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Wabex We

MONOGRAPH

OF THE

LACEKRTID&

BY

GEKORGE ALBERT BOULENGER
LL.D., DSc., F-RS.

psi to ( cons
\
VOLUME I

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 4;

B. QUARITCH, LTD., 11, GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W.1;
DULAU & CO., LTD., 34-36, MARGARET STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.1;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.7.

1920.

PRINTED BY
ADLARD AND SON AND WEST NEWMAN, LIMITED.
LONDON AND DORKING.

PREFACE.

Tue aims and objects of this Monograph are so fully
and lucidly described by the author in his Introduction
that it is unnecessary for me to attempt to re-state them.
The results of Dr. Boulenger’s ripe experience, based as
they are on the examination of an enormous amount of
material, will certainly be of great value to his fellow-
workers in the same field. The Trustees of the British
Museum have already published a long series of impor-
tant Catalogues prepared by him, on Fishes and
Batrachians as well as on Reptiles; and, on the eve
of his approaching retirement, they have informed him
of their high appreciation of the value of his services.
It remains to me to express my great regret that this
Monograph is the last which can be expected to be pro-
duced by him in his official capacity as a member of the
staff.

The thanks of the Trustees are due to the numerous
donors of the specimens on which this work is largely
based, as well as to those who have lent specimens or
have assisted the author in any other way. The names
of the principal helpers are stated in the Introduction
and repeatedly in the text, while those of other donors
will be mentioned in the list of specimens which is to
appear at the end of the second and concluding volume.

SIDNEY F. Harmer,
Keeper of Zoology.
British Musgrum (Narurat History),

Lonpon, 8.W. 7.
May, 1920.

INTRODUCTION.

THe words of Cuvier, with which Milne-Edwards
headed his ‘Recherches zoologiques pour servir a
Vhistoire des Lézards,’ the first scientific attempt to
deal with the Lacertide, in 1828, remain appropriate
to thisday : “‘ La détermination précise des espéces et de
leurs caractéres fait la premiére base sur laquelle toutes
les recherches d’histoire naturelle doivent étre fondées.”
But I feel sure neither of these great masters in the early
days of Zoological Science realized the extent of the
material needed to achieve such an object.

I trust the descriptions in this book, with special
references to individual variations, so often left out of
consideration by systematists, or alluded to in a more or
less vague manner, as well as the tables giving precise
data concerning the extent of numerical variation in the
lepidosis, will prove of lasting value. Results derived
from such a vast material as it has been my privilege to
examine, far surpassing any ever brought together before,
should be worthy of the attention even of those workers
in the same field who would disagree with the manner in
which they have been utilized in the elaboration of this
monograph.

Recent attempts at multiplying species by the use of
characters which can be shown to be untenable when
sufficient series of specimens are available, are only to be
set right by the course here followed ; it is besides of the
greatest importance, from the phylogenetic point of view,

a Introduction.

to ascertain, as our knowledge progresses, what extent
of variation a given form is susceptible of, and in what
direction variation tends.

When referring to works of descriptive Zoology and
Botany, I have frequently been disappointed at finding
that definitions of common species, of which I could bring
together large series of specimens, even from a single
locality, were far from covering the amount of variation,
and I have often wished to see descriptions drawn up
that would answer such a requirement; I do not, of
course, allude to malformations or the like, but to charac-
ters such as, without being regarded as absolutely diag-
nostic, are nevertheless used in the definitions. The
reason for this shortcoming appears to be, either that
the: author has not thought it worth his while to test
every one of the characters on as large a series as he
could get hold of, or that he has purposely omitted any
allusion to departures from the normal in order not
to obscure the conception of the species. As regards
numerical variation, descriptions, if giving consideration
to the matter at all, are usually restricted to an indica-
tion of the extremes.

The imperfections of this work are no doubt numerous,
and will be pointed out in due course by others, but I
feel sure those who use it will find that every effort has
been made to render the descriptions as comprehensive
and accurate as the available material permitted.

The phylogenetic speculations which appear in this
monograph, making it something more than purely
descriptive, need apology in these days of scepticism
concerning all theories of evolution. I believe it is
possible to discover the tendencies of each group to
evolve ina particular direction, and then to decide what
characters have been modified or lost and what new
ones have been produced. The way in which a combina-

Introduction. vil

tion of orthogenetic and adaptative modifications have
led to various parallel series in this family is a subject of
philosophical interest too evident to be passed over
without comment; and if the interpretation of these
evolutionary series is at all sound, a step will have been
made in the advancement of our knowledge, and a more
rational basis laid down for the discussion of the probable
mode of geographical dispersion of the genera, species
and varieties.

As in the past, I have been guided by broad views on
the conception of species, feeling that they are conducive
to a better understanding of the subject, to a truer
picture of the state of things in Nature. Whilst not
losmg sight of resemblances, I attach the fullest im-
portance to the recognition of minor forms or sub-
species, which I designate as varieties, in accordance
with the Linnean practice—there being no need to
depart from it.

The material on which this monograph is based is, of
course, preserved mainly in the British Museum, to which
the important private collection of my fellow-worker and
adviser in the early days of my career, M. Fernand
Lataste, has been recently added through his friendship
and generosity. I have also utilized many specimens
lent to me by the late Dr. J. de Bedriaga, whose name
will ever be associated with the Lacertide, Dr. F. Werner,
M. H. Gadeau de Kerville, Dr. L. Péringuey (South
African Museum), Dr. R. Gestro (Genoa Museum), Dr.
N. Annandale (Indian Museum), Miss Wilman (McGregor
Museum), Mr. A. Loveridge (Nairobi Museum), and Dr.
R. F. Scharff (Dublin Museum). Thanks to the kindness
of Prof. L. Roule and Dr. C. Gaillard, I have been able to
avail myself for study of the collections in the Paris and
Lyons Museums.

The indications for the specimens in public or private

Vili Introduction.

collections other than the British Museum are marked
with the following initials in the tables of particulars :—

B.C. Bedriaga Collection. L.M. Lyons Museum.

B.M. Brussels Museum. M.C. L. Miiller Collection.

B.S. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society's McG.M. McGregor Museum, Kim-
Museum. berley.

D.M. Dublin Museum. N.M. Nairobi Museum.

F.M. Florence Museum. P.M. Paris Museum.

G.K.C. Gadeau de Kerville Col- §.A.M. South African Museum,
lection. Cape Town.

G.M. Genoa Museum. T.M. Turin Museum.

I.M. Indian Museum, Calcutta. W.C. Werner Collection.

In addition to those mentioned above as having helped
me with material for study, I wish to thank M. G. de
Southoff, who has recently presented to the British
Museum a fine series of Lizards, mostly from Italy and the
islands of the Mediterranean, selected from his private
collection.

Various parts of this monograph have already appeared
in the publications of the Zoological Society and
elsewhere, and are reproduced with additions and
emendations.

This monograph will form two volumes; the second is
ready for printing, and it is hoped it may follow without
much delay, with a list of the specimens in the Museum,
and an alphabetical index to the whole work.

G. A. BotLenGceEr.

ZooLoaicaL DEPARTMENT,
BritisH Museum ;
20th April, 1920.

“*

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE
1. Nueras, Gray, 1838 ‘ : ‘ P p E fi
1. emini, Bler. 1907 : : : : see LOR
2. delalandii, M.-Edw. 1829 4 : 3 wos?
3. boulengeri, O. Neum. 1900 : 2 3 Balla;
4. intertexta, A. Smith, 1838 : : : =A Bh aly
var. holubi, Stdr. 1882 : : ; E20
5. tessellata, A. Smith, 1838 F ; : . 24
2. Lacerta, L. 1766 ; : : , ny eae
1. Lacerta, s. str. : ‘ : : . rod
1. agilis, L. 1766 : 3 : : . 39
var. spinalis, Wern. 1897 : : ty =) 50
» cChersonensis, Andrzej. 1832 ; : Seno
> exigua, Eichw. 1831 : : : Sgt
2. parva, Bler. 1887 : : : : . 60
3. viridis, Laur. 1768 : F : - ne 1G
var. strigata, Eichw. 1831 3 : - ee i)
» major, Bler. 1887 : : ; ee tioe
» Woosnami, Bler. 1917 P : ‘ . 88
» sehreiberi, Bedr. 1878 : 3 P . 90
4. princeps, Blanf. 1874 . : : : + #95
5. ocellata, Daud. 1802. : : : ap ey
var. pater, Lat. 1880 . : ; : LOS
ii. Gallotia, Blgr. 1916 ‘ : : : . 109
6. atlantica, Peters & Doria, 1882 . > : a ate
7. cesaris, Lehrs, 1914 . : ; ; aes
var. gomere, C. Boettg. & L. Mill. 1914: : Baul)
8. galloti, D. & B. 1839 . : : é af alaits:
9. stehlini, Schenk. 1901 . : , : :° 121
10. simonyi, Stdr. 1889. : 3 : . 124
iii. Zootoca, Wagl. 1830 : i P : 2 26
ae vivipara, Jacq.*1787 : : : lez
. fraasii, Lehrs, 1910 . : j : . 140
e derjugini, Nik. 1898 : : : . 142
14. praticola, Eversm. 1834 : : . 145
15. vauereselli, Torn. 1902 : P ‘ . 149
iv. Podarcis, Wag]. 1830 : ; : ; . 150
16. taurica, Pall. 1811 ’ ; : P = by
var. ioniea, Lehrs, 1902 , d : ‘As
17. peloponnesiaca, Bibr. 1835 : d : 7 «159
18. muralis, Laur. 1768 . : J . - 162
var fiumana, Wern. 1891 ; ; ; euig
» lissana, Wern. 1891 F : ; Lee
» melisellensis, Braun, 1877 : 2 ez
» serpa, Raf. 1810 : : . 190
» campestris, De Betta, 1857 ; : . 193
» albiventris, Bp. 1836 : : 5 . 199
, hieroglyphica, Berth, 1843 ; . 208

b

Systematic Index.

2. Lacerta—continued.

18.

muralis—continued.

var, erhardi, Bedr. 1882
» quadrilineata, Gray, 1838
, filfolensis, Bedr. 1876
» lilferdi, Gthr. 1874
» pityusensis, Bosca, 1883
» brueggemanni, Bedr. 1879
» higriventris, Bp. 1836
,» insulanica, Bedr. 1882
» tiliguerta, Gm. 1788
» bedriage, Camer. 1885
» sardoa, Peracea, 19038
» lolepis, Blgr. 1905
, hispanica, Stdr. 1870
» vaucheri, Bler. 1905
5, bocagii, Seoane, 1885
» monticola, Bler. 1905
» breviceps, Bler. 1905
» horvathi, Méhely, 1904
» caucasica, Méhely, 1909
» Chalybdea, Eichw. 1831
» saxicola, Eversm. 1834
» portschinskii, Kessl. 1878
» defilippii, Camer. 1877
, rudis, Bedr. 1886

. chlorogaster, Blgr. 1908
. jacksonii, Blgr. 1899

. brandtii, De Fil. 1868 .
. levis, Gray, 1838

3. jJayakari, Bler. 1887

. danfordii, Gthr. 1876

var. anatolica, Wern. 1900
» greca, Bedr. 1886
oxycephala, D. & B. 18389

. mosorensis, Kolomb. 1886

. dugesii, M.-Edw. 1829.

sean: omastix, Bler. 1916

28.

echinata, Cope, 1862

. Thetia, Gray, 1845

29:

perspicillata, D. & B. 1839

Algiroides, Bibr. 1835

ik

cr i 0 bo

fitzingeri, Wieem. 1834
moreoticus, Bibr. 1835
nigropunctatus, D. & B. 1839
africanus, Bler. 1906

. boulengeri, Peracea, 1917
). alleni, Barb. 1914

PAGE

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MONOGRAPH

OF THE

LACERTID &%.

Family LACERTID A.

The Lacertidze may be defined as strictly pleurodont,
coelodont lizards with the tongue flat, elongate, bifid in
front and behind, and covered with rhombic scale-like
papilla or overlapping oblique plice converging for-
wards; with the premaxillary bone single, the nasal and
frontal paired, the parietal single, complete post-orbital
aud postfronto-squamosal arches, roofing over the supra-
temporal fossa, palatines and pterygoids separated on the
median line, and with bony dermal plates completely
fused with the cranial bones when in contact with them ;
with the clavicle dilated and perforated proximally, and
the interclavicle cruciform; without dermal ossifications
on the body; with symmetrical shields on the upper
surface of the head; with the ventral lepidosis usually
well differentiated from the dorsal; and with the lower
surface of the thighs usually bearing a series of pores.
This family does not present any cases of reduction of the
hmbs, .or of the visual or auditory organs.

The present work contains descriptions of 145 species,
referred to 22 genera, defined in the following Synopsis.*

* 97 species, referred to 17 genera, were recognised in the last general
account of the Family (Cat. Liz. iii, 1887). 43 species and 9 genera were

known to the authors of the Erpétologie Générale (1839).

1

to

Lacertide.

As in all classifications dealing with a large number of
genera, these cannot be disposed in a linear series, and
one must therefore not be surprised to find Nucras and
Hremias, although nearly completely connected, placed
as Nos. 1 and 18 in the series, or Lacerta and Tachy-
dromus, to which the same remark applies, as Nos. 2 and
11. What I believe to be the natural relationships of
each is mentioned in every case after the generic defini-
tion, and for the principles which have guided me in the
phylogenetic comments I must refer especially to the
remarks on Lacerta and Nucras, first published in 1916
(Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi) and 1917 (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii),
and here reproduced, with slight alterations, after the
definitions of these two genera.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

I. Ventral plates smooth; collar strongly marked ;
digits not serrated laterally ; subdigital lamelle
smooth or tubercular, except in some specimens of
Philochortus, in which they are keeled.

Nostril pierced between two or three nasals, separated
from the first upper as dorsal scales small,

juxtaposed . : : : ; 1. Nucras, Gray. /

Nostril pierced between two or free nasals and the

first upper labial, or separated from the latter by a

narrow rim; dorsal scales small or moderate, juxta-

posed or subimbricate . : : . 2. Lacerta, Linn.
Nostril pierced between two or fates nasals and the

first upper labial, or separated from the latter

by a narrow rim; dorsal scales large, imbricate,

strongly keeled. é : . 9. Algiroides, Bibr.
Nostril pierced between two meee and the first upper

labial, or separated from the latter by a narrow

rim; back with two to six longitudinal series of

enlarged plate-like scales

4. Philochortus, Matschie, '

Lacertide. 3

II. Ventral plates smooth ; collar more or less distinct ;
subdigital lamellae keeled; scales small, at least
on anterior part of back.
Nostril pierced between three to five nasals and the
upper labial, or separated from the latter by a
narrow rim; digits not serrated laterally ; occipital
present : ; A ; . d. Latastia, Bedr. /
Nostril pierced between two nasals and the first upper
labial; digits serrated laterally ; occipital absent,
or reduced toa granule. : 6. Acanthodactylus, Wiegm. 7

III. Ventral plates keeled, at least the outer; collar
usually well marked, rarely absent; subdigital
lamelle smooth or tubercular.

A. African genera. 10 to 15 femoral pores on each
side.

Nostril pierced between two nasals; dorsal scales small,
juxtaposed . ; : . 7%. Gastropholis, J. G. Fisch.
Nostril pierced between two nasals and the first upper
labial ; scales large, rhombic, imbricate, keeled.
8, Bedriagaia, Bler.
Nostril pierced between three nasals and the first upper
labial; back with large, plate-like, subimbricate
scales with strong keels forming continuous lines.
9. Poromera, Bler.

B. E. Asian. 1 to 5 femoral pores on each side* ;
nostril pierced between two or three nasals and
the first upper labial.

Dorsal scales small, equal, hexagonal, keeled.
10, Apeltonotus, Blgr.
Back with’large plate-like subimbricate scales with
strong keels forming continuous longitudinal lines ;
digits subcylindrical or slightly compressed.
ll. Tachydromus, Daud.
Back with large plate-like scales as in the preceding ;
digits slightly depressed, with large transversely
elliptic lamelle inferiorly, the distal joint compressed
and bent at anangle . : : . 12. Platyplacopus, Blgr.

* These pores, when reduced to 1 or 2, have been termed “ inguinal,”

4, Lacertide.

IVY. Ventral plates smooth; collar absent or feebly
marked; subdigital lamelle keeled, except in
Tropidosaura and some species of Psammo-
dromus; dorsal scales large or rather large,
rhombic or lanceolate, strongly keeled.

A. Lower eyelid opaque, with numerous scales in
the middle.

Nostril pierced between two or three nasals; digits
with smooth or tubercular lamelle inferiorly.

13. Tropidosaura, Fitz.

Nostril pierced between two nasals and the first
upper labial or separated from the latter by a
narrow rim; digits with smooth, tubercular or keeled

lamelle inferiorly ; : : . 14. Psammodromus, Fitz.)

Nostril pierced between two or three nasals; digits

with keeled lamelle inferiorly. . 15. Ichnotropis, Peters.

B. Lower eyelid with a very large transparent disc.

Lower eyelid distinct from the upper . 16. Cabrita, Gray. /
Lower eyelid fused with the upper . 17. Ophiops, Ménétr.

V. Ventral plates smooth; collar present or absent ;
subdigital lamelle keeled, or digits fringed
laterally; dorsal scales small; nostril well sepa-
rated from the first upper labial.

Digits not distinctly serrated laterally ; collar more or

less distinct ; femoral pores : é . 18. Hremias, Wiegm.

Digits serrated or fringed laterally; collar distinct ;

femoral pores. : : : .19. Scaptira, Wiegm.

Digits fringed iin collar distinct ; no femoral

pores . : : : 20. Macmahonia, Bler.

Digits fringed Tate alee no collage no femoral pores.

21. Aporosaura, Bler.

VI. No frontoparietals; two series of large smooth
plate-like scales along the back and tail; digits
serrated laterally; tail much depressed, fringed

laterally : : : ‘ : 22. Holaspis, Gray.

ei

Lacertidx. 5

DISTRIBUTION.

Europe and Asia to the northernmost limit of Reptilian life, east-
ward to Saghalien and Japan, southward to Borneo, Java, Sumatra
and Ceylon; Africa, exclusive of Madagascar and the Seychelles.

Europe, Asia, Africa: Lacerta, Acanthodactylus, Ophiops, Eremias.

Europe, Africa : Algiroides, Psammodromus. ;

Asia, Africa: Philochortus, Latastia, Scaptira.

Asia: Apeltonotus, Tachydromus, Platyplacopus, Cabrita, Macma-
honia.

Africa: Nucras, Gastropholis, Bedriagaia, Poromera, Tropidosaura,
Ichnotropis, Aporosaura, Holaspis.

Palearctic Region: Lacerta, Algiroides, Latastia, Acanthodactylus,
Apeltonotus, Tachydromus, Platyplacopus, Psammodromus, Ophiops,
Eremias, Scaptira, Macmahonia.

Oriental or Indo-Malay Region *: Tachydromus, Cabrita, Ophiops.

Ethiopian Region : Nucras, Lacerta, Algiroides, Philochortus, Latas-
tia, Acanthodactylus, Gastropholis, Bedriagaia, Poromera, Tropidosaura,
Ichnotropis, Hremias, Scaptira, Aporosawra, Holaspis.

Including, of course, the genus Nucras, now restricted to Tropical
and South Africa, but which there is reason to believe was represented
in Europe in the Oligocene period, all the Ethiopian genera may be
looked upon as derived from Palzarctic forms; although equally
numerous, and even more diversified, Aporosawra and Holaspis being
the most aberrant of the family, there is every reason to regard them
as modifications of more northern types. As to the very poor Indo-
Malay Lacertid fauna, all except Cabrita are obviously mere streamers
from the Palearctic fauna, and, from theoretical considerations, we
may say the same of Cabrita. If we consider the present composition
of the Palearctic fauna, the conclusion is reached that the centre from
which the members of the family have radiated from very early
times corresponds roughly to what is now 8.E. Europe, Asia Minor,
and Transcaucasia, where several primitive forms have maintained
themselves.+

* As defined by Blanford, Phil: Trans. exliv, 1901, p. 432, who regarded the
Punjab and Sind, with Western Rajputana and Baluchistan, as the south-
eastern extremity of the Mediterranean subregion of the Palaearctic region,
extending westward, through Persia and Arabia, to the Sahara.

+ In accordance with the theory of “oriental migration” supported by
A. Engler, Vers. Entw. Pflanzenw. i (1879), and by R. Scharff, History of the
European Fauna, p. 245 (1899).

6 Lacertide.

Lhave always objected to the recognition of zoogeographical primary
divisions except for restricted groups, on the ground that whilst they
apply to one group they do not, or may even be radically opposed, to
another, even of the same class or order. In the case of the present
family the Old World stands quite apart from the New, no doubt
because the extension to Northern Asia is comparatively recent, and
it is clear that there is no boundary at all to be drawn for the three
generally accepted great divisions in which they are represented.
There is no reason for regarding Arabia and the countries to the West
of the Red Sea as Palearctic rather than Ethiopian, whilst the character
of the Indo-Malay fauna is merely negative. That is why, in the above
list, I have given precedence to the divisions according to ordinary
physical geography.

One striking fact is the nearly absolute concordance in the distribution
of the Lacertide and the true Vipers (Viperinz), except for the absence
of the latter from various large islands in Europe (Ireland, Corsica,
Sardinia) as well as in Asia (Japan, Loo Choo, Formosa) and from
China. The northernmost species of the two groups, Lacerta vivipara
and Vipera berus, have an almost identical range. The Palaarctic—
Ethiopian distribution of the Lacertide and Viperine is in striking
contrast with that of the Anguidx, Scincidex, Colubrine, and Crota-
line, the Palzarctic forms of which show Nearctic affinities, the more
pronounced as we proceed from West to East. It is noteworthy that
the two most generalised genera, Nucras among the Lacertids, Causus
among the Vipers, are now confined to Tropical and South Africa ;
Paleontology may some day enlighten us as to their northern origin,
which I regard as highly probable.*

At present we are in the dark as to the immediate ancestors of the
Lacertide ; we may, however, provisionally regard them on theoretical
grounds as derived from the Teiidee, now confined to America, but
which may have had representatives in the Old World in Eocene times,
and which appear to be at least as old as the Cretaceous (Chamops,
Marsh, from the Laramie of Wyoming). These two families are
closely related, the former differing from the latter in the dermal
ossification over the skull and the ultra-pleurodont dentition, characters
expressive of a more advanced evolution.

* Of. G. A. Boulenger, Considérations sur les affinités et la dispersion
géographique des Lacertides. C. R. Ac. Se. Paris, clxvi, 1918, p. 594.

“J

Nucras.

1. NUCRAS.

Nucras, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 280; Lataste, Ann. Mus.
Genova (2), ii, 1885, p. 124; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 52 (1887), and
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, p. 195.

Lacerta, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 174 (1839); Bedriaga,
Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 24.

Nucras, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 33 (1845).

Zootoca, part., Gray, op. cit., p. 27.

Bettaia, Bedriaga, t.c., p. 455.

Head-shields normal. Nostril well separated from
the labials, pierced between two or three nasals. Lower
eyelid scaly. Collar well-marked. Dorsal scales small ;
ventral shields feebly imbricate, smooth. Digits cylin-
drical or very feebly compressed, with smooth lamellae
inferiorly. Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

Tropical and South Africa.

When, nearly 30 years ago, the late Dr. R. Klebs submitted to me
the oldest known Lacertid (Oligocene) with the Jepidosis preserved
through imbedding in amber, a careful comparison with recent lizards
led me to refer it to the genus Nucras, although the essential
generic character of the position of the nostril could not be ascertained,
my conclusion being based on an examination of the digits and of
the sealing of the gular and pectoral regions, more similar to those
of Nucras tessellata than cf any other lizard with which I was
acquainted.* Since then I have made a more thorough study of the
Lacertide from the point of view of their probable evolution, and
independent, correlative reasons have confirmed my _ provisional
identification so far that, quite apart from any paleeontolgical
consideration, I am now inclined to regard Nucras as, on the whole,
the most primitive genus of the Lacertide. At the time I examined
the lizard in amber the representatives of the genus were believed to be
confined to Africa no further north thau the Zambesi basin, and my
suggested identification may, therefore, have seemed somewhat risky
from the standpoint of zoogeography. We must, however, bear in

* Of. R. Klebs, Schrift. Phys.-oek. Ges. Kénigsberg, li, 1910, p. 227. I have
since proposed to designate the lizard as Nucras succinea.

8 Lacertide.

mind that, in Tertiary times, the general character of the reptile
fauna of the northern parts of what is now the Paleartic Region
differed very strongly from that of the present day. IRguanide, now
confined to the New World, Fiji, and Madagascar, occurred in the
Miocene of Europe, and the Pelomedusid Chelonians, at the present
time found only in Tropical and South Africa, Madagascar and South
America, were represented in the Eocene as far north as England.
Within the last fifteen years the range of Nucras has been ascertained
to extend further to the north in Africa (Lake Victoria), and, in
accordance with the view of the probable origin of these lizards, the
northernmost species (N. emini) has every claim to be considered,
from the morphological standpoint, as the most primitive of the
genus. I therefore believe that Nucras had a northern origim—an
opinion further supported by the fact that the Lacertide, like the
Agamide, being absent from Madagascar, must have extended their
range towards the south after the connexion of Africa with that
island had been severed, whilst the presence of Iguanidz, Gerrhono-
tide and Chamezleontidze may be explained by these having reached
Madagascar from Africa at a period previous to the southern extension
of the Lacertidee and Agamide.

The reasons for regarding the genus Nucras as the most primitive
of the Lacertide are the same as set forth in my remarks on the
derivation of the species of Lacerta (p. 29), in which L. agilis is held
to be the surviving representative of the ancestor of most if not all
of the species of the genus Lacerta with which we are at present
acquainted. Of the 10 characters, or sets of characters, there men-
tioned, 8 are in accordance with this view, the only two (7, 9) pomting ~
to Nucras as not so primitive being the reduction of the dorsal lepidosis
to smooth granules and the long tail,* in which all the species at
present known agree. Otherwise we find (1) constant presence of teeth
on the palate ; (2) a non-depressed or feebly-depressed skull of moderate
ossification (no supraorbital fontanelle, no dermal ossifications in the
temporal region), although less primitive than that of L. agilis, owing
to the narrower internarial space (comparable to L. vivipara in N.
delalandii, to L. muralis in N. tessellata) ; (3) presence, in some forms
at least, of the foramen parietale; (4) nostril between two or three
nasals, the first upper labial being well separated from it, and absence,
in some species, of small scales between the supraoculars and the

* Unless it be true that the tail of N. boulengeri is only 1} to 13 times the
length of head and body, as stated in the original description; but it is not
improbable that the fact of the organ being in a regenerated condition has been
overlooked.

Nucras. 9

superciliaries; (5) lower eyelid without transparent disc; (6) no
denticulation in front of the ear-opening ; (8) cylindrical or feebly
compressed digits with smooth lamelle inferiorly; (10) the ideal
type of primitive markings in some forms, no vivid colours on the
head or body.

The main principles. of the evolution of markings, as held by me,
are well supported by a study of the genus Nucras, which embraces
striated, ocellated, and barred forms. The most primitive pattern, with
11 light longitudinal streaks, at least anteriorly, occurs in N. interteata,
var. holubi, and in N. tessellata (teeniolata, Smith). In the latter species
the markings may vanish towards the posterior part of the body
and the streaks on the sides break up into spots, and, further,
rearrange themselves into cross-bars, as happens also in N. intertezta,
var. holubi. The dorsal striation may disappear and lead to ocellated
forms (N. intertexta, typica). The most pronounced ocellar pattern,
accompanied by the loss of the longitudinal streaks, is exemplified by
N. delalandii, in which, further, the ocelli may disappear, to be
replaced by black cross-bars.* As a rule, the white longitudinal
streaks are more numerous on the nape than on the body, but I find
one individual exception in a typical N. tessellata, where three dorsal
streaks are present on the nape and four on the body.

There are two important points in which the striation in Nueras
differs from that in Lacerta: (a) the outer light dorsal streak,
instead of starting from the superciliary edge, originates on the
border of the frontal shield and then follows the supraorbital border
and the parietal shield ; (b) the vertebral streak, instead of ending on
the base of the tail, may be continued a considerable distance along
that organ—a primitive condition in accordance with Eimer’s law.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. No small scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, or one to
three exceptionally present; head not or but little broader than deep ;

16 to 22 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Head 4 to 5 times in length to venty; foot as long as or a
little longer than head; parietal foramen present; 40 to 51
scales across middle of body ; ventrals in 28 to 32 transverse
series ; transversely enlarged plates under the fore-arm.
1. N. emini, Blgr., p. 10.

* Cy. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, pls. vi and vii, where the principal patterns
of markings have been figured.

+ The head is measured to the posterior border of the ear-opening, the skull
being considerably longer than the pileus, thus accounting for Bedriaga’s
statement that the ear-opening is situated further back than in Lacerta, “on
the side of the neck.”

10 Lacertidx.

Head 43 to 5} times in length to vent; foot not longer than

head; parietal foramen usually absent; 34 to 42 scales

across middle of body ; ventrals in 32 to 37 transverse series ;

transversely enlarged plates under the fore-arm absent or

small : < ‘ : - : . 2. N. delalandii, M.-Edw., p. 18.
Head 43 to 5 times in length to vent; foot shorter than head ;

45 to 53 scales across middle of body; ventrals in 27 to 34

transverse series. : : ; 3. N. boulengeri, O. Neum., p. 16.

II. Aseries of 2 to7 small scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries ;
40 to 60 scales across middle of body; transversely enlarged plates
under the fore-arm.

Head 3° to 43 times inleneth to vent; not or but little broader
than deep; foot not or but slightly longer than head;
parietal foramen usually present; ventrals in 27 to 34
transverse series; 20 to 26 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe : : : , c F . 4. N. interteata, A. Smith, p. 17.
Head 4 to 42 times in length to vent, considerably broader
than deep; foot considerably longer than head; parietal
foramen usually absent; ventrals in 25 to 33 transverse
series; 25 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.
5. N. tessellata, A. Smith, p. 24.

1. NUCRAS EMINI.

Nucras delalandii, Tornier, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiii, 1900, p. 595.

Nucras emini, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xix, 1907,
p. 488; Nieden, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. vii, 19138, p. 76; Bouleng.
Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, p. 199.

Nucras ukerewensis, Bolkay, Archivum Zool. (Budapest), i, 1909,
p- 13, figs.

Nucras tessellata, Sternf. in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch.
Z.-Afr. Exped. iv, 2, p. 222 (1912).

But for the longer tail, proportions much as in Lacerta agilis. Head
a little broader than deep, 12 to 15 times as long as broad, its length
4 to 43 times in length to vent in males, 5 times in females; snout
obtuse; cheeks swollen in the male. Pileus twice as long as broad.
Body scarcely depressed. Hind limb reaching the wrist or the axil in
males, the limbs barely meeting when adpressed in females; foot as
long as the head or a little longer; digits feebly compressed. Tail
usually twice as long as head and body.

Nasals in contact behind the rostral; frontonasal broader than
long; prefrontals usually forming a median suture, or, rarely, frontal |
narrowly in contact with the frontonasal; frontal 1} to 15 times as

Nucras. rt:

long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout;
frontoparietals much shorter than the frontal; parietals 14 to 2 times
as long as broad; interparietal 2 to 3} times as long as broad;
occipital very small.* Four supraoculars,t first and fourth small,
first in contact with the frontal; 4 or 5 superciliaries, in contact with
the supraoculars. Two superposed postnasals; anterior loreal not
half as long as second; subocular not or but little narrower beneath
than above, between the fourth and fifth upper labials; two large
upper temporals, first much longer than second and in contact with
the fourth supraocular, or separated from it by a smal] shield; lower
temporal scales rather large, upper smaller and granular; a large
tympanic shield. 4 or 5 large and vertically elongate scales in the
middle of the lower eyelid.

Parietal foramen and pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales much enlarged towards the collar, 18 to 21 between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plates; no gular
fold. Collar serrated, composed of 7 to 10 plates.

Scales on body granular, round or squarish, smooth, enlarged on
the lower part of the side and passing gradually into the ventral
plates ; 42 to 45 scales across the middle. Ventral plates in 6 or 8
longitudinal and 28 or 29 transverse series in males, 32 in females.
Two large preanal plates, one before the other, and a single semicircle
of smaller plates.

A series of 7 or 8 transversely enlarged plates on the lower surface
of the fore-arm. Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals.
10 to 12 femoral pores on each side. 17 to 20 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales rather broad, slightly oblique, strongly keeled,
posterior border very obtusely pointed or rounded.

The specimens examined differ in the coloration. The type of N.
emini, a half-grown male, is pale reddish-brown above, with very
small black dots and a faint trace of a light vertebral streak; a black
lateral band from the eye to the root of the tail, edged with a light
streak above and beneath, and bearing a series of white spots with
a tendency to run together into a streak; limbs with small dark
brown spots on vermiculations ; tail reddish ; lower parts white. The
other specimens agree better with Bolkay’s figure of N. wkerewensis.
Dark brown above, with a continuous or interrupted white vertebral
streak ; four series of small white, black-edged spots on each side,
the upper and lower corresponding to the light streaks of the pre-

* Absent in the male from Bissel.
+ Only 3 in the male from Bissel, the (normally) first being absent.

12 Lacertide.

ceding specimen; hind limb with small white, black-edged ocellar
spots; lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ils 2. 3. 4. dD.

From end of snout to vent : . 46 63 60 68 605
ay : fore limb » Gre 28" 2A 20 20
Length of head : é ds oer Nin is
Width of head ; : : Be NO TOS 909
Depth of head . : : pe.) DOSS 3S
Fore limb : ; : } . Ald BOISE Oe a7.
Hind limb : ; . ; . 24 2a, 27. 20 Aap
Foot : . ; 5 1A SS eae
Tail ; : . . ; ._— 14 — — —

1..g, L. Victoria (type). 2. ¢, Loika. 3. ¢@, Bissel. 4 9,
Kagiado. 5. 2, Longido West.

Particulars of Specimens Hxamined.

1 2.

4. OD. 5. 7

fs 3. i 7.
Her. ¢ L. Victoria (type) . . 46 42° 28 8" 1 12 18
3 Loika . ; . (638 42) -29) ofO" 920) TSO aby
» Bissel, N.M.. . 60 44 28 10 20 10-11 19
2 Kagiado, nod he, ‘ 5 OSA N52) LOR 2am r 20
», Luongido West, ,, - : ; »6p).43° "325 97 20 10 18

1. Length from end of snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of
body. 38. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar. 5. Gular -
scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and median
collar-plate. 6. Femoral pores (right and left if differing in number).
7. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.

Habitat.—East Africa. The type is from the southern shore of
Lake Victoria, where it was found by Emin Pasha. A second speci-
men, from Loika, from the collection of Mr. W. P. Lowe, is preserved
in the British Museum. A third specimen, from Shirati, east shore
of Lake Victoria, has been described and figured by Bolkay as
N. ukerewensis. I have also examined three specimens, recorded
above, collected by Mr. A. Loveridge for the Nairobi Museum.

The lizard from Kakoma, ex-German East Africa, shortly noticed
by Tornier under the name of N. delalandii, is referred by Nieden
to this species; it is stated to have 40 scales across the body,
30 transverse series of ventral plates, 14 femoral pores, and the foot
a little longer than the head. Specimens from Ukamba and Taita,

Nucras. 13

also referred by Nieden to this species, have 42 to 51 scales across
the body, 26 to 31 transverse series of ventral plates, and 12 to
14 femoral pores. Sternfeld’s “N. tessellata” is from the Kilimanjaro
district.

2. NUCRAS DELALANDII.

Lacerta lalandii, M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 70, 84,
pl. v, fig. 6.

Eremias (Nucras) lalandii, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 280.

Lacerta delalandii, vars. a, c, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 241,
pl. xlvii (1839).

Nucras lalandii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 33 (1845).

Bettaia delalandii, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 435,
pl. —, figs. 1, 5, 35.

Nucras delalandii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 53 (3887); Werner,
Jahrb. Nat. Ver. Magdeb. 1896-98, p. 141; Bouleng. Ann. 8S. Afr.
Mus. v, 1910, p. 475, and xiii, 1917, p. 201, pl. vi, figs. 1-5.

Nucras delalandii, var. bedriagai, Werner, L.c.

Head small, not or but slightly broader than deep, 12 to 1% times
as long as broad, its length 43 to 51 times in length to vent in males,
5 to 53 times in females; snout very obtuse. Pileus 1} to 2} times as
long as broad. Body much elongate, cylindrical. Limbs short, just
meeting (males) or more or less widely separated when adpressed in
the adult, overlapping in the young; foot $ to once length of head;
digits short, not or but scarcely compressed. Tail thick, swollen for
some distance behind the base in males, 12 to 24+ times as long as head
and body.

Nasals in contact behind the rostral; frontonasal broader than long,
as broad as or broader than the internarial space; preefrontals forming
a median suture, which may be very short; frontal as long as its
distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, 1} to 12 times as
long as broad, usually narrower, behind, than the supraoculars ;
frontoparietals much shorter than the frontal, usually shorter than
their distance from the posterior extremity of the pileus; parietals
1} to 1} times as long as broad, outer border sometimes feebly
emarginate for the accommodation of the upper temporal ; interparietal
narrow, 2 to 4 times as long as broad, sometimes divided into two;
occipital very small, sometimes pushed back behind the pileus, or
separated from the interparietal by the parietals forming a short
median suture. Four supraoculars, first and fourth small, first

14. Lacertide.

usually * in contact with the frontal; 5 to 7 superciliaries, rarely 4 or
8, in contact with the supraoculars, or 1, 2 or 3 granular scales
intervening between them. ‘I'wo superposed postnasals, rarely one + ;
anterior loreal + to 2 length of second; 4 upper labials { anterior to
the subocular, which is usually a little narrower beneath than above ;
an elongate upper temporal, sometimes very broad, sometimes narrow,
often divided into two or three, nearly always in contact with the
fourth supraocular § ; temple covered with small hexagonal or granular
scales, which are not or but little larger than the dorsals ; a round or
oval tympanic shield, rarely absent. 5 or 6 vertically enlarged scales
in the middle of the lower eyelid.

Parietal foramen usually absent. Pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales small, juxtaposed, increasing in size and imbricate
towards the collar, 23 to 30 in a straight longitudinal series; no gular
fold. Collar feebly serrated, composed of 7 to 14 plates (usually 8 to
10).

Scales on body round or oval, juxtaposed, smooth, 34 to 42 across
the middle of the body, 2 or 3 on the side corresponding to a ventral
plate. Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal series, those of the second
series from the median line the broadest, the outer small, and 32 to 37
transverse series. Przeanal region covered with irregular small plates
or with a large plate, which may be longer than broad or broader than
long, bordered by one or two semicircles of smaller plates ; sometimes
with two subequal broad plates, one in front of the other.

No transversely enlarged plates on the lower surface of the fore-
arm or a series of a few feebly enlarged plates. Scales on upper
surface of tibia smaller than dorsals. 10 to 15 femoral pores on each
side. 16 to 22 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming whorls of nearly equal length, upper mode-
rately broad, the median pair broader, strongly keeled, obtusely pointed
behind, with distinct sensory pits.

Young pale brown above, with 8 or 10 longitudinal series of white
black-edged ocellar spots, with traces of a white vertebral streak on the
nape and anterior part of the back (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., Pl. VI, fig. 1);
sides of head and sometimes of neck with black and white vertical
bars; hind limbs and tail orange or reddish. The ocelli usually persist
in the adult (Le., fig. 2), which are greyish or reddish-brown above,

* Tn 20 specimens out of 31.
+ On both sides in a male from Van Reenen, on the right side in a male from

Damaraland.

t 5 on both sides in a male from Peri Bush, on the right side in a female

from Lessouto.
§ Exceptions in a male from Peri Bush and in another from Barberton.

Nueras. ley

and the black rings may expand into large spots with a tendency to
run together into cross-bars (Le., fig. 3), in which case the white eyes
may become much reduced or disappear, leaving nothing but more
or less regular black cross-bars (1.c., figs. 4, 5) ; head with black spots
above, with black spots or vertical bars on the sides, the latter some-
times extending to the throat; these black bars may be accompanied
by four very conspicuous white bars between them, the first behind the
eye, the fourth behind the tympanum; tail with black spots, or with
ocelli as on the body. Lower parts white, uniform, or with more or
less numerous round black spots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 9
Tho eae air oe: 6:
From end of snout to vent. OG: 94. Bl EE eS9Le- 88
a és » forelimb: . -30 27. 24 35. 26° 24
Length of head . ; 219-29" 17 26 16. 16
MrdthorHead . © . |, J2 1% 11 "Bh 10 11
Depth of head. : ; so ttle we Sin ee ny aE
Fore limb . f : ' Leo oA 2s tte se . 22
Hind limb . : ; SOD Oo! alms 229 <3
Foot . : . ; : een leer ene® Out Boye all
Maal’ <. : ; , 2S 195 155 225 145° 155

1. Port Elizabeth. 2. Damaraland. 3, 5. Krugersdorp. 4. S.
Africa. 6. Peri Bush.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

al 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. the
¢@ Cape Colony (type), P.M. . 83 38 33 8 30 15-14 17
a ..; ‘e _ os ROOD eSm po6. MLS dart y 22
3 Port Elizabeth (Leslie) . + WOR 87 736: 18. Si 4 1S
- = (Moorhouse). 75 41 34 10 27 12-13 19
fe) : (Drage) . Jee mon dou Oe an ity TO
. 55 - Cl AO oe Md 29) OTS = “80
I *e (FitzSimmons) 100 41 37 12 28 14 22
Her. ; a . 69 42 35 10 29 1413 22
Her. 3 68 39 83 12 26° 138-14 19

Q Peri Bush, near King Williams-
town (Trevelyan) 88 85 385 9 24 12-10 17

é » (Stenning) LOR isos koe SLOr24) - 12 1s
2 East London b f is AUG sor or om 25 12 16
6g E.Cape Colony . we hore ao) ie 8 26 12-13 20
,» Van Reenen, Natal F > 8 8ot owe. oa kOe 23 12 19
Watal ~. ' ; POO was (oa a eo Le=13 1S

16 Lacertide.
ile 2. 3. A. D 6. 7

© Sibudeni, Zululand : 8 74 40 35 9 28 TO 7
,, Lessouto, Basutoland . « 90.-35. 36.10 25... Saat,
6 Krugersdorp, Transvaal . 81 38 35 7 29° T4otstg
9 ws ¥ : -. 89. 35> 354,97 -30 13 19
& Barberton, - ‘ » 98340 Cae ee (ii 20
@ Great Namaqualand, P.M. . 90 40 37 12 30 13-12 22
& Damaraland . : «94: (37 ~ 34571025 14, ag
» © Africa (A. Smith) . . 90, 865 36> 9228 15 MZ
a = i 86 38 34 12 29 ? ?
Pe a ~ 60.38 32 9 25 13 17
Q 55 5 120 40° 37 9 30 I3-14 49
é ie . 89 37 34 9 30 1413 18
2 s 112 39 385 14 27 13-11 20

Columns as in the preceding table, p. 12.

Habitat.—Eastern parts of Cape Colony, Natal, Basutoland, Trans-
vaal, Great Namaqualand,* Damaraland.

The specimens in the South African Museum are from the following -
localities: Knysna, Kentani, Uitenhage, Port Elizabeth, Burghersdorp,
East London, Encobo, and West Pondoland, in Cape Colony ; Umvoti
in Natal; Morija in Basutoland; and Johannesburg in the Transvaal.

3. NUCRAS BOULENGERI.

Nucras boulengeri, O. Neumann, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) v, 1900,
p. 56; Sternfeld, in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.-Afr. Exped.
iv, ii, p. 222 (1912); Nieden, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. vii, 1913, p. 76;
Bouleng. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, p. 205.

“Body elongate; head not depressed, its length (to ear-opening)
contained 44 to 5 times in the length from snout to vent; two post-
nasals ; no granules between the supraoculars and the supraciliaries ;
interparietal not so long and narrow as in N. tessellata and N. delalandii ;
occipital very small; subocular bordering the lip between the fourth
and fifth upper labials ; two supratemporals bordering the parietals ;
tympanum half as large as the ear-opening. Dorsal scales small,
pointed behind, larger on the sides of the body; 45 to 53 scales round
the body ; ventrals in 6 longitudinal and 27 to 50 transverse series.
Femoral pores 11 or 12. Foot much shorter than the head. Tail

* Specimens sent to the Paris Museum by F. de Castelnau. The occurrence
’ of this species in the Western parts of South Africa had been questioned by
Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mus., ii, 1910, p. 114.

Nucras. 17

thinner than in N. tessellata and N. delalandii, 1} to 14 as long as
head and body.* Colour brown above, with small indistinct blackish
spots ; bluish-white beneath.”

Distinguished from N. delalandii by the smaller size, the smaller
and pointed dorsal scales, fewer ventrals, and the shorter foot.

Lubreno, Usoga, East Africa (two specimens).

This species, which is only known to me from the above description,
appears to be perfectly distinct.

A third specimen, a male, 63 mm. long from snout to vent, from
Lake Victoria, has since been described by Sternfeld. 51 scales round
the body, ventrals in 8 longitudinal and 34 transverse series, 12
femoral pores on each side. A fourth, from the Eldama River, East
Africa, with 10-11 femoral pores, has been noticed by Nieden.

4. NUCRAS INTERTEXTA.
FORMA TYPICA.

Lacerta intertexta, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. (2), ii, 1838, p. 93.+

Lacerta delalandii, var. b, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 243
(1839).

Nucras tessellata, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 52 (1887);
Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mus. ii, 1910, p. 112.

Nucras tessellata, var. ocellata, Bouleng. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. v, 1910,
p. 475.

Nucras delalandii, part., Hewitt, t.c., p. 111.

Nucras intertezta, Bouleng. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, p. 205,
pl. vi.

Head small, slightly broader than deep, 12 to 12 times as long as
broad, its length 4 to 4} times in length to vent; snout obtuse.
Pileus 21 times as long as broad. Body feebly depressed. Limbs
moderate, the hind limb reaching the wrist or the elbow ; foot as long
as the head ; digits feebly compressed. ‘Tail tapering from the base,
1} to 22 times as long as head and body.

* Tail probably regenerated. In the specimen noticed by Nieden it is nearly
twice as long as head and body.

+ The type specimen, described by A. Smith and by Duméril and Bibron,
was presented to the British Museum by the former author in 1865, under the
name of L. delalandii, along with the types of the other Nueras in his private
collection, and its absolute concordance with the original description was over-
looked by me when, following Smith himself, I placed L. intertexta in the
synonymy of N. delalandii. Although not labelled as such, the specimen is
certainly A. Smith’s type. It was referred by me to N. tessellata.

9

18 Lacertide.

Nasals forming a short or very short suture behind the rostral;
frontonasal broader than long, broader than the internarial space ;
prefrontals forming a short or very short suture; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, 12 to 13 times as long as
broad, narrower, beliind, than the supraoculars; frontoparietals much
shorter than the frontal or than their distance from the posterior
border of the pileus; parietals 12 times as long as broad, outer border
sometimes emarginate for the accommodation of the anterior upper
temporal; interparietal narrow, 3 times as long as the occipital, which
may be broader or rudimentary and pushed back behind the pileus ;
parietals and interparietal shorter in proportion to their width in the
very young. Four supraoculars, first and fourth small; first narrowly
in contact with the frontal; 5 or 6 superciliaries; 2 to 4 small scales
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Two superposed
postnasals; anterior loreal barely half as long as second; 4 upper
labials anterior to the subocular, which is usually narrower beneath
than above; an elongate upper temporal, in contact with the fourth
supraocular, followed by 2 or 3 smaller shields; temple covered with
small hexagonal or granular scales, which are about as large as the
dorsals; a round or oval tympanic shield. Lower eyelid with 5 or
6 vertically enlarged scales in the middle.

Parietal foramen and pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales small, juxtaposed, increasing in size and imbricate
towards the collar, 27 to 36 in a straight longitudinal series; no
gular fold. Collar even-edged or feebly serrated, composed of 10 to
13 plates.

Scales on body oval, juxtaposed, smooth, 40 to 44 across the middle
of the body, 2 and 3 on the side corresponding to a ventral plate.
Ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal series, those of the second series
from the median line the broadest, and 29 to 34 transverse series.
Preanal plate large, with a smaller one on each side and a large pair
in front, or two subequal preanals, one in front of the other.

A series of 4 to 7 transversely enlarged plates on the lower surface
of the fore limb. Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than
the dorsals. 11 to 14 femoral pores on each side. 20 to 25 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming whorls of nearly equal length, upper rather
narrow, the median pair sometimes broader, rather strongly keeled,
truncate behind, with distinct sensory pits.

The type specimen, a female from Latakoo, near Kuruman, now
rather bleached, has the markings well preserved, although the black has
turned to a pale brown, and answers to A. Smith’s diagnosis: “ Colour

Nucras. 19

above, reddish-brown, with two rows of circular white spots, dis-
continued about half way between the anterior and_ posterior
extremities, each spot surrounded by a black ring; sides chequered,
black and white, the latter colour disposed in narrow vertical stripes.
Tail hght brown, with a dotted black line on each side, and the space
between them above marked with small black spots. Under parts
white.” This description is supplemented by a very good account
of the same specimen by Duméril and Bibron, of which this is a
translation :—

Instead of a great number of small black spots with white pupils
(as in L. delalandii), there are only two series, spots a little larger,
on each side of the back. Two or three irregular blackish spots on
the upper lip. ‘Two vertical blackish stripes on the temple, which
is white; a third above the ear, and three or four on the neck. Others
along the flanks, but shorter; on examining them carefully, one may
guess how they were formed. It is probably that, in early youth,
white spots mingled with black existed on the flanks; gradually, as
they enlarged, the black circle opened above and beneath; then each
of the two portions became raised and fused with the other, whilst
simultaneously the white central spot enlarged vertically, thus
producing alternately black and white vertical bars. Upper surface
of hind limbs with some white spots incompletely surrounded with
biackish. Here and there some black spots on the upper surface of
the base of the tail; others, similar, are present on the sides, so
regularly arranged and so crowded as to form a longitudinal stripe
(cf. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xii, pl. vi, fig. 8). °

The interpretation given to the markings by the authors of the
Erpétologie Générale is fully confirmed by the examination of
the young, with which we are now acquainted (var. ocellata, Blgr.).

Very young specimens (37-40 millim. to vent) from Pietersburg,
Transvaal, are dark brown above and blackish on the sides, with
numerous white ocelli in three or four series on the back and three
series on each side; a white vertebral streak on the nape, which may
be continued, interrupted, on the body; sides of head and neck with
black and white vertical lines; upper orbital border whitish; a white
streak on each parietal shield, continuous with the outer dorsal series
of ocelli; tail coral-red. In a larger young (43 millim.) from Kokong,
Bechuanaland, the dorsal markings are the same, but the ocelli on the
sides of the body are fused to form vertical bars (l.c., fig. 7).

A half-grown female from Pietersburg is reddish-brown above, with
an interrupted light, black-edged vertebral streak, a dorso-lateral series
of ocelli, and three series of ocelli on each side, the lower of which

20 Lacertidee.

are more or less confluent into a longitudinal streak from the shoulder
to the root of the hind limb; head and neck as in the preceding
(Ue item

A half-grown male from Rustenburg, Transvaal, is similar to the
preceding, but the white eyes of the ocelli on the nape are in the
form of longitudinal lines, whilst the black borders of the ocelli
run together to form cross-bands on the back, as is frequent in
N. delalandii, from the young of which it is hardly to be distinguished,
so far as the coloration is concerned.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ne 2. 3

From end of snout to vent. : 80 63 dd
Pe a i fore limb. 25 21 ll
Length of head. ; : : 17 14 12
Width of head : ; ? : ib 4) 8
Depth of head : A : 9 Cot ee
Fore limb : . : : : 22 20 16
Hind limb. . , : ; 34 29 26
Foot: =... : ; : . : 17 15 13,
Tail : 4 : A ROG

1. 9, type, Latakoo. 2. 2, Pietersburg, Transvaal. 3. ¢, Rusten-
burg, Transvaal.

Under the name of var. holubi, I group together a number of
specimens which, whilst agreeing essentially in structure with N.
interteata, differ from the type in the back being striated throughout life.

Var. HOLUBI.

Lacerta tessellata, part., Peters, Reise Mossamb. in, p. 44 (1882).

Eremias holubi, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixxxvi, i, 1882, p. 83, pl.

Lacerta cameranoi, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges, xiv, 1886, p. 378,
ply fos. 2,9, Lie os

Nucras tessellata, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p..52 (1887).

Nucras tessellata, Bouleng. in Distant, Nat. Transv. p. 174 (1892).

Nucras tessellata, var. teniolata, Bocage, Herp. Ang. p. 30 (1895).

Nucras tessellata, var. ornata, Bouleng. Ann. Natal Mus. i, 1908,
p. 225.

Nuceras tessellata, vars. holubi, ornata, Bouleng. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus.
v, 1910, p. 474.

Nucras holubi, Sternf. in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.-Afr.
Exped. iv, ii, p. 222 (1912).

Nucras intertexta, var. holubi, Bouleng. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917,
p. 208, pls. vi and vii.

Nucras. 21

Head 32 to 43 times in length to vent, sometimes as deep as broad,
sometimes a little broader, the cheeks often swollen in the males.
Pileus usually twice as long as broad. The hind limb reaches the
wrist or the elbow, rarely the axil,* or just overlaps the fore limbf ;
foot as long as or slightly longer or slightly shorter than the head.

Lepidosis as in the typical form, but suture between the prefrontals
sometimes longer, frontal sometimes nearly twice as long as broad,
interparietal often broader (2 to 3 times as long as broad), first supra-
ocular often extensively in contact with the frontal, and fourth some-
times separated from the anterior upper temporal{ ; 2 to 6 small scales
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, of which there may be
7; anterior loreal sometimes more than half as long as second§ ; tym-
panic sometimes very small, rarely absent. 26 to 33 gular scales in a
longitudinal series ; collar composed of 7 to 14 plates. 45 to 60 scales
across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 27 to 34 transverse
series. A large preanal bordered by four or six smaller shields, or two
large preanals, one in front of the other, or three forming a triangle
bordered by a semicircle of small plates. 11 to 20 femoral pores on
each side. 20 to 26 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Varies much in markings. The principal variations may be arranged
as follows, starting with the most primitive :

A. (N. tessellata, var. teniolata, Bocage.) 4 or 5|| white dorsal
streaks separated by wider dark brown interspaces, and 3 white streaks
on each side, the upper (proceeding from the temple above the ear-
opening) broken up, anteriorly, into a series of round spots; on the
posterior part of the body these markings fade into a pale buff colour,
which also occupies the upper surface of the limbs and tail. The
coloration is thus very similar to that of Smith’s L. teniolata.—
Dongwenna, Mossamedes. (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, pl. vii, fig. 1).

* Male and young from Bulawayo, female from Port Elizabeth.

+ Female from L. Nyassa.

¢t Males from Vredefort Road and Rustenburg, female from Leydenburg.
The upper temporal is then entirely on the temple. Bedriaga observes,
@ propos of his L. cameranoi, that the upper temporals are on the upper surface ,
forming part of the pileus, in the South African species (my Nucras). The
series of specimens here referred to N. intertexta shows this character to be by
no means a constant one, as these shields may be lateral and perpendicular to
the parietals. There is thus in Nucras the same amount of variation with
respect to this feature as in DL. mwralis, in which Méhely has used it for the
distinction of his Archxolacerte and Neolascertex.

§ A single postnasal on one side in a young from Bulawayo.

| 41n the male, 5 in the female; only two specimens examined.

22 Lacertidsx.

s. 6 whitish streaks on the nape and 5 on the back; sides with 3
longitudinal series of roundish white spots.—Port Elizabeth.

c. (EH. holubi, Stdr., l.c., lower figure.) 3 white dorsal streaks
separated by broader black or dark brown interspaces, and 2
(sometimes broken up into spots) along each side; the white
vertebral streak continued for a short distance on the tail, which
bears 3 dark longitudinal streaks; the outer dorsal light streak
extends on the parietal shield, where it joins the light supraorbital
border.—Limpopo Valley, Transvaal (Steindachner) ; Rustenburg,
Transvaal; Vredefort Road, Orange R. Colony; Kimberley, Burghers-
dorp, Cape Colony. (I.c., fig. 2.)

vp. (EF. holubi, Stdr., Le., upper figure.) Back reddish brown with
three dark-edged light streaks ; a broad dark brown or black lateral
band, from the temple to above the hind limb, bearing one, two, or
three series of roundish white spots, and edged below by a white
streak which may be broken up into spots.—Limpopo Valley
(Steindachner) ; Zoutspansberg, Transvaal; Leydenburg, Transvaal ;
Vredefort Road, Orange R. Colony; Plumtree; Bulawayo; Port
Elizabeth. (1.c., fig. 3.)

gE. As in the preceding, but temple and side of neck with black
and white vertical bars——Umfolosi R., Natal; Pretoria; Bindura,
S. Rhodesia. (HL.c., fig. 4.)

F. The black and white vertical bars are continued, more or less
distinct, on the flanks.—Umfolosi R. (1.c., fig. 5.)

G. Back reddish brown with black dots and mere traces of the three
light streaks; a blackish lateral band with very numerous small
round white spots; sides of head with black and white vertical
bars ; tail with numerous small dark and light spots.—Lake Nyassa.
(T.c., pl. vi, fig. 10.) This form appears to represent Bedriaga’s
L. cameranoi, from Tette, Mozambique, but the fingers are not quite
so short,* the figure accompanying the description showing them to
be very similar to those of N. delalandii.

Hu. As in F, but without the light vertebral streak, and with black
dots on the back and on the sides of the belly —Umfolosi R.

1. As in 8g, but no light vertebral streak, and the light dorso-lateral
streak ending midway between the fore and hind limbs; black dots
on the sides of the belly. This variation forms a complete connexion
with the typical N. intertexta, the only difference being that the light
ocellar spots on the nape and anterior part of the back have fused to
form a dark-edged lateral streak—De Kaap Goldfields, Transvaal.
(We. pli, fe.9.)

* They are shorter and thicker in the female than in the male.

Nucras. 23

All the young specimens examined have 3 or 5 light dorsal streaks
and the tail is of a coralline red.

The var. holubi must be regarded as more primitive than the
typical form, and the pattern described under a, along with the
tzniolata form of N. tessellata,as the original from which all others in
the genus can be derived without the least difficulty.

Measurements (in millimetres) :
ees 3. 4., One Gi ie 8. 9.

From end of snout to vent Be SOR OG ODE Om SGRnooNEG2t Toss 170
” ” 3 » torelimb 28 29 34 25 30 19 20 21 23
Head : : : , : 19 20: 24 17 20 13) 14 13 15
Width of head . : : : 12 138 15 11 Le 18) © 9 8 10
Depth of head . 5 ; : a Fil pa iat 13 LO LO! i ei 8 85
Fore limb . : ‘ F 3 25, 26; 229) 322 25) Lia 1S 20
Hind limb. j : ; 2 38 39 45 33 36 26 26 29 £33
Foot . F : ; ? 3 19 20 21 17 18 13 18 14 16
Parl 5 : : : . 170 — 215 123 180 — — 116. 185

1. g, Nyassa. 2. 9, Nyassa. 3. $, Umfolosi R. 4. 9, Zoutpansberg.
5. 2, De Kaap Goldfields. 6. ¢, Vredefort Rd. 7. 9, Vredefort Rd. 8. ¢,
Dongwenna. 9. 2, Dongwenna.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Ji, Meaney 20s) 16 ia 8 9
Forma typica.
2 Latakoo (type) . ‘ - . 80 40 8 382 12 384 Il 24 48
Her. Kokong, Bechuanaland . . 44 42 6 31 138 38 =%13 24 48
g Rustenburg, Transvaal ‘ . 55 44 6 29 12 34 18-14 22 3
2 Pietersburg, - : : . 68 44 8 34 12 36 14. 25 4
Yg. 3 : : : : . 40 438 8 30 10 37 13-12 23 3
» 99 . : 385 42) 8n 3h iit - 3t 12 20 2
var. holwbi.
é Port Elizabeth . : : P56e050) 6.128: 119) 26 11 21 4-5
a * 5 : : : . 49 48 6 28 11 383 138-12 25 4-3
3g Burgersdorp, Cape Col. : , 450\> 49°65 28) 11 §28 12 24 6
¢ Kimberley, S.A.M.. - . 52 44 8 28 11 29 12-13 22 4
é Vredefort Road, O.R. Col. . . 55 46 8 29 12 28 12 24 4-5
3 . 7 52 48 8 28 10 26 12-14 21 5
Se # 5 62 48 8 380 12 26 1413 21 4
a 4 rf 50628 80 10 27 12 21 48
. Bs ee ee aa 46 5b Bo eee We BO OG
;» Plumtree, McG. M. ; , » 467 (57 29 11 33 17 24 6

> ON

é Umfolosi R., Zululand . : 795 17-16 22 2-3

>”? +»?

for)

or

OO Dd

oO ©

ao @O ®
JN)
_
pes
bo
co
bo

24. Lacertide.

Te Pay ee
var. holubi.

Yg. Umfolosi R., Zululand : - 4G 67 6 32
9 De Kaap Goldfields, Transvaal . 86 55 6 30
Ye. Pretoria, - . 44 48 6 30
é Rustenburg, os 553) 455285829
¢ Lydenburg, a (lop eis2y St) ashi
a . " 64 49 8 31
;, Zoutpansbere # 15 bb) 18) 382
é Bulawayo . : : A = 10) 60) 8) 27
Yet" 3 i a 2 Se sae seaeeaes
9 Bindura,S. Rhodesia, S.A.M. . 49 46 6 28
6 L. Nyassa . : : : . 80 44 6 30
9 is is) tl 2 el eG ei6s Gea
3 Dongwenna, Mossamedes . . 58 45 8 28
9 in y 10 45 8 34

12

1. Length from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across
3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse series of ventral plates.
5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in a straight line between symphysis of
chin-shields and median collar-plate. 7. Femoral pores (right and left if differ-
ing). 8. Lamellar scales under fourth toe. 9. Scales between supraoculars and

superciliaries.

15-16

13
17-18
17-16
20-19
13-15

15
15-17
16-15
16-17
14-13

14.

26

4-5

middle of body.

Habitat.—The range of N. intertexta extends from Portuguese East
Africa, Nyassaland, and Angola to the northern and eastern parts of

Cape Colony.

5. NUCRAS TESSELLATA.

Lacerta tessellata, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. (2) u, 1838, p. 92; Dun.
& Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 244 (1839); Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,

1886, p. 374.
Lacerta livida, A. Smith, l.c.
Lacerta elegans, A. Smith, Lc.

Lacerta teniolata, A. Smith, t.c., p. 93; Dum. & Bibr. t.c., p. 247;

Bedriaga, t.c., p. 381.

Zootoca teniolata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 29 (1845).

Nucras tessellata, Gray, op. cit., p. 833; Werner, Jen. Denkschr. iv,
1910, p. 329; Bouleng. Ann. 8. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, p. 212, pl. vii.

Teira ornata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 58.

Lacerta tessellata, part., Peters, Reise Mossamb. iii, p. 44 (1882).

Lacerta tessellata, subsp. pseudotessellata, Bedriaga, t.c., p. 377, pl.,

figs. 8, 21.

Nucras tessellata, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 52 (1887).

Nucras tessellata, var. elegans, livida, teniolata, Bouleng. Ann. 8.

Afr. Mus. v, 1910, p. 474.

Nucras. 25

Head small, considerably broader than deep, 13 to 1% times as long
as broad, its length 4 to 42 times in length to vent; snout obtuse.
Pileus 2 to 22 times as long as broad. Body feebly depressed. Hind
limb reaching the elbow, the axil, er the shoulder; foot considerably
longer than the head; digits slender, feebly compressed. ‘T’ail flat-
tened and widened at the base in males, nearly 2 to 2% times as long
as head and body.

Nasals forming a short suture behind the rostral; frontonasal
broader than long, broader than the internarial space; prefrontals
forming a short suture; frontal as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, 1} to 2 times as long as broad,
narrower, behind, than the supraoculars ; frontoparietals much shorter
than the frontal, or than their distance from the posterior border of
the pileus; parietals 11 to 13 times as long as broad, outer border
sometimes emarginate for the accommodation of the anterior upper
temporal ; interparietal narrow, 2} to 4 times as long as broad; occi-
pital very short, sometimes broader than the interparietal. Four
supraoculars, first and fourth small and sometimes divided into two,
first extensively in contact with the frontal; 7 or 8 superciliaries ; 2
to 7 small scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. 'T'wo
superposed postnasals, rarely one * ; anterior loreal + to 4 times as long
as second; 4 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is a little
narrower beneath than above; an elongate anterior upper temporal,
often in contact with the fourth supraoscular, + followed by 1 or 2
smaller shields; temple covered with small hexagonal or granular
scales, which are about as large as the dorsals or smaller ; tympanic
shield roundish, often small or absent.

Parietal foramen usually absent. Pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales small, juxtaposed, increasing in size and imbricate
towards the collar, 25 to 33 in a straight longitudinal series ; no gular
fold. Collar even-edged, composed of 8 to 15 plates.

Scales on body roundish or oval-hexagonal, smooth, 40 to 60 across
the middle of the body, 2 and 3 on the side corresponding to a ventral
plate. Ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal series, those of the second
series from the median line the broadest, and 25 to 34 transverse
series. Preanal region covered with several irregular shields, or with
two large shields one in front of the other.

* Types of L.teniolata. Also in a young from Clanwilliam which, in its
markings, agrees with the typical L. tessellata.

+ Not in contact in five specimens: one of the types of L. txniolata, two of
the types of L. livida, male from Deelfontein and female from Little Namaqua-
land.

26 Lacertide.

A series of 6 or 7 transversely enlarged plates on the lower surface
of the forelimb. Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals.
11 to 16 femoral pores on each side. 25 to 31 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe. ‘

Caudal scales forming whorls of nearly equal length, upper rather
narrow, the median pair often broader, rather strongly keeled, truncate
or very obtusely pointed behind, usually with more or less distinct
sensory pits.

As in the preceding species, the markings differ very strikingly
according to individuals and some at least of the different patterns, on
which species have been founded, perhaps indicate local forms or
varieties. I here enumerate those with which I am acquainted,
beginning with the most primitive.

A. (L. teniolata, Smith.) Eight white streaks on the back and sides,
sometimes nine on the nape and anterior part of back, separated by
black streaks; the outer dorsal light streak extending to the fourth
supraocular, the upper lateral, originating just above the ear, some-
times broken up into spots. Posterior part of back and tail brown
above, the latter inclined to red near the extremity and with a blackish
lateral streak. Lower parts white.—‘‘ Grassy districts of Cape Colony,”
Smith; Little Namaqualand; Pine Town, Natal (8. African Museum).
(Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., pl. vii, fig. 6.)

B. (L. livida, Smith.) Back with light and dark streaks as in the
preceding, or pale buff behind with black vermiculations ; sides black
with numerous small white spots, which form irregular vertical bars
on the temple and neck.—‘‘ Northern parts of Cape Colony,” Smith ;
Little Namaqualand; Deelfontein. (I.c., figs. 7, 8.)

c. (L. tessellata, Smith ; 7’. ornata, Gray.) Neck and anterior part
of back black, with 3 or 4 white lines above and very regular
white vertical bars on the sides posterior part of body grey or
pale buff, with more or less‘ distinct black bars on the sides. Tail
coral-red or reddish, at least in the young.—‘“ Eastern parts of Cape
Colony,” Smith; Clanwilliam, Calvinia, Worcester, Klipfontein, in
Cape Colony; Little Namaqualand; Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). (L.c.,
figs. 9,10.) In the var. psewdotessellata, described by Bedriaga from
Mozambique, there are five white lines on the nape.

p. (L. elegans, Smith.) Pale reddish brown above and on the
sides; two white, black-edged streaks on the neck.—‘ Little Namaqua-
land and the country towards the Orange River,” Smith; Smithfield,
Orange River Colony.

In the following tabulation of specimens examined, the same
arrangement is adopted.

Nucras.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
Head

Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb

Hind limb .

Foot

Tail

fore limb.

é
=

2. 3.
65 47
24 18
lisse egal
10 ti

G 5
22 16
3727
20°72 Lo
— 125

1. Type of L. tessellata. 2,4. Little Namaqualand. 3.

of L. livida. 6. Type of L. teniolata.

ee

4. 5. 6.
74 80 62
25 28 20
1G Li 1s
LOW 12 8
dgoy ad 6
22) 228
39 40 29
PAE PAS IG
— — 120

27

Klipfontein. 5. Type

Particulars of Specimens Hzxamined.

A.

2 Type of L. txniolata
EVI. «5, oe

2 Little Namaqualand
B.

3 Type of L. livida .

” 3) 3”

©) 3° 3° 5 o
é Deelfontein, Cape Colony
Cc

& Type of L. tessellata ;
, Klipfontein, Little Namaqualand
» Little Namaqualand

anne : : :

é Guires, Little Namaqualand

Ye. Clanwilliam, W. Cape Colony

» Zambesi, type of T. ornata

D.

2 Type of L. elegans

”

» Smithfield, O.R. Col., S.A.M.

I.
62

638

Columns as in the preceding species.

45

46

56

45

42

Daan mOaocdn Dd

OD a

lo oe 2)

32

6.

bo bw b&
oO 7 I

I have examined in addition 18 specimens preserved in the South

African Museum.

Scales across the body 40 to 60; femoral pores 12

to 16. One specimen, from Little Namaqualand, with a single post-

. nasal.

Habitat.—Great Namaqualand and the Zambesi to the Karroo and
Natal. Not yet recorded from Southern Rhodesia.

bo
[e2)

Lacertide.

2, LACERTA.

Lacerta, part., Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 359 (1766); Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gén. v, p. 174 (1839); Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886,
p. 24.

Seps, part., Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 58 (1768).

Lacerta, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 154 (1830) ; Wiegm. Herp. Mex.
p. 9 (1834); Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 80 (1845); Schreib. Herp. Eur.
p- 399 (1875); Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), ii, 1885, p. 125;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 8 (1887); Werner, Zool. Anz. xxvii, 1904,
p. 254; Bouleng. Tr. Zool: Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 1.

Zootoca, Wagler, op. cit. p. 155; Wiegm. l.c.; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 27.

Podarcis, part., Wagler, l.c.

Podarcis, Wiegm. Lec.

Thimon, Tschudi, Isis, xxix, 1836, p. 551.

Teira, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1888, p. 280, and Cat. Liz. p. 33.

Thetia, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 82.

Nucras, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 33.

Atropis, Gliickselig, Lotos, 1851, p. 138.

Gallotia, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 3.

Centromastix, Bouleng. 1.c.

Head-shields normal.* Nostril pierced between two
to four nasals and bordered by the first upper labial or
narrowly separated from that shield. Lower eyelid scaly
or with a small transparent disc. Collar well marked.
Dorsal scales much smaller than caudals, not or but
feebly imbricate ; ventral plates not or but feebly imbri-
cate, with truncate or straight posterior border, smooth.
Digits cylindrical or compressed, with smooth or tuber-
cular lamellar scales inferiorly. Femoral pores. Tail long,
cylindrical.

Europe, Northern and Western Asia, Northern and
Tropical Africa.

* A frontonasal, a pair of prefrontals, a frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, a

pair of parietals, an interparietal, and (with rare individual exceptions) an
occipital; any of these shields may, as an exception, be divided.

bo

Lacerta. 9

This genus is one on which more attention has been bestowed than
on any other among the Lacertilia, with astonishing differences of
opinion as to the delimitation of the species and their classification.

I have recently (Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916) explained the principles
which have guided me in the systematic arrangement, and my remarks
are here reproduced.

It is not often, when having to deal with the phylogeny of existing
species, that one can point to any, actually living at the present time,
as forming part of the probable ancestral stock ; and yet, in this case,
I feel pretty confident that L. agilis and its close ally L. parva have
preserved the primitive characters out of which the series represented
in Sections I, IIT and IV of the following classification have been
evolved. IL. agilis is a widely distributed species, now ranging over
the greater part of Europe and a considerable part of northern and
temperate Asia; it is highly variable both in its lepidosis and in its
markings, and, even without imagining a greater amplitude of varia-
tion than is known in the existing individuals, we find in it a combina-
tion of characters which realise the ideal archaic type leading, through
more or less broken chains of forms, still in existence, to the most
extreme modifications to be found in the three groups mentioned.

So far as the very scanty palzontological material allows us to judge,
the genera Lacerta and Nucras are the only representatives of the
family Lacertide known to occur as far back as the Upper Eocene and
the Oligocene,* and these two, which are intimately connected and
barely separable, must be looked upon as the original ancestral types,
out of which the allied genera Psammodromus, Latastia, Acantho-
dactylus, Cabrita, Ophiops, EHremias, etc., have been derived by a
series of modifications which may be formulated as follows :

1. Reduction and disappearance of the teeth on the palate.

2. Flattening and weaker ossification of the skull (reduction of the
postfronto-squamosal arch), together with elongation and acumination
of the rostrum, accompanied by approximation of the nares to each
other (reduction in width of the ascending process of the pre-
maxillary); reduction in some series, increase in others, of the
osteo-dermal plates.

3. Disappearance of the foramen parietale.

4, Disintegration of the head-shields: division of the elements
surrounding the nostril; intercalation of granules around the supra-
ocular shields; multiplication of the temporal and labial shields;

* Filhol, Ann. Sci. Géol. viii, 1877, p. 269; De Stefano, Atti Soc. Ital. Se.
Nat. xlii, 1904, p. 412; Klebs, Schrift. Phys.-cek. Ges. Kénigsberg, li. 1910,
p. 227.

30 Lacertids.

reduction or division of the lower part of the subocular, ultimately
excluding it from the oral border.

5. Formation of a transparent disc in the lower eyelid, and ultimate
fusion of the latter with the upper eyelid.

6. Formation of a denticulation or a fringe of scales in front of the
ear-opening.

7. Reduction or increase in the size of the scales on the body and
tail, decrease in the imbrication of the shields on the belly, reduction
and loss of the collar.

8. Lengthening and compression of the digits, accompanied by an
increase in the number of inferior lamelle ; multiplication of the
scales round the digits; development of keels on the subdigital
lamelle, or of a pectination on one or both sides of the digit.

9. Lengthening of the tail, perhaps accompanied by an increased
fragility of the organ.

10. Modification of the patterns of markings, starting from stria-
tion, leading on the one hand to ocellation (in longitudinal, irregular,
or transverse series), on the other to spotting (longitudinal, irregular),
reticulation, and barring. Assumption of vivid colours.

T will now explain how these principles work out when applied to
the Lacertide, and to the species of Lacerta in particular :

1: Teeth are present on the pterygoids in all members of Sections
IT and II of the genus Lacerta, forming a cluster of two or three series
in L.agilis and parva. In Section IV they persist,constantly or with rare
exceptions, in L. tawrica, peloponnesiaca, brandtii, levis, and jayakari,
but disappear in the other species, with rare individual exceptions.
They are usually absent in the other sections.

2. The subject has been discussed in relation to Prof..v. Méhely’s
proposal to reverse the series as I conceive it, and I have appealed, in
support of my contention, to examples drawn from other groups of
Vertebrates ; my opinion is also based on considerations derived from
a study of Reptilian morphology in series which paleontology con-
clusively shows to have evolved in a definite direction. In the case of
Lacerta, the internarial bony space and the postfronto-squamosal arch
are broader in L. agilis than in any other member of the genus.* The
osteodermal plates are most reduced in the forms with strongly
flattened skulls; on the other hand, they increase in development in
L. viridis, ocellata, and galloti (in a different line of evolution), in
which a flattening of the head and an elongation of the snout obtain
as in Section IV, though to a less extent.

* Cf. Leydig, Die in Deutschland lebenden Arten der Saurier, pls. i-iii
(1872) ; Degen, P. Z. S. 1910, p. 23, fig. 6.

_
q

Lacerta. 31

3. It is not necessary to give reasons for regarding the parietal
foramen (in relation to the vestige of the pineal eye) as a primitive

_ character. It is absent in three species only of the genus Lacerta—L.

jacksonii, vauereselli, and echinata; also in a few African species of
other genera.*

4, Considerations derived from the study of other families of
Lizards lead me to assume that the original condition of the nostril is
to be pierced in the centre of a single nasal shield. ‘This condition is
not found in any of the Lacertide. The next step is for the nasal to
divide into two—nasal proper and post-nasal—without the first labial
entering the nostril, as we find in some species of Nuweras and, as an
exceptional occurrence, in Lacerta agilis and L. parva.

Asa further stage of evolution in the genus Lacerta, I regard the
participation of the rostral to the border of the nostril, as in L. viridis
and ocellata, and more or less constantly in some of the members of
the L. muralis group. A step further still, the nasal portion of the
rostral becomes detached as a small shield in front of the nostril, as in
some specimens of L. danfordii, which in this respect shows the
farthest departure from the primitive type in the genus Lacerta. In
rare cases (L. agilis, L. vivipara) it is the lower part of the nasal
which has been severed to form a distinct shield between the rostral
and the nostril.

In L. agilis,, as in L. vivipara, the superciliaries and the supra-
oculars are in contact with each other; only in rare cases are a few
granules intercalated between them. The absence of granules is
retained in many specimens of typical LD. viridis, in L. peloponnesiaca,
and, as an exception, in L. taurica; in other species a more or less
complete series of granules separates the superciliaries from the
supraoculars, and in the extreme form L. oxycephala the series is
often partly double, whilst the first supraocular shows a tendency to
break up into small scales. In some species of allied genera, such as
Acanthodactylus and Eremias, the disintegration of the borders of
the supraoculars into small scales or granules may be carried further
still.

In L. agilis, the temple usually bears very large shields, few in
number, but there is much variation; in LZ. parva a finer scaling is
the rule, and as we proceed in the L. muralis series, we reach a stage
in which the temple is covered with minute granules, with or without
a central (masseteric) shield, which can be traced back to LD. agilis.
The large upper temporal shields and the tympanic shield may also

* Cf. Degen, t. c. p. 30. I have previously used the presence or absence of
the foramen for distinguishing species in the genus Draco (P. Z.S. 1897, p. 198).

32 Lacertide.

become reduced or disappear entirely through breaking up into scales.
The upper temporal shields, primarily two in number, are deeper in
L. agilis, and also in ZL. viridis, than in any other species, and are
situated partly on the upper surface of the head (where the anterior
forms a suture with the fourth supraocular), partly on the side, thus
combining the two extreme positions met with in L. muralis and
allies, which M¢hely explains as due to the shields not being homo-
logous. I regard them as certainly homologous : if lateral in position,
they have been reduced in width and pushed aside by the greater
lateral extension of the parietals ; if dorsal, the lower portion has dis-
appeared through disintegration. Méhely would agree, I should think,
that either case must be a reduction from the condition in L. agilis.

I conceive five to be the original number of shields on the upper lip
to below the eye, the fifth being the subocular. This subocular
becomes more and more differentiated from the labials proper by
narrowing inferiorly, and may ultimately be excluded from the labial
border, as in some Hremias and Acanthodactylus. In L. agilis this
shield is very variable in shape and is usually preceded by four upper
labials. Five or six anterior upper labials become normal in several
forms of the ZL. galloti and muralis groups, and the number is often
reduced to three in the L. vivipara group. As a general rule, the
number of labials increases with the length of the snout.

5. The lower eyelid is opaque, usually with more or less enlarged
scales in the middle, in all species of Lacerta but one (L. perspicillata).
In L. parva, danfordii and dugesii these large scales have a tendency
to become translucid. But in L. perspicillata a perfectly transparent
dise, formed of a single large scale, occupies the centre of the lid. We
know of no connecting-links in the genus Lacerta leading to this
remarkable feature, but we can realise the process of formation of the
disc by examples drawn from the genera Latastia and Hremias, in
which we find a varying number (two or more) of central scales
becoming enlarged and transparent, and by their fusion realizing the
condition in L. perspicillata. In Cabrita the transparent disc is very
large, occupying nearly the whole of the lower eyelid, and, a step further,
in Ophiops, the lower eyelid has lost its mobility and fused with the
upper, such Lizards having been regarded as deprived of eyelids.

6. A denticulation formed by projecting, more or less pointed
scales in front of the ear-opening is known in a single species of
Lacerta, L. atlantica, but I find a slight indication of it in some
specimens of L. muralis, var. campestris, and in L. jayakari. The
character is further developed and reaches its highest degree in species
of Acanthodactylus.

Lacerta. 33

7. The rather large, rhombic or hexagonal, keeled dorsal scales of
L. agilis lead through various gradations to the smooth granules of
L. ocellata and of many of the members of the L. muralis group; a
tendency to imbrication, more or less marked in some specimens of
L. viridis, leads to DL. princeps and, with an increase in size, to
Algiroides and Psammodromus. The distinctly overlapping character
of the large plates on the lower parts in ZL. agilis is lost in the
L. muralis group, and the number, 6 or 8, of longitudinal rows of these
plates, gradually merging into the lateral scales, may be increased,
as in ZL. ocellata and galloti, or the differentiation may be more
abrupt through disintegration of the small outer plates, as in many
members of the LZ. muralis group. The large plates forming the
so-called collar may be reduced in size and increased in number, at the
same time losing the notches between them on their free border,
as in L. muralis and allies; or they may become adherent to the
middle of the breast, as in Acanthodactylus; or the whole collar may
lose its freedom, and the gular scales pass gradually into the ventral
plates, as in Psammodromus.

8. Of all the species of Lacerta, L. agilis has the shortest digits, and
they are not at all compressed. In the L. muralis group the digits
become longer and more compressed, especially distally, as the climbing
habits become more and more marked. The series L. tawrica-campes-
tris-serpa is instructive in this respect. In ZL. agilis the subdigital
lamelle are smooth and undivided, or divided into two. In Lizards
adapted for arid sandy tracts the subdigital lamelle acquire one or
several keels (Latastia, Acanthodactylus, Eremias), and a series of
pointed scales may form a serration or fringe on one or both sides of
the digit (Acanthodactylus). These are clearly adaptations to a special
mode of life. I cannot conceive the direction of the series reversed,
viz., compressed or serrated digits leading to the simple form of
L. agilis.

9. If ontogeny is a guide to phylogeny, L. agilis, which has the
shortest tail in the genus Lacerta, must be regarded as the most primi-
tive species in this respect, Lizards at birth having invariably a shorter
tail in proportion to the body.* Méhely, who considers the longer tail
as the more primitive, observes that extremely long, slender, whip-like
tails—as in L. owycephala, for instance—are endowed with greater
fragility. This may be true—and here again I would look upon
extreme fragility of the organ as a specialization, but I must say that

* Measurements of head and body and tail in specimens at birth of four
species :—L. agilis, 26 + 29 mm.; L. viridis, 27 + 27 mm.; L. vivipara, 20 +
22 mm.; L. muralis, 22 + 28 mm.

34 Lacertide.

in L. agilis, which has a short and thick tail, individuals with the organ
in a regenerated condition appear to me as frequent as in most other
species of the genus, and certainly more than in L. echinata, which has
the longest and most whip-lke tail.

10. According to Eimer, * whose views have been endorsed by Cope Tt
and by Gadow, { but which have been opposed by Mchely,§ the primi-
tive type of Lizard is striated, the original light and dark streaks
breaking up into spots, and these spots, further becoming confluent
into transverse lines, tend to form cross-bands, whilst, in another
direction, the markings disappear altogether; in the course of the
changes—ontogenetic or phylogenetic, as the case may be—the pattern
on the posterior part of the body anticipates the evolution of that on
the anterior part.

In most cases the young show a more primitive pattern than the
adult, only very exceptionally the reverse (see under Hremias lugubris).
The more advanced pattern, on the other hand, may appear at birth,
and forms in which this is the case are therefore to be regarded as the
most remote from the primitive type.

The ancestral type of Lacerta I conceive to have had five white
streaks, separated by black, on the upper surface, and three, also
separated by black, on each side—l1 white streaks in all. Of these,
the outer dorsal starts from the superciliary border and is prolonged
on the tail; the upper lateral starts from the posterior corner of the
eye, passes above the tympanum, and ends above the hind limb; the
median lateral origimates on the upper lip, passes through the tym-
panum, above the fore limb, ends on the anterior side of the thigh,
reappears on the posterior side of the thigh, and is continued on the
tail; the lower lateral proceeds from the lower lip, extends on the
anterior side of the fore limb, and reappears on each side of the belly,
ending on the lower anterior side of the thigh. This arrangement is
exemplified by the young L. agilis, var. exigua, assuming the pale
brown colour between the black edges of the white dorsal streaks to
have been originally white also, || but it is likewise to be traced, though
in a less primitive condition, in some young of the typical form of that
species. I regard the disposition of the streaks in the young Acantho-

* Arch. f. Nature. 1881, p. 239, pls. xili-xv.

+ Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. f. 1898, p. 569, pl. v (1900).

t Proe. R. Soe. lxxii, 1903, p. 109, pls. iii-v, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, i, p. 277,
figs.

§ Ann. Mus. Hung. v, 1907, pp. 80 & 477.

|| The ideal primary striation, as seen on the nape of some Nucras and Acantho-
dactylus, has not. actually been observed in L. agilis, but I expect it will be found
some day, when larger series of young of the var. exigua can be examined.

Lacerta. 35

dactylus* as due to an antero-posterior reduction in their number, by
which their position may be shifted; thus the streaks on the nape are
the same in number and position as in the archaic young Lacerta, but
the vertebral terminates a little beyond the shoulders, and the upper
lateral streak is present only on the temple; on the body the latter is
absent as such, though represented, as in L. parva, by a series of spots ;
in L. muralis we also can trace this series of spots, of which the large
blue ocellus so often present above the shoulder is one, whilst the lower
series is represented by the blue spots on the side of the belly ; the
median light dorsal streak has vanished in all the members of the D.
muralis group, except on the nape of certain specimens of L. pelopon-
nesiaca.t It is clear that, in this case, the vertebral streak on the
base of the tail is not the homologue of that of the nape. That the
markings on the nape should be more primitive than those on the
body, as in L. peloponnesiaca; is fully in accordance with Eimer’s law,
and it applies also to L. agilis. I know of only one exception to this
law in the genus Lacerta, and it is to be found in the aberrant L.
echinata. The scheme given by Mchely { for a uniform nomencla-
ture of what he terms “ streaks ” (light) and “ bands ” (dark) is correct
as regards L. muralis, but does not carry us sufficiently far back to be
applicable to ail the species of Lacerta. Further, the topographical
terms used are open to objection when we consider the shifting in
position which the so-called “ superciliary streak’? undergoes in L.
agilis, or the “ parietal band ” in certain varieties of L. muralis§ ; such
terms would lead to misunderstandings if applied throughout the genus.

With the disappearance—the squeezing out, so to speak—of the light
vertebral streak, the dark area comprised between the inner dorsal
streaks may contract to form a dark vertebral stripe, broad or narrow,
and this is to be found in some specimens of L. agilis, L. vivipara,
and LZ. muralis, thus giving rise to another series which leads to the
breaking up of the stripe into spots, and their disappearance. The
light spots which sometimes appear on the dark bands, as in L. muralis,
var. pityusensis, I regard as secondary. The dark, light-edged vertebral
stripe is the initial form of Eimer’s scheme, based on ZL. muralis.||

* Figured in Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 13.

+ It is a remarkable fact that in all these lizards, when a light vertebral
streak or its representative in the form of spots is present, it never extends
beyond the base of the tail, although the dorsolateral streaks are continued
farther back.

} Ann. Mus. Hung. vii, 1909, p. 423, fig. 1.

§ Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p. 147, fig. 3.

| It is surprising that Eimer should have omitted to take Acanthodactylus
into consideration, if we bear in mind that he suggested regarding the species

36 Lacertide.

According to the theory here propounded, one may distinguish three:
grades in the dorsal pattern of striated members of the genus Lacerta,
beginning with the most primitive: (a) a light vertebral stripe, (b)
a dark vertebral stripe, (¢) no vertebral stripe or series of spots.
Each of these leads independently to the ocellated, spotted, reticulated,
eross-barred, or uniformly coloured types.

In the evolution of colours, leaving out of consideration the bright
yellow, red, or blue tails which form part of the juvenile livery of
some Lizards,* the vivid hues (yellow, green, blue, or red) appear
first as a seasonal character of the breeding male, before persisting
throughout life ; they are afterwards passed on to the female. In all
Lacerta the young at birth are black and white, grey, or greyish-brown
(blackish in L. vivipara). In L. agilis the typical form retains the
grey or brown colour, the males being green on the sides during the
spring and early summer only ; but very exceptionally the green may
extend to the upper surface in males, and may appear on the sides in
females ; in the vars. chersonensis and exigua, some specimens of which
are further advanced in the direction of Z. viridis, males are very
often, and females less frequently, green all over, and this colour
is retained beyond the breeding season. In L. viridis both sexes are
usually green when adult, and at all seasons; but in some localities
the females retain throughout life the brown colour of the young.
Blue over the throat and the sides of the head, or as spots or ocelli on
the flanks, occurs more frequently in males than in females, and in
some forms is the exclusive endowment of the former. Green may be
replaced by bright yellow (upper parts of ZL. ocellata, L. muralis, var.
nigriventris, lower parts of L. viridis). Red, as an intensification of
yellow, passing through orange, adorns the lower parts of many
Lizards, especially during the breeding season, or, derived from
reddish brown, the back of certain specimens of L. agilis (var. rubra),
appearing in the same order as does the green; or it may accompany
the blue as part of the nuptial garb in the males (L. peloponnesiaca).

The genus Lacerta may be divided into six sections :

of that genus as varieties of L. muwralis (1.c., pp. 401, 404). As I have already
pointed out, the lack of judgment in the appreciation of structural characters
detracts much from the value of his otherwise admirable memoir.

* Lacertide, Teiide, Scincide, Agamide. As regards the coloration of the
rest of the body, I cannot recall a single instance in Lizards in which the
young is more brightly coloured than the adult, although in many cases the
markings are more sharply defined or the patterns more elegant. This is
remarkable, considering that the reyerse is the case in many Snakes, Tortoises,
and Batrachians.

Lacerta. 37

Section I (Lacerta, s. str.), p. 57. LL. agilis, L., parva, Bler.,
viridis, Laur., princeps, Blanf., ocellata, Daud.

Section II (Gallotia, Blgr.), p. 109. L. atlantica, Peters & Doria,
cxsaris, Lehrs, galloti, D. & B., stehlini, Schenkel, simonyi, Stdr.

Section III (Zootoca, Wagl.), p. 126. L. vivipara, Jacq., fraasii,
Lehrs, derjugini, Nik., praticola, Eversm., vauereselli, Torn.

Section IV (Podarcis, Wagl.),p. 150. DL. tawrica, Pall., peloponnesiaca,
Bibr., muralis, Laur., chlorogaster, Blgr., jacksonii, Blgr., brandtii, De
Fil., levis, Gray, jayakari, Bler., danfordii, Gthr., oxycephala, D. & B.,
mosorensis, Kolomb., dugesii, M.-Edw.

Section V (Centromastiz, Bler.), p. 351. LL. echinata, Cope.

Section VI (Thetia, Gray), p. 535. L. perspicillata, D. & B.

The first section corresponds exactly to Group I of Bedriaga (1886),
and Group IV of Werner (1906); the inter-relationships between its
components have been recognised by all recent authors, and are so
obvious that no doubt can be entertained as to the species included
constituting a natural association. But the group is hardly capable
of definition, so closely does it merge into the three following.

The second section, confined to the Canary Islands, I have no doubt
was derived from some now extinct form closely related to L. ocellata,
var. pater, inhabiting N.W. Africa, exceptional specimens of which still
show traces of light longitudinal streaks; the two postnasals of
L. ocellata have been reduced to one.

The third section, which I regard as directly derived from L. agilis,
has been recognized by Bedriaga and by Werner. It should be kept
distinct from the LD. muralis association, although approaching very
closely L. muralis, vars. breviceps and caucasica.

The fourth section is so completely linked with the first through L.
agilis, parva, taurica, peloponnesiaca, and brandtii, as to preclude a
rigid definition. It constitutes a natural association of forms more or
less adapted for climbing.

The last two sections each contain a single perfectly isolated species.

Section I. Lacerra, s. str.—Transverse series of ventral plates with
notches between the plates,* longitudinal series 6 to 10 in number ;
collar strongly serrated ; usually two superposed postnasals, or one
postnasal and two superposed anterior loreals ; femoral pores 10 to 22 ;
subdigital lamelle 16 to 51 under the fourth toe; pterygoid teeth.

* This character is most marked in L. agilis, least in L. ocellata, some specimens
of which might almost fall under the definition of the following section but for
the presence of two superposed postnasals.

38 Lacertide.

Synopsis of the Species.
A. Nostril between 3 or 4 (rarely 2) shields, the rostral not entering its border ;
subdigital lamelle 16 to 23; dorsal scales elliptic, rhombic or hexagonal,
strongly keeled ; 82 to 52 scales across the middle of the body; ventral
plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal series; tail never twice the length of head
and body.
Granwes between the supraoculars and the superciliaries

usually absent; usually two large upper temporals ; fronto-

nasal rarely broader than internarial space, usually between

6 shields; foot not longer than head. : . 1. L. agilis, L., p. 39.
A series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-

ciliaries (rarely reduced to 2 or 3); a single large upper

temporal ; frontonasal broader than the internarial space,

between 8 shields ; foot longer than head . 2. L. parva, Bler., p. 60.

B. Nostril between 5 or 6 (rarely 4) shields, the rostral nearly always entering
its border; subdigital lamelle 21 to 31; usually two large upper tem-
porals, the first in contact with the fourth supraocular; tail 1? to 2%
times the length of head and body.

Dorsal scales hexagonal or rhombic, rarely oval or roundish,
strongly keeled; 38 to 58 scales across middle of body ;
ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal series . 3. L. viridis, Laur., p. 64.
Dorsal scales rhombic and subimbricate, strongly keeled, much
larger than the laterals; 34 to 87 scales across middle of
body ; ventral plates in 10 longitudinal series.
4. L. princeps, Blanf., p. 95.
Dorsal scales granular, smooth or feebly keeled ; 63 to 100 scales
across middle of body; ventral plates in 6 to 10 longitudinal
series : : : : : ; 3 . 5. L. ocellata, Daud., p. 97.

L. ocellata.

L. ocellata,
v. pater.

L. viridis, L. princeps.
Vv. major.

L. viridis, L. viridis,
v. strigata. Vv. woosnami,.

L. viridis.

L. viridis, ———
v. schreiberi.

L. agilis. L. agilis,
v. spinalis.
L. agilis——————_L. agilis, —————LL parva.
v. chersonensis. | V. exigua.

|
Ancestral type.

The above diagram expresses my conception of the relationship
between the species and varieties constituting this section.

Lacerta. 39

The series from LZ. agilis, v. exiqua to L. ocellata forms a nearly con-
tinuous chain, which there is every reason to regard as representing a
straight line of evolution, in which lepidosis, size, and coloration go
together, proceeding from east to west in the Mediterranean basin,
thus affording a highly suggestive example of derivation of forms
living simultaneously at the present period. The missing links in the
chain find expression in the separation of the three species.

This suggested line of evolution can, of course, only be postulated
by assuming an antiquity for certain existing species which could not
be entertained from the standpoint of Mammalian paleontology. We
must, however, bear in mind that while in the Upper Eocene and
Miocene times the Placental Mammals were in full process of evolution,
the lower Vertebrates had practically come to a standstill, so far as
important morphological features are concerned, the only great changes
that have since taken place being in their distribution, due in many
cases to altered climatic conditions.

1. LACERTA AGILIS.
FORMA TYPICA.

Lacerta agilis, part., Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 363 (1766); Schreib.
Herp. Eur. p. 455 (1875).

Seps argus, Laur. Syn. Rept. pp. 61, 161, pl. i, fig. 5 (1768).

Seps ruber, Laur. op. cit., pp. 62, 162, pl. ii, fig. 3.

Seps cerulescens, Laur. op. cit., pp. 62, 171, pl. i, fig. 3.

Lacerta pardus, Razoum. Hist. Nat. Jorat, i, p. 107, pl. i, fig. 3,
and pl. ui, fig. 4 (1789).

Seps stellatus, Schrank, Faun. Boic. i, p. 296 (1798); Koch, in
Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. iii, H. 6 (1828).

Lacerta agilis, Wolf, in Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. in, H. 2 (1799) ;
Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 94 (1823); Brandt & Razeb.
Med. Zool. pl. xix, fig. 1 (1829); Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Rett. Anf.
(1836) ; Tschudi, N. Denkschr. Allgem. Schweiz. Nat. Ges. 1, 1837,
no. 4, p. 21; Bell, Brit. Rep. p. 17, figs. (1839); Gray, Cat. Liz.
p. 32 (1845); Leydig, Deutschl. Saur. p. 197 (1872); Bedriaga,
Abh. Senckenb. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 127; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 19
(1887); Méhely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp. p. 10 (1892) ; Douglass,
Herp. Baden, p. 11 (1894); Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 25
(1897) ; Diirigen, Deutsch]. Amph. Rept. p. 145, pl. xi, figs. 1-3
(1897) ; Leighton, Brit. Liz. p. 55 (1903) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2,
p. 473 (1912); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p, 16, pl. i.

40) Lacertidex.

Lacerta stirpium, Daud. Hist. Rept. iii, p. 155, pl. xxxv, fig. 2
(1802); M.-Edw. Ann. Se. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 65, 83, pl. v, fig. 4;
Duets, t.c., p. 377; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. p. 291 (1835); Dum. &
Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 196 (1839); Fatio, Vert. Suisse, ili, p. 75
(1872); Martin & Rollinat, Vert. Dép. Indre, p. 282 (1894) ; Letaeq,
Bull. Soe. Linn. Normand. ix, 1895, p. 117.

Lacerta laurentii, Daud. t.c., p. 227.

Lacerta arenicola, Daud. t.c., p. 230, pl. xxxviil, fig. 2.

Lacerta anguiformis, Sheppard, Tr. Linn. Soe. vii, 1804, p. 51.

Lacerta agilis grisea, part., Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 261 (1804).

Lacerta europa, part., Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii, p. 29 (1811).

Lacerta agilis, var. erythronotus, Fitzing. N. Classif. Rept. p. 51
(1826).

Lacerta sericea, Gliickselig, Lotos, 1851, p. 113.

Lacerta agilis, var. ischliensis, Bedriaga, Enst. Farb. Eidechs. p. 18
(1874).

