A MONOGRAPH P2S£3 i W OF THE Genus Teracolus by EMILY MARY BOWDLER SHARPE (Parts I. -XI., 1898-1902 all published) LONDON L. REEVE & CO., Ltd. 6 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN 1914 S2?o DSSo (S.So MATL ¥U». INDEX TO 5^3 5 A Monograph of the Genus Teracolus Synonyms in Italics. Figures in brackets refer to the Plates. PAGE PAGE PAGE abyssinicus 24 eris 30 mananhari (25) 74 agoye . 24 crone 67 metagone 153 amatus (1) . 5 etrida (33) . 104 minans . 140 amatus . 1 etrida . . 105 modestus 5 anax 47 euckaris (31) . 97 mrogoana 71 antigone (40) 140 eucharis 81 nothus . 74 antigone 137, 149 eunoma . 37 nouna . 125 arne 12 eunomus (13) 36 ocellatus (2) . 11 aurora . 97 evagore (39) . . 134 ochreipennis . 16 auxo (27) 81 evagore 137, 140, 149, 153 odysseus 126 auxo 88 evantke (32) . . 102 opalescens (10) 27 bacchus (24) . 71 evanthides (34) . 112 opalinus 27 bettoni (19) . 56 evarne (29) . . 90 pallene (36) . 119 bifasciatus 153 evarne . 81, 95 pattern 98 bimbura 105 farrinus . 105 peelus . 18 bohcmanni 32 fatma . . 24 pernotatus 105 buxtoni (22) . 64 flaminia . 140 philamene 12 ccenis . 98 flavida . . 74 phillipsii (30) 95 Calais (1) 1 foliaceus 42 pkisadia (3) . 12 Calais . 8 friga . . 140 jMcgetonia 140 carnifer 1 galathinus . 149 phlegyas (21) 61 casimirus 105 halyattes . 115 phlegyas 56, 58, 64 , 71 castalis (7) . 19 heteera (15) . 42 protractus (2) 9 chromiferus (13) 37 he t ots are thus rendered much more conspicuous by the restriction of the blackish hind-margins of both wings, over which is suffused a general shade of reddish orange, especially distinct towards the oasal pm'ticm on the secondaries ; there is a paler yellowish patch in the discal area of the wing. Colonel Yerbury has very kindly given me the subjoined notes on the habits of this species : “ At Aden T. Calais is very abundant, and may be found anywhere, but it affects for choice bushes of Salvadora persica, on which plant Captain Nurse found the eggs and larvae. The eggs are laid in batches on the leaves, and the newly hatched larva? are at first gregarious. They vary somewhat in colour, some being pea-green, darker on the back, lighter on the flanks, and with a faint dorsal line ; others again are darker, with a nearly white dorsal line. When full-fed, they are about an inch long, some having black heads and some green heads, but both forms may be reared from the same batch of eggs. The pupae, too, vary somewhat, some being pale green speckled with black. There is but little doubt that at Aden T. Calais represents the wet district form and T. dynamenc the dry, T. camifer being only a casual variety. Heavy rain fell in May and June 1883, and early in July an unusually bright- coloured form of this butterfly was on the wing among the Salvadora bushes in the Gold Mohur Valley. This form was never again met with.” TERACOLUS. 5 Captain Nurse also gives a description of the larvae and pupae in the “Proceed¬ ings ” for 1896, p. 245. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. Calais. Plate 1, fig. 1. 3 • Ambriz, Angola (./. J. Monteiro ; Mus. Salvin-Godman) . „ la. Underside. „ lb. $ . Loanda (J. J. Monteiro ; Mus. Salvin-Godman). „ lc. Underside. „ Id, le. Larva and Pupa, Aden [Gapl. Nurse ; Mus. Brit.). „ If. T. carnifer, Butler, J , Aden ( Colonel Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). Plate la, „ 2. Kibwezi, December 1888 {Coll. F. J. Jackson). „ 2a. Underside. TERACOLUS AMATUS (Fabr.) (Plate 1, figs. 2, 2a, 2b). Papilio amalus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 476 (1775). Papilio cyprrcea, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 21 (1787). Pieris amata, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 131, No. 39 (1819). Idmais amata, Butler, Cat. Fabr., p. 117, No. 1 (1869); Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lepid., p. 499 (1871). Teracolus moclestus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 137. Teracolus amata, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 138. Teracolus cyprcea, Butler, t.c., p. 138. Teracolus kennedii, Swinlioe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 440. Teracolus amatus, Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 9 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. (6) p. 388, 1897. Male.— Differs from T. Calais in having the black spots at the end of the discoidal cell and above the sub-median nervure much smaller ; the hind margin and apical portion of the primaries is more of a brownish black tint. The greater portion of the primaries is salmon-buff, with a row of four spots of the same colour from the costa to the third median nervule, which relieves the apical patch, between the second and first median nervules. These spots are much smaller in some specimens than in others, whilst they are occasionally obsolete. The costa and the base are grey, suffused with salmon-buff. Secondaries similar to those of T. Calais. Underside. — Resembles that of T. Calais, with the exception that the black markings on the primaries are much reduced in size. Expanse 1‘5 inch. Female. — Yellow like the male, but differing from the same sex of T. Calais in having the two black spots on the primaries smaller than in that species. A white form of the female frequently occurs, wdiicli is T. cyprcea, Fabricius, as pointed out by a TER A COL US. Dr. Butler. In the darker form, T. modestus, Butler, a white female is the rule, and those with a yellow tinge less frequently occur. Expanse 14 inch. Habitat. — Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. Orissa (Mus. Brit.) -, Kathiawar toGuzcrat, Kandesh,Nassic, Sholapur, Bijapur and Kanara (./. Davidson)-, Bombay (Mus. Rothschild', Mus. Salvin-Godman; Mas. Brit.)-, Elephanta Island (Mas. Brit.)-, Deccan (Mus. Brit.)-, Ahmednuggar (Mus. Brit.) ; Kippenhally, Nittur, Arsikare, Berhampur, Tarikare Kolar and Bangalore (Captain E. Y. Watson; Mus. Brit.) -, Madras ( Captain E. Y. Watson Mus. Brit.); Coromandel (Mus. Brit.); Nilghiris (Coll. Bates, Mus. Salvin-Godman; Mus Brit.); Ceylon (Mas. Rothschild ; Mus. Brit.). Dr. Butler in his revision of the genus Teracolus (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 388, 1 S 9 7 ) unites T. Calais to T. amatus, and recognises only one species. I am inclined, however, to separate T. amatus as distinct from T. Calais, not only on account of certain slight but constant differences of colour, but also from the fact that the two forms inhabit apparently well-defined geographical areas. T. Calais is confined to the Ethiopian region and the Mediterraneo-Persic sub-region, while T. amatus, and its darker form T. modestus, represent T. Calais in the Indian Peninsular sub-region and in Ceylon. T. kennedii and T. cyprcea are also identical with T. amatus, the latter being the white form of the female. In support of this opinion I may quote the following remarks by Mr. Guy Marshall : “ T. amatus is nothing more than a local race of T. Calais, but as the distinctions appear fairly constant and the two forms do not merge too much into one another, I prefer to keep them apart. T. amatus therefore represents T. Calais in Central and Southern India and Ceylon. T. Jcennedii is identical with T. amatus, and I cannot accord specific rank to T. modestus, which is only a rather more heavily marked variety of the same species, their identity being well shown in the British Museum series, which represents a gradual and unbroken gradation from one to the other. Captain Watson, following Mr. Butler’s identification of the insect, considers T. cyprcea to be a synonym of T. Calais. Fabricius’s descriptions are delight¬ fully vague, but I prefer to follow Boisduval in believing that in T. cyprcea he was describing the female of his T. amata .” The late Captain Watson (Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. viii. p. 520) very truly observes: “These two species are themselves not much better than geographical races, T. amatus being confined to Southern India, where it occurs commonly and is replaced by T. Calais in the drier climate of Western and North-Western India. T. kennedii, Swinhoe, does not appear to differ from T. amatus, or T. carnifer from T. Calais. The females of T. Calais, T. amatus and T. dynamene are very similar to the males. The females of T. modestus are either white or salmon-colour.” A specimen of T. modestus from Ganjarn in Mysore (PI. 1, fig. 2b) seems to me to be inseparable from Ceylonese examples, and I have therefore TERACOLUS. Y followed Dr. Butler in uniting these two forms. He also remarks : “ Intermediate specimens exist which, to my mind, render it impossible to keep these two species apart. Roughly speaking, T. amatus may be said to range throughout the plains of Central and Southern India, occurring as T. modestus in Ceylon. T. cyproea is the white form of the female.” Mr. Davidson has very kindly sent me the following note : “ T. amatus is a very local butterfly, but excessively common when met with. Its larva feeds on Salvadora persica, a plant requiring a salt soil, and whenever that plant is found, the butterfly is there also. When I first took it, I did not know its food plant, and so did not appreciate the cause of its isolated distribution. I have spent about twenty years in India, changing camp every two or three days for at least seven months yearly. During that time I have travelled pretty well over the Tumkur district in Mysore, the districts of Kandesh, Nassic, Sholapur, Bijapur and Kanara in the Bombay Presidency, and also spent some months in Northern and Eastern Guzerat and in Bombay itself. I never noticed this insect in Tumkur, Satara, or the Panch Mahals. In Sholapur I found it in only two villages, about fifteen miles apart. In Kandesh I found it in a few acres in one village ; in Nassic, in the small compound of a river bungalow, and in Kanara beside one tree on the coast, fifteen miles south of Karwar. It was, however, plentiful euough among the ruins round Bijapur, in the salt-pans near Bombay, and all along the frontier between Kathiawar and Guzerat. Now in the case of a butterfly so local, it seems to me that it is im¬ possible that more than one closely allied species could be found in any one of these places, and if we find specimens that could be brought under two forms in one place, they must be considered as one species. I find all my specimens from Kandesh, Nassic and North Guzerat have a square sub-median spot on the forewing ; all those from Bijapur and Sholapur have a more or less linear one, one specimen from Sliolapur, however, approaching vei’y near the Kandesh ones. I have only two Kanara specimens — a male with a large square mark, and a female (I think of the same brood), white, with a linear one. Similarly in Bombay I have specimens with both linear and square spots (I think from one brood). I can, however, find no orange suffusion on the undersides of any specimens from Sholapur, Bijapur, or Kanara, while in the Bombay and Nassic specimens, some have this tint and some have not, while all my Guzerat and Kandesh specimens show it more or less. “The larva and pupa I described in a paper in the Journal Bombay Nat. Hist, vol. x. p. 572, n. 148 (1897) as follows: “Larva very like that of Terias, cylindrical or slightly depressed, with a rough surface due to minute tubercles, from each of which grows a very small bristle. The colour is a uniform grass-green with a blue dorsal line more or less distinct, and a yellowish lateral line, dividing the colour of 8 TERACOLUS. the back from the paler green of the under parts. The pupa is compressed and has the wing-cases produced into a keel like that of Terias. It is suspended in the same manner by the tail, and a moderately long band. The colour is some shade of dingy brown or dirty green. The butterfly lays a number of eggs on the same plant, so a great number of small larva are generally to be got from one small branch.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. amatus. Plate I, fig. 2, $ . Kollar, Mysore, Oct. 1888 ( Capt . Watson; Mus. Brit.). „ 2a, 5 . (T. cyprcea, Fabr.) ; Mysore, Nov. 1888 ( Capt . Watson; Mus. Brit.). „ 2b, $ . (T. modestus, Butler) ; Berbampur, Gan jam, July 27, 1887 (Capt. Watson ; Mus. Brit.). TERACOLUS CEOWLEYI, sp. n. (Plate la, figs. 1, la, Id). Idmais dynamene (nec. Klug), Mabille, in Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag. Lepid. i. p. 285, pi. xli., figs. 8, 9, 9a (1887). Teracolus Calais, pt. Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 9 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 389 (1897) Male. — Similar to T. Calais, and intermediate between that species and T. amatus. Brighter than T. Calais in tint, with the black spot above the sub-median nervure very boldly indicated, but the small row of spots near the apex of the primaries nearly obsolete, as in T. amatus. Expanse 1 -6 inch. Female. — White or lemon-yellow, resembling the female of T. amatus, but easily distinguished by the faintly indicated row of dusky spots on the secondaries, which are separated from the black border of the hind margin by a broad intervening band of white. Expanse 1'7 inch. Habitat. — Madagascar ( types in Mus. P. Crowley)-, South Madagascar [Last; Mus. 11. Grose Smith ) ; East and West Coasts (Mabille, l.c.) ; Mouroundava, South- West Madagascar (Mus. Rothschild) . South-East Africa. — Zambesi (Mus. Brit.). Pungwe Eiver (Mus. Cecil Barker). Beira (Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 9). Delagoa Bay (Guy Marshall, l.c.). A male and two females of this species (one being of the yellow form) are in Mr. Philip Crowley's collection, and I have seen five specimens representing both sexes from Mouroundava in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. Several examples, comprising both the white and yellow forms of the female, are in Mr. H. Grose Smith’s collection, obtained by Mr. Last. Three specimens, two males and a white female, are in Mr. Cecil Barker’s collection from the Pungwe Eiver, and I also refer to this species an example in the British Museum, said to have been procured on the Zambesi, TERACOLUS. 9 but without any record of the actual collector. Mr. Guy Marshall mentions his having taken a white female at Beira in January 189(5, and also specimens at Delagoa Bay. The present species is, as might be expected, a near ally of T. Calais, and Dr. Mabille has figured it under the name of T. dynamene, which, as I have already shown, is not separable from T. Calais. T. crowleyi differs, however, from T. Calais in the characters noted above, and is further remarkable for having a white female, as in the nearly allied Indian species, T. amatus. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. crowleyi. Plate la, fig. 1. $ . Madagascar (Mus. P. Crowley). „ la. $ . Madagascar (Mas. P. Crowley). „ lb. Underside. „ lc. 2 . Madagascar. Yellow form (Mm. P. Crowley). „ Id. Underside. TERACOLUS PEOTRACTUS, Butler. (Plate 2, figs. 1, la-lc.) Teracolus protractile, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 137 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 508; Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 372 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 10; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 388 (1897). Male. — General colour bright salmon-pink with broad black borders and greyish- blue markings ; the greater part of the primaries salmon-pink, the costa and the hind margin black, the apical portion relieved by six longitudinal spots or streaks of a greyish-blue, varying in size ; the basal area of the wing also gre}fish-blue, the costa being dusted with this same colour. At the end of the discoidal cell is a black spot, uniting with the black of the costal margin. The secondaries reproduce the same colour as in the primaries, but the salmon-pink central area is much reduced in extent between tbe bluish-grey base and the broad black border of the hind margin, which occupies nearly half of the wing. The fringe on both wings is white. Underside. — Greenish-yellow with the centre of the primaries somewhat suffused with orange, of which there is also a slight shade in the middle of the secondaries. At the end of the cell is a minute black spot, corresponding with the black spot on tbe upper surface. A row of black spots varying in size occurs between the middle of the wing and the hind margin, marking the junction of the orange centre and the B 10 TEEACOLUS. greenish hind border ; these spots are situated between the third discoidal nervule and the sub-median nervure. Expanse 1 ’6-1 75 inch. Female. — Very similar to the male, the broad marginal borders being browner in tint. The underside does not differ from that of the male, with the exception that the black spots on the primaries are larger. Expanse T9 inch. The “ dry-season ” form is much lighter in colour, and looks very different from the “ wet-season ” form, being not nearly so handsomely marked ; the marginal borders are brown instead of black, and the spots on the primaries are paler, inclining to buff* instead of bluish-grey. At the base of the wings there is also a slight dusting of grey extending along the costal margin, almost to the sub¬ terminal row of dark spots near the apex ; the light oblong row of markings near the apex is brought into relief by the pale brown of the hind margin on one side, and by a row of black spots on the inside. The secondaries are plainly coloured, having the basal area pink, with a broad hind-marginal border of brown. The under-surface is suffused with pale pinkish buff’ becoming more yellow towards the base of the primaries ; the black spots mentioned in the description of the “ wet-season ” form are also smaller and browner in colour. Expanse TO inch. Habitat. — North-West India. Punjab. — ( Gen . Hearsay ; types in Mas. Brit.)-, Campbellpur and Chitta Pahar (Co/. Yerbury ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 355); Hydrabad, Sind (Mus. Rothschild ; Mas. P. Crowley ); Karachi (Col. C. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 508); Hubb River near Karachi (Col. C. Swinhoe, in epist.); Kutch (Mus. Brit.-, Mas. H. Grose Smith); Frontier of Guzerat and Kathiawar (•/. Davidson, in epist.) ; Deesa (Mus. Bothschild ; Col. C. Swinhoe, in epist.). This handsome species is one of four belonging to an entirely different section to those already described. They are all distinguished by the heavily marked black border on both wings. T. protractus is the only species of this group that has the salmon-pink extended over the secondaries as well as the primaries. As will be seen by the above descriptions, the “ dry- ” and “ wet- ” season forms are strikingly different, and it is curious, as Mr. Guy Marshall remarks, that they have not yet been described as distinct species. The late Captain Watson observes: “There are two well marked seasonal forms which differ in the tone of the underside, which in the dry-season form, obtained in November, is pale reddish-yellow, and in the wet-season form, obtained in June, July, and August, is bright yellow.” The range of T. protractus is somewhat limited and is confined to North-Western TER A COL US. 11 India. The original specimens, which belong to the dry-season form- were described by Dr. Butler from specimens procured in the Punjab by General Hearsay. Colonel Yerbury gives the following note : “ A single specimen, Campbellpur, June 29, 1885; found commonly in the Chitta Pahar near Lumbahdun, Kala Dilli, etc., at the end of November and beginning of December.” (Cf. Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 372.) Colonel Swinhoe tells me that he has specimens from Campbellpur, collected in April, June, July, November, and December. He has himself procured the species at Hydrabad in Sind, in July, and on the Hubb River about twenty miles from Karachi in South Sind, in August, September, October, and November. Specimens from Kutch are in the British Museum and in the collection of Mr. H. Grose Smith. Mr. Davidson writes to me : “ I have only taken T. protractus on the Guzerat and Kathiawar Frontier. It was nowhere common and very local.” Colonel Swinhoe also informs me that he has specimens from Deesa, taken in the months of July, August, and September. No notes upon the habits of this species appear to have been published. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. protractus. Plate 2, fig. 1. 3 . Hubb River, August 1879 {Col. C. Swinhoe ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside. „ lb. 5 . Cambellpur, June 29, 1886 {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). ,, lc. 3 . (Dry-season form) Underside. Chitta Pahar, 2000 feet, November 28, 1885 {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). TERA.COLUS OCELLATUS, Butler. (Plate 2, figs. 2, 2a.) Teracolus ocellatus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 767; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 535; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 10; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 389 (1897). Male. — Intermediate between T. protractus and T. pliisadia. As pointed out by Dr. Butler, the margin of the grey base of the wings is restricted and bounded by a straight margin. The secondaries are for the most part lemon-yellow, but are pervaded with a distinct shade of salmon-pink spreading from the costal margin obliquely towards the black border of the hind margin. The discoidal black spot on the primaries has a white pupil in the typical example, obtained by Mr. J. G. Thrupp in Somali-land in 1884, and on this character Dr. Butler gave the name of T. ocellatus to the species. In the specimen collected by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith on the Shebeli River, this spot is entirely black, without any sign of a light centre. 12 TERACOLUS. Underside. — Similar to that of T. protractus, but paler, with the black spots not §o much emphasised. Dr. Butler writes : “ I had long expected to see this butterfly before it actually came to hand, as I felt certain that some intermediate form must exist between the salmon-coloured T. protractus and the half-salmon, half-white T. phisadia. As might be expected, T. ocellatus is somewhat nearer to T. phisadia than to the Indian species, both in outline and in the general pattern of the primaries. The dry- season form is at present unknown, but it is quite possible that, as in T. phisadia, it may only represent the female phase of the species.” Expanse 1 -5 inch. Habitat. — Somali Land. EXPLANATION OP THE FIGURES OP T, ocellatus. Plate 2, fig. 2. Somali-land (./. G. Thrupp). (Type of species ; Mm. Brit.). „ 2a. Underside. TERACOLUS PHISADIA (Godart). (Plate 3, figs. 1, la— lg.) Pieris phisadia, Godart, Enc. Meth. Ix. p. 132, No. 40 (1819). Ponlia ame, Klug, Symb. Phys. Taf. 7, figs. 1—4 (1829). Idmais phisadia, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 587, No. 3 (1836); Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 499, (1871). Idmais arne, Boisd. sp. Gen. i. p. 587, pi. 19, fig. 2 (1836). Teracolus phisadia, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 136; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 488; id. P. Z. S. 1896, p. 233: id. tom. ext. p. 245, pi. x. fig. 13; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 10; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 389 (1897). Idmais philamene, Mabille, C. R. Ent. Belg. xxxiii. p. cvi. (1880); id. in Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag. p. 284, pi. xli. figs. 10, 10a (1887). Teracolus arne, E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 527. Male. — Allied to T. protractus, but is at once distinguished by the central portion of the secondaries being white, with a broad black marginal border. The basal area is slightly suffused with grey, extending along the sub-median nervure to the hind- marginal border. The primaries are salmon-colour, but not nearly so pink or so bright as in T. protractus ; on the black marginal border, near the apex, are three light salmon- coloured spots. There is a very distinct discoidal spot of black, and the base of the wing has a pronounced shade of bluish-grey. Underside. — Resembles that of T. protractus. Expanse 1*6 inch. Female. — As Mr. Guy Marshall has pointed out in the “Proceedings” for 1897 (p. 10), there appear to be four forms of the female, all of which I have myself examined. TERACOLZJS. 13 I quote Mr. Marshall’s remarks on these female specimens : “ In this species the male is quite stable, as is the case throughout this group, but the female is very variable, presenting four gradations: (1) like the male; (2) yellow, with the base of the primaries suffused with pink ; (3) pure yellow ; (4) white. The latter might easily be mistaken for the Indian T. puellaris, Butler, but may be distinguished by the curved macular discal stripe on the underside of the secondaries.” Besides these phases to which Mr. Guy Marshall has drawn attention, there is apparently yet a fifth form, represented in the British Museum by four specimens from Aden. It is suffused throughout with deep orange (see Plate 3, fig. le), and is evidently a dry-season form, corresponding to the phase of T. rothschildi, which 1 have figured (Plate 4, fig. le). In addition to these forms enumerated, there is still another form, which passes in collections as T. arne of Ivlug. Of this I have seen both males and females in the collections of the Hon. Walter Bothschild, Mr. Philip Crowley, and in the British Museum. It is smaller than the ordinary type of T. phisadia and is apparently a dry-season form, answering to the dry-season form of T. protractus, but differing in the more broken character of the apical portion of the primaries, where the light spots are more rounded and not so linear as in T. protractus. The secondaries have the basal portion white instead of salmon-colour, and a female in Mr. Crowley’s collection has the hind margin of the primaries light orange, so that the black is reduced to a zig-zag sub-terminal band, while the secondaries have the black border interrupted with orange markings near the posterior hind margin. Underside. — Compared with T. protractus, the general colour is very much redder in tint. Expanse l-7 and 1'4 inch. I have seen specimens of the “ T. arne ” form from Nubia, Somali-land, and from Senegambia. There is also a pale yellow female in Mr. Crowley’s collection marked “Senegambia.” This is the specimen figured by me (Plate 4, fig. Id). Dr. Butler thinks that it is one of the phases of T. rothschildi, and if this should turn out to be the case, some mistake may have occurred with regard to the locality of the specimen. As I have, however, no reason to doubt the correctness of the locality, I prefer to think that it is only a strongly marked specimen of the yellow form of T. phisadia, which, as we already know, occurs in Senegambia. Dr. Butler remarks as follows : — “ The male of this species is a wet-season form and the female (in all its varieties) invariably dry-season ; of course they all fly together at the same time.” Habitat. — Arabia: Aden, Jan., Feb., March, April, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Dec. {Col. Yerbury ; Mas. Brit.)-, Haithalhim, March {Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit.)-, Lahej, March {Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit.)-, Lahej, Jan. {C'apt. Nurse; Mus. P. Crowley; Mus- E.M.S.). Somali-Land. Gellokur, Feb., Dobar, Goolis Mts. Feb., Daras, March ( Coll. 14 TERACOLUS. Mrs. E. Lort-Phillips ). Sudan. — Wadi Gabait, near Suakim, Feb. ( Coll. A.J. Cliohnley) ; Hor Taraanib (Mus. Rothschild). Syria ( Bates Coll. ; Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). Sknegambia (Mus. Brit.-, Mus. H. Grose Smith; Mus. P. Crowley). Colonel Yerbury has kindly given me the following notes : “ Common, though not nearly so common as T. Calais. Its favourite haunt seems to be the bushes of J atrophia spinosa. The larvae feed, however, on Salvadora persica ; when young they are pea-green with two black spots on the back of the head and an almost diamond- shaped white mark on the second segment. As they grow older the black spots behind the head disappear, the white diamond becomes more distinct and is outlined in black, while three similar black spots appear on the back — two near together at the centre, of which the hinder one is the larger, and a third on the eleventh segment.” In a paper by Dr. Butler on Captain Nurse’s collection (P. Z. S. 1896, p. 245, pi. x. fig. 13) there is an illustration of the pupa of T. phisadia. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. phisadia. Plate 3, fig. 1. g . Aden, October 10, 1883 {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside. ,, lb. 2 . Lahej {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). „ lc. Underside. „ Id. 2 • Aden, March 27, 1884 {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). „ le. 2 • Aden (./. J. Walker ; Salvin-Godman Coll., Mus. Brit.). „ If. 2 ■ Aden, April 10, 1884 {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). ,, Ig. 2 • Haithalhim, March 23, 1895 {Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). Plate 4, „ Id. 2 • Senegambia {Mus. P. Crowley). TERACOLUS ROTHSCHILDI, sp. n. (Plate 4, figs. 1, la-lc, le.) Closely allied to T. phisadia, but larger, and with the black of the costal and hind margins more heavily indicated. Male. — Primaries with the rose-pink colour confined to a narrow discal band, extending below the costal margin to the middle of the inner margin. The black apical border relieved by two white spots, a third and larger spot of pale pink between the second and first discoidal nervules. Discoidal cell very heavily marked with black, the basal area below the cell being somewhat lighter and suffused with grey. A white line along the inner margin, from the base to the commencement of the inner edge of the black marginal border. Secondaries with the basal area white as in T. phisadia, but the black marginal border broader, occupying fully half the wing ; TERACOLUS. 1 5 near the costal margin a slight shading of pink ; the area between the sub-median nervure and the first discoidal nervule dusted with grey. A distinct white fringe on the hind margin of both primaries and secondaries. Underside. — Both wings similar to T. protract 'us and T. phisadia, having the black spots near the marginal border on the primaries much more pronounced. The black discoidal spot, conspicuous in the former species, is almost obsolete in T. rothschildi. Expanse 1 ‘75 inch. Femat.e. — Exactly like the male in markings, differing only in the black marginal borders being browner, the pink tint everywhere paler and extending over the light area of the secondaries. Underside. — Similar to that of the male, the general colour being of a much deeper yellow. On the primaries the black markings are much larger and more pronounced, the discoidal spot being more distinct than in the male. The secondaries have an irregular band of reddish-brown extending from the costa to the first discoidal nervule. Expanse 1*85 inch. There is also in Mr. Philip Crowley’s collection another variety of the female, which apparently answers to the orange-coloured form of the female in T. phisadia, but is larger. The colour of the specimen before me is brown and orange-buff, the latter tint more pronounced on the secondaries. The broad hind-marginal borders on both wings are broken by a series of variously sized ovate spots of orange- buff, those on the secondaries being nearly obsolete, there is also a minute black dot in the centre of the discoidal cell. Underside. — Deep yellow, the spots brown and more reduced in size, an irregular band of brownish-red crossing the apical portion of the primaries, uniting with the brown marginal spots ; the discoidal cell sulphur yellow, with a dark spot at the end of the cell. Secondaries similar to the primaries, the basal area deep orange, with a distinct light-coloured discoidal spot. There is a band of brownish-red spots varying in size and becoming almost obsolete towards the anal angle. Expanse l-75 inch. Habitat. — Melindi {Mus. Rothschild ) ; Mombasa (Mus. P. Crowley). T. rothschildi replaces T. phisadia in Eastern Africa, but at present I have not seen many specimens. It is very closely allied to the last-named species, but when the two are compared, the breadth and intensity of the black borders of T. rothschildi are apparent enough. It is impossible to say at present whether the female of the present species undei’goes all the variations of form which occur in T. phisadia, but I expect that the orange-coloured specimen described above may be taken as representing the “ dry-season ” form. 16 TERACOLUS. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. rothschildi. Plate 4, fig. 1. 3 . Melindi (type; Mus. Rothschild). „ la. Underside. „ lb. 2 . Melindi (type ; Mus. Rothschild). „ lc. Under side. „ le. 2 • Mombasa (Mus. P. Crowley). TEEACOLUS PUELLARIS, Butler. (Plate 5, figs. 1, la-ld.) Teracolus pueUaris, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 136; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 509 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 10 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 389 (1897). Tei'acolics ochreipennis, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 13G ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 509. Idmais pueUaris, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 802 (1877). Idmais oehreipennis, Kirby, op. cit. Suppl. p. 802 (1877). Teracolus rorus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 438, pi. xxxix. fig. 8. Male.— General colour white, with hlack marginal borders and white fringe, the distribution of the spots and markings being generally similar to that of T. phisadia. Primaries white ; costa and hind margin black, the latter being relieved by two white spots near the apex and a third spot, somewhat larger, situated between the second and first discoidal nervules ; the base greyish-black, crossing obliquely to the costa, and darkening slightly on the discoidal cell, at the end of which is a very distinct black spot. Secondaries white, with a hind-marginal border of black ; the base slightly suffused with grey. Underside. — General colour sulphur yellow. On the primaries are three spots of black varying in size, the last spot near the posterior angle being very much larger than the two preceding it, and extending along the inner margin. At the end of the discoidal cell is a fourth small spot of black. The secondaries are like the primaries, but the discoidal spot is reduced to a small dot. Expanse 14 inch. Female. — Similar to the male as regards the markings on both the primaries and secondaries, the black marginal borders, however, being browner in colour. Underside. — Besembles that of the male, both in colour and markings. Expanse 15 inch. The descriptions above are taken from the “wet-season” form ( T. pueUaris), the “ dry-season ” forms being T. ochreipennis and T. rorus. They differ in the underside being more sandy-coloured, as has been pointed out by Mr. Guy Marshall (P. Z. S. 1S97, p. 11). Some of the females of T. ochreipennis are rather more cream-coloured and have the marginal borders of a lighter brown. TERACOLUS. 