MONOGRAPH

LACERTID^

CVJ

GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER

LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.

VOLUME II

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PREFACE.

As was stated by Mr. Bouleuger in his Introduction
to the first volume, issued in Maj, 1920, the second and
conchiding volume was then ready for printing. He
has since retired from the service of the Trustees, but
he has corrected the proofs and prepared an index to
the whole work.

C. Tate Regan,
Keeper of Zoology.

British Museum (Natural History),
London, S.W. 7.

November, 1921.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

4. Plulochortus, Matschie, 1893

1. spinalis, Peters, 1874 .

2. phillipsii, Blgr. 1898 .

3. neiimanni, Matschie, 1893

4. intermedins, Blgr. 1917

5. hardeggeri, Stdr. 1891

5. Latastia, Bedr. 1884

i. Latastia, s. str.

1. johustonii, Blgr. 1907 .
'2. siebenrocki. Torn. 1905

3. burii, Bl^^r. 1907

4. boscee, Bedr. 1884

5. wachei, Wern. 1913

6. longicaudata, Renss, 1834

var. andersonii, Blgr. 1921
„ revoili, Vaill. 1882

7. carinata, Peters, 1874 .
ii. Apathya, Mehely, 1907

8. cappadocica, Wern. 19u2

6. Acanthodactylus, Wiegm. 1834 .

1. vulgaris, D. & B. 1839

var. belli. Gray, 1845
„ atlanticus, Blgr. 1918
„ mauritanicvis, Doum. 1901
„ blanci, Doiim. 1901
„ lineomaculatus, D. &, B. 1839

2. tristrami, Gtlir. 1864 .

3. boueti, Chaban. 1917 .

4. savignyi, And. 1829

5. pardalis, Licht. 1823

var. bedriag'Ee, Lat. 1881
„ maculatus. Gray, 1838
„ latastii, Blgr. 1918
,, spinicauda, Doum. 1901

6. micropholis, Blanf . 1874

7. schreiberi, Blgr. 1878 .

var. syriacus, Boettg. 1879

Sysfematic hidex.

6. Acanthodactylus — continued.

8. boskianus, Daud. 1802

var. asper, Aud. 18:i9
„ euphraticvis, Blgr. 1919

9. cantoris, Gthr. 1864

var. blanfordii, Blgr. 1918
„ arabicus, Blgr. 1918
10. scutellatus, Aud. 1829

var. longipos, Blgr. 1918
„ audoiiini, Blgr. 1918
„ aureus, Gthr. 1903
„ inornatus. Gray, 1838
„ dunierili, M.-Edw. 1829

11. fraseri, Blgr. 1918 .

12. grandis, Blgr. 1909 .

7. Gastropholis, J. G. Fiscli. 1886 .

1. vittata, J. G. Fiscli. 1886

8. Bedriagaia, Blgr. 1916

1. tropidopholis, Blgr. 191G

9. Poromera, Hlgr. 1887 .

1. fordii. Hallow. 1857

10. Apeltonotus, lilgr. 1918

1. dorsalis, Stejn. 190-1

11. Tachydromus, Daud. 1802

1. amurensis, Peters, 1881

2. tachydromoides, Sclileg. 1838

3. wolteri, J. G. Fiscli. 1885

4. septentrionalis, Gthr. 186-1

5. forinosanus, Blgr. 189-1

6. khasiensis, Blgr. 1918

7. smaragdiuus, Blgr. 1887

8. sauteri, Vau Denb. 1909

9. sexlineatus, Daud. 1802
10. haughtonianus, Jerd. 1870

12. Platyplacopus, Blgr. 1918

1. kuehnei. Van Denb. 1909

13. Tropidosaura, Fitz. 1826

1. montana. Gray, 1831 .

14. Psammodromus, Fitz. 1826

1. blanci, Lat. 1880

2. hispanicus, Fitz. 1826 .

3. microdactylus, Boettg. 1881

4. algirus, L. 1766

15. lehnotropis, Peters, 1854

1. tanganicana, Blgr. 1917

2. bivittata, Bocage, 1866

3. capensis, A. Smith, 1838

4. longipes, Blgr. 1902

Sysiematic Index.

15. Ichnotropis — continued.

5. chapini, Schmidt, 1919

6. squamulosa, Peters, 1S54

16. Cabrita, Gray, 1838 .

1. leschenaultii, :^[.-Edw. 1829

2. jerdonii, Beddome, 1870

17. Opliiops, Menetr. 1832 .

1. jerdonii, Blyth, 1853 .

2. beddomii, Jerd. 1870 .

3. occidentalis, Bl<^. 1887

4. elegans, Menetr. 1832 .

var. ehrenbergii, Wiegm. 1835
„ persicus, Blgr. 1918
„ mizolepi.?, Stol. 1872
„ schlueteri, Boettg. 1880

5. inicrolepis, Blanf. 1S70

18. Eremias, Wiegm. 1831.

i. Lampreremias, Blgr. 1918 .

1. nitida, Gthr. 1872

var. garambensis, Schmidt, 1919

2. quadrinasalis, Chabaii. 1918

3. spekii, Gthr. 1872

4. lugubris, A. Smith, 1838
ii. Pseiideremias, Boettg. 1883

5. mucronata Blanf. 1870

6. smithii, Blgr. 1895

7. erythrosticta, Blgi-. 1891

8. striata, Peters, 1874 .

9. brenneri, Peters, 1869 .
iii. Taenieremias, Blgr. 1918

10. guineensis, Blgr. 1887
iv. Mesalina, Gray, 1838

11. guttulata, Licht. 1823

var. olivieri, Aud. 1829
„ martini, Blgr. 1897
„ latastii, Blgr. 1918
,, susana, Blgr. 1918
„ balfouri, Blanf. 1881

12. adramitana, Blgr. 1917

13. brevirostris, Blanf. 1874

14. rubropunctata, Licht. 1823

15. namaquensis, D. & B. 1839

16. undata, A. Smith, 1838

17. benguelensis, Bocage, 18G7

18. lineo-ocellata, D. & B. 1839

var. pulchella. Gray, 1845

19. aspera, Blgr. 1917

20. burchelli, D. & B. 1839

Til
PAQB

190
191

193
194
197
199
201
205
207
211
214
215
216
217
222
224
227
231
233
234
235
239
227
244
247
250
251
254
228
256
228
258
261
263
264
265
266
271
273
276
280
283
287
289
294
299
302

Si/fiteiiiotic Index.

18. Ereniias — continved.

21. caponsis, A. Smith, 1838
V. Eremias, s. str.

22. velox. Pall. 1771

vai'. persica, lilanf. is"^'

23. bedriagffi, Nik. 1911 .

24. nikolskii, Bedr. 1905 .

25. regeli, Bedr. 1905

26. fasciata, Blanf. 1874 .

27. vermiciilata, Blanf. 1875

28. qiiadrifroiis, Straucli, 1876

29. prze-walskii, Straiich, 1876

30. multiocellata, Gthr. 1872

var. yarkandensis, Blanf. 1875
„ saturata, Blanf. 1875
„ koslowi, Bedr. 1907
.11. pleskei, Bedr. 1907

32. intermedia, Strauch, 1876

33. argus, Peters, 1869

var. brenchleyi, Gtlir. 1872

34. arguta, Pall. 1771

19. Scaptira, Wiegm. 1834 .

i. Meroles, Gray, 1838

1. knoxii, M.-Edw. 1829 .

2. siiborlntalis, Peters, 1869

3. reticulata, Bocage, 1867
ii. Saurites, Peters, 1869

4. ctenodactyla, A. Smith, 1838

5. cuneirostris, Strauch, 1867
iii. Scaptira, s. str.

6. lineolata, Nik. 1897 .

7. scripta, Strauch, 1867 .

8. transcaspica, Nik. 1905

9. acutirostris, Blgr. 1887

10. persica, Nik. 1899

11. grammica, Licht. 1823

20. Macmahonia, Blgr. 1918

1. aporoseeles, Alcock & Finn, 1896

21. Aporosaura, Blgr. 1887

1. anchieta3, Bocage, 1867

22. Holaspis, Gray, 1863 .

1. guentheri, Gray, 1863 .

MONOGRAPH

OF THE

LACERTID.^.

4. PHILOCHORTUS.

Latastia, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 54 (1887).
PhilocJwrtus, Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1893, p. 30;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1917, p. 145.

Head -shields normal, save for the occasional absence
of the interparietal. Nostril pierced between two shields
and bordered by the first upper labial or narrowly
separated from it. Lower eyelid scaly, often more
or less transparent in the middle. Collar well marked.
Back with two to six longitudinal series of large plate-
like scales ; ventral plates feebly imbricate, with trun-
cate posterior border, smooth. Digits more or less
compressed, with smooth or keeled lamellar scales
inferiorly. Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

Southern Arabia, Eritrea, Somaliland.

This geuus differs from Lacerta and Latastia in the longitudinal
series of enlarged plate-like scales on the back, an approximation to
the condition in Poromera, Tachydromus, and Holaspis.

In all the species the parietal foramen is absent, and a few small
teeth are usually present on the pterygoids.

The subdigital lamellae vary according to individuals ; they are
usually smooth or with two series of obtuse tubercles ; sometimes,

VOL. II. 1

2 Lacertidie.

however, the tubercles form obtuse keels, aud in a female of P. netimanni
there is a rather sharp keel along the middle. Steindachner has
already observed that of the two types of P. hardeggeri one has the
subditrital laniell* distinctly keeled, whilst in the other the keels are
scarcely indicated.

The species grouped under this genus thus afford another argument
against the unnatural division of the Lacertidas into two main
groups, Liodactyli aud Prisfidaciyli, according to the absence or
presence of keels on the lower surface of the digits, which the state
of things in Psammodromus and Scaj)tii-a had already led me to
abandon.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Dorsal plates smooth or very feebly keeled ; interparietal usvially absent or
separated from the occipital by the parietals meeting in the middle ;
usually 4 upper labials anterior to the subocular ; 11 to 15 femoral pores
on each side.

30 to 46 dorsal plates and scales across the middle of the body ;
hind limb not reaching the ear ; foot Ig to 14 times length of
head ........ P. spinalis, Peters, p. 3.

28 or 30 dorsal plates and scales across the middle of the body ;
hind limb reaching the ear ; foot 1| times length of head.

P. phillipsii, Blgr., p. 5.
II. Dorsal plates more or less strongly, rarely feebly keeled ; interparietal
in contact with the occipital or separated from it by a small shield ;
usually 5 upper labials anterior to the subocular.

38 to 42 dorsal plates find scales across the middle of the body ;
12 to 14 large keeled scales in a transverse series between
the hind limbs ; svipraoculars in contact with the frontal ;
29 to 34 gular scales in a longitudinal series ; 14 to 16
femoral pores on each side ; 33 to 35 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe . . . F. neumanni, Matsch., p. 7.

33 to 40 dorsal plates and scales across the middle of the body ;
12 to 18 large keeled scales in a transverse series between
the hind limbs ; supraoculars in contact with the frontal ;
21 to 28 gular scales in a longitudinal series ; 12 to 18
femoral pores on each side ; 24 to 30 lamellar scales under
the foiu-th toe ....... P. intermedius, Blgr., p. 9.

24 to 30 dorsal plates and scales across the middle of the
body ; 8 keeled plates in a transverse series between the
hind limbs ; supraoculars usually separated from the frontal
by a series of granules ; 25 to 28 gular scales in a longi-
tudinal series ; 11 to 13 femoral pores on each side ; 25 to 31
lamellar scales imder the fourth toe . . P. hardetjgeri, Stdi'., p. 12.

Phllochortus. 3

1. PHILOCHOETUS SPINALIS.

Laceda spinalis, Peters, Mou. ^^erl. Ac. 1874, p. S69, pi. — , fig. 2.

Latastia spinalis, Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 57 (1887) ; Stejueg.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1894, p. 717; Bouleug. Auu. Mus. Geuova
(2) xvi, 1896, p. 551 ; Toruier, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii, 1905, p. 375;
O. Neumauu, t.c, p. 395.

Philochorfus spinalis, Bouleug. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1917, p. 146, pi. i,
figs. 1, 2.

Head aud body feebly depressed. Head 1^ to 1| times as loug as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner of
the eye and the tympanum, its length 4 to 4^ times in length to vent ;
snout obtusely pointed, as long as postocular part of head, with
obtuse canthus. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck as broad as
the head or a little narrower. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or
between the shoulder aud the ear in males, the axil or the shoulder in
females ; foot 1^ to If times as loug as hand ; toes slender, feebly
compressed. Tail 2 to 2^ times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral, the suture ^ to | the length of the frontonasal, which is
much broader than long and broader than the iuternarial space ; jire-
frontals forming a short median suture ; frontal as loug as its distance
from the eud of the suout. 1^ to If times as long as broad, angular in
front, much narrower behiud, not or but very feebly grooved in front ;
parietals IJ to 1^ times as loug as broad, usually meeting on the
median line, the interparietal being small and separated from the
occipital, or often altogether absent * ; occipital small,t rarely in
contact with the interparietal. + Two large subequal supraoculars,
preceded aud followed by a small one (first aud fourth) often broken
up into two or more small shields or granules, the first in contact
with the frontal ; 6 or 7 superciliaries, separated from the supraoculars
by a series of granules. Lower eyelid opaque or somewhat trauslucid,
with feebly enlarged scales in the middle, some of which are deeper
than the others. Eostral not entering the nostril ; a single postnasal ;
anterior loreal shorter than the second § ; 4, rarely 5, upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is usually narrower beneath than

* Absent in the type specimen and in most of the 59 specimens from Ghinda
examined by me. I was wrong in thinking the absence of this shield in the
type specimen to be an individual anomaly.

t Divided into 2 in the type specimen.

t In 2 female specimens from Rugdeia Sogheira in the Genoa Museum.

§ Absent in the tyi^e specimen.

4 Lacerticliv.

above. A loiii;', narrow upper temporal, usually in contact with the
fourth supraocular, followed by one or two small shields ; upper
temporal scales small and ii^ranul&,r or hexagonal, lower larger ; a
more or less distinct tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, first two or three in contact in the middle ;
21 to 29 gular scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and
the median collar-plate, granular in front, gradually or abruptly
enlarged and imbricate behind, those of the last row often as large as
the plates of the collar ; no gular fold. Collar with strongly serrated
edge, composed of 6 to 10 plates.

Scales granular on the nape ; 2, 4, or rarely 6 rows of hexagonal
plates along the back, usually smooth, sometimes very feebly keeled ;
these plates rather small and usually merging gradually into the
granular, flat, smooth or obtusely keeled scales on the sides ; 30 to 46
plates and scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in
6 longitudinal and 27 to 32 transverse series, the border of the
transverse series notched between the plates, the median pair of which
is narrower than the others. Preanal plates small and irregular, or
two median enlarged.

11 to 15 femoral ^^ores on each side. 27 to 30 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, upper
oblic^ue, rather strongly and diagonally keeled, rounded or obtusely
pointed behind, lower feebly keeled, basals smooth ; 21 to 28 scales in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Young dark brown or black on the body, with 6 yellowish white
longitudinal streaks ; the median pair bifurcating on the nape, the
outer branch extending to the superciliary edge, and uniting on the
base of the tail ; the upper lateral streak from the eye to the tail,
passing above the tympanum, the lower from the upper lip to the
thigh, passing through the tympanum and above the fore limb,
reappearing on the back of the thigh ; upper surface of head pale
brown, with or without distinct mottling ; upper surface of fore limb
pale brown, the shields dark-edged, of hind limb brown with round
white spots ; lower parts white ; tail coral-red. These markings may
entirely disappear in the adult, or the dark spaces between the light
streaks may be replaced by longitudinal series of dark l>rown or
black spots on a yellowish brown ground.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

From end of snout to vent .

. 55

49

58

52

„ ,, ,, fore limb .

. IP

17

18

18

Philochortus.

S

1.

2,

3.

4.

Length of head .

12

12

12

12

Width of head .

7

7

7

7

Depth of head

<r5

6

6

6

Fore limb .

19

17

18

17

Hiud limb .

34

31

32

31

Foot .

17

16

17

16

Tail .

—

122

135

123

1. (^ , Eugdeia Sogheira.

2. (^ , Grhinda.

3. 9

, Rue

•deia

Sogheira

? , Ghiuda.

Particulars of Spenimetis Examined.

S Eugdeia Sogheira, Adal .
$ „ „ „ G.M.

^ Ghinda

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

55

34

29

8

26

13-12

29

58

35

30

6

21

14

27

45

40

30

7

22

13

29

53

34

29

9

21

14-15

30

49

33

27

9

24

12

27

49

37

29

7

22

14-15

28

55

37

32

8

29

15

29

52

38

32

7

22

12

28

47

36

32

7

25

13

28

1. Length to vent (in millimetres). 2. Plates and scales across middle of
body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar. 5. Gular
scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar-
plate. 6. Femoral pores (right and left). 7. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.

Same explanation for the following tables.

Habitat. — Eritrea. The type specimen is from Bogos.
I have examined the type and one specimen from Adal in the Berlin
Museum, 2 from Eugdeia Sogheira, and 59 from Ghiuda.

2. PHILOCHORTUS PHILLIPSIl.

Latastia pMlii)sii, Bouleug. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) ii, 1898, p. 131.
Philochortu.9 phillipsii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1917, p. 148, pi. i,
figs. 3, 4.

Head and body rather depressed. Head about 1^ times as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye
and the tympanum, its length a little more than 4 times in length to
vent ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as postocular part of head, with
obtuse canthus. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck a little narrower
than the head. Hind limb reaching the ear-opening ; foot 1\ to 1|-

6 Lacertid;<'.

times us Ioiil,' as head ; toes slender, compressed. Tail 2^ to 2| times
as louo- as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral, the suture J- to h the length of the frontonasal, which is
much broader than long and broader than the internarial space ;
prefrontals forming a short median suture ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, nearly twice as long as broad,
angular in front, much narrower behind, feebly grooved ; parietals 1^
times as long as broad, meeting on the median line between the narrow
or very small interparietal and the small, triangular occipital. 4
supraoculars, first small, divided into two and in contact wnth the
frontal, second and third large and svxbecjual, fourth small and some-
times divided into two ; 5 or 6 superciliaries, separated from the
supraoculars by a series of granules. Lower eyelid transparent in the
middle, with feebly enlarged scales, some of which are deeper than the
others. Eostral not entering the nostril ; a single postnasal ; anterior
loreal shorter than second ; 4 upper labials anterior to the subocular,
which is a little narrower beneath than above. A long, narrow upper
temporal, in contact with the fourth supraocular, followed by two
small shields ; upper temporal scales small and granular, lower large ;
a distinct tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, first three in contact in the middle ; 21 gular
scales in a straight median line, granular in front, gradually enlarged
and imbricate towards the collar, which is formed of 9 plates.

Scales flat, granular on the nape, subim])ricate and smooth or faintly
keeled on the body, with the two series on the spine much enlarged
and plate-like, hexagonal and twice as broad as long ; 28 or 30 plates
and scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6 longi-
tudinal and 26 transverse series, the border of the transverse series
notched between the plates, the median pair of which is narrower than
the others. Two enlarged preanal plates, one in front of the other,
with smaller plates anteriorly and laterally.

13 femoral pores on each side. 27 to 30 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming alternately somewhat longer and shorter
whorls, upper oblicjue, rather strongly keeled, obtusely jiointed behind ;
20 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Young dark brown above, with 5 yellowish longitudinal streaks,
the median bifurcating on the nape, each Ijranch extending to the
middle of the posterior border of the parietal shield ; the lateral streaks
occupying the same position as in P. spinalis. Adult grey above, with
3 lemon-yellow longitudinal streaks, the median forked on the nape,

Pliilocliortus.

and with crowded black dots forming a baud from the temple to above
the hind limb ; limbs speckled with black. Lower j^arts white. Tail
red in the youno-.

Measurements (in millimetres) : ^

From end of snout to vent ..... 42

fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail
This species is

16

10

6

5

16

29

16

114

known from two specimens obtained at Berbera,
Somaliland, by Mr. E. Lort Phillips. Distinguished from the pre-
ceding by the longer foot and by the light streaks being in odd
number on the liody.

