinum, and in fact Lamarck subsequently reunited them without
assigning any reason for so doing. The principal distinctive character given, is the
prominent tooth at the base of the columella, and, it might also be added, the denticu-
lations within the outer margin of the aperture, and the expanded form of the inner
lip. There certainly is a close resemblance between some species of each, but such is
the case with all approximate genera in their aberrant forms. Two or three species have
been figured from the Green-sand as belonging to this genus, and a few doubtful
shells are given from the Eocene formations. The Crag deposit is exceedingly rich
not only in individual specimens, but also in number of species. The range of this
genus in depth seldoms exceeds sixteen fathoms, while some of the species are found

under stones at low water.

1. Nassa Laprosa. J. Sow. Tab. III, fig. 8, and Tab. VII, fig. 22.
Buccrnum LaBiosum. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 477, 1824.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 577, pl. 43, fig. 14, 1844.
Nassa LaBtosa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testé ovata; spird elevatd; transversim profunde sulcatd ; apice acuminato ;
anfractibus septem convexiusculis ; suturis profundis, canaliculatis ; labio extenso ; labro
intus denticulato ; canali brevt.

Shell ovate, with an elevated and acuminated spire, ridged or sulcated along the
volutions, with a small canal at the suture; inner lip thick and extended on the
body whorl; outer lip denticulated within ; canal short.

Axis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton and Newbourn.

Not very abundant. When perfect the spiral ridges are generally regular, flat, as
broad as, and sometimes broader than, the spaces between them. The inner lip is much
spread and smooth, and the upper angle of the mouth slightly elevated, producing
thereby a small but distinct canal at the suture ; canal short, slightly recurved, with
about a dozen denticulations within the outer lip. It has a fold or ridge at the base of the
columella, with two or three wrinkles on the lower part of the left lip. This is given
by Professor E. Forbes, in his ‘Report upon the Geological Relations of the existing
Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,’ as a synonym to B. semistriatum, Broc. If it be
the same species, it is very differently ornamented upon the exterior. The Crag shell
is more elongated than any of my specimens of B. semistriatum, and it is regularly striated
or ridged all over, and rather more strongly so upon the body of the shell. In B. semi-
striatum it is strongly and coarsely striated only at the base, nor are there any longitudinal
folds upon the upper volutions ; lines of growth are faintly visible over the shell.

In Table 111, fig. 8, the artist has given too great an expansion to the lower
portion of the outer lip. Table vu, fig. 22, is a more correct representation.

GASTEROPODA. 29

2. Nassa incRASSATA. Jill. Tab. III, fig. 4.
TRITONIUM INCRASSATUM. Mill. Prod. No. 2946, 1773.
Buccrnum mactta. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 241, t. 8, fig. 4, 1803.
— Ascantas. Brug. ex Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 188.
-_- ASPERULUM. roc. t. 5, fig. 8, 1814.
Nasa tnorassata. Flem. Brit. An. p. 340, 1828.
Nassa IncrAssaTa. S, Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testd ovato-conicd, subturritd ; spird acutd ; longitudinalter costatd ; transversim
angusté striatd; anfractibus 6—7 convewis, tumidis; aperturd subrotundd ; labro in-
crassato, varicoso, intus denticulato.

Shell rather small, ovato-conical, subturreted, longitudinally costated, and finely
striated transversely; whorls 6—7 convex, tumid; aperture subcircular, with a
thickened outer lip, denticulated within.

Avis, ; of an inch, nearly.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

Very scarce in the lower formation ; more abundant in the Red Crag. My specimens
seldom exceed 3 of an inch inlength. The costz in the last volution vary from 12—15,
with 12—15 threads along the whorls, and carried over the ribs. Denticulations
within the lip, lower one the most produced, with a distinct ridge on the opposite
side of the canal at the base of the columella, contracting the entrance to the canal,
with a prominent tooth upon the body whorl, near the upper part of the aperture.
This appears to correspond with the recent species in every character except its size,
the recent British specimens being generally larger.

3. Nassa GRANULATA. J. Sow. Tab. III, fig. 3.
Buccinum Granutatum. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 110, fig. 4, 1815.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 575, pl. 43, fig. 11, 1844.
Nassa Granunata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testa ovato-conied, turritd, apice acuto ; anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter costatis,
transversim striatis ; striis elevatis granulatis ; apertura subrotundda ; labro incrassato intus
dentato ; labio superné unidentato.

Shell ovato-conical, with an elevated and acute spire ; whorls convex, longitudinally
costated, and decussated by coarse and elevated striz ; aperture subcircular, with a
reflected left lip and thickened margin denticulated within.

Avis, * of an inch.

Locality, Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, passim.

Very abundant in the Red Crag, but rare in the Coralline. In shape it much re-
sembles the preceding species, but the striae, or rather ridges, are fewer and larger, and
carried over the coste, which give it a granulate appearance, and regularly decussate
the exterior. The outer lip has fewer teeth. The tooth on the body whorl forms an

30 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

imperfect sinus at the upper angle of the aperture. Buc. graniferum, Dujardin (Geol.
Trans. of France, 1837, vol. u, part 2, pl. 20, f. 11, 12), strongly resembles this
species, but appears to have the costz more apart ; in this shell they are contiguous,
with a difference also in the strie. Buc. granulatum, Philippi (En. Moll. Sic. vol. i,
p- 226, pl. 11, f. 22), appears a different species. The shell figured (fig. 3) is rather
above the ordinary size, which rarely exceeds half an inch.

4. Nassa PROPINQUA. J. Sow. Tab. III, fig. 2.
Buccrnum propinauum. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 477, fig. 2, 1824.
-— cosTuLATUM. Broce. t. 5, fig. 9, 1814.
Nassa propinqua. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

NV. Testa elongato-ovatd, longitudinaliter costulatd ; costis (circa 23) nodulosis, striis
transversis decussatis ; anfractibus convexis; striis prope suturam profundioribus exaratis,
angulatis ; labio superné unidentato ; labro crasso intus denticulato.

Shell elongato-ovate, longitudinally costated, with about twenty-three small cost,
sulcated or ridged: ridges carried over the ribs, and nodulous ; one ridge isolated and
distinct near the suture ; one tooth upon the body whorl within the mouth; outer lip
thickened and denticulated within.

Axis, § of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.

This species is by no means rare, though seldom found in good condition. Its
distinguishing character is the granulated ridge near the suture, which is separated by
a wider sulcus than any of the others. The outer lip is thickened only in its adult
state; the shell is, however, sometimes ornamented with an obtuse varix, where the
animal has enlarged its shell, and has produced another half volution. It is possible
this may be the Lue. costulatum, Brocchi, which I do not know; the figure given by
that author is rather more elongate than our shell.

5. NaAssa ELEGANS. Leathes. Tab. II], fig. 1.
Bucctnum pipeans. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 477, fig. 1, bene, 1824.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 576, pl. 43, fig. 13, non bene.
— Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Foss. p. 139, 1843.
Nassa pLucans. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testd turritd, angustd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim striata ; striis paucis
elevatis ; apice acuminato ; anfractibus 7-8 convexis, suturis profundis ; apertura orbicu-
lari ; labio superné uniplicatd, labro intus denticulato.

Shell turreted and elongate, with an elevated spire, costated longitudinally, 10—11
in the last volution, striated or ridged transversely ; volutions convex, and suture deep ;
outer lip thickened, dentated within.

Axis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

I have not seen this shell from any other locality, although in the Cliff at Walton it is

GASTEROPODA. 31

by no means rare. The costz are about 11 in number on the last volution, and stand
apart; they are not so wide as the spaces between them, and are crossed by about
ten sharp and elevated strize, which are carried over the ribs, and the mouth has a
thickened varix when full grown. This species appears subject to very little variation:
among all my specimens there is but a trifling difference. It is more distinctly
costated and more elongated than the two preceding. The cost in the figure given
by M. Nyst are represented as close together. In the English specimens there is a
considerable space between them. The mouth is subcircular, with about a dozen
denticulations within the outer lip, and sometimes three or four at the lower part of
the columella. In one specimen the whole of the left lip is covered with denticulations.

6. Nassa consocrata. S. Wood. Tab. III, fig. 7.
Nassa costuLa. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testa turritd, angusta, elegante; spird elevatd, apice obtusiusculo, longitudinaliter
costatd, costis 9—10 rectis, transversim crenulatis ; aperturd orbiculari ; labio superne
uniplicalo ; labro incrassato intus rare denticulato.

Shell turreted, with an elevated spire, and rather obtuse apex, longitudinally
costated, costes 9—10 transversely crenulated ; aperture orbicular, with a tooth on the
left lip ; base rather contracted and reflected, outer lip dentated within.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton.

I possess only a few specimens of this shell from each formation, which I have
considered as distinct. It somewhat resembles J. elegans, but differs in several
characters. The transverse ridges are more obtuse than in JV. elegans, and almost
invisible between the ribs, which are prominent and distant. The mouth has externally
a thickened varix in the adult state, and the lip is much thickened within, with four or
five obtuse dentations. The siphonal canal is deeply indented and reflected towards
the back. It differs from the figure of B. pusi//um, Phil. (t. 27, f. 15), in having the
volutions more convex, and the coste more distant, with a more circular aperture,
and fewer dentations, and it may be considered intermediate between that species and
NV. elegans. Yt is more elongated and elegant than B. graniferum, Dujardin, and has
the coste further apart.

7. NAssA MONENSIS. Fordes. Tab. III, fig. 5.
Nassa mMonENstIs. Forbes. Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iv.
— proxima. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testa elongato-ovatd, turritd, longitudinaliter costatd ; anfractibus convexis, striatis ;

suturis profundis ; costis 12; apertura ovata ; labio unidentato ; labro intus denticulato.
Shell elongato-ovate, turreted, longitudinally costated ; whorls convex, rugosely

striated ; suture deep; costee 10—12; aperture ovate, with a tooth at the upper part
of the left lip; outer lip dentated within.

32 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

This species is at present rare; I have met with but three specimens. It appears
to be quite distinct from any shell with which I am acquainted, and is considered
by Mr. Forbes to be identical with the shell above referred to, which was first found
in the Pleistocene beds of the Isle of Man. It is not known as a living species.

8. Nassa coneGLosata. Broc. Tab. III, fig. 9.
Buccinum coneLopatuM. Brocchi. p. 334, t. 4, fig. 15, 1814.
— pupa. Brocchi. p. 334, t. 4, fig. 14.
Nassa conetosata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testé ovata, subglobatd, inflatd, tumidd ; transversim sulcatd ; anfractu ultimo
globoso, spird abbreviatd, aperturd subrotundd ; labio rugoso unidentato ; basi profunde
emarginatd ; labro intus denticulato.

Shell ovate, subglobose, inflated, transversely striated, or sulcated; spire short ;
mouth ovate, contracted at the upper part; left lip expanded, rugose, with a tooth at
the upper angle of the aperture; base short; canal reflected; outer lip dentate
within.

Azis, 14 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

This is, I believe, at present, an unique specimen. Mr. Charlesworth was the
fortunate finder, and through that gentleman’s liberality it now enriches my collection
of Crag. The specimen is a little worn, but there is no doubt of its identity ; I have
some Italian specimens in the same condition. The artist has given rather too great a
prominence to the ridges upon the surface. he outer lip is thickened externally, with
about nine or ten teeth upon the interior, and a few obsolete denticulations upon the
left or columellar lip, which was largely extended, though broken, in my specimen.

9. Nassa prismatica. Broc. Tab. III, fig. 6.
Buccinum prismaticum. (?) Broce. p. 337, sed non fig.
= Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 220, 1836.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belge, p. 576, pl. 43, fig. 12, 1844.
Buccinum ELEGANS. Duwjard. Trans. Geol. Soc. of France, 1837, p. 298, pl. 20, fig. 3, 10.
Nassa microstoma. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testa ovato-conoided, longitudinaliter costatd, striis elevatis transversis ; anfractibus
rotundatis ; suturis profundis ; labio superné uniplicato, basi reflexd emarginatd ; labro
extus incrassato, intus denticulato.

Shell ovato-conical, longitudinally costated ; coste 15 on the last volution, covered
with elevated transverse strie ; whorls rounded and suture deep; one tooth on the
upper part of the left lip; aperture subcircular; outer lip thickened, denticulated
within.

Axis, ? of an inch.

GASTEROPODA. 33

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.
When my Catalogue was compiled I possessed but two or three specimens from
the Red Crag, and those not in very good condition. A few have lately been obtained
from the Coralline Crag, at Gedgrave, by Mr. Daniels and myself. These are in better
preservation, and sufficiently perfect to bear a fair comparison, and may be considered
as identical with the recent species from the Mediterranean. They appear to be the
same as the Buc. elegans of Dujardin, some specimens of which, from Touraine,
were given tome by Mr. Lyell. It is different from the figure of B. prismaticum, Broc.,
Table v, fig. 7, as pointed out by Philippi.

10. Nassa RETICOSA. J. Sow. Tab. III, fig. 10, a—s.

NASSA RETICOSA, var. a. vuLGaRIs. S. Wood. t. 3, fig. 10, a.

— var. 6. RUGOSA = - 10, 4.
— var. c. ELONGATA - - 10, e.
— var. d. THIARA - - 10, d.
— var. €. FENESTRALIS - - 10, e.
— var. f. DEFORMIS - - 10, f-
— var. g. CONCINNA - - 10, g.
a var. h. COSTATA - - 10, h.

— var. 7. PERVERSA, t. 19, fig. 13, a—bd,
Buccinum reticosum. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 110, fig. 2
— RUGOSUM = - - = 110, fig. 3.
— ELONGATUM~ - = = = 110, fig. 1.
— _— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 575, pl. 45, fig. 1, 1844.
= var. a. - - - - 45, fig. 2.
— _ var. 6. - - - - 45, fig. 3.
Dale. Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, pl. 10, fig. 12, 1730.

NV. Testa elongata, costatd, reticulatd, rugosd, granulatd, striata vel sulcatd; spira
elevatd, aliquando brevi ; apertura ovatd ; basi reflexd, emarginata ; labro intus denticulato.

Shell very variable, sometimes costated, rugose, granulated, reticulated, striated,
or sulcated; spire generally elevated; aperture ovate, with a short emarginate
reflected base ; outer lip denticulated within.

Locality. Red Crag, passim.

This is one of the most abundant shells in the Red Crag, and specimens of one or
more of the varieties may be procured wherever a section of that formation is visible.
B. reticosum, Sow., is here considered as the type of the species, as they are all more or
less reticulated, and not all elongated. In some of the varieties the outer lip is thick-
ened and denticulated within, while, in others, it is thin and plain. I have not been
able to identify i. reticulata with any of these varieties, and have not as yet seen
an undoubted specimen of that species from any of the three divisions of the
Crag formation.

The duration of its existence appears to have been limited to the Red Crag period,
5

34 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

as I am not aware of its having been found elsewhere, excepting in the contempora-
neous formation in Belgium. ‘The reversed variety, Table xrx, fig. 13, is from the
cabinet of Mr. Gibson. It was found at Walton-on-the-Naze, by the late Rev. Mr.
Rogers, of Lackford, in 1820, and is the only specimen I have ever seen. Another
very short variety is in my cabinet, but much worn.

Buccinum,* Linn. 1767.
Tritontium. Miiller, 1774.

Gen. Char. Shell subovate or ovato-conical, generally ventricose; spire slightly
elevated; apex rather obtuse; aperture large and oval, with an emarginate base ;
outer lip simple, sometimes sinuated, and without denticulations ; inner lip slightly
expanded, columella smooth. Operculum corneous.

The common Buc. vndatum may be considered as the type of this genus, which
intervenes between and connects Nassa on the one side, with Trophon on the other.
The close resemblance of the animal of Zrophon (Fusus) antiquum to that of the common
whelk has induced some conchologists to unite them in one genus. The short and
emarginate base is here considered sufficient to separate these shells from Zrophon, and
the large open naked aperture from JVassa.

1. Bucctnum Datet. J. Sow. Tab. III, fig. 10, a—d.
Bucctnum Date. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 486, fig. 1, 2, 1825.
— ovum. Turt. Zool. Journ. vol. ii, p. 366, pl. 13, fig. 9, 1827.
_ Dae1. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 570, 1844.
— CRASSUM. - - - p- 569, t. 44, fig. 7.
— Datrt. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Hawia Fiemineiana. Macgill. Moll. Aberd. p. 189 (fide Jeffreys).
Dale. Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, pl. 10, fig. 3, 9, 1730.

B. Testé ovato-conica, ventricosd, striata, crassd, apice obtuso ; anfractibus con-
veviusculis, inferne dilatatis, suturis profundis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali brevi ; labro acuto,
intus incrassato.

Shell ovato-conical, somewhat ventricose, transversely striated, thick and strong,
with an obtuse apex; volutions somewhat flattened on the upper half, dilated on the
lower part; aperture large and ovate, with a wide and short canal; outer lip sharp
and plain, thickened inwardly, and a broad expanded inner lip.

Avis, from 1 to 25 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Walton Naze and Sutton. Recent, British Sea.

This species is exceedingly abundant at Walton-on-the-Naze, where the specimens
are generally in a high state of preservation, but it is rarely found in the Coralline Crag.
It is very variable in the proportionate dimensions of the aperture, some having it half
the length of the axis of the shell, while in others it is two thirds, and in the young shell

* Etym. Buceinum, a trumpet, or fish with a shell like a trumpet.

GASTEROPODA. 35

it is particularly large. In some specimens the strize are very conspicuous, while in
others they are somewhat indistinct; they may, however, be traced in every specimen.
The left lip extends some way over the body of the shell, and there is a prominent
ridge on the edge of the columella, as pointed out by Mr. J. Sowerby in ‘ Min. Conch..,’
corresponding in these characters with the genus Nassa, but it has a large and open
aperture, with a plain and simple outer lip, which is free from denticulations. It may
be considered as a rather aberrant form connecting the two genera.

Buc. ovum, Turt., has hitherto been represented and described as a perfectly smooth
shell, and considered, in consequence, as a new species, distinct from B. Dalei, with
which it agrees in all its other characters. Professor E. Forbes, however, has informed
me that Mr. M‘Andrew has detected some faint traces of stria upon a specimen of
B. ovum in his possession. It may then, I think, be fairly presumed as identical with
B. Dalei of the Red Crag, and its extreme rarity be looked upon as the dying out of
a species once exceedingly abundant in this country; and in thus becoming extinct,
may not its want of, or rather its faint and imperfect strie be from failure in vigour
in those organs necessary for such distinction, consequent upon the approaching demise

of the species ?

2. Buccinum unpatum. Jinn. Tab. III, fig. 12, a—d.

Buccinum unpatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1204, 1766.
— sTRIATUM (7). Penn. Brit. Zool. iv, p. 121, 1776.
— unpatuM. Brown. Ilust. Brit. Conch. pl. 49, fig. 8, 1827.
- ANGLICANUM (?). . - - pl. 49, fig. 11.
— TENERUM. Jd. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 486, fig. 3, 1825.
— — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 571, pl. 43, fig. 9, 1844.
- unpatuM. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

TriToNIuM UNDATUM. JLovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12, 1846.

Dale. Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, pl. 10, fig. 8, 1730.

B. Testé ovato-conicd, ventricosd, striata, costatd, undulatd ; anfractibus convewis ;
apertura ovatd, labro sinuato, canali brevissimo aperto.

Shell ovato-conical, ventricose, generally thin, with, sometimes without, undulate
costee; whorls convex; aperture ovate, with a thickened and slightly sinuated outer
lip ; base emarginate; canal short and open.

Axis, 3 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

Red Crag, Butley, Newbourn, Sutton, and Walton.
Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, British and North Seas.

This shell first appears in the Coralline Crag, where, however, it is by no means
abundant. In the Red Crag it becomes more so; but the greater number of the
specimens, being much reduced in substance, are fragile, and difficult to obtain ; the
outer coating having been in some instances entirely removed, its peculiarly striated
markings are thereby obliterated. Some specimens so precisely resemble the common

36 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

recent shell that I have no doubt of its identity. Var. a, probably B. striatum
Pennant, appears to be rather of an aberrant form in this species; the outer lip is
similarly sinuated, but not periodically thickened, and the consequent absence of the
undulatory elevations upon the body of the shell gives a great apparent difference to
this variety. The figures above referred to are of course the extreme forms, but I
think they can be fairly connected by the series I possess. The proportionate
dimensions of the aperture, with regard to the axis of the shell, is a character by
no means constant.

Purpura,* Adanson, 1757.
Bucctnum (spec.) Linn.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, thick, and strong; spire generally short, sometimes
elongated ; external surface striated, sulcated, muricated, granulated, or tuberculated ;
aperture ovate, somewhat dilated; outer lip crenated, occasionally dentated within ;
columella usually flattened; base subcaniculate or emarginate. Operculum corneous,
with a lateral nucleus.

Shells of this genus are generally very thick and strong, and may be distinguished
from Nassa or Buccinum by a peculiar flatness upon the columella, while they resemble
those genera in many other characters. The canal is short, straight, and not re-

ected; but the animal is said to present several constant characters, by which it
may be considered as distinct.

It is not yet known as an Eocene fossil, though M. Deshayes speaks of it as from
some beds of the Oolitic period.

1. Purpura LapPiLuus. Lin. Tab. IV, fig. 6, a—h.

PURPURA LAPILLUS, var. a, CRISPATA. S. Wood. t. 4, fig. 6, a.
— 6, BREVIS = - fig. 6, b.
— c, ELONGATA - - fig. 6, ¢.
— d, VULGARIS - - fig. 6, d.
— é€, ANGULATA - - fig. 6, e.F
— J; CARINATA - - fig. 6, f.
— g- IMBRICATA~ - - fig. 6, g.
— h, INCRASSATA - - fig. 6, h.

— 7, COMPRESSA, t. 19, fig. 12, a, b.
Buccinum Lariiius. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1202, 1766.
TRITONIUM LaPILLUS. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. 244, 1776.
Purpura LAPILLUS. Lam. An. sans Vert. tom. vi, 1815.
Buccinum crispatum. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 413, 1823.

— INCRASSATUM. - - - t. 414, fig. 2.

* Purpura, “the shell-fish from which purple is taken.” The celebrated dye of the ancients is now
considered to have been produced from the Murex trunculus, a shell common in the Mediterranean, and not
from the Purpura lapillus, which is not known in that part of the world.

+ This is from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell.

GASTEROPODA. 37

Murex aneuiatus. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 23, 1833
— ELONGATUS. - - - - - - fig. 22.
— BULBIFORMIS - - . - - fig. 21
— LAPILLIFORMIS - - - - - fig. 25.
— COMPRESSUS - - - - - fig. 26.

PURPURA LAPILLUS. lem. Brit. An. p. 341, 1828.
—_— Gould. Invert. of Massachusetts, p. 301, 1841.
= Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 212, 1844.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_— Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 160, 1843.
Murex incrassatus. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 548, pl. 43, fig. 2, 1844.
Dale. Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, tab. 10, fig. 4, 1730.

P. Testd ovatd, vel elongata, ventricosd, crassa, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter
imbricata ; apice acuminato ; anfractibus 6—8 conveais ; apertura ovata ; labro acuto ;
columella planiuscula ; canali brevi.

Shell variable, ovate, elongate, ventricose, angulose, compressed, thick, and strong,
transversely sulcated or ridged, longitudinally imbricated; whorls 6—8, convex ; outer
lip sharp, sloping inwards where it is thick and denticulated, with a broad and flattened
columella ; canal short, and a small but open umbilicus.

Avis, reaching 23 inches.

Locality. Red Crag, passim.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Thorpe.—Recent, Britain and North America.

This is one of the most abundant fossils of the Red Crag, and may be obtained
wherever a section of that formation is visible. It is exceedingly variable, and no
dependence can be placed either upon proportionate dimensions or upon the angle of
volution. In some specimens the aperture measures two thirds the entire length of the
shell, while in others it is not more than two fifths. I have little doubt but the shells
figured by Woodward, above referred to, are deformed specimens of one species produced
by the same cause, to which I have assigned, in my Catalogue, the many different varieties
of the Littorina httorea. Dr. Gould appears to have divided the American shells into
two groups, those which are smooth and thick, as the true /apz//us, and the imbricated
ones, which have a rather longer canal, and were considered by Lamarck as a distinct
species, under the name P. iméricata. The surface of all the specimens from the Crag,
when in good condition, are covered with imbrications, which induced the author of
‘Min. Conch.’ to consider it distinct; but the recent British species is found sometimes
with quite as rough a surface, and specimens in my cabinet are so precisely similar to
some of the fossils that, except in colour, they could not be distinguished. The thick
and ponderous variety (fig. 6 4), with rather more elevated and distinct carine, figured
and described in ‘Min. Conch.’ as P. izcrassata, is rather an aberrant form in this species,
but may be connected by a large series of specimens; and several able conchologists,
who have examined the varieties I possess, are of the same opinion, that it is only an
extreme form. In the Crag seas it appears to have attained a greater magnitude than

38 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

the generality of recent specimens, either from the British seas or from those of
America, and also to have exhibited a greater range in variation; although Dr. Gould
remarks, in his very able descriptions of the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, that scarcely
two specimens can be found alike on that shore, where it is abundant. It is quite a
littoral species, and is found upon rocks up to high-water mark. In the Mamma-
liferous Crag it is associated with estuary species. It first appears in England in the
Red Crag, which seems to have been peculiarly favorable to its development; and, as
Professor EK. Forbes suggests, in his ‘ Report upon the Geological Relations of the
Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,’ p. 93, is probably of American origin.
Mr. Lyell speaks of it as a fossil of that country, in his paper upon the Miocene Tertiary
Strata of Maryland, &c.

2. PURPURA TETRAGONA. J. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 7, a—d.
PURPURA TETRAGONA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 414, fig. 1, 1823.
MUREX ALVEOLATUS. - - - - t. 411, fig. 2, 1823.
== Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 547, pl. 43, fig. 1, 1844.
PURPURA TETRAGONA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

P. Testd ovato-ventricosd, vel elongatd, subfusiformi ; transversim sulcatd, sulcis laté
profundis, decussatis ; anfractibus superné planatis; aperturd ovata ; canali rectiuscula ;
columella subperforatda ; labro intus denticulato.

Shell ovate, ventricose, sometimes subfusiform, and elongate; sulcated and decus-
sated, forming large and deep alveoli upon the exterior; volutions rather flattened
above, subcarinated ; aperture ovate, with a short and open canal, a little inclined
backwards ; columella subperforated ; outer lip dentated within.

Avis, \} inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.

This shell appears to have had a very limited vertical range as far as it is at present
known. I have met with it only in the Red Crag, where it is exceedingly abundant,
and very variable in its proportionate dimensions. urea alveolatus, Sowerby, is, 1
imagine, only an elongated variety of this species, as the two may be connected by
every intermediate form between the extremes figured (fig. 7, a—d), by the suite of
specimens in my own cabinet. The only difference is, a greater prolongation of the con-
voluted cone, as the markings are precisely similar, and the aperture of the same form.
It has four or five very elevated and rounded transverse ridges, with one, or some-
times three, intermediate strize; these are decussated by the raised and subfimbriated
edge of the outer lip, thereby producing upon the exterior the deep alveoli which so
greatly distinguish this shell. The left lip is thin, with the columella a little flattened ;
and in the adult shell the outer lip has about half a dozen denticulations on the inside;
the flexure of the canal leaves the umbilicus partly open. Fig. 7 d is, I presume, a
variety of this species, which has lost a portion of its outer coating, and is thinner,
much after the manner in which the substance of the shell is reduced in the var. fenerum
of Buccinum undatum.

GASTEROPODA. 39

Murex, Zinn. 1767.
Cuicorevs. Montf. 1810.
Triton. Flem. 1828.
PuyLitonotus. Swains. 1840.
PTERONOTUS. - - -
MuvRrIcrIpeBa. = - -

Gen. Char. Shell turreted, elongato-ovate, or fusiform ; generally ventricose, thick,
and strong; externally rugose, with three or more longitudinally branched, spinous,
fringed, or reflected fimbriz, more or less elevated, foliaceous, or tuberculous ; spire
prominent and acute; aperture ovate, terminating at the base in a partly-closed canal ;
operculum corneous, concentrically formed and pointed.

The shells of this genus have three or more divisions of the volution, formed by an
extended or fimbriated margin of the outer lip, at different periods of growth, by which
means the shell is elegantly ornamented externally ; and among the recent portion of
the genus are some of Nature’s most beautiful productions. It differs from Ranella,
which has only a bipartite division of the whorl, and in Triton the varices are more
irregular, and not fimbriated. This genus is found in the Oolite, and twenty species are
enumerated as belonging to the Paris basin. M. Michelotti mentions forty-four from
the Subapennine beds. Only two species have as yet been found in the Crag, and
those are by no means numerous in individuals.

1. MurEx ERINACEUS, Linz.
Murex Ertnacevs. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1216.
— Pennant. Brit. Zool. iv, t. 76, fig. 95, 1776.
— Brocchi. Conch. foss. Subap. p. 391, pl. 7, fig. 11, 1814.
— Dujardin. Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, 1837, p. 295.
a S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Triton pRINACEUS. lem. Brit. An. p. 356, 1828.

M. Testé ovato-fusiformi, transversim sulcato-rugosd, quadrifariam ad septifariam
varicosd ; varicibus elevatis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali clauso recurvd.

Shell subfusiform, ovate ; roughly sulcated transversely with from four to seven
rather obtuse varices; aperture ovate, with a slightly recurved canal, which is out-
wardly closed in the adult state.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton.

One specimen of this species was found some years since by Mr. J. Wigham, of
Norwich, and sent to Mr. Lyell, with whom I examined it, and we were both satisfied
of its identity with the well-known recent shell. Upon application to the owner of
the specimen for the privilege of having it figured, he informed me it had been sent
to Mr. Green, of Bacton, for the purpose of publication, and unfortunately lost.

Recent, Britain.

40 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. Murex Tortvuosvs. J. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 9.
Murex tortuosus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 434, fig. 2, 1823.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1542.
= Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 545, pl. 41, fig. 14, 1844.

M. Testa trigond, fusiformi ; transversim late sulcatd ; tribus varicibus angulosis,
foliacis, ornatd ; interstitiis nodulosis ; apertura subquadratd ; canali non clauso, elongato,
rectiusculo.

Shell turreted, fusiform, trigonal, with three sharp varices in each volution, inter-
mediate spaces nodulous, and with elevated transverse ridges; aperture ovate; canal
contracted, but open.

Avis, 13 meh.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton and Walton-on-the-Naze.

A rare shell in the Red Crag, but more so in the Coralline beds, in which I have
met with only a few fragments. It differs from JZ. erinaceus in having three elevated,
sharp, reflected, rather tortuous, and slightly fimbriated varices, in one volution.
Upon the spire, or in its young state, these are not so distinct ; they are then numerous,
sharp, and elevated: as it grows older, the intermediate ones dwindle into obtuse knobs,
which are seen between the varices. It is rugosely striated transversely or along the
volutions, with four or five elevated ridges, the upper one of which is the most prominent,
giving an angular form to the volution; it has fine striae between the ridges, which
are seen only in those specimens that are well preserved. Traces of obtuse denti-
culations within the outer lip may be seen in some specimens.

Triton,* MMontf. 1810.

Tritontum. Cuv. Phil.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate or fusiform, thick and strong, carinated, striated, or tuber-
culated; with discontinuous varices placed at irregular distances; spire more or less
elevated, with a rather obtuse apex; aperture subcircular, or ovate, terminating ma
generally elongated, and slightly curved, or raised canal ; columella lip granulated or
plicated; outer lip thickened and reflected, often dentated within ; and in a living
state it has a corneous operculum.

This genus appears to be intermediate between Murex and Ranella, the former of
which has three or more imbricated varices in each volution, while in the latter there
are only two, which are regular and obtuse. In this genus they are obtuse and
irregular; sometimes with only a thickened margin to the aperture, formed when the
shell has attained its full dimensions. Most of the recent species of this genus are
natives of tropical regions, though several are found living in the Mediterranean. It
first appears in the Eocene period, and has greatly increased in number of species in
the recent state.

* Etym. Triton, one of the sea deities.

GASTEROPODA. 4]

1. TRITON HEPTAGONUM. Broce. Tab. IV, fig, 8.
Murex ueptaconus. Brocchi. Conch. foss. Subapenn. vol. ii, p. 404, t. 9, fig. 2, a—é, 1815.

7. Testé turritd, ovato-conicd subfusiformi ; apice obtuso, anfractibus angulatis, pris-
maticis, superné tumidis prope suturam depressis, plano-canaliculatis ; sulcis transversis
crenatis ; varice solitaria marginali; apertura ovata ; labro intus dentato; canali aperto vie
recurvo.

Shell turreted, subfusiform, with an obtuse apex; volutions obtusely angulated ;
the upper part tumid and convex, with a flattened depression round the whorl near the
suture ; transversely ridged or sulcated, with distant longitudinal elevations ; aperture
ovate, and a thickened varix ; outer lip denticulated within; a narrow but open canal
of moderate length, slightly recurved.

Axis, 12; transverse diameter, 1% inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

A single specimen of this beautiful shell is all I have as yet seen. It graces the
cabinet of Stephen Perry, Esq., of Rushmere, who has kindly intrusted me with it for
illustration.

It differs slightly from the figure by Brocchi m having a shorter canal, and
a less number of ridges, and the outer lip is less angular than in the Italian spe-
cimen, but these differences are probably only local, and I have no doubt of its identity.
The volutions are slightly prismatic, with about seven faces. There are two varices in
this specimen, but it is probably an overgrown individual, and the last half volution
an effort of growth beyond its usual size ; the edges project beyond the margin of the
aperture, giving the varix a slightly fimbriated character, and the figure thus represents
it, but these hollow fimbrize are produced by erosion or decomposition of the shell at
that part. It has a small tooth-like projection upon the body whorl at the upper part
of the aperture, forming there a shallow canal, and a few folds upon the lower part of
the columella, which are probably only the elevated ridges of the exterior imperfectly
covered by the left lip.

Pyruta,* Zam. 1801.
Sycorypus. Brown. 1756 (fide J. E. Gray).
Frevua. Swainson. 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell thin, subovate, ventricose, fig, or pear-shaped, generally striated
or cancellated upon the exterior; spire short and depressed, consisting of few volu-
tions; aperture large and wide, terminating in a long, narrow, open canal; columella
smooth, slightly tortuous ; outer lip sharp ; inner lip very thin and expanded.

This genus still contains a large number of shells not possessing the above charac-
ters, being thick and heavy, with a polished and sometimes a nodose exterior. Swainson
has justly separated these, and proposed the name of Ficula for the section we are now
considering, and Lamarck intended those species that are known in commerce by

* Etym. The diminutive of Pyrum, a pear.

42 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

the name of Figs as the type of his genus Pyrula. Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his Genera
of Recent and Fossil Shells, had also previously excluded all others from this genus, for
which he retained the name of Pyrula; and although the dissimilar shells still united
with these must hereafter be separated, the name of Pyrula ought to be retained for this
section. The recent species of this genus, or section, are found only within the tropics.

1. Pyruza RETICULATA. Lam. Tab. II, fig. 12.
Butta Ficus, var. 1. Broe. Conch. foss. Subap. p. 279, 1814.
PyRULA RETICULATA. Dujard. Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, Ency. Meth. pl. 432, fig. 2.
— Lam. An. sans. Vert. 2d edit. t. ix, p. 510.
= S. Wood. Catalogue, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 543, pl. 5, fig. 17.
“= G. Sowerby. Genera of Shells, fig. 1.
= Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. 1, p. 180, 1844.

P. Testa ficoided, pyriformi, ventricosd, tenut, cancellatd ; spird brevissimd, convexd,
retusi ; anfractibus circa quatuor inflatis ; aperturd ampld, ovatd ; canali angustatd ; labro
acuto.

Shell thin, ventricose, pear or fig-shaped ; spire short and convex ; volutions about
four, cancellated, transverse strize the more elevated; aperture large, subovate ; with
an elongated caudal termination ; outer lip sharp.

Axis, 3 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt. Recent, Indian Ocean.

My cabinet contains only two specimens of this shell, which appear to differ in
some slight degree from the Oriental species. The upper part of the outer lip is more
elevated, the whole shell is not quite so slender, and the transverse ridges are rather
broader and flatter. The specimen figured does not represent the canal so elongated
as it is in the recent specimens, but a portion of it is broken away; the lines of growth
indicate a similar length.

If this be Pyrula reticulata of Lamarck, which I presume it is, its retirement or
migration to the southward and eastward might have been through the seas that
deposited the Touraine beds, whence, in all probability, it originally came, and
had an extension of existence through the more modern (?) deposits of Calabria,
in which it is found fossil, as quoted by Philippi. Conceiving a communication
to have then existed between the Mediterranean and the Arabian Gulf, a further
extension to its present habitat might have taken place through the channel now so
effectually closed by the Isthmus of Suez. _

The presence of this species in a latitude so high as that of England has been
accounted for upon the supposition that the temperature of the sea by which the
Coralline Crag was deposited was more favorable to its existence than the seas of the
same latitude are at the present day ; but a very elevated temperature does not appear
to have been essential to its existence, if we may judge from its associates, Zricotropis
borealis, Nucula pygmea, &c., which are now found only on our own northern coasts,
and in the Arctic Seas. The supposition that those northern forms at that time

GASTEROPODA. 43

inhabited a deep-water portion of the Crag sea, is equivalent to a diminished temperature ;
while this tropical representative must have frequented a shallower portion, having a
more elevated temperature, that is, if the law be admitted that lines of depth are equi-
valent to zones of latitude, or isothermal lines. This theory will not satisfactorily
explain how these arctic and torrid representatives are quietly reposing together in
the Crag beds without the intervention of disturbing causes, of which there are cer-
tainly no indications in the locality from which they were obtained. Whatever may
have been the temperature of the Coralline Crag sea,—and I think it may have been
rather more elevated than that of our present seas,—it is evident that these animals
have now retired or migrated into those parts of the world, the one north and the other
south, where the temperature of both is very different from that which must have been
favorable to their existence at the period spoken of, and they have, therefore, in some
degree changed their nature in assimilating such extremes to their present existence.
Their mode of dispersion was, it is presumed, by means of currents, which perhaps
had at that period a northerly direction, thus dispersing those species which are now
considered as arctic forms, while the torrid representatives might have died out where
they are now found, and their dispersion to the southward may have been by
southerly currents from the contemporaneous seas, producing the Touraine beds.
Conclusions regarding the temperature of the sea during the period the Crag was
deposited have been drawn from the presence of such animals as Pyrula, Pholadomya,
&c., and an elevation considerably above that of the British seas of the present day has
been assigned to it at that period in consequence, while I believe the change only to
have taken place in the animals themselves: and this might arise from their acquiring
habits of endurmg increased or diminished temperature by gradual migration, until
extended location had caused them to reach such extremes as would have been fatal
to their existence had their removal been suddenly effected.

Tropuon,* De Montf. 1810.
Fusus (spee.) Bruguiere.
Tritontum. Miiller. 1773.
Arractus. Agassiz. 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell fusiform and turreted, sometimes ventricose, with many rounded
volutions, costated, rarely smooth, often striated; aperture terminating in a moderately
elongated canal; outer lip simple; columella smooth ; operculum corneous.

As the name of Fwsvs may be more correctly reserved for those species of which
Murex porrectus, Brand., would form the type, I have used the above, proposed by
De Montfort, 1810, and adopted by Miller, 1842, in preference to Ziritoniwm, Miiller,
1773; the latter being objectionable, on account of two names of similar import being
extensively known as generic terms in the same class, namely, Tritonia and Triton.

* Etym. ?

44 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Shells with an elongated canal, which properly constitute the genus Fusus, are
characteristic of a tropical climate. The greater part of the species of this genus from

the Crag are northern forms.

1. TRoPpHON ANTIQUUM. Mill. Tab. V, fig. 1, a—4.

TRITONIUM ANTIQUUM.
MuREX CONTRARIUS.

Miill. Zool. Dan. tab. 118, fig. 1-3, 1773.
Gmel. Syst. p. 3564, 1788.

Fusts ANTIQUUS.

Ency. Meth. pl. 426, fig. 5.

DESPECTUS (?).
CONTRARIUS

- pl. 426, fig. 4.
pl. 437, fig. 1, a 6.

Mont. Test. Brit. p. 256, 1803.

Murex DESPECTUS.

— antiquus(?). - - - p. 257.
— striatus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 119, 1815.
— var. CARINATUS. - - - ti Pee, altos},
— CONTRARIUS. - - - t. 23:

Buccryum contrarium. G. Sow. Genera, fig. 4.
Fusus conrrarius. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 179, 1844.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 500, pl. 41, fig. 1.

— antiquus. Lam. An. sans Vert. (2d edit.) ix, p. 477, 1845.
— CARINATUS - - - - - - p. 449.
— CONTRARIUS - - - - - - p. 462.
— sINISTRORSUS (7). - - - - - p. 374,

TRITONIUM ANTIQUUM. JLovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 11, 1846.

Dale, Hist. of Harwich, pl. 10, fig. 5-6, 1730.

Tr. Testa crassa, turritd, fusiformi, sulcatd, carinatd, vel tenuissime striatd ; apice
papiliformi, anfractibus valde convewis, tumidis; apertura ovata ; labro simplici, intus
levigato ; canali brevi, emarginata.

Shell variable, strong, thick, ponderous, fusiform, turreted, sulcated, bicarinated,
or finely striated, with a white, naked, and mammillated apex ; whorls convex, tumid ;
aperture ovate ; lip simple, smooth within ; canal short.

Avis, 6 inches.

Locality. Red Crag, passim.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. Recent, Britain.

I have very little doubt of the shell found so abundantly in the Red Crag, with its
sinistral volutions, being a variety of the common 7). antiquum. This species is exceed-
ingly variable, and no dependence can be placed upon any proportional dimensions of its
aperture, as may be seen from the extremes of variation figured in Tab. v, and between
which every intermediate form may be procured. Some specimens have an aperture
exceeding two thirds of the axis, while in others it is not more than one third. The
smooth and obtuse state of the young shell, at the apex of perfect specimens, is a good
distinguishing character in this species; but in the greater number of the fossil speci-
mens that part is destroyed, excepting in the striated variety, so common at Walton-
on-the-Naze. The Belgian shell, figured by M. Nyst, is an extreme variety of this

species. I have never seen the canal so much produced in the English specimens ;

GASTEROPODA. 45

and that author speaks of his shell as pointed at the apex : “ Sa spire allongée et pointue au
sommet se compose de sept tours trés convexes, ordinairement lisses dans les individus
fossiles de l’Angleterre.” None of my specimens have that character, and, in fact, I have
not any specimen that is quite smooth, although many are much rubbed and eroded;
traces of striae may be detected in all that are in my cabinet. Although specimens of
the dextral variety, precisely similar in sculpture to that of the recent shell, are not
uncommon in the Red Crag, and it may be worthy of remark, that the general character
of this variety is a bicarinated or tricarimated form, while the sinistral one is very
rarely so, but resembles the finer strize of the recent shell. This, as it is well known, is
one of the most abundant shells in the Red Crag, and at least one of its varieties may
be found wherever a section of that formation is visible ; a good series may therefore be
supposed in the hands of every collector. Prof. E. Forbes, in his ‘Report upon the
Geological Relations of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,’ has separated
these varieties, and considers the carinated one as a distinct species. Iam not well
acquainted with the recent shell in all its variations, but I believe the Crag varieties,
above described, to belong to one species. My cabinet contains every possible form
of striation, graduating from the carmated ones unto those possessing the finest strize ;
but I have not yet seen a Crag specimen with undulations. The extension of variation
here given to this species is not more, or even so much, as is allowed by several
eminent conchologists, who admit the probability of the Purpura incrassata being a
variety of the P. lapillus.

M. Philippi (En. Moll. Sic. p. 179) enumerates this species among the Sicilian
fossils, which is in all probability identical with the shell now found living in the
Mediterranean. This is considered a distinct species by M. Deshayes, and named by
him /usus sinestrorsus. On a comparison I have made with some recent specimens
in the British Museum, and also with a fossil specimen from Palermo, in the Museum
of the Geological Society, I could not detect any character by which it might be con-
sidered specifically distinct. The sculpture is different from the recent British
specimens; but, as far as the shell alone can determine the species, it does not differ
from some of the Crag specimens, and they can be connected with the other varieties.

Prof. EK. Forbes, in his Report above alluded to, speaks of the dextral variety of this
species as its normal condition; I am rather inclined to think otherwise, and that the
sinistral variety was the original form of volution, and not a monstrosity ; and that it
has died out in the northern seas, and been replaced by the dextral form, while the
sinistral one has retired to the southward. The left-handed specimens, now occasion-
ally found in the British seas, may possibly be a remnant of this race: but I am more
inclined to believe that they are merely monstrosities of the dextral variety, such as
are sometimes found among other species, and are probably produced by an inversion
of some of the important viscera

The carinated variety (f. 1 £4) of 7. contrarius is figured from a specimen belonging
to Mr. Bean; it was found in the Mammaliferous Crag of Bridlington.

46 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. TROPHON ELEGANS. Charlesworth. Tab. VI, fig. 2.
ATRACTODON ELEGANS. Charlesworth. Mag. Nat. Hist. New Series, 1837, p. 219, fig. 23.
Fusus(?) ntucans. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa crassd, ovato-fusiformi ; apice obtuso, transversim striatd, seu sulcatd ; an-
Jractibus sex convevis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd ovata ; labro simplici, intus levigato ;
labio superné crasso dente munito ; canali brevt, recurvd.

Shell thick and strong, ovato-fusiform, regularly and rather coarsely striated
transversely; whorls six, convex, with a distinct suture; aperture ovate; outer lip
plain and simple; inner lip with a tooth or callosity at the upper part, upon the body
whorl.

Avis, 3 inches.

Locality, ———-—?

The shell from which the above figure is taken graces the cabinet of Mr. Robert
Fitch, of Norwich, and is, I believe, an unique specimen. In its general outline, and
in the form of the aperture, it appears to belong to this genus, and probably is not far
removed from 7. antiquum. It is covered with regular strie, which become coarser
towards the base of the shell. The specimen has been a good deal rubbed, especially
about the apex, which is now very obtuse ; and a part of the outer lip is broken away,
as well as a portion of the canal, so that the lines of growth indicate a greater length
than is now represented ; the outer lip is very slightly sinuated, like that of Zr. antiquum.
The callosity at the upper part of the left lip is similar to that observable in many
shells of the Buccinoid family, where a thickening of the left lip, near the upper angle
of the aperture, forms a sinus for the exit of the water, after having aerated the branchie,
and the canal there is more effectually formed for that purpose.

This shell was found on the beach at Felixton. It is highly tinged with the oxide
of iron, and is probably from the Red Crag.

3. TROPHON GRACILE. Da Costa. Tab. VI, fig. 10, a—e.
Buccinum GRacitE. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. t. 6, fig. 5, 1778.
Murex Isuanpicus. Gmel. Syst. p. 3555, 1788.

— Chemn. vol. iv, t. 141, fig. 1812, 13.
Murex cornevs. Don. Brit. Shells, pl. 38.
— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 158, 1803.
Fusus corneus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 35.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. pl. 39, fig. 23, 1844.
Fusus Isuanpicus. Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d edit. t. ix, p. 450.
— Gould. Inv. of Massach. p. 284, 1840.
Fusus aneustius. 8. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TRITONIUM GRACILE. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 11, 1846.
Buccinum aneustivs. List. Conch. t. 913, fig. 5, 1685.
Dale. Hist. of Harwich, pl. 10, fig. 7, 1730.

Tr. Testa turritd, elongato-fusiformi ; anfractibus convexis, transversim striatis ; aper-
turd ovata ; labro tenui, intus levigato ; canali elongatd recurvd.

GASTEROPODA. 47

Shell elongato-fusiform; turreted, with an obtuse apex; whorls 7—8, convex, striated
along the volutions; outer lip sharp, slightly sinuous ; aperture ovate, terminating in
an elongated and curved canal.

Axis, 2+ inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, passim.
Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, British Seas.

Abundant in the Red Crag; and I have recently obtained two specimens from the
Coralline beds. The latter present a slight difference in sculpture from the recent
specimens, having the strize, or ridges, which cover the exterior of the shell, flatter and
broader, with narrow sulci between them. In the recent shell the strize are narrow,
sharp, and elevated, with broad spaces intervening. Among a large series from the
Red Crag these markings may be observed to vary; they are generally flat and broad,
but in some they are sharp and narrow. In many specimens the shell is left nearly
smooth, with a deep depression at the suture, which is the principal difference between
the fossil and the recent shell, and is probably produced by alteration or loss of a por-
tion of the shell, as, in some instances, the volutions appear nearly separated. The
apex is obtuse and smooth, but can scarcely be said to be mammillated, and the canal
is generally a good deal twisted. Some specimens are short and tumid, with a
diameter three sevenths of the axis, while others are elongated, with a diameter only
one third. The same proportionate variations may be observed in the recent shell.

A specimen, sent from Mr. Bean, with a label “/ Listeri, Crag, Bridlington,”
appears to me only a variety of this species.

4. TropHon AxttuM. 8S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 13, a—é.
Fusus autus. 8S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Murex putius(?). Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 27, 1833.

Tr. Testa turritd, .altd, subulatd, tenui; anfractibus 7—8, convexis, longitudinaliter
obsolete costatis, et transversim striatis ; aperturd ovatd ; labro tenui, intus levigato; canali
brevi via recurva.

Shell fusiform and turreted ; very thin, with an obtuse apex ; volutions 7—8, convex,
with obsolete longitudinal costze, and the remains of transverse strie; aperture ovate,
terminating in an open and short canal, slightly inflected ; outer lip faintly sinuated.

Axis, nearly 2 inches.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley, near Orford.

About a dozen specimens were found by myself many years since at a locality where
a section of the Crag is not at present visible. The specimens are evidently in an
altered condition, like the attenuated specimens of Buc. undatum, var. tenerum, many of
which were found with them at the same time. The cause which reduced the sub-
stance of the one no doubt acted in the same way upon the other. The canal is
shorter and more open than in 7 gracile, and it is a little imbricated behind the left

48 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

lip by the reflected portions of the canal, like Buc. wndatum ; there were evidently lon-
eitudinal coste upon the shell, vestiges of which are remaining upon some specimens
on the upper volutions ; and traces of transverse striz may occasionally be seen, but
the shells are nearly smooth. It appears to be intermediate in form between Strombus
Norvegicus, Chemn., and Buc. fusiforme, Brod. (Zool. Jour., 1829, t. 3, f.3), and it may
be said somewhat to resemble /. Koninchii, Nyst (pl. 40, f. 4), but that shell has a
smaller and narrower canal, and a more acuminated apex. Should this species hereafter
prove to be the same as Woodward's shell, my name must of course be given up.

5. TROPHON SCALARIFORME. Gould. Tab. VI, fig. 7, a—e.
Fusus scaLarirormis. Gould. Rep. upon the Invert. of Massachus. p. 288, fig. 203, 1841.
Murex Bamrtus (?). Don. Brit. Shells, pl. 169, fig. 1, 1799.
— Ppruvianus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 434, fig. 1, 1823.
Fusus LAMELLosus. Gray. Zool. of Beechey’s Voy. pl. 36, fig. 13.
TrrroniuM cLatHratuM. Jovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12, 1846.
Fusus scatartrormis. 8. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa fusiformi, ventricosd, costellatd ; utrinque attenuata costis 15—20, sué-
lamellosis; anfractibus convexis, levigatis (?), apertura ovata; canali elongata recurved.

Shell fusiform and ventricose, attenuated at both extremities; volutions convex,
smooth (?), suture deep; longitudinally costated, coste or varices from 15—20, sub-
lamellated, aperture with an elongated and recurved canal.

Avis, 1} inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Bawdsey.

Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, North Seas and Massachusetts Bay.

This species is not very abundant in the Red Crag. It appears to correspond
precisely with the shell brought from the North Seas, and it is identical with that
found in the beds of the Clyde. The young of this species appears to differ from
Murex Bamfius, Mont., in haying a less number of reflected cost, as well as in its
projecting processes. I have not seen the form of the true Lamfius, from the Crag.
M. Lovén has united the two species in his Synopsis, under the name of clathratum
(Murex clathratus, Linn.). Our specimens from the Crag have been more or less
rubbed, so that the transverse striz, if they ever possessed them, are no longer visible.
Among Mr. Bean’s specimens from Bridlington, there is one with the name of Bamfius
attached to it, but it appears to me to be only the young of this species.

The shell named Fusus scalariformis, figured by Nyst (pl. 40, fig. 5), is a different
species.

6. TRopHON cosTiIFERUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 9, a—é.
Fusus rucosus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 34, 39, 199. 1817.
Murex ruGosus. Parkinson. Org. Rem. vol. iii, t. 5, fig. 16, 1811.
Fusus costatus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. Syst. Ind. 1835.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

GASTEROPODA. 49

Tr. Testa elongata, fusiformi, crassa ; anfractibus septem, convewis ; suturis profundis ;
longitudinaliter costatis, costis 10—14 obtusis, transversim striatis ; apertura ovatd ; labro
intus tncrassato, levigato ; canali brevi subrecurvd.

Shell elongato-fusiform, thick, and strong, with seven convex volutions ; longitudi-
nally costated, with 10—14 obtuse cost; transversely striated ; aperture ovate ;
outer lip thickened, without denticulations ; canal short, slightly recurved.

Avis, 2 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Walton Naze, Sutton.

This is a very rare species in the Coralline beds, but abundant in the Red Crag,
more especially at Walton, where it is found in good preservation. Var. 4 has about
thirteen costz on the last volution. It has fewer in its young state, and seldom has
them in a continued line. In var. a, the coste do not appear upon the body whorl ;
the apex tapers to a fine point, and is smooth. The name cosfatus being preoccupied,
I have proposed the above in the place of it.

7. TROPHON ALVEOLATUM. J. Sow. Tab. VI, fig. 8, a—d.
Fusus atvrouatus, J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 525, 1826.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
- Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. pl. 39, fig. 21, 1844.

Tr. Testa turritd, elongatd, subulatd, fusiformi; anfractibus converis, superne suban-
gulatis; longitudinaliter costellatis, alveolatis ; costellis transversis tuberculosis ; apertura
subovatd ; canali breviusculd, subrectd.

Shell turreted, elongate, fusiform; volutions convex, with two elevated, transverse,
tubercular ridges; upper part of volution subangulated; longitudinally costellated,
decussated, and alveolated; aperture ovate, with a moderate-sized and nearly straight
canal.

Avis, 12 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton and Brightwell.

This species was, until lately, rare, but numerous specimens have been recently
obtained from a newly-opened part of the Coralline Crag at Gedgrave. There are
four transverse ridges upon the body of the shell, the upper one of which is the largest,
giving a subcarinated form to the volution; the two lower ridges are covered by the
succeeding whorl, leaving only two visible upon the spire. The left lip is very thin
in all my specimens, and not so distinct as it is represented in the Belgian shell.

8. TROPHON consociALE. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 11, a—d.

Tr. Testa conico-turriculatd, fusiformi, spird elevatd; anfractibus septem convecis, tumidis,
subcarinatis, decussatis, superné planatis ; costis transversis tuberculosis ; aperturd ovata ;
columella recurvd ; canali breviusculd.

50 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Shell turreted and fusiform, with an elevated conical spire ; volutions seven, convex,
tumid, covered with four or five elevated and tuberculated transverse ridges ; longi-
tudinally decussated, aperture ovate; canal moderate in size, and open.

Avis, 12 inch.

Locality, Cor. Crag. Ramsholt and Gedgrave.

Red Crag. Sutton and Newbourne.

This shell has been separated from the preceding species for the following reasons:
the volutions are more tumid, and it has three transverse ridges upon the whorls of
the spire, while in Zr. alveolatum there are but two, and the canal in the latter is
more recurved. Numerous specimens of this and of the preceding species have been
obtained within the last few years from Gedgrave, all of which appear to preserve the
distinctions I have described without any intermediate or connecting forms.

9. TROPHON ImMPERSPiICcUUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 12.

Tr. Testa elongato-fusiformi, angustd, turritd ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus octo, convexis ;
suturis profundis, longitudinaliter costulatis, striis transversis decussatis ; ultimo anfractu
obsolete costato ; aperturd ovatd ; canali elongatd, subrectd.

Shell elongate, fusiform, turreted, and subulate, with an elevated spire, and acumi-
nated apex; volutions eight, longitudinally costellated; costee small and numerous,
obsolete upon the body whorl, coarsely striated transversely ; aperture ovate, with an
elongate, open, and nearly straight canal.

Avis, 11 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sudbourn.

I have as yet obtained but one specimen of this elegant shell, which somewhat
resembles Fusus Deshayesit, Nyst (Cog. foss. de Belg. p. 502, pl. 40, fig. 3); but it
appears to differ specifically in being more elongate, and in having a greater number
of costee. The outer lip is a little broken, but in other respects the specimen is in
very good condition. The species must, however, be considered doubtful, and the
present name only as provisional, until more and better specimens be obtained.

10. TROoPHON MuRICATUM. Mont. Tab. VI, fig. 5.
Murex muricatus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 262, pl. 9, fig. 2, 1803.
Fusus ecuinatus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 199, fig. 4, 1820.
— Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 206, t. 11, fig. 10, 1836.
Fusus muricatus. TJhorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 206, fig. 97, 1844.

Tr. Testa turrita, muricatd, fusiformi ; anfractibus sex, convexis ; longitudinaliter
costellatis, transversim striatis, decussatis, subimbricatis ; aperturd ovatd, labro intus
denticulato ; canali brevi recurva.

Shell fusiform, turreted, and echinated; whorls six, convex, with deep suture,
longitudinally costated, and coarsely striated transversely; aperture ovate, with a
short and recurved canal; outer lip dentated within.

GASTEROPODA. 5h

Avis, * of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Walton-on-the-Naze. Recent, Britain.

An abundant shell in the Red Crag. When I compiled my Catalogue it was
considered as distinct from the recent species of Montague, in consequence of its
having the canal shorter and more recurved. I have, however, since seen recent
specimens, corresponding in that character with our shell, in the cabinet of Mr. Hanley,
and in all other respects it perfectly resembles the recent form.