17 Habitat. — North-Western India. Sind. — Larkhana, July ( Mus. C. Swinhoe et W. Rothschild)-, Sukkur, January ( C . Swinhoe ; Mus. Brit.; type of T. rorus); Hydrabad ( Mas. C. Swinhoe) ; Karachi (Mus. C. Swinhoe); Hubb River, 25 miles from Karachi (C. Swinhoe ; Mus. Brit.); Bhooj (Mus. C. Swinhoe). Guzerat. — (Mus. J. Davidson et IF. Rothschild) ; Deesa (Mus. IF. Rothschild). Kutch. — (Mus. Brit.). Punjab. — Wurzeerabad (Gen. Hearsey ; Mus. Brit.; type of species) ; Barrackpur (Gen. Heaney ; Mus. Brit.; type of T. oclreipennis) ; Cbitta Pahar and Campbellpur (Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 18SG, p. 355); Kandesh (J. Davidson). Mr. J. Davidson writes to me : “ In the same village in Kandesh where I met with T. amatus, I found a butterfly of this type abundant, but even there it was restricted to one hedge, which no doubt contained its food-plant. I never saw the butterfly elsewhere except on the border between Kathiawar and Guzerat, where it swarmed in November and December 1892. In both places I found specimens in which the lowest black spot on the outer angle of the fore-wing underneath extended below the sub-median nervure. With regard to “Section D.” (T. vestalis and T. puellaris, cf. Watson, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii. pp. 520, 521) I can only make out one species. Dr. Butler makes the following remarks : “ Occurs from Kutch, to Karachi, through Sind northwards as far as Beluchistan, both dry- and wet- season forms flying together ; the form with yellow under surface, which is the wet-season representative, is T. puellaris, and that with the apex of primaries and the whole of the secondaries sandy buff on the under surface, which is the dry-season type, is T. ochreipennis ( = T. rorus). We have both forms captured on the 29th of June and in November. It is therefore evident that, as in some other dry localities, the seasonal forms in this species repi’esent mere varieties which appear simultaneously. Among Hewitson’s examples of T. phisadia is a male of the wet-season form labelled ‘Aden’; but this must surely be an error, unless the white females referred to T. phisadia, and obtained at my request by Col. Yerbury, flying with the latter species, actually belong to the dry-season variety T. puellaris. This, however, is extremely impro¬ bable.” EXPLANATIONS OP TIIE FIGURES OP T. puellaris. Plate o, fig. I. $ . Kutch, Dec. 1879 (Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside. „ lb. 5 . Karachi (C. Swinhoe, Mus. Brit). „ lc. Underside. „ Id. 9 . Campbellpur, June 188C (Col. Yerbury, Mus. Bril). C 18 TEXACO I US. TERACOLUS VESTALIS, Butler. (Plate G, figs. 1, la-lf.) Teracolus vestalis, Butler, P. Z. S. 187G, p. 135, pi. vii. fig. 10 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 509 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 1 1 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Ilist. (G), xx. p. 390 (1897). Idmais vestalis, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 802 (1877). Teracolns inlermissus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 152, pi. xxiv. fig. 4. Teracolus peelus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, pp. 439, 509, pi. xxxix. fig. 9. Teracolns dubius, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, pp. 439, 509. Male. — Closely allied to T. puellaris, the only apparent difference being that it is slightly larger. Underside. — Primaries very similar to those of T. puellaris, the third black spot near the posterior angle above the sub-median nervure being smaller and not extending along the inner margin, as in T. puellaris. The secondaries do not differ from the primaries in colour. Expanse 1'4 inch. Female. — Like the male as regards the markings, the black marginal borders being somewhat browner. Underside. — Only differs in having an irregular discal band on the secondaries, from the costa to the first discoidal nervule. In some of the specimens which I have examined, this band is nearly obsolete. Expanse 1G inch. After careful examination of a good series lent to me by the Hon. W. Rothschild, Colonel Swinhoe, and Mr. Crowley, I cannot separate T. dubius from T. vestalis, both being the “ wet-season ” representative, as pointed out by Mr. Guy Marshall and Dr. Butler. T. dubius is only a larger and more heavily marked form, not differing from T. vestalis in any other respect that I can see. Colonel Swinhoe observes in a letter to me : “ T. dubius is always uniformly much the larger with the black bands broader, otherwise there is not much difference.” T. intermissus is the “ dry-season ” form, being very much smaller and having the marginal borders much reduced on both wings. The underside is very bright sandy colour on the secondaries, the same colour being strongly indicated on the apex and hind-margin of the primaries. T. peelus is the yellow female of T. intermissus. Habitat. — North-Western India westwards to Southern Persia. Sind.— Karachi, April to September (Mus. C. Swinhoe, Mus. IF. Rothschild, el Mus. Brit.); August (Mus. Brit., yellow $, type of T. peelus); September (Mus. Brit. $ $, types of T. dubius) ; November [Mus. Bril., type of T. intermissus) ; Sukkur ( Mus. C. Swinhoe) ; Hydrabad (Mus. C. Swinhoe) ; Hubb River, twenty-five miles from Karachi, August (C. Swinhoe, Mus. Brit.). Ku'rcn. — (Mus. Brit.). Punjab. — Campbellpur (Col. Yerbury ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 355). TERACOLUS. 19 S. Persia. — Fao ( W. D. Gumming) ; Bushire, September ( W. D. Cumming, Mus. Brit.). Mr. Guy Marshall writes : “ This species is very nearly allied to the last, and is perhaps doubtfully distinct. However, a few small distinctions appear to be constant : thus, T. vestalis is larger, with the black border on upper side of secondaries propor¬ tionately narrower ; on the underside of primaries the lowest of the three black spots near posterior angle is small and well defined, but in T. puellaris it is large and suffused along inner margin; lastly, the females of T. vestalis have a macular discal ray on the underside of secondaries, which appears to be absent in T. puellaris. With regard to the synonymy, T. vestalis and T. dubius are the same ; T. intermissus is the dry-season form, and T. peelus is merely the yellow female of it. This species has much the same range as T. puellaris, but has been recorded a little farther west, namely Fao, in the Persian Gulf.” Dr. Butler’s remarks on this species are as follows : “ Occurs from Kutcli through Karachi and Belucliistan to the coast of Persia. The varieties representative of seasonal forms in this species fly together in April, May and June, but we have only received the dry-season types as obtained in November and December. The wet- season type is typical T. vestalis (-T. dubius); the dry and intermediate types are represented by T. intermissus, of which T. peelus is only a yellow female form, Swinhoe’s supposed male being merely a small example.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. vestalis. Plate 6, fig. 1. $ . Karachi, June 1880 (C. Swinhoe ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside. „ lb. J . Fao, Persian Gulf, August 1889 (IT. D. Cumming ; Mus. Brit.). „ 1c. $ . (?’. ochreipennis, Butl.) India (Mus. Brit.). „ Id. 3 ■ (T. intermissus, Butl.) Karachi, December 1881 (C. Swinhoe, Mus. Brit.). „ le. Underside. ,, If. 3 . (T. peelus, Swinhoe.) Karachi, May 1882 (C. Swinhoe; Mus. Brit.). TERACOLUS CASTA LIS, Staud. (Plate 7. figs. 1, la-le.) Idmais castalis, Staudinger, Exot, Schmett, p. 43, pi. xxiii. fig. 4 (1884) ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 52G. Teracolus castalis, Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 1 1 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Ilist. (6), x.\ p. 390 (1897). 20 TERACOLUS. Very nearly allied to T. puellaris and T. vestalis, of which it is the African repre¬ sentative. It is distinguished, however, by the more pointed primaries and by the black marginal border on the secondaries being more broken and relieved by white spots. Male. — With the black hind-marginal border on the primaries terminating in an extra spot of white near the posterior angle ; costa more heavily marked with black, the discoidal spot at the end of the cell being very clearly defined. The grey at the base of the primaries is also much stronger in colour and crosses the wing obliquely from the centre of the cell to the inner margin. Secondaries with the black marginal border entirely broken by a row of white spots varying somewhat in size and disappearing in some specimens, above the second discoidal nervule. A distinct grey streak is visible close to the base of the wing. Underside. — Primaries with the costal margin, apex and hind-margin bright yellow, as far as the first discoidal nervule. Crossing the apex is a faint row of reddish-brown spots, which unite with three black spots near the hind-margin as in T. vestalis, but they are not so pronounced ; and the lowest one, above the sub-median nervure, is nearly obsolete. The discoidal spot is orange outlined with black. The secondaries are bright yellow, with a sub-marginal row of irregular reddish-brown spots, commencing from the costa and becoming nearly obsolete above the first dis¬ coidal nervule ; there is also a minute orange spot at the end of the cell. Expanse T5 inch. Female. — Primaries very similar to those of the male, but with the black markings browner, base of wing greyish-brown. Secondaries with the brown marginal border entirely broken by a row of white spots. Underside. — Pale yellow, the primaries having a sub-marginal row of reddish- brown spots from the costa to above the sub-median nervure, the orange discoidal spot larger secondaries similar to those of the male, the sub-marginal row of reddish- brown spots being more irregular. Expanse 2 inches. This species appears to be confined to East Africa, where it ranges from the district of Mombasa and Teita to Somali Land. Specimens seem to be rather rare in collections, and I have therefore not had a good series to work from. They are all “wet-season” examples, two males in Mr. Jackson’s collection being very dark, the marginal border on the secondaries having no white spots (cf. plate 7, fig. Id), but these are present in a female in Mr. Rothschild’s collection, which represents the “ dry-season ” form. Habitat. — East Africa and Somali Land. East Africa. — Mombasa (S 'linysby Godfrey ; Mas. P, Crowley, R. M. S. ; et Mm. Brit.) ; Melindi [Mus. It7. Rothschild) ; Teita [Mas. W. Rothschild). Between Maungu TERACOLUS. 21 and Tsavo River, December and January (F. J. J. ; Mus. F. J. Jackson). Elgeyo, July (F. J. J. ; Mus. F. J. Jackson). Somali Land. — Daras-as, Goolis Mountains February (Mrs. E. Lor t- Phillips ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 526). EXPLANATION OP THE FIGURES OF T. castalis. Plate 7, fig. 1. $ . Between Maungu and Tsavo River, Dec. 1891-Jan. 1892 (Mus. F. J. Jackson). ,, la. Underside. „ lb. ? . Elgeyo, July 1890 (Mus. F. J. Jackson). „ lc. Underside. „ Id. $ . Elgeyo, July 1890 (a dark seasonal form; Mus. F. J. Jackson). „ le. Underside. TERACOLUS JOHNSTONI, Butler. (Plate 8, figs. 1, la-lf.) Teracolus johnstoni, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. xxiii. p. 29 (1886); id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 391 (1897). Idmais eris (nec Klug), Westwood in Oates, Matabeleland, App. p. 336 (1881) ; Staud. Exot. Schmett, taf. 23, fig. 1 (1884). Teracolus eris (nec Klug), Trimen, S. Afr. Butterfl, iii. p. 93 (1889, pt.) ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 7 (pt.). Male. — General colour [white, with black and yellow marginal markings : the central area on the primaries white, which is somewhat toothed towards the hind- margin. A narrow band of black below the apical portion widens into a broad hind- marginal border extending along the inner margin, but becomes narrower towards the base of the wing. The apex has a violaceous brown patch relieved by five hastate markings of golden yellow which vary in size. Between the second and third median nervule is a white spot, which, in some specimens, is nearly obsolete. Fringe yellow as far as the second median nervule, when it becomes white. The secondaries are creamy white with a broad incurved costal border of black, terminating somewhat abruptly about the end of the costal nervure. The base of the wing is dusted with black, which extends to about the sub-median nervure. On the hind-margin each nervule terminates in a minute black spot. Underside. — Primaries and secondaries white, the former having a black twin spot above the sub-median nervure and two larger ones between the second and third median nervules. On the costal margin of the secondaries is a narrow streak of orange yellow, as well as a spot at the end of the discoidal cell of the same colour. Expanse 2 inches. 09 TEIiACOLUS. Female. — Creamy white, the dark marginal borders browner Ilian in the male; the sub-apical row of spots deeper yellow rather than golden yellow, and a distinct circular indentation at the posterior angle of creamy white. At the end of the discoidal cell is a very distinct brown spot. Secondaries creamy white, the base being dusted with greyish-black, the nervules terminating on the hind-margin in distinct brown spots, which are much more emphasised than in the male. Underside. — Rather a deeper yellow on the secondaries, the dark markings being similar to those of the male. Expanse 2 inches. “Dkv-season ” form. The male is distinguished by a very plainly indicated black discoidal spot at the end of the cell. The apical patch is much brighter golden yellow, and the white fringe below the second median nervule is more pronounced. The secondaries show no black spots at the end of the nervules. Underside. — Primaries white with the characteristic spots smaller. Secondaries sandy yellowish, the orange costal line terminating in a dark spot. Expanse 2 inches Female of the “ dry-season ” form. Shows a somewhat striking difference. Both wings are pale yellow, the apex reddish buff, relieved by three deeper yellowish spots. A transverse band of dark brown crosses towards the hind-marginal border and is connected by a narrow line with the darker brown border of the inner margin. There is also the characteristic yellow posterior spot, as well as the dark spot at the end of the discoidal cell. The secondaries are nearly uniform, but show two reddish-brown spots between the costal and sub-costal nervures. Underside. — Central area of the primaries pale yellow, the apex and secondaries being sandy buff, while the three dark marginal spots on the primaries are much reduced. Expanse 2 inches. In another extreme “dry-season” (form Fig. If) considerable differences are exhibited from the one described above. The brown markings are much reduced in extent, and the yellowish-white of the primaries is more extended. Thus the white of the hind- margin is continued up towards the costa, so that it separates a pale reddish-brown apex from the dark brown inner band; the latter is not continued to a junction with the dark inner margin, as in the specimen previously described, but is represented by a couple of brown spots. The discoidal spot is strongly in evidence, as are also the two brown spots near the apical portion of the secondaries. The underside is very similar to that of fig. le, but is even more sandy yellow, the sub-marginal row of spots on the primaries being more distinct. Expanse 2 inches. Habitat.— S.E. Africa, from the Eastern Cape Colony north to Manica Land. South-East Africa. — Eastern Cape Colony. Grahamstown (./. C. M. Johnston ; Mus. lirit.) ; Zwaart-water Kloof ( Trimen , l.c.) ; Albany District ( Trimen , l.c.) ; TERACOLUS. 23 Tharfield, Bathurst District (Miss M. L. Bowker ; Trimen, l.c.) ; Uitenhage (S. D. Bair stow ; Trimen, l.c.) ; Bedford (•/. P. Mansel Haute ; Trimen, l.c.) ; Seymour, Stockenstrom District (IF. C. Scull//; Trimen, l.c); Kingwilliamstown ( C G. Barrett; Mas. Brit. ; W. S. M. T)’ Urban ; Trimen, l.c.) ; Windvogelberg, Queenstown District (Mrs. Barber; Trimen, l.c.). Griqualand West. Vaal Biver (J. II. Bowker; Trimen, l.c.). Caffraria Proper. Bashee River ( J . II. Bowker; Trimen, l.c.). Natal. Greytown ( Trimen , l.c.) ; Weenen (J. M. Hutchinson ; Mas. Rothschild) ; Tugela River ( Guy Marshall); Bushman’s River (J. M. Hutchinson; Mus. Brit). Swaziland (E. C. Buxton ; Trimen, l.c). Zululand. Umkusi (II. B. J. D. S. Woodward) m. ; Black Umfolozi River (Cecil Barker; R. B. Sp J. 1). S. Woodward ; Mus. Rothschild). Hlatikulu (it*. B. S,’ J. D. S. Woodward; Mus. E. M. S.). Transvaal. Pretoria, Feb. (Distant, Nat. Transv. p. 234); Potchefstroom (W. Morant; T. Ayres; Trimen, l.c). Marico (F. C. Selous; Trimen, l.c). Limpopo River (A. W. Erickson ; Trimen, l.c). Origstadt Valley, Lydenburg District (T. Ayres ; Trimen, l.c.). Matabeleland. Tati and Ramaqueban River, July (F. Oates; Westwood, l.c). Manica Land (F. C. Selous; Trimen, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 65, s. n. T. cns). This species, as far as I have been able to determine from specimens, appears to range from the Graliamstown District in the Eastern Cape Colony to Natal ( T. eris, Trimen, S. Afr. Butt. iii. p. 97) and thence to Zululand and the Transvaal, where Mr. Distant met with it near Pretoria (T. eris, Distant, “ A Naturalist in the Transvaal,” p. 234, 1892), thence northwards to Matabeleland (T. eris, Westwood, Oates, “Matabeleland,” App. p. 336, 1881) and the Manica country (T. eris, Trimen, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 65). As, however, I have not seen specimens from the last named localities, I am unable to determine as to whether they are really T. johnstoni or referable to T. opalescens. A subsequent examination may prove that some of them are T. opalescens. The geographical range, however, of T. johnstoni seems to be quite natural, and I shall await the confirmation of the distribution which I have here assigned to it. Of the T. eris group of the genus Teracolus, Dr. Butler recognises four species, while Mr. Guy Marshall and Dr. Trimen admit but one. The variation m colour of the female, in this section of the genus, is certainly somewhat extreme, and the series which I have examined in different collections has not been sufficient for me to give the exact geographical distribution of the forms admitted by Dr. Butler. Nevertheless, I have considered it best to follow Dr. Butler’s arrangement of this group in the British Museum, and I therefore quote his remarks as follows : “ Ranges 24 TEE A COL US. in South Africa from Grahamstown to Natal, beyond which point it is probably replaced by T. opoJescens. It is one of the smallest of the T. eris group, being (in its largest examples) only slightly superior in size to the typical form, from which it differs in its more elongated primaries, the more elongate form of the white area on these wings and the apical ocliraceous streaks or internervular spots, the less heavily bordered inner marginal black border on the primaries of the female, and the more abruptly terminated black costal band on the secondaries, which emits an acute streak to the apex along the costa, instead of being extended transversely almost to the radial vein.” Mr. Cecil Barker procured the species on the Umfolozi River, Zululand, where he makes the remark that it frequents the “thorn bush country.” Dr. Trimen writes : “ I know of no part of South Africa where this widely-ranging African species is at all numerous. I saw a few examples in the ‘ Thorn ’ country near Greytown, in Natal ; they were males, and flew with great rapidity. This was in March 1867, and the only other opportunity I had of seeing the butterfly in life was in January and February 1870, in the Albany district of the Cape Colony, where I captured one of each sex.” “ Mr. W. Morant sent me some specimens from near Pochefstroom, with the note that they were taken on the 25th of February about a stony kopje, and flew very strongly. Mr. D’Urban found the species near King William’s Town in March and April.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. johnstoni. Plate 8, fig. 1. 3 . South Africa (Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside. ,, lb. 5 . Umfolozi River, Zululand (C. IT. Barker Coll.). „ lc. Underside. „ Id. 3 . King William’s Town ( C . G. Barrett ; Mus. Brit.). ,, ] e. ? . King William’s Town (C. G. Barrett ; Mus. Brit.). „ If. 5 . Graham’s Town (G. M. C. Johnston; type, Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside. TERACOLUS ERIS (Klug). (Plate 9, figs. 1, la-lg.) Pontia eris, Klug, Symb. Phys. Ins. pi. vi. figs. 15, 16 (1829). Pieris eris, Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 514, n. Ill (1836). Anthocharis eris, Reiche, Ferret and Galinier, Voy. Abyss. Ent. p. 460, pi. 3, figs. 1-3 (1849). Idmais fatma, Felder, Reis. Novara, Lepid. p. 189, pi. xxv. fig. 3 (1865= ? ). Idmais eris, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 499, n. 12 (1871). Teracolus abyssinicus, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xvii. p. 486 (1876). Teraeolus agoye, (nec. Wallengr.), Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 572 ; E. M. Sharpe, P. T. S. 1896, p. 535. TERACOLUS. 25 Teracolus eris, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 127. Idmais abyssinicus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 801 (1877). Teracolus eris, Trimen, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 97 ; id. P. Z. S. 1894, p. 65; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 348; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 7 ; Butler, t.c. p. 693 ; id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 391 (1897). Male. — Very similar to that of T. johnstoni, but the golden yellow apical patch on the primaries seems to be more reduced in size and has a more violaceous gloss ; the white spot between the second and third median nervule is nearly obsolete, being entirely absent in some specimens ; the white central area is not so much toothed as in T. johnstoni. The secondaries are similar in colour to those of the latter species, but the broad black costal border extends more towards the middle of the discoidal nervule. Underside. — Not to be distinguished from that of T. johnstoni. Expanse T10 inches- Female. — Having the same markings as in the corresponding stage of T. johnstoni, but the general colour is sulphur-yellow instead of white. The sub-marginal row of spots on the secondaries appears to be more pronounced than in T. johnstoni. Underside. — Rather lighter than the upper surface, the primaries being marked like those of the male. Secondaries similar to the primaries in colour, having the deep orange streak along the costal margin and a distinct discal row of small spots situated between the nervules : these are generally absent in the females of T. johnstoni, although occasionally faint indications of them may be observed. Expanse 2'1 inches. The type of T. abyssinicus , Butler (Fig. Id), is of a much deeper yellow than the ordinary “ wet-season ” female and the brown markings are much heavier in every way, the pale spots near the apex being almost obsolete, and the brown on the inner margin also deeper in colour and more suffused over the base. On the secondaries the nervular spots unite, thus forming a distinct hind-marginal border ; the base is also more heavily dusted. The underside is very similar to that of the example from Abyssinia figured (Plate 9, fig. 1 c), the general colour being a little deeper yellow, the nervules of both wings terminating in dark spots. Expanse 2T inches. “ Dry-season ” eorm. — Only represented by one specimen in the British Museum, and is apparently T. fatma of Felder. The apical patch on the primaries is tawny brown as far as the first median nervule. There is also a row of disconnected discal spots, the inner margin being entirely white. A few of the specimens in Mr. Rothschild’s collection from East Africa show a very faint indication of the usual dark streak along the inner margin. The secondaries are entirely without spots. Underside. — The whole of the primaries white with the exception of the apex and D 26 TERACOLUS. the secondaries, which are yellow, relieved by the usual markings described in the foregoing examples. Expanse 2 inches. The females in Mr. F. J. Jackson’s collection from East Africa correspond with the type of T. abyssinicus in the markings, the difference being that the ground-colour is entirely white ; one specimen, however, has the sub-apical row of spots whiter and larger. In Mr. Kothschild’s collection there are two females of the yellow form, but the brown markings are less pronounced and more like those of the “ dry-season ” form (Fig. If, = T. fatma), which is well represented by seven females collected by Dr. W. J. Ansorge at N’di, Tsavo, Mauungu, and Taru, in the Rothschild collection. Habitat. — Sudan. Nubia, Ambukol (Kitty). Kordofan (Felder, l.c.) ; Atbara River (Mus. Bril.). Somai.i-land. — Arusa Gfalla Country, Nov. (F. Gi/lelf; Mus. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1897, p. G93). East Africa. — Turquel, Jan. (F. J. Jackson ); Rabai Hills, July (F. J. J.); Elgeyo, July (F. J. J.) ; Njemps, July (F. •/. J.) ; Teita District; Kibwezi, Dec. (F. J. J.) ; Mauungu to Tsavo River, Dec. and Jan. (F. J. J.) ; Mauungu to Mara- goyakanga, Jan. (J. JF. Pringle; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 348); Teita to Yoi River, Jan. (J. IF. Pringle; E. M. Sharpe, l.c.) ; N’di (Dr. J. JF. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild ); Sabaki Valley (Hampson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. p. 181 (1891); Dr. J. JF. Gregory; Mus. Brit.; (Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 572). Mombasa ( Mas. Rothschild ); Zanzibar (Dr. •/. JF. Ansorge; Mus. Rothschild)-, Kilimanjaro (Bishoy Hannington ; Mus Brit.). West Africa. — “Senegambia” (Coll. Druce; Mus. Brit.). T. eris is the typical form, of which four races have been recognised by various authors. It is distinguished, in its “ wet-season ” phase, by having no white spot near the margin of the primaries between the second and third discoidal nervules. It was first described by Ivlug, from Ambukol in Nubia. The Idmais fatma of Felder, from Kordofan, is the “ dry-season form of the female. Other examples from the Atbara River are in the British Museum ; they were purchased of Mr. Gerrard, and probably formed part of the collection made by Mr. Esler. Mr. F. Gillett procured a specimen in the Arusa Galla Country. The specimen from Dr. Gregory’s Expedition, believed to have been taken in the Sabaki Valley, and referred by Dr. Butler to T. agoye (P. Z. S. 1S94, p. 572) is now considered by him to be referable to T. eris (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 391). Numerous specimens from the Teita District have been examined by me, and a male said to have been collected in the Kilimanjaro region by Bishop Hannington is in the British Museum. L should mention, however, that these Teita specimens TEH A COL US. 27 cannot be considered absolutely typical ; in fact, I look upon them as a distinct race which may be called T. teitensis, for they have the white spot on the primaries, between the second and third discoidal nervules, more or less pronounced. The British Museum has likewise several specimens of Teracoli, said to be from Senegambia, from the Salvin-Godman collection ; these were formerly in the collection of Mr. Herbert Bruce. Two of these appear to be true T. eris, but whether they came from Senegambia has yet to be determined. EXPLANATION OF TIIE FIGURES OF T. eris. Plate 9, fig. 1. $ Kilimanjaro' {Bishop Hannington ; Mas. Brit.). ,, la. Underside. „ lb. 2 Abyssinia (Mus. Brit.). ,, lc. Underside. „ Id. 2 Abyssinia (Type of T. dbyssinicus). ,, le. Underside. ,, If. 2 Sabaki Valley (Dr. J. IF. Gregory ; Mus. Brit.). „ Ig. Underside. TERACOLUS OPALESCENS, Butler. (Plate 10, figs. 1, la— Ig.) Teracolus opalescens, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. xxiii. p. 30 (1886; $); id. P- Z. S. 1896, p. 125 (j); id. P. Z. S. 1896, pp. 835, 852; id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 391 (1897). Teracolus opalinus (lapsu), Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 7. This species is distinguished at a glance by the yellow streak on the underside between the sub-median and first median nervules of the secondaries. Male. — With the white central area on the primaries much reduced, the hind and inner marginal borders being broader and more heavily marked than in T. •iohnstoni and T. eris ; the apical patch larger, with a brown violaceous gloss ; the ground-colour relieved by five ovate streaks of “ old gold,” much more pronounced than in the foregoing species. There is the usual white spot between the discal nervules, but the white marginal fringe at the posterior angle is not so plainly indicated. Secondaries with a very broad, black, curved, costal border extending along the second and first sub-costal nervules, the border showing an indication to form a discal band. Each of the nervules terminates in very pronounced black spots. Underside. — Similar in markings to T. johnstoni and T. eris, the general colour being pale yellow, the primaries having the characteristic post-median spots more heavily marked than in the above-named species, the nervules terminating on both 28 TERACOLUS. wings in minute black spots. Expanse 2 -8 inches. (Spec. ex. Nyasa-land; IT. II. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.) Female. — Similar to that of T. eris (Plate 9, fig. Id) as regards the markings, the general colour being creamy white instead of 3’ellow. It is much larger than that of any of the allied species. Underside. — Resembles that of the male above described, but with the srround colour of rather a deeper yellow. The orange costal margin and the inter-nervular streak are brighter and more strongly marked on the secondaries, and there is a faint indication of a sub-nervular row of dark spots across the discal area. A black spot is visible at the end of the discoidal cell, as in the allied species. Expanse 2-8 inches. (Spec. ex. Nyasa-land ; II. II. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.) The type of T. opalescens (Plate 10, fig. Id) is a female from Delagoa Bay, and is white with brown marginal borders, the inner marginal border being much narrower than in the female described (Plate 10, fig. lb). Underside. — Central area on the primaries white, the apex yellow with no black spots at the end of the nervules, and the three black post-median spots somewhat smaller than in T. eris. Secondaries entirely yellow, with a row of dark inter-nervular spots crossing the discal area, and very distinct. There are no black spots at the end of the nervules. The orange markings are rather paler than in T. eris, but are still distinctly visible. Expanse 2'S inches. Another form of the female which Dr. Butler has advised me to figure (Plate 10, fig. le) is very similar to Fig. lb in the markings, with the exception that it is smaller and the ground-colour is sulphur-yellow in both primaries and secondaries. The underside does not differ in colour from the upper side except that the central area of the primaries is pale yellow instead of white. Expanse 2'5 inches. (Spec. ex. Nyasa-land ; II. II. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.) The “ dry-season ” form of the male is very similar to that of T. jolnstoni, the only difference being the absence of the discoidal spot, while the white at the posterior angle is almost invisible. The “old gold” markings are very strongly indicated and the violaceous gloss is well in evidence. The secondaries do not differ from those of T. johnstoni. Underside. — Entirely sandy-pink with the exception of the central area of the primaries, which is white. On the secondaries there is an inter-nervular row of minute dark spots crossing the discal area. Expanse 2’4 inches. (Spec. ex. Banyara, Nyasa-land , Aug. 18, 1895; B. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.) The “dry-season” form of the female is somewhat allied to that of T. johnstoni, the ground-colour being sulphur-yellow, with a sub-apical row of reddish-buff spots on the primaries, not very distinct. The secondaries are almost without markings, the nervular spots being very indistinct. TERACOLUS. 29 Underside. — Similar to that of the male, but a little more inclined to sandy-buff. The characteristic post-median spots are larger than in the male, and have an addi¬ tional posterior row of spots, which, however, are not very strongly indicated. The secondaries do not differ from those of the male. Expanse 2 '4 inches. Spec. ex. Nyasa-land ; Salvin- Godman Coll.; Mus. Bril.) Habitat. — From Delagoa Bay to Nyasa-land, and north to Victoria Nyanza. Delagoa Bay (J. M. C. Johnston ; Mas. Brit.; Mus. Rothschild). Nyasa-land (II. II. Johnston; Mus. Brit.). Lake Nyasa (TAelwell ; Sal vin- Godman Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Fort Johnston, Nyasa-land (Dr. P. Rendall ; Mus. Brit.). Likoma, Nyasa-land, Jan. 24, 1896 (Rev. Percy Faulkner; Mus. Rothschild)-, Menga, W. of Lake Nyasa, Jan. 30, 1895 (R. Cravoshay ; Mus. Brit.); Bangara, Aug. 18, 1895 (R. Crawsliay ; Mus. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 835); Victoria Nyanza ( Bishop Hannington; Mus. Brit.). This species I consider to be quite distinct, on account of the strongly marked inter-nervular streak of orange on the secondaries ; it is also larger than the allied forms, and is more heavily marked with black. Dr. Trimen, however, does not consider its large size sufficient to warrant the separa¬ tion of T. opalescens from the variable series of the female T. eris. Mr. Gruy Marshall also considers the type to be only a large female of T. eris (P. Z. S. 1S97, p. 7). Dr. Butler (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 392) reiterates the characters on which he separated this species, and calls attention to the “ much broader orange- yellow costal streak ” on the secondaries. He writes : “ Of our eight females three ought to be called unusually large, four fairly lai’ge, and one rather small ; but the name opalescens was given to the type because it was faintly opalescent on the upper surface, and on the under-surface of the primaries, a character which I have since discovered to be inconstant, as also is the width of the internal black bordering of the primaries, which is frequently as wide again as in the type. The dry-season form is smaller than that of the wet-season, the primaries comparatively shorter and broader than in T. johnstoni, with the conspicuous black discal spots below which characterise the wet-season form, and with a series of scaly brown spots across the under-surface of the secondaries between the nervules. These characters and the lack of the black disco-cellular spots readily distinguish it from the dry form of the southern species.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. opalescens. Plate 10, fig. 1. 3 Nyasa-land (ft. II. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside. „ lb. ? Nyasa-land (II. II. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.). ,, lc. Underside. 30 TERACOLUS. Plate 10, tig. Id. $ Delagoa Bay (./. M. C. Johnston ; type, J [us. Brit.). „ le. 2 Nyasa-land (II. II. Johnston; Mus. Brit.). „ If. J Bangara, Nyasa-land (II. Crawshay ; Mus Brit.). „ lg. Underside. „ lh. $ Lake Nyasa (Theltvell ; Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). „ li. Underside. TERACOLUS MAIMUNA (Kirby). (Plate 11, figs. 1, la-lg.) Id/niais maimuna, Kirby, Proc. Iloy. Dublin Soc. (2) ii. p. 338 (1880); Waterhouse, Aid Ident. Ins. ii. pi. cxliii. figs. 1, 2 (1882-90). Teracolus maimuna, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 4G (1891); id. t.c. (6) xx. p. 392 (1897). Teracolus eris, pt. Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 7. Male. — As large as T. opalescens, but with the white central area on the primaries larger, owing to the black border on the inner margin being more restricted. Tlie white area is more oval in shape and not so toothed as in T. opalescens ; the apical patch lias the violaceous brown gloss well pronounced and is relieved by four ovate yellow streaks, not so bright in colour as in any of the species before described. The white spot situated between the second and third median nervules is veiy distinct. The secondaries do not differ from those of T. opalescens , with the exception that the white basal area is much more extended towards the costa than in the allied forms, so that the characteristic black marking is much more limited in extent. Underside. — Similar to that of T. eris, with the three black post-median spots some¬ what larger, and the ground-colour inclining to yellow; the secondaries pale yellow, with a post-median row of dark spots from the costal margin to above the sub¬ median nervure, as in the females of T. opalescens. Expanse 2*4 inches. (Spec. ex. Congo ; Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Brit) Female. — The yellow form is allied to that of T. eris (Plate 9, fig. Id), but has the brownish black marginal borders much reduced, especially on the inner margin, this being faintly shown as in T. johnstoni (Plate 8, fig. If). There is no dark shading at the base ; the secondaries are of the same colour as the primaries, and almost without any markings ; the nervules terminating in very faint spots, and the discal band of brown being visible. Underside. — Similar to that of the male in markings, the ground-colour being entirely sulphur-yellow. Expanse 2-2 inches. (Spec.' ex. Ambriz ; J. J. Monteiro; Mus. Brit.) TERACOLUS. 