3. PHILOCHORTUS NEUMANNI.

Pliilocliortus ne'wmanni, Matschie, Sitzb. Gres. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1893,
p. 30; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1917, p. 150, pi. ii, fig. 1.

Latasfia neumanni, Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 643, pi. xxxvii,
fig. 1 ; Steind. Denkschr. Ak. Wien Ixix, 1901, p. 330.

Lcdastia hardeggeri, part., Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii, p. 145.

Head and body feebly depressed. Head about 1| times as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye
and the tympanum, its length 4 to 4f times in length to vent ; snout
obtusely pointed, as long as postocular part of head, with obtuse
canthus. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head
or a little narrower. Hind limb reaching the collar or between the
collar and the ear ; foot 1| to 1^ times as long as head ; toes slender,
compressed. Tail 2^ to nearly 3 times as long as head and body.

Nostril separated from the upper labial and the postnasal by a
narrow rim* ; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral, the suture
i to i the length of the frontonasal, which is much broader than long
and broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals forming a short
median suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, If to 2 times as long as broad, angular in front, narrower
behind, not grooved; parietals Ii- to If times as long as broad;

Exactly as in Lacerta perspiciUata.

8 Lacertidie.

interparietal small, usually separated from the occipital by a small
shield. 4 supraoculars, first small aud usually iu contact with the
frontal, second and third large and subequal, fourth small and some-
times broken up into two or three ; 6 or 7 superciliaries, separated
from the supraoculars by a series of granules. Lower eyelid some-
what transparent, with feebly enlarged scales iu the middle, some of
which are deeper than the others. Eostral not entering the nostril ;
a single postnasal ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 5, rarely
4,* upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is a little narrower
beneath than above. A long, narrow upper temporal, usually in
contact with the fourth supraocular, followed by one or two small
shields ; temporal scales mostly hexagonal, very small above, larger
beneath ; a narrow, curved tympanic shield.

5 pairs of chin-shields, first three in contact in the middle ; 29 to
34 gular scales iu a straight line in the middle, granular in front,
gradually or abruptly enlarged and imbricate towards the collar ; no
gular fold. Collar with strongly serrated edge, composed of 7 to 10
plates.

Scales granular and smooth on the nape, rhombic, juxtaposed or
subimbricate, and obtusely keeled on the body ; 4 or 6 series of hexa-
gonal plates along the back, more or less strongly keeled ; 38 to 42
plates and scales across the middle of the body.t 12 or 14 large
keeled scales in a transverse series between the hind limbs. Ventral
plates in 6 longitudinal and 28 to 31 transverse series, the border of
the transverse series feebly notched between the plates, the median
pair of which is narrower than the others. Preanal plates small
and irregular, or two large and median, or three large, forming a
triangle.

14 to 16 femoral pores on each side. 33 to 35 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in alternately somewhat longer aud shorter whorls,
upper oblique, strongly aud diagonally keeled, rounded or obtusely
pointed behind, lower keeled ; 26 to 30 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl behind the postanal granules.

Brown to blackish above, with six yellowish white streaks, two
along the back, diverging on the nape, and two on each side, the
upper from behind the eye to the base of the tail, passing above the
tympanum, the lower from the upper lip, through the tympanum aud
above the fore limb, to the base of the thigh ; the dark baud between
the two light lateral streaks sometimes spotted with whitish ; upper

* In the female from Mt. Manif.

t Anderson's eonnt — 47 — is taken higher xvp the body.

Philochortus.

surface of head and limbs jmle browu ; lower parts white ; tail pale
brown above, yellowish beneath, orange-red distally in the young-.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore Y\mh

Len^4h of head
Width of head
Depth of head

Fore Innli ....
Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

1. (^,Mt. Manif. 2. 9 , Mt. Manif.

1.
73

29
18
11

9-5
26
48
25

205

82
29
19
12
10
80
53
28
190

3. 9 , Lahej.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

J Mt. Manif

73

82
50

38
38
39
42
40

3.

30
29
28
31
30

5.

33
29
34
31

3.

80
28
18
11
9
26
47
25
200

6.
15-16

14

15

16
14-15

Hgr. ,, . .

$ Lahej .
Hgr. „ . . . . 53 40 30 10

The type specimen, preserved in the Berlin Museum, has been
compared with the specimens from Lahej.

Habitat. — This species is only known from South-Western Arabia
inland of Aden, specimens having been obtained at Lahej and in the
Wadis below Mt. Manif, near Lahej.

4. PHILOCHOETUS INTEEMEDIUS.

Latastia hardeggeri (non Steiud.), Bouleug. Ann. tt Mag. N. H.
(7) ii, 1898, p. 130.

Latastia hardeggeri, part., Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii, p. 145.

Philochortus intermediiis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1917, p. 152,
pi. ii, tigs. 2, 3.

Head and body rather dej^ressed. Head 1| to If times as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner
or the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 4 to 4^ times
in length to vent in males, 4^ to 5 times in females ; snout obtusely
pointed, as long as postocular part of head, with obtuse canthus.
Pilens 2 to 2^ times as long as broad. Neck as bi'oad as the head
or a little narrower. Hind limb reaching the elbow or the axil in

10 Lacertid:e.

females, the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in males ; foot \\ to
1^ times as long as head ; toes slender, compressed. Tail 2 to 2|
times as long as head and body.

Nostril separated from the upper labial and the postnasal hy a
narrow rim ; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral, the suture
J to f the length of the frontonasal, which is broader than long and
broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals forming a short
median suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the
snout or a little shorter, 1| to 2 times as long as broad, angular or
rounded in front, narrower behind, not or but feebly grooved ; parietals
1| to 1| times as long as broad; interparietal 2 to ^ times as long
as broad, in contact with the occipital, which is usually broader and
about half as long. 4 supraoculars, first small and sometimes broken
up into 2 or 3, as often as not in contact with the frontal, second and
third large and equal or second a little longer, fourth small and usually
broken up into 2 or 3 ; 6 or 7 superciliaries, separated from the
supraoculars by a complete series of granules, or first in contact
with the first and second supraoculars. Lower eyelid somewhat
transparent, with feelily enlarged scales in the middle, some of which
may be deeper than the others. Rostral not entering the nostril ;
a single postnasal ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 5, rarely 4*
upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is narrower beneath
than above. A long, narrow upper temporal, usually in contact
with the fourth supraocular, usually followed ]>y one or two small
shields ; temporal scales very small and granular above, much larger
beneath ; a curved tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, sometimes followed by a small fifth, first
three in contact in the middle; 21 to 28 gular scales in a straight
line in the middle, granular in front, gradually or abruptly enlarged
and imbricate towards the collar ; no gular f(5ld. Collar with
strongly serrated edge, composed of 7 to 10 (exceptionally 4) plates.

Scales granular and smooth on the nape, rhombic and keeled on
the body ; 2 or 4 series of hexagonal plates along the back, more
or less strongly keeled, rarely faintly keeled ; 33 to 40 plates and
scales across the middle of the body ; 12 to 18 large keeled scales in a
transverse series between the hind limbs. Ventral plates in 6 longi-
tudinal and 27 to 32 transverse series (27 to 30 in males, 30 to 32 in
females), the border of the transverse series feebly notched between
the plates, the median pair of which is narrower than the others.
Preanal plates small and irregular, or two or three enlarged ones in
the middle, in a longitudinal series, or three forming a triangle.

* 4 in two specimens only.

PhUochorfiis

11

12 to 18 femoral pores on each side. 24 to 30 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in alternately somewhat longer and shorter whorls,
upper oblique, strongly and diagonally keeled, rounded or obtusely
pointed behind, lower keeled ; 24 to 28 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl behind the postanal granules.

Young black on the upper surface of the body, with 6 yellow
streaks, the median pair diverging towards the occiput, to embrace
an additional pair of short streaks, or each streak bifurcating just
before reaching the occiput ; the upper lateral streak extends from
behind the eye to the base of the tail, passing above the tympanum,
the lower from the upper lip, through the tympanum and above the
fore limb, to the thigh ; head and upper surface of fore limbs brown,
hind limbs and tail coral-red, throat and belly white. These markings
may persist more or less distinct in the adult, which vary much in
colour ; the blackish bands between the light streaks may be much
spotted with whitish, or broken up into spots, or the upper parts may
be grey, brown or reddish with 7 blackish longitudinal streaks (9
behind the occiput), or merely with two series of blackish spots on
each side. Tail often reddish towards the end.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

.5.

From end of snout to vent

71

68

56

85

53

,, ,, fore limb

27

25

20

25

17

Length of head

18

17

13

17

11

Width of head

11

11

8

12

7

Depth of head

9

8

6-5

9

6

Fore limb

24

24

18

26

16

Hind limb

42

42

29

45

29

Foot

22

23

16

25

15

Tail

175

180

145

200

—

1. (^, Wagga. 2, 3. cj.

Berbei

■a. 4,

5.

9 (gravid).

Berbera

Parficnlar,

of Sj

ecimens Examined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

S Wagga

76

40

30

9

28

16-14

26

71

34

29

9

27

18-17

30

52

36

28

7

24

14

27

9 „ . ■ ■

57

38

30

7

26

14-16

27

rf Berbera

43

34

27

9

22

12

28

„ Inland of Berbera

68

40

28

9

27

16

29

68

37

29

9

25

16-15

27

(^ Inland of lierlun-a

Lace rt idee

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(i.

7.

. 56

36

■29

11

25

14

28

,55

39

29

8

25

15-14

27

. 55

36

28

10

24

14-15

24

53

36

29

4

23

14

28

. 53

34

28

8

23

14-13

26

51

40

27

9

26

13

29

85

36

30

7

25

14-15

26

. 85

37

32

8

26

16-15

29

. 80

36

30

9

24

15-14

28

. 75

37

30

9

25

16-15

29

71

39

31

10

28

17-16

30

67

40

30

9

24

15

28

■ 58

34

30

9

25

14

27

. 55

39

31

8

23

13

28

. 53

33

30

10

21

15-13

25

. 51

36

30

8

23

14-13

29

Hahifat. — Northern Sonialiland at and near Berbera.

5. PHILOCHOETUS HAEDEG-GEEI.

Latastia Jiardeggeri, Steiud. Anu. Hofmus. Wien, vi, 1891, p. 371,
pi. xi ; Bouleug. Zool. Eec. 1893, Eept. p. 23 ; Toruier, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst. xxii, 1905, p. 375.

Ereniias heterolejiis, Boettg. Zool. Auz. 1893, pp. 115, 193.

Latantia decjeni, Bouleng. Anu. & Mag. N. H. (7) xi, 1903, p. 55.

Philochorlus Jiardeggeri, Bouleug. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1917, p. 154,
pi. ii, figs. 4, 5.

Head and body rather depressed. Head about H times as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner or
the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 4^ to 5 times in
length to vent ; snout pointed, as long as postocular part of head,
with rather sharp canthus. Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad.
Neck as broad as the head or a little narrower. Hind limb reaching
the shoulder, the collar, or between the collar and the ear ; foot
If to If times as long as head ; toes slender, compressed. Tail
2f to 3^ times as long as head and body.

Nostril between three shields, or separated from the upper labial
and the postnasal by a narrow rim ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral, the suture J; to | the length of the frontonasal, which is
much broader than long, and broader than the inter narial space ;
prefrontals forming a short median suture ; frontal as long as its

F/iilochortus. 13

distance from the eud of the snout or a little shorter, 1| to If times
as long as broad, angular or rounded in front, narrower behind,
distinctly grooved ; parietals IJ to 1| times as long as In-oad, in contact
with the upper postocular ; interparietal extremely narrow, in contact
with or narrowly separated from the very small occipital.* Two large
supraoculars, subequal or anterior the shorter, entirely surrounded by
a series of grauules,t of which larger ones represent the first and
fourth supraoculars ; 5 or 6 superciliaries. Lower eyelid somewhat
transparent, with feebly enlarged scales in the middle, some of which
may be deeper than the others. Eostral not entering the nostril ; a
single postnasal ; anterior loreal shorter than second ; 5 upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is narrower beneath than above. A
long, narrow upper temporal, followed by a shorter shield ; temporal
scales very small and granular above, much larger beneath ; a small
curved tympanic shield usually present.

4 pairs of chin-shields, first three in contact in the middle ; 25 to 28
gular scales in a straight line in the middle, granular in front, gradu-
ally or abruptly enlarged and imbricate towards the collar ; no gular
fold. Collar with strongly serrated edge, composed of 7 or 8 plates.

Scales granular and smooth behind the occiput, rhombic, subimbri
cate, and keeled on the body ; 4 or 6 series of hexagonal, strongly
keeled plates along the back, 8 between the hind limbs. 24 to 28J
plates and scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6
longitudinal and 27 to 30 transverse series, the border of the transverse
series feebly notched between the plates, the median pair of which is
narrower than the others. Preanal plates small and irregular, or one
enlarged.

11 to 13 femoral pores on each side. 25 to 31 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in nearly ec^ual whorls, upper oblique, strongly and
diagonally keeled, pointed and more or less distinctly mucronate behind,
lower keeled, except the basals ; 22 to 28 scales in the foui-th or fifth
whorl behind the postanal granules.

Young black above with five yellowish white longitudinal streaks,
the median bifurcating on the nape, the two laterals as in the preceding-
species ; head and limbs browm above, hind limbs with round white spots :
throat and belly white, lower surface of hind limbs and tail coral-red.
Adult brown above, with a more or less distinct yellow vertebral streak,

* A small shield between the interparietal and the occipital in one young-
specimen.

t In one of the two type specimens described by Steindachner the circle of
granules is incomplete, the supraoculars being in contact with the frontal.

X 30 in the type of Eremias heterolepis, according to Boettger.

14

Lacertidie.

liifurcatiuf,^ on the uape and extending some way down the tail, each of
the dorsal plates with a small blackish spot ; sides of body pale
greyish brown, with a series of lai'ge blackish spots or bars ; lower
parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore liml)

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind liml)
Foot
Tail

1.

ro

23
14

10
7
•22
42
22
180

70
24
14

9

8

22

38

21

170

3.

56
19
13

8

6

18

34

18

155

1. (j',Berbera. 2. 9 , Berbera. 3. 9 , Mandah (type of L. r/egre/ii) •

Particulars of Sjjecimens Examined.

J Berl^era
,, Maudah

1. 2.

70 24

70

65 26

3.

27

26 30

56

28
24 30

28
28
26

6.

11
11

12-13
11

7.
26
25
28
31

Habitat. — Northern Somaliland. The type specimens, preserved in
the Vienna Museum, are from between Hensa and Artu.

This species is distinguished from the two preceding liy the lower
number of plates and scales across the body, and by the nearly
constant presence of a series of granules between the supraoculars and
the frontal ; also by the light vertebral streak.

5. LATASTIA.

Latastia, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Geneva, xx, 1884, p. 307 ; Lataste,
op. cit. (2), ii, 1885, p. 125.

Latastia, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 54 (1887).

Ajiathya, Mc'hely, Termesz. Koslon, Budapest, Ixxxv, 1907, p. 26,
and Ann. Mus. Hung, vii, 1909, p. 426.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between three
to five shields and bordered by the first upper labial or
narrowly separated from it. Lower eyelid scaly, a trans-

Latastia. 15

parent disc, if present, formed of several scales. Collar
well marked. Dorsal scales small and' juxtaposed or
rather large, imbricate, and graduating into the caudals ;
ventral plates not or but feebly imbricate, with truncate
or straight posterior border, smooth. Digits feebly
compressed, with keeled lamellar scales inferiorly.
Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

South-western Asia, North-eastern and Tropical Africa.

All the species have retained the parietal f orameu, and the pterygoid
teeth are absent or reduced to a few. There are two superposed post-
nasals, or even three in some specimens of L. axjipadocica.

This genus forms a connexion between Lacerta and Acanfhodacfyhis
and falls into two principal groups, or sections, which appear to have
been derived independently from two sections of the genus Lacerta, as
mentioned in dealing with L. cappadocica, the unique representative
of Apathya, regarded as generically distinct by Mchely.

Mehely has attached a great importance to the number of keels
uuder the digits in separating Apathya from Latastia, but the distinc-
tive character would not hold good in the genera AcanthodadyHs and
Ophiops, where I find a great variation in the keels in specimens of A.
vulgaris and 0. viicrolepis, some having a single median keel on the
subdigital lamella?, others two or three. The keels also vary accord-
ing to the species in the genus JEremias in the sense in which it is
usually taken.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Latastia, s. str. Lower eyelid opaque ; frontal grooved, at least anteriorly ;
subdigital lamellae biearinate.

A. Dorsal scales not larger than the laterals, much smaller

than the basal caudals, 25 to 40 in a transverse series

between the hind limbs.

1. 39 to 52 scales across the middle of the body ; no

group of small plates in the middle of the pectoral

region.

a. Dorsal scales sharply keeled.

No gular fold ; edge of collar serrated ; 13 to 16 femoral pores

on each side L. johnstonii, Blgr., p. 16.

A gular fold ; edge of collar even ; 10 to 14 femoral pores on

each side . L. siebenrocM, Torn., p. 19.

b. Dorsal scales not sharply keeled.

Scales feebly but very distinctly keeled ; 9 to 11 plates in the

collar ; 12 to 14 femoral jwres on each side L. buHi, Blgr., p. 20.

\Q Lacertidn'.

Scales smooth or very olitusoly keeled ; 6 to 8 plates in the

collar ; 10 or 11 femoral pores on each side. L. boscx, Bedr., p 22.

Scales feebly but very distinctly keeled ; 5 to 8 plates in the

collar ; 8 or 9 femoral pores on each side. L. wachei, Wern., p. 24.

2. 52 to 80 scales across the middle of the body, visually
55 to 65, more or less strongly keeled ; a group of
small irregular plates usually present in the middle
of the pectoral region ; 5 to 16 femoral pores on
each side ..... L. longicaudata, Reuss, p. 25.
B. Dorsal scales larger than the laterals, gradating into the
caudals, 45 to 52 across the middle of the body ; 7 to 11
femoral pores on each side . . . L. carinata, Peters, p. 32.

II. Apathya, Mehely. Lower eyelid with a transparent disc formed
of 6 to 8 scales : frontal not grooved ; subdigital lamellas uni-
carinate ; dorsal scales granular and smooth, 67 to 74 across
the middle of the body ; 19 to 25 femoral pores on each
side ........ L. cappadocica, Wern., p. 34.

1. LATASTIA JOHNSTONII.

Latastia johnstonii, Bouleiig. Auu. & Mag. N. H. (7) xix, 1907,
p. 392 ; Steruf. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. v, 1911, p. 417.

Eremias nitida (uou Griinth.). Hevritt & Power, Tr. R. Soc. S. Afr.
iii, 1913, p. 156.

Latastia kirdwelU, Bouleug. Tr. R. Soc. S. Afr. v, 1919, p. o9.

Body moderately depressed. Head rather depressed, 1| to If times
as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of
the eye and the tymjDanum, its length 3f to 4|- times in length to vent
in males, 4^ to 4^ times in females ; snout obtusely pointed, as long
as postocular part of head, with sharp canthus and vertical, grooved
loreal region. Pileus ll- to 2r times as long as broad, the shields
often rather rugose. Neck as broad as the head. Hind limb reach-
ing the shoulder or the collar in males, the axil or the shoulder in
females ; foot I-3- to Ih times as long as the head ; toes slender, com-
pressed. Tail 2 to 2f times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 or 4 shields, the nasal sometimes forming
a narrow rim separating it from the first upper labial ; nasals forming
a suture behind the rostral, the suture i to f the length of the fronto-
nasal, which is much broader than long and broader than the inter-
narial space ; prefrontals forming a median suture, sometimes with a
small azygos shield between them ; frontal as long as or a little shorter or
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, 1 h to 2 times as
long as broad, rounded in front, much narrower behind, grooved along

Lafastia. -in

tJie anterior f or throughout; parietals U to 1| times as long as

r f n 'r°'' '' ''' «™^^S'"^t« ^'^ the side for the accommoda-
tion of the first upper temporal ; interparietal narrow, 2 to 3 times as
long as broad 2 to 3 times as long as the occipital, from which it is

d 'dedT/t /■' ""'" ^'"^'- ^ -P--ulars, first small or
d ided mto 2 or 3, m contact with the frontal, second and third large,
equal, fourth small or divided into small shields or granules 6
supemhanes, separated from the supraoculars by a complete series' of
mTddl! ^T\ '^f ^^P^^^^' ^'th vertically enlarged scales in the
alro 1 ^^f'T^^^^f^-g- the nostril; 2 superposed postnasals;
anterior loreal i to ^ the length of the second ; 5 or 6 upper labials
(exceptionally 4) anterior to the subocular, which is mucwirote:
beneath than above and sometimes has the lower portion detached to
form an additional shield; a large upper temporal, Sometimes followed
b) a second smaller shield; temporal scales granular; a verv narrow
tympanic shield.