Lacerta agilis, vars. ocellata, atra, F. Mill. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel,
vi, 1878, pp. 412, 624.

Lacerta viridis, var. transsylvanica, Kimakoviez, Verh. Siebenb. Ver.
Nat. xxxviii, 1888, p. 107.

Lacerta agilis, vars. annulata, dorsalis, Werner, op. cit., p. 30.

Lacerta agilis, vars. immaculata, albolineata, nigricans, melanota,
Diirigen, op. cit., p. 155.

Habit stout,* body not depressed. No very great differences in
the proportions between the sexes, these differences sometimes very
slight.t Head short and convex, 11 to 12 times as long as broad,
its depth, in the tympanic region, equal to or a little greater than the
distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the anterior
border of the tympanum; its length 31 to 4 times in length to vent
in males, 4 to 5 times in females; cheeks more or less swollen,
especially in males; snout obtuse, as long as postorbital part of head
or as distance from eye to anterior border of tympanum. Pileus 12 to
2 times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head, or broader,
rarely a little constricted. Limbs short, slightly overlapping when
pressed against the body, or hind limb reaching as far as the elbow
in males, just meeting or hind limb reaching the wrist in females ;
foot as long as the head or a little shorter ; digits cylindrical, covered

* In spite of its name the least agile species of the genus.

+ The difficulty of deciding on the sex of certain adult specimens from
external characters is increased by the fact that females occasionally assume
the coloration of males.

Lacerta. 41

with two series of scales, one above and one below, or lower series
divided into two. Tail cylindrical, often squarish at the base,
thick, gradually tapering from the base or thinning out in the second
third or half, 11 to 12, very rarely 1? times the length of head
and body, but little over one-half of the total length in the very
young.

Nostril pierced between two,* three, or four shields. Rostral well
separated from the nostril, bent back on the upper surface of the
snout, its upper borders sometimes meeting at right anglet;
frontonasal nearly always broader than long, sometimes divided into
two by a longitudinal] cleft, narrower than the internarial space,t
in contact with the upper part of the anterior loreal, hardly ever with
the postnasal $; suture between the nasals very short, rarely half
the length of the frontonasal, sometimes absent through the rostral
forming a narrow suture with the frontonasal ||; prefrontals usually
forming an extensive suture, sometimes with an azygos shield
between them; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or
from the end of the snout, 1} to 12 times as long as broad, broader
behind than the supraoculars, except in the very young; parietals
12 to 12 times as long as broad, outer border forming an angular
suture with the two upper temporals ; occipital usually shorter (4 to
2) than the interparietal, rarely as long, the two shields equal in
width or either the one or the other the broader. Four supraoculars,
first very small and in contact with the second loreal,{{ second and
third large, second usually longer than third, fourth small and in
contact with the first upper temporal **; 4 to 6 (very rarely 3 or 7)
superciliaries, first longest, all in contact with the supraoculars,

* Only in two specimens (females from Studland and Lausanne) is the first
labial excluded from the nostril, such a condition answering to the definition
of the allied genus Nucras.

+ In the female from Studland just mentioned.

t As broad as the internarial space in a male from Diisseldorf.

§ Exception is a female from La Roche-en-Breil, Cote-d’Or, also distinguished
by the presence of 4 or 5 granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries. Inafemale from Lausanne the shield is entirely enclosed between
the nasals and the prefrontals.

|| In males from Arlon, Prague, Vienna, in females from Ringwood, Paris,
Lyons, Porté, Lausanne, Mondorf, and in two young from the last locality.
In a male from Berlin an azygos shield separates the nasals behind the
rostral.

“| Except in two females from Berlin, in one from Churt, and in a male from
La Bourboule. Absent on the left side in a male from Freiburg, Baden.

** Exception is a female from Tilford.

42 Lacertidx.

granules being absent or reduced to a few*; suture between the first
and second superciliaries as often vertical as oblique. One or two
postnasals, followed usually by two superposed anterior loreals ;
the anterior loreal exceptionally single, smaller than the second,
or even entirely absent,f the second usually in contact with the
second upper labial; 4 upper labials, rarely 5¢ or 3,§ anterior to
the subocular, which is very variable in shape, sometimes nearly as
long beneath as above, sometimes much shorter.

Two large and deep upper temporals, usually equal in length,
sometimes first or second the longer, each very rarely divided into
two; these two shields partly on the upper surface of the head, the
first rarely forming a slightly convex suture with the parietal || ;
the temple below them covered with smaller shields very variable
in size and shape (9 to 28 in number), but generally large, among
which a central masseteric and a tympanic are often distinguishable,
the tympanic usually in contact with the second upper temporal.

Lower eyelid opaque, with 6 to 10 enlarged, vertically elongate
hexagonal scales in the middle, or with two superposed series of
such scales.

Pterygoid teeth constantly present, in a small cluster.

14 to 21 (usually 16 to 19) scales and granules in a straight line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ;
gular fold feebly marked or absent, rarely very distinct. Collar with
strongly serrated edge, composed of 7 to 12 plates, usually 8 to 10.

Scales on vertebral area (8 to 12 rows) very narrow, elliptic or
hexagonal, strongly keeled, juxtaposed, more or less sharply differen-
tiated from the larger dorsolaterals,/ which are much broader, rhombie
or hexagonal, subimbricate, and also strongly keeled; lower down

* 1-2 in a female from Bazias; 2-3 in a male from Fensham Common and
in a female from Arlon; 3-4 in a female from Farnham; 3-5 in a young from
Mondorf; 4-5 in a female from La Roche-en-Breil.

+ Out of 260 cases, I note for the postnasal and anterior loreal: 1, 1 10 times,
1, 2 155 times, 2, 2 58 times, 2, } 9 times, 1, } 7 times, 2, 3 2 times, 2, 0 19 times.
—“<}” means that the anterior loreal is partly fused with the postnasal.—
2, 1, occasional in the vars. chersonensis and exigua, does not occur at all.

t Male and female from Southport and from Nagyszeben, male from
Farnham, male from Ischl, female from Churt; 5 specimens from Berlin and
Vienna.

§ Male from Freiburg, male from Hermannstadt, young from Lausanne.

|| Male from Lausanne, male from Vienna, male from Nagyszeben, female
from Bazias.

‘| There are, however, rare exceptions, as in a male from Lausanne and in
a female from Vienna in which the difference is very feebly marked.

Lacerta. 43

on the sides the scales becoming smaller, feebly and diagonally keeled,
and then again increasing in size, oval, round, or square, smooth or
faintly keeled and passing more or less gradually into the outer
ventral plates; 33 to 47 scales (usually 36 to 40) across the middle
of the body; 2, or 2 and 3 lateral scales correspond to a ventral
plate; 16 (Q) to 30 (¢) transverse series of scales, in the middle of
the back, correspond to the length of the head. Ventral plates
overlapping, more or less distinctly detached from each other on the
posterior border, in 6 or 8 longitudinal and 24 to 51 transverse series
(24 to 29 in males, 27 to 31 in females); the plates of the second
series from the median line much broader than the others; the outer
plates, when 8 series are present, } to % the size of those of the
adjacent series.

Preanal plate large,* bordered by one, rarely by two semicircles
of smaller plates or scales, none of which are much enlarged ; usually
6 to 8 scales bordering the preanal.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, strongly
keeled, sometimes rugose with granular asperities.t 16 to 25 (usually
18 to 21) lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 10 to 17 (usually
11 to 14) femoral pores on each side.

Caudal scales rather narrow and straight above and _ beneath,
broader and more or less oblique on the sides, dorsals and laterals
strongly keeled, without or with rather indistinct apical sensory pits,
pointed posteriorly §; the whorls nearly equal in length, the fourth
or fifth behind the postanal scales containing 24 to 36 scales.

The coloration and the markings are highly variable, and the latter
cannot be well understood without a knowledge of the var. exigua,
which is evidently in a less advanced condition in this respect.

It has been stated that the young at birth is marked all over with
yellowish white, brown- or black-edged ocelli, irregularly distributed
or with a mere tendency to form longitudinal series, and that this
livery represents the Seps argus of Laurenti. A reference to Laurenti’s
description || and figure shows however that the young examined by
him had the ocelli disposed in regular longitudinal series. It is quite

* Divided in a female from Odensjé, Sweden, and in another from Southport.

+ A male from Vienna is in this respect very similar to L. mosorensis.

¢ 8-9 in a male from Poole, according to Bell.

§ In a male from Bournemouth, the point is as obtuse as in some specimens
of the typical L. muralis.

|| “Ocelli medio flavi, cireulo nigro cincti: dorsales obsoletiores, minus
distincti; ad nucham vagis, sed extime lineam affectant. Laterales dis-
tinctissime, in sole aureo-fulgide, in tres phalanges, quarum infima utrinque
imperfectior, ordinate.”

44 Lacertidee.

true that some individuals show at birth a somewhat irregular
disposition of the ocelli, as also happens in the adult; but I am
fully convinced that when this is the case these spots will not, later
in life, arrange themselves in longitudinal series. I have before me
a young, one day old, from Churt, which does not differ from its
mother in the character and arrangement of its markings (longitudinal
dark bands and ocellar spots). Further, in the young of the so-called
var. rubra the dorsal region does not bear any ocelli. The “argus”
livery is not a constant one for the young, as the descriptions of some
authors would lead us to believe.

In addition to ocelli, the very young, which are grey or greyish
brown above and white beneath, often have a continuous or interrupted
yellowish or whitish vertebral streak.*

In a number of young, 30 to 35 millim. long from snout to vent, taken
in August at the same spot in Luxemburg, I find the following
variations.

In all of them three dark longitudinal bands run along the body
and tail; the median, 8 to 10 scales broad, much narrower than the
pileus; the lateral, about 6 scales broad, occupies the space between
the upper border of the upper temporal shield and the middle of the
posterior border of the tympanum. In most of them the dark median
band is divided on the nape by a narrow light streak, which in some is
continued all along the body whilst in others it is broken up into a
series of spots which are dark-edged on the sides, and a similar series
of spots extends along the border of the dark band, thus making three
series of dorsal ocelli; or the spots bordering the band are more or less
confluent into a light dark-edged streak. On each side there is an
upper series of large ocellar spots, starting from above the tympanum
and terminating above the hind limb; a light dark-edged streak or a
series of ocelli from the tympanum to the thigh and reappearing on the
tail; a broad light, dark-edged streak along each side of the belly, on
the outer ventral plates ; sometimes this ventral streak sends off upward
processes which break up into spots, thus forming a fourth lateral series
of ocelli. A more or less complete light ring surrounds the tympanum,
and the lateral streaks or series of spots never extend on the temple as
they do in the vars. ewigua and chersonensis. Only exceptionally is a
light line present from the superciliary edge along the suture between
the parietal and the upper temporal shields, behind which it joms the

* It is highly remarkable that among the very numerous adult specimens
I have examined from England and Northern and Central Europe I should
never have come across one in which this streak has persisted uninterrupted,
as in the var. spinalis.

Lacerta. 45

light line bordering the dark vertebral band, which widens towards
the occiput.

In other young, from Baden and Basle, we find a tendency for the
lateral ocelli to multiply and to lose their regular arrangement, as is
frequently the case in adult males.

The three light dorsal streaks or series of spots evidently correspond
to the better defined streaks of the young of the var. exigua, but the
outer, bordering the dark dorsal band, have become disconnected from
the superciliary streak. In some cases, however, as has been stated
above, the connexion has persisted. That the dark dorsal and lateral
bands represent the same in L. vivipara and L. muralis is beyond
question.

This explanation is necessary, as at first sight one might be embar-
rassed in homologizing the markings with those of, say, DL. muralis,
var. campestris or var. fiwmana, in which a dark vertebral band is
bordered on each side by a light streak which appears to correspond to
that in the same position in LZ. agilis, but which the above evidence
shows to have been lost in most specimens of the typical form of this
species ; there are, however, exceptions, in which the five original light
streaks are represented by as many series of white dots.*

In the adult the dark borders of the ocelli usually expand into large
spots (var. annulata, Werner), often squarish in shape, and other
spots may be added and so crowded as to cover the greater part of the
dark dorsal band of the young, which may be edged with black, and
the same may take place on the sides; the lighter ground-colour
between the bands may then be reduced to a narrow streak along each
side of the back. Sometimes the dark markings are confluent into a
vertebral stripe, with or without light spots. The whitish eyes of the
ocelli or the light dorsal streaks usually persist as central spots or
short lines in one, three, or five longitudinal series on the dark vertebral
band. The sides bear three or four longitudinal series of black and
white ocelli, the upper being the largest and composed of 10 to 15 ocelli
from behind the ear to above the hind limb. The ocellar spots are
sometimes arranged irregularly or with a tendency to a transverse
instead of a longitudinal disposition, but however irregular they may
appear, there are never more than five white eyes in a transverse
series on the back (the remains of the five original light streaks) and
four on each side; this is important to note. In males the lateral
ocelli may totally disappear and be replaced by crowded black dots
(var. dorsalis, Werner). It would be endless to further enumerate the

* In connexion with these remarks I must observe that I regard Werner’s
diagrammatic figures 58 and 59 in Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vi, 1892, pl. ix, as incorrect.

46 Lacertide.

variations in the arrangement of the spots that may be met with in
specimens from the same locality. In males and young the upper
surface of the head is usually unspotted or with darker dots or
irregularly arranged spots ; in many females and in a few males there
are large symmetrical dark brown or black markings, which may form
a curved band on the inner border of the supraocular region, and a
dark upper temporal band may be well defined. The dark longitu-
dinal bands or series of spots are continued on the tail, the striation
or longitudinal arrangement being, however, absent when it has dis-
appeared from the body.*

Males, at least in spring and early summer, are yellowish green or
erass-green, rarely yellow, on the sides of the head and body, very
rarely on the whole body with or without the exception of the median
dorsal band, which, according to Norman Douglass, may be brick-red
instead of brown. Females are grey or brown above, with the darker
markings varying from reddish brown to dark brown or black ; in rare
cases the sides assume the green colour of the males. The lower parts,
including the base of the tail, are green or greenish white in males,
nearly always dotted with black or with black vermiculations or
markings suggestive of arabic characters, creamn-colour or pale yellow
in females, often immaculate, sometimes with black dots all over or
restricted to the sides.

A remarkable variation, which affects male as well as female specimens
occurring promiscuously with the more normal type in France,
Germany, Austria and the Carpathians of Roumania, is that known as
var. rubra or erythronotus. The back is unspotted, reddish brown to
brick-red in the adult, the sides being coloured and marked as usual ;
the young is very similar to D. viridis, var. schreiberi. In very rare
cases there are no spots at all on the body, which retains the three
dark dorsal bands (var. immaculata, Diirigen). Entirely or nearly
entirely black specimens have been described (var. atra, F. Mill., vars.
nigricans, melanota, Diirigen).

We thus see the evolution of colour-variations to proceed in several
directions. Firstly, the light striation, which is so well defined on the
dorsal side of the young of the var. exigua, tends to disappear, to be
replaced by ocelli, which without losing the serial arrangement of the

* For the reason that the vertebral light streak is never continued beyond
the base of the tail (see above, p. 35), the median dorsal dark spots, however
well they may be developed, are invariably devoid of the white central eye
which may accompany each spot on the body.

+ I have come across only one case of a male with scarcely any spots on the
lower parts ; it was obtained at Southport by Mr. O. Grieg.

Lacerta. 47

white eyes may become irregular or even form cross-bands, as is fre-
quently the case in L. ocellata. Secondly, the dark markings may
subsist alone to form the three longitudinal bands which are often
present in L. vivipara and L. muralis. Thirdly, the dorsal markings
entirely disappear (var. rubra), or the lateral band and the ocelli are
replaced, as in some males, by a uniform puncticulation, or even the
lateral markings are lost (var. immaculata). Black specimens appear as
the result of an invasion of the ground-colour by the black markings.
Measurements (in millimetres) :
Me 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. ae 8.
From end of snout to vent . 85 80 76 68 98 84 83 80
_ - » store limb 30-29 29 26 381 28 30 27
)

Head ; : . 2a LONE Wearlo: (1S 320; 18
Width of head . : , lo: Fe Ne 12) 1s Tara 12
Depth of head. ; 2 14 ter les Ie 1s EE ta 1
Fore limb . . 26 26 25 21 29 23 26 21
Hind limb . : ; . 86 35 34 30 39 31 38 29
Foot . ; ; py eee hor Ss bee we: Ee
Tail . 3 , . 180 128 123 115 127 — 137 —

1. g, Lausanne. 2. ¢, Hollsteig, Baden. 3. @, Transylvania.
4. g, Farnham, Surrey. 5. 2, Mondorf, Luxemburg. 6. 9, Odensj6,
Sweden. 7. @, Vienna. 8. 9, Studland, Dorset.

Contrary to the rule in many species of this genus, but in agreement
with the majority of lower Vertebrates, females are, on an average,
larger than males.

A young at birth measures 26 millim. from snout to vent, tail 29.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Sweden : (2s soe 4ano: 6. Tad 8:0 <9):
? Odensjé . ‘ : ; » 1840.36) 29), 9) 19) 12-13") 19527 2

England :
& Southport, Lanes. . : ; i3 39 29 9 18 Is-l4 19 1 1
33 a os : . , 69) 3 28 SOs Ss) W213 9) 2—-le 2
i - . . 28... 67-37 29° Saag 14 20 2 2
e re ‘, Be ech) a Gor 35) Sem IG pie-19) oo he
. ; iy 62,42: 27-10. 18). 16-14 2 2 2
Q , s 78 35 31 10 19 11-12 19 2 2
¥ ; - "7 40 29 8 18 12-14 19 2 2
‘ ; . ni 306 3008-9 1S 15) 19° 2. <''2
- - ; 62 41 29 8 21 14-13 19 2-1 2
A & ‘ Pe Gh Ae Soe 0) ia 14e DP 1-2) 2
,, Studland Heath, Dorset . ; 80 40) 27-10) “18; 12-137 18 1 2
é Poole Heath, Hants. : . 58 36 25 9 18 12-11 20 1-2 2

) : x [= 79.37 e8e0 18 14-12 18

bo
°
~)

48

” 2°

Lacertide.
I BA
ég Bournemouth, Hants. 64 38
= h = 56 «38
2 Ringwood, Hants. 68 35
é Farnham, Surrey 64 36
g $5 .. : 72° 35
& Devil’s Jumps, Surrey 70 37
, Fensham Common, Surrey 68 41
” »” 61 41
, Churt, Surrey . Wei She
Os or 80 37
jy Mbmilivorys! 5 80 40
France :
6 Paris (typeof L.stirpiwm),P.M. 64 39
ogee Mae : 80 39
Q ,, P.M. 80 34
tS Bae eee 83 34
» senart, near Paris . : ESO MSD
,, La Roche-en-Breil, Cote @Or . 82 40
,, Nevers, Nievre, L.M. 85 41
¢ Lyons, L.M. 74 41
? eee 80 37
” D ys ‘ = : 78 40
3g La Bourboule, Puy-de-Déme Sourow
g 3 5 94 33
@ Puy-de-Doéme . 78 36
» Beyssac, Corréze, L.M. ae Bs
@ Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége . 82 34
» Porté, Pyrénées-Orient. 62) 37
Belgium and Luxemburg :
é Arlon 60 41
g A : 68 39
5 Mondorf . 98 38
: 89 39
» , 88 40
» » 87 37
Switzerland :
3g Binningen, near Basle 85 36
» ”» 9» 76 39
» ” + 73 41
> > , 68 40
? 29 ms 83 37
» » > 83 39
39 ”» ” 72 40
35 3 5 67 37
» ” » 67 36
é Lausanne. 85 42
x 85 41
82 37

21
20
22
23
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20
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Germany :

g
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3

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Diisseldorf

”

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Freiburg, Baden
Holisteig, ,,

” ”

Berlin

¥ : : t
». (var. rubra) .
Dresden .

(var. rubra)

” ( ”» )

Bohemia :

3

3)

Prague

Austria :

3

Vienna
-

”

(var. rubra) .

ct - dye

Lacerta.

1.
70
79
76

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ors

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50 Lacertide.

2 Vienna . : : “4. 39 30) 10748 12 19 2-1 2
55 - (var. rubra). ‘ + 785)639) S009) 1b, 1513
3g Ischl (type of var. ischliensis),
P.M. : : : : & fhe okh AAs Ul aly 16 gL (lees 4
Hungary :
2 Budapest . ; : MT 8) 298 Orbe 12 18 alee
Ze es : : : - pip wo mo meeler 12 My ib
,, Varpalanka, Comm, Bereg. . 84 43 27 9 17 12-11 21 1 41
> Bazias! =. é : : a ieee 28) 8) a) Ea iy ik
Roumania :
gd Nagyszeben, Transylvania . 75 38 26 10 16 10-12 22 1 2
x oS 270" 39" 26) 1. Sasa iat a a
9 5 ; : : . 90.41 29 V8 15 “WSIS eet9: ois ee
5 dy , : : 7 80) (35) 29) 9) Ope 2 Oe ee
g Transylvania . ; . SG) 35) 928 8 lel SO eel ae
2 Sinaia, Carpathians . ; 263) 938i) 30) (OTe 20 ae ees

1. Length (in millimetres) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across
middle of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates
in collar. 5. Number of scales and granules between symphysis of chin-shields
and median collar-plate. 6. Number of femoral pores (on right and left sides,
if differing). 7. Number of subdigital lamelle under the fourth toe. 8. Number
of postnasals. 9. Number of anterior loreals.

Habitat.—Southern Sweden, Denmark, England, France (absent
from the west), Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Bohemia,
Austria, Hungary, Transylvania, Poland, North-Western Russia,
Southern Finland. Highest altitude in the Alps, 1300 m. Generally
distributed in the central parts of Europe, it becomes more local to
the west. The British localities where its presence has been ascer-
tained are in Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Berkshire, Dorsetshire, and
Lancashire.

Var. SPINALIS.

Lacerta agilis, var. spinalis, Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung.
p- 39 (1897) ; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 26.

Lacerta agilis, Kolombatovic, Zool. Vij. Dalmat. p. xx (1900) ;
Werner, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzegov. x, 1907, p. 658.

Lacerta agilis, var. bosnica, Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, pp. 488, 944.
(1912).

Schreiber’s var. bosnica is founded on the presence of a single
postnasal and a single anterior loreal (“Das obere Postnasale mit
dem Frenale zu einem einzigen hehen Schildchen verschmolzen”’) in

~

Lacerta. 5]

specimens from Bosnia, a condition apparently unknown to him
in the typical form. In his notes on L. agilis from Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Werner mentions that out of 38 cases examined one
postnasal aud one anterior loreal occurs 25 times; in 6 cases
there are one postnasal and two superposed anterior loreals, in 2
cases two postnasals and two anterior loreals, in 3 two postnasals
and no anterior loreal, and in 2 one postnasal and no anterior loreal.
One postnasal and one anterior loreal—a combination which is very
exceptional in the typical form and never occurs in the var. exigua—
is therefore the rule in this variety.
The two specimens examined by me are here tabulated :

is 2. oe ey 6. ha 8. 9.
@ Bosnia : : : 3 VN OA GeO Oe toe a eS pele eT
» Babaplanina, Herzegovina - Gin Soy OOmenGr la pie=lorcloemeih 2

The number of scales is below the average in the typical form, the
dorsal scales are not abruptly differentiated from the dorso-laterals,
and Werner refers to the large size of the outer ventral plates—a
character, however, not shown by the specimens before me—to the low
number of gular scales (13 to 16) and of femoral pores (11 to 13).
In one of his specimens the occipital is absent and the rostral is in
contact with the frontonasal.

Otherwise the proportions and the lepidosis are as in the typical
form, and so is the coloration except for the median light spots being
confluent to form a vertebral streak (var. spinalis of Werner), which,
according to Schreiber, is but exceptionally interrupted.

Some specimens are said to have the back uniform red or reddish
brown, without any markings, like some of the typical form and of
the following variety.

Schreiber regarded the Bosnian lizard as more nearly related to the
var. exigua, to which it has actually been referred by Boettger (Katal.
Rept. Mus. Senckenb. i, p. 82).

Habitat—Dinaric Alps (up to 2000 m.), Mountains of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (up to 1500 m.), and probably Bulgaria.

Var. CHERSONENSIS.

Lacerta chersonensis, Andrzejewski, N. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. (2)
li, 1832, p. 327.

Lacerta viridis, var. u, Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 434 (1875).

Lacerta agilis, var., Kiritzescu, Bul. Soc. Se, Bucur. x, 1901,
p- 308.

52 Lacertide.

Lacerta agilis, var. chersonensis, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916,
p- 27, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2.

As pointed out by Kiritzescu, the Roumanian specimens from the
Carpathian district do not differ in any respect from the typical
form, whilst the others, which I refer to the var. chersonensis, approach
the var. exiqgua and also L. viridis.

The head is a little smaller than in the typical form, being con-
tained 4 to 43 times in length to vent in males. One postnasal
followed by one anterior loreal, as in the var. spinalis, is frequent
(18 cases out of 38), but there are often two postnasals, followed by
one or two anterior loreals; one postnasal and two anterior loreals,
forming a triangle, as in the typical form, is the exception (7 cases) ;
postnasal never in contact with the frontonasal.

As in the var. evigua the length of the suture between the nasals
varies from one-third to two-thirds the length of the frontonasal,
which is often as broad as the internarial space. Frontal 14 to 2
times as long as broad, sometimes not broader than the major supra-
oculars. Occipital usually shorter than the interparietal. Sub-
ocular much narrower beneath than above. Shields covering the
temple smaller than the average in the typical form ; tympanic usually
indistinct.

Seales a little smaller, on an average, than in the typical form,
more as in var. exigua (17 to 21 along the throat, 38 to 46 across the
body), those on the vertebral area much narrower than the dorso-
laterals, as in the typical form. Ventrals usually in 6 longitudinal
series. Preanal plate large, as in the typical form. Femoral pores
more numerous (14 to 18, rarely 15), as in var. eaiqua.

According to Kiritzescu, the tail is sometimes nearly twice as long
as head and body.

The markings are very variable. Some specimens have a dark brown
vertebral band, measuring } to 2 the width of the pileus, bearing
black spots, in one or two series or irregular, and bordered on each
side by a more or less distinct light line; that this light line is the
superciliary streak of M¢hely is shown by its condition in one male
specimen from Zorleni, Roumania, in which, after having followed the
outer border of the occiput, it suddenly turns at an angle towards
the middle of the nape, as is also the case in certain specimens of the
typical form; the dark vertebral band is sometimes divided by a
continuous or interrupted light median streak ; the sides show two or
three lateral series of black and white ocellar spots, of which the
upper are the largest, as in the typical form.

Lacerta. 53

Two specimens from Bukarest correspond to Andrzejewski’s
L. chersonensis,* the analogue of the so-called var. rubra of the
typical form, the back between the upper lateral series of ocelli being
uniform reddish brown, a little darker in the middle ; vestiges of the
superciliary light streak are visible on the nape and pursue their
primitive course as a series of whitish dots above the lateral ocelli,
thus showing the displacement described above to be in relation with
the black vertebral spots. The general colour is grey or brown above
in females, green in males, all over or except on the head and vertebral
band.f Belly greenish in males, profusely speckled with black ;
yellowish in females, uniform or scantily speckled with black.

The markings of the young vary as much as those of the adult, and
the light vertebral streak is also exceptional. Some young are
highly suggestive, at first glance, of striated specimens of L. muralis,
var. campestris and fiwmana, but what one would take to represent the
light “dorsal” streaks of Méhely are in reality the “ superciliaries,”’
which extend likewise along the upper surface of the tail.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

a 2. 3. 4. a

From end of snout to vent a S0y 7 76, .c60 -69
- 33 s forelimb. 31 28 27 25 22
Length of head . : S20) 1s ro Ge ES
Width of head . : : eR i: Noe gil rg el 2 a 0)
Depth of head . S412) pl ela” 2 ko 9
Fore limb . E : , Opes | eae bon 4 a0)
Hind limb . ; ‘ SVISGL \ioamy too Loe aad
Foot . ; 3 ; : AEA PSE? ook Lo
Tail . , =o, : a0) wdad, a1 6

1,2. ¢, Kieff. 3. ¢, Zorleni. 4. 9, Zorleni. 5. 9, St. George.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
yee Loe) eAC an. 6. 1 fos, a he ade)

ae kaeft : 2 : : = 80) 4 25) 210) 18? I4E15, 19) 1) | 1-2
~ eZ ‘ d : . "4 42 24 10 19 14-13 20 1 1

* “Corpus fuscum : supra unicolor immaculatum, ad utrumque latus maculis
irregularibus nigris versus abdomen decrescentibus, lineisque albidis interruptis
tribus pictum.” The name is therefore not a strict synonym of Kessler’s var.
orientalis, as believed by Bedriaga,

+ Kiritzescu confirms for this variety Bedriaga’s observation on the var.
doniensis that the green colour of the males is not seasonal, as in the typical
form, but is preserved throughout the year. Some male specimens examined
by him have lost all traces of the stripes and ocelli, and are uniform green or
green speckled with black, both specimens corresponding to the so-called
varieties concolor and punctata of L. viridis.

54 Lacertide.

V2 8 eos 4: 6. a 8. 9.

é Kieff . : ; ; : . il S40 26910)" 19" Galo S eee
» Zorleni, Moldavia . : SG 4.0) 25 eo els 14 Payal 1
+ $ 730 43 92610) 18) 16-14 220 1
> 5 71 45 26 11 18 1415 20 2 1
» 68 40 26 11 19 14 20 i 2
2 3 80 42 29 10 20 14 21 U 2
” > 3 3 F S ki 2By Py 8) Ale 14 21 2 2
Vio. ss ; ; . 45 46 25 10 20 15-14 21 1 1
; a 5 41 46 29 10 21 16-14 20 2 1
53 40 42 28 12 21 18 22 1 1

55 ; 37 43° 29 11 V8 1415) 20>. 1 2-1
= é SB Bi) Atay al ly/ 14 1 1
FP a5 a ; 4 . os 44 28 Tt WSs 14-15 18 i 1
& Bukarest . , ; : oo 42 825) 9s 14 2002 1
Q % : : ; ; = bts} ail P4rf alah alk) 14 20 1 1
VPs Togs : ‘ : ; A240) 2 98220 15 20 1-2 2

, Lacu-Sarat, Roumania . . 87 42 27 10 19 15-18 20 2 2-1
2 St. George, Danube Delta . 69 38 380 11 21 16-15 22 2 1

Habitat. — South Russia, along the Dnieper and westwards ;
Roumania south and east of the Carpathians.

Var. EXIGUA.

Lacerta ewrop:ea, part., Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii, p. 29 (1811).

Lacerta agilis, Lichtenst. in Eversm. Reise Orenb. Buch. p. 140
(1823); Eversm. N. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (2) i, 1834, p. 341;
Kulagin, Isvest. Mose. Univ. lvi, 2, 1888, p. 4, figs.

Lacerta exigua, Kichw. Zool. Spec. 11, p. 188 (1831).

Lacerta sylvicola, Eversm. t.c., p. 3844, pl. xxxi, fig. 3.

Lacerta viridis (non Laur.), Rathke, Mém. Sav. Etr. Ac. St. Pétersb.
ili, 1837, p. 299.

Lacerta viridis, var. colchica, Hichw. Faun. Casp.-Caue. p. 66 (1841).

Lacerta stirpium, Eichw. op. cit., p. 67.

Zootoca exigua, Hichw. op. cit., p. 71, pl. x, figs. 1-3.

Nucras ? exiqua, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 34 (1845).

Lacerta agilis, var. dilepis, Lichtenst. Nomencl. Rept. Mus. Berol.
p. 14 (1856).

Lacerta doniensis, Bedriaga, Ensteh. d. Farb. Eidechs. p. 14 (1874).

Lacerta viridis, var. q, Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 442 (1875).

Lacerta agilis, var. orientalis, Kessl. Tr. St. Petersb. Nat. Soc. vin,

1878, p. 150.
Lacerta agilis, vars. chersonensis et doniensis, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, pp. 146, 151.

a.

Lacerta. 55

Lacerta paradoxa (non Razoum.), Bedriaga, t.c., p. 170, pl. —,
fig. 23.

Lacerta agilis, var. exigua, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 21 (1887) ;
Nikolsky, Fedtschenko’s Reise, Zool. ii, pt. vii, p. 31 (1899) ; Méhely,
in Zichy, Zool. Ergebn. 3. Asiat. Forschungsr. ii, p. 51, pl. vii (1901) ;
Lindholm, Zool. Gart. xliii, 1902, p. 24; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 104
(1905) ; Bedriaga, Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reis., Amph. Rept. p. 755
(1912) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 480, fig. (1912) ; Bouleng. Tr.
Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 30, pl. ii, figs. 38-9.

Lacerta agilis, var. altaica, Kaschenko, Rezult. Altaisk. Eksp. Str.
p. 116 (1899); Cugunov, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xvi, 1911,
p- 231, pl. iv.

Lacerta agilis, vars. colchica, eremioides, concolor, Schreib. op. cit.,
p. 482.

Lacerta agilis exiqua, Nesterov, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xvii,
1912, p. 76; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 49 (1913).

The proportions are the same as in the typical form, but the length
of the head in males is contained 34 to 43 times in the length to vent
and the pileus is 2 to 2; times as long as broad. Tail sometimes up
to 14 times length of head and body. Nearly always two superposed
postnasals, followed by one or, more frequently, two superposed
anterior loreals, or anterior loreal absent.* The suture between the
nasals usually longer, } to + the length of the frontonasal, which is
usually as broad as or a little broader than the internarial space.t
First supraocular sometimes very small, or even almost reduced to a
granule and not touching the second loreal.{ Superciliaries some-
times reduced to two or three.§ Temporal lepidosis very variable,

* Out of 160 cases, 2 postnasals and 2 anterior loreals occur 65 times; 2
postnasals and 1 anterior loreal 39 times ; 2 postnasals and no anterior loreal
42 times ; 1 postnasal and 2 anterior loreals 14 times ; the upper or the lower
part of the anterior loreal sometimes fused with one of the postnasals (this is
expressed in the table by +). Specimens with these and other head-shields
abnormally multiplied by division have been figured by Cugunoy, l.c.

+ Narrower in specimens from Moscow, Tomsk, Novorossik, Ala Tau, L.
Urkatch, Lepsinskaja Staniza, Altai; in contact with both postnasal and
anterior loreal in 5 specimens (Ielenovka, Vladikaukas, Lepsinskaja Staniza,
R. Kunges).

t In 14 specimens. | It is curious to read that Bedriaga (l.c., p. 185) regarded
this condition as more characteristic of L. viridis.

§ Specimens from R. Kunges. A female from Vladikaukas is exceptional in
having a series of 8-10 granules between the superciliaries and the supraoculars.
According to Bedriaga, a series of granules may be present in specimens from
the Volga district. Otherwise I have never found more than one or two
granules.

56 Lacertide.

sometimes consisting of a few large shields, sometimes of small,
almost granular scales ;* tympanic often indistinct ; the two upper
temporals, of which the first is nearly always much longer than the
second, usually less broad, sometimes but narrowly in contact with
the fourth supraocular, or even not touching that shield.t Occipital
small or very small, sometimes minute. 5 anterior upper labials is
very exceptional; 15 to 23 (usually 17 to 20) gular scales; 8 to 18
(usually 9 to 12) plates in the collar; 34 to 52 scales across the
middle of the body, usually 40 to 49. In some specimens the scales
on the vertebral region are much narrower and abruptly differentiated
from the dorso-laterals, as in the typical form, whilst in others, often
from the same locality, the dorso-laterals are only a little broader than
the mid-dorsals, and as this peculiarity is usually accompanied by an
increase in the number of scales across the body (45 to 52), the
scaling of such specimens does not differ in any way from that of a
typical L. viridis. The ventral plates are usually in 6 rows; if in 8,
the outer plates are usually very narrow; in some specimens the
differentiation between the ventral plates and the lateral scales is
quite abrupt.

Preanal plate usually smaller than in the typical form (its length
equal to or less than its distance from the anterior femoral pores),
bordered by two semicircles of scales, two of which in front of the
plate are often much enlarged and plate-like,t or even fused to one
plate as large as the preanal, as in the type figured by Eichwald.

Femoral pores rather more numerous, 12 to 18 on each side,§
usually 13 to 16.

30 to 386 caudal scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Young brown above, constantly with three light, sometimes black-
edged, well-defined light longitudinal streaks; the median begins
behind the occipital shield and ends on the base of the tail, the lateral
usually from the fourth supraocular to near the end of the tail, or,
losing its connexion with the superciliary border, from the outer third
of the parietal shield. Three or four whitish lateral streaks or series
of whitish black-edged ocellar spots on each side, the two upper
originating on the side of the head.

These markings usually persist in the adult, with the addition of a

* Male from Altyn Emel and male from Telenovka.

+ In the types of L. paradoza and in a male from Batum.

t “Scuta analia 1-3,” Bedriaga, l.c., 1886.

§ Up to 20 according to Rathke; 10 to 16, usually 12 to 15, according to
Cugunov, who has tabulated the variations in 89 specimens from the Ianskaia
district on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Lacerta. 5

series of large squarish or irregular dark brown or black spots between
the light dorsal lines, which may be edged with black. In males,
which are often green all over, and permanently, including the light
dorsal streaks, the spots may be accompanied by numerous black dots.
Some specimens lose more or less completely the markings and are
uniform green above, or green finely speckled with black as we often
see in L. viridis. Females are usually grey or brown, but sometimes
green like the males.* A female from Minnusinsk, Yenissei, is pale
reddish brown, with a yellowish vertebral streak and a bluish grey
dorso-lateral band; only scanty vestiges of the ocellar spots on the
sides. Schreiber describes a var. concolor, uniform olive brown.

Lower parts yellowish or greenish white, or yellow, uniform or
dotted with black, the dots usually more profusely distributed in
males than in females.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1 2 3. A. 5D. 6. le

From end of snout to vent 2 ; ~ 92> °85 2) 80) 73.96 90
ae oF 55 fore limb . ; . 84 380 29 27 27 # 32 30
Head . 5 : ‘ ; : : . 23 20 20 18 18 19 19
Width of head . ; ; : : . 16 15 16 12 12 13 13
Depth of head. : : : : gale aI} aa) a eal
Fore limb . : . : ¢ : 2 30) 2 2h 24 25) 265) 26
Hind limb . : : : ; : . 48 37 87 88 34 34 £35
Foot . : z - ; : : . 20 20 18 17 18 19 19
Man . R : : : ; ‘ . — 140 120 1385 180 148 132

1. gf, Sukhum Kale (type of L. paradowa). 2. g, R. Kunges. 3. 3’,
Telenovka, L. Gokcha. 4. 3, L.Urkatsch. 5. §, Saratov. 6. 9, Tien Shan
Mts. 7. 9, Vladikaukas, Caucasus.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ley 25 Oo ee eo: 6.

~I
0)
c©

2 Moscow ‘ , : P 2 iS) a2 27 9 19 15-16 22 2 O
» » : F : ; 2 AO), 49530 9 17 138-14 19 1 2
g Charkov ; ; ; . 2 49) 2 ie 9 16 22 2 2
» Saratov. : : : 2 NS 4s 2 VALS 14 20 2 4
3 2 3 : , : . 38 42 28 IT 20 138-14 20 2 2-3
yy Dongus, near Orenburg ~ 88°42 382)" 16-16) 2) 2 2
a Ural . ; ‘ $ ; + 92 (46° 2277 he Ls 16 21 1 2
9 Astrakan . - , P . 88 46 28 11 22 1415 20 2 2
» Wladikaukas : : ; ~ 90546530 2t 723 16 20 2 1
$ Sukhum Kale (L. paradora) . 92 48 28 11 21 15-14 22 2 O

* According to Bedriaga, wholly green specimens (var. doniensis, Bedr.) are
so in both sexes in Southern European Russia, whilst in Transcaucasia and in
the Kirghiz Steppes the females are brown. A similar colour-dimorphism in
females, according to districts, appears to occur also in L. viridis.

58

$ Sukhum Kale (L. paradozxa)
2 Novorossik .
3 lelenovka, L. Gokehw

” ”

? 39 33
3 L. Gokeha, P.M.
» Batum

» Van

» Kirghiz Sipe
» KR. lek
Altyn-Emel

& 3 : :
3 R. Kunges, 8. of Kulja
2 55

” ” ”
3 Lepsinskaja Staniza .

” ”

§ Semipolatinsk-Ajagus

”

@ Arcat Mts. é
& L. Ourkatsch, moureniek
2 > 3°

» Lomsk

” ”

Mivinusiiaks Yenissei

3 Syr DariaSteppes,Turkestan,P. M. 88
£ 35

9
2 %

g Ala Tau

+ : :
» Lepsa, Ala Tau
g 3? >

» Tian Shan Mts.

” ”

» Kanaika R., Altai

be) >

Lacertide.

42

28

26

29

28

29

20
20

1g

NNONNENNNNNNNNHNNNDS

bo

i:
jy

bo
we
bo &Pr |
b we

www hd b&

NNWNRerRW be

bowenwp bw

bo bo be

bt bh bh

NNrehw Ww

Do ke ee bo ee IO CO

a
| bo wee bo
i)

i e
Il *§ NO NONF NI] NNOFRN W WW
ne iw)

bo DO BP

tlm

Lacerta. 59

Mees 8.404516. 6. fh: WEsP 9:

9 Kanaika R., Altai. : . 62 42 29 10 17 16-15 19 2 2
62 40 29 10 18 14-15 18 1 2

” 33 ”

bo

60 41 28 9 20 15 18 2

2 ” ”

Habitat.—South-eastern and Central Russia in Europe east of the
Dnieper, Transcaucasia and Armenia, Western Siberia and Central
Asia eastwards to the Yenissei and the Altai and Tian Shan Mountains.
Ascends the Caucasus to the altitude of 2000 metres.

The forms into which ZL. agilis is divided may be thus defined :—

Forma typica.—Usually 1 or 2 postnasals and 2 anterior loreals ;
suture between the nasals very short, rarely half the length of the
frontonasal, which is narrower than the internarial space (with rare
exceptions) ; 33 to 47 scales across the body, usually 36 to 40; pre-
anal plate large, bordered by one, rarely by two semicircles of scales ;
8 to 17 femoral pores on each side, usually 11 to 14; light vertebral
streak never continuous in the adult.

Var. spinalis, Werner. Usually 1 postnasal and 1 anterior loreal ;
suture between the nasals very short ; frontonasal narrower than the
internarial space; 32 to 35 scales across the body; preanal plate
large, bordered by one semicircle of scales; 11 to 13 femoral pores ;
a light vertebral streak usually present.

Var. chersonensis, Andrz. 1 or 2 postnasals and | or 2 anterior
loreals; suture between the nasals 4 to 2 the length of the fronto-
nasal, which is often as broad as the internarial space; 58 to 46 scales
across the body, usually 40 to 43; preanal plate large, bordered by
one semicircle of scales; 14 to 18 femoral pores, rarely 13; a light
vertebral streak usually absent in the adult.

Var. exigua, Hichw. Usually 2 postnasals; anterior loreals 1 or 2
or absent ; suture between the nasals 3 to + the length of the fronto-
nasal, which is usually as broad as the internarial space; 34 to 52
scales across the body, usually 40 to 49; preanal plate usually rather
small, bordered by two semicircles of scales, one or two of which,
in front of the plate, are often much enlarged and plate-like; 10 to 20
femoral pores, usually 13 to 16; a light vertebral streak usually
present.

I should like to emphasize the fact that these forms are not sharply
definable, and to express the hope that future writers will refrain from
availing themselves of the above characters for the purpose of raising
the varieties to the rank of species, as has been done by Schreiber
in the case of ZL. viridis, basing his definitions chiefly on characters
first pointed out by me nearly 35 years ago, but leaving out of

60 Lacertidex.

consideration the numerous exceptions which justify the course I have
followed.

T am unable to express an opinion on the var. kurtwana, Kaschenko,
Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb., xiv, 1909, p. 125, from Central Asia.
Size small (85 millim. from snout to vent); tail sometimes nearly
twice as long as head and body; masseteric plate much enlarged.

I regard L. agilis, and more especially the vars. chersonensis and
exigua, as the ancestral type from which L. viridis on the one hand and
the species of the L. muralis group on the other have been evolved.
As regards the latter, the oriental species with two postnasals are con-
nected with it through L. parva. The other species, with primarily a
single postnasal, are separated by a wider gap, which is only partly
filled up by L. tawrica and L. peloponnesiaca. If I am right, South-
eastern Europe and the neighbouring part of Asia are to be regarded
as the centre of origin of the genus Lacerta—a view which is confirmed
by the study of the LD. viridis-ocellata series.

How the markings of the striated form of the L. mwralis group can
be derived from the more primitive pattern of the young L. agilis, var.
exigua is explained further on, when dealing with L. parva.

2. LACERTA PARVA.

Lacerta parva, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 22, pl. i, fig. 1 (1887);
Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxi, i, 1902, p. 1080, pl. i, fig. 4, and pl. 11;
Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xx, 1905, p. 308; Nikolsky, Mitth. Kauk.
Mus. iv, 1909, p. 306; Nesterov, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xvi,
1912, p. 74; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 90 (1913); Bouleng. Tr.
Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 36, pl. 11, figs. 10-12.

Head and body feebly depressed. Head small, 12 to 12 times as
long as broad, 4+ to 44 times in length to vent in males, 44 to 5 times
in females, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner
of the eye and the tympanum ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the
distance between the eye and the tympanum, with feebly concave
loreal region ; cheeks not much swollen; length of pileus twice its
width. Neck as broad as head, or slightly constricted. Limbs rather
short ; hind limb reaching the wrist, the elbow, or the axil in males,
limbs just meeting or hind limb reaching the wrist or the elbow in
females ; foot longer than the head; digits feebly compressed. Tail
cylindrical, 1} to 14 times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal and two postnasals, usually also
the first upper labial. Nasals forming a short or very short suture;

Lacerta. 61

frontonasal broader than long, broader than the internarial space, in
contact with the upper postnasal and the anterior loreal ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, 14 to 2 times as long as
broad, usually narrower behind than the major supraoculars; parietal

1 to 1} times as long as broad, outer border convex, and in contact
with the upper postocular ; occipital 3, to § the length of the inter-
parietal, as broad as or broader than the latter, rarely a little narrower ;
second supraocular longer than third ; 5 or 6, rarely 4, superciliaries,
first or second longest, the suture between these two usually oblique,
rarely vertical ; a series of granules between the major supraoculars
and the superciliaries, the series complete or incomplete through the
first or first and second superciliaries forming a suture with the supra-
ocular or, rarely, reduced to 2 or 3 granules. Rostral not touching
the nostril; first upper labial not always entering the nostril, and if so
only at a small point ; two superposed postnasals ; two loreals, first as
long as or shorter than second. 4 upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular, the lower border of which is much shorter than the upper,
sometimes} very short owing to a part of the shield having become
detached as an accessory fifth anterior upper labial. Temporal region
with moderately large shields or small scales ; masseteric shield present,
small or large, sometimes divided into twof ; tympanic present, large ;
a rather large upper temporal, forming a suture with the fourth
supraocular, followed by 2 to 4 scales.

Lower eyelid in the middle with one or two series of 6 to 8 enlarged
scales, which have a tendency to become semitransparent.

Pterygoid teeth present.

17 to 20 scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct ;
collar strongly serrated, composed of 7 to 10 plates.§

Body covered with moderately large, juxtaposed or subimbricate,
hexagonal or rhombic scales, which are strongly and diagonally keeled
on the back, larger and losing the keels towards the ventrals; 33 to
43 scales across the middle of the body, 2 transverse series (rarely 3
here and there) corresponding to a ventral plate, 19 to 30 in the
middle of the back corresponding to the length of the head. Ventral
plates overlapping, more or less distinctly detached from each other

* 3 on one side in a female from Angora.

+ In one male from Berchetti Mandam, this reduction of the lower part of the
subocular being the nearest approach, in the genus Lacerta, to a condition
frequent in Acanthodactylus and Eremias.

t¢ Rarely indistinct, according to Werner.

§ Up to 12 according to Werner.

62 Lacertide.

on the posterior border, in 8 (rarely 6). longitudinal and 27 to 33*
transverse series (27 to 30 in males, 31 to 33 in females) ; the plates of
the 6 principal rows subequal in size or those of the second series from
the median line the broadest ; if in 8 rows, outer plates usually narrow,
exceptionally half as broad as those of the adjacent series.

Preanal plate moderate or rather small, sometimes divided into
three, bordered by two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia much smaller than dorsals, strongly
keeled. 19 to 23 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 14 to 20 femoral
pores on each side.

Caudal scales obtusely pomted, the upper more or less oblique,
diagonally and strongly keeled, the lower also keeled, except quite at
the base; the whorls usually not very unequal in length; 24 to 30
scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Grey or pale brown above, with two darker dorsal bands, each bearing
a series of dark brown+ spots, which may be large and squarish or
small and irregular, or replaced by a series of small ocelli on both
sides of the dark dorsal band; bordering these spots on each side a
small white spot or streak, the outer of which is the continuation of a
streak proceeding from the outer border of the parietal; nape usually
with a short dark brown vertebral streak or series of spots; a more
or less distinct whitish streak on each side from the upper lip to the
thigh ; between it and the dorso-lateral series of light spots a dark
band with a series of large squarish or round dark brown spots mostly
with a white centre, or of white, black-edged ocelli, which in males
may be very large and blue; upper surface of head without spots, or
with small dark markings following the curved inner border of the
supraocular region; tail with a more or less distinct, dark lateral
band and with or without a dorsal dark band or series of large dark
spots.. Lower parts white in the female, pale yellow in the male; in
the latter some small blue-spots may be present on the sides of the
belly: According to Werner, the young differs only in having the
light streaks more distinct, more continuous.

The pattern of coloration is derivable from that of the young of Z.
agilis, var. exiqua, as figured by me (1916), p. 15. The remains of a dark
vertebral band, which persist on the nape only, result from the fusion
of the dark borders of the light vertebral streak after the absorption
of the latter, as in the typical form of L, agilis ; the paired dorsal spots
represent the breaking up of the-inner dark border of the dorso-lateral
light streak, which retains its normal course instead of being shifted

* Up to 35 according to Werner.

+ Sometimes reddish brown in females, fide Werner.

Lacerta. 63

towards the vertebral area; the large lateral spots or ocelli on the
sides correspond to those in L. agilis, and the third or lower lateral
streak is absent or represented by the blue spots on the sides of the
belly. Thus, although the markings seem to differ very strikingly
from those of any of the patterns known in J. agilis, they can be
easily traced back to the more primitive type represented by the
young alluded to above. They agree very well with those of various
striated forms of the L. muralis group.

When describing ZL. parva thirty-three years ago, from a single
female specimen, I regarded the species as nearly allied to L. agilis
and ZL. viridis. In this view I am confirmed by further study of a
better material, but at the same time I consider LD. parva as a link
between L. agilis and L. brandtii, so perfect that it is difficult to decide
whether it is more closely related to the one than to the other.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Li 2 3. 24 Soe i6sk “7.

From end of snout to vent . 55 52 50°46 58°58 49°
a fore limb... 20) 1S) Ue 17 19> he. We
Head : : toe bopetoc ke Eh LE bo
Width of head . : Pee 4.) ee cs > Mee ad) any Cink ys
Depth of head . dn le OO 15 Ge G3 oO 5
Fore limb . ; ; : a0 Lee he obh7 ckp. 7. 16: 15
Hind limb . . 26° 27 26 28.25 24 Ot
Foot . ; i: > SS ee aes L413 ee
Tail . . ; : : . 94 —) 90°77 . 83 »— -74

1. g, Angora. 2, 3. g, Sari Keny. 4 4, Berchetti Mandam.
5. 9, (type), Kaisarieh. 6. 9, Angora. 7. 9, Sari Keny.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1 eee 4. 5. 6. le

2 Kaisarieh (type). : 200 'oOesteeey 9 StC20.5 ta. h7, 22
¢ Sari Keny : . 02 43 28 8 20-18-17 21
.; - : 4 OOF 402A LO REST) 16.4) 2)
2 2 . 49 36 33 10 18 .16-17 19
6 Berchetti Mandam . 00 38-°27 +8) 20,. 16-17. 21
v3 2 ‘3 , 2 ‘d0e Adv eal) +. -19 ~19':.. 28
3 a ee - 46 4E32e . 9. 19 19-20 ° 28
, Angora . -, eoemoemea) AS 1S) LF - 2
53 - ; : . 2 40 29. -9 18 15-17 22
: Fatlp t. oe Sera PSR LZ. (Wei 24

: . Sl 36 28 -7 17 15-17 20

64 Lacertide.

11, 2. 3. AG 6. i
6 Angora . : : - 00 SR O20 t 7 iG Asse
if £ : «£00 1385027 .8\: Ey ae
Q a ; : ; 7, Oottoge tol iS L7- nda ee
‘ od 34 382 9 17 15-14 21
fs 48 40 31 10 20 15-14 21

A 38> foun jO0t17 ) 6 gene

Table as in L. agilis, p. 50, but without columns 8 and 9, the number
of postnasals and anterior loreals being constantly 2, 1.

Habitat.—Steppes of Eastern Asia Minor, from Eski-Shihir to
Kaisarieh, up to 1800 m. in the Erdshias Dagh, according to Stein-
dachner. I am indebted to M. H. Gadeau de Kerville for the privilege
of examining a good series of specimens obtained by him in the district
of Angora, where this lizard occurs together with the far commoner
Ophiops elegans, some individuals of which are strikingly similar to
Lacerta parva in their proportions, coloration, and general appearance.
The species is also reported from Transcaucasia (district of L.
Gokcha), but the identification of the specimens perhaps requires
confirmation.

3. LACERTA VIRIDIS.
FORMA TYPICA:

Seps sericeus, Laur. Syn. Rept. pp. 61, 160, pl. u, fig. 5 (1768).

Seps terrestris, Laur, t.c., pp. 61, 166, pl. in, fig. 1.

Seps varius, Laur. t.c., pp. 61, 1721, pl. iui, fig. 2.

Seps viridis, Laur. t.c., pp. 62, 175.

Lacerta viridis, Daud. Hist. Rept. in, p. 144, pl. xxxiv (1802) ;
Wolf, in Sturm’s Deutsch]. Faun. ii, pt. 4 (1805); Lichtenst. Verz.
Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 92 (1823); Dugés, Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829,
p. 878; Gachet, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. vi, 1833, p. 168; Eversm.
Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. ii, 1834, p. 339; Bonap. Icon. Faun.
Ital., Amf. (1836) ; Tschudi, N. Denkschr. Allg. Schw. Nat. Ges. i,
1837, No. 4, p. 18; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 210 (1839) ; Schulz,
Faun. March. p. 447 (1845); De Betta, Mem. Acc. Verona, xxxv, 1857,
p. 129; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 69 (1872) ; Leydig, Deutschl. Saur.
p. 182 (1872); De Betta, Fauna d’Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 25 (1875);
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 441 (1875); Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 83 (1876) ;
Collin de Plancy, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 325, pl. vi; F. Mull.
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi, 1878, p. 413; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges.
1881-82, p. 256; Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 72, pl. 11 (1885), and

Lacerta. 65

Boll. Mus. Torin. i, 1886, no. 11; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 62; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 14 (1887); Mina-Palumbo,
Nat. Sicil. ix, 1890, p. 298; Mchely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp. p. 5
(1892) ; Douglass, Herp. Baden, p. 6 (1894); Martin & Rollinat, Vert.
Dép. Indre, p. 279 (1894) ; Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 31
(1897) ; Diirigen, Deutsch]. Amph. Rept. p. 114, pl. x, figs. 2-4 (1897) ;
Gadeau de Kerville, Faune Normand. iv, p. 159 (1897) ; Werner, Wiss.
Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi, 1899, p. 819; Rollinat, Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, xiii, 1900, p. 5; Kolombatov. Zool. Vij. Dalm. p. xxi (1900) ;
Kiritzescu, Bul. Soc. Se. Bucur. x, 1901, p. 305; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross.
p. 94 (1905) ; Werner, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. x, 1907, pp. 659,
666; Lehrs, Zool. Jahrb. xxviii, 1909, p. 82, figs.; Kowatcheff, Herp.
Faun. Bulg. p. 22 (1912); Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 490 (1912) ;
Maluquer, Bol. Soc. Espan. H. N. xviii, 1918, p. 403; Bouleng. Bol. Soc.
Espan. H. N. xix, 1919, p. 59.

Lacerta bilineata, Daud. t.c., p. 152, pl. xxxv, fig. 1.

Lacerta sericea, Daud. t.c., p. 224.

Lacerta fusca, Daud. t.c., p. 257.

Lacerta chloronota, Rafin. Caratt. ale. n. Gen. Anim. p. 7 (1810).

? Lacerta sicula, Rafin. op. cit., p. 8.

Lacerta europea, part., Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. 1, p. 29 (1811).

Lacerta smaragdina, Meisner, Mus. Nat. Helv. i, p. 4, pl. vi (1820) ;
Schinz, Naturg. Rept. p. 99, pl. xxxvii (1833).

Lacerta varius, M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 44, 83.

Lacerta elegans, Andrzej. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. ii, 1882,
p. 328.

Lacerta bistriata, Schinz, op. cit., p. 100, pl. xxxvil.

Lacerta viridis, var. mento-cxrulea, Bonap. l.c.

Lacerta cyanolema, Gliickselig, Lotos, 1851, p. 111.

Lacerta viridis, vars. concolor, versicolor, maculata, cinereo-nigrescens,
brunneo-viridescens, De Betta, Mem. Acc. Verona, t.c., p. 133.

Lacerta viridis, vars. punctata, nigra, variolata, radiata, quadriradiata,
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 442.

Lacerta viridis, var. vaillanti, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886,
p. 100; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cx, i, 1902, p. 1068; Schreib, Herp.
Eur., ed. 2, p. 495.

Lacerta viridis, vars. flavescens, similis, istriensis, holomelas, Werner,
Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 32.

Lacerta viridis, var. intermedia, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. v, 1905,
p- 304, fig.

Habit more slender than in Lacerta agilis. Head usually some-

oO

66 Lacertide.

what more elongate and always less convex, 12 to 13 times as long as
broad,* its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner of
the eye and the tympanum, its length 32 to 4} times in length to vent
in males, 43 to 5 times in females ; snout less obtuse, as long as the
postorbital part of the head or slightly less; cheeks more or less
swollen in the males; pileus 2 to 24 times as long as broad, in adult
males often very uneven or rough.+ Neck usually a little constricted.
The hind limb reaches between the wrist of the adpressed fore limb
and the collar in males, the wrist or the elbow, rarely the axil, in
females ; the limb shorter, on an average, in specimens from Central
and South-eastern Europe than in those from Italy. Foot 1 to 12
times the length of the head, rarely slightly less, in males, 1} to 12
times in females ; digits feebly compressed. ‘T'ail cylindrical, gradually
tapering, 1% to 22 times the length of head and body, usually about
twice, 12 to 2} times in the oriental specimens mentioned further on;
shorter in the very young.

Nostril pierced between 5 or 6, rarely 4, shields. Rostral touching
or entering the nostril,f not so deep as in L. agilis; suture between
the nasals short or very short,§ rarely half the length of the
frontonasal, which is nearly always broader than the internarial
space,|| and usually broader than long; the sides of the frontonasal
nearly always in contact with the upper postnasal and with the
anterior loreal, or, if the latter be absent, with the second loreal,
sometimes* with the three shields; prefrontals usually forming
an extensive suture, an azygos shield rarely present between them** ;
frontal as long as its distance from the nasals or the end of the
snout, 11 to 1} times as long as broad, broader than the supraoculars,
except in the young, often concave in old specimens, its outline usually
rounded in front, in males sometimes trilobate ; often a groove (suture
between the frontal bones) along the middle of the shield, giving it the
appearance of being divided into two; parietals 14 to 14 times as long

* Fatio is evidently mistaken in stating “la plus grande largeur égalant, en
général, la moitié de la longueur.”

+ Often much more than in males of similar size of the var. major.

+ Exceptions in a male from Jersey, ina female from Korito, and in a female
from Salonica.

§ The rostral is in contact with the frontonasal in a female from Turin. An
azygos shield separates the nasals in two females from St. Epain.

|| Exceptions in a female from Prague and in one from Znaim.

4 In several specimens from France and the Channel Islands.

** In a male from Cattaro and in a female from Znaim. In a female from
Valdeblore and in another from Korito, the frontonasal is in contact with the
frontal.

Lacerta. 67

as broad, shorter in the young, outer border convex or forming an
angular suture with the two upper temporals ; occipital usually shorter
and narrower than the interparietal, but sometimes as broad and very
rarely broader,* not infrequently separated from it by the parietals
meeting on the median line, often reduced to a granule, rarely absent} ;
a small shield may be intercalated between the interparietal and the
occipital.} Normally four supraoculars, first small or very small, often
reduced to a granule, or not reaching the second loreal,§ second and
third large, second the longer, fourth moderately small and constantly
forming a suture with the first upper temporal; 4 to 7, usually 5 or 6,
superciliaries, first usually longest, all in contact with the supra-
oculars,|| or with granules between them, these varying in number from
1 to 11 and never forming a complete series ; suture between the first
and second superciliaries as often vertical as oblique. Usually two
regularly superposed postnasals, a short and deep anterior loreal, and
a large second loreal; sometimes three postnasals{[; anterior loreal
rarely divided, or absent**; very rarely two postnasals may form a
triangle with a small anterior loreal,}+ as frequently occurs in L. agilis.
Nearly constantly 4 upper labialst{ anterior to the subocular, which is
much narrower beneath than above. Two large upper temporals
(rarely fused to one) in contact with the parietal, the two equal or the

* The largest occipitals I have seen are in a male from Prague, with the
shield shorter but considerably broader than the interparietal, and in a male
from Bazias, in which it is a little longer and a little broader than the latter.

y+ In specimens from Jersey, Montpellier, and Turin.

+ In a male from Jersey and in females from Fontainebleau, Valdeblore,
Sicily, and Biganos. Leydig says of German specimens, “Das Interparietale
fand ich 6fters durch eine Querfurche getheilt.”

§ Absent in 10 specimens (Jersey, St. Malo, Oléron, Cadillac, Valdeblore,
Spezia, Turin, Modica, Prague). In single females from St. Epain, Oléron and
Valdeblore, the first supraocular is replaced by 3-4 small shields, the inner of
which is in contact with the frontal.

| Numerous specimens from France, the Channel Islands, and Italy.

{| Such exceptions, to which Lataste has drawn attention in dealing with the
lizards of the Gironde, appear chiefly in specimens from the extreme west of the
range of the species.

** In western specimens the second loreal, if distinct from the first, forms a
suture with the second labial, whilst in most eastern specimens the first loreal
is larger and the second is pushed further back.

++ On one side in a male and a female from St. Epain, in a female from Oléron,
in a male from Montpellier and in another from Turin, on both sides in a female
from Sicily (Paris Museum),

t 3 on both sides in females from Jersey, St. Epain, Oléron, and Prague, on
one side in females from Jersey, Valdeblore, and Turin; 5 on one side ina
young from Ostia and in a male from Hernani, which is further remarkable in
having 4 instead of 3 pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other.

68 Lacertide.

first (rarely the second) the longer, the first in contact with the fourth
supraocular; temple covered with very variable shields,* which are
usually large and irregular and often include a central or masseteric
shield which may be very large; a curved tympanic shield is often
absent, or broken up into two or three, and if present usually separated
from the upper temporal by one or two series of small shields.+

Pterygoids constantly toothed, the teeth in one or two, rarely three
series,

16 to 25 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, usually 18 to 22; gular
fold distinct. Collar strongly serrated, composed of 7 to 12 plates,
usually 7 to 10, which may be rather pointed.

Scales granular on the nape; on the body elongate-rhombic or
hexagonal, juxtaposed or subimbricate, and strongly keeled on the
back, sometimes a little smaller on the sides, often a little larger and
more and more feebly keeled, or even smooth, towards the ventral
shields; 40 to 55 scales, usually 42 to 50,} across the middle of the
body ; 2 or 3 lateral scales correspond to a ventral plate; 20 (2) to
34 (3) transverse series of scales, in the middle of the back, corre-
spond to the length of the head. Ventral plates overlapping, the
edge of the transverse series broken by notches between the plates,
in 6, rarely 8, longitudinal series ; the number of longitudinal series
sometimes very definite, the lateral scales being abruptly differentiated,
sometimes rather difficult to fix owing to the presence of small shields,
which might be regarded as ventrals§; 26 to 32 transverse series,
26 to 81 in males, 27 to 32 in females; the plates of the second
series from the middle line 12 to 24 times as broad as those of the
first, 1} to 2 times as broad as those of the third; the plates of

* Asarule much larger than in the var. major. Werner (Sitzb. Ak. Wien,
exi, i, 1902, p. 1072) finds 8 to 32 (rarely more than 22) in the typical form and
23 to 54 in the latter. It is a tedious task to count all these shields, but I find
the difference between the two forms may be as well expressed by counting
them in a vertical series between the posterior third of the first upper
temporal and the upper labials: we then find 2 to 5 shields in the former, and 4
to 7 in the latter—an equal degree of overlap.

y+ Present and separated from the upper temporal in specimens from Genoa,
Turin, Elba, Lecce, Modica, Sicily, St. Malo, St. Epain, Cadillac, Prague,
Bozen; in contact with the upper temporal in specimens from Genoa, Spezia,
Turin, Znaim, and Herkulesbad.

t Usually 42-47 in French and Italian specimens, 44-50 in Austrian and
Oriental.

§ Lhere regard the plates as in 8 series only when the outer form a continuous
longitudinal series without the intercalation of scales, as, for instance, in the
German specimen figured by Leydig.

Lacerta. 69

the fourth series, if present, always small. Preanal plate large,
bordered by two, exceptionally by one,* semicircles of smaller plates,
6 to 10 of which form the inner semicircle, the median pair sometimes
enlarged, or fused to one.

Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or smaller than dorsals,
keeled. 13 to 21 femoral pores on each side.t 21 to 31 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe, usually 22 to 26.

Caudal scales forming whorls of equal or nearly equal length, the
upper with strong straight keel, ending in a point which, exceptionally,
may be very obtuse; the keel less strong and more diagonal on the
lateral scales; lower scales rounded or obtusely acuminate behind,
feebly keeled, those at the base usually smooth; 30 to 40 scales in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

On comparing the following tables of numerical variations, it will
be noticed that, on an average, the specimens from France and the
Channel Islands as well as from North-Western Italy differ from
the rest by a combination of characters—trifling, it is true, but not
without interest: total absence or great reduction in the number of
granules between the supraoculars and superciliaries, frequent absence
or reduction of the anterior loreal, somewhat lower number of scales
across the body (usually 42 to 47 instead of 44 to 50) and of femoral
pores (usually 14 to 17 instead of 16 to 19).

In describing the coloration I will first deal exclusively with
specimens from Central Europe and Italy, and afterwards allude
to the somewhat differently coloured lizards of South-Eastern Europe
and South-Western Asia, which have been described by Bedriaga as
var. vaillanti.

Although, as its name implies, the green colour is one of the
features of this species, there are frequent exceptions.

The young at birth is brown or greyish brown, uniform or with two
or three lateral series of round white or yellowish spots, or with a
white or yellowish dorso-lateral streak, and, lower down, a second
streak or a series of spots extending from the upper lip, through the
lower part of the tympanum, to the base of the hind limb; the upper,

* Females from Valdeblore, Ostia, Forte Ratti, and Prague.

+ 13-20, usually 14-18, in French and Italian specimens, 16-21 in Sicilian,
according to Boettger, 15-20 in Austrian and Oriental. Rollinat (1.c.,
p. 15) has stated that, in French specimens, there are often more pores under
the left thigh than under the right. In 56 specimens in which the numbers
are different for the two sides I find the higher number 28 times on the right
and 28 times on the left. In 64 specimens of the typical form of L. agilis, the
higher number occurs 30 times on the right side and 34 times on the left.

t Especially in the anterior third of the tail.

70 Lacertidx.

and sometimes also the lower of these lines are continued on the basal
part of the tail; lower parts white.

Leydig believed that the green colour does not appear until the size
of the lizard somewhat exceeds that of an adult DL. agilis, but I have
seen specimens 70 millim. long from snout to vent, of a uniform bright
green on the body and tail. As the young grows, yellowish green
appears on the sides of the head and body and the lower parts become
yellow ; small black spots may also appear on the back and the white
lines or spots become edged with black. It has sometimes been stated
that only very young males are striated, or even that these markings
indicate the female sex of the young; but it is not so, and the light
lines, although vanishing sooner than in the females, may be preserved
more or less distinct in males up to a length of 106 millim. from snout
to vent.* On the other hand, the striation often persists throughout
life in females (LL. bilineata, Daud.), and I will begin with a descrip-
tion of such specimens.

A. The retention of the light lines is sometimes accompanied by
that of the brown colour. In some specimenst+ the ground colour is
entirely brown, or green on the back and brown on the sides, or the
back may be of a reddish brown.f A white circle is often present
round the tympanum. A series of black spots, or a black streak along
the inner side of the dorso-lateral white or yellowish line, or on both
sides of it; the lateral line or series of spots, if present, may be also
edged with black. In some specimens§ large round black spots are
present all over the bright green upper parts between the white lines,
and may be very crowded. The black spots unite to form a streak on
the upper surface of the tail, which may be edged by the prolongation
of the white dorso-lateral lines. A few white, black-edged ocellar
spots may be present on the limbs, and a white, black-edged streak
may run along the back of the thighs. The head may be uniform
brown or olive, with or without white lines or spots from the upper lip
and the superciliary border, which are continued on the body, or it
may be more or less spotted with black; in one specimen || the head is
black above, as is frequently the case in males, with about a dozen
round pale green spots.

B. The next most frequent form, affecting principally adult males,
but also sometimes met with in females, is the so-called var. punctata,

* Specimens from Jersey, Guernsey, Turin, and Sicily.
+ From Cadillac and Bozen.

t Half-grown from Castelfranco.

§{ From Jersey, Guernsey, Fontainebleau, and Biganos.
|| From Fontainebleau.

i

Lacerta. 71

Schreib.,* in which the head and body are closely speckled black and
green, or, on a black+ or dark green ground, profusely dotted with
yellow (var. istriensis, Werner); the dots are, however, larger and less
densely distributed on the head, and they originate independently; only
exceptionally are they very crowded. This pattern is evolved out of a
crowding of small black spots, which break up, or which run together
into marblings until the black forms the ground colour ; we can some-
times follow the absorption of the white longitudinal lines or spots in
the process of its formation (Seps varius, Laur.), which does not attain
perfection in males until they reach a length of at least 90 millim. from
snout to vent, and I have not observed it in females under 105.

c. Another form of common occurrence is green above, uniform
(L. viridis, s. str., var. concolor, De Betta), or with scattered black dots
or small spots (var. maculata, De Betta).

The three above categories are completely linked by intermediates.
The following are the two most striking individual variations observed
by me:

p. Male from Verona, approaching the typical coloration of the
var. major. The scales are green, surrounded by a black interstitial
skin, and each bears a black spot covering one third to two thirds of
its surface; the head is dark olive above and on the sides, with
numerous pale green dots and vermicular markings ; the front of the
limbs and the two outer ventral plates on each side (these plates are
in 8 series) bear black vermiculations.

gE. Female from Verona. Green above with yellowish white dots,
some of which are clustered together in groups bordered with black, to
form, in addition to vestiges of the two dorso-lateral streaks, irregular
wavy longitudinal lines and ocellar spots ; head dark olive above, with
a few large, round, black-edged yellowish spots.

In green specimens the upper surface of the head, limbs and tail
may be green also, but it is more frequently olive or brown.

In all these variations the sides of the head and the throat are
usually of a more or less intense blue in the male during the breeding
season (L. cyanolemus, Gliicksel.), sometimes also in the female ; later
in the year the blue becomes paler, or turns to lilac or greenish, or
entirely vanishes. The lower parts are uniform bright yellow or
greenish yellow,{ often with the exception of the ventral plates of the

* This and other names proposed in French by Dugés have been translated
into Latin by Schreiber, whose references are bibliographically incorrect.

+ Ina male from Valdeblore the head, body and limbs are black with yellow
dots, but the anterior half of the tail is green with black dots.

+ The “var. 4 ventre roux” from Italy, mentioned by A. Duméril, Arch.
Mus. x, 1861, p. 436, is probably based on a L. muralis, var. campestris.

72, Lacertide.

outer row, which may be green or bluish, rarely with black dots ; in a
male from Prague there are a few scattered black dots, in addition, on
the posterior part of the belly.

Totally black specimens, above and beneath, have been observed in
France, Austria, and Herzegovina (var. nigra, Schreib., holomelas,
Wern.). There is one in the British Museum, a female from between
Retz and Znaim, Lower Austria.”

I now pass on to the eastern specimens (Greece, Bulgaria, Roumania,
Asia Minor), which have been referred by Bedriaga, Werner and
Schreiber to the var. vaillanti, Bedr. These lizards are rarely striated,
and when they are there is no light vertebral streak. Comparing
them to western specimens, I am not struck by the large size of the
temporal plates, including the masseteric, as the same condition is
frequent in the typical form from Central and Western Europe; on
the other hand, the tympanic shield, which is nearly always absent
or very small in specimens from France and the Channel Islands, is
generally present, and as often as not in contact with the second upper
temporal ; as, however, the tympanic shield is not rarely well developed
in specimens from Italy and Austria, the character cannot justify the
recognition of a variety, in the Linnean or sub-specific sense in which
Tuse the term. Occipital shorter than the interparietal and some-
times broader.t The number of scales across the middle of the body
varies between 44 and 55, and that of femoral pores between 15 and
20.§ Ventrals in 6 longitudinal and 26 to 30 transverse series. 22
to 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Tail 12 to 2} times as long as head and body.

The largest Roumanian examples measured by Kiritzescu do not,
exceed 120 millim. without the tail; the largest examined by me, from
Salonica, measures 136.

According to Kiritzescu, whose account is confirmed by the material
before me, Roumanian specimens vary very much in colour and
markings. Examples answermg to the so-called vars. bilineata,
maculata, and concolor occur, but they are rarer. Most of them vary
from grey to brown or olive, without or with very small and irregular
black spots; the young are mostly uniform grey or brown, often with
the vertebral area darker. Some adults (Salonica) may be uniform

* Recorded by Werner, Jahresb. Nat. Ver. Magdeb. 1892, p. 245.

+ 10 to 25, usually 11 to 19 (not including the upper temporals) in the
specimens examined; by means of a formula generally used in describing snakes
the arrangement of the anterior shields between the first upper temporal and
the labials may be expressed as 2 or 8 + 2 or 3, rarely 2 + 1.

{ As broad as the frontal in a large male from Salonica.

§ Up to 21 according to Werner.

Lacerta. 73

bright yellowish green, without blue on the head; others (Zorleni,
Varna, Khotz) answer pretty well to Bedriaga’s description of the
var. vaillanti, olive or brown without or with scattered black dots
on the back, closely speckled with black on the sides. In the
specimens from Khotz, near Trebizond, the lower parts are dotted
with black—scantily in the female, more profusely in the male—and
their coloration suggests certain examples of L: agilis.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 &
—_——————__——_—_—_ ou, SATE ~
Te Wy Re by pe wrriich ALe Sais alaleea ee
From end of snout to vent 130 114 113 106 106 97 125 117 117 102 101 99

(8s forelimb 47 43 41 42 40 38 39 41 37 35 34 33
Length of head . - » 32) (30) 28) 27.26) 238) 27 27 28) 22) 22) 23
Width of head . : m9) 18) 7 Gt aloe Oe eli(eelo a4 lon Lo
Depth of head . . , 19 17 16-16) 1s 1s ase ibs tania) Te 12
Fore limb . : : . 44 386 38 37 34 35 41 38 35 37 36 32
Hind limb . : = . 66 57 59 64 51 60 67 51 54 47 43 47
Foot . : - : 3329) 30N sen 29) Sl sam don 20 zo) 28.26
Tail . : - . 250 — 228 286 183 247 — 253 — 227 210 170

1. g, Valdeblore. 2. Véslau. 3. Hernani. 4. Turin. 5. Comana.
6. Modica. 7. Valdeblore. 8. Langoiran. 9. Korito. 10, Bozen. 11. Biganos.
12. Khotz.

A young at birth (mother from Jersey, kept by Mr. E. Britten)
measures 26 millim. from snout to vent, tail 27. According to
Rollinat (l.c., p. 28) the new-born measures 31 to 54 millim. to vent,
tail 39 to 52. A specimen three years old has a total length of
250 millim. and is able to breed.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Channel Islands : Te) 2 (Bh Sa be 6: Ls Sar emer Cp ee te
g La Corbiére, Jersey . 83 43 6 27 9 20 15-16 25 7-4 2 1
2 93 3 100%. 422 ‘On 3 8 19 138-14 22 3 3 0-4
3 Jersey . ; P 102 43> 6 29) Gol 2215 —16e 2a Oe 2 0
es nr) : * ; - 102 42 6 28 9 19 15-14 22 O 2 1
9 oe : ‘ : .100 49 6 27 10 18 17-18 24 O 2 1
. 7% . - 5 ; 98 43. 6.28 9 19 13 24 3 2 4
i= a : : : > 192) 45 6G 2h AON 16) tb-lF 2470 2 1
= Fy. : : ; = 88) 44 6) 26 9 17 15-16 22 O2 2 1
7 79 é : ; 2 86 47 6: 28 9 20 16 23 4-3 3-2 2-3
An om = J . 83. 48 6 27 9 20 16 22 6-3 2-3 3-2
Fs ay : ; . ego 4a" Gee 9 20 15-16 24 2-3 2 2-4
* os : ; : . 82 44 6 27 10) 19 15 24 0 2 1
ae “5 ‘ : : S82. 46 6 27. EL 20 16 22 3-1 2 2-1
°F ‘ ; : _ 4 44 6 80 10 18 16-15 25 O 3-2 3

3 92 45 6 30 9 20 15 24 4-8 3 2

74

g
?

”

”

3

Jersey .

Guernsey

France:

2
3?

”

3

+O

St. Malo
St. Epain, Indre-et-
Loire

3)?

3) ° . .
Ligniéres-Sonneville,
Charente

, Oléron Id.

”

”

»
+ :
Cadillac, Gironde
9 09
Biganos 93
Langoiran ,,
Verriéres, near Paris .
Fontainebleau
99
Yonne . : ;
Méginant-Tassin, near
Lyons, L.M.
Uriage, Isere
Montpellier .
. L.M.
Cannes
”

Valdeblore, Alpes-
Maritimes, 1000 m.

Spain :

3

Hernani, Guipuzcoa

Lacertidex.

2. 3. 4. 5.
43 6 29 9
42 6 29 9
41 6 30 9
46 6 30 9
47 6 28 10
438 6 31 8
46 6 31 9
43 6 30 9
42 6 31 9
49 6 30 if
42, 6 28 8
42 6 29 9
46 6 29 8
47 6 30 9
40 6 30 8
41 8 29 8
42 6 29 8
50 6 30 9
42 6 30 8
47 8 30 8
49 6 30 9
43 6 32 10
42° 6 30 10
45 6 30 10
45 6 30 ll

45 6 30 9
45 6 30 8
AS oe
AT 8) 28 89

46 6 28 8
46 6 29 8
47 6 29 10

17-15

16-17

15-16
14-15

15-14
16-17
14-15
13-14
15-16
17-16
17-16
18-17
15-16
15-16
15-16
15

16
15
17
16-14
17-15
19-20
17-16
17

20-17
18
18

17-16
15
ily

15-14

16

crf

LO AL:
Zoe il
2) eal:
3-2 O
aj i
2s ol
2-1 0-2
2 40)
ry i
2 43-2
38-2 3
op (0)
2 4-0
22 30
2 I
2 1
2-3 3-0
2 1
2-3 O
2 1
2 i
2 1
2. &
2570)
3-2 O-1
2710
om 0)
2
2 1-4
a)
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 0
2 1
2 1
2 iO)
2 i
2 1
2 1
Pe al

Italy :
2 Forte Ratti, Genoa
» Stegnoni, Spezia .
a. uri: -

33 be hd Ms
2 Bozen, Tyrol
” ” >
” 33 93
¢ Verona
a Ss

3 =
Perugia :
, Castelfranco, Ostia

? =

ce)

OY &

. Leece, Otranto
3 Modiea, Sicily
2 Sicily, P.M.

Bohemia :
¢ Prague
?

Austria :

é Voslau, Low. Austria .

» Hardegg a
2 Znaim, 8. Moravia

é Retz-Znaim ,,
Hungary :

2 Kis-Pest, nr. Budapest

114.
95

Od

98
98
95

93

93

Lacerta.

45

28

27

28

26
31

29

WOW WW.S8 oO va

oO @

OOMNOGCONANHNGD MO DMONDH OOH DOM OHO

10

21

23

20

22

19

=I

8.

25
24
26

25

23

23

Nowewowh ww we

bo bo

bo b& b& bw

bo
|

bo bo
aw

bt hb bw bb pb

bo bw bb b& bo te

bt bo

bt pp

bo bo bo

woWwwh bw bw

bo

al ee |

kel’ ft el es

76 Lacertide.

lis 2. 3B. 4. 5. 6 ie 8. Ore ORE
? Kis-Pest, nr. Budapest 84 46 6 29 10 20 17 22 2 2 2
i fi - . 69 SIP6 27) or2ee 18.) 23) Se
6 Bazias. ‘ 3 . 108 46 6 29 9 20 17 25) 5. eel
Q e 5 2 : . 88 46 6 30 10 18 16-15 25 of 2 1
Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina :
é Cattaro, Dalmatia ; 122) 50> 828 ao e20 20 26 7-9 2 1-2
Q s a 29135- 50) (6929 Om aLS 1y7/ 28 7-8 2 1
6 Travnik, Bosnia . . 102, 50: 6 31) 0) 23) 19=18 240 7-6" 25 al
g fs ; : . 88 48 6 30 8 22 19-18 27 1 2 1
», Livno Pe ; . 72 49 6 29 9 20 16-18 24 45 2 1
» Korito, Herzegovina .117 44 6 31 10 22 16-17 22 3-1 2 1
% zs . 98 42 6 32 9 16 16-17 238 12 2 2
Bulgaria :
2 Varna ; ‘ . 103 At 629 9 20 19-18 24 12 2 1
Greece :
3g Salonica : ’ . 1386 50 6 28 9 18 20-17 28: 86 2 1
Ss 5A F ‘ . 183 48 6 28 8 19 16-17 29 10
2 5 : ; ON saisy 7 8) AL 20 Ps) 2 i
Roumania :
é Herkulesbad, Transyl-
vania. : ; . 98 52 6 28 10 20 18 268 5-0) 2)!
2 » : - 110) +53) 16) 80a 22 19 25 2-3 2 1
é Bukarest . ; . 99 55 6 2H 19" 24 18 2 a 2 a
” 99 ; ; . 99 49 6 29 9 16 16-15 24 4 2 1
, Comana é : . LOG: 50) 6) 26) 108 20 1153 24 7-6 2 1
2. fr 108 49 6 30 10 20 17-16 24 3-2 2 1
9 9 94 44 6 28 95 1:9) “6=15 255 LOR 1
5 20 ; 3 A tse fal (oh 8} 9 18 15 25 16-9 2 2
” .9 F 5 Betsy, 0) (0) iO) Ale Pal 16 27 6 2 i
é Zorleni : : . 8 48 6 26 9 19 16-17 25 10 2 1
2 Greci . : ; . Sf 47 6 28 9 28 16-15 24 9-6 2 1
» Macin . : ‘ . 88 47 6 28 10 22 19-18 28 46 2 1
Asia Minor:
é6 Khotz . : : : 82 50 6) 2 7 21 17, 24 6-7 2 1
sl 99 52 6 27 10 24 17 422 63 2 1-0

3 Persia (?), type of
v. vaillanti, PM. 75 51 6 27 10 20 17 25 O-l1 2 1
70 50 6 27 11 18 15-16 25 32 2 tI

» 9 » ”

1. Length from snout to vent (in millim.). 2. Number of scales across
middle of body. 3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse series
of ventral plates. 5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in longitudinal series.
.7. Femoral pores (R. & L.). 8. Subdigital lamellae. 9. Superciliary granules.
10. Postnasals. 11. Anterior loreals.

Habitat.—The range of the typical ZL. viridis extends over a
considerable part of Central and Southern Europe: France, with the
Islands of Jersey and Guernsey and the neighbouring Spanish provinces

Lacerta. 77

of Catalogna and Guipuzcoa, south of a line drawn from Rouen to
Basle, a few isolated localities on the Rhine, south of Coblenz, Switzer-
land, Italy and Sicily, Bohemia, Austria, Hungary and the Balkan
Peninsula, north of a line extending from Montenegro to Constanti-
nople; a few isolated localities near Berlin and Warsaw. Its range in
Russia has still to be determined, owing to confusion with the var.
strigata, but it certainly occurs in the Kieff Government and probably
down to the mouth of the Dnieper.* It is also known from the
northern parts of Asia Minor, as far east as Trebizond. Whether it
extends to Persia, whence the types of the var. vaillanti are supposed
to have come (Coll. Aucher-Eloy), is very doubtful. Highest altitude
in the Alps about 1700 metres.

Var. STRIGATA.

Lacerta strigata, Eichw. Zool. Spec. Ross. Pol. iii, p. 189 (1831), and
Faun. Casp.—Cauc. p. 70, pl. x, figs. 4-6 (1841) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 32
(1845) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p.485 (1912).

Lacerta quinquevittata, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 61 (1832).

Lacerta viridis, var. strigata, De Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 354 (1865) ;
Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 372; Kessler, Tr. St. Petersb. Nat.
Soe. vui, 1878, p. 146; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 89;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 17 (1887); Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892,
p- 188; Nikolsky, Fedschenko’s Reise, Zool. 11, pt. vii, p. 30 (1899),
and Herp. Ross. p. 97 (1905) ; Stemd. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xx, 1905,
p. 307.

Lacerta viridis, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 170, and in
Radde, Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb. p. 39 (1886).

Lacerta viridis, part., Steimd. Denkschr. Ak. Wien, Ixiv, 1897,
p. 696.

Lacerta viridis, var. major, Kiritzescu, Bul. Soc. Sc. Bucur. x, 1901,
p. 305; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xix, 1903, p. 351; Kowatcheff,
Herp. Faun. Bulg. p. 24 (1912).

* These Russian specimens have, according to Kessler, 48 to 52 scales across
the body, as against 42 to 46 in the var. strigata.

+ The botanical collector Aucher-Eloy travelled in 1835-88 over considerable
parts of Asia Minor and Persia, and also stayed at Constantinople. After his
death, at Ispahan, in 1888, his collection of Reptiles was purchased by the Paris
Museum, and all the specimens were labelled en bloc in that institution as from
Persia, no localities being appended. Some of them, Lacerta taurica and
Chameleon vulgaris, for instance, were certainly not obtained in Persia.

{~ Obtained at that altitude in the Alpes-Maritimes at Lioson, above St.
Etienne de Tinée, by M. Gaston de Witte.

78 Lacertide.

Lacerta viridis, var. major, part., Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cx, 1,
1902, p. 1071.

Lacerta viridis strigata, Nesterov, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xvii,
1912, p. 76; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 45 (1913).

This is undoubtedly the most primitive form of L. viridis, probably
directly derived from L. agilis, var. evigua. Like the latter it has,
when young, a light vertebral streak, of which not even traces ever
occur in the typical form of Li. viridis, and the ventral shields are in
6 or 8 longitudinal rows. When adult it often so closely resembles
the var. major, that, even up to quite recently, it has been confounded
with it, through neglect of the two principal characters that have
been adduced in favour of their distinction, viz. the size of the occipital
sbield and the number of scales across the body. The confusion is
excusable,as there is a complete passage between the two forms, which
must render the naming of certain specimens somewhat arbitrary.

Head as in the typical form, 1+ to 12 times as long as broad, the
pileus 2 to 2} times as long as broad, its length 3% to 4 times in length
to vent in males, 41 to 44 times in females. The hind lmb reaches
the shoulder or the collar in males, the wrist, the elbow, or the axil
in females; foot 1 to 12 times as long as head. Tail 1% to 2} times as
long as head and body.

The rostral enters or merely touches the nostril. The occipital is
always much shorter than the interparietal, + to 3, rarely 2, its length
very rarely exceeding its width.* Granules are nearly always present
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, and sometimes form a
complete series ; their number varies from 2 to 12.¢ First supraocular
constantly in contact with the second loreal, which often forms a suture’
with the second upper labial. 4 anterior upper labials, rarely 5 or 3¢;
subocular much narrower beneath than above. First upper temporal
longer than second; temporal shields usually small, but variable, 18
to 38 in number,§ sometimes with a masseteric, which may be large or

* In the young usually much narrower than the interparietal. Totally
absent in a female from Erivan in the Lyons Museum. In a male from
Borshom the interparietal is produced between the frontoparietals and reaches
the frontal.

+ Kessler had already observed that they may be reduced to 2 or 3, I
have noted their complete absence in a female from Erivan, in the Lyons
Museum.

¢ 3 on the right side in a specimen from Erivan, 5 on both sides in two
specimeus from Isfahan, on the right side in single specimens from Angora,
Lake Homs, east of Mount Hermon, and Merom, on the left side in one from
Elisabethpol and in one from Merom.

§ I count 18-388 in the Syrian specimens, 18-86 in the others.

“|

Lacerta. 79

small; tympanic constantly present, usually separated from the second
upper temporal by one or two series of small shields *; 16 to 22 gular
scales ; 7 to 12 plates in the collar, usually 9 to 11. Scales of nearly
equal size on the back and sides, dorsals rhombic-hexagonal to roundish,
strongly keeled, 38 to 49 across the middle of the body, 20 (2 ) to 35
(3) transverse series on the back corresponding to the length of the
head. Ventral plates in 6 or 8 series; if in 8, outer plates very small ;
24 to 30 transverse series in males, 27 to 30 in females. Preanal plate
bordered by two, exceptionally by one, semicircles of small plates. 12
to 22 femoral pores on each side, usually 15 to 19. 23 to 30 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe, usually 25 to 28. Upper caudal scales
usually pointed behind +; 30 to 44 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

The coloration varies greatly, but the young are always provided with
three light dorsal streaks. I will first describe the differences shown
by the young.

A. (Rutshuk, Smyrna, Angora and Shiraz.) Olive or brown
above, with 3 white or greenish-white streaks along the back and one
oneach side from the upper lip, through the tympanum, to the base of
the hind limb. In the three Smyrna specimens and in that from Rut-
shuk the vertebral streak does not reach the occiput and in the two
from Angora it bifurcates just before reaching the occiput. The type
figured by Hichwald, a half-grown female, is represented as brown,
likewise with 5 white streaks on the body, the vertebral extending to
the occiput, and no white spots ; so are also females from Erivan, and
the half-grown female from Aschar-Adé Island, which I regard as
representing L. strigata in the narrowest sense.

I am indebted to M. L. Lantz for photographs of young and half-
grown quinquelineated Caucasian specimens obtained by him at
Michrilowa (Borshom) and near Jevlaka.

B. (Helenendorf.) Like the preceding, but the vertebral streak
extends to the occiput, the lateral streak is partly broken up into
spots, and there is a series of round white spots between it and the
dorso-lateral streak, whilst another extends along each side of the
belly. Such specimens cannot be distinguished, so far as colour and
markings are concerned, from the young L. agilis, var. evxigua,
occurring also in Transcaucasia.

* In contact in a male from Taurida, in a female from Aschar-Adé, ina young
from Shiraz, in two young from Smyrna, and in four specimens from Erivan.
Curiously, Schreiber, in his key to the species of Lacerta (p. 382), gives
“«Tympanale vorhanden und mit dem letzten Supratemporale zusammenstossend”
as the only structural character by which to distinguish L. strigata from
L. viridis.

+ Obtusely in a specimen from Elisabethpol.

80 Lacertide.

c. (Island on Lake Homs.) Brown above, with small black spots,
with three white dorsal streaks, the median from the occiput, the
dorso-laterals from the superciliary border; the space between the
dorso-laterals and the lateral streak black, with round white spots,
the anterior of which are confluent with the dorso-lateral streak.

p. (Lake Homs.) Very similar to the preceding, but the
ereenish-white vertebral streak bifurcates just before reaching the
occiput and the light spots form vertical bars on the side of the neck ;
a series of white spots along the side of the body.

g. (Lake Phiala and Ferzol.) The hght dorsal streaks as usual,
except that the vertebral does not reach the occiput in the Ferzol
specimens ; the spaces between them very dark brown. Very numerous
white spots on the sides of the body, forming four or five longitudinal
series ; some of them may be confluent into vertical bars—a feature also
met with in the young of the var. schreiberi.

r. (Jerusalem.) Like the preceding, but the vertebral streak
forked on the nape and broken up by black spots further down the
body. Sides with very numerous round light spots, but no light
streak.

These markings disappear with age, although they may be pre-
served to some extent in adult females or even in males. As the
streaks vanish, the head and body may become more and more spotted
or marbled with black and the ground colour assume a green
tint; adult males from Syria and Asia Minor are bright green,
closely speckled with black as in the var. major, the head being finely
speckled or vermiculate with black, No blue on the head. End of
tail often reddish yellow, even in green specimens. Lower parts yellow,
sometimes finely speckled, all over or only on the sides, in males,
rarely in females.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ie 2. 3. A.

From end of snout to vent -) 03 8B. 126) 108
BS >, <, fore limbs.” © 30: 380)" 449.3835
Length of head . : : tidy 200 9332. e238
Width of head . : £ TOG NSP e20 ee 5
Depth of head. ‘ : ge ALAS CLO aol i
Fore limb . p 81 2849438 33d
Hind limb. y : ot (Siw AGe 7p) “Nov
Foot . , : : : . 28°" 2b 40" 3s
4 U5 a : - TO" 7d S270" L195

1. g, Borshom. 2. 9, Elisabethpol. 3. ¢, Damascus-Ataibé.
4, 9, L. Homs.

Particulars
iL
Yg. Rutshuk, Bulgaria 43
3g Taurida, P.M. 88

9 Aschar-Adé Id., Cas-
pian Sea 25 eis}

g Elisabethpol, Trans-
caucasia 76
2 » : z : 85

Yg. Helenendorf, ‘l'rans-
caucasia 5 GB

3g Borshom, Transcau-
casia : 107
” » d : 2 A93

» Hrivan, ‘Transcau-
easia, L.M. 87
E a sa 86
99 39 “f 79
3 56 ; 78
A .; sp 78
A i $3 78
fe) * ps 86
3 is ay 85
- i Pe 82
9 #1 5 hi
93 cS + a
93 H Go oa We
3 Angora, G. K. C. 138
» > » 118
”» » 106
Yg. is 38
» smyrna . ; . 2
A: aS 58
- 3 : 53
g Aleppo, L.M 95
» Ferzol, Lebanon 100
an 5 as . 80
a i oms ~~ ; pom HIP
*e 5 108
» 9 : 106
Yg. a : : ye Gy
3 Islandon L.Homs . 75
» Damascus-Ataibi 126
9 IL. Houleh, L.M. 116
” » ~ 2 IS

Yg. L. Phiala under Mt.
Hermon 69
» » 69

on

12

Lacerta.
of Specimens
a a
44 8 30
41 6 26
40 6 29
44 6 27
43 6 28
49 6 28
48 6 28
48 6 25
a9) 6) 2in
ales (ay Maf
ao) 6. 27
41 6 27
44 6 26
41 6 27
40 6 29
40 6 29
40 6 30
38 6 28
388 6 29
41 6 28
42 8 30
41 8 30
Vee ehco ve miss 0)
40 8 30
45 8 30
47 8 28
49 8 27
45 6 29
46 6 25
47 6 24
49 6 27
45. 6. 27
47 6 30
47 6 26
46 6 26
43 6 25
46 6 27
44 6 28
42 6 27
40, 6 26

Examined.
6. 7.
21 16
18 18
21 19
20 20
22 19-18
17 13
20
19 2
16 14-15
19 18
17 ~=6916-18
17 18-17
19 19
ale 16
19 18
19 17
19 19-18
19 18
19 18
18 17-18
16 15-14
16 14
18 14-15
19 15-16
17 16-14
17 15
22 18
21 17-18
20 17-19
19 18
20 17-16
20 18
19 16-17
18 17-16
LZ 17
2 LT
22 18
21 17-15
19 18-19
19 18

bo Ww po pb

Ts

rp W b bo po pn bo
NDBODOON

bo
=
oP)

~)
io 9)

10.

be

bo

bo

tow wo Ww

bo

Now dw Ww &

NNNNNWNNW Wb

bp bo WW bo

wenwhd WwW bv

bo

bo

81

ee ee ce ee ee a el el

82 Lacertide.

3 E. slope of Mt.

Hermon R ; 110 487-6 926 29eets 18 26 6-7 2 1

Dp ueroniy | > . LS Ah 1GPe25o) ORS uy/ 26 W=5. 62h
bs a ; : . 112 44 6 25 Ih 221 “29-18 29 7 3°= 1
9 Tiberias, P.M. . . OF 40°48 28" 1072 WEG: 29) 10=(e ee!

Ye. Jerusalem ; . 62° 41 6 25 a, 2h A617 27 6=5 82-1
5 Shiraz, Persia, 1.M.. 58 42 6 27 10 20 19 Ff 6-7 2 1

49 48 6 27 .9 19 22-21 27 12-1k 2 I

39 3)

Columns as in the preceding table.

Habitat—From Bulgaria and the Danube Delta to Cis- and Trans-
caucasia, Asia Minor, and Syria (in the Lebanon up to 5000 metres),
Probably occurs also in Turkey in Europe together with the var.
major. Much uncertainty is likely to remain in the drawing of the
line of distribution of this form owing to the complete passage between
it and the var. major. The annectant specimens to which I allude are
of especial interest in view of the recent proposal to treat L. strigata
and L. major as distinct species.

Kessler, who was the first to properly define this lizard, correctly
referred it to L. viridis as a variety remarkable in all respects and
establishing a connexion with DL. agilis.*

Var. MAJOR.

Lacerta viridis, Bibr. & Bory de St. Vine. Expéd. Se. Morée, Zool.
p. 66, pl. x, fig. 1 (1883); De Betta, Rett. Anf. Grec. p. 32 (1868) ;
Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1881, p. 71.

Lacerta merremti (non Risso), Schinz, Eur. Faun. u, p. 25 (1846).

Lacerta quinquevittata (non Meén.), Erhard, Faun. Cycl. 1. p. 80
(1858).

? Tropidosaura algira, Erhard, Lc.