31 The white form of the female is similar to that of T. opalescens, but without the orange internal nervular streak ; the apical spots are nearly obsolete in some specimens, but in others they are yellow. Underside. — Does not differ from the female above described, the general colour inclining more to ochraceous yellow. Expanse 2'3 inches. [Spec. ex. Ambriz ; J. J. Monteiro ; Mas. Brit. ) Habitat. — Lower Congo and Angola, to Damara-land. Angola (J. J. Monteiro-, Salvin-Godman ; Mm. Brit.). Ambriz (J. J. Monteiro ; Mas. Brit; Mas. Salvin-Godman). Lower Congo ( Coll . Bates; Mas. Salvin-Godman ; Mas. Brit.). Damara-land (A. J. Bell; C. J. Andersson; (Cf. Trimen, l.c. p. 98). The range of this species will, I believe, be found to be confined to South-Western Africa, from Damara-land to Angola. There is a specimen in the Salvin-Godman collection received from the Bates collection and said to be from the Lower Congo, but I expect that, as with the specimens of T. Calais, they really came from Angola, or at least south of the actual Congo River. Specimens in the British Museum said to be from Senegambia appear to me to be in every case true T. eris or T. opalescens, and I question whether any species of this group occurs within the limits of the true West African forest Sub-region. Dr. Butler selected the female (Fig. If) from “ Senegambia ” to be figured as representing the “ dry-season ” form of T. maimuna. This specimen is, however, very similar to one of T.johnstoni, from Tugela (Guy Marshall), the only difference being that there is no brownish-black border on the inner margin ; the black sub¬ marginal border near the apex is also wanting in the “ Senegambian ” specimen. Several specimens of Teracoli in the British Museum are labelled “ Senegal ” from the Druce collection. These I think may be erroneously labelled, as I consider them to be a male and female of T. opalescens, two males to be T. eris, and the above-mentioned female to be T. johnstoni. Further research may, of course, prove that other forms besides T. Calais inhabit Senegambia, but at present I am inclined to doubt the correctness of this locality for any Teracolus except the above-mentioned species. Should T. opalescens and T. johnstoni really occur in this portion of West Africa, I do not see how the different races can longer be maintained as distinct, and Mr. Guy Marshall and Dr. Trimen will have proved their point that only one species really exists. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. maimuna. Plate 11, fig. 1. $ Ambriz (.7. 7. Monteiro ; Mm, Brit.). „ la. Underside. „ lb. $ Ambriz (7. 7. Monteiro ; Mm. Brit.). „ lc. Underside. 32 TERACOLUS. Plate 11, fig. Id. $ Ambriz (./. J. Monteiro ; Mus. Brit.). ,, le. $ E. eris is true T. johnstoni, Nubia {Mus. Salrin-Godman ; Mus. Brit.). „ If. $ “ Senegambia ” (Mus. Salvin-Godman ; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside. TEKACOLTJS SUBFASCIATUS, Swainson. (Plate 12, figs. 1, la-le.) Teracolus subfaciatus, Swains. Zool. Ulustr. Ins. (2) iii.pl. cxv. (1823); Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 127 ; Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. pi. 23, f. 6 (1884); Trimen, S. Afr. Butt. iii. p. 92 (1889); Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 835; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 6; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 393 (1897). Anthocharis subfasciala, Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. i. p. 567, n. 12 (1836); Trimen, Kliop. Afr. Austr. i. p. 58, n. 38 (1862); id. l.c. ii. p., 331 (1866). Ptychopteryx bokemanni, Wallengr. K. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl. 1857, n. 4, p. 18; Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 45 (1870). Thespia bokemanni, Wallengr. Ofvers. K. Yet.-Akad. Fork. 1858, p. 77. Ptychopteryx iducissa, ? (?) Dognin, Le Naturaliste, 1891, p. 132. Male. — General colour sulphur-yellow, the primaries having a post-median band of four yellow spots somewhat deeper in colour ; a hind-marginal border of dusky brown commencing at the apex and extending to about the first median nervule ; the yellow spots enclosed by a broad black bar, terminating somewhat abruptly above the third median nervule ; a very minute black spot present at the end of the cell. The secondaries entirely sulphur-yellow without any markings. Underside. — Primaries whitish, the apical portion being faint yellow, with wavy lines of lightish brown ; secondaries greenish-yellow, but entirely crossed by fine wavy brownish lines, as on the apex of the primaries : a somewhat darker streak is visible from the base to the hind margin. Expanse 2-2 inches. {Spec. ex. Vaal River; Mus. Brit.) Female. — Ground-colour entirely white, the apical portion being relieved by four spots of reddish-orange ; the hind-marginal border, which extends to above the sub¬ median nervure, and the inner band, being brownish-red. The secondaries similar to the primaries in colour and without markings ; the female only differing from the male in the brighter-coloured apical patch. Underside. — Similar to that of the male, the secondaries being a little darker and the wavy lines rather more strongly pronounced. Expanse 2-3 inches. {Spec. ex. Kimberley; Salvin-Godman Coll.; Mus. Brit.) The “ dry-season ” form of the male has the ground-colour similar to that of the “ wet-season ” form, but is perhaps a shade darker. The sub-apical row of spots on the primaries is deeper orange-yellow, the black inner bar being a trifle narrower than in the “ wet-scason ” form. The secondaries do not differ in colour from the primaries. TERACOLUS. O o • ) o Underside. — Bather more sandy-yellow in colour than the upperside. Expanse 2*4 inches. (Spec. ex. Nyasa-Land ; B. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.) The “dry-season” form of the female has the ground-colour entirely white with a very large apical patch of bright orange-red lined on its inner side with pale yellow; the hind-marginal border reddish-brown, extending from the inner margin to the first median nervule, becoming rather darker towards the costa ; two faint spots situated between the second and third median nervules, crossing the discal area. The secondaries are entirely white. Underside. — Primaries white, the apical portion sandy-yellow crossed by the usual fine wavy lines of brown. Secondaries entirely sandy-yellow, the wavy lines traversing the whole of the wing ; a dark streak extending through the cell from the base of the wing to the hind-margin, a similar line being also visible along the costa. Expanse 2 '5 inches. (Spec. ex. Nyasa-Land ; Sir II. II. Johnston; Mas. Brit.) As Dr. Trimen remarks, the male of this species is wonderfully constant in colouring and marking, but the females vary from white to a yellow colour, similar to that of the male. The apical post-median row of spots on the primaries is of a deep orange-yellow colour in the yellow-tinted females. Habitat. — Eastern Cape Colony north to the Transvaal, Matabel e-Land, Nyasa- Land, to Uganda, extending also to Damara-Land and South-Western Africa. Eastern Cape Colony. — Hope Town (J. II. Bowler ; Trimen, l.c., p. 93). Griqu aland West. — Klipdrift (J. II. Bowler ; Trimen, l.c., p. 93); Kimberley (Salvin-Godman Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Transvaal. — Potchefstroom ( IF. Morant and T. Ayres; Trimen, l.c., p. 93). Pretoria (T. Ayres; Trimen, l.c.. p. 93); Zoutpansberg (IV. L. Distant, Nat. Transvaal, p. 234, 1892). Limpopo Biver (F. C. Selous; Trimen, l.c., p. 93), Lydenburg District (T. Ayres; Trimen, l.c., p. 93). Bechuanaland. — Chue Spring (TV. J. B arch ell ; Trimen, l.c., p. 93); Motito (Bev. J. Fredoux ; Trimen, l.c., p. 93); Khama’s Country (Mas. Cecil Barker). Matabeleland. — Makloutse and Tati Bivers (F. C. Selous ; Trimen, l.c., p. 93); Tati (F. Oates ; Westwood in Oates' Matabeleland, App., p. 330, 1881). Nyasa-land. — (Sir II. II. Johnston; Butler, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 852); Mweni- wandas (II. Crawshay; Butler, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 835). Zanzibar. — ( Doynin , Lc Naturaliste, 1891, p. 132). Uganda. — (Dr. J. IV. Ansorye ; Gay Marshall, P. Z. S. 1S97, p. 7, note). Sooth- Western Africa. — Damara-Land (J. A. Bell; Trimen, l.c., p. 93). Dr. Trimen writes as follows: “This very distinct and handsome species was discovered by Burchell in 1812, towards the northern limit of his South African journeyings. Through Professor Westwood’s kindness I was able to examine the original specimens, and to refer to Burchell’ s manuscript list of localities of the species TERACOLUS. 34 in his collection. It appeared from the latter that three of the four examples were captured at * Chue Spring,’ and the fourth at ‘Little Telip.’ Burchell gives the latitude and longitude of the first of these localities, and I am thus able to determine its position on recent maps as about Honing Vley, in British Bechuanaland. Specimens from Motito, in the same tract of country, were sent to me in I860. Colonel Bowker took a good many specimens on the Vaal River, Griqualand West, and also sent a single example captured at Hope Town, on the left bank of the Orange River. The latter is its most southern locality known to me ; and it certainly appears to be most numerous in the tropical portion of its range, Mr. J. A. Bell having brought no fewer than thirty-four specimens in his small collection formed in Damara-land. Colonel Bowker describes the butterfly as a swift flyer ; he found it on the wing at Klipdrift (Barkly) in March and April, and took the Hope Town individual on May 1, 1871. Mr. H. L. L. Feltham informs me that he occasionally sees specimens in Kimberley, and took some in the month of December of the years 18S4 and 1885. Wallengren records (K. Yet. sv. — Akad Fbrh; 1S75, p. 91) Mr. Person’s note that in Southern Transvaal the butterfly occurs in March and April.” It should be noted that, although Dr. Butler considers T. ducissa Dognin to be a synonym of the present species, Mr. Guy Marshall believes it to be quite distinct, as will be seen by the following remarks : “ Founded on a single specimen from Zanguebar, apparently the only one recorded. Judging by the description, this must be a very distinct species. — Breadth 55 mm. Upperside white; apical third of fore-wings orange-red, bordered exteriorly with brick-brown, the latter colour extending to inner angle. Underside of hind-wings yellowish, with reddish striolte, and traversed on disc by a straight, well-defined, reddish-yellow ray. The extension of the hind-marginal border in fore-wing is noticeable. The description comes nearer to the ‘dry-season’ females of T. phlegy as ( = buxtoni ), Butl., than anything else, but the complete absence of any black markings along the inner edge of the apical patch would at once distinguish it.” (P. Z. S. 1897, p. 21.) EXPLANATIONS OF THE FIGURES OF T. sub/asciatus. Plate 12, fig. 1. $ . Vaal River, South Africa ( Mus . Brit.). „ la. ? . Kimberley (Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Bril.). „ lb. Underside of fig. 1 a. „ lc. 3 ■ Nyasa-Land (R. Crawshay : Mus. Brit.). „ Id. $ . Nyasa-Land ( Sir II. II. Johnston: Mus. Brit.). „ le. Underside of fig. Id, TERACOLUS. 35 TERACOLUS ELGONENSIS, E. M. Sharpe. (Plate 12, figs. 2, 2a.) Teracolus elgonensis, E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 191, pi. xvi. fig. G; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 10; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 393 (1897). Male. — General colour of the primaries greenish- white, with a small black spot at the end of the discoidal cell ; costal margin narrowly edged with black, which is much broader at the apex, and continued along the hind-margin, decreasing in width towards the sub-median nervure, where the black terminates. Near the apex, between the third sub-costal and first radial nervules, is an ovate spot of deep crimson followed by two other spots smaller in size, the last of these being nearly obsolete. At the base near the inner margin is a slight shading of grey. The secondaries are also greenish- white, with no visible markings. Underside. — Primaries white, with the costal margin, hind-margin, and apical portion yellowish-green, the small black spot at the end of the discoidal cell being visible. Secondaries entirely yellowish-green, the costal margin being narrowly edged with orange, while a small streak of black is strongly pronounced at the end of the cell. From the end of the costa to the sub-median nervure is a discal row of brownish spots situated between the nervules. Expanse 1‘9 inch. ( T;/pe in Coll. F. J. Jack-son). Some specimens collected by Captain Woodward near the Eldoma Ravine are very similar to the type in Mr. Jackson’s collection, having the brownish-black apex and hind-marginal border much lighter in colour, the brown border terminating above the first median nervule ; the crimson spots on one of these specimens are much diminished in size. There seems to be a certain amount of variation in the species, as one specimen obtained by Captain Woodward in Nandi has only the faintest indication of a crimson spot near the apex of the primaries, the apical portion of the latter having the hind- margin heavily marked with black. The underside is also rather greener in colour. A fourth specimen is somewhat of a more dead yellowish-white, the apical border being likewise of a lighter brown. The underside is decidedly more pink and alto¬ gether realises what one might expect the “dry-season” form of the species to be like. This, however, can scarcely be the case, as Captain Woodward collected all four specimens in the month of March. Habitat. — Equatorial Africa, Mount Elgon, Feb. 1S90 (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll.) ; Nandi, March 1898 ( Capt . E. M. Woodward ); Eldoma Ravine, March 1898 ( Capt . E. M. Woodward). This species is very readily distinguished from all other members of the genus except 1\ eunonms, with which, however, it cannot well be confounded. As Mr. Guy TERACOLUS. 36 Marshall remarks : “ A most interesting and distinct little species, allied to T. eunomus, Hopff., but readily distinguished by its much smaller size, its greenisli- white ground¬ colour, and by the very different position of the three small crimson spots near the apex. I have seen the unique type, a male, which is in the collection of Mr. F. J. Jackson, who captured it on Mount Elgon, to the north of Victoria Nyanza.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. elgonensis. Plate 12, fig. 2. J . Mount Elgon (F. J. Jackson ; type). „ 2a. Underside of fig. 2. TERACOLUS EUNOMUS, Hopffer. (Plate 13, figs. 1, la.) Pieris eunoma, Hopffer, Ber. Verb. Akad. Berlin, 1855, p. G40; id. in Peters, lteise Mossatnb. Zool v. p. 353, taf. xxiii. figs. 1, 2 (1862). Teracolus eunoma , Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 802 (1877) ; Trimen, S. Afr. Butt. iii. p. Ill (1889); Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 15; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 393 (1897). Apparently nearly allied to T. elgonensis , but larger and whiter, with none of the greenish tint of that species, the crimson-lake spots being distinctly larger in size. The underside of the secondaries is entirely yellow, not greenish as in T. elgonensis. Habitat. — Inliambane, Mozambique ( Dr. IF. Peters). I am unable to speak from personal examination of the distinctness of this species, which was discovered by Dr. W. Peters during his celebrated expedition to Mozambique. The type still remains unique in the Berlin Museum. The differ¬ ences between T. eunomus and T. chromiferus are very slight, but they are apparently constant. Mr. Guy Marshall has united T. chromiferus and T. eunomus together, and Dr. Trimen considers that they must be identical, for he gives a description of T. eunomus from Hopffer’s figure, and refers a specimen from Zanzibar in the Hewitson collection in the British Museum, to the latter species. Dr. Butler, however, keeps the two distinct, and I am inclined to agree with him, as, to judge by Hopffer’s figures, T. eunomus must be smaller than T. chromiferus, and have the crimson-lake markings on the primaries much more restricted. The only specimen that I have seen from Mozambique is one obtained there by Dr. Ansorge, and this was certainly T. chromiferus. It is therefore possible that the latter may only be a seasonal form of T. eunomus. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. eunomus. Plate 13, fig. 1. $ . Inliambane. „ la. Underside of fig. 1. (Copied from Hopffer’s plate [I.c.]) TERACOLUS. 37 , TERACOLUS CHROMIFERUS, Rothschild. (Plate 13, figs. 2, 2a-2d.) Temzolm chromferus, Rothschild, N'ovit. Zool. i. p. 533 (1391); B itler, A.’n. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xs. p. 391 (1897). Teracolus eunoma, (pt.) Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 16. This species is similar to T. earn mas, but is at once distinguished by the larger and more pronounced spots of crimson-lake on the fore-wing. Male. — Primaries white, the apical portion relieved by four ovate spots of crimson-lake, varying in size ; costal margin, apes, and hind-margin, brownish-black, the borders of the latter much broader than in T. eanomus, the border becoming gradually more narrow and terminating at the second sub-median nervule ; the crimson spots separated by the black nervules, the veins crossing the discal area being likewise black ; a black spot also distinctly visible at the end of the discoidal cell. The secondaries entirely white without any visible markings, the base of the wings slightly dusted with gi’ey. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white ; apical area, costal and hind margins deep chrome -yellow, this colour extending as far as the second sub-median nervule, the black discoidal spot being very distinct. Secondaries entirely deep chrome-yellow with a brilliant orange streak at the base of the costal margin, in the middle of which is a black spot ; a discal row of more or less obsolete dark spots, the spot at the end of the anal angle being larger than the others, one of which is situated at the end of the cell. Expanse 2 ‘5 inches. (Spec. ex. Chinde; type, Mas. Rothschild.) Female. — General colour white. Primaries with the hind-marginal border brown, the latter toothed internally and widening towards the apex, the apical portion having two nearly obsolete spots of crimson ; a discal row of black spots crossing the wing from the costa to above the sub-median nervure, each spot situated between a nervule. Base of wing grey with a well-defined black spot at the end of the cell. Secondaries creamy-white, the nervules terminating, on their marginal border, in large black spots ; a minute spot of black present at the end of the discoidal cell, the base of the wing being grey. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white ; apex deep chrome-yellow, the discal row of black spots, as well as the discoidal spot, being strongly indicated ; the base of the wing shaded with grey. Secondaries entirely deep chrome-yellow, the costal margin streaked with orange-chrome, the black discal spots very distinct, but the nervular row of dark spots on the hind-margin only faintly indicated. Expanse, 2'6 inches. (Spec. ex. Zanzibar ; Saloin-Godman Coll.; Mas. Brit.) 38 TER AGO I US. Habitat. — South-Eastern Africa : Beira {Guy Marshall), Chinde, Zambesi River {Type; Mus. Rothschild), Mozambique {I)r. J. W. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). East Africa. — Zanzibar {Salvin-Godman Coll; Mus. Brit.); Dara-Salaam {Coll. P. Crowley). This species was described by Mr. Rothschild from a specimen caught at Chinde on the Zambesi River : it is considered by Dr. Butler to be the “ wet-season ” form of the species. There is also in Mr. Rothschild’s collection a smaller specimen, taken by Dr. J. W. Ansorge somewhere in Mozambique, which has the crimson spots on the apex of the primaries much more restricted, and is identical with a specimen in the Hewitson collection in the British Museum labelled as from Zanzibar. Mr. Guy Marshall (P. Z. S. 1S97, p. 17) states that he caught four specimens near Beira in January 1890. He has given a description of one of the females obtained on this occasion. He also states that three specimens were obtained by Dr. Ansorge in German East Africa, and he mentions a female example in my collection ; the latter, however, I refer to T. puniceus {vide infra). I have not been able to find any examples of this species in the Ansorge collection in the Tring Museum. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. chromiferus. Plate 1 3, fig. 2. J . Zanzibar ( Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Bril.). „ 2a. Underside of fig. 2. „ 2b. $ . Zanzibar ( Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Bril.). „ 2c. Underside of fig. 2b. ,, 2d. Mozambique (Dr. J. IF. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). TERACOLUS PUNICEUS, Butler. (Plate 14, figs. 1, la-lg.) Teracolus puniceus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 72; id. P. Z. S. 1894, p. 573, pi. xxxvi. figs. 5, 6; id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ((>) xx. p. 394 (1897); E. M. Sharpe, in Neumann’s Elephant Hunting in E. Africa, App., p. 445 (1897); Butler, P. Z. S. 1898, p. 408. Teracolus hetcera, (pt.) E. M. Sharpe, I’. Z. S, 1894, p. 348; Guy Marshall, (pt.) P. Z. S. 1897, p. 17. Similar to T. chromiferus, but with the crimson-lake patch on the primaries larger, and with the neuration of both wings emphasised in lines of black. Male. — Primaries white as in T. chromiferus , but the veins more distinctly indicated by black lines ; the costa and hind-margin brownish-black, reaching as far as the second median nervule ; the crimson-lake patch on the apical area very broad and having an additional fifth spot between the third median and first discoidal nervules ; the basal area dusted with grey, extending along the inner margin. TERACOLUS. 39 Secondaries white, the black veins plainly indicated, the first, second and third discoidal nervules terminating in minute black spots on the hind-margin. Underside. — Differs from that of T. chromiferus in the nearly obsolete yellow apex of the primaries ; the neuration of both wings decidedly pronounced ; the secondaries of the palest yellow, but with the inner margin slightly darker ; the costal margin with a faint basal streak of orange, but more restricted than in the foregoing species ; the dark transverse band on the secondaries only faintly visible. Expanse 2 '5 5 inches. (Spec. ex. Teita; Coll. F. J. Jackson.) Female. — Distinguished from the female of T. chromiferus by the much broader brownish-black apical patch and the broader hind-margin on the primaries ; the apical area showing a post-median row of five hastate spots. Of these five spots, the three median ones are crimson and the anterior and posterior ones are white. Between the first and second median nervules occurs a black spot, and a similar one is situated between the first median nervule and the sub-median nervure. The black spot at the end of the discoidal cell is smaller than in T. chromiferus. Secondaries. — White, the nervules terminating in large brownish-black spots, the same colour radiating along the veins so as to make the border appear strongly dentated on its inner aspect. The base of both the primaries and secondaries is clearly dusted with grey. Underside. — Primaries similar to those of T. chromiferus , but with the apical area and hind-margin of a somewhat deeper yellow shade. Secondaries entirely ochraceous yellow, the marginal border violaceous-brown, with a transverse band of the same colour. There are also faint wavy specklings of brown over the hind¬ wing, especially near the base. Expanse 2'55 inches. [Spec. ex. Teita; Coll. F. J. Jackson.) The male and female above described represent the “wet-season” form of T. puniceus as determined by Dr. Butler. The male was procured by Mr. Jackson on the march from the coast to Teita in December 1891. In the same month and in the same district, Mr. Jackson also obtained a male answering to what Dr. Butler considers to be the “ dry-season ” form, on which he founded the species. It is, as he justly observes, smaller than the “wet-season” form, and has the black veining much less distinctly indicated. The underside of this “ dry-season ” specimen has the secondaries entirely sandy-pink with a transverse band of brownish spots across half the wing. The primaries are white below, with the apical area indicated by a patch of sandy-pink. Expanse 2-2 inches. (Spec. ex. Teita ; Coll. F. J. J ackson. ) As with the males, we find the females of the “ dry-season ” form very much smaller than those of the “ wet-season ” form. A female from the Second Kedong River, 40 TEEACOLUS. November 1890 (Mus. Rothschild), obtained by Dr. Ansorge, differs from that of the “ wet-season ” phase in having the brownish-black apical area and hind-marginal border on the primaries much more reduced in extent, the sub-terminal row of ovate crimson spots not so strongly indicated, the third spot being only faintly tinged with that colour. The post-median row of black spots does not form a distinct band as in the “ wet-season ” form, but is arrested about the third median nervule and barely encloses the crimson spots. The secondaries are entirely white, with two minute dark spots situated at the end of the first and second radial nervules on the hind-marginal border. Underside. — General aspect whiter than in the “wet-season” phase, the post¬ median row of black spots on the primaries much reduced in size, with some faint sprinklings of brown on the apical portion. The secondaries white, with obsolete vermiculations of brown, the usual dark transverse band being distinct^ visible. Expanse 1'8 inch. (Spec. ex. Second Kedony River ; Mus. Rothschild.) A second form of the “ dry-season ” phase differs only in the general colour being sulphur-yellow, the dark markiugs rather more pronounced, especially on the hind- margin of the secondaries. Underside. — Central area sulphur-yellow ; the hind-margin and apical portion ochraeeous ; the post-median row of spots larger and browner. Secondaries entirely ochraceous with thin wavy lines of brown over the entire surface; the brown trans¬ verse band more heavily marked than in the female previously described. Expanse 2T inches. (Spec. ex. Kikuyu; Coll. F. J. Jackson.) The “ wet-season ” females vary considerably, one specimen resembling the female described, with the exception that the ovate spots on the primaries are only slightly tinged with crimson ; the underside is of a paler yellow. Expanse 2-4 inches. (Sjjec. ex. Kibwezi ; Coll. F. J. Jackson.) A second variation which I have figured is distinguished by the entire absence of the crimson-lake on the primaries, the apical and marginal borders being much blacker and broader : a white spot is visible near the posterior angle. The black nervular spots on the hind-margin of the secondaries are rather more strongly indicated. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apical portion fulvous-brown, with black spots visible at the ends of the sub-median nervure and of the first and second median nervules on the hind-margin ; the post- median row of black spots larger and more heavily marked. Secondaries fulvous-brown, with darker wavy lines, and with the hind-marginal border shaded with violaceous ; the transverse band of brown also well marked. Expanse 2‘3 inches. (Spec. ix. Teifa ; Coll. F. J. Jackson.) TERACOLUS. 41 Three other specimens from Usagara and Teita agree with the female above described, but they have the marginal borders much narrower and more ot a brownish- black. The undersides are paler, but the specimens are undoubtedly somewhat worn. Expanse 2-4 inches. Habitat. — Eastern Africa. Usagara (Dr. Baxter ; Colt. E. M. Sharpe). Sabaki Valley (Dr. J. W. Gregory ; Mas. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 573, pi. xxxvi. figs. 5, 6). Mombasa (Salvin-Godman Coll.; Mas. Brit.). Between Mombasa and Teita ( F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Ndi, Teita, 2400 feet (Slingsby Godfrey ; Mas. Brit.). Ndi, March (Dr. J. W. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). Kibwezi, December (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll.). Maragoyakanga, December (C apt. Pringle ; Coll. E. M. Sharpe). Ndara Hill, February (Capt. Pringle; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 348, s.n. T. heteera). Maungu Hill, December (Capt. Pringle; E. M. Sharpe, l.c.). Taveta, July (Mus. Rothschild). Taru, December ( C . S. Bet/on ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1898, p. 40S). Kikuyu, September (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Turquel, December (F.J.J.; Jackson Coll.). Second Kedong River, November (Dr. J. W. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). Kilungu, April (Dr. J. JJr. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). Kampi Mbaruk, November (Dr. J. IF. Ansorge; Mus. Rothschild). Victoria Nyanza (Bishop Hannington; Mus. Brit.). Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 573). Wadelai (Emin Pasha; Mus. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 72). T. puniceus is very closely allied to the next species, T. lietcera , and, in my opinion, the two species are very doubtfully distinct. I follow Dr. Butler in keeping them separate, and have accordingly figured specimens of both forms as determined by him in the British Museum. Dr. Butler remarks as follows: “The ‘ wet-season ’ form of this species has recently been received from Ndi, near Mombasa ; it is slightly larger than the typical ‘dry-season’ form, and the magenta-red extends a little further along the costa, but not upon the outer margin ; the veins above are more heavily blackened and terminate in black marginal dots ; on the under surface the apex of primaries and the whole of secondaries are creamy-buff, the costa of secondaries narrowly saffron-yellow towards the base, and the transverse ray is either absent or represented by black -brown dashes. The female is either white or bright yellow above, and greyish-lavender or yellow, sparsely irrorated with greyish below ; the markings are somewhat similar to those of T. heteera, but the borders are perhaps rather less heavy, more nearly resembling the ‘ diy-season ’ females of that species. T. puniceus ranges from Wadelai through the Victoria Nyanza south-eastwards to Mombasa.” Mr. Guy Marshall has no doubt that T. puniceus is the “dry-season” form of T. heteera. He observes : “ The size of the apical patch and the black markings of the upper side being somewhat more reduced, the underside of the secondaries has a pinkish tinge with faint grey ‘ hatchings,’ and a distinct discal ray from the costa.” F 42 TERACOLUS. Judging from the series which I have examined in the British Museum, and in the collections of the Hon. Walter Rothschild and Mr. F. J. Jackson, the range of the species appears to be from Usagara to AVadelai. It seems to be generally distributed in British East Africa, the specimens procured in the month of November being of the “ dry-season ” form, and those obtained from December to April belong¬ ing to the “ wet-season ” form. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. puniceus. Plate 14, fig. 1. $ . Coast to Teita (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll.). „ la. 2 . Coast to Teita (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll.). „ lb. $ . Underside. „ lc. J . Coast to Teita (F. ,T. J.; Jackson Coll.). „ Id. $ . Coast to Teita ( F . J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. 2 ■ Kikuyu (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). „ lg. 2 . Second Kedong (Dr. Ansorge ; Rothschild Coll.). TERACOLUS HETJERA, Gerst. (Plate 15, figs. 1, la-le.) Callosune hekera, Gerstaecker, Arch. f. Naturg. 1871, p. 357 ( Trimen, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 66 ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 126 ; id. P. Z. S. 1896, p. 852. Teracolus eliza, E. M. Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) v. p. 441 (1890) ; Waterhouse, Aid Ident. Ins. pi. 189, figs. 5, 6 (1890). Male. — Primaries with the central area white, the apical portion with a large iridescent purplish patch ; this patch enclosed by a black border, commencing from about the middle of the costa and extending to the hind margin, the latter and the apex being also black ; the black border nearly obsolete at the posterior angle ; the black radiating along the nervules towards the discoidal cell, and so dividing the purple area into spots which vary in size ; a distinct gi’ey shading visible on the black border at the apex. Secondaries entirely white, the nervules black, terminating on the hind marginal border in black spots. A shading of grey at the base of both wings. Underside. — Primaries white, the apical area pale yellow, with some small black nervular spots on the hind margin, followed by a post-median apical row of five 48 TERACOLUS. black spots ; a similar black spot also visible at the end of the cell. Secondaries white, with the usual orange costal streak, and a similar streak along the sub-median nervure, also above the black discoidal spot at the end of the cell ; the nervules terminating in black spots on the hind margin but varying in size ; a faint indi¬ cation of a transverse band crossing the discal area, consisting of large black spots, one at the end of the costal nervure, the second on the sub-median nervure, three minute spots being situated between the first radial and the first, second and third median nervules. Expanse 2'4 inches. (Spec, ex Nyasa Land ; H II. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.) Female. — (Fig. la). Primaries white, shaded with grey near the base, the purple of the apical area not forming a large patch as in the male, but broken up into spots and separated by the interposition of a well marked sub-apical band of black, which extends down to the first median nervule. Two distinct black spots are indi¬ cated on the white portion of the wing, one discoidal, and the other nearer the anal angle, above the sub- median nervure. Secondaries white, sprinkled with grey over the basal area, and having a broad row of large black spots, each of which is situated at the end of a nervule, thus forming a disconnected broad border round the hind margin of the wing. The transverse row of dark spots on the underside is faintly visible on the upper surface. In both primaries and secondaries the black nervules are obsolete and not distinct as they are in the male. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apex and hind margin being pale yellow, with a strongly marked post-median row of black spots corresponding with the band which crosses the apical area above, and from which equally distinct black lines radiate along the nervules to the hind margin of the wing. Secondaries entirely pale yellow, the nervules picked out with black towards the hind margin, which is dusky ; a transverse band of seven black spots, situated between the nervules and completely traversing the discal area to the inner margin ; the charac¬ teristic basal streak of orange present on the costal margin, and a small spot of dusky orange colour situated above a tiny black discoidal spot. Expanse 2'3 inches. (Spec, ex Makaya District; F. Kirby; Mus. Brit.) A second form of the female (fig. Id) has the general colour of the wings yellow instead of white ; on the apical portion of the primaries the first row of spots is yellow, while the second and inner row consists of but two small purple spots as in the typical female. Secondaries with a broader and more complete black hind- marginal border, not broken up into spots as in the female above described. Underside. — The general colour of the primaries is yellow, with the apical area TERACOLUS. 