11. TRopHON GrRaciLius. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 14.

Fusus aracriior. §. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa elongato-fusiformi, gracili, fragili ; spird elevatd, subulatd; lineis elevatis
transversis cinctd ; longitudinaliter obsolete costatd ; anfractibus quinque, convewis ; apertura
angustata ; canali longiusculd.

Shell elongato-fusiform, slender, and fragile, with an elevated and tapering spire ;
volutions five, convex; obsoletely costated longitudinally, with elevated transverse
striz ; aperture elongate; canal wide, and slightly recurved.

Axis, 3 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

But a few specimens of this species have come into my possession, and those,
unfortunately, are not in very good condition; it may be considered, therefore, at
present a doubtful species. Traces of costz are visible only on the spire, while the
body whorl appears to be without them. It is a more slender shell than Zr. imper-
spicuum (fig. 12), with fewer costze, and the volutions more rounded; while the trans-
verse strice are fewer and more prominent. It has been figured more particularly for
the purpose of calling the attention of collectors to its elegant form.

12. TRopHON pAuLULUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 6.
Fusus pautunus. §. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa pusilla fusiformi; apice acuto ; anfractibus quingue convewis, ultimo cingulis
tribus elevatis ornatd ; interstitiis cancellatis ; aperturd ovata ; canali longiusculd.

Shell very minute and fusiform; spire elevated, and apex acute; whorls convex;
the last one covered with three elevated transverse ridges, and having the intervening
spaces finely cancellated ; aperture ovate, with a canal moderately elongated and open.

Avis, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have but one specimen of this pretty little shell, which may possibly be the fry
of some larger species, though I have not any that show such markings upon the
upper volutions. The upper whorls are worn smooth, and it is only on the body of
the shell that this cancellated ornament can be seen. It resembles in shape a small

52 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

shell, figured by Lea (Contributions to Geology, pl. 5, f. 155), but that shell does not
appear to be ornamented like our species. The cancellated exterior is scarcely shown
enough in the engraving.

Fusus,* Zam. 1801.
Fusus intortus (?). Lam.
= S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

A worn and mutilated specimen of a shell which bears a great resemblance to the
above Eocene species. It has been for some years in my cabinet, and was found by
myself in the Red Crag of Sutton. It is possible that it may be a London clay specimen
washed out of that formation.

Fusus PporREcTUus (?), Brander.
Fusus porrectus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Murex porrectus. Brander. Foss. Hant. pl. 2, fig. 36.

A mutilated specimen also of what appears to be the well-known Barton species.
It was found by myself in the Red Crag of Sutton, but it is not in a condition to be
fairly identified. This shell and /. czfortus are deeply stained with the ferruginous
tinge of the Red Crag, and were probably both introduced into this formation from the
London clay.

PLEvRoToMA,} Lam. 1801.
Turricuta. Schum. 1817.
ToMELLA. Sw. 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell fusiform and turriculate, often thick and strong, generally
sulcated or striated transversely; rarely smooth, sometimes nodose or tuberculated,
with an ovate aperture, terminating inferiorly in a canal more or less elongated ; outer
lip sharp and thin, furnished with a slit or sinus below the suture; columella smooth,
nearly straight, and in the recent state it has an acuminated operculum, with the
nucleus at the sharper and lower extremity.

This genus comprises a large number of species, the greater part of which are
natives of tropical or subtropical regions. None in which the sinus is immediately in
the side have hitherto been found in a living state ina latitude so high as that of the
British Channel. To this character it is here intended to restrict the genus. In the
Eocene formations this genus is exceedingly abundant, both in species and in individuals,

as if the climatal conditions of the seas of that period were more immediately favorable
to its development.

* Etym. Fusus, a spindle.
+ Etym. Tevpa, the side, and Tos}, an incision.

GASTEROPODA. 53

1. PLEUROTOMA INTORTA. Broc. Tab. VI, fig. 4, a, J.
Murex 1ntortus. Broc. Coq. foss. Subapenn. p. 427, t. 8, fig. 17, 1814.
PLEUROTOMA INTORTA. Grat. Tab. Coq. foss. Eny. de Dax, p- 323, 1838.
—_ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
—_ Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 157, 1843.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 509, pl. 41, fig. 2, 1844.

Pl. Testa elongata, turrita, subfusiformi ; longitudinaliter costatd; transversim striatd
vel sulcatd ; anfractibus superne excavatis ; carind nodosd; aperturd ovato-angustd ; labro
inferne incrassato; canali brevissimd.

Shell] elongato-fusiform, turreted, longitudinally costated, and transversely sul-
cated; volutions carinated and nodulous, concave on the upper part; aperture elon-
gato-ovate, with a very short canal; outer lip thickened below.

Avis, 2} inches.

Locality. Red Crag, Butley and Sutton.

I have but two specimens of this species, one of which was found by my friend
the late Rev. G. R. Leathes. Both specimens are somewhat rubbed, but sufficiently
perfect to be identified with Brocchi’s figure and the Belgian shell. The apex is
much worn, so that the number of volutions cannot be correctly ascertained. The
sinus appears to have been a little below the angle or keel of the volution; and
longitudinal lines, or lines of growth, are slightly visible.

2. PLEUROTOMA TURRICULA. Broc. Tab. VI, fig. 1, a—d.
Murex Turricuta. Brocchi. p. 435, t. 9, fig. 20, 1815.
PLEUROTOMA TURRICULA. Bronn. Ital. tert. geb. p. 46, 1831.
_ Philip. En. Moll. Sic. p. 199, 1836.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 520, pl. 41, fig. 5, 1844.

Pl. Testé elongato-fusiformi ; anfractibus subcarinatis ; cingulis transversalibus tribus
remotis, elevatis, obtusis, interdum subcrenulatis ; interstitiis transversim et longitudinaliter
tenuissime striatis ; aperturd oblongd, canali angustd rectiusculd.

Shell elongato-fusiform, whorls subcarinated, with three remote, elevated, and
obtuse, transverse bands, which are sometimes subcrenulated; finely striated trans-
versely ; lines of growth visible ; aperture elongated, canal produced.

Avis, 14 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Bawdsey.

This is also a rare species. My cabinet contains about a dozen specimens, but
none in very good condition. I have in consequence been obliged to borrow parts of
the description of the shell from M. Nyst, the subcrenulations and fine striz not being
visible in my specimens, although, from their form and general character, I have no doubt
of the identity. The sinus is exactly at the angular part of the volution, above which
point it is rather concave, with an elevated band near the suture. The longitudinal

54 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

striae I presume are the fine lines of growth, more especially visible where the shell
has lost part of its outer coating. I have figured two individuals, both of which are
rubbed and worn.

3. PLEURoTOMA CARINATA. Biv. Tab. VI, fig. 2, a, 6.

PLEUROTOMA CARINATUM. Bivone in Philip. Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 176, t. 26, fig. 19, 1844.

Pl. Testé fusiformi, turritd ; anfractibus septem, levissimis, subangulatis, carinatis,
superné concavis, infra convexis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali elongatd ; labro acuto.

Shell turriculate and fusiform ; volutions smooth, with a prominent keel about the
middle, concave above the keel, convex below it ; aperture ovate ; canal elongated, and
rather broad.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton.

I have but one specimen from each formation. These shells have about eight
volutions, with the keel a little above the centre of the whorl. Dr. Philippi describes
his shell as having a prominent and elevated keel. In the Crag specimens it is only
sharply angulated, being, perhaps, worn at that part. The position of the sinus is not
distinctly defined in either of my specimens. Probably it was a little above the
keel.

4, PLEUROTOMA SEMICOLON (?). /. Sow. Tab. V, fig. 3, a—d.
PLEUROTOMA SEMICOLON. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 146, fig. 6, 1816.
— COMMA. - - - - t. 146, fig. 5.

Pl. Testa elongato-fusiformi, turritd ; anfractibus numerosis convevis, superne concavis,
medio nodulosis ; transversim striatis vel cingulatis, prope suturam granulatis ; apertura
elongato-ovata ; canalt angusta.

Shell elongate and fusiform, variable, whorls convex, covered with strize or bands ;
spire crenulated, aperture elongate, outer lip curved; canal rather variable in length.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton.

Ihave but a few specimens of this species in good preservation. It appears, how-
ever to correspond with one of the varieties of that variable and well-known shell
from Barton and Bracklesham, where it is abundant. This is one of the few Eocene
shells that may be considered as having lived on to the Crag period. The sinus of our
shell is situate in the upper and most projecting part of the volution, at which place
there are two rows of nodules; these are carried up the spire like the marks of punc-
tuation which suggested the name to Mr. Sowerby. The Crag species appears a variety
of P. semicolon; there is one ridge near the suture, above the concave part of the

GASTEROPODA. 55

volution, and the lip curves elegantly from the sinus. The only difference I can observe
in the shells from the two different formations is in the arrangement of the transverse
striae, which are broader and more regular in the Crag shell than they are upon the
Barton shells, but living under altered conditions would in all probability modify

these appearances.

5. PLEUROTOMA POoRRECTA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 1, a—d.
PLevRoromaA porrectA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Pl. Testa porrectd, elongato-fusiformi ; spird turritd, apice acuto ; anfractibus 9—10,
parum convexis, subangulatis, transversim tenuissime striatis; in medio nodulosis ; canali
longuisculd recté.

Shell elongato-fusiform, with an elevated spire and acute apex; volutions 9—10,
slightly convex, finely striated transversely, and furnished in the middle of each whorl
with one row of obtuse, ovate nodules ; aperture ovate ; canal elongated.

Avis, 1+ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

When my Catalogue was drawn up I possessed but one mutilated specimen of this
species. I have, however, obtained another since that time, and with three more
belonging to H. Daniel, Esq. I am enabled to define its characters. The length of the
aperture, including the canal, exceeds two fifths of the entire length of the shell, but
in many species that character is liable to great variation, and is not much to be
depended upon. The nodules are obtuse, oblique, and placed in the centre of the whorls;
they are produced by the reflected edge of the lower part of the sinus in the outer lip,
which being thickened externally at different periods, leaves permanent nodules which
ornament the exterior. They are about ten in the penultimate whorl, but become
nearly obsolete on the older part of the shell. It is covered with very fine impressed
strie, the spaces between them being broad, flat, smooth, and glossy, differing in that
respect from the rough, elevated strize upon Pl. nodularia, Desh. (Coq. foss. de Par.
p- 493, t. 66, f. 23—25). In other respects it much resembles that shell. It might
perhaps be considered as P/. xoduliferum, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 173, t. 26, f. 16),
only that he has described that shell as “ layissima,” and his figure does not appear
quite so tapering as the one from the Crag, and it has also a shorter canal. When,
hereafter, the shells are compared, they may prove the same, but not knowing the
Sicilian species I have left the Crag shell with its provisional name. A shell in
Mr. Lyell’s cabinet from Touraine is probably identical with the Crag specimens.

6. PLEUROTOMA NoDULOSa (?). Desh.
PLEUROTOMA NopULosA (?), Desh. Coq. foss. des Eny. de Paris, pl. 65, fig. 11-14.

A few fragments resembling this Eocene species are in my cabinet, but they are too
imperfect for figuring or fair description. My best specimens appear to have had seven
convex volutions, covered with obtuse nodules, about a dozen in each volution, with

56 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

half a dozen elevated transverse lines. At the upper part, near the suture, there is a
row of small denticulations. The first two volutions are smooth, with a very obtuse
apex, in which character it disagrees with the French fossil, where it is sharp and
pointed.

CLAVATULA,* Zam. 1801.
Mancerra. Leach. Risso. 1826.
Derrancia. Miller. 1826.
Manaiura. Lovén. 1846.

Gen. Char. Shell fusiform, turreted, rarely of any great size, generally ribbed
in a longitudinal direction, and transversely striated ; aperture ovate, terminating in a
somewhat short, open, canal; outer lip sharp, sometimes denticulated within, with a
small sinus at the suture.

This name was proposed by Lamarck for a division of the Pleurotome, to contain
those species with a small and shallow sinus, which he afterwards, in his ‘ Hist. des An.
sans Vert.,’ united to Pleurotoma. The shells here intended to be grouped together
are those in which the “ side slit” is represented by a somewhat obscure sinus, and
that, instead of being in the outer lip, is situated at the upper extremity of the aperture,
at or near the junction of the body whorl. The name Mangelia was given in MS.
by Dr. Leach to some shells of this character in the British Museum; and this name
was adopted by Risso, in his ‘ Hist of-the Shells of Merid. Europe.’ Messrs. Reeve
and Sowerby have recently employed it for the same shells; Lamarck’s name is, how-
ever, of prior date.

Many recent species of this genus are found within the tropics, others have been
obtained in the Arctic seas,

]. CLAVATULA LINEARIS. Mont. Tab. VII, fig. 2, 2 a.

Murex Lingaris. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 261, t. 9, fig. 4, 1803.
— ELEGANS. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 179, fig. 3.

Fusus tingaris. Flem. Brit. An. p. 350, 1828.

PLEUROTOMA LINEARIS. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. An. p. 197, 1844.

— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
MAnGrrta Linearts. Leach.
DEFRANCIA LINEARIS. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 13, 1846.

Cl. Testé turriculd, fusiformi, subventricosd, spird elevatd, acuminata; anfractibus
convexis, longitudinaliter costatis; transversim lineatis, lineis elevatis, striatis, labro
rmcrassato, intus levi ; canali brevi.

Shell fusiform and turriculate, with an elevated and acute spire; whorls convex,
longitudinally costated, and sharply striated transversely ; lip thickened on the outside,
smooth within ; canal short, rather broad.

* Etym. (?) Clavatula, the diminutive of clava, a club.

GASTEROPODA. 57

Azis, 2 of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

This elegant little shell has about seven whorls, which are ornamented with a
dozen costz in the last volution ; these are crossed by sharp elevated lines, which run
along the volutions ; they are rather broader over the ribs, and very sharp between
them, and are from six to seven in number. The outer lip is sharp, strengthened on
the exterior by a thickened obtuse varix or rib ; canal short, open, and slightly inflected.
It is by no means abundant in either the Red or Coralline Crag formations.

2. CLAVATULA PHILBERTI. Mich. Tab. VIL, fig. 5, 5a.
Pievrotoma Puinpertt. Michaud. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. tom. ii, p. 165, 1844.
— VARIEGATUM. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 197, tab. 11, fig. 14, 1836.
—_ _— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Cl. Testa turritd, fusiformi ; anfractibus convexis, costis longitudinalibus lineisque
transversis elevatis, clathratis ; labro incrassato, intus dentato ; canali breviusculd.

Shell turreted and fusiform, with about six convex volutions, longitudinally costated,
and decussated by coarse, elevated, transverse striz ; outer lip thickened within and
dentated.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality, Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

I have one tolerably good specimen of this species, with a few imperfect ones, and
have very little doubt of the identification. The striz are sharp and elevated, like
those upon the preceding species, but coarser, making the coste rather tuberculate ;
the lip is thickened within, somewhat contracting the aperture, and strongly dentated,
with seven or eight elevated teeth, and having a moderately sized sinus immediately
at the suture. The figure is scarcely elongated enough.

3. CLAVATULA CASTANEA (?). Brown. Tab. VII, fig. 3, 3a.
Fusus casTaNEus. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 48, fig. 43-44, 1827.

Cl. Testa pusilla, ovato-fusiformi, anfractibus quatuor valdé convexis, tumidis, prope
suturam depressis ; longitudinaliter obtusé costatis, costis \11—12, transversim striatis, striis
rugosis, confertis ; apertura ovatd ; canali brevi.

Shell small, ovato-fusiform, with four convex and tumid volutions; depressed near
the suture, with 11—12 obtuse coste, numerously and coarsely striated transversely ;
striz carried over the ribs ; aperture ovate ; canal short.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. ? Recent, British Seas.

I have but two specimens of this species, and these appear to resemble the figure
by Brown, referred to above. My specimens are thickly and rather coarsely striated,

8

58 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

the strize being carried over the ribs; this character is not represented in Brown’s
figure. The sinus in my specimens is at the suture, but not very distinct, and there
is a slight depression on the upper part of the whorl. It differs from C/. perpulchra in
being shorter, in having the volutions more tumid, and in its coarser and more numerous
strie. It is a much less elegant shell.

4, CLAVATULA PERPULCHRA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 4, 4a.

Cl. Test minutd, fusiform, turricula ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus convewis ; longitudi-
naliter costatis, transversim striatis ;_ striis 1O—11 acutis, elevatis ; labro extus incrassato,
intus levi; canal brevi ; sinu apud suturam profundo.

Shell small, turriculate, and fusiform ; with an elevated spire and convex volutions ;
longitudinally costated ; costee 11—12 im the last volution ; transversely striated ; striae
sharp and elevated ; outer lip curved, and thickened on the outside, with a large and
deep sinus at the suture ; canal short, and very open.

Axis, $+ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This species much resembles in form and size C/. Hinearis, but that shell has fewer
strize, and the ribs are narrower; in this the ribs are broad, touching each other at the
base, leaving no space between them; whereas, in C7. /inearis, they stand apart, and
the transverse striz or ridges are fewer and sharper, with the outer lip less curved,
more contracted at the lower part, and having the sinus not quite so deep as in this
species.

Imperfect specimens of this shell are by no means rare at the above locality. It
was considered in my Catalogue only as a variety of Cl. linearis, but, for the above
reasons, they are now separated.

5. CLAVATULA cosTATA (?). Da Costa. Tab. VII, fig. 6a, 6 4.
Buccinum costatum. Da Costa. Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 128, tab. 8, fig. 4, 1778.
Murex costarus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 265, 1803.
Fusus costarus. Thorpe. Mar. Brit. Conch. p. 202, 1844.
PLEUROTOMA MITRULA (?). Myst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 528, pl. 44, fig. 3, 1844.

Cl. Testa turritd, subulata, fusiformi ; anfractibus 6—7 convexiusculis, costatis ; costis
circa septem, obliquis, obtusis, elevatis ; interstitiis transversim tenuissime striatis ; labro
acuto, extus marginato, intus incrassato; canali brevi.

Shell turriculate, tapering, subfusiform, with 6—7 slightly convex volutions ;
longitudinally costated; costa seven, oblique, elevated, and obtuse, transversely
striated, with an acute and curved outer lip, thickened within, particularly near the
sinus ; and marginated on the outside behind the lip.

Avis, 2 of an inch nearly.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton and Walton. ? Recent, British Seas.

GASTEROPODA. 59

This species is not rare in the Red Crag, but the specimens are generally more or
less rubbed. In those which are best preserved, fine impressed striz may be detected
between the ribs. It differs from C7. mitru/a in having fewer coste, and a more elevated
spire; and the ribs in this are more oblique, sloping to the left, and preserving gene-
rally a continuous oblique line of ridge, interrupted only by the suture; the spaces
between them are rather wider than the ribs, and the first two volutions are destitute
of costze, but are cancellated; the aperture varies from one third to two fifths of the
length of the axis. The figure does not well represent the ribs, as they slope a little
more towards the upper part, and incline backwards. The outer lip is sharp, with a
thickened obtuse varix on the exterior, and it has also a thickening upon the inside,
particularly near the sinus, which is rather broad. The figure by Nyst probably repre-
sents the same species, though my specimens are all more slender and attenuated
than his figure. It is, however, a doubtful identification, and he has described that
shell as smooth ; my Crag specimens, when perfect, are transversely striated.

6. CLAVATULA MITRULA. J. Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 7, 8 a.
Buccrnum mitruta. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 375, fig. 3, 1822.
PrLevRoromA mitruLa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Cl. Testa turritd, elongata, subfusiformi, apice acuto ; anfractibus septem convevius-
culis, plicatis, plicis circa decem obliquis, sub lente tenuissime striatis ; striis transversis
empressis ; apertura lanceolato-ovatd.

Shell elongato-turriculate, subfusiform, costated; whorls 7, slightly convex, orna-
mented with about ten oblique, obtuse, rounded ribs, and finely striated transversely,
with a sharp and curved outer lip; sinus a little below the suture.

Avis, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.

This is an abundant species in the Red Crag. Good specimens are covered with
transverse impressed striz. The ribs are very slightly curved, and are rather more
prominent on the upper part; they are as wide as the spaces between them, and rarely
in a continuous line; the apex is sharp, and the first two volutions are without the
large obtuse ribs, but are cancellated. The outer lip is slightly curved and sharp; it
is marginated on the outside, and thickened within, particularly below the sinus, and
has a deep, distinct suture. The lower part of the outer lip projects slightly, with a
wide and rather short canal. Aperture about two fifths the length of axis. It
resembles in form P/. multilineolatum, Phil. (t. 26, f. 1), but the whorls are more
convex.

60 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

7. CLAVATULA BRACHYsTOMA. Pil. Tab. VII, fig. 8, 8 a.
PLEUROTOMA BRACHYSTOMA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. p. 169, t. 26, fig. 10, 1844.

Ol. Testa turritd, subulatd, fusiformi; anfractibus convexis, superné angulatis ; cos-
tatis, costis longitudinalibus novem, ad suturam evanescentibus ; striis elevatis transversis,
aperturd ovata, canal brevi ; labro acuto, eatus incrassato.

Shell turreted and tapering; apex rather obtuse; whorls convex, slightly angu-
lated at the upper part; costated and striated; coste 9, aperture ovate, with a short
canal; outer lip sharp, thickened externally.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

This species is by no means rare in the Coralline Crag. It agrees with a recent
specimen of drachystoma (obligingly lent me for comparison by Mr. Hanley, and
received by that gentleman from M. Philippi), except that the striz appear a little
finer. The upper three volutions in the specimen from the Crag are cancellated, and
on the third volution there are at least a dozen ribs, whereas on those succeeding it
there are never more than eight or nine. The sinus in our shell is in the angulated
part of the volution, giving a slight depression at the upper part of the whorl.

8. CLAVATULA NEBULA. Mont. Tab. VII, fig. 10.
Murex NeBuLA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 267, t. 15, fig. 6, 1803.
PrevroroMa Bertranpt. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 198, t. 11, fig. 20, 1836.
Fusus (?) nusuta. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Fusus NeBuLA. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 203, fig. 93, 1844.
PievROTOMA GINNANNIANUM. PAil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 168, tab. 26, fig. 6, 1844.
MANGILIA NEBULA. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 13, 1846.

Cl. Testa turritd, elongatd, subulatd; anfractibus 7—8, convexis, longitudinaliter
costulatis, transversim striatis ; canali breviusculd recta ; labro haud incrassato.

Shell elongate, tapering, with an acuminated spire ; volutions 7—8, convex ; suture
deep, spirally striated, and longitudinally costated ; costa 10—11; aperture ovate;
outer lip sharp, with a small sinus a little below the suture ; canal very short and open.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean and British Seas.

I have as yet seen this species from one locality only, where it is not very rare.
It appears to differ slightly from Philippi’s figure and description. My specimens are
most of them much rubbed, though in some the striz are distinctly visible; Philippi’s
figures have fewer ribs. The proportions of the aperture are variable, though generally
about one third the length of the shell. Lovén considers the J/. xedula of British authors
as identical with the Gzznannianum of Philippi, and I have therefore, upon his authority,
retained the name originally given in my Catalogue, although the Crag specimens
correspond better with the Mediterranean shell, and are larger than any recent British
specimens I have seen.

GASTEROPODA. 61

9. CLAVATULA CANCELLATA. J. Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 9.
Fusus caNcetiatus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 525, fig. 2, 1827.
PLEUROTOMA cANCELLATA. “S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Cl. Testa turrita elongato-fusiformi ; anfractibus 6—7, convevis ; superné planatis,
depressis, longitudinaliter costatis et transversim striatis clathratis ; papillis in angulis
sectionem acutis ; canali longiusculd, subrectd.

Shell slender, fusiform, and elongate ; apex acute; spire elevated, with 6—7 convex
volutions, covered with decussating ridges, which are sharp and elevated at the point
of contact ; aperture ovate ; canal moderately long, very slightly recurved.

Ais, ? of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Walton Naze. ? Recent, Mediterranean.

This elegant shell is at present rare from both formations. The sinus is rather
broad, producing a flattened or smooth canal around the spire, immediately at the
suture. The whorls are covered with longitudinal ribs, and with transverse ridges,
elevated and spinous at the points of junction. The lower part of the aperture is
slightly contracted, forming a distinct canal, which is open and very slightly recurved.
This is probably only a variety of Pleurot. reticulata, Bronn., Murex echinatus, Broc.
(Tab. 8, fig. 3), Plewrot. Cordiert, Payr.

10. CLAVATULA concInNATA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 11 a, 114.
Prevrotoma rvFA(?). S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Cl. Testa turriculd, elevatd, fusiformi; anfractibus conveaiusculis, prope suturam obsolete
angulatis ; longitudinaliter oblique plicatis, plicis \0O—13 ; transversim striatis ; apertura
elongato-ovatd ; labro acuto ; canali breviusculd.

Shell turriculate, elevated, and fusiform; with an obsolete angularity a little below
the suture ; longitudinally plicated; plicze or ribs oblique ; crossed and cancellated by
coarse and elevated striz, between which are finer lines; outer lip sharp; canal
moderate.

Avis, 1 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Gedgrave.

This is not a very abundant shell, and is seldom perfect. The large figure is
from a specimen belonging to Mr. Perry. The outer lip curves a little, giving an
elegant obliquity to the folds, and the sinus is shallow a little below the suture. It is
crossed by about six or seven elevated lines, which decussate the exterior, and the
shell is covered between these with finer lines. It somewhat resembles the figure of
F. rufus, Gould (Invert. Massach., p. 290, f. 192), but differs from the British shell
M. rufus, Montague. It is, however, possible that it may be only an extreme variety
of C. turricula. Fig. 11 4 is a more elongate variety.

62 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

11. CLAVATULA LmH/viGATa (?). Phil. Tab. VII, fig. 12, 12 a.

Prevuroroma LavieatuM. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 11, fig. 17.

Cl. Testa fusiformi, turritd, subulata ; transversim tenussime striatd, anfractibus plani-
usculis, contiguis ; apertura longitudine totius teste trientem vie equante ; canali brevissimd.

Shell turreted, tapering, and fusiform; with an ovate or elongated aperture ;
whorls slightly convex, finely striated transversely, more coarsely so at the base, with
a short and wide canal, columella slightly incurved, outer lip sharp, and smooth within.

Axis, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag (?), Sutton.

Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, Mediterranean.

A few specimens only of this species have come into my possession, and those
unfortunately are not in good condition. Mr. Bowerbank has also lent me two speci-
mens from Walton Naze; but they are unfortunately in no better condition than my own.
I feel, however, unwilling they should not be represented. It much resembles Plew-
rotoma levigatum, Phil. (vol. 1, p. 199, t. 11, f. 17), and if it were not for his description,
“* evissima,’ 1 should have little doubt of their identity; our shell is distinctly
striated over the body of the whorls, and more coarsely so around the base. The
obsolete costee are scarcely visible, from the bad condition of the specimens, and there
is a visible depression at the upper part of the whorl, caused by a deep sinus a little
below the suture.

12. CLAVATULA TURRICULA. Mont. Tab. VII, fig. 13 a, 13 6.

Murex turricuta. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 262, t. 9, fig. 1, 1803.

— anoutatus. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 156.

— punctatus. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 28, 1833.
PrLevRoToMA cLAvuLA. Dujard. Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, 1837, tom. xi, pt. 2, p. 291.
Derrancra NoBitis. Moller. Ind. Moll. Greenl. p. 12, 1842.

— Wooprana. - - - =e pales

Fusus piicatiiis. Bean. MS.

Cl. Testaé turriculd, ovato-fusiformi ; anfractibus convexiusculis, superné angulatis ;
longitudinaliter costulatis ; transversim et rugosé striatis ; apertura ovatd, canali brevi.

Shell turriculate, ovately-fusiform ; whorls about eight, slightly convex, angular at
the upper part; longitudinally costulated, with 14—16 slightly elevated ribs in the last
volution, crossed by coarse transverse strize ; aperture subovate, ending in a short and
rather wide canal.

Axis, 7 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. Recent, British and North Seas.

This is by no means a rare species in the Red Crag. It is rather an aberrant

form of this genus, having the sinus indistinctly marked by a slight indenture at the

GASTEROPODA. 63

angle, and not immediately at the suture. The transverse strie are continued over
the ribs when the shell is perfect, but those prominent parts are often smooth. The
costz are in general vertical, though in some there is a slight curvature. The speci-
mens from Bramerton appear punctated, from an alteration and erosion of the surface.
A specimen from Bridlington, sent by Mr. Bean, with the name “plicatilis,” appears to
be a variety of this species, which is very variable in its proportionate dimensions as
well in the fossil as in the recent specimens; several shells, considered as specifically
distinct by Moller, are probably only varieties.

13. CLAVATULA TREVELLIANA. Turt. Tab. 7, fig. 14.
PLevrotoma TRAVELLIANA. Turt. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 351, 1834.
= Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 197, fig. 52, 1844.
— Macgyllivray. Moll. Aberd. p. 172.
Fusus (?) rurricuLa, var. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Cl. Testa ovato-fusiformi, spird subturritd ; apice acuto ; anfractibus 5—6, convexis,
subinflatis, superne angulatis; longitudinaliter costulatis, costulis confertis; transversim
rugose striatts, cancellatis ; apertura ovata, canali brevissimd.

Shell ovato-fusiform, with a slightly elevated spire, and acute apex; whorls 5—6,
convex and rather tumid, angulated at the upper part; longitudinally costulated with
numerous rather oblique and slightly prominent ribs, and large transverse strize
decussating and cancellating the exterior.

Avis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, British Seas.

This shell appears to correspond with the figure and description of what is con-
sidered a distinct species, and I have given it upon the authority of British conchologists,
who may perhaps have better means of determining that point either from colour or
other character. I have but two or three specimens; it may, however, be a variety
of C7. turricula, as it is only in the proportions that I can observe any difference between
my fossil specimens of this species and those of ¢wrricula.

14. Cravatuta Boorturt. Sith. Tab. VU, fig. 16.
PLEUROTOMA PURPUREA. Bast. Mém. Géol. de Bord, pl. 3. fig. 10, 1825.
Fusus Booruu. Smith. Wern. Mem. vol. viii, p. 51, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1838.

Cl. Testa fusiformi, turritd, longitudinaliter costatd ; anfractibus convexis, transversim
lineatis, lineis elevatis ; labro obtuso, intus nitido ; canali brevi subrectd.

Shell turreted and fusiform, longitudinally costated ; whorls convex, slightly inflated,
covered with elevated striz ; outer lip obtuse, smooth within ; canal short, and slightly
recurved.

Axis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, British Seas.

64 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG,

Of this species I have but a few specimens, and those appear restricted to the Red
Crag. It approaches in form YP. inflatum, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 11, f. 24),
Pl. Leufroyi (vol. ii, p. 165), and upon comparison with specimens of that shell may
possibly be found to be the same species. The Crag shell has 12—13 coste ; is rather
more elongate, and has a longer canal; the striz upon the exterior are alternately
one large and one small. The outer lip is contracted at the lower part, forming a
distinct but open canal, and the costee are not carried below the body of the whorl.
Pleurotoma purpurea, Basterot, is in all probability the same as our shell, which differs
from purpurea, Montague, in being less distinctly cancellated, and in having larger and
more elevated ribs; it is also a shorter shell.

15. CLAVATULA PLICIFERA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 15.
PLEUROTOMA PLICIFERA. S. Wood. Catalogue.

Cl. Testa elongato-fusiformi, turrita ; anfractibus convewis, superne depressis, longitudi-
naliter plicatis, plicis numerosis, subsinuosis; transversim striatis; labro acuto ; canal
longiusculd.

Shell elongato-fusiform, turreted; whorls subangulated, with longitudinal sub-
sinuated folds, or costulz ; transversely striated; aperture ovate; canal moderate.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

But one specimen of this species is in my cabinet. It appears distinct from any
species I have seen, in the peculiar curvature of the outer lip, which gives an elegant
flexion to the folds or ribs. The sinus is rather below the suture, like that in CV. furri-
cula, but the coste in that shell are much more erect. It is, however, not a well-
determined species, and the above name may be considered as provisional until more
perfect specimens are found. It may be here remarked, that many of the specimens
belonging to this genus, found in the Crag, are far from being in good condition, and
the identifications of some of the species are by no means satisfactory.

CANCELLARIA,* Zam. 1801.
Purpura, (spec.) Adanson.
Apmeta. Kroyer.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, fusiform or turriculate, costated ; aperture subcanaliculated,
sometimes entire; columella plicated, plicee variable; outer lip generally sulcated
within.

1. CANCELLARIA CORONATA. Tab. VII, fig. 18a, 18 4.
CANCELLARIA CoRONATA. Scacchi. In Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 177, t. 25, fig. 24, 1844.
— varicosa. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 201, 1836.

a — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 475, pl. 38, fig. 20.
— L&vicosta. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

* Etym. Cancelli, lattices; from the exterior of the shell being covered with crossed lines, like lattice-
work.

GASTEROPODA. 65

C. Testa turritd, elongata, fusiformi, spird elevatd; apice acuminato ; longitudinaliter
costatd; anfractibus superne angulatis, supra planis; costis distantibus rotundatis, levigatis,
interstitiis obsoleté striatis ; columella biplicatd; labro intus sulcato.

Shell elongato-fusiform, turreted, with an elevated spire, longitudinally costated,
obsoletely striated between the ribs; whorls subangulated above, with the costz pro-
duced at the upper part, smooth and distant; columella with two folds, outer lip
denticulated within ; aperture ovate, slightly canaliculate.

Avis, 1} inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

This species is very rare in my cabinet. It corresponds with the figure and description
given by Nyst, at the above reference, but I cannot consider it Vol. varicosa of Brocchi,
unless it be very much altered. It is, I imagine, the same as the one Dr. Philippi has
figured in his second volume, although the shape of the outer lip in his figure is more
expanded at the lower part, and his shell appears to have more and sharper cost. In
my specimens they are never more than ten in one volution, and the shell is not quite
so much coronated, although the coste are produced at the upper part, but they are
more obtuse. ‘The specimens are somewhat altered, as the strice are nearly obsolete,
but the ribs appear smooth. In my Catalogue it was considered as a new species,
and the present identification rests upon Dr. Philippi’s description, who considered it
in his first vol. as Vol. varicosa, Broc., and says, p. 201, “labro sulcato;” in the
second vol. p. 177, the character is given as “ labro intus levi.” It may perhaps be
so in its young state.

2. CANCELLARIA MITRZFoRMIS (?). Broc. Tab. VII, fig. 19, a—é.
VoLUTA MITR#FORMIS. Broc. Conch. foss. Subap. p. 645, t. 15, fig. 13, 1815.
CANCELLARIA MITRHFORMIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa turritd, subfusiformi ; longitudinaliter obsoleté costulatd ; transversim striatd,
columella biplicatd, labro acuto, intus sulcato, canali brevissimd.

Shell turreted, elevated, subfusiform; with obsolete longitudinal coste ; trans-
versely striated ; columella biplicate ; outer lip sharp, dentated within, with a subemar-
ginate base.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton.

This species is rare. The upper part of the volution is flattened, while it is convex
on the lower half. The outer lip is sharp, somewhat expanded, thickened within, and
has about nine or ten denticulations. The strie upon the exterior are large and coarse,
amounting almost to ridges, and the longitudinal cost in some specimens are obsolete.

Our shell has not the ridge-like appearance below the suture so visibly shown in
Brocchi’s figure, nor are there any denticulations represented in his figure. The
identification is therefore given with doubt.

S

66 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

3. CANCELLARIA COSTELLIFERA. J. Sow. Tab. VU, fig. 21.
Y Murex costenurer. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 1f9, fig. 3, 1818.

~

Cancetuaria Cournouyr. Jay. Cat. of his Cab. 1839.
_— BuccinoiDES. Couthouy. Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. xi, p. 105, pl. 3, fig. 3.
— GRANULATA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 479, pl. 39, fig. 14, 1844.
os vIrRIDULA. Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 15, 1846.

C. Testa ovato-fusiformi, ventricosd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus conveais, longitudi-
naliter costellatis, transversim striatis ; costellis \2—15, granulatis; in ultimo anfractu
ad basim evanescentibus ; aperturd ovatd ; columella triplicatd ; bast acuminata ; canah
brevissimda.

Shell ovato-fusiform, with an acuminated spire; whorls convex, obtusely costated
longitudinally ; costae 12—15, generally obsolete upon the lower half of the body whorl,
transversely striated; aperture acuminated at the base, with a very short canal; columella
triplicate ; outer lip sharp.

Avis, 3 of an inch nearly.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton.
Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, Coast of Massachusetts.

This species first appears in the Coralline Crag, but my specimens from that
formation are few, small, and very imperfect; it is abundant in the bed above it. It
is in all probability the same as the American species. The ribs extend as far as the
junction of the succeeding volution, giving the spire a costated appearance ; the striz
or ridges are few, and are carried over the ribs, and the left lip is generally reflected
over the umbilicus ; and the columella has three folds, the upper one obsolete, some-
times invisible; the lower one forms the edge of the canal; outer lip sharp, and
generally free from denticulations, although the ridges are sometimes visible within.
This species is constant in its character, and presents very little variation in form; the
cost are generally invisible on the base of the body whorl, and in one or two specimens
they are imperceptible upon the spire.

Miller has described the species (Ind. Moll. Groenl.) under the name ddmete
(Kroyer) crispa; it differs from the true Cancellariz, and might probably form a good
generic type.

4. CANCELLARIA SUBANGULOSA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 20, a—é.
CaNCELLARIA suBANGULOSA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testé minimd, fusiformi, spird elevatd, apice acuto, longitudinaliter costellata,
transversim striata, reticulata ; anfractibus quinque, superne subangulatis; canal brevissima ;
columella triplicata.

Shell small, fusiform, with an elevated spire, and acute apex, longitudinally costulated,
and transversely striated ; volutions five, subangular at the upper part; aperture ovate,

GASTEROPODA. 67

slightly acuminated at the base; left lip reflected, with a small open umbilicus, and
three very minute folds upon the columella.

Avis, 2, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

But a few specimens of this species have come into my possession. It appears to
be distinct from the preceding one in the angular form of volution, and in being more
elongated, with a slight inflection of the outer lip at the angle of the volution. In all
my numerous specimens of C. costellifera there are none presenting the angular form of
volution so distinct in this shell; it is nevertheless possible it may be only a variety
of that species.

Two worn specimens from the Red Crag, in my cabinet, much resemble the
C. leviuscula of ‘Min. Conch. ;’ they are in a mutilated condition, and may probably
have been introduced from the London clay.

TrIcHoTROPIS, Broderip and G. B. Sowerby. 1829.
TRICHOPHERE. Desh. 1830.
TricHopopus. Swains. 1840.

Gen. Char, Shell turbinated or subfusiform, with spiral ridges or carinze upon the
volutions, generally thin; spire more or less elevated, with an acute apex ; aperture
subovate, acuminated at the base; columella obliquely truncate and flattened, with an
open umbilicus. In a recent state it is covered with an epidermis, and has a corneous
operculum, with a lateral nucleus.

A few species only of this genus are yet known, and those are boreal forms. The
name was given from the hairy keels (OE, teryoc, hair, and reomc, keel) which surround
the species, forming the type of the genus. The animal is said to resemble in many
of its characters that of the genus Buccinum, connecting it with Cancellaria; the shell,
however, differs from the latter in having a form of aperture like that of Purpura, with
a flattened columella, and also in the absence of oblique folds.

1. TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS. Brod. and Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 17, a—d, and
Tab. XIX, fig. 11, a—4é.
TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS. Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journal, 1829, vol. iv, p. 375.
— Gould. Inv. of Massach. p. 300. 1841.
TRICHOTROPIS acUMINATA. Jeffreys. MS.
— COSTELLATUS. Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p- 108, pl. 3, fig. 2.
Fusus umBricatus. Smith. Mem. of Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. viii, p. 50, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1838.

Tr. Testa ovato-fusiformi; spird elevatd, apice acuminato; anfractibus sex, convevis,
cingulatis, superné planiusculis ; longitudinaliter tenuissimé striatis ; aperturd ovatd, sub-
canaliculata ; labio complanato; umbilico profundo.

Shell ovato-fusiform, with six deeply-defined volutions, and an elevated spire ;
whorls rather flattened above, ornamented with four or five elevated transverse,

68 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

spiral ridges, nearly equidistant ; and with fine longitudinal strize or lines of growth ;
aperture subcanaliculated ; left lip slightly reflected and flattened; umbilicus open
and deep.

Avis, $ an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, Oban.

I have as yet found but two or three specimens of this species in the Coralline Crag,
and these strongly resemble a recent shell in my possession obtained from the Bay of
Oban. In the fossil the spaces between the ridges are quite flat, with fine visible
lines of growth; the recent shell has sometimes a small intermediate ridge, but these
differences are not constant. Specimens from Bridlington, from the cabinets of Messrs.
Bean and Leckenby, are of a less elongated form, and are thicker and stronger, with a
very flattened and purpura-like form of inner lip, and having a more open umbilicus,
with less prominent transverse ridges; I believe it, however, to be only a variety.
Fig. 11, Tab. xrx, represents a specimen belonging to Mr. Leckenby which differs
from the recent form considerably more than the shell from the older formation.

CERITHIUM,* Adanson. 1757.
Birtium. Leach. MS. 1819.
PoramMipEs. Brongn.

Triroris. Desh. 1824.
Potamipum. Flem. 1828.

Gen. Char. Shell elongate, or turriculate, with an elevated or pyramidal spire,
composed of numerous volutions ; ribbed, striated, or tuberculated, occasionally smooth ;
aperture subquadrate, terminating in a short recurved canal; outer lip more or less
sinuated, sometimes expanded ; operculum corneous.

In this genus Lamarck included a large number of species, both marine and fluviatile,
the latter of which have been separated and placed in a distinct genus by Brongniart
under the name of Potamides. There is no difference whatever in the shells them-
selves; a species from the purely fresh-water formations of Hordwell has a deep and
recurved canal, which is the character generally considered as peculiar to the marine
species. Many of these species are inhabitants of estuaries, and capable of enduring
an existence either in fresh or salt water. The same species in the Mammaliferous
Crag is found with land and fresh-water shells, which in the Red Crag is associated
with purely marine forms.

The greater number of species constituting this genus have a distinct and well-
marked canal at the base of the aperture, which, however, in some species, dwindles
into a slight inflection of the lip at the lower part of the columella, thus approaching
in appearance some of the shells in the genus Turritella.

* The derivation of this genus is not well determined. Hermansen considers it probably from xnpis,
a kind of fish, or from xnpuxiov, buccinulum. Agassiz derives it from xepdrcoy, a little horn.

GASTEROPODA. 69

Sect. a. DEXTRAL.

1. CERITHIUM TRICINCTUM (?). Broc. Tab. VILL, fig. 1 a—4, and 2.
Mvrex rricinctus. Broce. Conch. foss. Subap. pl. 9, fig. 23, 1816.
Crrrruium Tricinctum. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 539, pl. 42, fig. 7, 1844.
— Dujardin. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. xi, p. 288, 1837.
CeritHium punctatuM. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 29, 1833.
~~ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testé elongato-turritd, cequaliter granulata ; anfractibus numerosis, planulatis,
triplici serie granulorum cinctis, columelld sine plicatd.

Shell elongato-turreted ; spire subulate and elevated ; volutions flat, ornamented
with three equally granulated bands; aperture subquadrate, outer lip curved ; colu-
mella without a fold.

Avis, 2 inches.

Locality. Red Crag, passim.

Mam. Crag. Thorpe and Bramerton.

Although this species is common enough in the Red Crag, all the specimens I have
seen are in bad condition. In the Subapennine shells, and generally in those from
Touraine, there is a distinct fold upon the columella above, and independent of that
projection which forms one side of the basal canal. It is possible it may be worn
away in the Crag shells, as, in some specimens from the Touraine beds, which were
given me by Mr. Lyell, this character has quite disappeared, and it was by that alone
it could be distinguished. In more perfect specimens, striae or ridges on the base of
the volutions may be observed, which become larger toward the outer edge, like those
upon the Touraine shells. Specimens are sometimes found with four bands, while
others have only two. Some are so much eroded and altered as to have the volutions
distinctly convex.

Fig. 1 (a) is from the Mam. Crag, Thorpe.

1 (4) from the Red Crag, Sutton.
2 is an eroded specimen, with very convex volutions, and is probably only an
altered form of this species.

2. CeriTHiuM varicuLosuM. JWVys/. Tab. VIII, fig. 3, 3a.
Creriruium varicuLosum. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 540, pl. 42, fig. 9, 1844.
Crrituium puncruLuM. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa elongatd, turritd, subulatd ; apice acuminata ; anfractibus J—10, convexius-
culis ; longitudinaliter plicatis ; transversim quadristriatis ; striis elevatis, tuberculato
nodosis, labro acuto.

Shell elongate, turreted, and regularly tapering, with an acuminated apex; whorls
9—10, slightly convex, covered with four granulated bands; outer: lip sharp ; base
emarginate, without a canal.

70 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Axis, § an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

Of this species I have but three or four specimens, and those are not quite perfect,
It is presumed to be the same as the Belgian species, though the aperture in the figure
referred to above is very unlike that of our shell, and is probably not well represented.
It appears to differ from C. dima, Brug., in not having the occasional obtuse varices of
that shell, and the volutions are not so flat as in that species. The base of my specimen
is smooth, but perhaps it is not so when perfect. Cerith. lacteum, Phil., is described as
having but three rows of granules; our shell has four, and they are very distinct.

The name in my Catalogue being without description, though prior to that of
M. Nyst, must of course remain only as a synonyme.

3. CERITHIUM TRILINEATUM. Pii/. Tab. VIII, fig. 4, 4 a.*
CERITHIUM TRILINEATUM. PAil. Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 195, t. 11, fig. 13, 1836.
— Dujard. Mem. de la Soe. Géol. de France, p. 289, 1837.
= S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testé minutd, turritd, subulatd ; apice obtuso, costato, et cuncellato ; anfractibus pla-
niusculis, cingulos tres obtusos JSerentibus ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; canali brevt.

Shell small, turreted, and tapering, with an obtuse apex; volutions numerous, and
rather flat, ornamented, with three transverse obtuse ridges, having longitudinal
striae between them ; aperture subquadrate ; canal short and inflected.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

Imperfect specimens of this species are by no means rare. The shell is thin and
fragile. It is peculiarly distinguished by three transverse bands or ridges not quite so
broad as the spaces between them: these are obtuse or rather flat upon the top, with
longitudinal striz or visible lines of growth in the interspaces, and there is a smaller
ridge at the base of the volution, below which it is smooth. The apex is very obtuse.
The first volution is distinctly marked with numerous longitudinal cost, but is without
the transverse ridges, while on the second it is strongly cancellated, being probably
the peculiar markings of the young shell previous to its exclusion from the egg.

4. CERITHIUM TUBERCULARE. Mont. Tab. VIII, fig. 5, a—e.
Fig. 5, var. vunearis. S. Wood.
5 a, Magnified portion.
5 6, var. SUBULATUM.
5c, var. NANUM.
Murex TUBERCULARIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 270, 1803.
Crriruium pyem@uM(?). Phil. Bn. Moll. Sic. t. 25, fig. 26, 1844.
— Hencket. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 340, pl. 41, fig. 12, 1844.
— TUBERCULARE. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

* Fig. 4a is a highly magnified representation of the apex.

GASTEROPODA. 71

C. Testé minimd, cylindraceo-turritd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; cingulos tres granosos
Serentibus; basi levi, canali brevissimo.

Shell small, subcylindrical, and turriculate ; volutions flattish, covered with three
transverse granular ridges; base naked and smooth, with very short canal.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

An abundant shell, and very variable in its proportional dimensions: some are
tapering and elongate, exceeding in length its diameter at least four times ; while others
are nearly half as broad as they are long. It is distinguished by having three sharp
ridges of tubercles, and a fourth ridge, which is smaller, without the tubercles, at the
base, or rather edge, of the last volution. A canal is formed at the suture by the
elevation of the tubercular ridges. The base is generally naked, smooth, and flat; but
in some there is a thick and elevated spiral ridge, behind which is a deep sulcus.
Cer. pygmeum, Phil., looks like one of its varieties, and the Belgian shell I imagine,
from the figure, to be the same. I have fragments which indicate a length of at least

three eighths of an inch.

5. CERITHIUM METAXA (?). Delle Chiaje. Tab. VIII, fig. 6, 6 a.
Murex MeTaxa. Del. Chi. Mem. 1826, p. 211, t. 49, fig. 29-31.
CrritHium creprruM. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa minima, cylindraceo-turritd ; anfractibus conveais, numerosis; cingulos granu-
losos quatuor ferentibus ; basi levi ; labro acuto ; canali brevissimo.

Shell minute, turriculate, and subcylindrical ; whorls numerous, convex, ornamented
with four transverse granulated ridges ; base smooth ; outer lip sharp, with very short
or emarginate canal.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is not a very abundant shell, and the specimens are generally broken. It
appears, however, to differ specifically from C. twberculare in always having four ridges
of granules upon the spire, with a smaller one around the base; the form of the volu-
tion is convex, with the lower portion projecting a little, which gives it a subconoidal
form. It appears to correspond with the description given by Della Chiaje, but I am
not acquainted with the shell he describes. It differs also, I conceive, from C. vari-
culosum in bemg much more elongate, and by having a deeper suture, and fewer coste.
In C. variculosum there are eighteen costz in the last volution; in this they are from
ten to twelve. In the figures these characters are not sufficiently distinguished.

6. CERITHIUM CRIBRARIUM. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 7, a—2.
CERITHIUM CRIBRARTIUM. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa minima, subulatd, elongata, tenui; anfractibus numerosis, convexis, cingulis
quatuor ornatis, longitudinaliter decussatis ; basi levi; canali brevissimo.
Shell minute, tapering, and elongate, thin, and fragile, with numerous convex

72 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

volutions, ornamented with four or five elevated transverse ridges, decussated by
elevated lines of growth; base naked ; canal very short.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A few imperfect specimens of what I had considered in my Catalogue as a distinct
species are in my cabinet ; they appear to differ from the preceding in the absence of
the granules upon the transverse bands ; it is possible it may be only an altered form,
although at least twenty fragments present the same characters; but better specimens
are necessary for such a determination. Its present name may therefore be considered
only as provisional.

7. CERITHIUM PERPULCHRUM. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 10, 10a.

C. Testd parvd, conico-turrita, vel subulatd ; spird elevatd ; apice acuminato ; an-
fractibus \0O—11, convexinsculis, cingulos tres vel quatuor obtusos ferentibus, interstitus
tenuissime striatis, longitudinaliter obsolete plicatis ; labro subsinuato ; canali brevissimo.

Shell small, elongato-conical, or turriculate, with an elevated spire, and acute apex;
volutions slightly convex, furnished with three or four obtuse transverse ridges, having
fine striee between them, obsoletely plicated longitudinally; canal very short; outer
lip subsinuated and slightly recurved, with a somewhat expanded inner lip.

Avis, $ an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

One specimen in my own cabinet, and two from that of Mr. Daniel, are all that I
have seen, and these are somewhat in an altered condition, with a slightly eroded
surface. It bears a resemblance to C. furritellatum, Deshayes (Coq. foss. des Eny. de
Paris, p. 415, pl. 49, f. 10-11), but is much more tapering in form, with rather less
convex volutions, and has more distinct longitudinal plicee, produced by a slight reflec-
tion of the outer lip; the two ridges of the lower part of the volution are the most
prominent, particularly the one around the edge of the base. The lower part of the
outer lip is a good deal expanded, and the inner lip considerably spread. It is a pretty
shell, and I was unwilling it should be unfigured, but, like the preceding one, better
specimens are necessary for correct determination.

Secr. 6. SINISTRAL.

8. CERITHIUM ADVERSUM. Mont. Tab. VIII, fig. 8, 8 a.
Murex apversus. Mont. Test, Brit. p. 271, 1803.
CERITHIUM ADVERSUM. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 48, fig. 64 (male), 1827.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TriFoRIS ADVERSA. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 21, 1846.

C. Testa minutd, subcylindricd, sinistrorsd ; anfractibus planis, cingulos tres granosos
ferentibus ; apice acuto ; canali brevi recurvo, subclauso.

GASTEROPODA. 73

Shell small, subcylindrical, especially the lower half; volutions flat, with three
granulated ridges ; apex acute; canal short, recurved, and nearly closed.

Avis, 3, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Coast of Britain.

This species is not by any means rare in the Coralline beds, though I have not yet
seen it from the Red Crag. There is, I think, no doubt of its identity with the recent
British shell. It has commonly three granulated ridges on the body of the whorl, the
middle one of which is generally the smallest; and sometimes there are only two, with
two plain ones on the base of the last volution. The last whorl is rather contracted,
which gives a cylindrical form to the lower half of the shell. A kind of canal is formed
at the suture by the elevation of the ridges. The mouth is often broken, and several of
my specimens show that it has been repaired by the animal. When perfect, the lower
part of the outer lip is a little expanded, giving the mouth a subquadrate form, with a
deep sinus in the upper part at the suture. The canals are never quite closed at
either extremity of the aperture in any of my specimens.

9. CERITHIUM GRANOSUM. 8S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 9.
CrriTHIuM GRanosum. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa subulato-turritd, sinistrorsd ; apice obtuso; anfractibus convexiusculis, trans-
versim quadri vel quinque striatis, striis elevatis, tuberculato-granosis ; canali brevi, recurvo.

Shell elongate, turriculate, and tapering; whorls sinistral, slightly convex, covered
with four or five granular ridges, aperture subcircular; canal short and recurved.

Avis, # of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Walton Naze.

Imperfect specimens of this shell are by no means rare, but I have nothing that
will show the mouth entire. It appears so very different from the figure and descrip-
tion of C. sinistratum, Nyst (Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 541, pl. 42, f. 10), that I cannot
imagine the two to belong to the same species, unless the Belgian shell has undergone
a material alteration by the removal of the granular ridges. The volutions of the
Crag shell are rather more conoidal than convex, with four or five nodose ridges when
the shell is perfect; the lower one rather projecting, with a wider space above the
suture: my best specimen has twelve volutions and an obtuse apex. The first two
whorls differ from the others in being sharply costated longitudinally, and finely
striated transversely. The base in all my specimens is free from striz. When the
granules are worn down, the surface of the shell appears regularly cancellated.

10

74 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Sect. HOLOSTOMATA. F.em.

TURRITELLA,* Lam. 1815.
TurBO (spec.) Linn.

Gen. Char. Shell elongate and turriculate, generally thick and strong, tapering to
an acute apex, volutions numerous ; aperture entire, subcircular, or slightly quadrate ;
outer lip thin and sharp, somewhat sinuous; operculum corneous and spiral.

Shells of this genus are generally well distinguished from those of any other,
excepting it be perhaps some aberrant forms of Cerithium; a more or less emarginate
base distinguishes the latter genus, although in some species this character is very
imperfectly displayed.

As a genus this is not restricted to any climate, some species being found within
the tropics, while others are inhabitants of the coasts of Greenland and Scandinavia,
and, according to Mr. J. Sowerby, it appears in the Protozoic rocks (vide Sil. Syst.) ;
these shells, however, resemble so much in form those of J/urchisonia, that unless the
specimens are very perfect it would be difficult to distinguish them. There is,
however, a well-marked species from the Greensand formation. (Vide Min. Con. t. 565.)

1. TURRITELLA comMuNIS. /sso. Tab. IX, fig. 9, a—dé.

TurRBO TEREBRA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 293, 1803.

TURRITELLA CoMMUNIS. Risso, Hist. Nat. des prince. Prod. de l'Europe, iv, p. 106, fig. 37, 1826.
— TEREBRA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 565, fig. 3, 1827.
— — Woodward. Geol. of Norf. p. 44, 1833.
— Linnat. Desh. Exp. de Morée, tom. ii, p. 146.
— _ Dujard. Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, p. 287, 1837.
TEREBRA. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— communis. Phil, En. Moll. Sie. vol. ui, p. 160, 1844.
— PLEBEIA. Say. Lyell in Proc. of Geol. Soc. 1845, vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 554.

T. Testa turrita, subulata; anfractibus convexiusculis; transversim lineatis; lineis 8—10,
elevatis acutiusculis; equalibus, vel inequalibus, cinctis.

Shell turriculate and tapering, with very slightly convex volutions; covered with
8—10 fine ridges, sometimes equally distributed, at others rather irregular in size and
number ; outer lip sinuous.

Axis, 12 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. Recent, British Seas.

This shell is given by Professor EK. Forbes, in his ‘Report upon the Existing Fauna
and Flora of the British Isles,’ as a Coralline Crag species. I have no specimen from that
formation. It is, however, very probable it may have lived in the seas which deposited
the Coralline Crag, having been given as a Touraine species by M. Dujardin, and as an

* Etym. From Turris, a tower.

GASTEROPODA. 75

American Miocene fossil by Mr. Lyell. The striz or ridges are rather irregular,
though generally there is one large and one small one alternately; they are all sharp
and angular. The ridges upon recent specimens are also irregular in their disposition,
having sometimies fine transverse strize between them. Fig. 9 4 is from the Red Crag,
resembling the general form of the recent shell. Fig 9a is from the Mammaliferous
Crag at Thorpe, which I presume to be the same species, although it is more
subulate in form, with a deeper suture, and more convex volutions.

2. TURRITELLA IMBRICATARIA. Lam. Tab. IX, fig. 10, a—é.
TURRITELLA IMBRICATARIA. Lam. An. du Mus. vol. iv, p. 216, pl. 37, fig. 7, 1804.
= Desh. Coq. foss. des Envy. de Par. pl. 35, fig. 1-2, and pl. 37, fig. 9-10.
_ Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 397, pl. 37, fig. 5.
TURRITELLA CONOIDEA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 51, fig. 145, 1814.
-- S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

T. Testa, elongato-turritd, subulatd ; anfractibus planatis, ad basim subangulatis, trans-
versim striatis, striis imbricatis, vel subtilissime granulatis.

Shell elongate, turreted, and tapering, with flattened volutions, slightly angulated at
the lower part ; transversely striated with imbricated or finely-granulated strie.

Axis, 2 inches.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Newbourn.

My cabinet contains about thirty specimens of this shell, which is no doubt the same
species as the one so abundant in the Eocene formation, at Barton ; my specimens are all
more or less rubbed, and may probably be a diluvial introduction from the older bed,
although that number is rather large for such a casualty. One specimen is covered
with fine and regular transverse striz, which though rubbed show the remains of
granulations ; the angular form of the base of the volution appears to be its distinguishing
character. Fig. 10 0 is from a specimen much worn and eroded, and exhibits a more
conical form of volution than the generality of these shells.