• ^ P^"'^/f,^hiu.shields, and a very small fifth, first three in contact
m the -iddle ; 25 to 31 scales in a straight line between the synX
of the chm-shields and the median collar-plate, granular in front
mcreasingin size and imbricate towards the collar; no gular fold!
Collar with strongly serrated edge, composed of 7 to 10 plates

Scales strongly keeled, granular on the nape, rhombic and feebly
inibncate on the body, larger and sometimes smooth towards th
ventral plates, 39 to 52 across the middle of the body, 25 to 35 in a
transverse series between the hind limbs. Ventral plates with the
posero-mner angle obliquely truncate, in 8 longitudinal series, those
of the median pair much narrower than those next to them, the outer-
most very narrow ; 23 to 26 transverse series in males, 26 to 29 in
femaes. Usually two large preanal plates, one before the other-
sometimes three, one in front and two behind or the reverse, with
smaller plates or scales around them; sometimes all small and the
median in pairs.

A series of 7 or 8 large transverse plates under the forearm. Scales
on upper surface of tibia keeled, smaller than dorsals. 13 to 16
femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamelte bicarinate, 22 to 25
under the fourth toe. - i-u ^o

Caudal scales more or less distinctly in alternately longer and shorter
whorls, upper oblique, truncate, strongly and diagonally keeled, lower
less strongly keeled; 26 to 30 scales in the fourth whorl behind the
postanal granules.

Two black, light-edged streaks along the back; a black vertebral
streak on the nape, sometimes continued down the whole leno-th of the

VOL. II. °

18

LacertidiB.

body ; sides of neck and body with numerous irregular vertical black
bars, crossed by two whitish streaks from behiud the eye, the upper
passing above the tympanum, to the tail, where they are separated by
a dark band ; blue spots sometimes present on the sides, between the
black bars. Lower parts white.

The female specimen from Eldorado, Southern Khodesia, is brown
above, with 8 light streaks on the neck in front and 7 behind, these
streaks more indistinct on the body ; series of black spots between
them on the sides.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind linil)
Foot
Tail

1. S, Nyika Plateau (type). 2. $, Masuka Plateau (type).
3—4. $ , Morogoro. 6. $ , Eldorado (type of L. kirdivelli).

Particulars

(^ Nyika Plateau, Nyassa-

laud (type) .
„ Masuka Plateau, Nyassa-

land (type) .
„ Morogoro, E. Africa, N.M.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

60

47

62

53

48

20

18

20

19

17

14

12

14

12

11

8

7

8

7

7

6-5

6

7

6

6

17

16

18

16

15

34

30

33

28

27

19

17

19

16

15

160

120

120

115

. —

N.M.

N.M.

„ Eldorado, S. Rhodesia
(type of L. kirdwelli),
McG. M. .

ofSj

ecimeiis

Examined

1.

2-

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

60

50

25

9

29

15

22

5

48

52

26

7

31

15-16

23

6-5

53

47

23

8

27

15-16

24

5-6

51

51

26

7

29

15

25

5

51

48

24

8

28

15

24

5

47

50

25

7

27

14

24

5

62

47

29

8

27

15-14

24

6

57

48

28

8

29

15

23

5-6

57

46

29

8

26

14

23

5-6

67

47

27

8

27

16

24

5

53

39

28

8

27

14

22

5-4

49

46

29

8

28

14

23

5

48

42

26

10

25

13-14

23

5

Lafastia. 19

1. Len-rth to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of body. 3.
Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar. 5. Giilar scales in a
straight series between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median
collar-plate. 6. Femoral pores (right and left if differing in number). 7.
Lamellar scales under fourth toe. S. Upper labials anterior to the subocular.

This explanation applies also to the tables given for the other species
of the genus.

Hahitat.— This species was originally described from two male
specimens from Nyassaland, altitude about 2000 metres, presented to
the British Museum by Sir Harry Johnston. It has since been
recorded by Sternfeld from Portuguese East Africa. I have recently
examined 16 specimens collected by Mr. A. Loveridge at Morogoro in
ex-German East Africa. This series shows that the lizard from
Southern Rhodesia which I described as L. Urchvelli cannot be
regarded as more than a colour-variation of L. johnstonii.

2. LATASTIA SIEBENEOCKI.

Eremias siebenrochi, Toruier, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii, 1905, p. 386.
Latastia siebenrochi, Nieden,Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. vii, 1913, p. 77.

Apparently closely allied to L. johnstonii and similar to it in the
shields round the nostril. Snout elongate and rather pointed. Hind
limb reaching the axil.

Frontonasal about as long as broad or broader than long ; frontal
longitudinally grooved ; interparietal about twice as long as broad,
sometimes separated from the occipital by a small shield! 4 supra-
oculars, all in contact with the frontal; 6 supereiliaries. 5 upper
labials anterior to the subocular, which is but little narrowed inferiorly.
Two elongate upper temporals; temporal scales granular, lower
larger ; a large tympanic shield. A gular fold ; collar even-edged,
composed of 8 plates.

Dorsal scales narrow, sharply keeled, 40 to 48 across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal series, outer small, median
pair not narrower than the others ; 28 to 32 transverse series. Two
large preanal plates, one in front of the other. 10 to 14 femoral
pores on each side. Caudal scales all strongly keeled.

Brown above, with darker streaks bearing black transverse spots ; a
white streak from the outer corner of the parietal to the base of the
tail, where it unites with its fellow ; two white lateral streaks, the
upper from the eye, touching the upper border of the ear-opening, to
the tail, the lower, from the upper lip to the thigh, passing above^'the
shoulder.

20 Lacertidie.

Habitat.— The type in the Berlin Museum is from Porto Novo,
Slave Coast, Guinea; other specimens referred to the same species
have been obtained on the Eldame Eiver and at Tabora, East Africa.

Appears to be well distinguished from L. jolmstonii by the presence
of a gular fold, the even-edged collar, the shape of the frontonasal
shield, and the arrangement of the light streaks.

The lizard from the Brussa Valley, north of Lake Stephanie,
described as Eremias neumanni by Tornier, t. c. p. 376, appears to
differ only in having 2 supraoculars instead of 4. The following is
an abstract of the original description :

Snout rather pointed, nasals not swollen. Nostril between three
shields, a nasal and two postnasals, the lower of which does not reach
the rostral ; nasals in contact with each other behind the rostral ;
frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals forming a median suture ;
a deep groove along the frontal; interparietal 1| times as long as
broad, separated from the occipital by a small shield. Two large
supraoculars, preceded and followed by small scales, and separated
from the superciliaries by a series of granules. 5 or 6 upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is but little nan-ower beneath and
borders the mouth. Two elongate upper temporals.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the two anterior in contact in the middle.
A distinct gular fold. Collar fi'ee, formed of 10 plates.

Scales sharply keeled, pointed, subimbricate, 46 across the body.
Ventral plates in 8 straight longitudinal and 26 transverse series.
Two i-ather large preanal plates, one in front of the other. 11 femoral
pores on each side. Caudal scales strongly keeled.

The hind limb reaches the collar. Tail more than twice as long as
head and body.

Back greyish brown with black spots ; a white dorsolateral streak,
uniting with its fellow on the base of the tail ; two white lateral
streaks, broken up into spots on the body, the upper from behind the
eye, bordering the tympanum above, the lower from the upper lip,
bordering the tympanum below ; a black V)and between these two
streaks, bearing 8 blue spots.

The type is preserved in the Berlin Museum.

3. LATASTIA BUEII.

Latastia huril, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xix, 1907, p. 393.

Body much depressed. Head much depressed, flat above, nearly
twice as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
posterior corner of the eye and the tympanum, its length 4 times in

Latastia. 21

length to vent ; snout acutely pointed, as long as postocular part of
head, with sharp canthus and vertical, grooved loreal region. Pileus
2| times as long as broad. Neck broader than the head. Hind limb
reaching between the collar and the ear ; foot li times as long as the
head ; toes slender, compressed. Tail twice as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 4 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral, the suture | the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long and broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals
forming a median suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, If times as long as broad, angular in front, much
narrower behind, grooved in front ; parietals 1| times as long as broad ;
interparietal Ij times as long as broad, separated from the very small
occipital Ijy a small shield. Two large equal supraoculars, the first
and fourth broken up into 2 or 3 small shields, the iirst in contact
with the frontal ; 6 superciliaries, separated from the supraoculars by
a complete series of granules. Lower eyelid opaque, with a series of
vertically enlarged scales in the middle. Rostral not entering the
nostril ; 2 superposed postnasals ; anterior loreal not quite half as long
as second ; 5 or 6 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is
much narrower beneath than above. 3 or 4 upper temporals, first
narrow and elongate and in contact with the disintegrated fourth
supraocular ; temporal scales granular, smaller than dorsals ; a very
narrow tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, first three in contact in the middle ; 29 or 30
gular scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median
collar-plate, granular in front, increasing in size and subimbricate
towards the collar ; no gular fold. Collar with very feebly serrated
edge, composed of 9 to 11 plates.

Scales granular on the nape, hexagonal, juxtaposed, feebly keeled on
the body, 42 to 45 across the middle of the body, 32 in a transverse
series between the hind limbs. Ventral plates scarcely overlapping,
with nearly straight posterior border, in 6 or 8 longitudinal and 23 to

25 transverse series ; the plates of the two median series not or but
little narrower than the others. A large preanal plate, with a smaller
one in front of it.

A series of 7 large transverse plates under the forearm. Scales on
upper surface of tibia similar to the dorsals. 12 to 14 femoral pores
on each side. Subdigital lamellaj bicarinate, 24 or 25 under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales in subequal whorls, upper oblique, truncate, strongly
and diagonally keeled, lower, in the basal part of the tail, smooth ;

26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

22 Lacerti(hv.

Bluish grey in front, pale reddish brown behind ; 3 black streaks
along the nape and two on each side of the postocular part of the
head and of the neck, the lower passing through the tympanum ; the
median nuchal and the two lateral streaks continued on the body,
fading to reddish-brown behind. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .... 52

„ „ „ fore limb ... 19

Length of head . . . . . .13

Width of head 7

Depth of head - . 4

Fore limb .16

Hind liml) 32

Foot 17

Tail 105

This species is known from two male si^ecimens obtained by
Mr. G. W. Bury near Berbera, Somaliland (altitude under 100 m.).
It conies nearest to L. bosc^i'.

4. LATASTIA BOSC^.

Latastia boscai, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Clenova, xx, 1884, p. 322 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 56 (1887), and Ann. Mus. Genova (3) v,
1912, p. 330.

Body rather depressed. Head rather strongly depressed. If to
nearly 2 times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance
between the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 4 to 4^
times in length to vent ; snout pointed, as long as postocular part of
head, with sharp canthus and vertical, grooved loreal region. Pileus 2
to 2.} times as long as broad. Neck as broad as head. Hind limb
reaching the axil or the collar ; foot L' times as long as the head;
toes slender, compressed. Tail 2 to 2^ times the length of head and
body.

Nostril pierced between 4 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral, the suture i to | the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long and broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals
forming a median suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the
rostral or from the end of the snout, 1^ times as long as bi-oad,
rounded in front, much narrower behind, grooved in its anterior half ;
parietal H to If times as long as broad ; interparietal 2 to 2^ times
as long as broad ; occipital ^ or barely I as long as the interparietal,
from which it may be separated by a small shield. 4 supraoculars.

Latasfia. 23

first small, divided into two, and in contact with tlie frontal, second
and third equal, fourth small and sometimes divided into two ; 7
superciliaries, separated from the supraoculars by a complete series of
granules. Lower eyelid opaque, with slightly enlarged scales in the
middle. Rostral not entering the nostril ; 2 superposed postnasals ;
anterior loreal half as long as the second ; 5 or 6 upper labials anterior
to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than above. 2 or 3
upper temporals, first narrow and elongate and in contact with the
fourth supraocular, or separated from it by a granule ; temporal
scales granular, smaller than largest dorsals ; a distinct, narrow
tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, first three in contact in the middle ; 27 to
31 gular scales between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the
median collar-plate, granular in front, increasing in size and imbricate
towards the collar ; no gular fold. Collar with feebly serrated edge,
composed of 6 to 8 plates.

Scales granular on the nape, oval or oval-hexagonal on the body,
obtusely keeled on the posterior part of the body, larger and smooth
towards the ventrals, 42 to 46 across the middle of the body, about
30 in a transverse series between the hind limbs. Ventral plates with
the postero-inner angle obliquely truncate, in 6 longitudinal series,
those of the median pair much narrower than the others ; 25 to 28
transverse series. Preanal plate moderately large, bordered by a
semicircle of small plates.

A series of 6 large transverse plates under the forearm. Scales on
upper surface of tibia small, strongly keeled. 10 or 11 femoral pores
on each side. Subdigital lamellse bicarinate, 24 or 25 under the fourth
toe.

Caudal scales in equal whorls, upper oblicj[ue, truncate, strongly and
diagonally keeled, lower smooth ; 26 to 32 scales in the fourth whorl.

The type specimens are pale brown above, with three dark brown
longitudinal streaks and, on each side, two broader black bands
originating behind the eye, the upper sometimes extending to the
nostril after passing through the eye ; the lateral bands separated by
a yellowish streak ; flanks black with a series of round yellowish
spots. The specimen from Dolo in the British Museum is uniform
pale brown above, with a dark brown lateral band. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

<?.

?.

?■

From end of snout to vent

50

50

48

,, ,, ,, fore limb

21

19

19

24

1,2.

Lacertidse.

1.

2_

3.

s.

9-

?.

Length of head

12

11

12

Width of head

7

6-5

7

Depth of head

5

4-5

5

Fore limb

17

16

16

Hind limb

32

27

31

Foot

16

14

16

Tail

100

103

130

Types. 3. Dole.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

50

42

26

8

28

10

25 6-

50

46

28

7

31

10-11

24 6

48

44

25

6

27

10

24 5

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

^ Cherau, Bogos (type), G.M.
9 Rugdeia Sogheira, Bogos

(type), G.M. .
9 Dolo, Somalilaud

Habitat. — Originally described from Eritrea (Adal and Bogos
countries), this lizard has since also been found in Somaliland at
Dolo.

L. hoscie differs from L. bitrii in the less strongly depressed head,
the more convex and less distinctly keeled dorsal scales, the uneven
border of the transverse series of ventral plates, the presence of a
single large preanal plate, and the lower number of femoral pores.

5. LATASTIA WACHEl.

Lat,astia ivachei, Werner, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. xxx, 1913,
p. 16.

Apparently very similar to L. hoscie. Hind limb reaching to midv/ay
between the collar and the ear-opening. Tail 2} times as long as head
and body.

Frontal feebly grooved in front ; a small shield sometimes separates
the interparietal from the occipital ; first supraocular divided into two ;
upper temporal single or divided into three or four ; 6 anterior upper
labials. 5 to 8 plates in the collar. Scales obtusely but very distinctly
keeled, 39 to 42 across the middle of the body. Ventral jalates in 6
longitudinal series, of nearly equal width, and 24 transverse series. A
large preanal plate bordered by a semicircle of smaller plates, or two,
one in front of the other. 8 or 9 femoral pores on each side.

Greyish brown above, with or without four darker dorsal streaks.

Lafastia. 25

and with more or less distinct dark vertical bars ou the sides ; a white
streak from the eye to the shoulder, passing above the tympanum, then
broken up into round spots, and disappearing half-way down the body ;
a second series of larger round white spots from below the tympanum
to a little beyond the shoulder. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .... 45
Length of head . . . . . . 11

Width of head 6-5

Fore limb 15

Hind limb 27

Tail 102

This lizard is only known to me from Werner's description of three
specimens from the Dii*e-Dana district and Harrar, in Abyssinia.

Werner compares it to L. johnstonii and L. burii, but it seems to me,
from the description, to be nearer L. hoscee, and I am even doubtful
whether it deserves to be specifically separated from it.

6. LATASTIA LONGICAUDATA.

Lacerta Inngicaudata, Eeuss, Mus. Senck. i, p. 29 (1834).

Lacerta samharica, Blauf. Zool. Abyss, jj. 449, fig. (1870).

Lacerta sturti, Blanf. op. cit. p. 452, fig.

Eremias revoili, Vaill. Miss. Ri-voil Pays Qomal., Eept. p. 20, pi. iii,
fig. 2 (1882).

Latastia doriai, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Genova, xx, 1884, p. 313.

Latastia doriai, var. tnartensi, Bedriaga, t. c. p. 316.

Lafastia samharica, Bedriaga, t.c. p. 319.

Latastia longicaudata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 55 (1887) ; Ann.
Mus. Genova (2) xii, 1891, p. 7. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 535, Ann.
Mus. Genova (2) xvi, 1896, p. 551, and xvii, 1896, p. 17; Anders.
Zool. Egypt, Kept. p. 143, pi. xix (1898) ; Steiud. Deukschr. Ak. Wien,
Ixix, 1900, p. 329 ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii, p. 144; Tornier,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii, 1905, p. 373 ; O. Neumann, t. c. p. 393 ;
Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxvi, i, 1907, p. 1844; Pellegr. Bull. Mus.
Paris, 1909, p. 413 ; Sternf. in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.
Afr. Exped. iv, p. 223 (1912) ; Werner, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. xxx,
1913, p. 42 ; Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washingt. xxvi, 1913, p. 146.

Body feebly depressed. Head feebly depressed, H to If times as
long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 4 to 4i
times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4.] times in females ; snout

•2(i LacerticlcV.

narrow, obtusely pointed, a little louyer than the postocular part of
the head, with sharp canthus and nearly vertical, concave loreal region.
Pileus '2H; to 21 times as long- as broad. Neck as broad as or broader
than the head. Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the collar, between
the collar and the ear, or, rarely, the ear ; foot 1^ to If times as long
as the head ; toes slender, feebly compressed. Tail rather flattened at
the base, 2 to a little over 3 times the length of head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 or 4 shields, the nasal sometimes forming
a narrow rim separating it from the upper labial ; nasals forming a
suture behind the rostral, the suture | to i the length of the fronto-
nasal, which is liroader than long and broader than the iuternarial space ;
prefrontals forming a median suture ; frontal as long as its distance
from the rostral or from the end of the snout, 1} to 2 times
as long as broad, rounded in front, narrow behind, grooved in its
anterior half or | ; parietals H to 1 J times as long as broad, lateral
border sometimes slightly emarginate in front for the accommodation
of the anterior temporal ; interparietal 1} to 2 J- times as long as broad,
often separated from the occipital by one or two small shields, rarely*
bv the parietals meeting iu the middle ; occipital small, \ to i the
length of the interparietal, sometimes a little broader. Of the 4 supra-
oculars the first, which is always in contact with the frontal, and the
fourth are nearly constantly divided into 2 to 7 small plates or granules ;
second and third large, second often a little longer than third ; 6 or 7,
rarelv 5, 8 or 9 superciliaries, separated from the supraoculars by a
complete series of granules. Kostral not entering the nostril ; 2 super-
posed postnasals ; anterior loreal J to 7] the length of the second ;
usually 6 upper labials, sometimes 5 or 7, rarely 4 or 8, upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than above.
Lower eyelid opaque,t with a series of vertically enlarged scales in the
middle. A long and narrow, more or less distinctly keeled upper
tempoi-al, rarely divided into two, followed by one, two or more small
shields, in contact with the fourth supraocular ; temporal scales very
small and granular above, larger beneath ; a distinct tympanic shield ;
exceptionally 3 to 5 projecting scales form a denticulation iu front of
the ear-opening.

4 or 5 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact iu the middle ;
28 to 47 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar with
strongly serrated edge, composed of 7 to 14 plates, usually IM to 12.

* Male from Lugh, half-grown from Abu Ushar.

f Bedriaga says of his L. doricf, var. martensi, " Das untere Aiigenlid ist
meistens diirchsichtig," but I am unable to confirm this statement from the
specimens at my disposal.