49 darker, the black markings being similar to those of the typical female. Secondaries entirely deep chrome-yellow and showing an additional bright orange streak along the sub-median nervure : the other dark markings do not differ from those of the ordinary type. Expanse 2'3 inches. (Spec, ex Shire River; Salvin-Godman Coll.; Mus. Brit.) A third form of the female is similar to the one above described, but is white suffused with yellow ; the sub-apical row of yellow spots on the primaries is sprinkled with red, while there are three purple spots representing the lower row of markings. Underside. — Central area of primaries white, the base, apex and hind-margin greenish yellow, all the black markings well pronounced. Secondaries with the discal area and hind margin pale yellow, the costal margin, basal area, discoidal cell and sub-median nervure strongly suffused with streaks of bright orange. Expanse 2 '4 inches. (Spec, ex Henga, 3200 feet , January 22, 1895 ; R. Cramhay ; Mas. Brit.) Dry-season form of male. — White with no grey shading near the base, and differing in having the black border, which encloses the iridescent purple patch on the primaries much narrower, the apical margin suffused with grey. Secondaries without any nervular lines or terminal spots. Underside. — Central area white, apex pinkish-buff, the black discoidal spot very minute. Secondaries entirely pinkish-buff, with the costal orange streak j^aler ■ the costal margin and the basal area waved with line vermiculations of dusky brown which extend along the sub-median nervure to the anal angle ; the usual dusky transverse discal baud nearly obsolete. Expanse 2-7 inches. (Spec, ex Loangwa Valley Pass, Nyasa Land, 4090 feet, August 28, 1895; R. Cramhay ; Mus. Brit.) Dry-season form of female. — Agrees with the “ wet-season ” female in colour and markings, but the black on the apical area and hind margin of the primaries is more restricted, and shows a distinct grey shading at the extreme edge as in the male ; the sub-apical row of spots on the apex is white sprinkled with crimson, the three lower spots bright crimson. Secondaries have the black nervular spots on the bind margin nearly obsolete and the grey shading at the base only faintly indicated. Underside. — Primaries white, the apex sandy colour darkly speckled, the post¬ median band of black sjiots somewhat smaller, those situated above the sub-median nervure and first median nervule nearly obsolete. Secondaries entirely sandy colour, dusted all over with greyish brown, the transverse band, composed of brownish spots, not pronounced as in the “wet-season” forms; the orange costal streak also paler in colour. Expanse 2'2 inches. (Spec, ex Makaya District, November 189b ; F. Kirby; Mus. Brit.) 50 7ERACOIUS. Habitat. — South West Africa. Damara Land. — Botletle River, Lake N’gami (./. A. Bell ; Trimen , S. Afr. Butterfl. III. p. 113 (18S9); Hurabe, Cunene River, October ( A . Erikson ; Trimen, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 97). South East Africa. — Transvaal. Mountains of Lydenburg District (7'. Ayres; Trimen, t.c. p. 113, 1S89). Junction of Marico and Limpopo Rivers (F. C. Selous, A. Erikson; Trimen, t.c. p. 113). Zulu Land (Mug. Cecil Barker). Black Umvulozi River (11. B. fy J. B. S. Woodward ; Mus. Rothschild). Bechuana Land ( L . Kitchiny ; Mus. Brit.). Matabele Land, Tati ( F. Oates ; Westwood in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. 339). Makloutzie River ( F. C. Selous; Trimen, S. Afr. Butterfl. III. p. 1 13). Mashona Land, Mazoe Valley (Guy Marshall; Mus. E. M. Sharpe). Kamaschy (Mus. Cecil Barker). Manica Land, Mineni Valley, March (F. C. Selous; Trimen, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 66). Zambesi River (Bates Coll.; Mus. Salvin- Godman). East Africa. — Nyasa Land. Loangwa Valley Pass, 4090 feet ; Senga, August 28, Mbalizi Valley, Unyika, September 15 (R. Crawshay ; Mus Brit.). Shire River (Bates Coll ; Mus. Salvin-Godman). Deep Bay, West of Lake Nyasa (R. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). Fort Johnston (Dr. P. Rendall ; Mus. Rothschild). Lake M weru ( H. H. Johnston; Mus. Brit.). Makaya District, January, February, and November, 1890 (F. Kirby; Mus. Brit.). Rabai Hills, July 1889 (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll.). Taveta, July (Mus. Rothschild). Zanzibar, Dar-es-Salaam ( Mus. Rothschild). Equatorial Africa. — Kandera, October (Emin Pasha; Mus. Brit.). N’guru October and November (Emin Pasha ; Mus. Brit.). The range of this beautiful butterfly extends from S.E. Africa to S.W. Africa, and north to Teita and Equatorial Africa. It was originally described by Dr. Trimen from the region of Lake N’gami, but there can be no doubt that T. anax of Grose Smith, and my own T. eliza, described from East Africa, are identical with Dr. Trimen’s species from S.W. Africa. It is one of the finest of the purple-tipped section of the genus Teracolus, and both sexes have some purple on the apical area of the primaries. There is not very much difference in the appearance between the so-called “ wet ” and “ dry ” season forms, but in the latter phase the black markings are more restricted and the purple patch in the male is more brilliant and scin¬ tillating. Dr. Trimen in bis celebrated work vol. iii. p. 1 13, writes : “ Mr. T. Ayres informs me that he met with the species ‘ in numbers for a very short time in December 1S75,’ among the mountains in the Lydenburg District of the Transvaal, and several examples (including one $ of Var. a.) taken near the junction of the Marico and Limpopo Rivers have reached me from Mr. Selous and Mr. Erikson. Mr. John A. Bell, who in 1862 made me first acquainted with the butterfly, brought down TEBACOL US. 51 from Damara Land no fewer than sixty-seven specimens, and informed me that it was most abundant on the Botletle, one of the chief streams connected with Lake N’garni. On the eastern side of the interior, the Makloutzie River and Tati seem to be favoured stations of T. regina, Mr. Oates having noted it from the latter, and Mr. Selous and Mr. John L. Fry having sent me ticketed specimens from both localities. Mr. Fry’s examples from Makloutzie River were taken on the 20tli of May 1887, and a male Variety a. from Tati on the 23rd of January. He informs me that at the former place the butterfly was numerous on the purple flowers of a species of Cineraria.” With regard to the variation of this species, I quote the following observations made by Dr. Trimen in his paper “ On Butterflies from Manica ” (P.Z.S. 1894, p. 66). “ There are five specimens (all males) of this splendid Teracolus, captured in Mineni Valley from the 9th to the 27th of March. These differ slightly from Mr. H. G. Smith’s figure of a Mombasa male, having on the underside less irroration basally, a narrower inner black border to the violet apical patch in the fore-wings, and smaller nervular hind-marginal black spots in the hind wings ; the last-named markings are also much reduced on the underside of the hind wing. The black spots of the discal series on the underside of the hind-wings vary a good deal in size and distinctness, one example having them just as in Mr. Smith’s fig. 6, two others having all but the first and last larger, another wanting the second spot, and the last wanting both second and third spots ; the ground-colour is also variable, two examples presenting it creamy instead of pure white. As usual in the genus Tera¬ colus, it is impossible to define exact limits between T. anax and T. regina. The Manica males here noticed, link T. anax to the Variety a. of T. regina from Damara Land, and so do two others taken by Mr. A. W. Erikson, in 1885, in the belt of country between the Transvaal and Matabele Land ; while, as I have noted (op. cit. p. 113), another male from the latter tract is intermediate between the Variety a. and typical T. regina. Of the two females taken by Mr. Selous in 1882 on the Upper Limpopo, Transvaal boundary, one is typical T. regina, but the other is referable to Variety A.; the latter is on the upper side very close to Mr. Smith’s figure (7) of female T. anax, but has both the basal irroration of the fore-wings and the hind- marginal large black spots considerably broader — the latter, indeed, are so enlarged as to meet and form a continuous border, while on the underside the corresponding spots ai-e very much smaller than in the figure (8) of T. anax female. Looking to the evidence afforded by several species of the genus, I am inclined to think that the typical T. regina, with greatly reduced dark markings and more or less reddish - tinged underside, and the large T. anax form (including my T. regina Variety a.), with strongly developed dark markings and white or creamy-white underside, will 52 TEEACOLUS turn out to be respectively dry-season and wet-season broods of the same species.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. regina. Plate 17, fig. 1. $ Nyasa Land (77. H. Johnston ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. $ Henga, Nyasa Land (R. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). ,, lc. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. J Shire River (Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). „ le. $ Makaya District (F. Kirby ; Mus. Brit.). „ If. $ Loangwa Valley Pass, Nyasa Land (II. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. „ lb. ? Makaya District (F. Kirby ; Mus. Brit.). TERACOLUS IMPERATOR, Butler. (Plate 18, figs. 1, la-li.) Terracolus imperator, Butler, P. Z. S. 187(5, p. 132; id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 47 (1891); Hampson, t. c. (6) v. p. 181 (1891); Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 574 ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 348; id. in Neumann’s Elephant Hunting in East Africa, App. p. 445 (1897); Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 395 (1897); id. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 408. Callosune imperator, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 408 (1877). Altogether smaller than T. regina, and having the purple colour on the apical area of the primaries confined to a narrow band. The secondaries have a distinct dark transverse band in both sexes. The typical form of the female has an orange apical patch on the primaries. Male. — Primaries milky-white, from the first median nervule ; the hind margin and apex brownish-black, this colour radiating along the nervules ; the sub-median nervure entirely black, terminating in a black spot at the posterior angle ; the apical area relieved by a fairly narrow band of six ovate spots of iridescent purple, varying in size, the sixth and lowest spot situated above the second median nervule being nearly obsolete ; a broad black border from the costal margin to the first median nervule enclosing these purple spots, the basal area thickly dusted with grey. Secondaries milky-white, the black nervules being well pronounced, each one termi¬ nating in a black spot on the hind-margin ; a sub-median streak of grey extending from the base to the hind-margin. Underside. — Primaries white, the apical area tinged with pale yellow. Secondaries yellowish-white, with a dark discal band crossing from the costal margin to the first TERACOLUS. 53 median nervule, afterwards becoming nearly obsolete ; the usual orange basal streak visible on the costal margin. Expanse 2‘3 inches. (Spec. ex. Witu, Map 1891 ; F. J. Jackson Coll.) Female. — Primaries with the apex, hind- and inner-margins, brownish-black, heavily pronounced on the latter ; a black band crossing the apical area enclosing a bright orange patch, this patch being relieved by a post-median row of black spots ; about the centre of the costal margin a broad white band crossing the wings and terminating in an almost ovate spot near the posterior angle, the dark shading at the basal area thickly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries with the central area white ; a broad brownish-black border on the hind-margin strongly dentated on its inner aspect ; costal margin dark ; a narrow dark line crossing the white discal area and so dividing three distinct white spots from the central area ; the base dark and thickly dusted with grey, which extends along the sub-median nervui’e to the hind-margin. Underside. — Central area of the primaries yellowish-white, the apical portion pale orange, shading to a lighter yellow on the extreme edge of the hind-margin; the post-median row of black apical spots well indicated, the dark shading at the base and on the inner margin also visible. Secondaries pale yellow, somewhat lighter in colour on the discal area, the transverse rufous band and orange costal streak well pronounced ; the hind-marginal border dusky yellow. Expanse 2'2 inches. (Spec, ex. Wifu, May 1891 ; F. J. Jackson.) A second form of the female (PI. 18, fig. 1 d) only differs from the one above described in the absence of the orange apical patch on the primaries. In this specimen the black apical patch is relieved by three distinct ovate spots of ochre colour; two being nearly obsolete, one near the costal margin, the second situated above the second median nervule. The black hind-marginal border on the secondaries is not so broad. Underside. — Differs in having a broad black apical band from the costal margin to the first median nervule on the primaries, the apex and hind-margin being of a deeper yellow. Secondaries yellow with rufous-brown vermiculations, the transverse band strongly marked with the same colour. Expanse 2'2 inches. (Spec. ex. “ Fast Africa Mas. Rothschild.) Mr. Jackson has in his collection another form of the female which agrees with the second phase above described as regards spots and markings, the apical spots being entirely white instead of ochre-yellow or orange. The underside is much paler and the post-median row of black apical spots on the primaries is distinctly visible ; otherwise the markings agree with those of the “ orange ” form of the female. “Drit-season” Form of Male. — Differs from that of the “wet-season” form in having the black on the apex and hind-margin less strongly marked, the apical H 54 TERACOLUS. portion being slightly sprinkled with grey; the post-median black band which encloses the purple spots much narrower, and the grey at the base much less pronounced. The secondaries differ in having no black spots at the end of the nervules on the hind-margin. Underside. — Primaries white, the apical area being sandy-pink; the secondaries entirely sandy-pink with faint brown vermiculations, the transverse band also brown. Expanse 2 '3 inches. (Spec. ex. Mozambique, July ; Dr. J. W. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild.) ” Dry-season ” Form of Female. — Primaries yellowish-white, the apex and hind- margin reddish-brown ; a bright, orange patch crossing the apical area, which is relieved by a post-median row of five black spots, more or less obsolete ; a narrow black line, visible on the inner side, suffused with sulphur-yellow ; basal area dusky, thickly sprinkled with grey, extending along the inner margin and terminating in a large black spot about the centre of the wing. Secondaries white, the hind- marginal border consisting of brownish-black spots as far as the second mediaD nervule. A dark spot is also indicated at the end of the costal margin. Underside. — Primaries yellowish-white, the apical area orange ; the post-median row of six black spots more strongly marked than on the upper side ; a black streak from the base extending to about the middle of the inner-margin. Secondaries sandy-yellow with the hind-marginal border and transverse band brown, the ground colour thickly sprinkled with brown vermiculations. Expanse 2‘2 inches. (Spec. ex. Zanzibar, July, Dr. J. IF. Ansorye-, Mus. Rothschild.) Habitat. — South-East Africa. Delagoa Pay [Mils. Rothschild)-, Fort Johnston, Nyasa Land (Mus. Rothschild) ; Zomba, Upper Shire River, April and May 1895 (Dr. Percy Rendall ; Mus. Rothschild). Mombasa, January 1898 (R. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). Takanugu, Nyasa Land, December (R. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). East Africa. — Kilimanjaro (Mus. Rothschild). Taveta, June 1891 (Mus. Roths¬ child). Mikandani, May and August (Mus. Rothschild) -, Bagamoyo (Salvin-Godman Coll.; Mus. Brit.); Zanzibar (E. C. Buxton; Mus. Brit.; Type of Species); Dar-es-Salaam (Mus. Rothschild) ; Mamboio (Mus. Brit.); Melindi, October 1891 (Mus. Rothschild) ; Mombasa (Salvin-Godman Coll.; Mus. Brit.); Wasin Island, June 1888 (G. D. Trevor-Roper ; Mus. Brit.; Gordon S. Gunn; Mus. Bril.) ; Witu, May 1891 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Rabai Hills, July 18S9 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Kibwezi, December 18S8 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Gulu-Gulu to Kibwezi, December 1888 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Coast to Teita, December 1891 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Maungu to Tsavo, December 1891 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Tsavo River, January 1892 (F. J. Jackson Coll.); Maungu Hill, 3G00 feet, December 1891 (J. TF. Pringle) ; March from Teita, 3300 feet, to Yoi River, 2100 feet, January 1892 (J. IF. Pringle); March from Yoi River to Ndi, 2300 feet, January 1891 (J. IF. Pringle ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 348). Mgana, IERACOLUS. 55 August 1S96 (C. S. Betton; Mus. Brit.) -, Samburu, November (C. S. Betton) ; Taru, December ( C . S. Betton ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1898, p. 408). Sabaki Valley (Hampson, Arm. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 181 (1891); Dr. J. W. Gregory ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 574). Kandera, Central Africa (Emin Pasha; Mus. Brit.; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (0) vii. p. 47, 1891). This species is allied to T. regina, but has the purple tip much smaller, and on the secondaries there is a dark transverse line, which crosses the discal area from the costal margin, becoming more broken up towards the sub-median nervure. This band is distinctly visible in both sexes. Another marked distinction is an orange-tipped female. As will be seen by the descriptions given above, there is considerable variation in the females. T. imperator seems to be common in the Mombasa district of East Africa, and extends southward to Delagoa Bay, and to Kandera in the interior. Nothing seems to have been published upon the habits and transformations of this species. It should be noted that Mr. Guy Marshall has united this species to T. phlegyas, but Dr. Butler keeps them distinct ; and urges that they differ both in their “ wet ” and “ dry ” season forms. In Dr. Butler’s paper on Mr. Betton’s collection (P. Z. S. 1898, p. 408) he makes the following remark : “ A female whitish- spotted, black-tipped form of tbe “ wet-season ” phase, as well as a magenta-glossed, crimson-tipped example (both new to me) were in the series.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. imperator. Plate 18, fig. 1. 3 . Witu, May 1891 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. 2 • Witu, May 1891 ( F . J. J.; Jackson Coll.). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. ?. “ East Africa ” (Mus. Rothschild). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. 3 . Mozambique, 12 July 1893 (Dr. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. „ lh. 2 • Zanzibar (Mus. Rothschild). „ li. Underside of fig. lh. 56 TER ACOIUS. TERACOLUS BETTONI, Butler. (Plate 19, figs. 1, la-lh.) Terucolus phlegyas (pt.), Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 574. Teracolios betloni, Butler, P. Z. S. 1898, p. 409. Male. — Differs from T. imperator in having the black sub-apical band on the primaries much narrower and in some specimens nearly obsolete. The purple band is also more metallic than in the allied form, the apex more thickly suffused with grey. Secondaries with no black nervular spots on the hind-margin. Underside. — Entirely white, the apical area of the primaries pale yellow. Secon¬ daries white, the transverse discal line only faintly indicated, the usual basal streak of orange on the costal marginalso present. Expanse 2- 5 inches. (Spec. ex. Tsavo River, January ; F. J. Jackson Coll.) Female. — Distinguished from that of T. imperator by the black at the base of the primaries being thickly sprinkled with grey, and extending on the inner-margin in a much narrower line ; a distinct brownish-black spot above the sub-median nervure and nearer to the posterior angle ; the orange apical patch not so large as in T. imperator, and more equally divided by the black post-median row of spots; the white band crossing the wing much broader than in T. imperator. Secondaries differing from those of T. imperator by having no black on the costal margin or at the base, the whole of the central area being white, the narrow line traversing the discal area distinctly indicated, becoming somewhat broader towards the costal margin. Underside. — Primaries similar to those of T. imperator, the black at the base and on the inner-margin smaller and not so heavily indicated ; the apical area more ocliraceous. Secondaries entirely pale ochre, with vermiculations of brown on the median nervular area, the hind-marginal border violaceous, and the transverse discal band rufous-brown. Expanse 2‘6 inches. (Spec. ex. Melindi, January ; Mus. Rothschild.) A female, which Dr. Butler considers to be an intermediate form (Plate 19, fig. Id), is entirely sulphur-yellow, the orange apical patch smaller, and the black spot near the posterior angle much reduced in size. Secondaries similar to the primai'ies, the brownish-black hind-marginal border narrower, and the transverse band not so strongly indicated. Underside. — Central area of the primaries sulphur-yellow, the dark spots and markings similar to those of the females above described. Secondaries deep buffy- yellow, deepening into russet-yellow on the hind-margin, the ground colour thickly covered with brown vermiculations ; the typical transverse line chestnut-brown. Expanse 2T inches. (Spec. ex. Witu; Mus. Rothschild.) TEEACOLUS. “ Dry-season ” form of the Male. — Smaller than that of T. imperator, with the purple apical band and black markings narrower, the base of the primaries faintly sprinkled with grey, the black nervules on the secondaries not so strongly indicated. Underside. — The primaries and secondaries are similar below to those of T. impe- ralor ; the transverse discal line on the latter nearly obsolete and the vermieulations confined to the costal margin. Expanse 2 inches. (Spec. ex. Sabaki Valley ; Dr. J. IF. Gregory ; Mas. Brit.). “Dry-season” form of the Female. — Similar to the “dry-season” form of T. imperator, but differs in having no dark shading on the inner margin of the pri¬ maries ; the black spot near the posterior angle much smaller. Secondaries similar to those of T. imperator. Underside. — The general colour on both wings darker than in T. imperator ; the secondaries thickly covered with light brown vermieulations ; the transverse discal band broadly shaded with light brown on the inner aspect near the costal margin ; the hind-marginal border deep russet yellow. Expanse 23 inches. (Spec. ex. Mozambique, July ; Dr. J. IF. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild. ) Habitat. — East Africa. Mozambique (Mus. Rothschild) ; Melindi (Mus. Roth¬ schild) -, Witu (Mus. Rothschild). Coast to Teita, December (F. J. J. ; Jackson Col/.). Kibwezi, December ( F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Maurengu to Tsavo, December (F. J.J.-, Jackson Coll.). Tsavo River, January (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Njemps, July (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Rabai Hills, July (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). N’dara Hills, April ( C. S. Betfon ; Mus. Brit.). Mgana, August (C. S. Betlon ; Mus. Brit.). Taru Desert, December (C. S. Betfon ; Mus. Brit.-, Types of species). Sabaki Valley (Dr. J. IF. Gregory ; Mus. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 574, s.n. imperator). Dr. Butler (l.c.) gives the following reasons for the separation of this form : “ This species at all seasons differs from the preceding in the extremely narrow and much more glistening lilac apical patch or band on the primaries of the male, its black inner edging almost or wholly wanting, and in the deep indentation or complete separation of the internal black stripe on the primaries of the female ; the latter sex is either white or yellow, the apical area being either crossed by an orange patch or a row of white spots, as in T. imperator. The dry form of the male differs chiefly from the wet form in the rosy colouring of the apex of the primaries and the whole surface of the secondaries on the under surface, whilst extreme wet types of the male are not only pearly white below, but show an oblique discal series of black spots between the costal vein and second median branch on the underside of the secondaries ; the female of the dry phase resembles the wet form of T. phlegyas on the upperside and the dry form of that species on the underside ; it is, however, larger and shows heavier black markings. Expanse of wings, eep Bay, March 9, 1 896 ; Loangwa Valley Forest, August 30, 1 893 ; Ntonga, Loangwa River, September 13, 1895 {If. Crawshay; Mas. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 836). Shire River {Bates C'oll. ; Mas. Godman-Salvin Coll.). Lake Mweru district, Salim bin Najimb, Konde, January 18, 1893 {B. Crawshay ; Mas. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1S93, p. 664). Mashona Land. — Salisbury, June 18, 1898 {Guy Marshall ; Mas. Brit.). Delagoa Bay {3/as. Rothschild). Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa, January 25, 1S95 {R. Crawshay ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 127). Acting under Dr. Butler’s advice, I have given a specific name to the Nyasa-Land form of T. imperator. The differences of this race appear to be fairly well pronounced, and in 1S97 Dr. Butler {f.e.) virtually admitted that the Nyasa-Land Teracolus ought to be separated. I reproduce Dr. Butler’s remarks under the heading of T. phleyyas (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 396): “ The types of T. phleyyas are all from the White Nile, and I am not at all sure that the larger and more heavily marked types which occur considerably further to the south ought not to be kept distinct from them ; but until they have been bred it will, perhaps, be safer to regard them as mere local races of one widely distributed species. At the same time it is doubtful whether the species occurs all along the line from the White Nile to Nyasa Land or thence southward to Delagoa Bajr; and if a name had already been given to the more southern type, I should certainly have regarded it worthy of respect. As it is, there is so much general resemblance between the wet-season male from Nyasa and the dry-season male from the V7hite Nile in the pattern and colouring of the upper surface, that I hesitate to insist upon keeping them separate.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. difficilis. Plate 20, Fig. 1. J Deep Bay, Nyasa Land {I!. Crawshay ; Mas. Brit.). Type of species. ,, la. Underside of Fig. 1. „ lb. $ Lake Nyasa (Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mas. Brit.). „ 1c. Underside of Fig. lb. ,, Id. J Delagoa Bay (Mas. Rothschild). „ le. J Shire River ( Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). „ If. Underside of Fig. le. ,, lg. 2 Loangwa Valley Forest (R. Crawshay; Mus. Brit.). „ Ih. Underside of Fig. lg. TERACOLUS. 61 TERACOLUS PHLEGTAS (Butler) (Plate 21, Figs. 1, la-lg). Anlhocharis ione, var., Reiche, Ferr. et Gal., Voy . Abyss., pi. xxx., Figs. 3, 4 (1849). Anthoc/iaris pMegyas, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 431, pi. xxv., Figs. 3, 3a. Euchloe coliagenes, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Ilist. (31 xx. p. 216, Figs. 4-5 (1867). Ewctdoe jalone, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 14 (1869). Teracolus pMegyas (part), Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 109 (1889) ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 20. Teracolus pMegyas, E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 535 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 396 (1897). Teracolus ione, var. pMegyas, Aurivillius, Rhop. /Ethiopica, p. 429 (1898). Similar to T. bettoni and T. difficilis, but distinguished at once by its smaller size and the more or less obsolete black markings. Male. — Primaries with the purple apical patch rather bright in colour. Secondaries with the black veins strongly indicated, and terminating in black spots on the hind-margin. Underside. — Both wings white, the black veins also visible on the secondaries. Expanse 1‘7 inch. (Spec. ex. White Nile; Mas. Brit.) Female. — Primaries and secondaries sulphur-yellow, the apical area of the former crossed on the inner edge by a row of brownish spots, the apex and hind-margins of both wings also brownish. Underside. — Central area of primaries sulphur yellow, the apex ocliraceous, the marginal area crossed by a post-median row of light brown spots. Secondaries pale ochraceous yellow, with a distinct transverse band of light brown crossing the discal area. Expanse 1‘6 inch. (Spec. typ. ex. White Nile ; Mas. Brit.) “ Dry- season ” form of Male. — Similar to that of the “wet-season” form, the purple apical patch somewhat more restricted ; the apex thickly dusted with grey, which is also visible at the base of the wing. Secondaries not differing from the “ wet-season ” form. Underside. — Central area white, the apex pinkish-yellow. Secondaries also pinkish-yellow, the discal area crossed by a chestnut band as far as the second median nervule. Expanse 2 3 inches. (Spec. typ. ex. White Nile; God man- Sal vin Coll.; Mas. Brit.) “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — Primaries differing from the wet-season form in having no dark shading at the base of the wings ; the brownish sub-apical line 62 TEE A COL US. almost obsolete, but terminating in a large spot above the first median nervule. Secondaries pale yellow, the nervules terminating on the hind-margin in brownish spots. Underside. — Primaries similar to those of T. difjicilis, the post-median row of brownish spots somewhat more strongly indicated. Secondaries entirely sandy pink, but with no vermiculations, the discal transverse rufous band strongly marked and curving round and following the outline of the wing as far as the sub-median nervure. Expanse 17 inch. [Spec. typ. ex. White Nile; Godnian-Salvin Coll.; Mus. Brit.) Habitat. — Abyssinia (Ferret and Galinier, Voy. Abyss., pi. xxx. Figs. 3, 4, 1S49). White Nile ( Consul Petherick ; Mus. Beit.). Somali Land. — Sheik Husein, Sept. 26 ( Dr . Donaldson Smith ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 535). T. phlegyas is, in my opinion, the type of a separate group of purple-tipped Teracoli. in which the black vein-lines are more or less obsolete. To this group belong T. phlegyas, T. buxtoni and T. ione, which present an almost uniform white upper surface in the males, and have the females much less heavily marked, as can be seen from the figures in the plates. With regard to the plate of T. ione in Ferret and Galinier ’s “ Voyage en Abyssinie,” I consider that Figs. 3 and 4 can be referred to T. phlegyas, while the other figures represent T. imperator. Of the forms recognised by me in the present “ Monograph,” which is avowedly founded on Dr. Butler’s arrangement of the genus Teracolus in the British Museum, the following, admitted by Dr. Butler as distinct, are merged by Mr. Guy Marshall under T. phlegyas — viz. Teracolus buxtoni, T. imperator, and T. bacchus. I reproduce Mr. Guy Marshall’s remarks on T. phlegyas and its allies: “The male type of this highly variable species is a dwarfed specimen from the White Nile, and its most distinctive character is that the underside of the hind wings is white, with all the neuration finely blackened throughout. From Wadelai and Njemps I have seen very similarly marked specimens, which are, however, of much larger size, being quite equal to the T. imperator form. “ The only important difference between these examples and T. bacchus, Butler, which is recorded from Wadelai, Kandera, and the Sabaki Valley, is that the latter has the underside neuration very heavily blackened, which certainly gives it a very distinct appearance ; but the development of the black neuration is such an eminently unreliable character in this genus that I cannot consider it a good species. T. mrogoroana from ‘ Zanguebar ’ is identical with T. bacchus, the differences referred to by M. Vuillot appearing to me to be absolutely trivial. T. phlegyas also varies in the opposite direction, namely, in the gradual loss of the black neuration below until the T Ell A COL US. 63 underside of the hind wing becomes pure white without any markings whatever. Such specimens, however, seem to be rare, as there is nearly always some trace of the oblique dusky discal ray from costa, which is so characteristic of the group. It was on a dry-season specimen of this variety that Dr. Butler founded his T. jalone, which has the underside of secondaries of a pinkish tinge with a faint discal ray. This again merges gradually into T. imperator (Central East Africa) both in the develop¬ ment of the discal ray and in the tendency to assume a sixth spot in the purple apical patch, which is generally present in that species, but is very variable in size, and sometimes absent. T. tone, Trim, (part), and T. jalone , var. natalensis, Staud., represent the Natal form of the species, which differs from T. imperator in its smaller size, the absence of the sixth spot in apical patch, and the rather stronger development of the inner black edging of the purple ; but specimens from Mashona Land and the Transvaal show ever}’ intergrade between the two forms. “ In the quasi-tropical coast-belt of Natal another variation occurs, in which the purple patch is slightly reduced owing to the broadening of the inner black edging, and the ends of nervules on the underside of hind wings are strongly blackened, and often terminating in spots on the hind-margin. T. buxtoni is the normal dry-season form of the species in South Africa, the Central African specimens being noticeably larger. Although the males of this species are so variable, the females are even worse and the variations are not so localised. Not only does the ground-colour vary from white to bright yellow, but even the discal black markings are apt to be very much reduced, and the apical patch may be either red or black ; in the latter case it contains a row of small spots, which may be either white, yellow, or red. The tints of the underside also vary much, and there seams to be sporadic tendency to blackening of nervules. “ T. phleggas ranges throughout East Africa from Natal to Abyssinia, and in the Southern Tropic it extends westwards to Damara Land and Ovampo Land.” Dr. Butler writes: — “ T. phleggas , in all its forms, can be distinguished from T. imperator by its somewhat inferior size, the whitish scaling in spots upon the apical border of the males, and the transverse bar on the under surface of the secondaries being usually more broken up. The females are much less heavily marked on the upper surface. “ T. coliagenes, which Mr. Marshall regarded as linking the I eris and T. fausta groups, is certainly nothing more or less than the wet-season female of the typical male of T. phi egg an ; the female which I described is the dry-season type, and there¬ fore is that sex of T. jalone.” 64 TEE A COL UE. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. phlegyas. Plate 21, Fig. 1. 3 White Nile ( Consul Petherick ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside of Fig. 1. „ lb. $ White Nile {Consul Petherick ; Mus. Brit. ; Type of T. coliagenes). ,, lc. Underside of Fig. lb. „ 1 d. 3 White Nile (Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit. ; Type). „ le. Underside of Fig. Id. „ If. ? White Nile (Consul Petherick ; Mus. Brit. ; Type). TERACOLUS BUXTONI, Butler. (Plate 22, Figs. 1, la-lh.) Teracolus buxtoni, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 130 ; id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 397 (1897). Callosune buxtoni, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl., p. 803 (1877); Westw. App. Oates’ Matabele Land, p. 340, pi. E., Figs. 7, 8 (1881); id. op. cit. edit. 2, p. 346, pi. 5, Figs. 7, « (1889). Callosune jcdone, var. natalensis, Staud. Exot. Schmett., p. 44 (1888). Teracolus phlegyas (pt.), Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 109 (1889); Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 20. Teracolus ione (pt.), Aurivillius, Rliop. ZEthiop. p. 429 (1898). Slightly larger than T. phlegyas, with the black markings more heavily indicated. Male. — Primaries similar to those of T. difficilis, but with the magenta-coloured apical band narrower and more purplish in tint, this band being restricted to five spots instead of six ; the black apex slightly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries white, the black nervules terminating in well-pronounced black spots on the hind- margin. Underside. — Primaries white, the apex and hind-margin tinged with pale yellow. Secondaries pale yellow, the nervules on the hind-margin terminating in black spots, which extend along the veins as far as the discoidal cell ; a very distinct black transverse band traversing the discal area and terminating above the third median nervule ; a small dark spot visible between the second and third median nervules. Expanse 2T inches. [Spec, ex Malvern , Natal ; Cecil H. Barker ; Trimen Coll.) Female. — Similar to that of T. difficilis, the white central area of the primaries being tinged with pale yellow. In other respects the species does not differ from its allies as regards the orange apical patch and the extent of the black markings. Secondaries with the white area tinged with pale yellow, the black nervular spots on the hind-margin larger and more strongly indicated, as is also the black costal spot. Underside. — General colour of the primaries similar to T. difficilis, the apex more TERACOLUS. 