3. TURRITELLA incrassaTA. J Sow. Tab. IX, fig. 7, a—d.
TURRITELLA INcRASSATA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 51, fig. 6, 1814.
TurBo TrieLicatus. Brocchi. Foss. Subapenn. t. 6, fig. 14, 1814.

— pupuLicatus (7). - - - . t. 6, fig. 18.
— IMBRICATARIUS. - - - - t. 6, fig. 12.
— VERMICULARIS. - - - - t. 6, fig. 13.

TURRITELLA DUPLICATA. Dubois de Montp. Conch. foss. Wolhyn. Podol. pl. 2, fig. 19-20, 1831.
— rripLicata. Dward. Mém. Soc. Geol. de France, tom. ii, pt. 2, p- 287, 1837.
= — Grateloup. Foss. de Dax (Actes de la Soe. Linn. de Bord.), tom. v,
p- 161, 1838.
— = Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. pl. 37, fig. 7-8, 1844.
_ INcRASSATA. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
= BICINCTA. = - - - var. 8, fig. 7 d.

T. Testa turritd, anfractibus planulatis ; transversim striatis, cingulos duos vel tres
obtusos distantes ferentibus ; cingulo intermedio crassiore, supremo obsoleto.

76 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Shell turriculate, with flat volutions, subcarinate at the base; finely striated trans-
versely, and banded at rather irregular distances, with two or three obtuse ridges, the
upper one nearly obsolete.

Avis, 24 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave and Ramsholt.

Red Crag, passim. Recent, Mediterranean.

This species is abundant, and very variable in regard to the number and arrange-
ment of its banded ridges. That which I considered as a distinct species, and named
bicinctus (Tab. 1x, fig. 7 d@) when my Catalogue was published, I have now reason to
believe is only a variety. The young or upper volutions of most specimens have the
banded ridges more prominent and distinct than upon the larger part of the shell.
Fig. 7 a appears to correspond with Brocchi'’s figures (Tab. vi, figs. 12 and 13),
which are, I imagine, only varieties with more elevated ridges.

Figs. 7 a, d, are from the Coralline Crag.

Figs. 7 4, c, are from the Red Crag.

4. TURRITELLA PLANtSPIRA. S. Wood. Tab. IX, fig. 11.
TURRITELLA PLANISPIRA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
—_ Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 401, pl. 38, fig. 9, 1844.

T. Testd turritd, subulatd ; anfractibus planatis ; transversim striatis ; striis regu-
laribus sub-equidistantibus.

Shell turreted and tapering, with nearly flat volutions ; transversely striated; strize
regular, nearly equidistant.

Avis, 14 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have only been able to procure fragments of this species, and they appear to agree
with the shell figured by M. Nyst. The whorls are very flat, with scarcely a distinct
suture in some specimens. In the young state the middle ridge is always the most
prominent, taking off from the flatness of the volution, which distinguishes it when
further increased. The ridges or strize are generally regular, though sometimes alter-
nating, one large and one small. M. Nyst, as well as myself, have considered this
distinct, and it is rather singular that we should both have chosen the same name for
it. It is, however, possible this may be only a variety of 7. communis, but 1 have never
seen that shell with such perfectly flat volutions, or so subulate in form.

5. TuRRITELLA CLATHRATULA. S. Wood, 1847. Tab. IX, fig. 6, 8 a.

C. Testé turritd, subulatd, anfractibus novem convexiusculis ; lineis quinque elevatis
tranvsersis cinctis ; interstitiis striatis vel clathratis ; aperturd subquadrata.

Shell turreted and tapering, with about nine slightly convex volutions, ornamented
with five transverse rather rounded ridges; the sulci between them longitudinally
striated or imbricated; aperture subquadrate.

GASTEROPODA. i

Axis, * of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bridlington.

The specimen figured is from the Museum of the Philosophic Society of York, and
was obtained at Bridlington, where, I am informed by Mr. Charlesworth, who sent the
specimen, it is not very rare. It much resembles a recent and undescribed species,
said by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen., to be from the north-west coast of Africa.

Its distinguishing character is the number of ridges upon the volution. These are
placed at regular distances, the lower one projecting a little, which gives the whorl a
slight conoidal form ; the lines of growth are rough and imbricated, and most distinct
between the ridges, which are somewhat rubbed and rounded. A subquadrangular
form of volution gives it an angular edge and a flat base, which has three or four spiral
strie or ridges, the outer ones most prominent, with elevated lines of growth. The
columella is nearly straight, with a subcanaliculated base, or everted left lip, bringing
this species into close approximation with Cerithium. It is one of those shells by
which the two genera might be connected.

A fragment of a specimen of Turritella from the same Jocality, apparently a
distinct species, was given to me by my friend F. Edwards, Esq., though it is too
imperfect for figuring or description.

PYRAMIDELLA,* Zam. 1815.

Gen. Char. Shell turreted, elongato-pyramidal, generally smooth and glossy, some-
times costated, composed of numerous closely-set volutions ; aperture subcanaliculated ;
columella nearly straight, with several folds or ridges.

1. PYRAMIDELLA LEVIUSCULA. S. Wood. Tab. IX, fig. 2, a—dé.
PYRAMIDELLA UNIsuLcata (?). Dujardin. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, t. 11, 1837.
PYRAMIDELLA L&HViIvscULa. Grateloup. Bord. foss. pl. 7, fig. 79, 80, 1838.
— TEREBELLATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_ — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 431, pl. 37, fig. 28, 1844.

P. Testa elongato-turritd, levigatd, politd, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 8—9 planatis ;
suturd subsulcatd ; aperturd subovatd ; labro acuto, intus dentato ; columella recta ; tripli-
cata, plicis inequalibus.

Shell elongato-turriculate, smooth, and glossy, with an obtuse apex; whorls flat,
about nine in number ; suture distinct, deep, subcanaliculated ; aperture subovate ; outer
lip sharp, toothed within ; columella straight, slightly replicate, with three unequal
folds.

Ais, 3, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

A very abundant species. This shell appears to be identical with the Belgian

* Etym. Pyramis, pyramid or spire.

78 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

fossil, but I think distinct from the Paris basin shell, P. ¢erebellata, Desh. (Coq. foss.
des Env. de Paris, pl. 22, f. 7-8.) In the Crag shell, the upper fold upon the columella
is large, sharp, and elevated, with very little obliquity ; below it are two small oblique
folds, nearly equal sized, the lower one forming the base of the columella, and producing
there an incipient sinus; the outer lip is sharp, and it has about half a dozen obtuse
teeth within it, which are not continuous, but produced at intervals.

It is nevertheless possible that this may be the same as the Eocene species, but
my specimens are all so much less, as well as differing in other characters, that I have
left it with my provisional name until more accurate comparisons can be made with
the foreign shell.

CuEemnitTziA,* D’Oré. 1839.

TuRBO (spec.) Mont.

TuRBONILLA. Leach, 1819.

ParTHENTIA. Lowe, 1842.

OrtHostELIs. Arad. and Magg. (ex Phil.)
Pyraiscus. Philippi.

EvLima (spec.) Philippi.

Loxonema (?). Phillips.

Mezanta. Scacchi.

Eviimmewia. Forbes.

Gen. Char. Shell turriculate, with numerous volutions, nearly flat, having a distinct
suture, aperture subquadrate, columella straight, with or without a fold; apex mam-
millated by the reversed position of the extreme spire, exterior generally striated or
costated, sometimes smooth and plain.

Dr. Leach, in MS., united a group of shells with these characters, to which he
gave the name of Turbonilla, which was adopted by Risso in 1826. In June, 1840,
the Rey. T. Lowe read a paper before the Zoological Society, describing several of
these species, and proposed for them the generic name of Parthenia, considering that
given by Dr. Leach as being incorrect in composition, and otherwise preoccupied by
another genus of Mollusca. In 1840, according to M. Philippi, Wiegman proposed the
name of Pyrgiscus for some marine Melanie, which it is probable was intended for
these shells. In 1839, M. d’Orbigny published some species under the above name
(in Webb and Berth. Hist. Nat. des Iles Canar. Moll.), and this name appears to have
the precedence of all but that of Leach. M. Lovén, in his Synopsis, has restored the
name of Turbonilla, which perhaps, after all, notwithstanding the objection by
Mr. Lowe, ought to be the one employed.

In the young state, probably before its exclusion from the egg, the first volution
appears to have taken a sinistral form, and afterwards to have changed into a dextral
direction, and the apex is rendered obtuse by the folding down or horizontal position
of its primary volution.

* Etym. After Chemnitz.

GASTEROPODA. 79

Shells somewhat of this form have been long known from the older Secondary
Formations, and were placed in a genus by Phillips, under the name of Loxonema;
they do not, however, appear to possess the quadrate form of aperture and straight
columella of these shells, although they have been united to this genus by M. d’Orbigny
and other continental authors.

As a recent genus it appears to have a very extended geographical range, and is
rather inclined to deep water.

1. CoEMnitziA curvicostaTa. S. Wood. Tab. X, fig. 1, 1a.
TURBONILLA cuRVICosTATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testaé elongato-turritd, tenui, fragili; anfractibus planiusculis, plicatis ; plicis
confertis, obliquis, vel curvatis ; suturis profundis, labro acuto.

Shell turreted and elongate, thin and fragile, with an obtuse apex ; volutions 7—8.
rather flat ; suture distinct and deep ; longitudinally costated, or plicated ; costz oblique
and curved; columella straight and naked.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have but three specimens of this species, and those are not in very good condition.
The remains of its curved cost and straight columella are almost the only distinguishing
characters. It may possibly be the Zurbo indistinctus, Mont. (Sup. p. 129), but that
shell is described as punctured in the furrows, which I cannot observe in my specimens,
the costae are much curved, broad, and close, and have the spaces between them thin
and narrow.

It somewhat resembles the figure of Ch. terebellum, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 138,
t. 24, f. 12), but our shell seems to have been larger, and the costz more oblique and
curved. I have therefore, for the present, left it with its provisional name until it
can be better determined. The apex in my specimens is very obtuse, flattened, and
depressed, but not reversed like the general character of this genus.

2. CHEMNITZ1A RUFA. Phil. Tab. X, fig. 2, 2 a, 26.
MexLantia RUFA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 156, t. 9, fig. 7, 1836.
PARTHENIA CRENATA. Lowe. Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 41, 1840.
TurBo crenatus. Montague (inedit.)
TuRBONILLA RUFA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— _ Lovén. Ind. Moll. Seand. p. 18, 1846.
Cnremnitzia RUFA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ui, p. 136, 1844.

Ch. Testa turriculd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; longitudinaliter costatis ; costis rectis ;
iaterstitiis transversim striatis; suturis profundis ; apertura subquadrata ; columella recté.

Shell turriculate ; whorls 8—9, flattish ; longitudinally costated ; ribs vertical, trans-
versely striated ; suture deep ; aperture subquadrate ; outer lip simple, plain within.

Avis, ¢ of an inch; diameter, } of its length.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

80 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

My cabinet contains about half a dozen specimens of this species, which appear to
correspond with the figure and descriptions above referred to, The volutions are
rather flat, but project a little, which leave a slight shoulder at the upper part, and
cause the sutures to be deep and distinct. The transverse impressed striz, or rather
sulci, are about six or seven in number on each whorl, and these are continued over
the base. The costze are nearly vertical and straight, and from eighteen to twenty in
number on ,the last volution. The enlarged drawing in the very able work by
M. Philippi, referred to above, is a good representation of our shell. ‘The cost: in our
figure are scarcely erect enough.

3. CHEMNITzIA CosTARIA. S. Wood. Tab. IX, fig. 3, 3a.
TURBONILLA cosTaRrIA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testd turritd, subulatd ; anfractibus numerosis, conveaxtusculis ; longitudinaliter
costatis ; costis obliquis, obtusis, confertis ; transversim sulcatis ; labro incrassato, inlus
denticulato.

Shell elongate, turriculate, tapermmg; volutions 8—10; longitudinally costated ;
costee oblique, obtuse ; transversely striated or sulcated; suture distinct; aperture
subquadrate ; outer lip thickened, and dentated within.

Ais, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This species is by no means rare. It resembles much Ch. elegantissima, but is less
cylindrical, and is transversely striated or sulcated ; the coste are oblique, inclining a
little to the left. It is beautifully grooved or sculptured, the lines being carried over
the ribs. The lower part of the outer lip projects a little, so as to give an obliquity to
the ribs, which are about twelve in number on the last volution. These ribs terminate
at the edge of the base, but the transverse striz are continued over it. There is no
appearance of any fold upon the columella. The inside of the outer lip is dentated.
‘It appears to differ from Ch. obliquata, Phil. (vol.1i, p. 137, t. 24, f. 10), m being much
larger, and striated. It differs also from Ch. rufa, mn having fewer costz, and in those
being more inclined; on the last volution they are about thirteen in number.

4. CHEMNITZIA NITIDISSIMA (?). ont. Tab. IX, fig. 4, 4 a.

TurBo nitipissimus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 299, t. 12, fig. 1, 1803.
TURRITELLA NITIDIssIMA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 304, 1828.

Ch. Testd pusilla, turritd, subulatd, levigatd, politd ; anfractibus convewxiusculis, vel
subconoideis, apice obtuso ; apertura subovata ; labro acuto, intus levigato.

Shell turriculate, tapering, smooth, and glossy; volutions slightly convex, or rather
conoidal ; apex obtuse; aperture subovate ; outer lip sharp, with a deep and distinct
suture.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

GASTEROPODA. 81

My cabinet contains but four specimens of this species, and those are not in very
good condition; the identification, therefore, must be considered doubtful. The
volutions project a little at the lower part, which give them a conoidal form: Montague
says, “terminating in a fine point :” my specimens have the apex very obtuse, so have
all the species of this genus.

5. CHEMNITZIA ELEGANTISSIMA. Mont. Tab. X, fig. 5, 5a.
TURBO ELHGANTISSIMUS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 298, t. 10, fig. 2, 1803.
MBLANIA CAMPANELLA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 156, t. ix, fig. 5, 1836.
PARTHENIA ELEGANTISSIMA. Lowe. Zool. Proc. 1840, p. 41.
TURRITELLA ELEGANTISSIMA. Fem. Brit. An. p. 303, 1828.
EULIMA ELEGANTISSIMA. Risso. Hist. Nat. de ’ Europ. Merid.

Ch. Testa elongata, turritd, subulatd, nitidissimd ; anfractibus numerosis, convexiusculis,
longitudinaliter costatis ; costis obliquis, obtusis, confertissimis, interstitiis levibus ; suturis
distinctis ; labio columellari vertical.

Shell elongate, turreted, tapering, smooth and glossy ; whorls very slightly convex,
longitudinally costated ; costee numerous, oblique, and obtuse, with a distinct suture:
base of volution smooth; aperture subquadrate.

Avis, ¢ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

But one specimen of this shell has come into my possession; it appears to be identical
with the recent British species. The coste are not quite vertical, but have a little
inclination, so that the lower part inclines to the left of a perpendicular line, but they
do not curve. Montague states this species to be covered, in a recent state, with a
brown epidermis. It is said by Dr. Fleming (British Animals, p. 303) to be a deep-
water shell.

6. CHEMNITZIA INTERNODULA. S. Wood, 1847. Tab. X, fig. 6, 6 a.

Ch. Testa, subulatd, subcylindricd, elongata ; anfractibus numerosis planis, longitudi-
naliter costatis ; costis obliquis, obtusis, confertis, ad interstitias serie unicd granulorum ;
apertura subquadratd ; columella recta uniplicatd ; labro simplici, intus levigato.

Shell tapering or subcylindrical, smooth, and glossy, with twelve or fourteen flat
volutions, longitudinally costated ; costze slightly oblique; interspaces with an elevated
nodule ; aperture subquadrate ; columella straight, with one fold; outer lip simple,
smooth within.

Avis, 2, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton.

This species is not rare. In some characters it resembles Turbo gracilis, Broc.
(Tab. v1, fig. 6), but that shell has the ribs more vertical, and has not the connecting
link between them. Our shell appears as if its ribs were bound together by something

passing through them, which gives a sort of knob between each rib, with a depression
11

82 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

above and below it. My specimens are smooth and glossy, but they appear as if they
had been rubbed, and the greater number of them are rather more slender than the one
represented. The costs terminate at the edge of the volution, and the base is smooth.

7, CHEMNITZzIA FILOSA. S. Wood. Tab: X, fig. 7, 7 a.
TURBONILLA FILOSA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testa turritd, subulatd ; anfractibus septem vel octo convexiusculis, longitudinaliter
obsoleté costatis; transversim regulariter striatis ; basi rotundato; apertura subovatd ;
labro extus incrassato, intus levigato.

Shell turreted and tapering, with seven or eight slightly convex volutions, longi-
tudinally costated ; costze nearly obsolete, transversely striated; aperture subovate ;
outer lip thickened, varicose, smooth within.

Ais, x of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. ? Recent, Mediterranean.

I have found about a dozen specimens of this shell, which appear distinct from any
species I am acquainted with. It has about eight thread-like striz equally distributed
upon each whorl, which are continued over the obsolete ribs as well as over the base of
the shell; the costae terminate at the edge of the volution, which is somewhat rounded.
The outer lip is thickened externally in its adult state, and sometimes the animal has
increased the shell beyond its ordinary size, leaving a thickened and obtuse varix upon
the exterior. The last volution has from eight to ten erect, obtuse, or varicose coste.
The columella is not so straight in this as m most of the species of the genus, which
gives the aperture an ovate form, broader at the lower part.

Some time since Prof. E. Forbes identified this shell with Parthenia varicosa, described
in his Report upon the Invertebrata of the Aigean Sea, published in the Report of the
British Association, 1843. I should have given that name upon his authority, but»
upon referring to the description contained therein, I think there must be some mistake ;
that shell is described as having 11 volutions with 18—20 costa, and as being only half
an inch in length. I have, therefore, for the present, left the species with the pro-
visional name of my Catalogue.

8. CHEMNITZIA DENSECOSTATA. P/i/. Tab. X, fig. 8, 8 a.

CHEMNITZIA DENSECOsTATA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 137, t. 24, fig. 9, 1844.
TURBONILLA CYLINDRELLA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testa aciculatd, subcylindraced s anfractibus convexiusculis, costatis ; costis nume-
rosis, elevatis, interstitiis striatis ; columella rectd subplicatd; labro simplici, intus levigato.
Shell suberect, subcylindrical, slender; whorls slightly convex, costated ; coste
numerous, nearly erect, elevated, smooth; intermediate spaces transversely striated ;
aperture subovate; columella straight, subplicated; outer lip simple, not dentated within.
Axis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

GASTEROPODA. 83

This is not a very rare species. I have presumed this to be the shell described by
M. Philippi, although my specimens have an obtuse apex, not corresponding in that
character with what he calls “apice acuto.” The furrows between the ribs are rather
wider than the ribs themselves, and run into the suture at the lower part, but not at
the upper, from the overlapping of the succeeding volution, and the whorls are rather
more convex than those represented at the above reference. The first five or six
volutions present an elongato-conical form, after which the shell becomes nearly
cylindrical. It is slender and elegant, rather more so than our figure represents, and
covered with numerous nearly vertical ribs, the last whorl having as many as twenty-
four. I am not acquainted with the recent shell, and have trusted for this identification
to the figure and description by M. Philippi.

9. CHEMNITZIA UNICA(?). ont. Tab. X, fig. 9, 9a.
Turgo unicus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 299, t. 12, fig. 2, 1803.
— Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 209, 1819.
PaRTHENIA PALLIDA(?). Lowe. Zool. Proc. p. 42, 1840.
CHEMNITZIA PALLIDA (?). Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 136, t. 9, f. 8.
TURBONILLA SUBULATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testa turritd, subulata, aciculatd, gracili, politd ; anfractibus numerosis, convexius-
culis ; longitudinaliter plicatis ; plicis confertis, obliquis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd sub-
quadrata ; columella recta.

Shell turriculate, slender, elongate and tapering, smooth and glossy; whorls
slightly convex, longitudinally costated; costee numerous, close, and oblique, inter-
mediate spaces transversely striated (?); suture deep and distinct, with a sub-
quadrate aperture and straight columella.

Avis, $ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

My cabinet contains five specimens of this slender shell, which is assigned to
Ch. unica with doubt. It resembles a very slender variety of Ch. elegantissima, but differs
from that species in being more elongate. The volutions in my specimens project
more at the lower part than they do above; and the furrows between the costze
appear to terminate before reaching the suture; whereas, in e/egantissima, they run
into it. My specimens are evidently much rubbed, and do not show the inter-
mediate striz distinctly. Our shell differs materially from the figure referred to,
(Chemn. pallida, Phil. t. 9, f. 8,) im being more slender, the coste more inclined,
and the volutions less convex; it has a greater resemblance to Ch. gracilis of that
author (pl. 24, f. 11), but the furrows in our shell appear to terminate just before
reaching the suture, and the costz incline a little, but do not curve. The aperture
is subquadrate, with a straight columella, which has a slight thickening in the middle
like an incipient fold.

84 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

10. CHEMNITzIA vARICULA. S. Wood. Tab. X, fig. 10, 104.
TURBONILLA VARICULA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testa turritd, elongato-pyramidali ; anfractibus convewiusculis; longitudaliter
costatis ; costis 10 —12 obtusis depressis, distantibus ; transversim striatis ; striis vel sulcis
8—9; apertura subquadrata 3 labro acuto, intus levigato.

Shell turreted, elongato-conoidal: whorls slightly convex ; suture distinct, longi-
tudinally costated, with small, vertical, and distant costa, transversely striated or
sulcated, with 8—9 depressed lines ; mouth subquadrate ; outer lip sharp, and smooth
within (?).

Avis, § of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have about a dozen specimens, which offer characters resembling this genus, but
the mouths of all of them are more or less broken. It slightly resembles Rissoa
varicosa, Bast., but that is a larger shell, with fewer varices, and is toothed within
the outer lip ; our shell has 9—10 volutions, is very much less in size, and the coste
become obsolete on the lower portion.

11. CHEMNITZIA stmILis. Forbes. Tab. X, fig. 11, a—e.
TURBONILLA ELEGANTIOR. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Ch. Testa turritd, subulatd, elongatd, politd ; anfractibus planis ; longitudinaliter obso-
leté costatis ; transversim sulcatis ; sulcis quinque ; apertura subquadratd ; columella rectd,
obsolete uniplicato ; labro intus levigato.

Shell elongato-turriculate, tapering, glossy ; apex obtuse ; longitudinally costated ;
costee obsolete ; transversely striated or sulcated; suture deep ; aperture subquadrate ;
left lip slightly reflected, with an incipient fold upon the columella; outer lip simple,
not dentated within.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

Imperfect specimens of this shell are by no means rare, but the surface is generally
much rubbed. It is, however, distinctly marked with about five deep sulci, which cut
the numerous and rather obsolete costee, making the surface somewhat reticulated.
The sulci or strize are continued over the base, which is rather rounded ; some have a
tooth-like projection upon the columella, in others it is not visible. Professor E. Forbes
tells me it is the same as the recent British species, and I have given it upon his
authority, Fig. 11, 4, is the representation of a specimen that has become quite smooth :
another specimen in my cabinet has tranverse striae, but no coste.*

* Two specimens apparently of another species, belonging probably to this genus, are in my Cabinet,
but the mouths are too much broken for correct description.

The minute, sinistral, planorbis-like looking shell figured with my Catalogue (An. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1842, pl. 5, fig. 12,) is, perhaps, the fry of one of the species of this genus.

GASTEROPODA. 8

ie
or

Opostomta,* Flem. 1817.
Turso (spec). Mont.
OvaTELLA. Bivona, 1832.
Metanta. Dubois, 1831.
TuRBONILLA. Lovén, 1846.

Gen. Char. Shell small, conical, or subulate; generally smooth and glossy, with
an obtuse and often a reversed apex; sometimes striated, and occasionally costated
longitudinally ; aperture ovate, acuminated at the upper part, with a tooth-like
projection or fold upon the columella.

This name, as proposed by Dr. Fleming, in the ‘Edinburgh Encyclopedia, art.
Conchology, first published in 1817, appears to have been intended for the reception of
a number of land shells, with a denticulated aperture, such as Pupa, Clausilia, &c.,
but was subsequently restricted, or rather transferred by that author in his ‘ Hist. of
Brit. An., 1828,’ to a series of small marine shells with an ovate aperture, and a single
plait upon the columella.

Mr. Alder has informed me that the animals of this genus have ear-shaped tentacles,
with eyes at the internal base, resembling those of Chemintzia, to which genus they
have been united by M. Lovén. The shells, however, appear to differ from those of the
latter genus in being less turriculate, with fewer volutions, and having a less quadrate
form of aperture, sufficiently so, I imagine, to be considered as generically distinct.
Should it be necessary to unite the two, the name of Chemuitzia must yield to the prior
one of Dr. Fleming.

1. Opostomia pLicaTA. Mont. Tab. IX, fig. 3, a—é.
Turso piicatus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 325, pl. 21, 1803.
— conorpgus. Broc. Conch. foss. Subapenn. p. 660, c. 16, fig. 2, 1814.

OVATELLA POLITA. Bivona. p. 4, t. 1, fig. 7, 1832.
AuricuLa conorpEa. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 143, 1836.
ToRNATELLA coNoIDEA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 428, pl. 37, fig. 27, 1844.
Opostomia piicata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

— — Thorpe. Mar. Conch. p. 172, fig. 13, 1844.

— unripEntTata(?). - - = ji cooqg ep we
TURBONILLA PLIcATA. Lovén. En. Moll. Scand. p. 19, 1846.

Od. Testa crassa, elongato-conoided, turritd, levissimd, politd ; apice obtuso; anfractibus
7—8 planiusculis ; suturis distinctis ; ultimo anfractu subangulato ; columelld uniplicatd ;
plicd media dentiforme ; labro acuto, intus dentato.

Shell thick and strong, elongato-conical, turriculate, smooth and glossy, with an
obtuse reversed (?) apex ; whorls 7—8, flattish ; suture distinct ; last whorl subangulated,
columella with a sharp and prominent tooth centrally placed ; outer lip sharp and
dentated within.

* Etym. 'Odous, a tooth, and ordua, a mouth.

86 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Avis, 3, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Ramsholt and Gedgrave. Recent, British Seas.

A very abundant species at Sutton, i the Coralline beds, but I have not met with
it from the Red Crag Formation.

My fossil specimens are much larger than any recent individuals that I have seen ; but
Mr. Alder and M. Lovén consider the fossil as identical with the recent British species,
and I have given it upon their authority. It is very variable ; some specimens have
the volutions subangulated at the base, with a small indistinct ridge in one variety,
which has also the umbilicus covered, while, in others, the base is without the angular
appearance, and the umbilicus open. The angulated edge of the volution gives a
subcanaliculated form of suture to another variety (fig. 3 @.) All my specimens are
smooth and glossy, with lines of growth occasionally visible.

2. Opostomia PuPA. Dubois. Tab. IX, fig. 5, a—6.
Metanta pupa. Dubois. Geol. Wolhyn. Podolien, pl. 3, fig. 34-35, 1831.
Opostomia pupa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Od. Testé minutd, turritd, elongato-conoided, crassa; anfractibus 6—1 planatis ; longi-
tudinaliter plicatis ; plicis 12—14 subrectis, confertis ; superné levigatis, inferne striis
duobus, transversis instructis ; aperturd ovali ; columella obsolete, unidentata.

Shell small and strong, turreted, elongato-conical; whorls flat, longitudinally
costated or plicated; folds obtuse, nearly erect, and numerous; with two transverse
striz at the lower part of the volution: aperture ovate, acuminated at the upper part,
with an obsolete fold upon the columella.

Avis, }; of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Abundant. There is a slight difference between our shell and the figure given by
M. Dubois ; but, as far as the description goes it appears to correspond ; and I presume
the two shells to be identical. In his figure the transverse lines are smaller and closer.
The Crag shell has a tooth a little above the middle of the columella, very distinct in broken
specimens. ‘The outer lip curves at the lower part, giving a slight flexure to the costa,
which are smooth and obtuse, and nearly as wide as the spaces between them. The
two transverse lines are visible upon the last volution only, one being hidden in
the suture of the spire; these lines are large and rounded, but do not cross the coste,
only bind them, as it were, together, and do not alter the form of the outer lip.

3. ODOSTOMIA PELLUCIDA. Adams. Tab. IX, fig. 4, a—0.
TuRBO PELLUCIDUS. Adams. Linn. Trans. iii, p. 66, t. 13, fig. 33-34.
— pecussatus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 322, t. 12, fig. 4, 1803.
a == Thorpe. Mar. Conch. p. 169, 1844.
OposTOMIA RETICULATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Od. Testdé pusilld, elongato-ovatd, pellucida (2?) tenui, et fragili; apice obtuso ;

GASTEROPODA. 87

anfractibus quatuor vel quinque convexis; suturis profundis; longitudinaliter tenuissimée
costellatis; transversim striatis, decussatis; labro acuto; umbilico mediocri ; columella
obsoleté unidentd.

Shell small, thin, fragile, and pellucid (?) with four or five convex volutions, and
a deep and distinct suture ; longitudinally costulated with 18—22 slightly raised ribs
decussated by seven or eight transverse lines; aperture ovate; outer lip sharp and
plain within; a small but distinct umbilicus; and a rather obscure fold upon the

columella.
Axis, * of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag. Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

I have procured about half a dozen specimens of this elegant little shell, some
of which are in sufficiently good preservation to be identified. The opportunity of
comparison with a recent specimen has been obligingly afforded me by Mr. Thompson
of Belfast, and I have every reason to think they are the same. The apex is obtuse,
but not reversed. There is a small but obscure fold upon the columella, scarcely
discernible, except where the outer lip is broken away.

4. ODOSTOMIA SIMILLIMA (?). Aout. Tab. IX, fig. 6, a—d.
Turso stmittimus. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. p. 136, 1803.
— Wern. Mem. vol. i, p. 406, t. 8, fig. 15.
— Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 209, 1819.
TURRITELLA SIMILLIMA. lem. Brit. An. p. 303, 1828.
Rissoa (?) costetnata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Od. Testa pusilla, elongatd, subulatd, gracili ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus quinque
convexis ; suturis profundis ; longitudinaliter costellatis ; costellis rectis ; apertura ovatd,
simplici, dimidiam spiram equante ; sine umbilico.

Shell minute, elongate, tapering, and slender, with an obtuse and reversed apex;
volutions five, convex; suture deep, longitudinally costellated, with perfectly straight
ribs; aperture ovate, rather elongate; last volution large, measuring half the axis.

Avis, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

I have but a few specimens of this elegant little shell, which appear to differ in
some characters from the description of its recent analogue, to which I have referred
it with doubt. It is much smaller, and the cost are broad and smooth, having twenty
in the last volution. The spaces between them are very narrow; the suture is sub-
canaliculated, by the upper part of the outer lip being somewhat slightly raised,
and there is a small obscure tooth upon the columella; my specimens are not in very
good condition. Turton gives the recent shell as found on the shores of the island of
Jura.

88 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Litiopa,* Rang. 1829.
Buccrnum (spec.) Quoy et Gaim.
PLaNaxis (spec.) Id.
Quoyia. Deshayes.
Bompyxinus. Lesson.

Gen. Char. Shell small, thin, corneous, or subhyaline, with a conical or tapering
spire, and acute apex; volutions convex, smooth, or striated; aperture ovate, and
rather large, with a sharp and simple outer lip, continuous to a truncated columella,
and a subemarginate base. Operculum, none.

This genus was established by M. Sander Rang (in the Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
tom. xvi, p. 303), upon the little Pelagian species found in the Gulf-weed Sargassum
hacciferum, and is placed by that naturalist in his systematic arrangement between
Tanthina and Phasianella.

The shell, with its truncated columella, much resembles that of Achatina, and
might perhaps be considered its marine representative. In the description by the
above author, a “sommet pointu” is given as a generic character, which the recent
species certainly possesses ; but in the shell from the Crag, which I have presumed to
belong to this genus, the apex is very obtuse. In my recent specimens, the first three
volutions are contracted and shrunk, being covered with longitudinal wrinkles, as if
that part of the shell might be dispensed with, without injury to the animal, like the
upper volutions of the Bulimus decollatus, although I have never seen a specimen so
decollated.

1. Litropa papittosa. S. Wood. Tab. IX, fig. 1, a—é.
Liriopa papittosa. S. Wood. Catal. in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 539, pl. 5, fig. 11.
— Morris. Catal. of Brit. Fossils, p. 149, 1843.

L. Testd ovatd, levigatd, tenu, frag ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus quatuor, con-
veviusculis; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; aperturd ovata; labro acuto, simplier ;
columella truncata.

Shell ovate, smooth, thin, and fragile, with an obtuse, rounded apex, and four
slightly convex volutions: suture distinct and deep, or subcanaliculated; outer lip sharp,
with a slightly replicate inner lip, forming a minute umbilicus, and a subemarginate
aperture, or truncated columella.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

My cabinet contains about half a dozen specimens of this pretty shell, which
appears to be distinct from the only recent species I am acquainted with, and which is

* Etym. Aucrds, simple, and 6x}, foramen, or orifice, as given by Hermansen. Or perhaps from Xis,
Airdés, a fine and delicate web, the animal spinning a thread by which it suspends itself to the floating
weed.

GASTEROPODA. 89

peculiar to the Gulf weed. That species is covered with impressed striz, and has a
sharp-pointed apex, with more volutions than in the Crag shell. It is possible our
shell may be an altered form, having lost its outer coating, and cast off its pointed apex,
though its present appearance is much against its identity with the recent one. The
recent shell has a more distinct truncation of the columella than is seen in my fossil
specimens, where it is more like a plication, or folding over, of the columellar lip,
behind which is the small umbilicus. Our shell has an ovate aperture, pointed at the
junction of the outer lip with the body whorl, and slightly expanded at the lower part,
with a papilliform and glossy apex, without, however, any remains of a roughened
edge, which in all probability would have been the case had it ever possessed any
greater number of volutions than are now visible.

Scataria,* Lam. 1801.
Scata. Humphries, 1797.
Scatarus. Montf. 1810.
Actona. Leach, 1815.
Craturus. Oken, 1815.

-- Agassiz, 1840.

Gen. Char. Shell turriculate, with an elevated spire, and generally acute apex, com-
posed of rounded volutions, sometimes contiguous, at other times separated ; smooth,
transversely striated or decussated, longitudinally costated; coste generally thin,
erect, sharp, and somewhat oblique, often thick and obtuse ; aperture entire, subcircular,
rather larger than wide ; peristome continuous, with a prominent and reflected margin ;
columella lip slightly everted, forming a subcanaliculated base; operculum thin,
corneous, and spiral.

The shells composing this genus are of a vitreous texture, of a milky whiteness, semi-
transparent, and are in general objects of great delicacy and beauty. They are common
through all the tertiaries, and in the recent state are not restricted to any climate,
being found in most parts of the world, in the Australian seas, the Indian ocean, and
on the coast of Greenland. Some species are still included in this genus that do not
possess a vitreous structure, but are opaque shells, and, when better known, may perhaps
require to be removed.

* Etym. Scala, a ladder.

90 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1, ScALARIA GRa@NLANDICA. Chemn. Tab. VIII, fig. 11 a, 11 4.
TURBO CLATHRUS GRENLANDICUS. Chemn. vol. xi, p. 155, t. 195, fig. 1878-79.
Scanaria stmiLis. oJ. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 16, 1812.
— susuLATA. Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 93, pl. 3, fig. 4.
— Gre@nzianpica. Gould. Inv. of Massachus. p. 249, fig. 170, 1841.
— simitis. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Sc. Testi elongato-turritd, imperforatd ; anfractibus ventricosis, contiguis, longitudi-
naliter costatis ; costis obtusis, interstitiis transversim striatis, vel sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo
basi carinifero ; apertura ovato-circulart.

Shell elongato-turreted, thick, strong, and imperforate ; volutions 9—10, ventricose
and contiguous, longitudinally costated ; costze obtuse, oblique, transversely striated,
or sulcated; base of last volution carmated; aperture subcircular.

Axis, 1¥ inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. | Recent, Coast of Greenland.

This shell is rare in my cabinet as a Red Crag fossil, though, I believe, rather less
so in the more recent formation of the Mammaliferous Crag. In my Catalogue it was
considered distinct from the Greenland shell, but the examination of a greater number
of specimens from Norfolk (in which a considerable degree of variation is exhibited),
has induced me to alter that opinion.

2. Scantarra vARIcosA. Lam. Tab. VIII, fig. 14.
ScALARIA vaRIcosA. Lam. Hist. Nat. des An. sans Vert. 2d edit. tom. ix, p. 74, 1835.
— FimprraTa. Ency. Meth. pl. 451, fig. 4, a, 0.
—_— — S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Sc. Testd subulatd, turritd, imperforatd; anfractibus contiguis, costatis ; costis tenuibus,
incumbentibus, crenato-fimbriatis, creberrimis ; varicibus crassiusculis, irregulariter sparsis ;
transversim striatis, anfractu ultimo basi carinifero.

Shell tapering, turricwate, imperforate; whorls contiguous, suture deep, covered
with numerous, thin, reflected, and fimbriated longitudinal costa, and obtuse varices
at irregular distances; transversely striated, having an obtuse elevated keel around
the base.

Axis, 14+ inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

This shell is at present rare in my cabinet. My specimens correspond precisely
with a recent shell said by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen., to be from the Mediterranean,
and which appears to be Se. fimbriata of Lamarck.

The thickened varices sometimes form a continuous rib, running the whole way up
the shell, but they are in general irregular both in number and position. The elevated
transverse strize are about ten in number; they are decussated by the small reflected

GASTEROPODA. 91

and fimbriated costz, which in the last volution are as many as 30 in number. The
lower transverse band is elevated into a distinct keel around the base.

3. SCALARIA FIMBRIOSA. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 12.
TURBO LAMELLOSUS (?). Broc. Coq. foss. Subapenn. p. 379, t. 7, fig. 2, 1814.
Not. Scatarta LAMELLOsA. Lam.
ScaLarta FrmBriosa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Se. Testé crassd, subulatd, imperforatd, apice acuto ; transversim sulcatd ; longitudi-
naliter costatd ; costis lamellosis, crenatis, crispis ; anfractibus rotundatis, contiguis ; bast
carinatd ; apertura rotunda.

Shell thick, strong, tapering, and imperforate; apex acute; whorls round, con-
tiguous, transversely sulcated, or striated; longitudinally ribbed, with thick reflected
lamella, curved or fringed; base carinate ; aperture circular; peristome reflected.

Avis, 14 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Sutton.

This is a rare species, at least in my cabinet. The volutions are covered with
prominent transverse or spiral ridges, between which there are finer striz. A pro-
minent obtuse keel runs round the base of the volution, and the peristome is reflected
all round the aperture, particularly at the base of the columella. This shell is probably
only a variety of Turbo lamellosus, Broc. (p. 379, t. 7, f. 2), although it does not appear to
be so much fringed as the Italian fossil. I would nevertheless have given it Brocchi’s
name, but that it has been used by Lamarck for another species.

4. SCALARIA HAMULIFERA. S. Wood, 1847. Tab. VIII, fig. 13.

Se. Testé subulatd, turritd, imperforatd ; anfractibus, rotundatis ; costellis levibus,
lamelliformibus, confertissimis, superné aculeatis ; interstitiis transversim striatis; anfractu
ultimo basi vie carinifero.

Shell tapering and turriculate, with an imperforate base ; volutions rounded, covered
with numerous large, smooth, close-set lamelliform, and acutely-pointed or hook-shaped
cost, with an occasionally thickened subvariformed rib; striated or ridged spirally,
with an obsolete keel upon the base.

Avis, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have but one specimen of this shell, which, however, appears to differ so materially
from any species I am acquainted with, that I feel disposed to consider it as distinct,
and have given it a name for the present until the possession of a few more individuals
will either confirm its correctness or remove it to one of its congeners. The same
might almost be said of one or two others of this genus, that must for the present
remain separated, as they cannot be connected by anything I possess. This shell
presents the same differences to S. fimbriata and S. fimbriosa that 8. frondicula does to
S. subulata, the coste being produced and acuminated at the upper part of the volution,

92 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

but it has also larger, broader, smoother, and more numerously reflected cost ; they are
unlike those of S. fimbriata and S. fimbriosa, which bear the curved impress of the spiral
striee or ridges, and in my single specimen the costze are more oblique. In S. fimbriosa
a continued line of rib passes from the apex to the outer edge of the last volution ;
whereas, in this species the line of rib is lost outside the penultimate whorl, although
it is a shorterspecimen. The ribs in the last volution amount to seventeen, with seven
transverse striz or ridges ; the lower one around the base is larger than the others, but
it scarcely deserves the name of a keel.

5. ScALARIA FRONDOSA. J. Sow. Tab. VIII, fig. 15.
Scataria FRONDOsA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 577, fig. 1, 1827.
= S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Sc. Testa elongato-conicd, levigatd, imperforatd; anfractibus rotundatis, disjunctis
costatis; costis tenuibus ; superné angulatis, acutis; apertura rotundatd, marginatd.

Shell elongato-conical, smooth, imperforate; whorls round or cylindrical, disjoined ;
coste thin, angulated, pointed, and projecting at the upper part ; aperture circular ;
left lip recurved, subcanaliculated.

Avis, 7 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

My cabinet contains but four specimens of this shell, which appears to be distinct.
It approaches nearest to S. folzacea, particularly where the foliations are broken off ;
but I have never seen the elevated spine-like processes at the upper part of the lamellee
upon any of my numerous specimens of that species. It has about 8—9 volutions,
with 9—10 lamellze upon the last. The figure represents rather too many ribs upon
one volution.

6. SCALARIA FRONDICULA. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 16.
ScaLARIA FRONDICULA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
= FRONDOSA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 393, pl. 38, fig. 7, 1844.
— enera(?). J. Smith. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, p. 421, fig. 24.

Sc. Testa elongatd, turritd; spird subulatd ; apice acuto; anfractibus rotundatis,
contiguis costellatis ; costellis lamellosis, superné angulatis, spiniferis ; interstitiis levigatis ;
apertura rotundata.

Shell turreted and elongate; spire tapering ; apex acute; whorls round, contiguous,
with lamellated costz, angulated, or rather spinous, at the upper part; whorls without
strie, and glossy ; aperture circular.

Avis, 7 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Gedgrave.

I have considered this as distinct from the preceding, in consequence of the volu-
tions being contiguous ; the lamelle, also, are numerous, less prominent, and reflected,
and it isa more subulate shell. It appears to resemble S. clathratula, particularly in
the young state, but the costa are elevated into small spinous fronds, projecting

GASTEROPODA. 93

upwards around the upper part of the volution—a character I do not observe in my
numerous specimens of that species, and the costz are fewer in number (generally
twelve), and thicker.

A Tertiary fossil, found in the beds of the Tagus, and recently described by
Mr. Smith (in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,) under the name of
Sc. tenera, is perhaps the same species, its distinguishing character being a small
mucronation at the upper part of each rib.

7. ScaLaRiA FOLIACEA. J. Sow. Tab. VIII, fig. 17.
Scauarra Forracea. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 390, fig. 2, 1825.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_- G. Sow. Genera of Shells, fig, 5.

Se. Testa turritd, acutd, imperforatd; anfractibus rotundatis, levigatis, disjunctis
costatis ; costis 5—7, tenuibus, lamelliformibus, distantibus; apertura rotundatd.

Shell turreted, spire elevated; apex acute; base imperforate, whorls cylindrical,
smooth, and disjoined; ribs oblique, lamelliform, thin and distant, seven in the last
volution ; aperture circular, peristome reflected ; without a keel upon the basal volution.

Avis, \ inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton.

An abundant shell in the Coralline, but very rare in the Red Crag. It differs from
Turbo pseudo scalaris, Brocchi (t. 7, f. 1), which has a prominent line upon the base of
the volution, though M. Philippi has given this shell as a synonyme to his 8. pseudo
scalaris ; the ribs also are fewer in number, and the volutions more disjoined. The
lamelle form a continuous rib up the spire, in an oblique or slightly spiral direction,
and are more especially reflected in the middle of the outer lip.

8. SCALARIA SUBULATA. J. Sow. Tab. VIII, fig. 18.
ScALARIA SUBULATA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 390, fig. 1, 1825.
-— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_ Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 394, pl. 38, fig. 8, 1844.

Se. Testd turritd, elongatd, subulatd, levigatd, imperforatd ; anfractibus 10—11,
rotundatis, disjunctis costellatis ; costellis obtusis ; in anfractu ultimo decem.

Shell turriculate, elongate, tapering, and smooth; whorls 10—11, rounded or
cylindrical, disjoined and costated ; ribs slightly oblique, ten in the last volution; base
imperforate: aperture subovate.

Avis, 7 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This species is not so abundant as S. foliacea, from which it differs in being more
elongate, and in tapering gradually, with less fimbriated foliations. The volutions are
perfectly smooth, differing in that respect from a recent species in my possession,
which resembles it in all other respects, but that it is striated; the Crag shell does not

94 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

appear ever to have the least vestige of strize, and the peristome is much reflected and
turned over, so as to form an obtuse varix, producing a nearly continuous rib up the spire.

9. ScALARIA CLATHRATULA. Turt. Tab. VIII, fig. 19, a—d.
Turso cLaATHRATULUsS. Turt. Linn. vol. iv, p. 500, 1806.
— Turt. Conchological Dictionary, p. 208, 1819.
Turso parvus. Maton and Racket. Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. viii, p. 171, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1807.
ScaLaria minuta. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 390, fig. 3-4, 1825.
— PSEUDO-SCALARIS. Dubois de Montp. Foss. de Wolhyn. Pod. p. 43, pl. 11, fig. 36-37, 1831.
— PULCHELLA (?). PAil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 10, fig. 1, 1836.
_ CLATHRATULA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Sc. Testé turritd, levigatd, imperforatd ; anfractibus convewis, contiguis, costellatis ;
costellis confertissimis, lamelliformibus ; apertura subcirculart ; marginibus acutis.

Shell turreted, smooth, and imperforate, with nine convex, contiguous volutions ;
costelle rather variable in number, generally numerous, lamelliform, thin, depressed,
and reflected; aperture subcircular, with a thin, reflected, sharp, and elevated margin.

Axis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

This species is exceedingly abundant and variable in the number of costae; in
some there are upwards of 20, while others have not more than 14 on one volution.
It appears to differ from the S. Zrevelyana principally in its more elongated form and
less reflected costee. I have not yet seen this species from the Red Crag, although a
strong shell, and very abundant in the older formation; in a recent state it is a very
rare shell, and may probably be one of the species now dying out.

10. ScALARIA TREVELYANA. Leach, MS. Tab. VIII, fig. 20.
Scaztarra TreveLtyana. Winch. Geology of Lindisfarn, An. of Philosophy, xx, p. 434.

— Treveviana. Thorpe. British Marine Conchology, p. 254, fig. 27, 1844.

Se. Testd turritd, elongato-conicd, latiusculd, imperforatd, levigatd ; anfractibus con-
veais, subdisjunctis costellatis ; costis tenuibus, reflewis, crebris, depressis.

Shell turreted, elongato-conical, imperforate, smooth; whorls convex, slightly
detached; with numerous depressed costee, thin and slightly reflected, about sixteen
on the last volution ; aperture suborbicular.

Avis, ? of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

I have found but one specimen of this shell, which appears to agree so well with a
recent individual of S. Zrevelyana in my possession, that I am induced to give a
figure of it, although it is not perfect. The last six species have the convoluted tube
quite smooth, and free from lines or striz of any kind. Their specific separation
depending principally upon the form and number of the reflections of the peristome,
which generally produce a continuous line of rib along the spire, in a slightly oblique
direction. A larger number of specimens than I possess may possibly remove some
of these distinctions.

GASTEROPODA. 95

11. ScaALAaRIA (?) CANCELLATA. Broc. Tab. VIIL, fig. 22, 22 a.
TURBO CANCELLATUS. Broce. Coq. Subapenn. p. 377, t. 7, fig. 8, 1814.
Scaaria pEecussata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Se. Testd subulatd, elongatd, tenui, fragili ; spird elevatd ; apice acuto ; longitudinaliter
costatd ; transversim striata ; anfractibus convexiusculis, rotundatis, marginatis: aperturd
subrotunda.

Shell elongate, tapering, thin, and fragile, with an elevated spire and acute apex ;
whorls slightly convex, longitudinally costated, and transversely striated, reticulated ;
lower volution marginated, with the base striated; aperture subcircular, peristome
continuous, sometimes thickened.

Avis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This species is delicate and fragile: my specimens, though numerous, are all more
or less broken; the one figured is the most perfect; it isnot more than half an inch
in length, though fragments indicate a size at least half as long again.

12. ScauaRia (?) optTusicosTaTa. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 21.
ScaLarta optusicostata. §. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Sc. Testa turritd, subulata, tenui, fragili ; spird elevatd ; apice acuto ; longitudinaliter
costatd ; costis obtusis: transversim tenuissimé striatis ; anfractibus convexiusculis, mar-
ginatis ; apertura subrotundd.

Shell tapering; spire elevated, with an acute apex, thin, and fragile; longitudi-
nally costated, and finely striated transversely ; the stria most conspicuous between
the costa ; volutions slightly convex; base marginated, rather flat, and finely striated ;
mouth subcircular, peristome continuous.

Avis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Imperfect specimens of this shell are by no means rare; my largest does not
exceed half an inch in length, while fragments indicate its full size to have been an
inch. It somewhat resembles Turbo lanceolatus, Broc. (t. 7, f. 7), but appears to
differ in having a greater number, as well as a greater convexity of the volutions ;
specimens half an inch in length have as many as 10—11 volutions, with about fifteen
nearly erect and obtuse cost in the last one; the outer edge of the volution is slightly
marginated, so that the coste terminate before reaching the suture. It is finely
striated transversely, the strize being most conspicuous between the coste. This is a
tender and fragile shell, with the surface slightly eroded.

The texture of this shell, as well as of the preceding species, is opaque and fragile,
differing in composition from the true Scalariz.

96 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

EuuimMa,* Risso. 1826.
Turso (spec.) Linn.

Hetrx (spec.) Mont.

Niso. Risso, 1826.
PHASIANELLA. Flem. 1828.
PasiItHEA. Lea, 1833.
Bonewiia. Desh. 1834.
PotypHemopsis (?). Portlock.

Gen. Char. Shell elongate, subulate, smooth, and glossy ; spire elevated, composed
of numerous volutions, sometimes contorted; apex generally acute ; aperture ovate,
rounded at the lower part, terminating in an acute angle above; outer lip simple,
slightly obtuse, occasionally thickened, straight, or incurved ; left lip slightly reflected ;
columella smooth ; operculum corneous.

The glossy exterior, subulate form, generally small and almost undefined suture,
with the flat volutions, will readily distinguish the shells of this genus from all others,
when they are in good preservation. Species of this genus are considered to have
existed in the earliest geological periods, but they are not at present well determined.
Several new and beautiful species have been found by Mr. Edwards in the Eocene
formations of England, and fifteen recent ones are figured by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun.,
in his ‘ Conchological Illustrations,’ some of which have been placed in a new genus
by Deshayes, under the name Bonellia.

1. Eutima pouita. Linn. Tab. XIX, fig. 1, a—dé.
Turzo pouitus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1241, 1767.
— .zvis. Penn. Brit. Zool. t. 79, 1779.
— aBus. Don. Brit. Shells, pl. 177, 1802.
Hewix pourra. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 398, 1803.
Rissoa Boscrt. Payr. Cat. des Moll. p. 112, pl. 5, fig. 15-16, 1826.
PHASIANELLA POLITA. lem. Brit. An. p. 301, 1828.
Mezanta Boscrt. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. tom. i, p. 157, 1835.
EvuLIMA POLITA. - - - tom. li, p. 134, 1844.
— aneuica. G. Sow. Conch. Illust. fig. 5, 1838.
— pouita. %S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— —_ Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 187, fig. 49, 1844.

Eu. Testd elongata, lanceolata, turritd, nitidissimd, politd; anfractibus tredecim,
planiusculis, contiguis ; suturd viv distinctd ; apertura ovata, superné acuminata.

Shell elongate, lanceolate, subulate, smooth, strong, and glossy, with thirteen con-
tiguous and flattish volutions; suture ill defined, scarcely distinct ; outer lip nearly

* Etym. (?)

GASTEROPODA. 97

straight and obtuse; aperture subovate, acuminated at the upper part, with an inner
lip slightly reflected.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, British Seas and Mediterranean.

I have half a dozen well-preserved specimens, which present characters sufficient
to justify this being considered identical with the recent British species. Montague
says, the volutions are quite flat; but in my specimens they are slightly convex in
the recent as well as in the fossil shell, with a rather obtuse apex ; outer lip not quite
straight, projecting a little at the lower part, with sometimes an inflection in the spire
(vide fig. 14). ‘Two of my specimens have five or six of the upper volutions broken off,
and the opening closed in a manner similar to that of Bulimus decollatus.

2. Kuta suBuLatTa. Mont. Tab. XIX, fig. 3.

Herx suputata. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. p. 142, 1808.

TurBo suBULATA. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 172, 1803.

Hewrx susutara. Broce. Conch. foss. Subapenn. pl. 3, fig. 5, 1814.

MELANIA CAMBESSEDESII. Payr. Cat. des Moll. p. 107, pl. 5, fig. 11-12.
_— Phil. En. Moll. Sic. tom. i, p. 157, 1836.

Eurrma Ltrnzeata. Sow. Conch. Ilust. fig. 13, 1838.

MELaAnta NiTIDA. Grateloup. Bord. Foss. p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 5, 1838.

Eutma susurata. Dwardin. Mém. Soe. Géol. de France, t. 11, 1837.

— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Liu. Testi elongata, angustd, subulatd, acuminata, politd, nitidissimd ; anfractibus
planatis, contiguis ; apertura elongato-ovatd, superne acuminata ; labro simplici recto.

Shell elongate, tapering, smooth, and glossy, with an acuminated apex ; whorls
flat, contiguous; suture scarcely defined; aperture elongato-ovate, acuminated at the
upper part; outer lip straight ; inner lip slightly reflected.

Ais, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Ramsholt. Recent, British Seas.

Small and mutilated specimens are by no means rare, and the above dimensions
are those of my largest and most perfect ones. There is no character I can detect,
but that of size, in which it differs from the recent species, and mine are, in all proba-
bility, only young individuals. My specimens do not possess more than eight volutions ;
recent individuals of the same length have about an equal number. The apex in this
species is sharper than in the preceding one. A species very much resembling this
shell, from the London clay, at Barton, is in the cabinet of Mr. Edwards. It is rather
more cylindrical and is less in size, with a more visible suture ; his largest specimen
does not exceed three eighths of an inch in its axis, and yet appears an adult shell.
Although so close an approximation, I think it is distinct, and that gentleman is of
the same opinion.

13

98 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

3. EULIMA GLABELLA. 8S. Wood. Tab. XIX, fig. 2.
EULIMA GLABELLA. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Lu. Testd subulata, turritd,nitidissimd, politd; apice obtuso; anfractibus 6—7, planu-
latis, contiguis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd ovata, superné acuminata ; labro arcuato.

Shell small, turreted, strong, naked, smooth, and glossy, with an obtuse apex ;
volutions 6—7, flattish ; suture distinct ; aperture ovate, acuminated at the upper part ;
outer lip rather obtuse and arcuated.

Axis, 3, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is not a very rare species. It differs from /. swsu/ata in having a more obtuse
apex, a less elongated form, and in the curvature of the outer lip; the suture is better
defined, and the whorls slightly convex. It may be known from the young and
smaller specimens of #. polita by a more subulate form, and by the base of the
body whorl not being angulated. It appears to be intermediate between the two. At
the upper part of the volution, just below the suture, the shell is of a different tint, as
if in its recent state it had been ornamented with a coloured band similar to that of
E. subulata, only in a different position. It may possibly be the ¢xtermedia of Cantraine
(Malac. Mediter. Mém. de l’Acad. Roy. de Brux., t. 13), but that shell is described as
having a spire “ effilée.” Our figure represents the apex as too much acuminated.

AuvaAntA,* Leach, MS. 1818.
AtvaANIA. Risso, 1826.
Acuis. Lovén, 1846.

Gen. Char. Shell elongate, subulate, and turriculate, with an elevated spire, and
a papilliform and reversed apex; volutions numerous, convex, covered with elevated
striz ; aperture ovate ; outer lip thickened (?), with a slightly reflected inner lip, and a
small umbilicus.

A species of this genus in the British Museum had long passed under the MS.
name of Alvania, given to it by the late Dr. Leach (1818), and intended by him to
have been erected into a genus, which name was afterwards adopted by M. Risso, 1826,
with the following characters : ‘‘ Coq. conique, suture presque profonde; ouverture ovale,
aigué a droite ; peretreme mince, parfait; opercule cornée.” Although not very well
defined, these characters are sufficient for the Crag shell it is intended here to include,
and as the name originally given by Dr. Leach was attached to a specimen of Albania
glabella, the type of his genus, it is but right it should be retained.

* Etym. (?)

GASTEROPODA. 99

1. Anvanra ascaRis. Zurt. Tab. XII, fig. 11, a—e.

Turso ascaris. Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 217, No. 60, 1819.
TURRITELLA MINOR. Brown. Il. Brit. Conch. pl. 51, fig. 57-58, 1827.
PyRAMIS LEVIS. - - - pl. 50, fig. 51-52.
TURRITELLA Ascaris. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. xly, fig. 21, 1844.
Actis suprA-NITIDA. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 17, 1846.
ALVANIA supRA-NITIDA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

— aLpetta. Id. Catalogue, var. 6, fig. 11 ¢.

A. Testa pusilla, turriculd, elongatd tenui ; apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 8—9, con-
vevis, striatis, vel sulcatis ; sulcis circa quatuor, supra planatis; suturis profundis ; aperturd
ovata, labro incrassato.

Shell minute and slender, with an elevated spire, and slightly obtuse apex; volu-
tions 8—9, convex, with three or four large, transverse, elevated, and rounded ridges

“upon each whorl; upper part plain and smooth; suture deep; aperture ovate, or sub-
circular, with a slightly curved and thickened outer lip; base of volution plain, with
a slightly reflected left lip ; umbilicus small.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Coast of Ireland and North Seas.