Lafa^tia. '27

Scales granular on the nape, larger, oval-liexagoual or rhombic,
juxtaposed, and obtusely or more or less strongly keeled* on the fjody,
the scales a little larger and smooth towards the belly ; 52 to 80 scales
across the middle of the body, usually 55 to 65, 28 to 40 in a transverse
series between the hind limbs. Ventral plates overlapping, with the
postero-inner angle obliquely truncate, in 6, rarely 8, longitudinal
series, the plates sometimes nearly ecjual in the 6 series, sometimes
increasing in width from the median to the outer ; if in 8 series, the
outer plates small ; 25 to 33 transverse series, usually 26 to 29 in
males, 29 to 31 in females ; a group of 5 to 29 small irregular jalates
usually present in the middle of the pectoral region. Males usually
with an enlarged preanal plate, about twice as broad as long, with
numerous small plates in front and on the sides ; females with the
preanal region covered with small irregular plates.

A series of 6 to 9 large transverse plates under the forearm, some-
times divided into two series. Scales on upper surface of tibia rhoml)ic,
keeled, usually smaller than dorsals. 5 to 16 femoral pores on each
side, the reduction in the number taking place from the distal end, the
series often restricted to the basal third or half of the thigh.f Sub-
digital lamellse bicarinate, 22 to 28 under the fourth toe, usually
23 to 27.t

Caudal scales in subequal or alternately somewhat longer and
shorter whorls, uj^j^er rather oblique and diagonally and strongly
keeled, truncate behind, lower smooth on the basal part of the tail ;
30 to 38 scales in the fourth or fifth whorls behind the small postanal
scales.

The coloration varies enormously. The ground colour varies from
pale grey to brown, reddish-ltrown or brick-red. Some specimens are
handsomely marked with dark and light shades and spots or bars,
others are of a pale greyish sand-colour, with all the markings much
effaced. There may be four narrow light streaks on the upper
surface of the neck and body, the outer proceeding from the super-
ciliary edge, and two broader light streaks on each side, the upper
originating behind the eye, jiassing above the tympanum, and extending
to the base of the tail, the lower from the upper lip, passing through .

* The degree of carinatioii varies considei-ably, irrespective of other charac-
ters, the keels being- often more feeble in females than in males ; the most
obtnse keels are fovmd in a female from Joba, Abyssinia, which, in this respect,
hardly differs from L. hoscse.

t This striking range of variation is nearly paralleled in Eremia lineo-ocellata.

X A specimen from Sheik Othman, near Aden, with 32, stands perfectly-
isolated ; bnt no other specimens are known from that locality to connect -with
the lower numbers, 25 to 28, recorded from El Kubar, also in S.W. Arabia.

28 LacertldcV.

the tynipanuni and above the fore limb to the thiyh, ou the posterior
side bf which it reappears and is continued ou the base of the tail.
These light streaks may be brokeu up into regular series of spots,
either ou the back aud sides or only ou the sides, where they may be
separated by narrow blackish bars ; series of black spots may run
between them, as well as a series of blue, black-edged ocelli between
the two lateral streaks, or they may be crossed on the back and sides
by more or less regular, straight or wavy blackish bars. Very fre-
(jueutly there is a dark brown or black vertebral streak, extending
from the occiput to the base of the tail, or disappearing or brokeu up
into a series of spots on the posterior part of the body. In other speci-
mens there is no trace of either light or dark longitudinal streaks, and
the back is irregularly spotted or reticulated with brown or black, and
the sides of the head, neck and body are barred with black aud white
or liluish grey. A dark band usually runs along the side of the tail.

The following description of fresh specimens of the typical form
from the African littoral of the Eed Sea is given by Anderson :

" Olive-brown above, variegated with reddish brown. A rich, dark
brown, narrow vertebral line from the occiput to the base of the tail,
aud three rich* reddish longitudinal, but more or less interrupted
bauds external to it. marked at intervals with brown spots and
forming vertical brownish bars on the sides of the body and neck,
enclosing bluish and yellow interspaces, which assume the form of
ocelli. Sides of the head also more or less marked wath vertical bars,
and likewise the ujDper labials. Sides of the tail yellowish, with a
dusky longitudinal band. Under surfaces white. Males much more
brilliantly coloured than the females."

O. Neumann mentions a half-grown specimen from Modjo, Somali-
land, in which the back is uniformly red, as in the so-called variety
erythronota of Lacerta agilis.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

■1.

5.

0. 7.

8.

'J.

From end of 3Uout to veut

94

103

107

S3

85

74 100

74

86

„ „ „ fore limb

39

38

43

34

34

31 38

31

33

Length of liead

23

23

24

20

21

19 24

18

19

Width of head ....

14

14

14

12

13

12-6 16

11

12

Depth of head ....

12

12

18

10

11

10 12

9

10

Fore limb

32

31

34

29

28

24 32

25

26

Hind limb ....

03

59

62

53

52

45 63

50

49

Foot

31

30

32

25

25

24 33

27

24

Tail

290

270

—

250

205

— 320

210

195

1. <J, Durrur. 2. $, Suakin. 3. (^ , Samhar Coast (type of
L. faniharica). 4. 9; Komayli Pass (type of L. i^furti). 5. (^ ,

Lafastia.

29

Eugdeia Sogheira (type of L. clorin'). 6. (^ , Kereu (type of L. cloriie,
var. martensi). 7. J, Sheikh Othmau. 8. J', El Kubar. 9. $,
El Kubar.

I have stated above that the femoral pores number from 5 to 16 on
each side — a most unusual range of variation, which gives rise to
suspicion that two or more species are included in this definition.
Bedriaga has long ago proposed to separate the specimens with 5 to
8 pores (L. cloriie, Bedr. = revoili, Vaill.) from those with 11 or 12
{L. samJiarica, Blanf. =: longicauclata, Keuss), but specimens with 9 or
10 pores have since been found to fill up the gap between the supposed
species, and it is now known that the pores vary between 9 and 13 in
individuals from the same locality. The character which was thought
to go hand in hand with the reduced number of pores, viz. the small
irregular plates on the pectoral region, believed to be 6 to 13 as
against a lower number in the specimens with 11 or 12 pores, proves
to be worthless, as I count from 6 to 29 in the specimens with 5 to 8
pores and 5 to 24 in those with 9 or more (6 to 18 in the specimens
from Suakin and Durrur). As I have been unable to find any
characters either in the scaling or in the markings to support the
distinction based on the femoral pores, I must retain the species in
the comprehensive sense indicated by the above synonymy. Yet the
range of variation in the femoral pores is certainly restricted according
to localities, as shown by the series from the African littoral of the
Eed Sea, the inland districts of Eritrea, S.W. Arabia, and Somali-
land ; and although there is no gap in the number of pores between
5 and 16, a tabulation of the material at my disposal shows the
numbers 6, 12 and 15 to be culminating points which establish a
discontinuous variation.

Number of po

5

6 cases

6

28 „

7

19 „

8

13 „

9

8 „

10

13 „

11

15 „

12

22 „

13

5 „

14

3 „

15

4 „

16

2 „

The three types thus indicated may be recognised as ill-defined
varieties. There remains some difficulty with regard to the specimens

30 Lacert'idiv.

from the southernmost extremity of the range (Gallaland and East
Africa) ; as, from my own counts and those of Sterufeld, the pores
number 8 to 10, 9 being the most frequent number, I place them
provisionally under the var. revoili.

Forma ti/jjica {L. longicaudata, Keuss, samharica, Blauf., sturti,
Blanf.). 9 to 14 femoral pores on each side, usually 10 to 12 ; 31 to
41 f;ular scales; 23 to 27 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. —
Siuaitic Peninsula, African Coast of the Red Sea, Al)yssinia, Senegal,
Northern Nigeria and Lake Chad district.

Var. andersonii, Blgr. (i. longicaudata, And. 1901). 14 to 16
femoral pores ou each side ; 43 to 47 gular scales ; 26 to 32 lamellar
scales under the fourth toe. — S.W. Arabia.

Var. revoili, Vaill. (L. doriie, Bedr.). 5 to 10 femoral pores ou each
side, usually 6 to 9 ; 28 to 48 gular scales ; 22 to 27 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe. — Inland districts of Eritrea, Eastern Sudan,
Abyssinia, Soraaliland, G-allaland, British East Africa.

These definitions will probably have to be modified when a larger
number of specimens have been examined, and it is possible that the
division into varieties, as here proposed, will have to be abandoned.
But they express correctly, I think, the present state of our knowledge.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
Forma typica.
9 Durrur, N. of Suakiu

^ Suakiu

t^ Sinkat, nr. Suakin .

9 Shendi, Egypt. Sudan .

^ Samhar Coast, Eritrea
(type of L. samharica) .

1.

2_

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

94

63

29

13

40

12-13

26

6

94

60

26

12

39

12

27

6

94

60

29

13

38

10-12

27

7

98

58

30

10

35

11

26

6

97

62

81

10

34

12

27

6

95

55

31

11

39

10

26

7-(^

110

59

29

10

32

12

26

6-7

105

55

30

11

35

10

24

6-7

105

64

29

10"

37

10-9

26

7-6

100

57

28

11

31

11

23

6

98

58

29

9

35

12

26

6-7

98

60

27

10

36

11

23

6-5

103

62

30

10

41

13

26

(')

68

56

29

10

41

12-11

26

6-5

90

65

27

12

36

11

25

6

98

57

31

10

35

12

24

7

90

52

30

12

34

12-11

23

6

107

58

28

12

33

11

26

7-6

93

59

28

9

37

10-11

27

6

Lafastia. 31

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9 Komayli Pass, Eritrea

(type of L. sturti) . 83 61 28 14 38 12 25 5

c? Ohok, P.M. . . . 95 80 29 15 40 14 25 6-5

? „ „ . . . 96 58 29 11 40 12 26 5

„„„... 94 64 28 11 31 12-11 25 5-6

Hgr. Obbia-Ber)iera, Somali-
land . . • .55 52 30 9 36 13-12 27 6

^ Dungass, French Sudau,

P.M 63 56 26 8 34 12-11 26 6

„ Katagum, N. Nigeria . 70 55 30 7 35 12-11 25 6

Var. andersonii.

^ Sheik Othmau, iir. Aden 100 6'S 29 9 46 16 32 5

„ El Kubar, S.W. Arabia 74 61 27 10 43 16-14 27 5-6

? „ „ 86 58 33 9 47 15 25 6-8

77 57 29 9 45 15 28 6-7

Var. revoili.
^ Eugdeia Sogheira, Adal

(type of L. doriai) . 85 64 28 10 'S9 6 25 6
,, Keren, Bogos (type of

L. viartensi) . . 74 55 26 9 32 6 24 5

. 70 55 28 10 28 6 24 5-4

. 64 55 28 8 31 7 23 6

Hgr. Abu Ushar, Blue Nile 53 58 27 9 35 6 24 6

? Joba, Abyssinia . . 74 56 29 10 30 5 23 5

„ TaddekaMuUka, Abyssinia 84 62 32 10 47 7 26 6

„ . 80 66 31 10 43 6 25 6 .

„ S. Abyssinia . . . 66 61 30 9 . 39 6 23 5-6

S Somaliland (type), P.M. m 59 28 12 35 7 25 6

? „ „ „ . 74 58 30 10 33 7 25 6

„ . 66 60 28 8 40 6 26 6

c? Berbera, Somaliland . 83 63 29 14 40 7 26 6

. 80 64 25 10 44 10 26 6

. 96 57 25 12 37 6 24 Q-7

. 89 54 26 12 36 7 26 6

. 83 65 30 12 40 6 26 5

. 75 65 29 10 36 6 23 6

S Inland of Berbera . . 88 58 26 12 45 10 27 6-5

„ Wagga, ur. Berbera . 80 60 27 9 48 6 24 6

32

Lacertiih

B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

K

8.

2 Wags^a, iir. Berbera

85

64

32

7

46

7

26

6

„ Brara, Somaliland, G.M.

83

70

30

9

35

8

25

6

^ Maudah.

88

56

26

11

44

5

24

6-5

9 ,. ,.

83

60

29

11

39

5

23

6

1^ Zaila,

66

60

30

11

47

6

25

6

„ Lug-h,

70

65

26

9

40

7

25

6

Hgr. „

55

61

29

11

41

8

27

6

S Shebeli-Juba .

77

55

27

10

45

10-9

26

6

9 Takauugu, Coast of E.

Africa ....

77

60

29

10

37

8-9

25

6-7

(J Steppes N. of Fuladya,

Kenia, E. Africa .

89

60

27

9

35

9-10

23

6

9 Mbuugi, E. Africa, N.M.

73

58

31

11

38

9

25

7-6

„ Dodoma, ., ,, .

100

65

28

10

45

8

23

5

M •

88

63

30

11

41

9

25

5

84

64

30

10

42

9

25

5

Hi;T. Lake Stephanie .

51

55

27

9

32

9-8

25

5-6

In addition to the above specimens, I have examined the types of
Lacerta Joncjicaudata, from Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula, preserved in the
Senckenberg Museum.

Ifafeifai.— Sinaitic Peninsula, S.W. Arabia, West Coast of the Ked
Sea, Egyptian Sudan, Abyssinia, Somaliland, Gallaland, East Africa,
Senegal, Northern Nigeria, and Lake Chad district.

7. LATASTIA CAEINATA.

Lacerta carmata, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 368, pi. — , fig. 1.
Latastia carinata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 56 (1887), and Ann.
Mus. Genova (2) xvii, 1896, p. 17.

Body feebly depressed. Head feebly depressed, If to 1} times as long
as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner of
the eye and the tympanum, its length 34 to 4 times in length to vent ;
snout narrow, pointed, a little longer than postocular part of head,
with sharp canthus and nearly vertical, concave loreal region. Pileus
2i times as long as broad. Neck a little narrower than the head.
Hind limb reaching between the collar and the ear-opeuiug ; foot
1| times as long as head ; toes slender, feebly compressed. Tail 2 to
nearly 2| times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 4 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral, the suture -3 to i the length of the frontonasal, which is

Lataslia. 33

broader than loug and much broader than the iuteruarial space ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, 1^^ to 2
times as long as broad, rounded in front, narrow behind, grooved in
its anterior two-thirds ; parietals ll to nearly 2 times as long as
broad ; interparietal nearly twice as long as broad, twice as long as
the occipital, which is a little broader. 4 supraoculars, first and
fourth nearly equal in size, if not broken up, the former forming a
suture with the frontal, second slightly longer than third ; 6 super-
ciliaries, sepai'ated from the supraoculars by a complete series of
granules. Rostral not entering the nostril ; 2 superposed postnasals ;
anterior loreal not half as long as second ; 6 upper labials anterior to
the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than above. Lower
eyelid opaque, with vertically enlarged scales in the middle. A long
and narrow, keeled upper temporal, in contact with the fourth supra-
ocular, followed by two small shields ; temporal scales very small,
granular ; a distinct tympanic shield ; three triangular enlarged scales
forming a denticulation in front of the ear-opening.

4 pairs of large chin-shields, followed by a small fifth, first three in
contact in the middle. 36 gular scales between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate, granular iu front, enlarged
and imbricate towards the collar ; no gular fold. Collar with strongly
serrated edge, composed of 14 plates.

Scales granular on the nape, larger and olitusely keeled on the
anterior part of the back, gradually enlarged, rhombic, imbricate and
strongly and diagonally keeled on the posterior part of the back,
gradually merging into the caudal scales ; lateral scales smaller,
more obtusely keeled ; 45 to 52 scales across the middle of the body,
22 or 23 in a transverse series between the hind limbs. Ventral plates
overlapping, with the postero-inuer angle obliquely truncate, in 6 or
8 longitudinal and 27 transverse series, the plates of the outer series,
if present, small ; a central group of 10 small plates on the pectoral
region. Preanal plate rather small, twice as broad as long, surrounded
by numerous smaller, irregular plates.

A series of 7 large transverse plates under the forearm. Scales on
upper surface of tibia rhombic, keeled, smaller than largest dorsals.
7 to 11 femoral pores on each side, the series confined to the basal half
of the thigh. 24 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming alternately longer and shorter whorls, upper
oblique and diagonally and strongly keeled, truncate behind, lower
smooth ; 30 scales in the fifth whorl.

Greyish yellow sand-colour above, with faint markings in the form
of 8 light streaks or series of light spots and a darker lateral band
VOL. II. 3

34 Lacertidie.

from the tyin}iaiiuiu to aliove the tliigh, the l)aii(l with traces of round
blue spots ; limbs with round liyht spots. Lower parts white.

A specimen in the Genoa Museum is golden above, with 6 longitudinal
series of partly confluent small jjale blue spots, and blackish vertical
bars between the two outer series of blue spots.

Measuri'ments (in niilliuietres) :

<?.
From end of snout to vent .... 95

,, ,, ,, fore limb ... 40

Length of head . . . . . .23

Width of head 14

Depth of head . . . . . .12

Fore limb 32

Hind limb 55

Foot 29

Tail 195

The type s[)ecimen, which I have examined in the Berlin Museum,
is from Brava, Somaliland. I have seen a second specimen, also from
Brava, preserved in the Genoa Museum. A male specimen obtained
at Berbera, Somaliland, by Mr. E. Lort Phillips in 1898, was
presented by him to the British Museum.

8. LATASTIA CAPPADOCICA.

Lacerta cappadocica, Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxi, 1902, p. 1086,

id Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xix, 1903, p. 232, pi. xxiii, tigs. I, 2, and pi.
xxiv, figs. 6, 9, 13 ; Steind. Ann. Hofmus. Wien, xx, 1905, p. 308.

Apafhya cappadocica, Mi'hely, Teruu'sz. KOslon, Budapest, Ixxxv,
1907, p. 20, and Ann. Mus. Hung, vii, 190!», p. 431, pi. xi, figs. 1, 2,
4-7, and pi. xii, figs. 1-7.

Lataslmcappadocica, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (7) xx, 1907, p. 45.

Body rather depressed. Head much depressed, flat above, about
1^ times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3^: to a little over 4
times in length to vent ; snout narrow, obtusely pointed, as long as
postocular part of head ; cheeks rather swollen in the males. Pdeus
2^ to 2.\ times as long as broad. Neck as broad as or Ijroader than
the head. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in males,*
the axil in females ; foot a little longer than the head ; toes slender,
feebly compressed. Tail twice or a little over twicef as long as head
and body, tapering from the base, very slender posteriorly.

* Or to between the collar and the ear, according to Meliely.
t Up to 2; times, according;- to Mt^liely.

an

Latastia. 35

Nostril pierced between 4 to 6 shields ; uasals formiiig a suture
behind the rostral, the suture } to } the length of the frontonasal,
which is broader than long* ; prefrontals forming a median suture ;
frontal shorter than its distajice from the end of the snout, 1^ to H
times as long as broad, rounded in front, much narrower behind ;
parietals If to 2 times as long as broad ; interparietal 1} to 2^ times'
as long as broad ; occipital shorter and usually much liroader than
the interparietal.t 4 supraoculars, first small and in contact with the
frontal, + sometimes broken up into 2 or 3 granules, second and third
equal, fourth small but larger than first, and sometimes also broken
up ; 6, rarely 7, superciliaries, second usually longest, separated from
the supraoculars by a complete series of granules. Lower eyelid with
a transparent disc formed of 6 to 8 large scales. Eostral not enter-
ing the nostril, often separated from it by a small shield ; 2 or 3
postnasals ; 3 loreals, first small and often forming a triangle with
the two postnasals, sometimes fused with the upper postnasal, second
as long as or shorter than third ; 5 upper labials§ anterior to the sub-'
ocular, which is narrower beneath than above. Two or three narrow
upper temporals, first long and in contact with the fourth supraocular ;
temporal scales granular, not larger than dorsals ; a distinct tympanic
shield.

5 jiairs of chin-Bhields,|| first three in contact in the middle; 27 to
30 gular scales^ between the symphysis of the chiu-shields and the
median collar-plate ; gular fold absent or very indistinct. Collar with
entire edge, composed of 8 to 12 plates.