65 ochreous-yellow in tint and faintly sprinkled with thin wavy lines. Secondaries entirely reddish-buff, thickly vermiculated, with the discal transverse band darker and more complete on the contour of the wing. Expanse 22 inches. {Spec, ex Malvern, Natal ; Cecil II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.) A second form of the female (Fig. lb) differs from that above described in having the apical area of the primaries black instead of orange, with three yellowish-white spots varying in size, in somewhat strong contrast. A large and similarly coloured spot breaks the black hind-marginal border near the posterior angle ; the inner margin is brownish-black, with the basal area dark and thickly sprinkled with greenish-grey. Secondaries yellowish-white, shaded with grey at the base of the wing, with the brownish-black hastate nervular spots on the hind-margin strongly indicated, as well as the transverse discal line. Underside. — Primaries yellowish- white, the apical area yellow, crossed by a post¬ median l’ow of black spots, one large spot being situated about the middle of the inner margin ; the basal area greenish with darker shading. Secondaries pale ochre- yellow, deepening in tint towards the basal area, the nervules black ; the usual dark transverse discal band well indicated, but more broken up towai’ds the inner margin. Expanse 2 inches. {Spec, ex Malvern, Natal ; Cecil II. Barker; Trimen Coll.) “Dry-season ” form of Male. — General aspect very similar to that of T. difficilis, the markings being also similar. Underside. — Apical area of the primaries and secondaries somewhat paler in colour. In other respects the spots and markings agree with those of T. difficilis. Expanse 2\2 inches. {Spec, ex Khama’s Country ; Cecil II Barker ; Trimen Colli) “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — Central area of the primaries entirely creamy- white, faintly shaded with grey at the base ; the orange apical patch brighter. Secondaries with only the first two nervular spots on the hind-margin fairly indicated. Underside. — Central area entirely white, the dai’k post-median row of spots near the apex smaller and nearly obsolete. Secondaries much darker, but otherwise not differing from T. difficilis. Expanse 2’3 inches. {Spec, ex Khama’s Country ; Cecil II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.) Habitat. — South-East Africa. Natal {Miss M C. Heaton ; Mus. Brit I). Malvern, Natal, March 1890 {Guy Marshall ; Coll. B. M. Sharpe; C. II. Barker; Trimen Colli). Weenen, Natal ( Mus. Rothschild). Pietermaritzburg, Natal {Mus. Rothschild). Tugela River, 2500 feet, November 10 and 15, 1896 ( Guy Marshall ; Mus. Brit.). Delagoa Bay {E. C. Buxton ; Mus. Brit.). Etchowe, Zulu Land {R. B. and J. I). S. Woodward; Coll. E. M. Sharpe). Swazi Land ( E. C. Buxton ; Trimen, t.c., p. 10). K 66 TEH A CO l US. Transvaal. Limpopo River, June 1893 (Coll. Guy Marshal/). Marico and Limpopo Rivers (F. C. Selous — Var. ). Lydenburg District (T. Ayres — Var. ; Trimen, l.c., p. 110). Bechuana Land (C. H. Barker ; Trimen Co//.). Matabele Land. Tati (F. Oates; Westwood, f.c., p. 340). Makloutse River (F. C. Selous— Var.). Zambesi River. Zumbo (F. C. Selous — Var. Trimen, f.c., p. 111). South-Western Africa. Damara Land (//. Hutchinson and IF. C. Paly rave — Var.; Trimen, l.c., p. 111). 1 have seen many examples of this species from Natal and from Zulu Land, and others from the Transvaal and Bechuana Land, which appear to be identical with those from Natal. Dr. Trimen mentions that specimens from Matabele Land, from the Zambesi, and from Damara Land vary somewhat from the typical form, but I have not myself seen any specimens from these localities, and I am unable to pronounce an opinion on the subject. Dr. Trimen does not allow that T. huxtoni is distinct from T. phleyyas. He writes: — “The typical T. phleyyas inhabits the Soudan (White Nile) and Abyssinia, and the variety T. huxtoni is known to inhabit the tropical belt from the Zambesi southward, and on the eastern side to penetrate as far as the Transvaal and Swazi Land. I have not seen any but red-tipped females referable to this species. Westwood’s figures (op. cit.) are somewhat larger and more strongly marked than any specimen 1 have seen, and indeed than, from his own description, would appear to have been among Mr. Oates’s examples. The late Mr. E. C. Buxton sent me coloured photographs of Swazi Land specimens of the butterfly.” Dr. Butler, in his latest revision, says: — “The wet-season form of this local representative of T. phleyyas comes nearer to T. ione, only the male has a very strongly defined blackish stripe across the under surface of tlie secondaries ; the female has the sub-apical white spots, small and greyish in colouring and the basal area very dark, whilst the bar on the secondaries is more strongly marked and the spots of the marginal border extend further up the nervures. This is the T. natalensis of Staudinger. “ The dry-season form is represented by T. huxtoni , of which we only possess a pair in the general series, but of which there are four others in the Hewitson Collection. In this form the upper surface of the male resembles that of the wet-season type of T. phleyyas, but the female nearl}’ approaches the dry-season form of the same.” I have already referred to Mr. Guv Marshall’s opinion on the species under the heading of T. phleyyas. TERACOLUS. 67 EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. buxtoni. Plate 22, Fig. 1. „ la. „ lb. ?? lc. ld. le. u. ig- lb. c? Malvern, Natal (C. II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). Underside of Fig. 1. ?. Malvern, Natal (C. H. Barker; Trimen Coll.). Underside of Fig. lb. 7 ■ Malvern, Natal (C. 11. Barker ; Trimen Coll.), i ■ Khama’s Country ( C . II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). Underside of Fig. le. ? Khama’s Country (C. II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). Underside of Fijj. le. D O TERACOLUS IONE (Godart) (Plate 23, Figs. 1, la-lk). Bieris ione, Godart, Enc. Meth., ix. p. 140 (1819); Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lepid., i. p. 515, no. 112 (1836) Anlhrocaris ione, Delegorgue, App. Yoy. Deleg. Afr. Austr., p. 587 (1847). Anthocaris erone, Angas, Kaffr. Illustr., pi. xxx. Fig. 3 (1849). Antkopsyche ione, Wallengren, K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Lepid. Rhop., p. 15 (1857). Anthopsyche speciosa, id., l.c., p. 16 (1857). Anthocaris ione, Hopffer in Peters’ Reise Mossamb. Ins., p. 357, pi. 21, Figs. 1-6 (1862); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., i. p. 43, n. 26 (1862). Euchloe jobina, Butler, Cist. Ent., i. p. 14 (1869). Callosune ione, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid., p. 500 (1871). Callosune jobina, Kirby, t.c., p. 504 (1871). Teracolus jobina, Butler, Lepid. Exot., p. 116, pi. xliii. 1-3 (1872 cJ). Teracolus ione (pt.), Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 132. Callosune jobina, Kirby, Syn. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl., p. 803 (1877). Callosune jobina, var. Stand. Exot. Schmett., i. pi. 23 (1884). Callosune ione, Westw. App. Oates’ Matabele Land, p. 338 (1881); edit. 2, p. 345 (1889), Teracolus ione, Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 101 (1889). Teracolus speciosus, id., t.c., iii. p. 105 (1889). Teracolus jobina, id., t.c., iii. p. 107 (1889). Teracolus ione, Trimen, P.Z.S. 1894, p. 65; Butler, P.Z.S. 1896, p. 836 ; Guy Marshall, P.Z.S. 1897, p. 18; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 397 (1897); Aurivillius, Rhop. rEtliiop., p. 429 (1898). Distinguished from T. buxtoni, Butler, by the much greater amount of black on the apex, hind-margin and inner band of the primaries. The purple patch is of a very rich tint, and the ground colour of both wings is creamy-white. The females show much less black on the inner margin of the primaries. Male. — Similar to T. difficilis, but the general aspect is creamy-white, the black inner border being very wide and strongly marked, the purple band consisting of five 68 TER AC 01 US. spots varying somewhat in size. Secondaries more creamy-white, the black uervules not so strongly indicated, the black spots on the hind-margin being separated and much smaller in size. Underside. — Central area white, the apical portion sulphur-yellow. Secondaries entirely sulphur-yellow, the nervules thinly streaked with black on the hind-margin, the typical transverse band being merely indicated by a large dark spot at the end of the costal nervure. Expanse 2'2 inches. ( Spec . ex Natal ; Mies. Rothschild.) Female. — The orange patch on the primaries reduced as regards its length and breadth ; the post-median row of black spots larger and more hastate ; a large black spot situated above the sub-median nervure, near the posterior angle. Secondaries very similar to those of T. buxtoni. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white; the apical portion yellow, with the post-median row of black spots well pronounced. Secondaries entirely sulphur- yellow, the dark transverse discal line strongly indicated, and with faint vermicula- tions visible toward the inner margin. Expanse 2T inches. {Spec, ex Malvern, Natal; Guy Marshall Coll.) The white form of the female is similar to that of T. buxtoni (Fig. lb), excepting that a black spot near the posterior angle is visible, instead of the black extending along the whole of the inner margin. Secondaries like those of the orange form (Fig. Id). Underside. — Similar to that of the orange-coloured female above described. Expanse 2 inches. {Spec, ex Malvern, Natal; Cecil Barker ; Trimen Coll.) Intermediate form of Male. — The apex, hind-margin, and inner band narrower and browner in colour ; the purple band also more restricted. Secondaries with the black nervular spots on the hind-margin nearly obsolete. Underside. — Apical area of the primaries pinkish ; the secondaries entirely pinkish, with faint vermiculations. Expanse 2T inches. {Spec, ex Malvern, Natal ; Cecil Barker ; Trimen Coll.) Intermediate form of Female. — Very similar to the one figured (lb), with the white sub-apical row of spots larger. Secondaries with the black nervular spots less pronounced and disconnected. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apex sandy-yellow. Secondaries entirely sandy-yellow, covered with brownish vermiculations. Expanse 2-2 inches. ( Spec, ex Durban; Mus. Rothschild.) “ Dry-season ” form of Male. — Smaller than the “ wet-season ” form ; the black markings on the primaries much reduced ; the base of the wing slightly^ sprinkled TERACOLUS. 69 with grey. Secondaries entirely white, the three nervules near the apex streaked with black on the hind-margin. Underside.— Apex of the primaries bright sandy-pink. Secondaries of the same colour, the entire wing thickly covered with brownish vermiculations, the transverse band indicated on the costal margin, and the discoidal spot strongly marked. Expanse 2 inches. (Spec, ex Malvern, Natal; Cecil Barker ; Trimen Coll.) “Dry-season ” form of Female. — Very similar to that of T. buxtoni (fig. lg), but much smaller, and the black apical markings rather more pronounced ; the black spot near the centre of the inner margin nearly obsolete. Secondaries with the black nervular spots on the hind-margin more strongly pronounced. Underside. — Similar to that of T. buxtoni, but with the secondaries more dis¬ tinctly covered with vermiculations. Expanse 2-7 inches. (Spec, ex Malvern, Natal; Cecil Barker ; Trimen Coll.) The white form only differs in the absence of orange on the primaries, the brownish-black apical area being much reduced and relieved by four white spots varying in size. Expanse 2T inches. (Spec, ex Malvern, Natal ; Cecil Barker ; Trimen Coll.) Habitat. — South-East and South-West Africa, north to the Zanzibar District in East Africa. Natal. Durban (G. E. Shelley; Godman-Salvin Coll. Mas. Brit.). Pinetown and Northdene (J. H. Bowker; Trimen, S. Afr. But!., iii. p. 109, 1899). Lower Umkomazi (J. H. Bowker ; Trimen, t.c., iii. p. 107, 1889). Malvern, 800 feet August 10, 1S96 (Guy Marshall; Mus. Brit.). Tugela River, August 1893 (Mas. Rothschild). Yerulam, Mouth of Tugela River (J. H. Bowker; Trimen, t.c., iii. p. 109, 1S99). Swazi Land (E. C. Buxton; Trimen, t.c., iii. p. 109, 1889). Portuguese South Africa. LourenQo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro ; Trimen, t.c., iii. p. 105, 1S89). Makaya District (F. Kirby ; Mus. Brit.). Transvaal. Limpopo and Marico Rivers (F. C. Selous; Trimen, t.c., iii. p. 105, 1^39). Lydenburg District (T. Ayres ; Trimen, t.c., iii. p. 105, 1889). Bechuana Land. ( C. H. Barker ; Trimen Coll.) Matabele Land. Tati (F. Oates; Westw., t.c., p. 338, 1881). Manica Land. Mineni Valley (F. C. Selous ; Trimen, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 65). Mozambique, July 12, 1 S93 (Dr. IF. Ansorye ; Mus. Rothschild.) Zanzibar. ( Mus. Rothschild.) Damara Land. Ovampo Land, Ovaquenyama (A. Eriksson ; Trimen, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 65). This species has been well described by Wallengren as Anthopsyche speciosa, but L 70 TERACOLUS. Dr. Butler and Mr. Guy Marshall are both agreed that Godart’s name of ione is the oldest, and I have followed them in this determination. I need not here reproduce the long series of arguments which the above-named authors adduce as their reason for not adopting the nomenclature of Dr. Trimen’s standard work on the Butterflies of South Africa, but I also think that Godart’s name may properly be used in place of Wallengren’s, which Dr. Trimen employed. T. jobina is the “ dry-season ” form of T. ione , and must be united with it. T. speciosci is considered by Dr. Trimen to be a local form confined to the coast district of Natal, but I have examined many specimens from the Transvaal and other parts of Africa, and I consider that the range of the species must be extended as detailed above. He has also identified specimens from Manica Land and Ovampo Land as belonging to T. ione. Dr. Trimen writes of T. sjjeciosa : “ I met with it in abundance about Durban at the end of January, all through February, and again at the end of March and begin¬ ning of April 1867. Colonel Bowker has taken it freely in December also. The red-tipped form of the female is much less frequently met with than the other. I fell in with three specimens only during my visit, and Colonel Bowker has also noted its scarcity as compared with the black and white female. The lovely male is a very active and even rapid flyer, but the female is much slower in her movements. Both sexes are fond of flowers, and I captured the finest specimens I obtained on those of Vinca rosea and of Lantana in the Botanic Gardens on the Berea Hill. On the 1st of February I observed and netted a male and a red-tipped female pla}'ing together close to the ground. 3 did not meet with the species anywhere away from the neighbourhood of Durban.” Of T. jobina, which he was inclined to separate from T. speciosus in 1889, Dr. Trimen also observes : “ T. jobina seems to occur solely as a winter (or dry- season) butterfly. Apart from the non-typical individuals just mentioned as captured in April (which are, however, much nearer to true T. jobina than to T. speciosus), all the specimens whose dates of capture are known to me were taken in May, June, July, and August. I never saw this small form during my summer visit, which ended on April the 9th ; nor, on the other hand, am I aware of T. speciosus appearing on the wing except in the summer or wet-season. It seems not. impossible that the two butterflies may turn out to be summer and winter broods of the same species (this is the opinion of Mr. A. D. Millar, an observer of long residence at Durban). The dated specimens of T. jobina, which he has kindly sent to me, are two males captured on the 22nd of August, one male on the 22nd of September, and two males on the 24th, but this could only be proved by careful breeding from the egg. As far as my records go, T. jobina has a wider range than T. speciosus, Colonel Bowker having TERACOL US. VI met with it as far northward as the mouth of the Tugela River, and (judging from photographs and MS. sent to me) the late Mr. E. C. Buxton having taken it in Swazi Land.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. tone. Plate 23, fig. 1 . „ la. „ 11). „ le ,, 1 d. ,, le. „ If. 1?. „ lh. „ li. .. ]j- ,. Ik. cJ Natal (Mus. Rothschild). Underside of fig. 1. 9 Malvern, Natal (O H. Barker; Trimen Coll.). Underside of fig. lb. 9 Malvern, Natal (C. II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). £ Malvern, Natal (C. H. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). 9 Durban (Mus. Rothschild). £ Malvern, Natal (C. U. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). Underside of fig. lg. 9 Malvern, Natal (C. II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). Underside of fig. li. 9 Malvern, Natal (C. II. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). TERACOLUS BACCHUS, Butler. (Plate 24, Figs. 1, la-lh.) Teracolus bacchus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 73; Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Callosune I, pi. Figs. 1-4 (1889); Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, (0) vii. p. 47 (1891); id. op. cit. (G) xx. p. 398 (1897); Aurivillius, Rhop. HSthiopica, p. 429 (1898). Callosune mroyoana , Vuillot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1891, pp. ei. Teracolus pMegyas (part), Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 20. Distinguished from all the other purple-tipped species of the genus Teracolus by- having the black nervules on the upper surface of both wings, as well as those of the underside, very strongly marked. This distinctive character is even more pro¬ nounced in the females. Male. — Primaries similar to those of T. imperator , but with tho apex entirely grey, and the inner black border of the purple patch much narrower. Secondaries scarcely differing from those of T. imperator. Underside. — Primaries and secondaries both entirely white, the black nervules strongly marked on both wings, but having the black transverse band on the secondaries more broken up than in the allied species. Expanse 2' l inches. [Spec, ex Gulu-Gulu ; Jackson Coll.). Female. — Similar to that of T. imperator , but with the orange apical patch on the primaries narrower and entirely separated by the black nervules, thus giving to the TERACOLUS. 72 orange patch a more hastate appearance ; the brownish-black basal area more restricted and thickly sprinkled with grey ; the dark border on the inner margin more broken ; while, on the extreme edge, near the posterior angle, a streak of white is visible. Secondaries not differing from those of T. imperator, excepting that the transverse band is more distinctly marked. Underside. — Both wings similar to those of T. bettoni (fig. lc), the veins being strongly marked ; the rufous transverse band on the secondaries very distinct, while the post-median band of black spots is somewhat larger than in the allied species. Expanse 23 inches. (Spec, ex Tsavo River : Jackson Coll.) A. second form of the female (fig. Id) has the characteristic apical spots white instead of orange. These white spots vary in size, and are entirely separated by the black nervules. Basal area and inner margin thickly dusted with grey, with a distinct black spot apparent above the sub-median nervure, close to the posterior angle. Secondaries very similar to those of the example above described, but having a whiter appearance. Underside. — The apical area of the primaries and the ground colour of the secondaries sulphur-yellow instead of ochre-yellow. The spots and markings other¬ wise similar to those of the foregoing specimen (fig. lc). Expanse IT inches. (Spec, ex Kibwezi ; Jackson Coll.) A third form of the female, which Dr. Butler considers to be “ intermediate,’ is similar to the typical form (fig. lb), but the ground-colour of both the primaries and secondaries is sulphur-yellow ; the black spot near the posterior angle is also rather smaller. Underside. — Ground-colour of both wings sulphur-yellow, the post-median row of blackish-brown spots on the primaries smaller ; the transverse band on the secondaries also reduced in extent. Expanse 2 '3 inches. [Spec, ex Teita ; Jackson Coll.) “Intermediate” form of Male. — Primaries with the black nervules not so heavily marked, the apex with less grey, and the general appearance more of a pinkish- white tint. Secondaries with no black nervular spots on the hind-marginal border. Underside.— The general colour of both wings faintly tinged with pink, the nervules being rather more strongly marked with pink instead of black, as in the extreme “ wet-season ” forms. Expanse 2'2 inches. [Spec, ex Kilimanjaro ; Bishop Hannington ; Mas. Bril.) There is another “intermediate” form of female, which is very similar to that of T. imperator (Plate 18, fig. lh), but has the inner margin of the primaries white, and the black spot above the sub-median nervure somewhat smaller, the hrownish- black hind margin being rather broader. Secondaries with the brownish-black hind- TERACOLUS. 73 marginal border decidedly broader and more connected than in the “ dry-season ” form of T. imperator. Underside. — Similar to that of the ‘ dry-season ” form (fig. le), the secondaries being a little paler as regards their ground colour. Expanse 2-2 inches. (Spec, ex Kibwezi; Jackson Coll.) In the British Museum series of T. bacchus are two females, both of which Dr. Butler considers to be “ intermediate ” forms. One is an orange-tipped specimen from Mamboio, collected by Mr. Last, from the Godman-Salvin Collection. It is rather darker and more heavily marked than the one figured in my Plate (fig. lh). The second is from Lado, collected by Emin Pasha, and it is similar to the specimen figured by me (fig. lh) as regards its markings, but the apical area of the primaries is white instead of orange. The extreme “ dry-season ” form is at present unknown. Habitat. — From Equatorial Africa to the coast of East Africa. Equatorial Africa. — Kandera (Emin Pasha; Mas. Brit.); Lado, August 1S84 (Emin Pasha; Mas. Brit.); AVadelai, January 1837 (Emin Pasha; Mas. Brit); Butler, P.Z.S. 1888, p. 73. British East Africa. — Coast to Teita, December 1891 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.) ; Tsavo River, January 1892 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.) ; Gulu-Gulu — Kibwezi, November and December 1888 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.); Kibwezi, December 1888 (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll.). German East Africa. — Mamboio (Last; Godman-Salvin Coll.; Mils. Brit.); Kilimanjaro ( Bishop Hannington; Mus. Brit.); Nahinokwe, January 1894 (Dr. J. TV. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). This seems to me to be one of the most distinct of all the forms of T. imperator, though I must confess that I am unable to account for all its supposed variations according to season. Dr. Butler makes the following remarks: — “Ranges from Lado, north of the Albert Nyanza, southwards to Mamboio and the Nguru hills, and eastwards to Kili¬ manjaro. “ The wet-season form is characterised as distinct from 71 imperator by its inferior size, the heavy black veining on both surfaces, the well-defined grey internervular spots on the apical border of the primaries in the male, and the rudimentary charac¬ ter of the transverse band on the under surface of the secondaries in that sex ; it possesses also two forms of female, as is the case with T. ione. The dry-season male is somewhat larger, with the black veins much less defined above, and almost, or altogether, wanting below, the black marginal spots also wanting on the upper surface of the secondaries. Our two male examples of this form are not quite fresh, and there- 74 TERACOLUS. fore the colouring below is not very defined, but it does not seem ever to have been rosy. It is possible, therefore, that a still drier type may remain to be dis¬ covered.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. bacchus. Plate 24, Fig. 1. 3 Gulu-Gulu ; November and December 1888 (/’. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. 9 Tsavo River, January 1893 (F. J. J. • Jackson Coll.). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. 9 Kibwezi, December 1888 ( F . J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). „ le. ? Coast to Teita, December 1891 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). ,, If. c? Kilimanjaro ( Bishop Hannington ; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. „ lh. 2 Kibwezi, December 1888 ( /•’. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). „ li. Underside of fig. lh. TERACOLUS MANANHARI (Ward). (Plate 25, figs. 1, la-li.) Pieris mananhari, Ward, Ent. Monthly Mag. vi. p. 221 (1870); Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 500 (1871) ; Ward, Afr. Lep. p. 2, pi. 2, Figs. 1-1 (1873). A nthocharis Jlavida, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Ent. France (5), vii. p. xxxvii. (1877); Aurivillius, Rhop. HCthiopica, p. 113 (1898). Teracolus mananhari, Saalm ; Lep. Madag. 1, p. 68, pi. 3, fig. 33 (1881); Mabille, in Grandid. Hist. Madag. p. 289, pi. 39, figs. 3, 3a, 1, la (1885-87) ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 16 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xx. p. 451 (1897) ; Aurivillius, Rhop. HSthiopica, p. 113 (1898). Teracolus flaviclus, Mabille, t.c. p. 291, pi. 40, fig. 1, la, 2, 2a (1885). 7’eracolus nothus, Mabille, t.c. p. 290 (1885); Aurivillius, Rhop. yEthiopica , p. 443 (1898). Wet-season form of Male.— Primaries sulphur-yellow ; the apical area black, commencing narrowly from about the centre of the costal margin, broadening at the apex and gradually diminishing towards the first median nervule ; this black border relieved by two grey hastate spots near the apex ; a minute black spot visible at the end of the discoidal cell. Secondaries entirely sulphur-yellow, with no black markings. Underside. — Primaries pale yellow, the apical area slightly darker ; the discoidal spot more strongly indicated, a second and nearly obsolete spot being visible near the apical area. Secondaries of a much deeper yellow, the usual orange costal streak being visible, but otherwise there are no spots or markings. Expanse 2 3 inches. [Spec, ex Morondava; Mus. Rothschild. ) TERACOLUS. 75 Female. — Primaries with the central area white ; a black hind-marginal border becoming broadest on the apical area and extended along the costal margin in a narrow streak, the black discoidal spot rather larger than in the male ; the basal area faintly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries with the central area white, and having a broad and heavily marked black border on the hind margin. Underside. — Primaries similar to the upper surface, the apex deep yellow, enclosed by a broad post-median black band. Secondaries deep yellow, with a faint transverse band only faintly indicated on the discal area, the orange costal streak strongly marked. Expanse 2 '4 inches. {Spec, ex Morondava ; Mns. Rothschild.) “ Intermediate” form of Male. — Primaries similar to those of the “ wet-season ” form. Secondaries with a faint sprinkling of brownish grey on the hind-margin. Underside. — Primaries with the central area pale yellow, darker on the apical area, with a narrow post-median band of black. Secondaries deep yellow, with a well-marked triangle of dark brown lines, above which a small streak of dark brown occurs from the costal margin to as far as the third median nervule. Expanse 2-4 inches. {Spec, ex Morondava ; Mus. Rothschild.) “ Intermediate ’’ form of the Female. — Primaries and secondaries similar to those of the “ wet-season ” form above described. Underside. — Similar to the “ intermediate ” form of the male, the spots and markings being larger and more heavily pronounced ; the triangular mark coalescing with the dark costal streak and extending to the hind-margin. Expanse 2'3 inches. {Spec, ex Morondava ; Mas. Rothschild.) “ Dry-season ” form of Male. — Very similar to that of the males above described; the black apical border somewhat narrower ; the cilia tinged with reddish pink on both the primaries and secondaries. Underside. — Central area of the primaries whitish ; apical area deep sandy pink, the black discoidal spot strongly marked. Secondaries entirely deep sandy pink, sprinkled with faint brownish vermiculations, the dark triangular markings nearly obsolete. Expanse 2 inches. {Spec, ex Morondava ; Mus. Rothschild.) “Dry-season ” form of the Female. — The upper surface not differing from that of the two forms of the female previously described. Underside. — Primaries with the central area white ; the costa, apical area and hind-margin deep ochraceous-buff, followed by a post-median band of black. Secon¬ daries entirely deep ochraceous-buff, with faint vermiculations, the hind -marginal border rather darker, and the triangular mark only slightly indicated. Expanse 2 inches. {Spec, ex Morondava ; Mus. Rothschild.) 76 TEliACOLUS. Habitat. — Madagascar. South Madagascar ( M. J. Cloisel ; Mas. Brit.). Fort Dauphin, January 1895 (Hun. Reginald Walsh; J [us. Brit.). Isokitraa, Diego Suarez, May and October 1891 (E. 8f B. Perrot ; Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mas. Brit.). Morondava (Mus. Rothschild). Mr. Guy Marshall writes : — “ A very curious and somewhat isolated species peculiar to Madagascar. Anfhocharis jtavida is founded on smaller specimens in which the underside of secondaries is clouded with sandy or pinkish hatching, with a darker angulated ray or disc, and evidently represents the dry-season form. T. nothus is an intermediate seasonal form.” Dr. Butler’s remarks are as follows: — “Ward described the wet-season form (which is largest) with almost plain yellow under surface in the male, about two black spots in the primaries and an orange costal streak to the secondaries, being the only markings on that surface ; in the female the apical area of the primaries and the secondaries are buff on the under surface, the former with a sub-apical black bar representing the inner boundary of the black border of the upper surface, and a dis- cocellular black spot, the latter often with a slender interrupted angular discal stripe. 1\ nothus is represented by two intermediate forms, which occur in both sexes. The first has the under-surface pattern of T. mananhari (typical), but the apex of the primaries and the secondaries are washed with rosy sienna ; the second is slightly less reddish below, but has the addition of a longitudinal brown stripe through the centre of the secondaries ; the female also has indications of striations on these wings T. flavida is a smaller form in which the striation of the under surface appears in the male, but the angular band in that sex and the sub-apical band in the female are obsolete. Finally, there is a true dry-season form of which we possess the male only ; it is small, the apex of primaries and the secondaries below fleshy buff, indis¬ tinctly striated, but without longitudinal streak or angular discal stripe. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. mananhari. Plate 25, fig. 1. $ Morondava (Mus. Rothschild). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb $ Morondava (J/ifs. Rothschild). „ le Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. $ Morondava (Mus. Rothschild). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. ? Morondava (.If us. Rothschild). „ lg. cf Morondava (Mus. Rothschild). ,, lh. Underside of fig. lg. ,, li. ? Underside. TERACOLUS. 77 TERACOLUS INCBETUS, Butler. (Plate 26, figs. 1, la-lk.) Teracolus incretus, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. xviii. p. 146 (1881); id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 98; Hampson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 182 (1891) ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 574 ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 349; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 839, E. M. Sharpe in Neumann's Elephant Hunting in East Africa, App. p. 445 (1897); Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 25; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 452 (1897); id. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 409; Aurivillius, Rhop. Hithiopica, p. 442 (1898). Callosune vulnerata, Stand. Exot. Schmett., I. p. 46, t. 23, fig. 21 (1884). General colour bright sulphur-yellow, the primaries with a large orange patch on the apical area, edged with black. Female similar to the male, the black markings larger and more heavily indicated. Mai.e. — Primaries with the basal area bright sulphur-yellow, the apical half vivid orange, forming a large and distinct patch, with a pinkish sheen visible under certain lights ; costa and hind-margin narrowly edged with black ; increasing slightly in extent round the apex. Secondaries bright sulphur-yellow, with minute black nervular dots indicated on the hind-margin. Underside. — Primaries rather paler yellow, the apical area tinged with light orange ; a faintly marked sub-apical row of brownish spots ; some minute black dots, situated between the nervules, on the hind-margin. Secondaries similar to the primaries in colour, a brownish spot visible on the costal margin ; a second spot at the end of the cell ; a third spot between the sub-median nervure and the first median nervule ; a row of minute internervular black dots on the hind-margin. Expanse l-7 inch. [Spec, ex Gulu-Gulu, November 1888 ; F. J. Jackson.) Female. — Primaries with the basal half pale yellow ; the orange apical patch somewhat paler and crossed by a well-defined band of black from the costal margin to the inner margin, running above the sub-median nervure and between the first and second median nervules, the black being broken into large and well-marked spots. A large spot is situated at the end of the discoidal cell, and the brownish-black border on the costa, apex and hind-margin is broader than in the male. Secondaries pale sulphur-yellow with large blackish nervular spots and with a black and some¬ what broken band crossing the discal area, so as almost to cnciose a sub-marginal row of ovate yellow spots. A minute black dot is visible also at the end of the cell. M 78 TERACOLUS. Underside. — Basal area of the primaries sulplmr-yellow, the apical area being- deeper yellow, with faint vermiculations of brown ; inner margin whitish ; the dark transverse band of the upper surface nearly obsolete, with the exception of a large spot between the second and third median nervules and a second spot above the sub-median nervure, the black discoidal spot large and relieved by a silver streak. Secondaries sulphur-yellow, the discal band more broken than on the upper surface and indicated by slight brownish vermiculations which appear also on the hind-margin ; at the end of the discoidal cell a distinct silvery spot encircled by a narrow line of black. Expanse 1 '7 inch. (Spec, ex Maungu , December 1891 ; F. J. J. ; Jackson Cod.) A second form of the female is very similar to the one above described, and the brownish-black markings are identical. The general colour of both wings is nearly white, and the orange patch on the apical area is only faintly indicated. Underside. — The general colour of both primaries and secondaries is nearly white, but otherwise it is similar to that of the female fully described above as regards markings. Expanse 17 inch. (Spec, ex Teita, December 1891 ; F. J. Jackson.) “Intermediate” form of Male.