About twenty specimens of this pretty little shell are in my cabinet, and as the
upper volutions are smooth and glossy, and the upper part of the whorl is free
from strize, I considered it distinct from ascaris; for, in Dr. Turton’s description, as
well as in Brown’s figure, the strize are represented as regular and equidistant, and my
dependence for comparison was upon their descriptions. Mr. Alder, however, has
informed me that it is the same species as Zurbo ascaris, Turt., and I have restored that
name upon his authority. The first two or three of the volutions in all my specimens
are without strize, but that is probably from erosion. The apex of this shell is reversed
and papilliform, and the external ridges are sometimes visible within the mouth, from
the thinness of the shell, and two or three specimens have a slightly thickened varix
on the outer lip. Two of my specimens have a diameter equal to nearly half the axis,
while in others it is not more than a quarter. The dimensions of the aperture vary in
length from a quarter to one third the length of its axis.

Alvania albella of my Catalogue is probably only an eroded form of this species. In
comparing the Crag shells in the first instance with a specimen upon a tablet in the
British Museum, having the name of Alvania albella in the handwriting of Dr. Leach,
they were found to correspond sufficiently to be considered identical, confiding in the
recent specimen as a perfect shell. As this was intended by Dr. Leach for the type
of his genus, the name was used as such in my Catalogue, and continued here for the
same reason. The introduction of numerous incorrect forms by Risso is not sufficient to
invalidate the right of Dr. Leach to the above name.

100 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Rissoa,* Freminville and Desmarest. 1814.
TuRBOELLA. Leach, 1819.
Pyramis. Brown, 1827.
Cineuta. Flem. 1828.
CyctostremaA. Id.
Loxostoma. Bivona, 1838.

Gen. Char. Shell small, elongato-ovate, or turriculate, with generally an elevated
spire and acute apex, sometimes short and ovate, or subglobulous, smooth, striated, or
costated ; aperture suborbicular or ovate, acuminated at the upper part; peristome
generally thickened and reflected, slightly intercepted at the base of the columella by
an incipient notch; outer lip simple and sharp, or thickened and dentated within.
Operculum corneous, closing the aperture.

This genus contains a large number of species, all of a small size, and shells are
included, with different forms of aperture, which, when the animals are better known,
may probably require to be separated; some have a circular, continuous, and thickened
peristome, while others are subcanaliculated or slightly emarginate ; many of them are
strong and opaque shells, with thick and elevated cost, while others are smooth, glossy,
and vitreous, with a sharp and simple outer lip. The name of Rissoa was proposed in
1814 by the above authors, who described several species in the ‘ Bull. de la Soc. Phil.
de Paris.’ This genus appears first in the Great Oolite, four species from which
formation are described in ‘Min. Conch.’ Many of the known recent species are
inhabitants of shallow water.

M. dOrbigny has separated those species which have an indication of a sinus at
the upper as well as at the lower part of the aperture, and has united them into a
genus, under the name Rissoina.

1. Rrssoa striata. Mont. Tab. XI, fig. 1, a—é.
TurBo stratus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 312, 1803.
Crneuna striata. lem. Brit. An. p. 307, 1828.
Rissoa communis. Forbes. Malac. Monen. p. 17, 1838.
— srriata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Not. Rissoa striata. Pil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 10, fig. 8.
CrycuLa striata. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 178, fig. 99, 1844.

Rk. Testd clongatd, turritd, subcylindraced, apice obtuso ; anfractibus sex, convexis,
transversim striatis, et longitudinaliter superné costatis; aperturd ovatd, peristomate
integro, labro obliquo, extus incrassato, intus levigato.

Shell small, elongate, subcylindrical, with an obtuse apex; whorls six, convex,
transversely striated, and longitudinally costated upon the upper part of the volution,

* Etym. After the name of M. Risso.

GASTEROPODA. 101

costee obsolete upon the lower portion; aperture ovate, rather narrow or angulated
at the upper part; peristome continuous, with a slightly thickened outer lip, oblique
and projecting ; umbilicus covered; suture deep and distinct.

Avis, 1 of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

Not a very abundant species. From a careful comparison with the well-known
recent species I have no doubt of its identity. The last whorl is slightly contracted,
or rather depressed, and thrown a little out of its regular descending volution, giving
the lower half of the shell a cylindrical form; the base of the inner lip is slightly
reflected, like that in the genus Scalaria, and covers the umbilicus. In some specimens
the ribs may be seen over the whole whorl, but in general only so at the upper half
of it.

2. Rissoa ZeTuanvica. Mont. Tab. XI, fig. 7, a—é.
Turso Zettanpica. Mont. Linn. Trans. xi, p. 194, t. 13, fig. 3.
CyctostreMa Zetuanpica. Flem. Brit. An. p. 312, 1827.
Rissoa Zeruanpica. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 161, 1843.
Cyctostrema ZeTuanpica. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 158, 1844.

R. Testdé crassa, ovato-conoided ; anfractibus 5—6, convexis, tumidis ; cingulis trans-
versis, elevatis, et grandis, circa quinque, longitudinaliter costatis, decussantibus, alveolatis ;
apertura rotundo-ovata ; labro intus levigato; ultimo anfractu cingulum ad umbilicum
Ferente.

Shell strong, ovato-conical ; apex rather obtuse, with five convex volutions, covered
with four or five large elevated striz or ridges, which are decussated by longitudinal
ribs ; aperture subcircular; inside of outer lip without denticulations, and furnished
with a thick or double ridge at the umbilicus.

Avis, 3, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Zetland.

Not a very abundant species. It appears to be identical with the shell from the
North Seas. The spiral ridges are at regular distances, excepting those below the
volution, where, after a wider space, there are two ridges, or rather a double ridge,
which covers the immediate portion of the base around the umbilicus. On the upper
part of the whorl there is a slight depression, giving a small shoulder to the volution.
The longitudinal cost are carried over the base, though they are less elevated there
than upon the body of the shell; and the transverse ridges are more prominent than
the longitudinal ones, which are tuberculated at the point of decussation. The thick
or double ridge gives a crenulated groove at the base, and it is this character which
best distinguishes the species.

102 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

3. Rissoa semicostaTa. Woodward. Tab. XI, fig. 10.
Turpo spemicostatus (?). Mont. Test. Brit. p. 326, t. 21, fig. 5, 1803.
— Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 19, 1833.
Rrssoa seMicostata. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Morris. Catal. Brit. Foss. p. 161, 1843.

R. Testé brevi, ovato-conicd ; anfractibus quatuor vel quingue, convenis, tumidis ;
suturis profundis, longitudinaliter costulatis ; costulis nnmerosis, in ultimo anfractu
dimidiatis ; transversim striatis ; apertura subrotundd ; labro intus dentato.

Shell short, small, and conical, with four or five convex and tumid volutions ;
suture deep and distinct, longitudinally costated ; costa disappearing on the lower half
of the volution, transversely striated ; strize visible between the ribs and over the base ;
left lip slightly reflected over a small umbilicus; outer lip thickened, and dentated
within.

Avis, +, of an inch; diameter, 4.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. ? Recent, British Seas.

This is a rare shell in my cabinet, and Woodward speaks of it also as not being
abundant. It has about twenty ribs upon the last volution, and has an obtuse apex. It
is, I presume, the 7. semicostatus of Woodward, as far as can be determined from his
indifferent figure, but probably not the Z: semicostatus of Montague. I would suggest
the name of curticostata for this species, if it be really distinct. In my Crag specimens
the costz are visible upon the upper volutions.

4, Rissoa vitrEA. Wont. Tab. XI, fig, 3.
Turso vitrevus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 321, t. 12, fig. 3, 1803.
CINGULA vITREA. lem. Brit. An. p. 308, 1828.
Rissoa (?) virrea. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
CiyeuLa virrea. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 182, 1844.

R. Testd turritd, elongata, subcylindraced, levissind, politd, vitred, pellucida, albd,
tenui fragili ; anfractibus 4—5, parum conveais ; suturis profundis ; apice obtusiusculo ;
apertura ovata ; labro simplict.

Shell small, turriculate, subcylindrical, smooth, glossy, thin, white, and semitrans-
parent, with four slightly convex volutions ; suture distinct and deep; apex rather
obtuse ; aperture ovate, contracted at the upper part; peristome sharp, continuous ;
outer lip plain ; inner lip covering the umbilicus.

Avis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

This elegant little fragile shell is at present rare, and appears perfectly identical
with the recent British species. It differs materially, in its vitreous texture, its glossy
and subhyaline appearance, from the general character of the shells of this genus,
which are usually opaque, and more or less externally ornamented.

GASTEROPODA. 103

5. RissoA PUNCTURA (7). Mont. Tab. XI, fig. 4, a—é.
Turso punctura. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 320, t. 12, fig. 5, 1803.
Rissoa concinna. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
CryeuLa punctura. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. sliii, 1844.

R. Testa elongato-ovatd, turritdé ; apice acuminato ; anfractibus sea, conveais; suturis
profundis; lineis elevatis transversis ; longitudinalibusque decussatis; aperturd ovato-
orbiculart ; umbilico parvo ; labro incrassato, marginato ; intus denticulato.

Shell elongato-ovate, turreted with an elevated spire, and about six very convex
volutions ; suture deep, covered with 6—8 elevated transverse strie or ridges,
crossed by longitudinal lines, regularly decussating the exterior; aperture subcircular,
with a continuous peristome, behind which is a small umbilicus ; outer lip thickened
and denticulated within.

Azis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

This elegant little shell is not rare in the Coralline Crag, though the specimens are
often much rubbed, and the external markings nearly obliterated. ‘Some specimens
show a thickened varix upon the penultimate whorl, as if the animal had occasionally
grown beyond the ordinary size. The punctures between the cancellations are not
visible in my specimens. Fleming considers 7. puactura of Montague to be the
young of 7. reticulata ; our Crag shell, from its thickened outer lip, is, I have no doubt,
a full-grown species.

6. RissoA RETICULATA (?). Mont. Tab. XI, fig. 5, a—é.
TURBO RETICULATUS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 322, t. 21, fig, 1, 1803.
CINGULA RETICULATA. lem. Brit. An. p. 306, 1828.
Not. Rissoa reticunatTa. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 10, fig. 14, 1836,
Rissoa RETICULATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

R. Testa ovato-conica, brevi, crassa ; anfractibus quinque, rotundatis ; longitudinaliter
plicatis ; transversim crassi-striatis ;_ striis reticulatis, nodulosis; aperturd subrotundd,
labro eatus incrassato, intus denticulato; labio tenui subreflexo.

Shell small, ovato-conical, short, thick, and strong; volutions five, convex, longi-
tudinally plicated or costulated; with thick and coarse transverse strize decussating
the exterior; aperture subcircular, with a thickened outer lip, dentated within; imner
lip thin, rather spreading, covering the umbilicus.

Avis, 7; of an inch; diameter, * the length.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

This shell has about six or seven large, coarse, and elevated transverse lines or
ridges, which pass over the ribs, making the exterior decussated and nodulous ; the
costé are vertical, and they vary in number from eleven to sixteen in the last volution,
becoming obsolete over the base. In the adult state, the mouth is thickened externally,

104 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

with a large and prominent obtuse varix, and there are about eight denticulations
within the outer lip.

This may possibly be R. Montagu, Payr. (p. 111, t. 5, f. 13-14), but our shell
appears to be less in size, and less ventricose. The elevated transverse ridges give an
apparent canal at the suture, and the outer lip is continuous with the inner one; at the
base of the inner lip or columella the shell is slightly reflected. A shell somewhat
resembling this species, but larger, is not very uncommon in the London clay, at
Barton; it is thickened within the outer lip, but has not the denticulations characteristic
of the Crag shell. Our figure represents the strize as rather too fine and too numerous.

7. RissoA PULCHELLA (?). Phil. Tab. XI, fig, 9, a—d.
Rissoa PULCHELLA. PAil. En. Moll. Sic. 1836, p. 155, t. 10, fig. 12.

R. Testa ovato-conicd, ventricosd, inflata, crassa, subperforatda ; anfractibus quinque, con-
veais, tumidis, longitudinaliter costulatis ; costulis circiter quatuordecim, in anfractu ultimo
dimidiatis ; apertura ovatd, spiram subequante ; labro incrassato, intus denticulato (?).

Shell ovato-conoidal, ventricose, thick, and strong, with five convex volutions
longitudinally costated ; costae about fourteen, disappearing on the lower half of the body
whorl, with an ovate aperture, and a thickened outer lip, denticulated (?) within.

Axis, + of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Kesgrave. ? Recent, Mediterranean.

My cabinet contains five specimens of what appears to be the same as the
Mediterranean shell; they have the inflated form and numerous ribs of M. Philippi’s
figure, but there are the remains of striae upon the base of our shell, and traces of
denticulations within the aperture, which do not appear to exist in the former. It is
larger and more ventricose than any of my specimens of /. semicostata, yet it is possible
it may be only a variety. The cost in our figure are rather too numerous, and the
volutions scarcely tumid enough.

8. Rissoa conrFinis. S. Wood. Tab. XI, fig. 6, a—d.

Rissoa conrinis. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Rk. Testi ovato-conicd, subperforatd crassa ; apice obtuso; anfractibus quingue,
convextusculis ; suturis profundis, longitudinaliter costatis ; costis rectiusculis, elevatis, in
anfractu ultimo 9—12, transversim striatis, aut sulcatis ; aperturd subrotundd ; labro
extus incrassato, intus dentato ; labio vie reflexo, umbilico parvo.

Shell small, ovato-conoidal, perforate, thick and strong, with a rather obtuse apex ;
volutions five, convex ; suture distinct and deep, longitudinally costated ; costee 9—12,
nearly erect, elevated, covered with depressed transverse strize ; aperture suborbicular ;
outer lip thickened, dentated within ; peristome continuous ; the left lip slightly reflected,
partly covering a small umbilicus.

Avis, +, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

GASTEROPODA. 105

This is an abundant species, and one I have not been able to identify with any
known form. It approaches near to Zurbo parvus, Mont. (p. 310), Cingula parva,
Flem. (p. 306), where that species is incorrectly. stated to be without spiral strie. It
appears to differ, however, in several particulars. Our shell has eleven or twelve ribs
on the body whorl, and is covered with spiral strie, or rather fine depressed sulci,
which are carried over the ribs, and upon the base; it has a less elevated and a
less acuminated spire than 2. parva, and has also denticulations within the outer lip.
Although abundant, the specimens of this species from the Crag are generally rubbed
or eroded, particularly at the ribs, where a portion of the shell has disappeared,
leaving a double ridge, with a depression between them. Occasionally, the shell may
be seen quite perfect, with the striz carried over the ribs; whereas, in my most
perfect specimens of &. parva the striz are only visible between them. Our shel] more
resembles &. rufilabris, Alder, but the upper whorls of that shell are smooth, so also is
the back of the body whorl, and our shell has a more orbicular aperture. On account
of these differences, it has been thought necessary to keep them separated. The artist
has given rather too many ribs on a volution.

9. Rissoa opsoLteta. S. Wood. Tab. XI, fig. 11, a—dé.

Rissoa opsoteta. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

R. Testd ovato-conicd, perforata crassa ; anfractibus quinque, conveaxis, ventricosis,
transversim striatis, striis obsoletis ; suturis profundis ; aperturd subrotundd ; labro extus
encrassato, marginato, intus dentato ; peristomate integro ; umbilico parvo.

Shell ovato-conical, ventricose, with a perforated base ; whorls five or six, convex
and tumid ; suture deep; transversely striated ; strie obsolete ; peristome continuous ;
aperture subcircular, with a thickened and marginated outer lip; and about five or six
obtuse teeth within the mouth.

Avis, 1 of an inch; diameter, % of the axis.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is a very abundant species; but I have met with it only from one locality, and
the specimens are all more or less rubbed or decorticated. The stria, when visible,
are coarser, and most distinct upon the base of the shell; and in a few individuals
they may be detected upon the upper volutions; but in general the shells are quit
smooth. In its deep suture and inflated volutions it somewhat resembles 7. ventrosus,
Mont.; but it is a shorter species, and in its original condition was covered with spiral
strie. Many of my specimens are more tumid than even the figure represents, and a
large prominent and thickened varix is left upon the outer lip. Some specimens of this
species have, no doubt, become smooth by attrition; but the obsolete character of the
striz has arisen, in all probability, from a partial decomposition of the exterior. This
may not be new, but I am not acquainted with any species with which it can be
identified. The only markings I can perceive in any of my numerous specimens are

the strize in a spiral direction.
14

106 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

10. Rissoa crassi-stRiaTA. S. Wood. Tab. XI, fig. 13, a—é.

Rissoa crassi-stR1aTa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

R. Testa turritd, elevatd, crassd ; anfractibus 5—6, conveais ; longitudinaliter costatis ;
costis 1O—12, rectis, obtusis; transversim lineatis, lineis paucis elevatis; suturis profundis ;
apertura subrotundd ; labro extus incrassato, marginato ; intus denticulato.

Shell turriculate and elevated, thick and strong, with five or six convex volutions ;
a deep and distinct suture, externally ornamented with 10—12 vertical and obtuse
coste ; transversely striated; strize or ridges few and elevated, carried over the ribs ;
aperture subcircular, with a thickened and marginated outer lip, denticulated within
the mouth.

Avis, } of an inch; diameter, nearly § of the axis.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is also an abundant species, and I have found it only at one locality. It
somewhat resembles R. scu/pta, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 132, t. 23, f. 21), but it
appears to differ in several characters: the coste are more prominent than those
represented at the above reference ; it has also a thicker and more prominent varix
upon the outer lip, in the adult state, a deeper and more distinct umbilicus, and
it has six or eight denticulations within the outer lip, with the volutions more convex.
In perfect specimens the strize are coarse and elevated, about six or eight in the last
volution ; and these are continued over the ribs, which are seldom more than ten in
number. Many specimens have the costae worn smooth, much resembling 2. odscura
of the same author (t. 23, f. 10).

1]. Rrssoa costuuata. S. Wood. Tab. XI, fig. 12, a—é.

Rissoa costutata. §. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

R. Testad turritd, elongatd, perforata; anfractibus 5—6, convexiusculis superne
subangulatis ; longitudinaliter costulatis ; costulis numerosis, confertis, rectis ; transversim
striatis ; suturis profundis ; aperturd ovaté; labro simplict, intus denticulato ; umbilico
parvo.

Shell elongate, turreted, and slender, with 5—6 slightly convex volutions, sub-
angulated at the upper part, with a deep, well-defined suture; costulae numerous,
20—25, and erect, crossed by transverse impressed striz, carried over the ribs; aper-
ture ovate; peristome disconnected; outer lip sharp, denticulated within; left lip
slightly reflected ; umbilicus small and open.

Axis, } of an inch; diameter, = of the axis.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This shell is not very abundant; I have a few specimens which are sufliciently
perfect to exhibit well-marked characters. It somewhat resembles 7. decussatus,

GASTEROPODA. 107

Mont. (t. 12, f. 4). The volution of our shell is obtusely but distinctly angulated on
the upper part, giving the suture a deep depression. The specimens are generally
more or less rubbed, causing the ribs to appear smooth; but one individual has
distinct striz carried over the ribs. I am not acquainted with any recent species with
which it can be identified, and have therefore left it with its provisional name. Small
shells found in sand, even in a recent state, have their characters sometimes obliterated,
from friction by the agitation of the waters; in addition to which, many species from
he Crag, particularly in this genus, have the exterior altered by decomposition or
decortication, which renders their identification a matter of great difficulty.

12. Rissoa supRA-cosTATA. S. Wood. Tab. XI, fig. 8.
Rissoa supra-costaTa. S§. Wood. Catalogue.

R. Testa elongato-conicd, turritd ; apice parum obtuso; anfractibus 5—6, convewis ;
superioribus costulatis, et transversim striatis; anfractu ultimo levigato; apertura
subrotundad ; labro eaxtus inerassato, intus denticulato; labio vie reflexo; umbilico
parvo.

Shell elongato-conical, turreted, thick, and strong, with a somewhat obtuse apex;
volutions 5—6, convex, suture deep; upper whorls longitudinally costated, and
transversely striated; last whorl smooth and tumid; aperture subcircular, with a
continuous peritreme; outer lip thickened and reflected, with 4—6 denticulations
within; and a small but distinct umbilicus.

Avis, } of an inch; diameter, } the length of axis.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is not a very abundant shell in my cabinet, and the specimens are rubbed,
their true character being thereby somewhat obscured. It bears a great resemblance
to Pyramis similis (Brown’s Ilust. Brit. Conch. pl. 51, f. 20), which M. Lovén considers

as a var. of membranacea, Adams, Helix labiosa, Mont. As it is at present doubtful
I have left it with its provisional name, although probably it may be a known species.
The upper whorls are furnished with 10—12 rounded and vertical cost, while the lower
one is smooth and naked, and it has not the slightest vestige of a thickening or fold
upon the columella. issoa nana, Grat. (Foss. de Bord.), has the upper volutions
costated, but has no umbilicus.

The names of several of the species in this genus are given as new, while probably
they are not so; ,being, however, unable to identify them with any known forms, they
are left for the present with the provisional names given to them in my Catalogue.

108 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

PaLuDESTRINA,* D’ Ord. 1838.
Sapanma. Leach, MS. 1818.
Hyprospia. Hartman, 1821.
LirrorIneLua. Brown, 1843.
PaLUDINELLA. Pfeiffer, 184— (?).

— Lovén, 1846.

Gen. Char. Shell generally small, of an ovate or ovato-conical form; spire more
or less elevated; volutions convex and smooth, and in the recent state, of a corneous
or semitransparent texture ; aperture ovate; operculum corneous and spiral.

Most of the known recent species of this genus are estuary animals, and some are
found where the water is occasionally fresh. They were separated from Paludina by
M. d’Orbigny in consequence of a difference in the structure of the animal, which in
this genus has the eyes at the anterior part of the base of the ¢enfacula, whereas in
Paludina the eyes are at the extremities of the tentacles. In the former the operculum
is increased by spiral laminze, but in the latter (Paludina) they are concentric. This
genus nearly resembles that of Rissoa, the animals of which are, however, more strictly
marine.

1. PALUDESTRINA SUBUMBILICATA. JJont. Tab. XI, fig. 2, a—é.
TurBo suBUMBILICATUS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 316, 1803.
— tuHERMALIS(?). Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1237.

Patuprna murRrATICA (?). Lam. Hist. des An. sans Vert. 2d edit. tom. viii, p. 463, 1838.
_— Dujardin. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. 1, pt. 2, 1837.

TURBO MINUTA. Zoodward. Geol. of Norf, t. 3, fig. 20, 1833.

Rissoa supuMBILIcATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Morris. Catal. of Brit. Fossils, p. 161, 1843.

P. Testa conicd, turritd, levigatd, subperforata ; anfractibus quinque, convewis, tumidis ;
suturis profundis ; apice obtusiusculo ; aperturd ovata, peritremd integra ; labro simplici,
labio subreflexo, umbilico parvo.

Shell conical, elevated, smooth, and naked, with five convex and rather tumid
volutions ; suture deep and well defined; apex slightly obtuse; aperture ovate, with a
continuous peritreme; inner lip a little reflected over a small umbilicus.

Avis, + of an inch; diameter, ¥ the length of axis.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

This is an exceedingly abundant species in the estuary deposit at Bramerton, and
I have one doubtful specimen from the Coralline Crag. This shell appears inter-
mediate, between P. wve and P. ventrosa, differig from the former in being more
elongated, and in having the volutions more convex, and from the latter in having the
same characters less prominent.

* Etym. Paludina-estuarina, belonging to an estuary.

GASTEROPODA. 109

2. PALUDESTRINA ULV. Penn.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave. Recent, Britain.

A few specimens of this very common estuary species were found by myself on the
upper part of the Coralline Crag, along with some Helices, Cyrene, and the usual common
marine shells of that formation. The spot whence they were obtained is near the
surface, and it may possibly have been some disturbed and redeposited material of a
more modern period. My specimens are strongly tinged with their natural colour,
and have the aspect of recent shells.

3. PALUDESTRINA (?) TEREBELLATA. JVyst¢. Tab. XII, fig. 7.
MELANIA TEREBELLATA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 413, pl. 38, fig. 12, 1844.

P. Testa turritd, elongato-conoided, crassa, levigatd (2); anfractibus septem vel octo,
Planulatis ; ultimo anfractu obtusé angulato ; aperturd ovata utrinque subacuta ; labio reflexo,
umbilico tecto.

Shell turreted, of an elongato-conical shape, thick and strong, with seven or eight
rather flat and smooth (?) volutions; last whorl subangulated at the base; aperture
slightly acuminated above and below; left lip a little reflected, covering the umbilicus.

Axis, * of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.

This is not a very abundant species, and is always in a more or less mutilated and
altered condition ; all my specimens have been much rubbed and decorticated, and the
lines of growth are not clearly distinguishable. Its appropriation to the present genus
is a doubtful one.

4. PALUDESTRINA (?) PENDULA. S. Wood. Tab. XII, fig. 6.
Eurima penputa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

P. Testé turritd, subulatd, elongata, levigatié ; anfractibus 8—9, convexiusculis ;
apertura ovatd ;. labio subreflexo.

Shell turreted, tapering, elongated, and smooth, with eight or nine slightly convex
volutions ; aperture ovate, acuminated at the upper part; left lip slightly reflected.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.

Although not a very rare shell, my specimens are all much rubbed or decorticated;
those which are most perfect have about eight slightly convex volutions, with an aper-
ture resembling shells of this genus. This may be also considered doubtfully appro-
priated to this genus. It is an elegantly-formed shell, somewhat resembling an
elongated ear-drop.

110 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Pauupina,* Lamarck.
Hxxrx (spec.) Linn.

Gen. Char. Shell ovato-conical, or subglobulous, and in the recent state thin,
corneous, or semitransparent spire, more or less elevated, with rounded or convex
volutions ; aperture subcircular or ovate, slightly impressed by the previous whorl, and
somewhat angulated at the upper part; operculum corneous or calcareous, formed of
concentric laminee.

Shells belonging to this genus in the recent state are found in water that is quite
fresh, and the habits of the animal are much like those of Lymnee, although it is
said to be furnished with pectinated branchiz.

This genus first appears in the Wealden formation, i what is considered by
Dr. Mantell to be a fresh-water deposit, or probably the embouchure of an enormous
river. In the Eocene formations of this country at Hordwell, a species of this genus is
found associated with what may be considered as purely fresh-water animals, while the
species found in the Mammaliferous Crag are mixed with decidedly marine species.

1. PaLup1INa LENTA. Brander. Tab. XII, fig. 1, a—e.
Hewrx venta. Brand. Foss. Hanton. fig. 60, 1766.
Vivipara LeNTA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 31, fig. 3, 1813.
— CONCINNA. - - - tt. 31, fig. 4-5.
CycLostoMa uNntcoLtor. Oliv. Voy. pl. 31, f. 9 a, 6.
PaLupINA LENTA. Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Paris, p. 128, pl. 15, fig. 5-6, 1825.

= SEMICARINATA. - - - p- 127, pl. 15, fig. 11-12.
_ mEpDIA. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 5-6.

- ROTUNDATA. - - - t. 3, fig. 7, 1833.

_ OBSOLETA, - - - t. 3, fig. 4.

— unrcotor, Lam. Hist. des An. sans Vert. 2d edit. tom. viii, p. 513, 1838.
= — S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

_ — Cailliaud. Voy. & Meroé, pl. 60, fig. 7.

— — Savigny. Egypt, pl. 2, fig. 30.

B. Testd ovata, conoided, crassa ; apice acuto ; spird elevata ; anfractibus quinque, rotun-
datis, levigatis ; aperturd obovatd, superneé acuminata, peristomate integro ; umbilico obtecto.

Shell ovato-conical, with an elevated spire and acute apex; volutions convex and
smooth, with occasionally a few obsolete strize; aperture subcircular, slightly acuminated
at the upper part; margin continuous, and umbilicus closed.

Ais, | inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Thorpe. Recent, Nile River.

This shell is by no means rare at the above localities, and much too numerous to
be considered as casually mtroduced, like P/anorbes, Lymnee, and the Helices. The
specimens are variable in form, as may be seen in the figures referred to in our own
plate, and I have no doubt the shells figured by Woodward belong to one and the

* Palus-udis, a marsh or lake; the general place of habitation for these animals.

GASTEROPODA. 111

same species. As a general character, the specimens from the Mammaliferous Crag
have the volutions rather less rounded or convex than those from Hordwell, although
there is considerable variation, in that respect, in the shells from both formations.
A much greater variation of form in the volution, as well as in size and elevation, may
be seen in Valvata antiqua, from the Fluviatile deposits of Grays and Clacton, than can
be pointed out among those of this genus which I have considered identical, and that
shell is now considered by most conchologists as only a variety of V. piscinalis. In
the specimens of this species from the Crag the apex is generally more or less eroded,
while it is rarely so im those I have procured at Hordwell, in which it is rather sharp
than otherwise.

In examining some specimens from the Nile, in the British Museum, I could detect
no differences by which they could be fairly considered as specifically distinct from the
Hordwell species, and upon another tablet, in the same splendid collection, were
specimens bearing the locality of China, which even more resembled the Hordwell
shell: some of these have a subcarinated form of volution, with occasionally a few
obsolete spiral striz, and these same markings may be seen upon specimens I have
myself collected at Hordwell; and the present shell I have presumed to be the prolonged
existence of the British Eocene species. The animals of this genus, in the recent state, are
now found inhabiting waters only that are quite fresh, while those from the Mammaliferous
Crag are mixed with marine shells in greater numbers than could be supposed to be
by an accidental introduction as dead specimens. The Paludine, therefore, of this
period, must have either inhabited waters within the reach of the marine tide, or they
must have been carried by the streams in large numbers to where they are now found.
I am inclined to believe they lived very near to their present locality, as they bear no
marks of transportation, and young specimens are by no means scarce.

Fig. 1 @ is from the cabinet of Mr. Wigham.

2. PaLUDINA TENTACULATA. Linn. Tab. XII, fig. 2.

Hexrx tentacutata. Linn. Syst, Nat. p. 1249, 1766.
_ Mont. Test. Brit. p. 389, 1803.
Cycbtostoma impuruM. Drap. Moll. p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 19, 1805.
BITHINIA TENTACULATA. Gray. Turt. Man. 2d edit. p. 93, pl. 10, fig. 120, 1840.
_ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_ Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 139, 1843.
PaLupINA rpuRA. Lam. Hist. des An. sans Vert. 2d edit. tom. viii, p. 514, 1839.
— Réssmasler. Icon. vol. i, p. 107, t. 2, fig. 65, 1836.

P. Testa ovato-conoided, levigatd, politd, pellucida ; anfractibus quinque ; ultimo tumido,
ventricoso; spird elevatd ; apice acuto ; aperturd ovata, superné acuminata.

Shell ovato-conoidal, smooth, and polished; whorls five, convex, the last large and
ventricose ; spire elevated; apex acute; with an ovate aperture, slightly impressed by
the body whorl, and acuminated at the upper part.

Avis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham, Bramerton. Recent, Britain,

112 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

This species was found by Captain Alexander at Bulcham, and by Mr. Wigham
near Norwich, but by no means abundantly at either locality. The specimen
figured is from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell. There does not appear to be the slightest
difference between the few specimens I have seen from the Mammaliferous Crag
and those of the present day. This shell is found in great abundance in the
truly Fluviatile deposits of Stutton and Clacton, and also its operculum. A slight
variation in form exists among these specimens, some being much more ventricose
than others, but the same differences may be observed in the recent shells. This
species was separated from Paludina by Mr. J. E. Gray, and formed into a genus
under the name of Aithinia, in consequence of its possessing a calcareous operculum,
and from the shell being thickened internally behind the peritreme; these characters,
however, can scarcely be considered as more than specific, as the animals are said to
be precisely similar, and the different species, like the Naticee, are furnished some
with a calcareous, others with only a corneous operculum.

Vaxtvata, Miller, 1781.
Nerita (spec.) Miiller.
TuRBo (spec.) Mont.

Gen. Char. Shell conical, or sometimes discoidal, thm, corneous, or semitransparent,
with rounded or cylindrical volutions, not impressed by the preceding whorl, generally
smooth, sometimes carinated; aperture nearly circular, with a sharp and continuous
peritreme, not reflected ; operculum corneous.

This is a true fresh-water genus, and the few individuals found in the Crag associated
with marine and estuary shells are, in all probability, transported specimens. Some
shells of this genus approach so near in form to species of the genus Planorbis as to
be almost undistinguishable in a fossil state. It may be remarked that the aperture
in this shell is always more distinctly orbicular, and not at all impressed by the previous
volution.

1. Vatvata PiscInaLis. Mill. Tab. XII, fig. 3.
Neriva PIScINALIS. Miller. Verm. p. 172, No. 358, 1774.
Hpiix pIscinatis. Gmel. Syst. p. 3627, 1788.
TURBO FONTINALIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 348, 1803.
— Don. Brit. Shells, i, t. 102.
CycLostoma optusuM. Drap. Moll. t. 1, fig. 14, 1805.
VALVATA PISCINALIS. Fem. Brit. An. p. 286, 1828.
— Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. pl. 10, fig. 114.
— Dujardin. Mem. Geol. de France, tom. xi, pt. 2.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_— Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Foss. p. 166, 1843.
VALVATA ANTIQUA. Id.
G. Sowerby. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1838, p. 574.

V. Testa tenui, globoso-conoided, subtrochiformi, vel turbinoided, perforata ; spird
mediocre elevatd ; anfractibus 4—5, convewxis, rotundatis; suturd depressd ; apertura
rotunda ; umbilico profundo.

GASTEROPODA. 113

Shell thin, globosely conical, subtrochiform, or rather turbinated ; spire slightly
elevated; whorls 4—5, convex, rounded; suture deep ; aperture circular ; peritreme
sharp, continuous ; umbilicus moderate, deep.

Hlevation, t of an inch ; diameter of base, the same.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

This shell I believe to be rare; two specimens of it were given to me by Mr. Lyell,
and a few others sent for description by Mr. Wigham are all that I have seen. This
species has also been found plentifully in the Fluviatile deposits of Grays, Clacton, and
Stutton; and from the former locality a shell was described by Mr. Morris and
Mr. Sowerby, under the name of antiqua, which was larger, more elevated, and with
less convex or rounded volutions ; and it was considered by those gentlemen a dis-
tinct species. Specimens have been since found possessing an intermediate character,
some of which are in my own cabinet; and it is now generally considered by most
conchologists only as a variety.

VERMETUS,* Adanson, 1757.
SERPULORBIS. Sassi.

Gen. Char. Shell elongate cylindrical, tubular, spiral in its young state, afterwards
twisted without regularity ; aperture small and circular, adherent generally by the
apex or upper volutions ; operculum corneous, circular, and multispiral.

This approaches so near to the testaceous Annelides, that it cannot be distinguished
by the shell alone. By the examination of the animal, malacologists have, however,
determined it to be a true Mollusc, approaching, in many of its characters, to the
genus Turbo.

1. VERMETUs INTORTUS. Lam. Tab. XII, fig. 8, a—d.
SERPULA INTORTA. Lam.
VERMETUS INTORTUS. Brown. Lethea Geogn. p- 990, Taf. 36, fig. 18, a, 4, c, 1837.
—_— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Phil. En. Mol. Sic. vol. ii, p. 144, 1844.
Dale. Hist. and Antiquities of Harwich, t. 13, fig. 1, 1730.

V. Testé plerumque gregarid, tereti, subquadratd, arcté spiraté, fere tota affixa,
repente ; striis transversis undulato-rugosis ; lineis tribus longitudinaliter instructis, extre-
mitate anticd aliquando liberd, porrectd.

Shell generally gregarious, tubular, subquadrate, laterally affixed for a considerable
length, closely and regularly spiral in the young state, transversely rugose, with three

* Etym. Vermis, a worm.

15

114 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

longitudinal ridges, the centre one the largest ; the extremity produced, straightened,
drawn out, and free ; aperture subcircular.

Diameter of tube, ¥ a line.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton, Bromswell, and Brightwell.

Fragments of this shell are abundant in many localities. One agglomerated mass
in my cabinet is almost as large as a hen’s egg; but the specimen figured by Dale,
which I imagine to be a group of these tubes, is more than five inches in length, and
three and a quarter in thickness. It much resembles V. subcancellatus, Phil. (En. Moll.
Sic.), but is not regularly cancellated on the exterior. The tube is ornamented by three
lines, in a longitudinal direction, the centre one of which is the most prominent, and
forms the base or keel of the volution, so that only two are visible where the shell
is regularly spiral, and one upon the base below. The shell, when perfect, is covered
with rugz or wrinkles in a transverse direction; but the terminal portion is smooth,
and free. In large masses the volutions are irregular and inconspicuous, though the
young shell may frequently be traced by its regularly spiral form. V. subcancellatus
is called by M. Philippi solitary; the Crag specimens are generally gregarious. This
may, however, be only a variety of that species, as he has suggested.

Fig. 8 a is a specimen attached to an oyster from the Coralline Crag; fig. 84 is a
glomerated mass of these shells, from the Red Crag at Bromswell.

2. VERMETUS BoeGNorIENsIs (?). J. Sow. Tab. XII, fig. 9.
Vermetus Bocnoriensis. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 596, fig. 1-3.

Specimens, of what appears to belong to this species, are occasionally found in the
Red Crag. The inner volutions are destroyed in a similar manner to those from
Bognor, and the interior of the tube is filled with clay. They are probably washed in
from the London clay, and may, perhaps, be the remains of an Annelid.

Cacum,* Flem. 1817.
DENTALIUM (spec.) Mont.
Camcatium. Flem. 1822.
Brocuus. Brown, 1827.
CoRNUOIDES. - -
Opontina. Zborzewsky, 1834, (ex Phil.)
Opontipium. Philippi, 1836.
Dentatiopsis. Clark, MS. 1847.

Gen. Char. Shell small, tubular, generally thick and strong; smooth or annulated ;
subcylindrical and arcuated ; open at the anterior extremity, with the margin rounded,
sometimes thickened; closed posteriorly with a rounded or mammillated clausum ;
operculum corneous and spiral.

* Etym. Cecus, blind, or closed; taken from cecum, a term used in anatomy.

GASTEROPODA. 115

The animal of this genus has recently been examined by W. Clark, Esq., who
considers it a highly organized Mollusc, and closely allied to the Trochidee. Some notes
upon the subject by that gentleman were obligingly sent to me for perusal by J. Gwyn
Jeffreys, Esq., of Swansea, with permission to give the following extract from those
remarks: ‘‘ The Rey. M. J. Berkeley (in the Zoological Journal, vol. v, p. 426, at the
end of the first paragraph) says, ‘It is highly probable that the other minute British
Dentalia will prove to possess an animal of like structure,’ that is, of his new genus
Ditrupa, which is not a Mollusc, but a genuine Annelidon. He is in error, as we have
observed the animals of three species of minute Dentalia, viz. D. imperforatum, trachea,
glabrum, and we have figured and described the first in our MS. They are all genuine
Molluscs, much more highly organized than the Dentalia.”. He then gives copious
anatomical details of the animal, which in a work devoted only to the calcareous
remains of the Mollusca it is not necessary to repeat; and concludes by remarking,
that he considers the animal of this genus to be a compound of Cerithium, Rissoa,
Trochus, and of his new genus Pherusa, possessing a thick, corneous, circular, and
multispiral operculum. Mr. Jeffreys further says there is little doubt of the accuracy
of the foregoing remarks, and that he has himself verified those observations.

Dr. Fleming, in an article upon Conchology, published in the Edinburgh ‘ Encyclo-
pedia, 1817, proposed the name of Czecum as a generic term for these little tubular
and imperforate Testacea, which, in his work upon the ‘ Philosophy of Zoology,’ he
named Cecalium ; these shells were, however, afterwards transferred, in his ‘History of
British Animals, 1828,’ into the genus Orthocera. Captain Brown, in his ‘ Illustrations
of British Conchology, 1827,’ gives figures of what he considered as seven different
species, under the generic name of Brochus, and M. Philippi has described one species
with the name of Odontidium; while, in the notes by Mr. Clark, these animals are
described under the name of Dentaliopsis. As priority undoubtedly belongs to
Dr. Fleming’s name of Czcum, I do not think it can be fairly superseded by even the
excellent and important anatomical details of Mr. Clark.

A species from the Eocene formation at Hordwell, found by Mr. Edwards, is,
as far as I know, the earliest appearance of this genus.

1. Cacum TRACHEA. Mont. Tab. XX, fig 5.
Dentatium TRaAcHEA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 497, t. 14, fig. 10, 1803.
Czcum tracuna. Flem. Edin. Ency. vol. vii, p. 67, 1817.
OrTHOCERA TRACHEA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 237, 1828.
BRocuvs TRACHIFORMIS. Brown. Conch. Illust. pl. 1, fig. 10, 1827.
Opontina (ex Phil.) Zborzewsky. 1834.
Camcum TRACHEA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
DENTALIUM TRACHEA. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 5, fig. 61, 1844.
DENTALIOPSIS TRACHEA. Clark. MS. 1847.

C. Testa minutd, cylindricd, arcuatd, crassd, politd ; transversim rugulosd ; anticé apertd,
margine annulata ; posticé oblique truncata, submucronatd.

116 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Shell small, cylindrical, thick, strong, and glossy, transversely rugose; anterior
extremity open, margin thickened or annulated; posterior end with an eccentric,
obtusely-pointed clausum.

Length, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

This shell is not very abundant. The closed termination is obliquely truncate and
obtusely pointed, precisely resembling the recent species in that character, but my Crag
specimens are not so deeply or regularly ridged or annulated; and im ten recent
individuals that I possess there is no thickened margin at the anterior or open termi-
nation, although they are quite as large, and appear to be full-grown specimens. The
greatly enlarged figure represents the posterior termination with its obtuse clausum.

2. CHCUM MAMMILLATUM. SS. Wood. Tab. XX, fig. 4, a—é.
Cxcum MamMitiuM. S. Wood. Catalogue, 1842.
— var. SUBULATUM, t. 20, fig. 4, 4.

C. Testd.tereti, arcuatd, subcylindricd, crassa, levigatd, politd ; anticé apertd, marginata;
posticé clausd ; clauso mammillato, excentrico.

Shell tubular, curved, subcylindrical, strong, smooth, and glossy ; anterior extre-
mity open, annulated, or marginated; posterior extremity with an elevated, mammilli-
form, projecting, excentric clausum.

Length, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Although this species is exceedingly abundant in the Coralline Crag, I have as yet
been able to obtain it only from one locality. From its perfectly smooth and glossy
exterior, as well as from the elevated and papilliform character of its clausum, I have
considered it to be distinct. The shell is thickened a little behind the margin, which
is somewhat thin and sharp, and one specimen has what appears to be the remains of
coloured bands, as if the shell, when recent, was not quite white. The mammillated
and projecting portion of the closed termination is near the outer or curved side of the
shell, and stands up prominently to a considerable height. The general form of this
species is nearly cylindrical, with the diameter of the closed end almost equal to that of
the other, but some specimens are of a subulate or tapering shape, having the diameter
of the open end more than twice that of the closed one, which induced me at one time
to consider it a distinct species (fig. 4 4), but a slightly tapering form may be also
observed in some of the specimens of C. trachea. The thickened margin is, I imagine,
the result of age, and not a specific character.

GASTEROPODA. 117

3. CzcuM GLABRUM. Mont. Tab. XX, fig. 6.
DENTALIUM GLABRUM. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 497. 1803.
Cacum Guasrum. Flem. Edin. Ency. vii, p. 67, t. 204, fig. 7, 1817.
OrTHOCERA GLABRA. Flem. Brit. An. p- 237, 1828.
DENTALIUM GLaBRUM. Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 40, 1819.
Brocuus GLasrus. Brown. Mlust. Brit. Conch. pl. 1, fig. 3, 1827.

— LA&VIs. - - - pl. 1, fig. 6.

Cxcum cuasrum. S§. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
DenvaLium GLasrum. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 4, fig. 5, 1844.
DENTALIOPSIS GLABRA. Clark. MS. 1847.

C. Testd pusilla, cylindrica, arcuata, levigatd, politd; anticé simplici, non marginata ;
posticé clausd, obtusa, convexd, submarginata.

Shell very small, cylindrical, curved, smooth, and glossy ; anterior extremity simple,
not marginated or thickened ; posterior termination, with an obtuse convex clausum,
submarginated.

Length, 3; of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

I have only two specimens of this shell, they, however, are so precisely similar to
the recent species, that I have no hesitation in considering them identical. They are
perfectly smooth, smaller than any of my specimens of C. mammillatum, and they are
more particularly distinguished by having the posterior termination closed by a
perfectly convex clausum, marginated by the edge of the shell.

4. Czcum (?) IncurvatTuM (?). Walker. Tab. XX, fig. 7, a—d.
SerPua incurvata. Walker. Test. Min. Rar. fig. 11, 1787.
VERMICULUM INcURVATUM. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 518, 1803.
Serputa rvcurvata. Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 156, 1819.
CoRNUOIDES MaJor. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 1, fig. 49, 1827.
Serpota (?) recta. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa minima, levigatd, politd, tenui, fragili ; anticé cylindraced, apertd, non mar-
ginatd ; posticé incurvd, convolutd.

Shell very minute, smooth, glossy, thin, and fragile; anterior portion cylindrical, with
a simple but not marginated aperture ; posterior portion incurved, with two volutions.

Length, nearly 4 a line.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. ? Recent, Britain.

Three specimens of this minute shell, found by myself in the sand of the Coralline
Crag, appear to resemble the figures given of the recent species.

Mr. Jeffreys informs me that he believes this to be only the young or immature
state of Caecum glabrum, and that decollation takes place at a certain period of its
existence when the posterior termination is differently closed. Until further observa-
tions shall have confirmed the correctness of this opinion, it may be as well to allow
it to remain as a distinct species, in proximity with what are, no doubt, its true
relations.

118 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Fig. 74 is a young or perhaps broken specimen; the straight part of the tube in
fig. 7 a is nearly cylindrical.

If Serpula incrassata of Walker be the young of Cecum glabrum, it is probable the
shell from the Crag may be the young state of Caecum mammillatum.

Lirrorina,* Ferussac, 1821.
TurBo (spec.) Linn.
TRICOLIA (spec.) Risso.
Neritomes. Brown, 1827.
Lirortna. Lovén, 1846.
MexaraPHa. Megerle, 1832 (fide Gray).

Gen. Char. Shell turbinate, thick, solid, and strong, ovate or globular; spire
acuminated, consisting of few volutions; externally smooth or striated; aperture
elliptical or subcircular; peritreme entire, sharp-edged; columella rather flattened ;
operculum corneous and spiral, with lateral nucleus.

Shells of this genus have a strong resemblance in form to those of Turbo, with
which they have been generally placed. A considerable difference exists in the animal
inhabitants, and in the recent state they may be distinguished by the operculum, which
in this genus is thin and corneous, while in Turbo it is calcareous, thick, and ponderous;
in which genus, also, the shells are of a nacreous texture. They may be distinguished
from Phasianella, which they somewhat resemble, by the want of a polished and glossy
exterior.

These animals, as the name implies, are frequenters of shallow water, near the
shore, and are generally found in salt water.

As a genus, it has an extensive geographical range, being found in all latitudes ;
and a species is given by Mr. J. Sowerby as belonging to the Silurian system.

1. Livrortna LITTOREA. Linn. Tab. X, fig. 14, a—f.
Turbo tirrorEus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th edit. p. 1232, 1766.
— — Brown. IUlust. Brit. Conch. pl. 46, fig. 1-9, 1827.
— —_ J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 71, fig. 1, 1814.
— RwvDIS. - - - t. 71, fig. 2.
— urrroreus. Smith. Strata Identif. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1816.
— carrinatus. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 11, 1833.

— VENTRICOSUS. - - - - fig. 12.
— BICARINATUS. - - - - fig. 13.
— svULcaATUs. - - - - fig. 14-15.
— ELONGATUS. - - - - fig. 16-18.
DELPHINULA CARINATA. - - - - fig. 9.

Lirror1Na vuLGaRIs. G. Sowerby. Gen. of Shells, fig. 1.
oa sQUALIDA. Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. vol. iv, p. 370, 1829.
_ — Gray. Zool. of Beechey’s Voy. pl. 24, fig. 12.
_— LITTOREA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_— — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 387, 1844.
L. Testd variabili, ovatd, imperforatd, lineis fuscis cinctd ; apice acuto; anfractibus

* Etym. Littus-oris, the shore.

GASTEROPODA. 119

paucis, convewiusculis ; transversim striatis, striis tenuibus, aliquando crassioribus, distan-
tibus; anfractu ultimo ventricoso; aperturd subovatd ; superné acuminata ; columella
depressd, obliquda.

Shell very variable, more or less ovate, thick, strong, and imperforate, with an
acute apex; spire generally depressed, but sometimes elevated ; whorls slightly convex,
transversely striated; striz fine and small, sometimes coarse and elevated, often
ornamented, with coloured bands; last whorl ventricose; columella depressed and
oblique.

Avis, 1 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton, Bawdsey, &c.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton, Thorpe, and Bridlington.
Recent, British and North Seas.

This shell appears first in the Red Crag, where it is by no means abundant; but
in the estuary deposit of the Mammiliferous Crag it may be found in great profusion.
It is the most characteristic shell of that formation. This species may be considered as
an arctic form, with a geographical range not very extended, while Zuréo rudis is given
by Dr. Gould as an American species. I have seen nothing among the numerous
varieties from the Crag that could be fairly identified with the latter species, the shell
considered to be so in ‘ Min. Conch.’ being only a variety of L. /ittorea.

The principal difference in the specimens which I have considered as only varieties
of one species appears to be in the lengthening or shortening of the convoluted cone,
with an occasional thickening or elevation of some of the more prominent striz.
The form of the aperture is invariably the same, but it differs enormously in its pro-
portions with regard to the axis of the shell.

In my Catalogue it is stated that the presumed cause of these variations was a more
than ordinary alteration, and at various times, of the water in the estuary, which these
animals are supposed to have inhabited; or perhaps the daily flow and ebb of the
marine tide might for some time leave them in a purer fresh-water medium than was
congenial to their nature, and this, probably, augmented occasionally by the intro-
duction of floods of fresh water or ice. The animals of this species, with which the
London markets are supplied, are obtained from the sea, and are more uniform in
character.

Da Costa says, that the specimens of this species found on the shores of the
Orkneys, are four times the size of those brought into the London markets. These
shells are commonly called “ Periwinkles,” which is a corruption of petty winkle, or
whelk. In Suffolk they are known by the name of “ Pinpatches.”

Fig. 14 is the normal or typical form of this species; from @ to é are considered to
be varieties, or mere monstrosities. Fig. 14d is from the cabinet of Mr. Fitch.

120 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. Lirrortna (?) SUBOPERTA. J. Sow. Tab. X, fig. 13.
VIVIPARA SUBOPERTA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 31, fig. 6, 1813.
LirrorRINa suBOPERTA. Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 149.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 388, pl. 37, fig. 1, 1844.

L. Testé elongato-conicd, crassa, rugosa; apice acuto; anfractibus angustis, convexi-
usculis ; ultimo ad basim subangulato ; apertura ovata; columella callosd.

Shell elongato-conical, thick, and rugose, with an elevated spire, and acute apex ;
whorls depressed, elongated, subangulated at the base of the volution; aperture ovate,
slightly contracted above and below; columella callous, left lip spreading over the
umbilicus.

Avis, 3 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton, Walton, Newbourn, and Bawdsey.

Specimens of this species may be found in numerous localities, but all which I have
seen are in a mutilated and altered condition, having been more or less rubbed and
broken. The shell is thick and strong, and generally rugose, except in those specimens
that have been rubbed or eroded. The inner lip is rather extended, forming a small
callosity, and covering the umbilicus.

Fossarus,* PAzl. 1841.
PHAsIANEMA. SS. Wood, 1842.

Gen. Char. “Shell semiglobose, umbilicate, with an entire semicircular aperture,
left or inner lip without folds (edentulous), never callous; umbilicus open; outer lip
sharp, smooth within; operculum semiorbicular, corneous, not spiral.”

Such are the characters given for a genus of shells by M. Philippi (in En. Moll.
Sic. 1844, p. 147), and which he states to have been previously published in ‘Archiv
f. Naturgesch, 1841. This is the revival of the name Fossar, used by Adanson, in his
excellent work upon the Mollusca of Senegal in 1757, and which species M. Philippi
considers as the type of the genus. When compiling my Catalogue, I was not aware
of the existence of this genus; the name of Phasianema there proposed must of course
give place to that by M. Philippi.

* Since the above has been in the press, I have discovered, in Mr. Gray’s List of Genera, the name of
Forsar, Gray, for this genus, with a date of 1840.

GASTEROPODA. 121

1. Fossarus sutcatus. §. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 23, a—d.
PHASIANEMA suLcATA. S. Wood. Catal. of Shells from the Crag, in An. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1842, vol. ix, p. 935, pl. 5, fig. 15.
— LINEOLATA. SS. Wood. Catalogue, var. B.
Fossarus cLaTHRATUS. Phil, En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 148, t. 25, fig. 5, 1844.

Ph, Testé ovato-fusiformi; apice obtuso; anfractibus tribus, convexis ; transversim
sulcatis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter plicatis; suturis depressis ; labro acuto; columellé
paululum uniplicata.

Shell ovato-fusiform, with an obtuse apex; volutions three, convex; transversely
suleated, or rather ridged; longitudinally and finely plicated between the ridges;
aperture large, ovate, acuminated at the upper part ; outer lip sharp ; inner one slightly
replicate, with a small fold upon the columella.

Azis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

Var. 3, lineolata (fig. 23 c, d) was considered in my Catalogue as a distinct species,
the sulci or ridges being greater in number, with a more tumid form in the volutions.
The acquisition of more specimens has, however, removed some of these distinctions,
and I am compelled now to include it only as a variety. About eight or ten elevated
ridges cover the exterior of var. a, and these are sometimes at irregular distances, the
furrows or spaces between them being wider than the ridges, and crossed by imbri-
cated lines of growth; the shell is thin, and the ridges are visible from within.

This species is in all probability the same as M. Philippi has figured at the above
reference, though his shell appears to be larger, with fewer elevated ridges. I have
no specimen with less than eight, while some have as many as fifteen ridges, as in
var. 8. In my specimens there is a thickening, or an obsolete tooth, about the middle
of the columella, close to the umbilicus.

Lacuna, Turton, 1827.
Tremana. Leach, MS. 1819.
Turso (spec.) Mont.

Lutea. Brown, 1827.
Macrompuatts. S. Wood, 1842.

Gen. Char. “Shell thin, conoid, or somewhat globular, clothed with an epidermis ;
aperture entire, rounded or oval, with the lips disunited at the top; pillar flattened,
with a longitudinal groove, which terminates at the upper end in an umbilicus ;
operculum horny.”

The above characters are given by Dr. Turton for this genus in the third volume of
the ‘ Zoological Journal,’ p. 190, where he also describes seven species, all of which
appear to have a smooth exterior. Its principal distinction appears to be the elongated
depression behind the edge of the inner margin of the aperture.

16

122 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1. Lacuna RETICULATA. S. Wood. Tab. XII, fig. 10.
Macrompuatus rericunatus. S, Wood. Cat. in An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 537, pl. 5, fig. 16.

L. Testé minutd, fusiformi, tenui, fragili; spird producté; apice subacuminato ;
anfractibus A—5, convexis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis confertis, obliquis, et transversim
striatis ; decussantibus ; apertura ovatd ; basi subacuminatd ; labro acuto ; umbilico magno
lineart.

Shell small, fusiform, thin, and fragile, with an elevated spire, and subacuminated
apex ; volutions 4—5, convex; suture deep, longitudinally costated or plicated, with
numerous oblique imbricated ridges, transversely striated, forming a reticulated surface ;
aperture ovate, lower part rather acuminated; peritreme sharp and continuous;
umbilicus long and narrow.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

My cabinet contains only a few small specimens of a shell which I had considered
in my Catalogue as generically distinct, in consequence of its elevated spire and
reticulated surface. It is now restored to Turton’s genus, until a greater number of
better specimens shall determine its true position. The lines of growth are elevated
ito small obtuse costule. There are about twenty on the body whorl, which are
crossed by elevated spiral lines. It much resembles the fusiform species of Cancellariz
or Admete, but it has a large and linear umbilicus.

At Tab. xv, fig. 12, the artist has inadvertently given a second figure of this species.

Turso,* Linn. Lam. 1801.

Gen. Char. Shell turbinated, ovate, or conoidal, generally large, thick, and strong,
with a short spire, and few volutions; aperture oval or subcircular; peritreme sharp
and continuous, with a testaceous and solid operculum.

1. TuRBO SPHHROIDEA. S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 9. ,
Turso(?) spHmroipea. S§. Wood. Catal. of Shells from the Crag, in An. and Mag. of Nat.
Hist. 1842, p. 533, pl. 5, fig. 3.
—— Morris. Cat. of Brit. Fossils, p. 165.

T. Testi minutd, spheroided ; spird depressa ; anfractibus tribus, convexis, rotundatis,
striatis ; striis 6—7, elevatis distantibus ; peritremd acuta ; umbilico magno aperto.

Shell very small, spheroidal, nacreous, with a slightly elevated spire; whorls three,
convex, and rapidly enlarging; suture deep, spirally striated; peritreme sharp ;
umbilicus open, and surrounded by a prominent ridge.

Avis, half a line.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This pretty little shell is very rare in my cabinet. Its exterior is ornamented with
about half a dozen elevated striz, or rather ridges, placed at unequal distances upon

* Etym. Turbo-inis, a top or figure of an inverted cone.

GASTEROPODA. 123

the volution, becoming nearer together towards the lower part, and terminating with
one that is elevated into a sort of keel, encircling the umbilicus, which is broad and
naked, but not very deep.

Trocuus,* Linn.
Pyramis. Schum. 1817.
Zizipuinus. Leach, 1819.
GIBBULA. Id.
STEROMPHALA. Id.
PYRAMIDEA. Swainson, 1840.
CaLLiosToMA. Id.

Gen. Char. Shell conical, with a more or less elevated spire, thick, strong, and
of a nacreous texture; apex generally acute, sometimes depressed and obtuse ; base
flattish, with a carinated edge to the volutions; aperture square or rhomboidal, with
an oblique columella, parallel to the outer lip; operculum corneous and spiral.