Dorsal scales granular, round or oval, smooth, rather larger and
flatter towards the ventrals, 67 to 71** across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates scarcely overlapping, with straight posterior border,
1)roader than long, in 6 longitudinal and 28 or 29 transverse seriesft ;
sometimes with enlarged lateral scales forming an incomplete addi-
tional series on each side. Preanal plate small, broader than long,
liordered by 3 or 4 series of scales, or broken up into several scales. ""

A short series of 4 or 5 feebly enlarged transverse plates under the
forearm. Upper surface of limbs covered with granular scales. 20

* Longitudinally divided into two in a female from Hassan Gassi.

t Separated from it ))y a small shield in the same female from Hassan Gassi.

t With rare exceptions, according to Mehely.

§ Very rarely 6, according to Mehely.

II Or 6, according to Steindachner.

f 2-tto 33, usually 27 to 31, according to Jlehely.

** Up to 7-i, according to Mehely.

+t 27 (o 29 in males, 29 or oO in females, according to Mehely.

36

Iiaceriulse.

to 24* femoral pores ou each side. Subdiyital lamellae uuicarinate,
24 to 26 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales truncate, upper oblique, obtusely keeled, the median
pair, both above and beneath, sometimes a little broader than the
others ; 22 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

Young greyish white, largely reticulated with black, and with
a black latei'al liand, the ground-colour apj^earing as round spots.
Adult grey or greyish brown, with the dorsal reticulation fading away
or replaced by two series of irregular spots along the back, or by
black cross-bars on the posterior part of the body ; the black lateral
baud with small white spots on the neck and small white and large
round blue spots on the body ; a more or less distinct white streak
from behind the eye to the shoulder, passing through the tympanum,
sometimes continued on the side of the body ; head with l)lack spots;
limbs with round white spots ; tail uniform, except at the base ; lower
parts white. Tail blue in the young.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

From end of snout to vent

16

63

m

)> ,, ,,

fore liml)

31

26

23

Length of head

20

17

16

Width of head

13

11

10

Depth of head

9

8

7

Fore limb

28

23

23

Hind limb

45

38

37

Foot

23

20

19

Tail

150

135

—

1. (^,Adaua. 2. (5" > Hassan Gassi.

3.

9 , Hassan Gassi.

FartkuJars

of 8^

^ecimens E.mm'n

ed.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

^ Adana

76

69

29

12

28

22-23

24

„ Hassan G-assi

63

68

29

9

29

24-22

26

9 ■ „

m

71

28

9

30

19-20

24

Tg. Kaisarieh .

44

68

29

12

27

22

26

,, Dumbalagh Dagh

38

67

29

8

30

22-21

24

Table as in the preceding, minus column 8.

Habitat. — The Karaman Province of Asia Minor up to 2000 m.
altitude. The types described by Werner are from the Erdshias
Mountains in Cappadocia.

* 19 to 25, according to Mehely. The male from Adana has an additional
series of minute pores.

Acanthodactylus. 37

A specimen labelled as from Mesopotamia is preserved iu the Basle
Museum.

L. cappadocica has much iu common with Laceria danfordii, as
recognized by Werner and by Mi'hely. It is probably derived from
the Podarcis group of the genus Lacerta, whilst the other species of
Latastia appear to show greater affinity with Laceria s. str. How-
ever, the black ))arriug on the back and the large blue spots on the
sides are features also frequent in Latastia loncjicaudata, and might
be used as an argument against the suggested diphyletic origin of the
genus as here understood.

6. ACANTHODACTYLUS.

Acanthodactylus, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1834) ; Duni. &
Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 205 (1839); C4ray, Cat. Liz. p. 36 (1845);
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 383 (1875) ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1878, p. 181 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885, pp. 125, 477 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 58 (1887); Anders. Zool. Egvpt, Eept'.
p. 147 (1898) ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 143.

Scapfeira, part., Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 280.

Ida, part., Gray, t.c. p. 281.

Meroles, part.. Gray, t.c. p. 282.

Head-shields normal, but occipital rudimentary or
absent. Nostril pierced between two nasals and the
first upper labial. Collar distinct. Dorsal scales small
and juxtaposed or large and imbricate; ventral plates
feebly imbricate, with truncate posterior border, smooth.
Digits cylindrical or feebly compressed, with keeled
lamellar scales inferiorly and serrated or pectinate
laterally. Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

Spain and Portugal, Africa north of the Equator,
Southern Asia eastward to North-western India.

The parietal foramen is constantly present and teeth are absent on
the palate.

Although, from a morphological standpoint, Acanthodactylus is
connected with Lacerta through Latastia, it appears quite certain to
me that none of the species grouped under the latter genus can be
regarded as leading to it. The striation characteristic of most of the
Acanthodactylus in their juvenile livery is of a kind that points to
descent from a more primitive tyjje, perhaps related to the genus

38 Lacerii(lR\

Nucras. As Lac erf a is prol)ahly derived from Nucras, we may imagine
some primitive form, no longer in existence, but possessing the generic
characters of the former, to have given rise to this genus, characterized
bv the lateral denticulation of the digits, as an adaptation to life on a
sandy soil.

In the less specialized forms, constituting the first group of the
following classification, there are three series of scales round the
digits, as in some specimens of Lacerta {L. agilis, for instance) in
which the subdigital lamella3 are divided into two ; the serration of
the inner side of the digit, if present, is produced by the antero-outer
angle of the dorsal scale, whilst the outer denticulation or fringe,
sometimes very strongly develojjed, is formed by a distinct series of
scales, much narrower than the upper and lower. In the species of the
second group the serration on the inner side of the fingers is produced
by a series of scales similar to that of the outer side, there being four
series round the digit. This character was first pointed out by Lataste,
and Anderson has further dwelt on its importance for the definition of
species.

The group with three series of scales round the fingers is un-
doubtedly the more primitive, the nearer to Lacerta. But among its
constituents there is not one that can be regarded as the most
generalized in all respects, as the survivor of the species from which
the others were derived. Looking upon the feeble denticulation of the
toes combined with the large size and small number of ventral plates
as primitive, we find A. vulgaris and^l. triKtranii to realize the original
condition, whilst on the other hand, the disintegration, in these two
species, of the first and fourth supraocular shields points to a derivation
from a form like A. schreiberi. A combination of the characters of
A. tristnnui and A. schreiberi would produce the ideal prototype of
Acanthodactylus; and it is interesting to find, in connexion with the
question of the original home of the genus, that both these species are
Syrian. It is remarkable that the habitat of the nearest ally of
A. tristrami, A. vulgaris, should be so remote, at the westernmost
extremity of the range of the genus. I have no better explanation to
offer for the fact than extinction of the original forms in the intervening
area, but it is not without parallel in the distribution of animals and
plants* ; other instances are well known to all herpetologists.f

* For a list of plants, cf. Engler, Versuch einer Eiitwiekeluno-sgeschichte der
Pflanzenwelt, i, p. 53 (1879).

t The genera Clemmys, Blanus, Pelodyles, Molge derjuyini and ilf. as/ieca,
Pelobates syriants and P. cultripes ; above all the discontinuous range of
Testudo ibera and Vipera lebetina are striking examples.

Acanthodacfylns. 39

The proba])le derivation of A. houefi, the southerimiost African
species, from the northern A. viihjaris is entirely iu accordance with
the views I have expressed on the dispersal of the Lacertidse.

I have stated above that the striation of the young of some of the
lizards of this g-euus is more primitive than that of any of the Lacerta.
This view is based on the uum1)er of w^hite streaks on the neck, which
may be as high as ten in some A. vulgaris and A. pardalis (6 dorsal
and a pair of lateral on each side), and it is a suggestive fact, in this
connexion, that, on morphological grounds, A. tudgaris is considered
as, on the whole, the most generalized species of the genus (the young
of A. trisframi is still unknown), whilst in the most extreme species at
the other end of the series, A. scuteUatus, the light streaks, if present,
are not more than 6 in number (4 dorsal and 2 lateral).

The distinction of species in this genus is a matter of considerable
difficulty, owing to the great variability in nearly all the characters
which have hitherto been used for the purpose, and the solution of
the problem must for the present rest on the taste and judgment of
the systematist. In the following revision I have utilized a very large
material (over 700 specimens j, and the results of long study, at
intervals, for 40 years. If I have erred in uniting too many forms
under one species, I cannot incur the reproach of increasing the
confusion by doing so, as subordinate categories have been freely
recognized under the term "variety."

In making use of the following synopsis for the identification of
specimens, difficulty may arise as to the exact number of longitudinal
series of ventral plates. It is often perplexing to count these series,
owing to a gradual passage, on the sides of the body, of the plates into
the enlarged scales ; for this reason the numl)ers given by me are not
always in accordance with those of other authors. According to the
system followed throughout in this family, I reckon as ventral plates
such of the outer series, whatever their width, as are as long as those
of the other longitudinal series. It sometimes happens, however, that
in one or two transverse series there is one plate more on one side of
the body than on the other ; in such cases I have not reckoned the
extra plate.

Si/noj)sis of the Species.

I. Three series of scales romid tlie fiiiu-ers and toes.

A. Only one or two large supraoculars, the (primarily) first and fourth,
or first, second and foiirtli, usually broken up into numerous small
plates or granules (the first rarely into 2 or 3 plates only) ; sub-
ocular often bordering the mouth ; dorsal scales small ; ventral

40 Lacertidie.

plates in 8 or 10 (rarely 12) longitudinal series; hind limb not
reachinL;- the ear.

1. Toes very feel)ly pectinate on both sides.

Two larufc supraoculars ; dorsal scales smooth or keeled, iipper
caudals strongly keeled ; 18 to 30 femoral pores on each side.

A. ruhjaris, I). & B., p. 41.
Two lar!4;e supraocvilars ; dorsal and basal caudal scales perfectly

smooth ; 18 to 24 femoral pores on each side . A. tristrami, Gthr., p. 53.
A sing-le large supraocular ; dorsal and upper caudal scales
strongly keeled : 14 to 18 femoral i^ores on each side.

A. loueti, Chaban., p. 55.

2. Outer edge of fovirth toe strongly pectinate ; two

large supraoculars ; dorsal and upper caudal
scales strongly keeled ; 19 to 2S femoral pores
on each side . . .A. savigmii, Aud., p. 57.

B. Three (rarely two) large supraoculars, the first frequently divided

into two or three, or separated from the second by a series of
granules ; dorsal scales small ; toes usually feebly pectinate on
both sides, or a little more strongly on the outer side of the fourth
toe.
Ventral plates in 12 or 14 (rarely 16) longitudinal series ; sub-
ocular very rarely bordering the mouth ; hind limb rarely
reaching the ear (males) ; foot 1 to 1^ times length of head.

A. pardalis, Lieht., p. 62.
Ventral plates in 10 longitudinal series; subocular usvially
bordering the mouth ; hind limb reaching the ear or the
eye; foot I3- to li times length of head . A. micropholis, Blanf., p. 76.

C. Usually four large supraoculars, but first or fourth sometimes broken

up ; posterior dorsal scales imbricate ; ventral plates in 10 (rarely
8 or 12) longitudinal series ; fourth toe more or less strongly
pectinate on oviter side.
Dorsal scales small, obtusely or more or less strongly keeled,
18 to 26 in a transverse series between the hind limbs; first
supraocular always entire . . . . A. schreiheri, Blgr., p. 78.

Posterior dorsal scales large and strongly keeled, 8 to 16 in a

transverse series between the hind limbs . A. boskianus, Daud., p. 83.
II. Four series of scales round the fingers, three round the toes ; three or four
large supraoculars, the first rarely broken up.

A. Ventral plates in 12 to 16 straight longitudinal series ;

jjosterior dorsal scales very large, imbricate, and
strongly keeled, 10 to 16 in a transverse series
between the hind limbs ; outer edge of fourth toe
strongly pectinate . . . .A. cantoris, Gthr., p. 91.

B. Ventral plates not forming straight longitudinal series ;

dorsal scales small, 18 or more in a transverse series

between the hind limbs.
Scales more or less distinctly keeled; ventral plates in 12 to 16
longitudinal series ; snout acutely pointed ; foot longer than
head ; outer edge of fourth toe strongly pectinate A. scutellafus, Aud., p. 97.

Acantlwdactylns. 41

Scales strony;-]y keeled on the posterior part of the body ; ventral
plates in 10 longitudinal series : snout obtusely pointed ; foot
longer than head ; outer edge of fourth toe strongly pectinate.

A. fraseri, Blgr., p. 111.

Scales smooth; ventral plates in M to 18 longitudinal series;
foot not or but slightly longer than head ; toes feebly pecti-
nate ^.^)-«»rf/i', Blgr, p. 113.

1. ACANTHODACTYLUS VULGAEIS.

Lacerta velox (non Pall.), M.-Edw. Auu. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 78,
85, pi. vi, fig. 7, and pi. vii, fig. 4 ; Duges, i.e. p. 383, pi. xv, fig. 6.

Lacerta erythrura, Schiuz, Naturg. Rept. p. 102, pi. xxxviii (1833).

Acanthodacfi/lus vuh/aris, Duni. & Bibr. Erp. Geu. v, p. 268 (1839) ;
Guicheu. Explor. Sc. Alg., Eept. p. 13 (1850) ; Straueh, Erp. Alg.
p. 35 (1862) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 390 (1875) ; Bouleug. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1878, p. 195; Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 335;
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 747, pi. Ixiv, fig. 4; Lataste, Ann.
Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885. p. 477 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. G7 (1887) ;
Bedriaga, Ampli. Rept. Portug. p. 00 (1889) ; Bouleug. Tr. Zool. Soc.
xiii, 1891, p. 131; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 15; Koenig,
Sitzb. Niederrhein. Ges. Bonn, 1892, p. 20 ; Perreira, Jorn. Sc. Lisb.
(2) ii, 1892, p. 188; Doumergue, Erp. Orau. p. 186 (1901) ; Schreib.
Herp. Eur., Ed. 2, p. 353 (1912) ; Chabanaud, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1916,
p. 232 ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 146.

Acanihodadylus lineomacuJatns, Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 276 ; Gray,
Cat. Liz. p. 37 (1845) ; Straueh, op. cit. p. 37 ; Boettg. Abh. Senek.
Ges. ix, 1873, p. 129 ; Schreil). op. cit. p. 385 ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1878, p. 191, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 747; Boettg.
Abh. Seuck. Ges. xiii, 1883, p. 114.

Lacerta pardalis (non Lieht.), Schleg. in Wagn. Reise Alg. iii, p. 115
(1841).

Acaidhodacfijlus hoschianus, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Anif. (1841).

Acanfhodacfijlus velox. Gray, Cat. Liz. p. oij (1845j ; Bosca, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 272.

Acanthodact ylits helllt, Gray, I.e.

Acanthodactylus vulgaris, var. litieomaculafiis, Lataste, I.e. ; Dou-
mergue, op. cit. p. 187, pi. iv, figs. 1-7; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool,
France, 1918, p. 149.

Acanthodactylus vuhjaris, var. bocaijii, Ferreira, t.c. p. 194.

Acanthodactylus savhjiiyi, var., Doumergue, op. cit. \). 183.

Acanthodactylus hlanci, Doumergue, op. cit. p. 184, pi. xiii, figs. 1-5.

Acanthodaclylus vuhjavis, vars. tinyitanus, mauretanlcns, Isourensis,
Doumergue, op. cit. p. 187.

42 Lacertidn'.

AcanfhoihictyhiK viilri<irii', vars. heUi, aflanficn, mivuritanicn, hlanci,
Bouleiit?. Bull. Soc. Zool. Franco, 1918, p. 149.

In the broad sense, A. vulgaris embraces all the individuals combining
the following characters : Small dorsal scales, ventral plates much
broader than long and in 8 or 10 longitudinal series, strongly keeled
upper caudal scales, fee1)ly denticulated digits, and the first and fourth
supraoculars more or less broken up into small shields and granules.*
Like all Acanthodactyls with an extensive range, it varies considerably,
and mav be divided into several rather ill-defined geographical forms.
In order to avoid confusion, the following description is drawn up
exclusivelv from Spanish and Portugese specimens, which represent
the typical A. vulgaris of Dunu'ril and Biln-on. The distinctive features
of the varieties, together with the numerical variation shown by the
material at my disposal, will be dealt with afterwards.

Habit rather robust, l)ody moderately elongate, decidedly depressed.!
Head 1^ to l.V times as long as broad, its length of to 4 times in
length to vent in males, 4 to 4^, times in females, its depth equal to
the distance Ijetween the anterior corner or the centre of the eye and
tvmpaunm ; a lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal to the middle
of the frontal ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the postocular part
of the head, with rather sharp canthns and feeljly concave loreal
region ; nasals feebly swollen. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck
as broad as the head. The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the ear,
usuallv lietween these two points, in males, the axil or between the
shoulder and the ear in females; foot li to 1? times as long as the
head; fourth toe, from the ])ase of the fifth, as long as the head, or a
little longer (up to 11. times), or a trifle shorter. Tail 1? to 2 times
as long as head and liody.

Upper head-shields convex, sometimes rugose in the adult. Suture
jjetween the nasals ^^ to }, the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long, and a little broader than the internarial space ;
prefrontals longer than Ijroad and forming a median suture^ ; frontal

* Scales across ?niddle of body 50 to 72 ; transverse series of ventral plates
28 to :?3 ; gnlar scales 21 to 32 ; femoral pores 18 to 30 ; lamellas under fourth
toe 18 to 25.

t Bedriai,'a (1889) says '' tronc . . . arrondi on k'gin-enient deprime."
In specimens preserved in spirit the depth of the body is usually li to 1| times
in the width, and in life, according to the same authority (1879), these lizards
" platten sich, sobald der oeringste [Sonnen] Stratil in ihren Kiifig fiillt,
ganz ab."

X A small azygos prefrontal in a male from Oiudad Eeal and in a young
from Tabernas de Valldigna.

Acant/iodactylus. 43

as long as its distance from the end of the snout, 2 to 2.\ times as long
as broad, rounded or truncate in front, narrow liehind ; parietals as
long as broad or broader than long, outer border straight or concave.
Two large supraoculars (the second and third of typical Lacertids)
jireceded and followed by small shields and granules (the first supra-
ocular often represented by 2 or 3 naiTOw shields), and l)ordered on
the outer side by a single series of granules, rarely by tw^o incomplete
series; the anterior supraocular as long as or a little longer than -its
distance from the second loreal ; 6 or 7, rarely 8, superciliaries, first
longest.* Anterior loreal as long as or shorter than the second ;
4 upper labials, rarely 5 to 7,t anterior to the centre of the eye ; sub-
ocular sharply keeled lielow the eye, narrowly liordering the mouth or
wedged in between the fourth and fifth, or rarely fifth and sixth upper
labials, + One or two large upper temporals§ ; temporal scales granular,
convex or very obtusely keeled, upper minute, lower much larger ; a
very small tympanic shield sometimes present ; auricular denticulation
absent or very slightly indicated.

Usually 5 pairs of chin-shields,|| the three first in contact in the
middle, 25 to 33 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtaposed in front,
gradually enlarged and imbricate towards the collar ; gular fold absent
or merely indicated. Collar free, curved or angular, composed of 9 to
12 plates.

Scales granular and smooth on the nape, roundish-su))rhomboidal and
smooth or feelily keeled on the back, a little smaller on the upper part
of the sides, largest towards the ventrals, often subimbricate and
distinctly or even strongly keeled towards the tail ; 58 to (58 scales
across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in regular longitudinal
and transverse series, all except the outermost much broader than long,
the largest fully twice as broad as long, in 10, rarely 8, longitudinal
and 28 to 33 transverse series. 2 to 5 enlarged preanal plates in a
median series, the last always much broader than long. 21 to 28
femoral pores on each side, the two series meeting in the middle.

* In contact with tlie prefrontal in a male from Ciudad Eeal.

t 7 in the specimen from Abrantes. — The French specimen figured hy Milne-
Edwards is represented as having 5.

X It is usually stated that the suboeular borders the mouth in this species,
and this is true as concerns the type specimens, but it is so in only 20 out of the
44 cases examined by me.

§ Separated from the parietals by grannies in a male from Valencia.

II 6 on one side in a male from Valencia, and in two young from Tabernas
de Valldigna ; 7 pairs, the 4 anterior in contact in the middle, in the specimen
from Abrantes.

44 Larertlrlie.

Dio-its with 3 series of scales, very fee])ly denticulate on each side ; 20
to 25 uni-, bi-, or tricariuate lanielltB under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales very oblique, strongly and diagonally keeled,
those at the base broader than long, lower smooth in the Jiasal part of
the tail ; 22 to 32 scales in the fourth or tifth whorl.