— Primaries similar to those of the “wet- season” form, but with a minute dusky spot at the end of the cell. The nervular spots on the hind-margin of the secondaries only faintly indicated. Underside. — General colour of both wings sulphur-yellow, with the sub-apical row of brownish spots more pronounced, as are also the spots on the secondaries. A nearly obsolete discal band can be seen. Expanse 1 '0 inch. (Spec, ex Maungu , December 1891 ; F. J. Jackson.) “ Dkv-season ” form of Male. — Primaries with the basal area sulphur-yellow; the orange apical patch very bright ; the apex and hind-margin narrowly edged with a black line; costal margin dusky at the base. Secondaries entirely sulphur yellow, without any nervular spots. Underside. — Primaries pale sulphur-yellow, the apical area tinged with orange, covered with dusky vermiculations near the apex ; the sub-marginal border rather faintly indicated, the largest and most pronounced spot being situated between the second and third median nervules. Secondaries sulphur-yellow, the basal half pinkish, with dusky vermiculations entirely covering the ground colour ; the discal band indicated by a dusky spot on the costal margin ; a second spot situated about the centre of the wing, and a third spot near the anal angle. A strongly marked dusky streak is also visible in the discoidal cell. TERACOLUS. IS) Expanse 17 inch. ( Kilimanjaro , F. J. Jackson ; Mas. Brit.) “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — The basal area of the primaries sulphur- yellow, with the usual orange apical patch relieved by a sub-apical row ot dusky spots ; three small spots near the costal margin ; and a large black fourth spot, situated between the second and third median nervules, and another large black spot .at the end of the discoidal cell ; the apex with a dusky brown border, extending along the hind-margin, but broken up into spots at the end of the nervules, this dusky line being followed by a thin line of orange, the cilia being also dusky. Secondaries entirely sulphur-yellow, the hind-margin with small nervular spots of dusky brown ; the discal band nearly obsolete, being merely indicated by a faint dusky spot at the end of the costal margin ; a second spot visible between the second and third median nervules. Underside. — Primaries sulphur-yellow, the apical area sandy-yellow, thickly sprinkled with brownish vermiculations ; the sub-apical band of spots rather more strongly marked, and the discoidal spot at the end of the cell somewhat larger. Secondaries pale sandy-yellow, thickly covered with brownish vermiculations ; a discal band and narrow discocellular streak slightly darker ; a distinct spot of silver narrowly outlined on the lower half, visible at the end of the cell. Expanse 1*7 inch. ( Kawembi , Nyasa Land , September 23, 1895; R. Crate shay ; Mus. Brit.) I have also figured (fig. lj.) a second form of the “dry-season” female, which differs from the one above described in having the basal half ot the primaries white, the blackish spots larger and the hind-marginal border darker in colour. Secondaries entirely white, the dark spots and markings more strongly indicated. Underside. — Basal half of the primaries white, the apical area sandy-yellow, sprinkled with brownish vermiculations, the dark markings being somewhat reduced in size. Secondaries similar to those of the female above described as regards the spots and markings, but having the general colour rather more pink. Expanse 1'8 inch. ( Kilimanjaro , F. J. Jackson ; Mus. Brit.) Habitat. — East Africa, from Uganda to Lanin and Kilimanjaro, and south from the Zanzibar district to Nyasa Land. Uganda, January to June (J. E. Baxter). Tarn Desert ( C. B. Button ; Mus. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 189S, p. 409). Kavirondo, November and December 1889 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.) Njemps, July 1 890, ( F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Athi River, December 1S98 ( R . C. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). Machakos, June 1898 ( R . C. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.-, Butler, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 424). Steppes ol Ihika-Shika and Ndangi River (Dr. J. II . Greyory ; Mus. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 574). Subaki Valley (Hampson, Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vii. p. 182, 1891). Voi 80 TERACOLUS. River to N’di, January 1892 ; N’Zoi, February 1S92 ; N’dara Hill, February 1892 ; Tsavo River; Maungu Hill, December 1891; Maragoyakauga, December 1891 (./. IF. Pringle; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 349). Tsavo River, January 1892; Gulu-Gulu to Kibvvezi, November and December 1888; Teita to Coast, December 1891 ; Rabai Hills, July 1889 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Lamu ( Slingsbg Godfrey ; Coll. E. J/. Sharpe). Mombasa ( Slingsby Godfrey ; Coll. E. M. Sharpe). Taveita Forest {Mas. Rothschild; Bishop Hannington ; Mas. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1888, pp. 92-93). Kilimanjaro (J. J. Jackson; Bishop Hannington; Mas. Brit.). Ukamba ( Dr. J. IF. Ansorge; Mus. Rothschild). Usagara, June and August (/. E. Baxter). Bagamoyo ( Godin an- Salvin Coll .; Mas. Brit.). Mamboio ( Sir J. Kirk ; Mas. Brit. ; Type of species). NyaSA Land. — Kawembi, September 1895 (R. C. Crawshag ; Mas. Brit.; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 839). With this species commences an entirely new group of the genus Teracolas, characterised by a large apical orange patch on the primaries instead of the purple patch which distinguished the species of the preceding section. Dr. Butler described the female from Mamboio, and the male was described as C. vulnerata by Staudinger. Mr. Guy Marshall (P. Z. S. 1897, p. 26) considered T. vulnerata (Staud.) to be the “ dry-season ” form of T. incretus, but Dr. Butler (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 452 (1897), thinks that this is a mistake, as both “ wet-” and “ dry-” season forms are in the British Museum. The latter, he says, “ is very rosy beneath, the male having the apical half and the secondaries, excepting towards the apex, fleshy sienna, trans¬ versely striated with brown and more or less spotted ; there is also frequently a longitudinal dusky streak from the base through the lower half of the discoidal cell in the secondaries.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. incretus. ( Plate ’if!, figs. 1. (J Gulu-Gulu, November 1888 (/■’. ./. ./. ; Jackson Colli). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. ., lb. 9 Maungu, December 1891 (F. ; Jackson Coll.). ,, le. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. 9 Teita, December 1891 (F. J. J. ; Jackson Colli). ., le. 8 Maungu, December 1891 (F. J. .7. ; Jackson Colli). ,, If. A Kilimanjaro (F. J. Jackson ; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. ,, Ih. 9 Kawembi, Nyasa Land, September 23, 1895 ( R . Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). „ li. Underside of fig. lb. „ Ij. ? Kilimanjaro (F J. Jackson; Mus. Brit.). ,, lk. Underside of fig. Ij. TERACOLTJS. 81 TERACOLTJS AUXO, Lucas. (Plate 27, figs. 1, la-lm.) Anthocharis evarne, Boisd. (nee. Klug.), App. Voy. Deleg. p. 586 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. I. p. 55, n. 36 (1862). Anthocharis auxo, Lucas, Rev. Zool. (2) vol. 4, p. 422 (1852). Anlhopsyche evarne, VVallengren, K. Sv. Vet. — Akad, Handl. ; Lep. Rhop. Cafir., p. 14 (1857). Anlhopsyche, eucharis , ? var., Wallengren, t.c., p. 15 (1857). Anlhopsyche topha, Wallengren, Wien. Ent. Mon. 4, p. 34 (1860); id. Lep. Rhop. Caffr., p. 15 (1857). Anthocharis keiskamma, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 56, pi. II. figs. 3, 4 (1862-6). Cnllosune topha, Wallengren, K. Sv. Vet. — Akad. Handl. p. 46, n. 7 (1872). Callosune keiskamma, Mansel Weale, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, p. 274; Westwood in Oates’s Matabele Land, App. p. 338 (1881) ; Staud. Exot. Schmett., i. p. 46 (1888). Callosune auxo, Staud. Exot. Schmett., i. p. 45, t. 23, figs. 16, 17 (1888). Teracolus auxo, Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 120 (1889) ; C. W. Barker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 422; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 25; id. t.c. 1897, p. 836; id. Ent. Monthly Mag. 33, p. 52 (1897) ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 452 (1897) ; Aurivillius, Rhop. HUthiopica, p. 442 (1898). Teracolus topha, Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 123 (1889). Distinguished from T. incretus by the distinct black line on the inner edge of the orange apical patch of the primaries. Female (yellow form) with a purplish lustre on the apical area of the primaries. Both sexes smaller than in the allied species. Male. — Primaries similar in colour to those of T. incretus, the orange apical patch enclosed by a narrow black line, which commences from the black costal margin and extends across the wing to the posterior angle. Secondaries sulphur-yellow with black nervular spots on the hind-margin. Underside. — Primaries and secondaries not differing in colour from those of T. incretus, excepting that the dusky spots on the discal area are entirely absent. Expanse 1 '0 inch. [Spec, ex Natal ; Mus. Rothschild.) Female. — Similar to that of T. incretus (fig. lb) as regards markings and colour, the blackish-brown transverse line less distinct than in the male and either consider¬ ably broken up or indistinct, with (in fresh specimens) a beautiful purplish lustre over the apical area of the primaries. Underside. — Primaries and secondaries with the ground colour slightly paler, the spots and markings otherwise similar to those of T. incretus. Expanse P5 inch. [Spec, ex Weenen, Natal, November 1894; Mus. Rothschild ■) TER A COL US. 82 A second form of the female has the basal half of the primaries white, with a very distinct orange apical patch, crossed by a complete sub-marginal band of blackish spots. Secondaries entirely white, the nervnles terminating on the hind-margin in large blackish-brown spots, the blackish discal band being also strongly indicated. Underside. — Similar to that of the female above described, but much paler in colour. Expanse 17 inch. [Spec, ex Natal; Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mas. Brit.) “ Intermediate ” form of Male. — Primaries similar to those of the “ wet-season ” form ; the black apex and hind-margin much narrower, the inner black line being entirely absent. Secondaries entirely sulphur-yellow, and without any spots or markings. Underside. — With the exception of some brownish vermiculations on the secon¬ daries, there is no difference from the “ wet-season ” form of the male as regards the spots and general colour. Expanse 1C inch. [Spec, ex Natal ; E. C. Buxton ; Mas. Brit.) “Intermediate” form of Female. — Ground colour of both primaries and secon¬ daries white, the spots and markings somewhat reduced in size, but otherwise like those of the “ wet-season ’’ form (fig. id). Underside. — With the exception of the slight fuscous vermiculations on the apex of the primaries, as well as the secondaries, the general colour and markings are similar to those of fig. le. Expanse 1’4 inch. [Spec, ex Natal; Mas. Rothschild.) “Dry-season ” form of Male. — Basal half of the primaries pale sulphur-yellow, the apical area bright orange, narrowly edged on the costal and hind margins with dusky brown. Secondaries pale sulphur-yellow, the cilia on the anal angle and hind- margin reddish. Underside. — Primaries with the basal area pale yellow, the apical area slightly darker and sprinkled with brownish vermiculations towards the apex. Secondaries with the basal area rosy-yellow, the marginal border pale yellow ; the entire ground colour covered with brownish vermiculations ; the usual discoidal streak and discal band somewhat more strongly pronounced than in T. incretus (fig. lg). Expanse P4 inch. [Spec, ex Wcencn, Natal ; Mus. Rothschild.) “Dry-season ” form of Female. — Very similar to that of 7'. incretus (fig. 1 h), but with the hind-marginal border somewhat darker. Secondaries with the nervuiar spots and the discal band larger and more heavily indicated. Underside. — Primaries slightly darker than those of T. incretus (fig. li). Secon¬ daries deep sandy-pink, thickly sprinkled with dusky vermiculations; the silver spot at the end of the discoidal cell very minute. TERACOLUS. 83 Expanse 1 ’5 inch. (Spec, ex Natal ; Mas. Rothschild.) The white form of the “ dry-season ” female is very similar to the one described above as regards the spots and markings ; the orange apical patch is smaller, and the dark sub-apical band more united. Secondaries with the nervular spots much smaller, the discal band being entirely absent. Underside. — Basal area white, the apical area sandy-yellow, covered with brownish vermiculations. Secondaries entirely pinkish, the basal area somewhat darker, and the whole of the ground colour thickly covered with brown vermiculations ; the discal band and discoidal streak dark and well pronounced. Expanse 1'3 inch. (Spec, ex Natal ; Mas. Rothschild.) Habitat. — South-Eastern Cape Colony ; Natal, north to Matabele Land. King William’s Town (J. P. Mansel Weale). Fort Warden, Kei River (J. H. Bowker). Keiskamma Hoek (H. J. Atherstone). Tsomo and Basliee Rivers (J. H. Botcher). St. John’s River Mouth (Sir H. Barkley ; Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. 12:2-123, 1889). Natal (Mus. Rothschild ; E. C. Buxton; Mas. Brit.). Durban (G. E. Shelley ; Godman-Salvin Cull. ; Mm. Brit.). Sydenham (C. H. Barker ; Trimen Coll.). Tugela (2500 feet, G. A. K. Marshall; Mus. Brit.). Verulam, Umvoti (Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 123, 1889). Weenen (J. M. Hutchinson; Trimen, t.c. p. 126, 1889 ; Trimen, Mus. Rothschild). Newcastle (Mus. Brit.). Zulu Land. — St, Lucia Bay (Col. H. Tower ; Trimen, t.c. p. 126, 1889). Delagoa Bay. — Lourenpo Marques (Mrs. Monteiro ; Trimen, t.c. p. 123, 1889). Transvaal. — Limpopo and Marico Rivers (F. C. Selous; Trimen, t.c. p. 123, 1889). Lydenberg District (T. Ayres; Trimen, t.c. p. 123, 1889). Matabele Land. — (F. C. Selous; Godman-Salvin Coll.-, Mus. Brit.). Ramaqueban River, July 28, 1874 (F. Oates ; Westw. in Oates’ Matabele Land, p. 338, 1881). Tauwani River and Tchakani Vley (F. C. Selous ; Trimen, t.c. p. 123, 1389). This is the southern representative of T. incretus. It would seem to be a common insect in the eastern districts of the Cape Colony. T. attxo is the “ wet-season ” form, and T. tophi a ( = T. keiskamma) the “ dry-season ” forms. Dr. Trimen, in describing T. keiskamma (Rliop. Austr. p. 58), publishes the following note : — “ This very beautiful and distinct species of Anthocharis was first discovered in British Kaffraria, in the month of September 1860, by Mr. D’Urban, who kindly forwarded me specimens of both sexes, from which my descrip¬ tion has been made. The following restricted localities of capture seem to afford sufficient reason for the name proposed by Mr. D’Urban for this species. “Very abundant at Kingscote, near Bodiam, on the Keiskamma, about five miles from the sea, and as far as the Chalumma.” “ At the end of November, at Line Drift on the 84 TERACOLUS. Keiskamma, I saw this butterfly in the greatest profusion near the river ; but only a few stragglers were seen a mile or so beyond, and none anywhere else ; though I have just come off a ride of about 120 miles in four days, having visited the following places, viz., Tamacha, Line Drift, Breakfast Vley, Alice, Middle Drift, and Fort White.” Mr. D'Urban also found the insect abundant in the Fish Biver Bush, and informed Dr. Trimen that Captain Colley, 2nd Queen’s, reported its occurring abundantly in a Kloof on the Tninika, a tributary of the Kei. Dr. Butler writes : — “ The yellow form of this species appears to be strictly confined to ICaffraria and Natal, but a somewhat paler race occurs in Matabele Land. The extreme types T. auxo and T. keiskamma were proved by Mr. Mansel Weale, and recently by Mr. Guy Marshall, to be ‘ wet-’ and ‘dry-’ season forms of one species; T. fop/ta, which is usually regarded as identical witli I keiskamma, appears to be an intergrade of which we possess six examples in the Museum.’ “Of the Matabele Land type, which only differs in its somewhat whiter coloration, we only possess males of the ‘wet’ and ‘intermediate’ forms.” Mr. Mansel Weale (Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1877, p. 273) writes as follows : — “In Mr. Trimen’s Rhop. Afr. Austr., vol. i., is described Anthocharis ( Callosune ) keis- kamma , Trimen, a species there noticed as not improbably capable of being classed as a sub-species of C. evarne. Both of these butterflies I have often seen in the neigh¬ bourhood of the Keiskamma River, the former being especially abundant ; in fact, the whole valley of the Keiskamma is peculiarly prolific in Callosunes. During the last three years I have been staying about three miles from King William’s Town in the valley of the Yellowwoods, and I was much struck by the abundance of C. keiskamma near a small group of bushes from January to May 1870, especially so, as I had not met with the insect in the neighbourhood before. The spot in question is about fifteen miles in a direct line from the Keiskamma with high ground intervening. I captured that season about twenty or thirty of both sexes, and wishing to discover the food-plant I noticed that the butterflies especially frequented a bush which I had not before noticed. This proved to be Cadaba natalensis ( Capparidex), not hitherto, L believe, reported from the south of Natal. The females deposited their small, fluted, orange-coloured eggs singly on the summit of the flower-buds. A chrysalis was also found on one of the outer branches of a bright-green colour, and it proved to be that of C. keiskamma. The larva, when first hatched, is of a bright-orange colour, and penetrates the bud, where it passes its first stage. It afterwards assumes a dull bluish-green colour with lateral stripes of a paler colour : these assimilate it to the pellucid margins of the small leaves of the plant, whose general colour it resembles, fhe younger caterpillars of Eronia cleodora closely resemble the mature larva of C. keiskamma, hut are more brightly coloured, in harmony with the foliage of Capparis TERAC0LU8. 85 zeyheri, one of its food-plants. Most of my larvae of C. keiskamma were procured by beating, as it was most difficult to detect them on the shrub. In raising chrysalids I was particularly struck by the variations of their colour under different conditions. These variations were not, however, followed by any marked differences in tbe colour and form of the imagines. “ About this time I regret to say that I gave away most of my specimens of this species to a Mr. Bailey, of Port Elizabeth, under the impression that I could at any time replace them, and being engaged in some other work, I neglected to collect this species until the end of 1876. To my great surprise, I found every insect captured on the bush proved to be not C. keiskamma, but C. evarne, which I had also not noted in tbe neighbourhood before. Owing to the dryness of the season, these, however, were scarce, and it was some time before I had an opportunity of watching the females laying their eggs or of collecting the larvse. By daily watching the bush I had, before leaving in April last, succeeded in collecting several, which were exactly similar to the larvfe obtained in the previous autumn. I also saw the female C. evarne laying her eggs in precisely the same manner as did the female of C. keiskamma. The eggs in like manner did not differ ; and not merely were the pupee the same in shape and markings, but they presented the same liability to vary in colour as did those of C. keiskamma. “ Up to the end of April last I never saw another specimen of C. keiskamma, although the specimens of C. evarne round the bush in questiou were numerous. I think this a most curious case, because, although the two insects closely resemble each other, the differences relate not merely to the colour of both wings on both surfaces and in both sexes, but also to form. “ Considering how closely many of the so-called species of this group resemble each other, and how extremely variable are even the forms collected in a single locality, I think that an instance such as this should make naturalists pause before multiply¬ ing its nomenclature. Although I am disposed to think that more careful observation will show that this is not an isolated instance in the Pierina group, it certainly would seem contradictory to the axiom ‘ Natura non facit saltum.’ “ I may remark that individuals of both forms vary much, but in none of the instances collected by me do they show any tendency to vary in the direction of the other form. “ From what I have noticed in some other Pieridce, I am inclined to think that the yellow coloration to which some species are peculiarly subject depends in some way or other on the dryness of the season. Specimens of P . severina and P. mesentina (females) collected in dry seasons in moist localities or in dry districts are generally deeply coloured. ' N 86 TERACOLUS. “ With reference to the changes in the colour of pupae, I believe a very wide field of research is open, and with the improved modes of microscopical examination under the spectroscope important revelations on the subject of variation will be discovered. “ I here give the results of some very rude experiments on this subject. “ Most of the specimens were reared in glass test tubes exposed on coloured cards, in which they were partially enveloped. They were constantly supplied with as little food as possible, in order that their full exposure to the colour should uot be interfered with. “ Pup^e op C. keiskanma. “(1) On dead leaves away from light. Dark brown. “ (2) On stem and on vermilion cards. Pale ochreous. “ (3) On vermilion card. Pale bluish-green. “ (4) Exposed on bush in nature and on yellow-gamboge cards. Bright green. “ (5) On glass tumbler. Pale yellowish-green. “ (6) On green (cobalt and gamboge). Ochreous. “(7) On cobalt-blue. Greenish-white. ” Mr. Guy Marshall (The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, vol. viii. p. 52, 1897) gives his experience of the rearing of T. ai/xo from the eggs laid by T. topha : “ On October 27th I observed a female of typical T. topha flying round a straggling shrub (one of the Capparida ), on which I saw her deposit four eggs. These were at first of a light yellow colour, but became pink afterwards ; they were of the usual Pierhl shape — elongate, subfusiform, and fluted longitudinally. On the 30th three larvae hatched out, one of the eggs being infertile. The description of the full-grown larva and pupa is as follows : — “Larva. — Uniform pea-green, with a narrow yellow lateral line, which does not extend on to the thoracic segments. Upper surface smooth, with no trace of hairs or tubercles. “Pupa. — General shape not unlike that of T. plcioue, Kl. (P. Z. S. 1896, pi. X. fig. 18), but decidedly more slender and the wing-covers rather less prominent. Its most distinct feature is the long cephalic horn, which is nearly as long as the thorax, and curves slightly backwards. Colouring adaptive, varying from pale pinkish-sandy with darker mottling through every shade to uniform pale green. The brown tints, however, predominate, even when the pupae are attached to the leaves of the food- plant, being probably influenced by the brown stems of the shrub, as the only pure green pupae I ever obtained were from larvae which pupated when the supply of food- plant happened to consist only of young twigs which were entirely green. TERACOLUS. 87 “ The development of these larvae was very rapid, the larval stage occupying only twelve days in two instances, and thirteen in the third ; the pupal stage in all cases occupied eight days, thus making twenty-three days from the laying of the egg to the emergence of the perfect insect. Two of the specimens emerged on November 19th, and the third on the 20th, all of them being undoubted males of T. atixo, Lucas ; thus definitely proving that T. topha is only a seasonal form of that species. It is perhaps worth noting that, although the larvse were reared under precisely similar conditions, the imagos differed somewhat in the development of the black markings on the upper side. The two earlier specimens had the hind-marginal border in the fore- wings comparatively narrow, and had no sign of black along the inner edge of apical patch. This is the early ‘ wet-season ’ form. The third example, how¬ ever, had the border slightly broader and more thickened towards the posterior angle, and also exhibited a trace of black scaling along the inner edge of the patch, thus showing an approach to the more heavily marked full ‘ wet-season ’ form. Although I am of opinion that the augmentation of the upperside black markings in Teracolus is probably due directly to climatic causes — as opposed to the protective action of natural selection, which has probably influenced the underside coloration — yet in this par¬ ticular instance the cause of the difference in the specimens is by no means apparent, as they were reared under absolutely identical conditions, and I certainly hesitate to attribute it to the fact that one of them was a day longer in the larval stage.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. auxo. Plate 27, fig. 1. 3 Natal (Mas. Rothschild). „ la. Underside of fig. 1 . „ lb. $ Weenen, Natal (Mus. Rothschild). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. „ Id. ? Natal ( Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). ,, le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. J Natal (E. C. Buxton; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. ? Natal (Mas. Rothschild). ,, lh. 3 Weenen, Natal (Mus. Rothschild). „ li. Underside of fig. lh. ,, lj. 9 Natal (Mus. Rothschild). ,, lk. Underside of fig. lj. ,, 11. 9 Natal (Mus. Rothschild). „ lm. Underside of fig. 11, 88 TEEACOLUS. TERACOLUS DISSOCIATUS, Butler. (Plate 28, figs. 1, la— 2 j.) Teraeolus diesociatus, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 453 (1897). Teracolus auxo, var dissociatus, Aurivillius (part), Rliop. HSthiopica, p. 442 (1898). Allied to T. auxo, but larger, and distinguished by the white central area of both primaries and secondaries. The black markings are also somewhat more heavily indicated. Male. — Very similar to the male of T. auxo, but with the basal area of the primaries whiter in colour ; the apex, hind-margin, as well as the inner black line, inclosing the orange apical patch, much more strongly marked than in T. auxo. Secondaries paler than in the allied species, with dusky nervular spots on the hind- margin. Underside. — Similar as regards markings to the female of T. auxo, but the inner margin on the primaries is white. The black spot at the end of the discoidal cell of the secondaries is very distinct. Expanse 1'6 inch. (Spec, ex Lake Nyasa ; Godman-Salvin Coll.-, Mux. Bril.: Type oj species.) Female. — Primaries similar to those of T. auxo, but whiter ; the black marginal border broader and the spots strongly indicated, with the sub-marginal line of black spots entirely disconnected. Secondaries not different from those of T. auxo. Underside. — Primaries pale sulphur-yellow, white on the inner margin; the black spot at the end of the discoidal cell somewhat larger ; the sub-marginal row of black spots indicated merely by two faint spots near the costal margin, with a second still larger spot between the second and third median nervules, while a third and final spot is situated between the sub-median nervure and the first median nervule. Secondaries deeper in colour, the usual dusky band which traverses the discal area being only faintly pronounced, with a greenish shading on the hind margin. Expanse 16 inch. (Spec, ex Lake Nyasa ; Godman-Salvin Coll.-, Mux. Bril.) “ Intermediate ” form of Male. — Primaries somewhat paler than in the typical form, the inner line of black enclosing the orange patch being almost absent, while the black on the apex and hind-margin is decidedly narrower. Secondaries with the nervular spots on the hind margin nearly obsolete. Underside. — Not different from that of the “ wet-season ” form described above. Expanse 1'4 inch. (Spec, ex Likoma ; E. M. de Jersey ; Mus. Brit.) TEBACOLUS. 89 “ Intermediate ” form of Female. (Description of a worn specimen in the British Museum). The orange apical patch slightly larger, the inner black line being entirely absent ; the hind-margin not so broad nor so heavily marked ; the black sub-marginal border which crosses the orange patch only faintly indicated by three dark spots, the largest being situated between the second and third median nervules, the other two spots close to the costal margin. Secondaries white, with faint nervular spots on the hind-margin. Underside. — Central area of primaries white, the apical area thickly covered with brownish vermiculations and the characteristic spots being clearly in evidence. Secondaries thickly covered with brownish vermiculations ; a distinct silver spot visible about the middle of the discoidal cell. Expanse 1'4 inch. {Spec, ex Victoria Nyanza; G. F. Scott -Elliot ; Mas. Brit.) “ Dry-season ” form of Male. — Excepting that the general colour of both the primaries and the secondaries are white, this phase does not differ from the “ dry- season ” form of T. auxo as regards its upper surface. Underside. — Somewhat paler in colour as regards the spots and markings, but otherwise agreeing with those of T. auxo. Expanse 1‘5 inch. (Spec, ex Lake Nyasa ; Godman-Salvin Coll.-, Mas. Brit.) “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — Very similar to the same phase of T. auxo, but with the sub-marginal row of black spots on the primaries more distinctly indicated. Secondaries also not different in colour, excepting that the second spot (between the second and third median nervule) is absent. Underside. — -Primaries pale sulphur-yellow, the apex showing brown vermicula¬ tions and naving the sub-marginal band well marked. Secondaries entirely covered with brownish vermiculations ; the discal band strongly indicated. Expanse 1 '4 inch. ( Takanugu , British East Africa- R. Crawshay ; Mas. Brit.) I have also figured the underside of a second form of the “ dry-season ” female which agrees with the yellow form above described as regards the spots and markings. The general colour, however, is white, with the brownish black border on the apex and hind-margin more united. The underside only differs in that the general asjiect is white and the dark spots on the primaries are rather more faintly indicated. Expanse 1'4 inch. (Spec, ex Kilimanjaro ; F. J. Jackson ; Mus. Brit.) Habitat. — Nyasa Land to Kilimanjaro and the Victoria Nyanza Lake Nyasa (Godman-Salvin Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Likoma, May 1899 (E. M. de Jersey; Mus. Brit.). Kilimanjaro (F. J. Jackson ; Mus. Brit.). Takanugu (It. Crawshay; Mus. Brit.). Victoria Nyanza (G. F. Scot t- Elliot ; Mus. Brit.). Professor Aurivillius doubts whether this form is really different from Teracolus auxo. It is certainly a question whether it is really separable, but I have described 90 TERACOLVS. and figured the typical specimens in the British Museum, and it must be left to future research in the field to discover the exact relations between these two species. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. dissociate. Plate 28, fig. 1 . J Lake Nyasa ( Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit. tyye). ,, la. Underside of fig. 1. ,, lb. $ Lake Nyasa (Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mas. Brit.). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. o Likoma (A'. M. de Jersey ; Mas. Brit.)} „ le. ? Victoria Nyanza (G. F. Scott- Elliot ; Mas. Brit.). ,, If. Underside of fig. le. „ lg. c? Lake Nyasa ( Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). „ lh. Underside of fig. lg. „ li. $ Takanugu, December a, 1897 (11. Crawshay ; Mas. Brit.). „ lj. Underside of white variety. Kilimanjaro (F. J. Jackson; Mus. Brit.). TERACOLUS EYARNE, King. (Plate 29, fig. 1, la-11.) Pontia evarne, King. Symb. Phys. pi. vi. figs. 1-4 (1829). Pontia liagore, King. t.c. figs. 5-8 (1829). Anthocharis evarne, Lucas, Lep. Ex. pi. 37, fig. 3 (1835) ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. I. p. 569, no. 15 (1836) ; Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 55, no. 36 (1862). Anthocharis liagore, Boisd. t.c. I. p. 580, no. 33 (1836). Callosune evarne, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 501 (1871). Callosum liagore, Kirby, t.c. p. 503 (1871). Teraeolus citreus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 152, no. 120; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 92; id. P. Z. S. 1894, p. 575 ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 536. Teraeolus syrtinus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 163, no. 124 ; id. P. Z. S. 1894, p. 574 ; Guy Marshall P. Z. S. 1897, p. 25 (part). Teraeolus xanthevame, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 163, no. 123. Callosune citreus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 803 (1877). Callosune syrtinus, Kirby, t.c. Suppl. p. 805 (1877). Callosune xanthevame, Kirby, t.c. Suppl. p. 805 (1877). Teraeolus evarne, Butler, P. Z. S. 1KK8, p. 75 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 26 ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 693; id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 453 (1897); id. P. Z. S. 1898, p. 409 Aurivillius, Rhop. ^Ethiopica, p. 441 (1898). Teraeolus liagore, Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 25 ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 776. Distinguished from T. aitxo and T. dissocial us by the absence of the black line on the inner side of the orange patch of the primaries. The female has the orange TEEACOLUS. 91 patch on the primaries more suffused and, in some specimens, almost hidden by a shading of dusky brown. Male. — Central area of the primaries almost white ; the orange apical patch somewhat larger than in the allied species, and enclosed on the inner side by a band of pale yellow ; the costa, apex, and hind-margin narrowly edged with black. Secondaries entirely creamy-white, the nervules terminating on the hind-margin in faint dusky spots. Underside. — Primaries whitish, the apical area tinged with orange, three very minute dusky spots being visible between the sub-costal nervules ; base of wing greenish. Secondaries entirely pcarly-wliite, with the usual minute black disco-cellular spot. Expanse l-6 inch. [Spec, ex Tsavo River, January 1892; Jackson Col/.) Female. — Primaries with the discal area pale yellow ; basal area dusky gre}r ; apex and hind-margin brownish as far as the first median nervule, the orange apical patch crossed by a median line of brown markings ; two additional brownish spots strongly pronounced, one situated at the end of the cell, with a second spot in the white area towards the posterior angle. Secondaries pale yellow, rather dusky at the base ; the brownish nervular spots on the hind-margin large, and the discal row of spots decidedly distinct, but not connected. Underside. — Primaries pale yellow, somewhat deeper in colour at the base ; three silver spots encircled with orange indicating the dark median line of the upper surface; the cellular and posterior spots also reproduced on the under-surface. Secondaries whitish, the hind-margin with a yellow shade, the discal band much broken up. Expanse P4 inches. [Spec, ex Atbara River ; Mus. Brit.) White form of Female. — The orange patch only faintly indicated, the whole of the primaries being suffused with smoky-brown. Secondaries pearly-white, the spots and markings similar to those of the female above described. Underside. — Primaries white, the base greenish -yellow ; apical area pale yellow, with faint vermiculations of brown ; the median band similar to that of the yellow form of the female above described. Secondaries white, the discoidal spot and discal band dusky-brown, with a slight shading of the same colour also visible on the hind- margin and at the base of the wing. Expanse l-5 inches. [Spec, ex Atbara River ; Mus. Brit.) “ Intermediate ” form of Male. — The orange patch on the primaries somewhat larger than in the typical form, with a broad inner line of sulphur-yellow ; basal area pale yellow, dusted with grey ; the black hind-marginal border very narrow. Secondaries pale yellow, with distinct nervular spots of brown on the hind-margin. 