Lacerta viridis, var. ocellata, Erber, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xiv, 1864, p. 701.

Lacerta viridis, var., Leydig, Deutschl. Saur. p. 190 (1872).

Lacerta viridis, var. fusca, Bedriaga, t.c. p. 76.

Lacerta viridis, var. aurata, Bedriaga, l.c.

Lacerta viridis, vars. punctata et trilineata, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, pp. 98, 99.

Lacerta viridis, var. major, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 16 (1887) ;
Boettg. Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1888, p. 157; Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xliv, 1894, p. 229, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 31, pl. ii,
fig. 1 (1897), and Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi, 1899, pp. 819, 832;

* A German translation of Kessler’s remarks (in Russian) has been given
by Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1881, p. 78.

~~

Lacerta. 83

Kolomhat. Zool. Vij. Dalm. p. xxi (1900) ; Lehrs, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
xxviii, 1909, p. 103, pl. ii, fig. 4.

Lacerta viridis, var. major, part., Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ex, i,
1902, p. 1071.

Lacerta major, Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 499 (1912).

Lacerta major; var. subocellata, Schreib. op. cit. p. 502.

I was the first to define, as a race or variety, this form, individuals
of which had previously been referred to colour-varieties of the
typical DL. viridis (punctata) or of the var. strigata (quinquevittata,
trilineata). The diagnosis was as follows: “ A larger form, attaining
nearly to the size of L. ocellata. Constantly a series of granules
between the supraoculars and superciliaries ; occipital usually as
broad as or a little broader but shorter than the interparietal ;
temporal scales smaller than in the typical form, usually with a very
distinct tympanic shield. 50 to 58 scales across the middle of the
body, the laterals not larger than the median dorsals. Usually a
well-developed additional series of ventrals, making in all eight
longitudinal rows. Femoral pores 15 to 20. Young olive above,
usually with three or five yellowish longitudinal streaks, the lower-
most of which, extending from axilla to groin, is often replaced by a
series of round spots, these bands usually disappearimg in the
adult, which are green on the body and limbs, uniform or finely
speckled with black ; upper surface of head vermiculated with black ;
lower surfaces yellow, the outer ventrals often speckled with black ;
throat never blue.” JI still regard this as a good definition of the
var. major (only requiring slight modification owing to the larger
material now before me), which has since been raised to the rank of
species by Schreiber, influenced no doubt by the remarks of Werner,
who has expressed the opinion that it is morphologically the most
distinct of the forms into which LZ. viridis must be divided. I have
unfortunately not had access to the material on which Werner based
his revised account in 1902, but I cannot help doubting whether all
the specimens included by him under var. major should really be
referred to that form. In commenting on my definition he says he
cannot find any difference in the number of scales, since these vary
between 42 and 52 in L. viridis typica and between 42 and 54 in the
var. major.* And the 11 specimens tabulated by him from Asia
Minor have only 42, 44, and 46 scales across the middle of the body,

* I am not able to confirm Werner’s statement (1902, p. 1074) that the
number increases in the course of growth of the individual, through
disintegration.

84 Lacertidx.

whilst he also refers, in the synonymy, to notes by Steindachner on
nine specimens from Angora with 46, 42, and 38 scales. As I happen
to be acquainted with the Angora lizard, which is certainly not
identical with the var. major, I must come to the conelusion that
Dr. Werner’s material requires revision, and that therefore his objec-
tion to using the number of scales for distinguishing the var. major
is unjustified. As may be seen from the tables given in this paper,
the typical form has 40 to 50 scales, only very exceptionally up to 55,
and the var. major 50 to 58. The difference in the number of scales
is therefore amply sufficient for the definition of a variety, especially
as it goes hand in hand with the character of the occipital shield,
which Werner says is not distinctive; but I find this shield to be
usually, if not constantly, considerably larger in the var. major, in
some specimens even comparable to that of an average L. ocellata
of the var. pater. Werner himself* has figured a specimen from
Zara, Dalmatia, in which the occipital is fully three times as large as
the interparietal ; nothing approaching this has ever been found in
the typical form. Leydig also was struck by the large size of the
occipital in Greek specimens (“sehr gross . . . bei zwei 20 Zoll
[= 520 millim. | langen Exemplaren aus Griechenland ”’), and Schreiber
says, “das Interparietale ist bedeutend kleiner als das Occipitale.”
Suspecting Werner to have confounded examples of the var. strigata,
as I conceive it, with the var. major in his account of the lizards of
Asia Minor, f will abstain from referring to his statements in drawing
up the following description.

In size and in the massive build adult males approach L. ocellata,
and the snout is likewise more pointed and the cheeks strongly:
swollen. The length of the head is 33 to 4 times in the length to
vent in males, 45 to 4 times in females; pileus 2 to 24 times as long
as broad; the upper surface of the head is usually very uneven in
adult males.

The proportions of the limbs vary, but the hind limb always
reaches at least as far as the axil in males, the elbow in females.
Foot 1 to 12 times the leneth of the head in males, 14 to 12 times in
females.

Tail 15 to 2} times the length of head and body.

The head-shields are as in the typical form, except in a few points
included in the following notes: The rostral always largely enters the
nostril; the occipital, in the adult, may be shorter than and as broad
as the interparietal, but it is often as long and once and a-half to twice

* Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. pl. ii, fig. 1.

Lacerta. 85

as broad as that shield*; there is always a series of granules (2 to
13) between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, and the series is
often complete or nearly so and may be partly double ; the first supra-
ocular is constantly in contact with the second loreal, which nearly
reaches the second upper labial; 4 upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular, rarely 5+; 2 or 3 large upper temporals, the temporals below
them usually smaller than in the typical form, 17 to 52, including the
tympanic, which is nearly always well developed and separated from
the upper temporals by one or two series of scales; masseteric some-
times absent, often present but small, sometimes large. f

Collar composed of 7 to 13 plates, usually 9 to 11.

Scales rhombic-hexagonal, sometimes oval or but little longer than
broad, strongly keeled on the back, of nearly equal size; 50 to 58
across the middle of the body§; 27 (2 ) to 36 (2) transverse series,
in the middle of the body, correspond to the length of the head.
Ventral plates in 6, more often in 8 longitudinal series, the outer
plates, when 8 series are present, smaller than those next to them; 27
to 31 transverse series in males, 29 or 50 in females. Preanal plate
bordered by two, exceptionally three, semicircles of small plates. 25
to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 27 to 30. 18 to 20
femoral pores on each side, usually 15 to 19.||

34 to 44 caudal scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the
postanal granules.

The young, as a rule, are brown or olive above, with three white or
yellow dorsal streaks, proceeding from the superciliary border and
from the oecipital, the median terminating on the base of the tail, the
laterals extending a little farther; another light streak, often broken
up into a series of round spots, extends from the tympanum, which is
usually bordered with white, to the hind limb, passing above the fore
limb; a few round light spots are sometimes present between the dorso-
lateral and lateral streaks, above the shoulder, and there may be a
series of round spots along each side of the belly; white spots are
sometimes present on the hind limbs. In some specimens the vertebral

* The shield is, of course, much shorter in proportion in the young, but its
width is usually equal to that of the interparietal.

+ In the two specimens from N.W. of Ispahan.

+ Male from Milos, in which the temporal lepidosis is very similar to that
of a large male of the typical form from Verona, which in some respects
approaches the var. major.

§ 57 to 65 in specimens from Crete, according to Boettger.

Werner (Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herz. viii, p. 832) mentions a female from the
Peloponnesus with only 12-13 femoral pores.

86 Lacertide.

streak may be interrupted* or absent,+ or the light markings may be
reduced to the lateral series in the form of spots.{ With age small
dark spots or marblings appear on the head and body, and the light
streaks or spots acquire dark brown or black edges.

In the adult, the light markings usually disappear§ and, although
the brown colour is exceptionally retained (var. fusca, Bedriaga||), the
upper parts assume a bright green or yellow (var. awrata, Bedr.)
colour and the dark spots or marblings break up into a fine black
puncticulation, usually one black dot on every scale of the body and
limbs, one or several, or a black vermiculation, on the scales of the
tail, which is brown at least in its posterior third ; the head is brown
or green with blackish vermiculations, or dark olive on the pileus with
very crowded green dots or vermiculations. End of tail often reddish.
The evolution of these markings is the same as in the speckled
specimens of the typical form. Under the name of var. swbocellata,
Schreiber mentions Dalmatian examples with a lateral series of 6 blue
spots. The lower parts are yellow, sometimes speckled or vermiculate
with black on the outer or the two outer ventral plates. Never any
blue on the sides of the head or on the throat.

I have examined two female melanic specimens, blackish above but
showing the black markings after preservation in spirit, yellow
beneath. One, from Dalmatia, was exhibited in our Zoological
Gardens, the other was purchased of a dealer, F, Henkel, as from
Klosterneuburg, near Vienna—no doubt an erroneous locality.

This form is known to attain a total length of over half a metre.

Ie 2. 3. 4.
Measurements (in millimetres) :
From end of snout to vent . ., J47, 133).~ 1250 ts
es a fore limb . 59 49 48 42
Length of head . : Al 34 32 26
Width of head 28 24 22 iy
Depth of head 22 i) 19 14

* Zara.

+ Smyrna.

{ Albania, Athens, L. Stymphalos, Syra.
from the Ionian Islands.

§ Very distinct traces of three dorsal streaks persist in a male from Dalmatia
measuring 126 millim. from snout to vent, and Werner (1894) has recorded
adult quinquestriated females from Dalmatia and Corfu. Werner is evidently
wrong when he concludes, from the fact that he has come across young
with and without the streaks, that the former are probably females and the
latter males.

|| From Milos.

Also reported by Werner (1894)

Lacerta.

ale 2. :
Fore limb . : F : 50 45 4.4,
Hind limb . : : ; 80 77 75
Foot . J : 44, 40 38
Paik... . — 300 295

1. g, Zara. 2. gf, Milos. 3. 6, Rhodes. 4. 9, Crete.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

2a: 4 ato. 16 i 8.

ee aare : 5 : . 147 52 8 28 9 20 16-17 29
en as , ; ; 5 URS) Saye Gy Bil 8 19 16 29
ees, 5 P : : © 387 450) ‘Sis29) 9) 7 14 25
3, Dalmatia . : : . 160 58 8.28 10 20 15-16 30
9 . : : F ot 750) S29 1020 alee 26
» » 126 52 8 29 11 19 15-16 28
” 9» 140 55 8 29 Ii 21 17-16 28
Y oe 135 51 8 30 9 19 16-15 30

- = : : : . 126 51 8 30 10 19 16-17 28
Yg. Albania . . : 5 ey Gyles) 15 30
3 Greece. : Z . 9 52 8 28 10 19 17 28
» » 5 A : - 95 St 8 27 10 23 19-18) 29
» salonica, P.M. . : 140; 50% 8) 29S 21 16 26
Yg. Athens . ; 3 . 74 54 8 27 10 20 17-18 30
2? Morea, P.M. . : .150 51 6 30 8 24 19-18 27
on he og a 102 51 8 29 10 23 19 29
Yg. L.Stymphalos. . 62 53 8 28 10 20 18-17 27
» Sta. Maura ; : 2n'48- 55) 6) 7285 3S) 9) 18 31
Cacortu, PMs | : . 1382 55 8 28 10 19 17-16 29
2 cp 4 : : . 128 51 8 30 8 20 16-17 29
” ” 93 “ : . 94 54 8 29 9 19 17 27
3 Milos (v. fusca) : ~ 160 S51 V8 28 Li 2 alii —lGe ee
Be eas 3 ; : 2155) 02) Sro2ie OM 20 19 29
, Crete : : : 125) 56! (G27 9) AS 15 30
2 33 115 56 8 29 8 20-15-16 28
VOR FF 65 54 6 380 9 20 15-16 29
>» » 54 57 6 28 10 21 17-16 28
” ” 58 57 6 31 10 19 16-17 28
a “s 47 52 8 29 8 20 17-19 28
’ ” 46 58 6 380 Q 21 18 27
permns: AG’ abilis (6-29) 5 Oe ea 817 27
eae : : : = 45 57, 6 129) 09819) 16-15) 28
ee ee oe 40. G8. S* STP MO LO) 1721S) OF
Q Syra. L107 <0) (G29 ave 20) of 9-17 80
g@ Asia Minor : : _.1138 51 8 29 18 20 17-16 28
Yg., Smyrna : : = 08 52) 8 (27679) 19 16-17 §29
g Zebil Bulgar Dagh . . 155 50 6 .28 10 25 18-17 ?

bo to by bv

bo bo

to be

bo

to bo

NWNNWNNNNWNNW WN WNW WD WD bY

bo hw bh

wow Ww WwW Wh b&

— bo
ee i i i lol a i io

bo

88 Lacertidex.

ie

bo
jot)
_
or
or)
~I
@
Jo)
—
(=)
—_
—_

@ Rhodes. é : . 125 50 8 28 10 2 16 27 11-12 2 1
5) Sy : ; ° . 105 57 8 29 10 22 20-19 30 12 2 1
» N.W. of Ispahan . . 126 51 8 28) 10223) 1G-15) 29) “Seal
- 123 62 6 27 Wi 22) 94-13) 27 “Sie

Columns as in the preceding tables.

The young at birth measures 37 millim. from snout to vent, tail 65.

Habitat.—The range of the var. major extends from Dalmatia to
Greece, the Ionian Islands, the Archipelago, Asia Minor, and N.W.
Persia. Whether the specimens from Roumania (Dobrudja) referred
to it by Kiritzescu, Bul. Soc. Se. Bucur., x, 1901, p. 305, do not belong
rather to the var. strigata, I cannot tell for certain in the absence of a
detailed description ; but the fact that the Bulgarian form pertains
to the latter has induced me to refer Kiritzescu’s var. major to the
synonymy of the var. strigata.

Var. WOOSNAMI.

Lacerta viridis, var. strigata (non Eichw.), Bouleng. Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxvii, 1899, p. 378; Werner. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xix, 1903,
p. o41.

Lacerta viridis, var. woosnami, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8)
xix, L917; p. 277, figs.

The head is comparatively short, though not more so than in many
specimens of the typical form, its width, in adult males, being
contained 12 to 1} times in its length. Occipital + to % the length of
the interparietal, not or but slightly broader than the latter. 2 to 8
granular scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
Rostral just touching the nostril; second loreal not or but slightly
in contact with the second upper labial. Temple with 12 to 20
shields,* with a large or very large masseteric, which, in two specimens,
extends from the upper temporal to the upper labials; the tympanic
is well developed and, with one exception, in contact with the upper
temporal.

Dorsal scales rhombic and strongly keeled, considerably larger than
the laterals, the lower of which are smooth or faintly keeled ; 38 to 43
scales across the middle of the body ; 20 to 26 transverse series, in the
middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head. Ventral
plates in 6 longitudinal and 24 to 28 transverse series (24 to 27 in
males, 27 or 28 in females). 17 to 20 femoral pores on each side. 25
to 27 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Upper caudal scales

* Or as few as 9 according to Werner.

Lacerta. 89

obtusely pointed, not more so than in many specimens of L. muralis ;
34 to 88 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

Green or olive-grey above, uniform or with small black spots,
sparsely scattered on the back, more crowded on the sides ; in one of
the adult females the black dots form a regular vertebral series or
interrupted line, a type of markings which I have not met with in any
other form of ZL. viridis; upper surface of head uniform green, olive,
or brown: Lower parts yellow, greenish, but not blue, on the throat
and on the sides of the belly. Young brown or olive with three white
longitudinal streaks on the back, traces of which may be preserved in
the adult; black spots may be present between them; a white streak
on each side of the neck, from the middle of the tympanum, continued
on each side of the body to above the hind limb, or breaking up into
a series of round spots above the fore limb; another white line
along each side of the belly.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 ?

From end of snout to vent . ? ; . Log 95

ra is fore limb . : ae ete) 30
Head . : . P f 2226 Pal
Width of head. ; : 2S 13
Depth of head. galls: 15
Fore limb . : : : : a 3% 32,
Hind limb . : , ; : : F557 52
Foot . : : 3 ‘ ‘ fish 26
Daa 2 P : ‘ é : : 7190)" 207

Particulars of the Specimens Examined, from the South Coast of the
Caspian Sea, Collected by the late Mr. R. B. Woosnam.

ll 2. 3. A. 5. 6. fie 8.
el ea) aoe 8 1084096 SAPP ao 02194" On: 45
NeW c: 102: 42"°26:/ TE 17 AP 18: BF° <6
a ay AOC Als 27) 4 SS OHIO OF) 4,
ee Po Ro Slt 865 BO eth 19-00" 6295-255
ieee, Mel hS 70.) AO) 224 10 ane StO-209, 256 175
9 Ye 95.200 28" ete BES 6) a3
einen Whee 092, 42. 28- Geats et, 96° “¥

59 43 27 10 19 19-20 27 4

1. Length from snout to vent (in millim.). 2. Sealesacross body. 3. Trans-
verse rows of ventrals. 4, Collar plates. 5. Gular scales. 6. Femoral pores.
7. Lamelle under fourth toe. 8. Superciliary granules.

90 Lacertide.

A further specimen, a very young from Bash Nurashin, N.W. Persia
(R. T. Giinther), has 38 scales across the body, and 17 femoral pores
on each side.

This form connects the var. strigata with the typical L. viridis, and
especially the oriental specimens on which the name var. vaillanti has
been bestowed, agreeing with the latter in the temporal scutellation
and the reduction in the number of superciliary granules, with the
former in the presence of a light vertebral streak in the young; it
differs from both in the lepidosis of the body, with respect ‘to which
it approaches DL. princeps. A further peculiarity of this variety
as compared to the typical form resides in the low number of
transverse rows of ventral plates ; but the variation in the var. strigata
shows that much importance should not be attached to it.

Var. SCHREIBERI.

Lacerta agilis, vars. b, ¢, Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 434 (1875).

Lacerta schreiberi, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 299, pl. x,
fig. 3, and 1879, pl. xviii, fig. 2; Seoane, Ident. de Lac. Schreiberi y
L. Gadovii (1885) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 486 (1912).

Lacerta viridis, Boettg. Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw. (3) iv, 1879, p. 505.

Lacerta viridis, var. gadovii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 433,
pl. xxxvii; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 74, and Amph.
Rept. Portug. p. 48 (1889).

Lacerta viridis, var. schreiberi, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. t.c.
p- 76; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 15 (1887), and Bol. Soc. Espan.
ON. xix, 1919) p62:

Lacerta viridis, var. ventrimaculata, Dirigen, Deutschl. Amph.
Rept. p. 127 (1897).

This is the most distinct of the varieties of L. viridis. It has many
points, both of structure and of coloration, in common with L. agilis,
and it is not surprising that it should have been referred to that
species at a time when a close study of the scaling was generally
neglected. It bears also some resemblance to L. ocellata,and I was at
first inclined to regard it as an annectant form between L. viridis and
DL. ocellata, var, pater; Bedriaga went even so far as to pronounce it
the European representative of LZ. pater. I now believe its undeniable
approximation to L. ocellata to be explainable as a case of convergence
—convergence of the lines of evolution from a common stock—as
its resemblance to L. agilis points to a direct derivation from that
species. ;

The principal points of resemblance with LD. agilis reside in the

Lacerta. 91

short head, amounting to absolute identity in some cases, the shorter
limbs and tail, the low number of femoral pores, the frequent presence
of a dark dorsal band and of four or five series of light spots on the
sides in the young, and the black dots which are so frequently present
on the lower parts. On the other hand we must not overlook the fact
that the proportions of L. viridis vary very considerably ; and as
L. schreiberi agrees essentially in its lepidosis with L. viridis, with
which it is completely connected, I do not hesitate to place it in the
system as a variety of that species, close to the var. strigata, regarding
both as directly derived from L. agilis.*

The head is 11 to 12 times as long as broad (pileus 1} to 2 times),
and is contained 34 to 4 times in the length to vent in males, 4 to
42 times in females. The hind limb reaches the elbow or the axil
in males, the wrist or the elbow in females; foot as long as the head
or a little longer (not more than }). Tail 1% to 2 times length of
head and body.

The rostral just touches or enters the nostril ; the frontal is some-
times very short, not longer than broad and shorter than its distance
from the nasals, occasionally trilobate in front ; the occipital is variable
but usually larger than in the typical form, sometimes as long and
twice as broad as the interparietal; the granules between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries form an incomplete series, 2 to 8, or
may be entirely absent; the second loreal is rarely in contact with
the second upper labial; the subocular is often not or but little
narrower beneath than above; the second upper temporal is often
broken up into two or three shields; the temporal shields are very
variable, 18 to 39 in number, usually 21 to 30; a masseteric dise 1s
usually distinct and small, sometimes large, sometimes absent; no
tympanic shield, with one exception.t Instead of the third chin-
shield forming a long suture with its fellow, as in the other forms of
L. viridis, these shields are often separated from each other by
granular scales or form but a short suture, thus agreeing with the
typical L. ocellata, in which this feature is of frequent occurrence.

The following anomalies in the head-shields deserve notice. An
azygos prefrontal is present in 25 per cent. of the specimens
examined. In two specimens the interparietal is fused with the
occipital, in two others § an additional shield is intercalated between

* Should any critic object to this suggestion on the ground of the wide
geographical separation of the habitats of these two varieties I must refer him
to the distribution of the genera Blanus, Pelobates, and Pelodytes.

+ Young from the Serra de Gerez, in which it is well developed.

t Monchique, types of var. gadovii.

§ Galicia and Serra de Gerez, females.

92 Lacertide.

them. In one case* the frontonasal is in contact with the frontal,
and in anothert it is much reduced in size, not broader than the
internarial space, and does not touch the upper postnasal, a small
shield separating it from the anterior loreal, a state of things frequent
in L. agilis; in three other specimens} the upper postnasal is also
excluded from contact with the frontonasal. 5 anterior upper labials
on both sides in two specimens,§ on one side in a third.||

19 to 27 scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate. 10 to 13 collar-plates. Scales
oval or oval-hexagonal on the back, often less strongly keeled than in
the typical form, usually larger on the sides, the keels gradually
disappearing towards the belly; 48 to 58 scales across the middle of
the body, 29 (2) to 85 (@) transverse series, in the middle of the
back, corresponding to the length of the head. Ventral plates in 8
longitudinal and 27 to 33 (27-31 in @, 80-83 in @) transverse ”
series; the outer plates as large as or narrower than those of the series
next to them, often bordered on the outer side by smaller plates
forming an interrupted series. Preanal plate often rather small,
bordered by two series of small plates.

11 to 18 femoral pores on each side, usually 18 to 15. 22 to 26
lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 86 to 44 caudal scales in the
fourth or fifth whorl.

Young brown or brownish, uniform or darker on the vertebral
region and on the sides, with three to five longitudinal series of large
yellow or bluish white black-edged ocelli on each side, the lowest
extending on the outer ventral plates, the upper or dorso-lateral
(superciliary) series very regular and formed of 11 to 18 ocelli; the
lateral series are less regular, and some of the spots may fuse to form
vertical bars€ ; the upper lip and the temple with black and white or
yellow vertical bars; lower parts uniform yellowish or greenish white;
tail often golden yellow or orange at least in its distal half.

This coloration persists in some adult females, with the addition of
a few scattered black spots on the back, whilst other females lose the
ocelli more or less completely and bear large round or irregular black
spots, which may form two series along the middle of the back or may

* Female from Burbia.

+ Female from Coimbra.

+ Male and young from Galicia.

§ Serra de Gerez and Galicia.

| Serra de Gerez.

“| An approach to this state of things occurs in some young of the var.
strigata.

Lacerta. 93

be very crowded, though usually leaving an unspotted area along each
side of the back. Large black spots may also be present on the upper
surface of the head—a style of markings which does not occur in any
of the other forms of L. viridis. Some females are green on the
anterior part or the whole of the body, but the upper surface of the
head and tail are always olive or brown, the tail often with one or
three dark longitudinal streaks. Males are green on the back and
sides, sometimes with three broad brown longitudinal bands, closely
spotted, marbled, or speckled with black on the head and body, half-
grown specimens occasionally retaining in addition the ocellar
markings of the young; the sides of the head and the throat are
blue or bluish, and this colour is sometimes also shown by females.
The lower parts are yellow, profusely or scantily spotted or dotted
with black in the males, uniform or with scattered black dots in the
females, these spots resembling those usually found in LZ. agilis.*
Measurements (in millimetres):

ie 2. 3. 4.

From end of snout to vent. » LOGY 97) 10s] 86
ne cs » torelimb. 42 <33 36 £81
Length of head . | Oe) ~ Ba 24h 20
Width of head BOP ly ots
Depth of head i, as. 2 eg
Fore limb Die oe Oxo) ol
Hind limb . o2 45 49 £42
Foot . 28 24 26 24

Tail ; : OS 170 7 190)* 135
1. g, Lozoya Valley. 2. ¢,Corunna. 3. 2, Burbia. 4. 2, Coimbra.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1. 2 a «6455: 6. fig S51 e995 P10:
¢ Burbia, Leon . é 2 10553) Lon 12s ole 12 aan a oP
2 3 ; - =) 107 66) 82: 3 had) 14-15) 28. 4-3) 2 1
55 35 3 : : LOS sou, OOk el Ones 14 24 3 2 1
é Corunna . ; : O77) SLY, 29) Nae IS 24 odie, Bi oT
f 2 ca hoe, 2. 00 Beet “oes tG on ae
» Galicia ‘ ; : : 95 56 29 11 22 15-16 23 3-4 2 2-1
” . é : : d 90 51 29 12 21 14-13 26 2-4 2 1-2
9 a P.M. : : ; 76 52 29 11 24 1413 23 2 2 1
2 ee : : : . 106 54 832 12 23 13-15 24 5-2 2 1
” a gk : ‘ P ~ 1046-62 327 13s 2% 14 23 3-4 2 i
= a3 102 49 83 11 26 14-13 24 5 2 1

* Black dots occasionally also in males of the typical form and of the var.
strigata.

94 Lacertide.
1.) 9220 Shae eaos 6. Ta eS" 39% 10:
2 Galicia, P.M. : d . 95 .48 33 12 23 14 24 5-4 2 1
g Lozoya Valley,near Madrid 112 50 30 11 24 14-13 28 8 2 1
~ a 106 49 29 10 20 16-14 24 5 2 1
si 106 48 380 138 24 12 22 3-4 2 1
= - 103 53 29 11 21 4 25,7 8 Zee
; - A 90 48 28 10 22 14138 22 65 2 1
3 89 48 29 ll 22 13; 23° 4 32a
.. a3 " > 86 52 30 11 25 15-14 24 6-7 2 1
Q . " * 88 51 32 13 22 14-15 22 6-5 2 1
; 5 55 D 71 54 31 11 28 14-13 22 7-6 2 1
, La Granja,S.of Guadarrema 98 50 33 10 26 13-14 22 43 2 I
, Coimbra . : ; - 86 58° 732) 12526) 5-03 9e22) 40) eee
@ S. de Gerez. : : . 105 538 29 11 24 18 22 24 2 1
2 112 58 31 11 23 14. 24 46 2 1
$ 99°55) 31-10) 823) L3=5ee25 i ee
85 6538 30 12 24 13-14 25 7-8 2 1

& Monchique, Algarve

(type of var. gadovii) 92 53 27 10 23 15-14 26 46 2 1
a ¥ f 78.53.29 1, 28. 34 7.26, 2a
Q 95° 50 82 11 22 aa" BE. ae oer

t » 29

1. Length from snout to vent (in millim.). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar. 5. Gular
scales in a straight line. 6. Femoral pores. 7. Subdigital lamellae under
fourth toe. 8. Granules between supraoculars and superciliaries. 9. Post-
nasals. 10, Anterior loreals.

Habitat.—The range of this form is confined to the hilly or
mountainous districts of the Spanish Peninsula, up to an altitude
of 1000 metres. It is known with certainty from the Asturias,
Galicia, Leon, New Castille, and Portugal. The localities given by
Bosca for L. viridis in Seville, Vascongadas, and Old Castille,
probably apply to it.

The following synopsis will help in the identification of the 5 forms :—

Forma typica. 40 to 55 scales across middle of body, usually 42 to
50; ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series, very rarely 8; occipital
very rarely broader than interparietal ; granules between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries often absent or much reduced; tympanic
shield often absent; young without light vertebral streak.

Var. strigata, Eichw. 38 to 49 scales across middle of body;
ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal series; occipital very rarely
broader than the interparietal ; usually a series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries; tympanic shield present ;
young with a light vertebral streak.

Var. major, Blgr. 50 to 58 scales across middle of body ; ventral

———

Lacerta. 95

plates usually in 8 longitudinal series ; occipital usually broader than
the interparietal ; a series of granules between the supraoculars and
the superciliaries; tympanic shield present; temporal scales com-
paratively small; young usually with a light vertebral streak.

Var. woosnami, Blgr. 38 to 43 scales across middle of the body,
dorsals considerably larger than laterals; ventral plates in 6 longitu-
dinal series; occipital not or but slightly broader than the interparietal ;
a series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries ;
tympanic shield present ; young with a light vertebral streak.

Var. schreiberi, Bedr. 48 to 58 scales across middle of body ;
ventral plates in 8 longitudinal series ; occipital usually broader than
the interparietal ; granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries often absent or much reduced; tympanic shield absent ;
young without light streaks, with large round light spots on the sides.

4, LACERTA PRINCEPS.

Lacerta princeps, Blanf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 31,
and Zool. E. Persia, p. 364, pl. xxiv (1876) ; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 123; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. in, p. 18 (1887); Méhely,
Zool. Anz. xxxv, 1910, p. 594.

The following description is taken from an adult female from near
Shiraz in the British Museu, which agrees very closely with the type
and unique specimen, likewise a female, described by Blanford and
preserved in the Calcutta Museum. Foot-notes will indicate the few
points in which this specimen does not quite agree with the type.

Proportions and shape of head as in LZ. viridis typica. Length of
head nearly 44 times in length to vent; pileus 2} times as long as
broad. Hind limb not quite reaching the axil; foot once and +
length of head. Tail a little less* than twice length of head and body,

Nostril pierced between 5 shields. Rostral largely entering the
nostril; nasals forming a short suture behind the rostral; frontonasal
broader than long, between 8 shields; prefrontals forming a mode-
rately long median suture; frontal hexagonal, with straight parallel
sides, with a median groove, nearly twice as long as broad, as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, broader than the supraoculars,
of which the first is very small and in contact with the second loreal,
the second a little longer than the third, the fourth smaller but nearly
as long as the third; superciliaries 5-6, first longest and forming a
very oblique suture with the second ; 4-3 granules between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries ; parietals nearly twice as long as broad,

* A little more in the type.

96 Lacertide.

outer border convex ; occipital % the length of the interparietal, and
a little broader.*

Two regularly superposed postnasals; anterior loreal (divided into
two on the left side) half as long as the second. 4 upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than
above. Two large upper temporals in contact with the parietal, first
longer than second ; temple covered with rather large and irregular
shields (numbering 21—25), the masseteric and tympanic distinct, the
latter separated from the second upper temporal by one small shield.

Pterygoids toothed.

20 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct. Collar
strongly serrated, composed of 9 plates.t

Seales granular and smooth on the nape, much larger, rhomboidal,
strongly and diagonally keeled, and subimbricate on the back, smaller
and smooth on the sides; 37 scales across the middle of the body { ;
2 or 3 lateral scales correspond to a ventral plate, 19 transverse series,
in the middle of the back, to the length of the head. Ventral plates
overlapping, as in LZ. viridis, in 10 longitudinal and 31 transverse
series ; the plates of the second series from the median line broadest,
those of the 3rd and 4th series equal, those of the 5th very small.
Preanal plate broad, as long as its distance from the femoral pores,
bordered by two semicircles of small plates, of which there are six in
the inner, the median pair enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of tibia much smaller than dorsals and
feebly keeled.§ 26 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Femoral
pores 13-15.)

Caudal scales forming whorls of equal length, the upper with strong
straight keel, ending in a point, the laterals very oblique, the lower
strongly keeled; 34 scales in the fourth whorl.

The coloration is thus described by Blanford: “ Olivaceous grey
above, whitish below; there are a few small black spots on the back
and sides of the neck, and a row of three or four blue ocelli (those in
front double) with black margins behind each shoulder, extending in
a line for a short distance down each side; the sides of the head are
bluish, a tint especially marked on the labials; throat yellow.”

* Blanford’s figure represents the occipital as as long as and much broader
than the interparietal, as broad as the frontal.

+ 7 according to Blanford.

{ 34 according to Blanford,

§ “Limbs covered with smooth scales,” Blanford.

|| 14 in the type.

Lacerta. 97

The specimen in the British Museum differs in being of a pale
brownish grey above, without spots on the neck ; there are three ocellar
spots on each side, the first and second with two superposed blue
centres ; posterior two thirds of tail reddish.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent. bs : 3 . 133

& + >; forelimb .. : , a4
Length of head. ] : : ; : oo
Width of head. : } ' : , a 1 9
Depth of head ; ‘ ‘ ; : , ewe lin
Fore limb. : : . : ; : » »45
Hind limb. : : ; ; : . 69
Foot. : . ; : : : F : 38
Tail ‘ ct , : P : ‘ , . 250

The type was obtained near Niriz, about 100 miles east of Shiraz,
S. Persia, at an elevation of about 2000 m., and is preserved in the
Caleutta Museum. It remained the only known specimen until a
second, from near Shiraz, was presented to the British Museum by
Mr. H. F. Witherby. A young specimen, measuring 50 millim. from
snout to vent, from Sarchun, preserved in the Petrograd Museum, has
since been described by M¢hely. The head of this specimen is of course
shorter and the hind limb reaches the collar; frontal narrower and
with concave sides ; granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries 6-4; occipital as broad as but much shorter than the large
interparietal ; femoral pores 15-16. Upper parts with small black
spots, irregularly scattered. It is possible that a female specimen from
Angora, noticed by Steindachner (Denkschr. Ak. Wien, lxiv, 1897,
p. 696) under the name of L. viridis, belongs to this species, in which
case its range would extend to Asia Minor. Dorsal scales remarkably
large, those on the sides distinctly smaller ; 38 scales across the body;
11 femoral pores on each side; pale blue above (in spirit).

As recognized by Bedriaga, LZ. princeps is more nearly related to
L. viridis than to any other species.

do. LACERTA OCELLATA.
FORMA TYPICA.
Lacerta viridis, part., Lacep. Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ov. i, p. 309, pl. xx
(1788).
Lacerta ocellata, Daud. Hist. Rept. iii; p. 125, pl. xxxii (1802) ;
M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 63, 82; Dugis, t.c. p. 368,
7

98 Lacertide.

pl. xv; Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1836) ; Duvernoy, Réene An.,
Rept. pl. xii (1836); Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 218 (1839) ;
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 30 (1845); De Betta, Faun. d’Ital., Rett. Anf.
p. 26 (1875); Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 423 (1875); Lataste, Herp.
Gir. p. 65, pl. vii, figs. 1, 2 (1876); Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879,
p. 816; Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 79, pl. 11, fig. 1 (1885) ; Bedriaga,
Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 39; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 12 (1887)

Bedriaga, Amph. Rept. Portug. p. 45 (1889); Bouleng. Tr. Zool.
Soe. xiii, 1891, p. 123, pl. xv, fig. f ; Lehrs, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvin,
1909, p. 88, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2; Schreib. Herp. EKur., ed. 2, p. 502 (1912).

Lacerta jamaicensis, Daud. t.c. p. 149.

Lacerta lepida, Daud. t.c. p. 204, pl. xxxvui, fig. 1.

Lacerta occitanica, Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 257 (1804).

Lacerta margaritata, Schinz, Nat. Rept. p. 99, pl. xxxvi (1838).

Thimon ocellatus, Tschudi, Isis, 1886, p. 551.

Lacerta senegalensis, Gray, Ann. N. H. ii, 1888, p. 279.

Lacerta ocellata, var. iberica, Seoane, Ident. de Lacerta Schreiheri,
etc., p. 8 (1885).

Habit stout, massive, especially in males. Head flat above in the
adult, 14 to 1} times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance
between the anterior corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum,
its length 382 to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 42 times in
females; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the postorbital part of
the head or less (down to 2 in full-grown males); an angular ridge
on each side of the postorbital part of the pileus, formed by a keel
on the upper temporal shields; cheeks much swollen in the males ;
pileus 12 to 2 times as long as broad, uneven and rugose in the
adult.* Neck narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches the
elbow, the axil, or the shoulder in males, the wrist or the elbow in
females ; foot as long as or a little shorter than the head, rarely a
little longer; toes very feebly compressed. Tail cylindrical, gradually
tapering, 14 to shghtly over 2 times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 5 shields; rostral largely entering the
nostril ; suture between the nasals short or very short; frontonasal
as long as broad or a little longer or a little shorter than broad,
usually broader than the internarial space, nearly always in contact
with the upper postnasal; prefrontals forming an extensive median
suturet ; fronta] as long as or shorter than its distance from the end

* In half-grown specimens the shields are marked with concentric strie,
similar to those on the carapace of tortoises, as observed by Lataste in the
typical form and by Werner in the var. pater.

+ Separated by a small shield in a male from Cacabelos.

Lacerta. 99

of the snout, + to 1 the length of the pileus, 14 to 13 times as long as
broad, as broad as or broader than the supraocular region, trilobate
in front in adult males; frontoparietals usually longer than the
frontal; parietals 14 to 2 times as long as broad; interparietal
narrow, as long as or shorter* than the occipital, which is large
or very large, as long as broad or broader than long, and usually
broader than the frontal,+ sometimes just as broad or a little narrower,
sometimes longitudinally divided into two or separated from the inter-
parietal by a small shield, rarely broken up into several irregular
shields. This description of the upper head-shields applies to adult
specimens. The young differ more considerably than in other species
of Lacerta; the frontonasal is always broader than long; the pre-
frontals form a short median suture; the frontal is much narrower
than the supraocular region and twice as long as broad, its length
only 3 to 34 times in the length of the pileus; the frontoparietals are
shorter than the frontal and not larger than the interparietal ; the
occipital is shorter than the interparietal and about twice as broad
as long{; the upper temporals are devoid of a keel.

Four supraoculars, first small or very small, in contact with the
second loreal, second and third large, fourth small but larger than the
first, rarely divided into two, and nearly always forming a suture with
the first upper temporal; 5 or 6, exceptionally 7, superciliaries, first
longest; a complete or incomplete series of granules, sometimes
reduced to 5, between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Two
superposed postnasals, the upper nearly always in contact with the
prefrontal§ ; anterior loreal 14 to 2 times as deep as long,|| much
shorter than the second,£ sometimes in contact with the frontonasal** ;

* A little longer in a male from Silos.

+ I have never seen the occipital of such enormous dimensions (fully twice
as broad as the frontal), as figured by Schreiber (op. cit.).

+t Bedriaga states that the occipital is divided into 5 or 7 shields in the very
young, and he supposes that these fuse into one as the lizard grows. He must
have based his statement on abnormal specimens, for the very young examined
by me have the shield entire, with the exception of one from Silos in which it
is divided into three, as may be found in the adult. Other examples of abnormal
division have been figured by Dugés.

§ Separated from it by a small shield in a male from Valdeblore, and in
another from Madrid (Paris Museum).

| Absent in a male from Montpellier, on one side in a female from Antibes.
‘Two superposed shields in a male from Nice.

§{ Which is divided into two by a horizontal suture in a male from Villa
Franca and in a male anda young from Silos.

** In a half-grown specimen from Arlac, two small shields separate the
upper postnasal and the anterior loreal from the frontonasal.

100 Lacertide.

4 upper labials* anterior to the subocular, the lower border of which
is 1 to 2 the length of the upper. Two large upper temporals ;
temple covered with rather small or moderately large shields, 30 to
50 in number, among which a feebly enlarged masseteric may often be
distinguished ; tympanic shield small or absent.

Pterygoids constantly toothed, the teeth in 2 or 3 longitudinal
series.

6, rarely 5 or 7, pairs of chin-shields, the 2 or 3 anterior in contact
in the middlet ; 26 to 39, usually 29 to 35, gular scales in a straight
line beween the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-
plate; gular fold absent or feebly marked. Collar strongly serrated,
formed of 9 to 14 plates, usually 10 to 13.

Seales granular, as long as broad or a little longer than broad,
smooth, or faintly keeled on the posterior half of the body ; 63 to 80
scales across the middle of the body, usually 66 to 75; 3 or 4 lateral
scales correspond to a ventral plate; 40 (females) to 62 (males) trans-
verse series of scales, in the middle of the back, correspond to the
length of the head. Ventral plates overlapping, the edge of the
transverse series broken by more or less distinct notches between
the plates, in 8 or 10 Jongitudinal series; the plates of the inner series
from the median line usually narrower than the 2 or 3 next to it,
which are 1} to 2 times as broad as long, the fourth and fifth
sometimes equal in size; 28 to 34 transverse series (28 to 32 in males,
31 to 34 in females). Preanal plate sometimes rather large, some-
times rather small, sometimes longitudinally divided into two,t
bordered by 2 or 3 semicircles of small plates.

Seales on upper surface of tibia as large as dorsals or a little larger,
smooth or feebly keeled. 11 to 15, rarely 16, femoral pores on each
side. 21 to 26, usually 22 to 25, lamellar scales under the fourth
toe, divided except the distal, bearing rather strong tubercles in the
young.

Caudal scales forming whorls of equal or nearly equal length, the
upper with strong straight keel, ending in a point which may be very
obtuse ; lower scales rounded or truncate behind, feebly keeled in the
adult, smooth in the basal whorls; 40 to 48 scales in the fourth or
fifth whorl; sensory apical pits often present. °

Young olive-brown to green above,§ neck, body, limbs, and base of
tail with numerous black-edged ocelli which are usually arranged in

* 3 in a male from Silos.

2 in about 25 per cent. of the specimens examined.

In two specimens from Cannes.

Grey or brown, never green, at birth, with the centres of the ocelli white.

tr ++ —

Lacerta. 101

transverse rather than in longitudinal series; these ocelli, 10, 12, or
14 in number in a transverse series on the body, are yellow on the
back and bluish on the sides, and the black rings may be enlarged
and run together to form transverse chains, or even irregular or
oblique cross-bars. Head brown or olive above and on the sides, with
round yellowish spots on the sides, one on each upper labial shield.
Digits and tail often reddish. Lower parts greenish white.

As the lizard grows, the ground colour turns either to a brighter
green or to brown or even reddish-brown, the ocelli on the back and
limbs lose the bright colour or become transformed into rosettes with
a black central spot or into a network, whilst the centres of the lateral
ocelli become enlarged and form 2 to 4 longitudinal series of
large deep-blue spots, with or without narrow black edges, sharply
defined from the ground colour and usually larger in males than in
females. Sometimes the upper parts appear blackish-purple or black,
closely sprinkled with yellow or green, with more or less distinct
traces of the reticular or ocellar pattern, which is usually so suggestive of
an embroidery. Head, and sometimes also the nape, brown or blackish
above. ‘Tail olive or brown, often reddish posteriorly, with small
dark spots which may form regular annuli. | Lower parts yellowish,
greenish white, or bluish green.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ue 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. He 8. 9:
From end of snout to vent . 210 180 180 165 160 195 140 118 107

5 oF » forelimb 84 65 75 68 63 64 53 45 43
Head : , é : 66 45 49 45 43 43 32 28 26
Width of head 2 A die POLE ee NOOR Olen Olemesom Oe LS
Depth of head. , ; U, 84) 29) 5 MOG ee eb 24 22h 19 4 rls
Fore limb : - 2 . 68 59 58 54 54 61 44 39 #4938
Hind limb : : : >» nlOSe “S489. S08 S90F 19S" 8667 58> 4.58
Foot 3 : é : : 50 43 40 38 45 48 33 29 ae
Tail 5 : : 3 . 400 315 310 290 320 — 215 180 220

1. fg, Nice. 2. 3, Provence (type). 3. g, Madrid. 8. ¢, Silos. 5. ¢,
Gibraltar. 6. 9, Antibes. 7. 9, Valencia. 8. Hgr., Arlac. 9. Hgr., Ciudad
Real.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

~I
6)
“
So)
rem
~

France : Wn 32s; “OS sete TO:
¢ Valdeblore, Alpes-

Maritimes, 1140 m. 180 74 10 31 11 36 13 22a Gin 6D
2 Antibes . : : 3 190° 7 10 cS a2 36 12 25° Gd Il
go Cannes . 5 ; ~ 130; 75 10930) 10) 32) 12-18 23 5:5 9
33 : ; : ~ 180) 78 1Op 30) Ti ST 13-14 23: 6 9
dg Nice < : 3 > 210! 7 10° 3075 D1) 35) 12-13: 23 9 14

102

¢ Nice

& Provence (type) P.M.
y~ Marseilles
Yo. 55 F :
2 Ste. Cécile, Vaucluse
$ Montpellier
: 5 P.M. :
Yg., C. Cerbére, Pyrén. Orient.
99 99 99
Her., Arlac, Gironde
Ye. 5 a
@ Olévon Id.
5
Spain :
g Ferrol, Galicia
2 Galicia :
g Villa Franca, Leon .
, Cacabelos =

,», Silos, nr. Burgos
»

— >» ”

Her. ” ”

g Madrid

lebanon ;

o pe le :
2 Lozoya Valley,nr. Madrid
Her. 3 5

Mee AS

” ”
Her. Ciudad Real

Yo. i

2 Albufera, Valencia .
g Seville
2 HAE
@ Gibraltar
= 3 P.M.
Portugal :
Yg. Coimbra

”» ”

Lacertide:.

2.

69

o;)

~I
PD oO

~I ~1 &
om

oe

10

30

31

29
29

35
32

32

32

30

13-12
13-14

bo rw WY
Ee ho ot

on

DOwnpnw dd 11m wo
OU Or or

or

or Ot

mOOPANEAMAAMAAADAN

ww Ww

to hw 0

Cr or

PD owt wo w
OV or

Aaa cn

—

i"
Q-3 nw Te

ol

oe We

on

Lacerta. 103

Uy OR EGR” RT toes} Ts 8.59 10
Yg. Pomerao ‘ : . 68 66 10 30 12 32 18-14 25 3 45
¥ : ee ene Te Bs 29 0159 TA-15 95 8 35
i : wo, |. 62.79 8 99 “Tl 3p i4¢ 92° 96. 35
¥ : e - 48) 70) °8' 30) 12) 33 14-13 24 2°5 35
<4 ¥, : : - 48 70 § 29 11 34 14. 23 2°35 35d
6 Cintra . : : . 145 70 10 28 10 29 11-13 23 6 6
Wess; : : : - 63 80 8 30 11 3838 14-15 25 4
Ye. Lisbon . : : Oss On LOmra2 aide 29s Tle 3) 2d: 9 1Or6
Her. Aleochete . ‘ . 103 70 8 28 11 36 1413 24 45 6
é Low. Alemtejo : . 180 66 8 30 12 34 14 24 6 10
Yg. Salir, Algarve. - 49 71 8 29 9 36 12-11 23 25 25
ar i . 47 72> 8 80°18 29 18512 25 8 3

1. From end of snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse series of
ventral plates. 5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in median longitudinal

-

series. 7. Femoral pores (right and left). 8. Lamelle under fourth toe.
9. Width of frontal shield. 10. Width of occipital shield (in millim.).

Habitat—Liguria, South of France as far North as the Jura and
the Charente-Inférieure, Spain and Portugal. 1140 m. is the highest
altitude reached by this form in the Alps, 1000 m. in Spain.

Remains which are certainly referable to this lizard have been
recorded* from a cave at Lunel-Viel, Hérault, with Ursus speleeus
(Pleistocene). A parietal bone from La Grive St. Alban (Middle
Miocene), preserved in the British Museum (Lacerta lamandini,
Filhol?) is not distinguishable from the same bone in JL. viridis,
var. major, and L. ocellata, var. pater.

Var. PATER.

Lacerta ocellata, Schleg. in Wagn. Reis. Alg. iii, p. 112 (1841) ;
Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 35 (1862) ; Bouleng. Nov. Zool. xii, 1905, p. 74,
pl. i, fig. 2 and pl. ii, fig. 1; Rosén, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xvi, 1905,
p. 138.

Lacerta ocellata pater, Lataste, Le Natural. 1880, p. 306.

Lacerta ocellata, var. viridissima, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1880-81,
p. 146, and in Kobelt, Reise Alg. Tun. p. 466 (1885).

Lacerta pater, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 54; J. v.
Fisch. Zool. Gart. xxix, 1888, p. 265; Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xlii, 1892, pp. 351 and 353 and xliv, 1894, p. 79.

Lacerta ocellata, var. pater, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 13 (1887), and
Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 123, pl. xv, figs. a-e; Doumergue, Herp.
Oran. p. 117, pl. viii, figs. 1, 2 (1901); Lehrs, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
xxvill, 1909, p. 84.

* Gervais, Zool. Pal. Frang. p. 258, pl. lxiv, fig. 4 (1852).

104 Lacertide.

Lacerta ocellata, var. tangitana, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. in, p. 15, pl. i,
fig. 1, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6), 1, 1889, p. 303, and Tr. Zool. Soe. xiii,
1891, p. 124, pl. xv, fig. f; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 13;
Doumergue, op. cit. p. 119, pl. vin, figs. 3, 4.

The North African representatives of L. ocellata, which are grouped
together under the name of var. pater, and which earlier authors
confounded either with the typical form or with L. viridis,* were first
shown by Lataste to constitute an interesting connecting link between
these two allied species, and, had he been acquainted with the Meroccan
lizards described later as var. tangitana and with the var. major of
L. viridis, he could have offered even more forcible arguments in favour
of his proposition. As the name pater implies, Lataste considered this
annectant form as ancestral to both L. ocellata and L. viridis, though
nearer the former ; in the present state of our knowledge, I think it is
evident that the latter species is the more primitive and leading through
its var. major and this var. pater to the typical L. ocellata.

This variety has since been raised by Bedriaga to the rank of a
species, but I have always held Lataste to have been well advised in
treating it as subordinate to L. ocellata, the supposed distinctive
characters, even that derived from the size of the occipital shield, being
absolutely unreliable. The best characters by which African specimens
may be distinguished from the European reside in the frequent absence
of the keel limiting the pileus on each side behind the orbitt—a
character which cannot, however, be applied to young specimens—and
the generally larger size of the gular scales, whatever the age of the
individual.

If we compare specimens from Tangier, on which I bestowed the-
name var. tangitana, with those from Algiers and eastwards, we find
that the former differ in having smaller scales (77 to 98, instead of
65 to 85, across the middle of the body) and more numerous femoral
pores (17 to 22 on each side, instead of 12 to17); but Doumergne has
shown that the two supposed varieties occur promiscuously in the
Province of Oran, and specimens from the Atlas of Morocco have
further convinced me that the distinction cannot be upheld, the increase
in the number of scales and femoral pores from east to west being
too gradual, and the two characters not always going hand in hand.

The proportionst and the head-shields are the same as in the

* Gervais, 1836, Duméril and Bibron, 1839.

+ I notice, however, exceptions in specimens from Duirat and Bona.

t We must bear in mind that Bedriaga was not acquainted with full-grown
specimens, his largest measuring only 110 millim. from snout to vent, which

accounts for his statement that the proportions are intermediate between those
of L. viridis and of the typical L. ocellata.

Lacerta. 105

typical form, except that the digits are as a rule a little more slender,
that the tail may be 22 times the length of head and body, that the
frontonasal is often a little broader,* the frontoparietals are not or but
little longer than the frontal and the interparietal is sometimes a little
longer than the occipital ; special allusion must be made to the size of
the occipital, which was described by Lataste as intermediate between
that of L. viridis and that of L. ocellata. Leaving aside young speci-
mens, in which the shield is shorter in proportion and sometimes twice
as broad as long, the smallest occipital is found in specimens from
Batna and Tangier, in which it may be a little longer than broad,
searcely larger than the interparietal, and much narrower than the
frontal; in other specimens from Tunisia, Algeria, and ‘Tangier its
width may equal that of the frontal, and in those from the Atlas of
Morocco it is as broad as the frontal, or narrower, or broader, as may
be seen from the table on p. 108, which shows that the comparative
width between the two shields may be exactly the same as in the
typical form, in which, however, the occipital is larger on an average.

The first loreal is nearly always in contact with the frontonasalt ;
4 or 5 superciliaries, exceptionally 3 or 6; the granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries usually form an incomplete series
and are sometimes reduced to 4 or 5{. Exceptionally 8§ or 5|| anterior
upper labials. 28 to 55 temporal shields.

The three anterior chin-shields constantly in contact in the middle.
22 to 31 gular scales in a median longitudinal series, usually 24 to 29.
9 to 15 plates in the collar.)

Seales round or oval-subrhombie or subhexagonal and longer than

* Sometimes longitudinally divided (several specimens from Tunis, Setif,
Tlemsen, and Fenzou). 3 shields, forming a triangle, in a specimen from
Duirat and in another from Algiers. Ina young from ‘Tangier it is in contact
with the rostral; in another from Fenzou it is in contact with the frontal.
An azygos prefrontal is sometimes present (young from Ain Drahan and
Fenzou).

+ Ina half-grown specimen from Seksawa, and in a young from ‘Tangier, the
upper postnasal is in contact with the prefrontal, and it is so on one side in
single young specimens from Seksawa, Bona and Lambesa. In a young from
Tangier the lower postnasal is fused with the anterior loreal. Two super-
posed anterior loreals in a female and in two young from Fenzou; ina female
from Batna the anterior loreal is reduced to its lower half, which forms a
triangle with the two postnasals.

ft Or even 2 or 3, according to Bedriaga.

§ On one side in a female from Fenzou.

| Ina female from N. of Biskra, in two young from Fenzou.

™ The young specimen from Tlemsen with 21 plates must be regarded as an
c=]
individual anomaly.

106 Lacertide.

broad, usually feebly keeled, sometimes smooth, 65 to 85 in specimens
from Tunisia and Algeria East of Oran, 70 to 98 in specimens from
Oran and Morocco* ; 40 (females) to 72 (males) transverse series in
the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head. Ventral
plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal seriest, the inner and the two outermost
on each side as a rule narrower than the other, which is 2 to 2} times
as broad as long; sometimes, when only 6 series are present, the
reduction may be due to the fusion of the plates of the two outer
series, as is well shown by a female from Batna; in other cases
the second and third series from the median line are equal in width
and the fourth is narrower than the first; 27 to 30 transverse series in
males, 28 to 33 in females.

13 to 17 femoral pores on each side, very rarely 12, in specimens
from Tunisia and Algeria Kast of Oran, 15 to 22 in specimens from
Oran and Morocco. 22 to 29 lamellar scales under the fourth toe,
usually 23 to 26.

36 to 44 caudal scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

There is a colour-dimorphism in the young. Most of them are
bluish green or greyish olive above with white dark-edged ocelli forming
8 or 10 longitudinal series, never running together into transverse
chains as in the typical form, sometimes with irregular black spots in
addition. Others are uniform green (Bona, Guelma).

Adult olive or green, uniform or spotted, vermiculated or speckled with
black, with or without the ocellar spots of the young, or with traces
of them, only exceptionally with blue spots on the sides, and in males
only, these spots smaller than usual in the typical form.t A female
from Imintamout is remarkable for the interruption of the black
network on the middle line of the back, thus producing the effect of a
light vertebral stripe.§ Head olive or green, uniform or with small
black spots. Tail olive or brown, often reddish posteriorly, frequently
with rather large black spots disposed irregularly. Lower parts
greenish yellow.

* 74 to 100 in specimens from the Province of Oran, according to Doumergue.

+ Exceptionally 10 (2 specimens from Lambesa) according to Werner, l.c., 1892.

t In which they appear to be constant.—As noticed above they are excep-
tionally present in L. viridis, var. major. We find them again in the Gallotia
Section.

§ I cannot help regarding this anomaly as an atavistic feature due to the
derivation of this lizard from a striped form similar to L. viridis, var. major.
Lehrs mentions an adult female from Bona, in the Berlin Museum, which has
a light stripe along each side instead of the lowermost series of ocelli. It is to
be expected that tri- or quinquestriated young of this variety will turn up
some day.

From end of snout to vent

Lacerta.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3? ” 3)

Head !
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb.
Hind limb
Foot .

Daal

4.,
8.

Teo, Lunis, 2:
Her. Tlemsen.
Her., Seksawa.

$, Setif (type).

Oe Lumis. iG:

is 2, 3.
165 157 120

64 65 50

44 46 31

32 «638322
2/ 28 18
56 «53841
8l 80 66
42 40 32
320 — —

40
58
31

205

265

lod

160 142 100
538 649 «639
38060 82
24 2h 1G
21 te) ale:
50 48 39
Cie 910) 59
B48 30) wool

260 315 240

3. $, Tangier (type of var. tangitana).

?, Batna (type). 7. 2, Imintamout.

The var. pater does not appear ever to attain so large a size as the
typical form.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Tunisia :

é Tunis
cama: :
Es AWE

g Ain Drahan

” ” ”

ss >»
WO 55 =

g Duirat

» 33

2? ae

ae ae :
» Tunisia, P.M.
” 99 t
> 99 >»
+ 7S 5s
» » >»

Algeria :

g Bona, P.M.

” ”

g ”?
Hors,
Yg

>:

Nic: 99 ”
@ Setif (type)

+
OTE, 3

Her. Guelma (type)

165) Lis One eo ld
142 7

NEO) 7(5) fe) Bx0) ale
136 80
1380 75 §& 29) 11
1Ss2eok (Sess
66 68 8 3h 138

149 376) 8) 30) 12
OF THES 28a lS
155° ait (8530) ei
150 71 8 30 14
0 74 8 32 138
150) vis) Sia oe ab
130 71 8 30 12
130 75 8 30 10
LSS foSis sOF hE
1388 72 8 30 138
158 82 8 29 11
118 65 8 32 12
104 76 8 32 15
b2) Ul 18h 28) Si
SAT 7 Se sOm il
48 78 8 31 12
157 74-8 30 18
150 74 8 31 12
94 75 8 31. 12

SW bt bw Ww WNW po tw
woow JT oan G&D

bo
or)

Ue
15-14
15-16
17-16
17-16
15-14
13-14

13
16
16-15
13-15
14-15
13-14.
15-14
17-16
16
15

15-16
14-15
14.
16-14.
14.
16
17
12-13
13
13

82-92 10:
26 65 675
25 5 4
Jomo 4
27 «6 6
25 5 4°5
27.265 4.
25 “3 2
25 7 5
27 4 3
26 5 4
25 55 4°5
25 6 5
24 6 6
20 55 45
26 5 4:5.
24 5 4.
25 6 5
26 6 5
23 «+5 4:5
26 4 4
Ay 8: 3
ZO ao oro
23 25 3
25 7 6
22 6 5
23 4 4

108 Lacertidx.

Te 2 Bi FA os 16: ite 8: 9 eLO
Ye. Setif (type) . - . 46. 85 8 80 18 26 14 25525 ees
Lambesa (type). 5 Ope isy ish GRE I fe 14 28 25 25
» El Guerah ,, ; 51 72 8 30 12 24 15 23 2°5 2:5
@ Batna (type) . . . 160 77 6-831 11 27 138° 24/56 994
3 3 : : - 148) 70 VSees2) LO)e 25) 1514 26S 3
a N. of Biskra* . : 2 158) S3785 30h 1126) 14—15 P26Reo 4
2 a sow) $ADS (RS S80 I 26 4 eee
Hgr. Algiers (type). . 105 77 8 29 14 24 13-14 26 4 4
NGems a : : : ; 52 > (8 30° 12) 25) 14-15 24> e2ione 275
= =A A : : ~ 46 78) Siss) 2 26) 14-13) (22) eon
? Hammam Meskoutine . 158 75 8 31 10 26 14 Deis 53 4°5
g Algeriat . ; : . 150 73 8 29. 11 26 16-15 236° °G
» Tlemsen . . ; .' 140° 80) 78° B09 199 27 ily 24 55 45
% ” 145° (85. 18) 30) 14.3 1819 e277 Gomes
: A 143 84 8 380 14 28 17-18 26 6 55
+ ” LOTS ii ee Sie Ol el 15 2370 +
Her ; 108 78 8 30 12 25 16-15 23 4 4
Yeo": 47 88 8 30 21 29 18 22 25 2
Morocco:
g Tangier (type of
v. tangitana) 120 85 8 380 12 26 18 Zo 35
2 : ; eS 132 98 8 31 11 27 18-17 28 5 4
Ye, . if 75 90 8 29 10 28 18-19 29°53 053
os Bs a s 71 96_ 6) (30) 1 27 WS—19 24s 2°5
7 . ne = 66 84 6 30 I1 29 18-20 25 3 3
. ae os 5 47 80 8 29 11 28 18 26 2°5 2:5
é Tangier 150 80 6 30 12 25 18-17 24 6 6
a ; 142 88 8 29 11 29 7 924 95:5
5 35 132 85 8 28 10 27 19-21 26 5 5
2 5 153 77 6-& 32 10 26 19-18 25 6 5:5
Vier oo, - oo» 4 «98 840 (8 3290 150-270 Seslyen oye ec
9 5 : . : . 47 80 8 32 11 25 18-19 26 2:5 2:5
;, Imintamout, Atlas . . 156 71 6-8 30 10 28 19 25 6 6
: ; A Lol 75" (8 29) 12) 229.7 19=17, 26) 16 6
- a ; 145 74 6 28 9 26 20-19 27 6 75
; 3 Pe 129 70 6 28 10 25 eo 2 Se:
, 55 5 121 81 8 28 Il 26 21-22 24 5 5
2 A 5 142 79 8 31 138 25 17-16 24 6 6
on 5 be 142 79 G 28 11 24° 16-l7 25 5:5°%6%5
“ 33 ae. . 128 72 8 28 11 26 WieEi8 22) 15" 46
Ye. Ms = . il 7 6-8 29 9 28 “19-21 26 3:5 4
é Fenzou, Atlas . : - 160° 79) (82 273 Wd 25 9-18) 225) a 7
: a 113 75 8 28 12 ° 30 18-19 25 5 65
2 Rs ~ 137 70) 98) 3) 26) 7-165 123) 95 5:5
Wim. 5 82 73 8 29 10 26. 19-20 28 ‘3:5 3:5

* Tristram’s “ Sahara” included the greater part of the High Plateaux.
+ Labelled Chrysolamprus algirus, a MS. name of Fitzinger’s.

Lacerta. 109

1 eco oss aero *6, Life 8; 9: 10:
Ye. Fenzou, Atlas. : eon tomes) 29) 1O25;5 20) 25) S56 3:5
qaea eee a! (60) TouG 2810-24 16-17 25 8 8
k dea Pe ee etn SOUS Sr 29, dh et 15-17 8p 25 2-6
. = A é : : 5d 66 6-8 30 10 26 18-19 23 2°55 2°5
eet amen ee fees) G76) Ys G98 S119 28-25 26
Her. Seksawa, Atlas. 100) ioe on 30) LOM 25 9-18 425), -4 4.
Ye. Tamaruth ,, : S160) 476-829 101) 29) 19-18) 926 3 3

Columns as in the preceding table.

Habitat—Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, North of the Sahara; up
to 1500 metres in the Atlas of Morocco.

The best combinations of characters for distinguishing the two
forms of L. ocellata may be thus contrasted :

Forma typica.—Occipital rarely narrower than frontal, often broader ;
upper postnasal usually in contact with frontonasal; upper temporals, in
the adult, with a keel bordering the pileus ; ventral plates in 8 or 10
longitudinal series ; 26 to 39 gular scales in median longitudinal series,
usually 29 to 35; 65 to 80 scales across middle of body; 11 to 16
femoral pores on each side, usually 11 to 14.

Var. pater, Lat.—Occipital rarely broader than the frontal, often
narrower ; first loreal nearly always in contact with frontonasal ; upper
temporals usually without keel; ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal
series, very rarely 10; 22 to 31 gular scales in median longitudinal
series, usually 24 to 29; 65 to 100 scales across middle of body ; 13
to 22 femoral pores on each side, very rarely 12.

Section II. Gaxuorta, Blgr.— Ventral plates in 8 to 20 longitudinal
series, transverse «series with nearly rectilinear border; if ventrals in
8 longitudinal series, anterior border of ear denticulated; a single
postnasal; 17 to 35 femoral pores; 24 to 37 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe; pterygoid teeth present.

Synopsis of the Species,

A. Anterior border of ear denticulated; dorsal scales rather large, rhombic
and diagonally keeled ; 17 to 23 femoral pores; 24 to 30 lamellar scales
under fourth toe; 4 upper labials anterior to subocular.

44 to 52 scales across middle of body; ventrals in 8 or 10
straight longitudinal and 26 to 30 transverse series; collar
serrated, formed of 6 to 10 plates; parietals strongly bent
down on the temple, which is granulate, without masseteric
shield L. atlantica, Peters & Doria, p. 111.

B. Anterior border of ear not denticulated; dorsal scales minute, granular,
more or less distinctly keeled ; 23 to 33 femoral pores; 29 to 37 lamellar
scales under fourth toe ; 5 or 6 upper labials anterior to subocular.

110 Lacertidex.

1. Ventrals in 10 to 14 straight longitudinal and 29 to 31 transverse
series; collar not serrated, formed of 7 to 12 plates; parietals
more or less bent down on the temple, which is granulate, with
more or less distinct masseteric shield.

90 to 110 seales across middle of body; ventrals in 10 or 12
longitudinal series; rostral usually touching the nostril;
scales covering the lower eyelid extremely small and
granular, those in the centre scarcely, if at all, differentiated.

L. cesaris, Lehrs, p. 115.

78 to 106 scales across middle of body; ventrals in 12 or 14

longitudinal series ; rostral not touching the nostril.
L. galloti, D. & B., p. 118.
2. Ventrals in 16 to 20 longitudinal series, the series discontinuous
or oblique, and 33 to 36 transverse series; two or three large
upper temporals, first in contact with fourth supraocular ; collar
formed of 10 to 17 plates.
79 to 93 scales across middle of body; collar entire or feebly
serrated; temple granulate, with more or less distinct
masseteric shield; rostral not touching the nostril.
L. stehlini, Schenkel, p. 121.

84 to 100 scales across middle of body ; collar strongly serrated ;
temple covered with large, irregular, polygonal shields;
rostral entering the nostril . : ; . L. simonyi, Stdr., p. 124.

Were we to attach to the temporal lepidosis the same importance
as claimed for it by Prof. v. Méhely in dealing with the lizards of
the L. muralis type, we should divide the Gallotia section into two
groups: one, including L. atlantica, cesaris, and galloti, in which the
parietal shield descends to the side of the temple, the other with
L. simonyi and its close ally L. stehlini, in which the first upper
temporal is large, extends to the upper surface of the head, and joins
the fourth supraocular. It seems, indeed, that in this case, as
suggested by the above-named author, the anterior upper temporal,
which conforms to the L. agilis-ocellata type in L. simonyi and stehlini,
has in the other species actually fused with the parietal—a view which
derives support from the fact that, occasionally, in L. galloti, a short
cleft is present in the parietal exactly in the position which the
suture between the two shields would occupy, thus explaining why,
in this species, unlike most others, the last wpper temporal is large
as compared to those preceding it.

From this point of view, then, L. simonyi is more primitive than
LL. galloti, as it undoubtedly also is in the serrated collar and the
temporal lepidosis generally. On the other hand, the increased
number of ventral plates and the larger size show a further
departure from the hypothetical ancestral form, which I assume to
have been related to L. viridis and L. ocellata, and to have possessed

Lacerta. 111

a light vertebral streak, which has been retained in L. csaris.
L. atlantica, although occupying a somewhat isolated position, has
too much in common, as regards both structure and coloration, with
L. galloti to be considered as not related to it, combining features
more primitive (lower number of ventral plates and serrated collar),
and more advanced (denticulation in front of the ear). It must be
borne in mind that the difference in the dorsal scales between
L. atlantica and L. galloti is about the same as that which separates
L. princeps from IL. ocellata, both of which I regard as directly
derived from L. viridis.

It is clear therefore, that the relationships of the species of this
group cannot be expressed by a linear arrangement. Their affinities
seem to be as follows:

1p galloti.

L. atlantica. | L. stehlini. L. simonyi.
L. cesaris.

| |

L. viridis-ocellata.

The view which I first expressed in 1891* as to the relationship of
L. galloti and L. simonyi to L. ocellata has been supported by P. Lehrs
in 1909.¢ <A further argument in favour of the derivation of this
group from L. ocellata is found in the presence of a single postfrontal
bone, as in that species, instead of two as in L. agilis and LD. viridis.t
Whilst the two bones are distinct in young ZL. ocellata, Siebenrock has
ascertained that they are fused from the earliest youth in the species
which constitute the Section Gallotia.s The character must be used
with discretion for systematic purposes, as fusion of the two elements
may take place in the adult of some of the species, ZL. viridis) and
L. muralis for instance, but it is of importance, as in this case, in the
attempt at tracing the derivation of forms.

6. LACERTA ATLANTICA.

Zootoca galloti, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 30 (1845).
Lacerta atlantica, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xviii, 1882,

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 201.

+ Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxviii, p. 93.

t Cf. Siebenrock, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii, 1, 1894, p. 240.

§ Unless the skull be disarticulated, it is necessary to examine the inner
side of the parietal region to make certain as to this character, which is
obscured on the upper surface by the dermal incrustations.

|| The postfrontal is single in the only skull of the var. schreiberi (adult
male) examined.

De Lacertide.

p. 433; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 314; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 42 (1887); Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891,

Not unlike Z. jacksonii in form and lepidosis. Head 12 to 1} times
as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance from the centre of
the eye to the tympanum, its length 33 to 4 times in length to vent
in males, 4 to 44 times in females; snout rather poimted, as long as
the distance from the eye to the tympanum. Pileus 2 to 2; times as
long as broad. Neck as broad as or broader than the head. The hind
limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in males, the elbow or the
axil in females. Foot 1 to 14 times length of head; digits slender,
compressed. ‘Tail cylindrical, 15 to 2 times length of head and body.

Nostril pierced between three shields only. Suture between the
nasals 4 to } length of frontonasal, which is broader than long and
broader than the internarial space; prefrontals forming an extensive
suture* ; frontal as long as its distance from the nasals or from the
rostral, 1} to 13 times as long as broad, narrower in the young, as
broad as or a little broader than the supraoculars ; parietals 14 or 13
times as long as broad, in contact with the upper postoculart ;
occipital usually as long as or longer than the interparietal and broader
than the latter. Four supraoculars, first and fourth small, second a
little longer than third; 5 or 6 superciliaries, suture between the
first and second very oblique; a complete or incomplete series of
rather large granules, 5 to 10 in number, between the supraoculars
and the superciliaries. Rostral not touching the nostril; a single
postnasal, usually as large as the anterior loreal, which is about half as
long as the second; 4 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which
is usually much narrower beneath than above; 3 to 5 upper
temporals, the last the longest§ ; the rest of the temple covered with
small seales, which are granular above and larger in front and below ;
a narrow tympanic shield usually present ; 3 to 5 projecting pointed
lobules on the anterior border of the ear.

Pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales imbricate, 23 to 27 in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold

* Unless separated by a small azygos shield (as in a female from the
Haria Valley).

7 Except in one female from Lanzarote.

Sg st} 1S weve ] ag ac 7 j ]
t Sometimes three times as large as the interparietal, according to
Steindachner.

§ The reverse of the usual state of things.

:
|

Lacerta. 113

distinct. Collar with more or less strongly serrated edge,* formed of
6 to 10 plates, the median usually the largest, the outer passing
gradually into the scales.

Dorsal scales rhomboidal or squarish, oblique, more or less strongly
and diagonally keeled, a little larger than the laterals, which are less
distinctly keeled ; 44 to 52 scales across the middle of the body ; 23 to
27 transverse series, in the middle of the back, correspond to the
length of the head, 2 or 3 on the sides to the length of one ventral
plate. Ventral plates in 8 or 10 longitudinal series, those of the
second, or second and third series from the median line a little broader
than the others, the outermost narrow; 26 to 28 transverse series in
males, 28 to 30 in females. Preanal plate rather small, bordered by
2 or 3 semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia keeled, much smaller than dorsals.
17 to 23 femoral pores on each side, usually 18 to 21. 24 to 30
lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales oblique and strongly keeled above, truncate or
obtusely pointed behind, in alternately longer and shorter whorls; 26
to 30 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

The coloration, in females and young, is very similar to that of
Li. galloti, from which some specimens are, in this respect, indistin-
guishable. The upper parts vary from yellowish grey to dark grey
or olive. Some specimens are striated, a light, sometimes dark-edged
streak extending from the superciliary border to the base of the tail,
where it breaks up into spots, and another from below the eye, through
the middle of the tympanum, to the anterior side of the thigh, re-
appearing on the base of the tail; between the dorsal streaks, and
between these and the lateral streaks, two or four series of small
ocellar spots may be present, those on the sides often blue; also a
series of blue spots on each side of the belly. Head speckled with
brown. Limbs with ocellar spots. Lower parts white; a A- or A-
shaped black or bluish grey marking on the throat, or throat grey or
blue with a dark band following the chin-shields. Other small
specimens lack the streaks or show mere traces of them and the body
is spotted or marbled with dark brown, with 5 or 6 blue ocelli on
each side. Sometimes the dark brown spots form two stripes on the
back, enclosing small light ocellar spots. Adult males are dark olive
or dark brown to blackish above, uniform or with numerous small
ocellar spots on the back and two series of large blue ocelli on the
sides; head marbled with black, or black with light variegations

* In exceptional cases, according to Steindachner, the collar shows no trace
of serration.

8

114

Lacertidex.

above, black beneath as well as on the neck as far as the collar; belly
greyish white or brownish olive.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head .

Fore limb .
Hind limb
Foot .

Tail

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

2? Lanzarote (type), G.M.
(Meade- Waldo

3 9

99 99 (
99 be) (
” oe) (
’ ”

2 99 (
,, Arrecife (type)
Co)

” 9
¢ Haria Valley
9 ”

; ;
2 ss

29 ,

,, Canary Islands

?

99

39

(Richter)

)
)
)

99

)
)
)
)

ile
65

55

52

fore limb

2.
46
50
49
4.7
49
45
49
47
A7
50
tet
+4.
45
50
52
47
46
45
48

3.
10
10

10
10

é.
90
dl
23
16
ll
32
48
25

150

2 (type).

or

—_

Oownwr6o ON AT OAT ONT OOS OO O NI NI ©

65
23
15
10

8
22
38
20

bo bo
Or Or GO Or

p pr bw pwd Ww pw
oo OND

bo bo
ov Or

25

Oe
55
18
13
85

0-19
3-29
21
19-18

Donwmbde ww bd @
oownonm fk» O°

ox I ©

bp pw w

bo v9
oon

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of body.

3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates.

pores (right and left if differing).

8. Lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

4, Transverse series of ventral plates.
5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in a median longitudinal series. 7. Femoral

Habitat.—Lanzarote, Fuertaventura, and neighbouring islands.*

* Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, waterless and treeless and nearer to the
African coast, differ greatly from the other Canary islands in their fauna,

Lacerta. 115

According to Peters and Doria also Teneriffe (Santa Cruz). The
records of this species from Madeira and Mogador are no doubt due
to erroneous localities in the British, Paris, and Milan Museums.

7. LACERTA CASARIS.

Lacerta galloti, part., Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891, p. 288.

Lacerta cesaris, Lehrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 681.

Lacerta galloti cxsaris, C. Boettg. & L. Mill. Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(8), xiv, 1914, p. 74.

Head rather large, the difference in size according to sexes not
so marked as in ZL. galloti and its larger allies. Head 1} times as
long as broad, its length 4 times in length to vent in males, very
little shorter in females; snout as long as postocular part of head in
females, slightly longer in males; cheeks not noticeably swollen in
males. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck distinctly narrowed.
The hind limb reaches the collar or not quite so far in females, a
little beyond in males.

Rostral usually touching the nostril,* separated from the fronto-
nasal, which is as long as broad or slightly longer; frontal a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout in females, but
slightly in males, twice as long as broad (in its narrowest part) in
females, slightly longer in males; parietals as long as or slightly
longer, rarely shorter, than the frontal in males, usually a little
longer in females, strongly bent down on the temple, occupying the
place usually held by the upper temporals ; occipital at least as broad
as the interparietal, usually considerably broader, and constantly
broader than long, on an average longer in males than in females ;
supraoculars separated from the superciliaries by a series of granules.
A single postnasal ; 5 upper labials anterior to the subocular. Tem-
poral scutellation granular, often finely, with more or less developed
masseteric and tympanic shields; a series of small upper temporals.
Seales covering the lower eyelid extremely small and granular, those
in the centre scarcely, if at all, differentiated.

33 to 44 scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and
the collar; gular fold distinct; collar not serrated, composed of
7 to 11 plates.

Dorsal scales very small, rhombic-granular, more or less distinctly

which is nearly identical with that of the neighbouring Sahara (Tristram,
Brit. Assoc. 1893).
* With two exceptions out of 14 specimens.

116 Lacertide.

keeled, 90 to 110 across the middle of the body; 3 or 4 series on the
side corresponding to one ventral plate. Ventral plates in 10 or 12
longitudinal and 29 to 31 transverse series. Preanal comparatively
small.

24 to 31 femoral pores on each side. 30 to 36 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Coloration (from life). Head dark or light bronze-brown above,
more or less profusely speckled with black. Dorso-lateral streak, if
distinct, bright yellow, running on the parietal and continued to the
base of the tail, or beyond ; a light streak along the spine, well-defined
from the bronze colour of the dorsal region. A short postocular streak,
of a duller yellow than the superciliary, and often interrupted, extends
a little way beyond the tympanum in the middle of the dark brown
lateral band, which is edged below by a continuous dull yellow streak,
extending from below the tympanum to the base of the hind limb,
reappearing again on the side of the tail. The dark bands in some
specimens (young males) with small light, dark-edged spots without
any tendency to form transverse series.* Larger bright spots on the
limbs. Frequently a small sky-blue spot on the dark lateral band
above the insertion of the fore limb, and another of the same colour
on the upper arm. In some fully adult males the markings become
very indistinct or may nearly entirely vanish, such specimens being
blackish brown.

Lower surface of head blackish grey, or even black in full-grown
specimens, the dark shade sometimes extending to the breast; belly
dirty white, or pale greyish, without any spots, a few roundish
bluish white spots sometimes present on the margin; lower surface of
thighs sometimes sky-blue in females.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . ae AA 77 Go

¥ i foresnimie OU) wae oe Leone
Length of head . ‘ : : 18:5: 45 SS) 5 Al
Width of head. ; , Lage: 95° 12 10
Depth of head. : ste ho ye 85 75
Fore limb. : : : ot RSs, (ool eee ees
Hind limb . : , ; . 45 384 41 £36
iailes ; : : é ._—- — — 152

* Except for the presence of a light vertebral streak, all these markings
agree pretty well with those of the young L. galloti.

Lacerta. 117

Particulars of Specimens examined by Lehrs.

Ale 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ae 8.
Ea 90 10512..a0. 7 40 90-30 —
feet re 102 12 80 11 4 29. 32
fe 210s: 125 80) 9.48. 27-96. 35
Peewee oe: §98).10-12 305 +7 «89> S1-80: 30
Mr) 56) 11009 105 | 29.» 9.42 ) Oe. 36
een eet Og.e 19" 99. 8 486 -OR-07 . 93
Gee sei? 96 10-12,, 31). 9) 38, 99-98. 33
; 72 100 10 30 Il 40 29-28 33
‘ 70 99 10 80 7 38 25-24 33
: 66.90, 122230 68.636. 26 38
zs 66 95 12 30 10 38 2 31
: Ge sion 10) Melee) 4990496. 3
- BAL) Odk 10" 780) 10. 40) e732
ee es OL | 19 80 98 26-99) 38

Columns same as on p. 114.

Habitat.—Hierro, Canary Islands.

The above description is taken from that given by Dr. Lelhrs.

The following form, of which I have not seen specimens, is probably
to be regarded as a variety of L. cxsaris, but the description is not
sufficient, structural characters being omitted.

Lacerta galloti gomeree, C. Boettger and L. Miller, Ann. & Mag.
NH: (8) xiv, 1914,.p. 73.

“Colour of males dark. Markings, if at all present, reduced to longitudinal
stripes. Very small light yellow or grey points, found all over the back, must
apparently be regarded as the last traces of transverse bars. Except these
points and some blue eye-spots, there are no markings on neck and anterior
back; but there are traces of dark bands on posterior back and root of tail on
a slightly paler ground. In very dark specimens head and neck are deep
black, as is also lower surface, except that of tail, which is reddish grey.
Posterior portion of belly sometimes paler. The two lateral rows of ventrals
with more or less numerous blue spots. There are also blue spots on the
limbs, of which a larger one on upper arm close behind shoulder and one on
thigh are especially characteristic for this race. In the lighter specimens,
which are clay coloured, there are two comparatively narrow dorso-lateral bands
from parietals to root of tail, where they fuse on neck and anterior back. They
are bounded below by a narrow pale stripe. Lower surface as in the dark
specimens.

“ Ground-colour of female greyish to reddish-brown. From superciliaries to
first third of tail a yellowish brown stripe, which is light and narrow anteriorly,
broader and darker posteriorly, and margined posteriorly on each side by a
narrow brownish-black band, both of which fuse on anterior fourth of tail.

118 Lacertidee.

Laterally follow a broad dark lateral band, margined by a light line, which
begins below the auditory meatus and is only distinct on neck and anterior
back. A light stripe from eye across masseteric and upper margin of auditory
meatus, [which is] broken up into spots in the temporal region. ‘Throat, chest,
and anterior portion of belly black as in male. Posterior portion of belly
lighter, bluish grey. Flanks with occasional light spots, probably the remains
of transverse bars. Small blue spots at upper end of limbs as in males.

“Young. Colour as in female. Lower surface much lighter, pale reddish
yellow. ‘Throat deep black, with some light spots on sides of neck.”

Largest male 102 millim. from snout to vent, largest female 83.
Habitat.—Gomera.

8. LACERTA GALLOTI.

Lacerta galloti, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 238 (1839) ; Gerv. in
Webb & Berthel. H. N. Iles Canaries, Rept. p. 4, pl. i, figs. 1-5
(1844) ; Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. ix, 1874, p. 174; Bedriaga, Arch.
f. Naturg. 1879, p. 825; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 740;
Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 301; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iu,
p. 41 (1887); Schenkel, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, xiii, 1901, p. 186 ;
Lehrs, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxviii, 1909, p. 93, pl. ii, fig. 3; C. Boette.
& L. Mull. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xiv, 1914, p. 68.

Zootoca derbiana, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 29 (1845).

Zootoca galloti, part., Gray, op. cit. p: 30.

Lacerta galloti, part., Stemd. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891, p. 288.

Lacerta galloti palm, C. Boettg & L. Mill., t. ¢., p. 71.

Similar in form to LZ. viridis, var. major. Body more or less
depressed, sometimes subquadrangular with the back quite flat:
Head 12 to 1+ times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance
from the anterior corner of the eye to the tympanum, its length about
4 times in length to vent; snout obtusely pointed, as long as post-
ocular part of head; cheeks strongly swollen in the males. Pileus 2
to 22 times as long as broad. Neck more or less constricted. The
hind limb reaches the shoulder or the collar in males, the axil, the
shoulder, or the collar in females. Foot 14 to 1} times length of head;
digits rather slender, feebly compressed. Tail cylindrical, 2 to 22
times length of head and body.*

Nostril pierced between 3 or 4 shields. Suture between the nasals
not + the length of the frontonasal, which is as long as broad
or a little broader, and broader than the internarial space; pre-

* The tail is regenerated in most of the adult specimens in collections. This

accounts for the statement “ cauda non raro abbreviata” in Bedriaga’s diagnosis
of the species.

Lacerta. 119

frontals forming an extensive suture*; frontal as long as _ its
distance from the nasals or the rostral, 1} to 1* times as long as
broad,+ broader than the supraoculars, sometimes with a median
groove; parietals 13 to 12 times as long as broad, in contact with the
upper postocular ; occipital usually as long as or longer than the
interparietal, and often much broader, sometimes as broad as the
frontal. Four supraoculars, first and fourth small, second often a
little longer than third; 5 to 7 superciliaries, suture between first and
second oblique ; a series of granules, complete or incomplete, 7 to 12
in number, between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Rostral
usually not entering the nostril,} a single postnasal, a little smaller
than the anterior loreal, which is about half or # as long as the
second ; 5 upper labials§ anterior to the subocular, which is much
narrower beneath than above ; 4 to 7 small upper temporals, the last
usually the largest; the remainder of the temple covered with granular
scales with a more or less enlarged masseteric shield || and a narrow
tympanic.

Pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales flat, juxtaposed or feebly imbricate, 32 to 50 between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, one or
two series of granules sometimes separating the third pair of chin-
shields ; gular fold more or less distinct. Collar entire or very slightly
serrated, composed of 9 to 14 plates.

Dorsal scales roundish-rhomboidal, keeled, separated by minute
granules, the keels diagonal ; 78 to 101 scales across the middle of the
body ; 42 to 55 transverse series, in the middle of the back, corre-
spond to the length of the head, 3 or 4 on the side correspond to one
only those of the second and third series from the median line broader
than long; 29 to 31 transverse series. Preanal plate small or very
small, bordered by 2, 5, or 4 semicircles of small plates, and by small
granules behind.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, keeled, some-
times tricarinate. 23 to 31 femoral pores on each side. 29 to 37
lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

* Separated by an azygos shield in 3 females.

; Sometimes not longer than broad, according to C. Boettger and L. Miller.
Exception in a female in the Paris Museum.

6 on one side in two females.

Rarely absent according to C. Boettger and L. Miiller.

© 87 to 106 according to C. Boettger and L. Miiller.

** The smaller outer plates, which are separated from their fellows in the
longitudinal series by scales, are not reckoned.

Or ++

120 Lacertide.

Caudal scales very narrow and keeled, strongly above, truncate or
rounded behind, the whorls not very unequal in length and those on
the anterior part of the tail separated by rows of minute granules;
40 to 53 scales in the fifth whorl.

Young grey or brown above, with a light dorso-lateral streak,
bordered on the inner side by a dark brown band or streak, which may
extend to the tail, where the dark streaks fuse into one, or disappear
about the middle of the body; one other hght streak from below the
eye, through the lower part of the tympanum, to the shoulder or to the
anterior side of the thigh, reappearing on the side of the tail; some-
times a third light streak, from behind the eye, over the upper border
of the tympanum, lost on the neck ; a dark lateral band, with two or
three series of small ocellar spots, some of which may be blue; upper
surface of head with dark specks; limbs with ocellar spots. Lower
parts whitish, with chevron-shaped grey streaks, apex forward, on the
gular region.

Adult females retain at least traces of these markings, but the
ocellar spots are multiphed and may form irregular transverse series
on the back; a more or less distinct black band on the back of the
thigh; belly dirty white, or greyish with round white and blue spots
on the sides.

Adult males dark brown or olive with very numerous green, black-
edged ocellar spots which form more or less irregular transverse series
on the back; larger blue spots on the sides, the largest above the
shoulder; head black or blackish brown above and beneath ; a large
pale blue blotch may be present on the side of the head below the
temple, and also on the masseteric shield.“ Some specimens blackish
brown above, with the ocellar markings very indistinct, and with one or
two very large yellowish or blue spots above the shoulder. Belly black
in front, gradually shading to grey behind, with more or less numerous
irregular yellow or blue spots on the sides.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ale 2. 3. A. 5. 6. es 8.
@ Teneriffe (type), P.M. . 82 85 12 30 11 48 30 29
3 » (Verneau),P.M.-. 115 91 14 30 10 41 26-28 31
a leas (ce ee eer 11d, (8641230 1S le 24 eet

* This is the ‘‘enormous cheek-patch of a bright blue colonr”’ regarded by
C. Boettger and L. Miiller asa “ very distinctive character of the male ” of their
L. galloti palme, from the Island of Palma. It is quite as much developed in a
male from Teneriffe, from the ‘Challenger’ collection. This blue blotch is also
mentioned by Steindachner, but without any reference to the locality.

Lacerta. A PAL!

U- an ios 4, 5. 6. 7. 8.

& Teneriffe (Webb & Ber-
thelot), P.M. . ; 105 88 14 30 10 40 25 32
eR (eee et i Eee Reoonos, ie jot, Th AL © ..30.,, 384
¢ Canary Ids. . .115 93 14 30 12 48 30-28 37
Yg. m . 45 95 12 31 11 48 29-28 33
& Santa Cruz : . 120 88 12 30 11 44 26 36
2 Orotava, GM. . ; - 9F 78 12 80 14 32 25-23 32
6 Canary Ids. . : 100 84 12 30 11 39 24-25 29
- i, 90 93 12 31 11 43 26-24 34
2 - ._ See 88 12 31 12 50 25 338
ie 60 92 12 29 13 438 2425 35

ref 5s (Buchet), P-M. 109) 1005 12,29 9 42 27. 34
3 : eae a? Cm ioee hod Oe Lou Aee 6 28. Be
2 (ech sa (Sor. SOne Lae 20u Pr ao 20-30)4 so
g %9 Weta sg. O80 elene ad: lO) 1407 27-265 33
9 » (lJalisman) ,, . 84 88 12 30 10 40 26-25 3

a So, ie Napn.ce (fe soe law aut LOMO) 28-20. 438

2 (type of Z. derbiana) . 93 88 14 31 Il 48 28-26 37
Be ( i ) - 1682 "SS" 120 29) le 45; 9 25). 336
2 (Mogador) : ; .d12 99 12 81 9 44 .26-23 35
Bisse) ‘ . 95100 12 30 11 45 31-380 31
Ve (am : . 5&4 98 12 380 12 48 25-26 35

Columns same as on p. 114. For Measurements, see p. 126.
The largest male on record measures 135 millim. from snout to vent, the largest
female 126 millim.

Habitat.—Teneritfe and La Palma, Canary Islands. The reported
occurrence of this species in Madeira and at Mogador has not been
confirmed.

9. LACERTA STEHLINI.

Lacerta simonyi, part., Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891, p. 290;
Siebenr. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii, 1, 1894, p. 249.

Lacerta galloti, var. stehlini, Schenkel, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, xiii,
1901, p. 187.

Similar in size and proportions to L. ocellata. Head 12 to 1} times
as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance from the anterior
border of the eye and the tympanum, its length about 4 times in
length to vent; snout obtusely pointed, as long as postocular part
of head; cheeks strongly swollen in males. Pileus 2 to 2} times as
long as broad. Neck narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches
the axil in males, the axil or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb

122 Lacertidee.

in females. Foot 1 to 14 times length of head; digits rather thick
and feebly compressed distally. Tail cylindrical, or squarish and a
little depressed at the base, about twice as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between three shields. Suture between the nasals
not half the length of the frontonasal, which is broader than long and
broader than the internarial space; prefrontals forming an extensive
suture; frontal as long as its distance from the nasals, 12 to 12
times as long as broad in adults (about twice in young), broader
than the supraoculars ; parietals 1} to 12 times as long as broad, not
in contact with the upper postocular; occipital as long as or shorter
than the interparietals, and usually broader, sometimes as broad as
the frontal; a small shield sometimes intercalated between the inter-
parietal and the occipital. Four supraoculars, first and fourth small,
second sometimes a little longer than third; 5 to 7 superciliaries,
suture between the first and second oblique ; a complete or incomplete
series of granules, 7 to 12 in number, between the supraoculars and
the superciliaries. Rostral not touching the nostril; a single post-
nasal,* a httle smaller than the anterior loreal, which is about half
as long as the second and sometimes divided into two; 5 or 6 upper
labials* anterior to the subocular, which is more or less narrowed
beneath ; 2 or 3 large upper temporals, the first in contact with the
fourth supraocular ; below them the temple is covered with granular
scales, larger in front and beneath, enclosing a large masseteric shield ;
a narrow tympanic shield, sometimes broken up.{

Pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales granular in front, a series often separating the third
pair of chin-shields, larger and feebly imbricate towards the collar ;
37 to 49 scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate; no gular fold. Collar not or
but feebly serrated, composed of 10 to 17 plates, the median some-
times larger, sometimes smaller, than the others.

Dorsal scales oval or rhomboidal, rather strongly keeled, surrounded
by circles of minute granules; 79 to 93 scales across the middle of
the body; 56 (¢) to 50 (2) transverse series of scales, in the middle
of the back, correspond to the length of the head, 3 or 3 and 4 on
the sides to the length of one ventral plate. Ventral plates in
16 to 20 longitudinal series, squarish or a few broader than long;
on the posterior half of the belly the plates do not form regular
longitudinal series, but are oblique or tessellated ; 35 to 36 transverse

* Occasionally divided into 2 or 8 according to Schenkel.

+ 6 in 7 cases out of 20.

+ Altogether 75 to 110 scales and shields on the temple, as against 30 to 36
in L. simonyi.

——

, &

Lacerta. 128

series. Preanal plate small, sometimes replaced by three plates
forming a triangle; 3 semicircles of smaller plates on the preanal
region, and granules bordering the preanal shield posteriorly.

Seales on upper surface of tibia similar to dorsals, but smaller and
sometimes tricarinate. 24 to 31 femoral pores on each side. 31 to
35 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales very narrow and keeled, strongly above, truncate or
rounded behind, the whorls not very unequal in length, and those on
the anterior part of the tail separated by minute granules in several
rows; 54 to 66 scales in the fifth whorl.

Young greyish brown above, with a more or less distinct light dorso-
lateral streak from the outer border of the parietals to above the
shoulder, where it breaks up into a series of 10 or 11 round spots; a
second light streak may be present from the eye to above the tym-
panum, and a third from below the eye to the shoulder, passing
through the lower third of the tympanum; the dorso-lateral streak
bordered inwards by a dark brown streak breaking up into spots
corresponding to the light ones, each bearing one or two light
dots; small dark spots or ocelli on the back between the dorso-
lateral streaks; sides with vertical series of 3 or 4 ocelli corres-
ponding to the dorso-lateral series; upper surface of head with small
dark brown spots; limbs with ocellar spots; base of tail with two
dorsal series of dark spots and a light, dark-edged lateral streak ;
lower parts whitish, throat with oblique grey streaks forming chevrons
open behind.

According to Stemdachner a light vertebral streak is sometimes
present on the posterior half of the body.

With age the longitudinal arrangement of the markings disappears
and the greyish or reddish brown back is covered by transverse series
of very numerous small ocelli which may run together to form 14 or 15
narrow light cross-bars, more or less broken up. Adult males with the
head and tail reddish brown, uniform or the latter with round yellowish
spots. he markings on the throat disappear in the males, which
are grey or greyish brown beneath, the lower surface of the head
sometimes yellowish; belly of adult females also grey, or bluish
grey.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ibe 2. 3. A D. 6. ri 8.
& (Vienna Museum) . . 152 8 16 35 14 47 28-29 34
” 9 - : . 117 93 18 34 10 49 31-30 34

2 9 3 ; . 122.84 16 34 12 44 27-29 31

124. Lacertide.

Me tae 4, ay. (Sr ths 8.
3 (Baring and Grant) . 146 86 16 36 13 46 29-28 33
Pee ‘, 105 81 16 33 17 46 26-27 33
Be RE wav: . 100 “81 16°°34.,13 43) 928 sess
Yoro;; a | @& 79 16 85 11 89 24-25 9335
puChichter) 90. ; - 81.84 18 36°12. 47 29227832
eT eg Ms, ; . 60 85 18 36 17 48 30-29 3
7 (Poulton*), - . (0B) 80 220) soa aie 37 287 Bo

Columns as on p. 114. For measurements see p. 126.

Habitat —This species is only known from Gran Canaria.

10. LACERTA SIMONYTI.

Lacerta simonyi, Steind. Anz. Ak. Wien, 1889, p. 260; Bouleng.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 201, pls. xviii and xix.

Lacerta simonyi, part., Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891, p.
290 ; Siebenr. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii, i, 1894, p. 205.

Very similar to the preceding. Head uneven above, 14 to 14 times
as long as deep, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
border of the eye and the tympanum, its length about 33 times in
length to vent in the male, 43 times in the female; snout obtusely
pointed, as long as postocular part of head or slightly longer; cheeks
strongly swollenin the male. Pileus 2} to 2} times as long as broad.
Neck narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches the axil in
the male, the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in the female. Foota
little longer than head; digits rather thick and feebly compressed
distally. Tail cylindrical, a little depressed at the base.

Nostril pierced between four shields. Suture between the nasals
not half the length of the frontonasal, which is broader than long and
broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals forming an extensive
suture ; frontal as long as broad (adult), shorter than its distance
from the nasals, nearly twice as broad as the supraoculars ; parietals
13 times as long as broad, not in contact with the upper postocular ;
occipital as long as and broader than the interparietal, fully 3 the
width of the frontal. Four supraoculars, first and fourth small,
second and third equal; 6 to 8 superciliaries, suture between first and
second slightly oblique; a series of 8 to 11 granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries.

* Originally labelled as from Orotava, but I have no doubt it came from
Gran Canaria, like the other reptiles presented along with it by Prof. Poulton.

Lacerta. 125

Rostral entering the nostril; a single postnasal, a little smaller than
the anterior loreal, which is nearly half the length of the second; 5
upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is but little narrowed
inferiorly ; two or three large upper temporals, first in contact. with
fourth supraocular; temple covered with large irregular shields,
among which a more or less distinct masseteric and a narrow
tympanic.

Pterygoid teeth present.

Gular scales granular in front, a little larger and subimbricate
towards the collar; 28 to 34 scales in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; no gular
fold. Collar strongly serrated, formed of 10 or 13 plates.

Dorsal scales oval, strongly keeled, surrounded by minute granules,
95 to 100 across the middle of the body* ; 36 to 43 transverse series,
in the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head, 2 or 3
on the sides to one ventral plate. Ventral plates in 18 or 20 longi-
tudinal series, squarish; on the posterior half of the belly they are
tessellated or form oblique series towards the median line; 34 to 36
transverse series. Preanal plate small, bordered by three semicircles
of small scales, and followed by two or three series of small granules.

Scales on upper surface of tibia similar to dorsals, but smaller.
29 to 33 femoral pores on each side, 31 to 33 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales very narrow and keeled, strongly above, truncate
behind, the whorls not very unequal in length, and separated on the
anterior part of the tail by minute granules in several rows; 56 scales
in the fifth whorl.