The young are elegantly striated with black and yellowish white.
5 white dorsal streaks, the outer proceeding from the superciliary edge,
and extending along the basal third of the tail, the median, which is
sometimes liifurcate just ))efore reaching the occiput, ending between
the hind limits, the pair next to it uniting into a single streak on the
base of the tail ; 2 white streaks on each side, the upper from behind
the eye to the base of the thigh, bordering the tympanum aliove and
interrupted behind the collar-fold, rea})pearing on the base of the tail,
the lower from below the tympanum to the base of the arm and along
the side of the l)e]ly; series of round yellowish-white spots sometimes
present along the ))lack interspaces. Head pale greyish-brown above,
with l)lack spots and a continuation of the outer dorsal black band on
to the supraoculars ; two black bands on the temple ; upper lip with
black spots. Upper surface of limbs black, with large round yellowish-
white spots. Tail and lower surface of thighs l)right red.* Throat and
belly white. In exceptional cases the white vertebral streak splits up
into two, and there are then 10 light streaks, 3 dorsals and 2 laterals
on each side ; in others, the white vertebral streak persists on the nape
but is absent on the body, the median pair uniting on the base of the
tail. The number of light streaks on the body may therefore be 10,
9 or 8.

Traces of the light streaks may persist in the adult, sometimes pale
grev, finely edged with darker, or become transformed into chains of
round whitish dark-edged spots ; large irregular black spots, or black
bands with round white spots, may occupy the spaces between the
light streaks, or the markings may almost entirely disappear, the
upper parts being grey, greyish-brown, or copper-colour. The red
colour sometimes persists, faded to pink or pinkish, on the lower
surface of the tail.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1. 2.

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, tore limb .

Length of head .....

Width of head

• The tail of the young A. vuhjaris has been compared by Bedriaga to the
autenua of a boiled lobster.

72

74

27

26

17

17

12

12

Acanthodactyhts. 45

1.

2.

Depth of head .

10

9

Fore limb .

27

26

Hiud limb .

46

42

Foot . . • .

22

20

Tail .

133

120

1. c?, Ciudad Real. -1.

$ , Valencia.

Hahitaf. — Saudy aud rocky arid tracts in Spain (Provinces Leon,
Old Castille, New Castille, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia) and Portugal
(Estreniadura, Alg'arve). The occurrence of this lizard in the South
of France is doulitful. A few specimens are stated to liave been found
in the departments Herault aud Gard in the first half of the last
century, but the lizard has not been rediscovered since, any more than
in the neighbouring part of Italy, notwithstanding Bonaparte's state-
ment.*

Var. BELLI, Gray (vars. vulgaris, lisourensis, Doum.).

The form generally distriViuted in North Algeria agrees in all
essential characters with the tyjjical form, except that the subocular
appears to border the mouth constantly, and to a greater extent. The
scales on the back are likewise juxtaposed and convex aud may be
either nearly smooth or rather strongly keeled, with every gradation
between the two exti'emes.

Suture l)etween the nasals very short, f rarely more that \ the length
of the frontonasal, which is very rarely divided into two:[: ; an azygos
prefrontal very rai'ely present§ ; disintegration of the first supraocular
sometimes restricted to a division into two shields, or one shield aud
one granule 1 1 ; the distance between the second loreal aud the anterior
large supraocular often much less and never more than the length of
the latter ; suliocular entering the labial border between the fourth and
fifth u[)per labials ; tympanic shield nearly always present and some-
times rather large. Tail 1^ to If times as long as head and body.

58 to 70 scales across the middle of the body. 20 to 30 femoral
pores on each side. 18 to 23 lamellse under the fourth toe.

* " Habitat in Hispania, in Gallia meridional! et finitima Italia niaritima."
Honaparte, Aniph. Eur. p. 38 (1840).

t Kostral forming a narrow suture with the frontonasal in one of the types
of A. belli.

t In a young from Algiers.

§ In a female from Algiers.

il As in a male from Sersou.

46 Lu cert idee.

The tv|)(\s of tlii.s variety are youiiLC from Algiers which do not differ
in their liverv from the typical form. The yellow verteliral streak
may be restricted to the nape or extend to the lumbar region, bifur-
cating on the nape. Adult often grey or greyish-brown above, some-
times coppery brown, with a series of square or transverse black spots
on each side of the liack, a dorsolateral and a lateral series of round
white spots, and between the two latter a series of large blue, black-
edged ocelli, which may extend along the side of the tail* ; others are
handsomely marked with more or less perfect remains of the light
streaks of the young, separated by series of large black spots, except
on the vertebral region, which is unspotted ; others again are almost
uniform or with mere traces of the dark and light markings.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

1. 2.

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb .

Length of head ....
Width of head ....
Depth of head ....
Fore liml) .....
Hind limb .....

Foot

Tail

1. (^ , Rorfa des Beni Salam. 2. $ , Bordj-bou-Arrerij.
Habitat. — Coast and Plateaux of Algeria. — Pellegrin, Bull. Mus.
Paris, 1909, j^- 41 o, has recorded ^1. vulcjaris from Sokoto, Northern
Nigeria (Mission Tilho-Claillard) ; the young specimen, which I have
examined in the Paris Museum, belongs to the var. heJli.

Var. ATLANTICUS, Boulenger.

I have seen three specimens only, females, from the Atlas of
Morocco. They agree with the preceding variety, except that the
lower part of the subocular, instead of bordering the mouth, is severed
as a small shield intercalated between the fourth and fifth upper
labials.

Suture between the internasals \ the length of the fronto-
nasal, which, in one of the sj^ecimens, is longitudinally divided into
two. The scales on the Inxlyare convex, juxtaposed and feebly keeled,
except towards the Itase of the tail, and there are 52 to 63 across the

* A thing never observed in any of the Lacerta, in which lateral blue ocelli
are frequently i^rosont, in tlie same jjosition on the liody.

68

71

25

24

17

17

12

12

10

10

24

24

40

38

22

21

110

loo

Acaiifhodacti/lus. 47

middle of the Ijody. 22 to 24 femoral pot-es on each side. 21 or 22
lamellte under the fourth toe.

Reddish lirown above with two grey lines along the back and two
white streaks, which may l)e edged with dark grey or break up into
spots, ou each side ; a median grey line on the nape in one of the
specimens ; small black spots may be present between the light longi-
tudinal streaks ; limbs with round, white, dark-edged spots.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent ..... 74

,, ,, ,, fore limit . . . .26

Length of head . . . . .17

Width of head 11

Depth of head 9

Fore limb 24

Hind limb 39

Foot 22

Tail 127

Two specimens were obtained by Mr. Kiggenbach in the Tamaruth
Valley (altitude about 1500 m.) ; a third, labelled Atlas of Morocco,
was presented to the British Museum by Mr. E. Or. B. Meade Waldo.

Var. MAUEITANICUS, Doumergue.

Distinguished from the var. heUl by the dorsal scales, which are flat,
rhombic, sul (imbricate, and strongly keeled from the uaj^e or between
the shoulders to the base of the tail, the keels sharj^ly defined, exactly
as in the var. lineoniactdat/is, from which it differs in the subocular
bordering the mouth, between the fourth and fifth upper labials.*

Suture between the nasals J to ^ the length of the f rontonasalf ;
the distance between the second loreal and the anterior supraocular
sometimes longer than the latter, rarely a little shorter ; often two
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, of
which there are 5 or 6, rarely 7 ; tympanic shield constantly present.
Tail 1| to 1^ times as long as head and body.

53 to 65 scales across the body. 22 to 26 femoral pores. 20 to 23
lamella) under the fourth toe. «

Coloration as in var. belli, but adult often with black spots on the
vertebral area. Doumergue mentions a series of yellow spots ou the
sides and a yellow streak just above the ventral region. Tail often
pink, In-ight vermilion in females during the l)reeding season.

* Douuieigue, who has examined many specimens, has met witli but a single
exception.

t Wliicli is longitudinally divided into two in one sjieL-imen only (S. t'luz).

1.

2.

72

n

29

30

18

18

13

13

10

11

26

25

45

39

21

19

115

—

48 Lorerfida?.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head ....
Width of head ....

Depth of head ....

Fore limb .....

Hind limb

Foot

Tail

1. c^'.Guelt-es-Stal. 2. 9 , Daya.

Habitat. — Oran and nei^^hbourinj;' parts of the Province ; also near
Nemours and on the Plateaux. — The specimens from Telouet, Morocco,
mentioned by Chabauaud, prol)ably belong to this variety.

Var. BLANCl, Doumergue.

Agrees with the vars. mauritanlctcs and lineomaculatus in the shape
and strong cariuation of the scales on the body.

Suture between the internasals ^ to i the length of the fronto-
nasal, which is sometimes longitudinally divided into two* ; some-
times an azygos shield incomjih^tely separating the prefrontalsf ;
distance between the second loreal and the anterior supraocular
exceeding the length of the latter in the adult ; usually a single series
of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries,+ of which
there are 6 or 7 ; subocular not reaching the oral margin, § wedged in
between the fourth and fifth upper labials. Tail 1^ to a little over
2 times length of head and body.

54 to 68 scales across the middle of the liody. 18 to 25 femoral
pores. 19 to 23 lamelke under the fourth toe.

Young lilackish aV)ove, with 4 yellow streaks along the back and
two on each side, with a yellow vertebral streak confined to the nape ;
series of round yellow spots along the dark bands ; head variegated
with black and yellow ; tail bluish beneath at the base, decidedly blue
at»the end. Adult grey or somewhat rufous, with the markings of
the young much effaced ; a lateral series of yellow sjiots or ocelli. A
large male in the Paris Museum has four chains of white, lilaek-edged
ocelli along the back.

* In two sjieciiiiens.

t 111 five specimens.

X In two specimens there are two.

§ Except in one male from Cape Bon.

Acanfhodactylus. 49

Measurements (in millimetres) :

S- 6- ?• ?.

From end of snout to vent . .90 61 94 80

fore limb . 81 28 32 28

Length of head . . .21 18 22 18

Width of head .... 15 13 1(3 13

Depth of head . . . .13 11 13 11

Fore limh 32 27 30 27

Hind limb 57 44 54 43

Foot 28 23 27 21

Tail 165 127 155 115

The largest Acanthoclacfylus after A. grandis.

Habitat. — Littoral near Tunis.

Var. LINEOMACULATUS, D. & B.

Head often a little more elongate than in the preceding forms, 1 J to
1| times as long as broad ; foot usually a little longer, up to If times
the length of the head. Tail li to 2 times as long as head and body.
Suture between the nasals J to -i, rarely |, the length of the fronto-
nasal, which may be nearly as long as broad and is often divided into
two by a longitudinal cleft "'■ ; very frequently one or two azygos
shields between the prefrontals t ; parietals sometimes a little longer
than broad ; anterior supraocular sometimes a little shorter than its
distance from the posterior loreal ; often 2 or 3 series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, which are 5 or 6 in
number; subocular very rarely reaching the oral border,!}: wedged
in between the fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth upper labials;
temporal scales often distinctly keeled; 4 or 5 scales often form a
feeble but very distinct denticulation in front of the tympanum.
Gular fold sometimes very distinct. § Dorsal scales rhombic, flat
and subimbricate, with strong and sharply defined keels, from the
nape or from between the shoulders, often passing gradually into the
caudals ; sometimes a band of enlarged scales on each side of the
posterior part of the back, proceeding from the basal caudals.

* In 8 out of the 26 specimens before me ; in 67 p. c. of the specimens from
Casablanca described by Boettger.

t One in 13 specimens, two in 4; one in 27 p. c. and two in 59 p. c. of
Boettger's Casablanca specimens.

t Only once, and on one side onlj% in tlie specimens before me. In my
description of 38 specimens from Tangier, in 1878, I stated this condition to
be exceptional.

§ Especially in one specimen from Mogador.
VOL. II. 4

60

Lacertldie.

50 to 72 scales across the middle of the body. 20 to 27 * femoral
pores on each side. 20 to 23 lamellse under the fourth toe.

Young with 9 yellow longitudinal streaks separated by black inter-
spaces, which may bear series of round yellow spots ; the yellow
vertebral streak sometimes bifurcating iu the young; limbs with
large round yellow spots. These markings sometimes persist in the
adult, but the light dorsal streaks, five in number, often become
greyish, bearing a series of round whitish or yellowish spots, and
the interspaces between them assume a greyish-brown or golden or
reddish colour bearing large black spots ; the area between the outer
dorsal and the upper lateral light streaks often with a series of white
or blue, black-edged ocellar spots. Tail red in the young, which
colour sometimes persists on the lower surface in the adult.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, ,, M foi'P limb

Length of head
Widtli of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot .
Tail .
Habitat. — Moroc

70
26
17
11
9
23
40
22
130

?.

59

22

14

9

8

21

36

20

103

CO, from Tangier to Agadir, and Plateau of Morocco
This variety constitutes a link between A. vulgaris and A. savignyi

Particulars of S2Jfrimens Examined.

3.

6.

8. 9.

Forma typica
$ Spain (type), P.M.

^ Valencia
?

Yg. "„

$ Dehesa de Albi

70 68 10 31 10 31

59 64 10 31- 10 31

72 63 10 28 11 30

70 60 10 30 11 29

74 66 10 29 11 30

62 61 10 30 11 31

56 58 10 32 12 31

55 59 10 31 10 29

52 60 10 29 11 30

41 65 10 31 10 32

37 64 10 30 10 32

37 66 8 29 11 32

fera, Valencia 75 60 8 29 9 30

25

23

4

27-26

25

4

26-27

24

4

26-25

24

4

23-24

21

4

24^23

23

4

25-23

21

5-4

23-25

25

4

22-26

20.

4

21-22

20

4

27-28

23

4

27-28

25

4^5

26-28

25

4

18 to 29 according to Boettger.

Acanthodacfyluh

51

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

<^ Tabernas de Valkligna

. 66

60

10

29

10

31

24-26

23

4

Yg.

. 40

61

10

33

10

30

26-27

23

4

). >>

. 3y

64

10

31

12

28

24-25

22

4

jj „

. 37

65

10

29

11

29

27-26

24

4

S Ciudad Real

. 72

66

10

31

9

33

26-27

23

4

„ Don Benito, Badajos

. 69

63

10

32

9

25

26-25

21

4

Yg. Abrantes, Portiig-al .

. 44

68

10

31

10

29

24-25

21

7-(

Var. belli.

(J Sebdou, Prov. Oran
„ Sersou Plateau .

5 Wed Sedeur (between Laghonat

and Djelfa)
„ Algiers
Yg. „ ...

" " (type of A. belli)

9 Maffray, near Bona

J Setif, Prov. Constantino

? Bordj-bou-Arrerij, Prov. Con

stautiue ....
(J Rorfa des Beni Salam, ur. Aumale
Hgr. "Wed Okris, nr. Aiiniale

Var. atlanticus.

¥Tamaruth Valley, Atlas of Morocco 74 .52 10 32 10 26

69 59 10 31 11 24
„ Atlas of Morocco . . . . 65 63 10 30 10 26

Var. mauritanicus.
2 Oran (type) .

g St. Denis le Sig, Oran
,, S. Cruz, Oran
Hgr. „

Yg. ", "

. 66

62

10

28

11

26

26-27

20

4

. 75

66

10

31

13

29

30-28

21

4

. 07

58

10

30

11

28

25-24

20

4

L

. 72

59

10

31

9

29

20-21

20

4

. 70

60

10

31

10

25

21-20

19

4

. 41

69

10

31

9

25

24-26

23

4

. 34

65

10

28

10

25

23-22

20

4

. 34

70

10

29

10

24

22

19

4

. 33

64

10

29

10

24

22-20

19

4

. 75

64

10

30

12

23

25-24

19

4

. 74

62

10

30

10

24

21-22

23

4

. 70

65

10

29

11

21

26-25

20

4

. 59

61

10

29

11

23

23

19

4

. 53

60

10

30

9

23

22-23

21

4

. 71

68

10

33

10

25

21

19

4

e 68

65

10

29

10

22

22-21

20

4

. 44

67

10

30

9

25

22

18

4

2 Daya, Oran .

(J La Senia, Oran .

70

63

10

31

11

25

23

21

4

63

62

10

29

11

25

23

20

4

65

63

10

28

10

26

23-24

21

4

59

58

10

28

10

24

25-26

23

4

48

60

10

29

11

31

25

22

5

47

57

10

28

11

24

24

22

4

43

63

10

28

9

25

22-23

22

4

43

65

10

30

10

27

23-24

20

5

37

58

10

32

9

28

22-24

21

4

77

55

10

30

11

27

23

21

4

74

53

10

31

12

27

24-25

22

4

59

60

10

29

9

23

25-26

20

4

62

Lacertidie.

9 La Senia, Oran .
? Kralfalla, Oran .

(7 Guelt-es-Stal, C. Plateau

Var. blanci.
J Tunis (type)
Yg. „ „ .

(J Nabeul, Tunisia

? „

<J Cap Bon, Tunisia, L.M.

9 „

^ Tunisia, P.M.

9 „ „ . .

Var. lineomaciilatus.
(? Tangier

? Mogador (type),

P.M.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C. 7. 8. 9.

61 61 10 30 12 26 22-24 20 4

63 53 10 30 9 25 22-23 20 4

72 64 10 2S 13 30 24-23 21 4

61

58

10

29

11

30

24-21

19

4

44

58

10

28

10

25

24-25

22

4

38

57

10

29

10

24

22-21

21

4

80

54

10

30

9

24

23-22

21

4

69

60

10

28

11

27

21-20

22

4

81

54

10

30

10

25

22 21

19

4

75

55

10

30

10

26

18-19

22

4

80

65

10

27

10

22

21-22

23

4

75

67

10

29

9

30

23-25

20

4

76

65

10

30

8

29

23

20

4

90

57

10

27

11

23

24-25

20

4

72

56

10

28

9

30

23-24

22

4

94

68

10

29

10

23

23-22

22

4

70

64

10

29

7

24

24-22

22

5

67

64

8

29

9

28

26-24

21

4-6

67

56

10

28

10

21

25

20

4

66

67

10

30

11

24

24-25

22

5-4

51

72

10

29

10

26

24

21

4

59

68

10

29

11

27

24-26

20

5 4

59

63

10

31

9

28

25

23

5-4

50

70

10

30

11

24

22 23

22

4-5

43

66

10

31

10

26

22

19

4

63

55

10

30

9

24

22

21

4

75

62

10

29

12

23

24-23

20

5

70

60

10

31

10

31

25-26

21

4

67

59

10

31

9

27

27-25

22

4

62

58

10

29

10

24

22-21

23

4

62

68

10

30

9

28

25

20

5-4

59

60

10

30

11

24

23

23

4

53

52

10

29

12

24

20

20

4

53

50

10

29

9

28

20

21

4

51

53

10

31

10

21

24-22

22

4

72

51

10

31

9

25

20-22

19

4

69

57

10

29

9

23

22-23

22

4

City of Morocco

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimeti-es). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates. 4. Transverse series of ventral
plates. 5. Plates in collar. 6. Gular scales in a straight median series.
7. Femoral pores (right and left if differing). 8. Lamellas under fourth toe.
9. Upper labials anterior to centre of eye (right and left if differing).

Same explanation for the following tables.

Acanfhodadtjlus. 53

The six forms here defiued are not always easy to distinguish,
owing to iutergradation. The following synopsis will help in their
identification.

I. Scales in middle of body smooth or feebly keeled : if strongly keeled, convex ;

tail of yoimjj red.

Subocular not reaching the oral border, or entering it very
narrowly ; suture between the nasals i to ,V the length of
the frontonasal Forma typica.

Svibocular largely bordering the mouth ; suture between the
nasals rarely more than i the length of the fr^mtonasal

Var. belli, Gray.

Subocular separated from the oral border by a small shield
detached from it ; suture between the internas.-ils ^ the
lengtli of the frontonasal Var. atlanticus, Blgr.

II. Scales in middle of body flat, with strong, well-defined keels.

Sulioeular bordering the moutli ; tail red in the young

Var. mauritanicus, Douni.

Subocular usually not reaching the mouth ; prefrontals in

contact with each other; tail blue in the young . Var. blanci, Doum.