92 TEEAGOLVS. Underside. — General colour of both wings sulphur-yellow, with a dusky spot on the primaries near the costal margin. Secondaries similar to those of T. autco. Expanse 14 inches. (Spec, ex At barn River ; Mm. Brit.) Dr. Butler has separated a second phase of the male (fig. 1 lx), which he considers to be an “ intermediate ” form. This form represents T. xanthevarne, and is somewhat similar to the “ wet-season ” type (fig. 1), the black on the costal and hind margins being much narrower and the general colour much deeper yellow. “ Intermediate ” form of Female. — Central area of the primaries white ; the black transverse median row of spots on the orange area somewhat reduced in size ; a distinct dusting of grey at the base of the wing ; the usual discoidal spot very minute. Secondaries white, with black nervular spots on the hind-margin; the discal band marked by two dark spots, varying in size, near the costal margin, a third spot being present between the second and first median nervules. Underside. — Excepting that the spots are smaller, this phase agrees with the “ wet-season ” form of the female (fig. lc.) Expanse 1'4 inches. (Spec, ex Podia, Ungaro, April 9, 1897 ; Dr. J. IF. Ansorge ; Mas. Rothschild.) A second form of the “intermediate” female has the sulphur-yellow area of the primaries rather larger, the spots and markings being very similar to those of the “ wet-season ” female (fig. lb). Underside. — Central area white ; apical area pale yellow, with brownish vermicu- lations ; base and cell greenish-yellow, with a slight dusting of brown. Secondaries whitish, thickly covered with dusky vermiculations, the spots and markings similar to those of the female (fig. le). Expanse 1'5 inches. (Spec, ex Teita, Mag 1891 ; Mus. Rothschild.) “ Dry- season ” form of Male.— -Primaries almost white, the orange patch somewhat reduced in size, the black on the apex and hind-margin being nearly obsolete. Secondaries entirely white, without any spots or markings. Underside. — Primaries white, the apical area sandy-yellow, with two brownish spots faintly indicated near the costal margin. Secondaries entirely sandy-pink, without any spots or markings. Expanse 1‘4 inch. (Spec, ex 'Parquet , January 1890; Jackson Coll.) “Dry-season” form of Female. — Central area of the primaries white; the orange patch somewhat more reddish in colour, but more reduced than in T. dissociafus (fig. 1 i) ; the distribution of the spots similar. Secondaries white, blit otherwise agreeing with those of T. dissociafus. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white ; base of wing greenish-yellow. TERACOLUS. 93 Secondaries entirely sandy-pink, the spots and markings agreeing with those of the female of T. dissocial us (fig. lj). Expanse l-4 inch. (Spec, ex Melindi, October 1891 ; Mus. Rothschild.) Habitat. — From the neighbourhood of Suakim in the Red Sea to Equatorial Africa, and East Africa as far south as Nyasa Land. Said also to occur in Senegambia. North East Africa. — Halaib, near Suakim, Red Sea, January; Shelal Mountain, near Suakim, January 28, 1896 (A. J. Cholviley ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 776, No. 19). White Nile (Mus. Brit.). Atbara River (Mus. Brit.). Salomona, Erythroea, November and December, 1897 (Schrader ; Mas. Rothschild). Anseba Valley (W. Jesse; Godman-Salvin Coll.-, Mus. Brit). Waliko ( W. Jesse; Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). Somali Land. — Arusa Galla Country (F. Gillett ; Mus. Brit.-, Butler, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 693). Upper Shebeli River; Sheik Husein ; Sheik Mahomed, September (Dr. Donaldson Smith; Mus. Rothschild). Hargeisa, July 18; Stony-brook, August 29 ; Meo, October 25 (Dr. Donaldson Smith ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 536). Equatorial Africa. — Wadelai, January and March 1887 (Emin Pasha ; Mus. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 75). East Africa. — Njemps, Ngatana, Kikuyu, Kedong, Newa, and shores of Lake Baringo (J. IF. Gregory; Mus. Brit.-, Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 575). Elgeyo, July; Kavirondo, November and December; Turquel, January (F. J. J.; Jackson Coll). Kinani (J. IF. Gregory; Mus. Brit.-, Butler, P. Z. S. 1894, p. 575). Kili¬ manjaro (F. J. Jackson ; Mus. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 92). Podia, Unyoro, April, May, August (Dr. J. IF. Ansorge ; Mus. Rothschild). Witu, Melindi, October; Mombasa (Mus. Rothschild). Coast to Teita, December ; Gulu-Gulu to Kibwezi, November and December ; Kibwezi, December (F. J. J. ; Jackson Coll.). Bagamoyo (Godman-Salvin Coll.; Mus. Brit). Mamboio (Dr. Wilson Barker ; Mus. Brit). Nyasa Land. — Takarugu (R. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit.). This species is a very well-marked form of the T. auxo group, and is distinguished, as Mr. Guy Marshall has pointed out, by the more rounded shape of the fore-wings. Its range is well defined as regards North Eastern and Eastern Africa, and it is quite probable that it may ultimately be found to extend throughout the Sudan to Senegambia. At present the evidence for this extension of its western range rests upon a couple of specimens in the British Museum, one labelled “Senegal,” and the other “ West Africa” (Sir Gilbert Carter). As regards the different phases, Mr. Guy Marshall writes : — “ T. xanfhevarne represents the fullest development of the wet-season form, and approaches T. incretus; typical T. evarne is a little less strongly marked ; the specimens placed with T. sy/iuus o 94 TERACOLUS. in the British Museum constitute au exactly intermediate seasonal form ; and T. citreus is the full dry-season form.” This I thoroughly agree with, but when he says that “ T. phillipsii is founded on dwarfed specimens from the Somali deserts,” I must decidedly differ from him. He also keeps T. liagorc as a distinct species allied to T. ephgia, but here again 1 have followed Dr. Butler, who considers that T. Hag ore is only a phase of T. evarne. As regards T. evarne from Wadelai (P. Z. S. 1888, p. 75) Dr. Butler makes the following remarks : — “ There are evidently large and small forms of this species, as in the allied T. phillipsii from Somaliland ; hitherto we have received male examples equal in size to that figured by Klug ; the male now received is much smaller and has lost the marginal spots on secondaries. On the other hand, the female figured by Klug is small and evidently belongs to our small male, whilst the female just received is large and heavily marked, and belongs to Klug’s male. It is probable that the small type is the winter form of the species ; but, after all, conjectures are valueless in these questions.” In “A Revision of the Genus Teracolus ,” (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 69 xx., p. 453, 189/), Dr. Butler writes : — “ One of the most widely distributed and variable species of its group, ranging from Upper Egypt and the White Nile to Abyssinia, southwards to the Albert Nyanza, the Victoria Nyanza, and Kilimanjaro, and east, wards to Mombasa. On the western side it appears to be rare, but we have one example (the type of T. sgrtinus), said to be from ‘ Senegal,’ and a second recorded as simply from ‘ West Africa.' In ground colour T. evarne varies from primrose- yellow to white, the typical form being almost white with yellow diffused bordering to the orange apical area ; this is the wet-season form of the species and the most heavily marked with black. T. xanthevarne appears to be the prevalent form of the species in Upper Egypt, the White Nile, and Abyssinia, and chiefly differs in its inferior size, yellower colouring, and frequently in the larger orange patch on the primaries. T. sgrtinus is an intermediate-season form, which apparently ranges west¬ wards from Mombasa through the Sabaki Valley, past Kilimanjaro and the Victoria Nyanza to Wadelai, and thence across the continent to Senegal, where it varies slightly from the normal form, the lower extremity of the orange apical patch being indistinctly bordered with blackish, so as vaguely to resemble the wet-season form of T. a/iivo (nobody, however, with an eye for species could calmly compare the two and for a moment regard them as identical). The males of this form never have the margin of the secondaries dotted, and on the under surface they show a slight tendency to rosy tinting. The females are altogether more lightly marked than those of typical T. evarne. T. liagore is probably little more than a rare starred albinism occurring in Egypt and on -the borders of the Red Sea ; in its weak markings it would TERACOLUS. 95 seem to be a dry-season form, but the colouring of the under surface is that of the wet-season. I should look upon it as an intermediate form, probably occurring just before the rains. T. citreus is the dry-season form occurring with typical T. evarne but smaller, much more lightly marked above, and very rosy below.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. evarne. Plate 29, tig. 1. $ Tsavo River, January 1892 ( Jackson Coll.). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. ,, lb. $ Atbara River (Mas. Brit.). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. „ Id. 2 Atbara River {Muss Brit.). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. 2 Podia, Unyoro, April 9, 1897 (Dr. J. IF. Ansorge ; Mils. Rothschild). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. „ Ih. (J Atbara River (Mus. Brit.-, T. xanthevame form). „ li. Turquel, January 1890 ( Jackson Coll.). „ lj. Underside of fig. li. „ Ik. 2 Melindi, October 1891 (Mus. Rothschild). „ 11. Underside of fig. Ik. TERACOLUS PHILLIPSII, Butler. (Plate 30, Figs. 1, la,-lg). Teracolus phillipsii, Butler, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 772, pi. xlvii. fig. 11 ; id. P. Z. S. 1 890, pp. 240, 253; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 536, no. 24 ; id. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 528, no. 59; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (G) xx. p. 454 (1897) ; Dixey, P. Z. S 1900, p. 15. Teracolus evarne (part) Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 20 ; Aurivillius, Rhop. /Ethiopica, p. 442 (1898). Very similar to T. evarne, but at once distinguished by its smaller size, the black on the hind-margin and apex being extremely narrow, and the median line of sulphur- yellow almost obsolete. Male. — Central area of the primaries white ; the apical half bright orange, edged on the inner side by a faint line of sulphur-yellow. Costa, apex, and hind-margin narrowly edged with black to as far as the first median nervule. Secondaries entirely white without any spots or markings. Underside . — Primaries white, the apical area tinged with yellow ; three dusky 06 TERACOLUS. spots near the costal margin situated between the sub-costal nervules ; some minute black dots visible between the nervules on the hind margin. Secondaries whitish, the minute inter-nervular black dots being visible on the hind-margin, as well as a tiny black dot at the end of the discoidal cell. Expanse 1'4 inch. ( Spec . ex Somali Land ; J. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit.). Female. — Central area pale yellow, the orange apical patch crossed by a post¬ median band of distinct brownish-black spots ; the brownish hind-marginal border rather well defined, but not beyond the first median nervule ; a dusky spot visible at the end of the cell, followed by a second and larger spot on the inner margin towards the posterior angle ; the basal area dusky green. Secondaries creamy-white, the nervules terminating in well-defined dusky spots on the hind margin ; three dusky spots near the costal margin indicating a faint brown discal band. Underside. — Very similar to that of T. evarne, the ground colour of the secondaries covered with faint sprinklings of brownish-yellow. Expanse 1 '3 inches. (Spec, ex Somali Land ; J. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit.). No “intermediate” forms have as yet been discovered. “ Dry-season ” form of Male. — Central area pale yellowish-white ; the orange patch bright and well-defined ; the black on the apex and hind-margin absent. Secondaries entirely pale yellowish-white ; no spots or markings visible. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white ; with the apical area pale yellow ; the three marginal spots only faintly indicated. Secondaries. General colour sandy- pink, with a minute brownish speck visible at the end of the cell. Expanse 11 inch. (Spec, ex Somali Land; J. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit.). “Dry-season” form of Female. — Central area of the primaries white, but the orange patch paler in colour, and the post-median band of dusky spots much reduced in size and not so strongly pronounced ; the spots on the post-median band disconnected and showing three small spots near the costal margin, the last and largest spot situated between the second and third median nervules ; the hind-marginal border indicated by small dusky brown nervular spots ; the brownish spot near the posterior angle less strongly marked than in the “ wet-season ” form. Secondaries entirely white. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the yellow apical patch sprinkled with brownish vermiculations, the post-median transverse line of spots well defined Secondaries sandy-pink, covered with brownish sprinklings ; a brownish band visible on the discal area. Expanse 1‘2 inch. (Spec, ex Somali Land ; J. G. Thrupp; Mus. Brit.). Habitat. — Somali Land. Somali Land. — (J. G. Thrupp; Mus. Brit .;) Butler, P. Z S. 1885, p. 77 2, pi. xlvii. fig. 11). Bichen, January 22, 1897 (F. Gil/ett ; Mus. Brit.). Gellokur, TERACOLUS. 97 February 9, 1895 (Mrs. E. Tort- Phillips ; E. M. Sharpe; P. Z. S. 1896, p. 528). Hand District, July 4, 1897 ; Edegan, July 9, 1897 ; Odewein, June 21, 1897 ; Hargeisa, April 25-28, 1895; (C. V. A. Peel ; Dixey,' P. Z. S. 1900, p. 15); Ahdeh, July 17, 1895; Sheik Husein, September 19 — October 1, 1895 (Dr. Donaldson Smith; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 536). This species of Teracolus, as far as my evidence goes, seems to be confined to Somali Land. It appears to be a small race of T. evarne, but with characteristics sufficient, I think, to distinguish it from that species, though it has been united to T. evarne by Mr. Guy Marshall in his “Monograph.” He observes: “ T. plillipsii is founded on dwarfed specimens ; it shows an unbroken gradation into the typical form.” Dr. Butler, on the other hand, considers it to be worthy of specific distinction, and be writes as follows : “ This is a well-defined local representative of T. evarne most nearly approaching the varietal form 7\ Uayore in character. In all its seasonal phases it is much more lightly marked and paler in colouring than T. evarne, as well as slightly smaller than in the corresponding phases of T. evarne. The ground colouring is always white, with the pale orange apical patch very faintly tinted with yellow along the inner edge ; the marginal bordering, even of the wet season male, is comparatively weak, while the secondaries are always unspotted. The female in the wet-season has the upper surface marked almost as in the dry-season female of T. evarne, while the intermediate type, which is smaller, has the female still less marked above and striated below with greenish-olive ; the dry-season form is very small, the male without marginal markings, the female very faintly marked, but both sexes rosy and more or less striated below.” EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. phillipsii. Plate 30, fig. 1. 6 Somali Land (J. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit. ; Type). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. J Somali Land (.7. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit. ; Type). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. „ Id. 3 Somali Land (.7. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit.). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. $ Somali Land (.7. G. Thrupp; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. TERACOLUS EUCHARIS, (Fabr.) (Plate 31, figs. 1, la-lm.) Bujnlio euchnris, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 472 (1875). Papilio aurora, Cramer, Pap. Exol. iv. pi. ccxcix, figs. A. B. (1872). 08 TERACOLUS. Euchloe ccevis, Hiibner, Verz. Vek. Schmett. p. 94 (1816). Pieris litea, Ciodart, Ent. Mcth. ix. p. 124 (1819). Teracolus eucharis, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 164 ; Swinhoe P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144; Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 36, no. 107 (1890); Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 26 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 45 (1897): De. Nic6ville, Journ. A S. Bengal, Ixviii. p. 214 (1899). Teracolus pseudevanthe, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 164, pi. vii. fig. 16 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144. Teracolus pollens, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 49 (1877). Callosune eucharis, Kilby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 802 (1877) ; Hampson, J. A. S., Bengal, lvii. pt. 2, p. 362 (1888-90) ; Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii., pp. 522-523 (1893). Teracolus titea, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144. This Indian species is nearly allied to the African T. auxo, but is at once dis¬ tinguished by the white ground-colour of the wings, in place of the sulphur-yellow which is the prevailing colour in T. auxo and its allies. Male. “Wet-season” form. — Central area of the primaries white, the orange apical patch somewhat narrow and enclosed on its inner margin by a pale yellow line, suffused with black, which broadens considerably towards the posterior angle ; the apex broadly edged with black, becoming gradually more narrow towards the centre of the hind-margin; base of wing thickly dusted with grey. Secondaries. Entirely white, the nervules terminating in brownish black spots on the hind- margin. Underside. — Primaries white, the apical area yellowish, crossed by a distinct greenish-brown or olive band, the nervules on the apical margin terminating in brownish spots; a slight greenish-brown band traversing the discal area, this band being broadest on the costal margin ; and with the usual dusky spot visible at the end of the cell. Expanse l’G inches. (Spec, ex Coonoor, Nilt/iris ; IF. B. Davison ; J. Davidson; Godman. — Salvin Coll . ; Mus. Brit.). Female. — Primaries whitish, the apical area brownish-black, extending to about the middle of the costal margin ; the posterior angle slightly edged with brownish- black ; the dark apical patch crossed by four hastate marks of orange, forming a band ; the inner edge of the apical patch irregularly out-lined with pale yellow ; base of wing grey with a distinct brownish spot at the end of the cell, and a second and somewhat larger spot visible about the middle of the inner-margin above the sub¬ median nervule. Secondaries. Ground-colour whitish, the brownish nervular spots somewhat large on the hind-margin, and with a brownish mark also visible on the costal margin. TERACOLUS. 99 Underside. — Primaries whitish ; base of wing greenish ; apical area yellowish) covered with brownish vermiculations and with minute inter-nervular dots of black on the hind-margin ; a post-median band of brown extending from the costal margin to as far as the second median nervule, and strongly marked ; a large and distinct spot situated about the centre of the inner margin. Secondaries. Ground-colour creamy white, thickly covered with yellowish-brown vermiculations, the broad discal band of greenish-brown strongly indicated and disconnected towards the middle of the wing; the hind-marginal border yellowish, with olive spots at the end of the nervules, with minute inter-nervular black dots also visible on the extreme edge of the marginal border. Expanse 1'6 inches. (Spec, ex Bijapur, July 25, 1892 (/. Davidson ; coll. E. M. Sharpe). “Intermediate” form of Male. — Similar to that of the “wet-season” form in general aspect, but without the inner line of black enclosing the orange apical patch, this patch being relieved by a post-median line of brownish spots ; the apex and hind margin brownish-black. Secondaries white, with minute black spots visible at the end of the nervules on the hind-margin. Underside. — Central area white, with the apical area yellow and relieved by a post-median line of dusky spots ; the base of the wing greenish-yellow. Secondaries. Ground colour sandy-yellow, with faint vermiculations of reddish-brown, the discal line well pronounced on the costal margin. Expanse 1'5 inches. (Spec, ex Bombay, January , 1887 ; Mas. Rothschild). “ Intermediate ” form of Female. — Primaries somewhat more yellow than in the “wet-season” form, the orange band on the apical are slightly broader; the post¬ median yellow line tinged with orange ; the usual dark spot near the inner margin nearly obsolete. Secondaries whitish, with brownish nervular spots on the hind- margin ; the dark costal mark almost invisible. Underside. — Primaries with the central area whitish, the base and inner edge of the apical area sulphur-yellow ; the apex ochre-yellow with slight brownish vermicu¬ lations ; a post-median band of brownish spots with silvery centres, strongly indicated as far as the second median nervule ; the inner marginal spot of brown, more pronounced than on the upper-surface. Secondaries. General colour pinkish-white, thickly covered with brownish-yellow vermiculations, the discal band and hind- marginal border rather more ochre-yellow. Expanse 1.5 inches. (Spec, ex Bombay , June 1887 ; Mm. Rothschild.) A second form of the “ intermediate ” male is somewhat similar to the male figured by me (Id.) but has the dusky post-median band on the orange apical area almost obsolete. The underside of both wings is whitish, and the olive green post- 100 TERACOLUS. median band or the primaries is well pronounced. The discal band on the secondaries is only indicated by an olive-green spot on the costal margin, and towards the hind- margin faint sprinklings of olive-green are visible. Expanse T5 inches. {Spec, ex Bijapur ; August 1892; J. Davidson; coll. E. M. Sharpe). “ Dry-season ” form of Male. — Central area of the primaries white, the apical area bright orange ; the apex and hind-margin narrowly edged with black as far as the first median nervule : a pale yellow line on the inner edge of the orange patch clearly indicated. Secondaries. Entirely white without any spots or markings. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, greenish-yellow at the base ; apical area yellow, with a post median row of reddish spots ; hind-margin with minute black inter-nervular dots. Secondaries. Entirely sandy-yellow ; a faint bull’ mark visible on the costal margin. Expanse 13 inches. {Spec, ex North India ; Mus. Rothschild.). “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — Similar to that of the “intermediate” female (fig. 1/1) in spots and markings, the ground-colour of both primaries and secondaries somewhat whiter. Underside. — Similar to that of the female figured by me (fig. \g.) ; the secondaries with the ground colour rather more pink. Expanse 13 inches. {Spec, ex Bombay, March 1887 ; Mus. Rothschild). A second form of the “ dry -season ” female has the orange apical patch on the primaries almost obsolete, but otherwise it agrees with the female described above (fig. 1L). Underside. — Primaries white, the base of the wing greenish-yellow, the apical area with brownish vermiculations ; the usual post-median band of spots strongly pro¬ nounced ; the dusky spot near the posterior angle also very [distinct. Secondaries. General colour pink, thickly covered with brownish vermiculations ; the discal band and nervular spots on the hind-margin olive-green. Expanse 12 inches. {Spec, ex Bombay, February 1887 ; Mus. Rothschild). Habitat. — Ceylon, throughout Southern India, northwards to Bombay and Khandesh. Ceylon { Templeton ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 164). Nilghiri Hills. — Coonoor {TV. H. Davison ; Godtnan-Salvin Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Metapollum, October ; Watson Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). Mysore. — Kolar, October ; Kippenhally, Kadur, Nittur, Arsikari, Bauavar, November {Watson, Coll.-, Mus. Brit.-, E. Y. Watson, Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc., Yol. Y., p. 36, No. 107, 1890). Belgaum, September (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144). Bombay; February, July} TERACOLUS. 101 November and December (Co/. C. Swinhoe ; Mm. Brit.-, Cf. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144). Khandesh (•/. Davidson, in lift.). This species is mentioned by Mi-. F. Moore in his “ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,” but he gives no exact details of the localities where it is to be met with in that island. In the British Museum there are some specimens from Ceylon, one of which is said to be from the neighbourhood of Colombo. Mr. De Niceville in his paper on the “ Butterflies of Ceylon ” (Journ. A. S. Bengal, vol. lxviii. pt. 2, p. 214, 1899) writes : “Mr. Pole says that it is not found south of Puttalam, nor aloug the coast as far as Trincomali, as far as he is aware. It flies in June and December, has apparently two broods, is a very local species, and is a lover of the sun, even on wind-blown and arid sea-shores. It occurs also in South India. Its transformations are unknown.” From the Nilghiri Hills T. eucharis is recorded both by Sir George Hampson and the late Capt. E. Y. Watson. They both agree that T. eucharis is the “dry-season ” form, T. pseudevanthe the “wet-season” form; and Capt. Watson considers T. titea to be “ intermediate.” Sir George Hampson writes : “ The genera Callosune and Idinais frequent the plains at the base of the Nilgliiris, and only appear on the plateau as stragglers.” Captain Watson also records T. eucharis from Mysore. (Cf. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 36, No. 107, 1890.) Colonel Swinhoe obtained it at Belgaum in September and in Bombay in the months of February and December, where it was “very plentiful.” (Cf. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144.) Mr. J. Davidson has kindly given me the following notes : “ I have reared T. eucharis in Bijapur only. The larva is narrow, and much resembles that of a moth. It is of a dull green, with no line along the back, but with either a yellow or pinkish-white line along each side. It has an extraordinary habit of resting with the anal segment turned up and not resting on a twig. The pupa was very much bent back, far more so than Terias, and the head was prolonged into a long thin beak recurved. When first formed it is pale green, but becomes a greyish- white, marbled more or less with brown. The larva feeds on Candaha indica Dr. Butler writes : “ The seasonal forms of this species follow the usual rules ; the wet-season forms being heavily marked above, yellowish and white with the usual markings below ; the intermediate forms are similar above, but the females show more orange in the apical black patch; the dryr-season forms are more lightly marked above, and much more rosy and more strongly striated below. Of each form there are two phases, one showing a double bar on the under surface of the male secondaries, the other only showing a costal dash or dot. Of the double-barred type are, first, p 102 TERA COL US. the wet-season form, which has received no distinctive name ; then the intermediate form, representing T. pseudevanthe ; lastly, the dry-season form, which is typical of T. eucharis. Of the costal marked type the wet-season form is again unnamed ; the intermediate form is T. aurora ; and the dry-season form T. pollens, which differs from all the other phases in showing no trace of the dusky spot on the inner edge of the orange apical patch in the male.” Plate 31, EXPLANATION OF THE FIGUKES OF T. eucharis. fig. 1. $ Coonor, Nilghiris (IF. R. Davison; Godman-Salvin Coll.; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. $ Bijapur (J. Davidson ; E. M. Sharpe Coll.). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. „ Id. c? Bombay, January 1887 (Mus. Rothschild). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. ., If. $? Bombay, June 1887 (Mus. Rothschild). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. „ lb. Bijapur (J. Davidson ; E. M. Sharpe Coll.). „ li. £ North India (Mus. Rothschild). „ Ij. Underside of fig. li. ,, lk. 'J Bombay, March 1887 (Mus. Rothschild). „ 11. Underside of fig. lk. „lm. ? Bomba}’, February 1887 (Mus. Rothschild). TE LI ACOLUS EVAN THE (Boisduval). (Plate 32, figs. 1, la-lg.) Anthocharis evanthe, Boisd., Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 567 (1836); Mabille, in Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag. p. 293, pi. 41, tigs. 1, la, 2 (1887). Teracolus evanthe, Butler, P. /. S. 1876, p. 165 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 26 ; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 45 (1897) ; Aurivillius, Rhop. Hitliiopicn, p. 438 (1898). Anthocharis ena, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) iii. p. 134 (1879); id. in Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag. pi. 40, figs. 6, 6a (1887). Allied to T. eucharis in coloration and markings, but with the dark nervular spots on the secondaries nearly obsolete, and with the underside thickly speckled with a dusting as of pepper. The female has a distinct orange band on the apical area, followed by a sulphur-yellow baud very plainly marked on the inner edge of the latter ; the nervular spots on the secondaries more or less strongly indicated. Underside thickly speckled. Male. — Central area of the primaries creamy-white, the apical area bright orange; the costa, apex, and hind-margin narrowly edged with black ; a distinct and some- TERACOLUS. 103 what broad transverse line of black enclosing the orange apical patch, and slightly broken by orange near the costa, the disco-cellular spot nearly obsolete ; the basal area thickly dusted with grey. Secondaries entirely creamy-white ; the black ner- vular spots on the hind-margin nearly obsolete ; the basal area dusted with grey. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apical area tinged with a pink shading corresponding to the orange patch on the upperside ; the base, costa, and apical area thickly dusted with grey ; a minute black spot visible at the end of the cell. Secondaries deep creamy-white, and entirely covered with pepper-coloured specklings. Expanse 1 '5 inches. [Spec. ex Betsileo, Madagascar; Rev. Deans Cowan; Mas. Brit. ). Fejiale. — Central area whitish ; apex and hind-margin brownish-black as far as the first median nervule ; a very distinct post-median band of bright orange consist¬ ing of five somewhat pointed spots towards the hind-margin ; the inner side of the orange irregularly outlined with brownish-black, followed by a sulphur-yellow suffusion, the usual black spot visible at the end of the cell ; the basal area dusted with grey. Secondaries, ground colour whitish, with dusky spots at the end of the nervules on the hind-margin, more or less obsolete ; the base of the wing slightly dusted with grey, the discal band on the underside faintly indicated ; the cilia of both wings reddish-buff. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apical area yellowish-buff, thickly sprinkled with grey, extending along the costal margin to the basal area ; a sulphur-yellow suffusion on the costa and on the inner edge of the apical area ; minute black nervular spots visible on the hind-margin. Secondaries, ground-colour pale buff, thickly sprinkled with greyish -brown, a discal band of greyish-brown visible from the costal margin to the second radial nervule, but absent from the third median nervule to as far as the sub-median nervure ; minute black nervular spots visible on the hind-margin ; a reddish spot at the end of the cell. Expanse l-4 inches. (Spec, ex Port Dauphin , South Madagascar ; G. F. Scott- Elliof ; Mas. Brit.) A second form of the female has the orange band on the primaries less pro¬ nounced on account of a brownish suffusion ; the sulphur-yellow line only faintly indicated ; the nervular spots on the secondaries slightly larger. Underside. — The general aspect of both wings paler in colour, but otherwise similar to the female above described (fig. le). Expanse 1 ’6 inches. (Spec, ex Madagascar ; Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.) A third form of the female has the whole of the apical area of the primaries brownish-black, relieved by three minute streaks of orange, the sulphur-yellow shading being almost obsolete. Secondaries with the nervular spots on the hind-margin small. 104 TERACOLUS. Underside. — The colour and markings of both the primaries and secondaries agree with that of the second form of the female above described. Expanse T4 inches. [Spec, ex Port Dauphin , South Madagascar ; G. F. Scott- Elliot.) A fourth form lias no indication of the orange on the brownish-black apical area ot the primaries ; the basal area more thickly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries not different in colour and markings. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white; base and apical area with greenish striations. Secondaries, ground-colour white, covered with greenish striations ; and with minute black nervnlar dots visible on the hind-margin. Expanse 1'6 inches. (Spec, ex Madagascar ; Godman-Salvin Colt.; Mus. Brit.) Habitat. — Madagascar. Madagascar ( Bates Colt. ; Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). Antananarivo ; Mus. Brit.). Betsileo : Ankafana Forest (Per. Deans Cowan ; Mus. Brit.). Port Dauphin, South Madagascar ( G. F. Scott- Elliot ; Mus. Brit.). Of this species Mr. Guy Marshall writes: “ A curious species, linking T. evarne and T. evippe groups ; peculiar to Madagascar. T. ena does not seem to present any characters entitling it to specific rank.” Dr. Butler also makes the following remarks : “ This species appears to have no wet-season form. The variety T. ena is perhaps a little drier in character than the type, but both belong to the dry-season phases.” Beyond the fact that Mr. Mabille says that it is very common over all the island, and that the females are rarer than the males there seem to be no further notes published on the species. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. evanthe. Plate 32, fig. 1. S Betsileo, Madagascar (Rev. Beans Cowan ; Mus. Brit.). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. $ Port Dauphin, South Madagascar (G. F. Scott- Elliot ; Mus. Bril.). ,, lc. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. 9 Madagascar (Godman-Salvin Coll. ; Mus. Brit.). „ le. ? Port Dauphin, South Madagascar (G. F. Scott- Elliot ; Mus. Brit.). „ If. $ Madagascar (Godman-Salvin C'olL ; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. TERACOLUS ETE1DA (Boisduval). (Plate 33, figs. 1, la-lm.) A nthocharis etritla, Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 576 (1836). Teracolm elrida, Butler, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 726, 1876, p. 160, 1881, p. 609; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. TEEACOLUS. 105 1884, p. 510; 1885, p. 144; Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. ii. p. 38 (1887); Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. v. p. 359 (1890); Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. v. p. 36 (1890); id. op. cit. viii. pp. 522, 523 (1893); Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 26; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) rx, p. 456 (1897); Mackinnon and De Niceville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. p. 591 (1898). Teracolus pernotatus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 159, pi. vii. fig. 1 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 511, 1885, p. 144, 1886, p. 432. Teracolus farrinus , Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 159, pi. vii. fig. 2; id. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 373. Teracolus purus, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 160, pi. vii. figs. 14, 15, 1881, p. 610, 1886, p. 374. Teracolus casimirus. Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 161, pi. vii. fig. 5. Teracolus bimbura, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 161, pi. vii. figs. 3, 4, 1881, p. 610; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 511, 1885, p. 144, 1886, p. 433. Callosune etrida, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 803 (1877); Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 362. Callosune bimbura, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 803 (1877). Callosune casimirus, id. t.c. p. 803 (1877). Callosune farrinus, id. t.c. p. 804 (1877). Callosune pernotatus, id. t.c. p. 805 (1877). Callosune purus, id. t.c. p. 805 (1877). Callosune farrina, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 254. Callosune pur a, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 254. Teracolus etrida is at once distinguished from T. eucliaris by the much more reddish tint of the orange on the apical area, which is also more restricted and is enclosed by a broad transverse brownish-black line. The female also has a more reddish orange apical band, with two distinct brownish spots visible on the primaries, one spot being situated between the first and second median nervules and a second spot appearing above the sub-median nervure. This character seems to be specific and appears throughout all the seasonal phases. Male. — Central area of the primaries white, with a pale suffusion of lemon- yellow towards the apical area ; the orange-red apical patch lined on the inner side with a very distinct, broad band of black ; costa, apex, and hind-margin with a broad border of black, which becomes extremely narrow on the posterior angle ; the base of the wing blackish, thickly sprinkled with grey, extending along the discoidal cell ; the usual minute black dot visible at the end of the cell. Secondaries entirely creamv-white ; the nervules terminating in large brownish-black spots on the hind- margin, but distinctly separated by white streaks, with a dusky spot visible near the end of the costal margin. Underside . — Primaries with t.lrn central area white; the apical area yellow; the apex, costa, and basal area greenish-yellow ; an olive-green band on the inner edge of the yellow apical patch ; the black discoidal spot at the end of the cell plainly 106 TERAGOLUS. indicated. Secondaries, ground colour whitish, the hind-margin greenish-yellow ; an olive-green transverse band crossing the discal area, becoming almost obsolete towards the inner margin ; the basal area faintly sprinkled with grey, the black disco-cellular spot lined on its inner edge with orange-yellow. Expanse 1'6 inches. (Spec. ex Bombay ; John Thorpe; Mm. Brit.) Female. — Central area of the primaries creamy-white, the orange-red apical patch slightly narrower than in the male, but similarly margined on the inner edge by a broad line of brownish-black, followed by a narrow line of sulphur yellow; the costal margin narrowly edged with black ; the apex and hind-margin as far as the first median nervule showing a black border ; a small dusky spot between the first and second median nervules, and a dusky twin spot near the posterior angle situated above the sub-median nervure; the basal area dusky, sprinkled with grey; the usual black dot visible at the end of the cell. Secondaries, ground colour creamy-white, with a light suffusion of sulphur-yellow, the nervules terminating in brownish-black spots on the hind-margin, each spot separated by a streak of yellowish-white ; a somewhat large twin spot of brownish black on the costal margin ; the basal area dusky sprinkled with grey. Underside. — Central half of the wing whitish ; the basal area greenish-yellow, extending along the costal margin. The apical area greenish-yellow, and traversed by a distinct band of olive-green, the characteristic dusky spots on the upperside well pronounced ; these spots, although disconnected, forming a transverse discal band. Secondaries, ground colour creamy-white, with a shading of greenish-yellow on the hind-margin ; a band of olive-green crossing the discal area, somewhat disconnected near the centre of the wing; a greyish dusting visible everywhere, but more thickly distributed on the basal area ; the minute black dot at the end of the cell edged with orange-yellow on its basal side. Expanse 15 inches. (Spec, ex Fao, Persian Gulf, September 7, 1889; W. D. Cumming ; Mus. Brit.) “ Intermediate ” form of Male. — Primaries white, the orange-red patch smaller; the brownish-black hind-margin terminating above the first median nervule ; the disco-cellular spot very minute; basal area faintly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries, ground colour white, the brownish-black nervular spots much reduced in size. Underside. — Central area white, the base greenish-yellow ; apical area greenish- yellow, with an olive-green transverse band. Secondaries entirely white ; the ner¬ vules terminating in greenish spots on the hind-margin ; a minute orange spot in the cell ; a twin spot of greenish-yellow at the end of the costal margin. Expanse T2 inches. (Spec, ex Wazirabad, Punjab ; Brigadier Hearsey ; Mus. Brit. ; Type of T. pur tat.) TERACOLUS. 107 “Intermediate” form of Female. — The size is rather smaller, and the ground colour somewhat white ; otherwise the spots and markings do not differ from those of the “ wet-season ” form. Underside. — Similar to that of the “ wet-season ” form of the male above described. Expanse 1'2 inches. (Spec, ex Wazirabud, Punjab ; Brigadier Hearsey ; Ulus. Brit. ; Type of T. purus.) “ Dry-season” form of Male. — Smaller in size, and entirely white on the central area of the primaries ; the brownish-black borders enclosing the orange apex much narrower; the basal area faintly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries white; the brownish nervular spots on the hind-margin somewhat smaller. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apical area yellowish-buff, dusted with greyish sprinklings, the olive-greenish transverse band visible ; basal area greenish-yellow. Secondaries, the whole of the ground-colour yellowish-buff, some¬ what lighter on the hind-margin ; the dusky transverse band well indicated ; the basal area thickly dusted with grey. Expanse 1'2 inches. (Spec, ex Mean Meer, October 31, 1890; Harford Co//.; Mus. Brit.) “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — Much smaller in size, the central area creamy- white ; the orange apical patch narrower; the brownish-black transverse line slightly broken towards the hind-margin; the dusky spots very minute, the spot above the sub-median nervure being almost obsolete. Secondaries creamy-white, the dusky nervular spots on the hind-margin small. Underside. — Central area whitish, the basal area greenish-yellow ; apical area yellowish -buff ; the transverse olive-green band plainly indicated. Secondaries, ground-colour sandy -yellow, with greyish dustings ; the brownish discal band only faintly marked. Expanse IT inches. (Spec, ex Mean Meer , October 19, 1890; Harford Co/l.; Mus. Brit.) A second form of the “ dry-season ” female has the orange on the apical area of the primaries nearly obsolete, the brownish transverse line well-pronounced, and the basal area thickly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries having the brownish nervular spots somewhat larger on the hind-margin, the brownish spot on the costal margin also larger, and a faint dusky line faintly traversing the discal area. Underside. — With the exception that all the dusky spots on both wings are larger, and that the apical area on the primaries, as well as the entire ground colour of the secondaries, is sandy-buff, though thickly suffused with greyish dustings, the colouring agrees with that of the female above described. 108 TERACOLUS. Expanse 11 inches. ( Spec . ex Mean Meer, October 7, 1890; Harford Coll.;. Mus. Brit.). Habitat. — From Southern and Central India to North-western India and Sind ; eastwards to the Persian Gulf. Nilghiri Hills ( Godman-Salvin Coll .; Mus. Brit. ; Hampson, Journ. A. S. Bengal, 1888, p. 362). Mysore. — Ivolar, October (Watson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. v. p. 36, 1890). Berhampur, Ganjam, August 1897 ( Watson Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Hoshungabad, Singanama, Kesla, C. India ( Bethan , teste De Niceville, in epist.). Orissa {Taylor ; De Niceville, in epist.). Bombay, September (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144). Poona, January, February, June, October and November (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144). Canara, very rare (Davidson, Bell, and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. x., p. 572, 1897). Khandesh, Nassic, and Guzerat {J. Davidson, in epist.). Alimednuggar, November (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 144). Mhow, January and September (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 432). Neemuch, September (Swinhoe, t.c. p. 432). Agra {De Niceville, in epist.). Mean Meer, October [Harford Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Wazirabad, Punjab ( Briyadier Hearsey; Mus. Brit.). Campbellpur, June, July, October and November {Col. Yerbury ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 374). Hassan, Abdal {Col. Yerbury; Butler, l.c.). Masuri, “ very rare ” (Mackinnon and De Nice¬ ville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xi. p. 591, 1898). Simla {De Niceville, in epist.). Kussowlie (Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 159). Attock Bridge, Khairabad side, November, Chittar Pahar, Lumbahdun (2000 feet), November {Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit.). Between Tret and Barracoo, Murri and Rawul Pindi road, October {Col. Yerbury ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 373). Bimbur, Cashmere (Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 161). Sind, Jlielum River {Rev. A. B. Spaiyht ; Butler, P. Z S. 1870, p. 726). Multan {De Niceville, in epist.). Karachi, April to February (Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 511; Butler, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 610). Persian Gulf. — Fao ( W. D. Camming ; Mus. Brit.). As Air. Guy Marshall has already pointed out, this species is the Indian representative of the African T. evippe. Dr. Butler has separated several phases of this species under distinct specific names — viz., T. pernotatus, T. farrinus, T. purus, T. casimirus, and T. birnbura. Watson remarks (cf. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. viii. pp. 522, 523, 1893): “The first four named forms of the second series, T. etrida, T. farrinus, T. pernotatus and T. purus are practically inseparable; T. birnbura, which is in the British Museum, only from North-west India, differs in having a reddish-brown underside, but this is a character which is found in specimens from Southern India, and is merely varietal, probably more or less seasonal.” . TERACOLUS. 109 On this question the latest opinion of Dr. Butler is as follows: “ Of the varieties of T. etrida to which I gave distinctive names, T. farrinus is the most heavily marked on the upper surface, though T. pernotatus- runs it very close; T. punts is a dwarf form of the species with rather more orange at the apex than in the typical T. etrida. These are all wet-season or intermediate forms. The dry-season phase is represented by T. casimirus and the starved form of it which I described under the name of T. bimbura,” . Mr. De Niceville, who has kindly informed me of several unpublished localities for this species, writes : “ 1 have caught T. etrida at Simla at 6000 feet, and at Agra. It has a quick flight for so frail an insect, and keeps near the ground, dodging about between the herbage and bushes, so is not easy to catch, as one’s net gets ‘ hung up.’ ” Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, vol. v. p. 359) writes : “ We have reared this in Bombay in the month of December on Cadaba indica. From the very meagre note we made at the time, the larva appears to have been like that of Terias hecabe, but perceptibly enlarged near the posterior extremity. The pupa was also like that of Terias, but stouter, and the snout was long and sharply recurved. The colour was pale straw or dirty white.” Mr. Aitken (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887 ii. p. 38) writes as follows : “ I have not yet seen any reason to believe that all the orange-tipped Teracoli in this Presidency constitute more than one species. It is subject, like most of the Pierints, to very wide variation, which does not seem to depend much on climate or season. I have reared very different varieties from larvae taken at one time, in the same spot, if not on the same plant. The larva feeds on a small climbing caper which is very common on the hilly parts of Bombay. (Young plant of C. horrida ? ) It is nearly cylindrical, slender, and of a uniform green colour, with the rough surface characteristics of the larvae of Catopsilia and Terias. The pupa has a sharp transverse ridge above, at the junction of the thorax and abdomen, which extends well beyond the general outline on each side, forming a pointed lateral process. From this a dorsal ridge runs out into a similar point just over and behind the head. The colour is light green, with a triangular patch of yellowish-white on the anterior side of each lateral process and a similar patch covering the top of the head. This species is in season at the commencement of the hot weather.” Colonel Yerbury has kindly given me the following notes: — “Very common; may be met with anywhere in the neighbourhood of Campbellpur, but shows a slight preference tor the bushes of Capperis aphylla, the ‘ blazing bush ’ of the Punjab and Bajputana.” Mr. J. Davidson writes to me : “ All my specimens are from Khandesh, Nassic, Q no TERACOLUS. and Guzerat, but I fully believe I have seen it in the other districts I have served in.” I do not agree with Mr. Guy Marshall in adding T. limbatm to this species, and I have therefore followed Dr. Butler in keeping it distinct, as a Ceylonese form* EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. etrida. Plate 33, fig. 1 . $ Bombay ( John Thorpe ; Mm. Brit,). „ la. Underside of fig. 1. „ lb. ? Fao, Persian Gulf, September 7, 1889 (IF. D. Cumminy ; Mm. Brit.). „ lc. Underside of fig. lb. ,, Id. <5 Wazirabad, Punjab ( Brigadier Hearse;/ ; Mm. Brit.). „ le. Underside of fig. Id. „ If. ? Wazirabad, Punjab {Brigadier Heu/rsey ; Mus. Brit.). „ lg. Underside of fig. If. „ lh. > 2e. $ Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa (R. Crawshay ; Mus. Brit. Type of species). Underside of fig. 1. $ Henga, W. of Lake Nyasa (A. Crawshay ; Mas. Brit. Type of species). Underside of fig. lb. J Nyasa Land (A. Sharpe ; Mies. Brit.). Underside of fig. Id. TERACOLUS DAIRA (King). (Plate 37, figs. 1, la-lo.) Pontia daira, Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. viii. figs. 1-4 (1829). Antkocharis daira, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 579 (1836). Anthocharis nouna, Lucas, Expl. Algeria Zool. iii p. 350, pi. i. fig. 2 (1869). Anthopsyche demagore, Feld. ; Reise Novara Lepid., p. 186 (1865). Anthopsyche dalila, Feld, t.c., p. 188 (1865). Anthopsyche stygia, Feld., t.c., p. 188 (1865). Callosune nouna, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Hiurn. Lepid. p. 503 (1871). Callosune demagore, i.d. t.c., p. 503 (1871). Callosune dalila, i.d. t.c., p. 503 (1871). Callosune daira, i.d. t.c., p. 503 (1871). 126 TERACOLUS. Callosune stygia, i.d. t.c., p. 503 (1871). Teracolus xanthus, $ . Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 440, pi. xxxix. tig. 11. Teracolus odysseus, 6 . Swinhoe, t.c. p. 441, pi. xl. fig. 3. Teracolus dalila, Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 34. Teracolus stygia, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 459 (1897). Teracolus daira, Butler, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 247 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 34; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist (G) xx. p. 459 (1897); Aurivillius, t.c., p. 435 (1898). Teracolus liagore, Butler, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 812. Distinguished from T. infumatus by the ground-colour having a more creamy appearance, the orange apical band narrower, and the usual black discoidal spot entirely absent, this being the case in both sexes. The females have the ground¬ colour more or less sulphur-yellow, hut with all the markings as in the males, while the orange apical spots are always obsolete. Male. — Central area of the primaries creamy-white ; the apical area brownish- black, relieved by a narrow row of five orange-red spots, much pointed on both sides ; the dark hind-marginal border terminating above the first median nervule ; the costal margin grey, with a brownish-black line along the inner margin, the basal half being thickly sprinkled with grey. Secondaries entirely creamy-white ; the brownish-black hind-marginal border considerably relieved with white near the anal angle ; above the marginal border, extending over the first, second and third median nervules, is a brownish-grey shading ; the costal margin brownish-black, with the extreme base grey. Underside. — The discal area of the primaries white, extending to the posterior angle ; the base and discoidal cell pale yellow, the orange apical patch surrounded by a light green shade which extends along the costa to the base, this colour sprinkled all over with a dusting of grey ; the dark line on the inner margin well pronounced. Secondaries creamy-white, with a broad greyish-green hind-marginal border which graduates towards the apex ; a deep orange streak on the costal margin ; a small spot of the same colour visible at the end of the cell, and relieved by a minute black dot. Expanse 1*4 inches. (Spec, ex Zeila , Somali Land; Jane 4, 1895; Capt. Nurse; Mas. Brit. ; sub non/. T. daira.) Female. — Primaries pale yellow, the apical area brownish-black to as far as the first median nervule ; a very pronounced and broad brownish line along the inner margin, thickly sprinkled with grey, this line united to the apical patch by a thin dusky line. Secondaries pale yellow, the base and costal margin brown, dusted with grey ; the upper half of the hind-marginal border brownish-black, the lower half, towards the inner margin, divided and sprinkled with grey ; the nervules terminating in brown. TERACOLUS. 127 Underside. — Very similar to that of the male (fig. la), excepting that the ground¬ colour of the secondaries is pale yellow, instead of white. Expanse 1 ‘4 inches. (Spec, ex Zeila, Somali Land; June 4, 1895; Capt. Nurse; Mas. Brit.) A second form of the female is very similar to the one full)- described above, the differences being the sulphur-yellow ground-colour of both wings and the somewhat narrower brownish-black apical patch on the primaries. The underside does not differ as regards the spots and markings, but the ground-colour is deeper yellow. Expanse 1'3 inches. (Spec, ex Zeila , Somali Land, Map 28, 1895 ; Capt. Nurse ; Mus. Brit.; T. stppia.) “ Intermediate ” form of Male. — Central area of the primaries creamy-white, the orange-red apical patch broader, and extending over the black transverse band towards the costal margin ; the dark line along the inner margin only indicated by a faint dusky spot near the posterior angle. Secondaries with the hind-marginal border somewhat narrower, and showing more white towards the anal angle. Underside. — Ground-colour of both wings more greenish-yellow; a blackish spot strongly indicated near the posterior angle. Secondaries showing a distinct olive- green line in place of the usual shading on the hind-margin, a spot of the same colour being also visible near the end of the costal nervure. Expanse l-3 inches. (Spec, ex Zarafe River , White Nile ; Capt. IL. N. Dunn ; Mus. Brit. ; T. stppia.) “Intermediate” form of Female. — Excepting that the brownish-black markings on both wings are much reduced in size, especially on the inner margin of the primaries, specimens agree with fig. Id both on the upper and under surface. A second form has the ground-colour of both wings sulphur-yellow ; the brownish-black apical patch on the primaries suffused with deep yellow on the inner side ; the dark line on the inner margin faintly indicated with reddish-buff ; the nervules terminating in brownish spots on the hind margin, the apical spots being the largest. Underside. — Central area yellowish-white, the base darker ; the orange band lined on the apex and hind margin with yellowish-buff; a faint buff spot and line visible along the inner margin. Secondaries entirely sandy-yellow ; the hind-marginal border darker ; a faint reddish-buff spot at the end of the costal nervure. Expanse 1*6 inches. (Spec, ex “ Upper Epppt” ; Consul Bet herick ; Mus. Brit. ; one of the types of T. xanfhus, Swinhoe.) “ Dry-season ” form of Male. — Primaries white, with a large orange-yellow patch covering the whole of the apical area ; the nervules faintly streaked with black on the hind margin, but not below the first median nervule, Secondaries 128 TERACOLUS. entirely white ; the nervules terminating in small brownish spots on the hind margin. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white ; apical area yellow, relieved by three streaks of orange-red. Secondaries entirely white. Expanse 1'6 inches. (Spec, ex loc.ign. ; Salvin-Godman Coll. ; Mus. Bril. ; T. liagore.) “Dry-season” form of Female. — Primaries yellowish-white, the basal area greenish-grey; the orange-red apical patch relieved by a post-median line of brown ; the nervules to as far as the first median nervule terminating in small black spots on the hind margin ; a greyish spot situated between the sub-median nervure and the first median nervule. Secondaries pinkish-white, the hind-marginal border brownish, with the commencement of a brown discal line visible at the end of the costal nervule. Underside. — Central area of the primaries whitish, the base yellowish-green ; the orange-red band veiy bright; the apex more yellow ; a dusky spot situated near the posterior angle. Secondaries sandy-pink ; the hind-marginal border deeper in colour and tinged with a green shading on the exti-eme edge ; the discal line near the apex also strongly marked ; the usual orange streak visible along the costal margin. Expanse 1‘3 inches. (Spec, ex Muscat , Arabia; Lieut. -Colonel JagaJcar ; Mm. Brit. ; T. liagore.) A second form of the “dry-season” male is much smaller; the orange-yellow apical patch not so brilliant in colour, and the black on the hind-marginal border slightly more pronounced. Underside. — The basal area of the primaries and the ground-colour of the secondaries pale yellow. Expanse IT inches. (Spec, ex White Nile; Consul Petherick; Mus. Bril.; T. demagore.) The second form of the “ dry-season” female has the black hind-marginal border and the post-median line yellowish-brown ; no shading visible at the base ; the secondaries white with brownish nervular spots on the hind margin. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white ; the base pale yellow ; the apical area yellowish-buff, relieved by a post-median line of dusky spots, with a similar spot situated near the posterior angle. Secondaries entirely yellowish-buff with slightly darker markings. Expanse 1*3 inches. (Spec, ex White Nile ; Consul Petherick ; Mus. Brit.) Habitat. — Algeria to Egypt, the Upper Nile districts, and Somali Land; also the countries bordering the lied Sea and ranging to Muscat in Eastern Arabia. Algeria (Lucas, Expl. Alger. Zool. iii. p. 350, pi. i., fig. 2, 1849). Shelal TERACOLUS. 129 Mountain, near Suakin, February (A. J. CZohnlcy ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 776). “Upper Egypt” (Consul Pelherick ; Mus. Brit.). Upper White Nile. — Gabt-el-Neeghahid, Zarafe River (Capt. H. N. Dunn ■ Mus. Brit.). Bogos Land (Mus. Rothschild ; type of T. styyia). Anseba Valley. Waliko (Jesse; Godman-Salvin Coll.; Mus. Brit.). Somali Land. — Zeila, May and June (Capt. Nurse; Mus. Brit. ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 254). Hammer, Wardi, February; Dara-as, March (Mrs. Lort- Phillips ; E. M. Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 528). Arabia. — Muscat (Lieut. -Colonel Jayakar ; Mus. Brit.-, Butler, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 812). This species belongs to a distinct group, which includes also T. heuylini and T. evayore. Dr. Butler and Mr. Guy Marshall agree fairly well concerning the synonymy of this species, excepting that the latter gentleman considers T. demayore to be identical with T. ephyia instead of with T. daira, and T. nouna to be the same as T. evayore. Dr. Butler tells me that he now regards T. styyia as identical with T. daira, and he believes that the latter is really identical with T. liayore, which I have placed as a synonym of T. evarne (vide antea, p. 90). In this I followed Dr. Butler’s latest arrange¬ ment of the genus; and if T. liayore really belongs to the T. daira group, and is identical with the last-named species, then the latter name will have to be suppressed and that of T. liayore adopted. The type of T. styyia of Felder, from Bogos Land, has been kindly lent to me by the Hon. Walter Rothschild; it is, according to Dr. Butler, an “intermediate seasonal ” form. I agree with Dr. Butler that it is identical with T. daira, and he has since identified several specimens in the British Museum from Zeila, collected by Capt. Nurse, as being T. styyia, and not to be separated specifically from T. daira. Again, owing to Mr. Rothschild's kindness, I have been able to examine all the Felder types, and I find that T. demayore is a very “dry” form, having the black apical spots more distinctly indicated, also a grey dusting along the inner margin. The specimens in the National collection do not quite agree with the type. Dr. Butler writes: “The type of Felder’s T. dahla is identical with the typical wet-season form. T. odysseus is an intermediate form, and T. nouna (of which T. demayore is a synonym) is the dry-season form. The latter, owing to its resemblance in the male sex to the dry-season forms of two other allied species, has been united to them and placed in the next group of species by Mr. Guy Marshall.” Mr. Guy Marshall observes: ‘The male seems to hold an intermediate position between T. yerburii and T. thruppii, but the female is very distinct from that of any 130 TERACOL US. other species. In defining T. xanthus and T. odt/sseus, Colonel Swiuhoe has un¬ doubtedly confused the sexes of two species, for the male T. odt/sseus clearly belongs to the female T. xantlius, and in my opinion they constitute the dry-season form of T. dair a. Moreover, the male T. xanthus and the female T. odt/sseus are referable to one species — viz. the variable T. eva J? lc. ld. >> >> ?» >> le. lf. ig- ih. li. lj. lk. Jl 11. ? Witu, May 1891 (A. ./. ; ,/acW C'o«.). Underside of fig. lb. 9 Karamoja ( Capt . Diver ; E. M. Sharpe Coll ). Underside of fig. Id. S Somali Land (./. G. Thrupp ; J his. Brit.-, type of T. thruppi). Somali Land (J. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit. ; type of T. thruppi). ? Campi-ya-Simba, Ukamba, January 1899 ( Dr. J. W. Ansorye ; Mus. Rothschild). <$ Bunda Maria, Somali Land, April 1884 (Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). Underside of fig. li. 9 Somali Land (J. G. Thrupp ; Mus. Brit. ; type of T. jamesi). Underside of fig. Ik. TERACOLUS EVAGORE (Klug). (Plate 39, figs. 1, la-lh.) Pontia evagore, Klug, Symb. Pliys, Ins. plate viii. figs. 5, G (1829). Anthocharis evagore, Boisd. Sp. Gen. I. p. 579 (1836). CaUosune evagore, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 503 (1871). Teracolus yerburyi, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 441, pi. xxxix. f. 12 ; Butler, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 419 ; id. P. Z. S. 1896, p. 246, pi. x. f. 14 ; Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 33. Teracolus saxeus, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 441, pi. xl. figs. 1, 2; Butler, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 491. Teracolus sivinhoei, Butler, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 491. Teracolus evagm-e, Holland, Proc. U.S. Mus. Hist, xviii. p. 762 (1895); Guy Marshall, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 34; Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. p. 459 (1897); Aurivillius, Rhop. Hithiopica, p. 435 (1898). Allied to T. daira and T. heuylini, but is at once distinguished by the nearly obsolete black line along the inner margin of the primaries, this being represented only by a distinct black spot near the posterior angle. Male. — Central area of the primaries creamy-white, the apical area brownish- black, relieved by five spots of orange-red varying in size ; the basal area dusted with grey, this colour faintly indicated on the inner margin and along the costal margin ; a distinct black spot situated near the posterior angle above the sub-median nervure, and connected with the hind-margin by a thin line of black. Secondaries creamy- white, with a large black spot near the apical area, the three median nervules terminating in small spots on the hind margin ; above these spots a distinct grey shading, separated by a line of white ; the base grey, with a black line extending along the costal margin. Underside. — Very similar to that of T. heuylini , the usual black inner marginal line only represented by a distinct black spot. Secondaries with the green shading on the hind margin less strongly marked, extending along the sub-median nervure, and suffusing the whole of the basal area. TEBACOLVS. 135 Expanse 1'3 inches. ( Spec . ex SI/ ail Oilman, Aden, February 1895, Capf . Nurse; E. M. Sharpe Col/.) Female. — Central area of the primaries creamy-white, the dark apical area much more reduced than in the male, the orange spots somewhat yellower in colour, the internal black line almost obsolete and replaced by a sulphur-yellow line, the black posterior spot larger than in the male, and showing a slight connection with the hind-margin, the faintest of grey speckling visible along the inner margin. Secondaries creamy-white, the black apical and nervular spots much smaller on the hind-margin ; the grey shading near the discal area also fainter than in the male. Underside. — Similar to that of the male, the ground colour of both wings somewhat yellower, the green shading being almost absent. Expanse 1'3 inches. (Spec, ex Aden, 1894/ Mus. Rothschild.) The “ intermediate ” form of the male has the ground colour of both wings entirely sulphur-yellow ; the orange-red spots on the primaries larger ; the grey shading along the inner margin rather more strongly indicated. The underside does not differ from that of the “ wet-season ” male described above. Expanse 1 '5 inches. (Spec, ex Haithalhim, April 1884; Col. Yerbury ; Mus. Brit. Type of T. swinhoei, Butler. ) “Dry-season ” form of Male. — Primaries white, relieved by a brilliant orange- yellow patch on the apical area, the costal- and hind-margins narrowly edged with black to as far as the first median nervule. Secondaries entirely white, the nervules terminating in minute brownish spots on the hind margin. Underside. — Central area of the primaries white, the apical area sandy-buff crossed by a band of deep orange-red. Secondaries ivory-white, the usual orange costal streak and discoidal spot visible. Expanse 1'2 inches. (Spec, ex Aden, 1894; Mus. Rothschild.) “ Dry-season ” form of Female. — Central area white, the apical area orange- yellow, crossed by a thin line of dusty brown ; the apex and hind margin, to as far as the first median nervule, brownisli-black. Secondaries white, the nervules terminating in brownish spots on the hind margin. Underside. — Ground-colour white, the apical area sandy-buff with a distinct band of orange-red ; an almost obsolete spot near the posterior angle. Secondaries sandy- buff, with the usual orange costal streak and disco-cellular spot ; a dusky spot at the end of the costal nervure, as well as a dusky line across the median nervules, indicating a broken discal line, the nervules terminating in minute black dots on the hind-margin. Expanse 1'2 inches. (Spec, ex Lahej, Aden ; December 1894, Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit. Type of T. saxeus, Swinhoe $.) 136 TERACOLUS. Habitat. — S. Arabia. Equatorial Africa to Nigeria. Arabia. — Aden, February, March, and April ( Col . Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.; Capt. Nurse; Butler, P. Z. S. 1896, pp. 253-4). Husvvah, March, May, June, and September ( Col . Yerbury ; Mus. Brit.). Shaik Othman, February, March, and April (Col. Yerbury; Mas. Brit.), May (Mus. Rothschild). Haithalhim, March, April, and December (Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit.); March and December (Col. Yerbury; Mus. Rothschild). Laliej, February, May, and December (Col. Yerbury; Mus. Brit, ef Mus. Rothschild). Equatorial Africa. — Iombene Bange, north-east of Mount Kenya ( 11. A . Chanter ; Holland, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xviii. p. 762, 1895). Wkst Africa. — Ilo, Paver Niger, January and February 1899 ( Dr. Cuthbert Christy ; E. M. Sharpe , Entomologist, vol. xxxv. p. 103, 1902), The “wet-season” form, T. yerburyi, is very distinct from the corresponding- phase of T. dairci and T. heuylini, as it lacks the black line along the inner margin, this characteristic mark being replaced by a blackish spot near the posterior angle. I am still doubtful about the “ dry-season ” form (true T. evayore). Dr. Holland has recorded a specimen from Mount Kenya in Equatorial Africa as T. evayore. I have not yet seen an example from this part of Africa, and suspect that the specimen, a male, may turn out to be T. heuylini. Some specimens of Teracolus, collected by my friend Dr. Christy at Ho in Upper Nigeria, are, in my opinion, absolutely the same as typical examples of T. evayore from Arabia. This, it need hardly be said, will, if true, prove to be a very interesting fact in geographical distribution. I have united T. yerburyi to T. evayore, following Dr. Butler ; but it should be noted that Mr. Guy Marshall considers that it is distinct and that T. swinhoei is a yellow variety. I am inclined to agree with him in this conclusion, but I cannot follow him in the suppression of all the forms which he places under T. evayore. Dr. Butler observes in his latest revision of the genus : “ T. yerburyi is the wet-season form ; T. swinhoei may be taken as either a yellow variety or an inter¬ mediate type, and T. evayore ( T. saxeus) is the dry-season form. Practically the whole of the forms are dry-season, but they represent the seasonal phases which occur in more variable climates. That '/’. evayore is the dry-season phase of T. yerburyi (and consequently T. heuylini of T. ihrnppii and T. nouna of T. daira) is evident from the fact recorded (P. Z. S. 1896, p. 247) that one pupa from a batch of larvae bred by Capt. Nurse produced T. evayore (he calls it T. nouna, but that is a mere misidenti- fication) and all the others T. yerburyi.” Colonel Yerbury has sent me the following observations on T. yerburyi and T. evayore. Of the former he writes: “Common inland. The larva feeds on a plant, possibly Caduba indica, but it has not been identified. They are plumbeous, faintly TERACOLUS. 137 spotted with white, the dorsal stripe on each flank orange ; below the lateral stripes a black projection spotted with white on each segment. The larvae are covered with short bristly hairs. The pupa varies in colour from pale lilac to straw colour, with a purple central and yellow lateral stripes. Length of the pupa stage about seven days. The pupae have a considerable resemblance to those of Euchloe cardnmines. “ T. evayore is very common inland ; the larvae feed on the same plant as T. yerburyi. Neither of these orange-tipped species is to be found in Aden proper. Too much stress should not be laid on the fact that Capt. Nurse bred a specimen of T. evayore from a caterpillar taken with the larvae of T. yerburyi. The facts of the case are as follows. At Shaik Othman one dayr Capt. Nurse collected about forty' larvae feeding on a certain species of plant (probably Catluba indica). These larvae were collected from many plants, and from them emerged many specimens of T. yerburyi and one specimen of T. evayore. The larva of T. evayore was not recognised, though it may have been quite distinct from those of T. yerburyi ; nor is there any evidence to show that the egg from which this larva emerged was not laid by T. evayore ?. T. evayore and T. yerburyi may be seasonal forms, but at present the fact is not proved.’' EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES OF T. evayore. Plate 30, fig. ]. c? „ la. „ lb. ? „ lc. „ Id. J „ le. c? >» ig- 9 ih. Shaik Othman, February 1895 (Capt. C. ft. Nurse; K. M. Sharpe Coll.). Underside of fig. 1. Aden, 1894 (Mus. Rothschild). Underside of fig. lb. Haithalhim, April 1884 (Col. Yerhury ; Mus. Brit. Type of T. swinhoei). Aden, 1894 (Mus. Rothschild). Underside of fig. le. Lahej, December, 1884 (Col. Yerlmry ; Mas. Brit. Type of T. saxeus). Underside of fig. Ig. o o TERACOLUS EMINI, Butler. (Plate 39, tigs. 2, 2a-2g.) Teracolus emini, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ( SorvLf* Imp L Rp«v» 8c. C® London PLATE 42 H MxngHt dol ©tilth Vincent Brool«,Day<5c.So iL^Irap L Reeve & C° London PLATE 43 H.Kra^ht dol,«t, l»th 2a' ’'finconCBrooks.Day