The two specimens, male and female, from which the above descrip-
tion is taken, are blackish brown above, with two lateral series of
large roundish pale yellow spots, the upper of 6 or 7, gradually
decreasing in size from front to back, the lower, extending on to the
outer ventrals, of 3 or 4. Lower parts brown, yellowish in the middle
of the belly, some of the ventrals tinged with red; throat dark brown
or blackish.

The particulars of these specimens are as follows :

Ite 2. Os 4. os 6. (a 8.
eee. 210 (98 20 adels sa 31. ~ 31
ome. 7200 100. «18:86 (10 8. 29-39 33

Columns as on p. 114.
According to Steindachner the half-grown female is grey above, with

* 84 to 90 according to Steindachner.

126 Lacertide.

four series of ill-defined irregular blackish spots on the back, and two
series of yellowish green spots on each side.

Habitat.—The Roques del Zalmor, near Hierro. The same large
lizard is also said to have been found on Hierro itself.

Measurements (in millimetres) of L. galloti (1, 2), stehlini (5, 4),

and simonyi (5, 6).

] 2 3 4. 5. 6

re ? 3 2 3 &
From end of snout to vent. » 120 2127152: 105 20h 08
* aS > forelimb ~45 5.45" 54. 539>> “90 =aaze
Length of head. ; - 30° 28 38 (258 taf ae
Width of head ; ; : a 2h 19 Bie he eee
Depth of head . ; : > “16 To. 120) ae saan
Fore limb ; : E ; : 46 “42: 525 37. 8Oeror
Hind limb. ; ; « 68% 70 TSO) “S872 iieae
Foot : : : ; : . “88.4. 38 89. 29° oad reer

Section III. Zooroca, Wagl.—Transverse series of ventral plates
with notches between the plates,* longitudinal series 6 or 8; collar
serrated ; a single postnasal (exceptionally 2) ; femoral pores 5 to 15;
pterygoid teeth absent (with very rare exceptions).

A. Parietal foramen present.
25 to 37 scales across body, dorsals usually keeled, rarely smooth ;
preanal shield bordered by two (rarely one) semicircles of
smaller shields; granules between supraoculars and super-
ciliaries absent or reduced to 1 to 4; hind limb reaching
wrist or elbow in males, not beyond wrist in females ; 5 to 15
femoral pores; 14 to 20 lamelle under fourth toe.
L. vivipara, Jacq., p. 127.
32 scales across body, dorsals smooth, faintly keeled towards
tail; preanal shield bordered by two semicircles of smaller
shields, the median of the inner series transversely enlarged ;
4 or 5 granules between supraoculars and superciliaries ;
hind limb reaching wrist in female; 14 or 15 femoral pores.
L. fraasii, Lehrs, p. 140.
38 to 53 scales across body, dorsals smooth or feebly keeled,
laterals not smaller; preanal shield bordered by a single
semicircle of smaller shields, rarely by two; 2 to 12 granules
between supraoculars and superciliaries ; hind limb reaching
elbow or axil in males, wrist in females; 6 to 12 femoral
pores; 21 to 26 lamelle under fourth toe . L. derjugini, Nik., p. 142.

* Except in some specimens of L. derjugini, in which the border is nearly
straight, as in L. muralis, thus completely filling up the gap between this Section
and Podarcis.

Lacerta. 12

as |

32 to 43 scales across body, dorsals keeled, laterals smaller ;
preanal shield bordered by a single semicircle of smaller
shields; 3 to 11 granules between supraoculars and super-
ciliaries ; hind limb reaching elbow or axil in males, wrist
in females ; 9 to 14 femoral pores ; 21 to 25 lamellae under
fourthtoe . : : : ; é . L. praticola, Eversm., p. 145.

B. No parietal foramen.
38 to 50 seales across body, dorsals keeled, laterals smaller ;
preanal shield bordered by a single semicircle of smaller
shields ; aseries of granules between supraoculars and super-
ciliaries ; hindlimb reaching collar in males, beyond axil in
females; 7 to 10 femoral pores . : . L. vauereselli, Torn., p. 149.

As shown by Parker’s* and Bayer’st figures, and as confirmed by
Siebenrock,{ there is only one postfrontal bone in L. vivipara, even at
an early age, instead of two as in L. agilis. The two are distinct in
L. derjugini and L. praticola, a feature which shows that these species
cannot have been derived from L. vivipara; their common ancestor
must have been intermediate between the latter and L. agilis.

11. LACERTA VIVIPARA.

Lacerta agilis, part., Linn. 8. N. i, p. 363 (1766); Schulz, Faun.
March. p. 448 (1845).

Lacerta vivipara, Jacquin, Nov. Act. Helvet. i, 1787, p. 35, pl. 1;
Reichenb. Isis, 1837, p. 511; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 204
(1839) ; Milde, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xx, 1870, p. 1033; Fatio,
Vert. Suisse, 11, p. 81 (1872) ; Leydig, Deutschl. Saur. p. 212 (1872) ;
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 429 (1875) ; Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 77 (1876) ;
Collin de Plancy, Bull. Soc. Se. Semur, 1877, p. 24, and Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1877, p. 349; F. Mill. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vi, 1878,
p- 413; Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 82, pl. ii. (1885); Bedriaga,
Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 338; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 23
(1887) ; Mc¢hely, Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp. p. 16 (1892); Bureau,
Bull. Soc. Se. Nat. Ouest France, ii, 1893, p. 59, pl. i; Douglass,
Herp. Baden, p. 15 (1894); Martin & Rollinat, Vert. Dép. Indre,
p. 283 (1894); Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 33 (1897) ;
Diirigen, Deutschl. Amph. Rept. p. 167, pl. xu, figs. 1, 2 (1897);
Gadeau de Kerville, Faune Normand. iv, p. 165 (1897); Werner,
Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi, 1899, p. 819; Nikolsky, Fedtschenko’s
Reise, Zool. 11, pt. viii, p. 32 (1899); Kiritzescu, Bul. Soc. Se. Bucur.

* Phil, Trans, B.'s. 1879; pl. xh.
+ Vestn. Cesk. Spol. Nauk (Prague), 1893, pl. v.
ft Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciili, i, 1894, p. 240.

128 Lacertide.

x, 1901, p. 312; Barbier, Bull. Soe. Sc. Elbeuf, xxi, 1903, p. 5, pl. ;
Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 115 (1905); Stejneg. Herp. Japan, p. 251,
fig. (1907); Fejervary, Beitr. Herp. Rhonetal, p. 88 (1909) ; Cuzunoy,
Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xvi, 1911, p. 229; Kovatcheff, Herp.
Bulg. p. 28 (1912) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 511 (1912) ; Scharff,
Proc. Irish Acad. xxxi, 1912, No. 18; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. 11,
1917, p. 1, figs.

Lacerta agilis, Sheppard, Tr. Linn. Soc. vii, 1804, p. 49; Jenyns,
Man. Brit. Vert. p. 292 (1835).

Lacerta oedura, Sheppard, t.c. p. 50.

Lacerta crocea, Wolf, in Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. iu, pt. iv (1805) ;
Menge, N. Schrift. Nat. Ges. Danzig, iv, 3, 1850, p. 41.

Lacerta nigra, Wolf, op. cit.

Lacerta montana, Mikan, in Sturu, op. cit.

Lacerta pyrrhogaster, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 67 (1820).

Lacerta muralis, part., Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 92
(1823).

Lacerta schreibersiana, M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 68, 83 ;
Gachet, Act. Soe. Linn. Bord. v, 1832, p. 233.

Zootoca vivipara, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 155 (1830); Bonap. Icon.
Faun. Ital. (1836); Bell, Brit. Rept. p. 32, fig. (1889); Gray, Cat.
Liz. p. 27 (1845) ; De Betta, Mem. Acc. Verona, xxxv, 1857, p. 139,
and Fauna d’Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 22 (1875); Lessona, Atti Acc. Torin.
xvi, 1879, p. 1135.

Lacerta chrysogastra, Andrzej. N. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. (2) u, 1832,
p- 025.

Zootoca crocea, Fitzing. Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr. 1, p. 326 (18382) ;
Gliicksel. Lotos, 1851, p. 136; Jeitteles, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xii, 1862, p. 279.

Zootoca jacquin, Cocteau, Mag. Zool. 1835, Rept. pl. ix.

Zootoca querin, Cocteau, l.c.

Zootoca pyrrhogastra, Tschudi, N. Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Nat.
Ges. i, 1837, No. 4, p. 127.

Zootoca montana, Tschudi, t.c., p. 186.

Atropis nigra, Glicksel. Lotos, 1851, p. 188.

Lacerta vivipara, var. pallida, Fatio, op. cit., p. 88.

Lacerta vivipara, var. carniolica, Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung.
p- 34.

Body not or but feebly depressed. Head small, 1} to 1} times as
long as broad, its depth equal to the distance from the anterior
corner of the eye to the anterior or the posterior border of the
tympanum, its length 4 or 5 times in length to vent in males, 45 to

—

Lacerta. 129

6 times in females; snout obtuse, as long as the distance between the
eye and the tympanum ; cheeks not swollen. Pileus 14 to 1% times
as long as broad. Neck at least as broad as the head, often con-
siderably broader. Limbs short; the hind limb reaches the wrist or
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in males, the tips of the fingers or
the wrist, or even not quite so far, in females. Foot 1 to 1} times
length of head. Digits scarcely compressed. Tail cylindrical, often of
about the same thickness through its anterior half,* but sometimes
gradually tapering from the base and shaped exactly as in L. agilis or
L. viridis ; its length 11 to 12 times head and body in females, 1} to
2 times in males; not or but scarcely longer than head and body in
the very young.

Nostril pierced between 2 or 3 shields. Rostral not touching the
nostril, sometimes produced at an acute angle between the nasals, the
suture between which is short or very short? ; frontonasal broader
than long, usually as broad as the internarial space, sometimes a little
narrower, sometimes a little broader,t in contact with the anterior
loreal or the single loreal, sometimes with both the loreals or with
both the postnasal and the anterior loreal; suture between the
prefrontals often very short§; frontal as long as its distance from
the rostral or the end of the snout, or slightly longer, 1} to 2 times
as long as broad, usually hexagonal, as broad in front as behind, very
rarely a little narrower behind, usually broader than the supraoculars
in theadult; parietals not or but little longer than broad,|| in contact

* As occasionally happens in L. muralis.

+ Rostral exceptionally in contact with frontonasal—males from Bourne-
mouth, Brussels, Aube, Bordeaux, females from Lhanbryde, Mont Dore, and

St. Peter, Carniola.

t Exceptionally in contact with frontal—males from Brussels, Padun,
Kirghiz Steppes, and Sachalien, females from Norway, Uralsk, and Sachalien,
young from Schneeberg and Dambovita. Barbier (l.c.) has also come across
such specimens in Normandy.

§ An azygos prefrontal in males from Bozau and Solowitski Id., in females
from La Bourboule and Sachalien, and in a young from Boussers; a pair of
small shields side by side between the larger prefrontals in a male from
Nikolavsk.

|| Bedriaga has drawn attention to a specimen from Sachalien in which each
parietal is divided into two. A more or less complete transverse cleft on the
parietals, proceeding from the occipital, such as occurs in L. muralis from
Lower Austria, is frequent, and this anomaly may be transmitted to the off-
spring, as shown by a female from Ostend with her four young born in captivity.
Bedriaga also mentioned that the same specimen from Sachalien has each fronto-
parietal divided into two, and a female from the same island, received from
Prof. Hatta, shows the same anomaly. I find a partial division of the fronto-
parietals in a male from Nikolavsk, Amoor,

130 Lacertide.

with 2 to4 temporals ; occipital very variable, always shorter than the
interparietal, though sometimes but slightly, as broad or a little
broader, exceptionally minute,* its posterior border often convex and
projecting beyond the parietals; a small shield is sometimes inter-
calated between the interparietal and the occipital.f Normally four
supraoculars,{ first small,§ sometimes divided into two or even, very
rarely, three, or minute, reduced to a granule, rarely absent, second
and third large, equal or second the longer, fourth small but larger
than first, sometimes fused with the upper postocular, often not
in contact with the frontoparietal; sometimes a fifth small supra-
ocular; 4 to 6 (rarely 3) superciliaries, usually all in contact with the
supraoculars, sometimes with 1, 2, or 3, or even 4|| granular scales
between them; suture between the first and second superciliaries
usually vertical.

The nasal sometimes forms a narrow rim separating the nostril
from the first upper labial and is frequently in contact with the upper
part of the anterior loreal; a single postnasal,4] often small; anterior
loreal sometimes divided into two superposed shields, or absent**; the
postnasal and the two anterior loreals sometimes form together a
triangle, as in L. agilis; 3 or 4, very rarely 5, upper labials anterior to
the subocular,?t which is often nearly as long above as beneath, but
varies considerably inform. ‘Temporal shields very variable in shape

* Males from Unterberg and Boussers, females from Poole and La Bourboule.
In a male from La Ferté-Macé, in another from Nikolavsk, and in a third from
Sachalien, there are 3 occipitals in a transverse line; in a female from St.
Peter, Carniola, there are 5; in a female from Norway, 3 occipitals forming
a triangle.

+ This anomaly, although less frequent than in L. praticola, is found in a
good many specimens (Denmark, Bloxworth, Falmouth, Clare Id., Rambouillet,
Aube, Brussels, Brosteni, Dambovita, Moscow, Sachalien) about in the same
proportion as in L. muralis.

t 5 on one side in a male from Brighton, on both sides in a female from Val
del Fain, near Pontresina.

§ Rarely rather large and extensively in contact with the frontal (female
from Cappagh), as figured by Leydig, op. cit.

|| Males from Thetford and Fowey, female from Rhyl. 2 or 3 granules is
not very exceptional.

{ 2 superposed postnasals on the right side in a female from Heyst and on
the left side in another from Sachalien (Anderson).

** Tn about 50 per cent. of the British specimens.

++ 4 is on the whole more frequent than 3, but in British specimens both
numbers are about of equal frequency, and in a series of Roumanian specimens
there are 3 in 18 cases out of 26. 5 anterior labials on the right side in males
from Bloxworth, Unterberg, and Moscow, on the left side in a female from
Heyst.

Lacerta, ea

and size,* the upper, in contact with the parietal, sometimes large
and two in number, sometimes scarcely differentiated, the first, which
may be long and narrow, only exceptionallyt in contact with the
last supraocular ; a masseteric plate often, and a tympanic nearly
constantly distinguishable, the latter very rarely broken up into two ;
in exceptional cases t the temporal lepidosis is not different from that.
of a typical L. muralis.

Pterygoid teeth nearly always absent.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior in contact in the
middle§ ; gular scales increasing in size towards the collar, sometimes
nearly as large as the plates of the latter, 12 to 22 (usually 15 to 19)
between the symphysis of the chin-shields at the median collar-plate ;
gular fold usually absent or very indistinct.|| Collar usually strongly
serrated, rarely rather feebly,{] composed of 7 to 12 plates, usually 8
to 10.

Scales round and flat or convex on the nape; elongate rhombic or
hexagonal, oval or squarish-oval, or not or but scarcely broader than
long, more or less strongly keeled, sometimes nearly smooth except
towards the tail,** juxtaposed or feebly imbricate on the back +t;
often rather smaller on the upper part of the sides, again increasing
in size and losing the keels towards the ventrals; 25 to 37, usually
30 to 35, across the middle of the body; 11 (2) to 21 (@) trans-
verse series, in the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the
head, 2, or 2 and 3 series, on the sides, correspond to a ventral plate.

* In a number of specimens from Brussels, Hollsteig, and Schneeberg I count
16-33, 15-25, and 11-25 respectively.

+ Females from Clare Id., Sweden, St. Peter, Carniola, and Brosteni; in a few
other cases the contact between the parietal and the postocular is very slight.

{ Male from Bondy.

§ Only two instead of the normal three in females from Lhanbryde, Cappagh,,
Macroon, Kerry, and Killarney; on one side in a male and a female from Clare
Id., females from Roundstone and Greystone.

|| Perfectly distinct in males from Thetford, Graique, Sinaia, Esthonia, and
Padun, in females from Leggs, Sepirton, Cappagh, Hindhead, Fowey, Liraan,
Dambovita, and Kirghiz Steppes.

"| Males from Borgo and Moscow, females from St. Peter, Carniola.

** Males and females from West Ross-shire, Kerry, Clare Id., and Sachalien
(Anderson), female from Fowey. The other extreme (scales sharply keeled) in
a male from Borgo.

ti Fatio’s statement as to a difference in the shape of the scales, characterising
the sexes, is not borne out by the material before me. It strikes me also as
remarkable that not a word is said about keels on the scales in that author’s
detailed description. Was this omission intentional or accidental? Barbier
(1.c.) denies the presence of keels in specimens from Normandy.

132 Lacertide.

Ventral plates in 6 or 8* longitudinal series, those of the outer series,
when 8 are present, smaller than those next to them; the plates of
the second series from the median line always much broader than
those of the first and usually broader than those of the third ; those
of the first usually narrower but sometimes as broad as those of the
third; 23 to 26, rarely 21 or 27, transverse series in males, 26 to 30,
rarely 24, 25, or 31, in females.

Preanal shield small, sometimes large, bordered by 2, rarely 1,f
semicircles of smaller shields, 4 or 6, rarely 8, in the inner semicircle,
the median pair usually enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of tibia more or less strongly keeled, some-
times nearly smooth, much smaller than dorsals. 5 to 15 femoral
pores on each side, usually 8 to 12. 14 to 20 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe, usually 15 to 19.

Caudal scales forming whorls which are more or less distinctly
longer and shorter alternately; the upper strongly keeled, often
grooved on each side of the keel, and ending in a point, the lower
smooth in the basal part of the tail and rounded or obliquely pointed
behind ; 22 to 30 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the post-
anal granules.

The new-born young have often been described as black, and they
do often appear so at first sight. It may be that some are really
entirely black, but all those I have examined are only of a very dark
bronzy brown above and greyish black beneath, the upper parts
showing in a strong light—and better still after having been some-
what bleached in spirit—black and yellowish markings which are not
essentially different from those of older specimens. I will here note
the principal variations I have observed.

a. (Bozau, Transylvania.) A black, light-edged vertebral streak
on the nape and on each side a light, black-edged streak proceeding
from the outer edge of the parietal; on the back the black vertebral
streak disappears and the light black-edged dorso-lateral streaks are
broken up; they are replaced by four series of round ocellar spots
which are continued on the tail. Two light, black-edged streaks on
each side of the head, the upper from the eye to above the tympanum,
the lower from the upper lip to the lower part of the tympanum ;

* The distinction between 6 and 8 is often very arbitrary; 8 occurs more
frequently in females than in males, but there is no correlation between the
number of rows and the habitat, as believed by Bedriaga, any more than there
is in the shape and size of the dorsal scales. I have never come across 10 series,
as observed by Bedriaga in a specimen from Sachalien.

+ Male from W. Ross-shire, females from Lhanbryde and Castleton.—In
some other specimens the outer row is incomplete.

Lacerta. 133

these streaks are continued, in the form of series of ocelli, on the neck
and body, the upper ending above the hind limb, the lower passing
above the fore limb and ending on the thigh, reappearing on the tail;
also a series of small light spots along each side of the belly. Upper
surface of head freckled with black. Upper surface of limbs with
numerous round light spots.

b. (Ostend, 4 young from a mother handsomely striated.) The
black vertebral streak is continued all along the back, and the light
dorso-lateral streak is not broken up until reaching the middle of the
body; only the upper labial streak is distinct on the side of the head
and the light spots on the sides are less distinct, although following
the arrangement described in a.

ec. (Brussels, 6 young, mother with mere traces of a dark vertebral
streak.) No dark or light streaks, but 10 longitudinal series of
ocelli along the body, corresponding in position with those described
under a.

d. (Luchon, Pyrenees.) A black vertebral streak and a rather
faint light dorso-lateral streak ; no spots.

e. (Ringwood, Hants, 5 young, mother rather faintly striated.)
One corresponds to c, with the addition of a dark median streak on
the nape ; the four others are as in d.

The upper parts in the adult are usually of a lighter or darker
brown, with yellow and dark brown or black markings; sometimes
they are of a pale yellow, or grey, or greyish olive, with brown or
reddish markings, or of a dark grey to black (ZL. nigra, Sturm).
The light markings never form more than 8 longitudinal series. The
females are usually streaked—a dark vertebral streak, often edged with
yellow or bordered by dark ocelli with light centres, and a broader dark
band, also often edged above and below with yellow, on each side
from the nostril through the eye to the tail, passing above the hind
limb; sometimes the dark vertebral streak disappears, and there are
4 longitudinal series of ocellar spots on the back; dark spots may be
present between the bands, and a series of round light spots may run
along the lateral bands. Males are sometimes striated like the females,
but the vertebral streak is more often broken up into spots, bordered
by small yellow dark-edged spots, and the lateral streaks are usually
replaced by series of yellow, brown or black-edged ocelli. The upper
surface of the head is often uniform, sometimes with round dark spots
or with dark markings forming a curved band on the supraocular
region, as is frequent in LD. agilis.

Although often very similar to, or even identical, in colour and mark-
ings, with the typical form of L. mwralis, L. vivipara never assumes a

134 Lacertide.

reticulated pattern. 'The lower parts, with the exception of the throat,
which is usually bluish or lilac, vary, in the males, from bright yellow
to orange or red,* with black dots or small round black spots ; in the
females they are pale yellow or pale orange, usually uniform, some-
times with scattered black dots; an aberrant female from Limpsfield,
Surrey, has large irregular blackish grey blotches on the throat and
belly.+

To conclude this account of the coloration, notes are added on the
upper parts of a few individuals, which depart from the more normal
described above.

a. (Female from Scotland.) Four light dorsal streaks separated by
black streaks of equal width; two black streaks on the temple, con-
tinued on the neck, and fusing to a broad band, with a series of small
light spots, on the body.

b. (Female from St. Peter, Carniola.) Nape normal; back with
irregular black spots and a dorso-lateral series of very large ocellar
spots, 8 in number, suggestive of L. agilis; another series of large
ocelli, continuation of the upper labial streak, lower down on the side.
Belly and lower surface of limbs and tail much spotted with black.

c. (Male from Moscow.) Brown, without spots, with a somewhat
darker broad lateral band. Belly with few black’ spots. Females
from the Alps and Jura, with effaced markings, have been named var.
pallida by Fatio, and olive specimens without any markings constitute
the var. carniolica of Werner. Uniform pale brown females, from
Silesia, have been recorded by Milde (1. ¢.).

d. (Males from Bournemouth and Bloxworth.) With 8 longi-
tudinal series of ocelli, which may show a tendency to arrange
themselves in cross-bars.

e. (Male from Brussels, preserved in the Brussels Museum.)
Purplish grey above (in spirit) without stripes but with small rusty
red spots; belly pinkish, spotted with rusty red.

J. Black or blackish specimens have long been known. Although

* In L. muralis, when the belly is orange or red, the lower surface of the head
is also of the same colour.

+ Many authors, from Milne Edwards downwards, speak of the lower parts
as bluish or greenish white or even green. I believe, with Fatio, that this
statement is in most cases based upon an examination of specimens that have
been preserved in spirit, as it is the rule for the yellow or orange to turn to
greenish or green under the influence of this fluid. This does not apply to
Leydig’s allusion to female specimens from Germany, in which the lower parts
are simply whitish, and to males with bluish pearl-coloured belly. Such
specimens I have never seen, either in England, in France, in Belgium or in
Germany. Young specimens, however, may have the belly of a bluish grey.

Lacerta. 135

i
more frequent in some. localities than in others, they cannot be

regarded as local races, they are mere individual cases of more or less
_ perfect melanism, affecting both sexes though apparently more
_ frequent in females than in males.* Some are really entirely black,
¥

others are only of a blackish grey showing more or less distinctly the
darker and lighter markings.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

ie 2. 3. 4A. 5. 6. Lie

From end of snout to vent oe po. 54 46: fa) 636 62°" 58
Ee rn fore limi 20°.° 19 S90 23) 20.19" 18
Length of head. , ee Oh oe OE a. RE
Width of head. ey! 9 8 9 8 9 8
Depth of head yh 7 65 8 65 7
Fore limb ‘ : : a eho A Ve 9G 18: 1G 2 18s > &b5
Beemlinbe 2.) 6. 254188 81 95 98. 525. 20
Foot ; : : ‘ O° AEDS ® FAe! EZ The Os PS a OE
Tail : P : ; s 108, 96" “S85” 105" “87% “100° 75

1. g, Schneeberg, Lower Austria. 2. ¢, Bournemouth. 3. 2,
Brussels. 4. 9, Co. Meath. 5. 2, Bozau, Transylvania. 6. 9,
St. Peter, Carmiola. 7. 92, Boussers, Vaud.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ScANDINAVIA: U: 92. (8 4k 5:6: ie $3.9 9: 10.
¢ Norway, P.M. . F 2 DG) (33 8h 25) Feld e389 RT 3
—— ee ae 6. +s 69 Bt SoPh- 76 GS-8 alee AS
» sweden . 2 4 ~ OL 32 (85 28 God ol7 A110) Ee - S=4.

DENMARK:
2° Jutland . : 2 . 65 380 6 28 9 15 10 LO as nik +
@ Denmark, P.M. ‘ - 46 Si 96 24 10) Vit? Ti 7 4
2 2 Pe er a: ee ae es ee ee ee ee

BritisH Isues:

@ Scotland . s oD ol «S23 S10) 1d) 18-91 15: 0 +
2 % : ? ‘ +) ‘pp. 30°48 )28 sey, 9-S 16 0 3-4
Reale 52 29 8° 28) tOnnIG) SES LAG, 35,004
a z hie ess | 4B 0S 6 ST) Sede Ie Oe «8
g Uhanbryde, Morayshire . 43 35 6 24 9 15 a 14 2-1 4
- bs « Al 27 6 Ba Oia 798 6 Bs 4-5
9 e ee . 6 29 8 8 8 17 98 1 0 8
_ e 62 31 6 288 16. 7 1 4
x ' _ 2-62 31.6 29% ,). 1s! H=16 16 2-1 493
s a A 58 30 8 24 9 14 109 15 O1 3

* The British Museum specimens are from Eastbourne (female), Corfe
Castle, Dorset (male), Lioraan, Cantal (female), and Sachalien Id. (male and
female).

W. Ross-shire .

Douglas, I. of Man .

Rhyl, Flintshire
Levisham, Yorks.
Thetford, Norfolk
Brighton, Sussex, D.M.
Eastbourne, Sussex
Limpsfield, Surrey .

Guildford -
Hindhead xf
Petersfield, Hants
Ringwood >
Bloxworth

3?

Bournemouth ,,

33 >

Poole Heath, Dorset
Corfe Castle
Fowey, Cornwall

33 ” =
Leggs, Co. Farmanagh
Sepirton, Co. Louth, D.M.

Roundstone, Co. Mayo,
D.M. : 4 ;
>» D.M. : : 3
Belmullet, Co. Mayo, D.M.

, Clare Island i} ”

Achill Island ,, “4
Greystone, Co. Wicklow,

DM. . A
Graique, Co. Kilkenny
Cappagh, Co. Waterford,

DM...
» D.M.
Castleton, Co. Cork, D.M.
Macroon ay 5
Co. Kerry, D.M.

2” ”

Killarney, Co. Kerry, D.M.

Lacertide.

or)

OU on
nS

cu
bo

6

PAPA ARDAAMARIAAAAMRAAARMAAARA A RHAAN

Ona wo &D

(or er)

Ll ae Se ed eo

ie
»p-

tS eye eh)

Lacerta. 137

FRANCE: ie 28S) 4= 5s 6: tik Soen0e 210:
9 St.Malo . s : . bt, 346 28 9) 16) 10-9 15 0 4.
og La Ferté Macé, Orne a 62eo4e on 26 18) 19) 1 165 1 4.
,» Rambouillet, near Paris. 51 33 8 24 8 18 10-12 18 1 4.
», Bondy, near Paris . ~ 620786) 6 25 10 27 11-12 16 «i 4.
,», Aube : 5 ; . 44 36 6 238 9 18 14-18 16 1 4.
» 39 : : : . 44 37 6 25 9 19 11 16 1 4
;» Mont Dore : S . 49 38 6 24 9 18 11-10 16 al 4-3:
2 ss F : Om osm Omi) OelG 9 ils) al 4,
» La Bourboule, Puy-de-
Déme . - ‘ 5 GN Bp Asp fs et alts = alalaltay all 1 4
99 oc) < 3 : S) (63mo2n One25) eomeLon 9 —LOmELG 1 4
%9 = F : 2 5 161 SONS) 28 2 Ole = 9-LOe ld 1 4
49 + : é : a) Ho. 0S) 25 8 18 9 18 1 4-3.
» Lioraan, Cantal 3 . 62 29 8 29 9 18 9-10 16 O1 4
” ” >” : . 56 32 6 28 10 17 9-10 17 1 4
é Forét de Lente, Drébme . 53 32 8 28 8 16 10 18 1 4.
2 Mt. Belladone, Isére ~ 68) Sie 6) sO) 1Ons 107 48" 3 -3=4:
é Bordeaux, P.M. 52 33 6 24 9 18 11-12 19 1 4
” 6 - : 3 52 35 6 25 9 19 12 17 1 4
2 Lae D’Oo, Pyrenees Bie 32) 6 28) 98) 18) 9-1 15) 3
” ” os 56) S32). Ge 28) LOS 12-11) 20s 0 3
Bri@ium:
2 Ostend. : d 2 OOOO Gmail 9 15 9 14 1 3
» Heysts. Mer. . J . 6 321 6 30 §9) 19) 13-12) 18 1 4-5.
9 ob : : _ ‘7 SEY i sty ch ally 9 15 1 4
& Brussels . : . 46 36 6 24 9 19 10 15 1 4
” » 44 33 6 24 10 19 a 15 2 3-4
» » 42 35 6 23 9 16 11-12 17 O Ab
” ” 40 34 6 23 8 17 11-9 18 1 4
4 x BT 188-78 28, Ee - t 7 2 4.
oe 35 55 33 8 28 9 17 11-10 16 2-1 4.
oF 5 BBY Byatt! wei) 8 16 11-9. 16 1 4.
co “4 52 34 8 28 10 18 ll 16 1 4
ap BS 50 36 8 30: #9 I9 10 17 1 4
Houuanp:
2 Bergen-op-Zoom . » 60 33 6) 28) 10) top l2 ia +
SWITZERLAND:
3 Rigi, D.M. : . 45 88 6 28 9 ITS t2-11 16 1 4
;, Boussers, Vaud. : , 50) 34 785 265 998 18) KtOr 7 4
oo aA 3 SO sis, GY SPisy 8) alls 11 18 1 3
” 9 os AY S6"6 24) 39 ke ez) 16 1 4
” » As 45 84 6 24 10 18 11-10 16 1 4-3
2 A 3 R ; 58 32 8 287 JORIS 10 16 2-1 4
” » re - . bs}. Sia (oye) OF Va 11 18 1-2 4
» Wal del Fain, near Pon-
tresina, D.M. . . 56 28 8 28 9 18 10-9 17 1 A
GERMANY:
¢@ Hoélisteig, Baden 57 826 24 G18" 10-11 15 1 4.

g Héllsteig, Baden
(@)

é Saxony
? 9
;, Berlin
3) 29

3”) 3?

AUSTRIA :
g Schneeberg, Lower Austria

3 Unterberg x
CARNIOLA:

& St. Peter .

” ”
IrATy:

3 Borgo, 8. Tyrol
RouMANIA:

g Bozau, Transylvania

)
oe

S$ Brosteni, Moldavia .

3) ” 93 °
g Sinaia, Carpathians .
3° 3) 33

oO
Fe ” ”

5 Dambovita ,,

33 3? 33
Russia :

¢ Lapland

3 a : -

> solowitzki Id. .

>, Hsthonia .

8)
t ” °

; Petrograd
be as P.M.

¢ Moscow

2 Uralsk
¢ Kirghiz Steppes

Lacertide.
1 at Ss, ae
46 «36 6 26
60 380 8 28
5Ss 32) 8:
Gye SOBy ksh a 7/
Oo sol es 28
5 387 6 24
54 3 SS 27
60 3a) 86 2130
59 34 6 26
Die ob) 26) 229
55) 32: "6" 26
aps rah (6) ey
48 29 8 25
yl ah sh AY)
57 28 6 28
55 25 8 28
47 29 8 27
45 35 6 23
62 34 6 25
61 32 6 26
ap) Bi (283
52 380 8 25
63) «32. *8" 28
52 29 6 24
50 33 6 25
52 30 8 24
49 35 6 26
54 30) 6° 23
48 32 6 24
68 36 8 27
6l 28 8-27
ap ool (3) 247/
55 28 6 23
54° 35 6 22
6 sl 6 2238
5s! oo) Ol 24
oy Bis} tele 745)
50, 31 6 26
60 31 8 29
56: 30 (6) 23
48 32 6 21
60 32 6 30
50 380 6 24

on

20

18

a
TIT o1 ~J

a

aL. pk PP DB OO

Lacerta. 139

Ves On ae Os 1G fl bo FM a) 10.
2 Kirghiz Steppes ; fool ao" 6) 626" ON 220 12-100 915 1 3
¢@ Padun, R. Angara . Peo2celens) 23 9:9) Di I-10) 14 12 4
Q Stanowyi Mts., E. Siberia 60 26 6 27 11 15 9 15) 1 4
g@ Nicolawsk, Amoor . sou so) (64 20 LON 2 1i—12 19, 1 4
,, Korsakoff, Sachalien Id. . 51 33 6 24 10 19 10-11 17 1. 8
id oS 5 59 30 6 27 10 18 7-8 15 1 4-38
i ¥ e a. vate Oran Iola IB ee
& bs - » 8? Val 50" 6 Sarr 12 20-10 ee a Me oe!
¢ Sachalien Id. . ; S494 31, “6524 “9187 DI=10) si) 1 4.
) 3 : 2 . 44 32 6 26 10 20 9-10 17 1 A
2 3 Mae ne tlle e873. 16.2 Ob on Oke AIG Oat) «4
so as : : , 04 315.165 28 1019 7-5 NG I 4

44 33 6 27 9 17 89 17 #1 A

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of body,
3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse series of ventral plates.
5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in straight median series. 7. Femoral
pores (right and left if differing). 8. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.
9. Anterior loreal (right and left if differing). 10. Upper labials anterior to
subocular (right and left if differing).

Distribution —This species shares with Vipera berus and Rana
temporaria the most northern distribution of all Palearctic Reptiles
and Batrachians. Except for the absence of the Viper from Ireland,
these three species have roughly the same range, extending right across
Europe and Asia, from the extreme North of Scotland and Lapland to
the Amoor and the Island of Sachalien. The southern limit of its
distribution embraces the South of France, including the Pyrenees,
the continental part of Italy, Istria, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Moldavia, Southern Russia from Podolia to the European
slope of the Caucasus and the Kirghiz Steppes, and from the latter to
the Altai, Northern Mongolia, L. Baikal, the Amoor, and Sachalien.
It attains the altitude of 2670 m. in the Pyrenees, 3000 m. in
the Alps and in Bulgaria, 2100 m. in Bosnia, 2400 m. in the
Transylvanian Alps. Generally distributed in the North, in woods,
lanes, meadows, and on heaths, sand-hills and cliffs near the sea; in
the South it is more local in the plains, being found principally in
bogs, damp meadows, and rice-fields, or is restricted to altitudes
of at least 800 m.

It is highly remarkable for a species with so wide a distribution,
and living under such varied conditions of climate and soil, to show no
definable geographical races ; very variable in scaling and coloration,
the differences which have been adduced in favour of the establishment
of varieties are purely individual, as the large material on which the
above description is based amply shows. The specimens which depart

140 Lacertide.

most from the type are from Southern Tyrol and Carniola, the feebly
serrated collar coupled with a high number of scales (32-57) and of
femoral pores (12-15) approximating them to L. muralis var. brevi-
ceps, in which the head and limbs are comparatively short and the
number of scales (45-55) and femoral pores (13-16) low for the
species. ”*

So far as is known at present, this is the only species of the family
Lacertidze which has adopted the mode of parturition whence its name
is derived. As ovo-viviparous species occur alongside the oviparous in
most large families of lizards (Geckonidae, Agamide, Iguanide,
Anguide, Zonuride, Scincide, Chameleontide) in warm and
tropical countries, it cannot be argued that this mode of reproduction
is the result of climatic conditions ; but it has enabled the lizard to
extend its range to a more northern latitude than any of its congeners.
It is a suggestive fact that of the six Reptiles inhabiting Great
Britain, the only three which occur in Scotland are ovo-viviparous.

12. LACERTA FRAASII.

Lacerta fraasii, Lehrs, Festschr. R. Hertwig, ii, p. 227, pl. xiv,
figs. 1-3 (1910).

In form and proportions like LZ. vivipara. Hind limb reaching the
wrist of the adpressed fore limb.

Rostral not touching the nostril; suture between the nasals short ;
frontonasal broader than long, as broad as the internarial space ;
frontal slightly shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, a
little more than twice as long as its least width, a little broader in
front than behind ; parietals a little longer than broad, outer border
convex, not touching the upper postocular, in contact with a large
anterior and two or three small upper temporals ; occipital rather
large, somewhat shorter but broader than the interparietal. Four
supraoculars, first very small, fourth a little larger; 5 superciliaries,
first longest; 3-5 granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries. A single postnasal, in contact with the frontonasal; a small
detached shield (‘scutum subnasale”’) between the nasal and the first
upper labial; anterior loreal shorter than second; 4 upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than

* We may recall, for curiosity’s sake, Milne Edwards’ diagnosis in 1829
(t.c., p. 84), where the number of pores was given as one of the principal
characters for the distinction of L. vivipara (schreibersiana) from L. muralis,
viz. about 12 in the former and 18 to 25 in the latter.

Lacerta. 141

above ; temporal shields rather large, with a large masseteric and a
distinct tympanic.

19 gular scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate; gular fold distinct; collar serrated, formed of
8 plates.

Seales large, roundish-hexagonal and smooth, slightly keeled
towards the base of the tail, increasing in size towards the ventrals ;
32 scales across the middle of the body; 2 or 3 series, on the sides,
correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series,
with an imperfectly developed outer series, and 32 transverse series.*

Preanal shield large, bordered by two semicircles of small shields,
the median of the inner series transversely enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smooth, much smaller than the
dorsals. 14-15 femoral pores.

Upper caudal scales very distinctly keeled, ending in an obtuse
point.

Pale yellowish brown above, with a dorso-lateral series of whitish,
dark brown-edged ocellar spots (15 or 16 to above the hind limb) and
between them two series of similar but faintly marked spots; dark
vertebral streak reduced to a few spots on the nape; a dark brown
lateral band, enclosing 4 or 5 blue ocelli from above the shoulder; a
whitish streak from below the eye to the shoulder. Whitish beneath,
with a large blackish brown spot on each outer ventral shield.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent. : F : . 60

Be ff fore limb. ; : poe)
Length of head. : : . 12
Width of head ; é : : eo
Depth of head ; ; 06
Fore limb : : : : : : ne)
Hind limb : P : : ; E : . 26

The original description and photographic figures, on which the
above account is based, were taken from a single female specimen
obtained by Dr. Oscar Fraas in the Lebanon at an altitude of 1900 to
2000 metres.

In commenting on the affinities of this lizard, which he compares
with L. caucasica and L. derjugini, Dr. Lehrs has not sufficiently
insisted on its relationship to L. vivipara. There can be no question,
in my opinion, that it is extremely closely related to the latter. With

* Perhaps the author counted as a series a pair of plates in front of the
preanals, which I do not reckon as such.

142 Lacertide.

the exception of the enlarged shield in front of the preanal* and the
blue colour of the lateral ocelli, there is not a character which does
not also occur in L. vivipara, although not actually in combination.t
I attach no importance whatever to the “‘scutum subnasale.”{ The
system of coloration agrees perfectly well with that of L. vivipara.§

More specimens are needed to show whether specific rank should be
accorded to this form or whether it should not be regarded as a variety
of L. vivipara.

1s. LACERTA DERJUGINI.

Lacerta derjugini, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb. iii,
1898, p. 284, and Herp. Ross. p. 126, pl. i, fig. 5 (1905); Méhely,
Ann. Mus. Hung. vu, 1909, p. 572, pl. xxi, figs. 3 and 4; Schreib.
Herp. Hur., ed. 2, p. 395 (1912); Nikolsky, Herp. Cauc. p. 55
(1913) ; Tzarewsky, Trav. Soc. Nat. Petrogr. xliui, 4, 1914, p. 24.

Body moderately depressed. Head small, 13 times as long as broad,
moderately depressed, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 32 to 4+ times in
males, 43 to 54 times in females, in length to vent; cheeks feebly
swollen ; snout obtuse, shorter than posterior part of head. Pileus
1% to 14 times as long as broad. Limbs short, the hind limb reaching
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb or the axil in males, the wrist in
females. Foot as long as head or a little longer. Digits scarcely
compressed. Tail thick, 14 to 14 times length of head and body.

Nostril pierced between three shields. Rostral not touching the
nostril, forming a suture with the frontonasal, which is broader than
long and a little broader than the internarial space; prefrontals
usually in contact with each other||; frontal hexagonal, not much

* As appears sometimes, as an individual departure from the normal, in
L. agilis and the typical L. muralis. I have, however, not met with it in any
of the numerous specimens of L. vivipara examined; there is occasionally an
azygos anterior preanal, but then it is small.

+ Ina female from Berlin the interparietal and occipital are nearly in the
same proportion to each other; in another from the same locality, with 3-2
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, the parietal scarcely
reaches the upper postocular and the frontal is broader anteriorly than
posteriorly.

{ Occurs occasionally in L. agilis and L. vivipara (male from Russian Lapland,
females from Hindhead and Ostend, male and female from Korsakoff, Sachalien).

§ Especially of the females from damp localities in the Alps, as opposed to
those from the plains of Switzerland, which Fatio (Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 86)
compares to L. agilis.

|| Separated by an azygos shield in a female from Borjom.

Lacerta. 143:

broader in front than behind, as long as or a little longer than its
distanee from the end of the snout, as broad as or a little broader
than the supraoculars ; occipital shorter but broader than the inter-
parietal*; parietals with the outer border straight or emarginate in
front, usually not touching the upper postocular. Supraoculars as in
L. vivipara, second longer than third; 4 to 7 superciliaries, first
largest; a series of 2 to 12 (usually 4 to 9) granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries, the series sometimes complete.
A single postnasal, sometimes not reaching the frontonasal ; anterior
loreal nearly as long as or shorter than the second; 3 to 4 upper
labials anterior to the subocular. A large anterior upper temporal,
usually in contact with the fourth supraocular; temporal scales rather
large, with distinct masseteric and tympanic shields, the masseteric
often very large and in contact with the upper temporal.

Pterygoid teeth absent.

17 to 21 gular scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and
the median collar-plate? ; gular fold distinct. Collar strongly serrated,
composed of 4 to 8 plates, rarely 11.

Dorsal seales large, elongate-hexagonal or rounded, smooth or feebly
keeled, increasing in size towards the ventrals, 38 to 46 across the
middle of the bodyt; 2 or 3 scales on the sides correspond to a
ventral plate. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series, those of the
second series from the median line much broader than the others,
and in 22 to 27 tranverse series, 22 to 26 in males, 23 to 27 in females ;
the posterior border of the transverse series feebly notched, sometimes.
very indistinctly. Preanal shield large, bordered by a single semicircle
of 7 to 10 small shields, rarely by two.

Scales on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, much smaller than
dorsals. 6 to 12 femoral pores on each side. 21 to 25 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in alternately longer and shorter whorls, upper
obtusely pointed and keeled, lower smooth in the basal part of the tail ;
22 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Greyish brown or coppery brown above, with or without small
dark brown spots, and constantly with a dark brown lateral band,
which may be light-edged above; sometimes a series of small dark
spots along the vertebral line ; an ocellar spot with light centre some-
times present above the shoulder§ ; a light streak from below the eye

* Sometimes only as broad, according to Méhely.
+ 15 to 18 according to Nikolsky.

t Up to 53 according to Nikolsky.

§ According to Méhely.

144. Lacertidx.

or the tympanum to the side of the body, where it is broken up
into a series of spots; a dark, light-edged band along each side of the
tail. Lower parts greenish, greyish or reddish, spotted with black on
the sides; males with blue spots on the ventral plates of the outer
series.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ile 2. 3. 4.

From end of snout to vent . : | Wee 249.. GAR abs
a ss fore hmb . 20), 19. , 20° 220
Length of head . : : : Spee 2s) 2 es
Width of head . : : : Aver ic) 8 g 9
Depth of head. ; of Ge 26 6 7¢
Fore limb : ; : ; » AT oe oS as
Hind limb . ; «20 (iw 20 ae
Foot . : : ; : : ~. » AAG y e225, MAL Sele
Earlier : 3 = =. 07>.—

1. g, Bakuriani. 2. @, Mechelripsch. 3. 92, Mechelripsch.
4, 9, Iasotchka.

Particulars of Specimens Examined,

1 25 wide’ 6. fs S259:

g Mechelripsch, Gov. ‘T'scher-
nomorskaja_. : : . 49 40 22 8 19 10-11 24 10-9 4
OE, 63 41 24 7 17 11 22 9 4.
- 5f -389) 239 867 19 Ce
ee nr ee i OS TL
¢ Lagodechi . ‘ : : . 48 40 23 6 17 9-10 23 4-2 38
2? Iasotchka, near Suchum, 400m. 64 43 24 11 19 10-12 24 12 4
, Borjom : ; é ; . 44°88 27 7 IGN SOm Renee he ee,
é Bakuriani, near Borjom,1200m. 52 41 22 7 20 10 26 8 4

Columns as on p. 139, but No. 8 referring to the number of granules between
supraoculars and superciliaries, and No. 9 to the anterior upper labials.

Habitat.—Caucasus and Crimea.

I agree with Nikolsky in regarding DL. derjugini as most nearly
related to L. vivipara, from which it differs chiefly in the smaller
seales (38-53 across the body, instead of 25-37), and the constant
presence of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
If I am right in considering the presence of a dark vertebral streak or
series of spots as more primitive than its absence, I cannot follow
Méhely’s view that L. derjugini is derived from L. mwralis, var.
caucasica. On the other hand, whilst lepidosis and markings are in
accordance with my principles for deriving this lizard directly from
L. vivipara, the presence of two postfrontal bones is opposed to such

Lacerta. 145

an assumption, and I therefore look upon L. derjugini and L. vivipara
as probably independently derived from the same original stock,
evolved out of the primitive form of ZL. agilis, the former approaching
the typical L. muralis in another evolutionary series.

I am indebted to M. Nesterov for the specimens from Mechelripsch
and to M. L. Lantz for the others.

14. LACERTA PRATICOLA.

Lacerta praticola, Eversm. N. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. i, 1834,
p. 345, pl. xxx, fig. 2; Kessler, Tr. St. Petersb. Nat. Soc. vill, 1878,
p- 156; Boettg. in Radde, Faun. Flor. Casp. Geb. p. 86 (1886);
Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 367; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. in,
p- 25 (1887); Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 139; Méhely, Math.
Nat. Ber. Ung. xii, 1894, p. 255; Bedriaga, Zool. Anz. 1895, p. 261 ;
Méhely, Zool. Anz. 1895, p. 474; Kiritzescu, Bul. Soc. Se. Bucur. x,
1901, p. 313; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 124 (1905) ; Lehrs, Festschr.
R. Hertwig, ii, pl. xiv, fig. 7 (1910) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 508
(1912); Kowatcheff, Herp. Faun. Bulg. p. 29 (1912); Nikolsky,
Herp. Caucas. p. 55 (1913); Tzarewsky, Trav. Soc. Nat. Petrogr.
xiii, 4, 1914, p. 24; Lantz & Cyrén, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (9), ill,
HgLY, p. 28.

Lacerta vivipara, var. stenolepis, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac.
St. Pétersb. xvi, 1911, p. 1, and Herp. Caucas. p. 54.

Lacerta praticola pontica, Lantz & Cyrén, t.c. p. 30.

Form intermediate between DL. vivipara and L. muralis typica.
Head small, 12 to 12 times as long as broad, its depth equal to the
distance from the anterior corner of the eye to the tympanum, its
length 3% to 41 times in length to vent in males, 4} to 5 times in
females ; snout obtuse, as long as or a little shorter than postorbital
part of head; cheeks not swollen. Pileus 1} to 2 times as long as
broad. Neck a little narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches
the elbow or the axil in males, the wrist in females. Foot 1} to
12 times length of head. Digits scarcely compressed. Tail cylin-
drical, tapering from the base, 1} to nearly 2 times length of head
and body.

Nostril pierced between three (exceptionally four) shields. Rostra]
not touching the nostril; suture between the nasals short or very
short; frontonasal broader than long, broader than the internarial
space; suture between the prefrontals usually very short,* sometimes

* Frontonasal in contact with the frontal in a female from Comana Forest.

10

146 Lacertidex.

replaced by a small azygos shield*; frontal as long as or slightly
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, about twice
as long as broad, hexagonal, often a little narrower behind than
in front, its least width not or but slightly greater than that
of the supraoculars; parietals 11 to 1% times as long as broad, in
contact with 2 or 5 temporals, not in contact with the upper
postocular ; occipital always shorter than the interparietal, some-
times broader; a small shield often intercalated between the
interparietal and the occipital.t Four supraoculars, first very small
and in contact with the second loreal, fourth larger than first but
much shorter than third and in contact with the frontoparietal ;
5 to 7 superciliaries, first usually longest, forming a vertical or
slightly oblique suture with the second ; a series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries, sometimes complete,t some-
times reduced to three.§

The nasal sometimes forms a suture with the anterior loreal|| ;
postnasal usually single§ ; anterior loreal nearly as long as second ;
4 upper labials anterior to the subocular,** which is much narrower
beneath than above. Two or three enlarged upper temporals, the
first longest and in contact with the fourth supraocular ; temporal
scales small, with a usually large masseteric shield, which is in contact
with the first upper temporal and the sixth upper labial or separated
from without by one series of scales; tympanic shield always well
developed.

Pterygoid teeth absent.

Gular scales increasing in size towards the collar, 15 to 19,++ between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular

* In two males from Comana Forest.

+ Méhely has attached too great an importance, as a specific character, to
the presence of this additional shield, which he has observed in 48 out of
78 specimens from Transylvania. It is absent in the three Caucasian speci-
mens seen by me, and in 6 out of the 9 from Roumania. Although present in
the type described by Eversmann, it is absent in the 15-specimens from Caucasia
examined by Kessler and Bedriaga. Another anomaly, noticed by Schreiber, is
for the occipital to be separated from the interparietal by the parietals, which
form a median suture.

{ In 2 males from Sukhum Kale.

§ Ina male from Herkulesbad.

|| Male and young from Sukhum Kale.

§| Two superposed postnasals in a male from Sukhum Kale and, on the left
side, in a female from Comana Forest.

** 5 on the right side in a male from Sukhum Kale and in another from
Comana Forest. Occasionally 3 according to Kessler.

tt 14 to 22 according to Lantz and Cyrén.

Lacerta. 147

fold absent or very indistinct; collar serrated, sometimes feebly,
composed of 5 to 8 plates.*

Seales round and convex on the nape, elongate-hexagonal or
rhombic, strongly and diagonally keeled, and juxtaposed or sub-
imbricate on the back, narrower on the vertebral line; smaller on
the sides, though sometimes not more than in certain specimens of
L. vivipara, and more feebly keeled than on the back; 35 to 40+ scales
across the middle of the body; 18 ( 2 ) to 26 (@) transverse series, in
the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head, 2 or 3
on the sides correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 6
longitudinal and 22 to 29 transverse series (22-27 in males, 27-29
in females) {; the plates of the second series from the middle line
broadest, those of the first and third equal or the latter the broader.
Preanal shield large, bordered by a single semicircle of 8 to 10 small
shields.

Seales on upper surface of tibia keeled, much smaller than dorsals.
9 to 13 femoral pores on each side,§ usually 10 to 12. 21 to 25
lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Caudal scales forming whorls
which are more or less distinctly longer and shorter alternately ; the
upper strongly keeled and ending in a point, the lower smooth in the
basal part and rounded behind; 20 to 24 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl.

Grey, pale brown, or pale olive-brown above, with a darker brown
or reddish brown vertebral band, 4 to 6 scales wide, and a darker
brown lateral band, often light-edged above and beneath, from the
nostril, through the eye, to the base of the tail; back sometimes with
small blackish brown spots, which may arrange themselves in a series
or run into a streak on each side of the vertebral band; head brown
or reddish brown above, with or without small dark brown dots; the
light streak bordering the lateral band below sometimes very well
marked, white, and edged with blackish, especially from below the eye
to the shoulder and on the basal part of the tail; the dark vertebral
stripe, broken up into spots on the tail, reappears on the regenerated
organ. Throat white; belly greenish in males,|| yellowish in females,
unspotted. The coloration of the young does not differ from that of
the adult.

* Up to 9 according to Méhely.

+ 32 to 43 according to Lantz and Cyrén.

{ 25-27 in males, 28-31 in females, according to Mchely.

§ Up to 14 according to Méhely. In a female from the Comana Forest a few
smaller pores from a second series.

|| Pea-green in some, according to Méhely.

' 148 Lacertide.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent ; . 8 62) 4ilisiy poe

- * re fore limb S19" 19" easel
Length of head . : 712) 12) 10 eee
Width of head . : : : 8 “8 i6e eeu
Depth of head. VET af OO aie
Fore limb . ; : : : » 15.716" 14> Aor as
Hind limb d : : : >. “2678270 -22 2Aageee
Foot ‘ : ; Jills <6: 12, JAS
Tanl ; : ; : — 9 7 = —

1, 3. g, Sukhum Kale. 2. ¢, Comana Forest. 4. 9, Comana
Forest. 5. 9, Herkulesbad.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Dy 25 Sra tbs 6. Me 8.
@ Sukhum Kale, Transcaucasia . . 53 38 25 6 15 10-9 24 10
aA ss a x : . Al “386° 25 16.16 10 22 11-10
, Comana Forest, Vlasca, Roumania. 52 35 25 7-219 12-138) 23° 7—4

, ss 5 ; e 50 39 24 8 17 12-11 28 5-4
” » , 3 ; “Nf iif PASS te) Al ili 22 4.

, » » Bs 47 40 23 5 18 12-11 25 46-5
”» ” , » on 45 38 22 7 18 22-13) 215) 5-4
3 5 oF 34 8b 2h 7 Gb O22 eee—o
39 >) 5 ob x 37 386° 24 8 19 12-11 23 5-8
2 By : Fs 55 37 27 6 18 9-11 23 9-5
g Herkulesbad, Transylvania 47 37 24 8 16 11 23 =©6-7
» » > 45 37 24 7 16 9-10 24 3
+ ” » SI Gize 248) ish “alle!

18-10 25 7-8
Table as in the preceding, minus column 9.
Habitat.—Cis- and Transcaucasia, and South Coast of the Caspian

Sea; Valleys of the Southern Carpathians under 600 m. altitude.

The species has recently been recorded from Bulgaria.

All the specimens in the British Museum* have 6 pairs of chin-
shields, the 3 anterior forming a median suture, and are therefore
referable to Lantz and Cyrén’s subspecies pontica. The typical form,
according to them, with 5 pairs of chin-shields, the 2 anterior forming
a median suture,t is confined to the Caspian Sea basin, and is dis-
tinguished besides by rather smaller and more feebly keeled scales
(35 to 43, usually 39, across middle of body).

* 15 in number,

+ The authors mention, however, occasional exceptions (one in the case of
each of the two forms) with 5 shields on one side and 6 on the other.

t{ The series in the British Museum does not support the authors’ statement
as to two other characters—the postnasal and the masseteric shield; all have

Lacerta. 149

15. LACERTA VAUERESELLI.

Lacerta vauereselli, Tornier, Zool. Anz. xxv, 1902, p. 701; Sternfeld,
in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.-Afr. Exped. iv, ii, p. 210,
pl. vi, fig. 2 (1912), and Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1912, p. 386;
Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xxxix, 1919,, p. 495, fig.

Head flat above, 4 times or a little less in length to vent in males,
41 to 42 times in females ; snout short, obtuse. No parietal foramen.
Hind limb reaching the collar in males, not so far in females. Tail
about twice as long as head and body.

Rostral not entering the nostril. Nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral ; frontal a little shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, as long as the parietals or a little shorter or a little longer ;
interparietal and occipital small. Four supraoculars, first and fourth
small; 5 or 6 superciliaries ; an incomplete series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries. A single postnasal. 4 or
5 upper labials anterior to the subocular. Temporal scales small or
rather large, smooth or more or less distinctly keeled, 3 to 5 in contact
with the parietal ; tympanic shield usually present. ~

No pterygoid teeth.

20 to 25 gular scales in a longitudinal series in the middle; no
gular fold. Collar serrated, formed of 6 to 11 plates.

Dorsal scales large, subimbricate, pointed behind, and keeled ; lateral
scales a little smaller ; 38 to 50 scales across the body. Ventrals in
- 6 longitudinal and 19 to 21 transverse series. Preanal shield large,
bordered by a single semicircle of smaller shields.

Seales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals. 7 to 10
femoral pores on each side.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and pointed behind.

Upper surface of head and dorsal region (4 to 9 scales broad in the
middle, its narrowest point) light, yellowish or olive, sides dark brown
or reddish brown, edged with black above, with one or two series of
white, black-edged ocellar spots ; small dark spots on the back, which
may form a vertebral series ; sometimes a light streak from the cheek
to the side of the neck, passing above the tympanum.

Belly bluish grey (in spirit), sometimes spotted with black in the
male.

the former in contact with the frontonasal, and 6 out of 15 have small scales
between the latter and the supratemporal. The occipital is more often narrow
than broad.

150 Lacertide.

Measurements (in millimetres) : 3. é- P-
From end of snout to vent. : Ses 5S 9) ow
Length of head . 23103 4a
Width of head . : : ; = C690 3-5
Fore limb . : 2 : ; - © 18:5» \22: 122
Hind limb . : j ‘ ; 29 30 = 30
anor. : é : : fe fel) 102° 1s

Habitat.—Forest region of Central Africa, between Kagera and the
Congo, Kwidjwi Island in Lake Kivu, and Ruanda, up to an altitude
of 2400 m.

This species, which is only known to me from the descriptions and
figure quoted above, has been regarded by Tornier as closely related
to L. jacksonii, by Sternfeld as nearer to L. vivipara. Iam inclined
to agree with the latter author. It is a remarkable fact that, notwith-
standing the great differences in form and coloration which separate
them, the three tropical African species, L. jacksonii, vauereselli, and
echinata, agree in the absence of the parietal foramen. Is_ this
important morphological negative feature to be regarded as due to
convergence, connected with climatic conditions, or does it indicate
relationship? Iam for the present in favour of the former hypothesis.

Section IV. Poparcrs, Wagl.—Transverse series of ventral plates
with rectilinear or nearly rectilinear border, longitudinal series 6 or 8
in number; femoral pores 12 to 31; toes more or less compressed,
with 19 to 36 lamellar scales under the fourth.

A. Normally a single postnasal.*

1. Pterygoid teeth constantly or nearly constantly present.
An incomplete series of granules between the supraoculars and
the superciliaries (rarely reduced to 2 to 5); collar serrated ;
dorsal scales usually diagonally keeled; caudal scales more
or less pointed behind; 19 to 29 lamelle under the fourth
toe ‘ : : : : : 5 : . L. tauwrica, Pall., p. 152.
Granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries absent
(rarely 1 to 3); collar not serrated ; dorsal scales smooth or
feebly keeled; caudal scales truncate or very obtusely pointed
behind ; 26 to 31 lamellxe under the fourth toe.
L. peloponnesiaca, Bibr., p. 159.
2. Pterygoid teeth absent, with rare exceptions; collar
entire or feebly serrated, rarely strongly serrated.
A parietal foramen +; dorsal scales, if distinctly hexagonal and
keeled, not larger than the laterals; ventral plates in 6
(exceptionally 8) longitudinal series : . L. muralis, Laur., p. 162.

* Exceptions rather frequent in L. mwralis, var. bedriagez.

+ Indicated externally by an impression or a light dot in the centre of the
interparietal shield.

a

Lacerta. ais

A parietal foramen ; dorsal scales more or less distinctly hexa-

gonal and keeled, larger than the laterals; ventral plates

in 6 longitudinal series ; collar serrated ; 27 to 32 lamelle

under the fourth toe . = : . L. chlorogaster, Blgr., p. 292.
No parietal foramen ; ventral Biaies in 8 longitudinal series ;

collar not or but slightly serrated ; 22 to 26 lamelle under

the fourth toe. : : ; : : . L. jacksonii, Blgr., p. 295.

Normally two superposed postnasals*; collar not or but feebly serrated.

1. Pterygoid teeth constantly or nearly constantly present.
Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal series; masseteric shield present;
50 to 55 seales across middle of body, smooth; 25 or 26
lamelle under the fourth toe : : . L. brandtii, De Fil., p. 299.
Ventral plates in 6 (rarely 8) longitudinal series; masseteric .
shield large ; 49 to 62 scales across middle of body, keeled ;
27 to 35 lamelle under the fourth toe . ; . L. levis, Gray, p. 302.
Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal series; temple covered with
minute granules, which are smaller than the dorsal scales ;
85 to 95 scales across middle of body, smooth or faintly
keeled ; 29 or 30 lamelle under the fourth toe L. jayakari, Blegr., p. 307.
2. Pterygoid teeth absent, with rare exceptions.
a. A large upper temporal.
52 to 66 scales across middle of body; median subcaudal scales
not enlarged ; 27 to 32 lamelle under the fourth toe.
L. danfordii, Gthr., p. 309.
59 to 75 scales across middle of body ; median subcaudal scales
strongly enlarged, the largest at least twice as broad as
long ; 22 to 26 lamelle under the fourth toe.
L. oxycephala, D. & B., p. 319.
36 to 45 scales across middle of body ; median subeaudal scales
feebly enlarged ; 22 to 25 lamelle under the fourth toe.
L. mosorensis, Kolomb., p. 323.
b. Upper temporal and masseteric shields absent ;
54 to 81 scales across middle of body.
L. dugesti, M.-Edw., p. 327.

Two postfrontal bones are present in the young of all the species of
this section, so far as they have been examined, but they have been
observed to fuse to one in adult specimens of L. muralis, vars. campestris
and albiventris, L. jacksonii, L. levis and L. dugesii.

The division of this Section into two groups, according to the
presence of one or of two postnasal shields, is merely for convenience.t+

* Exceptions rather frequent in L. mosorensis.

+ As stated in the Introduction, p. 31, I take the single postnasal to be the
more primitive; but although the division of the shield into two has become
fixed in the forms which I regard as evolved out of L. parva, I believe that
a reversion by fusion to a single shield may have taken place in this case, as
the tendency in L. mosorensis shows.

152, Lacertidx.

It does not express the true relationships, as I regard L. dugesii as
more nearly related to L. muralis than to the species with which it is
associated in this key. To remove the difficulties imposed by the
necessity of a serial arrangement, and to convey the affinities as
I conceive them, the following diagram has been drawn up :
L.chlorogaster. L.jacksonii. L.jayakari. L.levis. L.danfordii. L.oxycephala.
ee ed ee se) een
| |

L. muralis L. dugesii. ——T[. mosorensis.
L. tauwrica 1 — L. peloponnesiaca. L. brandtii.
L. agilis L. parva.

16. LACERTA TAURICA.

Lacerta taurica, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As. ii, p. 30 (1811); Rathke,
Mén. Sav. Etr. Ac. St. Pétersb. 11, 1837, p. 302, pl. u, figs. 1-4 ; Demi-
doff, Voy. Russ. Mer. iii, p. 337, pl. i, figs. 1, 2 (1842) ; Kessler, Tr. St.
Petersb. Nat. Soc. viii, 1878, p. 163; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881,
p- 740; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 320, pl. —, fig. 28;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 26 (1887); Werner, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn.
Herzeg. vi, 1899, p. 833; Kiritzescu, Bull. Soc. Sc. Bucur. x, 1901,
p. 314; Mcéhely, Allat. Késlem. i, 1902, p. 58; Lehrs, Zool. Anz. 1902,
p- 231; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 127 (1905); Bouleng. Proe. Zool.
Soc. 1907, p. 557, pl. xxx; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 489, fig.
(1912) ; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 41, pl. iii, figs. 1-6.

Lacerta taurica, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vy, p. 225 (1839) ;
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 419 (1875).

Podareis taurica, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1836).

Zootoca taurica, part., Gray, Cat. Liz, p. 29 (1845).

Podareis taurica, part., De Betta, Rett. Anf. Gree. p. 35 (1868).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose.
1881, p. 99, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 220.

Lacerta peloponnesiaca (non Bibr.), Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xliv, 1894, p. 228, and Zool. Anz. 1895, p. 470.

Lacerta muralis (non Laur.), Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 270.

Lacerta ionica, Lehrs, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 232; Schreib. op. cit.,
ed. 2, p. 436, fig.

Head rather small, 4 to 42 times in length to vent in males, 4 to
4% in females, as deep as broad or not much broader than deep, 12 to
1; times as long as broad, exceptionally 1% times* ; occipital region

* In a male from Nision, Morea.

Lacerta. T53

convex; the depth of the head, in the tympanic region, equal to or a
little greater than the distance between the anterior corner of the eye
and the anterior border of the tympanum; snout obtusely pointed,
with straight or slightly convex upper profile, as long as the distance
between the eye and the tympanum. Neck as broad as the head, or a
little narrower ora little broader. Body feebly or moderately depressed.
Hind limb reaching the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in males,
the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in females; foot as long
as the head or a little longer (not more than 11 times); toes feebly
compressed. Tail cylindrical, 12 to slightly over 2 times the length of
head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, a postnasal, the first upper
labial, and nearly always the rostral*; frontonasal much broader
than longt ; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout, 12 to 1% times as long as broad, nearly as broad,
behind, as the major supraoculars ; parietals 11 to 13 times as long as
broad, with straight or convex outer border, nearly always in con-
tact with the upper postocular{ ; occipital very variable in shape,
usually shorter than the intraparietal,§ sometimes fused with it or
separated from it by a small shield. Major supraoculars equal or
first a little the longer; 5 or 6 superciliaries, first or second longest,
the suture between the first and second usually oblique, sometimes
vertical; an incomplete series of granules between the supraoculars and
the superciliaries, the first superciliary being constantly in contact with
the second supraocular, the granules sometimes minute or reduced to
2 to 5.|| Rostral entering the nostril, often largely; postnasal
single**; 2 loreals, first much shorter than second; 4 upper labials
anterior to the subocular,+* the lower border of which is shorter than
the upper. Scutellation of the temple very variable, the two extremes

* In a female from Nision the frontonasal forms a suture with the rostral ;
in a male from Cephalonia the nasal is in contact with the anterior loreal, above
the postnasal.

+ Longitudinally bisected in a female from Budapest, broken up into four
shields in a female from Bazias.

{ Except in a male from Budapest—Franzstadt.

§ As long as the interparietal in a few specimens from Greece and the Ionian
Islands.

|| In specimens from Crimea, Bulgaria, Hungary, Cephalonia and Corfu.

{| Ihave observed only two exceptions (female from Tzabadka and female
from Corfu), in which the nostril is narrowly separated from the rostral.

** Two superposed postnasals in a male from Nision.

++ 5 on one side in a male and in a female from Budapest, in a female from
Szabadka and in another from Rutshuk; three on each side in a male’ from
Cephalonia.

154 Lacertidex.

approaching LZ. agilis and L. muralis, var. campestris respectively ;
masseteric and tympanic shields usually distinct, the former sometimes
very large and in contact with the upper temporals, of which there are
usually 2 or 3.* Pterygoid teeth nearly always present.

19 to 28 scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold always
well marked. Collar formed of 8 to 12 plates (usually 9 to 11), the
edge more or less distinctly serrated.

Seales on body juxtaposed, oval or oval-hexagonal, very small and
more or less diagonally keeled on the back, larger and smooth or very
feebly keeled towards the ventrals. Exceptionally the scales on the
back may be almost perfectly round granules, with a feeble straight
keel+ or even almost without a trace of a keel.f In a male from
Rakos, Hungary, which has very strongly keeled dorsal scales, and in
another from Corfu, the scales on the flanks, right down to the ventral
plates, show a feeble yet distinct keel. The number of scales across
the body varies from 42 to 62§; on the flanks, 3 or alternately 2 and
3 series of scales correspond to a ventral plate; 56 to 50 scales, in the
middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head. Ventral
plates in 6, exceptionally 8|| longitudinal and 25 to 32 transverse
series (25 to 29 in males, 25 to 32 in females); the plates of the
second series from the median line usually much broader than the
others. Preanal plate moderately large or rather small, with 2 or 3
semicircles of small plates or scales, one or two of the median plates
of the inner semicircle sometimes considerably enlarged.

Seales on upper surface of tibia usually smaller than dorsals, more
or less distinctly keeled. 19 to 29 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe. Femoral pores 14 to 20 (usually 15 to 19) in the typical form,"
15 to 25 (usually 18 to 21) in the specimens from Greece and the
Tonian Islands (var. ionica).

Caudal scales oblique, more or less obtusely pointed behind, the
upper strongly keeled, the lower smooth or feebly keeled ; the whorls
subequal in length; 50 to 37 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind
the postanal granules.

This species has been divided into two, L. tawrica, from the countries

* Only one in a male from Tzabadka and in two from Budapest.

+ Females from Crimea and Tzabadka.

{ Female from Rutshuk.

§ 42 is exceptional and occurs only in one female from L. Stymphalos, two
males from the same locality having 50 and 55 respectively.

|| In a male from Greci, in a male from Constantinople, in a female from
Bazias, and in a male from Tyrias-Mykena.

§ 15 to 22 according to Kessler.

Lacerta. 155

bordering the north and west of the Black Sea, extending westwards to
Macedonia and Budapest, and L. ionica, from Greece and the Ionian
Islands. Although the extremes are rather different in form and
coloration, they are so completely linked as to render a good definition
of L. ionica impossible, and I have therefore reduced the latter to the
rank of variety, characterized, in its most accentuated form, by a
rather longer head with less convex snout, rather longer hind limbs, |
more numerous femoral pores, and especially by the coloration. As I
regard the Greek-Ionian lizard, in which a vertebral series of black
spots sometimes persists, as the more primitive, its coloration is here
dealt with first.

Green on the head and neck and on the back, brown on the sides of
the body, with a more or less distinct light streak along each side of
the back, usually with black spots above and below it, these spots
sometimes large, more usually small; a vertebral series of small black
spots occasionally present ; a more or less distinct ocellar spot with
blue centre sometimes present above the shoulder; a pale brown or
golden colour forms spots or a band on each side of the posterior part
of the body and on the base of the tail; a more or less distinct light
streak from below the eye to the thigh; fore limbs green, hind limbs
and tail brownish grey with light spots. Some specimens are
unspotted (var. olivicolor, Schreiber), uniform green, with the sides of
the body partly or entirely reddish brown, or green above and olive-
brown on the sides, with a whitish dorsolateral line. Belly greenish
or yellowish white, or pale yellow, with pale blue spots on the outer
ventral plates, which may also bear small black spots.

In the typical form a brown shade predominates on the upper parts,
with the exception of a more or less broad vertebral stripe, which is of
a more or less bright green; a light streak may extend from the outer
border of the parietal shield to the base of the tail and another from
below the eye to the groin; the sides of the body outside the green
area are more or less spotted or marbled with black, and the black
spots may extend across or over the light dorsolateral streaks, which
often entirely disappear, especially in males; a few black spots may be
present in the middle of the green area on the nape. In some speci-
mens* the black markings predominate over the ground-colour and
enclose small whitish spots, whilst in others they are large and few,
forming two or three regular series on each side of the body, or small
and numerous, or with the upper series confluent into a wavy line
bordering inwards the light dorsolateral streak+; in the latter case

* Males from Hungary.
+ Male from Roumania.

156 Lacertidx.

the green dorsal area is much broadened, and such specimens approach
the var. ionica. The lower parts are white, yellow, or deep orange,
without spots or with small black spots on the sides ; pale blue spots
are present on the outer ventral plates and just above them. The dark
and light spots on the tail combine to form a more or less distinct but
ill-defined striation.

' Tn its markings the typical form is often very suggestive of certain
specimens of LD. viridis (so-called var. bilineata).

Measurements (in millimetres) :

We 2. 3 A, 5. 6

From end of snout to vent . 80 77 +68) *638" 9 Baer or

ms ce » fore limb 29. 27 126 =5240 w22ee2e
Head . : . 20. 8) «16 ose Aen
Width of head . : ; » 3) > eal are) 9 as
Depth of head . . ve ali CoA ) 8 8 8
Fore limb : : : » §26- 234 7207 (220 polis
Hind limb : E . »43 939.33) V3 ys0mee7
Foot : : : . 6 22°20) ALS SG Geer
anil », 150 136: 120) 105) 1055880

l. g, Nision. 2. ¢, Corfu. 3. ¢, Roumania. 4. 9, Nision.

5. 9, L. Stymphalos, 6. 2, Rakos.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Forma typica. Ly (255 AS eo wlemeros 6. Te
do Taurida, P.M.* ; . V1 59 27 “193 23") 203 ee25
2 7 aa © : . . 05) 160" 2B" Adles25 19 25
2 Crimea . : . 68 54 30 $9 23 20-19 27
.. Bakal, Crimea ; » 654 “AGS 32" Ore 1k 24.
.» Sebastopol . . ; . 69" ol) 230" VoReZe 7 24
Mp a . 47 48 31 9 20> Te=I7 25
¢ Roumania : : . 68 52 29 11 24 1615 24
» Dobrudja, Roumania —. -« 07 00° 26 oleae 13% 27
~ as a : . 62 48 27 8 20 19-18 26
? - 5 . 60.750 “Sl 28" 220 18 26
33 5 7 . 90 65 31 11 25 7-8 24
&¢ Greci, Roumania . . 48 48 26 12 80> 1921S 24
2 Rutshuk, Bulgaria . . 54 51) 31 “10 225g al ees
5 - e : , “64- “52: 228" ieee 18 26
¢ Constantinople . 66 53 27 10 24 20-19 25
, Salonica . s ; . 04 55 29 (9 24a A K—Teee2e

* These specimens, received from Demidoff, were referred by Duméril and
Bibron to L. viridis, var. E.

or
S|
bo
OO
2 l
w~
—
ba |
|
—
oP)

3S Salonica . ; , 59

y

_ s ; . o2 566 28 9 21 18
Q - j : aoe soon ao. 9 2 18
¢ Bazias, 8S. Hungary. : “20900428 10°23 17
cae ts > . 09 ol 29 10 22 17-16
3S Tzabadka, Budapest . dd 090 26 8 22 17-18
fe) a %3 Too ole aus) 9 21° 16
o Budapest 7 65 495927 9 20° 16
mM Ms 63 53 26 9 23 16-15
, ; 60 51 26 10 21 17-15
3 60 55 27 10 20 16-17
"4 fe 51 52 26 9 24 16-18
A - 48 54 27 10 21 17-16
Q : 53 03 30 10 20 15-14
a fe 3&8 46 29 11 22 15-16
3 fF D3 45 30 10 21 16
if “4 ; . 48 49 30 9 23 16
6S Budapest-Franzstadt . 64 49 27 9 23 15-16
fe) - 3 . o¢ 47 30 10 23 16-17
& Rakos, near Budapest. . 62 930 27 10 21 15
fe) Ps z 61 49° 30) 99 722 15-16

Var. ionica.

6 Prevesa, Epirus* . ; - 6 55 28 10 26 21
Q ie 3 . 6 55 32 10 20 18-19
6 Tyrins to Mikena, Morea. . 69 57 28 10 21 19-20
Q ¥ ore ~ 160-500 "ope Or ihe Sis
6 L. Stymphalos, Morea. . 64 50 26 9 23 21-20
oy - " Y-08- 900 26, 9 20. 18-17
Q - - ~ 63.42, sl . 9 19). 17-18
3 Nision, Morea. - 80 59 28 Il 25 20-21
ae Oe: 75 54 27 9 22 19-20
ROA 3. ” 70 60 28 11 20 20
On os Paree O80 od tak 9 9 2a 4 20
EaGel ie , . 66 61 31 9 23 20-21
¢ Morea, P.M. . .. 68:62 226." 20) "22. 20)
aes ve . 69 54 31 8 22 20-21
etn y . . 69 “oO 26710519 17-18
ells: et A . 62908 50 FE 21 2)
6 Cephalonia. : . 70 60 27 9 28 23-25

or
Ni

-~I
We N*

bo Do bo DO bo LO
or

lO Ww ot

bo bo

Tse

bo po b& be
WMNMWwWE

bo nO dO DO PO
wo oO Ww ST

bo
pare
or)

Or

\)

TN

5 to
> NI

* Preserved in the Senckenberg Museum. Cf. Boulenger, Tr. Z. 8., xx,

1913, p. 164.

158 Lacertide.

bo
oo
e
~

for)
I

3 Cephalonia 63 24
m" u . 68 59 27. O 2420 Seeeo
Q : - 67 69 31 Tl 25 “25-227 26
r 66 55 32 10 22 22-23 29
‘ ‘ 56 60 29 9 24 21-22 97
3S Corfu (7 60 20022) 234 20 ies
70 56 28 9 28 21-22 27

ee 67 59 28 10 22 21-19 28
of 6¢ 57 28 99 21 19-ls 2s
ie 67. 53! 26 WW 2 oie azo
i 67 55 26 9 23 20-19 24
ay 65. 57 28 “9 Yay 2 eas
ie 65. 53 “26° 10" 21 Sets eae
638 52 25 12 22 .18-16 24

63. 57 2% 11 23 2 es

- 63 52°, 26° 9 225) aig es
eee 60 60.25 10 22 19-20 26
ony a 65.04. Sl 2 Zot alo eas
aS: 62 53 29 10 20 17-18 26
< 62 59 30 I1 22 20-18 22
i ag 7 56 25 10 21 15-16 25
o2 638 28 10 22 17-15 25

1. Length (in millimetres) from snout to vent. 2. Number of scales across
middle of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates
in collar. 5. Number of scales and granules between symphysis of chin-shields
and median collar-plate. 6. Number of femoral pores (on right and left sides,
if differing). 7. Number of lamelle under fourth toe. :

Habitat.—Crimea and the North Coast of the Black Sea, Roumania,
Bulgaria, Turkey in Europe, Serbia, Hungary, Greece and Ionian
Islands. A specimen stated to be from the Caucasus (Darial Gorge,
coll. Chantre, 1879) is preserved in the Lyons Museum.

I regard Lacerta taurica as one of the most primitive species of the
L. muralis group, owing to its palatal dentition, short head, serrated
collar, often hexagonal and keeled dorsal scales, more or less pointed
caudal scales, etc. The var. ionica connects it with Lacerta muralis,
vars. campestris and fiwmana.

If I am right in regarding a dark vertebral stripe or series of
spots as a primitive character, the typical L. tawrica, im which it is
always absent, or merely represented by a few spots on the nape,*

* In accordance to the theory of Eimer that the evolution of markings
proceeds from back to front.

i

Lacerta. 159

would be derived from the var. ionica, in which 1t is sometimes present.
As I have observed above, the brown colour is more primitive than the
green, and the young UL. agilis and L. tawrica show no green; but
whereas in the evolution of ZL. agilis the green colour appears first on
the sides, before invading the back, the reverse obtains in L. tawrica
and L. muralis.

17. LACERTA PELOPONNESIACA.

Lacerta peloponnesiaca, Bibr. in Bory de St. Vine. Exped. Se.
Morée, Rept. p. 66, pl. x, fig. 4 (1835); Bedriaga, Zool. Anz. 1888,
p. 216, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 351, pl. —, fig. 13; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 27 (1887); Werner, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzog. vi,
need. “p. 432; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p.. 37,. fig., pl. 1;
Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 459, fig. (1912); Bouleng. Tr. Zool.
Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 48, pl. i, figs. 7-9.

Lacerta muralis (non Laur.), Bibr. 1.c. figs. 2, 5.

Lacerta taurica, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 225 (1839) ;
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 419 (1875).

Podarcis taurica, part., De Betta, Rett. Anf. Grec. p. 35 (1868).

Lacerta taurica, vars. peloponnesiaca, rathkei, maculata, Bedriaga,

Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1881, p. 83.

In shape and general proportions not unlike LD. tawrica, but head
_ usually larger and limbs rather longer. Head large (usually not 4
times in length to vent in males), feebly depressed ; snout sometimes
very obtuse, sometimes very pointed, as long as the distance between
the eye and the ear-opening ; preocular region rather deeply concave.
Neck as broad as the head, or a little broader. Foot always longer
than the head. Hind limb reaching the collar or between the collar
and the ear-opening in the male, the elbow or the axil in the female.
Tail cylindrical, twice as long as head and body or a little shorter or a
little longer.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, the postnasal, the first upper
labial, and the rostral. Nasals forming a short or very short suture
behind the rostral*; frontonasal as long as broad or broader than
long ; frontal not longer than frontoparietals, anterior borders very
concave, meeting at an acute angle, the shield often appearing
trilobate with long median lobe in front, in adult male specimens ;
parietals about once and a half as long as broad, in contact with the
upper postocular, outer border convex ; occipital very variable in size,

* In two specimens the frontonasal forms a narrow suture with the rostral ;
similar exceptions have been pointed out by Werner, Lc.

160 Lacertide.

sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, and usually broader than the
interparietal, from which it may be separated* by a short suture
formed by the parietals. Supraoculars in contact with the superciliaries,
rarely one to three granules intervening between them; the second
usually a little longer than the third, both broader than the posterior
part of the frontal; 5 or 6 (rarely 4) superciliaries, first or second
usually longest, the suture between the first and second usually
oblique, sometimes vertical.

Rostral largely entering the nostril; postnasal singlet ; two loreals,
first much shorter than second. 4 or 5 upper labials anterior to
the subocular,t the lower border of which is much shorter than the
upper. Usually rather large, irregular shields cover the temple, often
exactly as in L. viridis; sometimes the temporal lepidosis is as smallas
in an average L. murals; a more or less distinct masseteric shield ;
tympanic shield distinct, sometimes small; a more or less enlarged
upper temporal anteriorly, followed by 3 or 4 smaller shields.

Pterygoid teeth strongly developed.

28 to 34 scales and granules ina straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct ;
collar with even edge, composed of 9 to 12 plates.§

Scales on back juxtaposed, granular, round, suboval, or subhexagonal,
smooth or feebly or faintly keeled, on flanks towards the ventrals
larger, flat and subimbricate, smooth; 53 to 65 scales across the
middle of the body, 2 and 3 or 3 and 4 transverse series, on the sides,
corresponding to a ventral plate, 48 to 60 in the middle of the back
corresponding to the length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longi-
tudinal series, subequal or the second series from the middle line the
broadest ; 28 to 35 transverse series (28 to 30 in males, 31 to 33 m
females). Preanal plate rather large, with 2 or 3 semicircles of
small shields or scales.

Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or a little smaller
than dorsals, distinctly keeled. 26 to 31 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe. 20 to 26 femoral pores on each side.

Caudal scales truncate or very obtusely pointed behind, the upper
narrow and slightly oblique, or rather broad and more oblique, more
or less strongly keeled, the whorls equal or subequal in length ;
28 to 38 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the small postanal
vranules.

* In 7 specimens out of 19.

+ Two superposed postnasals in two female specimens (Morea and Kalamata).

t 4 on both sides in 9 specimens, 4 on one side and 5 on the other in 9, 5 on
both sides in 2, one of which is the type of the species.

§ Up to 14 according to Werner, Le.

Lacerta. 161

The coloration varies much according to individuals. Females and
young are beautifully striped with dark brown or black, some
specimens may well be described as black above with 5 or 6 light
longitudinal streaks or even 7 in front (5 on the nape as in
Acanthodactylus vulgaris). The adult female may be of a reddish
brown, with two broad blackish bands along each side, the outer
proceeding from the eye, these bands bordered above and below by a
narrow white streak and separated from each other by a third light
streak (proceeding from the superciliary edge), which is pale yellow or
pale green; one or two small round blue spots. above the axil; hind
limbs with round light spots edged with blackish; lower parts white
or pale yellow, often tinged with rosy or lilac on the sides. Traces of
the striation may persist in some adult males, or may disappear
entirely, the back being uniform brownish or dull green, with small
blackish spots or vermicular lines on the sides. In the breeding
male the top of the head is a reddish brown, sharply contrasting with
the green of the nape, which gradually fades to olive or brown on the
posterior part of the body; the sides of the head and body and the
lower parts of a bright vermilion-orange, relieved by a patch of azure-
blue in the axillary region and a broad band of the same colour
occupying the outer row of ventral shields and extending a little way
up the scaly part of the side. Some males may have a pattern of
markings not unlike that of L. tawrica, but with a blackish vertebral
stripe on the anterior part of the back ; this stripe may be divided by a
light streak on the nape.

Measurements (in millimetres) :
3. é. Che cols

From end of snout to vent ; ECU: ee eatin Os
os ug * fore limb Fe Oue ee) © Zor S20
Head : : : ; SS pee O pe erloues AG
Width of head . , Se 8 aes a 0 9
Depth of head . ; cee |S Neate 5 9 8
Fore limb . ; 5 20 Bb! 2A 22
Hind limb. : . 42 #43 #41 34
Foot . : ’ é Bee (Bees 21. OS
Tail . : , : . 170 140 105 125
Particulars of Specimens Examined.
MES ree 3. 4. 5. 6. (fe
2 Morea (type), P.M. 2 AS. SS woke tO Ag 20" 227
ae : ‘ ; . 76 57 28 12 28 20-21 30
Sih 4 : Site (eo ease SO 22) (29
S Olympia . ; ; ’ 146, Bowes: B30 - 23+") 28

—"
—

162 Lacertide.

i 2. 3. 4, 5D. 6. de
3d Olympia . , . 75 64 28° 10° 30 4 Zones
3 35 : . : .» 64. 59° 29 12 33 24 28
? ve ; ; 2° L538) Bes ie od De 1 ie
6 Mykena . : : i . 45 °64. 28) 0 “30! > 4237 ae
» Tyrins . : . 69 65 29° “9° 84, S26 e27
, Kalamat, . < ‘s « 175 0600 29) 000m 0)NmNCIemeaE
ce - : : : 63:05 2287 10h 2Sr ee 27
a ee se kh a)
6 L. Stymphalos : . 71 68 28 10 30 22-24 28
2 Bs : ; . 65 62 81-1) 33) Bes e2aa
,, Nauplia, P.M. : : . 65. 58 ase 12s 22 30
6 Greece . : : ‘ . 80 56 30 10 31 2425 29
2 . : 70° 60935) el ees 20 - 30

Columns as in the preceding table.

Habitat.—This species inhabits Morea; its reported occurrence in
Crete requires confirmation.

Lacerta peloponnesiaca is most nearly related to L. tawrica, from
which it differs chiefly in the larger head in the male, the non-serrated
collar, the truncate or very indistinctly pointed caudal scales, and the
nearly constant absence of granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries. The latter character and the strong palatal dentition
separate it from L. muralis.

In some respects (stronger palatal dentition, absence of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, more pronounced
striation) this species is phylogenetically less advanced than L. tawrica,
but in all others it has evolved further from the hypothetical ancestral
form. For reasons explained above (p. 34) I regard the coloration
of the young as the most primitive in the LZ. muralis group, as in
some specimens the original five light dorsal streaks are preserved

on the nape; but on the sides the light streaks are reduced to one,
the median lateral of L. agilis.

18. LACERTA MURALIS.
FORMA TYPICA.

Seps muralis, Laur. Syn. Rept. pp. 61, 162, pl. i, fig. 4 (1768) ;
Koch, in Sturm, Deutschl. Faun. iii, pt. 6 (1828).

Lacerta muralis, Latr. Hist. Rept. i, p. 229 (1802); M.-Edw. Ann.
Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 67, 84; Dugés, t.c. p. 380; Dum. & Bibr. Erp.
Gen. v, p. 233 (1839) ; Guérin, Icon. R. An., Rept. pl. v, fig. 1 (1844) ;
Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii, p. 92 (1872) ; Leydig, Deutschl. Saur. p. 225.

Lacerta. 163

(1872); Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 408 (1875); Lataste, Herp. Gir.
p- 71 (1876); Klunz. Wirtt. Nat. Jahresh. xxxix, 1883, p. 108;
Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 30 (1885); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 29
(1887); R. Blanch. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, p. 502; Méhely,
Beitr. Mon. Kronstadt, Herp. p. 19 (1892) ; Douglass, Herp. Baden,
p. 20 (1894); Martin & Rollin. Vert. Dép. Indre, p. 284 (1894) ;
Méhely, Zool. Gart. xxxvii, 1896, p. 109; Werner, Rept. Amph.
Oesterr.-Ung. p. 38 (1897); Diirigen, Deutschl. Amph. Rept. p. 188,
pl. xi, figs. 4,5 (1897) ; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soe. xvii, 1905, pp. 352, 376,
pl. xxiv, figs. 1-5; Fejervary, Beitr. Herp. Rhonetal, p. 40, figs.
(1909) ; Mourgue, Feuille Jeunes Nat. 1910, pl. ix; Schreib. Herp.
Eur., ed. 2, p. 410 (1912) ; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, pp. 137,
142, 147, 161, pl. xvi, figs. 1-9.

Lacerta maculata, Daud. Hist. Rept. ii, p. 208, pl. xxxvii, fig. 1
(1802) ; Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. iii, p. 86 (1826).

Lacerta agilis, Daud. t.c. p. 211, pl. xxxviii, fig. 1; Risso, Le.

Lacerta brongniartii, Daud. t.c. p. 221.

Lacerta agilis grisea, part., Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 258 (1804).

Lacerta lateralis, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 67 (1820).

Lacerta merremia, Risso, t.c. p. 86.

Lacerta fasciata, Risso, t.c. p. 87.

Podareis muralis, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 155 (1830); Bonap. Icon.
Faun. Ital., Amf. (1836) ; Tschudi, N. Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Ges.
i, 1837, No. 4, p. 94; Massalongo, Erp. Pop. p. 25 (1854) ; De Betta,
Mem. Acc. Verona, xxxv, 1857, p. 147, and Fauna d’Ital., Rett. Anf.
p- 28 (1874); Camerano, Atti Acc. Torin. xii, 1877, p. 94; De Betta,
Atti Ist. Ven. (5) iv, 1878, p. 889, and v, 1879, p. 307.

Podarcis muralis rubriveniris, Bonap. op. cit.

Zootoca muralis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 28 (1845).

Podarcis muralis, var. cupreiventris, Massalongo, L.c.

? Lacerta porphyrea, Dehne, Allgem. Deutsch. Naturh. Zeit. (2) u,
1856, p. 213.

Podarcis muralis, vars. nigriventris, albiventris, flaviventris, De Betta,
Mem. Acc. Verona, xxxv, 1857, p. 154.

Lacerta muralis, var. rasquinetii, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 260,
pl. x, figs. 1, 2; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 560; Schreib.
op. cit., ed. 2, p. 410.

Lacerta muralis fusca, part., Bedriaga, t.c. p. 267, and 1879, p. 288,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 212, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886,
p- 187; Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 40.

Lacerta muralis punctato-fasciata, Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 344,
pl. xii, figs. 6-9.

164 Lacertide.

Lacerta muralis, var. maculiventris, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xli, 1891, p. 752; Schreib. op. cit. p. 410.

Lacerta muralis, vars. oyensis et calbia, R. Blanch. Mém. Soe. Zool.
France, iv, 1891, pp. 505, 507, pl. iv.

Lacerta muralis, var. hesperica, Schreib. op. cit. p. 943.

? Lacerta muralis atrata, Boscé, Bol. Soc. Espan. H. N. xvi, 1916,
Pp: 329.

Lacerta muralis riveti, Chaban. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1919, p. 23.

Head a little less than 14 to 1% times as long as broad, more or less
depressed, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner,
the centre, or the posterior corner of the eye and the tympanun, its
length 33 to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 5 times in females;
snout more or less obtusely pointed, as long as or slightly shorter than
postocular part of head; cheeks not swollen. Pileus flat or feebly
convex, 1+ to 2+ times as longas broad. Neck as broad as the head,
or slightly constricted. Body rather strongly depressed. Hind limb
reaching the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in males, the wrist or not
quite so far, the elbow of the adpressed fore limb, or the axil in
females; foot up to 14 times the length of the head, rarely (in
males) not longer than the head or even slightly shorter* ; digits
rather slender, more or less compressed. Tail cylindrical or cyclo-
tetragonal, often slightly flattened at the root, sometimes of equal
thickness in its anterior third or half, usually tapering from the base,
its length 1% to 24 times that of head and body,t shorter in the
very young.

Pterygoids toothless.

Nostril pierced between three shields (rarely four). Nasals usually
forming a median suture, variable in extent, but usually short ; rostral
sometimes{ in contact with the frontonasal, which is usually broader
than long and broader than the internarial space, rarely in contact
with the frontal§; an azygos shield sometimes separates the pre-

* Male from Bosnia. The specimens from Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria
have comparatively short hind limbs, not reaching beyond the axil in males—
the minimum in specimens from Central Europe.

t+ Schreiber, op. cit., ed. 2, p. 948, mentions a male from Saragussa in which
the tail is nearly } of the total length.

t Several specimens from Eaux-bonnes, St. Epain, St. Malo, and Dinant,
Belgium. Single specimens from Paris, Tours, Fontainebleau, St. Lunaire,
Dinan, Glenan Isles, Bordeaux, Hernani, Silos, and Bazias. (22 cases alto-
gether.) Also in at least 20 per cent. of the specimens from south of the
Alps.

§ Specimens from Glenan Isles, Bordeaux, Eaux-bonnes, Florence, Autrodera,
Bozen, Herkulesbad.

Lacerta. 165

frontals ; frontal usually as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, often a little shorter, sometimes a little longer,* usually broader
in front than behind, where its width usually equals or is a little less
than that of the supraoculars ; parietals 1+ to 1; times as long as broad,
usually in contact with the upper postocular,} the outer border never
distinctly concave in front for the reception of the anterior upper
temporal ; occipital usually shorter than and as broad as or narrower
than the interparietal, but sometimes as long and not rarely broader,§
very exceptionally minute or reduced to a granule; a small shield
sometimes separates the interparietal from the occipital. Four supra-
oculars, first small or very small,|| second as long as or longer than
third, fourth small, sometimes divided into two ; 4 to 6 superciliaries,
first usually longest and forming an oblique suture with the second; a
series of granules, rarely reduced to as few as five, between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries ; the first or the first and second super-
ciliaries usually in contact with the second supraocular, but the series
of granules sometimes complete, extending from the first supraocular
to the upper postocular. Rostral very rarely entering the nostril™ ;
nasal usually separated from the anterior loreal by the postnasal,**
which is singlet? ; anterior loreal much shorter than second; four
upper labials anterior to the subocular, rarely three or five ; subocular
very variable in shape, its lower border usually narrower than the
upper, but sometimes quite as long. Temporal scales small, polygonal,

* Shortest frontal, measuring only # its distance from end of snout, in a male
from St. Malo. Fejervary (op. cit.) figures the head-shields of a specimen from
Bex, Switzerland, in which the frontal is in contact with the first supraocular.

+ In four specimens from Lower Austria the parietal on both sides is
completely divided into two by a horizontal suture, in six the division is com-
plete on one side and incomplete on the other, whilst all the others from the
same district show at least an indication of this aberrant condition, such as
is rarely met with in other parts of Europe. A female from Jersey has each
parietal completely divided into two.

{ Exceptions, in which the anterior upper temporal is in contact with the
fourth supraocular, in 12 per cent. of the specimens examined by me (France,
Austria, Spain).

§ Posterior border as broad as that of the frontal in a male from §. of the
Abruzzi, in a female from Jersey, in 2 males and 1 female from Villefranche
s. M., and in a male from Hernani.

|| Absent in a male from Reichenau and in a female from Véslau.

§ Male from Fontainebleau and male from Bies Glacier, near Randa; also in
the two specimens from Crete, which I have long hesitated to refer to this form.

** Exceptions not at all infrequent.

++ Absent, fused with the anterior loreal, in a male from St. Malo; divided
into two in a female from Paris.

166 Lacertidx.

often granular; upper temporals, 1, 2, or 3, or more numerous and
not much enlarged; masseteric and tympanic nearly always present,*
the former usually large, round or oval.

19 to 32 scales and granules in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, usually 21
to 27; gular fold usually distinct, indicated by one, two, or three
series of minute granules. Collar without, or with merely a trace of,
serration, composed of 7 to 13 plates, usually 8 to 11.

Scales on body granular, juxtaposed, round or oval-hexagonal, more
or less distinctly keeled, rarely smooth,t often a little larger on the
back than on the sides; 42 to 62 scales across the middle of the
body; 3 or 4, rarely 2 or 3 or 4 or 5, transverse series correspond to
one ventral plate, 29 to 45 to the length of the head. Ventral plates
in 6 longitudinal§ and 23 to 32 transverse series, 23 to 28 in males,
25 to 32 in females; the plates of the two median series as broad as
or narrower, usually much narrower, than those next to them, the
outer abruptly differentiated from the lateral scales. Preanal plate
very variable in size and shape, but usually large, bordered by one
semicircle of small plates, often with an outer semicircle of smaller
plates or scales, the median pair of the inner semicircle sometimes
enlarged, very rarely fused to one large plate.||

Scales on upper surface of tibia granular, more or less distinctly
keeled, usually smaller than those on the back, rarely nearly as large.
13 to 27 femoral pores on each side. 20 to 29 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe, usually 21 to 26.**

Caudal scales usually narrow, truncate or very obtusely pointed,

* Totally absent in 7 out of 100 specimens from Burgos, Spain, also in a
male from Hernani and in a few specimens from the Pyrenees. In a male from
Barcelona there are neither enlarged upper temporals nor masseteric shield, in
this respect agreeing with L. dugesii, which, however, has constantly two post-
nasals and five anterior upper labials.

+ In two specimens from Dinant, Belgium, in one from Bagnéres de Bigorre,
and in most from Burgos and Barcelona.

~ 42-53 in Lower Austria, 45-57 in the Balkan Peninsula, 46-62 in Spain,
47-62 in France and Belgium, 49-60 in Italy.

§ In a female from Jersey some of the outer ventrals are divided into two,
thus forming 8 incomplete series.

Female from St. Lunaire.

{| 13-19 in Lower Austria, 13-22 in the Balkan Peninsula, 13-21 in Spain,
15-25 in Italy, 16-27 in France and Belgium. In a male from Pietrocamala-
Casale, Abruzzi, there is a second series of smaller pores, as is frequently found
in the var. sardoa—6 on the right side, 4 on the left.