Subocular usually not reaching the mouth ; prefrontals often
separated by one or two shields ; frontonasal often divided
into two ; tail red in the young . . . Vai: lineomaculatus, J) &B.

2. ACANTHODACTYLUS TRISTEAMI.

.'' Scajjfeira leiocerca. Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 281.

Zoofoca tristrami, Griinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 18(34, p. 491 ; Tristram,
Faun. Palest, pi. xvi, fig. 2 (1884).

Acanthodacfylvs dorsalis, Peters, Mou. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 62.

Acanthodacfi/Jus tristrami, Bouleug. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 746,
pi. Ixiv, fig. 1 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Geneva (2) ii, 1885, p. 482 ;
Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 68 (1887), and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918,
p. 147.

Lacerta platijura, Hempr. it Ehrenb. Symlj. Phvs., Zool., Amph.
pi. ii, fig. 8 (1899).

Habit rol)ust, body depressed. Head about l^ to IJ times as long
as broad, its length 4 to 4f times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance lietween the anterior corner or the centre of the eye and
the tympanum ; a rather feeble concavity between the prefrontals and
along the anterior half of the frontal ; snout obtusely pointed, with
obtuse cauthus and feebly concave loreal region ; nasals not or but
very feebly swollen, Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad. Neck as
broad as the head or a little broader. The hind limb reaches the axil
or the shoulder in males as in females ; foot 1,\ to Ii times as long as

54 LarerfidR'.

the head ; fourth toe, from the base of the fifth, as long as the head
or a little longer. Tail 1-i to l^- times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields convex. Suture between the nasals -\ to f the
length of the frontonasal, which is broader than long, and a little
broader than the iuteruarial space; prefrontals as long as broad or a
little longer than broad, and forming a median suture ; frontal as long
as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, 1| to 2 times
as long as broad, rounded or truncate in front, narrow behind ;
parietals as long as broad, outer border straight or concave. Two
large supraoculars, preceded and followed by small shields* and
granules as in^. vulgaris and bordered on the outer side by one or two
series of granules ; the anterior supraocular as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the second loreal ; 6 or 7 superciliaries,
first longest. Anterior loreal much shorter than second ; 4 upper
labialsf anterior to the subocular, fourth longest ; suliocular sharply
keeled below the eye, entering the oral border, often rather largely,
between the fourth and fifth upper labials. A large, keeled upper
temporal, usually followed by a smaller one ; temporal scales granular,
convex, upper minute, lower much larger ; tympanic shield usually
present ; auricular denticulation absent or very slightly indicated.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the three first in contact in the middle.
19 to 26 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtajiosed in front, enlarged
and imbricate towards the collar ; gular fold absent. Collar free or
attached in the middle, curved or angular, composed of 7 to 11 plates.

Scales granular on the nape and sides, larger and flat, round and
juxtaposed or subimbricate on the back, largest and often pointed
towards the veiitrals, all perfectly smooth ; 58 to 65 scales across the
middle of the body. Ventral plates in regular longitudinal and
transverse series, all except the outermost much broader than long, the
largest fully twice as broad as long, in 10 longitudinal and 26 to 33
transverse series. 3 to 5 transversely enlarged preanal plates in a
median series.

18 to 24 femoral pores on each side, the two series meeting or very
narrowly separated in the middle. Digits with 3 series of scales, very
feebly denticulate on each side ; 19 to 22 tricarinate lamellae under
the fourth toe.

Posterior caudal scales feebly keeled, oblique and longer than broad,
the basals perfectly smooth and as long as broad ; 28 to 38 scales in
the fourth or fifth whorl.

* The first supraocular sometimes represented ))y 2 or 3 shields only.
t 3 on one side in a female from Mt. Hermon.

A ca n tJi 0(7(7 cfylus.

55

Greyish, brownish, or reddish above, sides and liml)s with round
white spots ; back with small black dots irregularly scattered or with
large squarish or X-shaped black spots formiug two or four longi-
tudinal series, accompanied by whitish dark-edged spots ; lower parts
white. The livery of the young is still unknown.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, „ ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
I'ore limb
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

86
32
20
15
11
31
50
24
130

<?
77
29
19
15
11
28
47
•^3

?

83
31
19
14
11
30
46
22
110

?

70
25
16
11
9

26

42

21

102

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

9 Lebanon (tyjje)

J" Kefr Hawar-Artuz

9 Baalbek-Shtora

c? Mt. Hermon .

67 62 10 28
77 63 10 26
69 62 10

5. 6. 7. 8.

9 24 18-19 22
21

7 25

20

30 10 26 23-21 20
86 58 10 31 9 23 20 20
83 65 10 32 11 24 21-20 22
70 60 10 33
58 59 10 31

9.
4
4
4
4
4
24 24-22 21 4
19 18-19 19 4-3

In addition to the above specimens I have examined the types of
A. dorsalis, Peters {L. pJatijura, Hempr. & Ehrenb.) preserved in the
Berlin Museum.

Habitat.— The Lebanon, between 2000 and 3000 metres, and
neighbouring parts of Syria.

A. tristrami is one of the largest and heaviest Acauthodactyls. It is
closely allied to A. vulgaris, from which it is easily distinguished by the
smooth scales on the upper surface of the anterior fourth of the tail,
and more nearly to the var. belli from Algeria than to the typical form
from Spain and Portugal.

3. ACANTHODACTTLUS BOUETI.

Acanthodactylus (Latastia) boneti, Chabanaud, Bull. Mus. Paris,
1917, p. 87, figs., and p. 226 ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918,
p. 147.

56 Larert'uln'.

Habit roliust. Head 1| to 1| times as long as broad, its length 4 to
4| times in length to veut, its depth equal to the distance between the
anterior corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
short, very obtuse, as long as the postocular part of the head, about
twice as long as broad. Neck narrower than the head. The hind
limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in females, the collar in males ;
foot a little longer than the head. Tail If to 1| times as long as head
and body.

Suture between the nasals not more than ^ the length of the fronto-
nasal, which is broader than long ; prefrontals strongly keeled, narrow,
more than twice as long as broad, separated by two azygos shields ;
frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, nearly
twice as long as broad, bifid and bicarinate iu fi-ont, narrow behind ;
parietals longer than broad, their outer portion broken uja into small
shields ; interparietal rather large, iu contact with a small occipital, or
narrowly separated from it. Only one large supraocular (correspond-
ing to the third), sometimes with a very short or cresceutic vestige of a
second (corresponding to the second), the greater part of the supra-
ocular region covered with small granular scales, of which 2 or 3 series
separate the supraocular from the superciliaries ; 5 superciliaries, first
nearly as long as the others together. Anterior loreal shorter than the
second; 4 or 5 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which broadly
enters the oral border ; temporal scales granular, upper minute,
lower much larger; tympanic shield present ; auricular denticulation
absent.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact iu the middle.*
20 to 25 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar
attached in the middle, curved, composed of 6 to 8 plates.

Scales granular on the nape, larger, rhombic, subimbricate and
strongly keeled on the body ; 63 to 73 scales across the middle of the
body. Ventral plates in regular longitudinal and transverse series ;
in 8 longitudinal series, the plates of the second and third series from
the middle line broader than long, and 27 to 30 transverse series. A
transversely enlarged preaual plate preceded by one or two others,
which are narrower. 14 to 18 femoral pores on each side. Digits as
in ^4. vuhjaris ; 16 to 18 tri- or quinrjuecarinate lamellae under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, the basal subcaudals smooth ; 25 to
35 scales in the fourth whorl.

* .5 on one side and 6 on the other in two specimens (male and female),
3-4 in contact.

Acanthodacf ijlus.

57

Adult brown or reddish l:trowii above, with 6 light longitudinal
streaks, and series of black spots between them ; limbs with light spots.

Young I)lack above with six sharply defined white longitudinal
streaks on the neck and body and round white spots on the limbs ;
tail reddish.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

<?

?

From end of snout to vei

t .

53

63

,, ,, ,,

for*

^ lim

b

20

22

Length of head

13

15

Width of head

8

10

Depth of head

6

9

Fore limb

20

21

Hind limb

30

33

Foot

15

16

Tail

82

—

Partumlars of 8

peel mens Examined,

all Ttjpes.

1.

■2.

3.

-i. 5

6.

7.

8.

9.

53

63

8

26 7

23

18-17

18

4

51

65

8

27 7

' 25

16-18

17

4

63

71

8

27 h

> 24

16

18

5

59

63

8

30 t

) 20

14-15

16

4

55

64.

8

28 :

' 22

15

16

4

o8

73

8

29 ;

' 20

18-17

17

4

S P.M.

P.M.

Hgr.

Habitat. — Dahomey. — Types in the Paris Museum.

This species, the southernmost of the genus, is evidently derived
from A. vulgaris, from which it differs, as well as from the other
members of the genus, in the complete or nearly complete disintegra-
tion of the second supraocular, and in the reduced number of femoral
pores.

4. ACANTHODACTYLUS SAVIGNYI.

Lacerta savigiuji, Aud. Descr. Egypte, Eept., Suppl. p. 172, pi. i,
fig. 8 (1829) ; M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 73, 85:

AcantJiodact i/liis vidgari.i, var. B., part., A. Dum. Oat. Me'th. Eept.
p. 126 (1851).

Acanthodacf ylus savigniji, part., Vaill. Miss. Revoil Pays Comal.,
Kept. p. 19 (1882).

Acantlwdacl ijlu^ vaillanti, Lataste, Ann. Mus. Geneva (2) ii, 1885,
p. 509.

58 Lacerfidii'.

Acanthodadylus savujin/i, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 6S (1887), and
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 149.

Acanthorlacti/lvs pardaJis, part., Anders. Zool. Egypt, Kept. p. 155
(1898).

AcantJioducfylus Kaviynyi, var. oranensis, Doumergue, Erp. Oran.
p. 174, pi. xii, tigs. 1-3 (1901).

Haliit rather slender, Jiody feebly depressed. Head U to 1§ times
as long as broad, its length 4^ to 4\ times in length to vent, its depth
equal to the distance between the anterior corner or the centre of
the eve and the tvmpanum ; a deep lanceolate concavity from the
frontonasal to the middle of the frontal ; snout pointed, as long as
or a little longer than the postocular part of the head, with rather
sharp canthus and feebly concave loreal region ; nasals feebly swollen.
Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck as broad as or a little narrower
than the head. The hind limb reaches the collar or between the
collar and the ear in males, the shoulder or the collar in females ;
foot 1^ to If times as long as the head ; fourth toe, from the base of
the fifth, a little longer than the head. Tail 1^ to 2 times as long as
head and body.

Upper head-shields convex, rarely slightly rugose in the adult.
Suture between the nasals J to i the length of the frontonasal, which
is as long as broad or a little broader than long, a little broader
than the internarial space and frequently divided into two by a
median cleft* ; nearly constantly two azygos shields separate the
prefrontals,t which are longer than broad ; frontal as long as or a little
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout. If to 2 times
as long as broad, rounded, truncate, or notched in front, narrow behind ;
parietals as long as broad or a little longer than liroad, often
forming a very short suture or separated liy a series of granules
behind the interparietal, upper liorder sti-aight or concave. + First
and fourth sujaraoculars entirely broken u^j into a great number
of granules or of granules and small shields ; second supraocular as
long as or slightly shorter than its distance from the second loreal ;
2 or 3 series of granules, rarely 1, between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries, which are 6 or 7, rarely 5, in number, the first the
longest. Anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 4 upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which narrowly borders the mouth. A large

* Divided into three in one specimen.

t In 2 young specimens there is a single unpaired shield and the prefrontals
are in contact behind it ; there are 3 impaired shields in one specimen.

if Doumergue is mistaken in stating (p. 17.5i "Cotes lateraux des parietales-
droits." The}' are often strongly concave in the specimens received from him.

Acanthodactyhis. 59

upper temporal, sometimes followed by a smaller one ; temporal scales
granular, smooth or obtusely keeled, upper very small, lower large;
a uarrow tympanic shield ; no auricular deuticulatiou.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 first in contact in the middle ; 28 to
30 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis 'of the
chm-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtaposed' in front,
gradually enlarged and imbricate towards the collar; -ukr fold
distinct. Collar free, curved, composed of 8 or 9, rarely^lU or 11,
large jjlates.

Scales granular on the nape, rhombic and flat on the back, a little
larger and nnbricate posteriorly, all strongly keeled, the keels formin-
oblique lines towards the spine; scales much larger and smooth
towards the veutrals ; 52 to 60 scales across the middle of the body
Ventral plates in straight longitudinal and transverse series, all except
the outermost much broader than long, the largest twice as broad
as long; the series across the middle of the body composed of 10
rarely 12, plates; 28 to 31 transverse series in males, 30 to 33 in
females. 3 or 4 unpaired preanal plates, the one in front of the vent
large and usually much broader than long.*

20 to 25 femoral pores on each side,t the two series meetino' in
the middle. Digits with 3 series of scales, rather strongly denticulate,
the fringe much stronger on the outer side of the fourth toe but
shorter than the diameter of the toe; 19 to 22 uuicarinate lamella,
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales very oblique and very strongly and diaoonally
keeled, those at the base as long as broad or a little broader than
long; one or two series of small scales on the median line of the basal
part of the tail; basal subcaudals smooth or faintly keeled; 22 to
26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Youn- dark grey, with 6 white lon-itudinal streaks on the nape
and 4 on the body ; a white streak from the ear to the thioh and
a series of round white spots above it; the space between eadi pair
of dorsal streaks blackish, with a series of whitish spots ; limbs with
round white spots. Tail blue, entirely or towards the end.

The markings of the young sometimes persist in the adult bu
as a rule they become effaced or replaced by dark and lio-ht spots
forming a reticulation; the ground colour of the upper parts varies
from grey to rufous ; the series of lateral spots of the youno- if
present, are yellow or blue. Lower parts white, sometime; washed
with bluish.

* Longitudinally divided into two in one specimen,
t 19 to 28 according to Douinei-gue.

60 Laceitidiv.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

„ ,, „ fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore liml) .
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

6-

?.

65

58

25

21

15

13

10

8

7

6

20

19

87

32

20

18

125

103

^ Oraii (type of v

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

^ oranensls)

().")

52

10

30

8

25

22

20

4

..

65

57

10

29

9

27

22

21

4

;j

60

58

10

28

8

29

25

20

4

59

54

10

30

9

23

21 22

20

4

>.

59

60

10

31

8

30

21-

20

4

58

59

10

32

9

25

22

21

4

»

54

58

10

32

9

24

21

22

4

„

54

55

10

33

10

28

22-21

20

4

53

53

10

32

8

26

22-23

20

4

).

50

55

12

33

9

25

21

21

4

54

54

12

30

9

26

21- 20

20

4

Igeria, P.M.

74

58

10

30

9

27

24

19

4

„ Algeria? (type of A. vail-
laiitii, P.M.

60 10 30 11

26

23

21

The name under which I describe these Algerian specimens has
been applied in the past to very different lizards, and has given rise
to much discussion.

I have first of all no hesitation in regarding the Acanfhodad ijlus
discovered near <Jran by M. Doumergue as speciiically identical -svith
A. vaillanfi, Lataste, stated to be from Somaliland. Geographical
considerations alone seem to have induced Doumergue to propose
for it the name of oranensis. Does, however, A. vaillaiiti really come
from Somaliland ?

In his report on the collection made in Somaliland by Ecvoil,
Vaillaut has recorded several specimens of AcanfJiodactylus, under
the names of A. vulgaris, A. savignyi, and A snvigvyi, var. schreiberi.
These specimens have since been re-examined by Lataste and by
Anderson, and the two former names have been shown to refer partly
to A. pardalis, partly (one specimen only) to a species described as
new by Lataste under the name of A. vaillanfi, the third to A.scufeUafns.

Acauthoihictijlus. 61

The presence of Algerian species of Acanflmdactylvs iu Sonialiland, in
company with Psammodromns aJginis, which appears in the same list,
would lie highly surprising from our present zoo-geographical stand-
point, and, although many hundreds of lizards have since Eevoil's time
been received from various parts of Sonialiland, and reported upon in
•22 different papers, no confirmation of the occurrence of any Acantlio-
dadylus or Pgammodromus has appeared. But the form named
A. vaillanti has since been re-discovered at Oran, and the notes
published l)y Lataste and by Anderson show the specimens originally
referred to A. vulgaris and A. savignyi to agree in all jjarticulars with
forms characteristic of Algeria (A. pardaJis, vars. hedriagx, latastii,
A. scuteUatus, var. inornata). I have therefore not the least doubt
that by some mistake, for which I can suggest no explanation, the
specimens iu question, together with the Psammodroinu>i algiruf, all of
Algerian origin, got mixed up with the Sonialiland Collection.

Then as to the identification with A. saingni/i, which I)oumergue
has accepted at my suggestion.

We have nothing to go by but the figure in the Description de
I'Egypte, which appears to be executed with great care, but does not
show the side of the head nor the full number of longitudinal rows of
ventral plates. The original specimen has been lost. But, with the
excej^tion of the smaller interparietal, everything shown iu the figure
agrees with the Oran lizard : the general shape, the " facies tout
particulier, presque autaut de Lafastia C|ue d' Afanthodactylus "
according to Lataste's description of A. vaillanti, the length of the
tail,* the shape of the head, the division of the frontonasal and the
presence of two shields between the prefrontals (which I have never
found in any of the very numerous specimens of A. 2)ardaJis), the
supraocular region with its large granular areas, the gular fold and the
fold of the collar, the absence of auricular denticulation, the strong
fringe of the toes, the strongly keeled dorsal scales, even the markings
on the back,t are characters which we find combined in the Oran
species, and iu no other, certainly not in A. pardalis, to which Lataste
and Anderson were inclined to refer Savigny's lizard.

One of Lataste's arguments in favour of identifying Savignv's
figure with A. hedriagie (A. pardalis), was this: "A j^riori il faut
identifier est individu a uue des especes connues d'Egypte ; car il n'est
pas vraisemblable que, dans un pays aussi explore, il appartieune a une

* Twice that of head and body ; never more than 14, usually not more than
1| times in A. pardalis.

t "Chez les vieux individus, les bandes se sectionneut de plus en plus, et
certains deviennent presque pommeles," Doumergue, op. cit., p. 179,

62 Lacertuhe.

espece qui n"ait pas c'te retrouvce depuis le coimneuceinent du sic-cle.
Les Acauthodactyles sout trop rcpaudus et trop abondauts dans les
regions qu'ils occupent, et ils vivent trop au grand jour, sur des
terrains arides et decouverts ou rien ne les derobe a I'oeil de
robservateur." Now, in 1885, wlieu Lataste wrote these lines, the
Reptilian fauna of Northern Egypt had been less thoroughly surveyed
than that of Northern Algeria. And yet, a lizard which agrees with
Savigny's tigure, and which, according to Doumergue, who first
described it as late as 1901, is readily recognizalile in the open, is
quite common near Orau, where Lataste himself had collected on two
occasions, and it nevertheless escaped the eye of such an expert. We
may therefore still entertain the hope that the true A. savignyi will
some day be found ou the north coast of Egypt.

Doumergue says this species is common on sandy soil at Oran and
on the littoral, from Camerata to Mostaganem. It is also found
in the interior of the province of Orau, at Ain-Tedales, Sidi-Douma
and Daya. A specimen from the " Desert de I'Ouest " (Schousbor) is
preserved in the Paris Museum.

A. savignyi is more nearly related to A. vulgaris, var. lineomaculatus,
than to any other form, and may be said to be connected with it to a
certain extent, differing principally in the stronger serration of the
outer side of the fourth toe. It is noteworthy that the presence of
one, two or three small shields between the prefrontals, which is
frequent in A. vulgaris, var. lineomaculatus, and appears only as a
rare individual anomaly in the other forms of the genus, has become a
constant character in A. mvignyl.

5. ACANTHODACTYLUS PAKDALIS.

Lacerta jjardalis, Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 99 (1823) ;
Hempr. & Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., ZooL, Amph. pi. ii, fig. 2 (1899).

Lacerta cleserti (non Lepcch.), M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829,
pp. 79, 86, pi. vi, fig. 8, and pi. viii, fig. 6 ; Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 32
(1862).

Sca^jteira maculata, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 281.