This is a marine genus, and not restricted to any climate, being found in all parts
of the world. It is also of great antiquity; it appears first in the Protozoic rocks.
Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his genera, has separated Trochus from Turbo by the dis-
tinguishing character of a corneous operculum for the former, and a testaceous one for
the latter; these two genera merge so imperceptibly into each other, that they are not
to be defined by the form of the shell alone, although the species of this genus are
generally more truly conical.

Szecr. a. IMPERFORATE.

]. TRocnus cRENuLARIS. Lam. Tab. XIII, fig. 7, a—é.
TRocHUs cRENULARIS. Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Par. p. 229, pl. 27, fig. 3, and pl. 28, fig. 13, 15.
— Bowdich. Elements of Conch. pl. 9, fig. 7, 1822.

Tr. Testa elongato-conicd, pyramidatd, elevatd, imperforatd ; transversim tuberculatd ;
anfractuum margine wferiore crasso, tuberculis majoribus crenato; columella truncaté,
incrasssata.

Shell pyramidal or elongato-conical, imperforate; sides rather flat, ornamented
with transverse tuberculated striz, inferior one most prominent; base flat; aperture
trapeziform, with a truncated columella, thickened, or unidentated at the lower part.

Avis, 1 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.

The specimen from which the figure was taken is the only one I have seen; it was
obligingly sent to me by Mr. Charlesworth for description: it is from the cabinet of
H. Davey, Esq., of Beccles, and was purchased, among other Crag fossils, at Orford, in
Suffolk. This specimen so precisely resembles some of my Grignon shells, that it is
requisite to record the manner it has come into my possession, as there is a slight

* Etym. Trochus, a top.

124 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

doubt respecting the locality, and unfortunately there is nothing within the shell that
will assist in the determination, though I am strongly inclined to believe it belongs to
the Coralline Crag period, and that the shell was found at Gedgrave.

The lower part of the volution, near the outer angle, is furnished with a double
row of tubercles, above which are two spiral threads, also tuberculated; the whole is
crossed with distinct, oblique, subimbricated lines of growth, and upon the base are
four or five circular or rather spiral ridges, also crossed by prominent lines of growth.
It has a prominent tooth or projection at the lower part of the columella. The shell
is beautifully nacreous beneath the outer coating.

2. Trocuus zizipHinus. Linn. Tab. XIII, fig. 9, a—A.
TRocuus zizipHinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1231.
_— — Mont. Test. Brit. p. 274, 1803.
_ — Brown. Must. Brit. Conch. pl. 45, fig. 16-22.
— .é#&vicatus. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 181, fig. 1, 1817.
— CONCAVUS. - - - t. 272, fig. 1, 1823.
— Sepewicki. J. Sow. Syst. Catalogue 1835.
_— — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 380, pl. 35, fig. 20, 1844.
— LA&VIGATUS. - - - p. 379, pl. 36, fig. 11.
— conutus, var. B. Phil, En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 175, 1836.
— conuLOIDES. Lam. 2d edit. tom. ix, p. 142, 1843.
— zizrputnus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— PSEUDO-ZIZIPHINUS. Id.

Tr. Testé orbiculato-conicd, obliqud ; apice acuto, granulato ; anfractibus planis aut
concavis ; transversim et tenuiter striatis ; ad marginem subcarinatis ; infimd facie convexa ;
columella obliqud ; apertura dilatatd, tetragond.

Shell orbiculato-conical, oblique, fragile, with an acute apex and granulated spire ;
sides flat or slightly concave, covered with fine, or occasionally with coarse strize; base
of volution submarginate, and slightly extended, somewhat convex beneath, and
concentrically striated; aperture trapezoidal.

Axis, 14 inch; diameter, variable.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Ramsholt.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

This handsome shell is not rare, but it is difficult to obtain it in perfect condition, from
its extreme fragility. Nearly all my specimens are from the Coralline Crag; they are
covered with fine striee, and differ from the common form of the recent 7° z2ziphinus, which
are more or less ridged. Prof. E. Forbes informs me he has dredged up specimens in
the Scottish seas with the same kind of fine striz, and as that is the only essential
difference between our shell and 7 z¢ziphinus, they are presumed to be identical.
The first three or four volutions are covered with about five granular ridges, but in
many specimens the upper ridge is the only one on which these granulations are
preserved. The variety with concave sides has naturally a corresponding convexity
of base, and the edge of the volution slightly extended, giving it a greater diameter.

GASTEROPODA. 125

Specimens from the Red Crag appear to be very rare; fig. 94 is one that approaches
nearer our common form; fig. 9 f, 7 is from the Coralline Crag, and appears to resemble
Tr. conuloides, Lamarck. Trochus levigatus, Sow., is probably only a specimen of this
species, similar to fig. 9c, which I imagine is an abraded individual from the Red
Crag, upon which there is not the slightest vestige of striae, the outer coating having
been entirely removed ; its only markings are the lines of growth ; fig. 4 is also pre-
sumed to be a monstrous and decorticated specimen of this species.

3. TRocnus conuLus. Linn. Tab. XIII, fig. 5, a—é.
Trocuus conuLus. Linn. Gmel. p. 3579.
— Lam. 2d edit. Hist. Nat. des An. sans Vert. t. 9, p. 142, 1835.
— Phil. var. a. En. Moll. Sie. vol. i. p- 175, 1836.
— Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 255, 1844.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa conicd, nitidd, levigatd ; apice acuto, granulato ; anfractibus plans, ad basim
angulatis ; inferné cingulo, crassiusculo marginatis, infima facie planatd ; apertura tetragond.

Shell conical, smooth, and naked, with an acute and granulated apex; sides flat,
and a distinct ridge at the carinated edge of the volution ; base nearly flat ; columella
suboblique ; aperture trapeziform.

Altitude, \ inch; diameter, 2.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt. Recent, Mediterranean and Britain.

But two or three specimens of this species have come into my possession, which appear
to correspond with the smooth glossy form of what has hitherto been called 7 conulus.
It is very possible this may be a variety of 7. ziziphinus.

Prof. Forbes and Mr. Hanley are of opinion that 7. conulus is specifically distinct from
L. ziziphinus, and as those gentlemen are better acquainted with the recent species than
myself, I have given it upon their authority.

4. TRocHus ForMosus. Forbes. Tab. XIII, fig. 2, a—d.
TRocHuUs ForMosus. Forbes. An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, vol. xix, p. 96, pl. 9, fig. 1.
— aqvuapricinctus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr, Testd conicd, imperforatd, granulatd ; anfractibus quingue, planiusculis ; cingulis
quatuor, elevatis instructis ; ultimo anfractu ad basim subangulato ; aperturd tetragond.

Shell regularly conical, with flat sides, and slightly elevated spire; volutions five,
ornamented with about four elevated and granulated ridges; base rather flat; edge of
volution subangulated, with a subquadrate or trapeziform aperture.

Avis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

I have but a few specimens of this from either formation, and Prof. Forbes considers

them identical with his recent British species. As the name given in my Catalogue was

126 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

without description, although of prior date, it must of course give place to the one he has
employed. The ridges, which are but four upon my specimens, are nearly equidistant,
and the shell is smooth between them, with the exception of lines of growth; the
lower ridge at the angle of the volution appears to be double. On those from the
Coralline Crag, the upper ridge only is crenulated’on the last whorl, the shell having
lost a portion of its outer covering. In one from the Red Crag, the upper three ridges
are distinctly nodulous, while the lower one alone issmooth. In the young state three
yolutions are crenulated upon all four ridges, which appear to vanish as the shell
erows older, and it is beautifully cancellated on the obtuse apex. The recent analogue
appears to have been obtained, living at the depth of fifty fathoms, by Mr. M‘Andrew,
about forty miles west of the main land of Zetland.

5. TRocuus PAPILuosus (?). Da Costa. Tab. XIII, fig. 6, a—c.
Trocuus PaPILLosus. Da Costa. Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 38, pl. 3, fig. 5-6, 1778.
— Granutatus. Born. Test. Mus. Vind. t. 12, fig. 9-10, 1780.
— papittosus. Don. Brit. Shells, 4, t. 127.
— venuis. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 275, pl. 10, fig. 3, 1803.
— simiuis(?). J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 181, fig. 2, 1817.
— ranosus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
-- _ Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 377, pl. 35, fig. 19, 1844.
— Dexrnir(?). - - - - pl. 36, fig. 10.

Tr. Testé orbiculato-conicd, obliqud, imperforatd, basi dilatatd ; apice peracuto ;
anfractibus convevisculis ; striis transversis, alternatim majoribus et granulosis ; infimd facie
planulatd, concentricé striatd et granulatd ; apertura dilatatd, tetragond.

Shell orbiculato-conical, rather depressed, with a sharp and acute apex; volutions
slightly convex, covered with transverse, granulate striz; base somewhat flattened,
imperforate, and concentrically striated ; aperture expanded and trapezoidal.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton, Newbourn, Bawdsey, Walton. Recent, Britain.

Smallspecimens of this shell are abundant in several localities, particularly at Walton-
on-the-Naze. From close examination of many specimens, I am induced to believe this
to be only a variety of the British species 7. papillosus, although the base is flatter, and
the volutions a little more convex than in the generality of full-grown specimens of the
recent shell. I imagine Zrochus similis of Sow. to be a variety of this species, with
flatter sides (fig. 6c). The middle part of the base is generally free from concentric
strie, but in some specimens it is entirely covered, and the striz on the upper surface
alternate one large and one small.

6. TRocuus suBExcavaTus. S. Wood. Tab. XIII, fig. 8, a—e.
TRocuHUs suBExcavatus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testé conicd, elevatd, granulatd, imperforatd ; anfractibus septem, superné concavis
subexcavatis, inferné convewis; striis transversis granulatis; basi planulatd, concentrice
striata et granulatd ; apertura tetragond.

GASTEROPODA. 127

Shell conical and elevated, with seven volutions; upper part slightly concave ;
lower part convex, covered with about seven transverse granular ridges, and one small
intermediate thread ; base rather flat, concentrically striated ; aperture trapezoidal.

Axis, 1 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton, Newbourn, and Walton Naze.

This species is by no means rare. It is presumed to be distinct from the preceding,
from its being much more elevated, and from its having the upper half of the volutions
deeply indented or concave. The variety fig. 8 ¢ resembles 7. papillosus, but is more
elevated. It is only a different form of this species, if it be distinct; it is, however,
possible they may be varieties of 7. papillosus, but among my numerous specimens
there are none that will fairly unite the two.

7. TROCHUS MILLEGRANUS. Phil. Tab. XIII, fig. 1, a—d.
TROcHUS MILLEGRANUS. PAil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 183, t. 10, fig. 25, 1836.
= = td vost. 154; 1644:
— _ Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 264, fig. 36, 1844.
— Martini. Smith. Wern. Trans. vol. viii, p. 99, t. 1, fig. 26, 1838.
— BLEGANS. Jeffreys. MS.

Tr. Testé conicd, elevatd; anfractibus planatis, subimbricatis ; basi marginatis, pro-
minulis ; ultimo anfractu angulato ; transversim lineatis, lineis elevatis granulatis ; basi
planiusculd, striata ; apertura rhomboided.

Shell conical, elevated, thick, and strong; whorls flat, transversely striated, and
granulated, with a carinated and marginated edge; base rather flat and striated;
aperture rhomboidal.

Axis, * of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag. Recent, Mediterranean and Britain.

By a comparison with a recent specimen from the Mediterranean, given to me by
Prof. Forbes, the Crag shell appears to agree with the recent species in most of its
characters, although it has lost a good deal of its granulated exterior; the transverse
ridges on the lower part are nearly smooth. It has a prominent line at the lower part
of the volution, and a very slight thickening at the base of the columella. Prof.
Forbes, who has seen my specimens, agrees with me in thinking that it is only an
altered form of 7. mallegranus.

8. TRocHus MULTIGRANUS. 8S. Wood. Tab. XIII, fig. 3, a—4é.
Trocuus aspERULUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testd conicd, elevatd, crasséd; anfractibus 5—6, planiusculis granulatis ; basi
marginatis, prominulis ; ultimo anfractu subangulato ; transversim lineatis, lineis elevatis
granulatis, non imbricatis ; basi planiusculd ; columella obliqud, obsolete unidentatd.

Shell conical, elevated, thick, and strong; volutions 5—6, rather flat, ornamented
with 6—8 transverse granulated ridges ; last whorl subangulated ; base somewhat flat,
and a thickened or obscurely-toothed columella ; aperture trapezoidal.

128 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Avis, $ of an inch; diameter, 3.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

This species is at present rare in my cabinet. It appears to differ from 7. mlle-
granus, the species to which it approaches nearest, in having the ridges granulated ;
but it is without the imbricated character of that species, and the edges of the volutions
are not so sharp and angular as in that shell, or in Z! mzliaris; the volutions, also, are
not so flat. It differs from any of the specimens of 7. ewiguus that I have seen, in
having the outer edge of the volutions less angulated, and in wanting the distinct basal
ridge of that shell, and moreover its sides are less flat. Our shell has two or some-
times three prominent granular ridges at the lower part of the volution. It is more
finely and regularly granulated than the young of 7. subeacavatus, for which it might
otherwise be mistaken.

Srcr. 6. UMBILICATED.

9. TRocuus vitticus (?). Phil. Tab. XIV, fig. 4, a—é.
Trocuus vitticus. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 152, t. 25, fig. 14, 1844.

Tr. Testd conicd, obtusiusculd, crassé; anfractibus quinque, planulatis, superné sub-
angulatis ; transversim ctngulatis, cingulis 5—7, inequalibus ; anfractu ultimo angulato ;
columella obsolete unidentatd ; umbilico parvo.

Shell conical, somewhat obtuse, thick, and strong, with about five volutions, rather
flat, and projecting slightly at the upper part, ornamented with 5—7 unequal ridges,
imbricated by the elevated and reflected lines of growth; base of volution angulated
and striated ; columella with an obsolete tooth ; umbilicus very small.

Avis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

I have about half a dozen specimens of this shell in my cabinet from the Red Crag,
which appear to resemble what M. Philippi has considered a new species; and in his
examination of the recent shell he may have detected more decided characters for its
establishment; but, judging from my fossils alone, I consider it only a variety of
1. Adansoni. My specimens have but a very small umbilicus, which may arise from the
position of the volutions being a little more erect; in other respects it corresponds so
closely with his figure and description that it may be considered the same. From five
to seven large and obtuse irregular-sized ridges cover the upper side of the volution,
and there are about the same number on the base, but rather smaller and more
regular; the ridges are all crossed by erect and slightly reflected lines of growth,
which are most distinct between the ridges.

GASTEROPODA. 129

10. Trocnus Montacuti. WV”. Wood. Tab. XIV, fig. 1, a—Z.
Trocuts Montacutt. W. Wood. Ind. Test. Sup. t. 6, fig. 43. 1828.
— .evucopHeus(?). Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 10, fig. 17, 1836.
— tuRGIDULUS. Dubois de Montp. Wolhyn. Podol. p. 40, pl. 2, fig. 29-30.
— Monracutr. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
a i Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 255, fig. 18, 1844.

Tr. Testd conicd, elevatd, obtusiusculd, crassé ; anfractibus contiguis, planiusculis,
ultimo anfractu obtuse angulato ; transversim striatis ; umbilico clauso, interdum perforato ;
apertura subquadratd ; columella obsolete unidentatd ; labro acuto, obliquo.

Shell conical and elevated; spire slightly obtuse, thick, and strong; whorls five,
flat, transversely striated; base of volution obtusely angular; umbilicus generally
covered ; aperture subquadrate; columella with an obsolete tooth; outer lip sharp
and oblique; lines of growth visible, slightly raised.

Avis, ~ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

This is by no means a rare shell in the Coralline Crag; but I have met with only
one specimen from the Red Crag. The volutions are rather flatter, and the base more
angular, in the recent specimens which I have seen; with the exception of these slight
differences, they perfectly correspond, and the Crag shell may, I think, be considered as
identical with the recent species. When quite perfect it has slightly reflected lines of
erowth, and bears a great resemblance to some varieties of 7. Adansoni, and among
my fossils they can scarcely be separated. Remains of the colour which originally
ornamented the shell are visible on one of my specimens, crossing the lines of growth
at an angle of about 45°.

11. Trocuus Apansoni. Payr. Tab. XIV, fig. 3, a—c.
TrocHus ApANsonr. Payr. Catal. des Moll. de l’Ile de Corse, pl. 6, fig. 7-8, 1826.
a — Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 182, 1836.
— ADRIATICUs. - - - vol. li, p. 153, t. 25, fig. 10, 1844.
— octosutcatus. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 381, pl. 38, fig. 1, 1844.

Tr. Testa convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd, crassd ; anfractibus planiusculis, transversim
striatis, vel cingulatis, crenulatis; ultimo anfractu obtusé angulato ; columella obsolete
unidentata ; umbilico tecto, aliquando perforato.

Shell convexo-conical, thick, and strong, with rather flat sides, striated or ridged
transversely ; strize crenulated or imbricated ; base of the last volution obtusely carinate;
aperture subquadrate, with a sharp outer lip, and an obsolete tooth upon the columella ;
umbilicus generally covered, sometimes open.

Avis, ¢ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.
17

130 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

This is a very abundant shell in the Corallme Crag. Some specimens are strongly
marked by the remains of colour, which cross the lines of growth at a considerable
angle, others resemble one of M. Philippi’s varieties, “ maculis longitudinalibus magis
minusve confluentibus.” The lines of growth are very distinct, and slightly elevated
upon the striz, and also between them; and the number of transverse ridges vary
from six to ten. The umbilicus is generally covered, but sometimes it is open. A
recent specimen from the Algean Sea, obligingly sent to me for comparison by
Professor E. Forbes, appears to correspond in all essential characters with my fossils,
excepting that it is larger; and the Crag shells are rather more imbricated than the
recent shell, which might naturally be expected from the loss of the epidermis. The
shell is beautifully nacreous beneath its outer covering.

12. Trocuus Kicxst. Myst. Tab. XIV, fig. 5, a—d.
Trocuus Krexstt. Nyst. Coa. foss. de Belg. p. 381, pl. 38, fig. 2, 1844.
— Rosrnsit. - - - p. 382, pl. 38, fig. 3.

Tr. Testdé convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5—6, convexiusculis, transversim
tenuissime striatis ; striis impressis ; columella obliqud obsolete unidentatd.

Shell convex or obtusely conical, thick, and strong ; volutions 5—6, slightly convex,
transversely striated, with five impressed striz; aperture subrhomboidal; columella
oblique, obsoletely toothed.

Avis, $+ of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton.

A very abundant shell in the Coralline Crag. The characters which most dis-
tinguish this shell are the impressed striz and rather smooth exterior; it differs but
in a slight degree from 7. Adansoni, and is probably a variety of that species. On the
young shell more especially the strize are but few and deeply impressed. The form of
the shell, and its slightly convex and overhanging volution, resembles the figure by
M. Nyst ; but his description, “ undique levigata,” does not fully accord with our shell,
as even in my most worn and altered specimens traces of striz may be detected.

13. Trocuus tumipus. Mont. Tab. XIV, fig. 2, a—2.
Trocuus Tumipus. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 280, t. 10, fig. 4, 1803.
GipBuLA TUMIDA. Leach. MS. 1819.
Trocuus nitENS. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 10, 1833.
— uirrorais. Brown. Conch. Ilust. of Brit. pl. 45, fig. 1, 4, 1827,
— tumipus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
—_ — Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 165, 1843.

Tr. Testd convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd, crassd; anfractibus tumidis, convexiusculis ;
suturis profundis ; superne subangulatis, transversim tenuissimé striatis ; ad basim obtuse
angulatis ; apertura subquadratd ; umbilico mediocri, sepe clauso.

Shell obtusely or convexo-conical, strong, and variable; whorls tumid, slightly

GASTEROPODA. 131

convex, projecting or subangulated at the upper part, and obtusely angular at the base,
finely striated transversely ; aperture subquadrate, with a moderately sized umbilicus,
which is sometimes entirely closed.

Azis, nearly $ an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.

I have met with this shell at one locality only in the Red Crag, where it is not rare.
In some specimens the spire is highly elevated, in others it is much depressed, while
others, again, preserve an intermediate character. The umbilicus in my specimens is
also variable; in some it is open, while in others it is quite covered, depending upon
the elevation or depression of the spire, and also on the extension of the left lip: in the
fossil that covering is sometimes broken away, but at other times it is open, where
there has been no fracture.

14. TRocuus c1inERARIUS. Linn. Tab. XIV, fig. 7.
TROCHUs CINERARIUS. Syst. Nat. p. 1229.
— Mont. Test. Brit. p. 284.
Trocuus tiyeatus. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. t. 3, fig. 66.

Tr. Testa crassa, orbiculato-convead, vel obtuso-conicd ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus sub-
Planulatis, transversim striatis; ad basim obtusicarinatis ; apertura tetragond ; umbilico
tecto.

Shell thick and strong, obtusely or depressedly conical, with an obtuse apex,
transversely striated ; volutions rather flat, obtusely carinate at the edge; base some-
what flat ; columella oblique ; aperture subtrapezoidal ; umbilicus closed.

Avis, $ an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze and Sutton. Recent, Britain.

But few specimens of this species are in my cabinet. They appear to resemble
the well-known recent species, and it is, in consequence, considered identical ; a few
remains of colour in one specimen, like that upon the recent shell, cross the lines of
growth at nearly right angles, and the umbilicus is quite closed. 7. perforatus,
Smith (Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. viii, fig. 3-4), is probably a variety of this
species.

15. TRocuus cinERoweEsS. S. Wood. Tab. XIV, fig. 8, a—.
Trocuus cinERorpes. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa crassa, orbiculari, depresso-conicd ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus convextusculis,
transversim striatis ; striis crenulatis ; umbilico magno aperto ; columella obtusé uniplicata.

Shell thick and strong, obtusely conical ; volutions slightly convex, transversely
striated, with rough crenulated strize; base of volution obtusely carinate, with a large
open umbilicus, and a projection, or obsolete tooth, upon the columella.

Avis, * of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze and Sutton.

132 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

This shell was published in my Catalogue as a distinct species, in consequence of
its crenulated striz, in which character it was considered by several eminent con-
chologists, as well as by myself, to be well marked. For this reason I have retained
its present name, as also from its having a large and open umbilicus, by the possession
of which it differs from the preceding species, which has it entirely closed. 1 cannot,
however, but feel doubtful of the correctness of its separation, and that the possession
of more specimens may probably unite the two. It somewhat resembles 7. wmbilicatus,
Mont., in its large and open umbilicus at all ages, if it be a distinct species; but that
shell is never crenulated like ours. In the young state it is much depressed, with a
large and open umbilicus, the size of which, in the adult shell, depends upon the
greater or less elevation of the spire, but it is always open. The spiral lines of strize
are about ten in number, generally alternating, one large and one small; all are more
or less crenulated, and the peculiar depression in the umbilicus gives a tooth-like
projection, or twisting, to the lower part of the columella. The circular ridges upon
the base, in some specimens, are also strongly crenulated; these crenulations are
probably more prominent and apparent in the fossil state than they would have been in
the recent shell.

16. TrRocHUs TRICARINIFERUS. S. Wood. Tab. XIV, fig. 6, a—é.
TROCHUS TRICARINIFERUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa orbiculato-conoided, crassd; apice acuto ; anfractibus quinque, crenulatis ;
cingulis tribus, elevatis, instructis ; suturis profundis; aperturd subquadratd ; umbitico
parvo ; columella obsolete unidentatda.

Shell orbiculato-conoidal, thick, and strong, with a slightly elevated spire and
acute apex; suture deep; whorls five, ornamented with three elevated obtuse carine,
crenulated by elevated and reflected lines of growth; aperture subtrapezoidal, with
an obsolete tooth upon the columella.

Avis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This shell, small specimens of which are not rare, somewhat resembles the figure and
description of 7’. Guttadauri, Phil. En. Moll. Sic. t. 11, f. 1, but our shell has an
umbilicus nearly closed, and the volutions are not rounded; the aperture is of a sub-
quadrate form. Small specimens have the carine sharp, but im the older ones they
become rounded and obtuse, and there is sometimes a small intermediate thread. The
base has about half a dozen elevated strize or ridges, and the lines of growth are elevated
into fine reflected fimbria, most conspicuous in young shells and between the ridges.
The upper keel is much elevated, leaving a deep sulcus round the top of the whorl.
The outer lip is sharp, sloping inwardly to the thick part of the shell.

The imbricated lines of growth on some specimens are close and numerous, on others
they are fewer in number, and more distant. Whether M. Philippi’s description of
“sulci foveolati” relates to the spaces between these imbrications I cannot say. There

GASTEROPODA. 133

is nothing in our shell like the holes represented in the enlarged portion of his figure :
I have therefore left it for the present with the name given to it in my Catalogue, until
it can be correctly determined by a comparison with the Mediterranean specimens.

17. Trocuus osconicus. S. Wood. Tab. XIV, fig. 10, a—d.
Trocuus osconicus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testa pusilla, orbiculato-conoided, perforata ; apice obtuso; anfractibus quatuor,
superne planulatis, subtus convexis ; transversim lineatis, lineis elevatis, crenulatis ; suturis
profundis, subcanaliculatis ; umbilico parvo. ;

Shell small, obconical ; apex rather obtuse ; whorls somewhat flat above, convex
beneath, with transverse crenulated lines or striz; suture deep, subcanaliculated ;
aperture obtusely quadrate, and a small umbilicus.

Axis, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is an abundant shell, and my specimens are all from one locality. In general
the transverse lines are regular in distance, and are about eight in number, crossed
by elevated and imbricated lines of growth, which give the exterior a crenulated
appearance; the lmes being prominent, particularly the upper and lower ones, produce
an apparent canal at the suture. In some specimens there are only four elevated lines,
var. 3, fig. a—é6. The base is convex, with about eight spiral lines; there is a small
umbilicus, and the shellis nacreous. It is possible this may be 7). erispulus, Phil., but
my specimens have not the rounded volutions of that shell as represented in his figure,

(t. 25, f. 12.)

18. Trocnus pitropis. S. Wood. Tab. XIV, fig. 9, a—4é.
TROCHUS BICARINIFERUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Tr. Testd minutd, orbiculato-conicd, perforata; spird depressd; anfractibus 3—4,
rotundatis, bicariniferis; transversim striatis, et tenuissime imbricatis ; aperturd orbiculato-
quadrata ; umbilico parvo profundo.

Shell small, orbiculato-conical, striated along the volutions, and very finely imbri-
cated across them; whorls round, convex beneath, with two sharp and prominent
keels; aperture subquadrate ; umbilicus rather small, and deep.

Avis, ;; of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This pretty little shell is not very abundant, and I have as yet seen it but from one
locality. The volution bears two elevated and sharp carin, dividing it into three
unequal parts; the spaces above and beneath being wider than that between the keels:
but, as the volution jos the lower keel, one carina only is visible upon the spire.
The transverse or spiral striz are broad and flat; about half a dozen are on the upper

134 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

half of the volution, and the same number are on the base, with only three between
the keels; those upon the base are most prominent and distinct.

In Savigny’s great work upon Egypt is the representation of a shell somewhat
resembling this species, but which, from the figure, appears to be too strongly imbri-
cated, and to have the aperture too circular, to be considered identical; a comparison
with the shell itself is necessary for such determination.

Many of the shells in this genus also have the exterior much altered by decorti-
cation, and the determination of some of the species is not by any means satisfactory.

Marearita,* Leach, MS. 1819.
Trocuus (spec.) Linn.
SoLaRIEeLLa, S. Wood. 1842.

Gen. Char. Shell thin, subconical, trochiform ; spire moderately elevated ; volutions
few, rather inflated; striated, sometimes costated; aperture subcircular ; peritreme
sharp, discontinuous, interrupted by the previous volution; umbilicus generally large
and deep; operculum corneous, multispiral.

The animal of this genus much resembles that of Trochus, and it is considered by
some conchologists as not deserving of generic distinction. There is, however, a
delicacy and generally a semitransparency in these shells, accompanied by a large and
open umbilicus in all the species, that at least entitles them to a sectional separation,
and as the name was employed in my Catalogue, I have retained it here.

Mr. G. B. Sowerby, sen., has described fifteen recent species of this genus in
the ‘ Malacological Magazine,’ 1838, all of which are northern forms.

1. MARGARITA ELEGANTISSIMA. Bean, MS. Tab. XV, fig. 1.

M. Testa orbiculari, conoided, tenui; apice acuto ; anfractibus quingue, superne con-
veais, inferne planulatis ; longitudinalter oblique costulatis ; interstitiis tenuissime striatis ;
umbilico magno, bicarinato,

Shell orbiculato-conoidal, thin, and fragile, with a slightly elevated spire and acute
apex: volutions five, convex above, rather flat beneath, outer edge obtusely angular ;
longitudinally costated, with elevated, reflected, or imbricated coste, finely striated
transversely ; umbilicus large, bicarinated.

Avis, } of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bridlington.

The cabinet of Mr. Bean, of Scarborough, has furnished me with the only specimen
of this species that I have seen. It appears to be distinct from any with which I am
acquainted, and I have, in accordance with that gentleman’s opinion, considered it
a new species. The characters which most distinguish it are the prominence of the

* Etym, Margarita, a pearl; from the nacreous character of these shells.

GASTEROPODA. 135

margin surrounding the umbilicus, and its elegantly imbricated cost, or reflected lines
of growth. The spiral strize are most distinct at the outer part of the base of the shell,
but traces of them may be detected on the upper part of the volution between the
coste. The aperture of the shell is hidden in the matrix.

2. MarGaRiTa (?) MACULATA. S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 3.
se SoLarrerta MacuLata. S. Wood. Cat. 1842, p. 531, pl. 5. fig. 7, 10.
TURBO MONILIFERUS. Nyst. Rech. Coq. foss. d’Anyers 1835, p. 27.
SoLARIUM TURBINOIDES. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 370, pl. 26, fig. 7, 1844.
— Lyell. In Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 555, 1845.

M. Testa trochoided, vel solariformi, tenui et fragili; spird depressd; anfractibus
quinque, subcylindraceis, crenulatis ; cingulis tribus vel quatuor, ornatis; suturis profundis
canaliculatis ; apertura rotundata ; umbilico magno, granulato.

Shell depressedly conical, subtrochiform, or rather solariform; spire slightly
elevated ; apex rather obtuse ; volutions four or five, subcylindrical, with three, some-
times four, rugose or crenulated bands or ridges, the upper one of which is the most
prominent; base rough, striated or ridged, with a large open umbilicus, and a
carinated and granulated edge; shell nacreous.

Azis, + of an inch nearly ; diameter, 3

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This shell is given as a Miocene fossil of America by Mr. Lyell. Small specimens
and fragments are by no means rare from the Crag; but a shell of the size figured is
very difficult to obtain in a perfect condition, from its extreme fragility. It appears,
from the form of the shell, to be intermediate between Solarium and Trochus, probably
nearly related to the latter; and closely resembling Margarita. It has three large and
obtuse ridges or carine upon the upper and outer half of the volution, though only two
are visible upon the spire. The upper one is largest, and may be said to be divided into
three, which are crenulated or granulated by elevated obtuse lines of growth, and there
are upon the base about half a dozen ridges or elevated concentric lines; the largest,
surrounding the umbilicus, is roughly crenulated, like a Solarium, and the volutions
are visible beneath up to the apex. In well-preserved specimens the shell is covered
with very fine spiral striz. A deep and broad canal is formed near the suture by the
elevation of the large upper keel, and there are the remains of coloured blotches, from
which character its name was given.

The Belgian shell, M. Nyst informs me by letter, is the same as the British fossil ;
though the figure in the work of that gentleman is much more elevated than any of my
specimens.

136 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

3. MarGarita TROCHOIDEA. S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 2.
MarGarita TRocHoIDEA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

M. Testa orbiculato-trochided, depressd, tenui, fragili ; apice obtusiusculo, anfractibus
quatuor, convexis, superne depressis apud suturas, ad basim obtusé angulatis, subtus
rotundatis ; transversim tenuissimé striatis; aperturd suborbiculari; umbilico magno
profundo.

Shell depressedly conical, trochiform, thin, and fragile ; volutions four, convex above,
slightly flattened near the suture, convex or rounded beneath, with an obtuse angle at
the outer edge; covered with fine transverse or spiral striz; aperture subcircular,
impressed by the body whorl with a sharp expanded and curved outer lip; umbilicus
large and deep. ;

Avis, ¢ of an inch; diameter 8.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Fragments and small specimens of this species are abundant. The diameter of the
base of the specimen figured does not exceed three eighths of an inch, although frag-
ments indicate at least half an inch. The volutions are convex both above and
beneath the subcarinated edge, and the umbilicus is visible to the spire, characters that
distinguish this species from any other with which I am acquainted.

Aprorsis,* S. Wood. 1842.
HeExrx (spec.) Mont.
Trocuus (spec.) Brown, Nyst.
CInGULA (spec.) Flem.
Narica (spec.) Phil.
Vatvata (spec.) Phil.
DELPHINULA (spec.) Bast.
Marearira (spec.) S. Wood.

Gen. Char. Shell generally small, suborbicular, depressed, with a few nearly dis-
coidal and rapidly increasing volutions, umbilicus large and deep; peritreme entire,
and nearly continuous, slightly interrupted by the previous volution, deeply sinuated
on the inner side, and having a minute or incipient sinus at the upper part of the
aperture, near the junction of the body whorl.

As there was not any genus established at the time I compiled my Catalogue in
which I could place some small shells from the Crag, possessing the above characters,
the above name was proposed for their reception. Conceiving that an animal with

* Etym. ddeo, to approach, ordis, a circle.

GASTEROPODA. 137

such a form of aperture to its shell would, when known, be found to have characters
sufficiently distinct to entitle it to generic distinction.

It was considered as differing from Skenea, in the peculiarly sinuated form of its
aperture.

1. ADEORBIS sTRIATUS. S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 7.
ApvEorBIs sTrtatus. S. Wood. In An. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix, p. 530, pl. 5, fig. 4, 6.
Vatvara sTRIATA. Pfil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 147, t. 9, fig. 3, 1836.

A. Testa depressd, minutd, striata, subdiscoided ; anfractibus tribus, convewis, vel sub-
cylindraceis; spird vie elevatd, umbilico magno; aperturd patente ; veritremd superneé
expansd, inferné sinuata.

Shell depressed, small, and striated; volutions three or four, nearly horizontal ;
rounded or subcylindrical flattened above; spire scarcely elevated, with a deep
distinct suture; umbilicus large and wide; aperture gaping, peritreme projecting on
the upper part, deeply sinuated underneath.

Diameter, * of an inch; altitude, 4 the diameter.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave and Sutton.

This is at present a rare shell. Ihave not met with more than four or five specimens.
The volutions are slightly depressed above, and the upper part of the lip is as nearly
as possible at the centre of the preceding volution ; the shell is regularly covered with
about 12—15 broad and rounded striz; the umbilicus is large, with the volutions
visible beneath, up to the apex, and the shell wholly destitute of carine. This is
probably the same species as M. Philippi’s shell, which he considered as a Valvata, in
consequence of its association with Cyrena Gemmallarii. This Cyrena is also found
mixed with marine shells in the Coralline Crag, at Gedgrave. I believe our shell,
A. striatus, to have no connexion with Valvata, but that all the species I have included
in this genus are marine animals.

2. ADEORBIS SUPRA-NITIDUS. S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 5, a—d.
ADEORBIS SUPRA-NITIDUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

A. Testa depressd, minutd, supra-nitidd, levigatd, politd, carinatd, aliquando tricarinatd ;
anfractibus 3—4, convexis aut cylindraceis ; prope suturam subcanaliculatis ; umbilico
magno, aperto, et rugosé striato.

Shell depressed, small, smooth, glossy, and naked above, with from one to three
sharp carine, the upper one small, often wanting; volutions 3—4, with a depression
or subcanal near the suture; umbilicus large, open, coarsely striated within; peritreme
sharp, slightly interrupted by the body whorl.

Diameter, + of an inch; altitude, 4 the diameter.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

18

138 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

A very abundant shell. It differs from the preceding, 4. sfriatus, in being quite
free from strize on the upper part, and in having three keels at unequal distances upon
the volution, of which the lower one is the most prominent and permanent, and the
upper one, even the upper two, are sometimes evanescent. A small incipient sinus is
visible at the upper part of the aperture, which gives a depression round the volution
near, but not at, the suture, which character I do not observe in the other species.
This may possibly be the Skenea divisa, Flem. (Brit. An. p. 314), Turbo divisa,
Adams ; but these authors make no mention of the keel-like ridges that surround the
shell.

Three or four coarse strie or ridges cover the volution at the umbilicus, and the
lines of growth are elevated at that part, and are corrugated. The most abundant
variety is that which is entirely smooth above, with only one keel upon the base or
outer edge of the volution.

3. ADEORBIS TRICARINATUS. 8S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 6.
ADEORBIS TRICARINATUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

A. Testi minutd, depressd, subdiscoided ; anfractibus subcylindraceis ; cingulis tribus
acutis, subequidistantibus, instructis ; interstitiis spiraliter striatis; superne et inferné
planiusculis, umbilico magno.

Shell small, depressed, subdiscoidal; with three convex or rather subcylindrical
volutions, furnished with three sharp subequidistant and elevated carine spirally striated
between them ; shell rather flat above and beneath, with a large open umbilicus, slightly
corrugated by lines of growth.

Diameter, + of an inch; altitude, } its diameter.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have about half a dozen specimens in my cabinet with the above characters,
in which they appear to differ from the two preceding species sufficiently to be
considered specifically distinct.

A. supra-nitida possesses the keels, but less prominently, and less equally distributed,
and it is perfectly smooth except in the umbilicus. 4. s¢riatus possesses the strize, but
has no vestige of carinze ; and this shell has not the coarse spiral strize of the umbilicus.
It is possible that they may be only varied forms of one species, but the numerous
specimens in my cabinet appear to preserve the above distinctions, and they must for
the present, therefore, remain separate.

GASTEROPODA. 139

4. ADEORBIS SUBCARINATUS. JMJont. Tab. XV, fig. 8.
HeLix supcartnatvs. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 438, t. 7, fig. 9, 1803.
TROCHUS SUBCARINATUS. Brown. Conch. Illust. p. 51, fig. 16-17, 1827.
— kucosus. Brown. Wern. Mem. ii, 520, t. 24, fig. 5, (Flem.)
CINGULA SUBCARINATA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 305, 1828.
DELPHINULA TRIGONOSTOMA. Bast. Bord. foss. pl. 4, fig. 10, 1825.
ADEORBIS suBcARINATUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TrocHUs TRIGONOSToMUS. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 385, pl. 35, fig. 23, 1844.
Natica suscarinata. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 141, t. 24, fig. 13, 1844.

A. Testé pusilla, orbiculato-depressd, spird brevi ; anfractibus tribus ; subtus planatis ;
longitudinaliter lineatis, et transversim cingulatis; cingulis elevatis ; aperturd magna
subtetragona ; umbilico lato.

Shell small, thick, and strong, with three whorls rapidly enlarging, flattened
beneath, covered with four elevated ridges, one of which is in the centre of the base ;
obliquely crenulated between the ridges; aperture large, subquadrangular; outer lip
curved and expanded; umbilicus large and deep.

Diameter, +, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

This shell is rare in my cabinet. I have no doubt of its identity with the recent
British species, and the figures above referred to are presumed to be the same.
Our shell has four distinct ridges—three on the upper part of the whorl, at unequal
distances, and one upon the centre of the base, with a large and patulous mouth of
a somewhat quadrate form, deeply sinuous on the inner side, with an incipient canal
both at the upper and lower angles of the mouth; the upper one raising the shell
slightly at the suture, which gives a depression on the volution.

5. ADEORBIS PULCHRALIS. S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 4.
MarGakita HELICINA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

A. Testdé minutd, tenut, pellucida (2), depressd, suborbiculari, heliciformi ; anfractibus
tribus, superné convexis, subtus planiusculis, transversim tenuissime striatis; apertura
patente, obtuse angulato; umbilico magno, profundo; peritremd acutd, superné incurvad
prominente, intus et infra valde sinuatd.

Shell small, thin, and probably pellucid in the recent state; depressed and sub-
orbicular, heliciform, very finely striated along the volutions ; volutions three, rapidly
mcreasing ; convex above and rather flat beneath, obtusely angulated on the outer
edge; aperture large and wide, somewhat angular, with a large and deep umbilicus ;
peritreme sharp, slightly interrupted by the volution, curved, and projecting on the
upper side, and deeply sinuated on the inner margin.

Diameter, + of an inch; altitude, : the diameter.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

140 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

This elegant little shell is not particularly rare. My first specimens were more or
less injured at the aperture, and the possession of some, obtained recently, have the
peritreme perfectly entire, showmg a deeply sinuated form of aperture, like that of
A. subcarinatus. have, therefore, placed it among its probable relations.

The apex is somewhat obtuse, and the suture deep, with an incipient canal at the
junction of the outer lip with the body whorl, where it joins, as nearly as possible, in
the centre of the volution. The striz are rather coarse, and more distant upon the
base of the shell than they are upon the upper part, and the lip is slightly sinuated
at the outer or lower angle of the aperture.

Ss nee or
Natica, Adanson, 1757.
Ruma (spec.) Chem. (fide Gray.)
User. Humph. 1797.
Lunatvs. Id.
Narticus. Monéf. 1810.
POLINICES. Id.
Mammitta. Schum. 1817.
Nacca. Risso. 1826.
Neverita. Id.
AMPULLARIA. Flem. 1828.
Guosputus. J. Sow. 1834.
Buisus. Brown. 1838.
GLopuLaRIA. Swains. 1840.

MaAMMILLARIA. Id.
PACHYLABRA. Id.
Naticmna. Guild. 1840.
NATICELLA. Id.

Crernina. Gray, 1840.
Amaura. Moller, 1842.
Naticopsis. M‘Coy.
DesHayesta. Raulin, 1844.

Gen. Char. Shell generally thick, strong, smooth, and glossy, occasionally covered
with fine striz, of an ovate, globulous, or subspheroidal form, with a short or slightly
elevated spire; aperture oval, or semilunate; outer lip plain and simple; inner lip
sometimes depositing a callosity, the callus modifying the form and size of the umbi-
licus ; operculum corneous or calcareous.

This is at present by no means a well-defined genus; several species have been
separated, in consequence of an extended form of the inner lip, by which the umbilicus
is closed, while some naturalists have considered the distinction of a corneous from a
calcareous operculum sufficient to justify generic separation. The author of ‘ Malaco-
logia Monensis’ (1838, p. 62), reports that the animals of two calcareous operculated
Natice, obtained at Algiers, exactly agreed in generic character with the British
corneous operculated species; and M. Philippi examined the animals of species

GASTEROPODA. 14]

possessing a calcareous operculum, and also those with a corneous one, and says (En.
Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 161) that they present a similar structure. The Crag formations
contain species that possessed a calcareous operculum, as well as those in which the
operculum was, no doubt, of a corneous texture, and they are here considered as
constituting only one genus. This genus is placed among the circular mouthed, or
what are generally considered as phytophagous animals, although some of the species
are not only carnivorous, but exceedingly voracious. Some species are found in deep
water, while others bury themselves in sand, above low-water mark. It may be con-
sidered as a marine genus, though specimens are occasionally, f found fossil, in Pay
deposits. digine ee

_@

Ssot. a. OPERCULUM CORNEOUS.

1. NaTIca CATENOIDES. S. Wood. Tab. XVI, fig. 10, a, 4, ¢.
Natica catenorprs. S. Wood. Catal. in An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 529.
— GLAucINormpEs. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 479, fig. 4, bene.
— Sowersyr(?). Myst. Coq. foss. de Belg. pl. 37, fig. 31, 1844.

NV. Testd ovato-globosd, ventricosd, levi, politd ; anfractibus 5—6, tumidis, depressis ;
spird productiusculd ; apertura ellipticd, obliqua ; umbilico medioert aperto.

Shell globose, or ventricosely ovate, smooth, and glossy; spire slightly produced ;
volutions about five, depressed, a little flattened at the upper part ; aperture elliptical,
with a moderate umbilicus, open and deep: lower part of the left lip slightly reflected
and callous.

Longest diameter, 2 inches.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton.

This species is by no means rare. I have never seen a specimen that has not in
some degree been altered by the removal of its glossy outer coating, under which there
is a striated surface, and the specimen figured is in that condition; but portions of
that vitreous covering may occasionally be seen, and the shell in its original state was
perfectly smooth and polished. The spire is very slightly elevated, with scarcely any
depression at the suture, but the upper part of the volution is a little flattened. I
have not any specimens that show such an elevated spire and depressed suture as is
represented in the Belgian fossil of what I presume to be this species, except those
which are much decorticated at the suture. Our shell is more in form like the JV. A/der7,
and might possibly be a large variety of that species. I think it is specifically distinct
from JV. catena, which has a more elevated spire. Among all my specimens there is
only one which has the umbilicus perfect, and in it the shell is rather roughly striated,
as it is also in JV. catena, where there is a slight callosity at the lower part of the
left lip.

The young of this species so much resembles JV. A/deri, that it is extremely difficult

142 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

to distinguish them ; and it is possible that species may have been an inhabitant of the
Crag Sea, but my cabinet does not contain a good or decided specimen, and this may
perhaps be considered as its representative. Fig. 10 ¢ shows the coarse strize in the
umbilicus.

2. Natica CcATENA. Da Costa. Tab. XVI, fig. 8, a—d.

Cocuipa caTENA. Da Costa. Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 83, t. 5, fig. 7, 1778.

Nerita GLAUCINA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 469, 1803.

Natica Britannica. Leach. MS. 1818.
— MONILIFERA. Lam. Hist. des An. sans Vert. 2d edit. tom. vii, p. 638, 1838.
— Nicout. Forbes. Malac. Mon. p. 30, 1838.
— GLAucINoIDES(?). Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 442, pl. 37, fig. 32, 1844.
— caTENA. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

N. Testa ventricoso-globosd, levigatd, politd; spird prominuld ; anfractibus 5—6,
convexis, superne depressiusculis ; aperturd ovata, subrectd ; umbilico aperto.

Shell ovato-globose, smooth, and glossy, with a short but distinctly produced spire ;
whorls 5—6, convex, somewhat flattened above, with a deep suture; aperture ovate ;
umbilicus open and deep; left lip slightly spreading, and rather callous below.

Longest diameter, 1% inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, British Seas.

This shell is not so abundant as the preceding; but I have at least a dozen
specimens in good preservation, and they correspond so precisely with the recent British
species, that there is little doubt of the identity. This differs from the preceding
species in having the volutions more convex and distinct, with a more elevated spire,
and it is not so large. These shells are also somewhat altered by decortication, more
especially at the suture; but some specimens have portions which sufficiently show the
original form, and with a diameter of only half that of the preceding species, they
have as many volutions.

“This species is found buried in sands at very low tides in the Frith of Forth.”
(Forbes’s Mal. Monensis, p. 30.)

3. NATICA GUILLEMINI (?). Payraudeau. Tab. XVL, fig. 1, a—é.
Narica Gurttemint. Payr. Cat. des Moll. de I’Ile de Corse, 1826, p. 119, pl. 5, fig. 25-26.
— Desh, 2d edit. Lam. vol. viii, p. 648, 1838.
—_ Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 162, 1836.
= - - vol. u, p. 140, 1844.

NV. Testa ventricoso-ovatd, glabra ; spiré prominuld, acutiusculd ; anfractibus quinque
convexis, subdepressis ; umbilico parvo, subnudo ; labio adnato, calloso.

Shell ventricosely-ovate and smooth, with a slightly prominent spire, and rather
acute apex ; volutions five, depressedly rounded; and a small umbilicus, partly hidden
by the lower portion of the callous and reflected left lip.

GASTEROPCDA. 143

Longest diameter, % of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

A few specimens of this shell in my cabinet appear to resemble the recent Medi-
terranean species in the peculiar form of the reflected and thickened portion of the
lower part of the left lip which extends partly over what would be a small umbilicus, but
the specimens are much altered and decorticated, thereby causing a greater opening
at that part of the shell. I have considered this as different from the young of
NV. catenoides on account of a greater number of volutions in shells of the same size:
a specimen of this species having five volutions, with a diameter scarcely exceeding a
third of that of JV. catenoides, which has never more than six. It must, however, for
the present, be considered doubtful.

4. Natica proxima. S. Wood. Tab. XVI, fig. 4, a—é.
Natica proxima. SS. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

NV. Testa subglobosd, obliqua, levigatd, politd ; anfractibus quinque subdepressis ; spird
breviusculd ; apertura semilunari ; umbilico lato, labio calloso.

Shell subglobose, smooth, and glossy; volutions about five, oblique, and rather
depressed, spire short; aperture hemispherical, with an open and deep umbilicus,
modified by the callosity of the left lip.

Longest diameter, \ inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

My cabinet contains but a few specimens of what I have presumed to be a distinct
species. ‘The umbilicus is large and deep, somewhat reduced above by the callosity of
the lower portion of the left lip, and there is a peculiar flatness upon the columella,
unlike the line produced by the pressure of a testaceous operculum. Some faint lines
of strize are visible when the outer covering is removed, particularly near the suture.
It differs from JV. varians in having a much less elevated spire, a less depressed
suture, and a rather larger callosity. It somewhat resembles WV. hemiclausa, but
that species is rather more depressed in the volutions, and has its umbilicus entirely
closed.

5. NaTica VARIANS. Dujard. Tab. XVI, fig. 6, a—é.
Nartica vartans. Dujard. Mem. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tom. xi, pt. 2, p. 281, pl. 19, fig. 6, 1837.
— uHeEmiciausa(?). Myst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 446, pl. 38, fig. 15, 1844.
— eELEvaTA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

NV. Testa ovato-conicd, crass, levigatda, polita, spird elevata ; anfractibus sex obliquis ;
apertura seminulatd, labio calloso ; umbilico magno aperto, profundo.

Shell ovato-conical, thick, strong, smooth, and glossy, with an elevated spire, and
about six oblique or sloping volutions; umbilicus rather large, open and deep; left
lip callous.

144 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Longest diameter, 13 inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.
Red Crag, Sutton.

This is not a very abundant shell in my cabinet from either formation. It appears
to be quite distinct from JV. hemiclausa, and agrees in most of its characters with
JN. varians, from Touraine. In this shell the umbilicus is tolerably large and deep, with
a very slight ridge at the lower part, which is perceptible in some of the specimens
from Touraine, lent me for comparison by Mr. Lyell. The shell figured by M. Nyst is
probably a variety of this, but the volutions of my specimens are more depressed ;
the left lip is callous, particularly at the upper angle of the aperture, and it
never covers the umbilicus. A slight flattening is visible on the left side, but
apparently not deep enough for the pressure of a calcareous operculum, nor is there
any mark within the outer lip. This shell is striated beneath the outer coating. It
somewhat resembles in form JV. plumbea, Lamarck, but it is a thicker shell, more
elongated, and has a more distinct and elevated spire.

6. NaticaA HEMICLAUSA. J. Sow. Tab. XIV, fig. 5, a—é.
Natica HEMICLAUSA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 479, fig. 2, 1824.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
a Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Fossils, p. 153, 1843.

N. Testé ovato-conicd, obliqud, levigatd, politd; spird conoided ; anfractibus sex
depressis ; apertura ovata ; labio calloso ; umbilico tecto.

Shell ovato-conical, oblique, smooth, and polished; spire conical; whorls six,
depressed ; aperture ovate, with a callous left lip closing the umbilicus.

Long. diameter, \ inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze and Sutton.

This is also an abundant shell. The umbilicus is quite covered when the animal
has reached maturity. The specimen figured in ‘ Min. Conch.’ was a young individual.
It much resembles JV. mammilla, Lamarck, but its left lip is less callous, especially
at the upper part, and it has a rather more prominent spire; it was smooth and
glossy, and, like JV. mammilla, has the volutions equally depressed. It also shows a
deepened suture when the outer covering has been removed, a condition in which the
Crag Naticze are often found. M. Philippi considered this, in his first vol. p. 162, to be
the same species as VV. Guillemini, Payr., and, in vol. ii, p. 140, he has identified it
(doubtfully) with JV. macilenta (t. 24, f. 14). I think, however, the Crag shell
sufficiently distinct from either. Specimens are occasionally more elongate than the
one represented.

GASTEROPODA. 145

7. NaTICA CIRRIFORMIS. J. Sow. Tab. XVI, fig. 7, a—4é.
Nartica crrrirormis. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 479, fig. 1.
- S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_ Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Fossils, p. 152, 1843.
_ Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 444, pl. 39, fig. 1, 1844.

NV. Testé globosd, crassa, levigatd ; anfractibus sex, convexis ; spird depressd ; aper-
turd semilunatd ; labio inferné calloso ; umbilico lato, profundo. -

Shell globose, thick, smooth; volutions convex, tumid; spire slightly elevated ;
umbilicus wide and deep, with a broad sinus in the left lip, callous at the lower part :
aperture semilunate.

Longest diameter, 1} inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.

I have not seen this species from the Red Crag; and specimens of it from the
Coralline beds are generally in a decorticated state. Its distinguishing character is
the callosity at the lower part of a large umbilicus, the upper side of which has a
distinct ridge when the shell is well preserved, the left lip being, as it were, separated
in the middle by a deep and broad canal; unlike WV. multipunctata, the ridge is on
the lower part of the umbilicus, and not in the middle; the volutions expand, and are
somewhat compressed above and below, forming a large and wide umbilicus.

8. NATICA HELICOIDES. Johnston. Tab. XVI, fig. 3, a—4é.
Natica HELICOIDES. Johnston. Hist. of the Berwickshire Nat. Hist. Club, 1834.
= = Lyell. In Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839.
— CANALIcULATA. Gould. Report on the Inv. of Massachusetts, p. 235, fig. 161, 1841.
— ueELicormpEs. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— _ Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Fossils, p. 153, 1843.

NV. Testi ovatd, crassa, levigatd (?); spird elevatd ; anfractibus quatuor vel quinque
- convexis ; suturis profundis ; apertura ovata ; umbilico tecto.

Shell ovate, thick, and smooth (?); spire elevated; volutions four or five, convex,
with a deep or canaliculated suture; aperture ovate, scarcely oblique, and without an
umbilicus.

Avis, \ inch nearly.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington.
Recent, North Seas and Coast of Massachusetts.

This shell is rare in the Red Crag, though I believe it is not so in the Mamma-
liferous formation. It was given as an extinct species in the list of Mammaliferous
Crag Shells, published in the ‘ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839’, the joint production of Mr. Lyell,
Mr. G. Sowerby and myself, as we were not then aware of its existence as a recent
shell. We have since been able to compare the recent and fossil shells, and have no

19

146 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

doubt of the identity. The original specimen dredged up to the northward is covered
with fine striae, but the fossils are quite smooth. An imperfect specimen is among
the shells sent by Mr. Leckenby, found by that gentleman at Bridlington.

9. Natica occLtusa. S. Wood. Tab. XII, fig. 4, a—é.

NV. Testa globosd, crassa, imperforatd, levigatd ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus quingue,
conveais ; suturis profundis ; apertura ovatd ; umbilico callo, complanato, prorsus obtecto.

Shell globose, imperforate, thick, strong, smooth, and glossy, with five or six
convex volutions, and a deep distinct suture; spire elevated; apex somewhat acute ;
aperture ovate; umbilicus covered by the callosity of the left lip.

Avis, 1 inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bridlington.

One specimen of this shell, from the cabinet of Mr. Leckenby, is all that I have seen ;
and being unable to identify it with any species known to me, I have ventured to give it
aname. Its most distinguishing character is the callosity of the left lip, which entirely
covers the wnbilicus much in the manner of that in JV. c/ausa, from which, however,
it appears to differ in its much more elevated spire and less tumid volutions, and it
also wants the peculiar flatness near the suture, which exists in that species. There
is a slight flattenmg upon the lower part of the columella, but not the distinct
impression on either side of the aperture that is generally made by the pressure of
a calcareous operculum ; I therefore presume this to have had a corneous one. It is
faintly but distinctly covered with fine spiral strize upon its outer coating.

10. Natica Granuanpica. Beck. Tab. XII, fig. 5, a—é.
Natica Gr@nianpica. Beck (in Moller). Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. 7, 1842.
—- — Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Moll. fig. 55, 1844.
— uivipa. Bean (in Thorpe). p. 265.
— Grentanpica. Forbes. Rep. upon the Geol. Rel. of the exist. Faun. and Flor. of
the Brit. Isles.

N. Testa globosd, leviusculd, solidiort, perforata; anfractibus quatuor, convexis ;
spird mediocriter elevatd ; apice obtuso, plerumque corroso; peristomate subcontinuo ; umbilico
angusto, profundo ; operculo corneo, tenut.

Shell globular and rather glossy, strong, and perforated with four convex volutions,
and a slightly elevated spire, finely striated transversely ; umbilicus small, deep, and
open; left lp slightly spreadmg; aperture ovate ; operculum thin and corneous.

Axis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bridlington.

Recent, Coast of Scarborough and North Seas.

GASTEROPODA. 147

The beautiful specimen from which the figure above referred to was taken is from
the Museum of the Philosophical Institution, at York, obligingly sent me by Mr.
Charlesworth, for the purpose of being described. I think that there is little doubt of
this being identical with the recent Greenland species. Fine striz cover the exterior,
which are most visible near the suture and upon the base; and the apex, though not
much eroded, has lost its outer coating.

Secr. 6. OPERCULUM CALCAREOUS.

Il. Natica ciausa. Broderip and Sowerby. Tab. XVI, fig. 2, a—J.

Natica cLausa. Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. No. 15, p. 372, 1829.
— Gray. Zool. of Beechey’s Voy. pl. 37, fig. 6, 34, f. 3.
== Smith. Mem. Wern. Soe. vol. viii, p. 55, pl. 1, fig. 16, 1838.
— Gould. Invert. of Massachus. p- 238, fig. 167, 1841.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

Natica consonipata. Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. xi, p. 89, pl. 3, fig. 14.

— SEPTENTRIONALIS. Mller. Ind. Moll. Green. p. 7, 1842.

N. Testi globosd, imperforatd, levigala ; anfractibus quinque ventricosioribus ; prope
suluram planulatis ; spird parum elatd ; aperturd ovaté; umbilico callo semiorbiculari,
complanato, prorsus obtecto.