** As for the gular scales, and, curiously, in both cases 23 is the most frequent
number.

=

Lacerta. 167

straight or oblique, the upper more or less strongly keeled, rarely near! y
smooth,* the lower smooth or feebly keeled ; the whorls alternately
longer and shorter, the feature more distinct in some specimens than in
others ; 25 to 32, exceptionally 20 or 40,+ in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules; apical sensory pits often more or less
distinct.

Upper surface varying from grey to brown, sometimes with a tinge of
greenish. Two light, whitish, yellow, or greenish streaks or series
of spots on each side, the upper from the outer edge of the
parietal to the upper surface of the base of the tail, the lower
from the upper lip, through the middle or the lower part of the
tympanum, to the base of the thigh, reappearing on the tail; between
these two streaks, which may be edged with black, a dark brown
band, often spotted with whitish, yellow, bluish, or greenish, among
which but rarely a larger ocellar spot, sometimes with green or blue
centre} above the shoulder; frequently a dark brown or black
vertebral stripe or series of spots$ ; the back often speckled, spotted,
or marbled with dark brown or black, the markings sometimes wavy
transverse bands on the posterior part of the body. Some specimens,
especially males, entirely marbled or reticulate with black, without or
with mere traces of the light lateral streaks. The markings sometimes
reddish brown or even brick-red. Upper surface of head uniform or
speckled, spotted, or marbled with brown or black. Limbs usually
with white, black-edged spots. Black and white spots on the side of
the tail, usually forming regular bars, which may be connected above
by v-shaped dark markings ; in some specimens the dark lateral band
is continued on the tail, and it usually reappears on the regenerated
part.

Lower parts white, pink, yellow, oranfe or brick-red, the orange or
red more frequent in males than in females,|| immaculate or with black

* Female from St. Lunaire; very feebly keeled in a male from Salonica.

+ 20in a female from Véslau, 40 in a male from Bassovica

+ As in a large female, with strongly depressed head, from Bagnéres de
Bigorre, figured in Tr. Z. 8. xvii, pl. xxv, fig. 7. Also in specimens from Paris,
the Pyrenees, the Alps near Randa, and Piedmont.

§ A female from Véslau is remarkable in having a paired series of dark spots
along the spine, as in the Spanish and Caucasian varieties.

|| The colour of the lower parts is of no importance for the definition of
varieties, as I haye seen specimens from the same locality with the belly white,
pink, or red, and it is not always a guide for the distinction of the sexes, as the
so-called var. rubriventris may be found in both sexes (Bedriaga, Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1879, p. 215). Kammerer is mistaken when he says of the female
(Arch. Entwickm. xxix, 1910, p. 459), “ Ventralseite des normalen L. muralis

niemals rot.”

168 Lacertidee.

spots, the black spots small or reduced to dots in females, often
numerous and large in males, in which they may be confluent into
longitudinal bands on the sides of the belly ; some males with the
throat and belly cream-colour with rust-red spots; sky-blue spots
usually present on the outer row of ventral plates, especially in males.*
Sometimes a dark streak along the series of chin-shields, forming a
chevron-shaped marking as in L. atlantica and L. galloti.

The following notes are taken from exceptional specimens :

Male from St. Lunaire. _ Black above, with numerous round lemon-
yellow spots; belly pinkish white, spotted with black.

Males from La Deva, opposite Arnao (var. rasquinetii, Bedr.).
Dark olive-green to dark brown above; a series of black spots along
the middle of the back; sides of body sky-blue with a black network ;
large black spots on the upper surface of the tail; lower parts bright
red, much spotted with black; the whole of the outer row of ventral
plates and the outer half of the adjacent plates sky-blue.

Males from Bassovica, near Trieste (var. maculiventris, Werner).
Much spotted with black above and beneath, with a black, wavy lateral
band ; approaching the var. brweggemanni.

In some males from Bosnia the belly is spotted to such an extent as
to appear black with numerous small white spots.

Uniform black specimens have been reported from Bordeaux} and
the Italian lakest and I have seen two from Florence,§ and one from
Marseilles (in the Paris Museum).

L. Vaillant|| in announcing the very interesting find of two
specimens of bluish-black wall-lizards on one of the Glenan Isles, on
the Atlantic coast of Brittany, has recorded them under the name of
var. lilfordi. I have had the opportunity of examining one of them
in the Paris Museum, and, as I expected, it agrees entirely in its
lepidosis with the typical form.4

Young, just out of the egg, are dark grey above with round or
vermicular lighter spots ; a black vertebral line is often present; the
two lateral streaks are usually very distinct and formed of more or less

* Chabanaud (1919) has pointed out their absence in several specimens from
Macedonia.

+ Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 76.

{ Kammerer, Zentralbl. f. Physiol. xx, 1906, p. 261.

§ On one of which I have reported in P. Z. 8. 1905, ii, p. 324.

| Bull. Mus. Paris, 1906, p. 438.

§| I am not sure whether or not to refer to the typical form the L. muralis
atrata, Bosca, from Las Ferreres Islets, Castellon: black above and dark blue
beneath. Black lizards, mixed with the “lagartejas ordinarias,’ were also
found on the mainland in the same province.

Lacerta., 169

confluent white spots; the blackish band between them, continued
from the temple, bears small round white spots; limbs blackish
spotted with white ; lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

oe
Deeeae near Dee (6.8 one Gs (On 10.8 Ll. wos 1S. 14: 15.

16. 17. 18

Fromendofsnouttovent .72 62 59 57 70 64 63 64 66 65 67 60 70 56 59 57 60 55
a “r », forélimb 28 25 21 24 28 25 25 25 25 27 22 21 24 19 21 21 22 19
Length of head . “ 218) 16) 16° 15-18) IG 17 17 17 17 Wh Ta 16 12 13 13 <a 12
Width of head lore Ore Operate 10.60.9010) 8 Fo 8h a's
Depth of head . " OO rb) LO 8) SitsbanBh Bias ese ats Ss Zo Gr 1G... (6
Forelimb . ~ : . 238 283 21 20 24 22 23 23 21 24 20 19 20 18 18 19 21 18
Hindlimb . ° . oo 3b 31 30 36 35 36 38 32 38 30 30 27 25 26 29 32 26
Foot. F : . 20 19 17 17 19° -18 19 21 16 19 17 16 16 Ja 14 16 17 16
Tail z ; a - .— 125 — 110 — 123 140 — 185 — 118 97 — 93 — 115115 —

1,11. Glenan Isles. 2,12. Eaux-bonnes. 3,14. Véslau. 4,15. Herkulesbad. 5. La Deva
(type of var. rasquineti). 6,16 Turin. 7,17. Genoa. 8. Bassovica (type of var. maculiventris).
9,18. Bosnia. 10. L. Stymphalos. 13. Pic du Midi.

The above measurements, compared with those of specimens of
varieties referred to in Group A, dispose of the statement of Eimer
that the typical form, his platycephalous type, can be distinguished
from the pyramidocephalous type (vars. campestris and albiventris) by
a broader head in proportion to its depth, in adult males. In the
above table the depth of the head as compared to the width varies
from 2 to 5; in the males of Group A from # to 55.

6?

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ile
FRANCE AND CHANNEL ISLANDS:

Q Jersey . : : : . 47 59 32 9 27 17-18 28
6 Great Chausey Id. 63 55 28 9 26 20-21 26
2 - 63 52 27 9 25 20 26
2 a 67 51 29 9 20 19 23
3 St. Malo 66 47 26 11 2] 18 22
fe) - 66 54 30 9 26 20 24
39 3 62° 50 32 9 26 19 22
ee i. : F : 53 50 29 9 25 20-22 22
6 St. Lunaire, nr. St. Malo 72 60 27 10 27 22-28 23
‘ as ¥ 58 58 25 11 22 20-22 22
_ nf us 58 55 25 12 24 23 23
fe) us = 67 538 30 9 24 21-22 23
e = 2 63 56 28 .7% 35 21 23
99 99 PA . oo o4 29 12 22 19-20 23
¢ Dinan 55 61 26 9 26 2425 26

55 O2 2 9 25 22 25

2 Dinan

Hi :

¢@ Glenan Isles

2 ” .

d i P.M.

, Bouron, Fontainebleau
”

re)
¥ ” ”

do Tours .

, St. Epain, Indre-et-Loire
’°

be] 99

I) ” ”
g Oléron
2 %» . .
, Cap Ferret, Arcachon .
” ” :
¢ Achard, near Bordeaux
2 Bagnéres de Bigorre,
Pyrenees, B.M. .
d Eaux-bonnes, Pyrenees, 700-
1100 m.

, Aspin, nr. Pic du Midi,
1545 m. ‘ :
3 Odilienberg, nr. Strasburg .

Q ”

of :
¢ GrandeChartreuse, Is¢re, L.M.

,, Montpellier .

4 ” . :
,, Marseilles, P.M. .

& Riou Islet, nr. Marseilles

Lacertidex.

61

59
64
52
60

“JI
bo

66
64,
64.
o4
65
65
59
53

70
64
58
64
59
64
54
62

48

Cree Ox, Or Sr Or
oS ot & Or CO

ce

5 WwW bd
So ©

Nomie °)

ING

bo pb wb bo
NG

Or mH or

bo po
ANG

bo pb po
COM Orr Src

IS bo bw bd bl
“I © 0

Do bh bd bw Ww
Tt mS He NO OO

2) Te) CE
a

i)
for)

a — ix
Wo} (Sj (sj de) Wey Yo) (=) We) s

a

—
Co m= OO © 6 © ww SOS CO OHO

Se
- ©

No)

bo
Ta js (85

bo bo

oWwW We HD OH

mo ww Ww ww

bo
w om bo

S po po pw 1
NG

bo bo WS W bw bw Do bh bk wh WL bd bl
NSP RO BPE WNW Ww

bo bo
eS

——

Lacerta.
i 2. 3. a. 6 6.
6 Riou Islet, nr. Marseilles . 60 52 25 8 23 18-19
,, Villefranche s. M. ; Pol wees, tly 24 16-20
» 93 os : . 60 50 28 9 20 17-18
fe) v . q - 44 57 27 8 28 20-21
6d Valdeblore, Alpes - Marit.,

1000-2000 m. . ; , OS 06) 2ayn9 Ssh -27-25
hart aa : : ; . 66 53 24 11 32 238-21
Rees) pe : : 5 . 61 59 27 I1 25 21-19
ee ; : : . dd G@ 25 I] Yd 21-22
Beet ms : : ‘ ~. ol 53, 25) 10.23 19
Sh ; ; - 49 51 25 9 22 19-20
a ; ; . . 60 47 29 8 24 20
cece ae ; 3 2 Oe Oo Spe MO, 25 20

BELGIUM: -

3 Dinant : 5 . 60 54 25 9 21 18-20
9 7 : » of 98° 25 10 23 21-20
%, = : : . . 4 55 25 9 23 21-20
5 : 3 : - 00 55 25 9 25 20

e is : : : » 59 (940 27 9-7 25. 20-21
99 PS : . . 096 62 28 9 24 21-18
99 3 : : ; . do Od 29 9 24 19-20
” 7 A : : . So 69 27 9 24 21-90
3 Maredsous, nr. Dinant . 6 55 24 9 28 20-21
5 Dende : . 6), ch. 25°mil, 32% 19

99 ss : - 60 a7 23 TL 22 20-19
ry) = . > Sot wah 24e. TO" 26>. 2-19
Oo " o¢ 06 25 Tl 24 19-2]
ae ee ; o2 55 25 10 24 18-19
» » “4 00, af Yao 9 26, 18419

39 - 62; 50 “27° 10 25 18=19
pede , oo, vaca? 10 +27 20-99
9” a Jo) mele wee a bo) eo 18
; ; A 53 54 27 9 25 20-19
eM oes es oe Soe eo” oO. vad 19-18
eg ee Le - 00 55 28 9 26 19-20

GERMANY:
2 Lower Ahr . : * (62, Poa aay © 2-9) 2721-90
3 Heidelberg . : : -, dor sop saan 10) 22 18
2 " F : . od 50 25 9 23 23-21
3b a PMs 2 : ~ GL sa8 25 E21 19-9]
Q - ‘Kore 5 --vor pe 2¢ 9 ° 20 18-17

—_
~
—

-~I

bo ro po bp
CO bd bw ot"

bo po WM bo
ogame &

bd bo bo Do DO
H> HS Or CO Od Hm Co OS

or)

mOonwmnnwmnwb wd WY WS WM Ww DW pb pvp
CoD Oe DD W

bo
Or

bo bo
ow WwW oN >

bo bt bk bo

bo bo
OO

~)
TS

bo lo et
bo sI

172 Lacertidex.

SWITZERLAND:
¢ Binningen, nr. Basle

”

” >» F :
dS Randa, nr. Zermatt, 1700 m.
” %9 0 23

AUSTRIA :
¢ Baden, nr. Vienna

W.C.

99 3? 9°
> ””?

’

& Voslau,

4e 4 = ; ;
¢ Médling, nr. Vienna, W.C.
,, Reichenau ae 5
» Pernitz 93 >
,, Meisenbach = : ‘
” rr Ps W.C..
CARNIOLA:
6 St. Peter
ne a . : :
HUNGARY AND TRANSYLVANIA:
3 Bazias . :
.» Herkulesbad
2 ”
SPAIN :
6 Barcelona

”? 99

be]

9
2 : :
S Hernani, Guipuzcoa

50

—

LS —
Oo oO Bo OOOH &

DOPCO MONO Sm COnGom cS

—
(CoS) Sy

25
22

onmnwnwenw Ww WwW wb vp
Do Bt op BB oo

bo kb be
CO — aD

bo bo WS DO
orw

¢ La Deva, Arnao ak of var.

» Burbia, Leon
,, Corunna

”

9

¢ Lozoya Valley, nr. Madrid . 69

99

Tray :
$ Bozen, 8. Tyrol

rasquineti)

29

9

”
3 Saragossa

¢ Silos, Burgos

Lacerta.

is

ho bo fy be

NIM © > Or

bo

Bo bo bO bo
& wo Ww cr

ODO DO bo
| RS on)

i ox

bo Nt WS dS Ww ‘po
bo 3;

Oo ©

ho bw bb po
bo eR ©

174

ITALY:

¢& Bassovica, nr. Trieste (type

Lacertide.

of var. maculiventris), W.C.

. Domodossola, Piedmont

:

6 Turin .

99 s

¢ Lanzo Valley, Piedmont

, Genoa .

3
2g ”
3

Florence

bP) 9°

2 ”

‘eo
2 29 ”

Bosnia AND HERZEGOVINA:

¢ Bosnia
” ”

a gs

6 Travnik

,, Livno,

Q 9?

¢ Herzegovina
,, Korito

4

, Portofino, nr. Rapallo .
Ferreira, Apennines

é :
,, Autrodoco, Abruzzi
_ Pietrocamala-Casale, Abruzzi
, Villalaga-Auversa

,, Montreale, Abruzzi

g Monte Gargano .

bb] 99 L
., Calabria ulta, F.M.

”

W.C.

9

99

1.

64
65
58

bo
OO H o9

hm we wow Ww bd we

we)
Cm Fe O & bb

—_

—
MDOHOTDD DDO MO

bo BO PDO pO
Hm CF DO m= DOD or ow

bo bp bo bw bp

SG

Lacerta. ioe

Ae 2. 3 4. 5 6 7
BuLe@aRia:
¢ OC. Bulgaria, W.C. / 60.52 94 ° 9 -26 19-20 26
» Teteven ; F ’ . 61,54 24 9 25 19-20 25
a rf J ‘ ; . 58 55 25 8 28 21-22 25
, Panagiurista ! : : 55 352 123° §& 26 20 23
e hutshuk +. . ; : 55-53. 025 9) 24. 1S—L9. 24
Q 5 WC... : . 54 52.,26 9. 29, 19-18 28
GREECE :
& Macedonia (type of DL. m.
riveti), P.M. . . 567 58 28 10 24 22-20 27
» L. Stymphalos . : .-65 54 26 11 24 20-19 28
, Pentelikon, nr. Athens . 688 54 24 9 24 22-24 27
5 Crete .; : ~ AS? 60> Se) 10" sl 20 26
Oe > 5 ae ’ y _ 57 5828 Ib Sk 20-21 22

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Collar plates. 5. Gular scales
in a longitudinal series. 6. Femoral pores (right and left). 7. Lamellar scales
under fourth toe.

Habitat—Central Europe as far north as Normandy and Jersey,
the Meuse, Rhine, and Danube systems ; Northern and Central Spain,
Italy (only a few localities in the Peninsula), Balkan Peninsula.
Reaches the altitude of 2000 metres in the Alps, 1500 metres in
the Pyrenees, 1200 metres in Bosnia.

The Varieties of Lacerta muralis.

The polymorphism of this widely distributed species is probably
exceeded by no other in the Class Reptilia. Some of the Southern
forms which I regard as varieties or subspecies are so different in
form, lepidosis, and coloration from the L. muralis of Central Europe
that it is no wonder they should have been considered as worthy of
specific rank by many authors who attempted to define them by
characters which do not hold when tested on large series of specimens,
as the detailed descriptions here given will show.

All the forms are so intimately linked that I feel bound to adhere
to the view I have always held that they should be united under the
comprehensive name of L. muralis.* Even the definition of them as

* In this respect I have the support of Prof. Giglio-Tos (L’Autosterie, Arch.
Entwmech. xxx, 1909, p. 53), according to whose views specific distinction
resolves itself essentially into a question of gametic correspondence, the male

176 Lacertide.

varieties is a matter of the greatest difficulty, if a conscientious adherence
to facts is never to be departed from. The grouping ‘of the varieties
is also very perplexing, and in the following attempt at some sort of
arrangement special consideration has been given to the geographical
distribution, in view of what I hold to be examples of parallel evolution
and convergence. A list of the principal varieties will show the
arrangement which I have adopted as the most practical for the
expression of their mutual affinities. The five groups radiate from
the typical form and in each the variety which I regard as annectant
to it is placed first on the list.

1. var. fiwumana, Werner,” p. 179.
| 2. ,, lissana, Werner, p. 185.
| 3 melisellensis, Braun, p. 187.
GroupI\ 4 serpa, Raf.,* p. 190. .
, campestris, de Betta, p. 193.
| 6. ,, albiventris, Bp., p. 199.
7 hieroglyphica, Berth., p. 208.
8. ,, erhardi, Bedr., p. 211.
9. ,, quadrilineata, Gray, p. 215.
10. ,, jfilfolensis, Bedr., p. 219.
ll. ,, lilfordi, Gthr.,* p. 225.
12. ,, pityusensis, Bosca, p. 228.
13. ,,. brueggemanni, Bedr., p. 252.
| 14. ,, nigriventris, Bp., p. 237.
15. ,, insulanica, Bedr., p. 241.
Group aT | 16. ,, tiliguerta, Gm., p. ae

Group IT -

|
|

17. ,, bedriage, Camer.,* p. 249.
18. ,, sardoa, Peracca,* p. 252.
19. ,, lolepis, Blgr., p. 256.
20. ,, hispanica, Stdr.,* p. 259.
21. ,, vaucheri, Blgr., p. 261.
22. ,, bocagii, Seoane, p. 262.

. 23. ,, monticola, Blgr.,* p. 268.

gamete having to fit exactly the female gamete, as for a key to turn in the
lock. An examination of the male genital glands is, in his opinion, in most
cases sufficient to decide whether a given form should rank as a species or as a
variety, and he has, at my request, applied this test to specimens of L. muralis
typica and var. nigriventris, albiventris, and tiliguerta, without finding the
slightest difference between them, whilst observing another state of things
in L. viridis, with which he has compared them.

Lacerta. 177

24. var. breviceps, Blgr., p. 271.

25. ,, horvathi, Méhely,* p. 273.
26. ,, caucasica, Méhely,* p. 275.
27. ,, chalybdea, Eichw., p. 278.
28. ,, saxicola, Eversm.,* p. 282.
29. ,, portschinskii, Kessl., p. 286.
30. ,, defilippii, Camer., p. 288.
dl. ,, rudis, Bedr., p. 290.

Group V {

The varieties marked * are held to be entitled to specific rank by
the most recent writers on the subject, L. von M¢hely or E. Schreiber.

I have given photographic figures of a considerable number of
specimens belonging to the various varieties, arranged in geographical
order, in my papers in the Transactions of the Zoological Society,
vols. xvii, 1905, and xx, 1915. However much opinions may differ
as to the systematic arrangement of these lizards, I trust these figures
will prove of lasting value to those who are not able to refer to the
originals, mostly preserved in the British Museum.

On the subject of the rank to be assigned to the various forms
here included under DL. muralis, cf. Mchely, Ann. Mus. Hung. v, 1907,
pp. 84, 469, and vii, 1909, p. 247; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7),
xx, 1907, p. 39, and (8), v, 1910, p. 247; Dehaut, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
xxxvi, 1911, p. 8; Bernardi, Mon. Zool. Ital. xxii, 1912, p. 226.

Group I.—East Coast and Islands of the Adriatic, Italy, Corsica,
Sicily, and Coasts of the Sea of Marmora.

This first group may be described as filling up the gap between
L. taurica and the typical L. muralis. It consists mainly of forms
which Eimer would have classified as pyramidocepali striate and
punctato-striate, reticulate being the exception. Green is the pre-
vailing colour of the upper parts.

The most primitive form, var. campestris, passes gradually on the
one hand into the var. jfiwmana, which approaches the typical form
and of which the vars. lissana and melisellensis are insular derivatives,
on the other hand into the var. albiventris. The Sicilian var. serpa
resembles the var. fiwmmana—no doubt a case of parallel modification
from a common ancestor, probably the var. campestris, whilst the
oriental var. hieroglyphica is almost identical with the var. albiventris,
although so far removed from it geographically.

It is quite impossible to give rigid comparative diagnoses of these
forms, so closely do they intergrade, but the following synopsis will
suffice in most cases for their correct identification when several

12

178 Lacertidx.

specimens of each are at hand. In all the varieties the scales are
more or less distinctly keeled, except in some specimens of the var.
albiventris.

Var. jfiwmana, Wern. Rostral usually entering the nostril, or
narrowly separated from it; 44 to 58 scales across the body (usually
48 to 53); 16 to 24 femoral pores (usually 19 to 22); 22 to 29
lamellar scales under the fourth toe (usually 24 to 27); head 3% to
42 times in length to vent in males; hind limb reaching axil or
shoulder in males. Size small—50 to 68 millim. from snout to vent.
—Kast Coast and islands of the Adriatic.

Var. lissana, Wern. Rostral usually entering the nostril; 51 to
60 scales across the body ; 20 to 25 femoral pores ; 24 to 51 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe; proportions as in the preceding. From
snout to vent 52 to 66 millim.—Lissa and Lagosta Ids., Adriatic.

Var. melisellensis, Braun. Rostral usually entering the nostril, or
narrowly separated from it; 50 to 64 scales across the body; 21 to
27 femoral pores (usually 22 to 24); 25 to 50 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe (usually 27 or 28); occipital often much reduced or
separated from the interparietal; head 54 to 43 times in length to
vent in males : hind limb reaching shoulder or collar in males. From
snout to vent 50 to 74 millim.—Islets near Lissa.*

Var. serpa, Raf. Rostral usually entering the nostril, or narrowly
separated from it; 50 to 67 scales across the body (usually 57 to
63); 18 to 28 femoral pores (usually 19 to 22); 27 to 33 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe (usually 28 to 30); head 3% to 4 times
in length to vent in males ; hind limb reaching collar or between collar
and ear in males. From snout to vent 57 to 72 millim.—Sicily.

Var. campestris, De Betta. Rostral often entering the nostril, or
narrowly separated from it ; 50 to 67 scales across the body (usually
53 to 62); 15 to 24 femoral pores (usually 17 to 22); 23 to 30
lamellar scales under the fourth toe (usually 25 to 29); head 31 to
4 times in length to vent in males; hind lmb reaching shoulder,
collar, or a little beyond in males. From snout to vent 52-82 millim.
—East Coast of the Adriatic, Italy, Corsica.

Var. albiventris, Bp. Rostral very rarely touching the nostril; 55
to 78 scales across the body (usually 63 to 75); 19 to 28 femoral pores
* From remarks made by Schreiber in the second edition of his Herpetologia

Europa I conclude that the black lizard of St. Andrea, near Lissa, is not the
same as that from Melisello (see var. albiventris).

Lacerta. 179

(usually 20 to 25); 25 to 56 lamellar scales under the fourth toe
(usually 28 to 35) ; head 33 to 4 times in length to vent in males;
hind limb reaching shoulder, collar, or between collar and ear in
males ; ventral plates of the two median rows often as broad, in the
middle of the body, as those of the adjacent rows. Size often large,
up to 90 millim.—Dalmatia, Islands of the Adriatic, South Italy.

Var. hieroglyphica, Berth. Rostral not touching the nostril ; 61 to
71 scales across the body; 21 to 26 femoral pores ; 30 to 35 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe; often 5 upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular; upper caudal scales very diagonal to the keel; head 3: to
4 times in length to vent in males; hind limb reaching collar or
a little beyond in males. From snout to vent 60 to 80 millim.—
Coasts of the Sea of Marmora.

I have expressed the opinion * that this group of varieties is derived
from primitive forms of which the Eastern species L. tauwrica and
DL. peloponnesiaca are the living representatives, and that a Western
branch, represented by L. campestris and L. fiwmana, has terminated
in L. serpa (sicula). It is not impossible that ZL. albiventris,
which is so completely connected with L. campestris, may have
originated in Italy as a cross between the latter and the southern
variety of the typical L. muralis (var. brweggemanni), and, passing
across the Adriatic, has again extended to the east (L. hieroglyphica).
It seems difficult to imagine two forms so similar as L. albiventris and
L. hieroglyphica having originated independently, and to fancy the
former derived from the latter would not be in accordance with
the principles that have guided me in estimating the value of the
morphological characters from the phyletic point of view.

Var. FIUMANA.

Lacerta muralis, var. neapolitana, subvar. a, part., Bedriaga, Bull.
Soe. Zool. France, 1879, p. 202, pl. ix, fig. 5.

Lacerta muralis punctato-striata, Eimer, Arch. f, Nat. 1881, p. 340,
pl. xii, figs. 4 and 5.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, subvars. a et e, part., Bedriaga, Abh.
Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, pp. 221, 226.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, vars. fiumana, olivacea, part., et striata,
Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli, 1891, p. 753, and Rept.
Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 42 (1897).

Lacerta muralis, vars. campestris et olivacea, Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth.
Bosn. Herzeg. 11, 1894, p. 570.

* C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, clxiv, 1917, p. 803.

180 Lacertide.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. littoralis, Werner, Rept. Amph.
Oesterr.-Ung. p. 161 (1897), and Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi, 1899,
p- 819.

Lacerta littoralis, Lehrs, Zool. Anz. 1902, p. 230; Werner, Verh.
Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, lii, 1902, pp. 382 and 384.

Lacerta littoralis, var. livadiaca, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,.
lii, 1902, p. 383.

Lacerta fiumana, Werner, BI. f. Aq. u. Terr.-K. xvi, 1905, p. 65, and
Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. x, 1907, pp. 660 and 666 ; Kammerer, Arch.
f. Entwicklmech. xxix, 1910, p. 474, pl. xv; Klaptocz, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst. xxix, 1910, p. 417; Schreib. Herp. Hur., ed. 2, p. 431 (1912).

Lacerta fiumana, var. imitans, Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ.
Wien, vi, 1908, p. 49.

Lacerta muralis, var. fiwumana, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p.
167, pl. xix, figs. 1-7.

I will first give a description of the widely distributed form, from
Istria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania
and Northern Greece, and various islands on the coast of Istria and
Dalmatia, to which the above synonymy pertains, and then refer to the
insular forms which are evidently derived from it, and which have been
described as vars. lissana, melisellensis, and galvagnii.

The typical var. fiwmana, which in size and coloration may be
regarded as connecting the var. campestris with the forma typica, 1s
hardly to be distinguished from the former, especially if compared with
specimens from Piedmont, where the var. campestris does not reach so
large a size as elsewhere. It is very easy to distinguish it from the
var. albiventris as occurring on the East coast of the Adriatic and on
several of its islands, but when Italian examples of the var. campestris
are taken into consideration, the gaps between the two extremes
disappear, and a continuous series connecting them is seen to exist.
This variety is also very closely related to the var. serpa and to
L. taurica, especially through the variety described by Lehrs as L.
ionica. Werner* has even hinted to the possible specific identity of
his L. fiumana with L. taurica and L. ionica, as had been suggested by
Wiegmann,t who alluded to this lizard under the name of Podarcis
merremii, Fitz. (non Risso), a nomen nudum under which L. fiwmana
and other green varieties have often appeared in the past. However,
the presence of pterygoid teeth in ZL. tawricat is, im my opinion, sufhi-

* Bl. f. Aq. u. Terr. K. xvi, 1905, p. 74.

+ Arch. f. Naturg. 1837, ii, p. 222.

t I have not found these teeth in any specimens of var. fiumana, any more
than in the typical form.

Lacerta. 181

cient ground for retaining that form as a species, which fills in the.
gap between the more primitive group of L. agilis—L. viridis and
L. muralis, vars. fiumana and campestris.

The following description differs very little from that of the var.
campestris, and it is to me often a matter of difficulty to distinguish
small specimens of that form from striated specimens of the present.
The lower number of scales across the body combined with rather
shorter limbs and a smaller size appear to be the most important
diagnostic characters, but there is a considerable overlap.

Head small, its length 3% to 44 times in length to vent in males, 44
to 43 times in females, either flat above, as usual in the typical form,
or even more convex than in the var. campestris, its depth equal
to the distance between the anterior corner or the centre of the
eye and the anterior border of the tympanum, its width 1} to

2 in its length; snout obtusely pointed, as long as or a little longer
than postocular part of head. Body not much depressed. The hind
limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in males, the wrist or the elbow
of the adpressed fore limb in females; foot a little longer than head
(up to once and one fourth). Tail 13 to 2} length of head and body.

Rostral shield usually entering the nostril or narrowly separated
from it*; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral; a single
postnasal} ; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout; a series of granules between the superciliaries
and the two principal supraoculars, the first of which is usually in
contact with the first, or with the first and second, superciliaries ;
parietals 11 to 1} times as long as broad, nearly always in contact
with the upper postoculart ; occipital very variable, usually shorter
than and as broad as the interparietal, sometimes narrower, sometimes
broader§ ; temporal scales sometimes as small as in a typical L. muralis,

* Exceptions in a male from Gorizia and in one from Brestica.

+ Two on one side in a male from Seoglio Supetar.

{ Exceptions in a female from Solta, in one from Gelsa, and in one from
Cettinje; Klaptocz (le.) also records an exception in a specimen from
Albania.

§ 2} times as broad in a male from Zeé. In a male from Brestica the
occipital is as long and twice as broad as the interparietal, whilst in a female
accompanying it the former shield is barely half as long and half as broad as
the latter. A small shield is sometimes intercalated between the interparietal
and the occipital; in a male from Bukovici and in another from Lussin Id.
the parietals meet in a short suture between these two shields; the three
specimens from the Istrian Karst (E. Schreiber), which formed part of the
Lataste Collection, have a short transverse cleft in the parietal on each side of
the interparietal.

182 Lacertide.

sometimes nearly as large as in a typical DL. tawrica, variable to the
same extent as in var. campestris; masseteric shield usually distinct,
frequently in contact with the upper temporal, or separated from it by
a single series of scales; four* upper labials anterior to the subocular,
the lower border of which is much shorter than the upper.

Collar-edge usually feebly but more or less distinctly serrated ; 7 to
11 plates in the collar; 20 to 29 scales and granules between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold
very distinct.

Seales on the back oval-hexagonal or distinctly hexagonal, distinctly
or sharply keeled, often smaller on the vertebral line; lateral scales as
large as or a little larger than the dorsolaterals, usually more or less
distinctly keeled}; 44 to 58 (usually 48 to 53) scales across the
middle of the body; 3, or 2 and 3, transverse series of scales
correspond to one ventral plate, 31 to 45 to the length of the head.
Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 25 to 31 transverse series. Pre-
anal plate moderately large or rather small, with two semicircles
of small plates; an enlarged median plate sometimes preceding the
preanal.

Scales on upper surface of tibia considerably smaller than the
dorsals, always distinctly keeled. 16 to 24 femoral pores on each side
(usually 19 to 22). 22 to 29 (usually 24 to 27) lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and obtusely but distinctly
pointed behind{: the scales more or less oblique with the keel parallel
to the axis of the tail; the whorls more or less distinctly longer and
shorter alternately ; 28 to 32 scales in the fourth whorl behind the
postanal granules.

* 'Three on one side in single specimens from Trieste, Bosnia, Trebinje, and
Zara. Not one of the many specimens examined by me has five, a number
which is sometimes found in specimens from Lagosta, and in as many as 10 per
cent. of those from Melisello.

+ Lehrs (Le., p. 281) says, ‘“‘ Riicken- und Flankenschuppen gleich gross, bis zu
den Bauchschildern dewtlich gekielt.” There is no constancy in this character.
In a female from Zara, of uniform olive coloration, the scales on the lower part
of the flanks are considerably larger than the dorsals, and perfectly smooth.
In various striated specimens, including the actual types from Fiume, I also
find the lateral scales distinctly larger than the dorsals, and the keels often so:
faint as to be difficult to detect.

ft The difference in the shape of the caudal scales, as compared to the var.
campestris (serpa, Schreib. part.), which Schreiber regards as one of the specific
characters of L. fiumana, does not exist. I have never seen the keels projecting
beyond the border of the scales.

Lacerta. 183

This lizard shows much variation in the coloration, and some of the
variations appear to be fixed in certain localities.

A. Green or olive-brown above, with brown vertebral and lateral
bands spotted with black; six light, pale green or white streaks, viz.
on each side, one bordering the vertebral band, one from the super-
ciliary border to the tail, along which it extends for some distance,
and one from below the eye to the side of the tail, passing through
the ear, above the fore limb, and through the hind limb. Lower
parts white, unspotted, or with a series of black dots on the outer row
of ventrals. Specimens thus coloured (var. striata, Werner) are
hardly distinguishable from the var. campestris, but, according to
Werner, the head is, as a rule, more depressed (‘ eher platy-als
pyramidocephal”). The young is olive-brown, with six very sharply
defined white lines. Most of the specimens referable to Werner’s var,
striata are females, but some males agree with it, at least in having
the six light lines. Specimens from Bosnia and Herzegovina are in
the British Museum collection. The types of var. striata are from
Fiume, Spalato, Ragusa, Bol, and Gelsa. Strongly striated specimens
from Northern Greece have been named var. livadiaca by Werner.

B. Specimens in which the back is green (olive-green to bluish-
green) with black spots as in the preceding, but the white lines
reduced to the dorsal-lateral, have been named var. jfiwmana by
Werner ; they are mostly males, with bright orange-red belly and blue
spots on the outer ventral shields. From Fiume, Cherso, Veglia,
Brazza, Lesina. Specimens from the Istrian Karst and others from
Bosnia and Herzegovina are in the British Museum. Males from
Fiume, types from Dr. Werner’s collection, have the belly dotted all
over with black. A blue, black-edged ocellus sometimes present above
the shoulder.

c. Uniform green, dark green, or reddish brown specimens without
any markings (var. imitans Werner), similar in this respect to the
Italian individuals named var. modesta, but with the throat and breast
or the whole of the lower parts orange or red in the males at least,
occur in Istria, Dalmatia, and Herzegovina, and on the islands of
Lussin, Cherso, Veglia, Bua, Solta, Brazza, Lesina, Curzola, and
Meleda. Some individuals, however, show more or less distinct traces
of the light dorsolateral streak, whilst others with a few black spots
on the sides establish the connexion with the colour-variations
described above. Some male specimens from Istria, which I received
alive, were of a bright grass-green on the back, of a golden colour on
the head, sides, and limbs, and of a bright orange beneath.

184 Lacertidz.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

UR Pe aE A.

d Gorizia . ; ~ 300) AQ aeG a
Q Karst. ) ; » “5 V4Si ra0yet0
gf a Ng > VS Asli eee
& Trieste. ; ; . $6) 452" 126 38
9) a : : . 67° SI 26416
& Fiume (type) . : ; . 63 748" 25 55
Oo ks ol ne, ; . 65: 45° 30 96
3 Zee Islet, nr. Veglia Id. . . 68 55 25 10
2 . 5 Gl 36 264s
2 s . . 56° 552 S00 10
& Cherso Id., Istria. . 0: "Sh" (27s ad
$9 4: 5 EG. . 60 53 28) 16
5 amesim tds. | (5, ve ee , 159° 53° 9297412
,, Zara, Dalmatia ; ; 57 SPS 27 3
nS mA ~ 02) “50 = 26) 0
5 57 52) 28° he
‘ : 55 48 26 8
52 49 25. 10
Pater 3 50 50 28 9
ei 3 DD ‘on ‘lord
ae a: » 02 “AY 3308
Ns a . 00" 53 i381” 39
,, Ragusa, Dalmatia, W.C. : $5 Ade O9meS
., Solta Id., . . Sa “S52 G29 aa
é Brazza id., __,, : ; . dL 7 5t) 257 a8
? Bol, Brazza Id., Dalmatia,
W.C. ; : » oD 497289
& Lesina Id., Dalmatia . 45 55 25 10
g os 5 . 46°53 29° “9
», Curzola Id. x . 65 45 2B 9
29 $5 . 44 47 30 9

& Meleda Id. 5, W.C. . 66 58 27 8
,, Scogho Supetar, Dalmatia,

W.C. ; : . 61 50) “26759
ae y ; . 54 50 30 8
& Bosnia . ; ; . 61 48° -25)-09
> 5, : ; . d4. 51 30° 20
3 Capljina, Herzegovina. . 55 58 25 10
2 * aR: . ol 57 292 49
do Bukovici i : » 05. 66: 27719

NOR NO Nod OR OO RO OOP Wo
On bdo & fk og:

bo bo bo
ox GS CO
mm bo bo bo

to

ste Oo = =

‘> bo po pO PO
em oe ote oe
Lo co D>

bo p

i

»
93

25

ho po bo bb bo
oww kk

Lacerta. 185

Le 2. 3. 4, 5. 6 de

2 Bukovici, Herzegovina. . 52. 50 29 7 21 22-21 24
d Brestica 5 ; aa Ay ae 9! (2S 22...) 27
» Trebinje - 2 . 60 50 26 9 26 22-21 25
” a a ; . 54 50 26 9 24 21-19 22
,, Cettinje, Montenegro, W.C. . 59 53 26 9 22 22 25
2 Njegus . = » S640 AB? S08) 9, 22 19 24.

The seven columns as for the typical form, p. 175.

A. Klaptoez has recorded the abundance of this lizard in North
Albania, in the plain in the neighbourhood of Shkodra, whilst the
typical L. muralis alone occurs in the town itself and in the mountains
up to 1000 metres altitude. The scales across the body are stated to
vary between 40 and 63, the femoral pores between 15 and 25—a range
of variation which exceeds that mentioned by me, and fills up the gap
between the vars. fiwmana and melisellensis, so far as these characters
are concerned.

In Herzegovina this lizard occurs up to 1200 metres.

On the distribution, cf. Werner, Mitth. Nat. Ver. Univ. Wien, Vi,
1908, p. 50, pl. 1 (map).

Var. LISSANA.

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. lissana, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xli, 1891, p. 752, and Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 51
(1897).

Lacerta litoralis, var. lissana, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
lii, 1902, pp. 888 and 384; Scherer, Bl. f. Aq. Terr.-K. xv, 1904,
p. 198.

Lacerta fiumana, var. lissana, Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ.
Wien, vi, 1908, pp. 45 and 46.

Lacerta muralis, var. lissana, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p.
172, pl. xix, figs. 8 and 9.

The lizard of Lissa, which, as recognised by Werner, is hardly
separable from that of Lagosta, was first regarded as belonging to the
group of the L. muralis typica (fusca, Bedriaga), but as establishing a
connexion between it and the L. fiwmana, referred at the time to
Bedriaga’s neapolitana group.

I agree that it is nearer to the var. fiwmana than to any other, yet
as it differs by an average higher number of lamellae under the fourth
toe, viz. 24to 31, usually 28, instead of 22 to 29, usually 24 to 26, as
well as by an average somewhat larger size, I think it may perhaps be

186 Lacertide.

kept distinct from that widely distributed form, although some speci-
mens are hardly distinguishable.

According to Werner the Lissa lizard is never green—does not even
show a trace of green. Upper parts grey or coffee-colour, the dorsal
region unspotted or with dark brown spots or marblings, sometimes
separated from the much spotted lateral region by a light streak; a
dark vertebral streak, formed of a series of spots, which does not
begin behind the occiput, but further back, about the middle of the
body ; in males the belly is red, without spots, except on the sides,
which bear large blue spots on the outer row of ventral plates; in
females it is white.

This description apples also to the lizards from Lagosta, except that
the upper parts may be green, that some among them may have the
dark vertebral streak originating on the nape, and that others have
the markings very indistinct. The blue spots on the sides of the belly
may occupy the whole outer series of shields, forming a continuous
broad band. :

Male specimens from Lissa, which I received alive through the
great kindness of M. G. de Southoff, had the nape and the anterior
part of the back light green, the upper surface of the head, the sides,
the limbs, and the tail brown; two or three blue ocelli above the
shoulder; large blue spots on the outer row of ventrals, in one
specimen forming a continuous band; throat and belly white, or
yellow tinged with orange. I have seen a few specimens (males) with
small black spots on the belly.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1 2. 3 4. 5 6. a
Go Lissa (type), W.C. 65 55 28 9 28 23-24 28
ee: oe 61 51 25 8 24 25-24 28
ry) 99 52 53 26 8 24 22-94 27
eS ,, 52 54 25 9 29 21-24 31
; 3 65 54 25 8 28 24. 29
5 *. 65 53 27° 9 25 24-25 28
ts 65. 57° 726. 1922" e20" ~ 228
He oS 58 58 26 8 24 23 24
ae 55 55 30 9 25 21-23 25
sy. 8S 53 60 2959 9.430 21) we
> 58 11520 2b 9225.0 abe see
9 9 . 58 52 26 8 23 23-24 25
¢ Lagosta . . 66 55 28 11 29 2423 28
y» i> . 64 52 27 8.25 23-24 27

Lacerta. 187

ee Wr: 3. 4. 5. 6. Ts
S Lagosta . . 64 55 26 10 28 23 28
é is . 62 52 26 10 25 22-23 28
.: s ; . 62 53 26 9 26 21-22 28
» a . 61 52 26 9 24 22-23 27
_ * . 58 54 26 9 26 25-24 28
fe) e . 538 538 28 9 25 24-23 27

Columns as on p. 175,

A description of the form and scaling would be almost entirely a
repetition of that of the var. fiwmana. I will only observe that,
whereas the collar is usually feebly serrated in the specimens from
Lissa, as in the var. fiwmana, it is entire in those from Lagosta. The
size is larger than usual in the var. fiwmana. The temporal scutella-
tion is variable, and the masseteric disc may be absent, but it is often
large and in contact with the anterior upper temporal. The occipital
is usually small or very small, and is sometimes pointed in front, or
even separated from the interparietal—a feature which appears to be
the rule in the black form occurring on Melisello. Only one specimen
has 5 anterior labials, and on one side only. The scales on the back
are distinctly keeled ; they may slightly increase in size and completely
lose the keels on the lower part of the flanks; the caudal scales are
truncate rather than pointed.

Var. MELISELLENSIS.

Lacerta melisellensis, Braun, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wiirzb. iv, 1877, p. 49,
pl. ii, fig. 4.

Lacerta muralis, var. melisellensis, Bedriaga, Nature, xx, 1879, p. 481 ;
Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 19138, p. 174, pl. xix, figs. 10 and 11.

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. melisellensis, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges.
xiv, 1886, p. 197.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. merremi (melisellensis), Werner,
Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli, 1891, p. 754, and Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-
Ung. p. 44 (1897).

Lacerta serpa, var. melisellensis, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
lhi, 1902, p. 386; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 454 (1913).

Lacerta litoralis, var. lissana, forma melisellensis, Scherer, Bl. f. Aq.
Terr.-K. xv, 1904, p. 193, fig.

Lacerta serpa, var. galvagnii, Werner, Mitth. Naturw. Ver. Univ.
Wien, vi, 1908, p. 49.

There are few better examples of the difficulty of discriminating
between the races of Lacerta. muralis, which are so often proclaimed

188 Lacertide.

to be entitled to specific rank, than that afforded by the black lizard
of the Melisello Rock near Lissa, first described by Max Braun
as L. melisellensis.

The view entertained by Bedriaga that the Melisello lizard is a
black insular race of the typical L. muralis (his L. muralis fusea)
would, in the light of our present information, be highly surprising,
since it has been shown that the latter does not exist on Lissa nor on
any of the islands off the coast of Dalmatia. Later, however, Werner
and Lehrs pronounced it to be merely a melanic form of the var.
neapolitana (= albiventris), which on rocks near Capri produces the
L. cxerulea or faraglionensis.

My reasons for dissenting from both these views are derived from
the study of the scaling, to which previous authors had not paid
sufficient attention when making their comparisons.

In describing the lizard, Braun had correctly mentioned and figured
the larger scales of this variety, as compared with the var. albiventris,
and it will be seen by a glance at the tabulation that follows, that it is
so, the number of scales across the body being 50 to 64 (usually less
than 60) in the Melisello lizard, and 62 to 75 in the var. neapolitana
from the East Coast and islands of the Adriatic. The number of
dorsal scales would be in favour of a derivation from the typical L.
muralis, but against this we have the greater number of subdigital
lamelle under the fourth toe (25 to 30, usually 28). In these numbers,
however, we have so complete an agreement with the lizard described
as var. lissana (Sc. 51-54, lam. 27-31, usually 28), that, when I
became acquainted with it, I at once felt convinced as to the relation-

ship of the two forms, as had already been pointed out by Scherer in.

1904. All doubts as to the derivation of the var. melisellensis from
the var. fiwmana are removed by an examination of the lizards from
Lissa and Lagosta, which furnish the missing link.

In the following table particulars are given of the 19 specimens
from Melisello examined by me. The two first specimens form part
of the series out of which Braun’s original types were obtained; the
last 8 belong to Dr. Werner’s Collection, the rest being in the British
Museum.

=
bo
nd
is
or
on

~I

Be coed n 2 eb Oumne

25 10 27 23-2
ee . 58 54 29 8 27 25-23 25
ae . 73 62 28 10 27 22-24 28
68 59 25 9 29% “25 ~ 28
65 64 24 11 29 22-23 30
; 65 63 26 I1 32 23 28

i a: ae ae: 6. 7
3 65 60 25 10 31 27 28
. 63 60 25 10 29 22-23 30
i 63 57 26 8 25 23-94 28
" 61 58 26 9 28 2 28
9 56 56 27 8 26 21-92 28
3 74 58 24 10 29 22 7
i 70 55 25 9 80 23-24 30
3 65 52 25 8 28 2493 »
60 56 26 9 30 24 28
Fs 58 52 25 10 26 23-24 29
9 60 50 28 8 30 2423 28
' 59 53 29 8 27 2493 27

55 50 30 9 29 22-91 2

Columns as on p. 175.

The size is often larger than in the var. lissana, but the proportions
are the same except that the head may be a little larger and the hind
limb reaches the shoulder or the collar in males, the elbow of the
adpressed fore limb or the axil in females. The dorsal scales are
usually less distinctly keeled, and those on the flanks are always
smooth ; 35 to 48 scales on the middle of the back correspond to the
length of the head. Collar sometimes entire, sometimes feebly
serrated. First and second superciliaries in contact with the first
supraocular. Masseteric disc large and often in contact with the
upper temporal. 5 anterior upper labials in 10 per cent. of the
specimens examined (on one side in six specimens, on both sides in
one). This insular form has a tendency to lose the occipital shield, in
fact it is entirely absent in the first and fifth specimens of the above
list; it is small and separated from the interparietal in 13 out of the
19 specimens examined, in which case the parietals form a short
median suture, small and just touching the interparietal in 3, forming
a narrow suture with the interparietal in 2. :

Dark brown to nearly black above, with the markings of the var.
lissana more or less distinct—at least in certain lights. Females have
a black vertebral streak, sometimes light-edged, and a light dorso-
lateral streak extends from the superciliary edge to the tail; males
have more the style of markings shown by the specimens from
Lagosta. The lower parts are black, or of a blackish steel blue, with
pale blue spots on the sides ; in the males these blue spots are large
and often form a continuous band along the outer row of ventral
plates, in females they are small or very indistinct. The broken tail

190 Lacertidez.

is sometimes regenerated black or blackish, but more often brown
above and whitish beneath.

According to Scherer, the young do not differ in colour from the
lizards of Lissa.

Specimens from the Scoglio Kamik, west of St. Andrea, near Lissa,
have been named by Werner var. galvagnii. They differ from the
Melisello lizards in the absence of blue on the sides of the belly, being
uniform black or blackish. By their heavy form and thick tail they
remind one of the var. lilfordi melanos, but the scaling is the same as
in var. melisellensis, as the following tabulation of the two type-
specimens shows:

I 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Ue
72 54 26 10
70 538 27 10 28 24 £29

In both specimens the occipital is small and separated from the
interparietal ; in the larger the masseteric disc is small on one side
and absent on the other.

The black lizard from St. Andrea is alluded to further on, under
the var. albiventris, from which it is perhaps derived.

Bi.

te

Var. SERPA.

Lacerta serpa, Rafinesque, Caratt. ale. n. Gen. Anim. p. 8 (1810).*

Podarcis muralis siculus, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1836).

Lacerta taurica, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 225 (1839).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878,
p. 285, Bull: Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 202, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, .
p. 274, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 220.

Lacerta muralis fusca, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, p. 181.

Podarcis muralis, var. sicula, rubriventris, doderleinii, De Betta,
Atti Ist. Ven. (5), v, 1879, p. 389.

Lacerta muralis punctato-fasciata, part., Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881,
p: 302. :

Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 56 (1885) ;
Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 444 (1912).

Lacerta muralis, var. tiliguerta, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 30
(1887).

* Whilst holding Bonaparte’s P. siculus to be a strict synonym of L. serpa of
tafinesque, I am in doubt whether to refer the latter author’s L. sicula to
L, viridis or to L. muralis, var. tiliguerta. The length of Rafinesque’s L. sicula,
viz. 10 French inches = 270 millim., seems to exclude the present form, which
is not known to exceed 220 millim.

Lacerta. 19]

Lacerta sicula, Scherer, Bl. f. Aq. u. Terr.-K. xiv, 1903, pp. 277,
288, fig.

Lacerta muralis, var. serpa, part., Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii,
1905, p. 394, pl. xxvii, fig. 7, and xx, 1913, p. 155.

Lacerta serpa, var. doderleini, Schreib. op. cit. p. 456.

The bright green wall-lizard of Sicily, on which the name Lacerta
serpa was bestowed by Rafinesque, has usually been associated with
the green varieties of Italy under the name of serpa or neapolitana,
but Tam now of opinion that it should stand as a distinct variety,
bearing considerable resemblance to L. taurica, to which it was
referred by Duméril and Bibron, and also to the var. jfiwmana, as
first pointed out by Scherer. It differs from the latter form principally
in the larger head of males, the longer hind limbs, and smaller scales
on an average, whilst the longer digits have a higher average number
of scales on the lower surface. As pointed out by Eimer its pattern
of markings is highly suggestive of the typical L. muralis of C. Europe,
and when the green colour is absent the superficial resemblance is
great indeed.

Head 3% to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 42 times in
females, 1} to 1+ times as long as_ broad, usually rather convex
above, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner
or the centre of the eye and the tympanum; snout obtusely pointed,
as long as the postocular part of the head; pileus 2 to 2} times as
long as broad. Body moderately depressed. The hind limb reaches
the collar or between the collar and the ear in males, the elbow, the
axil, or the shoulder in females ; foot 14 to 135 times as long as head.
Tail 14 to 21 length of head and body.

Rostral shield usually entering the nostril or narrowly separated
from it; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral*; frontal as long
as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout; parietals
14 to 14 times as long as broad, in contact with the upper postocular ;
occipital always shorter than the interparietal and often a little
broader, sometimes minute or reduced to a granule, or separated from
the interparietal by a small shield; a series of granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries, which number 5 or 6, first usually
longest and forming an oblique suture with the second, the series of
granules sometimes complete, sometimes incomplete or much reduced
(5 or 6); 4, rarely 5, upper labials anterior to the subocular, the
lower border of which is much shorter than the upper; temporal
scales small, usually with 3 to 5 more or less enlarged but narrower
upper temporals, the first of which is the longest; masseteric shield

* In one male the rostral forms a suture with the frontonasal.

192 Lacertide.

usually present, large or small.* 22 to 30 scales and granules between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular
fold very distinct. Collar with even or feebly serrated edge, composed
of 8 to 12 plates.

Pterygoid teeth exceptionally present.

Seales on the back granular or oval-hexagonal, more or less dis-
tinctly keeled, not larger than those on the sides, which are smooth
or very feebly keeled: 50 to 67 scales across the middle of the body,
usually 57 to 65; 5 or 4 transverse series of scales on the side corre-
spond to a ventral plate, 56 (2) to 51 (¢@) in the middle of the back,
to the length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 25
to 30 transverse series—25 to 28 in males, 28 to 30 in females; the
plates of the second series from the median line the broadest. Pre-
anal plate moderately large, bordered by two semicircles of small
plates, rarely by one.

Seales on upper surface of tibia keeled, smaller than dorsals. 27
to 33 lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 28 to 30. 18 to 23
femoral pores on each side, usually 19 to 22.

Caudal scales more or less oblique, the upper diagonally keeled,
with truncate or obtusely pointed posterior border, the lower, at the
base, smooth or faintly keeled; the whorls often very unequal in
length ; 26 to 38 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the post-
anal granules.

Coloration: Males bright green above, with a more or less dis-
tinct light dorsolateral streak usually bordered on the inner side by a
series of small or moderately large black spots; a vertebral series of

small or moderately large black spots usually present; sides with

numerous black spots or reticular marblings enclosing light spots, or
with a series of ocellar spots. Belly white, orange, or brick-red,
without spots, or white with a brick-red spot, on each of the plates
except the outer, which are always blue and rarely spotted with black.

Females bright green, olive, or pale brown above, with a white,
sometimes dark-edged dorsolateral line, a dark-brown or reddish
brown lateral band edged below by another white streak, from
the upper lip to the thigh, the dark band sometimes speckled with
darker or with round light spots ; a vertebral series of small dark spots
sometimes present all along the back or only posteriorly. Belly white
or pink,t} the outer ventral plates blue or bluish.

The head is unspotted or with very small black spots or dots; the
tail may be variegated with dark and light spots, sometimes forming

* Absent in two specimens.
+ Sometimes of a “ rosso deciso ” according to Camerano.

Lacerta. 193

cross-bars, in males, or bear a dark, light-edged lateral streak in
females and rarely in males; one or two blue ocellar spots may be
present above the axil; limbs often with round light spots.

The coloration is, in some cases, absolutely the same as that of
certain specimens of the var. fiwmana, and some females closely
resemble striated specimens of the typical form.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

at 7 en: 5. 6. Ue

do Monte Cuccio, nr. Palermo . 72 67 26 12 28 21-23 28
« Of 90 tan (97725, 22 29

66 60 25 10 26 23-21 31
66 50 28 9 22 20-19 29
. 64.59 27 10 24° 227° 29
ee as o a . 68 64 28 11 26 20-21 33
64 "of 29 9 Jo. 20) 27
62 59 28 9 24 20-22 29
57 63 30 10 27 21-20 30
Bee . 35 zi # . o¢ 58 28 Il 22 20 29
6 Bosco di Marineo, Palermo . 70 65 27 I1 25 22-23 30
63 63 25 10 29 21-22 30

” 39 9

2 _ ms . 64 60 29 9 27 2I-19 30
o Palermo . : : : . 6 58 25 8 26 19-20 28
W.C. : : . 20 66 26 12 30 20-22 30

68 57 26 8 26 21-20 29

67 60 25 10 23 21-20 30

- . . 62 61 25 9 22 18-19 29

2 / L663) 28) 9 2 92 a9
62 59 28 9 26 20 29

” 9 ” °

Columns as on p. 175.

This variety is confined to Sicily. All the specimens I have seen
are from Palermo and its vicinity.

Var. CAMPESTRIS.

Podarcis muralis, var. campestris, De Betta, Atti Acc. Verona,
xxxv, 1857, p. 152, Faun. d’'Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 28 (1874), and Atti Ist.
Venet. (5) iv, 1878, p. 897, and v, 1879, p. 388.

Lacerta tiliguerta, De Filippi, N. Ann. Se. Nat. Bologna, (3) v, 1862,
p- 69.

Lacerta muralis, var. campestris, Leydig, Deutsch]. Saur. p. 228
(1872); Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri, ii, p. 25, pl. i, fig. 3 (1874) ;

18

194. Lacertide.

Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, pp. 890, 405, pl. xxvii, figs. 1 and 2,
and xx, 1918, p. 178, pl. xx, figs. 3-5.

Lacerta muralis striata, part., Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri, ii, p. 25.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, vars. campestris et livornensis,
Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, pp. 274, 279, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xix,
1886, pp. 223, 225.

Lacerta muralis striata campestris, Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881,
p- 828, pl. i, figs. 1 and 2.

Lacerta muralis maculato-striata, part., Eimer, t.c. p. 336.

Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 36
(1885) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 444 (1912).

Lacerta muralis, part., Camerano, op. cit. p. 30, pl. i, fig. 39.

Lacerta muralis, var. tiliquerta, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 30
(1887).

Lacerta muralis, var. multifasciata, Positano Spada, Bull. Soc. Rom.
Zool. i, 1892, p. 154, fig.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, vars. olivacea et merremii, part.,*
Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung., p. 43 (1897).

Lacerta serpa, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, li, 1902,
p- 382.

Lacerta serpa, var. subeampestris, Schreib. op. cit. p. 452.

Head 8: to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 5 times in
females, 11 to 12 times as long as broad, moderately depressed, its
depth in the tympanic region equal to the distance between the
anterior corner of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum ;
snout obtuse, as long as or a little longer than postocular part of head.
Neck as broad as or a little narrower than the head. Body moderately
depressed. Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the collar, or a little
beyond the collar in males, the axil or the elbow of the adpressed fore
limb in females; foot 1} to 14 times the length of the head. Tail
cyclo-tetragonal at the base, then cylindrical, 12 to a little over 2 times
as long as head and body.

Rostral shield narrowly separated from the nostril or, not rarely,
entering itt; nasals always forming a suture behind the rostral;
frontal usually as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
sometimes considerably shorter; a series of granules between the
superciliaries and the two principal supraoculars, the first of which is
usually in contact with the first superciliary, rarely with the second

* Non L. merremia, Risso (= L. muralis typica). L. merremii, Fitzinger, is a
nomen nudwm which has been used by Erber (Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xviii,
1867, p. 855), Bedriaga, Werner and others in different senses.

+ Two postnasals on one side in a male from Zara.

Lacerta. 195

also, the granules sometimes reduced to 3 or 4*; in a few specimens
the series of granules beginning from the first supraocular + ; parietals
1: to 13 times as long as broad, usually in contact with the upper
postocular, but sometimes nott; occipital very variable, usually shorter
but often broader than the interparietal. Nearly constantly 4 upper
labials anterior to the subocular,§ which is narrower beneath than
above; temporal scales usually larger than in an average typical D.
muralis, with the tympanic shield always distinct and the masseteric
frequently so; enlarged upper temporals narrow or absent. 21 to 32
scales and granules between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate; gular fold very distinct; collar more or less
distinctly serrated, sometimes as much as in L. agilis, composed of 9
to 11, rarely 7 or 8, plates.

Seales on the back roundish-hexagonal or oval-hexagonal, very
distinctly, often sharply keeled, the vertebral line usually with a more
or less regular band of much smaller granular scales; lower lateral
scales as large as or a little smaller or a little larger than the dorso-
laterals, smooth or faintly keeled ; 50 to 67 scales across the middle of
the body, usually 53 to 62; 3 or 4 transverse series of scales corre-
spond to one ventral plate, 33 to 50 to the length of the head. Ventral
plates in 6 longitudinal|| and 23 to 31 transverse series (23-29 in
males, 27-31 in females). Preanal plate frequently rather small, with
2 or 3 semicircles of small plates, but sometimes large and with a
single semicircle. Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than
dorsals, more or less strongly keeled; 25 to 30 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe, usually 25 to 29; 15 to 24 femoral pores on each side,
usually 17 to 22.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and usually obtusely but distinctly
pointed behind, those on the sides oblique and diagonally keeled ; 30 to
40 scales in the fourth whor] behind the postanal granules.

Typical examples of the var. campestris, as represented by speci-
mens from Venetia, the Po Valley, and Istria, have the upper surface
of the head, a vertebral band, the sides of the body and limbs, and the

* Specimens from Sansego and Zara.

+ Specimens from Venice, Bologna, L. Trasimene, Florence, Montecristo,
Grado, Zara.

t In 4 specimens from Turin, in 2 from L. Trasimene, in 5 from Castelfranco,
and in 3 from Sansego.

§ 5 on one side in single specimens from Venice, Auversa, and L. Trasimene,
3 on one side in a specimen from Florence, in another from Viareggio nr. Pisa,
and on both sides in one from Ancona and in one from Corsica.

| The outer ventral plates are divided into two in a female from L. Trasi-
mene,

196 Lacertide.

upper surface of the tail pale brown or olive brown, the sides of the
back bright grass-green ; the brown, often hght edged, vertebral band
bears two parallel series of small black spots, or a single straight or
zig-zag series of large black spots ; these spots, as a rule, do not begin
until some way behind the occiput or nape; the sides, in females, bear
two more or less distinct, straight or wavy, whitish streaks (the upper
proceeding from the superciliary border, the lower passing through the
ear), which may be edged with black or bordered by small black spots,
whilst in adult males they are spotted with black and white, the spots
often forming ocelli; a large black spot or an ocellus with blue or green
centre often present above the axil; black spots on the upper surface
of the head present or absent; white black-edged spots on the hinder
side of the limbs. Large male specimens have the upper surface of
the head bright green. Lower parts white, greenish, yellowish, or
reddish, without spots, or with a series of black spots on the outer row
of ventral plates, which may also bear blue or green spots, usually of
small size. The young are always very distinctly streaked, and the
two green streaks are narrower in proportion to the brown areas.

Further specimens answering to the above description occur in
other parts of Italy, as far south as Rome, in Elba and Corsica,
and in Northern Dalmatia. More aberrant colour-variations are the
following :

Green colour absent, or reduced to a narrow streak on each side of
the vertebral stripe (males and females from Turin and Trieste).

Olive above, with three reddish brown stripes, but no spots (female
from Turin).

Pale brownish grey, with a pale green stripe on each side of the.
ventral line ; a trace of a whitish dorsolateral streak ; no spots (female
from the sandy shore at Ostia, near Castelfranco).

Uniform greyish olive (Sansego, var. olivacea of Werner).

Green above, with three dorsal series of large black blotches (Rome,
Florence, Zara).

Five black stripes along the body, with narrow light streaks between
them (var. multifasciata, Positana Spado, from Ponte Salerio, near
Rome).

Green above, with a dorsolateral series of large black spots ;
another lateral series of large black spots from axil to groin, and a
third on the outer row of ventral plates, which are blue; no vertebral
stripe or series of spots (var. livornensis, Bedr., from Calambrone,.
near Leghorn).

Lacerta.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ITAty :
¢ Verona

99 ”

2 Venice

9 ”
» Lido
& Treviso

99 | ‘?

3 Bologn:

29 bed

2 39

¢ Viareggio, nr. Pisa

. Florence (Bedriaga)
ty oa se,

2 ” ( 99 )

A) Oe Ce ae
re ss (Florence Mus.)
Pe abese” oth 9 )

os * (Southoff)

6 Calambrone (type of var.
livornensis)

, Ancona

4, Perugia

2 29 : : :

¢ L. Trasimene, Perugia .

” ”

2 ” ”

3

3 Castelfranco

39 ”

-

or
ow > & DY NT ¢

aoa uN

aS
SI 09

64
64

2.
60
57
54
57
57
61

3.

Or ot D

for)

obo po bt bb bp po
Co os)

co

i

Cw Ww CO

or

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198

S Castelfranco
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3 Rome .

2 ro oa : :
,, Autrodoco, Abruzzi
6 Auversa a4

,, Alfedena .
,, Assergi PS
,, Montecristo Id.
,, Llba
CorsIca :
2 Corsica :
IstRIA AND DALMATIA:
S$ Grado, W.C.
+s. HLBIESLC! \ 455
” 9

” ”

© ” W.C.

¢ Capo dIstria, W.C.
» Pola, W.C. .

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S Sansego Id., W.C.

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3 Zara

Lacertide.

SIN NT ® N Or Or DS DD
I MOON ND OW W

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“I 00 <©

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Lacerta. 199

1 2. 3. 4. 5) 6 f fy

3 Zara ie ao. 27. 10, 27 20-97) 35
at ot Gos cGf2o. obi 24, 24-99. 07
Os fo 5S .8Lb. 9, 28 23 29
me ty WE o4 29 11 28 18 26
Petes - 69 <57 29 9 25 20-21 29
re Fo F : . OS .OluGed of ool 20 25
ee, i's ‘ : - 60 56 28 9 28 19 26
ee oe : : : ; . 66 56 80 8 26 18-19 27
ee : < ; : - 49 538 28 10 22 18 25

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—Italy from Venetia and the Po Valley to Rome and the
Abruzzi; Elba, Montecristo and Corsica; Eastern Coast and islands
of the Adriatic as far south as Northern Dalmatia.

Var. ALBIVENTRIS.

Podarcis muralis albiventris, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf.
(1836).

Lacerta muralis, vars. h, i, j, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v,
p- 234 (1839).

Lacerta muralis cerulea, Eimer, Verh. phys.-med. Ges. Wiirzb. iii,
1872, Sitzb. p. ix, and Zool. Stud. Capri, 11, p. 5, pl. i (1874).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, Bedriaga, Entsteh. d. Farb. b. d.
Eidechs. p. 15 (1874).

Lacerta faraglionensis, Bedriaga, op. cit. p. 16, pl, and Die
Faraglione-Eidechse (1876).

Lacerta muralis, vars. striata, part., elegans, modesta, maculata,
Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri, ii, p. 24, pl. i.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p.
285, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 202, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 274,
and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 220.

Lacerta muralis, vars. faraglionensis, latastii, viridiocellata, Bedriaga,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, pp. 207, 209, 211, pl. ix, fig. 4.

Podarcis muralis, vars. albiventris, maculata, faraglionensis, De Betta,
Atti Ist. Ven. (5) v, 1879, pp. 389-393.

Lacerta muralis maculata, reticulata, part., concolor, part., eeruleo-
cxrulescens, cxrulescens monaconensis, ceerulescens gallensis, Eimer,
Arch. f. Nat. 1881, pp. 375-389, pls. xili—xv.

Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 56 (1885);
Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 444 (1912).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, vars. albiventris, pelagose, Bedriaga,

Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, pp. 223, 227.

200 Lacertidex.

Lacerta muralis, var. tiliquerta, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 30
(1887).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. merremit, part., Werner, Rept.
Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 43 (1897).

Lacerta serpa, var. pelagose, Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, li,
1902, p. 384.

Lacerta serpa, var. adriatica, Werner, t.c. p. 386.

Lacerta muralis, var. serpa, part., Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii,
1905, p. 394, pl. xxiii, fig. 2, and pl. xxvii, figs. 3 and 4, and xx, 1913,
pp. 148, 180, pl. xx, figs. 6-9.

Lacerta serpa, var. cazz%, Schreib. op. cit. p. 454.

2 Lacerta serpa, var. argus, Schreib. op. cit. p. 455.

In Southern Italy and in Dalmatia this form replaces the preceding,
more northern variety, with which it is so completely lnked as to
render the naming of certain specimens arbitrary.

It is, asa rule, a larger form, in some respects differing less from
the typical L. muralis. The occiput is usually flatter, the temporal
scales are smaller, more granular, the collar has the edge even, or, if
feebly serrated, less distinctly so, the subdigital lamelle are more
numerous on an average, the caudal scales are usually narrower, less
oblique, and more truncate posteriorly, their posterior border rarely
forming a well-marked angle, the scales on the body are smaller on an
average; and finally, the rostral shield very rarely touches or enters
the nostril.

Head 3} to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 42 times in

females, 1} to 13 times as long as broad, usually flat on the occiput, |

its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner or the
centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout obtusely pointed, as long
as or a little longer than the postocular part of the head. Pileus 2 to
2, times as long as broad. Body moderately depressed. The hind
limb reaches the shoulder, the collar, or between the collar and the
ear in males, the elbow or the axil in females; foot once and one
sixth to once and a half the length of the head. Tail 12 to 24 length
of head and body.

Rostral shield separated from the nostril, with rare exceptions* :
nasals forming a suture behind the rostral}; frontal as long as or
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout; 6 superciliaries,

* 3 males from Monte Gargano.
+ Except in a male from Rome.—2 postnasals on right side in a male from

Pompeii, on both sides in a female and on left side in a male from the Faraglioni
Rocks and in a female from Pompeii.

Lacerta. 201

rarely 5 or 7, first longest and forming an oblique suture with the
second; series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-

ciliaries rarely complete, the first superciliary usually, the second

sometimes, in contact with the second supraocular* ; parietals 14 to 14
times as long as broad, usually in contact with the upper postoculart ;
occipital sometimes very small, but often as long as and broader than
the interparietal,f from which it may be separated by a small shield§ ;
4 upper labials anterior to the subocular, rarely 5|| ; subocular much
narrower beneath than above ; temporal scales small, often granular,
with the tympanic shield always distinct and the masseteric usually so,

often large]; enlarged upper temporals narrow, 3 to 6 in number,

sometimes hardly distinguishable in size and form from the other
temporal scales.

24 to 38 (usually 25 to 36) scales and granules between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold
very distinct. Collar not or but very feebly serrated.

Pterygoid teeth rarely present.

Scales on body very small, convex, round or oval-hexagonal, more or
less distinctly keeled, sometimes smaller still and irregularly disposed
on the vertebral line; 55 to 78 scales across the middle of the body,
usually 63 to 75; 3 or 4, or 4 or 5 transverse series correspond to a
ventral plate, 55 (9 ) to 55 (¢) to the length of the head. Ventral
plates in 6** longitudinal and 25 to 32 transverse series (23-28 in
males, 26-32 in females); in the middle of the belly the plates of the
median pair sometimes as broad as the others.}+ Preanal plate
moderately large or rather small, bordered by two or three semicircles

of smaller plates or scales.

Scales on upper surface of tibia keeled, usually smaller than dorsals.

* Granules reduced to 5 in two specimens from Scoglio SuSaé and in one
from Ponza Id. Series complete in a female from Ischia, male and female
from Procida, male from Gianuti, male from Casamicciole, female from §S. Nicola.

+ Exceptions in a male from Ponza Id. (v. latastii), and in a female from
Pompeii.

t Longer and broader in a male from Rome and in a female from Scoglio
Sugac. Completely absent in a male from Gianuti.

§ Males from Rome and Monte Gargano, females from Ponza.
| On both sides in males from Pelagosa Grande and S$. Nicola, in females
from Pompeii and Pelagosa Piccola, on right side in a male from Arbe Id. and
in a female from the Faraglioni.

* Absent in a specimen from Capri and in two from the Faraglioni.

** Exceptionally 8, according to Eimer and Bedriaga, in specimens from the
Paraglioni.

++ A feature of very exceptional occurrence in the other varieties.

202 Lacertide..

25 to 36 lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 28 to 33. 19 to
28 femoral pores on each side, usually 20 to 25.

Caudal seales usually narrow and straight, sometimes more or less
oblique, upper strongly keeled, truncate, rarely obtusely pointed ; the
whorls not very unequal in length, the fourth or fifth containing 28 to
38 scales.

Coloration very variable, even in specimens from the same locality.
Some individuals, females and young, closely agree in colour and
markings with the striated var. campestris, but the more frequent and
characteristic pattern consists of agglomerations of black spots on the
vertebral line and on the sides, forming three bands (var. striata,
Eimer), which may be spotted with white; others are irregularly
spotted or reticulated with black (vars. elegans, maculata, Eimer), or
the black spots may form cross-bars on the sides, or even on the
posterior part of the back. The colour of the back varies from
ereyish brown to olive, grass-green, or bluish green; the sides are
usually brown, rarely green. Some specimens* show only faint traces
of darker markings, and lead to others which are uniformly olive
or vellowish brown (vars. modesta, concolor, Eimer). A blue or
green ocellar spot is often present above the axil, and may sometimes
attain a large size. The tail is brown and usually bears bars of
black and white spots on the sides, sometimes extending across the
upper surface, sometimes interrupted by a dorsal series of large black
spots. The limbs often with round light, black-edged spots. | Upper
surface of head brown, rarely olive green, sometimes much spotted
with black.

The lower parts are usually white, the throat often bluish, with blue
and black spots on the outer ventral plates ; exceptionally the adjacent
ventrals may also be spotted with black,t or the belly may be grey,
appearing as if powdered with black pigment when examined under a
magnifying glass.f

A remarkable specimen from Cosenza, Calabria, preserved in the

* From Rome, Ponza, Ventotene, and Vivara Ids.—These are specially men-
tioned in view of Eimer’s statement (Capri, p. 29), “ Niemals habe ich an der
modesta Spuren von Flecken wahrnehmen kénnen.”

+ Type of var. latastii, from Ponza Id., the belly of which is said to have
been pinkish in life.

t Male from Sorrento, Gulf of Naples, male and female from S. Stefano Id.,
near Naples; some specimens from the latter island are said, according to
Bedriaga, to be nearly black above, with green spots, and blue on the belly,
whilst a male specimen with black belly has been referred by me to the var.
nigriventris on account of its strongly depressed head. Specimens with grey
belly also occur in the small islands of the Adriatic, as mentioned further on.

Lacerta. 203

Turin Museum, approaches the var. nigriventris. Body and limbs
olive above, with black spots forming a wide-meshed network; no
distinct ocellar spot above the axil; head much spotted with black
above ; a black streak along the side of the head, passing through the
eye and above the tympanum, continued on the neck; tail with
blackish transverse bands with sharply defined white spots on the
sides ; throat and belly greenish white, with small black spots.

The most remarkable colour-variation among Italian specimens is
that exhibited by the lizards found on the Faraglioni rocks close to
Capri (var. cerulea, Eimer, faraglionensis, Bedr.). | Black or bluish
black above, with more or less distinct markings of a more intense
black, sapphire blue or greenish blue beneath ; pale blue spots usually
present on the sides ; a blue or green ocellar spot above the axil. The
vars. ceruleo-cerulescens, cerulescens monaconensis, and cerulescens
gallensis of Eimer, from other small rocks near Capri, also with blue
belly, are practically intermediate in the dorsal coloration between the
var. cerulea and the lizards of Capri, which do not suffer from those
found about Naples and are likewise highly variable in colour and
markings. Specimens with blue belly and blue or blackish back, with
or without lighter blue or green spots, are reported from the Mezza-
giorno rock near Palmarola, and 8. Stefano Island.

Several insular forms, of smaller size than the true var. albiventris,
have been described from the islands of the Adriatic.

The specimens from Pelagosa Grande represent Bedriaga’s var.
pelagose, which is described by Werner as of a remarkably light
greenish yellow or greenish white ground-colour with deep black
markings; the belly is usually white, but Bedriaga describes it as
sometimes blue or bluish, and Werner found it red in one specimen.
Young specimens are elegantly streaked, and so are some female
specimens, the markings of which may be suggestive of Acantho-
dactylon vulgaris. Males usually have a black vertebral stripe, straight
or wavy, or a vertebral series of large black spots, separated from the
spots on the sides by a narrower streak of the ground-colour; these
spots may form longitudinal series, coarse marblings, or cross-bars.

A female 48 millim. long from snout to vent is gravid.

As regards the scaling, I note the following departures from what
is normal in the var. albiventris. The series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries is usually complete; in 5
specimens out of 18 the parietal is not in contact with the upper post-
ocular; one specimen has 5 anterior upper labials, and two lack the
masseteric shield.

The var. adriatica from Pelagosa Piccola is described by Werner as.

204 Lacertidsx:.

distinguished bya greyish green or bluish grey ground-colour with the
markings much less sharply defined, of a dark greyish brown. These
markings consist of a dark vertebral stripe with round light spots,
and a dark network on the sides enclosing round light spots ; small
dark spots on the head ; belly greyish (in spirit).

The tail is rather thick in its basal part, does not taper so gradually
as in other lizards of this group, as pointed out by Schreiber.

4 or 5 rows of scales correspond to one ventral plate; the dorsal
scales are round granules without distinct keel; the first supraocular
is normal in the male examined by me, but is broken up into two or
three granules in the female ; the male has four anterior upper labials
on each side, the female has five ; the masseteric shield is large in the
male, small in the female; the collar-plates are small, as in var.
bedriage.

The lizard of Cazza Island, near Lissa (var. cazze, Schreiber), comes
very near to this variety as regards size and markings, which, how-
ever, may be described as black, and the belly is likewise grey. It
further agrees with the specimens from Pelagosa Piccola in the small
size of the collar-plates, the presence of five upper labials on both sides
in one specimen and on one side in the other, and in the fine granular
sealing (71-76 scales as against 60-70 in specimens from the Dal-
matian mainland and Pelagosa Grande). If the var. adriatica be
regarded as worthy of recognition, the specimens from Cazza should be
referred to it.

Specimens from Scoglio Susaé, near Lissa, which I received alive
from M. de Southoff, were very similar to the above, but the scales
across the body number only 63 to 71. Greyish or reddish brown
above, vertebral region sometimes (males) of a pale, dull green; a
vertebral series of large black spots which may be confluent into a
band with scalloped edges ; females with 6 light lines or series of
light spots ; tail with black and white spots forming bars on the sides.
Lower parts purplish grey to dull lilac, with turquoise-blue spots on
the sides. Other specimens are very dark, almost black, above, and
dark grey below, and very similar to those found on S. Stefano, near
Naples.

According to Schreiber, specimens indistinguishable from the Cazza
lizard occur also on St. Andrea Island near Lissa, alongside with a black
form referred by him to the var. melisellensis of Braun, with which it is
connected by numerous intermediate specimens, and also another black
form described from a single example under the name of var. argue.
More slender in habitus, with a longer and thinner tail (more than
twice as long as head and body). Dark olive-brown above, black on

Lacerta. 205

the head and sides, with numerous bluish-green ocellar spots irregu-
larly disposed ; blue beneath. The masseteric disc is large, surrounded
by rather large scales ; the dorsal and lateral scales are elongate and
strongly keeled on the posterior part of the body, and only 3 corre-
spond to a ventral plate. 24-25 femoral pores. This form seems to
require careful study on a larger material, as it may be more nearly
related to the var. fiwmana than to the var. albiventris.

The same author (p. 455) finds complete agreement between his
specimens of the var. pelagose and the lizard figured by Bedriaga as
var. Jatastii, from Ponza, and he therefore unites the two under the
latter name. I can see no reason for this course, which seems in con-
tradiction with the principle set forth higher up in the same work
(p. 409), “Ich selbst . . . glaube aber, dass-es immerhin misslich
ist, zwei in ihrer geographischen Verbreitung durch einen so
weiten Zwischenraum getrennte Formen als zusammengehdérend zu
betrachten.”’ *

Thanks to M. de Southoff, I have been able to examine a large
number of specimens from $ Nicola, Tremiti Islands, Adriatic Coast
of Italy. I can see no reason for separating them.from the typical
var. albiventris from the mainland.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Tray: Tea 24 3S. fae? Bs 6. i
do Rome . : . 90 76 27 10 381 25-24 30
eae © : : : . 86 73 25 10 30 26-27 33
a ee ! , 63 69 29 Tl 28 23° 30
6 Pompei. ; : . 80 60 24 9 227 25-26 31
7 ‘3 : : 5 9 GO". Zora 2k °220r” 329
is A , 5 . 720 66 24 9 27 22-23 29
7 = a9 66.25 10 26 ID 30
fe) is 7 63 28. 11 29 2-293) 31
53 5 70 59 28 7 26 20 29
- ‘ : : - 61 58 26 10 28 19-21 28
= 3 é ; - 50 62 29 9 24 22-23 27
6 San Stefano Id. . : in WD Cheers een a5 23 29
fe) % : : . (0 “ek SOFIA 87 '27-26' 29
< :. ; . GU Wga woee ta. oG 98 383
6 Ponzald.(typeofvar.latastii) 71 71 24 10 381 27-28 30

neers. b *.. ORwepeeaetOe-93- “ox gy

* In the case alluded to (vars. monticola and horvathi) no one has suggested
uniting the two forms under one name ; their similarity is to be explained as a
case of convergence such as we meet with so frequently in this species.

206 Lacertide.

2 Ponza Id.
& Ventotene Id.
> Ischia .

3& Vivara Id.

, Procida Id. .
»

; > :
& Casamicciola Id. .
», Sorrento
Q Capri .
¢ Faraglioni

2 a

9 55 : rf :
¢ Cosenza, Calabria, T.M.
» Reggio, Calabria .

99 >

"
S Monte Gargano .

+B) 99
3 Lecce, Otranto
” 29 >

99 ”° 3)

2 9) 9?

East Coast anD ISLANDS OF THE

ADRIATIC:
o Arbe Id., Istria. .
& 9 W.C.
& Zara, W.C. .

nD DD DO NW PO DO DO PO DW oo
oO OBR SD BO om O°

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Lacerta.

Spalato, W.C.
2 99 ” ‘4

d Cazza Id., near Lissa .
”) ” ”

39 ” ”

. win Ab .
., Scoglio Susac, near Lissa

.
3 Pelagosa Piccola _,,
8)
3

S. Nicola, Tremiti Ids.

Columns as on p. 175,

i
80
66

74:

71

69

70

66
63

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29

29

31

Habitat.—Italy, as far north as Rome and Monte Gargano ; Dalmatia
and islands of the Adriatic as far north as Arbe Island, Istria.
In the north of its range, this variety appears to merge completely

into the var. campestris.

208 Lacertide.

Var. HIEROGLYPHICA.

Lacerta hieroglyphica, Berthold, Abh. Ges. Gotting, 1, 1843, p. 54.

Lacerta muralis, var. neapolitana, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1879, p. 206.

Lacerta serpa, Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxi, 1, 1902, p. 1082, pl. 1.

Lacerta muralis, var. hieroglyphica, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913,
p- 201, pl. xxi, figs. 4, 5.

A further example of the difficulty of defining races in this poly-
morphic lizard is offered by the specimens from the islands of the
Asiatic coast of the Sea of Marmora, which have been referred by
Werner to L. serpa. Apart from more strongly diagonal caudal scales,
a character which does not seem of great importance, in view of the
range of variation ascertained in the typical L. muralis of Central
Europe,* this lizard agrees so closely with specimens of the var. albi-
ventris from South Italy that I would have referred it to that form
had I not been aware of the distant localities whence it was obtained.
It also bears a strong resemblance to the var. tiliguerta. The two
female specimens kindly entrusted to me by Dr. Werner show the
following size and scaling (columns as on p. 175) :

a8 Pp 3k 4. 5. 6. ie
Oxia . : - 9 65 68 29 Il 28 22-21 32
Platia . : » gy G2 71. 288 Oe OB 2 etal)

Head flat above, its depth equalling the distance between the centre
of the eye and the anterior border of the eye, its length once and a
half or once and two thirds its width; snout pointed, as long as the
postocular part of the head. The hind limb reaches the shoulder;
foot once and one third or once and two fifths the length of the head.
Tail nearly twice as long as head and body.

Rostral not entering the nostril ; frontal nearly as long as its distance
from the end of the snout; series of granules between the superciliaries
and the supraoculars incomplete, the first, or first and second super-
ciliaries in contact with the second supraocular ; parietals once and one
third as long as broad, in contact with the upper postocular ; occipital
a littie shorter and a little broader than the interparietal; temporal
scales granular, with a moderately large masseteric shield; upper
temporal shields small (3 to 6); four anterior upper labials in the
_ specimen from Oxia, five in that from Platia.

* Even in the var. albiventris, specimens with oblique, diagonally keeled

caudal scales are occasionally met with, the character best marked in a female
rom Monte Gargano, thus still further reducing its diagnostic value.

Lacerta. 209

Collar with even edge; gular fold distinct.

Dorsal scales very small, roundish, convex, faintly keeled granules ;
3 or 4 correspond to a ventral plate, 42 or 43 to the length of the head.
Preanal plate rather small, with 2 or 3 semicircles of small plates ; in
the specimen from Platia it is followed by a series of granular scales,
as sometimes occurs in the var. albiventris. Scales on upper surface
of tibia feebly keeled, a little smaller than dorsals.

Upper caudal scales moderately keeled, truncate, very diagonal to
the keel, 30 or 31 in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Greyish olive above, uniform or with very faint darker reticulation,
white beneath, outer ventral shields bluish grey; a blue, black-edged
spot may be present above the axil.

Werner mentions having seen quite similar lizards at Pera, near
Constantinople, and he was perfectly right in regarding them as an
*‘olivacea-form”’ of the lizard described by Berthold as L. hieroglyphica,
from Constantinople. I was able to examine Berthold’s specimens
preserved in the Gottingen Museum, a half-grown male and a very
young. Apart from the reticulate markings and the proportions, due
to the different sex, the agreement with the Marmora Islands specimens
is very close.

ie 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. te
hee ; . 48 68 25 ll 34 26-24 35

The hind limb reaches a little beyond the collar. The male has
4 anterior upper labials on the right side and 5 on the left, the young
has 4 on both sides. 4 or 5 dorsal scales corresjorz2 to a ventral plate,
55 to the length of the head ; 54 caudal scales in the fourth whorl.

Berthold described his L. hieroglyphica as “supra nigra, figuris
hieroglyphicis albis notata.”” Now somewhat bleached, the larger
specimen appears olive with a wide-meshed black network, as is
frequently the case in the var. tiliguerta; the young is also reticulate,
but the markings have a tendency to dispose themselves in five
longitudinal series, as in some young of var. albiventris.

On a visit to the Florence Museum I found several specimens
labelled as from Cattaro, Dalmatia, which I refer to the same form.
No importance can be attached to the locality, and the fact that the
bottle in which they are preserved contains also two specimens of
Lacerta levis, Gray, makes it probable that they came from Asia.

i. 2k, 33e eeeee 6. it
eee . 80 69 28 Il 29 24-25
Ba Ne : , "80>. GE 30°10. 24s. 25

Hind limb reaching the collar in the male. Frontal shorter than

its distance from the end of the snout; occipital considerably shorter

14,

é
10 Lacertide.

and broader than the interparietal; masseteric disc small, absent on
one side in the male. 34 or 36 caudal scales in the fourth whorl.
Greyish olive above, with a darker vertebral stripe bearing small
black spots; sides with round light spots in a dark network.

Measurements (in millimetres): Varieties, Group I.

1.6223. & 8. 6. 4.8. B10. Ai 82. As 14 5G. Ais AS) AD oe oe

é 9 6 @ 2 6 2 6 SBS SOS se se sae as. See
a, 6 55 6 64 53 50 583 72 72 66 70 60 60 78 75 90 70 75 66 70 59 65 48.
b. 25 20 HH 2 18 19 22 30 29 2% 2 23 21 31 2 36 2% 31 2 27 22 23 21
e. 15 12 16 16 12 14 13 19 19 15 17 15 13 « 2 15 23 16 20 15 17 «*213«~«C«2is*d2“K
410810 01 8 747 8 2 12 38 Al 40 9) 12), 103 99 2 Pee es
eo 9 6 8 8 6 565 6 10 9 FY 30) "8 W110) 8 429 5 0 ees oes
f- ® 16 22 21 17 16 19 2 26 22 22 2 19 27 23 30 21 28 23 22 19 23 2-
g- 33 36 35 34 27 26 29 37 43 37 37 34 29 44 37 51 37 45 37 38 29 39 32
h. 18 15 19 18 15 15 16 21 2 21 2 18 15 2 2 27 21 2 21 19 16 2 18-
i, 117 — 130116 95 80 — — 155 143 128 100 102 127 120 — 134 136 122 — — 128 112

Var. fiumana, 1,2. Fiume (types).—Var. lissana. 3. Lissa (type). 4,5. Lagosta.—Var.
melisellensis. 6,7. Melisello (types). 8. Scoglio Kamik (type of var. galvagnii).—Var. serpa.
9,10. Palermo.—Var. campestris. 11. Verona. 12,13. Turin. 14, 15. Zara.—Var. albiventris.
16. Rome. 17. Pompeii. 18,19. Faraglioni. 20,21. Pelagosa piccola (types of var. adriatica).
—Var. hieroglyphica, 22. Oxia. 23. Constantinople (type).

a, From end of snout to vent. f. Fore limb.
4. From end of snout to fore limb. g. Hind limb.
ce. Length of head. h. Foot.

d. Width of head. i. Tail.

é. Depth of head.

Group Il.—Grecian Archipelago, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Linosa,.
Lampione, Baleary Islands.

The following insular varieties are grouped together as combining
characters of the typical form and the var. albiventris, to either of
which the three first have been referred by most authors. The group,
like the others, is not capable of definition, but it agrees more with
the first in the shape of the head, the collar is always even-edged, its.
plates often small or very small, and a dark vertebral streak or series
of spots is primarily present.

The following synopsis is drawn up to be used comparatively with
that of Group L: °

Var. erhardi, Bedr. Rostral not entering the nostril; scales smooth
or faintly keeled, 54 to 63 across the body; 18 to 26 femoral pores.
(usually 21 to 24); 26 to 33 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; hind
limb reaching axil or shoulder in males. From end of snout to vent
54 to 71 millim.—Grecian Archipelago.

Lacerta. 211

Var. quadrilineata, Gray. Rostral entering the nostril or narrowly
separated from it; scales smooth or feebly keeled, 56 to 77 across the
body (usually 58 to 72); 18 to 29 femoral pores (usually 19 to 25) ;
27 to 34 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; hind limb reaching
eollar or between collar and ear in males; foot 14 to 14 times as
long as head. From snout to vent 47 to 69 millim.—Corsica and
Sardinia.

Var. filfolensis, Bedr. Rostral rarely touching the nostril; scales
feebly or faintly keeled, 61 to 82 across the body (usually 64 to 80) ;
18 to 27 femoral pores (usually 20 to 25); 30 to 36 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe (exceptionally 27); hind limb usually reaching
collar or between collar and ear in males; foot 14 to 1} times as long
as head; belly usually more or less spotted with black. From snout
to vent 60 to 82 millim.—Malta, Linosa and Lampione.

Var. lilfordi, Gthr. Rostral usually narrowly separated from the
nostril; scales smooth, 70 to 90 across the body; 17 to 25 femoral
pores (usually 19 to 24); 27 to 32 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe; hind limb reaching shoulder or collar in males, or a little beyond ;
foot 1 to 14 times as long as head ; markings on the tail never forming
eross-bars. From snout to vent 50 to 70 millim.—Balearic Islands
(Minorea, Majorca, Cabrera).

Var. pityusensis, Bosc’. Rostral entering the nostril, often largely ;
scales feebly or faintly keeled, 55 to 68 across the body; 18 to 24
femoral pores; 26 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; hind
limb reaching shoulder or collar in males; foot as long as head or
a little longer. Markings on the tail never forming cross-bars. From
snout to vent 55 to 80 millim.—Balearic Islands (Iviza).

It appears probable that the forms of this group have been evolved
on parallel lines with the typical form and the vars. brueggemanni and
nigriventris.

Var. ERHARDI.

Lacerta muralis, part., Erhard, Faun. Cyclad. p. 80 (1858).

Lacerta pardalis (non Licht.), Erhard, op. cit. p. 81.

? Lacerta muralis, var. archipelagica, Bedriaga, Die Faraglione-
Eidechse, p. 18 (1876).

Lacerta muralis fusca, part., Bedriaga, Bull. Soe. Nat. Mose. lvi,
1882, p. 97.

212, Lacertidex.

Lacerta muralis fusca, vars. milensis et erhardi, Bedriaga, 1.c.
pp- 98, 99, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, pp. 194 and 195.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, l.c. p. 99.

Lacerta muralis fusca, vars. naxensis et nigrogularis, Werner,
Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi, 1899, p. 835.

Lacerta muralis, var. erhardi, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 19138,
p. 182, pl. xxi, fig. 1-3.

The wall-lizards of the Grecian Archipelago, which I group
together under the name of var. erhardi, whether brown or green,
resemble the var. campestris in the shape of the head, the greatest
depth of which equals the distance between the anterior corner or the
centre of the eye and the tympanum ; the snout is short and obtusely
pointed. The hind limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in males, the
elbow of the adpressed fore limb in females. Foot a little longer
than head.

The rostral shield is always excluded from the nostril; the series of
superciliary granules is sometimes complete, but as a rule the first, or
the first and second superciliaries are in contact with the second supra-
ocular; the parietals are only a little longer than broad, and in
contact with the upper postocular; the temporal scales are usually
small and granular, with distinct tympanic and masseteric shields ;
one, two, or three large upper temporals; occipital usually shorter
and broader than the interparietal*; four is the usual number of
upper labials anterior to the subocular.t

Collar not serrated, with 9 to 11 (rarely 8) plates, which may be
very small; gular fold very distinct; 27 to 35 scales and granules
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-
plate.

Dorsal scales small, granular, round or oval, smooth, rarely faintly
keeled, equal in size, 54 to 63 across the middle of the body, 3 and 4
series corresponding to one ventral plate, 38 to 56 to the length of
the head. Ventral plates in 26 to 34 transverse series (26-30 in
males, 31-34 in females). Preanal plate moderate, with one or two
semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, considerably smaller

* Ina male specimen from Syra (L. Miller) the interparietal and occipital
are separated from each other, the parietals forming a suture between them,
as frequently happens in var. melisellensis; in a female from Delos a small
shield separates them.

+ 5 on both sides in a male from Mykonos and on one side in male from Delos.
3 on one side in a male from Petali.

Lacerta. yA Is

than dorsals. 18 to 26 femoral pores on each side (usually 21-24).
26 to 33 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales truncate and very obtusely, very feebly,
diagonally keeled ; the whorls longer and shorter alternately ; 28 to 38
scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Specimens identical in form and scaling differ very considerably in
the coloration.

The form which has been referred to L. muralis fusca* is brown or
grey above, with small black spots, which may form two or three
longitudinal series on the back and reticulations on the side, the back
being separated from the side by a streak of the light ground colour,
which may be continued on the tail; some specimens with very small
dark dots, or nearly uniform; no very distinct markings on the tail;
lower parts reddish or whitish, unspotted. The largest specimen
measures 69 millim. from snout to vent.

In the var. milensis, Bedriaga, the upper parts are pale brown, the
sides yellow or greenish yellow, with black marblings often forming
cross-bars; blue ocelli above the shoulder. Belly bluish, with or
without large black spots, which may form longitudinal bands ; throat
often black with round light spots. Werner's var. nigrogularis, also
from Milos, differs in having a black vertebral stripe or series of
spots. From snout to vent 57 millim.

Bright green specimens, with the markings as in the specimens
deseribed first and with or without a black vertebral stripe have been
referred by Bedriaga to L. muralis neapolitana. Belly white or orange.
The largest measures 71 millim. from snout to vent.

Bedriaga observes that specimens from Tinos, Syra and Phanar are
green on the anterior part of the back, or only on the neck, and grey-
brown or greyish green on the rest of the back. In all these colour
variations, large blue or blue-green spots are present on the outer row
of ventrals, or the whole of the outer ventrals may be blue.

Var. erhardi, Bedriaga, from Seriphos, is described as similar to the
first variety, but with three or four yellowish green streaks on the
body, these streaks lemon-yellow on the neck; the throat lemon-
yellow.

And finally, Erhard describes two further varieties: (a) Black above
and beneath, with rows of green spots on the back (var. archipelagica,
Bedriaga). (6b) Reddish brown on the back and tail, green on the

* Also var. nawensis, Werner. The specimens before me are from Petali
(Bedriaga), Tenos (Bedriaga), and Naxos (Werner). These specimens often
bear a strong superficial resemblance to lizards of the var. quadrilineata, from
Corsica.

214 Lacertide.

head and neck, yellow beneath ; five large cobalt-blue spots on each side
of the body.* ‘The localities for these varieties are not stated.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ue 2 tos 4. 5. 6. Ue
3 Petali, Eubcea So) "68 S79 28) 1 34; See eae
» Delos. ; : : . 67 57 27 9 384 23-22 27
Ore : : . . 69 55 32 9 31 19-20 27
¢ Tenos, Cyclades. : . 67 57 28 10 35 21-20 30
», Mykonos, _,, 4 . A IOS 29) SS 24. 28
fe) = ke 3. 60260251, 49) <3 ee ee ar,
3 Syra, % . 65 56 27° 9 380 28-22)" 29

,, Naxos, » (type of var.
naxensis) . 69 57.27 9 3i 21 Ay.
; 639 07 geo eae 21 26
58 59 28 Jl 29 22-323 28

9 ”? 39

Q cs Me : . . 60 59 32 Il 31 22-21 29
- SS a s (Df ' 56 FSAr noe, same 29
& Santorin, _,, : ! « 168" 256" (277 ail 232 22 29

62 61 28 9 38 22-23 33
60' 55° 930) TL 33. 7 21 31
: : . 60° 160>° 29." Tl) 297 23=22 ze
2 - - : . 64 56 31 8 28 20-22 30
; d P64" 87 53) LOU 0 6 oe a
3 Milos, 55 (type of var.

milensis) . 57 56 28 11 34 26 26

, 9 Xe P.M. . . 58 56 26 10 381 22-23 29
2 - x 58 (o4 29° TO" 27, “W237 Fe26
5 . 53 56.29 9 27 22-21 28

5 é 54 54 26 9 28 24 28

Erimomilo, Cyclades (type of
var, nigrogularis) 55 55 31 9 33 24 OF
“ ¥ 5s : . 565 54 31 10 28 19-18 27

Columns as on p. 175.

Specimens of this variety are often difficult to distinguish from the
typical L. muralis. In such cases the higher number of transverse
rows of ventral plates (26 to 30 in males and 31 to 34 in females) and
of gular scales in a longitudinal series (28 to 35) will often help to
solve the difficulty. Thus a male from Pentelikon, near Athens, which
had been determined as L. muralis, var. erhardi by Prof. v. Méhely,

* This is perhaps a young L. viridis, similar to the L. major, var. pseudo-
ocellata of Schreiber.

Lacerta, 215

appeared to me from its proportions and coloration (bright orange
below) to be referable to the typical form, and this view was confirmed
by the number of ventrals and of gulars, viz, 24 and 24 respectively.
This specimen, now in the British Museum, has been mentioned by
Dr. R. Ebner in Verh. Zool.-hot. Ges. Wien., 1913, p. 310.

Habitat.—The var. erhardi appears to be restricted to the Grecian
Archipelago (Northern Sporades and Cyclades), the above-mentioned
reference to its occurrence near Athens being due to an erroneous
identification.

Var. QUADRILINEATA.

Zootoca quadrilineata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1858, p. 279.

Lacerta podarcis, var. genei, Cara, Mon. Lacert. Sard. p. 32 (1872).

Podarcis muralis, var. lineata, De Betta, Faun. d’Ital., Rett. Anf.
p. 29 (1874), and Atti Ist. Ven. (5) iv, 1878, p. 901, and v, 1879,
p. 389.

Podarcis tiliguerta, part., Camerano, Atti Ace. Tor. xiii, 1877, p. 87,
pl. 1, fig. 1.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879,
p. 274.

Lacerta muralis fusca, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 268, and
Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 191.

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. corsica, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1883,
p- 269, and op. cit. p. 193.

Lacerta taurica genei, Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 49, pl. 1, figs.
6-8, 22-25, 28 (1885).

Lacerta muralis genei, Camerano, Boll. Mus. Tor. 1, 1886, No. 7.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. lineata, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges.
xiv, 1886, p. 229.

Lacerta muralis, var. genei, Mchely, Ann. Mus. Hung. ii, 1904,
pp. 365 and 366,

Lacerta murals, var. quadrilineata, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii,
1905, p. 405, pl. xxiii, fig. 4, and pl. xxix, figs. 1-4; Schreib. Herp.
Eur., ed. 2, p. 421 (1912); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p. 153.

Head rather small, about 14 to 1} times as long as broad, moderately
depressed, its depth equalling the distance between the anterior corner
or the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 35 to 43 times
in length to vent in males, 4 or 5 times in females ; snout pointed.
Neck as broad as ora little narrower than the head. Body moderately
depressed. Hind limb reaching the collar or between the collar and
the ear in males, the shoulder or the collar in females ; foot 1} to 1}

216 Lacertide.

times as long as the head; toes rather long and slender, more com-
pressed than in the typical form. ‘Tail 1} to 2+ times as long as head
and body.

Rostral shield narrowly separated from the nostril or, frequently,
entering it*; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout; series of granules between the supraoculars and
the superciliaries either complete or beginning behind the first super-
ciliary; parietals 1} to 15 times as long as broad, usually touching
the upper postocular{; occipital often as long as and broader than
the interparietal ; temporal scales small and granular; tympanic and
masseteric shields always present ; upper temporal shield small, often
broken up into scales; normally four upper labials anterior to the
subocular,§ which is much narrower beneath than above.

27 to 40 scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct. Collar even-edged,
with 9 to 13 plates.

Scales small, round, oval, or subhexagonal, very convex, smooth or

feebly keeled, 56 to 77 across the middle of the body, usually 58 to
72; 40 (¢) to 57 (9) transverse series, in the middle of the back,
correspond to the length of the head, 3 and 4, 4, or 4 and 5 on the
side correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 24 to 32
transverse series (24 to 28 in males, 26 to 32 in females).|| Preanal
plate rather small, usually bordered by two semicircles of small plates.
Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or a little smaller than
dorsals, keeled; 18 to 29 femoral pores on each side, usually 19 to
25; 27 to 34 lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 30 to 33.
Caudal scales truncate, upper rather strongly keeled, more or less

oblique, the whorls subequal in length or longer and shorter alter-

nately; 30 to 537 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal
cranules.

Brown, olive, or green above, usually spotted or marbled with blackish
and with a yellowish or whitish dorso-lateral streak or series of spots ;
frequently a blackish vertebral streak or series of spots; sides, in

* In two specimens from Corsica and in two from Sardinia the rostral forms
a narrow suture with the frontonasal.

+ ‘The series is complete in 20 specimens out of 45 from Corsica, in 22 out of
47 from Sardinia.

{ Exceptions in 12 specimens from Corsica, in 1 from Sardinia.

§ 5 on both sides in 2 specimens from Corsica and in 4 from Sardinia, 5 on
one side in 3 from Corsica and in 6 from Sardinia; 3 in 2 from Corsica and in
| from Sardinia.

In one specimen from Corte, Corsica, a few of the plates of the outer row
are divided into two.

Lacerta. PALLY A

males, usually blackish, with numerous round light spots; females
frequently uniform yellowish brown or mahogany-brown on the back,
with a yellowish, black-edged dorso-lateral streak from the eye to the
tail, and another, wider light streak from the ear to the groin; limbs
with round, dark-edged, light spots. Lower parts white or yellow,
without or with black spots, which are usually confined to the throat
and the outer row of ventral plates, but which sometimes form a band
along the second row of plates from the median line in females as
well as in males. According to Lorenz Miiller, the lower parts are
sometimes bright orange in males.

Specimens in which the black markings preponderate on the upper
parts, the light ground-colour appearing as four dorsal lines with
small spots or cross-lines between them, have heen named by Bedriaga
var. corsica.

The following notes are taken from living specimens from Sardinia,
for which I am indebted to Count Peracca :

Coppery brown, yellowish brown, greenish yellow, or bright green
above; white, with mother-of-pearl sheen, or greenish yellow beneath ;
turquoise-blue spots always present above the shoulder and on the
outer ventral plates; some specimens with numerous blue spots on
the sides, alternating with others of a green or greenish yellow shade ;
the dorso-lateral streak pale brownish or greenish yellow.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1 23 4. 5 6 7
Corsica:
&d Orezza (type of var. corsica) 60 60 24 9 29 21 32
», Corte : : : . 569 58 26 10 28 23 34.
eG.) ane ; ; : . 567 65 26 11 380 25-26 30
0 hi i ; : : . 50 60 26 10 28 23-22 29
oa mee 55 56 26 9 31 20-21 30
Roe ati 51 57 29 ? 29 2422 29
at ae 50 63 26 9 34 23-24 30
3 Ajaccio 56 75 25 11 382 23-25 28
i a 56 72 24 11 30 22 ?
S e 55 69 26 138 28 21-22 31
Q < 55 70) +29. 10.-33 19 33
ie e . 5S 72 98 10 34 25 34
SARDINIA:
3 Latzorbé : ! . 64 66 27 9 28 22-21 30
PA _ : . ; . 638 77 28 10 40 23-24 31

” ” : : : . 62 66 25 9 385 2425 28

218 Lacertidex.

Ie Zen to 4 5 6. 7
dg Latzorbé . : j . 61 68) 26) “Sos 2s 0
4 3 . ~ OB: 64s BA) OT 28e reo.
2 e : . 60 64 27 9 34 22-33 32

58 60 26 9 27 21-20 33
57 58 29 10 40 2425 31
: » 52) “7h 2a like 433+ 28=295 530
: : . ol -61 29), 1 “31, 2ieze wool

99 99

& Flumini di Quarto : . 69 63 27 10 28 28-22 34
oF . ' : . 6382-715 Zor lh, B0~ Paz eieaol
33 re - : . 60 64 26 9 35 2423 33

60 60 26 9 27 22-23 31
68 72 26 9 29 2425 31

? 7 - (69 60.32) 10) 27) =22 ees
x) Ff 5 : Jha OC 29) Vee 200 ASE Se= 22
$ Lanusei : : : . 638 66 27 10 39 25-24 34
re " : ; : . 61 70 25 11 40 27-28 3]
=. i, : , oad - 7OW427 S32 26 27
f 7 ; 5; , . 48 75 25 14 36 238-22 31
fe) 3 : : : - 5¢'° 66" 29) “it al, “22-23 ee
” 3 : : : - ABZ 27 Lika s2 25 31
6 Caghari : ‘ . 64 65 25 11 38 25-24 28
9 a ; ' ; . 08163! Zoe 2 23 31
55 ; . 02 72 27 9 34 2426 32
2 3 : F ; 2) bY 61827 S29 feel 32
¢ Carloforte, 8. Pietro Id. . 64 73 25 11 30 26-25 32
0 99 3 :* 602, 60, 2694 e3ar e22il 31
9 99 rr . 57 64 26 11 33 23 33
99 99 a . 54 61 23 11 34 28-25 30
2 2 a ol (eae LOpes2 22 28
,, Sardinia (type) ; . 60 67 28 11 380 26-24 30
us 3 GS) . ol 60 26 11 382 21-22 30
» 93 Ca) . Ad G4 927-0 Te S29) 20 31
"TUNISIA :
¢ Tunis, T.M.. : . 60 63 27° 11 381 22-23 3st

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—This variety is common in Corsica and Sardinia, from sea-
level to about 1100 metres altitude. Its occurrence in Tunisia has
been reported by Camerano, on the evidence of a single specimen,
stated to have been obtained in the vicinity of Tunis by the late
Marquis O. Antinori in 1865, along with one of the var. tiliguerta.

Lacerta. 219

Var. FILFOLENSIS.

Zootoca lilfordi, part., Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N.H. (4), xiv, 1874,
p. 158.

Lacerta filfolensis, Bedriaga, Die Faraglione-Eidechse, p. 19 (1876) ;
Braun, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wiirzb. iv, 1877, p. 49, pl. i, fig. 14; Bedriaga,
Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 297. |

Lacerta muralis, part., Kimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p.370; Camerano,
Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 30 (1885); Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 410
(1912).

Lacerta muralis, var. filfolensis, Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 408,
pl. xv, fig. 24; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 234; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 32 (1887), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 401, pl. xxvii,
fig. 9, and pl. xxviii, fig. 5; Schreib. op. cit. p. 419; Bouleng. Tr.
Zool. Soc. xx, 19138, p. 156, pl. xvii, figs. 6-8.

Podurcis muralis, var. filfolensis, De Betta, Atti Ist. Ven. (3), v,
1879, p. 392.

Lacerta muralis, neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 220.

Lacerta muralis, var. serpa, part., Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905,
p. 399, pl. xxvii, fig. 8.

Lacerta muralis, var. chrysochlora, Schreib. op. cit. p. 420.

With an insufficient material before me, I first referred the lizards
from Malta and Linosa to L. serpa (= albiventris), and maintained
the var. filfolensis for the larger form from the Filfola Rock, near
Malta. The characters for separating the latter now break down, but
the Maltese and Linosa specimens are sufficiently distinguished by their
coloration and their average smaller scaling to be separated from the
former. I therefore retain the name jilfolensis, but apply it to the
lizards from the main island and from Linosa and Lampione, as well as
to those for which it was originally intended. Much as I regret using so
unsuitable a name, in view of the extended range of the variety, I am
compelled to do so in preference to the alternative of proposing a new
name. I should see no objection to these lizards being united with
the var. quadrilineata from Corsica and Sardinia, from which some
specimens are, to my eye, undistinguishable. The only characters
which can be adduced in favour of their separation is that in the var.
quadrilineata there are usually fewer than 70 scales across the body
(56 to 77 being the ascertained range of variation), and the rostral
usually touches or enters the nostril, and in the var. jilfolensis there
are usually more scales and the rostral rarely touches the nostril.*

* In about 10 per cent. of the specimens examined.

220 Lacertide.

Further, I am not prepared to say that I could, in all cases, tell a
Maltese lizard from certain specimens of the var. albiventris from
Italy. I may repeat it again: most of these forms are undefinable by
the characters to which we have to resort, however greatly they seem
to differ when only their extremes are compared; and that is why,
until they can be properly diagnosed, I refrain from allowing them
the rank of species. In its very fine lepidosis this variety shows
special affinity to the Balearic var. lilfordi.

Head 14 to 13 times as long as broad, moderately depressed, its
depth equalling the distance between the anterior cornea or the centre
of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3$ to 44 times in length to
vent in males, 32 to 32 times in females. Neck as broad as or a Little
broader than the head. Body moderately or strongly depressed. Hind
limb reaching the shoulder, the collar, or between the collar and the
ear in males, the elbow, the axil, or the shoulder in females ; foot 1} to
1} times as long as the head. Tail 13 to a little over 2 times as long
as head and body, often very thick, or even swollen in its anterior third.

Rostral very rarely touching the nostril*; frontal as long as or
considerably shorter than its distance from the end of the snout;
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries
usually incomplete,f the first superciliary, rarely also the second, in
contact with the second supraocular; parietals 13 to 1} times as
long as broad, usually im contact with the upper postocular{ ;
occipital very variable in size, as long as or shorter than the inter-
parietal, and sometimes broader$; upper temporals narrow or
broken up; temporal scales usually small, granular, masseteric shield
usually well developed; four upper labials anterior to the subocular, ||
which is much narrower beneath than above.

27 to 38 scales (in one specimen 21) on a line between the sym-
physis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold
distinct. Collar even-edged, composed of 9 to 12 (rarely 8) plates,
which are often very small.

Scales granular-subhexagonal, feebly or faintly keeled, 61 to 85
across the middle of the Body, usually 64 to 80; 40 (¢) to 62 (9)
transverse series in the middle of the back correspond to the length of
the head, 5 and 4, or 4 and 5, on the side, correspond to a ventral

* In contact with the frontonasal in 2 specimens from Malta.

+ Complete in 3 specimens from Malta, in 5 from Filfola; usually complete
in specimens from Linosa.

{ Exceptions in 6 specimens from Malta, in 6 from Filfola, in 3 from Linosa.

§ Twice as broad in a specimen from Malta, three times in another.

|| Five on one side in a male and on both sides in a young specimen from
Malta.

——

Lacerta. 221

plate. Ventral plates in 24 to 51 transverse series (24 to 30 in males,
28 to 31 in females).* Preanal rather large, bordered by one or two
semicircles of small plates.

Seales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals; 18 to 27
femoral pores on each side, usually 20 to 25+; 30 to 36 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe, in one specimen 27.

Caudal scales truncate or very obtusely pointed, more or less strongly,
rarely feebly, keeled, more or less oblique, the whorls subequal or
longer and shorter alternately ; 54 to 42 scales in the fourth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Coloration extremely variable in the specimens from the main island
of Malta. Males greyish olive with a darker lateral band, or with the
sides speckled with blackish, with or without a vertebral series of
small blackish spots, or reticulate all over with brown or black, the
network enclosing roundish yellow or green spots; on the posterior
part of the back the dark markings may form wavy transverse bars.
Some females with a whitish, black-edged dorso-lateral streak, others
uniform olive-grey without markings. The head is sometimes uniform
olive-brown above and on the sides, sometimes much spotted with
black.t. The lower parts are white, yellow, orange, or red, unspotted
or with black spots which may form regular longitudinal series along
the rows of ventral plates, and the throat is often marbled with black ;
outer ventral shields with blue spots, or entirely blue. Black and white
spots sometimes form annuli on the tail. The young is covered with
dark and light spots, with a dark lateral band edged above and below
with whitish.

The lizard from Linosa, of which I have seen living specimens, is
on the whole intermediate between that from Malta and that from the
Filfola Rock. In one of the male specimens the top of the head and
a broad median dorsal stripe are of a slightly reddish brown, the
sides are black with round, greenish yellow spots ; outer row of ventral
shields black and blue; belly pale pink with a longitudinal series of
large black spots on the second row of shields; chin and throat
yellowish white with large spots or marblings. In another male a
black network extends over the whole back, whilst in further indivi-
duals of the same sex the upper parts are black with small light

* There is less difference between the sexes in this respect than in the typical
form and most of the varieties of L. muralis, with the exception of the vars.
lilfordi, bedriage and sardoa.

+ A male from Malta has a row of “ pseudopores ” in addition, as is frequent
in the var. sardoa.

{ These markings may recall those of the typical form or of the vars. bruegge-
manni, tiliguerta or trilineata, sometimes in a very striking manner.

922 Lacertids.

spots, exactly as in the lizard from Filfola. The larger female is
dark brown above, with a black network enclosing small yellowish
spots, and with traces of three black longitudinal stripes, the median
very narrow; belly pinkish, the sides spotted with black; small blue
spots on the outer row of ventral shields. The smaller female also
dark brown above, with a narrow black vertebral streak and a black
lateral band edged with whitish above and below; lower parts as in
the preceding.

The true Lacerta filfolensis, from the Filfola Rock near Malta,
which I have also seen alive, is remarkable for its larger size and
dark coloration. Upper parts usually black, with pale green dots
or small round or oval spots, which are usually larger on the sides,
sometimes dull olive-brown with black spots and a broad black
vertebral stripe; head black or dark brown above, uniform or with
small light spots. Belly black and blue on the sides, copper-colour,
orange or black in the middle in males, pink, dull yellow, or black in
females ; in some specimens large black spots form regular longitudinal
bands on the ventral plates. Tail sometimes with hght spots above
and beneath. A female specimen is entirely black above. The
Filfola lizard has often been compared or even associated with other
melanic forms peculiar to islets or detached rocks on the west coast
of Italy, in the Balearic Islands and in the Adriatic. It must be
borne in mind that the resemblance is entirely superficial, the
melanism being here due not to a darkening of the ground colour but
to the extension of the black markings, another example of which is
offered by the var. nigriventris, which inhabits the mainland of Italy,
thus showing, as in the case of L. ovycephala, that melanic races may
be developed and fixed quite apart from isolation on small islands.
That the colour is influenced by environment is an explanation that
will certainly be rejected by those who, like myself, have seen the green
lizards of the var. albiventris running on the old walls of Rome side
by side with the black var. nigriventris.

As a series of measurements shows, there is no difference in the
proportions between the Maltese lizard and that from Filfola. I am
at a loss to understand how Eimer* can have described the former
as “ platycephalous”” as opposed to the latter, which he regarded as
“ pyramidocephalous.”

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ue 2. oe 4, 5. 6. fe
@ Malta” 2°. 3. P27 SS ese
a: ee - . 65 62 25 1 21 20-18 oF

* Arch. f. Nat. 1881, p. 370.

Biretzbriga, Malta .

Rock in St. Paul’s Bay

Lacerta.

il
63
62
62
62
60
60
59
59
57
56
a7
57
53
57
52
59

~~

— S& OC cr

oo (ES fetes pte 0)

x

Do tb Ww Ww WH bY eve ww
Oonrnwdongn

es |

(o)
Or OO. O. 6

“JI s7 7 SJ ST SJ ST S87
Oo NT O& NT Or

1.2)

“TI 00
~~ ©

“I 7 00 NJ “J
mm © bd On

DS bw DS w
> NT ST Or

© ro Do PO PO dO Pw PD PL
Soe ONN NT

bdo po kh
CO NT

bh bo DW po
102 “SN NI

o ©

ho
10.6)

32

QD or

4)
nS

bo bo ho bo ro
OQ

bo
hig
we

bo
nee

224 Lacertide.

1 2 3. A 5. 6 7
g Filfola Rock 60: 740028° DT 34" 122
fe) 5 2 74 69 31 10 38 24 35
5 ‘, (0 -7b= 29 10) 82) | 220 et

or
a)
lop)

Or
oo e¢
bl

- i Sy ean |e 2) 1G) 7) 928°) 3B" de aos
¢ Linosa . ; ~ 70 71 .27 10 36 25-26 (35

eI sy) es) eas Se

A : ; . 62 69 25 I1 28 21-23 35

OMas.. 61 73 28 10 380 2423 31
nes GR ay Pep) 21-22 32
ee ae 58. 68 28 91°28) 288 34
aie oss » b40° 7329" 11 807 22rd
. WS . 49 69 28 9 28 22-217 3h
g Lampione : . 86 72 27 10 38 27-25 31
* 7 ; 67 74 27 12 28 23-22 30
» . 67 70 26 11 31 2425 381
3 ‘ 67 70 29 10 31 25-26 33
s $3 65.070 20 9 30" 247 Bee

* . 63:71 926°% Hl 27> 23 aA
Q 2 61 . 68429 “1, 27 > pease

= - ' : : AP IGOMAGTs eo. oFe35 23 29
Columus as on p. 175.

M. de Southoff, in pointing out to me that lizards identical with
those from Linosa occur on Lampione Islet, south of Lampedusa, adds
that no Lacerta exists on Lampedusa itself, only Geckos and Chalcides.
The late Prof. Giglioli suggested the abundance of the lizard-eating
snake Macroprotodon cucullatus on Lampedusa as accounting for the
absence of Lacerta muralis on that island.

Lacerta. 995,

Var. LILFORDI.

Zootoca lilfordi, part., Ginth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874,
p- 158.

Lacerta lilfordi, Braun, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wiirzb. iv, 1877, p. 4.

Lacerta muralis, Braun, t.c. p. 26.

Lacerta muralis fusca, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1878, p. 275.

Lacerta muralis, var. gigliolii, Bedriaga, op. cit. 1879, p. 247, pl. xvii,
fig. 2.

Lacerta muralis, vars. balearica, gigliolii, lilfordi, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1879, p. 221, pl. ix, figs. 1-3.

Lacerta muralis balearica, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 248.

Lacerta muralis, var. lilfordi, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soe. xvii, 1885, p.
3/2, pl. xviii, fig. 1, and pl. xxvi, figs. 6, 7.

Lacerta lilfordi, part., Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 464 (1912).

Head 13 to 15 times as long as broad, moderately depressed, its
depth equalling the distance between the anterior corner or the centre
of the eye and the tympanum ; snout usually decidedly pointed ; cheeks
rather swollen in males. Neck as broad as or broader than the head.
Body moderately depressed. Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the
collar, or a little beyond the latter in males, the axil or the shoulder in
females ; foot 1 to 14 times the length of the head. Tail 14 to 1+
times the length of head and body, often of equal thickness in its
anterior third.

Rostral narrowly separated from the nostril, sometimes entering it ;
frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout; series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries complete or incomplete, the first superciliary often in contact
with the second supraocular; suture between the first and second
superciliaries usually oblique, sometimes vertical; parietal 1; to 14
times as long as broad, in contact with the upper postocular ; occipital
very variable in size, often longer and broader than the interparietal.*
Subocular narrower beneath than above; upper temporal shields
entirely absent or broken up into a series of small shields ; temple
covered with eranular scales; masseteric shield usually distinct.

30 to 41 scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-shields

* Twice as long and twice as broad in a male from Mahon.—Totally absent
in a female from the same island.
+ Very small or hardly distinct in single specimens from Mahon, Dragoneras
Island, Ayre Island, and Colomer Island.
15

226 Lacertidex.

and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar even-edged,
formed usually of small or very small plates, 9 to 15 in number.

Scales granular, round or oval, smooth, 70 to 90 across the middle
of the body ; 42 to 62 transverse series, in the middle of the back,
correspond to the length of the head, 4 and 5 (rarely 3 and 4) on the
side correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 26 to 30 trans-
verse series in males, 27 to 31 in females.* Preanal plate moderate
or rather large, sometimes small, bordered by one or two series of small
plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia finely granular, smooth, smaller
than dorsals. 17 to 25 femoral pores on each side, usually 19 to 24.
27 to 32 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales not, or but slightly, oblique, more or jess strongly
keeled, truncate or very obtusely pointed behind ; the whorls subequal
in length, the fourth behind the postanal granules containing 50 to 46
scales.

The colour of the back varies from brown to olive, bright grass-green,
or blue-greent; the sides are brown or reddish brown with paler brown
or pale green spots. Three stripes of dark brown or blackish spots or
vermiculations extend along the back, but it frequently happens that
these stripes lighten in the centre and that their borders become con-
verted into lines, such specimens having six fine dark lines along the
back ; others may have dark marblings or vermiculations all over
the back, and such is the case in the single very young specimen (from
Mahon) f have examined ; upper surface of head and tail with small
blackish spots. The lower parts vary from orange to salmon-red,
copper-colour, or brick-red, without or with small black spots which
may form regular longitudinal series ; a series of turquoise-blue spots
on each side of the belly ; throat spotted or marbled with reddish brown
or blackish.

In the specimens from Dragoneras Island, Minorca, named var.
gigliolii by Bedriaga, the back, at least posteriorly, and the upper
surface of the tail are described as of a dark blue-green or peacock-
blue, the outer row of ventral shields lapis-blue. Preserved in spirit
as they are now, the type specimens cannot be distinguished from
ordinary Minorca lizards.

The Ayre Island specimens were described by Gunther (Zootoca
lilfordi) as uniform deep shiny black above and of a beautiful sapphire-

* A similar lack of sexual differentiation occurs in the vars. bedriage and
filfolensis.

+ Green specimens which I kept alive became brown after a time, thus showing
the colour to be seasonal in some eases.

Lacerta. 227

blue beneath. But some specimens from the same island sent to me
alive by Sr. Ferrer are only of a very dark brown, with the dark
markings (lines and spots) of the Minorca form perfectly distinguish-
able; pale bluish green or turquoise-blue spots on the sides of the lapis-
blue belly, which may bear small black spots. Now that they have
been in spirits for many years, Lord Lilford’s specimens also show very
distinctly the dorsal markings. Some of the black specimens from La
Guardia Island, Colomer Island, and Cabrera Island, all near Majorea,
have numerous pale bluish green spots on the sides of the body
and on the limbs. The young of these melanistic insulars are
described by Braun as brown above, with dark spots and lines,
dark brown or black on the sides, with numerous blue spots, tail dark
ereen; the belly is greenish in the middle, black spotted with blue on
the sides.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Sg hs BEI © Bae 6. te
¢ Mahon . ; . 70 78 27 15 37 2425 29
Fy aress . 6 90 28 ll 35 25-22 27
pe , 6°70, 29210, 30 “23:4 . a2
San : . 60) 82.227 IR 37. (22 — 30
& Minorca (type of var. balearica) 62 80 26 10 36 21 29
» L.del Rey . : ; 2G wo. 25) Uh 359 20) « 128
P s . 64 85 27 Il 35 21-24 28
, Es . 64 838 30 9 37 2423 3
,, I. del Ayre . JU4/ Gee ate lel Ba A0=O1F "30
is ‘ (o- 88) 126° (EE “38 :21-23° ‘27
- y: Pittae fon fo WO, tod” 2) aor te AO
& _ (type) . . 64 90 27 11 36 23-22 30
_ J ee he ; : CRE SE BP Os SSE 20h 529
fe) rs 72 82 28 12 35 20-18 28
3 K 64 80 30 10 35 20 LZ
3 , (type) . 61 80 27 10 38 20-19 27
- * lied Ihe ; 4. DO Om ae es A “2 29
g I. Dragoneras (type of var.
gigliolii) . . 64 77 27 138 37 24-23 29
eo : i ae . 66 75 29 10 32 24 27
» L. La Guardia, nr. Majorca . 62 76 28 14 32 18-19 29
_ = ; 62 85 26.12 35 19 29
_ ; _ 60 86 26 15 36 22-21 28
; 2 BG tO eed AE 180 6 2k OS
. : ‘, p2 72 27 15 32 19-20 29

228 Lacertide.

Lees 3. Anse 5: 6. Of
do I. La Guardia, nr. Majorea . 51 79 28 14 34 18-17 28
,» 1. Colomer, . f 76) “7228 \ Br 5342 OR e ee
3 e n . 46 Bl 28 11 24123222 eST
ed G i, » 13; 383 227 Aly SS 22220 eee
», 1. Cabrera, me ee, is Mae eae oral 22, 29
Q P . . 163 972 30s) 82 sete
¥ bs ‘ 154.976 (29) 12) 32) 1a oe

Columns as on p. 175.
I

Habitat —Balearic Islands: Minorca, Majorea, and neighbouring
islets. The specimens from I. del Ayre, La Guardia, Las Frares,
Colomer and Cabrera are black and represent the var. lilfordi, s. str.

Var. PITYUSENSIS.

Lacerta muralis balearica, Bosca, An. Soc. Espan. H. N. xii, 1883,.
p- 245.

Lacerta muralis, var. pityusensis, Bosca, l.c. p. 246; Bouleng. Tr.
Zool. Soe. xvii, 1905, p. 370, pl. xxvi, figs. 1-5.

Lacerta muralis balearica, var. pityusensis, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 254.

Lacerta lilfordi, part., Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 464 (1912).

Head 1} to 1% times as long as broad, moderately depressed, as in
the preceding; snout rather pointed. Body and limbs as in the
preceding. Tail 1} to a little over 2 times as long as head and body.

Rostral entering the nostril, often largely ; exceptionally two post-
nasals*; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout; series of granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries usually incompletet; occipital usually as long as and
broader than the interparietal, sometimes much smaller; parietals
as in the preceding; only exceptionally five anterior upper labialst;
temporal scales very small, usually with a large masseteric disc, which
is but rarely entirely absent. 26 to 36 scales between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-fold; gular fold distinct.
Collar even-edged, formed of usually rather small plates, 9 to 14 in
number.

* On one side in three specimens in the British Museum, on both sides in
one in the Madrid Museum.

+ Reduced to a few in five specimens.

~ On one side in two specimens, on both sides in two others.

Lacerta. 229

Seales granular, roundish-hexagonal, more or less feebly keeled,
sometimes very faintly, 55 to 68 across the middle of the body; 35 to
47 transverse series on the back correspond to the length of the head,
3 and 4 (rarely 4 throughout) to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in
25 to 28 transverse series in males, 27 to 30 in females. Preanal
plate moderately large or rather small, bordered by one or two
semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia finely granular, much smaller than
dorsals, more or less distinctly keeled. 18 to 24 femoral pores on
each side. 26 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales not or but slightly oblique, strongly keeled,
truncate or very obtusely pointed behind; the whorls subequal in
length, the fourth containing 30 to 38 scales.

Brown, yellow, or green above, with black or reddish-brown spots
or vermiculations, usually arranged in 5 or 7 more or less well-defined
longitudinal stripes, or with dark spots and vermiculations accompanied
by a narrow black vertebral streak, the dark markings sometimes
forming chains enclosing roundish light spots, much as in the type
specimen of the var. hispanica figured by Steindachner, or an irregular
reticulate pattern, or reduced to mere dots or vermiculations. Females
often with a light dorsolateral streak, beginning from the superciliary
edge, sometimes bordered by fine black lines, sometimes with a black
vertebral streak. Upper surface of head spotted or vermiculated with
black ; tail with dark and light markings, forming more or less regular
longitudinal series. Young with 6 light streaks on the body. Belly
yellow, orange, or red, without markings, except on the outer row of
ventral plates, which bear large blue spots and occasionally small
black ones in addition.

The above description is taken from 79 specimens, all collected by
Sr. Bosca, and from 9 received from M. G. de Southoff.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

IF 2 3 4. 5 6 ig
¢ Iviza (type) . . 80 60 26 12 30 21 ?
he . 75 61 27 10 31 28-21 28

5 + 73 67 27 14 384 2422 28
ne wer 7s 72 62 28 9 30 22-24 28

2 72 60 27 12 28: 22-23 ?
er , 70m Gay eG len f26 20) . 27
in es 9 67 60 26 12 28 19-20 26
5 x ; 65 63 27 11 sl 21. 2

Ss:
ns
er)
bo
bo
(ore)
_
S
5
ho

23 26

230 Lacertidz.

I AP ah 4. 5. 6. a.

6 Iviza (type) . ’ - 62 68 27 11 Sse 2a eee)
sx 3 s » 60 64 27 Il 29 23-24 27
i bss 3 ; = s¢02 (60 250" 9-9) B26 SS a V6
ot) > A 64 55 29 9 29 20-21. 27
ws * 62 57 28 11 383 22-21 31
» 9 2 58 57 29 10 338 20-21 26
93 n B8 is 55 56 28 10 31 23-22 28
Cae to. od 26 1) 29 sAeepaer
as) 74 55 25 Il 29 22-228 727
Oe , . 72 61 27 10 34 24 27
ai Ws : : J 02: 60" p26) 1 (305 | at 28
OP : 57 ORIG 26 Il ST 23 28
3 : . 66 60 26 11 33 21-22 26
Paes . 60 61°27 12 36 22-21 28
a : + 98 woG 2d ye. 32 23

Columns as on p. 175.

This variety was discovered by Bosca on Iviza and on the neigh-
bouring small islets La Grosa, La Redonia, and El Malvi. It is
quite distinct from the var. lilfordi, and in some respects approaches
the var. quadrilineata, whilst the var. lilfordi is perhaps more closely
related to the var. filfolensis.

Measurements (in millimetres): Varieties, Group II.

14. 155 16: “75 18519!

From end of snout

to vent . 71 60 69 57 55 60 69 59 60 Yl 57 82 70 70 61 64 61 72 64
From end of snout

to fore limb 28) 123° 26.922) 720) 22) 197 22) C4 OS OI SO) eheoe) Uleee eos moO RS
Length ofhead . 19 14 17 16 13 14 16 13 15 17.12 20 15 16 13 17 15 18 15
Width of head eA ay alts aoe sy ean ey a hess AB) ao a Gy I GS) ey
Depth of head ~-10 "7 (9 B65) 7 BS On G0) eo yO yet
Fore limb : . /23) 20) 23) 9) ay. 20) 24 420) (224) 205 29 22iesiTs obs oO
Hind limb . 39 30 36 32 27 35 40 35 36 43 30 46 38 40 31 37 35 40 32
Foot 2 , . 21 17 19 18 15 19°22 WS 20) 24 15) fod 206 21) MISH On Sales,
Tail , , . — —122115 —118130 — — — — 135 125 — —110 — 145 —

Var. erhardi. 1, 2. Mikonos. 3, Naxos (type of var. mnaxensis), 4. Milos (type of var.
milensis). 5. EKrimomilo (type of var. nigrogularis).

Var. quadrilineata. 6. Sardinia (type). 7,8. Flumini di Quarto. 9. Orezza (type of var.
corsica),

Var, filfolensis. 10,11. Malta. 12,13. Filfola. 14, 15. Linosa.

Var. lilfordi, 16,17. Ayre Island (types).

Var. pityusensis, 18,19. [viza (types).

Lacerta. 931

Group IIJ.—Italy, Tusean Archipelago, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily,
Tunisia, and Minorca.

This group includes the vars. bedriagz and sardoa, in which the
head and body are very strongly depressed (although not more so
than in certain forms of Groups IV and V), and a few others which
fill up the gap between them and the typical L. muralis. Although
the extremes are so different, I feel sure this is a natural association,
and that the resemblance which the var. bedriagze bears to L. orycephala
is merely a case of convergence.

Although the shape of the head varies individually in the vars.
nigriventris, insulanica, and tiliguerta, these lizards as a whole answer
to the platycephali of Eimer, and whilst the more primitive pattern of
coloration in the vars. brueggemanni and tiliguerta pertains to the
maculata-striata type of the same author, the great majority of them
fall under his reticulata and tigris types, which are the exception in
the first group.

The var. brweggemanni is so completely linked with the typical
form in the north of its habitat as to render the distinction arbitrary
in some cases, and farther south it is hardly to be separated from the
vars. nigriventris and insulanica. Although strikingly different in their
extremes, these varieties are not susceptible of satisfactory definitions.

Var. brueggemanni, Bedr.—Scales feebly but distinctly keeled, 51
to 65 across the body; 17 to 25 femoral pores; 23 to 29 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe ; colour usually green above ; belly usually
with large black spots.—Italy and Elba.

Var. nigriventris, Bp.—Scales distinctly keeled, 56 to 73 across the
body; 16 to 25 femoral pores; 24 to 31 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe; black predominating above and beneath.—Rome, Naples.

Var. insulanica, Bedr.—Scales feebly but distinctly keeled, 60 to
74 across the body; 18 to 26 femoral pores; 26 to 53 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe; belly spotted with black at least on the sides,
the black sometimes predominating above and beneath.—Pianosa near

Elba.

Var. tiliquerta, Gm.—Scales feebly but distinctly keeled, 60 to 82
across the body; 20 to 28 femoral pores; 28 to 37 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe ; anterior upper temporal shield often in contact
with fourth supraocular ; belly without black spots.—Islands of the
Gulf of Tuscany, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantellaria, Tunis, Minorea.

Var. bedriage, Camer.—Scales smooth, 58 to 84 across the body; 19

232 Lacertide.

to 29 femoral pores ; 26 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe;
head and body very strongly depressed ; often 5 upper labials anterior
to the subocular; anterior upper temporal shield often in contact with
the fourth supraocular.—Mountains of Corsica.

Var. sardoa, Peracca.—Scales smooth, 64 to 82 across the body ; 21
to 31 femoral pores; 26 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe ;
head generally narrower than in the preceding ; rostral nearly always
in contact with the frontonasal.—Mountains of Sardinia.

The last two varieties are, in my opinion, to be regarded as parallel
adaptations to life at great altitudes. The former may have been
connected by intermediate forms, now extinct, with the var. insulanica,
and the latter with the var. tiliguerta, or both may have been derived
from the var. tiliguerta, which, though now absent from Corsica,
perhaps existed in the past on all the Tyrrhenian Islands.*

Var. BRUEGGEMANNI.

Lacerta muralis, var. nigriventris, Eimer, Zool. Stud. Capri, 1, p. 50
(1874).

Lacerta muralis, var. brueggemanni, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879,
p. 304, pl. xvii, fig. 1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 219, and Abh.
Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 247; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 30 (1887), Tr.
Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 380, pl. xxii, figs. 1-3, and xx, 1918, p. 148,
pl. xvun, figs. 1-5.

Lacerta muralis reticulata nigriventris, Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881,
p- 355,

Lacerta muralis, var. nigriventris, part., Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2,
p- 411 (1912).

This variety is completely connected with the typical form, and the
proportions do not differ, nor does, as a rule, the shape of the head,
although it may be very strongly depressed—its depth, in certain
males from Liguria, not exceeding the distance between the eye and
the tympanum.t The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the collar in
males, the axil in females.

The rostral does not touch the nostril,t and is sometimes in contact
with the frontonasal, forming a suture§; the frontal is often shorter

* Cf. Boulenger, C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, clxiv, 1917, p. 803.

+ Such specimens (from Genoa) may have the body much flattened, twice as
broad as deep.

t Enters the nostril in a male from Tuscany.

§ In single specimens from Sestra Ponente, Portofino, Livorno, Bellagio, and
Lerici.

Lacerta. 233

than its distance from the end of the snout; 5 to 7 superciliaries,
usually 6, the suture between the first and second usually oblique;
the granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries may
form a complete series, or be reduced to from 2 to 5*; the anterior
upper labials are usually 4 in numbert; the subocular is usually
narrower beneath than above; the masseteric shield is well developed,
or even large, except in the type specimen, which is further aberrant
in having the parietal shields transversely divided ; exceptionally the
temporals are rather large, as usual in the var. campestris.t

19 to 30 scales between the symphysis of the chin-shield and the
median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar even-edged, composed
of 8 to 12 plates, usually 9 to 11.

Scales granular and feebly but distinctly keeled, 51 to 65 across the
middle of the body, usually 53 to 62; 35 (92) to 52 (4) transverse
series, in the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head,
4, or 3 and 4, to a ventral plate. 22 to 26 transverse series of ventral
plates in males, 26 to 30 in females. Preanal plate large, bordered by
a single semicircle of small plates, rarely by two.

Seales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals. 17 to 25
femoral pores on each side, usually 18 to 23. 23 to 29 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe, usually 24 to 27.

Scales on the upper surface of the tail rather strongly keeled, more
or less oblique, truncate or posterior border forming a very obtuse
angle; the whorls more or less unequal in length, sometimes very
markedly longer and shorter alternately, 30 to 36 scales in the fourth
or fifth.

The type specimens, from Spezia, are described by Bedriaga as
yellowish green or pale green in the males, with fine wavy black cross-
streaks forming a network on the sides, which encloses many pale
blue spots, the meshes on the shoulder considerably larger and
representing the ocellus of the var. albiventris; upper surface of head
brown, spotted with green; limbs grey or green above, with pale
green ocelli; upper surface of tail greenish-brown, with dark brown
zigzag markings. Belly whitish, spotted with black, one spot to each
shield, the outer series of ventral shields entirely blue; the lower
surface of the head with white, black-edged ocelli. Females more
simply coloured and more of a greenish brown.

* 3 specimens from Genoa, one from Rapallo, one from Bagni di Ripoli.

+ 5 on one side in two specimens from Lerici, in two from Bagni di Ripoli, in
one from Tuscany, and on both sides in one from Lerici.

t Male from Tuscany. In two specimens from Bagni di Ripoli the upper
temporal is in contact with the fourth supraocular.

234 Lacertidex.

The coloration, however, varies enormously, and the passage from
the typical form is so complete that certain specimens may be referred
almost equally well to the one form as to the other. For instance,
one of the females from Lerici has the black network on the back
much broken up and a well-marked light dorsolateral streak, and
would be unhesitatingly referred to the f. typica but for the rather
large black spots on the belly, arranged in regular longitudinal series.
For it is frequently the case in this variety that the black ventral
spots run together to form longitudinal bands. In some specimens
from Tuscany the black may be as much developed on the lower parts
as in an average specimen of the var. nigriventris. The dorsal markings
are very variable, usually affecting the form of a close network, but
sometimes appearing as disconnected blotches or vermicular lines; a
vertebral chain of spots may be present. A male specimen from
Florence, in Dr. de Bedriaga’s collection, is almost identical with the
usual form of the var. albiventris, beng green above, with a vertebral
band of black spots and black on the sides spotted with whitish.
Black and white spots usually form very regular and conspicuous bars
on the sides of the tail.

Dr. Gestro has very kindly sent me a large number of specimens
collected indiscriminately in the immediate vicinity of Genoa; this
series goes far to show the instability of the characters on which the
distinction between the var. brueggemanni and the typical form rests.
Some specimens are not at all separable from the latter, while others,
of the most vivid grass-green on the back, answer to the former; and
between these two extremes every possible gradation in shade may be
followed. A female is green above, with a black vertebral series of
spots, brown on the sides, yellow beneath. The back in others may
be coppery-brown, or greyish brown, greenish grey or olive, or green
in front and brown behind. The colour of the lower parts varies
equally, and irrespective of that of the upper parts. Most specimens
are white on the belly, often with a brownish, pinkish, or greenish
tinge, uniform or more or less spotted with black; in one male with
olive-green back the lower parts are copper-red, with black spots
confined to the collar-plates and to the two outer rows of ventral
plates. An interrupted or continuous series of turquoise-blue spots is
always present on the outermost row of ventral plates. The back, in
the males, is always much spotted or reticulated with black or dark
brown, and a black vertebral line or regular series of spots is often
present ; the sides are brown or purplish, with black network, often
enclosing round blue or green spots; a blue, black-edged ocellus is
often present above the axil. One of these specimens is so strikingly

Lacerta. 235

similar in its markings to certain males of the var. guadrilineata, that
it might easily be mistaken for that variety were it not for the flatter
head ; and it is noteworthy that its exceptionally small scales (65
across the middle of the body) is a further approximation to the
Corsican-Sardinian form. Camerano has already pointed out that
some of the Ligurian’ specimens examined by him, with a much
flattened head and reticulate markings, are suggestive of the var.
bedriage from the mountains of Corsica. On the other hand, Bedriaga
regarded the var. brueygemanni as forming the passage from the typica!
form to his var. neapolitana (campestris + albiventris), and it is a fact
that some specimens approach the var. albiventris.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

J 2 3 4. 5 6 af:

From end of snout to vent . . 65 60 64 62 68 65 62
x . eo forelimb . 27 21 26 24. 37 25 24
Length of head. se ee SL ato alse LO. 16
Width of head ; ee Aviles “Oe TI Sas dh eit
Depth of head S: fy NS o 9 8 65
Fore'limb . : . 28 19 24 2 23 25 22
Hind limb es ao “ol 37 Si sp.” 38 (34
Foot . ; ; < AGO TG “Sie oe 210" "2a lS
Serta : . 110 — — 180 — 125 —

1. g, Rapallo. 2. 9, Rapallo. 3. ¢ (type), Spezia. 4. 2, Lerici.
5. ¢, Bologna. 6. ¢, Sestra Ponente. 7. ¢, Genoa.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

te Oem Se eA” late 6 i
& Genoa 65 58 25 11 29 22-23 24
see et 63 56 24 11 25 21-20 26
: , 62 59 24 11 26 2425 24
- 62 58 23 12 26 it 25
a 62 62 24 9-27 23 £25
‘ 61. 63 257 ls 26 18 24.
; : GE SF 22a EL? 722 21 26
ea 60 57 23 8 23 20 24
uu + 60 65°25 11 26 21-22 26
a 58 58 25 9 28 22-21 24
or 62 59 30 10 28 21-20 ?
ae eee ; ; : 59 60726 -°9 26° 19. 24
3o Sestra Ponente, nr. Genoa 6a, COR 2a, 95°28). . 23 25
9» o iy . 60 62 25 10 25 28-22 27

236 Lacertide.

Mee i Me sf

¢ Sestra Ponente, nr. Genoa . 568 60 24 11 24 21-22 26
, Rapallo . 4 pf 65 (55-24 9 260 (2 e224

ce) . ; . 60 57 26 10 27 17-18 24
& Portofino, nr. Rapallo . 6 58 24 9 25 21-22 28
is Pa 5 . 64% 63525 10 27.207 > 2A
2 53 : . 60 59 26 8 25 21-22 24
3 Spezia (type) . : . 64 51 24 11 30 23-24 24
,, Lerici, nr. Spezia. . 68 58 24 10 26 25-22 26
wi ; . 865; 5823-710" 29 S2aee ees
I ass 5 ; . 62 58 27 10 29 21-22 24
om es ss . 54 59 27 12 25 22-20 25
¢ Bologna . . 68 54 26 10 24 21-20 28
- re , ; . 66 53 25 9 22 18-19 25
,, Florence . : ; : 65° 2°25) 9 Oe eS liye
a : : : . 165 6 24> 9 26; 19-2023
,, Bagni di Ripohl, Florence . 68> 93. 25> 99 —26 We=20 ez
2 63° 57 26 11 25 19-21° 27
61 53 29° 9 25 ZQ=2I 27

98 58 27 12 24 17-18 25

¥ SO Sven eh ero) Se 25)
‘3 .. n . 06 59 28) 9 26% 21-22) 28
3 Tuscany . . 67 52 26 9 24 21-20 26
O67) O8e Ay VIS Any SOR ee

$3 ; -. 67 57°24 Tl 28° 122125
, Mt. Meta, Terra di Lavoro . 58 58 26 I1 27 23-22 ?

Columus as on p. 175.

The habitat of this variety is chiefly the West Coast of Italy, from
Genoa to Tuscany; it is also known from Bologna, Elba, and Mt.
Meta, Terra di Lavoro. It has been reported by Camerano from
Naples, but the specimen has since been mislaid, as J am informed by
Count Peracca. . According to the latter the var. brweggemanni occurs
in Liguria only near the sea; on the hills, from 100 metres upwards,
only the ordinary grey brown typical form is found. In the Arno
valley it follows the plain which extends inland rather far from the
sea, and it even extends as high up as Florence, where examples inter-
mediate between it and the typical form occur, as near Genoa.

In the province of Rome it is replaced by the following variety, into
which it gradually merges.

iw .

Lacerta. 237

Var. NIGRIVENTRIS.

Podarcis muralis, var. nigriventris, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf.
(1836).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. nigriventris, Bedriaga, Arch. f.
Nat. 1879, p. 277, and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 229 (part.).

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. nigriventris, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat.
1879, p. 288, pl. xvii, fig. 3.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. ventromaculata, part., Bedriaga-
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 205.

Lacerta muralis, var. flaviundata, Bedriaga, t.c., p. 218.

Lacerta muralis, var. nigriventris, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvu, 1905,
p. 384, pl. xxii, figs. 4-6, and pl. xxviu, fig. 1.

Lacerta muralis, var. nigriventris, part., Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2,

p. 411 (1912).

This variety hardly deserves to be separated from the preceding,
and it would perhaps be preferable to unite them.

Head 1} to 12 times as long as broad, more or less depressed, its
depth equal to the distance between the anterior border or the centre
of the eye and the tympanum. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or
the collar in males, the axil in females. Foot not more than 14 times
the length of the head, sometimes but slightly longer than the head.

Rostral not entering the nostril*; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout or a little shorter ; occipital often as long as
and sometimes much broader than the interparietal ; series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries incomplete,* the first,
or the first and second, superciliaries in contact with the second supra-
oculart; temporal scales granular, the tympanic and masseteric
shields distinct; upper temporal shield, if distinct, not in contact
with the fourth supraocular§ ; usually four upper labials anterior to
the subocular. ||

20 to 29 scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the

* Forming a suture with the frontonasal in one specimen. Another is remark-
able in having two superposed postnasals. A female from Ariccia has 3 fronto-
nasals, the median the largest and in contact with the frontal.

+ Complete in one specimen from Ariccia.

t In the type of var. flaviundata the granules are reduced to 3 or 4; even to
2in a female from Ariccia.

§ Three exceptions among the Rome specimens; also in the 8. Stefano
specimen.

|| 5 on each side in 3 specimens, on one side in 8.

238 Lacertide.

median collar-plate, exceptionally 34*; gular fold distinct. Collar
even-edged, composed of 8 to 11 plates.

Seales on body granular, oval or oval-subhexagonal, rather strongly
keeled, 56 to 73 across the middle of the body, 37 (9 ) to 51 (@),
transverse series corresponding to the length of the head, 4, or 3 and
4, corresponding to a ventral plate. 283 to 26 transverse series of
ventral plates in males, 26 to 30 in females. Preanal plate large,
with one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia strongly keeled, smaller than dorsals.
16 to 25 femoral pores on each side, usually 19 to 21. 26 to 31
lamellar scales under the fourth toe, exceptionally 24.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled, narrow, very obtusely pointed
behind ; the whorls alternately longer and shorter, the difference often
very great; 30 to 38 scales in the fourth whorl.

The coloration, which is the same in both sexes and in the young, is
an exaggeration of the brueqggemanni variety, the black predominating.
Some specimens approach very nearly the reticulated type of this
variety in having the middle of the back green with a black network,
whilst in general the black has so invaded the upper parts that the
yellow or green ground-colour is reduced to isolated small spots, which
may be round or wavy and transverse, as in Bedriaga’s var. flaviundata,
with every passage between the two extremes. The sides are black,
with round cream-coloured, yellow, or blue spots. The head in some
specimens may be described as brown with black spots or vermicula-
tions, in others as black with yellow or green variegations. The
limbs are black, with yellow or green round spots. The lower parts
are black and white, or brownish white, the black usually pre-
ponderating and often disposed in longitudinal bands, sometimes
three in number; some specimens are nearly entirely black beneath,
with mere remains of the white ground-colour. Large blue spots on
the outer row of ventrals, but never forming a continuous band as in
Bedriaga’s figure of the var. flaviundata. Tail brown, with the black
and white markings, usually so conspicuous in the typical form, very
strongly defined and forming nearly complete annuli.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Mf 2. 3. A. 5. 6. le

From end of snout to vent : + (G4e 76> 67) 266 522" 62ers
gy i a fore limb. BG 180) 272) ao eo aot
Length of head . : : ; > Uf 20°- 18" To so toga
Width of head . , : ~ A 133 th S10 ee poets
Depth of head . : : 2 8 TOLD © Ge yess

* In the specimen from S. Stefano Id.

|

Lacerta. 239

ate 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ba
Fore limb . ; : . ; JEUMpeene ap 2a 162) 96
Hind limb : ; : ; WoO go F|. oo 20 -54, 42
Foot . ; ; : ; \ aeeeeclioger S19 Oh 18-22

l. 6g (type of var. flaviundata), Rome. 2,3. g, walls of Rome.
A, 5. 2, walls of Rome. 6. ©, Castelfranco. ee ee
Stefano Id.

This lizard reaches a length of 85 millim. from snout to vent,
according to the figure in Bonaparte’s work.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Me 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. fle
G6 Rome (type of var. flaviun-
data) i : ; . 64 62 25 10 22 18-19 27
. Outer walls of Rome : . LOS 26. 39 937 19-80. 187
La "3 - sy (or, 60 20, 9 626° 49-20) 29
i B ” . @ @L 24 10 26 20-21 928:
, “ 67 64 25 8 25 19-20 29
a : 65. 68 25 10 25 20-19 ?
i ; : 65 64- 24 10 23 21-20 28
a 3 65 61 24 9 22 21 27
* - e 64 64 24 8 22 21-22 3]
- is 60 65 26 I] 25 21-23 27
e) * Ze 66 58 27 9 24 19-18 29
i ; 66. 62 26, 9 24 , 20 27
- oy > 52 64 26 9 24 20-21 31
., Castelfranco 62 64 28 ll 29 21 30
,, Campagna nr. Rome 67". .65 229) - 79, 26°; 20-19... 38
$ Ariccia, nr. Albano 72 57 24 9 22 18-19 26
a 3 ¥ . W 59° 26-10 525 21-28 28
. i 3 71 62.24 8 ‘25° 93-95 99
Mi 6b “6.226 “EE 26. 19-3), 3
2 : 65. 58: 23° 9 25 Wy=18 , 27
- : , 65. 57 264 Ll 29° 20-91. 96
mt , 638 59 26 8 26 23 27
- : F 68 58 28 10 24 16-17 26
- ; ; 61 58 25 10 25 22-21 28
i ; 54 60 25 10 22 20 27
Q ; ; 67 56 28 9 23 21-20 30
- 66 65 29 9 24 19-20 26
nee 66 59 29 8 23 23-21 29

940 Lacertide.

18 Pe OP 4. 5. 6. te
2 Ariecia, nr. Albano 5 (06%, bor t60 919 23 20 24.
-: Gp Toone = DOL 18 27
= 65° Jo6 Sze. AO 2i 18 27
=< 62 57 28 10 24 19-18 26
ah a 62 (63 27 10 24. 21-30 27
, * 62) too) 27,0 10 20 23 26
9 3 i 62; 09 28° "9 247 19126
¢ Naples, P.M. 72 “60 “24 79 29 19 27.
_ oe 69°64 23° 729) 27. “22 Oar
fe) ‘5 5 5 é . 05 568 26 9 27 [9-16 28
¢ S. Stefano Id., nr. Naples i f8 e083, 265 1 sd So

Columns as on p. 175.

This lizard is locally distributed in the Province of Rome. It is
common on the ancient walls of Rome, where I have seen it climbing
about in mid-winter in company with the var. albiventris. At Castel-
franco, near Ostia, Dr. Sambon found it near woods. It is also
reported from Arezzo in Tuscany and from Palmajola and Salina,
Lipari Islands, but the correct identification is doubtful. Milne-
Edwards, in his Monograph (Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, p. 54), indicates
its presence near Naples.*

A male specimen from San Stefano Island, near Naples, presented
to the British Museum by M. G. de Southoff, appears to be referable
to this variety, although the number of scales across the body and on
the gular region is higher than in the other specimens. The head is
strongly depressed, even slightly concave on the occiput; the upper
parts are black, with small light spots, and each ventral plate is nearly
entirely covered by a large black spot.

The predominating black coloration which renders this variety so
striking is foreshadowed by some males of the typical LZ. muralis, but
this feature is here not only exaggerated but has been passed on to the
females and young, as has happened in the var. jilfolensis from the
Filfola Rock.

If the var. nigriventris be compared with the typical form, with
which it is connected by a complete gradation, it will be observed that
the increase in size and the gradual preponderance of the black mark-
ings go hand in hand with a reduction in the size of the dorsal scales
and a consequent increase in their number.

* «T)autres, que j'ai trouvés prés de Naples, ont, au contraire, le corps en dessous.
comme en dessus d’un noir de jais, avec des taches blanches irréguliéres.” I
have examined three specimens from Naples (Savigny) preserved in the Paris
Museum.

Lacerta. 241

‘ Var. INSULANICA.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Naturg. 1879,
pe 207.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, subvars. e (part.) et f, Bedriaga, Bull.
Soe. Zool. France, 1879, pp. 204 and 205.

Lacerta muralis reticulata, Eimer, Arch. f. Naturg. 1881, pp. 325 and
357, pl. xii, fig. 12.

Lacerta muralis neopolitana, var. insulanica, Bedriaga, Bull. Soe.
Nat. Moscou, lvi, 1882, p. 101.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, subvars. g et h (part.), Bedriaga, Abh.
Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, pp. 228 and 229.

Lacerta muralis, var. insulanica, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913,

p. 148, pl. xviii, figs. 1-3.

Very near the var. brweqgemanni, but approaching the var. bedriaga.*

Head rather strongly depressed.

The rostral does not touch the nostril. The series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries is sometimes com-
plete (it is so in the larger of the two types), but the first superciliary
usually forms a suture with the supraocular. Parietal in contact with
the upper postocular. Masseteric shield sometimes large, sometimes
small, or broken up. ‘Two specimens (2?) have 5 anterior labials on
both sides, the others have 4.

Dorsal scales granular, feebly but distinctly keeled, 60 to 74 across
the body, 40 to 67 transverse series in the middle of the back corre-
sponding to the length of the head, 4 or 5 on the sides corresponding
to a ventral plate. Tibial scales a little smaller than dorsals, very
distinctly keeled. 19 to 26 femoral pores (exceptionally 18). 26 to
33 lamelle under the fourth toe. The hind limb reaches the collar,
or between the collar and the ear, in males, the axil in females.

In coloration often very similar to var. bedriage, Upper parts and
sides of body and limbs green or yellowish with a black network

* «Te Lézard des Murailles provenant de Vile de Pianosa, laisse voir sur un
beau fond vert des bandes noires transversales et ondulées. Les parties
inférieures du corps sont bleudtres. Les séries longitudinales de plaques
ventrales qui confinent aux flancs sont d’un beau bleu marin tacheté de noir.
Les formes de ce lézard offrent des caractéres nouveaux. Sa téte est déprimée.
le cou est fortement renflé et beaucoup plus large que la téte; son tronc est trés
épais. Par ses formes, cette sous-variété parait étre trés voisine du Lézard oxycéphale
de Fitzinger [read L. bedriage, Camerano}.” Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
p. 205. I had quite independently arrived at the same conclusion on examining
a specimen from Pianosa, near Elba.

16

242 Lacertide.

which may have a tendency to form cross-bands as in var. tiliguerta
(tigris of Eimer). Sometimes the black predominates to such an
extent as to constitute the ground-colour on which the green appears
as small round or vermicular spots, as in the var. nigriventris, or the
lizard from Filfola Rock. Head pale brown above, with small or large
black spots or vermiculations ; lips often black, each shield with a
light spot. White or pink beneath, throat with grey or blackish
markings, the whole or the sides of the belly spotted with black ; blue
spots on the outer ventrals. Tail with regular cross-bars of black
and white ocellar spots, most marked on the sides.

The specimens from the Scuola islet, near Pianosa, have more black
on the belly than the others and closely resemble the var. nigriventris.

There is no marked sexual coloration-dimorphism, and the young,
which I have seen in the Florence Museum, is reticulated, not streaked.

Measurements (in millimetres) :
, i 2 30 A: 5. 6. 7

68 70 66

From end of snout to vent ' 80.725 068 462

a Ws fore limb . i) 34. 28) 1265522) 26) 270025
Length of head . : ‘ ' » 6220519) 189 dao di Sey
Width of head . : . 50.12.4135, 9) 1 ae sa:
Depth of head . : : : 510 AO nos Bae aes
Fore limb . j 3 k § vel 2b. 223) 720) anaes
Hind limb. : » Ad Ale 39% 6340 35s fae
Foot . : 27 29) 20 “AT 19) 20S

1. g, type, Pianosa (Bedriaga Collection). 2, 3. g, Pianosa.
4. 9, Pianosa. 5. @, Scarpa, near Pianosa. 6. ¢, Scuola, near
Pianosa (Bedriaga Collection). 7. ¢, Scuola.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
Uc 2. 3. hy 6. 7.
¢ Pianosa, type, B.C. . 80 74 26 18 29 23-24 33
: : 67 62... 24y, 12) 92d 9 se a27
68: 70 (25, 10 32:" | 23 Se28

93 be] ? ”

s : 73 65 238 Il 26 22-21 28
+ 72, 62°23 JIL 26 19-215 2s
e 67 65 25 10 38 22 #8630

49), 466.25 ~ 1d 285 S22

. 48 61 24 9 28 21-23 28
y 62 638 28 8 27 26-25 31
62 61 27 9 24 2421 28

59 60 27 11 26 21-20 26

5 an ; : . 64 64 28 10 25 19 28

Lacerta. 243

1 2 3. 1. 5. 6. Nie

@ Pianosa . , , : 2 GxoeG5, 24 12 27 23-81 98
- es : : : , . 61 72 25 Il 26 22-2938 26
Q a é : : ; 5/00) Ga 224 22. 26. .<21 28
3 Scarpa . . 68 67 24 12 26 19-18 ?
be me : : ; . 68 63 28 11 30 21-20 26
= és F : ; . 65 65 24 10 24 22-21 26
fo) s ; ; wo 60). 27 10) 22 ? 26
dé Scuola . : ; . 66 62 24 9 24 19 27
$5 3 : : ; . 66 68 24 10 28 21-19 31
== ; . 65 70 23 8 25 22-20 28
i eG. . 20 638 28 12 26 19 28
- SEE 8. ; . 65 70 26 12 26 21-22 32
65 64 26 11 25 19 29

99 ” 9

Columns as on p. 175.

This var. insulanica, which inhabits Pianosa near Elba and the
neighbouring rocky islets Scarpa and Scuola, is not only a link between
the typical L. muralis and the var. bedriage, but it may also be
regarded as connecting the var. brueggemanni with the var. tiliguerta,
differing from the latter in having the belly more or less spotted with
black, at least on the sides.

Var. TILIGUERTA.

Tiliquerta, Cetti, Anf. Pesce. Sard. p. 15 (1777).

Lacerta tiliguerta, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1070 (1788) ; Camerano,
Atti Acc. Torin. xiii, 1877, p. 87.

Lacerta olivacea, Rafin. Caratt. N. Gen. Anim. p. 8 (1819).

Lacerta puccina, Rafin. 1.c.

? Lacerta sicula, Rafin. 1.e.

Lacerta muralis, vars. a, h, i, j, k, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vy,
p- 232 (1839).

Lacerta podarcis, var. cettii, Cara, Mon. Lacert. Sard. p. 30 (1872).

Lacerta muralis, var. reticulata, part., Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 417
(1875).

Lacerta viridiocellata, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1877, p. 116.

Podarcis muralis, vars. tiliquerta, viridiocellata, De Betta, Atti. Ist.
Ven. (5) v, 1879, p. 389.

Lacerta muralis reticulata, tigris, part., Eimer, Arch. f. Nat. 1881,
p. 325, pl. xiv, fig. 20.

Lacerta muralis, var. tiliquerta, Eimer, t.c. p. 362; Bouleng. Tr.

244. Lacertide.

Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 409, pl. xxix, figs. 5, 6, and xx, 1918, p. 157,
pl. xviii, fig. 7, and Ann. Mus. Genova (3), vi, 1915, p. 379.

Lacerta serpa, part., Camerano, Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 56, pl. i, fig. I
(1885) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 444 (1912).

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 220.

Lacerta muralis neapolitana, var. viridiocellata, part., Bedriaga, t.c.
p. 240.

Lacerta muralis, var. tiliqguerta, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. 1, p. 30
(1887).

Lacerta muralis, var. cettii, L. Mill. Zool. Anz. 1905, p. 502.

Lacerta muralis, var. serpa, part., Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xv, 1905,
p. 394, pl. xxvu, fig. 6.

Head 12 to 12 times as long as broad, usually rather strongly
depressed, the occiput quite flat or even slightly concave, sometimes
however not differing from that of an average LD. m. var. albiventris,
its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum, its length 35 to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to
4} times in females. Pileus 2 to 23 times as long as broad. Neck as
broad or a little narrower than the head. Body moderately depressed.
Hind limb reaching between the collar and the ear in males, the axil,
the shoulder, or the collar in females; foot 14 to 12 times the length
of the head. ‘Tail 1 to 23 times the length of head and body.

Rostral shield never entering the nostril, and usually separated from
the frontonasal by the nasals*; postnasal singlet; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout ora little shorter; series .of
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries usually incom-
plete, the first superciliary bemg in contact with the second supra-
ocular; 6 to 8 supercilaries, the suture between the first and second
usually oblique; parietals 13 to 14 times as long as broad ; occipital
as long as or shorter, and usually not broader, than the interparietal ;
usually four upper labials anterior to the subocular,f{ which is much
shorter beneath than above ; first upper temporal more often than not
in contact with the fourth supraocular§ ; temporal scales granular,

* In 2 specimens from Sardinia, the rostral forms .a suture with the fronto-
nasal.

+ 2 superposed postnasals in 5 cases out of 170 from Giglio.

{ 5 ina male from Monte Cuccio, Sicily, and on one side in one from Gram-
michele, in 12 cases out of 170 from Gigho, in 2 cases out of 20 from Sardinia
3 in 2 cases from Giglio.

§ In 60 per cent. of the specimens examined,

Lacerta. 945

small; tympanic shield distinct; masseteric shield sometimes large,
usually small or absent.

24 to 35 scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate, usually 26 to 31; gular fold distinct. Collar with
even or very slightly serrated edge, composed of 8 to 15 plates, usually
9 to 12.

Scales very small, convex, round or oval-hexagonal, feebly but
distinctly keeled, 60 to 82 across the middle of the body, usually 65
to 76; 45 (2) to 60 (@) transverse series in the middle of the body
correspond to the length of the head, 5 and 4, 4, or 4 and 5 on the
sides correspond toa ventral plate. Ventral plates in 25 to 32 transverse
series (23-28 in ¢, 26-32 in ?).* Preanal plate rather small, with
two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, as large as or a little
smaller than dorsals. 20 to 28 femoral pores on each side, usually 22
to 26. 28 to 37 lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 50 to 35.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled and truncate or, rarely, very
obtusely pointed, more or less oblique, and often grooved on each side
of the keel; the whorls usually distinctly longer and shorter alternately,
the fourth containing 30 to 40 scales.

Coloration and markings very variable, some specimens resembling
the var. albiventris, others being absolutely identical with the var.
bedriage.t Grey, greyish olive, greenish, or bright green on the back,
grey brown on the sides, with black spots forming a reticulation,
sometimes cross-bars, or with the spots on the vertebral region confluent
into a wavy band, thus answering to the patterns striato-maculata,
reticulata, and tigris of Eimer; sometimes the black spots form five
regular longitudinal series; a blue or green ocellus above the axil and
spots of the same colour on the outer ventral plates. Other specimens
are uniform greyish brown, greyish green, or olive (L. olivacea, Ratf.,
var. modesta, Eimer), whilst a third category are intermediate, the
markings being present and also very variable, but brown instead of
black and more or less effaced, thus connecting the two extremes.
Upper surface of head often with large black spots or vermiculations ;
a more or less distinct dark streak on the side of the head, passing
through the eye. Tail uniform, or with small dark and light spots,
rarely with black and white spots forming more or less distinct bars. {

* The plates of the outer row are divided into two in one specimen from
Sardinia, and some specimens show an incomplete outer series.

+ Cf. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 19138, pl. xviii, figs. 7 and 8.

t As pointed out by Dehaut (C. R. Soe. Biol. Ixxxii, 1919, p. 514), the head
and tail are never green.

246 Lacertide.

The young, unless uniformly coloured, are reticulate, with a more or
less distinct tendency for the vertebral spots to run together into a
band and for the light ground-colour to appear as four longitudinal
streaks. Lower parts white, with mother-of-pearl gloss, or slightly
tinged with lilac-pink, sometimes grey in spirit, unspotted, except on
the outer ventral plates, which, in males, are often spotted with black ;
very exceptionally small black spots near the outer border of the
second ventral plate from the median line,
Measurements (in millimetres) :

ie 2. 3. as 6. ie sh ih

From end of snout to vent . 5 Of «0! 10" “59 9(2" 75 al 2s

Se a $s forelimb . 35 25 27 22 28 32 26 30 24
Length of head. : : - 28 > 16> Ss 14 SIS) 208 SG elo malG
Width of head. 5 : Ay SAL eli SY 1 12 10 eae O
Depth of head 5s es SB eee
Fore limb. : . : . 02 22 26 21 26 28 24 26 23
Hind lim!) . : : ; . bd 387 43 38: 44 45 #40 43 37
Foot ; A ; é : 5 Ao} 21 24 19 24 25 21 24 20
Tail , ; — 135 157 127 — 150 140 148 —

1. g,8.Sardinia. 2. 9,Sardinia. 3. g,Giglio. 4. 9,Giglio. 5. ¢,Gianutri.
6. g, Catania. 7. 9, Catania. 8. ¢, Pantellaria. 9. 9, Pantellaria.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Tuscan ARCHIPELAGO: er. ADE St aero: 6. 7
So Gighold. . 2 710% Flo" Oia 23 3]
a i : : : 5 66° 76> 25° iP Sane oes
es i : : > 66:25 "25" Wi3° 934 27 35
a 2 ; . 638° 73 25° 18 29 25-24 a3
7 - . 68 73 25 Il 27 22-24 30
> Bs : ; . "62. Fle 24 T-NS2 24 31
Q ss é s "59: “69. 28 12) 230 23 32
Ms ; : ; » “oo. Ah 28. Te Sb. 234240 sos
af ~ ; ; : . 54 67 28 12 28 23-20 32
a 5 : : . 04 73 28 12 30 23-22 32
¢ Gianutri Id. . . @2 65 25 10 28 2422 29
9 x : . 66 66 24 10 26 23-24 28

SARDINIA :
3g Cagliari 73-71 26 10. 30 25-26 32
= 39 72 77 26 8 28 238-24 34
99 > 70: 68° 26> Th. 2% 23 32
9 99 62 78. 24 I1 380 23 32
2 9 62 69 27 10 381 2423 31

lop)
oS
lor)
OO
bo
(0 6)
—
—_
bo
ie)
bo
i
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—
bo
ve)

” ”

& Assemini
» &. Sardinia .

3 Sardinia
”
g y
” 9

9 bb) v

3 Carloforte, S. Pietro Id.

2 9 °
SIcILyY :
3 Messina

> ”?

2 9
” 9
3 Catania
» 9
¥9 9
* 9
fe ss

” bd

-
gd Grammichele, Prov. Catania 73

3 Syracuse
,, Modica

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2
6 Palermo

Lacerta.

Lo we
ow Warn RN O°

Do hm WD ww WW vw

for)

bo pO bo pO PO
TIN 0

SST yee

90 ow WM pp
SS

27

Do Ww WO YW w pp pw
ON OD & DO HB D

bo pw WO bP wy wp
AI NI Or sJ

“100 & ON

NNNNONNNWNMWNW WNW W PL
MD © © © st

for)

Lo
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Sri C9 oo: ne =
Se

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oN)

r= ro &

| |
2 W bw re vo

}
~
—_

co
|
— CO DW

Do bk bh W& pp

oe et
© |

or

nse

bo bo
we 5 i bo
So WS bo
or Ww

bo pS PD DO bo
See yy Cet
“prop pw ™“ rv
DD & = © C

bo bo be te

be ty
aS
G bp %
b> NI @ Ob BD

°

nm pw po
© ts 7
bo bo to

248 Lacertidx.

& Monte Cuccio

2 ” ” ° : D
,. Marettimo Id., Egades Ids.. 65

Lipari Ips.:

2 Stromboli Id. : : -- 61 -71 28 10 <3l- 23-267 .34
" a : é . 58 28 9 382 2425 38
¢ Salinald. . ; ., 65° 73 24. 12; 30 2ya26rea2
= a : 65 72 26 13 27 -23-25 “33
; Ss 64 77 26 9 27 23-25 34
fe) . 61 72 27 10 28 238-24 29
i 3 Ol 75) 29) ag 23 ?
a a“ : : : 0) 70} 226, ea 23 30
So Lipari Ids. . : . 69 73 26 9 28 2423 33
2 a : : : > 105% 445" (30) a Oo See 26 36
PANTELLARIA In.:
¢ Kamma 75 75 25 Il 31 25-27 32
-. ; 72 71 26 10 32 25-26 35
) 5 (02 Wo 7 2ow 49h 29 24 33
2 ; 638 67 27 9 27 25-24 32
; 5 63 70 29 Il 26 25-27 30
‘TUNISIA :
6 Tunis (T.M.) : : - 63 72 27 A028 23 30
Baxearic Ips,:
2 Binisaida, Minorca ‘ . 70 30° 38 30 23 30
3 Marcadal, o ; = Wt ctor 26 AOU 27 22 31

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—Tuscan Archipelago (Giglio, Gianutri), Sardinia, Lipari
Islands, Sicily, Pantellaria, Tunis, and Minorca.

This variety approaches in many respects the var. bedriagx, and
since expressing my views on this subject I have accidentally come
across a previously published note by J. Scherer* in which, alluding
to Siciian examples under the name of ZL. serpa, var. reticulata,
Schreiber, he observes that it is distinguished from the var. albiventris
by a more powerful and larger build, an unusually broad, folded neck,
a more depressed skull, often more swollen cheeks, frequently without
masseteric shield, and a remarkably long tail, which may be nearly
three times as long as head and body. These characters are among

* Bl. Aq. Terr. K. xiv, 1903, p. 242, fig.

Lacerta. 249

those to which Méhely has appealed in 1909 in order to justify the
specific rank of L. bedriage.

Var. BEDRIAGA.

Lacerta oxycephala, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 235 (1839) ;
Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1880, p. 250, pl. xi.

Podarcis oxycephala, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1840).

Lacerta ovycephala, var. reticulata, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose.
1881, p. 82.

Lacerta oxycephala, var. bedriage, Camerano, Zool. Anz. 1885,
p- 418, and Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 48 (1885).

Lacerta bedriage, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 284;
Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. xx, 1905, no. 519, pl. —; Schreib. Herp.
Hur.,.ed. 2, p. 387 (1912).

Lacerta muralis, var. bedriage, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 34 (1887),
Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 411, pl. xxi, fig. 5, pl. xxviii, fig. 8, and
plex, no. 7, and xx, 1913, p. 151, fic., pl. xviii, fie. 8.

Lacerta reticulata (non Schreib.), Mcéhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii,
1909, p. 476, pl. xvi, figs. 7-9, and pl. xvii, figs. 1-9.

Head about 1} times as long as broad, much depressed, the occipital
region flat or slightly concave, its depth equal to the distance between
the posterior border of the eye and the tympanum, its length 34 to
3} times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4; times in females ; cheeks
much swollen in the males; snout more or less pointed, not longer
than the postorbital part of the head. Pileus 2 to 21 times as long as
broad. Neck as broad as or a little broader than the head. Body and
limbs rather stout, much depressed. Hind limb reaching the shoulder,
the collar, or a little beyond in males, the axil or the shoulder in
females. ‘Tail rather strongly depressed at the base, 1} to slightly
over 2 times as long as head and body.

Rostral shield not touching the nostril; nasals forming a short or
very short suture behind the rostral, rarely separated from each
other*; sometimes two superposed postnasals+; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, or a little longer, or con-
siderably shorter ; a usually complete series of granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries,f which number 6 or 7 (rarely 8 or

* In 3 specimens out of 28 examined by me, in 2 specimens out of 21 examined
by Méhely.

+ In 8 cases out of 56 examined by me, in 3 cases out of 42 examined by
Méhely.

t In 5 cases the first superciliary is in contact with the second supraocular.

250 Lacertide.

9), the suture between the first and second sometimes vertical, some-
times oblique; parietals 1} to 1} times as long as broad, often not in
contact with the upper postocular*; occipital usually broader and as
long as or longer than the interparietal, sometimes fused with it or
separated by an additional shield; anterior upper temporal some-
times large, sometimes broken up into scales; temporal scales
granular, not much larger than dorsals; tympanic shield present ;
masseteric shield moderately large, or small, or absent ; four or five,
rarely six upper labials+ anterior to the subocular, the lower border
of which is not or but little shorter than the upper.

26 to 39 scales and granules in a longitudinal line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plates, usually
32 to 35; gular fold usually distinct. Collar with even edge, the
plates usually small, 7 to 13 in number, usually 9 to 12.

Scales on body smooth, granular and feebly convex, roundish-
hexagonal and flat on the posterior part of the back, a little larger
on the back than on the flanks ; 58 to 78 scales across the middle of
the body,f usually 65 to 72; 30 (2) to 56 (¢) transverse series, in
the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head, 4 and 5
(rarely 4 or 3 and 4) on the side correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral
plates in 24 to 28 transverse series (in males as well as in females).§
Preanal plate rather large, with a single semicircle of small plates,
rarely with two.

Scales on upper surface of tibia minute, smaller than dorsals, like-
wise smooth; 19 to 27 femoral pores on each side,|| usually 22 to 25.
26 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales longer and shorter in alternate whorls, the upper
feebly keeled, sometimes even nearly smooth, truncate behind; 28 to
4() scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Greyish, vellowish brown, dull green or bright green above, with a
more or less developed wide-meshed brown or black network, or blackish

* In contact in 20 cases out of 56. As Méhely has attached a great import-
ance to the condition of the shield in his classification, it is worth mentioning
that this lizard does not differ in any way, in this respect, from the var.
tiliguerta.

+ 5 on each side in 7 specimens, 4 on each side in 6, 4 on one side and 5 on
the other in 15, 6 on each side in one.

ft 62-84 according to Méhely.

§ According to Méhely, the median or the outer plates may be exceptionally
divided, making 8 longitudinal rows instead of 6.

| Up to 29 according to Méhely.—The pores sometimes as small in males as
in females.

Lacerta. Dor

with round pale olive spots*; small blue spots may be present on the

sides ; upper surface of head more or less spotted or vermiculated with

black; markings on the tail absent or ill-defined. Lower parts greyish

or greenish white, salmon-pink, or copper-red, with or without small

black spots; a series of green or blue spots on the outer row of

ventral shields. Markings of the young as in the adult.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

il? DA 3. 4.

From end of snout to vent . . 2 OO. «fa. 70 bo
R 5 eS fore limb . 8& 30° 27 22
Length of head. page 20° Tf, 18
Width of head. ; 7 te hor= “Le 3)
Depth of head. mae (CU 9 8 6
Fore limb . : ; Sook, wl Zo Bl
Hind limb . , ; ; ; . 47 42 37 =~ 32
Foot . ; : ; 5 CG ek 19 16
i Wy ame : — 187 112 112

1. g, type, Bastelica (Bedriaga Coll.). 2. g, Corsica. 3, 4. 2,
Corsica.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
ile 2. 3. 4., 5. 6.

& Bastelica (type), B.C. 80 78 25 11 35 2

9 : + * . @o 77 28 10 35 20 ’

2 ” » * 75 67 27 12 30 22-28 27
ee | he P.M. 82 72 26 9 31 25-26 28
,, Tinozzo 75 66 24 9 81 25 28
» Vizzavona 75 67 25 11 29 21-22 27
2 ” 71 65 24 10 385 25-26 26
os 71 74 26 10 81 21-22 26
os + 68 65 26 9 30 22 28
3 , 80 69 25 11 33 26-25 30
99 x 80 66 25 11 33 2426 31
Sind Sy 2 67 26 10 32 22 28
39 ~ . 80 62 26 11 26 21-19 27
” 3 54 75 28 10 39 24. 29
3 Corsica 82 76 26° 12 33 25 28
a 9 78 66 25 10 32 26-25 30
” 5 73 72 25 12 35 28-21: 26
2 * 65 71 28 12 33 24-23 29
9 a 60 70 24 7 38 22-24 30

* Schreiber mentions rare cases in which the light spots are arranged in
regular longitudinal series corresponding to the light streaks of other varieties.

952 Lacertide.

ee 2: 3. 4, 5. 6. Ts

do Corsica . : . 58 58 24 9 382 23 27
2 ¢ : . 70 72 25 9 35 2425 29
. : _ 5d, 7026: OD 339 eee om,

se hele ¢ A VOumioe tah Ae ov 24-29

70. 69; 26° 9 30° so72p aes

7 ”

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.— Mountains of Corsica, between 700 and 2700 metres
altitude.

This form is so striking for the great depression of the head and
body that it has been regarded by most authors as entitled to specific
rank, or has even been united with L. ovycephala. It is however
connected with DL. muralis by intermediate forms, such as the vars.
tiliqguerta and insulanica, and when the characters of these are taken
into consideration it will be found that the var. bedriage is difficult
of definition; the difficulty is further increased if we also compare
L. bedriagze with the Asiatic forms formerly held as specifically distinct
under the name of D. depressa. In my opinion, the difference between
the var. bedriage and the var. tiliquerta is not greater than that between
the latter and the var. campestris, perhaps even less.

Var. SARDOA.

Lacerta sardou, Peracca, Boll. Mus. Tor. xviii, 1903, no. 458, fig.,
and xx, 1905, no. 519, pl. —; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 391 (1912).

Lacerta bedriage, part., Mchely, Allat. Kozlem. Budapest, 11, 1904,
p. 194.

Lacerta muralis, var. sardoa, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvi, 1905;
p. 413, pl. xxvii, fig. 9, and pl. xxix, fig. 8, and xx, 1918, p. 154.

Lacerta reticulata, var. sardoa, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vu, 1909,
p. 487, pl. xvi, figs. 1-6.

Head 12 to 12 times as long as broad, much depressed, the occipital
region flat or slightly concave, its depth not greater than the distance
between the posterior border of the eye and the tympanum, its length
3% to 4 times in length to vent in males, 3{ to 4¢ times in females ;
snout more or less pointed, not longer than the postorbital part of the
head. Pileus 2 to 2} times as long as broad. Neck as broad as or a
little broader than the head. Body much depressed. Hind limb
reaching the shoulder, the collar, or a little beyond the collar in males,
the axil or not quite so far in females; foot as long as or a little
longer than the head.* Tail 1} to 2 times as long as head and body.

* A little shorter in a male measured by Méhely.

Lacerta. 253

Rostral shield not touching the nostril, usually forming a suture with
the frontonasal,* which is often as long as broad or even a little
longer; postnasal single ; frontal as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, 13 to nearly 2 times as long as broad ; a complete series
of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, which
number 5 or 6, the suture between the first and second vertical or
oblique; parietals 13 (young) to nearly twice as long as broad;
occipital usually shorter than the interparietal, with which it is some-
times fused}; usually 4 upper labials, rarely 5{ anterior to the
subocular, the lower border of which is not or but little shorter than
the upper; first upper temporal rarely in contact with the fourth
supraocular§ ; temporal scales granular, small; tympanic shield
distinct ; masseteric shield very small or absent.

29 to 38 scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate, usually 30 to 35; gular fold distinct. Collar
with even edge, composed of 11 to 15 small plates, usually 11 to 13.

Scales very small, granular, flat, smooth, 62 to 76 across the middle
of the body, usually 64 to 72||; 32 (9) to 47 (@) transverse series
in the middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head, 4 or
4 and 5 on the sides correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in
23 to 26 transverse series (23 to 25 in males, 25 to 26 in females).&
Preanal plate moderately large or rather small, with two semicircles
of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smooth, smaller than dorsals. 21
to 31 femoral pores on each side, usually 21 to 28; frequently a second,
incomplete series of rudimentary pores. 26 to 31 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales smooth or feebly keeled, truncate, rather
oblique, the whorls very markedly longer and shorter alternately ; 26
to 34 scales in the fourth whorl.

The type specimen is black above, with very numerous small round
greenish light spots, the head being brown with a black reticulation ;

* Out of 40 specimens from Mt. Gennergentu only 3 lack the suture, the
nasals meeting with their inner angles, according to Peracca; in 3 specimens
from Mt. Limbara, preserved in the Florence Museum, the nasals are narrowly
in contact with each other behind the rostral.

+ In 11 specimens according to Peracca, in 2 specimens in the British
Museum ; separated by an accessory shield in the third specimen in the British
Museum.

ft In 14 cases out of 54 according to Peracea.

§ 3 exceptions noted by Peracca.

|| 74-82 according to Méhely.

§ 8 longitudinal rows in 2 specimens examined by Peracea, in 3 examined
by Meéhely.

254 Lacertide.

ereyish white beneath, the ventral plates edged with black in front ;
outer ventral plates blue. Other specimens have the spots larger and
fewer, surrounded by a black network, much as in many specimens of
the var. bedriagee, or ocellar and distinct from the olive ground-colour ;
the ocelli may have a tendency to unite by their black borders to form
cross-bars ; lower parts grey, uniform in females or spotted with black
in males, the outer ventral plates with black and blue spots. Tail
with markings same as on the body, or forming very irregular cross-
bars. Young with markings similar to those of the adult and likewise
without any trace of striation,
Measurements (in millimetres) :

ge
From end of snout to vent . 82 76 54 78 74 70, 58
i a 53 fore hmb. — — 23 82> 29 381 24
Length of head ; 2 M98) eo Shot lie eames
Width of head . 4 » ads 12 9) 11) dO: AS
Depth of head . : : 4 82 fe 6 8 8 3 Fo
Fore limb. : , 28 27 22 26 26 26 21
Hind limb. ; : ; a) 233 42, 30 389 37 40 382
Foot. : 4 Jan2i 21 LZ, 20e VAS Ow aliy,
Tail . : : ; ; » = 132 97 — 110 128 —
First and second columns after Peracca.
Particulars of Specimens Examined.

is 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. fe

aie : : : . 4 73 24 12 382 28-24 28

Q 78 68 25 12 38 25-26 31

rr re ir ee ae
(type, T.M.) . . 70 72 26 18 385 25-24 929
ee 58 76 25 18 80 2425 28

The following are given by Peracca:

99

Ne rh Gy IE, 6. le en 46 Zh 6.
Oo - 02 46) (2513835 24 Oe . 67 62 26 18 29 21-22
77 70 24 11 384 24-26 pec . 65 71 24 18 34 31-29
416) 710) 23 123i 28-240 eae . 65 69 25 I1 34 23-24
76 71 25 18 35 28-27 Bae . 62 67 23 11 31 27-26
55 74 71 24 15 387 28-30] ,, . . 59 74 24 18 38 26-25
soite . 73 Tl 24 14 34 26 He . OT T&4 23 11 33 28-25
De . 76 65 26 11 30 22-23 ey . 56 66 26 12 34 25-26
fe - 75) 70 26 TI 36) 24-257) tee . 55 71 25 18 388 25-24
Hc . 74 65 26 12 30 24 spk . 55 72 24 11 32 25-26
73 64 24 12 81 22-28 Soya . 50 67 25 18 31 21-28
73 67 25 18 382 22-23 one - 50 75 24 18 35 25-27

5: 73 64 25 11 30 21-238 aie . 49 70 26 18 35 23
. (2 72 26 15 35 25-27 | ,, 45 64 24 11 31 21-22

Columus as on p. 175.

Lacerta. 255

Habitat.—This lizard appears to have a very restricted habitat on
the mountains of Sardinia. Most of the specimens, including the
type, were obtained on Mt. Gennergentu. Three specimens, from
Mt. Limbara, are preserved in the Florence Museum.

It is so closely allied to DL. bedriage that it was first held to be
identical with it by Méhely. In his latest contribution the same
author regards it as a geographical variety, a view in which I concur.
The two forms can only be distinguished by a combination of
characters, not one of which is constant. It is not improbable, how-
ever, that the resemblance between the two lizards is a case of
parallelism and that both have been independently derived, as
mountain forms, from a common ancestor, of which the var. tiliqguerta
is the survivor.

Group IV.—Spain and Portugal, North-West Africa.

A few varieties are here grouped together, which are closely allied
to and no doubt derived from the typical form, from which some of
them are barely distinguishable and with which most agree in the
absence of vivid green colour. In the first two varieties a dark verte-
bral streak or series of spots is primarily present, whilst it has been
lost in the others. In addition to this character, the following defi-
nitions will help in their identification.

Var. liolepis, Blgr.—Head moderately depressed ; scales smooth or
faintly keeled, 51 to 65 across the body ; upper caudal scales smooth
or feebly keeled ; collar-plates usually very small; 15 to 22 femoral
pores ; 21 to 27 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; masseteric shield
usually very small or absent. From snout to vent up to 60 millim.—
Spain.

Var. hispanica, Stdr.—Head much depressed, snout acutely pointed ;
scales smooth, 50 to 60 across the body; collar-plates very small ;
14 to 19 femoral pores; 25 or 26 lamellar scales under the fourth toe ;
masseteric shield usually absent ; often 5 upper labials anterior to the
subocular. From snout to vent up to 50 millim.—S. Spain.

Var. vaucheri, Blgr.—Head moderately depressed ; scales distinctly
keeled, 61 to 76 across the body; 13 to 19 femoral pores ; 23 to 28
lamellar scales under the fourth toe; masseteric shield usually present.
From end of snout to vent up to 52 millim.—S. Portugal and Morocco.

Var. bocagii, Seoane.—Head more or less depressed ; scales smooth
or feebly keeled, 50 to 67 across the body; 14 to 22 femoral pores ;
21 to 29 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; masseteric shield often

256 Lacertide.

small or absent. From snout to vent up to 65 millim.—Spain and
Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, W. Tunisia.

Var. monticola, Blgr.—Head much. depressed, snout very obtuse ;
scales flat, smooth or faintly keeled, 46 to 52 across the body; 14 to
femoral pores; 23 to 26 lamellar scales under the fourth toe;
masseteric shield large; rostral in contact with the frontonasal. From
snout to vent up to 76 millim.— Mountains of Spain and Portugal.

Var. LIOLEPIS.

Lacerta muralis fusca, var., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 292.

Lacerta muralis, var. liolepis, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905,
p- 363, pl. xxiv, figs. 9, 10.

Bedriaga has briefly alluded to this small form, which he observed
alive at Valencia, on the road to the Dehesa de la Albufera, and which
struck him as remarkable for the extremely small dorsal scales and
smooth caudal scales, the middle dorsals of which are more or less
enlarged. The colour is described as a pale yellowish brown above,
with a brown, white-edged lateral band, greyish or yellowish beneath.
Length from snout to vent 49 millim.

Among numerous specimens from Valencia which are preserved in
the British Museum and in the Lataste Collection, some agree with
Bedriaga’s description in having the upper caudal scales very faintly
keeled, almost smooth, and the granular dorsal scales are very minute,
scarcely larger than those on the upper surface of the tibia. Some
specimens, however, have the dorsal scales larger, and the caudal scales
distinctly, though rather feebly, keeled, and yet evidently belong to the
same form.

Although I have bestowed a name on it, I do not think it possible to
sharply define this form, which may be said to connect the typical
L. muralis with the var. hispanica.

Proportions and shape of head as in the typical form, snout pointed ;
the depth of the head equals the distance between the anterior corner
or the centre of the eye and the tympanum; hind limb reaching the
axil, the shoulder, or the collar in males, the elbow or the axil in
females ; foot a little longer than the head ; tail 12 to 2 times as long
as head and body.

Rostral not touching the nostril* ; frontonasal rarely in contact with
the frontal} ; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the

* In contact with the frontonasal in two specimens from Valencia, and in one
from Foyos.
+ In two specimens from Valencia.

Lacerta. 257

end of the snout ; parietal 1} to 1% times as long as broad, in contact
with the upper postocular; occipital usually shorter, but often broader
than the interparietal* ; series of granules between the supraoculars
and the superciliaries usually incomplete ; suture between the first and
second superciliaries usually oblique, rarely vertical; 4 upper labialst
anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than above ;
temporal scales granular, usually not larger than the dorsals, some-
times even smaller; upper temporal shields usually broken up into
scales; masseteric shield sometimes moderately large, usually very
small or absent.

25 to 36 gular scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct. Collar even-
edged, composed of 9 to 12 plates (rarely 8 or 14), which are usually
very small.

Seales granular, round or oval-subhexagonal, smooth or faintly
keeled, 51 to 65 across the middle of the body, usually 56 to 62;
42 to 56 transverse series, in the middle of the back, correspond to the
length of the head, 3 or 4 on the side to a ventral plate. Ventral
plates in 23 to 28 transverse series in males, 27 to 32 in females.t
Preanal shield moderately large, or rather small.

15 to 22 femoral pores on each side, usually 16 to 19; 21 to 27
lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 22 to 25.

Caudal scales very oblique, forming alternately longer and shorter
whorls, upper feebly or faintly keeled, rarely smooth, truncate or very
obtusely pointed behind ; 28 to 36 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

In their markings the young are quite similar to those of the typical
form from France, and a black vertebral streak is likewise often present.
The adults are pale grey or brown above, and the blackish spots, if
present, are small; a median series of black spots or a more or less
distinct black vertebral line are often present as well as another on the
inner side of the light dorsolateral streak ; a dark brown or dark grey
lateral band, sometimes edged with white above or above and below ;
upper surface of head uniform or with dark dots. Ventral spots are
absent or small and confined to the sides; one male specimen from
Valencia is exceptional in having the lower parts dotted all over with
black.

* Twice as broad in one specimen from Valencia and in one from Foyos;
longer than the interparietal in a specimen from Cadix.

+ 5 on one side in one specimen from Valencia, in one from Foyos and in one
from Seville.

t 8 longitudinal series in one specimen from Valencia.

1W

258

Lacertide.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

a FS #4 fore limb
Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb

Hind limb

Foot

Tail

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1

é Valencia : : : . 60

”

3 Fo

60
59
57
5D
55
55
54
53
53
52
ol
49
54
53
53
53
50
50
4.7
46

i : :
yos, near Valencia ae)

9

2.
57
55
58
63
62
58
61
61
58
52
59
59
64
59
60
54
60
60

3.

4.
10
12

é.
60
24
15
10
8
20
Bi)
ay
120

Lacerta. 259

2. 3. 4

1. tee 6. hs

@ Foyos, near Valencia. . 47 357 32 Il 29 17-18 22
ae ; . 47 56 29 10 28 15 28
d Cadix (P.M.) . ; . 60 61 28 11 26 17-19 26
> 4; ae . 58 64 26 10 29 20-19 24
» seville . ; . 52 62 28 11 26 19-20 25
3 g 4 00+ 64. 29 Wd 28° WS 128

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—This variety is only known from the vicinity of Valencia
and from Seville and Cadix.

Var. HISPANICA.

Lacerta oxycephala, var. hispanica, Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien. lxii, 1,
1870, p. 336, pl. 1, figs. 3-6; Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii, 1881, p. 376.

Lacerta oxycephala, part., Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 404 (1875).

Lacerta muralis fusca, var., Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 293.

Lacerta muralis steindachneri, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv
1886, p. 256.

Lacerta muralis, var. hispanica, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 33 (1887),
and Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 368, pl. xxiv, fig. 14, and pl. xxv,
figs. 14, 15.

Lacerta hispanica, Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 429 (1912).

>

A small form which, in its much flattened head, sharply-pointed
snout, and conspicuously striated body, suggests a young Acantho-
dactylus.

Head and body much depressed; head 15 to 1% times as long as
broad.* Hind limb reaching the axil or the shoulder; foot about
13 times the length of the head. Tail twice as long as head and body,
or a little more or a little less.

Rostral not touching the nostril; frontal nearly twice as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout; series of
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries complete or
first superciliary in contact with the second supraocular ; parietals
about 1} times as long as broad, not touching, or barely touching the
upper postocular; occipital shorter than the interparietal and as

~

broad or broader; frequentiy 5 upper labialst anterior to the sub-

* 2} times in Schreiber’s description is evidently a lapsus.
+ Of the 3 specimens examined one has 5 on both sides, a second has 5 on
one side and 4 on the other, whilst the third has 4 on both sides.

260 Lacertide.

ocular, which is narrower beneath than above; temporal scales.
granular, usually without masseteric shield. 26 to 29 scales between
the symphysis of the chin-shields* and the median collar-plates ;
gular fold feeble or scarcely indicated. Collar even-edged, composed
of 8 to 11 very small plates.

Seales small, flat, smooth, roundish, 50 to 60 across the middie of
the body; 3 or 4 correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in
26 to 30 transverse series. Preanal plate moderate or large, bordered
by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or a little smaller than
dorsals. 15 to 19 femoral pores on each side.t 25 or 26 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales oblique, feebly keeled, truncate, not forming very
unequal whorls.

Grey above, with five or seven longitudinal blackish streaks, which
may bear small light spots, or may be broken up into spots; the
vertebral streak sometimes divided into two on the nape; the dorso-
lateral black streaks extending forward to the parietal shields or to
the supraocular shields; the dark lateral streak, passing through the
eye, broadest. In the young the black streaks may be separated by
pure white. Limbs with light, black-edged round spots. Tail bluish,
with black spots or annuli. Lower parts whitish, uniform or with a
series of round black spots on the outer ventral shields.

This lizard does not appear to exceed a length of 50 millim. from
snout to vent.

Habitat.— According to Steindachner large numbers were found on
the Monte Agudo near Murcia, and on rocky situations in the neigh-
bourhood of Alicante. It is also known from Almeria. Schreiber says
it is common in rocky places on the Mediterranean coast of Spain
between Alicante and Malaga.

Notwithstanding its oxy-platycephalous character, which has misled
Steindachner and Schreiber as to its affinities, this lizard is very
closely related to the preceding variety and bears no near relationship
to the var. bedriagex or to L. oxvycephala. Its head is, besides, not
flatter than in certain examples of the var. bocagii, and its system of
coloration is much more prinitive.

* One of the species from Almeria has 4 pairs of chin-shields meeting in the
middle.
+ 14 to 18 according to Bedriaga.

Lacerta. 261

Var. VAUCHERI.

Lacerta muralis, var. fusca, Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii, 1883,
pe 1L0,

Lacerta muralis, part., Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 125 ;
Doumergue, Herp. Oran. p. 125, pl. viii, fig. 7 (1901),

Lacerta muralis, var. vaucheri, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soe. xvii, 1905,
pp. 365, 418, pl. xxix, fig. 9.

This variety, which is only known from Tangier and the Portuguese
province of Algarve, differs but little from the typical form, the
principal distinction lying in the smaller scales and the absence of a
dark vertebral streak or series of spots, the latter feature being shared
by the two following varieties and several others from S.W. Asia.

Head rather short, not more than 1! times as long as broad, and
moderately depressed, its depth equalling the distance between the
anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum. Hind limb reaching
the shoulder in males, the elbow in females; foot 14 to 14 times the
length of the head. Tail 1% to 2 times as long as head and body.

Head-shields as in the typical form, but parietals rather shorter,
usually but little longer than broad; series of granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries complete, or first superciliary in
contact with the second supraocular; parietal in contact with the
upper postocular* ; 4 upper labialst anterior to the subocular, which
is narrower beneath than above; masseteric shield present.

Scales finely granular, distinctly keeled, 61 to 76 across the middle
of the body; 36 to 57 transverse series, in the middle of the back,
correspond to the length of the head, 3 and 4 on the side correspond
to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 24 to 27 transverse series in
males, 30 to 32 in females.§ Preanal shield moderately large,
bordered by one or two semicircles of small shields.