Shell globose, imperforate, smooth ; spire slightly elevated, with five convex and
rather tumid volutions, somewhat flattened on the upper part; aperture ovate, left lip
with a semiorbicular and flattened callosity, completely covering the umbilicus.

Axis, | inch nearly.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

Mam. Crag, Bridlington.
Recent, North of Europe, and Seas of Boreal America.

This shell is rare as a Red Crag fossil. My cabinet contains but two specimens,
which, however, correspond precisely with the figure and description above referred to,
and I have no doubt of the identity. My specimens show a few traces of fine strize,
where the outer covering has been removed, and there is the impression of its cal-
careous lid on both sides of the aperture. It is very common in some of the Swedish
beds, as mentioned by Mr. Lyell, and is quoted by Professor E. Forbes, in his
‘Report on the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,’ as found at Bridlington,
though I have not seen a specimen from that locality.

148 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

12. Natica muttipunctTata. S. Wood. Tab. XVI, fig. 9, a—/. .
Narica patuLa. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 373.
— — Nyst. Rech. Coq. foss. d’Anvers, 1835, p. 25, No. 12.
— =— Morris. Cat. of Brit. Fossils, p. 153, 1843.
— muttrpunctata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— crassa(?). Myst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 443, pl. 37, fig. 33, 1844.

NV. Testé ellipticd, obliqud, depressd, crassa, levigatd, multipunctatd ; spird produc-
tiusculd ; anfractibus quatuor, superné subdepressis, inferné expansis ; labio calloso, crasso ;
umbilico spiraliter yugoso ; operculo ad margine unisulcato.

Shell ovate, depressed. oblique, with an elliptical outline; thick, and smooth,
covered with numerous spots; spire slightly produced; upper part of volution a little
depressed, mouth much expanded below; left lip callous, with a small spiral ridge in
the umbilicus. Operculum with a deep spiral sulcus near the outer edge.

Longest diameter, 15 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag. Ramsholt and Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Walton Naze.

A most abundant shell at Walton Naze. It differs (as I have before pointed
out in my Catalogue in the An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 529,) from WV. malle-
punctata in the greater size and peculiar flatness of the callosity at the upper part of
the umbilicus, while the spiral ridge is much smaller, varying not only in the different
distribution of this calcareous deposition at its large and open umbilicus, but also in
the greater quantity of it: the volutions are also more depressed, the shell more
regularly ovate, and the mouth larger, with a less elevated and distinct spire. The
differences here pointed out appear to me sufficient to constitute a specific character,
and I have, in consequence, retained my own name, which was published in 1842, in
preference to that by M. Nyst, which was published in 1844. The Italian and
Bordeaux fossils in my possession differ also from the Crag shell. The smaller figure,
9, c, represents a specimen from the cabinet of Miss Alexander, of Goldrood, near
Ipswich, who has obligingly permitted me to have it figured. It contains its
operculum in position, and was found at Walton-on-the-Naze. This appendage differs
from that of WV. millepunctata in having a ridge with a broad and deep sulcus near the
edge; and it is rather singular that this is the only instance, to my knowledge, of
this thick and strong operculum having been found, although the shell may be procured
by hundreds. Fig. 9, d e, is from the Coralline Crag, and is probably only a variety
of this species. It had been considered distinct, and possessed in my cabinet the
name of consors, but the discovery of an operculum from that formation, corresponding
with that found 7m situ from the Red Crag, has given reason to suppose them the same
species. The greatest difference is in its having a rather more distinct and elevated
spire, with a sharper apex, and a rather less depressed or elongated aperture. The

GASTEROPODA. 149

impression of a calcareous lid is left upon the shell most distinctly on both sides of the
aperture, and I have presumed fig. 9, 7, to have been the operculum.

NATICA DEPRESSULA.—Some small specimens in my cabinet, not more than a
line in diameter, passed under this name in my Catalogue. They are depressed in the
volution with a deep and distinct suture, that does not appear to have been produced
by erosion, and differ in that respect from the young of some well-determined species
that I have traced downwards to no greater magnitude. They must, however, for the
present, be considered of doubtful character.

SIGARETUS, Adanson, 1757.
Sromatta. Browne, 1756 (fide Gray).
Cryptostoma. De Blainv. 1825.

Gen. Char. Shell auriform, or ear-shaped, suborbicular, oblique, with a depressed
spire, and consisting of few and rapidly increasing volutions, striated or reticulated
upon the exterior; aperture much dilated, wider than long; peritreme disconnected
by the body whorl, with, generally, a small but open umbilicus, and a thin corneous
operculum.

The shells of this genus are said to be entirely enveloped by the mantle of the
animal, although the exterior is covered with striz or reticulations. It is distinguished
from Stomatia, Lamarck, by the texture of the shell, which in this is not nacreous,
and from JMJarsenia, to which it approaches nearer in form, by its thicker and more
opaque shell, and by its having the inner lip spread over the body whorl, forming
an umbilicus. In d/arsenia the left side is sharp and truncated, visible internally up
to the spire.

All the known recent species of this genus are natives of warm climates, and
two or three species have been found in the Eocene formations. It is first quoted from
the Devonian period.

1. SigaRETuS Excavatus. 8S. Wood. Tab. XV, fig. 11.

S. Lestd minutd, auriformi, tenui, fragili ; spird acutd, prominuld ; anfractibus tribus,
depressis, obliquis, supra convexis, subtus planatis, imbricatis ; ad marginem obtuse angu-
latis, transversim undulato-striatis, striis exilissimis; aperturd patente ; umbilico magno,
profundo.

Shell small, thin, and fragile, with a slightly prominent spire, and acute apex;
composed of three depressed volutions, convex on the upper part, and flat beneath,

150 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

margin obtusely angulated; spirally striated, with fine undulating strie; rough and
imbricated beneath, aperture expanded ; umbilicus wide and open.

Greatest diameter, \ line.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have only two small specimens of this delicate and tender shell, which may
possibly be the young of some larger species; it somewhat resembles Sig. Leachit
(Sowerby’s Gen., fig. 3), Cryptostoma Leachit, Blain., but it appears to differ in several
particulars : the outer margin of the volution is more angulated, forming a flattish base,
which is rough and strongly imbricated by reflected lines of growth, and the umbilicus
is large, open, and visible up to the apex.

MarsEnIA, Leach, 1820.
Buta (spec.) Mont.
LAMELLARIA (spec.) Mont.
CortocELLa. De Blainville, 1824.
CuHeELinotus. Swains. 1840.
Staarutus Flem. Phil. Thorpe.

Gen. Char. Shell internal, convolute, ear-shaped, thin, delicate, fragile, pellucid,
semipapyraceous ; consisting of a few rapidly increasing volutions, and an expanded
aperture, with a small depressed spire; peritreme sharp and thin, confluent with the
columella, which is visible internally up to the spire; shell wholly enveloped by the
mantle of the animal.

In my Catalogue the above generic term was employed, in consequence of Dr.
Leach having given that name to the well-known British species, Bulla haliotoidea,
Mont., in his ‘ Mollusca,’ a part of which was printed in 1820. A species of this
genus was described also by Montague (in the Linn. Trans., 1815, vol. ii, p. 186),
under the name of Lamellaria, and included with an animal of quite a different form,
which he had considered as its type, from which therefore it must be removed. In 1825
M. de Blainville (in his System of Malacology) proposed a genus under the name of
Coriocella ; but in his description of C. xigra, from the Isle of France, the animal he
considered as the type of his genus, he states that no trace whatever of a shell could
be discovered, “sans trace de coquille extérieur ni intérieur” (p. 466). ‘‘ Specimens of
Coriocella nigra in the British Museum, presented by Cuvier, and described by
De Blainville, have a distinct shell.” (Vide Gray, Zool. Proc., 1847, p. 143.)

As the name Marsenia was given to a determined species, and published with the
ulterior intention of characterizing such genus, it is I conceive the one that ought
to be adopted.

GASTEROPODA. 151

1. MaRSENIA TENTACULATA. ont. Tab. XV, fig. 10.
LAMELLARIA TENTACULATA. Montague. In Linn. Trans. vol. ii, p. 186, t. 12, fig. 5-6, 1815.
=— Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 15, 1846.
MarsENIA DEPRESSA. S. Wood. Catal. in An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 528, t. 5, fig. 8-9.
SIGARETUS TENTACULATUS. Thorpe. Brit. Marine Conchology, p. 155, t. 1, fig. 3, 1844.

NV. Testaé minutd, ovata, auriformi, tenui, fragili, pellucida (?), levigatd, politd ; spird
depressaé ; anfractu convewiusculo; aperturé patente; labro acuto arcuato; labio tenui
reflexo.

Shell small, ovate, or ear-shaped, thin, fragile, and pellucid (?), smooth and glossy,
with one depressed or slightly convex volution; spire rather acute, with a large
expanded aperture, and curved outer lip; columella, sharp and truncate; inner lip
thin and extended, covering the umbilicus.

Greatest diameter, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

Two small specimens of this elegant and fragile shell are all that my cabinet
contains. ‘They are probably the young state of ZLamellaria tentaculata, Mont., and
appear to resemble the figure of that species given by Mr. Thorpe, above referred to,
except that the outer part of the lip of our shell is not quite so much raised. There
is a slight depression behind the sharp edge of the columella, which is visible within
the shell up to the apex; the inner lip is thin, folded over this sharpened edge, and
spread upon the body of the shell to some distance. The contour of our shell is a
trapezoidal form, with the angles rounded off.

VELUTINA,* Fleming, 1820.
Heuix (spec.) Linn.
Buia (spec.) Miller.
VELUTINA. Gray, 1821.
_ De Blainv. 1825.
GaLERiIcuLuM. Brown, 1827.

Gen. Char. Shell thin, obliquely convolute, with very few volutions, rapidly
enlarging; spire short, slightly elevated, externally smooth, or finely striated, covered,
in a recent state, with a thick epidermis; aperture large, ovate, or suborbicular ; outer
lip sharp, with a continuous peritreme.

Shells of this character were erected by Dr. Fleming into a genus, the particulars
of which were given in the ‘ Edinburgh Encyclopeedia, vol. xiv, p. 626, published, as
Iam informed, by Dr. Fleming, in 1820. In the following year, 1821, Mr. Gray
employed this name generically, and in 1825 M. de Blainville (in his Malacologie,

* Etym. From the specific name of Bulla velutina (Miiller), the type of the genus.

152 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

p- 468,) made use of the same name, apparently without being aware of its having
been previously adopted by Dr. Fleming.

Shells of this genus approach nearest in form to those of Sigaretus; but the
volutions in the latter genus are more depressed, and the animal partly envelopes the
shell. In this genus the shell is said to be wholly external. I am not aware of any
species belonging to this genus of an earlier geological date than the Coralline Crag
or Miocene period.

1]. VELUTINA L&VIGATA. Linn. Tab. XIX, fig. 8, a—dé.
Hevix pavieata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1250, 1766.
Buia VELUTINA. Mill. Zool. Dan. iii, t. 101, fig. 1-4, 1773.
HELIX LavieaTa. Penn. Brit. Zool. t. 86, fig. 139, 1776.
— Turt. Linn. vol. iv, p. 540, 1806.
_— Id. Conch. Dict. p. 69, 1819.
VELUTINA vuLGARIS. Fem. Edin. Ency. vol. xiv, p. 626, 1820.

— CAPULOIDEA. Blainv. Malac. p. 469, pl. 42, fig. 4, 1824.
GALERICULUM L&VIGATUM. Brown. Ilust. Brit. Conch. pl. 38, fig. 35, 1827.
VELUTINA LHvIGATA. Flem. Brit. Animals, p. 326, 1828.

—_— RupPIcOLA. Conrad. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. vi, 266, pl. 5, fig. 17-18.

= LavicaTa. Gould. Invert. of Massach. p. 241, fig. 159, 1841.

= = S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

V. Testé auriformi, tenui, fragili, ovata, inflata, tenuissime striata; anfractibus
tribus, convevis, tumidis ; suturis profundis ; apertura valde dilatata ; umbilico tecto.

Shell ovate, inflated, thin, and fragile, finely striated transversely ; volutions three,
with a deep suture, and a large expanded aperture, subcircular ; left lip reflected,
covering the umbilicus.

Avis, ¥ an inch nearly.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Thorpe. Recent, British Seas.

This shell, I believe, is rare, perhaps from its extreme fragility. My cabinet contains
but one specimen, which differs in some degree from the recent shell, the outer lip
being more elevated, the spire depressed, and the exterior smooth; but in the recent
specimens the striz are scarcely visible when the epidermis is removed. Pennant
calls this a fresh-water shell, and Dr. Turton says “it inhabits ponds of Europe.”
It appears to have been associated with estuary shells, though Montague says it is
truly marine, and generally obtained by the dredge in deep water. Dr. Gould says
it is found on the beach in sea weed, and also in the stomachs of fishes. Sigaretus
similis, Woodward (Geol. of Norf. t. 3, f. 8), may probably be this species ; but from
the figure, it is difficult to determine, as both this and the following are found at
Bramerton, the locality whence he obtained most of his fossils.

GASTEROPODA. 153

2. VELUTINA UNDATA (?). Smith. Tab. XIX, fig. 10, a—dé.
VeLuTina unDATA. Smith. Mem. Wern. Soe. vol. viii, p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 15, 1838.
GALERICULUM OvaTUM (?). Brown. Ilust. Brit. Conch. pl. 38, fig. 27, 1827.
VELUTINA ZONATA. Gould. Iny. of Massach. p. 242, fig. 160, 1841.
— eLonGata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

V. Testa elongato-ovatda, tenui, fragili ; spird vie elevatd; transversim obsolete striatd ;
anfractibus duobus, convears ; apertura ovata ; labio recurvo, planato.

Shell ovate, very thin, and fragile, with a slightly elevated spire; volutions two,
obsoletely striated transversely ; aperture ovate, slightly contracted at the lower part ;
left lip reflected and flattened, or rather concave, extending nearly to the base.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain (?), Coast of Massachusetts.

This shell, I believe, is also rare. I have only three specimens in my cabinet
which appear to agree with the copious description and beautiful figure by Dr. Gould;
so that I have presumed the Crag shell to be the same as the recent species, although
I have been unable to obtain a specimen for comparison. As that gentleman states,
this is, in all probability, Galericulum ovatum, Brown, which has the prior name, and
must be restored if the two shells hereafter prove to be the same.

My specimens are thin and fragile, with the surface rather uneven; the lines of
growth are distinct and irregular, with only faint traces of the spiral striz that once
covered it. The flat part of the inner lip appears to have been a little broader than is
represented in the American shell, but that is a character which I think is not sufficient
to remove it from the species ; and the lower part of the aperture appears somewhat
more rounded. My specimens have little more than two volutions, which are very
oblique, and the spire is invisible when looking directly at the aperture of the shell.

3. VeLuTina virGata. S. Wood. Tab. XIX, fig. 9, a—é.

V. Testa auriformi, ovata, tenui, fragili; spird prominuld; anfractibus 2—3, tumidis,
inflatis, transversim striatis ; suturis profundis ; aperturd ovata, ad basim angustiore ; labio
recurvo planato.

Shell ear-shaped, thin, and fragile; spire slightly elevated, with two or three
inflated volutions, covered with spiral striz; suture deep; aperture ovate, narrower
at the base ; with a reflected left lip, and flattened columella.

Avis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

About half a dozen specimens of this shell in my cabinet appear to differ from any
recent species with which I am acquainted, more especially in the form of the
aperture.

The external strize are rather broad but a little elevated, and the spire is slightly

20

154 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

prominent, with the upper part of the volution somewhat projecting, giving the outer
lip a straighter form than in the other species ; the imner lip or columella is somewhat
oblique, flattened, and narrower than in the preceding species, with a less regularly
ovate aperture ; the outer lip is less curved, giving a slightly angular form to the
opening.

Some of my specimens are very imperfect; more and better materials are required
to determine the species. From its difference of form I have presumed it to be new,
though its present name may be considered only as a provisional one.

Caputus,* De Montfort, 1810.
PATELLA (spec.) Linn.
Prtzopsts. Lam. 1815.
AMALTHEA. Schum. 1817.
Activa. Fisch. (Hermansen.)
Prnopsts. Konig.

Broccuta. Bronn.
Acrocuuta. Phillips.
CyrTHOLITHES. Vanuaxem.

Gen. Char. Shell obliquely conical, with a broad expanded base, and a slightly
recurved apex; aperture large, generally elliptical, sometimes circular; muscular
impressions united posteriorly; rounded and enlarged in front, with an opening
between them for the head of the animal; ina recent state, covered with a thick
epidermis.

This genus is well distinguished from Patella by the position of the apex, which is
situated on the posterior part of the shell, and is generally a little recurved, whereas, in
Patella, it is on the anterior, and is simply conical; the muscular impressions, or rather
impression (for the two are united into one ligulate band), is therefore on the posterior
part, with an opening between the obtuse terminations, for the egress of the animal's
head, and is joined behind under the apex. Species from the Paleozoic Rocks
have been formed into a genus by Phillips, under the name Acroculia, in consequence
of an obliquity in its recurved apex, which character alone is insufficient for generic
distinction, and from the excessive variableness of some of my Crag fossils, such
character may be almost doubted as sufficient for even specific determination.

* Etym. (?) Capulus, a handle.

GASTEROPODA. 155

4. Caputus unGaRicus. Linn. Tab. XVII, fig. 2, a—y.
var. a. VULGARIS, fig. 2, d,e, Red Crag, Walton.

8, REGULARIS, Pat Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.
y, UNGUIS, 2, b,c, Red Crag, Sutton.
6, ELATA, Daf Red Crag, Sutton.

PaTELLA uNGARICA. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1259.
— Hunearica. Penn. Brit. Zool. t. 90, fig. 147.
— wncuis. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 139, fig. 7, 1816.
— wnGartca. Turt. Conch. Dict. p. 140, fig. 76, 1819.
PILEoPsIs UNGARICA. Brown. Ilust. Brit. Conch. pl. 37, fig. 19-20, 1827.
= Lam. Hist. des An. sans Vert. 2d edit. tom. vii, p. 609, 1836.
- Dujard. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, t. 11, pt. 2, p. 274, 1837.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 355, pl. 35, fig. 8, 1844.
Caputus Hunearicus. Flem. Brit. An. p. 363, 1828.
CapuLus uNGaricus. G. Sow. Genera of Shells.
= S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 141, 1843.
Pitnopsis unGarica. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 135, 1844.

C. Testa variabili, sepe orbiculato-conicd, acuminata ; longitudinaliter striata ; vertice
hamoso, involuto ; apertura transversim plerumque latiore.

Shell conical and acuminated, with a suborbicular base, generally wider than long,
sometimes longer than wide, longitudinally striated, with a hook-shaped or involute
vertex.

Transverse diameter of base 24 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton, Ramsholt, Gedgrave.

Red Crag, Sutton, Walton, Newbourn, Bawdsey.
Recent, British Seas.

This is an exceedingly variable species: in one variety the cone is elevated with
little or no inflection of the vertex, while, in another, it is upon a level with the base.
In var. unguis, fig. 2, 6, c, the aperture is elongato-ovate, with the vertex recurved,
and hanging over the posterior margin. In var. e/a/a, fig, 2 /, the vertex is nearly
central, with scarcely any curvature; the more ordinary form has the base with the
transverse diameter the wider. In the depressed form which Mr. J. Sowerby has
described as P. wnguis, the shell is slightly oblique, with an obtuse angular edge
upon the back. The strize are distinctly visible in all these varieties. The margin of
this species is frequently distorted, with a sinus or indenture, which is generally
on the dextral side. The ligulate band of its deeply-impressed muscle mark extends
over more than two thirds of the circumference, with large and obtuse terminations ;
these are equidistant on each side. In the oblique specimens they appear to be less
equal, in consequence of one side being more convex or extended than the other.

156 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. Caputus ostieuus. S. Wood. Tab. XVII, fig. 1, a—é.

CapuLus opLiquus. 8S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa elongato-ovatd, obliqud, distortd, subdepressd, levigatd, polita ; vertice involuto,
laterali ; margini postico superposito.

Shell with an elongato-ovate and oblique opening, externally smooth and glossy,
one side truncate, with a depressed and involute apex overhanging the posterior margin.

Longest diameter of base, 13 inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze and Newbourne.

Not a very rare shell, though large and rather tender. It appears to differ from
the preceding species in its greater obliquity and smooth exterior. My specimens are
without a vestige of strize ; but Crag shells are often so much altered in that respect as
not to be depended upon for such characters; the right side, however, in this species
is always smaller and truncated, while the left is expanded, and more or less rounded.
In all my varieties of C. wngaricus I have not observed this regularity of form; and I
have no specimens by which they can be connected; it is nevertheless a doubtful
species. The great persistency in its obliquity, which may be seen in numerous
specimens, appears its greatest claim to specific distinction. It has probably lost a
portion of its outer coating.

3. Caputus MiLiTaRis. Mont. Tab. XVII, fig. 3, a—/.
CaPULUS MILITARIS. var. , partim sinuosus, fig. 3 a, 0d.
PareLia mMiILITARIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 488, t. 13, fig. 11, 1803.
CapuLus miuitaris. Flem. Brit. An. p. 364, 1828.
— recurvatus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Prteopsts Minitaris. Thorpe. Marine Conch. p. 135, 1844.
— Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 92, 1844.

C. Testd oblique-conicd, striata, decussatd ; vertice hamoso, revoluto, ad dextram
incurvato ; margini postico impendente ; apertura elongato-ovatd, irregulart.

Shell obliquely conical, striated, and decussated (?), with the vertex much reflected
and incurved ; volution inclining to the right; apex overhanging the base of the shell,
with an elongate and ovate opening, but very irregular.

Altitude, 1 inch; length of base, 3.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Newbourn, Sutton, and Walton. Recent, British Seas.

This is a very variable species. I have included in it only those specimens which
appear to have a small oblique volution, with the vertex always inclining to the right
when the shell is upon its base in its natural position, with the anterior margin forwards.

GASTEROPODA. 157

The aperture is generally longer than it is wide, sometimes twice as long; a few dis-
torted specimens, however, have the aperture transverse. In its young state, the
volution of the vertex is on a level with the margin, projecting beyond it; and this
character is sometimes preserved throughout its existence, though, in some large
specimens, the vertex is elevated considerably above the level of the base. It is covered
with coarse and prominent striz, amounting almost to ribs, with deep sulci between
them, and occasionally decussating lines of growth, which are, however, very
irregular, and not always visible. The muscular band appears like that in C. wagaricus,
but im my specimens it is not always distinct.

Small and imperfect specimens are by no means rare in the Coralline Crag.
In Capulus ungaricus the vertex is generally regular and straight, though occasionally
it may be observed to incline on one side. This species appears to have a longer cone,
with the vertex always on the right side. The sinuses in variety 6 appear as
if they had been produced by the inequalities or rays of a pecten, upon which the
animal might have adhered. In my specimens (only three in number) they are upon
the left side of the shell, and regular, and if produced in this manner, the animal must
have had the power to elevate its right side so as not to be similarly affected, as
that side is free from these mequalities ; the striae upon the exterior take a longitudinal
or rather a radiating direction from the vertex, and run obliquely across these sinuses,
from which it is presumed they are accidentally produced.

4, CapuLus FALLAX. S. Wood. Tab. XVII, fig. 4, a—4é.

CapuLus FALLAX. SS. Wood. Catalogue, 1842.

C. Testa suborbiculatd, depressd, levigatd, tenui, fragili; vertice obliquissimée ad
dextram revoluto, spiraliter intorto ; margini postico impendente ; basi dilatatd, subovatd.

Shell suborbicular and depressed, smooth (?), thin, delicate, and fragile, with an
involute and very oblique vertex, spirally twisted on the right side, and projecting
beyond the base, with an expanded subcircular opening.

Diameter of aperture, 5 an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have about a dozen specimens of this shell in my cabinet, which, however, are not
very perfect, but appear to differ from any of the preceding species sufficiently to
be considered distinct ; they are perfectly smooth, without striz, but they are much
injured, and cannot be depended upon in that character. The great obliquity of volution,
which much exceeds that of C. mlitaris, is the character which best distinguishes
it, and gives it a form approaching to the genus Velutina. Unfortunately, I have no
specimen that will show its muscular impression, but the flattened form of the posterior
margin, beneath the vertex, shows the capuloid character of the shell; this obliquity of
its volutions gives it a subcarinated form to the left side of the back, and connects this
species with the regularly but obliquely spiral univalves.

158 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

This genus is largely developed in the Crag formations, but appears to have
been subject to great variation. My specimens are here separated and considered
as determinable into four species, which are, however, so ill defined, with the line
of specific demarcation so obscure, that their correct appropriation is still a matter of
doubt.

CaLyPTRmA,* Lam. 1801.
PaTELLa (spec.) Linn.
Gaterus. Humph. 1797.
CALYPTRA. Id.
Catyprrus. Montf. 1810.
InrunpiBuLumM. J. Sow. 1815.
Trocuita. Schum. 1817.
MIrrRvLaARtIA. Td.
Mrireria. Leach, 1818.

Gen. Char. Shell conical, clypeiform, depressed, subspiral, with the vertex nearly
central; base more or less regularly orbicular, entire, and sharp edged ; interior cavity
furnished with a lateral appendage or septum, variable in form, externally smooth,
rugose, costated, or sometimes covered with imbricated spines.

This genus has been separated by M. Lesson into several subgenera, distinguished
by the form of the internal diaphragm or appendage, which is exceedingly variable
both in shape and magnitude. Mr. Broderip has figured and described in the Trans.
of the Zool. Soc. 1835, a large number of recent species, belonging to the five Sections
into which they have been divided by M. Lesson, viz., Calyptreea, Calypeopsis,
Syphopatella, Crepipatella, and Crepidula, and says the differences are not such as will
entitle them to generic distinction, and quotes Mr. Owen’s opinion in regard to the
animal, who says: “The soft parts of the animal of Crepidula are the same with those
of Calyptraea in all essential points of structure, differing only in the proportionate
extent of the anterior part of the foot, and dorsal groove of the mantle.” Dzspotea,
Conrad, was intended for those species that have been called cup-and-saucer limpets,
in which the internal appendage resembles the subconical form of the external shell.

The known recent species are marine animals, and most of them have been found
on rocky coasts in warm climates. M. d’Orbigny describes one species from the
Cretaceous formation, which is, I believe, the earliest appearance of this genus.

* Etym. Kadumzpa, a covering.

GASTEROPODA. 159

1. CaLyprr#a CHINENSIs. Lina. Tab. XVIII, fig. 1, a—e.
Paretta Curnensts. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1257, 1766.
— Sryensis. Gmel. p. 3692.
— rorunpa. List. Conch. t. 546, fig. 39.
— — Park. Org. Rem. t. 5, fig. 10, 1811.
— aLprpa. Don. Brit. Shells, pl. 129.
— Curensis. Mont. Test. Brit. p- 489, t. 13, fig. 4, 1802.
— muricata. Brocchi. Conch. foss. Subapenn. pl. 1, fig. 2, 1814.
Mrrecta Stnensis. Leach, MS. 1818.
Catyprrea Cutnensts. Fem. Brit. An. p. 362, 1828.
INFUNDIBULUM RECTUM. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 97, fig. 3, 1825.
— cLyPeUM. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 2, 1833.
CaLypTR#A L£VIGATA. Desh. 2d edit. Lam. tom. vii, p- 623, 1836.
— recTA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 361, pl. 35, fig. 11, 1844.

— SINENSIs. - - - pl. 35, fig. 14.
— SQUAMULATA. - - : pl. 35, fig. 13.

— vutearis. Phil, En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 93, 1844.
— muRIcATA. Dujard. Mem. Soc. Géol. de France, t. 11, pt. 2, p. 274, 1837.
INFUNDIBULUM RoTUNDUM. 8S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
os SUBSQUAMOSUM. Id.
— SINENSE. Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 148, 1843.
Catyprrea CHINENSIS. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 136, 1844.

C. Testa variabil, orbiculari, conoided, plus minusve depressd, tenui, Sragilt, leviusculd
aut sqyuamulata ; striata ; striis remotiusculis ; spiraliterque circinatis; vertice centrali,
spira perspicud, ad dextram revoluta ; lamind internd, simplici incurvd.

Shell variable, with an orbicular base, elevated or depressedly conical, sometimes
nearly discoidal, generally smooth in its young state, often with one or more rows of
imbricated and elevated spines; vertex central, with a visible spire, and a sharp
and arcuated diaphragm, reflected and folded centrally.

Diameter of base, 1} inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton, Gedgrave, Ramsholt.

Red Crag, passim. Recent, British Seas.

Small specimens of this species are abundant in the Coralline as well as in the
Red Crag. In my Catalogue the large squamose and imbricated specimens were
supposed to have constituted another species; but on an examination of more
specimens, the distinction is lost by the imperceptible gradation and intermingling ,the
one with the other, and the line of demarcation cannot be pointed out. Some specimens
are much elevated, like a Chinese Cooly’s cap; while others are so depressed as to be
almost discoidal. Some are imbricated all over the surface, while others have one,
sometimes two, rows of elevated spines.* M. Philippi considers P. muricata, Broc.,
as only a variety, and I am of the same opinion.

* CatypTr#a CHINENSIS.—Vestiges of these spines may be detected in the recent British specimens,
even in those which do not exceed three eighths of an inch in diameter, although shells of that size are

160 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Trecrura,* Audown and M. Edwards, \830.
Pareua (spec.) Linn.
Lorria. J. EL. Gray, 1833.
Acmma. Esch. 1833.
PaTELLoIDA. Quoy and Gaimard.
PATELLOIDEA. Cantraine.
Hetcion. D’Orb.
Parenta (sect.) Lovén, 1846.

Gen. Char. Shell symmetrical, conical, patelliform, generally depressed, and rather
thin, often subhyaline and smooth, or faintly radiated upon the exterior; vertex
eccentric, inclining towards the anterior; base ovate, more or less elongate; muscular
impression, of a horse-shoe form, open in front.

This genus has been established entirely upon the animal inhabitant, by which
alone it can be distinguished; as in the form of the shell with its radiating marks, a
well as in the shape of the muscular impression, it is precisely similar to Patella.
The generic position of fossil species can on that account only be determined by their
presumed identity with well-known recent shells. The animal, however, is said not to
have its branchie like those of Patella, and it is now placed in a different order.
Mr. Gray informed me that his Paper, describing the animal, was read at the
Zoological Society in June, 1833, and was published during that year. The name
of Acmeea bears also a date of the same year, but Tectura, on the authority of that
gentleman, was published in 1830, and of course has the precedence.

The shells of this genus are generally thinner, more fragile, and more finely striated
than those of Patella; but these characters are variable and insufficient for generic
determination. M. d’Orbigny is of opinion that the Patelliform shells of the older
rocks were animals belonging to this genus, but the reason for this opinion is not
given.

considered as smooth, with only the visible lines of growth. The diaphragm is largely reflected over the
columella, and the outer edge sharp and arched, extending within a short distance of the margin of the
shell. This is a dextral shell, and regularly spiral. Specimens of this species, from the Red Crag, are
completely enveloped externally, with an agglomerated mass of cellepora; a probable incrustation when the
animal was living, as in no instance has it extended beyond the margin into the interior, which is perfectly
clear.

* Etym. Tectura, a covering.

GASTEROPODA. 161

1. TecTuRA VIRGINEA. Mill. Tab. XVIII, fig. 6, a—e.
PATELLA VIRGINEA. Miill. Zool. Dan. p. 13, pl. 12, fig. 4-5, 1773.
— parva. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. t. 8, fig. 11, 1778.
— — Mont. Test. Brit. p. 480, 1803.
— equaLis. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 139, var. 8, 1816.
— = Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 349. pl. 35, fig. 5, 1844.
var. 8, contca. Jeffreys.
PATELLA PULCHELLA. Forbes ex Lovén. 1846.
Lorrra virGInpa. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
AcM@®A VIRGINEA. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. xxxi, 1844.

T. Testd tenui, clypeiformi, conicd, depressa vel elevatd ; suborbiculari vel ovata ;
radits obsoletis ; vertice obtuso ; margine integro.

Shell shield-shaped, with an ovate base, elevated or depressed, externally radiated;
radii nearly obsolete ; vertex obtuse, eccentric ; margin smooth.

Longest diameter of base, : of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton, Bawdsey, and Brightwell. Recent, Britain.

There are two varieties of this species, neither of which is very rare: var. a (fig. @)
is ovate, longer than broad, and depressed, with a very eccentric apex; var. f (fig. ¢),
P. conica, Seff., has a subcircular base, and a more elevated vertex.

The muscular impression in this shell is precisely similar to that in Patella, and,
from the shell alone, could not be distinguished. The apex in all my specimens is
more or less eroded. In var. a, the vertex is not more than a quarter of the longest
diameter from the anterior margin, with an elevation of scarcely one third; in var. f,
the vertex is equally eccentric, but the base is less ovate, and its height is equal to
two thirds of the longest diameter.

2. TecturaA FuLVA. Miller. Tab. XVIII, fig. 7, a—é.
Paretia FULVA. Miiller. Zool. Dan. t. 24, fig. 1-3, 1773.
— Forest. Smith. Wern. Mem. vol. viii, p. 59, pl. 2, fig. 3, 1838.
— acuminata(?). Grateloup. Bord. Foss. pl. 1, fig. 8-10, 1837.
Catyprrza(?) Dusots. De Montp. pl. 4, fig. 10-11, 1831.
Paretia FULVA. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 26, 1846.

T. Testd minutd, tenui, ovatd, depressd, striata; striis longitudinalibus regularibus,
tuberculatis, vel granulatis : vertice eccentrico, acutiusculo.

Shell small, and thin, with an ovate base, depressedly conical, covered with regular
tuberculated or granulated rays; vertex eccentric, and rather sharp.

Longitudinal diameter, %,; transverse diameter, ¥,; altitude, ¥; of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British and North Seas.

This is by no means a rare shell in the Coralline Crag. The form of the base is
ovate, rather narrower on the anterior portion, with a very eccentric vertex; the
shell is generally depressed, although some specimens are somewhat elevated ; and the

21

162 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

vertex is generally eroded; when perfect, it is rather acute. The rays are regular in
distance upon the same specimen, though very variable in number. A recent specimen,
obligingly sent to me by William Thompson, Esq., for comparison, is perfectly ovate in
the base, with more numerous rays than in the generality of my specimens, which
are, however, rather variable in that character; when perfect, the tuberculated rays
will distinguish it, and may be considered a fair identification.

Some small specimens from the Red Crag, which had been considered as the young
of 7. virginea, may possibly belong to this species, as they are the same in form, but,
having lost the tubercles or granules from the rays, cannot be distinguished. The
specimen sent by Mr. Thompson was dredged in deep water off Cape Clear by
Mr. M‘Andrew.

3. TEcTurA (?) PARVULA. Woodward. Tab. XVIII, fig. 8, a—é.
Lorrra parvuLta. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
PaTELLA PARVULA. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 1, 1833.

T. Testd oblongo-ovatd, elongatd, costaté vel radiata ; interstitiis, longitudinaliter
tenuissime striatis ; vertice obtuso, eccentrico.

Shell oblong-ovate, elongate, costated, or rather radiated, very finely striated
between the rays, with an obtuse vertex before the centre of the shell.

Length, }; breadth, 4, of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton.

This shell appears to be rare. My cabinet contains but one specimen, which, with
two others belonging to Mr. Wigham, are all I have seen; it agrees with Woodward's
figure, but I am not acquainted with any recent form that it precisely resembles ; it
differs from either of the other species in the fewer number and subangular form of
its rays as well as in the more oblong form of its base. Between the rays the shell is
covered with very fine longitudinal striz, and the margin is crenulated. This may
possibly be the young of an elongated variety of Patella vulgata.

ScIsSURELLA,* D’ Orbigny, 1823.

Gen. Char. Shell small, thin, and fragile, subglobose, with, generally, a depressed
spire; aperture subcircular or ovate, modified by the elevation or depression of the
spire; peritreme sharp, with a deep sinus or slit, sometimes an oblong foramen in the
outer lip, with a sort of double keel on the outside formed by the reflected edge of the
sinus ; base of the shell with a generally large, open, and deep umbilicus.

The animal of this genus is at present unknown, and its position is, consequently,

* Etym. Scissus, cut, divided, a scindo.

GASTEROPODA. 163

uncertain; the sinus in the outer lip resembles that of Pleurotomaria. Mr. Gray has
placed it among the Haliotidee.

1. SCISSURELLA CRISPATA. Fem. Tab. XV, fig. 138.
ScISSURELLA CRISPATA. Fem. Hist. Brit. Animals, p. 366, 1828.
_ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
- ASPERA (?), Phil. En. Moll. Sic. p. 160, t. 25, fig. 17, 1844.

Sc. Testa orbiculato-ovatd, heliciformi, vertice depresso ; anfractibus tribus, convexis ;
tn medio cingulis duobus transversis instructis ; longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis elegantissimeé
curvatis, interstitiis transversim striatis.

Shell orbiculato-ovate, with a depressed apex; volutions three, convex, and rather
tumid, with a double keel in the middle or outermost portion of the volution ; longi-
tudinally plicated, with elegantly curved and crispated ridges, between which it is
spirally striated.

Diameter, +, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Scottish Coast.

I have unfortunately but one slightly injured specimen, having a part of the outer
lip destroyed; however, what remains corresponds so well with Dr. Fleming’s clear
and copious description, that I have no hesitation in assigning it to his species. It
appears to be rather less elevated in the spire than Sc. aspira, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic.
1844, vol. ii, p. 160, t. 25, f. 17), which it otherwise much resembles.*

EMARGINULA, Zam. 1801.
Emareinutus. Montf. 1810.
SuBEMARGINULA. Blainv. 1825.
Hemitoma. Swains. 1840.
Ciypipina. Gray, 1847.

Gen. Char. Patelliform, conical, or clypeiform; vertex more or less elevated,
and curving slightly backwards ; aperture elongato-oval ; anterior margin with a fissure,
thickened within ; exterior generally raised and decussated ; muscular impression open
in front.

Several shells, possessing this patelliform character, with a fissure in front for the
passage of the water to the branchiz, but differently situated, were placed by Lamarck

* Since the above was written I regret to say that the specimen, while in the hands of the engraver,
was lost. The figure above referred to is, I believe, a faithful representation of what it was.

164 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

in this genus ; they have recently been separated into distinct genera, according to the
position of this aperture. In this genus the margin is cut by the fissure ; in Rimula the
slit is removed into the middle of the anterior portion, leaving the margin entire; in
Cemoria the aperture is in front of the vertex on the top, thereby connecting it
with Fissurella, from the young of which it is scarcely to be distinguished. The
muscular impression nearly surrounds the shell a little above the margin, leaving
an opening in front for the head of the animal. As the shell is enlarged, this muscular
mark is removed and probably covered with fresh calcareous matter, as this necessarily
varying impression is nowhere to be seen in the upper or younger portion of the
shell. The genus made its first appearance, as far as is yet known, in the Oolitic

period.

1. EMARGINULA FissuRA. Linn. Tab. XVIII, fig. 3, a—é.
PatELLa FissuRA. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1261.
— Miller. Zool. Dan. t. 24, fig. 1-3, 1773.
EMARGINULA RETICULATA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 74, 1815.
_ — Nyst. Nouv. rech. Coq. foss. Prov. d’Anv. p. 16.
a FIssuRA. Dward. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii, p. 273, 1837.
— — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 350, pl. 35, fig. 6, 1844.
= — S. Wood. Catalogue 1842, var. a, VULGARIS, fig. 3, a.
_ _ - - - var. 3, PUNCTURA, fig. 3, 6.
_ RrospA. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 133, fig. 79, 1844.

EB. Testa elevatd, conicd, costellaté ; costelis longitudinalibus, striisque transversis
cancellatd ; vertice recurvo; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; margine crenulata.

Shell elevated and conical; with the vertex slightly recurved; longitudinally
costated, and transversely decussated ; coste generally alternating, one large and one
small; base of shell oblongo-ovate, with a crenulated margin.

Longitudinal diameter of base 5; Altitude and breadth, % of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, passim. Recent, Britain.

An abundant shell in both formations. In the young state the recurved vertex is
distinctly visible ; in large specimens it is not seen. The shell is very variable in its
proportions, some specimens not having a height more than half the longest diameter,
while, in others, it is even higher than long: the vertex, in some is nearly central,
and in others it hangs as far back as the basal margin, and even beyond it. The
exterior is regularly decussated, leaving large and deep alveoli upon the surface; the
fissure is narrow, thickened internally, especially round the upper part, and in length
about one third of the height. What I had considered as a distinct species, and
published in my Catalogue under the name of punctura, is probably only an extreme
variety, with a worn and altered surface. In this shell (fig. 3, 4,) the margin does

GASTEROPODA. 165

not appear to have been periodically thickened, so that the longitudinal cost, which
are 20—22, stand prominently out, and the shell appears striated with small punctures
between them; these small holes are probably the alveoli left by the decussating
margin. In most of the specimens of the more common variety the coste are all
equally prominent, and decussated by the thickened margin; in others, these cost
appear to alternate, one large and one small. In this variety there are from three
to five striz or costule between the more elevated ribs, which are also rounded
and smooth. In the common variety the costz are made rough and nodulous by the
thickened margin of the shell.

Specimens of this species are occasionally loaded with a mass of cellepora.

In some specimens the rays are all equally prominent, amounting to upwards of
sixty, but in the greater number there is a smaller intermediate one.

2. EMARGINULA CRASSA. J. Sow. Tab. XVIII, fig. 2, a—e.
EMARGINULA CRASSA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 33, 1813.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 352, pl. 36, fig. 3, 1844.
— Forbes. An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv, p. 410, pl. 10, fig. 1, 1844.

E. Testé conicd, depressd, vel convexd, costatd ; costis tenuibus, radiantibus, crebris ;
striis transversis granulosis decussalis ; aperturd ovatd ; margine crenulatd; rima valde
excavatda.

Shell depressedly conical and striated, with the anterior dorsal portion convex ;
longitudinally striated and transversely decussated; base ovate; margin crenulated ;
fissure large and deep.

Longitudinal diameter, 2 inches.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Ramsholt.

Red Crag, Sutton and Newbourn. Recent, British Seas.

I have only a few specimens of this shell from either formation. According to
Professor E. Forbes, the species is found living in the Scandinavian seas, and has
recently been dredged up alive by Mr. M‘Andrew off the Scottish coast. The
fissure is rather wide, and in depth about one fifth of the entire length of the anterior
portion, and the breadth of the base is less before than it is behind the vertex, which
is itself variable in position, as may be seen in the figures above referred to. The
longest diameter of my largest specimen measures two inches, and is from the Red
Crag, at Newbourn; but a larger individual has, I am informed, been obtained by
W. H. Alexander, Esq. of Ipswich.

Figs. c and e are from the Coralline Crag, Ramsholt.

166 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Cemoria,* Leach, 1819.
Diapora. Gray, 1821.
SypHo. Brown, 1827.
PuNcTURELLA. Lowe, 1828.
Rimuta. Lovén, 1846.
FissURELLA (spec.) lem.
PATELLA (spec.) Miill.

Gen. Char, Shell small, patelliform, like an Emarginula, with an ovate base, and
entire margin; apex elevated, slightly recurved; a perforation in the upper part of the
shell before the vertex, and a thickened plate within, above the fissure.

But one species of this genus is as yet known, and this has been placed with Fissurella,
from which, however, it is now determined to be perfectly distinct. It much resembles
the genus Rimula, in having its opening between the margin and the vertex, and
rather nearer to the latter ; but a recent species of the genus Rimula, in the British
Museum, shown me by J. E. Gray, Esq., has a fissure in the centre of the shell, without
the internal thickened plate of the present genus; but until more information is
obtained respecting the animal inhabitant, this may be considered as a distinct
genus.

1. CEMORIA NOACHINA. Linn. Tab. XVIII, fig. 5, a—e.

PATELLA NoacHINA. Linn. Mantissa, p. 551.

— FissurELLA. Mill. Zool. Dan. i, t. 24, fig. 4-6.
FissURELLA NoAcHINA. Lyell. Obs. upon the Elev. of Sweden.
PUNCTURELLA NOACHINA. Lowe. Zool. Journ. vol. iii, p. 77, 1828.
Sypno striata. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 36, fig. 14-16, 1827.
Crmoria Freminert. Leach. MS. 1819.

— NoaAcHINA. Gould. Iny. of Massachus. p. 156, fig. 18, 1841.

C. Testa conicd, crass, costatd, costis rugosis, confertis, inequalibus, radiantibus ;
vertice vie tntorto ; basi ovatd ; margine crenulata.

Shell strong, conical, and costated, with numerous rugose rays or costz, generally
alternating large and small, with the fissure of a triangular shape, and a deep muscular
impression.

Longest diameter of base, 3; altitude, § of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bridlington.

Recent, Arctic Seas, and Seas of Boreal America.

This is at present known as a Crag fossil only from the above locality. The
specimen figured is from the cabinet of Mr. Leckenby. One specimen, also, is among
the shells sent by Mr. Bean. There is, I conceive, but little doubt of its identity with

* Etym. (?)

GASTEROPODA. 167

the recent species. The form of the branchial aperture is nearly triangular, with the
base upwards, the point extending half way to the margin, with a thickened ridge or
plate within, above the fissure, and a muscular band extends round the posterior half
of the shell, about one third of its height from the margin; this muscular band
terminates in an extended angular-shaped impression on each side. The form of the
base is somewhat of an oblongo-ovate form, the posterior portion being rather the
broader.

Dr. Gould mentions this species as frequently taken in the stomachs of fishes upon
the coast of Massachusetts ; and has given, as a synonyme, the Patella apertura, Mont. ;
there is, I believe, no doubt of that shell being the young of Fissurella cancellata.

FissuRELLA,* Bruguiére, 1789.
Larva. Humph. 1797.
FrssuRELLUs. Montf. 1810.
LucaPina. Gray.

Puprintza. Id.
Macrocutsma. Swains. 1840.
FISSURIDEA. Id.
CLYPIDELLA. Id.
FissuRELLIDIA. D’ Ord.

Gen. Char. Shell depressedly conical, with an ovate base; an aperture in the
vertex, on the shorter side, towards the head of the animal; generally ovate, or of a
keyhole shape, sometimes contracted in the centre, sometimes tripartite; rayed or
costated upon the exterior, and often cancellated by the thickened edges of the different
periods of growth; margin generally thickened; muscular impression large, nearly
surrounding the interior.

This genus differs from Emarginula in having the perforation at the summit,
through which the water is conveyed to the branchie ; the opening is on the shorter
or anterior part of the shell; but in the very young state this aperture is nearly
central, with a small involute vertex, curving towards the posterior; and as the animal
increases in size, it has the power of absorbing or dissolving a portion of the shell, and
the aperture is thereby made larger, and thickened round the edge; the recurved
vertex is then lost, and in the full-grown shell no trace of it remains. From this great
difference in appearance between the young and old shells, Montague has made a
distinct species of the young state of our Crag shell, which he has named and described
as Patella apertura.

* Etym. The diminutive of Fissura, a fissure or cleft.

168 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

1. FissuRELLA GRaHcaA. Linn. Tab. XVIII, fig. 4, a—e.
Parerta Greca. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1262, 1766.
— canceLLaTa. Lister. t. 527, fig. 2, 1685.
— Graca. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 492, 1803.
— APERTURA. - - p- 491, t. 13, fig. 10.
— reticuLaTa. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 21, fig. 3.
FissuRELLA GRm=CA. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 483, 1826.
— Brown. Must. Brit. Conch. pl. 36, fig. 10-11, 1827.

SyPHO RADIATA. - - . pl. 36, fig. 20.
FissuRELLA GRmcA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 364, No. 362, 1828.
— APERTURA, - - No. 363.

= Grxca. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 353, pl. 35, fig. 7, 1844.
— cANCELLATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
_— — Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Fossils, 1843.

F. Testa clypeiformi, oblongo-ovatd, depresso-conica ; costis valde elevatis, lineisque
transversis cancellatis, ad intersectiones tuberculatis ; foramine ovato ; margine crenulatd.

Shell shield-shaped, or oblongo-ovate, covered with elevated rounded rays, decus-
sated by the thickened or slightly reflected lines of growth; aperture oval, thickened
within, and rather contracted in the middle; vertex truncated, or sloping towards the
anterior margin; margin slightly thickened and crenulated.

Longest diameter, 1% inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Ramsholt.

Red Crag, Sutton, Bawdsey, Newbourn, and Walton.
Recent, British Seas.

Young specimens of this shell are abundant in the Coralline Crag, in which the
involute vertex is remaining, but I have not seen this inflected portion on any shell
which has attained the length of one quarter of aninch. This species is subject to much
variation in form, but the posterior portion is always broader, as well as longer, than
the anterior; sometimes the shell is a good deal elevated, and the sides of the cone
convex; in others it is depressed, with the sides flat, inclining to concavity, from the
vertex to the margin, which is a little thickened and crenulated. The rays generally
alternate, one large and one small, though sometimes they are placed in sets, each
fifth one being more elevated than the others. Fig. 4 ¢ is the young state of this shell.
This is given as an Eocene fossil, by M. Deshayes, from Grignon.

GASTEROPODA. 169

Orv. TECTIBRANCHIATA.

Actzon,* Montf. 1810.
Votuta (spec.) Linn.
SotmpuLa. Fischer.
ToRNATELLA. Lam. 1816.

Gen. Char. Shell ovate, convolute, subcylindrical, with a more or less elevated
spire; striated or sulcated in a transverse or spiral direction; aperture linear, narrow
above, rounded below; outer lip plain, generally sharp; columella spiral, with tooth-
like projection ; operculum corneous.

1. Actrzon Nom. J. Sow. Tab. XIX, fig. 6, a—é.
Acrzon Nom. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 374, 1822.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Tornatetta Nox. WNyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 424, pl. 37, fig. 22, 1844.

A. Testa ovato-elongatd vel subcylindraced ; spird conoided ; anfractibus septem vel octo
conveviusculis, transversim striatis; suturis depressis, subcanaliculatis ; columella uniplicatd,
labro acuto, intus sulcato.

Shell elongato-ovate, or subcylindrical, with a conical spire ; whorls slightly convex,
regularly striated, or rather sulcated, transversely; suture deep, subcanaliculated ;
aperture linear ; outer lip sharp, with the strize visible within.

Azis, 1 inch; diameter, 3.

Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze and Brightwell.

This species is not very rare at the above locality, though, from its extreme
fragility, it is difficult to obtain in perfect condition. The shell appears to have
undergone a slight diminution in magnitude, and to have shrunk from the inner lip,
perhaps from the loss of a more than ordinary quantity of animal matter. It is con-
sidered here as differing from A. ¢orzatilis in having the spire rather shorter, and a
deeper and more distinct canal at the suture, which, however, might be produced by
the shrinking of the shell; but the upper part of the volution is more rounded, and the
striz are regularly distributed over the surface, sometimes single, sometimes in pairs.
In the recent British shell they are larger and coarser at the base, and the fold upon
the columella is smaller. The deep sulci of the exterior are visible within at all ages
from the thinness of the shell. Aperture three fourths of the length of axis.

* Etym. <Act@on, a proper name.

22

170 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. AcT#oN TORNATILIS. Linn. Tab. XIX, fig. 5, a—é.
VoLuTa TORNATILIS. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1187, 1758.
= Mont. Test. Brit. p. 231, 1803.
ToORNATELLA FASCIATA. Ency. Méth. pl. 452, fig. 3, 1816.
Acton stRIATUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 460, fig. 2, 1824.
TORNATELLA TORNATILIS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 336, 1828.
— rascrata. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 166, 1836.
AcTmon ToRNATILIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
—_— Morris. Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 138, 1843.
ToRNATELLA FasciaTa. Desh. 2d edit. Lam. ix, p. 41, 1843.
— striata. Wyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 426, pl. 37, fig. 24, 1844.
—_ TORNATILIS. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 143, 1844.

A. Testi ovato-cylindraced ; spird conoided; apice acuto; anfractibus sex convexiusculis ;
transversim striatis; columella uniplicatd ; labro acuto, intus non sulcato.

Shell ovato-cylindrical, with a slightly elevated spire, and acute apex; volutions
six, slightly convex; finely striated on the body of the shell, more coarsely so at the
base ; columella with one fold; outer lip sharp, ridges not visible on the inside.

Axis, 2; diameter, 3, of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

Of this species I have found but very few specimens, from either the Red or
Coralline Crag. It appears to be distinct from the preceding, and I do not perceive any
sufficient character by which it can be separated from the recent British species. The
upper part of the volution is flatter than in 4. zoe, the aperture being sharply acu-
minated at the junction of the outer lip with the body whorl, and consequently it has not
so high a shoulder. Mr. Sowerby must have had an imperfect specimen for his figure,
as, in his description, he says “columella without a plait ;” in my specimens the fold
is very distinct, though less prominent than in 4. zoe. Aperture three fifths of the
length of the axis.

3. AcT#ON suBuLATUS. S. Wood. Tab. XIX, fig. 7, a—é.

Actmon supuLAtus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

A, Testa elongato-ovatd, subulaté ; spird elevatd, apice acuto; anfractibus septem
convexiusculis, subdepressis, transversim tenuissimé striatis; aperturd ovato-angusta ;
columella uniplicata.

Shell elongato-ovate, tapering, with an elevated spire, and acute apex; whorls
seven, slightly convex, somewhat depressed, transversely striated; strize broader and
coarser at the base ; outer lip thin, with an obtuse fold upon the columella.

Avis, 2 of an inch.

Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.

GASTEROPODA. 17]

This 1s not so rare as the preceding species, from which it appears to differ, in
being more elongated, with a more acuminated apex, and with the volutions less
convex. The aperture in this measures about half the entire length of the shell, but
that is a character liable to vary, and not alone to be depended upon, as those
proportions would alter by the simple elevation or depression of the spire. This species
has a more attenuated form, and the plication or fold upon the columella is less
prominent than that of the preceding.

4. AcT£oON LEVIDENSIS. S. Wood. Tab. XIX, fig. 4, a—4é.
Meuanta auricuLa (?). Grat. Bord. foss. p. 7, pl. 5, fig. 4, 1838.
AcT@ON LEVIDENSIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TORNATELLA ELONGATA (?). Myst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 426, pl. 37, fig. 23, 1844.

A. Testé minutd, turrito-cylindricd, spird elevatd ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus quinque
converiusculis, transversim regulariter sulcatis; sulcis imbricatis ; apertura angusta ;
columella uniplicata.

Shell small, tapermg, and elongate, subcylindrical, thick and strong, with an
elevated spire, and obtuse apex; whorls five, slightly convex; striated or sulcated
transversely ; suture distinct and deep, with an obtuse fold upon the columella ; outer
lip sharp, slightly curved.

Axis, > of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have found fifty specimens of this species, nearly all of the same size, and pre-
sume it to be a full-grown shell. It is covered with elevated transverse strize, or rather
ridges, amounting to about twelve or fourteen, in the last volution, the furrows
between which are decussated by elevated lines of growth, and it has an obtuse fold
upon the columella. Melania auricula, Grateloup, may possibly be the same as our
shell, but the figure by that author represents his species as much larger, and without
a fold upon the columella; and his description, “ transversim subtillissimé striata,”
does not correspond with our shell, in which the striz or ridges are very broad, flat
on the top, and smooth. M. Nyst, at p. 426, speaks of Yornatella elongata as an
English Crag shell; I have carefully compared my Barton specimens of what I con-
sider to be Sowerby’s Acteon elongatus, and they are, I think, quite distinct from my
Crag specimens, and Mr. Edwards could not identify any of his Eocene shells with my
Crag species.

Both the Crag and Barton species were sent by myself to the Count du Chastel
some years since, and a mistake respecting the localities may have occurred.

172 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

Buuua,* Klein, 1753.
Atys. Monéf. 1810.
BuLuvs. Id.
Ruizorvs. Id.
ScapHanper. Id.
Aptustrum. Schum. 1817.

ASSULA. Id.
Hypatina. Id.
Navcum. Id.
DrapHana. Brown, 1827.
Rertusa. Id.
VoLvARIA. Id.

CYLINDRELLA. Swains. 1840.
Buttina. Ferrusac.
Cyiticuna. Lovén. 1846.
AmpnHyspHyra. Id.
AutcuLa. LEhrenb. (ex Lovén.)

Gen. Char. Shell ovate or cylindrical, the last whorl sometimes entirely enveloping
the preceding ones; convulute upon a nearly horizontal axis, with a spire generally
visible, but always short; aperture the length of the shell, effuse at the lower part,
and narrow above ; often striated or ornamented on the exterior, sometimes smooth
and glossy; texture thick, opaque, corneous or subhyaline; outer lip sharp and
smooth.

Shells belonging to this genus, but possessing a visible and slightly elevated spire,
have been separated from it and united into a genus, under the name Bullina; such
characters, depending merely upon the deviation from the horizontal form of volution,
or rather upon the elevation or depression of the outer lip, are not satisfactory, and the
gradation from the visible and elevated spire, to the truly spindle-shaped form produced
by the elevation and acumination of the upper part of the outer lip is imperceptible.

The animal, it is said, is remarkable for not having antenne, and for the foot being
laterally expanded, so as to be used in the way of fins, to swim with, and the mantle
does not include the shell.

Many of the species are found in shallow water, while others have a considerable
range in depth, and some are frequenters of estuaries.

Mr. Bean appears to have found this genus in the cornbrash, and one is also
figured in the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society’ as from the Wealden formation.
Numerous species are known in the Eocene period, and it is widely extended as a
recent genus, being found in all parts of the world, and not restricted to any climate.
Those found in the Crag, identical with existing species, are either British or Northern
forms.

* Etym. A bubble.