Scales on upper surface of tibia a little smaller than dorsals. 15 to
19 femoral pores on each side.|| 23 to 28 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales rather oblique, forming subequal whorls or alternately

* Except in one specimen from Tangier.

+ 5 on one side in a specimen from Tangier, 3 on one side in another and in
one from Algarve.

t+ Except in one specimen from Tangier; divided into 2 or 3 pieces in the
specimen from Algarve.

§ 8 longitudinal series, the outer plate being divided, in the specimen from
Algarve.

| Up to 20 according to Boettger.

262 Lacertide.

longer and shorter, upper moderately or strongly keeled, truncate or
very obtusely pointed behind ; 25 to 35 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl.

Olive-grey above, with small black spots or reticulations ; a more
or less defined dark lateral band, bordered above by a whitish streak
or series of white spots; no dark vertebral streak or series of spots ;
limbs with round light, dark-edged spots; upper surface of head
more or less spotted or marbled with black; two series of white,
black-edged spots along each side of the tail. Belly white or pale
orange, uniform or with a few scattered black dots; throat with black
dots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Tangier. Salix.
cx ee ee

From end of snout to vent. rig oe 50 47

s - - forelimb . 21 19 19

Length of head. : fas 10 12

Width of head 9 7 8

Depth of head : 4 6 5 6

Fore limb ; eS) 15 16

Hind limb. = el) 24 26

Foot . : - a6 13 15

Tail . Aas 83 —

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. ie
6 Tangier ; » of, 68.26 TW ~30. aealo 3s
5 - -' 49 70 324. DOs 25> aval 2s
fe) fi : ~ ip, tere s0 9 26 18-17 2%
5 Dds (67 B22) AT 29) ISS es
7 ; « 00: 7B 330) —10: 24 91S bo 325
= a : ; . 60> 68 630 40 28 . 15-16, 24
G Salir, Algarve. . AZ 76 27.10: -31 I8A17 -28

Columns as on p.-175.

Var. BOCAGII.

Lacerta muralis, Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 33 (1862) ; Boettg. Sitzb.
Ak. Berl. 1887, p. 185; Bedriaga, Amph. Rept. Portug. p. 52 (1890) ;
Doumergue, Erp. Oran. p. 123 (1901); Bouleng. Nov. Zool. 1905,
Dp, 70, Pla.

Lacerta muralis, var. bocagii, Seoane, Idend. de Lacerta Schreiberi,
p- 18 (1885); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soe. xvii, 1905, pp. 361, 415, pls.

Lacerta. 263

xxiv, figs. 6-8, and pl. xxix, fig. 10, and xx, 1918, p. 144, pl. xvi,
figs. 11, 12; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 424 (1912).

Lacerta muralis, var. fusca, Doumergue, op. cit. p. 125, pl. viii,
fig. 8.

? Lacerta muralis guadarriana, Bosca, Bol. Soc. Espan. H.N. xvi,

1916, p. 328.

The head is either similar to that of the typical L. muralis, or more
depressed, sometimes as much as in the vars. bedriagxe and chalybdea ;
its depth equals the distance between the centre or the posterior border
of the eye and the tympanum. The hind limb reaches the axil, the
shoulder, or the collar in males, the wrist, the elbow, or the axil in
females ; foot a little longer than the head. ‘Tail 1} to a little over 2
times the length of head and body.

Rostral not touching the nostril* ; frontonasal sometimes in con-
tact with the frontalt+; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout; parietals 14+ to 12 times as long
as broad ; occipital usually broader than the interparietal {; series of
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries complete or
incomplete ; suture between the first and second superciliaries usually
oblique, but not rarely vertical; usually 4 upper labials § anterior to
the subocular, which is usually much narrower beneath than above ;
temporal scales small; masseteric shield sometimes large, often small
or absent ; upper temporal shields often broken up, the first sometimes
in contact with the fourth supraocular. ||

22 to 35 scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate, usually 23 to 30; gular fold distinct ; collar even-
edged, the plates often small, 7 to 12, usually 9 to 11.

Seales granular, round or oval-subhexagonal, smooth or feebly
keeled, 50 to 67 [across the middle of the body, usually 54 to 65;
36 (¢) to 60 (2%) transverse series in the middle of the back
correspond to the length of the head, 3 and 4 on the side correspond
to a ventral plate. Ventral plates 25 to 29 transverse series in males,

* In contact with the frontonasal in 5 specimens (Ciudad Real, Burbia,
Cacabelos and Villa Franca).

+ In 10 specimens (Galicia, Sisargas Id., Cacabelos, Villa Franca).

t Sometimes twice as broad. Absent in a specimen from Coimbra. Some-
times fused with the interparietal or separated from it by a small shield.

§ 5 on both sides in two specimens from Coimbra, in one from Tlemsen, and
in one from Tunisia; on one side in 8 specimens (Sisargas Id., Serra de Gerez,
Tamaruth Valley, Fenzou); 3 on one side in specimens from Tamaruth Valley.

|| In 2L specimens: Tamaruth Valley (9), Fenzou (3), Cacabelos (3), Serra de
Gerez (2), Burbia, Villa Franca, Coimbra, Sersou.

264 Lacertide.

28 to 32 in females.* Preanal plate usually rather large,t bordered
by one, rarely by two, semicircles of smaller plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia a little smaller than dorsals.
14 to 22 femoral pores on each side,f usually 16 to 19. 20 to 29
lamellar scales under the fourth toe, usually 22 to 26.

Caudal scales more or less oblique, truncate or very obtusely pointed
behind, forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, the upper
usually more or less strongly keeled, rarely feebly keeled; 26 to 34
scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Coloration and markings very variable, but a vertebral streak or
series of spots constantly absent on the body, though sometimes
represented on the nape. The var. bocagii was founded on the green
colour of the back in specimens from Galicia, which is also found
in Algerian specimens (“‘varicté verte ” of Doumergue) ; but the upper
parts are more often grey, brown, or olive. Females usually bear two
whitish streaks on each side, the upper proceeding from the superciliary
edge, the lower passing through the ear, separated by a dark brown
band sometimes bearing white, black-edged ocelli, or by crowded
black spots ; the dorsal space between the light streaks is at least as
great on the body as on the nape in Moroccan and Algerian specimens,
but it is often narrower on the body in Spanish and Portuguese ;
brown or black spots are often present on the back, but they are irre-
gularly disposed or form two longitudinal series, sometimes in the
form of rings; upper surface of head uniform, or with black spots.
Some females are handsomely marked with four broad black stripes
separated by the white dorsolateral lines. Males are sometimes
marked like the females, but the black spots often transform into a
reticulation, and the whole of the body may show a black network
enclosing small roundish pale green spots, such specimens (from the
Serra de Gerez) being very suggestive of the var. bedriagex, which they
also approach in the very flat head and body. Others are not without
a general resemblance to the var. pityusensis, except for the absence of
a vertebral stripe or series of spots, and have no doubt given rise to
Bedriaga’s remarks § on Galician specimens being a connecting form
between that variety and the typical L. muralis. The upper surface
of the head is usually much spotted with black. Black and white

* 8 longitudinal series in 2 specimensfrom Tamaruth Valley and in one from
Fenzou. An incomplete outer series is sometimes present.

+ Small in a female from Tlemsen, bordered behind by a series of granules.

~ An additional series of smaller pores in a male from Coimbra.

§ Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 255.

Lacerta. 265

spots or bars often present on the sides of the tail, sometimes connected
by narrow bars across the upper surface.
The lower parts are white, uniform or but scantily spotted with
black * ; blue spots usually present on the outer ventral plates.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

aA 2 +i 4. 5. 6. 7 8 9 10. 11

From end of snout to vent bv 6 6©665l«(OC57)60ClCiODBSCOH SC‘ O46 «CO CGC COG
3 %, 5, forelimb 22 19 23 21 21 18 To 2O paliee 2 = 21
Length of head ‘ E . 14 12 14 14 #138 HE LOSS: Os 4 2
Width of head é . 5 alloy 3) 1) 9 9 > kop lit (sglaie <a Aas ka 3
Depth of head : f 2) Se *o:Den ee mGr RO Oworop O= bie =7) 66
Fore limb : : , -» 20) 7, 20 20 18 16° 149 18 35° 20 17
Hind limb : , ‘ . 80 24-31 30 27 20° 21 27 22-30 26
Foot ‘ ‘ ; : > 6. 1s 16 Og gal lls: 15s issih LS a4
Tail : : 8 92 — 108 93 102 — 89 88 95 —

l. g, 2 92, Galicia. 3. ¢, Cacabelos. 4. ¢, 5. g, Serra de
Gerez. 6. 6,7. 2, lisbon. 8. ¢,9. 9, Tamaruth Valley. 10. g,
11. 2, Tlemsen.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Eee 3. 4. 95. 6. ie
Spain:

¢ Galicia. ; , , of 60029" -9) 29) 16-15. 25
ss ae? : : Se? yen | 0 am! (yg 16 23
. = 45 54 27 11 23 18-17 27
Sek 42 55 27 10 24 16-15 21
Oy xs, GO: 57) 29. -S 2oys 16, ), 22
en ee 56 54 28 11 23 18-17 ?
Apes 55 62 30 10 27 17 22
2 = 52 59 380 9 26 16-17 24
eee AG BA 29 TO! Od, 1615.98
6 Corunna, P.M. . . 6 56 25 9 26 16 24
2 - » 58 65 26 11 27 16 22
2 7 44 58 32 11 25 15 23
6 Sisargas Id. . ’ « 68° GOR er 99 37) 19, 23
# : 63 54 28 11 24 17-16 22
e us 57 57 26 11 25 16-15 ?
fe) a : ; . 59 59 31 Il 25 18-19 20
3S Cacabelos. . oF 54 27 7 2 1415 25
ifr 4 55 52 26 8 28 16 = 24
ae 55 65 27 11 29 15-16 22

* More profusely in a male from Corunna in the Paris Museum, and in one
from Sisargas Id.

266

3

”
9

”

?
3

”
>
99

9

Lacertide.

Cacabelos
E 4 : 5
Sierra de Pico, Burbia .
be] 9°
’? ”
Ariadapedra, Burbia
”

be
Villa Franca i
”? 99
Escorial, Madrid
$93 ’°

? 9

Lozoya Valley, nr. Madrid

Ciudad Real :
Los Morismos, Andalucia

PORTUGAL :

2
3

”

+9

2

Oporto .
Coimbra
3
a
Lisbon

3

”?

Serra de Gerez

”?

Morocco:

3

Tamaruth Valley .

IE
d5
o4
64.
48
57
56
51
54
51
56
56
59
65
63

47

DowwhlW:;:

DD DD PO 0 39
Os (OO, OON SS SS GOAT

bo bo
o> OO

27

co CO

bo wp pw b&

ise)
Db &

bo bo
ov

bo bo
SINI

29
28
25

1)
Weyer)

NOoNwWNwWNHNWN WY WY pw
Noor DOH OH W

blo po bd wp
Oo oO

= D

bo po WS pp
wWwnre nH

bo
Or

=

Lacerta. 267

le 2, 38. 4. 5. 6 Fe
3 Tamaruth Valley . / 90: 39 27 10 27 20 24,
ms 2 . 50 65 26 10 30 20-19 26
2 if : ope “64, Bl 8. 180) 20-21. 25
- * : - 60 58 30 8 26 17 24,
hs a . 48 55 29 9 28 18 23
a ‘ : . 47 55 28 8 27 19-17 22
+ - ; : . 46 57 30 9 25 16 22
x A ; . 45 56 32 10 28 i Wg 23
3 Fenzou . 4 57 27 10 25 19-18 25
. ¥ . . oo» BD "27 “Th 27 19 23
43 ; : . 51 58 27 9 27 18-19 24
a re é : . olf 60 26 10 29 7-18 25
= x : ; : . OL *oo) 265" °9) 25 17 25
Q ce : . bd 59 380 10 29 18-19 23
- iy ; : “88 th 297 (925 18 24
* 3 : : .. 02 08 “29-7 (25 19 25
99 “5 ;. OO “oO, 29" 8 22 16 24.
» “2 . AD So, ok 7 30 18 24.

ALGERIA :
S$ Tlemsen ; . 566 56 25 Ll 24 18-17 25
eg : , o4 OL “27 —°S. «2% 18 24
coer : . 62 65 27 10 29 21 25
a) Met . 48 60 25 10 27 19-18 24
oa : : . 66 of (30° = 9-27 19 22
Sj an . 56-55 30 21 26 I8-19 24
leer : ; . 48 58 28 11 26 20 21
,, Mascara . 4 . Ube 6129" 9 25 17 ?
3 Sersou . : : : .- 46 61° 25 ‘10 27 19-21 25
oe a ; . “AS 60) 98" 9 26. Tea17- 24
,, Aumale ; é » bY 57 30 12) 26. D7—10) “25
aes : . 50° 7657 30) IP 27 alte
fo Setif . } ; . 66 59 27 11 26 18-19 26
nee ages . 47 65 28 11 27 20-22 24
2 Tebesa . : ; ; . = 42. 56. 80" Li -26 17 25
TUNISIA :

? Tunisia, P.M. 2 : . 58 57 29 10 26 16-18 24

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.— Western, Central and Southern Spain; Portugal; Atlas of
Morocco; High Plateaux and Tell of Algeria ; North-Western Tunisia.
Reaches an altitude of at least 1000 metres in Spain, 1500 metres in
the Atlas of Morocco.

268 Lacertide.

Var. MONTICOLA.

Lacerta muralis, var. monticola, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905,
‘p. 365, pl. xxiv, figs. 11-13, and pl. xxv, figs. 11-13, and xx, 1913,
p. 145, pl. xvi, fig. 14.

Lacerta monticola, Schreib, Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 409 (1912).

A mountain form completely connected with and evidently derived
from the preceding, and so closely resembling the Caucasian forms
-chalybdea and saxicola that it would be identified with them were it
not for the remote habitat. I regard this resemblance as an interest-
ing case of parallelism which throws light on the question of the rank
to be assigned to other forms allied to L. muralis. The var. monticola
has also much in common with the var. horvathi, from which it differs
principally in the absence of a dark vertebral streak.

The head is strongly depressed, and the upper temporals are well
visible from above; snout very obtuse. The hind limb reaches the
wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb (females) ; the foot is
slightly shorter than the head. Tail 12 times as long as head and
body.

The rostral does not touch the nostril and forms a suture with the
frontonasal; in one specimen the nasal forms a suture with the
anterior loreal above the postnasal; frontal as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout ; series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries usually complete® ;
6 or 7 superciliaries, suture between the first and second vertical ;
parietals 12 times as long as broad, antero-lateral border sometimes
‘concave ; occipital shorter and a little broader than the interparietal ;
subocular not or but slightly narrower beneath than above; masse-
teric shield usually larget; two or three large upper temporals, the
first sometimes in contact with the fourth supraocular.

22 to 26 scales in a longitudinal series between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold feebly
marked, Collar even-edged, composed of 8 to 10 plates.

Dorsal scales large and flat, smooth, or feebly keeled on the posterior
part of the back, larger than those on the sides, which are larger than
those on the upper surface of the tibia; 46 to 52 scales across the
middle of the body, 27 to 34 transverse series corresponding to the
length of the head, 3 or 4 on the side corresponding to a ventral
plate. 28 or 29 transverse series of ventral plates, some of which may

* Incomplete in a specimen from Burbia.
+ Absent in a specimen from Burbia.

Lacerta. 269

contain 8 plates. Preanal plate rather large, bordered by one semi-
circle of small plates.

14 to 20 femoral pores on each side. 23 to 26 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in very markedly longer and shorter whorls alter-
nately, upper truncate and very feebly keeled ; 28 to 30 scales in the
fourth whorl.

Greyish or pale olive above (in spirit), usually with large black
spots forming two series close together along the middle of the
back* ; sides darker, bordered above by a series of black spots or
by a black wavy streak enclosing round light spots; a few dark
ocelli with light centres may be present above the shoulder and axil;
tail with black and white spots on the sides. Lower parts whitish
or greyish, with or without scattered black dots on the belly and
under the hind limbs.

Measurements (in millimetres).—Females :

From end of snout to vent . 76 62 £62
es ee ie fore limb 20 32° Da
Length of head KG, PLS) » lS
Width of head i. ALO 0
Depth of head 7 6 7
Fore limb 22 ~ 20. Bt
Hind limb 1 eet | a |
Foot LZ? epi 7
Particulars of Specimens Examined.
1s 2. 3. 4, 5. 6 is
Q Spain (type) . 76 50 28 10 25 18-17 23
» Galicia _,, , ; F . 62 «46°28 9, 29 17 24
* purbia. .,, : f . 0 52 29 § 26 15-14 23
- : : : . 64 50 28 9 23 18-17 26
», serra Estrella (type) . 62 47 29 9 25 19-20 23

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—This variety is known from Galicia, from Burbia in the
Province Leon (altitude about 1500 metres), and from the Serra
Estrella in Portugal (altitude about 1800 metres).

* A pattern foreshadowed by Spanish specimens of the var. bocagii, in which
the dorsolateral series of black spots approach each other on the back, though
not to the same extent.

270 Lacertide.

Group V.—Europe east of the Adriatic, Caucasus, Asia Minor,
Persia.

The forms included under this head are, like those of the parallel
Western Group IV, more nearly related to the typical L. muwralis, and
some of them show considerable resemblance to the species of the
Zootoca Section. A dark vertebral streak or series of spots is primarily
present in the first two varieties, as in the typical form, whilst it has
been lost in the others. The last five varieties so completely merge
into one another that the definitions are necessarily somewhat vague
and unsatisfactory; they constitute the DL. saxicola of Méhely. The
vars. chalybdea and saaicola closely approach the var. monticola in the
preceding group. The prevailing colour is brown, but green specimens
are known of the vars. chalybdea and sazicola.

Var. breviceps, Blgr.—Head not strongly depressed; hind limb
reaching axil or shoulder in males; scales rhombic or hexagonal,
strongly keeled, 45 to 55 across the body; femoral pores 138 to 16;
21 to 24 lamellar scales under the fourth toe ; collar-edge more or less
distinctly serrated ; caudal scales more or less pointed behind. From
snout to vent up to 55 millim.— Herzegovina.

Var. horvathi, Méhely.—Head much depressed ; hind limb reaching
axil or shoulder in males ; scales roundish-hexagonal or oval, smooth
or faintly keeled, 39 to 49 across the body; femoral pores 16 to 28;
26 to 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries usually complete ;
rostral forming a suture with the frontonasal. From snout to vent
up to 65 millim.—Mountains of 8.W. Croatia.

Var. caucasica, Méhely.— Head not strongly depressed; hind limb
reaching shoulder or collar in males; scales smooth or faintly keeled,
40 to 50 across the body ; femoral pores 12 to 17; 25 to 29 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe ; collar-edge more or less distinctiy serrated.
From snout to vent up to 60 millim.—Caucasus.

Var. chalybdea, Eichw.—Head much depressed ; hind limb reaching
elbow or axil in males; foot not or but slightly longer than head ;
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries often in an
incomplete series, sometimes reduced to 3; dorsal scales smooth or
faintly keeled, larger than tibials, 40 to 55 across the body; femoral
pores usually less than 20; 24 to 29 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe. From snout to vent up to 75 millim.—Transcaueasia, Asia Minor,
Mesopotamia.

Lacerta. 271

Var. saxicola, Eversm.—Head much depressed ; hind limb longer,
foot longer than head; granules between supraoculars and super-
ciliaries forming a complete series; dorsal scales smooth or feebly
keeled, not larger than tibials, 50 to 65 across the body; femoral
pores 16 to 22; 25 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. From
snout to vent up to 80 millim.—Crimea, Cis- and Transcaucasia, Asia
Minor.

Var. portschinskii, Kessl.—Like the two preceding, but smaller and
more slender, with more pointed snout. Dorsal scales smooth, as
large as or larger than tibials, 51 to 56 across the body; 26 to 31
gular scales ; femoral pores 16 to 21. Not known to exceed 57 millim.
from snout to vent.—Transcaucasia.

Var. defilippii, Camer.—Proportions more as in the preceding.
Dorsal scales smooth, as large as or larger than tibials, 46 to 53 across
the body; caudal scales usually feebly keeled ; 22 to 25 gular scales ;
femoral pores 14 to 20. Size as in the preceding.—Transcaucasia and
Northern Persia.

Var. rudis, Bedr.—Head much depressed; hind limb reaching
shoulder or collar in males; dorsal scales more or less distinctly
keeled, 45 to 58 across the body; tibial scales much larger, strongly
keeled ; caudal scales almost spinose on the sides; 25 to 34 gular
scales; femoral pores 15 to 25. From snout to vent up to 87 millim.—
Transcaucasia.

Var. BREVICEPS.

Lacerta muralis, var. breviceps, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Zool. Nap. i,
1905, no. 29, and 'T'r. Zool. Soc. xvii, 1905, p. 378, pl. xxv, figs. 16-18,
and xx, 1913, p. 164.

In general appearance intermediate between L. muwralis and L.
vivipara.

Head small and convex, 1; to 1% times as long as broad, its depth
equal to the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the
tympanum; snout obtusely pointed. Neck as broad as the head, or

little narrower. Body rather strongly depressed. Hind limb
reaching the elbow, the axil, or the shoulder in males, the wrist
or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in females ; foot not or but
slightly longer than the head. ‘T'ail 13 to nearly 2 times the length
of head and body.

Head-shields as in the typical form but frontal rather broader ;
nasal forming a short suture with its fellow and, in two out of eight
specimens, in contact on one side with the anterior loreal ; granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries reduced to 3 to 10;

272 Lacertide.

parietals not or but little longer than broad; occipital smaller than
the interparietal, entirely absent in one specimen; temporal scales.
usually rather large, with large masseteric shield.

Gular scales rather large, 19 to 25 in a longitudinal series; gular
fold rather feebly marked. Collar feebly or very feebly serrated, with
8 to 10 plates.

Seales large and flat, round, roundish-hexagonal, or distinctly hexa-
gonal, more distinctly keeled than usual in the typical form, 45 to
55 across the middle of the body ; 24 to 36 transverse series, in the
middle of the back, correspond to the length of the head, 3, or 2 and
3, on the side correspond to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 25 to
28 transverse series. Preanal plate large, with one semicircle of small
plates. Scales on upper surface of tibia keeled and much smaller than
dorsals. 13 to 16 femoral pores on each side. 21 to 24 lamellar scales.
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales strongly or moderately keeled, very oblique,
more or less distinctly pomted behind, the whorls often very distinctly
longer and shorter alternately ; 25 or 26 scales in the fourth whorl.

Brown above, with a darker lateral band, light-edged above and
beneath, and a dark vertebral streak or series of spots, exactly as in
some specimens of the typical L. muralis and of L. vivipara. Throat
and breast spotted with black; the belly of the males may be studded
with thick black dots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Gis oF
From end of snout to vent . GAL 5 PAG ORG
x a * fore limb... 21° 22> 21 20
Length of head . : ; Peel me Fro tae) |
Width of head. : : 1 38:5.4°°9"°5) 85 9
Depth of head. ’ rteled, it 7 7
Fore limb . : ; 2 VEO PSs BS ees
Hind limb . : 5 RB? D7 ee a
Foot . : : SAA oe Sa eee
ail: en ste : : : . — 97 — 104
Particulars of Specimens Examined.
ne 2. 3. As. Ds 6. 7
¢ Type (Naples Mus.) . . bop. 25: «9 (21 FeISS16
ete ; : : : - Al ABS 323, 429,421 16-15 |
Q ,, (NaplesMus.) . . 56 46 27 8 20 14-16\92-94
56 48 28 8 25 16
5d ol 27 10 20 16

Lacerta. 273
WS rete 4, 5. 6. 16
6 Babaplanina ; . 64 45 28 8 22 15 22
2 rs : : peo2 gAG (20. 9s 22). 1G) 28
” ” ; : . 47 45 28 8 19 138-14 21

Columns as on p. 175.

The type specimens were labelled “ Neapolitano” in the Naples
University Museum, but this indication is probably erroneous as, on
looking through the large collection of Italian lizards in the Florence
Museum, I failed to find any that could be referred to this variety,
the certain habitat of which is Herzegovina, at an altitude of 1300 to
1400 metres.

In its short and convex head, in its feebly serrated collar, in its
pointed caudal scales, as well as in its larger temporal scales, the var.
breviceps not only approaches L. vivipara, but also fills up to some
extent the gap separating the typical L. muralis from the var. fiumana.

Var. HORVATH.

Lacerta mosorensis, part., Méhely, Allantani Késlem. ii, 1903, p. 212.

Lacerta horvathi, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. ii, 1904, p. 362, figs.,
Allantani Késlem. iii, 1904, p. 193, pl. v, Ann. Mus. Hung. iii, 1905,
p- 298, and vii, 1909, p. 600, pl. xxiv, figs. 1-4, and xxv, figs. 5-8.

Lacerta muralis, var. horvathi, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1918,
p. 165, pl. xx, figs. 1, 2.

Habit rather stout and depressed. Head much flattened, with short,
obtuse snout. The hind limb, stretched forwards, reaches the axil or
the shoulder in the male, the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore
limb in the female; foot as long as or a little longer than the head.

The rostral does not touch the nostril, and forms a suture with the
frontonasal; frontal short, usualiy as long as its distance from the
rostral, sometimes as long as its distance from the end of the snout; a
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries,
sometimes complete, rarely reduced to 5, the first and second super-
ciliaries being in contact with the supraocular ; parietal more or less
distinctly emarginate on the outer border, where it forms a suture with
a large anterior upper temporal, and usually in contact with the upper
postocular ; occipital usually shorter and narrower than the inter-
parietal, sometimes extremely small. Anterior nasal often in contact
with the anterior loreal; four anterior upper labials (rarely five or
three) ; temporal scales rather large, with a distinct masseteric shield,
which is sometimes in contact with the last or penultimate upper
labial.

18

274 Lacertide.

Dorsal scales large, flattened, roundish-hexagonal or oval, smooth or
faintly keeled, rather smaller on the sides, where 3 or 4 correspond to
a ventral shield; 39 to 49 (usually 42 to 46) scales across the middle
of the body ; 22 to 31 scales, in the middle of the back, correspond to
the length of the head. 28 to 27 gular scales in a longitudinal series ;
collar straight-edged, with 8 to 11 plates. Ventral plates in 23 to 27
transverse series (23-25 in ¢, 25-27 in 9). Preanal large, with a
single semicircle of small shields. Scales on upper surface of tibia
more or less distinctly keeled, considerably smaller than dorsals.
16 to 23 femoral pores (usually 16 to 18) on each side. 26 to 28
lamelle under the fourth toe. Caudal scales truncate behind, more
or less strongly keeled, often feebly keeled at the base of the tail,
alternately longer and shorter whorls.

Coloration of upper parts much as in L. muralis typica, sometimes
with greenish gloss.* A vertebral series of dark dots is often present,
sometimes forming a vertebral streak; lower parts pale yellow, some-
times washed with greenish, with or without small black or rust-
coloured spots on the sides of the belly, which are always devoid of
blue spots.f For fuller particulars of the coloration I refer to M¢hely’s
detailed description, from which I have drawn an account of the
variations in the lepidosis. The following is a tabulation of the
numerical characters in the specimens examined by me.

le 2. 3 4. 3. 6 7

S$ Jasenak (type) : . 60 43 25 10 26 17.28
2 35 : : . 64 41 27 9 24 18-17 26
5; s ! 2 59 45) 26) 825 eG
» Kapela . : ; » 1500 499 260010) 25) 9) geht: ee
Columns as on p. 175. .
Measurements (in millimetres) f :
Bo x
From end of snout to vent : ‘ . 60 64
53 PA . fore limb j . 23 Ba
Length of head. ; : a Lisa
Width of head . : Vv 10 peg
Depth of head . : : se TRO sS

* Which may also be observed in some typical L. muralis. Cf. Kammerer,
Arch. Entwicklmech. xxix, 1910, p. 462.

7+ As in some Caucasian specimens (var. chalybdea) on which Méhely has
founded his var. armeniaca. These blue spots are also absent in many females
of other varieties, and, though rarely, in some males also.

{ If compared with the measurements of Bosnian specimens (above, p. 169),
it will be seen that there is no justification for Méhely’s statement (1909, p. 600),
* Gliedmassen etwas kiirzer,” than in L. muralis.

a

Lacerta. 275

Ga Le
Fore limb : ; 4 . , Se eA |
Hind limb . ; : . E ax oabecoe
Foot : : ; ; : ; JG Le
Maal: . : ; 5 : . wy Se eke

Habitat.—This lizard is only known from 8.W. Croatia (Kapela and
Velebit ranges), where it inhabits wooded districts between 600 and
1100 metres altitude, often in company with the typical form of
L. muralis and L. vivipara.

It bears some resemblance to L. mosorensis; in his original descrip-
tion (1904) Méhely regarded it as directly derived from that species
(pp. 374 and 375), and in a somewhat later contribution (1905, p.
315) is very positive about it.*

Var. CAUCASICA.

Lacerta muralis, var. saxicola (non Eversm.), Kessler, Tr. Soc. Nat.
St. Pétersb. viii, 1878, p. 152.

Lacerta muralis, var. fusca, f. praticola, part., Boettg. Ber. Offenb.
Ver. Nat. 1880, p. 91.

Lacerta saxicola, subsp. gracilis, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung, viii,
1909, p. 555.

Lacerta caucasica, Méhely, t.c. p. 560, pl. xxi, figs. 1 and 2;

* “So ist Lacerta horvathi nachweisbar der Abkémmling der dalmatinisch-
hercegowinischen Lacerta mosorensis.” At that time (1905), I pointed out
(pp. 365-367, figs.) the agreement in many respects of L. horvathi with the
Spanish-Portuguese var. monticola and the Asiatic vars. saxicola, chalybdea, and
depressa. In Méhely’s latest account (1909, p. 614), nothing more is said of the
derivation of L. horvathi from L. mosorensis, but the former is held to be descended
from L. sawicola typica: “ Demgemiiss kann L. horvathi, trotz ihrem scheinbar
primitiveren Schidelbau sehr wohl von L. saxicola typ. abgeleitet werden, mit
welcher Art sie auch durch unverkennbare Beziehungen des Schuppenkleides
und des Schiidelbaues auf das innigste verbunden ist. L. horvathi steht in jeder
Beziehung auch zu L. saxicola armeniaca so nahe, dass sie eventuell fiir eine
etwas veriinderte Form derselbem betrachtet werden kénnte, dennoch kénnen
diese beiden Formen mitenander naturgemiiss nicht verbunden werden und
miissen fiir parallele Entwickelungsformen gelten, die beide aus L. saxicola typ.
hervorgegangen und vielleicht in ‘ihnlich beschaffenen Gegenden, zufolge der
Einwirkung iihnlicher klimatischer Verhiiltnisse oder einer ihnlichen Lebens-
weise zustande gekommen sind.” Except for the derivation from L. saxicola
I entirely agree with the above statement, and in view of the state of things in
the Spanish-Portuguese vars. bocagii and monticola, it is needless to say that I
can only regard L. horvathi as one of the numerous forms or varieties of
L. muralis.

276 Lacertidex.

Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xv, 1910, p. 495; Lehrs,
Festschr. R. Hertwig, 1, p. 234, pl. xiv, figs. 4-6 (1910) ; Nikolsky,
Herp. Caucas. p. 82 (1918).

Lacerta muralis, var. caucasica, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1918,
p. 198, pl. xxiii, figs. 3-5.

This form, characterized by a distinctly serrated collar, large gular
and dorsal scales, a low number of femoral pores, bears some resem-
blance to L. derjugini.

Shape of head and proportions exactly as in the typical form of
L. muralis ; hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in the male,
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in the female.

Rostral not touching the nostril, usually separated from the fronto-
nasal*; nasal sometimes forming a suture with the anterior lorealt ;
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries forming a
complete or incomplete series, or even reduced to three; occipital
much shorter but sometimes broader than the interparietal ; antero-
lateral notch of parietal present or absentt ; anterior supratemporal
usually in contact with the fourth supraocular§; temporal scales
eranular,|| tympanic shield large, masseteric large or moderate ; three
or four upper labials anterior to the subocular. Gular fold feeble or
absent ; edge of collar more or less distinctly serrated.)

Dorsal scales round or oval-hexagonal, smooth or faintly keeled, 30
to 42 corresponding to the length of the head, 2 or 3 or 8 or 4 to one
ventral plate. Preanal with one semicircle of small plates. Scales
on upper surface of tibia feebly keeled, smaller than dorsals. Caudal
scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, diagonal, more
or less strongly keeled, truncate or obtusely pointed behind, 26 to 30 in
the fourth whorl behind?postanal granules.

Brownish or olive above, with paired series of blackish spots, which
are crowded on a dark lateral band extending from the temple to the
root of the tail; above and below this a light streak is usually present,
the upper of great width in the specimen from Mt. Fatguss ; lower
parts white or greenish, in spirit; a series of small blue spots on the
outer row of ventrals.

* Forming a narrow suture with the frontonasal in the specimen from Dariel
Gorge.

t In one of the specimens from Mleti.

t In one of the specimens from Mleti.

§ Not so in the specimen from the Dariel Gorge.

|| Rather large in the specimen from Armenia.

"| Very feebly in one of the specimens from Mleti.

Lacerta. 277

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 3 +
Mleti. Mt. Fatguss. Dariel Gorge.

From end of snout to vent . ; 53 55 54
ae as _ fore limb 20 22 19
Length of head. : : : 14 14 13
Width of head ; . : : 8 9 8
Depth of head : E : 3 7 7 6
Fore limb ; : : : : 18 19 19
Hind limb. . : ; : 29 29 27
Foot. : ? f . : 16 16 15
Tail : : ? ; ‘ » 105 110 100

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ae 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. de
¢ Mieti. ; . 538 41 23 8 19 13-14 29
ee ee : : . 62 44 25 9 25 17-16 28
,» Armenia . : : : . 68 40 25 8:19 15-14 26
» Mt. Fatguss . ; : . 55 46 24 8 28 17-18 27
~ ; ; . 50 47 24 9 20 15-16 25
? Dariel Gorge, L.M. . 54 44 26 8 20 17-18 ?

Columns as on p. 175.

In form, scaling, and coloration, this variety has much in common
with the Spanish-Portuguese var. bocagii, the resemblance being
particularly striking if the specimen from Mt. Fatguss be compared
with some from the mountains of Portugal. I may add that a male
from the Lozoya Valley, near Madrid, has the caudal scales more
pointed than in one from Mleti.

A small male from Daghestan, Caucasus, received from the late
Dr. Radde in 1904, appears to represent M¢hely’s var. gracilis.

Although the collar is not serrated and the caudal scales can hardly
be called pointed, its resemblance to the specimen from Mt. Fatguss
is so great that I feel loth to separate it from them, even as a variety,
until a larger series of specimens demonstrates the constancy of the
characters adduced in favour of the distinction.

ie 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (fs
3 Daghestan , . 48 44 27 8 22 16-14 29

I could not have determined this lizard by means of Méhely’s key,
as the hind limb does not extend beyond the axil. I refer it to
L. saxicola gracilis, Méhely, on account of the locality and of its

278 Lacertide.

describer’s statement that it very closely approaches LD. cauwcasica,
although placed in a different species. Better than any others, I think,
the Caucasian lizards show the? fallacy of the modern craze for
multiplying species and subspecies.

Var. CHALYBDEA.

Lacerta chalybdea, Eichwald, Zool. Spec. ii, p. 188 (1831), and
Reise Kasp. Meer. i, pt. 2, p. 745 (1887); Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1904,
ii, p. 337.

Zootoca chalybdea, Kichwald, Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 73, pl. xi, figs. 1-3
(1841).

Nucras ? chalybdea, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 34 (1845).

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. savicola, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 195.

Lacerta muralis, part., Derjugin, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. vi,
1901, p. 97; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 180 (1905).

Lacerta depressa (non Camer.), Werner, Sitzsb. Ak. Wien, exi, i,
1902, p. 1086, pl. ii, figs. 9, 10.

Lacerta savicola, subsp. bithynica et armeniaca, Méhely, Ann. Mus.
Hung. vii, 1909, p. 537, pl. xxi, fig. 7, and p. 549, pl. xxi, fig. 8.

Lacerta saxicola armeniaca, Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 78 (1913).

Lacerta muralis, var. chalybdea, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913,
p: 187, pl. xxi: figs: 172:

Form rather stout, head and body much flattened; limbs short,
the hind lmb reaching the axil or the elbow of the adpressed fore
limb in the male, the wrist or the elbow in the female; foot not or
but slightly longer than the head. Head flat above, nearly once and
a half as long as broad, its depth equalling the distance between the
centre or the posterior border of the eye and the anterior border of
the tympanum ; snout obtusely pointed.

Rostral not entering the nostril; suture between the nasals very
short, or* rostral forming a suture with the frontonasal; a single
postnasal; frontal as long as its distance from the end of snout;
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries
usually incomplete (3 to 8)+; interparietal long and narrow, usually

* In 4 out of the 18 specimens examined.

+ Complete in a male from Mesopotamia and in a male and two females from
Van. Inafemale from Mesopotamia the suture between the first and second
superciliaries is distinctly oblique.

Lacerta. 279

narrower than the short occipital; parietal usually more or less
distinctly emarginate on the side for the accommodation of a large
supratemporal,* which is sometimes in contact with the fourth
supraocular and sometimes not; temporal scales granular; masseteric
disc usually very large, sometimes moderate or small, sometimes
divided into two; tympanic shield large; four upper labials anterior
to the subocular. +

21 to 29 scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold usually
feebly marked or indistinct ; collar-edge entire or feebly serrated ;
7 to 11 collar-plates.

Seales on body granular, flat, smooth, equal in size, 40 to 53 across
the middle of the body, 25 to 31 corresponding to the length of the
head, 3 or 2 and 3 to one ventral plate. Ventral plates in 6 longi-
tudinal series and 27 to 30 transverse series {; the plates of the two
median series narrower than the others or equal to the outer. Preanal
large, bordered by one semicircle of smaller plates, often preceded by
a transversely enlarged shield.

Seales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, smooth or
feebly keeled. 15 to 20 femoral pores on each side. 24 to 29 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, the
two median dorsal series more or less distinctly enlarged; scales
truncate and diagonal, strongly keeled, especially on the sides, the
outline of which is distinctly serrated, though not to the same extent
as in the var. rudis; 18 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Both sexes are alike in coloration. Back greyish-brown or olive-
brown, usually separated from the darker brown sides by a series of
round white spots, which may be black-edged and ocellar ; head and
back with small, irregular, often vermicular black spots; sides often
with large light, black-edged ocellar spots. Uniform yellow or
yellowish-white beneath, the outer row of ventrals blue, or with a
series of blue spots, in both sexes. An account of the coloration of
fresh specimens is given by Werner.

According to Werner, the male may reach a length of 204 muillim.,
whilst the female does not exceed 175.

* Hardly at all in one of the Ielenovka specimens and in one from Van.
+ 5 in one specimen from Ielenovka and in one from Van.
f 26 to 32 according to Werner.

280 Lacertide.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
pe - ye fore limb .
Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb .
Hind limb.
Foot .

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

3 Ilelenovka, L. Gokcha

4 9 >

9 ” be)

%9 ¥ 9

>b bb) 99

9 %» 39

5» dsavikaz, m
nore. eee
6 Van, Kurdistan, L.M.
2 » % ”
eo necs 9

De ey 5 L.M

bie) 33 29

3 Mesopotamia

99 9

Pea : :
», Bithynian Olympus
» Taurida, P.M.

Columns as on p. 175.

le
58
70
67
66
64
60
57
4.2
54
70
70
67
65
68
66
7)
69
70
70

Ielenovka. Bithynian
Olympus.

ahs
58

30
15

2.
45
46
45
Ack
40
4-4
44,
46
51
52
53
48
4.2
49
4.4.
53
45
50
47

Q.
7
22
4,
9
6
21
30
16
3.

28
30

4,

8

2".
70
22
15
10

6
20
29
15

Mesopo-
tamia.
3g. 2.
68 75
23 25
14 15
9 10
6 6
21 22
31 30
16 16
6. de
15-17 26
16-15 27
15-16 27
15 26
16-15 26
16-15 27
17-15 28
16-17 27
17-18 29
18-19 29
19-18 27
19-20 26
1615 27
19-20 28
15-16 28
18-19 28
16-17 28
16-15 24
16-17 24

As stated above, examples of this variety are referred by Mc¢hely to
two sub-species of L. saxicola, which are thus differentiated in the key

on p. 492.

Limbs long, hind limb of male reaching shoulder or collar, of
female wrist or middle of fore arm; 41—45 scales across middle
of body, not larger towards the belly, 3 corresponding to one
ventral plate; gular scales 20-28 ; 4.rows of small shields under

Subsp. armeniaca.

the thigh; femoral pores 14-18

Lacerta. 281

Limbs short, hind limb of male reaching only the elbow or the ’
axil; 47-51 scales across middle of body, distinctly larger
towards the belly, 2 or 3 corresponding to one ventral plate ;
gular scales 25-29; 5 or 6 rows of small shields under the
thigh ; femoral pores 16-19 é ‘ : ; . Subsp. bithynica.

The only male specimen from Ielenovka at my disposal (L. armeniaca,
Méhely) could not be determined by means of this synopsis, as it falls
in the second division as regards the length of the hind limb, and in
the first as regards the number of dorsal and gular scales. There is
nothing distinctive in the character of the scales near the belly, and
although it is true the female from the Bithynian Olympus (J.
bithynica, Méhely) differs from the specimens from Ielenovka in
having 4 instead of 3 series of small shields between the large femoral
shields and the pores * as well as a slightly greater number of dorsal
and gular scales, the differences are too slight to justify the establish-
ment of a variety, and besides they are found to break down if put to
the test of larger series than M¢hely had the privilege of examining.
The same author mentions and figures a single specimen in which the
first supraocular is in contact with the frontal. Such a case I have never
met with either in this variety or in any of the oriental forms which I
unite under Lacerta muralis, with the single exception of a specimen
from Elisabethpol (var. sazicola) in which it is so on one side only.t

The var. valentini, Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 145 (L. saxi-
cola, subsp. valentini, Mé¢hely, t.c. p. 543, pl. xxi, fig. 6), does not appear
to be separable from the var. chalybdea. 42 to 48 scales across the
body, 19 to 21 femoral pores. Back green, with black spots and ver-
miculations. From snout to vent 75 millim. Karabagh and Armenia.

The name, Lacerta composita, Mchely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii, 1909,
p- 564, has been suggested for specimens from the Thana Valley in
Transcaucasia, provisionally referred to L. caucasica, which were
suspected to be hybrids between that species and L. sazxicola, var.
defilippii.

I am indebted to M. Lantz for a male specimen from the Ban s-
Tsklevi Valley, near Borjon, Govt. Tiflis, out of a dozeu examined by
him} which appears to me to agree with M¢hely’s L. composita,
especially as regards the number of longitudinal series of ventral

* These series of scales vary from 3 to 5 in the Mesopotamian specimens.

+ Yet Méhely (Ann. Mus. Hung. viii, 1910, p. 223), gives “ Frontale
éfters an das erste Supraoculare anstossend” as one of the features character-
istic of his Archxolacerte.

t Like L. derjugini, but unlike the typical L. saxicola, this lizard occurs in
damp situations with dense vegetation.

282 Lacertide.

plates, 8 instead of 6. It further differs from the var. saacola in
having the upper tibial scales considerably smaller than the dorsals.
In most.respects it agrees with the var. chalybdea.

A complete series of granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries ; 4 upper labials on one side, 5 on the other. Dorsal
scales faintly keeled. Green above, spotted with black, black on the
sides with round whitish spots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . 59 Depth of head ; : A ui.

3 a be fore limb . 21 Fore limb : : c Q eS
Length of head. : : > 25) Eindimby = : ; 5
Width of head ‘ : 5 OD) Bova : : : : 4 alts}

Particulars of the Specimen.
le 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ue
Cs : 59 55 24. 8 25 19-18 20

In sending me the specimen, M. Lantz observed that it seemed to
him to be referable to Méhely’s L. mixta, a supposed hybrid between
DL. derjugini and L. saxicola; but it does not at all agree with the
deseription,* the hind limb being shorter, the head more depressed,
the dorsal scales and the femoral pores more numerous, and the ventral
plates in 8 longitudinal series.

M. Lantz, however, informs me that the latter character is not
constant, and that the femoral pores vary between 14 and 20. The
green on the back is remarkably vivid in life. It is therefore possible
that the names composita and miata refer to the same form, which it
seems difficult to define, and the separation of which from the var.
chalybdea must be regarded as very doubtful.

Var. SAXICOLA.

Lacerta saxicola, Eversm. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. i, 1834,
p- 349, pl. xxx, fig. 1; Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. xv,
1910, p. 490; Lehrs, Festschr. R. Hertwig, ii, pl. xiv, fig. 8 (1910) ;
Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 392 (1912).

Lacerta grammica (non Licht.), Rathke, Mém. Sav. Etr. Ac. St.
Pétersb. iii, 1837, p. 803.

Lacerta taurica, part., De Filippi, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. ii, 1863,
p. 386.

Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, Atti Acc. Tor. xiii, 1878, p. 539.

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. saxicola, part., Bedriaga, Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 195.

* ey aos le

Lacerta, 283

Lacerta depressa, var. modesta, Bedriaga, t.c. p. 272; Bouleng. Cat.
Liz. iii, p. 34 (1887); Boettg. Ber, Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 204; Steind.
Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xx, 1907, p. 308.

Lacerta muralis, Koppen, Beitr. Russ. R. (2), vi, p. 63 (1883).

Lacerta muralis, var. depressa, part., Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892,
p- 141; Mehely, in Zichy, Dritte Asiat. Forschungsr. ii, Zool. p. 54
(1901) ; Derjugin, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. vi, 1901, p. 97;
Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 136 (1905).

Lacerta muralis, var. defilippi (non Camer.), Boettg. t.c. p. 144.

Lacerta muralis, part., Nikolsky, op. cit. p. 180.

Lacerta muralis, var. depressa, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, ii,
p- 333, pl. xxii, fig. a.

Lacerta sazicola, f. typica, Mchely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii, 1909, p. 495,
pl. xviii, figs. 4, 5, 6, 8; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 67 (1913).

Lacerta saxicola, var. defilippii, part., Mchely, t.c. p. 519, pl. xviii,
figs. 1-3; Nikolsky, op. cit. p. 72.

Lacerta caucasica, var. tenuis, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb.
xv, 1910, p. 496.

Lacerta muralis, var. saxicola, Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913,
p. 190, pl. xxii, figs. 3, 4.

In form similar to the typical DL. muralis, or rather to the var.
brueggemanni, but head more depressed as a rule, its depth not exceed-
ing the distance between the centre of the eye and the anterior border
of the tympanum; snout as a rule more pointed than in var. chalybdea
and less than in var. portschinskii. Hind limb reaching the shoulder
or the collar in males, the axil, or the elbow of the adpressed fore
limb in females ; foot longer than the head.

Head-shields as in var. chalybdea, but rostral not rarely in contact
with the frontonasal, granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries nearly always forming a complete series, and masseteric
dise often smaller* ; the supratemporal is usually in contact with the
fourth supraocular, but the degree of emargination of the antero-
lateral border of the parietal is very variable, some specimens} not
differing in this respect from a typical L. muralis; frequently five
upper labials anterior to the subocular. 23 to 32} scales and granules
between the chin-shields and the collar, which is not serrated and
composed of 8 to 12 plates.

Seales on body granular, round or roundish-hexagonal, smooth or

* Absent in specimens from Rasano, Talysch, and Katar, Armenia; very
large in male from Borjom.

+ From Shuska and Erdschias Dagh.

+ Exceptionally 37 according to Méhely.

284, Lacertide.

feebly keeled on the posterior part of the back, 50 to 66* across the
middle of the body, 34 to 51 corresponding to the length of the head,
3 or 4to one ventral plate. Preanal bordered by one or two semicircles
of smaller plates, sometimes preceded by a transversely enlarged plate.

Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or a little larger than
dorsals,f more or less strongly keeled. 16 to 22{ femoral pores on
each side. 25 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, the two
median dorsal series more or less distinctly enlarged; these scales
truncate and more or less diagonal, strongly keeled, the outline on the
side more or less distinctly serrated, but far less than in var. rudis ;
22 to 28 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

A female from the Belaja R. (affluent of Kuban R.) in Ciscaucasia
agrees well with the diagnosis given by Eversmann (L. supra latitudine
capitis prasina, nigro-maculata, lateribus brunnea, nigro-maculata,
subtus margaritacea versus latera czrulescens, rostro acuto, capite
depresso; cauda longissima, scutellis argute carinatis annulata), and
also with the figure which accompanies his description. I have,
therefore, no doubt as to the correctness of the identification.

A specimen from the South Coast of Crimea, received alive from
Mr. A. Brauner, and which agrees in all essential points with the
above, was grass-green above, blackish brown on the sides ; head, limbs,
and tail golden brown; turquoise-blue spots above the axil and on the
outer ventral shields ; pinkish white beneath.

Some specimens are green above, others are grey or brown, the
variation in this respect being comparable to what obtains in L. muralis
and its var. brueggemanni in some parts of Italy. The head and back
are spotted, dotted, or vermiculate with dark brown or black, the
larger spots, if arranged with any symmetry, forming two vertebral
series, as in the vars. bocagii aud monticola ; the sides are often black,
with blue or white round spots ; larger round white spots usually form
a series on each side of the back ; some specimens reticulate with black,
much as in var. tiliguerta. Lower parts white, bluish, or yellowish ;
blue and black spots on the outer row of ventral plates, at least in the
males ; the belly is much spotted with blackish in a large male from
Trebizond in the Paris Museum.

* 49 to 67 according to Méhely.

+ Much larger in a male from Borjom, Govt. Tiflis, which, as pointed out to
me by M. Lantz, is a transition-form between this variety and the var. rudis;
also in a male from Trebizond in the Paris Museum.

t 16 to 25 (usually 18 to 22) according to Méhely.

a.

Lacerta. 285

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Tae: Skea SBA BOR 8

From end of snout to vent . vo 68 66 65 56.60 61 68
:, - ia forelimb. 30 28 27 25 23 28 922 96
Length of head . POLS hee eI” 15) 14° 18° 16
Width of head . : : oe pie EL LO BOs. 9a<-@. HS
Depth of head. ; Sarr IG: Gro Mev nes tha |. 6
Fore limb . ; ; : 27 23 26 95 22 92 920 95
Hind limb . . : . . 43 40 40 36 381 31 30 385
Foot . P . 22 20 21 20 18 17 17 #19

1. g, Trebizond (P.M.). 2. g, Trebizond (type of L. depressa,
var. modesta). 3. ¢, Crimea. 4. 3, Tativ, E. Karabagh. 5. 3,
Erdschias Dagh, Asia Minor. 6. ?, Belaja R., Ciscaucasia. 7. 9,
Shuska, E. Karabagh (var. defilippii, Boettg. nec Camer.). 8. 3,
Borjom, Tiflis.

The largest specimens, ¢ and 92, examined by Mc¢hely, measure
79 and 80 millim. from snout to vent, tail 150.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Ls 2s 3. 4p iO: 6. ve
@ Taurida, P.M. : 2760) NOOR 2s “20> 29 19277) os
d Crimea . : : ; . 66 61 25 10 29 20 29
a Es 3 ; 45 64 26 10 28 20 27
a » south Coast 66 63 25 10 32 20 27
» Belaja R. 51 65 27 10 32 21-20 29
fe) . : ; 60 60 28 11 27 19% (38
6 Shuska, E. Karabagh 62 62. 27 9 25 20-19 30
Q ss 61-55 29 8 25 1S. os
) ss a 53. 55 29 8 25 18 31
3 Tativ, S, 63 60 28 8 29 19-20 8]
> ., me 45 58 29 9 25 18 =30
3 Borjom, Tiflis 68: 52725 8). 86 19 25
Q A 56 59 26 9 28 20 92%
- * ; : . 56 57 28 8 32 17-18 28
6 lasotshka, nr. Suchum . . 68 60 24 9 29 19-20 2
2 Migri-Gerusi, Zangezur Distr. 48 54 380 9 25 18-19 29
»» Elizabethpol . ; : > Gh. 50" 2918" 9" 24 16 29
de % 60 52 29 10 24 17-16 26

5 : . 52 54 28 10 238 17-18 27

o Rasano, Talysch, B.C... . 64 55 28 9 28 %&I18 2
3 a 3 ; > 27 10 24 18 28

, Helenendorf - : oy Gas 28 8 27 20-22 381

286 Lacertide.

ie 2. 3h A. Ds 6. ee
Q Katar, Armenia, L.M. . . 46 58 29 9 24 21-18 28
S Trebizond, P.M. . . 45 59) 24-710 26 L7. 27

Trebizond ? (type of IL. de-
pressa), T.M.. 68 60 26 11 31 22-21 27

.. Trebizond ? - ah 52 6L 25 38 32 18 26
, Erdschias Dagh, Asia Minor. 56 52 24 12 25 19-17 25
Cicilian Taurus : : S167 so) A284 ALi eso 19 27

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—Crimea, Cis- and Transcaucasia, Asia Minor.

Lacerta caucasica, var. tenuis, Nikolsky, which was referred by me,
with a query, to the synonymy of L. chlorogaster, belongs to this form
according to M. Lantz, who has examined the type from Lenkoran.

The vars. brauneri, Méhely (Ann. Mus. Hung. vi, 1909, p. 509), and
raddei, Boettger (Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892, p. 142), with which I am
only acquainted through the descriptions, appear to connect this form
with the var defilippir.

The small var. parvula, Lantz and Cyrén, Mitth. Kauk. Mus. vii,
1913, p. 163, figs. from Artvin, Transcaucasia, of which I have
examined a photograph received from Mr. Lantz, may be regarded
as intermediate between the vars. sawicola and portschinskii.

Var. PORTSCHINSKILI.

Lacerta taurica, part., De Filippi, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fis. 1, 1863,
“p. 386.

Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, Atti Acc. Tor. xii, 1878, p. 539.

Lacerta portschinskii, Kessler, Tr. Soc. Nat. St. Pétersb. viii, 1878,
p. 160, pl.i; Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 308.

Lacerta muralis, var. depressa, part., Bedriaga, t.c. p. 312.

Lacerta muralis, var. portschinskii, Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1904, ii, p. 337,
pl. xxi, fig. 6, and Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p. 193, pl. xxiii, fig. 1.

Lacerta muralis, part., Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 186 (1905).

Lacerta saxicola, var. chalybdea (non Hichw.), Méhely, Ann. Mus.
Hung. vii, 1909, p. 513.

Lacerta saxicola, var. portschinskii, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool.
St. Pétersb. xv, 1910, p. 493.

Lacerta saxicola portschinskii, Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 70 (1913).

A small, slender form, with very pointed snout. Hind limb
reaching the shoulder or the collar in the male, between the wrist
and the elbow in the female. Frontonasal as long as broad or a

ea

Lacerta. 227

little longer; granules between the supraoculars and superciliaries
forming a complete series; masseteric disc moderate or small, or
absent; 4 or 5 upper labials anterior to the subocular. Collar
even-edged, composed of 7 to 10 small plates; 26 to 31 scales and
granules in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate. Dorsal scales round and flat, perfectly
smooth, 51 to 56 across middle of body, 3 or 4 corresponding to a
ventral plate. Usually a transversely enlarged plate in front of the
preanal.* Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or smaller
than dorsals, feebly keeled. 16 to 21+ femoral pores on each side.
28 or 29 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Caudal scales strongly
keeled.

Greyish or pale yellowish brown above, with small darker markings ;
a more or less distinct dorsolateral series of small light spots; lower
parts white or yellowish, the outer row of ventrals with blue spots.

Does not exceed a length of 57 millim. from end of snout to vent.

This form, known from the neighbourhood of Tiflis and Elizabeth-
pol, and of which a specimen from Armenia (Chantre) is preserved
in the Paris Museum, agrees in most respects with the var. sawicola.
Some of the characters given in the above description are taken from
M¢hely’s, as I have only examined three specimens, the first of which
is one of the types of L. depressa, preserved in the Turin Museum.

Ie 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. fhe
Q Tiflis ? T.M. : . os O04 29 10 381 17-18 26
», Hlizabethpol » 93> 06 730 8 27 18-17 29
;, Armenia, P.M. . e500) 52." Bh Sr 629. 2O22F 1) a7
Measurements (in millimetres) :
Bee ee
From end of snout to vent . : . 53 53
is fe Ls fore limb . . 18 19
Length of head . : ; F ee i 11
Width of head . k : : 7 7
Depth of head. . 4 5
Fore limb. : ; ; . 3. 56 18
Hind limb . : : s : . 24 25
Foot. : ‘ ; , . 14 15
Tail , : ‘ : : Se 112

Kessler gave the length of the type specimen as 46 millim. from

* This is absent in the specimen in the Paris Museum.
+ 20 to 22 according to Kessler.

288 Lacertide.

snout to vent, tail 101. He regarded the very long tail as distinctive
of L. portschinskii compared with L. muralis.

Var. DEFILIPPII.

Lacerta muralis, De Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 854 (1865); Blanf.
Zool. E. Pers. p. 361 (1876).

Podarcis defilippii, Camerano, Atti Ac. Tor. xiii, 1877, p. 90, pl. 111,
figs. 1-3.

Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, t.c. 1878, p. 539.

Lacerta muralis fusca, var. persica, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 199.

Lacerta muralis, var. defilippii, Boettg. in Radde, Faun. Flor. 8.W.
Casp.-Geb. p. 44 (1886); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, 11, p. 337,
and Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p. 195, pl. xxii, fig. 2.

Lacerta saxicola, var. defilippii, Méehely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vu, 1909,
p. 519 (part.), and Zool. Anz. 1910, p. 592.

Lacerta sawicola defilippii, Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 72 (1913).

A small form barely separable from the two preceding. Head often
somewhat less depressed, more as in L. muralis typica. Hind limb
reaching the shoulder or the collar in males, the wrist or the elbow
in females ; foot considerably longer than the head. As may be seen
from the table of measurements, the proportions are the same as in
the typical L. muralis from Central Europe.

The rostral sometimes enters the nostril, but is always separated
from the frontonasal*; the series of granules between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries is complete; the masseteric disc may be
large or small, but is often wholly absent ; the anterior supratemporal
is often in contact with the fourth supraocular and does not always
encroach upon the outer border of the parietal; occipital usually
shorter and broader, sometimes much broader, than the interparietalt ;
four upper labials anterior to the subocular. 22 to 25 scales and
granules between the chin-shields and the collar, which is not serrated,
and composed of 9 to 11 very small plates; gular fold very indistinct
or absent.

Scales on body granular, round or oval, smooth, equal, 45 to 53
across the middle of the body, 32 to 46 corresponding to the length of
the head, 3 or 4 to one ventral plate. Preanal plate bordered by one
or two semicircles of smaller plates.

* One of the specimens collected by Blanford has two superposed postnasals
on one side.

+ Which may be divided into two, or fused with the occipital.

Lacerta. 289

Scales on upper surface of tibia as large as or smaller than dorsals,
feebly keeled. 14 to 20 femoral pores on each side. 24 to 29 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales differing from those of the preceding varieties in
being less strongly keeled, sometimes very feebly ; 24 to 32 scales in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

The coloration of fresh specimens is thus described by Blanford :
—‘ Olive-grey on the back, finely spotted with black, rather darker
on the sides, the under parts pale throughout in some individuals, in
others (probably males) all the abdomen, breast, throat, and some-
times part of the lower labials, are brick-red, and when this colour is
most intense there is a line of pale blue spots on the exterior edge of the
outermost ventral scales.” I may add that a dorsolateral series of
small light spots is more or less distinct, and that light round spots
are usually present on the darker sides.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 4 ref +

From end of snout to vent. oc? oo “52 50

bs ws » torelimb. 21 23 19 18
Length of head . ; . 4 14 12 1]
Width of head . ; : x29 Ser 7
Depth of head. ; : ah Ane SOD fatto
Fore limb . F : : Sy OE PSOE ES 15
Hind limb . : : ? . a0 380 24 24.
Foot . ; : : MELZ Peake is 14

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

se ee P87 4. 5) 6. 7

3 Elburz Mts., N. of Teheran

(Blanford) . : . 57 49 27 10 23 1415 29
,, Ditto (Blanford) 58 52 26 11 25 16-15 28
oo” 9 538 45 26 9 23 16-17 28
Os , 53 46 25 10 22 17-20 25
Oe sy , 52 52 28 10 23 17. 28
ey: ; 50 49 29 Il 25 15 = 24
arr £ . 45 51 26 10 24 16-18 28
6 » (Woosnam) . ; .: 66 51 24 9 25 17 3926
are 4 52 48 26 9 25 17-16 28
, Persia (type of var. persica) . 50 53 25 11 22 16-15 29
Q Tiflis ? (type of L. depressa) . 53 48 28 10 25 16 26

Columns as on p. 175.

290 Lacertide.

This variety inhabits the mountains of Northern Persia and
Transcaucasia. Reaches an altitude of 2300 metres in the Elburz
Mountains.

Var. RUDIS.

Podarcis depressa, part., Camerano, Atti Acc. Torin. xiii, 1878,
p. 599.

Lacerta depressa, var. rudis, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. 1886,
p. 275; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 34 (1887).

Lacerta depressa, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1889, p. 204.

Lacerta muralis, var. depressa, part., Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1892,
p. 140; Derjugin, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pétersb. vi, 1901, p. 99.

Lacerta muralis, var. rudis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, i,
p. 387, pl. xxii, fig. ¢, and Tr. Zool. Soc. xx, 1913, p. 196, pl. xxu,
figs. 7, 8.

Lacerta saxicola, subsp. rudis, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vii, 1909,
p- 529, pl. xviii, fig. 7; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 75 (1913).

Form rather stout, head and body much flattened. Head once and
one-third to once and a half as long as broad, its depth equalling the
distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
obtusely pointed. The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the collar in
the male, the shoulder, the axil, or the elbow in the female ; foot usually
longer than the head.

Rostral not entering the nostril; suture between the nasals very
short,* nasal sometimes forming a suture with the anterior loreal ;
frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout; series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries usually complete; occipital much shorter, and often broader
than the interparietal; parietal more or less distinctly emarginate on
the side + for the accommodation of a large supratemporal, which is
usually in contact with the upper postocular ; temporal scales granular ;
masseteric and tympanic shields usually larget ; usually four, sometimes
three or five, upper labials anterior to the subocular.

25 to 34 scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold absent or
feebly marked. Collar-edge entire; 7 to 11 collar-plates.

Scales on body oval or oval-hexagonal, more or less distinctly keeled,

* Sometimes forming a suture with the frontonasal.

+ Very indistinctly in the type figured, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, ii, pl. xxii, fig. ¢.

t Masseteric shield small in the specimens from Tchorok and Tcherneia
Aragdona.

Lacerta. 291

somewhat enlarged towards the ventrals, 45 to 52 * across the middle
of the body, 35 to 40 corresponding to the length of the head, 3 or 4.
or 2 or 3 to a ventral plate.

Ventral plates in 24 to 29 transverse series. Preanal plate large,
usually preceded by a transversely enlarged plate.

Scales on upper surface of tibia considerably larger than dorsals
and strongly keeled. 15 to 25 (usually 16 to 21) femoral pores on

each side. 25 or 26 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales very strongly keeled, those on the sides raised,
subtrigonal, almost spinose, truncate behind; the whorls alternately
longer and shorter, and the scales of the two median dorsal series of
every other whorl much wider than the others. 18 to 26 scales in the

fourth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Brown or greyish olive above, darker on the sides, which bear
round light spots; a dorsolateral series of round light spots or ocelli,
which may disappear in the adult ; back with small dark spots, which

often form a double vertebral series; lower parts whitish, with blue
‘spots on the outer row of ventral plates,

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . 8&8 70 60° 6& 35

te = if fore limb 34 27 28 26 18
Length of head . : . 21 16 15 16 138
Width of head . : : JAG? HER 29) BED 138
Depth of head . : 2280 Gag 6) 2 10
Fore limb . ; oo 725 20) 24a Ag
Hind limb . ' . ; 42... SS 152° 37 129
Foot . s F : é . “22, 22.17 20 35

Particulars of the five specimens examined :

Ms 2. 3. 4. 5 6. ite
¢ Batum,B.C. . : . 88 45 25 10 28 21-22 25
2 Type of var. rudis . : . 7 52 28 9 25 17-19 25
8 zs es TM. . 60 51-27 9.25 18 25
, Tehorok, Caucasus : . 68 45 25 ll 34 18-17 26
,. Tcherneia Aragdona, B.C. . 55-50 28 10 27 18-19 25

Columns as on p. 175.

Although one of the most distinct forms of L. muralis, the Caucasian
var. rudis is, however, connected by intermediate specimens with the
var. saxicola, as observed by Mc¢hely.

* 46 to 58 according to Mehely.

292, Lacertide,

19. LACERTA CHLOROGASTER.

Lacerta muralis, var. defilippii, part., Boettg. in Radde, Faun.
Flor. Casp.-Geb. p. 44 (1886).

Lacerta chlorogaster, Boul. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 934, pl. lxvii,.
ahd Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 52, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2.

Lacerta boettgeri, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. vi, 1909, p. 583,
pls. viii, fig. 9, xxii, figs. 5 and 6, and xxii, fig. 6,“ and Zool. Anz.
xxxv, 1910, p. 593; Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Ac. St. Pétersb. xv,.
1910, p. 497, and Herp. Caucas. p. 87 (1918) ; Werner, Jahrb. Hamb.
Wiss. Anst. xxx, 1913, p. 15.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head rather large in males
(rarely 4 times in length to vent), 1} to 14 times as long as broad, its
depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner or the centre
of the eye and the tympanum ; occipital region convex ; snout obtuse,.
as long as postocular part of head; cheeks not much swollen in the
male; length of pileus about twice its width. Neck sometimes as
broad as head, usually narrower. Hind limb reaching the shoulder
or the collar in the male, the elbow or the axil in the female; foot
longer than the head. ‘Tail cylindrical, about twice as long as head
and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, a postnasal, the first upper labial,
and sometimes the rostral. Nasals forming a suture behind the
rostral ; frontonasal broader than long; frontal as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, 14 to 1} times
as long as broad, as broad behind as the principal supraoculars,
sometimes in contact witht or narrowly separated from the first
supraocular; parietals 15 to 13 times as long as broad, usually not in
contact with the upper postocular,f the outer border straight and
oblique or more or less emarginate in front for the accommodation of
the upper temporal; occipital usually shorter and broader than the
interparietal, sometimes as long or as broad. The two major supra-
oculars, of which the first is usually the longer, separated from. the
superciliaries by a complete series of granules; the fourth supraocular
usually in contact with the first upper temporal ; 6, rarely 7, super-
ciliaries, first or second longest, the suture between the first and

* Lacerta boettgeri, Méhely, Ann. Mus. Hung. v, 1907, p. 88, is a mere nomen
nudum. No definition, not even an indication of the habitat.

+ In 4 specimens out of 23.

t 3 exceptions out of 23 specimens.

Lacerta. 293

‘second vertical. Rostral often touching or entering the nostril*; a
single postnasalt ; two loreals, first usually shorter than second. 4
upper labials anterior to the subocular,{ the lower border of which is
much shorter than the upper. Temple covered with small scales, with
‘a large, moderate, or small$ masseteric shield, which is sometimes
divided, and a curved tympanic; a large anterior upper temporal,
followed by smaller shields.

No pterygoid teeth.

19 to 27 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, these scales usuall y
rather large towards the collar ; gular fold feeble or very indistinct ;
collar with feebly serrated edge, composed of 7 to 9 plates.||

Dorsal scales usually hexagonal, longer than broad, strongly keeled,
juxtaposed or feebly imbricate, rarely more oval and less strongly
keeled ; lateral scales more feebly keeled, smooth towards the ventrals,
a little smaller, 3 or 4 corresponding to the length of a ventral plate ;
32 to 42 scales, in the middle of the back, corresponding to the length
of the head ; 44 to 52 scales across the middle of the body.{ Ventral
plates in 6 longitudinal series, the second series on each side from the
median line the broadest ; 24 to 27 transverse series in males, 27 to
30 in females. Preanal plate large, bordered by a single semicircle
of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, keeled.
27 to 32 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 14 to 19 femoral pores
on each side, usually 15 to 17.

Upper caudal scales straight or slightly oblique, strongly keeled,
posterior border obtusely pointed, sometimes nearly truncate, the
whorls alternately longer and shorter ; 22 to 28 scales in the fourth or
fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Head and back greyish olive or greenish in the male, with or without
small black spots or vermiculations; sides and limbs yellowish green
with a black network, often enclosing rather large whitish ocellar spots,
or black with small yellowish grey spots ; a few turquoise-blue spots
may be present behind the shoulder. Pale brown or golden-brown
above in the female, with small blackish spots and a dark brown lateral
band with wavy outlines ; sometimes a dorsolateral series of small

* In 25 cases out of 46.

+ Two superposed postnasals in one specimen from Lenkoran, according to
Méhely.

t 5 ima single specimen.

§ Large in 17 specimens, moderate in 2, small in 4.

|| Up to 10 according to Werner.
“| 40 to 50 in specimens from Teheran, according to Werner.

294, Lacertide.

whitish spots. The markings of the body usually continued on the
anterior part of the tail. Lower parts yellowish green to bright grass-
green in the males, with a series of turquoise-blue spots on the outer
ventral plates, which are usually also spotted with black, and with the
throat often blue or bluish green; anal region and lower surface of
hind limbs often lemon-yellow.

The very young is described by Méhely as uniform brown above, the
belly dotted or spotted with blackish.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 ?

From end of snout to vent ; 4 40D. “GI 620 95g

- : 4 fore limh . SAGA eins
Leneth of head . 27, glee als
Width of head . ‘ : , Fee) Dh ren UG PU Baie “s:
Depth of head . 9 8. 38,2650
Fore limb. ; : . B44) 24 22 19
Hind limb : : : a Gopl odo 29
Foot i : ’ c NS ALS a7 6
Tail : ; : ; : ya a ve

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ne 2. ms A. 5) 6. fl
g Enzeli,type . . . . 68 50 25 8 28 1415 32
ne 8 S 68 49 25 8 27 16 30
ee 61 50 25 8 26 16-17 27
are: 58 44 24 7 20 16-17 30
alee ane 50 50 26 9 283 17-18 380
9 oy wt De a 60 30: B eon ae
Mya ee BG MAZESO Se? eo3) Cieteees
g Resht 65 48 26 7 22 17-16 28
i 63. 50! O57" 90° See or
et 684% 95°" 8 “21 1716 30
ae, 60 49 26 8 25 16 28
dae BS 48725 (8 G2 ie ee
ae 58 47 24 7 19 14-15 29
ae 58 48 26 8 22 17 29
MT 58 49 295 7 22 17-16 29
‘ 56.45 26 7 21 16 30
: 56 46 26 7 28 19-17 29
es: 56 52 26 8 22 17-18 31

56 49 25 8 21 17-15 99

——

Lacerta. 295

ie 2. 3. 40 5, 6. 1
hook al ota. «86-47 27 9 19. 17-16 30
oid, Pics as, 551.52. 26 8 94-18-17) 32
eh eee foie eG? AS D7 8 94 7, 29
en 58 46 29 7 21 17-16 30

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—The south and south-west coast of the Caspian Sea; the
specimens examined by me are from Enzeli and Resht, in Persia; those
described by Méhely are from Lenkoran and Baku in Transcaucasia
and Astrabad in Persia. The species is also reported from Teheran by
Werner.

In the shape of the head, in the serrated collar, in the pointed caudal
scales, L. chlorogaster bears some resemblance to L. tawrica, and Méhely
finds a great similarity between the skulls of the two species; the
keeled dorsal scales contrasting with the smaller laterals is a character
shared, to a stronger degree, by L. praticola. Yet I do not think there
is any close relationship between the three species. There is on the
whole more in common with JL. muralis, vars. saxicola and caucasica,
as recognized by Méhely. L. chlorogaster differs from all the forms of
L. muralis in combining keeled, usually hexagonal dorsal scales with
smaller laterals. It would perhaps be better to regard L. chlorogaster
as a variety of DL. muralis, more primitive, in most respects, than any
of the Transcaucasian-Persian forms with which we are at present
acquainted. Apart from the shape of the head it is not without
resemblance to the African L. jacksonii, the two often agreeing very
closely in the markings, and although its true affinities are still a
puzzle, I cannot think of a better position for it in the serial arrange-
ment that has to be followed than between L. muralis and L. jacksonit.

20. LACERTA JACKSONTI.

Lacerta jacksoni, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 96, pl. x;
Peracca, Ruwenzori, i, p. 166 (1909); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xix,
1909, p. 242; Degen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 19; Sternf. in Schubotz,
Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.-Afr. Exped., Zool. 1, p. 215 (1912) ;
Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 55, pl. iv, fig. 3.

Lacerta jacksoni, subsp. kibonotensis, Lonnberg, in Sjostedt, Kilim.-
Meru Exped., Rept. Batr. p. 5 (1907), and Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl.
(2), xlvii, No. 6, 1911, p. 14.

Head and body much depressed. Head large in the full-grown male
(33 to 4 times in length to vent), 14 to 12 times as long as broad, its
depth equal to the distance between the posterior corner of the eye

296 Lacertidz.
and the anterior border of the tympanum ; occipital region quite flat ;
snout obtusely pointed. shorter than postocular part of head ; cheeks
swollen in the male ; length of pileus twice or a little more than twice
its width. Neck as broad as head. Hind limb reaching the anil,
the shoulder. or the collar in the male, the elbow im the female ; foot as
long as the head im the male, usually a little longer in the female. Tail
cylindrical, 12 to 12 times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, a postnasal, and the first upper
labial Nasals forming a suture behind the rostral *; frontonasal
broader than long; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or
the end of the snout. 12 to 12 times as long as broad, as broad,
behind, as the principal supracculars or a little broader; parietals
12 to 1¢ times as longas broad, outer border straight or convex, usually
not in contact with the upper postecular, or, if in contact. very narrowly.+
Of the two major supracculars, the first is the longer; 5 or 6
superciliaries, the suture between the first and second oblique; an
incomplete series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries, the granules sometimes reduced to 2 or 3.5 No foramen mm
the interparietal§ Occipital usually shorter than the interparietal,
sometimes broader.

Rostral not entering the nostril; a single postmasal: two loreals,
first shorter than second. +4 (rarely 5) upper labials anterior to the
suboeular, the lower border of which is not or but little shorter than
the upper. Temple covered with small scales, as large as or smaller
than dorsals,|| these scales sometimes feebly keeled: no masseteric
shield: tympanic shield sometimes moderate. sometimes small, some-
times absent : upper temporal moderately broad, long or short, usually
followed by a series of smaller shields.{

No pterygoid teeth.

* In ome specimen examined by Peracca. the frontonasal touches the rostral

+ More extensively im the specimen of the var. libonsiznsis which I have
examined in the Paris Museum.

= In ome specimen examined by Peracea the series of granules is complete on
one side and ictally absent om the other. The series is complete m one of the
specimens deseribed by Sternfeld, absent in a male from the Alluaud Collection
in the Paris Museum.

§ This important character. first pointed out by Degen. is found im one other
species of the genus Lacerta, the West African L_ echinata, Cope. That it is
not to be regarded as of generic importance is shown by the genera Draco,
Nucras, and Latastia, where we find the foramen present im some species and
absent in others.

| Larger im specimens from the Kilimanjaro district (subsp. kibonotensis).

§ Absent in a female from Kegamaia and in the two males in the Paris
Museum.

Lacerta. 297

21 to 26 * gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, these scales strongly
imereasing in size towards the collar; gular fold more or less distinct -
collar even-edged or very slightly serrated. composed of 7 to 10
plates.

Dorsal seales rhombic-hexagonal, more or less distinctly keeled,
juxtaposed or subimbricate; laterals a little smaller. feebly and
diagonally keeled or nearly smooth. 37 to 48 scales across the middle
of the body +; 25 (2) to 35 (2) seales, in the middle of the back,
corresponding to the length of the head, 2 or 3 on the sides corre-
sponding to a ventral plate. Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal series,
the second series on each side from the median line much broader than
the others, the outer series composed of very narrow plates: 23 to 25
tramsverse series in males, 27 or 25 in females= Preanal plate large.
with one or two semicircles of smaller plates. one of the median
of which is more or less enlarged, and may be described as a second
preanal.

Seales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, strongly keeled.
22 to 26 lamellar scales under the fourth tee. 16 to 2] femoral pores
on each side.§

Upper caudal scales oblique, strongly keeled, with truncate or very
obtusely pointed posterior border; the whorls alternately longer and
shorter; 26 to 32 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the post-
anal granules.

Brown above, sometimes more or less greenish above im life. with
small black spots irregularly disposed ; sides darker. with + or 5 series
of white, black-edged ocelli, the upper series very regular and extending
from the outer edge of the parietal shield to the base of the tail -
a large black spot on each upper labial; limbs with small ocellar spots.
Lower parts bright yellow, or belly bluish green, m life (whitish or
bluish in spirit) ; belly sometimes with large black spots, or with small
black spots on the sides. Tail with small dark and light spots above.
the dark spots sometimes disposed quincuncially.

* Up te 28 according to Degen and Sternfeld.

+ 32 to 39 according to Peracea and Sternfeld; up te 49 according te Degen.

~ 23 to 25 im males, 24 to 28 im females, accordimg to Peracea, Degen and
Sternfeld.

§ 14 to 20 according to Peracca and Sternfeld.

| “1 saw once or twice green-headed and more or less green-backed lizards
run up on the trunks of big cedar trees. I had unfortumately no means of
securing them, but I have no doubt that they were Jackson's Lizards~
(Lénnberg, le. 1911). The variation im colour is therefore exactly as m
L. chloregaster, which may be precisely similar im its markings.

298 Lacertide.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1h 2. 3. A.

From end of snout to vent oo 707% 7 One ae
sp 3 » fore limb . 32 299) Bere
Length of head . 22. 19" i aan
Width of head LS. 12 Ga
Depth of head 10 9 8 8
Fore limb . ; ; , , 323°" 26. “24 aes
Hind limb. : : 1 Mee oy, OD easor
Foot : : mes) eC) 19 19

1. $, Mt. Elgon. 2. 3, Mau Ravine (type). 3. 9, Kegamaia.
4. 2, Mt. Ruwenzori.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1 oe 3 Avie a. KGS ff
S Mau Ravine (type). 70 40. 24 tO .25° 16-l7-e26
Q Mt. Ruwenzori Bee a ain e47) 9% 22 8-19) 25
¢o Mt. Elgon. . 90 42 24 1, E26 7 ?
5 a3 85 40 23 8 26 18-20 26
& Ms é ; es 38 8624 @ 25 17 «22
» Kegamaia, N.M.. Or grate (is 8 21 @ §622
55 ~ 5 69 41 25 9 25 16 23
4 * x : 78 43 28 8 26 19-18 23
¢ Kilimanjaro (type of v.
kibonotensis), P.M. . O02 3% 24 8 23 16-17 24
pe tlbee Adireieay a. 70 48 25 8 26 21-20 24

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—East and Central Africa. The type is from the Mau
Mountains in British East Africa. The species occurs also in the
Kilimanjaro and Usambara districts, on Mount Ruwenzori, and on Lake
Kivu. It is a mountain form, the specimens in the British Museum
having been obtained between the altitudes of 7000 and 8500 feet.

The absence of the parietal foramen distinguishes this species from
all other members of the group. There is much in common with
L. chlorogaster, both as regards lepidosis and coloration, but the head
is much flatter, the snout shorter in proportion to the postocular part
of the head, the dorsal scales are larger, the ventral plates form 8
longitudinal series instead of 6, the toes are shorter, ete.

Lacerta, 299

21. LACERTA BRANDTII.

Lacerta brandtii, De Filippi, Arch. Zool. An. Fis. 11, 1863, p. 387, and
Viagg. Pers. p. 354 (1865); Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 362, pl. xx, fig. 1
(1876) ; Boettg. in Radde, Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb. p. 42 (1886) ;
Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 268; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii,
p- 38 (1887); Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 139 (1905), and Herp. Caucas.
p. 91 (1913) ; Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 58, pl. 11, fig. 13.

Head and body feebly depressed, as in L. tawrica. Head about 1}
times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ; snout obtuse, as long
as postocular part of head; cheeks not much swollen in the male;
length of pileus twice its width. Neck a little constricted. Hind
limb reaching the shoulder in the male, the elbow or the axil in the
female; foot longer than the head. ‘Tail cylindrical, about twice as
long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, two postnasals, and the first
upper labial. Nasals forming a suture behind the rostral; fronto-
nasal broader than long; frontal 13 to 2 times as long as broad,
nearly as broad, behind, as the principal supraoculars, not in contact
with the first supraocular; parietals 1} to 1% times as long as broad,
not in contact with or just touching the upper postocular, the outer
border straight or slightly concave for the accommodation of the
temporal ; occipital small, + to 4 the length of the interparietal, which
is equally broad or a little broader. The two major supraoculars, of
which the first is the longer, separated from the superciliaries by a
complete series of granules, or the first in contact with the first or
first and second superciliaries; the fourth supraocular usually in
contact with Ahe first upper temporal; 6 or 7 superciliaries, first
usually longest, the suture between the first and second more or less
oblique.

Rostral touching or nearly touching the nostril; two superposed
postnasals ; two loreals, first not more than half as long as second.
5 upper labials anterior to the subocular,* the lower border of which
is much shorter than the upper. ‘Temporal region with rather large
scales ; masseteric shield present, small or large ; tympanic present ;
two or three upper temporals, first largest.

Pterygoid teeth strongly developed.

23 to 25 scales and granules in a straight line between the sym-

* “ Nahezu constant,” Boettger.

300 Lacertidex.

physis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; gular fold
distinct ; collar not or but feebly serrated, composed of 7 to 9 plates.

Body covered with small, smooth granules, which are slightly
smaller on the sides than on the back ; 50 to 55 scales across the
middle of the body, 3 or 4 transverse series corresponding to a ventral
plate, 88 to 42 in the middle of the back corresponding to the length
of the head. - Ventral plates in 8 (or 10 ?)* longitudinal series, broader
than long, subequal, or the second series from the median line the
broadest ; in 28 to 380 transverse series. Preanal plate rather large,
bordered by two semicircles of small plates. Scales on upper surface of
tibia smaller than dorsals. 25 or 26 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe. 16 to 20 femoral pores on each side.

Caudal scales truncate, the upper rather oblique, diagonally and
rather strongly but obtusely keeled, the lower smooth (in the basal
third) ; apical pits very distinct; the whorls not very unequal in
length ; 28 or 30 scales in the fourth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

The coloration of the type specimens is thus described by Blanford :
Centre of back olive-grey ; a rather irregular whitish line down each
side (originating behind the supratemporal shields), breaking up
behind into white spots, with irregular mottling and spots of black
forming an indistinct band inside and outside the white one; another
ill-marked pale line down the lower portion of each side,.the ground
colour of which, and of the breast and abdomen, is pale greenish blue,
the anterior and inner margins of most of the ventral plates near the
sides being black. According to De Filippi, there are some blue spots
near the axillary region, and the anal region and lower part of the tail
are tinged with fiery red.

The following notes refer to three well-preserved specimens recently
received from M. L. A. Lantz.

Male pale brown above, with small black spots having a tendency to
form a reticulation ; sides of head and body with numerous whitish
dark-edged ocellar spots, the largest in and above the axil; throat and
belly white ; outer ventrals blue, with small black spots ; anal region,
lower surface of thighs, and lower surface of tail reddish.

Female not unlike the preceding, but with the white dorsolateral
streak distinct on the nape and continued as a regular series of spots
on the body ; a second series of white spots from the ear to the side of

* De Filippi gave ten as the number of longitudinal rows. Blanford, re-
describing the type specimens, two in number, says :—‘‘ Eight longitudinal rows,
all nearly equal in size: in one of the specimens there is an additional row of
much smaller scales on each side, but it is broken up in the other specimen.”

Lacerta. 301

the body, which is marked with small black and whitish spots; a series
of black spots along each side of the back, within the dorsolateral
light streaks or series of spots ; two or three large blue, black-edged
ocelli above the axil; except for the absence of a dark vertebral streak
on the nape, the markings of this female are very similar to those of
certain specimens of L. parva, and they are obviously derivable from
them. Throat and belly bluish, with small black spots on the outer
ventrals ; anal region, thighs and lower surface of tail reddish. <A
dark streak along each side of the tail, on the base of which the dark
and light dorsal markings are continued.

Young greyish above, the sides with a blackish network enclosing
round white spots ; two series of vermicular black markings along the
back; two large blue, black-edged ocelli above the axil.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

rs +

From end of snout to vent 66 58

7 a ss fore limb 95 22
Length of head . 17 14
Width of head . de 19-5
Depth of head ee. 75
Fore limb . : : 5 gon 19
Hind limb : : : ou 28
Foot . ; ; : lS kG

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

dle 2. 3. 4. D. 6. ie
3 Ardebil, Persia - 66 54 28 23 9 18-19 25
2 fe i” Spoon oe (29 95 7 18 26
> onasano, Palisch — .. ; ; oF o0' 30 ‘25 : 9 19-18 96

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat—Known only from North-Western Persia and the neigh-
bouring Transcaucasian Province of Talisch. The type specimens are
from Basminsk, between Tabriz and Teheran. M. Lantz’s specimens
are from a salt lake near Ardebil.

I regard L. brandtii as one of the most primitive members of the
L. muralis group, which it connects with L. parva. Among the species
with two superposed postnasals it agrees with LD. levis in having teeth
on the pterygoids, but differs in the temporal lepidosis, in the smaller
occipital, in the 8 (or 10) rows of ventrals, and in the shorter toes.

302 Lacertidx.

22. LACERTA LAVIS.

Lacerta levis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 279, and Cat. Liz. p. 31
(1845); Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 488; Bouleng. Proc. Zool.
Soe. 1881, p. 742; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 263;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 39 (1887), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 60,
pl. iv, figs. 4, 5.

Podareis judaica, Camerano, Atti Acc. Torin. xii, 1877, p. 92,
pl. ui, figs. 2-5.

Lacerta judaica, Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1880, p. 270; Boettg. Ber.
Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 172.

Lacerta muralis, var. judaica, F. Mill. Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii,
1882, p. 156.

Lacerta muralis, part., Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 130 (1905).

? Lacerta levis, Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxi, 1, 1902, p. 1091, and
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xix, 1908, p. 382, pl. xxiii, fig. 4.

Size and shape of head and elongation of body very different
according to the sexes, the difference even greater than in L.
peloponnesiaca. Head 12 to 1% times as long as_ broad, rather
strongly depressed in the female, but little broader than deep in
the full-grown male, its depth im the tympanic region equal to the
distance between the anterior corner or the centre of the eye and
the tympanum, its length 4 to 5 times in length to vent in the
female, 3} to 34 times in the male; snout obtusely pointed, as long
as or a little shorter than postocular part of head; cheeks moderately
swollen in the male; pileus 2 to 2} times as long as broad.

- Neck as broad as the head or a little narrower. Body moderately -
depressed.

Hind limb reaching the wrist or the elbow, rarely the axil, in
females, the collar or between the collar and the ear in males; foot
longer than the head.

Tail cylindrical, often a little flattened at the base, twice or a little
over or a little under twice as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, two postnasals, the first upper
labial, and the rostral. Nasals usually forming a suture behind the
rostral*; frontonasal as long as broad or a little broader than long;
frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, 14 to 2 times as long as broad, nearly as broad, behind, as
the major supraoculars or a little broader; in large males the frontal
sometimes trilobate in front, as in L. peloponnesiaca; parietals 1} to

* Rostral in contact with the frontonasal in 3 specimens from Sidon.

Lacerta. 303

1} times as long as broad, usually not in contact with the upper
postocular, outer border convex, or oblique in front, where it forms
a suture with the upper temporal, but not concavely emarginate :
occipital constantly broader than the interparietal, sometimes broader
than the frontal, at least as long as the interparietal in males, usually
shorter in females. Of the two major supraoculars, the first is
usually the longer; fourth supraocular usually in contact with the
upper temporal*; 5 to 7 superciliaries, first usually longest; suture
between the first and second nearly as often oblique as vertical ; a
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, the
series complete or the first or first and second superciliaries in contact
with the supraoculars.

Rostral entering the nostril, usually largely ; two superposed post-
nasals +; two loreals, first shorter than second. 5, rarely 4 or 6¢
upper labials anterior to the subocular, the lower border of which is
usually much shorter than the upper. Temporal scales cranular,
about as large as the dorsal scales or a little larger; a large or very
large masseteric shield §; tympanic shield distinct; a large upper
temporal, followed by a row of very small shields or mere granules.

Pterygoid teeth usually present.

18 to 24 scales and granules in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; cular
fold distinct ; collar with even or feebly serrated edge, composed of
9 to 15 plates (exceptionally 7).

Scales on body juxtaposed, oval or hexagonal, keeled, the keel
usually stronger in males than in females, rather smaller on the
sides than on the back; minute granules in the interstitial skin || ;
49 to 64 scales (usually 50 to 58) across the middle of the body,
3 or 4 transverse series, on the sides, corresponding to a ventral plate,
33 to 55, in the middle of the back, corresponding to the length
of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series, or if in 8

* 16 exceptions out of 140 cases.

+ I have come across 2 exceptions only, in a male from Damascus, which has
a single postnasal on the right side, and in another from Sidon, in which it is
so on both sides.

t 4 in 15 cases out of 140, 6 in 8 cases.

§ Only two exceptions; in a female from Damascus, in which the shield is
hardly distinct on the right side, and in another from the Nahr Kadischa, in
which it is disintegrated on both sides.

|| As first pointed out by Bedriaga; these accessory granules are to be found
in nearly all species of Lacerta, when the skin is distended, and they are more
distinct still in L. jayakari.

“| In two male specimens from Damascus; these outer plates about half the
width of those of the third series from the middle line.

304 Lacertidex.

the outer very small; all broader than long, the median pair
narrowest, the other two nearly equal in width; 23 to 27 transverse
series in males, 25 to 29 in females. Preanal plate large, bordered
by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals, with a strong
keel, often with small tubercles or short secondary keels in addition.
27 to 35 lamellar scales under the fourth toe (usually 29 to 32).
16 to 24 femoral pores on each side (usually 18 to 21).

Upper caudal scales rather narrow, straight or slightly oblique,
strongly keeled, the keel sometimes accompanied by a groove on
each side,* truncate or very obtusely pointed behind, mostly with a
distinct apical sensory pit; the whorls more or less unequal in length,
sometimes very slightly; 24 to 34 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Grey or pale brown above, the back uniform or scantily dotted or
spotted with blackish, occasionally with larger spots having a tendency
to arrange themselves in transverse series; upper surface of head
without spots; a black lateral band, passing through the eye, sometimes
well defined by a white streak above and beneath, to above the shoulder,
where its lower limit shades off into the lighter colour of the flanks
and its upper border is festooned or crenulate; white dots or round
white spots on the black of the sides ; sides sometimes only a little
darker than the back, with black and white ocelli; limbs with a dark
network, often enclosing round white spots ; tail uniform or with small
dark spots irregularly disposed. Lower parts white, throat of male
sometimes bluish, without spots, except in males; a series of rather
distant blue, black-edged spots along each side of the belly.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

il 2. 3. A. 5. 6.

From end of snout to vent . 87 78 58 80 71 52
i 4 ,~' forelimb 837 “307 28> 229 s25 19
Length of head. _ Dd 22a 62") 19° Seats
Width of head =. : » 16) No OF A aes
Depth of head : SAA ASS 1 aie
Fore imb : . Bo 30" 21s 27) paws
Hind limb . : SO552) 252). 783) Ase 9 30
Hoot. 1: ; ; 22%s 626°) 19s Ay aoe eib
Tail : ; ; . — 170 110 160 — —

1,2. g, Damascus. 3. g, Jerusalem. 4. 9, Damascus. 95. 9,
type. 6. 2 (gravid), Jerusalem.

* Asin L. danfordii, var. greca.

Lacerta. 305

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Lee 3. 4, 5. 6. 7
2 —P (type) : : 2 #1 56 29 22 19 27
S Damascus (Anderson) . - 82 58 25 11 22 2) 35
= 2 » 56 61 25 12 23 20-21 30
Q - 55 : P00 G0 ge) 9 2. ogre oF
rot » (Gadeaude Kerville) 87 56 26 10 22 92] 30
- i 84 58 25 12 28 20-19 30
3 : 83 60 25 12-22 19-18 3]
; ; 2 80 58 26 12 22 2499 931
. 4 ; - 30) 60- 24 11.191 a1 30
iA : 80 51 25 10 19 18-19 32
a : . 80 54 25 12 22 21-20 30
a) 78 58 24 9 21 20-18 30
” 5 ; faces 25° 13 29. 4 33
< 4 fS.00.-.4/ 11 99". 91-19 99
, - 78 54 25 12 21 20 30
; i. : he 00 Awe 12° 19) 19-97 > St
. ; 5 4f 09 25. 12 94 22 32
. : : Geese 26. 1021 (2t-20) a9
9 is (aero 26 Ty D1 99200. ay
. ~ ; 66 52 25 11 20 18-19 32
e : mn 66 55 26 10 21 19-20 29
bs 4 Od od 24. 9: “23; 20292)" 3
fe) S¢ 54 29 10 98 19 30.
} : oa de: 29.9? 20 19-18. «32
- : : 83 49 28 9 21 19-20 30
z : Gf don 28° 10) 2h) 19 30
: 2 , Gé {O%, 29° 101-20 79 29
* " 66; 52. 24 - 9-20. 219 31
Bs : 76 53 29 1020: 19 32
. 66 ol) 27" dar Sarto 29
< eG FOL R27 11 GF a0 19 29
; éo) kong 29 1 Ube (oes 32
: ‘s ; Got Od 20 TE IIe BT 31
ie C4). “BS 2E EAE VS 32
: 74 50 27 10 21 18-20 32
: 42) jak 203 SIE TS 20-19) a5
- ; (2) ols 29: LE 18 . 20-195 «30
; ¥ 685794, (haa 1200 80). 1S 30
; ; Oo | oer een ed, 9 D2) 17298 486

20

306 Lacertidx.

ile 2) ioe 4. 5. 6. if
2 Damascus (GadeaudeKerville) 58 52 27 12 23 21 31
e ra i ."50 50 28 I1 18 20-19 29
| 5 y . 50 51 28. 12 21 18-20. 82
g Beyrut . . %8" $6 (25.0.7 2) “21s 30
a a : . 57 59 26 10 24 20-21 29
» Sidon . : : . 65 62" 26" 10°922 ao 31
ON ars : t : J 7ot odie iat» aaa 30
co af EM. ’ : . 72 62 24 11 21 21-20 30
vied, erae woe : ; . V1 61 (25° 410) (22) 22 30
ss red Gs : ; . 64. 59 23 11 21 21-19 “SE
ba ee Big tae . 64 58°27 WO" 22 — 31
ieee is : : . 63.62: 26" C12) 49" 1s lye
OF aa ee ; . VO 62 27° 10 22 Weber!
er, A 65 55 28 8 22 19 27
piraers, Nery, ; . 61 54 25 10 24 20-19 28
area ha ; , 60° 64527 40 19 —8s 28
¢ Latakia, L.M. : : . 63 58 27 499-23 20-19 29
» Nahr Kadischa, L.M. . . 68 63 25 9 23. 22-20 238
és hi ss 65 57 “26 7Aiveee yt 39
: : “ 61 62 24 10 22 21-19 28
99 s : 60 58 26 “T9227 21 30
2 - i 73 55 27 11 22 19-21 29
3 Jerusalem 58 57 (25° 1018) 18 -1oe ee
¥ 5 5 61 25 89 2 19-20
se 3 50 64 25 “197 21 20 31
if s , AZ 50) 2a B20) ey, 31
e) i . 60 54 26 9 20 17-18 27
2 3, ’ ; ~ S22 50S 267 10 7 19. hat
gd DeadSea_.. : . 70° 61 26511 21 20-21) yon

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat.—Syria*; also reported from Rhodes and Cyprus.
Although I have, in the course of the past 30 years, looked over several
large collections of Cyprus reptiles, I have never come across a speci-
men of this or any other species of Lacerta from that island. A small
series of reptiles collected by Mr. C. G. Danford on Rhodes in 1879
contains examples of one Lacerta only, L. viridis, var. major.+ The
record of this species from the Cilician Taurus by Werner (Jahrb. Nat.

* The numerous specimens in the Lyons Museum have been referred by

Lortet to L. muralis and L. tawrica,
+ L. danfordii is, however, known from Rhodes.

Lacerta. 307

Ver. Magdeb. f. 1896-1897, p. 7) is probably based on some aberrant
specimen of L. danfordii.

In all probability L. /evis is directly derived from a form closely
related to DL. brandtii. There is not a single character that can be
said to be opposed to such a derivation.

23. LACERTA JAYAKARI.

Lacerta jayakari, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 40, pl. 11 (1887), and Tr.
Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 64, pl. iv, figs. 6, 7.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head 1} to 1} times as long
as broad; snout pointed, as long as postocular part of head; depth
of head in the tympanic region equal to the distance between the
anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ; cheeks rather swollen
in the male ; pileus 2} to 2! times as long as broad. Neck slightly
constricted. Hind limb reaching the collar or a little beyond in the
male, the axil or the shoulder in the female; foot as long as the
head or a little longer. Tail cylindrical, a little more than twice
the length of head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, two postnasals, the first upper
labial, and the rostral. Nasals forming a rather long suture behind
the rostral ; frontonasal as long as broad or a little broader than long ;
frontal usually shorter than its distance from the rostral, 1} to 1}
times as long as broad, as broad, behind, as the major supraoculars
in the adult (narrower in the young); parietals 1} to 1% times as
long as broad, with straight or slightly convex outer border, not in
contact with the upper postocular; occipital usually as long as and
much broader than the interparietal, sometimes shorter and but little
broader. Major supraoculars, of which the first is usually the longer,
separated from the superciliaries by a complete series of granules ; 7
to 9 superciliaries, the suture between the first and second sometimes
vertical, sometimes oblique.

Rostral largely entering the nostril; two superposed postnasals ;
two loreals, first much shorter than second; 6 upper labials anterior
to the subocular,* the lower border of which is usually but little
shorter than the upper. Temple covered with minute granules, which
are smaller than the dorsal scales; the granules in front of the ear
may have a tendency to form a denticulation; no masseteric shield ;
tympanic shield usually well developed, sometimes very small ; a large
anterior supratemporal shield, in contact with the fourth supraocular,
followed by a series of 2 or 3 smaller shields.

* 7 on one side in one of the specimens.

308 Lacertide.

Pterygoid teeth present.

45 to 50 granular scales in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold ; collar
with feebly serrated edge, composed of 13 to 16 plates, all except the
median very small.

Seales on body very small, granular, round, convex, smooth or very
indistinctly keeled, mostly with a distinct sensory pit ; the interstitial
skin with very minute granules ; 85 to 95 scales across the body; 4 or
5 lateral scales correspond to the length of a ventral plate; 48 to 68
scales, in the middle of the body, correspond to the length of the head.
Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal and 27 to 29 transverse series; the
plates of the second series from the median line usually broader than
the others, those of the outer series smallest. Preanal plate small,
bordered by 2 or 3 semicircles of smaller plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia a little larger than dorsals, obtusely
keeled. 29 or 30 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 25 to 29
femoral pores on each side, the two series nearly meeting in the
middle.

Upper caudal scales narrow, straight or nearly straight, strongly
keeled, truncate, with a very distinct apical sensory pit; the whorls
nearly equal in length; 42 to 50 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Young olive-grey above, with numerous black and whitish spots
which have a tendency to run together to form wavy transverse bars ;
a black spot on each upper labial shield; temple white with three
black vertical bars; lower parts yellowish white. These markings
disappear with age, the adult being uniform pale greyish or brownish
olive, with more or less distinct traces of the spots on the body;and
of the markings on the sides of the head.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 2

From end of snout to vent ‘ Ae weloe 155

“3 "3 Wg fore limb 65 65
Length of head 38 37
Width of head 27 22
Depth of head . A , 23 20
Fore limb : : : : ; 56 55
Hind limb ; ‘ ; Z : 90 85
Foot ‘ ; : ; ! ; 42 39

Tail : ; : ; ‘ pone

Lacerta. 309

Particulars of Specimens Exaimined.

ib 2. 3. 4., 5. 6. if
3 : . 152 87 27 15 47 28-27 30
a ; ; gee eg) 85 27 14 48 29 30
a : . 124 85 28 t; 45 26 29
9 , : Fo ell 95 27 13 50 28-27 29
2 . > poo 93 29 15 48 27-26 30
a : : . 152 86 29 16 48 25 29
ra ls . 140 35 29 16 50 26-27 29

Columns as on p. 175.

Habitat —Lacerta jayakari, named after its discoverer, the late
Surgeon-Major A. S. G. Jayakar, is only known from Muscat, Arabia.

This is the giant of the L. muralis group. In conformity with the
frequent if not absolutely general rule in this genus that in allied
forms an increase in size is accompanied by a finer scaling (L. agilis
—viridis—ocellata, L. muralis typica—brueqgemanni—nigriventris
—bedriagx) the size of the scales is so much reduced as to render the
definition of this species by a numerical formula extremely easy. It
is true that the same high number of scales across the body and of
plates in the collar is reached in L. muralis, var. lilfordi, but the
number of gular scales remains lower (40 the maximum), the temporal
seales are larger, there are fewer longitudinal rows of ventral plates
and anterior labials, and the postnasal is single.

I regard L. levis as the nearest ally of L. jayakari. The greater
difference in the general proportions between the two sexes, the shorter
head, the coarser lepidosis, the presence of a large masseteric shield,
the number of ventral plates and of femoral pores, and the pattern
of markings are the most striking characters distinguishing the former
from the latter, which is one of the most sharply defined species of the
genus Lacerta. But I do not suggest a derivation of L. jayakari from
L. levis; I imagine these two species and L. danfordii to have been
independently evolved out of forms closely related to L. brandtii, nearly
all the characters of which appear to support such an assumption.

24. LACERTA DANFORDII.

Zootoca danfordi, Giimth. Proce. Zool. Soe. 1876, p. 818, fig.

Lacerta danfordi, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1879, p. 380;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 741; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges.
xiv, 1886, p. 259; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 37, pl. i, fig. 2 (1887) ;
Boettg. Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1888, p. 163; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ¢xi,
i, 1902, p. 1090, Zool. Anz. xxvii, 1904, p. 255, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst-

310 Lacertide.

xix, 1903, p. 333, pl. xxiii, fig. 3, and xxiv, figs. 7, 11; Mc¢hely, Ann.
Mus. Hung. vii, 1909, p. 452, fig., pls. xiii, figs. 4, 5, and xiv, figs. 5-8 >
Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 67, pl. v.

Lacerta orycephala, vars. modesta, maculata, part., Bedriaga, Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mose. 1881, p. 80.

Lacerta greca, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 290:
Werner, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. vi, 1899, p. 833, and Zool. Anz.
xxvii, 1904, p. 256; Mc¢hely, t.c. p. 463, pls. xiii, figs. 6, 7, and xv,
figs. 1-4; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 403, fig. (1912).

Lacerta anatolica, Werner, Anz. Ak. Wien, 1900, p. 269, Sitzb. Ak.
Wien, cxi, i, 1902, p. 1083, pl. iii, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xix, 1903, p. 331,
pl. xxiv, figs. 5,12, 14, and Zool. Anz. xxvii, 1904, p. 259; Méhely,
t.c. p. 442, pls. xiii, figs. 1-3, and xiv, figs. 1-4.

Lacerta ertzeni, Werner, Zool. Anz. xxvii, 1904, p. 258; Schreib.
op. cit., p. 402, fig.

The following description is drawn up exclusively from the type
specimens, from Zebil Bulghar Dagh, Cilician Taurus.

Head and body rather strongly depressed, but less than in L. owxy-
cephala, more as in some specimens of the typical L.imuralis. Head
12 toa little over 1} times as long as broad, its depth, in the tympanic
region, equal to the distance between the anterior corner or the centre
of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum; snout obtusely
pointed, as long as or a little shorter than postocular part of head;
cheeks not much swollen in the male ; length of pileus 2 to 24 times its
width. Neck at least as broad as head. Hind limb reaching the Shoulder
or the collar in the male, the axil in the female ; foot as long as head
or a little longer (not more than once and one-third). Tail cylindrical ;
nearly twice or more than twice as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between the nasal, two postnasals, the first upper
labial, and the rostral. Nasals forming a suture behind the rostral;
frontonasal as long as broad or, more often, broader than long, 2 to 3
times as long as the suture between the prefrontals. Frontal 1} to 14
times as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the
end of the snout, as broad as or a little narrrower, behind, than the
principal supraoculars, not in contact with the first supraocular although
sometimes very narrowly separated from it. Parietals 1} (young) to
1} times as long as broad, usually not in contact with upper postocular,*
the outer border more or less distinctly notched for the reception of
the large temporal. Occipital as long as or shorter than,t and as

* In contact in 3 cases out of 16.
7 In one specimen barely half as long as the interparietal.

Lacerta. 311

broad as or broader than the interparietal. The two major supra-
oculars, equal in length or the first the longer, separated from the
superciliaries by a complete series of granules; the fourth supraocular
usually in contact with the upper temporal. 6 or 7 superciliaries,
second longest, the suture between them all vertical or nearly so.

Two superposed postnasals ; first loreal usually shorter than second.
A rather large semitransparent area in the lower eyelid, with 7 to 9
vertically elongate shields. 5 upper labials anterior to the subocular,*
the lower border of which is much shorter than the upper. Temporal
region with small granular scales; masseteric shield small or absentt :
tympanic present ; a large anterior supratemporal, followed by granular
scales.

No pterygoid teeth.t

22 to 27 scales and granules in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold absent or
merely indicated ; collar not serrated, composed of 9 to 12 moderate
or small plates.

Body covered with small, smooth granules (sometimes faintly keeled
on the posterior part of the back), which are a little smaller on the
sides than on the back; 55 to 62 scales across the middle of the body,
3 or 4 transverse series corresponding to a ventral plate, 31 to 44 in
the middle of the back corresponding to the length of the head.
Ventral plates as often in 8 as in 6 longitudinal series, the fourth
series on each side composed of smaller but quite well developed
plates ; in 26 to 29 transverse series. Preanal plate small or very
small, in one (¢) specimen divided into two, bordered by two or more
series of small plates or scales ; granules between the preanal plate and
the anal cleft.

Scales on upper surface of tibia obtusely keeled, smaller than
dorsals. 27 to 31 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 20 to 25
femoral pores on each side.||

Caudal scales truncate, the upper more or less oblique, diagonally
and strongly but rather obtusely keeled, the lower smooth ; apical pits
usually very distinct ; the whorls not very unequal in length; 30 to 34.
scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules, two
behind the latter enlarged in males.

* Rarely 4 or 6 according to Werner.

+ Present in 5 cases only out of 16.

t Minute teeth or their traces may be present according to Méhely.

§ Absent however in one of the specimens (female). This character has been
unduly emphasized by Prof. v. Méhely. I have shown that it is also found in

L. grxca, as well as in some specimens of L. muralis.
|| Rarely 16 to 19 and 26, fide Bedriaga, Werner, and Méhely.

312 Lacertide.

Adult males olive-grey or brownish above, with blackish dots and
traces of round light spots; younger males with round whitish spots
edged with dark brown ; sides closely speckled with black, with dark-
edged round light spots; head, including lips, speckled with black ;
limbs speckled or reticulated with black, with more or less distinct
round light spots; tail without spots, except at the base; belly
greenish white (in spirit), with blackish dots.“ Females and young
with black dots or spots, or a black network enclosing round light
spots ; a light, unspotted area along each side of the back, from each
parietal shield ; belly unspotted or with small black spots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

rf om ee x
From end of snout to vent . 4 (01 162.) 6.” a2
5 - fore limb . : Bo pia 2), 1
Length of head . : + gS a el LAT) Ws
Width of head . : : iy ATS ioe MeO 9
Depth of head. : : : 9 oe a) 6
Fore limb . : at) a 028 20,5 20
Hind limb . ; é ; . CAIs 38s 53l' 3
Foot . ; : s SLE RO CRG sy 7:
Panleot : : ; . 152 140 — 98

Habitat.—The types are from Zebil Bulghar Dagh, 4000 feet,
presented by Mr. C. G. Danford. Dr. Werner’s specimens are from
Dumbellek Dagh, also in the Cilician Taurus. The young specimen
from Kaisarieh, referred to this species in the Catalogue of Lizards,
belongs to Latastia cappadocica, Werner. The Syrian specimen
mentioned by Barbour (Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, p. 84) under
the name of Lacerta danfordi should be compared with L. levis.

Var. ANATOLICA.

The type specimen (female) of this form is from near Eski Shehir
in Central Asia Minor, and I am indebted to Dr. Werner for the
examination of two males from the some locality, one of which he has
presented to the British Museum. JL. ertzeni, Werner, based on
Boettger’s L. danfordii from Rhodes, Samos, and Nicaria (8. Sporades),
is regarded by Mé¢hely as identical with L. anatolica, although he has
omitted to refer to Werner’s name in the synonymy.

According to Werner’s original description, DL. anatolica is similar

* Reddish white or red in life, according to Werner; the lips are also red or
reddish according to the same author.

Lacerta. 313

to L. danfordii, but nearer to L. ovycephala. I can see no reason for
any near approximation to the latter species, and Mchely more correctly
regards L. anatolica and L. danfordii as “ Schwesterarten ” agreeing in
the most important morphological characters and conforming to the
same primary pattern of coloration.

The only important difference resides in the longer head, which is
1} times as long as broad in the specimen before me (pileus nearly
twice as long as broad, parietal shields nearly twice as long as broad),
a difference, however, not greater than between two extreme specimens
of the var. tiliquerta of L. muralis, or even of the typical form in the
wider sense. I am also far from convinced that this character would
hold good if put to the test of a considerable material (which has not
been the case); in fact, if Schreiber’s figure of one of the type specimens
of L. ertzeni is to be at all trusted, the shape of the head may be
absolutely the same as in a typical L. danfordii (length 20 mm.,
width 14 mm., parietals barely once and a half as long as broad).

Another character to which undue importance has been assigned by
both Werner and Mchely is the number of longitudinal rows of ventral
plates, supposed to be 6 in L. danfordii and 8 in L. anatolica. But I
have already pointed out that there may be 8 series in the types of
L. danfordii and 6 or 8 is given as the number in L. ertzeni, which is
identified with LD. anatolica by Méhely. There is no constancy in
another character appealed to by the latter author, viz. the presence
of a detached portion of the rostral between it and the nostril-——an
anomaly which may occur in any species of Lacerta, and which,
besides, is not shown by Werner’s specimens. The divided anal* is
likewise inconstant, and is also shown by one of the types of LD. dan-
fordii, the very one figured by Giimther when first describing the
species.

The Anatolian specimens have 53 to 60 scales across the body, 8
longitudinal and 27 to 29 transverse series of ventrals, and 15 to
21 femoral pores on each side. Those from the islands (Rhodes,
Symi, Samos, Nicaria) have, according to Boettger, 62 to 66 scales,
6 or 8 longitudinal rows of ventrals, and 15 to 21 femoral pores.
There are sometimes 6 anterior upper labials, as in the type of LD.
anatolica.t

The type specimen of L. anatolica is described as greyish above with
grey reticulation and two series of black spots with a tendency to
form a network; a blackish lateral band with a series of whitish

* Which Schreiber incorrectly describes as a very small anal.

+ Out of 5 specimens from the same locality, described later by Werner, 4
have 5 anterior upper labials, as in the typical L. danfordii.

314 Lacertidx.

ocellar spots ; below this a second series of less distinct ocellar spots ;
limbs with large white, dark-edged round spots and small black
dots ; sutures between the labials black; lower parts with black dots.
This coloration agrees very closely with that of young specimens
of L. danfordii. Boettger describes his Nicaria adult specimens
(L. ertzeni) as bluish-grey above, with three longitudinal bands of
black spots and the lower parts uniform bluish tinged with orange,
and the young as quite black above, with four pale green longitudinal
streaks, the outer broken up into spots. There is therefore much
variation in the markings of the specimens referred to LZ. anatolica by
Méhely, who also figures some covered with round whitish spots and
with dark cross-bars on the tail, and observes that, although at first
sight very different from L. danfordii, closer examination reveals
these different patterns to belong to the same fundamental plan.

Measurements (in millimetres) of a male from near Eski Shekei :

From end of snout to vent . . 72 Depthofhead . 3 : aS

5 5 BA fore limb . 380 Fore limb . . ; : Bail
Length of head. ; : 2 2) cond shimib : : . 40
Width of head. ‘ : Ao) Hoobs: : 5 : : el

According to Werner the variation in the proportion of length to
width of head is 1: 38 to 1: 44 in LZ. danfordii,* 1:53 to 1: 74 in
L. anatolica. This is really the only important difference on which
the two forms are based, and I believe it would break down were
the specimens from Rhodes, Samos, and the Southern Sporades
re-examined. All the other characters that have been adduced in
favour of the separation, viz. relation of rostral to nostril, number of
longitudinal rows of ventrals, anal scutellation, shape and size of the
occipital, and coloration, are subject to such variations as to be useless,
and are mostly disposed of by an examination of the series of specimens
on which ZL. danfordii was established.

Habitat.—Anatolia, Rhodes, Samos, and Southern Sporades.

Var. GRACA.7

This is a distinct form, only known from Southern Greece, which is,
however, so closely related to and so completely connected with
L.. danfordii that, according to the standard followed in the genus
Lacerta (L. ocellata, L. viridis, L. muralis), I cannot accord it higher
rank than that of subspecies. That is, after all, perhaps only a matter

* 1:55 in one of the specimens of which measurements are given above.
+ The name modesta, Bedriaga, which has priority over greca, cannot be used,
being preoccupied in the genus (L. muralis, var. modesta, Eimer).

Lacerta, = 4) 4s

of opinion, but what is important is to dispose of the statements
hitherto made by different authors as to the characters which were
believed to justify a specific separation, such as a longer and flatter
head, longer limbs, the shape and size of the occipital shield, the
temporal scutellation, the coloration, etc.,* by showing how far they
are to be relied upon, and what importance is to be attached to them
by analogy with the variations recognised in other better-known allied
species, such as L. muralis and L. oxycephala.

The head is often somewhat flatter and more elongate than in
L. danfordii, but not constantly, one adult male (from Kambos) being
in this respect absolutely identical with one of the types from Asia
Minor (see p. 312, measurements, column 2). This individual variation,
which is not even so great as in L. muralis, var. bocagii, is best shown
by measurements of a few specimens :

3
este oF ak ae a” ee
Length of head. Om me OF Ee. LF) 1G. 15
Width of head. alan Miter ls. 11. 10. 10 10, ‘9
Depth of head. Seem OS, 2G. Gi ek: 5
Length of pileus . Sissse 1S 17 16 16 15 14
Width of pileus . IGP GSS 85: 8 2b OF

1. Langhada. 2-4. Kambos. 5,8. Lada. 6,7. Megali.

The head is thus seen to be roughly 1} to 12 times as long as broad,
the length of the pileus about twice its width; the depth of the head
equals the distance between the centre of the eye and the anterior
border of the tympanum ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as or a little
longer than postocular part of head. Proportions of limbs and tail
as in the typical form.

Rostral usually entering the nostril, sometimes narrowly separated
from it. Upper head-shields as in the typical form, except that, when
the head is more elongate, the frontal and the frontonasal are longer

* It may be interesting to reproduce here the reasons given by the original
describer of LZ. greca for distinguishing it from L. danfordii: “ Da man kiirz-
lich versucht hat L. danfordi mit L. greca zu vereinigen, so will ich hierselbst
auf die Hauptunterschiede, welche ich zwischen dem mir vorliegenden Exemplar
von L. danfordi und den grxca gefunden zu haben glaube, hinweisen: D. dan-
Jordi. Kopf pyramidal, Rumpf nahezu walzenformig. Occipitale kleiner als
das Interparietale, Massetericum vorhanden; gewélbte, gegen den Schwanz hin
gekielte Rumpfschuppen. 19 Schenkeldriisen. L. greca. Kopf und Rumpf
abgeplatted. Occipitale grésser als das Interparietale, Massetericum fehlend ;
ziemlich flache, gegen den Schwanz hin schwach eingedriickte Rumpfschuppen.
22-24 Schenkeldriisen.”” (Bedriaga, op. cit. p. 246.)

316 Lacertidx.

in proportion ; first supraocular often* in contact with the frontal ;
parietal rarely in contact with the upper postoculart ; occipital usually
as long as and broader than the interparietal, sometimes much broader
and longer, though always narrower than the frontal{; 6 to 8 super-
ciliaries, first usually longest. Of the two superposed postnasals, the
upper is divided into two in one specimen ; first loreal sometimes as
long as second, sometimes shorter. 5 anterior upper labials, rarely 6§ ;
lower border of subocular usually but little shorter than the upper,
but sometimes much shorter; supratemporal sometimes very small ;
no masseteric shield. ||

26 to 33 scales and granules between the chin-shields and the collar,
which is composed of 9 to 12 plates.

Scales smooth or faintly keeled on the posterior part of the body,
52 to 61 across the body.** Ventral plates constantly in 6 longitudinal
series and in 25 to 50 transverse series.

Preanal plate rather large, bordered by one or two series of scales ;
the granules between the anal plate and the anal cleft, believed to be
characteristic of L. danfordii and L. anatolica, as often present}t as
absent.

Caudal scales truncate, not or but slightly oblique, the upper with
obtuse keels bordered on each side, in the posterior two-thirds of the
scale, by a more or less distinct depression or groovef} ; apical pits
very distinct ; the whorls usually not very unequal in length, sometimes
nearly equal; 30 to 49 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl. 27 to 32
lamelle under the fourth toe. 20 to 28 (usually 21 to 24) femoral
pores on each side.§$

Grey, brownish, or olive above, uniform on the back, or with blackish
dots or rather large blackish spots irregularly disposed or forming two
more or less regular longitudinal series from the occiput to the base of

* In 6 specimens out of 12 examined by me; in 8 out of 10 examined by
Méhely.

+ In 5 eases out of 24.

+ Sometimes smaller than the interparietal according to Schreiber.

§ In 2 cases out of 24.

| Exceptionally present, fide Schreiber.

“| More distinctly keeled in a male from Kambos than in any of the typical
L. danfordit.

** 48 to 65, fide Méhely.

+; In 6 specimens out of 12.

+4 This peculiarity, which is to be found, though less marked, in some
specimens of the typical i, danfordii, is conveyed, in a somewhat exaggerated
form, by Méhely’s figure 7 on pl. xiii.

§§ In one of the specimens (one of Bedriaga’s types) there are a few addi-
tional pores, forming a second series.

Lacerta. SLT

the tail, which is uniform or spotted like the body but never cross-
barred ; upper surface of head uniform or with small black spots, sides,
including the lips, much spotted, the temples often with round light,
dark-edged spots; sides of body usually darker than the back, with a
dark network enclosing lighter spots or with very well-marked ocellar
spots, one of which, above the shoulder, may be enlarged and of a blue
colour; upper surface of limbs often with round light, dark-edged
spots. Belly greyish or pale yellow in females, bright yellow in males,*
uniform or with small black spots, or black edges to the shields ; blue
spots on the outer ventral shields. In these markings, some of the
specimens of L. greca and L, danfordii are almost identical.

‘I have never seen the young of the Greek form; nor have I been
able to find any allusion to its markings in the descriptions to which J
have had access.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

i Es 2. 3. 4. 5.

From end of snout to vent 76 «673 65 69 ~~ 61
” » as fore limb . 32 2 27 27 35
Length of head. : yee SIOY LA le 5! do
Width of head. : a talaga! i Bas Fs hae 1) 9
Depth of head. ; LoD ai witsie ete: 6
Fore limb. : ; : . af 25 24 23: Ql
Hind limb . : : : . 42 39 36 34 £382
Moat: ©; d : ; : PAP Rl ALO. hee hg
ailar? ; : i : » £700 153. —. — 140

1. g, Langhada. 2. @, Taygetos (one of the types). 3. g,
Kambos. 4. 2, Megali Anastasowa. 5. Q, Lada.

Habitat—This form is so far known only from a small part of
Southern Greece (Morea), the Taygetos Mountains and neighbouring
hills.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Forma typica :

bo bo

. . . . ‘ .

6,type . : fen 0G Gilat oDlone eso: Sp

: : . 74 62 8 28 10 25 238-22 838i

* Werner has attached great importance to the coloration in defining L.

greca as distinct from L. danfordii, the former being yellow beneath (in life),

and the latter red or reddish. There is hardly a form of L. muralis in which

such a difference is not to be found among various individuals, often even in

the same locality. The statement that the loreal region is unspotted is con-
tradicted by some of the specimens before me.

9? ”?

318 Lacertidx.

1 2 3 4. 5 6 TA 8.
d type 62 58 6 26 12 25 21 27
ee 59 55 6 26 12 24 24 28
eae 56 56 6 29 11 25 23-22 28
et 52 56 8 28 Il 22 20-21 27

Var, anatolica :
6 Eski Shehir, C. Asia
Minor ; ) . @2 do. 8 Be Te 25 A920
7 Witeo. wee Gs, = : ; 69° 56 8 229 124 20

Var. greca:

3 Taygetos (type) (3 06 6 26: 12 27” Be way
2 i, 6° on as 68 52 6 28 10 29 25-23 29
¢ Langhada, nr. Sparta 76 59 6 26 10 27 28-24 32
9 a 33 62° .58 6) 29" 11-26 5-20 ze
3d Kambos, Taygetos 7) 60 6 28 10 33 26-28 29
+ 35 73 538 6 26 10 28 22-28 29
5 :) 65 61 6 26 10 29 25-24 27
», Lada ‘3 66 538 6 25 9 29 2423 28
Le ay eels . 61 58 6 22 9 29 22-21 928
S Megali ae: . 65 59 6 28 10 30 21-23 32
OW hs ay ha . 69 538 6 28 9 29 23-22 30
Was ae . 67°°52 (6 30 (10° 28") n2il pee2e

1. Length from end of snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Number of scales
across middle of body. 3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse
series of ventral plates. 5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in a line between
symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-plate. 7. Femoral pores (right
and left). 8. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.

The three forms may be diagnosed as follows :

Forma typica.—Head about 12 to 13 times as long as broad;
ventrals in 6 or 8 longitudinal rows ; anal moderate or rather small,
usually undivided; upper caudal scales oblique; femoral pores 16
to 25.

Var. anatolica, Werner.—Head about 11 to 1% times as long as
broad; ventrals in 8 (rarely 6) longitudinal rows; anal usually
divided ; upper caudal scales oblique; femora! pores 15 to 21.

Var. greca, Bedr.—Head about 12 to 1{ times as long as broad ;
ventrals in 6 longitudinal series; anal rather large, undivided ; upper
caudal scales straight or slightly oblique; femoral pores 20 to 28 ;
frontal often in contact with first supraocular.

To allow these three forms the rank of species would be to impair
the sense of proportion in comparison to other species, taken even in

Lacerta. 319

the narrow conception adopted by Mcé¢hely, as for instance his
L. saxicola, in which at least equally important differences in the
shape of the head, in the lepidosis, and in the number of femoral
pores* are used for the definition of varieties or subspecies only.

Lacerta danfordii is intermediate between L. levis and L. oxycephala.
From the former it differs chiefly in the absence or vestigial condition
of the pterygoid teeth, in the more depressed head, in the absence or
faintness of the gular fold, in the absence or small size of the masse-
teric shield, in the smaller occipital shield in the male, and usually in
the absence of keels on the dorsal scales; from the latter in the less
pointed snout, in the less flattened head, in the more frequent absence
of the masseteric shield, in the longer toes with more numerous
lamelle inferiorly, and in the absénce of strongly enlarged subcaudal
scales, the latter difference being a very striking one, accompanied by
that furnished by the markings on the tail.

25. LACERTA OXYCEPHALA.

Lacerta oxycephala, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 235 (1839) -
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 404 (1875).

Lacerta oxycephala, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 276,
pl. —, figs. 16, 29; Schreib. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli, 1891,
p- 579; Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. ii, p. 571 (1894);
Werner, Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 45, pl. ii, fig. 5 (1897), and
Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. x, 1907, p. 661; Mchely, Ann. Mus. Hung.
vii, 1909, p. 468, pl. xiii, fig. 8, and pl. xv, figs. 6, 7, 9; Schreib. Herp.
Eur., ed. 2, p. 383, fig. (1912); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916,
p. 75, pl. vi, figs. 1, 2.

Lacerta tomasinii, Schreib. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli, 1891,
p- 580.

Head and body strongly depressed. Head 1} to 1% times as long as
broad, its depth, in the tympanic region, equal to the distance between
the centre or the posterior corner of the eye and the anterior border of
the tympanum; occipital region quite flat or even a little concave ;
supraocular region rather convex ; snout pointed, as long as or a little
longer than postocular part of head; cheeks more or less swollen in

* It was at one time believed that LD. anatolica differs from L. danfordii in
having fewer femoral pores (15-21 as against 19-26). A more recent statement
by Werner (1903) has, however, disposed of this supposed difference, which,
even had it been confirmed, could not be allowed much importance, consider-
ing the range of variation in species known from a larger material (13-25 in
the typical L. muralis, 16-24 in L, levis and L. oxycephala, 12-24 in L. dugesii).

320 Lacertide.

the male; length of pileus 2 to 2} times its width. Neck at least as
broad as head. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in the
male, the elbow or the axil in the female; foot as long as the head
in the male, a little longer in the female; toes comparatively short.
Tail cylindrical, flattened at the base, about twice as long as head and
body.

Nostril between the nasal, two postnasals,* and the first upper
labial, the rostral being always excluded. Nasals usually in contact
with each other, the median suture often very short; exceptionally +
the rostral forms a more or less extensive suture with the frontonasal,
which is usually at least as long as broad, but sometimes considerably
broader than long ; suture between the prefrontals often very short ;
an azygos shield rarely present between the prefrontals.{

Frontal 15 to 14 times as long as broad, as long as its distance from
the rostral or from the end of the snout, narrower, behind, than the
principal supraoculars, often § in contact with the first supraocular or
the several small shields or granules in which it may be disintegrated.
Parietals 1; (young) to 1% times as long as broad, usually not in
contact with upper postocular.|| Occipital always shorter than the
interparietal and usually broader, sometimes much broader. The two
major supraoculars, which are equal in length or the first slightly the
longer, separated from the superciliaries by a complete series of granules,
sometimes by two; the fourth supraocular usually in contact with the
upper temporal. 6 to 8, rarely 9 superciliaries, the suture between
them all vertical or nearly so. Two superposed postnasals ; two loreals,
first shorter than second. Usually 5, sometimes 6, rarely 4,4 upper
labials anterior to the subocular, the lower border of which is as long
as the upper, or a little shorter. Temporal region with small granular
scales ; masseteric shield large or small, sometimes absent ** ; tympanic
present; a large supratemporal, well visible from above, usually
followed by one, two, or three smaller shields.

No pterygoid teeth in the specimens examined.+t

* IT have come across but one exception, a male from Lissa, in which the
postnasal is single on the right side.

+ In one specimen from Curzola and in two from Brestica.

t In one specimen from Dalmatia (Bedriaga Collection), and in one from
Curzola.

§ In 17 cases out of 32.

|| In 48 eases out of 64.

{ 5 labials in 47 cases, 6 in 12, 4 in 5.

** Large in 32 cases, small in 22, absent in 10.

++ Siebenrock (Sitzb. Ak. Wien, ciii, i, 1894, p. 294) says they are sometimes
present.

Lacerta. 321

30 to 42 (usually 33 to 37) scales and granules in a straight line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-
plate; gular fold very indistinct or totally absent; collar not
serrated, composed of 10 to 13 (exceptionally 8 or 6) small or very small
plates, which may be scarcely larger than the scales in front of them.

Body covered with small flat, roundish granules, which are a little
smaller on the sides than on the back ; 59 to 76 (usually 63 to 70)
scales across the middle of the body, 3 or 4 (rarely 5) transverse
series corresponding to a ventral plate, 31 to 50 in the middle of the
back corresponding to the length of the head.

Ventral plates in 6 (rarely 8) longitudinal and 25 to 30 transverse
series ; the plates of the 6 series sometimes subequal in width, some-
times unequal, those of the median row from the middle line the
broadest ; when in 8 series the plates of the outer row very narrow.*
Preanal plate moderate or rather small, bordered by one, or, more
usually, two series of small plates of whicha median pair may be more
or less enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of tibia obtusely keeled,as large as or a
little larger or a little smaller than largest dorsals. 22 to 26 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe. 19 to 25 femoral pores on each sidet ;
sometimes a second series of rudimentary pores.

Caudal scales truncate, oblique, the upper smooth or more or less
strongly but obtusely and diagonally keeled, the lower smooth; the
median dorsal pair sometimes a little larger than those adjacent to it,
the median ventral pair strongly enlarged, the broadest, in the basal
part, at least twice as broad as long ; regenerated tail sometimes witha
single series of large plate-like scales inferiorly ; the whorls longer
and shorter alternately ; 18 to 30 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the post-anal granules. The sensory apical pits on the caudal
scales usually more distinct than in any other species of the L. muralis
group.

Grey or bluish grey above§ with a dark network enclosing very
numerous small roundish light spots, or with small ocellar markings
having a tendency to form transverse series; upper surface of head
often with symmetrical blackish markings and dark edges to the
shields ; lower parts greyish white or bluish grey; tail more bluish,
with regular black annuli, which are interrupted inferiorly. Young
like the adult. Some specimens (var. atra, Bedr., L. tomasinii,
Schreib.) black or blackish brown, with more or less distinct paler

* 8 rows in 5 out of 22 specimens in the British Museum,

+ 16 to 24 fide Schreiber.

¢ As frequently occurs in L. muralis, var. sardoa,

§ Sometimes brownish, yellowish, or greenish according to Schreiber.
21

Soe Lacertidex.

brown spots,* dark grey or blue beneath. The two type specimens, in
the Paris Museum, are entirely black, so that the L. tomasinii is
really a strict synonym of the typical L. oxycephala.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Ue 2. 3. A,
From end of snout to vent. : 63 60 62 60
From end of snout to fore limb . 28 2d 24. 25
Length of head . 17 15 15 15
Width of head . é ( : fat: 10 a) 9
Depth of head. : : : 6 6 5 5
Fore limb . : : , : 24 23 22 22,
Hind limb . , i : : 36 33 33 3l
Foot . : : , : , 17 15 15 16
Mail. ; : : : N25 — —=

l. g, Gacko, Herzegovina. 2. @, Curzola. 3. 9, Dalmatia.
4. 9, Brestica, Herzegovina.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
A. Reticulated pattern.

ie eh teen ees 5. 6. Gi. 8.
Gara ; . 60° 76> 6F 28> “i g39) (22-2
Hey tak & . 58 63 (6: 27 10 g30. 22-2122
» Curzol : ; ; . 61 75 8 27 13 338 202227526
> sh : ; - 1605570 “0: (2990 07 22s
9 a c : : . 00 64 8 29 18 33 21-238 24
5 + : : 4 . 47 63 8 30 10 35 19=20° 228
3 “4 PM. : GOS Na (Sion alas op 20 24
e 55 IA Boe : | OL 7216929 TA So) 2b-2oee oe:
¢ Lissa. : ; .. 61 -66: 6) 727 IP 33) 21205725
ae te Do” 169) 65726" 11 39) T9=20R 25
ee ae : : 4 . 56 “71. (6 25: 12 34 Loess
» Gelsa, Lesina . ; . 58 70 6 26 10 383 19-20 22
Oru ts, $5 4 - 49 7162712: 30) WO -Biae 2s
» Dalmatia . : . 62 60 8 28 11 37 20-22 24
& Bilak, Herzegovina . . 62 68 6 26 18 33 23-19 25
5, Korito o ! . 61 64.6 28 I3 31 20-19 424
Q Trebinje ___,, | 697 65% 6 28% 834 #720 26

* After some time in spirit these light spots become more distinct, and
certain preserved specimens may be said to be absolutely intermediate between
the two principal types of coloration. Werner (1907) alludes to specimens
from a great altitude in Herzegovina as only “ ziemlich dunkel.” 'The supposed
structural differences between these two forms, pointed out by Méhely, have
no existence in fact.

Lacerta. 323
B. Uniform black or blackish.

Te 2a Se ae B. 1 im 8.

© Dalmatia (type), P.M. . 54 70 6 28 11 34 21 25
Pe es * F . 44°76 6 29 10 36 20 24
o Brestica, Herzegovina . 64 66 6 27 10 31 19) 20
Q s > . 60 62 6 30 6 34 19-20 24
a _ " . 59 60 6 28 I1 36 22-21 24
& Gacko 3 : . 63 61 8 26 12 33 20 23
,, Baba Planina, Herzegovina 67 64 6 29 11 36 23-22 25
zi 2 ¥ 64 60 6 26 10 32 19-21 24
” 9 5: 61 74 6 25 18 35 21 28
- s 5 53 65 8 27 11 42 22-23 26
Q 5 3 61 75 6 29 12 36 21-20 25
, iF 36 54 66 6 30 12 31 21 24
*s E : . 52 68 6 28 11 34 20-21 25
,, Cettinje, Montenegro . 61 70 6 28 18 37 20-22 25

Columns as on p. 318.

Habitat.—Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and neighbouring
islands; the reticulated form from sea-level to 1000 m. altitude, the
black form from 500 to 1400 m.

Distinguished from L. muralis by the two postnasals, the much
enlarged basal subcaudal scales, and the frequent separation of the
prefrontal from the second supraocular, this lizard bears considerable
resemblance to LD. muralis, var. bedriagx, but I regard this as a case
of convergence, such as we know, within the limits of the species
L. muralis, in the vars. monticola, horvathi, and saxicola. The real
affinities are with L. danfordii, and both species were probably derived
from the same ancestor.

26. LACERTA MOSORENSIS.

Lacerta mosorensis, Kolombatovic, Imen. Kralj. Dalmac. ui, p. 26
(1886) ; Schreib. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xli, 1891, p. 574; Steind.
Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vii, 1892, p. 235, pl. xvi; Werner, Rept. Amph.
Oesterr.-Ung. p. 46 (1897); Mchely, Ann. Mus. Hung. 11, 1904, p. 364,
figs., and vii, 1909, p. 592, pl. xxiv, figs. 5-7, and pl. xxv, figs. 1-5;
Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 398, fig. (1912); Bouleng. Tr. Zool. Soc.
xxi, 1916, p. 78, pl. vi, figs. 3-5.

Lacerta koritana, Tomasini, Glasn. zem. muz. Bosn. Herzeg. i, 1889,
p- 51, and Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. 11, p. 575 (1894).

324, Lacertide.

Head and body much depressed, as in L. ovycephala. Head 12 to
1% times as long as broad, its depth, in the tympanic region, equal to
the distance between the centre or the posterior corner of the eye and
the anterior border of the tympanum ; snout pointed, as long as post-
ocular part of head; cheeks moderately swollen in the male; length
of pileus 2 to 21 times its width. Neck at least as broad as head.
Hind limb reaching the axil or the shoulder in the male, the wrist or
the elbow in the female ; foot as long as or a little longer than the
head. Tail cylindrical, flattened and with a median dorsal groove at
the base, 1 to a little over 2 times as long as head and body.

Nostril between the nasal, one or two postnasals, and the first upper
labial, the rostral being always excluded. Nasals separated from each
other, the rostral forming a more or less extensive suture with the
frontonasal* ; prefrontals forming a median suture. Frontal usually
as long as its distance from the rostral, sometimes a little longer or a
little shorter, 12 to 12 times as long as broad, usually broader, behind,
than the supraoculars. Parietals 14+ (young) to 1? times as long as
broad, not in contact with the upper postocular. Occipital much
shorter than and as broad as or a little broader than the interparietal.
The two major supraoculars, which are equal in length or the first
slightly the longer, separated from the superciliaries by a usually
complete series of granules ¢ ; first supraocular small, never in contact
with the frontal ; fourth also small and in contact with the anterior
supratemporal.f 6 or 7, rarely 8§ superciliaries, first largest, the
suture between first and second usually vertical, rarely oblique. Usually
two superposed postnasals||; anterior loreal sometimes as long as
second, usually shorter. As often 4 as 5 upper labials anterior to the
subocular,] the lower border of which is not or but slightly shorter
than the upper. Temporal region with small or rather large granular
scales ; masseteric shield usually large, oval or elliptic, rarely small ;
tympanic present; a large supratemporal, well visible from above,
usually followed by one or two smaller shields.

* There are, however, rare exceptions, according to Schreiber.

+ According to Schreiber the series may sometimes be reduced to a few
granules. I have myself seen a specimen (Dalmatia, Bedriaga collection)
with only 4 granules on one side and 5 on the other.

+ “Fast immer,” fide Schreiber.

§ Or 5, according to Méhely.

|| Schreiber, who has examined more than 60 specimens, regards a single post-
nasal as very exceptional, and I also find 2 postnasals in the 4 specimens from
Baba Planina. It is therefore remarkable that out of 12 specimens from the

Biokovo Mt. received from Prof. Kolombatovi(:, 5 have a single postnasal.
{ Out of 32 cases, I find 18 with 4 labials and 14 with 5. Méhely finds

usually 5, often 4, rarely 6.

Lacerta. 325

No pterygoid teeth in the few specimens examined.

23 to 30 (usually 25 to 27) scales and granules in a straight line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ;
gular fold very indistinct or totally absent; collar not serrated, com-
’ posed of 7 to 10 plates (usually 9), which may be very small.

Body covered with large flat, round, subtetragonal or subhexagonal,
smooth or faintly keeled granules, which are larger, often much larger,
on the back than on the sides; 36 to 42 scales across the middle of
the body,* 2 and 3 or 5 and 4 transverse series corresponding to a
ventral plate, 22 to 29 in the middle of the back corresponding to the
length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 25 to 29
transverse series ; the plates of the second row from the middle line
usually the broadest. Preanal plate rather large, sometimes preceded
by a smaller plate or a pair of smaller plates, and bordered by one or
two semicircles of scales or small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, rough, tubercular or
strongly keeled, as large as or a little smaller or a little larger than
largest dorsals. 22 to 25 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. 16 to
20 femoral pores on each side.t

Caudal scales rather broad, truncate, oblique, the upper rather
strongly but obtusely keeled, the lower smooth, the median pair,
above and beneath, mostly broader than the others; the whorls,
markedly longer and shorter alternately, well detached at the sides,
forming a serrated outline; 18 to 24 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Grey, brown, or olive above,t usually a little darker on the sides
than on the back, uniform or with black spots or reticulations all
over or restricted to the sides or to the sides and the vertebral region ;
no dark vertebral line or series of spots; the black spots on the sides
sometimes so crowded as to constitute the ground-colour, the true
ground-colour appearing as small light spots. Spots on the tail, if
present, often forming cross-bars, but never such regular annuli as in
L. oxycephala ; in addition to these bars, sometimes a median series
of spots. Pale yellow or greenish yellow beneath,$ without dark
spots; blue spots may be present on the outer ventrals.

Young uniform or with small dark and light spots.

*

Up to 45, fide Méhely.
+ Up to 25, fide Méhely.

+t Sometimes yellow or almost grass-green, according to Tomasini.

§ Sometimes orange according to Tomasini, or pearl-grey or blue according
to Méhely.

326 Lacertide.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

I. 2. 3. A.

From end of snout to vent. i. 67) bby (OShanbe
es us ER forelimb)! 27) 2 wae
Length of head . q AG. eile w ls gest
Width of head . : . ely Pill: 9: 7 ACR
Depth of head. : 6 6 6 6
Fore limb . : : Woe 204 - 20" sake
Hind limb . j : : - | MDOT NEO mee 35
Foot . : 3 E i, Be IG 9 iS,
Tail : ; : : s |= _ 105.9 53 89

1, 2. g, Biokovo Mt. 3. 9, Biokovo Mt. 4. ¢, Coputne
Rundine.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

le 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. te
3 Biokovo Mt., Dalmatia . - “67 36° 25) aon 27 20 23
” 9 s . 60. 40 25 19.223 TO TS oA
” 2 , : » od. All 2265 7. 29 AG-leiace
33 > 55 : . 69. 39. 25- “6626 Leo) 23
5 ¥ , . 51 40 26 1026 IG yas
2 55 $3 : ~ 68.42" 25-= O27 16; 24
” 53 ‘ ; | 67, (40 e270 Soe 18 24
” > i : . 64 42 27 10 30 18-19 25
» >» . 64 39 26 9 25 17-18 23
» Dalmatia F : : : 63.40, 28° 9° 24; 17-197 23
3 Baba Planina, Herzegovina . 68 41 25 9 24 20 23
9 3 5 2, OSs aaan Zon 200) A I, ree
9 5 $5 + 166. 425° 8.27 Asal
2 ES . 64. 327 29 8, 238 18=lo 72s
d Coputne Rundine, Montenegro 62 42 25 9 25 16-17 22

1. Length from snout to vent (in millim.). 2. Number of scales across middle
of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar. 5. Gular
scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-
plate. 6. Femoral pores (right and left). 7. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.

Habitat.—Mountains of Dalmatia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro,
between 700 and 1400 m. altitude.

Lacerta mosorensis, in general appearance, occupies an intermediate
position between L. muralis (especially such mountain forms as var.
monticola, horvathi, and chalybdea) and L. oxycephala. Well distin-
guished among all other species by the large rugose scales on the

Lacerta. SPH

upper surface of the tibia, and from the two above-named by the
larger dorsal scales compared to the laterals. Its real affinities are
doubtful, and it may well be that its resemblance to L. ozycephala is
a case of parallelism, both species being independently derived from
some more generalised type akin to L. brandtii.

27. LACERTA DUGESII.

Lacerta dugesii, M.-Edw. Ann. Se. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 71 and 84;
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 236 (1839); Godman, Nat. Hist. Azores,
p- 43 (1870); Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 330, and Abh. Senck.
Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 308; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 35 (1887), and Tr.
Zool. Soc. xxi, 1916, p. 81, pl. vii.

Teira punctata, Gray, Ann. N.H. 1, 1838, p. 280, and Cat. Liz.
p. 33 (1845).

Lacerta maderensis, Girard, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 200,
pl. xxiv, figs. 1-8 (1858).

Lacerta punctata, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 743.

Form and general proportions much as in the typical L. muralis.
Head 1: to 1% times as long as broad, its depth, in the tympanic
region, equal to the distance between the anterior corner or the centre
of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum ; snout pointed,*
rarely rather obtuse, as long as postocular part of head ; cheeks more
or less swollen in the male; length of pileus 14 to 2 times its width.
Neck at least as broad as head; body rather strongly depressed.
Hind limb reaching the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in the male,
the wrist or the axil in the female. Foot usually longer than the head,
as long as the head in very large specimens. Tail cylindrical or
depressed at the base (elliptic in section), 1} to 2 times as long as head
and body.

Nostril between the nasal, the postnasals, and the first upper labial ;
rostral nearly always excluded.t Nasals forming a median suture ;
prefrontals forming an extensive median suture, unless (very rarely)
separated by an azygos shield. Frontal as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the rostral, 1} to 12 times as long as broad, not
or but little narrower behind than in front, broader throughout than
the supraoculars. Parietals 1! to 1} times as long as broad, in contact
with the upper postocular, outer border straight or convex. Occipita lf

* Particularly in specimens from Porto Santo.

+ Exception in one half-grown specimen from Paul, Madeira.

t The occipital is absent in one of the type specimens described by Milne-
Edwards; an individual anomaly, as pointed out by Bedriaga.

328 Lacertide.

as long as or shorter than and as broad as or broader than the inter-
parietal, sometimes twice as broad as the latter and as broad as the
frontal. The two major supraoculars, of which the first is nearly
always the longer, separated from the superciliaries by a complete
series of granules ; first supraocular small, sometimes broken up ito
two, never in contact with the frontal ; fourth also small and some-
times broken up into two. 6 or 7 superciliaries, first largest, the suture
between first and second as often oblique as vertical.

Two superposed postnasals ; 2 loreals, first shorter than second. A
rather large semitransparent area in the lower eyelid, with 5 or 6
vertically elongate shields. 5 (rarely 4) upper labials anterior to the
subocular, the lower border of which is often not or but slightly shorter
than the upper, although liable to as much variation of form as in the
typical L. muralis. Temporal region covered with granules, or granules
and irregular small shields; masseteric shield absent * tympanic
present, sometimes preceded by a second, similar shield; upper
temporal absent.

No pterygoid teeth.

25 to 38 (usually 28 to 52) scales and granules in a straight line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-
plate; gular fold distinct; collar not serrated, composed of 7 to 13
plates (usually 9 to 11).

Scales on body granular, round or suboval, smooth or very faintly
keeled, a little larger on the sides than on the back, 54 to 81 (usually
60 to 70) across middle of body, 3 or 4 transverse series corresponding
to a ventral plate, 37 to 60 in the middle of the back corresponding to
the length of the head. Ventral plates in 6 (very rarely 8 {) longitu-
dinal and 24 to 31 transverse series (24 to 28 in ¢, 25 to 3l in 9);
the plates of the two median series narrower, often much narrower,
than those next to them. Preanal plate usually large, but variable in
size, bordered by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia granular, smooth, usually smaller
than those on the back, rarely nearly as large. 25 to 33 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe. 16 to 24 femoral pores on each side (12
to 19 in specimens from Great Salvage).

Caudal scales narrow, truncate or very obtusely pointed, the upper
obtusely or rather strongly keeled, the lower usually feebly keeled, the
keels straight; the whorls markedly longer and shorter alternately ;

* Present in a male from Graciosa, Azores.

+ Sometimes present according to Bedriaga.

t In a female from Madeira (Macgillivray) and in another from Paul; these
uter plates very small, but as long as the adjacent plates.

Lacerta. 329

34 to 40 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

Ground-colour grey, brown, or green, or dark brown or blackish
speckled with yellowish or green; a pair of light bands, sometimes
dark-edged, from behind the superciliary edge to the base of the tail,
constantly present in the young, is usually retained by the females.
sides often with a black or dark brown band with or without light
dots. Upper surface of head with small dark spots or vermiculations.
Markings on the tail similar to those on the body ; no cross-bars.

Lower parts yellow, orange, or red, usually uniform, sometimes
with black dots ; throat sometimes blue in males, sharply contrasting
with the red belly; no blue on the outer ventral plates.

The British Museum collection contains a totally black specimen
(2) from Madeira. A male from Bugio, 8S. Desertas, is nearly black
above with traces of lighter markings, and the belly is black with
whitish variegations.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ite 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

From end of snout to vent . . 80* 80 74 64 70 58

Ms e Fe forelimb. 338 31 30 24 27 23
Length of head . : : al Ee 1 As le As
Width of head . witoy loa ts) 79. obi 2
Depth of head. : Velo: Sy SG: : -S (94a
Fore limb . : . 28 25 29 21 25 20
Hind limb . : 5 : . 389 37 39 32 36 28
Foot . : : d , ak 19 2) LF, 1S: 35
Panl: E : . — — 1395 108 115 —

1. g, Paul, Madeira. 2. 9, Paul. 3. ¢, Madeira. 4. 9, Madeira.
5. 6, Great Salvage. 6. 9, Great Salvage.

Particulars of Specimens Evamined.

abe 2 3. 4. 5) 6. 7

& Madeira (type), P.M. : . 66 63 26 10 385 23-24 28
_ PS (ee ae : . 64 69 26 9 31 20-22 30
09 2 (type of T. punctata) . 65 60 25 10 31 20 30
$4 5 (Parry) . . 68 72 28 10 35 18-20 3l
¥9 " ‘(Sock 23 eae ; . 64 69 26 12 31 18-21 29

* The left hind limb of this specimen is mutilated and from the stump of tibia
left a new growth has sprung out which in form and scaling resembles the tail
of a lizard, tapering to a fine point and clad with whorls of keeled scales. A
somewhat similar outgrowth has been described and figured by Brindley (1898)
in L. muralis.

330 Lacertidx.

iff 2. 3. 4, 5. 6 lc
@ Madeira (Parry) . . 64 6L26 Tl "2885 (20ne eee
So is (Christy) . : 74° 60 27 AZ 26 2119627
» 99 5 ; . 66. 70 26 Il 32 20=22Fe30
99 % = : . 64 66 28 10 34 20-19 29
9 3 ov : 2 #0 70 27 10 33 19-21 29
3S ‘ (Macgillivray) . . (62> 369! 925 479) 31 AB=loas
=f ES ( *3 Niike . 60 73 24 1 28 20-19 29
Q 5 ( eo: iba, (70227) 0. 32) eal 30
ee ee (Grant) . 70 66 26 9 33 20-19 28
s ( any) : . 168 69° 26 10 132)522-21 se
9 a (Nicoll) 65: 481) 72612) Sl 19 30
9 ao © Car 63 64 24 10 31 18,» 228
a Cas, 18) 59 69) 27 42 435.5 AS
2 arp U( ) 56766 627 “11. 29 22=21 sat
99 5 (Wager) 54-165) 27, 10) 133. 19 3
” oan | ) . 04: 7389 )29. 39) 37. loess
3 ; (2: 6o- ZZ. Oee29 25S eG
” ” 65 72 25 10 34 24 39
, 65.70 9265 12) tar 21 29
2 = : 59). 46, 29 12 niss 2 19 29
& Funchal, Madeira 78 67 “26. Tikes 23 31
2 ; 65 65 28 7 28° 22-21 29
» 99 _ ‘ 2 . 6 66 28 12 31 20 28
3 Paul, Madeira . 80 75 27 8 35 23-21 929
re ry - ; f0! (65. 26> BOy sol. |, 20a
OPlat: : ; 80 (64. 2959-932 20 29
oars 6 : > Wd. 6522) 10 436, Ziel ars2
59 9 x : = 09) 4O7ge Om Mae 184 3423
bene: a ; ; - 65 66. 27 10) 32. 2025330
3S Great Piton . ; ) 584165_.225 ~ 10) 28° 19-20526
? 57 55 27 10 28 17-16 28
35 os . . 48 56 25 11 26: “16=19° 26
6 Porto Santo. : -) 67 4632 201410), 29) ees
x * ; : . 65-68 25 1) 30- I[s=lye29
2 os : ; . 61 65 26 10 32 20-18 28
,, Deserta Grande : : . 65 71.926 10 35 22-21) 330
a i , . 538 65.26 11 B80) 19=I8e 29
» Bugio, 8. Deserta. : . 68 66 25 Il 34 21-20 27
», Great Salvage J ; ~ “0% 63 225) Tse ese a9 = Sees
5 3 . 68 54 24 WO. 26) Abeer es
fe) BS . 58° OL 27 le 28° 13a iae es

Lacerta. 331

is ee So a 6. |
2 Great Salvage . . 08 58 26 Il 25 138-12 25
ree ee Ne). 54, B27 98 13 27
3 Graciosa, Azores. : wate ae, oF, 04%. 30 629-19. -a9
:) 7 3 Cea ee) 70), 69. 25-11-99 19. a9
i . re : eO Gl 2e) 10) 28-20-23" 26
“ xs A 66™ 71 2G Lie <98r' 20-196 ss
fe) s 3 64 64 28 10 30 22 26
“F 2 of Ga G3 ©27> Th ~ 36 17 28
o " - : ; ; 62) 60’ 29 “928 19-20-29
os a3 a é : WC OOs role. Sle or oer S17 7 a9
,, Orotava, Teneriffe . ; 2= 59 Oe | 268 ele 26 18 26

Columns as on p. 326.

Habitat.—Madeira, Porto Santo, and neighbouring islets; also
found in the Azores, on the island of Graciosa, where it is said to have
been introduced in the last century. Duméril and Bibron reported
this lizard from Teneriffe and a young specimen was obtained on that
island by the Challenger Expedition; the British Museum possesses
besides a specimen stated to be from Orotava.

Although not unlike LZ. danfordii in many respects, I do not think
this species bears any special affinity to this and other Oriental forms
with two postnasals; it stands nearer L. muralis, from which it is
well distinguished by the constant presence of two postnasals combined
with the absence of masseteric and upper temporal shields. In the
absence of a dark vertebral stripe or series of spots it agrees with
L. muralis, vars. vaucheri and bocagti, which are the continental
forms geographically nearest to it (Spanish Peninsula and North-
West Africa), and a direct derivation from the common ancestor of
these forms is highly probable.

Section V. Crntromastix, Bler.—Ventral plates overlapping and
notched between the longitudinal series, which are 6 in number; a
single postnasal ; some of the caudal scales produced into raised spines.
Pterygoid toothless. A single species.

28. LACERTA ECHINATA.
Lacerta (Zootoca) echinata, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 189.
Lacerta hirticauda, Vaillant, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), vii, 1884, p-
168, and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1885, p. 344, pl. xii, fig. 1.
Lacerta echinata, Bouleng. Zool. Rec., Rept. xxi, p. 10 (1885) ;
Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 385; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii,

332 Lacertide.

p. 11 (1887); Tornier, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xv, 1902, p. 674; L. Mill.
Abh. Bayer. Ak. xxiv, iii, 1910, p. 559.

Lacerta langi, Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. xxxix, 1919, p. 492,
fig., pl. xxi.

Body depressed. Head much depressed, flat above, 12 to 12 times
as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre or
the posterior border of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3} to
4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 44 times in females; snout
obtusely acuminate, as long as postocular part of head or a little
shorter ; no parietal foramen. Neck narrower than head. The hind
limb reaches the elbow or the axil in males, the elbow in females;
foot as long as head or a little longer; digits slender, compressed
distally. Tail cylindrical, except at a short distance from its base,
where it is swollen and often even a little depressed, then tapering
again towards the end; its length 2! to 3 times that of head and body.

Nostril pierced between three or four shields. Rostral in most
specimens entering the nostril, in others not; nasals small, forming a
short suture behind the rostral; frontonasal as long as broad or a
little longer, broader than the internarial space; prefrontals forming
a more or less extensive suture or separated by a small azygos shield* ;
frontal pentagonal or hexagonal, 1; to 1% times as long as broad, as
long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as
broad as or a little broader than the supraoculars, not or but scarcely
broader in front than behind, sometimes trilobate in front +; parietals
12 to 1} times as long as broad, sometimes forming a suture on the
median line behind the frontoparietals, outer border straight or convex
and as often as not in contact with the upper postocular ; interparietal
usually narrow, sometimes divided into two, or much reduced, or
absent; occipital rather large, trapezoid or triangular, sometimes as
broad as the frontal. Four supraoculars, first small and sometimes
fused with the first supercilary, second and third equal, fourth small ;
6 or 7 superciliaries ; granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries absent, or 1 to 3 in number. A single postnasal, in contact
with the frontonasal ; anterior loreal shorter than the second; 4, less
frequently 5 { upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is not or
but little narrower beneath than above. Temple covered with uniform
small, obtusely keeled, granular scales.

* In a male from the Ivory Coast.

+ In the type of L. hirticauda,

{ 5 in the type, according to Cope, and in a female in the Paris Museum
(Ivory Coast); on one side in three of the specimens in the British Museum,
and in one in the Paris Museum (French Congo).

Lacerta. 333

No pterygoid teeth.

Gular scales granular, smooth or faintly keeled, larger, flat, and
smooth towards the collar, 22 to 43 between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate; no gular fold. Collar
serrated, composed of 6 to 9 plates.

Scales on nape granular and feebly keeled, on back rather large,
rhombic, obtusely and diagonally keeled ; lateral scales rather smaller,
more or less distinctly keeled down to the ventrals ; interstitial granules
much developed; 32 to 45 scales across middle of body *; 25 to 33
transverse series, in the middle of the back, correspond to the length
of the head; 2 or 3 transverse series, on the side, correspond to a
ventral plate. Ventral plates overlapping, with notches between their
posterior borders, in 6, rarely 8,+ longitudinal series, the plates of the
second series from the median line a little broader than the others,
and 27 to 51 transverse series. Preanal shield moderate or rather
small, bordered by a semicircle of 6 to 8 smaller shields; a second
semicircle sometimes present.

Scales on upper surface of tibia keeled, as large as or a little smaller
than dorsals. 10 to14 femoral pores on each side.{ 26 to 32 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, pointed behind, in more or less
distinctly longer and shorter whorls alternately, 22 to 26 in the fourth
or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules; from the 14th or 15th
whorl, and on 14 to 20 whorls, the scales become much broader,
forming 6 or 8 longitudinal dorsal series, thicker, rugose, and more or
less distinctly serrated on the posterior border, mucronate, more
strongly keeled, and raised posteriorly, forming spines directed
upwards and backwards.

Some specimens are green above, uniform or with a few black spots
on the posterior part of the back, or with black vermiculations on the
sides of the head, neck, and anterior part of body. Others are green
with a wide-meshed black network. Others are olive with 16 to 20
transverse series of round pale green black-edged ocellar spots (from
occiput to base of tail) each consisting of 10 or 12 spots, which may
run together and form cross-bars which, on the neck, or also on the
anterior part of the body, may be separated by black bars of equal
width or narrower. Head green or olive above, uniform or spotted
with black, the temples often with black vertical bars. Two specimens

* 46 in the type of L. langi.
+ Female from the Ivory Coast (Paris Museum). These additional plates

are keeled.
t 9 in the type of L. langi.

334 Lacertide.

from the Ivory Coast, in the Paris Museum, have the back barred with
black and pale green or yellowish white. Fore limbs sometimes with
black cross-bars, hind limbs usually with round light spots. Lower
parts green, without spots, throat often yellow; sometimes entirely
yellowish.* Tail olive or brown above, with lighter or darker spots
or cross-bars, uniform green beneath.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

3 o

From end of snout to vent ; : 85 92,
£ a fore limb. ; 36 30
Length of head . : ; 4 23 22
Width of head . : : L ; 14 13
Depth of head . , i ; ‘ 11 11
Fore limb . : : : : p 33 34
Hind lmb : : , : : 43 44,
Foot . ; ; : , ; : 24 24
Marl ; : : : 210- 280

1 2. Gh Sh | Os ; :
S Gold Coast . : . 84 42 30 8 36 10-11 28 2
Assini, Gold Coast (type

of Lf. hirticauda), PM. ; 99 3731 (18 32) 12s ale
,, Ivory Coast, P.M. . . 90 40 30 9 38 11-14 30 3-2
Oks. a : » 84° 732) 31 "S30 WIENS 26)
,, Cameroon : : 00M 3%, 20 somes 12 S25 10
, Kribi R.,S. Cameroon . 90°35 29 7 26 I1-12 27 3
3 Bitye By, . 90°48) 327. 75580 22 Pe BO
3 Mar : ee 855) 30 29 TOeeoll 11 20S
Dy os. - 95. 39-28 We “27 VIEl2Z “SOs
a er 55 4927437 ESeey tag 11 30> <3
,, Benito R. é . . 90 384 30 7 22 10 27 2-1
, French Congo, P.M. » 485) 45°60 9295 3 11 28. 0
_ : a . 82. 45. 29° 16: 229" 11212265 ea
gd Loango . : . 88 34 28 7 28 12-11-29 1-0
» W. Africa , : . 76 $8 80°°8° 35 18=12°829 90

Column 8 refers to the granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries. Otherwise as on p. 326,

* From the notes of the collector, quoted by Tornier, the ventral plates of a
specimen from Cameroon were yellow in life, edged with pale blue.

Lacerta. 335

Habitat—From West Africa (Liberia, Gold Coast, Cameroon,
Spanish Guinea, and Mouth of the Loango) to the Ituri (L. langi,
Schmidt).

This species occupies an isolated position. Were it not for the
more primitive condition of the ventral plates, it might be thought to
be derived from the L. muralis group, especially as it shows points of
agreement with DL. jacksonii in the strongly depressed head, the dorsal
scales, and the absence of the parietal foramen; it also agrees with it
in having a single postfrontal bone. The occasional absence of the
interparietal shield, in connexion with the loss of the parietal
foramen, is an anomaly more frequent still in Philochortus spinalis.

Section VI. Tuerra, Gray.—Ventral plates not overlapping, the
transverse series with rectilinear border, in 10 or 12 longitudinal
series ; two superposed postnasals; lower eyelid with a transparent
disc. Pterygoids toothless.

A single species.

29. LACERTA PERSPICILLATA.

Lacerta perspicillata, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 249 (1889)
Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept. p. 12, pl. i, fig. 3 (1850); Strauch,
Erp. Alg. p. 34 (1862); Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 295;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 43 (1887), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891,
p. 126; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 13; Doumergue, Erp. Oran.
p- 127, pl. viii, figs. 9, 10 (1901); Chabanaud, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1916,
p. 231.

Thetia perspicillata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 32 (1845).

Body depressed. Head rather strongly depressed, 12 to 12 times as
long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre or the
posterior border of the eye and the tympanum, its length 33 to 4 times
in length to vent in males, 4 to 5 times in females; snout pointed, a
little shorter than the postocular part of the head. Pileus 2 to 2}
times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little broader.
The hind limb reaches the shoulder or a little beyond in males, the
wrist, the elbow, or the axil in females; foot as long as or a little
longer than head; digits slender, compressed. Tail cylindrical, 14 to
12 times as long as head and body.

Nostril separated from the labial and the postnasals by a narrow
rim, also from the rostral; nasals forming a short suture; fronto-
nasal usually broader than long,* much broader than the internarial

* Sometimes in contact with the frontal, according to Doumergue.

336 Lacertide.

space; frontal pentagonal or hexagonal, 1} to 2 times as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the nasals, narrower than the supra-
oculars* ; parietals 1} to 1% times as long as broad, rarely in contact
with the upper postocular, outer border straight or slightly convex and
in contact with 5 to 9 upper temporals, of which the first may be
narrow and elongate. Occipital shorter and often a little broader than
the interparietal.t Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller but
rather large, sometimes divided into two, the fourth often twice as
broad as long; 5 to 7 superciliaries, suture between the first and
second oblique; a series of 6 to 10 rather large granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries, from the first to the fourth supra-
ocular, rarely incomplete and reduced to 5. 'T'wo superposed post-
nasals, the upper on the upper surface of the snout; anterior loreal
much shorter than second ; 5 or 6, rarely 7{ upper labials anterior to
the subocular, the lower border of which is much shorter than the
upper. Lower eyelid with a transparent disc. Temple covered with
small granular scales, only the upper, bordering the parietal, being
more or less enlarged ; a well-developed tympanic shield.

No pterygoid teeth.

Gular scales granular, larger towards the collar, 28 to 36 between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; a more
or less distinct gular fold. Collar straight-edged, with 7 to 10,
exceptionally 5, 6, or 12 plates, which on the sides merge gradually
into the granules on the sides of the neck.§

Seales on body very small and granular, smooth or faintly keeled,
50 to 66 in a transverse series, 37 to 50 transverse series, in the middle
of the back, corresponding to the length of the head, 3, or 3 or 4, on
the sides corresponding to a ventral plate. Ventral plates with
rectilinear borders, in 10, rarely 12, longitudinal series, equal, or those
of the second series from the median line a little broader, the outer
series often bordered by an incomplete series of smaller plates ; 29 to
32 transverse series in males, 31 to 36 in females. Preanal plate
moderately large or rather small, bordered by two semicircles of
smaller plates, the inner formed of 5, 6, or Ve

Scales on upper surface of tibia smooth, as large as ora little smaller

* Narrower and longer in the young.
+ In two specimens (Lataste Collection) the interparietal and occipital are

fused.
t 6 on both sides in 7 specimens, on one side in 5; 7 on one side ina specimen

from Oran in the Paris Museum.
§ The counting of the collar-plates is therefore difficult and often somewhat

arbitrary.

Lacerta. 337

than dorsals. 16 to 21 femoral pores on each side.* 22 to 26
lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales smooth, truncate, in alternately longer and shorter
whorls, with more or less distinct apical pits ; 28 to 32 scales in the
fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

This species presents a marked dimorphism of coloration, some
specimens being uniform greyish or brownish olive or olive or bluish
green with bronzy gloss, others being reticulated with black or
elegantly marked all over with greenish white or yellow, black-edged
ocelli (var. guichenoti, Doumergue). In the reticulated or ocellated
specimens the upper surface of the head is reticulated or spotted with
black. Tail sometimes bluish. Lower parts white or bluish or
greenish, unspotted.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent : . 58 45 53 46

1 Le aN fore limb 24 18 19 18
Length of head ; 5 ads “a “a
Width of head . : , Se SS Ov,
Depth of head . : : é + ow. 1G) G6
Fore limb . , : ; : i 19" AL?
Hind limb : : ; : . 29 238 24 24
Foot . : : ‘ . ; L- 16° 13° 18" 12
Wagl : ; : : : . — 7 — 63

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

are 2s 3. 4, 5. 6. (6

o Sta. Cruz (Anderson). . 51 58 29 9 30 19-18 24
” 0 - . 47 60 30 7 34 18 26
ée i (Lataste) . 50 57 38 8 32 19-20 24
%9 if F . 49 55 31 10 31 18-19 25
2 ss - ‘ . 50 50 31 7 31 18-19 24
Z 2 : .| . 48 56 38 10 30 18-19 25
% +5 5 . 438 51° 384 6 Sl’ 20 28
@ Oran, PM. . 48 64 30 7 384 21-20 26
Shey eee . 84 68 385 7 36 17-18 26
So , (Doumergue). : . 560 60 30 10 28 19-21 23
* 48 54 32 10 29 17-18 22

te Bess +5 . 45 58 30 8 33 19-18 23
Ge ss 5 ; . 46 60 32 9 84 18 2

* 13, as given by Duméril and Bibron, is no doubt due to a lapsus or a
misprint.
99

338 Lacertidex.

hy ae ech AL 5: 6. Oe

® Oran (Doumergue) . . 48.55 384. & 32 IG-l726
3) w othsehild), * Al bb, 34 9 D2 aise
6 Algeria . : ; , 08, 54.29 10 32> 19h 2s
ce) a ; ; 58. 06 ‘30, 6 32% 207 ee
We .,. ¥iGiype), ewe 29 60° 29 6 3 2088 28
3 Teluet, Morocco, P.M, . p06 30 i. Sl 2 or ee
sins: - . 45°61" 332/210 3287) ) lO ees
Se a a is . 43 64 32 9 380 20-19 25
Oe mars ¥, e . 706 62) 36), 9 “34 LOIS 56
2. 88 2 5 56 64 384 10 31. 19-20 23
%9 5 “3 53 66 35 12 380 21 £23

1. Length from snout to vent (in millim.). 2. Number of scales across
middle of body. 38. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Number of plates
in collar. 5. Number of gular scales in longitudinal series. 6. Number of
femoral pores (right and left). 7. Number of lamellar scales under fourth toe.

Habitat.—Of all species of Lacerta, known from more than a few
specimens, this was long believed to have the most restricted habitat,
having been found only in the town of Oran and its vicinity. It has,
however, recently been recorded from Teluet, on the Atlas near the
city of Morocco, by Chabanaud.

Although quite isolated in the genus Lacerta this species is probably
derived from the Section Podarcis ; by appealing to the genus Hremias
(Section Mesalina) we can easily imagine the missing lnks—enlarge-
ment of the central scales of the lower eyelid accompanied by greater
and greater translucidity and ultimate fusion of the same, division of
the ventral plates resulting in an increase in the number of longi-.
tudinal series. As usual in the Section Podarcis, the two postfrontal
bones are distinct.

3. ALGIROIDES.

Algiroides, Bibron, in Bory de St. Vince. Expéd. Sc. Morée, Rept.
p. 67 (1835); Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 391; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. 1, p. 43 (1887); Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 367 (1912).

Notopholis, part., Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1854).

Lacerta, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 174 (1839).

Notopholis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 84 (1845) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 448
(1875).

Algira, part., Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), 11, 1885, p. 125.

Adolfus, Sternf. in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.-Afr. Exped.
Iv, 11, p. 220 (1912).

Algiroides. 339

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two or
three nasals, in contact with or narrowly separated from
the first upper labial. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar well
marked. Dorsal scales large, imbricate, strongly keeled ;
ventrals squarish, not or but feebly imbricate, smooth.
Digits feebly compressed, with smooth or tubercular
lamellz inferiorly. Femoral pores. ail long, cylindrical.

Southern Europe, Tropical Africa.

This genus is very closely allied to Lacerta, differing only in the
large, imbricate dorsal scales, a state of things foreshadowed by L.
princeps and L. atlantica. Although constituting, in a sense, a link
between Lacerta and Psammodromus, none of the known species can
be looked upon as suggesting a phylogenetic connexion between any
of the members of these genera.

The European species form a group distinct from the African, but
the close affinity which A. africanus appears to bear to A. nigro-
punctatus indicates a common origin, probably in S.W. Asia,
whence, however, no representative of the genus is known at present.

I regard Bosea’s A. hidalgi as probably identical with Ophiops
occidentalis, Blegr.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. European species. Usually two superposed postnasals; anterior upper
temporal in contact with fourth supraocular; temporal scales smooth
or very feebly keeled, usually with enlarged masseteric shield.
A. Dorsal seales pointed, with straight keels, not or but slightly larger than

the laterals.

15 to 19 seales across middle of body; 9 to 14 femoral pores

on each side ; 19 to 22 lamellar scales under the fourth toe;

hind limb not reaching axil . ; 5 . A, fitzingeri, Wiegm.

20 or 22 scales across middle of body; 12 to 16 femoral

pores on each side; 21 to 23 lamellar scales under the fourth

toe ; hind limb reaching axil or shoulder in males. A. moreoticus, Bibr.
B. Dorsal scales rounded or obtusely pointed, diagonally keeled,

more than twice as large as the laterals; 22 to 28 scales

across middle of body ; 14 to 22 femoral pores on each side ;

22 to 27 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; hind limb

reaching axil or beyond . : : . A, nigropunctatus, D. & B.

II. African species. A single postnasal; parietal usually in contact with the
upper postocular; temporal scales keeled, without enlarged masseteric
shield; dorsal scales rounded or obtusely pointed, with diagonal keels,
larger than the laterals.

a. A series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries ;
dorsal scales strongly keeled.

340 Lacertidee.

18 to 24 seales across middle of body ; 12 to 17 femoral pores
on each side; 17 to 19 lamellar scales under the fourth toe ;
hind limb reaching collar or ear-opening. : A. africanus, Blegr.
33 scales across middle of body ; 9 femoral pores on each
side; 24 lamellar scales under the fourth toe; hind hmb
barely reaching shoulder. : ‘ : A. boulengeri, Peracca.
B. Supraoculars in contact with the superciliaries ; dorsal scales
feebly keeled, the laterals and anterior entensly smooth.
A. alleni, Barbour.

1. ALGIROIDES FITZINGERI.

Notopholis , jitzingeri, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1834) ; Gen¢, Mem.
Ace. Torin. i, 1839, p. 266, pl. i, fig. 2; Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf.
(1840) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 34 (1845) ; De Betta, Faun. d’Ital., Rett.
Anf. p. 22 (1874); Schreib. Herp. Hur. p. 449 (1875); Bedniaga,
Arch. f. Nat. 1888, p. 259.

Lacerta fitzingeri, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 194 (1839) ; Camer.
Mon. Saur. Ital. p. 86, pl. u, figs. 12-14 (1885).

Algiroides fitzingeri, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 405 ;.
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 46 (1887); Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 368
(1912).

Body moderately depressed. Head small, rather strongly depressed,
flat above, 14 to 12 times as long as broad, its depth equal to the
distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length
32 to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 42 times in females ;
snout obtusely pointed, a little shorter than the postocular part of the
head. Parietal foramen present. Pterygoid teeth absent. Neck as
broad as or broader than the head. The limbs just overlap in females ;
the hind limb reaches the elbow or between the elbow and the axil in
males; foot as long as the head; digits rather short, scarcely com-
pressed. Tail 1% to a little over 2 times as long as head and body,
often (males) of equal thickness in the anterior half.

Nostril pierced between three or four shields; nasals forming a very
short suture behind the rostral*; frontonasal broader than long ;
prefrontals forming a short median suturef; frontal 12 to 1} times
as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
of nearly equal width throughout; parietals 14 to 14 times as long as
broad, more or less distinctly emarginate on the outer side for the
accommodation of the anterior upper temporal{ ; interparietal 1} to 23

* Rostral in contact with the frontonasal in a male from Lanusei, in one
from Corsica and in a male and a female from Sardinia.

+ Frontonasal in contact with frontal in two females from Sardinia.

t Parietal divided into two by a transverse suture proceeding from the inter-
parietal in a male from Corsica.

Algiroides. 341

times as long as broad, longer than the occipital, which may be con-
siderably broader. Four supraoculars,* first very small, second longer
than third, fourth small but larger than first; 4 superciliaries, rarely
©, first often in contact with the second supraocular; a series of
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Rostral
narrowly separated from the nostril, or just touching it ; nasal some-
times narrowly separating the nostril from the first upper labial ; two
small superposed postnasals ; anterior loreal shorter than second ; four
upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is a little narrower
beneath than above. A large upper temporal, in contact with the
fourth supraocular, followed by one, two, or three smaller shields ;
temporal scales small, irregular, sometimes feebly keeled, sometimes
with a large masseteric shield, and constantly with a large tympanic.

Gular scales flat, enlarged and imbricate towards the collar, 16 to 20
in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate; a strong gular fold. Collar with strongly
serrated edge, composed of 5 to 7 plates.

Scales on back pointed or shortly mucronate, with oblique striation
and strong straight keels, on the sides equally large or but little
smaller and more obtusely pointed ; 15 to 18 scales across the middle
of the body. Ventral plates imbricate, the posterior border obliquely
truncate or rounded at the sides, in 6 longitudinal series, the median
and outer series narrower than the others; 21 to 23 transverse series
in males, 23 or 26 in females. Preanal plate large, bordered by a
semicircle of small plates.

Upper surface of tibia with large rhombic keeled scales. 9 to 18
femoral pores on each side 19 to 22 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe. ;

Caudal scales strongly keeled, pointed and shortly mucronate behind,
in alternately somewhat longer and shorter whorls, the fourth or fifth
of which contains 16 or 18 scales.

Greyish brown or olive to blackish above, uniform or with scattered
black dots, greyish, bluish, yellow, or orange beneath.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ref Y

From end of snout to vent : L 37 45
+ se , fore imb. ; 14 14
Length of head . 9 8
Width of head . . : 6 6
Depth of head . : : 5 4

* Only 3, the first being absent, in a specimen from Sardinia.
+ Up to 14 according to Camerano.

342 Lacertidx.
3 2
Fore limb . ‘ : : 12 1]
Hind limb. ‘ : : : L 18 16
Foot . : : : : 5 : 9 9
ant 12 . : : : ; ’ 78 71

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

ile 2 Os eA ees 6. ae

¢ Latzorbé, Sardinia . » 8d 18" 2257 29" eee
5 assari, BS : ; Sao bd i a ee 11 20
& * = : ‘ : 184. 26 25.087 220 sere
6 Tacquisara ,, : Of “28 22°76 019" TOS esa
», Lanusei ue : ; , oO neo.” He oe 12 21
» wpardimia - : ; ; . 86 18) Bo "7. 920) Sia
3 Bs : : : 8616 622087 9° ~ eee
3 : t ; - lop, 8. (25a, oor eli 19
2 : 44 15 25 5 18 11-12 22
- 43 18 26 7 20 J1-12> 22

; 40° 18° *25 97 218-109 322

; : 2818 24°55) 19) e10=9 Sie
3 ; P.M. . 39 16. °20 27) Ae
9 x Hi AQ” 16° 26 “6. 19 1G ees!
, - ade : , 86° 18 23.7 -49 doe
S$ Orezza, Corsica. ; : J of) ASP 22 aon. mle 19
> = Spa wht : ; . 02 25 23 7 “18° 13-1228
,», Corsica, P.M. . : : : ‘34 16) 226-920 The

1. Length from end of snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Number of scales:
across the body. 38. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar.
5. Gular scales in a longitudinal series. 6. Femoral pores (right and left if
differing). 7. Lamellar scales under the fourth toe. Same explanation for the
following tables, pp. 344, 847, 350.

Habitat.—This lizard, the smallest of the Lacertidz, inhabits Sardinia
and Corsica, up to an altitude of 1100 metres.

2. ALGIROIDES MOREOTICUS.

Algiroides moreoticus, Bibr. in Bory de St. Vine. Expéd. Morée,
Rept. p. 67, pl. x, fig. 5 (1835) ; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886,
p. 398; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 45 (1887); Werner, Zool. Anz. xvii,
1894, p. 256, and Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1894, p. 231; Bedriaga,
Zool. Anz. xvii, 1894, p. 455; Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 370 (1912).

Lacerta moreotica, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 192 (1839).

Algiroides. 343

Notopholis moreotica, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1840); Gray,
Cat. Liz. p, 35 (1845); Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 451 (1875).

Algiroides moreoticus, subsp. doriw, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 404.

Body moderately depressed. Head small, rather strongly depressed,
flat above, 1} to 13 times as long as broad, its depth equal to the
distance between the centre or the anterior corner of the eye and the
tympanum, its length 3} to 4 times in length to vent in males, 41 times
in females; snout obtusely pointed, a little shorter than postocular
part of head. Parietal foramen present. Pterygoid teeth absent.
Neck as broad as the head. The hind limb reaches the axil or the
shoulder in males, the elbow in females; foot a little longer than the
head; digits moderately elongate, feebly compressed. Tail 14 to 24
times as long as head and body.*

Nostril pierced between five shields; nasals forming a short suture
behind the rostral ; frontonasal broader than long; prefrontals forming
a rather extensive median suture t+; frontal 1} to 14 times as long as
broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, of nearly equal width throughout; parietals 1} to 14 times
as long as broad, sometimes emarginate on the outer side for the
accommodation of the anterior upper temporal; interparietal 14 to 2
times as long as broad, longer than the occipital, which is of equal
breadth or a little broader. Four supraoculars, first very small, second
longer than third, fourth small but larger than first; 5 superciliaries,
rarely 4, first sometimes in contact with the second supraocular; a
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
Rostral entering the nostril; two small superposed postnasals, rarely
one t; anterior loreal as long as or a little shorter than second; four
upper labials § anterior to the subocular, which is a little narrower
beneath the above. A large upper temporal, in contact with the fourth
supraocular, followed by two or three smaller shields ; temporal scales
small, irregular, feebly keeled, sometimes with a large masseteric shield,
and constantly with a large tympanic.

Gular scales flat, enlarged and imbricate towards the collar, 16 to 22
in a straight line in the middle; a strong gular fold. Collar with
strongly serrated edge, composed of 6 to 9 plates.

Scales on back pointed, with oblique striation and strong straight

* According to Werner’s measurements of several specimens from Cephalonia.
+ Ina male from Krani the suture between the prefrontals has disappeared.
t Male from Krani.

§ 5 on one side in a specimen from Cephalonia, according to Werner.

344 Lacertidz.

keels, on the sides equally long but narrower, obtusely pointed, and
less strongly keeled; 20 or 22 scales across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates imbricate, the posterior border obliquely truncate or
rounded at the sides, in 6 longitudinal series, the median and outer
series narrower than the others; 22 or 24 transverse series in males,
25*in females. Preanal plate large, bordered by one or two semicircles
of small plates.

Upper surface of tibia with large rhombic keeled scales. 12 to 16
femoral pores on each side. 21 to 23 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, pointed, in alternately somewhat
longer and shorter whorls, the fourth or fifth of which contains 20 to
24 scales.

Brown or reddish brown above, sides often darker; a more or less
distinct light yellowish green dorsolateral streak; sides yellowish
green in males, spotted or marbled with black. Lower parts yellowish
green In Bedriaga’s var. doriz, from Zante, the light dorsolateral
streak is not so strongly marked, and the sides bear light, dark-edged
small ocellar spots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ale 2. 3.

From end of snout to vent : : . 49 AS 35
5 4 a fore limb . So oikGn ule wie
Length of head ; » 12)-20> 10
Width of head . } ; : : = DBA Oe Fb
Depth of head . : : : ; 5 = (YOO aon eek
Fore limb : : : : , 6 WA ts
Hind limb , : ; Q ; eo poe ake
Foot , a ; ; vite 22. ORT
earlis : ; : — — 68

1. g, Morea (type). 2. 9, Cephalonia. 3. ¢, Zante (type of var.
dorix).

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

2: 3. A. 8. 6. Ke
& Morea (type), P.M. . - 49 22 24 6 16 12-13 23
» L. Stymphalos, Morea 5 | on eee: esa ae ae 3 23
, Krani, Cephalonia . . 46 22 22 8 19 1418 23
,, Cephalonia, P.M. . . 47°22 284 7 22 14 22
a x » AY: 20°22 6 fe deat
fe) = : : . 45 22 25 9 20 1418 23
do Zante (var. dorix) . : . ood 22° 23° 9 19. To-l67.22

* To 29, according to Werner.

Algiroides. 345

Habitat.—Originally discovered in Morea, this lizard has since been
found on Cephalonia, Zante, and Ithaka.

A. moreoticus is intermediate between A. fitzingeri and A. nigro-
punctatus, but nearer the former.

3. ALGIROIDES NIGROPUNCTATUS.

? Lacerta carinata, Schinz, Naturg. Rept. p. 102, pl. xxxix (1833).

Lacerta nigropunctata, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 190 (1839).

Notopholis nigropunctata, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1840) ;
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 35 (1845) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 452 (1875) ;
Tomasini, Wiss. Mitth. Bosn. Herzeg. 11, 1894, p. 581.

Lacerta schreibersii, Schinz, Eur. Faun. ii, p. 24 (1840).

Lacerta (Notopholis) nigropunctata, Ninni, Atti Soc. Ital. xxvi, 1886,
p. 339, pl. vii.

Algiroides nigropunctatus, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886,
p. 393; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 44 (1887); Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot.
Ges. Wien, 1894, p. 230, and Rept. Amph. Oesterr.-Ung. p. 27 (1897) ;
Schreib. Herp. Eur., ed. 2, p. 371 (1912).

Body strongly depressed. Head rather strongly depressed, flat
above, 1} to 1% times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance
between the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 32 to
4 times in length to vent; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the post-
ocular part of the head. Parietal foramen present. Pterygoid teeth
absent. Neck as broad as or a little narrower than the head. The
hind limb reaches the shoulder or the collar in males, the axil or the
shoulder in females ; foot a little longer than the head ; digits slender,
compressed. ‘Tail 12 to 21 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields sometimes rugose with fine strie. Nostril
pierced between 4 or 5 shields; nasals forming a very short suture
behind the rostral; frontonasals as long as broad or, usually, a little
broader than long; prefrontals usually forming an extensive median
suture“; frontal 1} to 12 times as long as broad, as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, a little narrower
behind than in front; parietals 14 to 12 times as long as broad, often
emarginate on the outer side for the accommodation of the anterior
upper temporal ; interparietal small +; occipital at least as large as

* Separated by a small azygos shield ina male from Corfu; frontonasal in
contact with frontal in a female from the same island.

+ A small shield between the interparietal and the occipital in two specimens
($, 2) from Gorizia; parietals forming a short suture between the two shields
in the type specimen.

346 Lacertide.

the interparietal,* usually longer and broader, sometimes as broad as
the frontal. Four supraoculars, first very small, second usually a
little longer than third, fourth small but larger than first; 6 or 7
(rarely 5) superciliaries, separated from the supraoculars by a complete
series of granular scales. Rostral entering the nostril; two small super-
posed postnasals, exceptionally one +; anterior loreal as long as or a
little shorter than second ; 5, more rarely 4} upper labials anterior to
the subocular, which is usually narrower beneath than above. A large
anterior temporal, in contact with the fourth supraocular, followed by
a series of small scales; temporal scales small, irregular, sometimes
rugose and feebly keeled, often with a large masseteric shield; a
curved tympanic shield.

Gular scales flat, often a little enlarged towards the collar, 17 to
22, usually 19 to 21, between the symphysis of the chin-shields and
the median collar-plate; gular fold distinct. Collar with serrated
edge, composed of 7 to 9, rarely 10 plates.

Dorsal seales rhombic, obtusely pointed or rounded behind, with
very fine oblique striation and strong diagonal keels, converging
towards the median line; lateral scales much smaller, two or three
corresponding to a ventral plate; 22 to 28 scales across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates scarcely imbricate, the transverse series with
nearly rectilinear border, in 6 longitudinal series, the median and
outer series narrower than the others; 21 to 25 transverse series.
Preanal plate large, bordered by a semicircle of small plates.

Upper surface of tibia with large rhombic keeled scales. 14 to 21
femoral pores on each side § ; usually 15 to 19. 22 to 27 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, obtusely pointed and sometimes
shghtly mucronate behind, in alternately somewhat longer and shorter
whorls, the fourth or fifth of which contains 22 to 26 scales.

Greyish brown, coppery red, or greenish above, with metallic eloss
and black dots or small spots irregularly scattered ; sides often darker,
with or without small light spots, sometimes (males) red like the
belly. Lower parts greenish white in the females and young; males
blue on the throat and orange or bright red on the belly and lower
part of the flanks, often with small blue spots on the outer ventral
plates.

* With one exception (male from Corfu), in which the former is slightly the
larger.

+ Ina male from Fiume and in a male from Corfu.

{ In 10 cases out of 50. Sometimes 6 anterior labials according to Bedriaga.

§ Up to 22 according to Werner.

Algiroides. 347

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1; a 3 4 5

From end of snout to vent 60 62 68 55 50

‘e “5 oe fore limb 26°. 2p 29 22 21
Length of head ie. 16" 28 14. 13
Width of head Ta LO ee Tee Op 52S
Depth of head 7 CeO, Bot Me
Fore limb 2 BL 2S, Bi. 19
Hind limb : woe. Udon Sr 240). Loo
Foot . : ; fe eleve te, oi 16. 25
Pail, <, th 120) 145°. — 84

1. &, Gorizia. 2. 6, Fiume. 3. g, Corfu. 4. 9,Gorizia. 5. 9,
Corfu.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
YO}

12 rs 3. 4. 5. 6. hs
Paar, ts +... .-60 26 22 °9 20 19 27
54 PA 60 24 238 8 22 18-17 25
ae 60 25 24 9 17 17-16 24
as 4 hy, 22 23. 10 20° L718 24.
es 7 Oy 24 ~ 93) 9 19 15 23
Q ss bo) 26) 22 8 18 16-15 25
» : 52 24 25 8 21 16-14 24
3 Fiume 62 24, Bt ORS 16 25
» Veglia Id. 63 22 21 8 20 15=16 22
», Mosor Mt., Dalmatia 68 28 22 9 22 19-18 26
” SS x : 63 24 24 9 20 17-18 24
” Rs 57 24 24 9 Q1 16-17 28
,», Corfu (type), P.M. 65 26 23 9 21 15-17 26
Py poe Cae Smith). . 64 26 23 7 20 17-18 25
oy. CErett) ; ; . 66 28 238 7 20 16-17 25
Pee siwermery . . . 6B 24 21 7 9) 8b (8
+ » (Krause) ; . 68 28 22 7 21 17-18 24
99° 99 ., : . 66 26 24 7 22 16-18 23
oes - : 2 55-190 “24 "F o2E 17 27
35 i fs / ‘ 5 0) PAD eo e8! 7 20 19 23
ee? . (CMalser) : . 61 22 28 7 18 16-18 23
” ” me ; 56 22 25 7° °a9 17 25
2) ae s 57 24 24 7 19 1416 24
ey - P : , . 58 24 25 8 ZI 15 25
Gas (eouthom) . 68 28° 28 10 22 19 ~2
9 ‘ ~ 64 24 24 9 21 17-18 27

* The specimen alluded to by Bonaparte in 1839 (Ann. Se. Nat. [2) xii, p. 61)
as having been seen by him in the Chatham Museum.

348 Lacertide.

Habitat. —Gorizia, Carniola, Istria (with Cherso and Veglia Ids.),
W. Croatia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Epirus,
and Ionian Islands.

4, ALGIROIDES AFRICANUS.

Algiroides africanus, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, 11, p. 570, fig.,
and Rey. Zool. Afr. vii, 1919, p. 18; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.
xxx, LOL p:. 20le ie pl xx, tree:

Adolfus fridericianus, Sternf. in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch.
Z.-Afr. Exped. iv, ii, p. 220, fig. (1912).

Body rather strongly depressed. Head rather strongly depressed,
flat above, 1} to 1% times as long as broad, its depth equal to the
distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length
33 to 4 times in length to vent; snout obtusely pointed, as long as
the postocular part of the head. Parietal foramen usually absent.
Pterygoid teeth absent. Neck as broad as the head. The hind limb
reaches the collar or the ear-opening; foot longer than the head ;
digits slender, compressed, the basal phalanx of the toes forming a
keel. Tail 1} to 2} times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields more or less rugose with very fine striz ; nostril
pierced between two shields; nasals forming a very short suture
behind the rostral or rostral in contact with the frontonasal,* which is
as long as broad or a little broader; suture between the prefrontals
usually shorty; frontal 13 to 2 times as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, narrower behind than in front ;
parietals 12 to 14 times as long as broad, in contact with the upper
postoculart ; interparietal narrow; occipital small, shorter and often -
broader than the interparietal, from which it may be separated by the
parietals.§ Four supraoculars, first very small, second a little longer
than third, fourth larger than first ; 6 or 7 superciliaries, first longest
and in contact with the second supraocular; a series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Nasal narrowly
separating the nostril from the first upper labial; a single postnasal,
often nearly as large as the anterior loreal, which is shorter than the
second ; 5, rarely 4 || upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is
not or but little narrower beneath than above. Upper temporals
not enlarged, or narrow and keeled; temporal scales rather small,

* In 2 specimens from Bitye, in 4 from Madje.

+ A small azygos prefrontal in 3 specimens from Madje.

¢ 3 exceptions in specimens from Madje.

§ 1 specimen from Bitye, 9 from Madje.

|| On one side in the type and in 3 specimens from Madje.

— Swe

Algiroides. 349

rugose and strongly keeled; tympanic shield absent, or if present,
narrrow.

Gular scales feebly keeled, small and juxtaposed in front, much
larger and imbricate towards the collar, 19 to 29 (usually 21 to 25),
between the symphysis of the chin-shields* and the median collar-plate ;
gular fold absent or barely indicated. Collar with feebly serrated
edge, composed of 7 to 9 (rarely 6) plates, which may be faintly
keeled. _

Dorsal scales rhombic, obtusely pointed or rounded behind, with fine
oblique striation and strong diagonal keels, converging towards the
median line; lateral scales smaller, one and two or two and three
corresponding to a ventral plate; 18 to 24 scales across the middle
of the body. Ventral plates feebly imbricate, in 6 longitudinal series,
the median and outer much narrower than the others, the outer often
faintly keeled ; 18 to 21 (rarely 22) transverse series. Preanal plate
rather large, with one or two smaller azygos plates in front of it and
small scales on the sides.

Upper surface of tibia with large rhombic keeled scales. 12 to 17
femoral pores on each side. 17 to 19 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales large and broad, very strongly keeled, obtusely pointed
and sometimes slightly mucronate behind, in alternately somewhat
longer and shorter whorls, the fourth or fifth of which contains 14 to 18
scales.

Coppery or bronzy brown above, with metallic gloss, with a broad
dark brown lateral band from the end of the snout to the base of the
tail, edged above and beneath by a series of round whitish spots, which
are confluent into a streak from below the eye, through the lower part
of the ear-opening, to the shoulder; small black spots on the back ;
tail dark brown above, with regular transverse series of whitish spots
or with dark and light bars. Lower parts orange in life (green in
spirit), the throat yellowish.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

ike 2 3. 4. 5.

From end of snout to vent. . 51 57 64 61 64
“A ss io forelimb. 20 23 24 26 25
Length of head . : 7 ee rh Ole TF
Width of head . : ee 10410 (2b 10
Depth of head The Lek | Se
Fore limb . . : : . 22 24 26 27 27

* Usually three chin-shields in contact with their fellows, as normal in the
genus, but exceptionally only two, or two on one side and three on the other.

350 Lacertide.

’ Le Die coe Ae
Hind limb . : : 4 Lait) ah) SiR 2 a)

Foot . : | 6s LZ ouiee ol Seer
Marlin. : : . — 117 112 1385 —

1. g, type, Entebbe. 2. g, Madje, Ituri. 3. 9, Madje 4 3,
Bitye, Cameroon. 5. 9, Bitye.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Ig or JAS) GD: 6. as

3 Entebbe (type) . on (24 TB) 6 SAD AGT ake
», Madje, Ituri : «(60-7200 198. ye te5 15 18
‘ : 4 ; of 20 20 7 24 15-14 Te
? a iy BO 227 20> Gs 29s ali ag
; is . 58 20 19 8 22 1415 18
* ‘ - bf. TO ALS eh ee p14 eas
; “ < bf 19 20°38 277 16-14 419
7 : 50 20 18479 22) 914-13" 16

vy R, 33 oo 19 “19 -7- Pa wiG=17 "168
: Bs : dd (20) mls “Wee Ae mers
bs o ° 54 22 21 8 24 15-14 18
. a i : i) OL. 20 SS. oat eal aay,
Q = rs 640 20) 20) ei R298 Da aS
: x4 ‘ 638 21 19 8 23 13-14 19
_ . : 63° 20) 21 37 2b ls ay
, ‘ P 62:22. 21 (8 24.0 G is
es . 62 20 20 8 20 13-14 17

Pe a 7 58 20 19 8 22 1415 18
° ‘s ; 58 22 19 9 25 1413 17
Faye 59.20) 19287ae tsi = 1d ane
~ iS ; oor BAOrol a e259 Vo) eae
ss 3 - 53 20 sal a7 2 4
i 2 _ 51 20 20 6 23 15-14 17
Ms cd se 51 20 20 7 21 13-14 18
ms 5 ; 48 20 20 8 23 15-14 18
i 45 21 21 6 23 15-14 17
E A zs 45 21 20 7 21 138-14 18
- 42 21 4-23) omeeaeS
" , - ‘ « 39 22°20, “7 nes. ara rely
¢ Bitye, Cameroon - 61.24 22 97 27° Weatse a7
ei 35 oo (22) 19". 6 22.8 a loge as
Q 64: 24" 2 7 224 elo a als
57 22 20 7 25 15-14 19

Algiroides. 351

Most of the specimens from Madje are preserved in the Congo
Museum, Tervueren.

This species, first discovered at Entebbe, Uganda, has since been
found at Madje, in the Ituri district of the Belgian Congo, and in
South Cameroon. Its range probably extends across the whole forest
region of Africa north of the Equator.

5. ALGIROIDES BOULENGERI.

Algiroides africanus (non Bouleng.), Peracea, Ruwenzori, i, p. 167
(1909).
Algiroides boulengeri, Peracea, Atti Acc. Torin. lii, 1917, p. 351.

Body not depressed. Head feebly depressed, about 1} times as
long as broad; snout obtuse. The hind limb barely reaches the
shoulder ; foot a little longer than the head.

Head-shields as in A. africanus; 4 upper labials anterior to the
subocular. Temporal scales small, flat, smooth. Gular scales
smooth, small in front, much larger towards the collar, 25 in a longi-
tudinal series; gular fold absent. Collar with serrated edge, composed
of 5 broad plates.

Dorsal scales rhombic, flat, with sharp, linear, diagonal keels (10 or
12 longitudinal series); lateral scales smaller, 3 corresponding to a
ventral plate; 33 scales across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates in 6 longitudinal and 22 transverse series, the outer much
smaller than the others. Preanal plate large, with a pair of enlarged
scales in front of it and small scales on the sides.

9 femoral pores on each side. 24 lamellar scales under the fourth
toe.

Upper caudal scales much longer than broad, strongly keeled and
slightly mucronate, lower smooth or faintly keeled.

Pale bronze colour above, sides darker, the two shades separated by
a fine blackish line; upper lip yellowish. Throat yellowish white, belly
bluish white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent. : : . 08
Length of head. : , ; eS
Width of head ; : : 9
Depth of head . ; ; eS
Fore limb. : : ; . 22
Hind limb. ; : ; : a ll SS

Foot ; , , : : ; 15

352 Lacertidex.

This species is founded on a single female specimen from Fort
Portal, Eastern side of Mount Ruwenzori, forming part of the Duke of
the Abruzzi’s expedition, and preserved in the Turin Museum.

6. ALGIROIDES ALLENT.

Algiroides alleni, Barbour, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, 1914,
p- 97; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xxxix, 1919, p. 501, figs.

Differs from A. africanus in the following points :

Nostril pierced between the nasal, the postnasal, and the first upper
labial ; no granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries ;
dorsal scales less strongly keeled, smooth on the nape and on the sides ;
24. to 28 transverse series of ventral plates; only 4 plates in the collar.
No spots on the back, but a dark vertebral streak is present.

Habitat.—North-eastern slope of Mount Kenia, East Africa.

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