GASTEROPODA. 173

1. Butia tigNarta. inn. Tab. XXI, fig. 8, a—é.
Buta tiGNarta. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1184, No. 379, 1766.
— Donovan. Brit. Shell, t. 27, 1807.
_ Mont. Test. Brit. p. 205, 1803.
ScAPHANDER LIGNARIUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. p. 334, 1810.
_— LigNARIA. Leach. Moll. 1820.
_ LIGNARIUS. ovén. Ind. Moll. Scan. p. 10, 1846.
BULLA LIGNARIA. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 38, fig. 23-24, 1827.
— Broc. Conch. foss. Subapenn. t. 2, p. 274.
_ Dujardin. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. 11, pl. 2, p. 275, 1837.
a Phil. En Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 95, 1844.
— S. Wood. Must. Mag. Nat. Hist. pl. 7, fig. 14, 1839.
-- Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 452, pl. 39, fig. 5, 1844.
_— Enc. Method. pl. 359, fig. 3, A.B.
B. Testa ovatd, tenui, laxé convolutd, versus spiram attenuata, transversim striata,
spird truncatd, depressd ; labro arcuato ; sine umbilico.
Shell ovate and thin, slightly convolute, rather contracted towards the spire, with
a large expanded aperture, ovate, rounded at the lower part ; transversely or spirally

striated upon the exterior; strie distant, impressed; vertex truncate, with a slightly
depressed spire.

Avis, 1 inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas and Mediterranean.

I have been able to obtain only a few specimens of this shell, which appears to be
identical with the well-known recent British species. M. Nyst, in the work above
referred to, has given as asynonyme, B. lignaria, Deshayes (Coq. foss. des Env. de
Paris, pl. 5, f. 4-6), thereby considering this as an Eocene species. I am not
acquainted with the Paris basin-shell, but a species somewhat resembling this, from
Barton, in the cabinet of Mr. Edwards, and which I imagine to be the same, differs in
several particulars; it is more elongate, less expanded, more closely and regularly
striated, with the striz beautifully punctured, and is, I think, a distinct species,
probably Bulla Fortisiz, Brongniart.

2. Butta conutus. Desh. Tab. XXI, fig. 2, a—e.
Butta conutus. Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Par. p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 34-36, 1837.
_ _ Grat. Foss. de Bord. p. 51, pl. 3, fig. 4-5, 1838.
— aneistoma(?). Grat. - p. 52, fig. 6-7.
— ovyunata(?). Dubois. Foss. de Volhyn. p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 13-14, 1831.
— conutus. S. Wood. Illust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. pl. 7, fig. 6, 1839.

B. Testi minutd, ovato-conicd, politd ; transversim tenuissimé striata ; spird occulta ;
vertice infundibuliformi ; aperturd superné angustissimd ; basi dilatata ; columella in erne

obsolete uniplicata.
Shell small, ovato-conical, covered externally with fine and distant transverse striz

174 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

impressed upon a glossy surface; spire hidden; vertex umbilicated or funnel-shaped ;
aperture narrow above, and expanded below; left lip slightly replicate, with an
obscure fold upon the columella.

Avis, + of an inch; diameter, 3.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This is by no means a rare species at the above locality. It differs a little, as might
be expected, from the Paris basin-shell but not sufficiently to entitle it to specific
distinction.

In perfect specimens the strize may be observed over the whole surface, though
most distinct upon the base of the volution; when seen, they appear fewer and more
distant than upon the French Eocene specimens, which are rather more elongate or
less conical, with a rounded vertex. In the Crag shell the upper part of the lip is
rather sharp, producing a funnel-shaped depression at the spire.

3. Butta acuminata. Brug. Tab. XXI, fig. 7, a—e.
Butta acuminata. Brug. Enc. Méth. Vers. tom. 1, p. 376, 1789.
— Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 122, t. 7, fig. 18, 1836.
— Phil. - = vol. ii, p. 96, 1844.

e
— Grat. Not. sur les Fam. des Bull. p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 43-44, 1837.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 457, t. 39, fig. 11, 1844.
CynicHna acuminata. Lovén. Ind Moll. Scand. p. 10, 1846.
(Not Butta acuminata of Min. Conch.)

B. Testa minutd, subfusiformi, superne parum attenuatd, sed acuminata, subtus rotun-
data ; in medio levissimé ad basim striata ; apertura angusté lineart, inferné perparum
latiore ; columella basi obsoleté uniplicata.

Shell small, subfusiform; outer lip contracted, and acuminated at the upper
extremity, rounded at the lower part, smooth and glossy in the middle, finely striated
at the extremities; strize thicker, and more distinct around the base; aperture linear,
expanded slightly below, with an obsolete fold upon the columella.

Avis, } of an inch; diameter, its length.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean and British Seas.

An abundant species in the Coralline Crag, but I have found it only in one locality.
In my Catalogue this name was given with doubt, as in the descriptions at the above
references, it is spoken of as “ leevissima,” and the figures do not well represent our shell.
Mr. Alder, however, informs me that he has lately obtaimed a specimen in Lamlash Bay,
and that Mr. Barlee got one also from Loch Fyne, both of which are striated ; the striz
upon the Mediterranean shell have, in all probability, been overlooked, as they are
present in the British specimens. This shell being convolute upon a nearly horizontal
axis, the spire is of course hidden, the outer lip being elevated, and so contracted at
the upper part as to give it the appearance of having an acuminated apex, and instead
of approaching Bullina it might be said to form a passage into Ovula, through

GASTEROPODA. 175

Ov. patula, which has a non-reflected outer lip. The shell differs from the general
character of this genus only in the acuminated form of the upper part of the outer lip,
with the fold at the base, as in Bulla, and not above, as in Ovula, and it is not regularly
bicanaliculated. The strize are most distinct upon the base of the volution, but there
are also a few visible at the upper part, whilst, upon the body of the shell, at least in
my specimens, it is smooth and glossy.*

4. BULLA CYLINDRACEA. Penn. Tab. XXI, fig. 1, a—c.
BULLA cyLInDRACEA. Pennant. Brit. Zool. vol. iv, t. 70, fig. 85, 1776.
a Mont. Test. Brit. p. 221, t. 7, fig. 2, 1802.
— Don, Brit. Shells, vol. iv, t. 120, fig. 2, 1805.
BuLLA convoLutTa. Broce. Coq. foss. Subapenn. t. i, fig. 7, 1814.
_ J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 464, fig. 1, 1824.
Votyaria cyLrnprica. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 38, fig. 36-37, 1827.
Butta convotuta. Grat. Not. sur la Fam. des Bull. pl. 3, fig. 37, 1837.
— Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 97, 1844.
— Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 454, pl. 39, fig. 6, 1844.
BuLLa cy~inpracea. S. Wood. Ilust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. pl. 7, fig. 8, 1839.
CYLINDRELLA ALBA. Swains. Treat. on Malac. p. 326, fig. 94 4, 1840.
CyLicHNa cyLInpRacEA. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 10, 1846.

B. Testa cylindrica crassé ; tenuissimé striata ; aperturd lineari, versus basim parum
dilatata ; vertice truncato, depresso ; spird occulta ; columella obtusé uniplicatd.

Shell elongato-cylindrical, convolute, upon a nearly horizontal axis, covered with
fine, transverse, regular strie; aperture linear, dilated at the base, with an obtuse
fold upon the columella; vertex depressed, concave, with a hidden spire.

Avis, 3 of an inch; diameter, * its length.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

This species is very abundant at one locality in the Coralline beds, but is very rare
as a Red Crag shell. The volution being nearly horizontal, the outer lip is carried
above the spire, and there is a little inflection of the shell at that part which covers
what would otherwise be a perforation ; a small hole may be occasionally seen, but it
is generally closed.

Among my Crag fossils, as well as among my recent specimens, are individuals
both smooth and striated, but the condition of the latter is, I believe, dependent upon
the state of preservation of the exterior. Ina recent state it is covered by an epidermis,
and then the strize are well seen. In the description by the above-quoted authors,

* Since the above was written I have seen the recent shell from the Mediterranean, which is rather
more cylindrical, less regularly fusiform, and the pointed portion of the upper lip less acuminated, with
a few faint strie upon the base; such differences are probably only the result of locality, and cannot be
considered specific.

176 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

this shell is spoken of as perfectly smooth; but their examination must have been of
ill-preserved individuals, the strize being very minute and little impressed, they are
easily obliterated.

A specimen from the Mammaliferous Crag, near Norwich (fig. 1 4), was found by
Mr. Wigham; it has a diameter greater than three fifths of its axis, with a curved or
semicircular outer lip, and is, I imagine, only a variety of this species.

5. Butua concinna. 8S. Wood. Tab. XXI, fig. 6, a—e.
Butta concinna. S. Wood. Mliust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839. p. 463, pl. 7, fig. 7.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

B. Testé minutd, subcylindraced, tenui, fragil ; transversim tenuissimé, striata, et
longitudinaliter decussatd ; vertice umbilicato ; spird inclusd ; columella obsolete uniplicata.

Shell small, subcylindrical, thin, and fragile, finely striated transversely, and
decussated by the lines of growth; vertex umbilicated; spire hidden; inner lip slightly
replicate, with an obsolete fold upon the columella.

Avis, } of an inch; diameter, ? of its length.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Unfortunately, since the publication of the description of this species at the
above references, I have not found a specimen larger or more perfect than what I
then possessed. It is very probable that this may be the young of Bulla clathrata,
Defrance, B. Zarbelliana, Grateloup, Bord. foss. p. 58, f. 29-30. The principal
difference appears to be in the size, although, from the figures, our shell is rather less
cylindrical, with an obtuse fold upon the columella, which is most visible in broken
specimens. I have left it with my own name for the present, until some better
specimens are found to confirm either the one or the other.

6. BULLA TRUNCATA. Adams. Tab. XXI, fig. 3, a—e.

Butta TRuNcATA. Adams. Linn. Trans. V, t. 1, fig. 1-2, 1797.
— — Mont. Test. Brit. p. 223, t. 7, fig. 5, 1803.
— retusa. Maton and Rack. Linn. Trans. vol. vii, 1807.

VoLvaRiA RETUSA. Brown, Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 38, fig. 17-18, 1827.

Butta TRuNcATA. lem. Brit. Animals, p. 293, 1828.
— sEMisutcaTA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 123, t. 7, fig. 9, 1836.
— suprruncata. S. Wood. Mlust. Mag. Nat. Hist. pl. 7, fig. 9, 1839.
— mruncata. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 96, 1844.
_— _ S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

CyLicHNA TRUNCATA. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 10, 1846.

B. Testd pusilla, cylindrica, levigatd ; basi viv dilatatd ; apertura superné anguste
lineari ; inferné paululum latiore; vertice truncato, vel laté umbilicato; spird distinctd,
plica ad basim columelle parum manifesta.

Shell minute, cylindrical, and smooth, with a little contraction in the middle, or

GASTEROPODA. 177

rather dilated at the base; aperture linear, a little expanded below; vertex truncated,
slightly depressed, with an obtuse almost invisible fold upon the base of the columella.

Avis, + of an inch; diameter, +.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British, Mediterranean, and Arctic Seas.

This is rather scarce as a Coralline Crag fossil. The longitudinal lines of growth,
so distinctly visible on the upper part of the recent shell, are not to be seen in my
specimens, which are probably worn smooth. It differs from the young of B. cylindracea
in having a distinct spire, in being smooth, transversely, and in its form, which is
rather dilated below, like &. Regulbiensis, but it is more elongated than that shell, and
appears to be intermediate between the two.

7. Butta REGULBIENSIS. Adams. Tab. XXI, fig. 4, a—c.
Butta Recurprensis. Adams. Micros. p. 640, t. 14, fig. 28, 1798.
— — Turt. Edit. Linn. vol. iv, p. 351, 1806.
— optusaA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 223, pl. 7, fig. 3, 1803.
_— —_ Flem. Brit. An. p. 293, 1828.
Vorvarta Recuiprensis. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 38, fig. 12, 1827.

ReETUSA OBTUSA. - . - pl. 38, fig. 5-6.
— _ PLICATA. - - - pl. 38, fig. 1-2.
— DISCORS. - - - - pl. 38, fig. 3-4.

Butta minuTA. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 1833.
— ostusa. S. Wood. Ilust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. pl. 7, fig. 10, 1839.
— — S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

B. Testad minutd, subcylindricd ; spird distinctd, obtusd, aliquando elevaté ; anfractibus
quatuor vel quinque, in mediis coarctatis; suturis profundis ; aperturd ad basim dilatatd ;
labro arcuato.

Shell small, subcylindrical, with a distinct, sometimes slightly elevated, and obtuse
spire : volutions four or five, occasionally contracted in the middle ; suture deep ; outer
lip sharp and arched ; aperture dilated below; inner lip spreading, and without a fold
upon the columella.

Avis, : of an inch.

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, British Seas.

This species is, I believe, rare. It is, I presume, an Estuary species, as I have found
it recent, out of the reach of salt water, at low tides. Like most of the shells from the
Norwich Crag, the few specimens I have seen present considerable variation. Two
individuals, sent me by Mr. Wigham for description, resemble the recent shell more
than my own specimens, and indeed are rather more slender, while my own are less so.
Lines of growth are distinctly visible, and in my recent shell some obscure transverse
striae may be seen upon the lower half. Fig. 44 is from Mr. Wigham’s specimen.

23

178 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

8. Butta LasonKArREANA. Bast. Tab. XXI, fig. 5, a—e.
Buttina LasonKArREANA. Bast. Desc. Geol. du Bassin. Tert. du 8.0. dela France, pl. 1, fig. 25, 1825.
— Grat. Not. sur la Fam. des Bull. p. 64, pl. 3, fig. 45-46, 1838.
Butta sprrata. Dubois, de Montp. Foss. de Volhyn. pl. 1, fig. 11-12, 1831.

— TEREBELLATA. - - - - pl. 1, fig. 8-9.
— CLANDESTINA - - - - pl. 1, fig. 19-21.

— mammittaTa. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. 1, p. 122, t. 7, fig. 20, 1836.

— LasonKarrpana. Desh. 2d edit. Lam. Hist. des An. s. Vert. tom. vii, p. 678, 1836.
— — Dujard. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii, pt. 2, p. 237, 1837.
— oztvura. S. Wood. Mlust. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 365, pl. 7, fig. 11, 1839.

— Lasonxarrpana. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

B. Testd pusilla, cylindrica, levigatd ; spird brevi, apice obtuso ; suturis subcanah-
culatis ; aperturd superne angustd, lineari, inferné dilatatd ; plicd ad basim columella vie
distinct.

Shell minute, cylindrical, and smooth, with a conspicuous, slightly elevated spire,
and mammilated apex; suture distinct, subcanaliculated ; aperture linear, narrow at
the upper part and dilated below, with an obscure fold upon the columella.

Avis, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

My cabinet contains about twenty specimens of this species, but unfortunately,
all are in bad condition; there is, however, I think, no doubt about its identity.
The lower part of our shell is rather narrower than the upper. It appears subject
to a considerable variation in the amount of elevation of the spire, which would most
probably produce a like variation in its cylindrical character. All my specimens are
perfectly smooth, excepting the lines of growth.

9. Butta NANA. SS. Wood. Tab. XXI, fig. 13, a—d.
Buia NANA. SS. Wood. Catalogue in An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 461, pl. 5, fig. 1.

B. Testd pusilla, ewiqua, levigata, hyalind ; spird elevatd ; apice obtusiusculo ; anfrae-
tibus tribus convexiusculis ; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; labro acuto, arcuato ; aper-
turd ovata ; columella leviter recedente, via reflexd, umbilico parvo.

Shell very minute, thin, smooth, fragile, and semitransparent, with an elevated
spire and rather obtuse apex ; volutions slightly convex ; suture deep, subcanaliculated ;
aperture ovate; outer lip sharp and curved, deeply sinuated at the upper part; inner
lip slightly reflected, with a small but distinct umbilicus.

Avis, 4 a line; diameter, 2 the axis.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Of this delicate and pretty little shell I have found about half a dozen specimens,

GASTEROPODA. 179

one of which shows a peculiarly curved outer lip, sinuated or deeply cleft near the
suture, somewhat in the form of Stylifer astericola,

It slightly resembles 2B. Ayalina, Turt., but is much smaller, having the volutions
more convex, and without the flattened and angulated form of the upper part of the
volution of that species, nor is the apex so papilliform.

BuLttaa. Lamarck.
PuILINE. Ascanius. 1772 (ex Lovén).
Loparta. Mill. 1776.

Gen. Char. Shell ovato-globulous, thin, and fragile, subhyaline or semitransparent
in a recent state; slightly convolute, with a large and open aperture, and expanded
outer lip; spire small, sometimes hidden by the elevation of the outer lip.

In this genus the mantle is said by M. Deshayes, (second edition Lamarck, Hist.
Nat. des An. s. vert., vii, p. 664,) to be exceedingly large, covering the entire shell,
and rendering it invisible, and that the animal does not adhere by any muscle of
attachment. In some species, however, a deep muscular impression is made, and left
near the outer edge, both in the lower and upper part of it, as if the animal had
adhered very strongly to its shell.

1. Butta quaprata. SS. Wood. Tab. XXI, fig. 9, a—c.
BuLL#a QuapDRATA. S. Wood. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 461, pl. 7, fig. 1, 1839.
Butta auapRatTa. S. Wood. Catalogue in An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 460, 1842.
PHILINE scuruLUM. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 9, 1846.

B. Testa pusilla, aperta, subquadratda, tenui; vertice truncato, subumbilicato ; anfractu
laxe convoluto, superné coarctato, striis divergentibus, cateniformibus ornato; margine
integro, inferne quadrato ; labio reflexo, sine umbilico ; apertura patentissimd.

Shell minute, thin, and fragile, of a subquadrate form, with a large and expanded
outer lip ; vertex truncated ; apex slightly depressed ; volution contracted at the upper
part, ornamented with diverging, punctured, or chain-like strie; inner lip expanded
over the umbilicus ; outer lip sharp; muscular impression deep and distinct.

Avis, +; diameter, + of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.

I have but one perfect specimen of this shell, which may possibly be the same
species as the one recently found and described by M. Lovén, in his ‘ Synopsis of the
Scandinavian Mollusca.’ The state of preservation of the exterior of my fossil is not

180 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

such as to permit of correct description, but it does not appear to correspond with the
“ fasciis binis incrassatis” of M. Lovén. Mr. Alder informs me that this species has
been found in a living state upon the coast of Northumberland. A slight contraction
in the upper part of the volution takes from the otherwise nearly quadrate contour of
the shell.

2. Butuma scutpta. 8. Wood. Tab. XXI, fig. 10, a—e.
Buta catenata. S. Wood. Mlust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 460, pl. 7, fig. 2, 1839.
ButL®a scutpeta. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

B. Testa pusilla, ovatd, tenui, fragili ; anfractibus superné coarctatis, densissime striatis ;
striis divergentibus, sculptis, cateniformibus ; spird depressd, via distinctd ; apertura
patente, labio acuto prominente, umbilico parvo.

Shell small, ovate, thin, and fragile; volutions slightly contracted round the upper
part ; spire depressed, scarcely visible; covered externally with diverging chain-like
striz ; outer lip curved; inner lip sharp and prominent, with a small umbilicus ; mus-
cular impression slightly visible.

Avis, +; diameter, } of an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Only two or three specimens of this elegant shell have as yet come into my pos-
session, and these appear somewhat to resemble 4. catena, Montague ; but a specimen
of the latter, obligingly sent to me by Mr. Alder, differs in the following characters :
—it has a wider aperture, is less convolute, more quadrate, or more expanded, in the
lower part of the outer lip, and wants the inflected and prominent portion of the mner
lip; a large series of both species might, perhaps, show a greater resemblance, but
there is sufficient difference in the specimens I possess to justify their being considered
as distinct. Bulla punctata, Adams, Lin. Trans. v. t. 1, f. 6—8, is stated by Dr. Turton,
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1834, p.353, to differ from &. catena in having distinctly-impressed
dots upon its surface, instead of oval, raised, chain-like strize, which form the lines in
B. catena, and the animal is said to be destitute of a gizzard. Our shell is covered
with regular chain-like striae, similar to those upon &. catena, and was, no doubt,
white and semitransparent in its recent state.

GASTEROPODA. 181

3. BULLZA SCABRA. Mill. Tab. XXI, fig. 12, a—e.
Logarta scABRA. Mill. Zool. Dan. t. 7, fig. 1, 1776.
ScapHANDER CATENATA. Leach. Moll. p. 55, 1820.
Buita pectinata. Dillwyn. Descrip. Catal. 1817.
— W. Wood. Ind. Test. 1828.
Buiiya Granutosa. Sars. Beskrivelser og Iagttagelser, p. 75, pl. 14, fig. 36, 1835.
Buuua ancustata. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. p. 121, t. 7, fig. 17, 1836.
BuLL#A PUNCTATA. - - vol. ii, p. 95, 1844.
Butta piuatata. S. Wood. Mlust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 462, pl. 7, fig. 3, 1839.
— carenata. S. Wood. Catalogue 1542.
— wrneonata(?). Gould. Invert. Massachus. p. 169, fig. 99, 1841.
Puinine scaspra. Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 9, 1846.
Butta. Encyclopédie Méthodique, pl. 360, fig. 3.

B. Testé angustd, subcylindraced, tenui fragili, inferne dilatatd ; densissimé striata,
striis divergentibus, cateniformibus ; spird distincta, convexd, obtusa; labro acuto, sine
umbilico.

Shell subcylindrical, thin, and fragile ; volutions loosely enrolled ; aperture elongate
and gaping, expanded at the lower part, externally striated, with impressed chain-like
diverging striz; outer lip sharp, a little curved; inner lip slightly reflected, and
without an umbilicus; muscular impression distinct and deep.

Azis, 4 an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Scottish Coast.

This is a very rare and an extremely fragile shell, and is no doubt identical with
the northern British species, which, in the recent state, is nearly transparent; that
character is, of course, lost in the fossil. The upper part of the volution is rather
rounded, causing a deep suture, or subcanal, around the spire, which is low and convex.
The beautiful chain-like strize encircle the upper part of the shell horizontally, but
diverge towards the base, running parallel to the inner lip; they are formed of small
oval depressions, like the links of a chain, visible from within, and producing, at the base
of recent individuals, a fimbriated edge. A slight contraction above the middle of the
volution is visible in some specimens, but not in all. The aperture is expanded at the
lower part, and a muscular impression is visible within the outer lip. This impression
is separated in the centre, and deeply impressed both above and below, as if the animal
adhered firmly to the shell; the outer lip is rounded at the upper part, and the spire is
always visible. The left lip is slightly reflected, forming a ridge, but there is no um-
bilicus. M. Philippi, in his second volume, has changed the name of azgustata to that
of punctata, Adams, which, | believe, is a very different shell.

182 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

4. ButyL#%A ventTROSA. S. Wood. Tab. XXI, fig. 11, a—e.
Buia ventRosa. S. Wood. Ilust. in Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 462. pl. 7, fig. 5, 1839.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

B. Testd pusilla, crassa, ventrosd, ovato-globosd ; spird occulta ; anfractibus paucis,
obliquas, lave convolutis, superné vie coarctatis, striatis; striis divergentibus, eacavato-
punctatis ; apertura ovali, inferné patente, dilatatd ; labio prominente, pone umbilicato.

Shell small, strong, ventricose, ovato-globose ; spire concealed by the elevation
of the outer lip; volutions few, slightly enrolled, covered externally, with numerous
regular, punctured, and diverging strizw: body of the whorl slightly contracted on
the upper half; aperture ovate, somewhat contracted above, expanded below ; inner
lip prominent, slightly reflected, with a small umbilicus behind it.

Avis, } of an inch; diameter, %.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

I have obtained only a few specimens of this shell. It somewhat resembles a minute
B. lignaria, but it has an umbilicus, and is otherwise distinct. My specimens appear
to have punctured lines, and not chain-like striz on the exterior; but they may,
perhaps, be in an altered condition. This may possibly be Bulla zonata, Turt. Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1834, p. 352, but the crown of our shell can scarcely be said to be
umbilicated; the outer lip is deeply cleft or sinuated, and disconnected up to the
vertex ; and the replication of the inner lip forms a distinct umbilicus. There is a
deep muscular impression running nearly parallel with the outer lip, which is regular
and continuous the whole length of the shell.

Orv. CYCLOBRANCHIATA. Cuv.

PaTELuaA. Linneus. 1758.

Gen. Char. Shell conical, clypeiform, with an oblong or ovate base; apex or
vertex subcentral, always more or less on the anterior portion; generally rayed,
striated, or costated, with a crenulated margin, occasionally smooth; muscular
impression, a ligulate band surrounding the interior, about half way up, open in front
for the head of the animal.

Animals of this genus differ from the fissured and keyhole limpets in having the
branchiz on the outer edge under the margin, and have, in consequence, been placed
in a different order. When living, the edge of the shell is generally slightly raised
from the rock, to admit the water to the branchiz, and the blade of a knife can easily
be passed under the margin of the shell, if undisturbed; but when alarmed, the water

GASTEROPODA. 183

and air are speedily expelled, and the shell then becomes so firmly fixed by atmospheric
pressure, as to be removed with great difficulty. Shells of this form have early made
their appearance, and several have been figured from the Secondary formations.

1. PATELLA vuLGATA. Jinn. Tab. XX, fig. 8, a—J.
PATELLA vuLGATA. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1258, 1758.
— vurearts. Da Costa. Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 3, t. 1, fig. 1-2, 1778.
— vuicata. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 475, 1803.
-- os Brown. lust. Brit. Conch. pl. 37, fig. 15, 1827.
— — Flem. Brit. An. p. 216, 1828.
— — Lam. Hist. des An. s. Vert. 2d edit. tom. 7, p. 535.
— -— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
“= — Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 26, 1846.

P. Testa ovato-conicd, depressd; vertice eccentrico; costis tenuibus, subangulatis,
mobricatis ; margine subdentato.

Shell shield-formed, ovate, and depressedly conical, with an eccentric vertex,
covered externally with low subangulated and subimbricated rays; margin slightly

crenulated.
Longest diameter, % of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

This species, so exceedingly abundant at the present day upon our own coasts,
appears to have been very scarce during the Red Crag period, as only two specimens
have as yet come into my possession; these are small, and differ slightly from the
general character of the recent shell, in having the rays exceedingly rough or slightly
imbricated ; there is, however, I think, no doubt of its identity.

Cuiton. Lina. 1758.

Gen. Char. Animal in a recent state covered with eight testaceous valves, generally
broader than long, more or less arched or angulated. These valves are fixed at their
lateral edges, in the coriaceous skin which forms a rim around them ; collectively, they
are of an ovate, or oblongo-ovate form, rounded at the extremities, one valve slightly
or partly overlapping the succeeding one, enabling the animal to roll itself up into a
ball; each valve furnished with two projecting processes.

As the eight valves (called by M. de Koninck cerami) of each individual in
this genus are held in position by the connecting integuments, they are in a fossil
state, as might be supposed, almost always detached and separated, at least in such
sandy formations as the Crag. The band which connects and surrounds these valves,
in the living state, is of a coriaceous nature, sometimes beset with prominent spines,
sometimes rugose like shagreen, and often nearly smooth. This is a good character for
specific distinction, but an auxiliary not to be obtained in Crag specimens ; the valves,
however, when well preserved, may often be distinguished by their sculpture, as well

184 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

as by their form. For the information of those collectors to whom it is not known
I may observe, that the anterior or primal valve has no projecting processes or susten-
tacula, and the centre or umbo is situated at the posterior margin of that valve; whereas,
in the fiza/ vale, or that which covers the posterior extremity of the animal, the pro-
jecting portion or umbo is sometimes in the centre; and the anterior edge has a pro-
jecting process or sustentaculum* on each side, upon which the adjoining valve
rests ; similar processes project on the anterior edge of each succeeding valve, and
support the one adjoming up to the primal valve, which covers the head. By the
sliding of these valves over each other a considerable movement is given to the animal,
which is enabled to roll itself up after the manner of the Oniscus; the whole length
of the valve is only exposed when the back of the animal is at its greatest tension.
The form and size of these sustentacula vary in all the species I have examined, and,
when well preserved, will materially assist in specific determination. Each of the
central valves is diagonally divided into two areas by a line more or less distinct,
passing from a projecting central point or umbo at the posterior part to the anterior
lateral edge One is called the dorsal and the other the lateral area, and the shell
is increased by the addition of calcareous matter deposited at the anterior and lateral
edges of each valve from the central posterior point or umbo, and not around them,
the external and ornamental markings being superadded to the sustentacula or apo-
physes, as they are called by M. Koninck, and which are always buried within the
mantle. The primal valve, or that which covers the head, is generally of a hemi-
sperical form, and may be considered as an enlarged dorsal area, with radiating
markings, while the posterior or final valve has the lateral areas prolonged or extended
round the termination behind the umbo.

This genus was instituted by Linneus. Lamarck separated those eight-valved
Cyclobranchiate animals m which the valves were placed upon the back at a distance
from each other, to which he gave the name Chitonellus ; and Mr. Salter, in the ‘Quar-
terly Journal of the Geol. Society,’ Feb. 1846, has formed another division for some
secondary fossil and elongated Chitons, under the name of Helmmthochiton, or worm-
shaped Chitons, in which the valves are longer than wide, but that character is also
found in some recent species. These latter shells are found in the Silurian or
Protozoic Rocks, and the genus is probably continued through all the intermediate
periods.

Animals belonging to this order are said to have a double generative system, and
the branchiz are situated under the margin of the shell. They are generally found
adhering to stones or upon rocky coasts, seldom ranging deeper than twenty-five
fathoms, and some are found above low-water mark.

M. de Blainville published a monograph of this family in the ‘ Dict. des Sci. Nat.’
XXXvi, with a new arrangement, some of the characters of separation depending upon

* These projecting processes are called by Mr. Gray plates of insertion,

GASTEROPODA. 185

the soft parts of the animal, while the colour of the valves was also considered a
distinction.

In the ‘Zool. Journ.’ for 1829, the Rev. Lansdown Guilding divided the Fam.
Chitonida (Gray) into five genera, viz., Chiton, Acanthopleura, Phakellopleura, Chito-
nellus, and Cryptoconchus.

As three of these are distinguished by the ornamental markings and appendages
upon the coriaceous margin or zone which surrounds the shell, and the remaining two
depend upon the position of the cerames or scutze on the back of the animal, they
possess an artificial character of no great value in the determination of fossils. Mr.
Gray, in the Proc. of the Zool. Soc., 1847-48, has given a new arrangement of this
family, and divided it into twenty genera.

1. CHITON FASCICULARIS (?). Linn. Tab. XX, fig. 9, a—é.
CuiTon FAscrcuLARIS. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1106, 1766.
— Chemn. Conch. x, t. 173, fig. 1688, 1780.
_ G. Sow. jun. Conch. Illust. fig. 87-87a, 1841.
—_— Phil. Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 108, t. 7, fig. 2, 1836.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— Morris. Catal. of Brit. Fossils, p. 142, 1843.

Ch. Testd subcarinatd, angulatd ; valvarum carinis longitudinaliter striatis ; lateribus
subplanis, compressis, granulatis.

Shell subcarinate, angular ; the central part or keel longitudinally striated; sides
rather flat, covered with depressed granulations.

Dimensions (?)

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.

Ihave but a few valves of this species, and those are not in good preservation. The
sculpture and ornaments appear to correspond with the well-known recent British
species, but the valves are more elevated and angular, and have a sharper back than any
of my recent specimens. ‘The sides of the fossil valves diverge at an angle of less than
90°, and the length is nearly equal to the breadth of one of the sides. The sustentacula
or apophyses in all my specimens are unfortunately imperfect. There is generally in the
recent specimens a considerable flatness in the anterior part of the dorsal area produced
by the action of the posterior projecting umbo of the antecedent valve. The granules
upon the lateral areas are large, and more or less elongato-oval, increasing in size
from the young shell or umbo to the sides, and appear placed in irregular quincunx
order. A curved, diverging linear arrangement may be observed in some specimens,
and these granules are quite flat on the top, like those of Ch. fascicularis, and are
larger than those upon Ch. crinitus, and the valves are elevated. The Crag shell has
characters that appear to unite the two. Better specimens than those I possess are
necessary to determine the true character. The dorsal area has what appear to be
punctured strize, like those upon the recent C. fascicularis.

24

186 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

2. CHITON sTRIGILLATUS. SS. Wood. Tab. XX, fig. 10, a—d.
Curron striattiatus. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa (?), ceramis dorsalibus angulatis, subcarinatis ; ared dorsali magnd,
longitudinaliter et irregulariter striatd ; striis rugosé granulatis ; areis lateralibus parvis
et granulatis ; ceramo ultimo magno, umbone subcentrali ; apophysibus magnis convexis.

Shell (?), central valves angular and subcarinate, with a large dorsal area
longitudinally striated; striz rather irregular, diverging, and roughly granulate ; lateral
area small and granular; posterior or final valve large, with a large dorsal area, and
nearly central umbo ; terminal area of this valve granular, not striated.

Angular divergence of dorsal valve, 95°.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

The valve figured at fig. 10 ais probably the penultimate one; it is long in propor-
tion to its breadth, measuring about three fourths of the width of one side, that is,
from the dorsal angle to the lateral edge. It is narrower towards the sides, with large
projecting apophyses, convex or rather angular outwards. The dorsal area of this
valve is covered with linearly arranged granular striz, which diverge and curve, and
increase in number, or present an intermediate one about midway. The granules in the
terminal area of the final valve (fig. 104) appear to be concentrically arranged, though
not in perfect regularity. In this valve the umbo is nearly as far from the anterior
margin as it is from the extreme and terminal edge, giving it a subcircular form, the
longer axis being im a lateral direction. It appears, in the form of the valves, to be
somewhat like Ch. /evis, but it is differently ornamented, and I know of no recent
species, with a final valve, so circular. The granular striz resemble those of Ch. c/nereus,
but the valves in that species are much broader in proportion to the length. The
granules appear to be hollow, as an opening is left in them where the surface is worn.

Not being able to identify this shell with any species I was acquainted with, a new
name was provisionally given to it in my Catalogue, and this name has been retained
for the present, and such a description given as the imperfect materials will admit
of, which may perhaps, at some future time, assist a conchologist better acquainted
with this genus than I am in the correct determination of the species.

3. Cuiton Risso1(?). Payr. Tab. XX, fig. 11, a—e.
Curron risso1. Payr. Cat. des Annelid. et des Moll. de V’ile de Corse, p. 87, pl. 3, fig. 4-5, 1826.
— arcuarius. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.

C. Testa (?), ceramis dorsalibus, brevibus, convewis, fornicatis, non carinatis ;
ared dorsali longitudinaliter striatd ; striis minuté granulatis; arevs lateralibus transversim
striatis, striis radiantibus, granulatis ; apophysibus subangulatis et prominentibus.

Shell (?), with arched valves, and an indistinct, almost invisible, carina, covered
with granular strize; the dorsal area has the striz longitudinally or linearly arranged,

GASTEROPODA. 187

and on the lateral areas the striz are transverse or diverging ; apophyses subangular,
projecting, and sublateral.

Altitude of arch, 4 the span.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. ? Mediterranean.

Single valves of this species are abundant. It was considered in my Catalogue as
a distinct species; I have now united it with the above Mediterranean species, from
its general resemblance, although with considerable doubt. The lateral areas have
the granules in transverse or radiating striae, not quite so regular and distinct as those
upon the dorsal area ; but the primal as well as the final valves have the different areas
striated in a radiating manner. The projecting processes are near the sides, and are
of an obtusely-angular form, somewhat resembling the blade of a lancet used for
bleeding cattle. On the final valve they do not project so much, and extend further
along the margin inwards. Fig. 11 @ is the primal valve; 114, one of the central
valves ; 11 ¢, the terminal or final valve.

There is every reason to believe that two more species of the genus Chiton existed
during the Coralline Crag period, valves of which are in my cabinet. They are not,
however, in sufficiently good preservation for description, and their characters cannot
be accurately determined.

Orv. CIRRIBRANCHIATA.

DENTALIUM.* Linn. 1740.
TupuLus Scilla. (ex Hermansen.)
SoLen (spec.) Rumph. Id.

Gen. Char. Shell tubular, symmetrical, elongato-conical, or subcylindrical, generally
smooth, sometimes annulated, often costated, slightly curved, open at both ends,
smaller at the posterior extremity, which is sometimes entire, sometimes with a medial
and dorsal cleft, occasionally with two lateral indentations.

Animals of this genus are now determined to be true Mollusca, though belonging to
a distinct order, having the branchiz near the upper part of the neck, in the form of
two bundles of fine, soft, flexible, tentacular filaments. They are placed in a natural
arrangement near the Patelle. M. Deshayes, in a Memoir read before the Société
d’Hist. Naturelle, 1825, gave the anatomical details of one species, and a monograph
of the genus. In his description he places the shell with its small end downwards,
considering it the posterior extremity ; and the convex portion of the shell, as cor-
responding with the dorsal surface of the animal; the larger end, therefore, is the
anterior.

* Etym. Dentale, from dens, a tooth.

188 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

He has formed one section of this genus containing those species in which the
posterior extremity has a medial dorsal cleft, the nature of which is as yet but
imperfectly understood; but I imagine this character will prove insufficient for
specific determination.

1. DenTaLiuM costatuM. J. Sow. Tab. XX, fig. a—/.

DenTaLium costatum. J. Sow. Min. Conch. t. 70, fig. 8, 1814.
— — S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
— — Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Foss. p. 143, 1843.
— — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 344, pl. 35, fig. 2, 1844.
—_ DENTALIS (?). Desh. Monog. de Dent. p. 33, pl. 2, fig. 9-10, 1825.
— — Gould. Inv. of Massach. p. 156, fig. 1, 1841.
- stRIATUM. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 495, 1803.

Not. DenTattum FossILE. Desh. Monog. de Dent. p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 12.

D. Testa tereti, eleganter arcuatd, subulatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis 10O—18,
obtusis, convewis, eminentioribus ; striis transversis minimis ; extremitate posticd, subpro-
Sunde fissd ; guventute acuminata,

Shell tubular, elegantly arched, and tapering; longitudinally costated; costa
obtuse, convex, and prominent, varying in number from ten to eighteen ; finely striated
transversely ; anterior margin thin and sharp; posterior extremity with a dorsal cleft,
acuminated and open, but not cleft, in the young state.

Length, 12 of an inch; diameter, nearly 2 lines.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.

Fragments or imperfect specimens of this species are abundant in the Coralline
Crag, and they present a great variety in the number, magnitude, and arrangement of
the costz, which, in some specimens, are broader than the spaces between them, while
in others they are narrower. They are always obtuse and rounded, often irregular in
distance, and are continued from one extremity to the other, with sometimes a narrower
intermediate line. In perfect specimens there is a medial dorsal cleft to the depth of
a line; and in one individual the posterior extremity has not only a slit, but the terminal
aperture is partially covered with a convex epiphragm, that has a cleft across it (fig. 1/),
hke the posterior termination of D. fissura, Sowerby’s Genera. In small specimens,
of what I presume to be the young of this species, the posterior termination is entire,
without the cleft (fig. le); it is evident, therefore, that the animal has the power of
absorbing or reducing a portion of the younger shell, and of forming the cleft after it
has attamed a certain size. The anterior margin is thin and sharp, slightly oblique,
projecting a little on the ventral side, with the lines of growth at all times visible,
giving the appearance of having transverse strie. A recent specimen of D. dentale,
from the Mediterranean, given me by my friend Professor E. Forbes, corresponds with
our shell in its external characters, but it is less in size, and has not the posterior cleft.

GASTEROPODA. 189

As that, I believe, is not a permanent character, I am much inclined to think the Crag
shell is the same species. A fragment (fig. 1 a) is one third of an inch in diameter,
with sixteen sharp angular costw, and when perfect, must have measured three or
three inches and a half in length. I imagine it to be only an altered form of the same
species.

2. DENTALIUM ENTALE. ‘Tab. XX, fig. 2, a—d.
DentTaLiuM ENTALIS. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1263, 1766.
— — Mont. Test. Brit. p. 494, 1803.
_ — Broce. Conch. Subapenn. p. 263, No. 8, 1815.
_— —_ Desh. Monog. de Dent. p. 39, pl. 1, fig. 7, and pl. 2, fig. 2, 1825.
— LABIATUM. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch. pl. 1, fig. 4, 1827.
— ENTALIS. - - : pl. 1, fig. 7.
—_ — Dujard. Mém. Soc. Géol. de France, tom. ii, pt. 2, p. 273, 1837.
a — Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 345, pl. 35, fig. 3, 1844.
— — Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ui, p. 206, 1844.
_— — Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 1, 1844.
— = Lovén. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 28, 1846.
_ TARENTINUM. Lamarck. Hist. des An. s. Vert. v. p. 345, 1818.

D. Testa tereti, leviter arcuatd, levigatd, politd, crassiusculd.

Shell tubular, subcylindrical, slightly curved, smooth, glossy, thick, and strong,
with distinct lines of growth; anterior margin acute.

Length, (2)

Locality. Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, Britain.

One specimen from the above locality, among the fossils sent by Mr. Bean, is all
that I have seen of this species. The posterior portion is broken off, and only about
two fifths of an inch of the shell remaining, which, however, so fully corresponds with
the recent species, that I think there is no doubt of its identity. This shell is quoted
by M. Deshayes as fossil from Bordeaux, and also from the Eocene formations of
France. The specimen figured by J. Sowerby, in ‘ Min. Conch.’ t. 70, f. 3, is a
doubtful identification. I have examined specimens from Barton and from Bracklesham,
in the extensive collection of Mr. Edwards, and that gentleman agrees with me in
the opinion that it is not a British Eocene fossil, at least, that we have not as yet seen
anything that can be considered as D. entale, and that the figure in ‘ Min. Conch.,’
as well as the one by Brander (fig. 9), are representations of specimens, the
surfaces of which have been eroded, or, at least, have a less extended portion of
the striz, the striz also being different from those upon D. enfale. Fig. 2a isa
representation of what appears to be D. tarentinum, Lamarck, which M. Deshayes
thinks is only a variety of the former; and as he has had the opportunity of
examining the original specimens, upon which Lamarck founded his species tarentinum,
I have given it upon his authority. The specimens figured are from the cabinet of
Mr. Bean.

190 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

3. DeNTALIUM BIFISSUM. S. Wood. Tab. XX, fig. 3, a—4é.
Drirrupa pouita. S. Wood. Catalogue in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 459, pl. 5, fig. 14.

D. Testé tereti, leviter arcuatd, subulatd, levigatd, glabra, politd ; antice simplict,
margine acuta ; postice bifida in utroque latere fissd.

Shell tubular, tapering, and elegantly curved, smooth, and glossy; anterior
extremity simple, not contracted ; margin acute, posterior termination bilaterally cleft,
with the dorsal portion of the margin projecting and rounded, ventral portion short and
truncate.

Length, ¥ an inch.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

Small and imperfect specimens of this shell are abundant in the Coralline Crag. In
my Catalogue it was considered as a Pteropod, in consequence of my longest and
largest specimen appearing to have aslight contraction at the anterior extremity, which,
upon further examination, I believe to have arisen from a portion of the exterior
having peeled off at that part, and as there is no one specimen in my collection that
can be said to have a contraction at the anterior or larger extremity, it may, perhaps,
be more correct to place it in this genus. This species, like D. coarctatum, Lam.,
has the posterior opening laterally cleft, but not very deeply. The portion on the dorsal
side of the fissures projects considerably, and is rounded; on the ventral side the edge
is short and truncated. It differs from D. coarctatum in having this projecting terminal
portion rather longer, and in the anterior part of the shell not being contracted. In
this shell also the lines of growth are distinctly visible, and rather oblique to the axis
of the shell ; in the Grignon specimens of D. coarctatum these lines are not visible under
a common lens. The diameter of the posterior opening is very variable, though gene-
rally less than half that of the anterior.

I have no specimens without this peculiar termination, except where evidently
broken off. Iam, nevertheless, inclined to think that these clefts are produced by the
animal at a certain stage of its existence, and that this peculiar form is not the state of
the infant shell, as the lines of growth may be seen to cross the fissures, but that, like
the young of the preceding species, the posterior termination was small and circular.

191

CLASS—PTEROPODA.

Orv. THECOSOMATA.

CLEopoRA.* Peron. and Lessueur. 1810.
Cuio (spec.) Linn.
Hyaea (spec.) Lam.
VaGINELLA. Daudin.
Criopora. Schweig.
Cresets ET Cuvrerta. Rang. 1828.
Batantium. Children. (fide Gray.)
Crista. Menke. 1844.

Gen. Char. Shell thin, fragile, and transparent ; inversely pyramidal, posterior
extremity closed and acuminated; anterior open, dilated in the centre, with lateral
compressed aliform appendages.

In the recent state these shells are of a hyaline and vitreous texture, extremely
thin and fragile, clear and crystalline as the thinnest and most transparent glass. That
beautiful character has disappeared in the fossil, and they can scarcely be recognised in
their altered condition.

The known animals belonging to this genus are all marine, and frequenters of deep
and open seas, where they swim by means of wing-like fleshy fins, and appear like
aquatic butterflies. The same power of locomotion is possessed by some of the Bulle,
which, in some of the characters of the animals, they much resemble. Species of
this genus are found fossil in the Sicilian beds.

1. CLEODORA INFUNDIBULUM. SS. Wood. Tab. XXI, fig. 14, a—dé.
CLEODORA INFUNDIBULUM. S. Wood. Catalogue, vol. ix, p. 459, pl. 5, fig. 13, 1842.

Cl. Testa subulato-conicd, levigatd, infundibuliformi ; antice apertd, dilatatd ; postice
elongata, acutd, extremitate compressa, utrinque carinatd.

Shell elongate, tapering, trumpet-shaped, smooth, and fragile; posterior part
elongated, and acuminated, with a compressed extremity ; anterior open, dilated, sides

* Etym. Cleodora, a proper name. An. vero Cliodora? Mermansen.

192 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

sulcated; a sharp and angulated keel extends the whole length of the shell on each
side.

Length, of an inch ; transverse diameter, one line.

Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.

This species is at present rare, most likely from its extreme fragility. In all proba-
bility the posterior extremity was closed and pointed, but in each of my specimens it is
open. The sharp and sheath-like termination is not cylindrical, but compressed before
and behind, leaving a carinated edge on each side, which is continued all the way up the
shell. There is a sulciform depression on both sides of the expanded part, before as
well as behind ; those portions are not, however, of equal magnitude. It was no
doubt transparent in the recent state, although it looks now like an opaque shell, and
is not very thin.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED OR REFERRED TO.

Apams (J.) Specific Characters of some minute shells discovered on the coast of Pembrokeshire. (In
Transactions of the Linnzan Society, vol. iii, 1797.)
Apanson. Histoire Naturelle du Sénégal.—Coquillages. 4to, 1757.
Acassiz (L.) Etudes Critiques sur les Mollusques fossiles, 4to, 1842.
— Mémoire sur les Moules de Mollusques vivants et fossiles, 1839.
Auper (J.) Descriptions of some new species of Rissoa and Odostomia. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, 1844.

Basteror. Description Géologique du Bassin Tertiare du S. O. de la France, 4to, plates, 1825. (Mém.
de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Par.)

Bean. Notice of a Marine Deposit at Bridlington. Mag. Nat. Hist. yol. vill, 1839.
Brvona (Bernardi.) Nouvi Generi et nouve Specie di Molluschi, 8vo, 1832.
Buarnvitie (H. M. De.) Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyliologie, 8vo, 1825.
Born. Testacea Musei Ces. Vindobonensis, fol. 1780.
Bownicu (T. E.) Elements of Conchology, including the Fossil Genera and the Animals, 8vo, 1822.
Brarp. Histoire des Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles qui vivent aux Environs de Paris, 8vo, 1815.
Branpver. Fossilia Hantoniensia collecta, 4to, 1766. Reprint. W. Wood, 1829.
Broccut. Conchiologia fossile Subapennina, 4to, 1814.
Bronenrarr (Al.) Mémoire sur les Terrains du Sédiment supérieur calcareo-trappeen du Vincentin, 4to, 1823.
Bronn. Lethza Geognostica, 2 vols. Svo, atlas in 4to, 1837-38.
Brookes (Sam.) An Introduction to the Study of Conchology. 1815.
Brown (T.) Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland, 4to, 1827.

— Descriptions of the Testacea of Ireland, in Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, vol. ii, pt. 2.
Brucurére. Histoire Naturelle des Vers (Encyclopédie Méthodique), 1789-92.
Bucu (Leop. von.) Mémoire sur les Brachiopodes dans le 3° tome des Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, 1838.
Burrow (E. J.) Elements of Conchology according to the Linnean System, 8vo, 1815.

Carzuiaup (F.) Voyage 4 Meroe au Fleuve Blane, fol. Paris, 1823.

Cartow (Agnes), and Lovell Rrrve. Conchological Nomenclator, 8vo, 1845.

CanrratNe. Malacologie mediterranéene et littorale, ou description des Mollusques qui vivent dans la
Mediterranée, 4to, 1840. (Inséré, dans les Mém. de VY Acad. Roy. de Brux. tom. xiii.)

CuEmnrrz et Martini. Systematische Konchylien Kabinet, 4to, 1780-99.

25

194 AUTHORITIES.

Cuark (W.) Observations on the animals of some species of Bullea, in Zool. Journ. 1827.
Crovcn (E. A.) Illustrated Introduction to Lamarck’s Conchology, 4to.
Cuvier (G.) Le Régne Animal distribué aprés son Organisation, 1829.

Da Costa (E. M.) Historia Naturalis Testaceorum Britanniz, 4to, 1778, 17 plates.
Date (J.) A Natural History of the Sea Coast and Country about Harwich, 4to, 1730.
Derrance. Tableau des Corps organises, 8vo, 1824.
Dexay (J. E.) Natural History of New York, 11 vols. 4to. Zoology.
Dexia Curase. Testacea utriusque Siciliz, 4to, 1826.
Desuayes. Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs de Paris, 2 vols. 4to, 1837.
= Traité élémentaire de Conchyliologie, 8vo, 1839.
—_ Description des Coquilles fossiles recueillies en Crimée, par M. de Verneuil, 4to, 1838; suivi
d’Observations sur les fossiles de cette Péninsule, par M. Desnayns (Mem. de la Soc.
Géol. de France.)
— Anatomie et Monographie du Genre Dentale, 4to, 1825.
Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, 1816-29.
Ditiwyn. A descriptive Catalogue of Shells, 2 vols. 8vo, 1817.
a Memoir on some Fossil Shells, in Philosophical Transactions 1823.
Donovan (Edw.) Natural History of British Shells, 7 vols. 8vo, 1799-1803.
D’Orzieny (Ale.) Paleeontologie Francaise, 8vo, 1840-47.
_ Monographie d’un nouveau Genre de Mollusques Gasteropodes de la famille des
Trochoides. Gen. Scissurella. 4to, 1823. (Mém. de la Société d’Histoire
Naturelle de Paris.)
— Voyage dans |’ Amérique Meéridionale, 1835-42, 4to, Paris.
DraparnauD. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France, 4to, An, xiii, (1805.)
Dusots pr Monrrerrvx. Conchyliologie fossile et apercu géoguostique des Formations du Plateau
Wolhyni-Podolien. Berlin, 4to, 1831.
Dusarpin (F.) Mémoire sur les Couches du Sol en Touraine, et description des Coquilles des faluns,
4to, 1837. Dans le 2° tome des Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France.

Encyclopédie Méthodique. Mollusques Testacés, parts 21 and 23, plates, An. vi.

Fapricrus (O.) Fauna Greenlandica, 8vo, 1780.
Ferussac. Histoire Naturelle générale et particuliére des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, fol. 1819-33.
Fremine (J.) Art. Conchology, in Edinburgh Encyclopeedia, 1817.
— Philosophy of Zoology, 8vo, 1822.
= History of British Animals, 8vo, 1828.
Forbes (Edw.) Malacologia Monensis. A Catalogue of the Mollusca inhabiting the Isle of Man, and the
neighbouring Sea. Edinburgh, 8vo, 1838.
— Geological Report upon the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, 8vo, 1846.

GMELIN. Linnei Systema Nature, 8vo, edit. 13, 1788.

Gotpruss (G. A.) Petrefacta Germaniz, fol. 1827-44.

Goutp. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 8vo, 15 plates, 1841.

GrateLoup. Conchyliologie fossile du Bassin de l Adour, ou description des Coquilles fossiles qui ont été
trouvées dans les terrains marins tertiares, aux environs de Bordeaux, 8vo, 1837. (Actes
de la Soc. Linn. de Bord.)

— Conchyliologie Fossile des Terrains Tertiaires du Bassin de l’Adour, 4to, tom. i, Univalves
et Atlas, 1847.

AUTHORITIES. 195

Gratetour. Notice sur la Famille des Bulléens, 8vo, 1838. (Actes de la Soc. Linn. de Bord.)
Gray (J. E.) Turton’s Manual of Land and Freshwater Shells of Great Britain, new edition, thoroughly
revised, 1844.
— Description of Shells in Griffiths’s edition of Cuvier, 1834.
— Monograph of Cypreea, and Additions in Zoological Journal, 1829.
Gray (M.E.) Figures of Molluscous Animals, 8vo, 1842.

Hartman von HartmMansruTue. Syst. der Erd. und Flus. der Schweiz, 1821.
Harrman (J. W. D.) Erd und Siisswater-Gasteropoden, 4to, 1840-44.

Hermansen (A. N.) Indicis Genera Malacozoorum Primordia, 8yo, 1847.

Hinps (R. B.) Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. Ship Sulphur. Mollusca. 1844-5.
Hisstncer. Lethzea Suecica, 4to, 1837.

Humpurey. Museum Calonneanum, 1797.

Jay (J. C.) Catalogue of Shells, and descriptions of New and Rare Species, 4to, 1839.
Jerrreys (J. G.) A Synopsis of the Pneumonobranchiate Mollusca of Great Britain. (In Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. xvii, 1830.)
— Additions to the British Testacea. (In Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847.)
Jounston (G.) Descriptions of some new Shells. (In Hist. of Berwickshire Natural History Club, 1834.)
Journal (Quarterly) of the Geological Society, 1845-47.
— Zoological, 1825-32.

KieNER. Spécies général et Iconographie des Coquilles vivantes, 8vo, 1835-47.

Lamarck. Description des Coquilles fossiles des Environs de Paris, 4to, 1823.

— Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres, 1™* édit. 7 vols. 8vo, 1815-22.

— Id. 2* édition, par MM. Mitne Epwarps et G. P. Desnayns, 8yo, 11 vols. 1835-45.
Laskey. An Account of North British Testacea. (Mem. of the Wern. Society, vol. i, 1811.)
Lea (J.) Contributions to Geology, 8vo, 1833.

_ Observations on the Genus Unio, 4to, 1832-42.

Leacu (W. EE.) Synopsis of the British Mollusca, 8vo, 1820 (a small part only printed).
Lesson. TMlustrations de Zoologie, 8vo, 1834-35.
Linné. Systema Nature, 8vo, 12th edit. 1766.
Lister (Martin.) Historiee Conchyliorum, fol. 1685-88.
Lovtn (S.) Index Molluscorum Scandinavie, 8vo, 1846.
LyeLt (C.) Principles of Geology, 8vo, edit. 1846.
—_ Elements of Geology, 2d edit. 2 vols. 12mo, 1841.
— On the relative Ages of the Tertiary Deposits commonly called Crag. (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839.)

MaceiuLivray. Molluscous Animals of Aberdeen, 18mo, 1843.

Magazine of Natural History, conducted by J.C. Loudon. 2d Series, continued by E. Charlesworth, 1829-41.

Marcet (de Serres.) Géognosie des Terrains Tertiares du Midi de la France, 8yo, 1829.

Maton (W.G.,) M.D., and the Rey. J. Racker. A descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea. (In
Trans. of Linn. Soe. yol. viii, 1807.)

Mawe (J.) The Linnzan System of Conchology, 8vo, 36 plates, 1823.

Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, 1833-45.

MENARD DE LA Grove. Mémoire sur un nouveau Genre de Coquille de la Famille des Solenoides. (An. du
Mus. d’ Histoire Naturelle, tom. ix, 1807.)

Micuaup. Description de plusieurs nouvelles Espéces de Coquilles du Genre Rissoa, 8vo, 1832.

=~ Complement de I’ Histoire naturelle des Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles de la France, 4to, 1831.

196 AUTHORITIES.

MicueLortr. Monographia del Genere Murex, 4to, 1841.
Montacue. ‘Testacea Britannica, 4to, 1803, and Supplement 1808.
Montrort (Denys.) Conchyliologie systématique, et Classification méthodique des Coquilles, 8vo, 1808-10.
Méuter (H. P. C.) Index Molluscorum Greenlandiz, 8vo, 1842.
Morris (J.) Catalogue of British Fossils, 8vo, 1843.
Miter (0.) Zoologie Danicze Prodromus, 1766.
— Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium historia, vol. i, 1773; vol. ii, 1774.

Nyst (P. H.) Description des Coquilles et des Polypiers fossiles des Terrains Tertiares de la Belgique,
4to, 1843-46.

Ouivier. Voyage dans l’Empire Ottoman, 8vo, 1801-7.

Parkinson. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains, 8vo, 1822.

— Organic Remains of a Former World, 3 vols. 4to, 1804-11.
PayraupEav (B.C.) Catalogue descriptif et méthodique des Annélides et des Mollusques de I’Ile

de Corse, 8vo, 1826.

Pennant (T.) British Zoology, 3d edit. Svo, 1776.
Prron et Lessueur. Memoires sur les Pteropodes. (Annales du Muséum de Paris, tom. xv, 1810.)
Periver (J.) Opera Historiam Naturalem Spectantia, or Gazophylacium, fol. 1764.
Preirrer. Naturgeschichte Deutscher Land und Siisswasser Mollusken, 4to, 1821-28.

— Monographia Heliceorum viventium, 8yvo, 1847.
Puitipri (R. A.) Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliz, 4to, vol. i, 1836.

_ Id. - - - Ato, vol. i, 1844.
Pictrer (F. J.) Traité élémentaire de Palzontologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Animaux fossiles,
4 vols. 8vo, 1844-5.

Pour. Testacea utriusque Siciliz, 2 vols. fol. 1791-93. '

Quoy et Garmarp. Voyage de l’Astrolabe (Mollusques), 2 vols. 8vo, atlas fol. 95 plates, 1830.

Ranc. Manuel de l’Histoire naturelle des Mollusques et de leurs Coquilles, 18mo, 6 plates, 1829.

Reeve (Lovell.) Conchologia Iconica, 11 parts, 4to, 1843-46.

Reports of the Meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1831-47.

Rissoa. Histoire Naturelle des principales Productions de !Europe Méridionale, 5 vols. 8vo, 1826.

RossmasLeR (E. A.) Iconographie der Lund und Siisswasser Mollusken, xii-liv. 8vo. Dresden and
Leipz. 1835-44.

Sars (M.) Beskriv. og Jagttagelser, 4to, 1835.

Savieny. Grand Ouvrage sur l’Egypte. Mollusques. 1826.

Scaccui. Catalogus Conchyliorum Regni Neapolitani, 8vo, 1836.

Scutorraem (Baron yon.) Die Petrefactenkunde, 2 vols. 8vo. Gotha, 1820-22.

Scuumacuer (C. P.) Essai d’un nouveau Systéme des Habitations des Vers testacés, 1 vol. 4to.

Copenhagen, 1817.

Suepparp (Revett.) Descriptions of seven new British Land and Freshwater Shells, with observations
upon many other species ; including a List of such as have been found in the County of Suffolk.
(Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xiv, 1825.)

Smrru (J.) On the last Changes of the relative Levels of the Land and Sea in the British Isles. (Mem.

Wern. Soe. vol. viii, 1838.)
_— On the Age of the Tertiary Beds of the Tagus. (Journ. Geol. Soc. Nov. 1847.)
Smiru (W.) Strata identified, 4to, 1816-19.

AUTHORITIES. 197

Sowrrzy (G. B.) Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, 8vo, plates.
— Malacological and Conchological Magazine, 8vo, 1839.
— Catalogue of Shells in the Tankerville Collection, 8vo, 1825.
Sowersy (G. B., jun.) Conchological Manual, 2d edit. Svo, 1843.
— Conchological Illustrations, 8vo, 1836-41.
— Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1842-47.
Sowrrsy (J. D.C.) Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, 8vo, 1812-47.
Swainson (W.) ‘Treatise on Malacology, 12mo. London, 1840.
— Zoological Illustrations, First and Second Series, Svo, 1820-33.

Tennant (J.) A Stratigraphical List of British Fossils, 18mo, 1847.
Tuompson (W.) Report upon the Invertebrata of Ireland, 1843.
Tuorre (C.) British Marine Conchology, 12mo, 1844.
Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 1826-41.
— of the Zoological Society of London, 1833-44.
— of the Linnzan Society of London, 1808-47.
Turron (W.) A Conchological Dictionary of the British Isles, 18mo, 1819.
— Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum, 4to, 1822.
— A General System of Nature, by Sir Charles Linné, 7 vols. 8vo, 1806.

VALENCIENNES. Description de l Animal de la Panopée Australe, et Recherches sur les Especes du Genre
Panopea. (Archives du Muséum de Paris, tom. i, 1839.)

Watker (G.), and Boys. Testacea minuta rariora nuperrimé detecta, 4to, 1787.
Woparcu. Introduction to the Study of Conchology, 4th edit. by J. Mawe, 12mo, 1832.
Woop (W.) Index Testaceologicus, 8vo, 1825. Sup. 1828.

Woop (S. V.) Catalogue of Crag Shells, in Ann. and Mag. of Natural History, 1840-42.

_— Descriptions and Illustrations of Crag Shells. (Magazine of Natural History, 1839.)
Woopwarp (J.) An Attempt towards the Natural History of the Fossils of England, 8vo, 1729.
Woopwarp (S.) British Organic Remains, 8vo, 1830.

— Outline of the Geology of Norfolk, 8vo, 1833.

198

LOCALITIES at which Sections of the CraGc FoRMATIONS have been visited, and
Specimens obtained by the Author.

MAMMALIFEROUS CRAG.

Bramerton, near Norwich Norfolk.
Postwich 53 3 é : F Ps
Thorpe 5s »9
Thorpe, near Alanoroush Suffolk.
RED CRAG.
Alderton : < Suffolk.
Bawdsey . “ : : : j "5
Bealings . . é 3 j : A
Brightwell ; ; 5 . : >
Brockstead : 6 : : 5 oF
Bromswell 5 : ‘ : : ss
Butley . : : : . : ss
Chillesford f , j 2 ; oA
Chelmondiston . 3 : : =
Felixstow . : ‘ : : 4 os
Foxhall . ‘ : ; ‘ : ap
Hollesley . 5 : : 5 3
Holywells, near pawiah ‘ ‘ 3 s
Kesgrave . 4 4 : : 3 J
ADDITIONAL
MAMMALIFEROUS CRAG.
Bridlington Yorkshire.

(On the authority of Messrs. Bean, Leckenby,
and Charlesworth.)

Bulcham, near Southwold
(On the authority of Capt. Alexander.)

Suffolk.

RED CRAG.
Levington . 2 : Suffolk
Melton 4 9 k : 5 A 63
Newbourn : : : 5 5 5
Ramsholt j j : b . ‘
Shottisham ; : : : . a
Sutton : : : ; i é s
Tunstall . 5 4 ; ; : i
Walton-on-the-Naze Essex.
Woodbridge Suffolk.
CORALLINE CRAG.
Aldborough : Suffolk
Gedgrave . : 5 : : : 3
Tken . : z P ‘ ? a
Ramsholt . F - 5 5 : ve
Sudbourn . : 4 5 5 5 re
Tattingstone d : 3 x F x
Orford ; : ; 5 A HA
Sutton ; 5 ; 2 ‘ P 5
LOCALITIES.
RED CRAG.
Beaumont : Essex.
(On the aathority of John Brown, Esq.)

Harwich : : 3

(As reported to have axiated in the time of
Dale, 1730.)

CLASS—GASTEROPODA.

5. Cyclostoma elegans - -

Succinea putris (?) - -

a oblonga - -

Limnea palustris(?) —-

” peregra a eee

10. » truncatula(?) -

Planorbis complanatus -

PA spirorbis - -

_ corneus - -

Conovulus pyramidalis -

15. 7 myosotis (?) -
Orv. PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Sect. a. S1pHONOSTOMATA.

Ovula Leathesii - - -

Cyprea avellana- - -

» affnis - - -

» Anglie - - -

20. a) retusa) = =

» Europea - -

Erato levis - - - -

» Maugerie- - -

Voluta Lamberti- - -

25. Mitra plicifera - - -

Ringicula buccinea - -

oe ventricosa = -

Columbella suleata - -

Rostellaria plurimacosta

30. Aporrhais pespelicani -

Terebrainversa - - -

» canalig - - -

Cassidaria bicatenata-

Nassa labiosa- - - -

35. » imerassata- - -

» granulata- - -

» propinqua- - -

» elegans - - -

» consociata- - -

40. » Monensis - - -

» conglobata - -

» prismatica- - -

» Yeticosa - = -

Buccinum Dalei- - -

45 fi undatum- -

Purpura lapillus - - -

ne tetragona - -

Murex erinaceus- - -

» tortuosus- - -

50. Triton heptagonum - -

Pyrula reticulata- - -

Trophon antiquum - -

= elegans - -

oA gracile- - -

59. ” altum - - -

is scalariforme -

A SYNOPTICAL TABLE

OF

MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.

— signifies not present.

Xx signifies present.

Orv. PULMONATA.
Helix hispida
» pulchella - - -
»» arbustorum (?) -
» Ty8A - - - -

a= costiferum -

Lex | || SoS eS See IE IP See pee esc erates Th Seren

2 |) |] Se | Ip sees fl Wy eee [Sel

v

XXXxXxxX | |X| XxXXxXxXxXXXXXXXXX XK |XX XXX | XXX XXX (|XX
[PaaS Te iixalsesc TTI

Pleistocene.

seesve premvevance srenve 22 [| [se [le

TT TSOTSI Sal ST als 1a

HS ee [Peeks WSS eseses TSE WT Pes SST ATT a A a See hh ES

xe MISES SCRE SENS EOS [LES EROS

CLASS—GASTEROPODA.

Pleistocene.

60.

65.

75.

80.

85.

90.

95.

100.

105.

Trophon

” £
Fusus int

alveolatum- - -
consociale - - -
imperspicuum - -
muricatum- - -
gracilius - - -
paululum - - -
ortus(?)- - - -

», porrectus (?) - - -
Pleurotoma intorta - - -

turricula- - -
carinata- - -
semicolon (?) -
porrecta- - -
nodulosa (2) -

Clavatula linearity =.=" "= "=

Philberti - - -
castanea (?) - -
perpulchra - -
costata(?) - -
mitrula - - -
brachystoma - -
nebula- - - -
cancellata- - -
concinnata - -
levigata(?) - -
turricula - - -
Trevelliana - -
Boothii
plicifera - - -

”
Cancellaria coronata- - -

”

mitreformis- -
costellifera - -
subangulosa- -
leviuscula (?) -

Trichotropis borealis- - -
Cerithium tricinctum - -

Sect. B.

variculosum - -
trilineatum - -
tuberculare - -
metaxa(?) - -
cribrarium - -
perpulchrum - -
adversum- - -
granosum- - -

HoLosToMata.

Turritella communis - -

imbricataria - -
incrassata- - -
planispira- - -
clathratula - -

”
Pyramidella leviuscula - -
Chemnitzia curvicostata- -

Tae =e
costaria- - -
nitidissima (?) -
elegantissima -
internodula- -
filosa- - - -
densecostata = -
unica(?)- - -
varicula- - -
similis - - -

XXX XXXXKXXXXK |XX | |

Sop es bs Coes II I] Ss SSE It TI) ASS I] Se SSE ei BB SS |] I] I] eSB Se Xe | tiereerng),

XI TLL Li xx|x [xxxxxxxx | xx [xx] |) xt ixxxxxx 1 |x | x x| Pliocene.

LSD Tele ig ra lecesa|

| STL TPES ES |]

PAPAS MA CN Tp esos

Tv STS thecTial

Pe TET Males SUNT TS WEST TAPS TST STE TTS |

IIT TES 1x 11 1] Recent.

[x| |] |1xxxx|xxx|]xIxxx] |

|x |

x1xxx [xx|]x][xIxIx

200 SYNOPTICAL TABLE.

o
so} 3 SP CoN cs 2
CLASS—GASTEROPODA. | 2 5 §|s + CLASS—GASTEROPODA. 2 8 | 8 s\s
Zz ie el es ed
Odostomia plicata - - - -/—|xX |—|—|xX Adeorbis tricarinatus - - -|—| x |—|—]—
120. D PUPS =) a subcarinatus - - -|—|X/]x|—|x
a pellucida- - - -|/—}]x |—]|—]|xX 195. iy pulchralis - - - -|—] xX |—|—|—
af similima(?) - - -|—|x |—]—|xX Natica catenoides - - - -|—|—|»x|—|]—
Litiopa papillosa- - - - -|—J|x|—|—|— » catena- - - - - -|—/—/]x}]/—I!~x
Scalaria Groenlandica - - -|—|—| x |x |X 4) PGuillemini\@)) =) =) =| else
125. » varicosa - - - = -/|— |X }—|—| X » proxima - - - - -|—j|x |—/—]—
» fimbriosa - - - -|—|xX}]—|—]— 200. » varians - - - - -{—/|x]x]/—|]—
» hamulifera - - - -|— |x |{—|—|— » hemiclausa - - - -/|—]|—] x |—j|—
» ‘frondosa- = - = =}|—j| xX |—})— » Cirriformis-- - = =|—/} > | =| —)—
spe ALON CUCULA NS tet etm er es [cu IEC me ce » helicoides- - - - -|—|]—/|y|x|x
130. 5, | doliacea = yee un—al—— alec | | ie 99) OCCIUSA | f= = ae ten
Pa elle HUER ERE Se oe cS | | ee) p 205. » Groenlandica- - - -|—|{—|—|x]|~x
» Clathratula - - - -|—|x|—|—| xX » cClausa- - - - - -|—|/—|x|]x]x
» Trevelyana - - - -}|—j]—|X/]—|xX multipunctata - - -|/—|x|x }|—|—
» cancellataa - - - -|—|x|]—|—|— Sigaretus EXGHVatUS) m=) fey had Celtic ee | eee |
135. obtusicostata - - -}|/—/]}x]—]—|]— Marsenia tentaculata- - - -|—]y|—|—]| x
Eulima polita- - - - - -;—|xX|]xJ|—|xX 210. Velutina levigata- - - - -/—}]—/_]| x]! x
» subulata- - - - -|}—|xXj]—|—| xX nn undata- - - - -|—/—/|—|x]~x
» Qlabella - - - - -}—/|x/]—/|—|— = virgata- - - - -|—] x |—|—]—
Alvania ascaris - - - - -|—|x —|x Capulus ungaricus - - - -|—|x]|x|]—|x
140. Rissoa striata - - - - - -|—/|x]—|—|x A Motemrns. SS 6 5 = Sh $2 ae
» zetlandica- - - - -|/—]/]xJ]—/]—|xX 215. » Mmilitaris- - - - -|—|x]yx]—|~x
» semicostata - - - -|—/]—]—J| xX | X? sy) dallaxt—) 7 /— “omeePeRSy Rt) eee |e ee
» Vitrea - - - - - -|—/|xX/]—/]—|xX Calyptrea Chinensis- - - -|—| yx] y%]|—|]~x
» punctura(?) - - - -|—] x |—]—]| xX Tectura virginea - - - - -|—|—|y|—| x
145. » reticulata(?) - - - -}—|]xX}]—]—|X » fulva- - - - - -/—|x/—/]—|~x
peepulchella(®)\ l=) serail scat alo 220. 3) 2 parvulat= Tar T=: (S98 Se een
» confnis - - - - -{|—]xX/—|]—|— Scissurella crispata - - - -|/—|x]—|]—|~x
5» Obsoleta - - - - -|—]X }|—]—]— Emarginula fissura - - - -|—|x|x]—Il~x
» crassistriata - - - -/—] xX |—/]—]— “9 crassa - - - -|—|x|]x/]—Ix
150. » costulata - - - - -{|—|x }|—|—]— Cemoria Noachina - - - -|—|/—|—|x]~x
supracostata - = =) — | 5¢ | — — 225. FissurellaGreca - - - - -}|—|x|x/]—|~x
Paludestrina pibambilierta it ed | x
. ulve - - - -/|—|x?}—|]—|~x
py ? terebellata - -|—|—]| x |—]— Orv. TECTIRBRANCHIATA.
155. + ?pendula - - -|/—|—j] x |—/]—
Paludina lenta - - - - -|x|/—|—|x1~x Acteon Now Sn fd ee a |
aS tentaculata - - -|_|—|]_| x © WORE ee ol] — al) Set S| Se x
Valvata piscinalis- - - - -}—}_|_|x]Xy » Ssubulatus - - - -/—/—| x }/—j}—
Vermetus intortus - - - -|—|] x] x%|— oe OP. levidensis = ee -f—] x} — J] — eS
160. s) 4, Bownoriensts/(@)erseileed| ll se eee leet ener) ee call peal acon laa
Czcum trachea - - - - -~|— 9 S| SS conulus - Seo oo ollese || se,
po eammamnail atom: 1s |p Oe | », acuminata - - - - -|x|xX/]—|—!~x
>» His o 5 5 Si | ae » cylindracea- - - = =| ——) x | x |— 1] x
incurvatum (?) - - -|— sa] |=] 37, COMER) a me ee
165. Littorina littorea - - - -|—|~ x | x |x 235. ,, truncata - - - - -{|—/|x|]—|—|~x
- Smlnpens 2 6 sles e)2)—= » Regulbiensis - - - -|—|]—|]—|x]| x
Fossarus suleatus- - - - -}—]y|—|—|x » Lajonkaireana- - - -|—|x|—|/|—] x
Lacuna reticulata- - - - -| — % acon [ee EY, wi) mo yt woes | |
Turbo spheroidea - - - -}|—]| yx |—|—|— Bullwa quadrata - - - - -/—|x |—|—]|~x
170. Trochus crenularis - - - -| x | x |—]—|]— 240. » sculpta - - - - -|—]| x }|—]—|—
ns ziziphinus - - - -|— |x |x |—| xX » Scabra- - - - - -|/—|y/—/]—j]~x
+ mammibnis > Sa" oil2. |) 52/5 |/2 || se is) | WENULOSH ST) Fa ee ae
op formosus y=) =) =) =| =" seine | Ix
» Papillosus (?) - - -)/—|—| x |—|x Orv. CYCLOBRANCHIATA.
175. 4 subexcavatus - - -|— | x|—|—
“1 millegranus - - -|—j| yx |__|—|x Patella vulgata - - - - -/—]_ Hise
- multigranus - - -|—|— x|—|— Chiton fascicularis - - - - |— PAS 1 <2
Ay WTO os ee |) 2 all 245. 9) Seripillatus) 2 cer ey mt gee
” Montacuti- - - -|/—]|]x]/]y]—!]x yy» | Rissoi(@) = (=) =) ==) eee
180. oF Adansoni - - - -}|—|yx]|x|]—|x
ath ec ete bid lol ea ees Orv. CIRRIBRANCHIATA.
5 umidus SO SSS ire || Se ise
Renae Pee ha: | ota . am as Dentalium cones - - = -1—|x]x]—|x,
185. » tricariniferus - - -|—] x |—|—] x? ” ater a Vara ||)" a late as
” obconicus - - - -|—/| y |__|—]| x? 22 Be Lee ee | eS 1) Sl ie eee
ditropis= (==) =) =)||—= 2 |S)
Margarit creme) sala lies Pail CLASS —PTEROPODA.
TO Oi tee pe, Poor nodes) oe aa ae i ale Orv. THECOSOMATA.
Adeorbis striatus- - - - -|—] x |—]—|—
” supranitidus - - -/—| x |—|—|— 250. Cleodora infundibulum - - -}|—{ x |—]—]}]—

The Names employed are those in Roman characters, the Synonyma are in Italics.

Aciona Be dic
Aclis supra-nitida .
Acmea virginea

Acroculia

Actzon levidensis .
Noe. .
striatus .
subulatus
tornatilis

Actita ce ee

Adeorbis pulchralis
striatus .
subcarinatus
supra-nitidus
tricarinatus .

Alvania albella .
ascaris
supra-nitida

Amalthea

Amaura .
Amphiceras .
Amphibulima c
Amphibulina oblonga .
Amplexis crenellus
paludosis
Ampullaria. . . .
Aporrhais pes-pelicani
quadrifidus .
Atractodon elegans
Atractus
Auricula buecinea .
conoidea
myosotis
pyramidalis
ventricosa
Auriculina ringens

Birostra 3
Bithinia tentaculata .
Bombyxinus
Bonellia .
Brocchia
Brochus glabrus
levis .
trachiformis

INDEX.

PAGE

89
- 99
. 161
. 154
5 g/L
. 169
ci LAY)
. 170
. 170
. 154
. 139
. 137
. 139
. 137
. 138

99

99
- 99
. 154

Buceinum Anglicanum
Ascanias

Buccinum asperulum .
conglobatum
costulatum .
erispatum
Dalei
elegans
gracile
granulatum
incrassatum
labiosum
lapillus .
macula
mitrula .
peregrum
prismaticum
propinquum
pupa.
reticosum
rugosum .
striatum
sulcatum
tenerum .
truncatulum
undatum

Bulbus

Bulimus pereger

Bulla acuminata
angistoma
angustata
catenata
clandestina .
concinna
conulus .
convoluta
cylindracea .
diaphana
dilatata .

ficus .

Lajonkaireana .

lignaria .
lineolata
mammillata
minuta

PAGE

29

30

29

33

35

Bulla nana .
obtusa
olivula
ovulata
pectinata
quadrata
Regulbiensis
retusa
semisulcata .
spelta
spirata
subtruncata
terebellata .
truncata
velutina .

Bulleea angustata .
punctata
quadrata
scabra
sculpta
vyentrosa

Bullina granulosa .

Lajonkaireana .

Cecalium
Ceecum glabrum
imeurvatum .

mammillatum .

trachea .
Calliostoma . -
Calpurna Leathesit
Calyptra U6
Calyptreea Chinensis .

muricata

recta .

sinensis .

squamulata .

vulgaris .
Cancellaria buccinoides

coronata

costellifera .

Couthouyt

granulata

levicosta
leeviuscula
subangulosa

varicosa .

viridula .
Capulus fallax .

Hungaricus

militaris

obliquus

ungaricus
Cassidaria bicatenata .
Cassis bicatenatus .

: 158
> 159
. 159
. 159
. 159
. 159
- 159

—

— ee
or
a

INDEX.

PAGE

> is
Ae Lhe
eas
Bully)
. 181
VA)
OAT)
5 LAS
slyD

14

. 178
iG
LAS
5 URAG
loz
. 181
5 they
ae WAY
. 181
. 180
. 182
. 181
7s

gp slit
5 7
i
. 116
oy alto
. 123

14

66
64
66
66
66
64

aAnrann
Lan

_
or or
lor) i or)

or

to bd
S1 NT OT

Cemoria Flemingit
Noachina
Cerithium adyersum
creperum
eribrarium
granosum
Henckelit
metaxa (7) .
perpulchrum
punctulum
pygmaeum
tricinctum
trilineatum .
tuberculare .
variculosum
Cernina . 3
Chemnitzia costaria
curvicostata
densecostata
elegantissima
filosa .
internodula .
nitidissima .
rufa
similis
unica
varicula .
Chelinotus
Chenopus pes-pelicani
Chiton arcuarius
fascicularis .
Rissoi (?)
strigillatus .
Cingula punctura .
reticulata
striata
subcarinata .
vitrea
CIRRIBRANCHIATA
Clathrus :
Clavatula Boothn .
brachystoma
cancellata
castanea .
concinnata .
costata
leevigata
linearis
mitrula .
nebula
perpulchra .
plicifera
Philberti
Trevelliana .
turricula

. 140

. 186
. 185
. 186
. 186
- 103
- 103
- 100
. 139
. 102
pel SZ,

PAGE

. 166
. 166

72
71
71
73
70
71
72
69
70
69
70
70
69

80
79
82
81
82
81
80
79
84
83
84

- 150

25

89
63
60
61
57
61
58
62
56
59
60
58
64
57
63
62

Cleodora infundibulum

Clypidella

Clypidina

Coccinella

Cochlohydra

Columbella sulcata

Columbus

Conovula ;

Conoyulus bidentatus
myosotis
pyramidalis

Conidea ee

Cornuoides major .

Coriocella

Cryptostoma

CycLOBRANCHIATA

Cyclostoma elegans
impurum
obtusum .
unicolor :

Cyclostrema Zetlandica .

Cylichna acuminata
cylindracea .
truncata

Cylindrella alba

Cypreea affinis .
Anglice
arctica
avellana .
bullata
coccinella
coccinelloides
Europea
Norvegica

pediculus Europea

retusa
voluta

Defrancia linearis .

Delphinula carinata
trigonostoma

Dentaliopsis glabra

Dentalium bifissum
costatum
dentalis .
entale
glabrum .
imperforatum
striatum
Tarentinum
trachea .
labiatum

Deshaysia

Diodora .

+ Lis
. 139
edly
- 190
- 188
. 188
- 189
a Ly
- 115
. 188
. 189
se LNG
. 189
. 140
- 166

INDEX.

Go 0

oe eS eS Sb PD
ei So So od

Echinora
Emarginula crassa
Emarginula fissura
punctura
reticulata
rosea
Erato eypreola
laevis
Maugeriz
Eulima anglica
elegantissima
glabella .
lineata
polita
subulata

Fasciolaria Lamberti .

Fissurella apertura
cancellata
Greeca
Noachina

Fissuridea

Fossarus clathratus
sulcatus .

Fusus altus .
antiquus
alveolatus
angustius
Boothii .
carinatus
cancellatus .
castaneus
contrarius
corneus
costatus .
despectus
echinatus
elegans
gracilior
Tslandicus
intortus .
lamellosus
linearis .
muricatus
nebula
paululus
porrectus
rugosus .
scalariformis
sinistrorsus .
umbilicatus .

Galericulum levigatum
ovatum .

Galerus .

Gibbula .

204

Globularia .
Globulus
Gulnaria

Halia Flemingiana

Harpula

Helcion .

Helix arbustorum .
concinna
costata
complanata .
cornea
elongata.
fossaria .
hispida .
levigata.
lenta
minutus .
paludosa
polita
pulchella
palustris
piscinalis
putris
rysa .
subulata
succinea .
subcarinatus
spirorbis
tentaculata .

Hemitoma

HonostoMAta .

Hydrobia

Infundibulum rectum .
sinense

subsquamosum .

Lamellaria tentaculata
Eta ve as
Lacuna reticulat:
Litiopa papillosa
Littorina littorea .
squalida .
suboperta
Littorinella
Limnea fossaria
Limneus vulgaris .
Limneus minutus
palustris
Limnezea palustris .
peregra .
truncatula
Lobaria scabra
Lottia parvula .

ie

me OT
BOONNAGDTOSH WW

—
—

INDEX.

PAGE

. 140
. 140

6

_

oO
lor}

oO
ont Bm OH bo NT OO

PAGE
Lotiiawirginea |) \o. ii
Lowonéema. oe & & hE See 2 eee

EAL CEN pULCHELLG\ ae. kn). e ke Mieton ene
Tnycupiaas) recta «i = wet eee ECL
TUNES ee sg.) ee
Tymne@artentise. . <= s. Aeart alten

Lymneus palustris >) 9) yea
WECM 6 6 Oo cleo 8 co a a ili
Macromphalus reticulatus . . . . . . 122
Mammitlay 2 oo G, 0G cathe ea
Mammillariag a =) iene Le
Mangelia linearis @ ) 1-0 1s) ee ene
Mangillia nebulae 100s) is) icine tein tent
Margarita elegantissima. . . . . . . 134
maculatag | (oie pet men melas
trochoidea\s-1)- 0) eeu ee)
Marginella auriculata . . ... . =. 22
CU MREOTR 5 oo 6 ao bills)
IDO 5 4 o cio 6 o a he!
Marinulan a 2 > “i \- gewalcnineeiad EAE
Marsenia depressa. . « «| « 5s ~yeaubpe
centacwlatar.. jc: +) cnn eam let emit
Melampus i) ts (sn i tel ks a oe
MelantaeBoscittm, s4) a0). ls anne
Cambessedesn~ fae ee
Campanelles” ye ro eee ee
(CC en eee ounce cer tar bas. a OF
DupOi te oek:. eS) oper ec) RO
I ar Oe Ge aot ao! 6. 7a)
CencOCllata.. 1) se OS
Wateliay nee Gc Reha OS
WitneWinnideatd “oe oo = a 6 8 5 a 2th)
DNCYG 95 Goo ao 9 5 ooh 2
IG OUT RB a oo 0 a ne ook Ss oh geo INS!
Morio: = oye ie Mee fn or eek, aa
Murex aineolatuse- 5. 0. - ee eneOS
CNGUIACUS, =). fo eS
BUMNIUS :. i. fe. i ae eS
bulbijormisi. | >) an eo
COMpMessUs... oo Le eo
CONEHOMUS. Wi) ae) Ene eae ee
CONMCUSAN= ae. (is eas sta ee Pa aL
costellifer — \... Py ee OOM
Gespectiuss \. <.. 6.) eh eee
ermaceus, |. 6s, | eile eR OD
AS oO eo Be ho 8 BG

elongatus’ \-- 3. 4.- hc OO
Reptagonus 0) en ee
Tslandicus’ = =e 0

lapillaformts, \- = ees) OO
UNCHITS wi Uc! as eR os 50
MUIRCOCUSIN.* tc 8 MEMES) sO)
IPerusianus.« te ees 6s, os 48
PURCERUUS Sen Boo ae ee OD

Murex pullus
tortuosus
tricinctus
turricula

Nacca x

Nassa conglobata .

consociata .

costula
elegans .
granulata
incrassata
labiosa

microstoma .

Monensis

prismatica .
propinqua .

proxima «
reticosa .
Natica canaliculata
catena
catenoides

cirriformis .

clausa . .

consolidata .

crassa
elevata

Guillemini .

glaucina
glaucinoides

Greenlandica

helicoides

hemiclausa .

livida

monilifera .
multipunctata .

Nicolit
occlusa .
proxima
patula

septentrionalis

subcarinata
Sowerbyt
varians .

Naticella

Natiecina

Naticopsis

Naticus .

Nerita piscinalis

Neverita .

Niso .

Odontidium rugulosum

Odontina :
Odostomia plicata .
pellucida

INDEX.
PAGE
47 Odostomia pupa
40 reticulata
69 simillima
2 162 unidentata .
. 140 Orthocera glabra .
32 trachea .
31 Orthostelis .
31 Ovatella polita
30 Ovula Leathesii
29 Ovulum .
29 Ovulus
28
32 Pachylabra .
31 Paludina impura
32 lenta
30 media
31 muriatica
33 obsoleta .
145 rotundata
142 semicarinata
141 tentaculata .
145 unicolor .
147 Paludinella .
147 Paludestrina pendula
148 subumbilicata .
143 terebellata
142 ulve .
142 Parthenia crenata
141 elegantissima
146 pallida
145 Pasithea
144 Patella acuminata .
146 equalis .
142 apertura
148 Chinensis
142 Jissura
146 Jissurella
143 Forbesii .
148 Sulva
147 Greca
139 Hungarica .«
141 militaris
143 muricata
140 parca
140 pulchella
140 rotunda .
140 Sinensis .
112 ungarica
140 unguis
96 virginea .
vulgaris .
115 vulgata .
114 Patelloida
85 Patelloidea
86 Pedipes buccinea

io.)

ee
“= — @
oun on

206

PEHCTINIBRANCHIATA .
Peribolus
Phasianella .
Philine scabra .
seutulum
Phasianema sulcata
lineolata
Pileopsis militaris
ungarica
Planazis Ss
Planorbis complanatus
corneus .
marginatus .
spirorbis
umbilicatus .
vortex, var. Bb .
Pleurotoma brachystoma
cancellata
carinata .
clavula
comma
Ginnannianum .
intorta
levigatum
linearis .
mitrula .
nodulosa
Philberti
plicifera
porrecta
purpurea
rufa .
semicolon
turricula
Trevelliana .
variegatum .
Polinices
Polyphemopsis .
PTEROPODA .
PULMONATA ;
Puncturella Noachina
Purpura lapillus
tetragona
Pygmea . oni
Pyramdea. . . .
Pyramidella laviuseul
terebellata .
unisuleata
Pyramis .
Pyrgiscus ‘
Pyrula reticulata .

Quoyia

Retusa obtusa .

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
13 Retusa Giscors <b ss ee BR te SO lata
14 plicuta, % +. 15, > ROR ey
96 Ramla va Re hs hs Fe LOO

5 fehl Ringiculaybuccines) yt. meray einen na

el79 Ventricosa 4: 9." faci, bi acl iehee,

> 1B iRissoa Bosc? | & = & « © MRE Re96

5 Pa COMMUNTS «= 4. Fe NOREEN e le LOO
156 concinng: | \cons eee LOS
155 continis ®. ¥) 25) 45> eee
88 costulata % e+. (Aneel 06
9 crassi-striata) (12) Saeeeee en eG
10 Obsoletat, tsk: fa Sane pee D:
9 pulchella, #7 0.) y-we ee eeeersnerO
9 punctura, 9) ©) 5. eee OS
9 reticulata es. oa) enPeeene eels
9 SMCS se 4g a o » NOS
60 Stridta. <.\s, Locks eae Ne: ae OO
61 SUUUMOUICALA) ae eae ne OS
54 Bupra-costatal ye) yee een LO)
62 CLs Sie I ROS op et! ee TT(YS)
54 witttea.. Jez 144, Ye, Co SVSMMPA ESE eae:
60 Zetlandica <<<. «ce Sener a eel On
53 Rostellaria pes-pelicani . . . . . . . 25
62 plurimacosta’)y. yc eseueeen
56 Ruma Zoe a. Covet ies ee ed)
59
55 Sabanweay hie ish wo, he os HI cs LOS
57 Nedlans. sor vars. teat nel te [eo Re ea
64 Scalaniaicancellatay |i... eee Se
55 celathratula . ; 94
63 decussata 2 5 «: OES SOS
61 R/T ALG en) ae
54 fiMbTIGSay yy) ass) as eal Ser ee OT
53 HOMACEA Hs) Mec a.\ Key Se eae 8 ueheeo
63 drondiculay sc: vie ocean. ange
57 CEONGOSAG fe. el ec” ce: Wee LP Pa
140 Groenlandica; .. .«: o @osee 0
96 Ihamulifera.. .- - ).cuGeaeuhs 20
191 lamellosa’ <3) «4. (CRAMMER os OIL

] MUL S| Ae ee ee) ee 4
166 ObEUSICOStAta) | cmrl-umucuN- cAI OD
36 pseudo-scalartgs . . . . . . 94
38 pulchelia® 9 (eh Mo). meaner i tenenO 4:

. 293 Sumit ee se. oo han EE a OO

_ 122 subulata- 5. <j0, co Ge. yout eee
77 CEnETa™ (J Vey) 1 ye) eo
77 Trevelyana <<.) 1) jchu.0 ) lees

5 ee WALICOSS) <i) <7) oo) 27 SOO

. 100 Soalarag (ot Ps en ine oe SO.
78 Scaphander catenata. . . . . . . .181
42 WS 4 B 5 9 9 o 4 OY)

Scissurellajenspatas 1-0 eee enw OG
88 aspera occ - 163
Serpulaintorta . . . . . - - . . 118
177 LEH ELT ty Peay ul qe ee ae lull)

Serpula recta
Serpulorbis .
Sigaretus excavatus
tentaculatus
Simnia a oe
Solariella maculata
Solarium turbinoides .
SOLENOSTOMATA
Stagnicola
Solen .
Solidula .
Steromphala
Stomatia :
Strombus pes-pelicani
Subula .
Succinea amphibia

oblonga .
putris
Sypho radiata .
striata
TECTIBRANCHIATA
Tectura fulva
parvula .
virginea .
Terebra canalis
heterostropha
imversa
THECOSOMATA .

Tornatella conoidea
elongata .
Noe .
striata
Trichotropis acuminata
borealis .
costellatus .
Triton erinaceus
heptagonum
Tritonium antiquum
clathratum .
gracile
incrassatum
lapillus .
pes-pelicant
undatum
Trivia affinis
Anglie .
avellana. .
Europea
retusa
testudinella
Trochita
Trochus Adansoni.
cinerarius
cineroides

. 158
. 129
allow
. 131

INDEX.

PAGE

ce ANF
. 113
. 149
: 151

13

. 135
- 135

13

Trochus concavus .

Trophon

conulus .
conuloides .
crenularis
Dekinii .
ditropis .
elegans .
formosus
granosus
granulatus .
Kicksii .
levigatus
leucopheus .
lineatus .
littoralis
Martini.
millegranus
Montacuti .
multigranus
nitens
obconicus
papillosus
pseudo-ziziphinus .
quadricinctus .
Robinsii
TUGOSUS .
similis
subexcavatus
Sedgwickit .
subcarinutus
trigonostomus .
tumidus
turgidulus .
tricariniferus
villicus .
ziziphinus .
altum
antiquum
alveolatum .
consociale
costiferum .
elegans .
gracile
gracilius
imperspicuum .
muricatum .
paululum
scalariforme

Turbo albus

ascaris

bicarinatus .

carinatus
clathratulus
clathrus Greenlandicus
conoideus . . .

se sts! © ot OM

208

Turbo decussatus .
duplicatus .

elegantissimus .

elongatus
Sontinalis
imbricatarius
lamellosus
levis .
littoreus
nitidissimus
plicatus .
politus
pellucidus
parvus
punctura
reticulatus .
rudis
semicostatus
simillimus
sphzeroidea
striatus .
suleatus .
subulata
terebra
unicus
ventricosus .
vermicularis
vitreus
Zetlandica .
Turbonilla costaria
curvicostata
cylindrella .
elegantior .
filosa
plicata .
rufa .
subulata
varicula
Twritella ascaris .
bicincta .
clathratula .
communis .
conoidea

INDEX.

PAGE

86
79
81
pike)

SSIS SST) ey) SO
©

ok mS Oo

Turritella duplicata
elegantissima
imbricataria
incrassata
Linnei .
minor
nitidissima .
planispira .
plebeia .
terebra .
triplicata

Tubulus .

Uber .

Valvata antiqua
piscinalis
striata

Velutina capuloidea
elongata
leevigata
rupicola
undata
virgata
vulgaris .
zonata

Vermetus Bognoriensis .

intortus .
Vivipara concinna
lenta .
suboperta
Voluta buccinea
cypreola
Lamberti
levis
mitre formis
Volvaria cylindrica
Regulbiensis
retusa

Ziziphinus .
Zurana pulchella .

PRINTED BY C. AND J. ADLARD,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

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Helix rysa, page 4.
a. upper surface.
4. under surface.
c. front view.

Helix arbustorum (?), p. 3.
a. upper surface.
6. under surface.
c. front view.

Helix hispida, p. 2.
a. under surface.
4. upper surface.
c. front view.

Helix pulchella, p. 3.
a. upper surface.
4. under surface.
c. front view.

Succinea putris (?), p. 5.

Succinea oblonga, p. 6.

Limneea peregra, p. 7.
a. front view.
b. back view.

Limneea truncatula (?), p. 8.
a. Var. a.

db. var. B.

TAB. I.

10.

| 13.
14.

| 15.

=
SE

Lil

12.

Limneea palustris (7), p. 7.
a. front view, var. a.
b. id. var. B.
c. back view.

d. front view of another specimen.

Planorbis complanatus, p. 9.
a. under surface.
4. wpper surface.
c. front view.

Planorbis spirorbis, 7. 9.
a. upper surface.
6. under surface.
ec. front view.

Planorbis corneus, p. 10.
a. under surface.
4. upper surface.
c. front view.

Conovulus pyramidalis, p. 11.
a. front view.
4. back view.

Conovulus myosotis (?), p. 12.
a. front view.
6. back view.

Conovulus myosotis (?), var. (3.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB. II.

Fig
Ovula Leathesu, page 14. 6. Cyprea Europea, p. 17.
a. front view. a. back view.
4. back view of a short var. 4. front view of same.

c. back view of small specimen.
Columbella sulcata, p. 23.
a. front view, var. a.

6. back view.

7. Cypreea Angliz, p. 16.
a. back view.

: 4. front view.
ce. front view, var. .

d. front view, young shell. 8. Cypreea retusa, p. 16.
a. back view.

T Mee ec) :
Voluta Lamberti, p. 20. ee eee aes

a. back view of var. [3.
b. front view of var. a. 9. Cypreea affinis, p. 15.
a. back view.
Aporrhais pespelicani, p. 25. 6. front view.

a. back view.

4. front view of a larger specimen. 10. Erato levis, p. 18.

a. front view.

Cypreea avellana, p. 15. | 4. back view.

a. back view of var. a. 11. Erato Maugerie, p. 19.
4. front view of another specimen.
c. back view of var. [.

d. front view of smaller specimen.
e. back view of same. 12. Pyrula reticulata, p. 42.

a. front view, enlarged.
6. back view, enlarged.

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TAB. III.

Fig.
1. Nassa elegans, page 30.
2. 4, propinqua, p. 30.
3. 4, granulata, p. 29.
4. ,, incrassata, slightly enlarged, p. 29.
5. 45, JMONneNsis, pol.
6. ,, prismatica, p. 32.
7. °y5 (eonsociata. 7-701.
8. ,, labiosa,p. 28.
9. ,, conglobata, p32.
10. +5, “reticosa, py. Sa.

10a. var. reticosa, front view.
104. ,, rugosa, back view.
10c¢. ,, elongata, front view.
10d. ,, tiara, back view.

10e. ,, fenestralis, front view.
10 f. ,, deformis, front view.
10g. ,, concinna, front view.
104. ,, costata, front view.

11. Bucemum Dalei, p. 34.
1l a. var. crassum, front view.
114. ,, ovum, front view.
lle. ,, nanum, front view.
Ild. ,, paucistriatum, back view.

12. Buccinum undatum, p. 35.
12a. var. leviusculum, back view.
124. ,, striatum, back view.
12¢. ,, vulgatum, front view.
12d. ,, tenerum, front view.

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TAB. IV.

1. Ringicula ventricosa, page 22.
a. front view.
6. back view.

2. Ringicula buccinea, p. 22.
a. back view.
4. front view.

3. Terebra inversa, p. 26.
a. back view.
6. front view.

4. Terebra canalis, p. 26.

5. Cassidaria bicatenata, p. 27.
a. front view.
6. back view of another specimen.

6. Purpura lapillus, py. 36.
6a. var. crispata.
66. ,, brevis.
6c. ,, elongata.
6d. ,, vulgaris.
6e. ,, angulata.
67. ,, carinata.
67. ,, imbricata.
6%. ,, incrassata.

7. Purpura tetragona, p. 38.
7 a. var. vulgaris.
76. ,, alveolata.

7c. 5, imtermedia.
| ond
7d. ,, tenera.

8. Triton heptagonum, p. 41.

9. Murex tortuosus, p. 40.

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TAB. V.

1. Trophon antiquum, page 44.

] a. var. jugosum.

1b.
le
ld.
le.

3)

bP)

33

33

carinatum.
striatum.
contrarium porrectum.

- rugosum.
“ ambulacrum.
3 striatum.

‘3 angulatum.

o simistrorsum.
* elongatum.

35 carinatum.

2. Trophon elegans, p. 46.

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Pleurotoma turricula, page 53.
a. back view.
4. front view of another specimen.

. Pleurotoma carinata, p. 54.

a. back view of a specimen from
the Red Crag.

6. front view of a specimen from
the Coralline Crag.

. Pleurotoma semicolon (?), p. 54.

a. front view of var. a.
6. front view of var. [.

. Pleurotoma intorta, p. 53.

a. back view of a worn specimen.
4. front view of another specimen.

. Trophon muricatum, 7. 50.
. Trophon paululum (enlarged), p. 51.

. Trophon scalariforme, p. 48.

a. back view of var. a.
6. front view.
ec. back view of var. [3.

10.

MG

12.

13.

14.

. Trophon alveolatum, p. 49.

a. back view.
6. front view.

. Trophon costiferum, p. 48.

a. front view, var. a.
6. back view, var. (3.

Trophon gracile, p. 46.
a. back view, var. a.
6. front view of var. [.
c. front view of another specimen.

Trophon consociale, p. 49.
a. front view.
4. back view.

Trophon imperspicuum, py. 50.

Trophon altum, p. 47.
a. back view.
6. front view.

Trophon gracilius (enlarged), py. 51.

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1. Pleurotoma porrecta, page 55.
a. front view.

6. back view.

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. Clavatula linearis, p. 56.
a. magnified portion of ditto.

3. Clavatula castanea, py. 57.
a. magnified portion of ditto.

4. Clavatula perpulchra, p. 58.
a. magnified portion of ditto.

Ou

. Clavatula Philberti, py. 57.

a. magnified portion of ditto. °

6. Clavatula costata (7), p. 58.
a. front view of var. a.
6. front view of var. p.

NI

. Clavatula mitrula, p. 59.
7a. Var. B.

7 6. magnified portion of ditto.

8. Clavatula brachystoma, p. 60.
a. magnified portion of ditto.

9. Clavatula cancellata, p. 61.
10. Clavatula nebula, p. 60.

11. Clavatula concinnata, p. 61.
a. front view of var. a.
6. back view of var. (3.

12. Clavatula levigata (?), p. 62.
a. magnified portion of ditto.

18.

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. Clavatula turricula, p. 62.

a. front view of var. a.
6. front view of var. p.

. Clavatula Trevellyana, p. 63.

a. front view.
4. front view of another specimen.

Clavatula plicifera, p. 64.

. Clavatula Boothii, p. 63.

. Trichotropis borealis, p. 67.

a. front view.
6. back view.

Cancellaria coronata, p. 64.
a. back view.
4. front view.

Cancellaria mitreeformis (7), p. 65.
a. front view.
6. back view.

. Cancellaria subangulosa, p. 66.

a. front view of var. a.

b. back view.

aa. front view of var. [.

66. magnified portion of ditto.

. Cancellaria costellifera, p. 66.

2. Nassa labiosa, p. 28.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB. VIII.

Fig.
. Cerithium tricinctum (?), page 69. 11. Scalaria Groenlandica, p. 90.
la. front view of specimem from 11 a. back view, var. a.
Mammaliferous Crag. 114. front view, var. /3.
14. front view of specimen from ‘ é
P 12. Scalaria fimbriosa, p. 91.
Red Crag.

en aves e ; . Scalaria h lifera, p. 91.
Cerithium tricinctum (7), back view of fos) scalaria hansaliteray/

eroded specimen from Red Crag. | 14. Scalaria varicosa, p. 90.

3. Cerithium variculosum, p. 69. | 15. Scalaria frondosa, p. 92.
SUSAR OME 16. Scalaria frondicula, p. 92.

. Cerithium trilmeatum, p. 70. | 17. Scalaria foliacea, p. 93.

4a. apex magnified.
aide 18. Scalaria subulata, p. 93.
Cerithium tuberculare, p. 70.

5 a. magnified portion. 19. Scalaria clathratula, p. 94.
56. var. subulatum. 19 a. front view.
5e. ,, nanum. 194. back view.

aa. magnified portion.

6a. magnified portion. 20. Scalaria Trevellyana, p. 94.

. Cerithium cribrarium, p. 71. | 21. Scalaria obtusicostata, p. 95.
7a. back view. | 7
7 4. front view, another specimen. | 22. Scalaria cumce tae : ee
7aa. magnified portion. | ee

. Cerithium adversum, p. 72. 23. Fossarus sulcatus, p. 120.
8a. magnified portion. 23a. front view, var. a.
ie 23 6. back view.

. Cerithium granosum, p. 73.

23 aa. magnified portion.

. Cerithium perpulchrum, p. 72. | 23 ¢c. back view, var. lineolatus.

10 a. magnified portion. | 23d. front view.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB.

1. Litiopa papillosa, page 88.
a. front view.
4. back view.

bo

. Pyramidella leeviuscula, p. 77.
a. front view.
6. back view.

3. Odostomia plicata, p. 85.
a. front view, var. a.
4. front view, var. 3.

4. Odostomia pellucida, p. 86.
a. front view.
b. back view.

. Odostomia pupa, p. 86.
a. back view.
6. front view.

wn

6. Odostomia similima (?), p. 87.
a. front view.
6. back view.

Fig.
7. Turritella incrassata, p. 75.

a. front view, var. a, triplicata,
from Coralline Crag.

4. front view, var. 8, vermicularis,
from Red Crag.

c. front view, var. a, triplicata,

from Red Crag.
d. front view, var. y, bicincta.

8. Turritella clathratula, p. 76.
8 a. magnified portion.

9. Turritella communis, p. 74.
a. back view, var. from Mamma-
liferous Crag.
4. front view, var. from Red Crag.

10. Turritella imbricataria, p. 75.
a. back view.
6. back view of eroded specimen.

11. Turritella planispira, p. 76.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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1a. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia rufa, p. 79.
2a. reversed apex magnified.

26. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia costaria, p. 80.

3a. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia nitidissima (?), p. 80.

4a. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia elegantissima, p. 81.

5 a. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia internodula, p. 81.

6 a. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia filosa, p. 82.

7 a. volution magnified.

. Chemnitzia densecostata, p. 82.

8a. volution magnified.

PAB. X.

Fig.
9. Chemnitzia unica (?), p. 83.
9a. volution magnified.

10. Chemnitzia varicula, p. 84.
10a. volution magnified.

11. Chemnitzia similis, p. 84.
11 a. volution magnified.
114. var. levigata.
llc. volution magnified.

14a. var. antiqua.

146. ,, suleata.
14@.- 55° /spicta:

14d. ,, elegans.
14e. ,, bicarinata.
147. ,, pyramidata.
14g. ,, delphinula.
14%. ,, deformis.
142. ,, carinata.
14%. ,, elongata.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

13. Littorina (?) suboperta, p. 120.

14. Littorina littorea, var. vulgaris, y. 118.

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TAB.

. Rissoa striata, page 100.

a. front view.
4. back view.

Paludestrina subumbilicata, p. 108.

a. front view.
6. back view.

. Rissoa vitrea, py. 102

a. front view.
6. back view.

. Rissoa punctura (?), p. 103.

a. front view.
4. back view.

. Rissoa reticulata (?), p. 103.

a. front view.
6. back view.

. Rissoa confinis, py. 104.

a. front view.
6. back view.

XI.

Fig.

10.

Ile

13.

Rissoa Zetlandica, p. 101.
a. front view.
6. back view.

Rissoa supracostata, p. 107.
a. front view.

. Rissoa pulchella (?), p. 104.

a. front view.
6. back view.

Rissoa semicostata, py. 102.
Rissoa obsoleta, p. 105.

a. front view.
6. back view.

. Rissoa costulata, p. 106.

a. front view, var. a.
4. front view, var. (3.

Rissoa crassi-striata, p. 106.
6. front view.
a. back view.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB. XII.

a. front view, var. a.
6. front view, var. f.
ce. back view, young shell.

- Paludina tentaculata, PeAMES
- Valvata piscinalis, p. 112.

- Natica occlusa, p. 146.

a. back view.
6. front view.

- Natica Greenlandica, p- 146.

a. back view.
4. front view.

- Paludestrina pendula, p. 109.
. Paludestrina terebellata, p. 109.

. Vermetus intortus, py. 113.

@. solitary specimen adhering to an oyster.
6. gregarious specimen.

- Vermetus Bognoriensis, (?) p. VIA.
10.
Ie

Lacuna reticulata, p. 122.

Alvania ascaris, p. 99.
a. var. subulata.
6. var. brevis.
e. var. nitida.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB. XIII.

Fig.
1. Trochus millegranus, page 127.
a. side view.
6. view of base.

2. Trochus formosus, p. 125.
a. side view.
4. view of base.

3. Trochus multigranus (slightly enlarged), ». 127.
a. side view.
4. view of base.

4. Trochus Ziziphinus (?), var. monstrosa, p. 124.

5. Trochus conulus, p. 125.
a. side view.
b. view of base.

6. Trochus papillosus (?), p. 126.
a. side view.
6. view of base.
ec. side view, var. similis.

7. Trochus crenularis, p. 123.
a. side view.
b. view of base.

8. Trochus subexcavatus, p. 126.
a. side view.
6. view of base.
c. back view of var. 2.

9. Trochus Ziziphinus, p. 124.
a. side view, var. concavus.
b. view of base.
c. side view of smooth or decorticated specimen.
d. side view of var. levigatus.
e. view of base.
f. side view of var. conuloides.
g- View of base.

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10.

TAB. XIV.

Trochus Montacuti, page 129.
a. front view of eroded specimen.
6. back view of specimen with coloured stripes.

Trochus tumidus, p. 130.
a. back view, var. conicus.
4. front view, var. depressus.

Trochus Adansoni, p. 129.
a. back view, var. filosa.
6. back view, var. crenulata.
c. front view of specimen with coloured stripes.

Trochus villicus, p. 128.
a. back view.
6. front view.

Trochus Kicksii, p. 130.
a. back view.
6. front view of elevated var.

Trochus tricariniferus, y. 132.
a. back view, young specimen.
4. front view, adult specimen.

. Trochus cinerarius, p. 131.

. Trochus cineroides, p. 131.

a. front view, var. conicus.
6. front view, var. umbilicatus.

. Trochus ditropis, p. 133.

a. back view.
4. front view.

Trochus obconicus, p. 133.
a. back view, var. f.
4. front view, ditto.
ce. back view, var. a.
d. front view, ditto.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

LT AW,

Ab a) Rug

GB.Sowerby Jun’

TAB. XV.

1. Margarita elegantissima, page 134.
2. Margarita trochoidea, p. 136.

3. Margarita maculata, p. 135.

4. Adeorbis pulchralis, py. 139.
5

. Adeorbis supra-nitidus, p. 137.
5b. Fs var. a.
5a. i var. B.

6. Adeorbis tricarinatus, p. 138.
7. Adeorbis striatus, p. 137.

8. Adeorbis subcarinatus, p. 139.
9. Turbo spheeroidea, p. 122.

10. Marsenia tentaculata, p. 151.
11. Sigaretus excavatus, p. 149.
12. Lacuna reticulata, p. 122.

13. Scissurella crispata, p. 163.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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Natica Guillemini, page 142.

a. back view.
4. front view.

Natica clausa, p. 147.
a. back view.
4. front view.

Natica helicoides, p. 145.
a. back view.
6. front view.

Natica proxima, p. 143.
a. back view.
6. front view.

Natica hemiclausa, p. 144.

a. back view.
4. front view.

Natica varians, p. 143.
a. front view.
6. back view.

TABS XVI.

Fig.
7. Natica cirriformis, p. 145.
a. back view.
b. front view.

8. Natica catena, p. 142.
a. back view.
4. front view.

9. Natica multipunctata, p. 148.

a. back view of spotted specimen.
4. front view, same specimen.

c. specimen with operculum in situ.
d. front view of var. B, from Cor.

Crag.
e. back view of same specimen.
J. operculum, from Cor. Crag.

10. Natica catenoides, p. 141.
a. back view.
b. front view.

L.XVI

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TAB. XVII.

Fig.
1. Capulus obliquus, page 156.
a. view of exterior.

4. view of interior.

2. Capulus ungaricus, p. 155.

a. side view, var. regularis.

4. view of interior, var. unguis.

c. view of exterior a

d. view of interior, var. vulgaris.

e. view of exterior, same specimen.

J. var elata, side view.

g. id. iterior view of another specimen, showing the
muscular impression.

3. Capulus militaris, p. 156.
a. view of interior of var. partim-sinuosus.

4. view of exterior of same specimen.

ec. internal view of a laterally compressed specimen.

d. internal view of a laterally expanded specimen.

e. lateral view of young specimen, the volution on a level
with the base.

J. lateral view of an elevated specimen.

4, Capulus fallax, p. 157.
a. view of exterior.
4. view of interior.

T. XVI

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TAB. XVIII.

Fig.
I Calyptraea Chinensis, page 159.
a. exterior of var. muricata.
interior of same specimen.
side view, var. conica.
side view, var. depressa.
side view, var. spinosa.

ss Qs BS

2. Emarginula crassa, p. 165.
a. view of exterior.
4. view of interior.
c. side view of specimen with
sharper ribs.
d. side view, var. conica.

3. Emarginula fissura, p. 164.
a. side view, var. vulgaris.
4. side view, var. punctura.

4. Fissurella greeca, p. 168.
a. side view, var. depressa.
6. side view, var. convexa.
c. side view, var. apertura.

Fig.
5. Cemoria Noachina, p. 166.
a. view from above.
6. view of interior, showing mus-
cular impression.
c. side view of same specimen.

6. Tectura virginea, p. 161.
a. side view, var. depressa.
4. view of interior, showing mus-
cular impression.
c. side view, var. conica.

7. Tectura fulva, p. 161.
a. view from above.
6. side view.

8. Tectura (?) parvula, p. 162.
a. side view.
6. view from above.

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TAB. XIX.

Fig. Fig.
1. Eulima polita, page 96. 8. Velutina levigata, p. 152.
a. var. vulgaris. a. front view.
4. specimen with inflected spire. 6. back view.
2. Eulima glabella, p. 98. 9. Velutina virgata, p. 153.
. 3. Eulima subulata, p. 97. Bs “ie
b. back view.
4. Actzeon levidensis, p. 171.

10. Velutina undata (?), p. 153.
a. front view.
6. back view.

a. front view.
6. back view.

EE ED soa a) - 170. 11. Trichotropis borealis, p. 67.

fee ae a. front view, var. incrassata.

. back: view. 6. back view, same specimen.
6. Acteeon Nov, p. 169. 12. Purpura lapillus, p. 36.

a. front view. a. back view, var. compressa.

6. back view. 4. front view, same specimen.
7. Actzeon subulatus, py. 170. | 13. Nassa reticosa, p. 33.

| . .
a. front view. | a. back view, var. inversa.
6. back view. | 6. front view, same specimen.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB. XX.

Fig. Fig.
1. Dentalium costatum, page 188. 5. Ceecum trachea, p. 115.
a. specimen, natural size, from Cor. a. posterior termination, much en-
Crag. larged.
4. transverse section of the same. 6. Caecum glabrum, p. 117.

d. fragment, with angular ribs,
from Red Crag.

e. var. striatum, magnified, showing

the termination without a cleft. 7. Ceecum (?) incurvatum (?), p. 117.

a. posterior termination, much en-
larged.

J. portion magnified, showing the G BLA figure, much enlarged.
medial dorsal cleft and divided 4. spiral portion, much enlarged.
epiphragm. 8. Patella vulgata, p. 183.

a. view from above.

bo

. Dentalium entale, p. 189.

a. var. tarentinum. i ;
b. var. vulgaris. 9. Chiton fascicularis (?), p. 185.

a, end view.

6. lateral view.

ee)

. Dentalium bifissum, p. 190. 6. view from above.
4. posterior termination, much en- 10

. Chiton strigillatus, p. 186.
larged.

a. penultimate (?) valve magnified.
6. terminal valve magnified.

4. Cecum mammillatum, p. 116.
a. var. vulgaris. | 11. Chiton Rissoi (?), p. 186.
6. var. subulatum. | a. primal valve magnified.
e, posterior termination, much en- | 4. central valve magnified.

larged. c. terminal valve magnified.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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TAB. XXI.

Fig. Fig.
1. Bulla cylindracea, page 175. 8. Bulla lignaria, ». 173.
a. view of aperture, var. vulgaris. a. back view.
6. var. monstrosa. 6. front view.

c. view of apex of var. vulgaris.
2. Bulla conulus, p. 173. 9. Bullzea Guadiar, ue : 179:
: a. view of interior.
a. front view.
6. back view.

c. view of apex.

4. view of exterior.
¢. end view.

3. Bulla truncata, p. 176. 10. Bullza sculpta, p. 180.
a. front view. a. view of aperture.
6. back view. b. view of exterior.
e. view of apex. c. end view.

4. Bulla Regulbiensis, py. 177.
a. front view, var. a.
6. front view, var. [.

| 11. Bulleea ventrosa, p. 182.
a. view of aperture.

c. view of apex. 4. view of exterior.
c. end view.

5. Bulla Lajonkaireana, p. 178.

a. back view. 12. Bulleea scabra, p. 181.

6. front view. <
a. view of aperture.

c. view of Ke : :
view OF apex 6. view of exterior.

6. Bulla concinna, p. 176. c. view of apex.
a. view of aperture.
b. back view. 13. Bulla nana, p. 178.
e. view of apex. a. back view.

7. Bulla acuminata, p. 174. SONS EN

a. front view.
6. back view.
c. end view.

(The small figure is the natural size.)

| 14. Cleodora infundibulum, p. 191.

The lines indicate the size of the specimens.

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