Acanthodactylus savignyi, part., Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 746 ;
Guichen. Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept. p. 14 (1850) ; Vaillaut, Miss. Rcvoil
Pays Comal., Rept. p. 19 (1882).

AcantJiodactylus savignyi. Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 37 (1845) ; Lichtenst.
Nomencl. Rept. Mus. Berl. p. 15 (1856); Strauch. op. cit., p. 36;
Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885, p. 483.

AcanfJiodacti/lns. 63

Zootoca desertl, Giiuth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 470, and 1864,
p. 488.

Acanthodactylus bedriagai, Lataste, Le Natur. 1881, p. 357 ; Bouleng.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 746, pi. Ixiii, fig. 1 ; Boettg. in Kobelt, Reise
Alg. Tunis, p. 469 (1885).

Acanthodactylus vulgaris (non D. & B.), Vaill. I.e.

Acanthodactylus jiardalis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 65 (1887), and Tr.
Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 131; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 14;
Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. ix, 1894, No. 167, p. 7 ; Werner, Jahrb.
Nat. Ver. Magdeb. 1896-97, p. 128 (1898) ; Anders. Zool. Egypt,
Kept, p 151, pi. xxi (1898) ; Doumergue, Erp. Oran. p. 160, pi. xi
(1901); Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvii, 1909, p. 605; Bouleng.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 147.

Acanthodactylus par dalis, var. spinicauda, intermedins, Doumergue,
op. cit., pp. 162, 163.

Acanthodactylus pardalis, vars. Ijedriagie, maculatus, latastii, sinni-
canda, Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 152.

Owing to the variability of this species, the following detailed
description is based exclusively on Egyptian specimens, which
represent in the narrowest sense the Lacerta pardalis of Lichtenstein,
the types of which I have examined in the Berlin Museum.

Habit stout, body depressed. Head 1^ to l^ times as long as broad,
its length 4 to 4f times in length to vent, its depth equal to the
distance between the anterior corner or the centre of the eye and
the tympanum ; a more or less distinct lanceolate concavity from the
frontonasal to the middle of the frontal ; snout obtusely pointed, as
long as the postocular part of the head, with rather sharp canthus and
feebly concave loreal region ; nasals feebly swollen. Pileus If to 2
times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or broader. The
hind limb reaches the shoulder, the collar, or, rarely, a little beyond
the collar in males, the elbow, the axil, the shoulder, or, rarely, the
collar in females ; foot 1 to 1^ times as long as the head ; fourth toe.
from the base of the fifth, as long as the head or a little shorter. Tail
1} to If times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields convex, rarely slightly rugose in the adult.
Suture between the nasals ^ to i the length of the frontonasal, which
is broader than long and a little broader than the internarial space ;
prefrontals usually a little longer than broad and forming a median
suture ; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, 1^ to 2 times as long as broad, rounded or truncate in
front, narrow behind ; parietals as long as broad, or, usually, broader

64 Lacertiihi'.

thau lonrr, outer border strai,i,'ht or concave. First suj^raocular usually
divided iuto two, sometimes entire,* rarely disintegrated into several
small shields and granules.f as long as or a little shorter thau second ;
fourth always replaced by granules, with or without a small shield ;
one or two series of granules between the suj^raoculars and the super-
ciliaries, sometimes three behind, some of the granules usually
penetrating between the first supraocular and the first superciliary ;
6 or 7, exceptionally 5 or 8, superciliaries, first longest and in contact
with the first supraocular. Anterior loreal;}^ much shorter thau the
second ; 4 upper labials, rarely 3 or 5, anterior to the centre of the
eye ; subocular sharply keeled below the eye, usually wedged in
between the fourth and fifth upper labials, rarely separated from
the oral border by a small additional labial or narrowly entering
it.§ A large upper temporal, followed by a small one ; temporal
scales granular, convex and smooth, upper very minute, lower large ;
tvmpanic shield sometimes present, usually absent ; 4 or 5 short,
rounded or obtusely pointed lobules form a denticulation in front of
the tympanum.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3, or rarely 2, first in contact in the
middle ; 23 to 34 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtaposed in front,
gradually enlarged and imbricate towards the collar ; gular fold absent
or slightly indicated. Collar free or attached in the middle, curved or
angular, composed of 10 to 13 j^lates.

Scales granular and smooth, convex or flat, sometimes subimbricate
and obtusely keeled on the posterior part of the back, a little smaller
on the upper part of the sides, largest towards the ventrals, into
which they sometimes gradually merge ; 52 to 68 scales across the
middle of the body. Ventral plates in regular longitudinal and
straight or somewhat angular transverse series, all except the outer-
most broader than long, but not twice as broad as long, or only a
few so broad, the series across the middle of the body composed of 12,
rarely 14, plates ; 27 to 32 transverse series. 1 to 4, usually 3,
unpaired preaual plates, the one in front of the vent usually broader
than long.

15 to 24 femoral pores on each side, the two series meeting or
narrowly separated in the middle. Digits with 3 series of scales,

* In 2 specimens from Ale.xandria, in 1 from jMaryut.
t One specimen from Alexandria, another from Maryut.

X Absent on both sides in one specimen from Alexandria, on one side in
another.

§ In 1 male from Alexandria, in 2 females from Maryut.

Acanthodactylus. qk

little more distiuctly ou the outer side of the fourth toe- 16 to n
umcarmate, rarely tricariuate lamellas under the fourth toe '

Upper caudal scales very oblique and diagonally keeled, those at the
base broader than long and often very obtusely keeled, lower smooth
m the basal part of the tail; 20 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth

Young from Egypt are still unknown,* but we mav surmise from the
tl 1 is ; -th -cas:onally an unpaired one on the nape, and that the
adult ' ' ' '' "' *'"'" °^ '^'' ^"^^^"' ^^ ^^^^' «^«" "^ the

snoi^"^* T'' ^"T^"" ^"'^'' "' ^^^"-<^«1^^^- above, with blackish

pots or a brown-black network and four dorsal and one or two lateral

series of round or oval longitudinal series of white, yellow, or oran^^e

spots ; sometimes traces of a median light streak on the nape ; limbs

w h round light spots. Lower parts white, throat, breast and ides of

belly sometimes speckled with grey.

Measurements (in millimetres) :"

From end of snout to vent .

" " „ fore limb

Length of head .

Width of head .

Depth of head .

Fore limb . . . _

Hind limb . . . _

Foot . . . _ '
Tail . .

67
24
16
12
9
21
36
17
100

9
65
22
15
11

20
32
16
90

The specimens from Palestine are referable to the typical form
from Egypt, differing only in the average laro-er size t bv whl h .
with the rather stout habitus, they approach' the va'I L^t "' ''tZ
ventral plates are identical, the dorsal scales are smooth an/ convex

up into 8-10 scales in one; the subocular borders the lip in one

* This is indeed very remarkable. Lataste, who failed to r.hf«;.
.n Al,eria, ascribed the fact to the early season at ^Wcl W eoltti 7„ J'"'
met with the same failure in Egypt, and he su^.e^fJlu ^'^^^''f, " ^^d^'son
by the female as a possible explanation wv "^^"'^"'^ *^" ^^^^'^^ «f ^Sgs laid
but surely there mL be at lelT^n ^^^^^^^^^^^^

Apanlalis is quite abundant in the localities itCnts ""'' ''""^

to vfnT"" """'^ ' ""^'^ ^^^""^^'^ "^^^^-^°»- «^ """i-tres from snout
VOL. II.

66

Lacertldii'.

specimen.* The hind liinb reaches the shoulder iu males, the elbow
in females; l>ut in four males examined by Peracca it reaches the
collar or a little l)eyond, the variation being therefore as in the
Kpecimeus from Egypt.

62 to 66 scales across the middle of the body, 30 to 34 transverse
series of ventral plates, 11 to 14 plates in the collar, 15 to 24 femoral
pores, 17 to 19 lamellae under the fourth toe.

As regards the colorationf the light spots are more or less effaced,
except in one male from Beersheba.
Measurements (in millimetres) :
From end of snout to vent .

,, „ ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot .
Tail .

The habitat of the typical form extends from Palestine to Tripoli.
A female species from the French Sudan (coll. Dybowski), in the
Paris Museum, appears to be referable to it.
This is the Laceria deserti of Milne-Edwards.

c?

?

. 70

70

. 25

26

. 15

16

. 12-5

12

. 10

10

. 23

22

. 35

34

. 18

18

92

93

Var. BEDRIAGiE, Lataste.

The large massive form inhabiting the Plateaux of Algeria, for
which I use the name iu the restricted sense adopted by Lataste in
1885, is very nearly i-elated to the typical form, but differs chiefly in
the smaller ventral plates, which are but little broader than long,
none of them ever twice as broad as long, and form 14, exceptionally
12 or 16, longitudinal and 31 to 36 transverse series. The scales are
convex or fiat, juxtaposed or subimbricate posteriorly, smooth or very
obtusely keeled, and number 53 to 63 across the middle of the body.
10 to 15 plates iu the collar, which is angular aud attached in the
middle, the median plates usually barely differentiated from the gular
scales. 26 to 36 gular scales iu a straight line. 16 to 23 femoral
pores ou each side. 18 to 21 lamellae under the fourth toe. First
supraocular sometimes entire, more frec[uently bisected. In one
specimen, from El Guerah, and in one labelled Algeria, the subocular

* Also in one fi-om Jaffa mentioned by Werner, and in the types of Milne-
Edwards' Lacerta deserti.

t A specimen from Beersheba is figured in P.Z.S. 1881.

s

'^

. 75

75

. 28

28

. 18

17

. 14

13

12

10

. 25

23

. 40

36

20

18

103

90

Aca II thodactijltts. g n

tour h and fifth upper labials or, niore frequently, separated fron. the
™outh by a sn.all additional upper labial. The hL limb rlS
he shoulder or the collar, rarely a little beyond, in males, the a" ."
females ; fourth toe i to once the length of the head. Ta I "o P
tnnes as long as head and body. ^^ to i.

Coloration much as in the typical form, some individuals more like
the Egyptians, others more like the Syrians.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

" " ,, fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb .

Foot ..._''
Tail ...'"■

if«?,.7«^. The high plateaux of Algeria, in the Provinces Oran
Algiers and Constantine. Apparently confined to the extreme east of
the former province. °^

I provisionally refer to this variety two male specimens from
Tamesmida, Tunisia perhaps not fuU-gro.n, to one of 'which lui^n
has been made by Lataste in 1885 (1 c p 490^ T>,. 7 , .^'^
are very small many not or but littL-lL^Ln' gtT fon T
tudinal and 34 or 35 transverse series. The collar is verv troaX
attached m the middle, distinct only on the sides. ThT'cis a e

ir onTofr'"''' '"f'''^ *° '' ^-^^ ^^« -d^" tT

body. One of the specimens has no enlarged preanal, the other has
on y one, twice as broad as long. First supraocular broL^ i.
two. A small supplementary labial between the fourth and Mil
separating the subocular from the mouth. Auricular d.n ulat L'
-derate or ^^^^^ ^i.d limb reaching the shoulder fifht:

little shorter than the head

+. fi. . f .1. ^ ^^y "^ '"^^Ji« efeaced, but very similar

0 that of the var. hedria,., Grey above, with intensely black spots
Wing a sort of network, with 8 longitudinal series of /ound rt
white spots, with others in addition.

* Which is described further on under the name of var. lata.tii.

68

; Lacertichv.

Measuremeuts (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .59

fore limb

22

Length of head

14

Width of head

10

Depth of head ....

7

Fore limb ....

19

Hind limb ....

30

Foot

16

Tail

72

Var. MACULATUS, Gray.

This variety differs little from the typical form ; the shape of the
head is the same and the snout is exactly as long as the postocular
part of the head. But the form is not quite so heavy, the length of
the head is 3^ to 4 times in length to vent in males, the size is smaller,
the tail is 1^ to 14 times as long as head and body, and the dorsal
scales are rhombic and more or less strongly keeled. The coloration,
as in the typical form and the var. bedriagie, shows a marked
contrast of dark and light spots, usually forming regular longitudinal
series. The young is black above, with four white dorsal streaks,
in addition to which a vertebral streak, bifurcate in front, is present
on the nape and the anterior part of the back, and one white
streak on each side ; a series of round white spots between the
outer dorsal and the lateral streaks ; the inner dorsal pair of streaks
unites into one on the base of the tail ; limbs with large round white
spots.

The first supraocular is usually divided into two or three ; the
subocular rests on the fourth and fifth, or fourth, fifth and sixth
(rarely fifth and sixth, or fifth, sixth and seventh) upper labials ; in
one specimen* it reaches the oral border. 41 to 60 scales across the
middle of the body. 16 to 25 femoral jDores. 18 to 22 lamellas under
the fourth toe.

I cannot separate from this form, known from Tripoli and Tunis,
specimens from the interior of the Province Orau (var. intermedius).
The specimens I have examined have strongly keeled scales, but
Doumergue says they are sometimes smooth or feebly keeled, in which
case I do not see how they are to be distinguished from the typical
form.

* From Cabes ; also in one from Mechei-ia, Oran.

Acanth odd ctyliis.

69

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent ' .
,, ,, )i fore limb .

Length of head ....
Width of head ....
Depth of head ....

Fore limb

Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

1. o^, Mettamer, Tunisia. 2. ?, Duirat, Tunisia. 3. (J, El
Kreider, Orau. 4. $ , Mecheria, Oran.

1.

2.

3.

4.

50

57

62

57

19

20

22

21

13

13

15

13

9

9

10

9

7

7

8

7

18

19

21

19

■SI

29

34

30

17

15

17

16

90

75

78

75

Var. LATASTII, Bouleuger.
Lataste has proposed to separate the examples from Southern
Tunisia and the Algerian Sahara as a var. deserti* from the Egyptians,
his var. aaviijnijl, with the following definition: —

Taille grande et forme t'lanci'e. Ecailles dorsales pen rcgulieres et
vaguement carcnces. Coloration assez intense et plus ou moins pom-

mek'e var. savujnyi.

Taille petite et forme grcle. Ecailles dorsales regulicrement rhom-
boidales et nettement carenees. Coloration plus ou moins effact'e.

var. deserti.

This definition leaves out of consideration too many exceptions to
be of much use. Thus the following table shows the lizards from
Biskra to be as large as those from Egypt ; the keels on the scales are
more often absent or indistinct than decidedly marked, t and some of
the specimens from the Plateaux of Algeria, t which were included
under the var. deserti, are as vividly coloured and marked in precisely
the same fashion as the Egyptians. It is, in fact, almost impossible
to distinguish some of the Tunisian and Algerian specimens from the
typical form, 1)ut they are linked by close gradation with the better-
defined desert lizards, e:;treme specimens of which, in the shape of the

* This name cannot be used in this sense, as Milne-Edwards's Lacerta deserti
is not Lepechin's, and is, besides, based on specimens from Olivier's collection
from the " Empire Ottoman," probably Syria.

t Lataste had probably in mind the specimens now refm-red by me to the var.
maculatus.

t Wed Dermel, Wed Sedeur; also the type of Zootoca deserti, Gthr., from
Ngoussa, south of the Mzab.

70 LacertidcV.

head, in the small size, and in the effaced or reticulate markings, are
not unlike the form of A. scvtellatm inhabiting the same districts.

I have, however, decided to follow the lead of Lataste and to recog-
nize a Saharian form, which may be described as an ill-defined variety
characterized li_v a usually more pointed snout, a little longer than the
postocular part of the head, the average lower number of scales across
the body, the often rather more slender toes, sometimes with stronger
pectination," and the frequent absence of regular longitudinal series of
light spots on the body.

Habit often rather more slender than in the typical form, and
especially than in the var. hedriagiv. Head 4 to 4-1 times in length to
vent in males, 4,\ to 4| times in females, 1^ to If times as long as
broad. Tail 1^ to 1 } times the length of head and body. Nasals
sometimes rather strongly swollen. Frontonasal sometimes nearly
as long as broad ; frontal usually shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout. If to 2^ times as long as broad ; first supraocular
more often entire than divided ; one series of granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries, rarely two; auricular denticulatiou
always well marked, the lobules sometimes long and pointed. Collar
sometimes free, more usually attached in the middle. Scales granular
or rhombic, convex or flat, usually smooth or feebly keeled, rarely
rather strongly keeled, 46 to 65 (usually 50 to 58) across the middle
of the body. Ventrals in 12 longitudinal series, rarely 14, and 27 to
33 transverse series. 15 to 25 femoral pores on each side. 17 to 23
lamellse under the fourth toe. Upper caudal scales usually all strongly
keeled ; 18 to 24 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Coloration usually pale grey or pale buff, rarely with yellow or
orange spots on the back, the dark markings usually much effaced or
small, or forming a wide-meshed reticulation, sometimes with a ten-
dency to cross-bars ; sometimes two series of rather large blackish
spots along the back. Young grey, with four white longitudinal streaks
on the back (six on the nape) and one on each side, with rows of
round white spots between them ; limbs with large round white spots ;
tail bluish towards the end.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

•6.

4.

From end of snout to vent .

69

65

59

62

„ ,, ,, fore limb .

28

25

24

22

Length of head

17

16

14

14

* Especially in specimens found between Wargla and El Golea, and between
Wed N(ja and El Alia, in wliich the lobes of the fringe on the outer side of the
fourth toe may be nearly as long as the diameter of tlie toe.

Acanfhodacti/lug.

71

Width of head
Dejith of head
Fore limb .
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

1. (j^, Biskra. 2. $, Biskra. 3. J^, Wargla. 4. ? , Wargla-El
Golea

Habitat. — Tripoli, Southern Tunisia, Algeria in desert tracts on the
high plateaux and far into the Sahara.

1.

2.

3.

4.

13

12

10-5

10

9

9

7

7

25

22

20

20

41

36

35

32

21

18

17

16

. 110

80

88

85

Var. SPINICAUDA, Doumergue.

This is the most distinct of the varieties of A. j^ardalis.

Head about 1 ^ times as long as broad ; snout a little longer than
the postocular part of the head ; snout more pointed, nasals more
swollen, with the lanceolate concavity very shallow, sometimes hardly
distinct. Hind limb longer, reaching the ear in males, the collar in
females ; foot IJ to 1 i times the length of the head ; fourth toe at
least a trifle longer than the head, up to 1^. Tail 1| to 1} times as
long as head and body, much flattened at the base, especially in males.

First supraocular nearly always entire ; one or two series of granules
lietweeu the supraoculars and the superciliaries ; subocular wedged in
between the fourth and fifth upper labials, narrowly bordering the
mouth in one specimen ; a strong auricular denticulation, formed of
4 or 5 obtusely pointed lobules.

26 to 31 gular scales in a straight line ; no gular fold ; collar
attached in the middle, composed of 9 to 12 plates.

Scales rather strongly keeled, at least on the posterior two-thirds of
the back, 44 to 56 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates, all
except the outermost broader than long, in 12 longitudinal series, in
27 to 29 straight transverse series in males, 31 to 33 in females.

17 to 24 femoral pores on each side. Denticulation a little more
developed on the outer side of the fourth toe than on the inner ; 20 to
22 tricariuate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled, those on the sides just behind
the vent with the keels strongly raised, especially in the males, forming-
very prominent rounded or pointed tubercles, producing a serrated
outline on the base of the tail.

Grey or pale buff above, with longitudinal series of yellowish or

72

Lacertidee.

whitish dark-edged spots in a dark network or with six or eight
longitudinal sei'ies of large ocellar spots.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
,, „ ,, fore limb

Length of head

Width of head

Depth of head

Fore limb

Hind limb

Foot

Tail

Habitat. — Sahara in the Province of Oran. The localities given by
Doumergue are Arba Tahtaui, around the Oasis, and El-Abior-Sidi-
Sheikh.

c?

?

54

56

22

23

13

13

10

9-5

7

7

21

19

37

33

18

16

92

86

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Forma typica
Alexandria

^ Maryiit

^ Jerusalem

(? Beerslieba

68

63

12

29

13

29

23

18

4

58

56

12

27

11

30

24

17

4

54

60

12

30

11

30

21

18

3-4

50

62

12

29

12

27

17-16

20

5-4

50

60

12

27

13

25

19-20

19

4

60

62

12

30

11

30

18-17

18

4

56

57

12

30

13

28

16-18

18

4

56

68

14

32

10

23

18-17

18

4

52

58

12

29

12

25

19

16

4

67

60

12

31

13

28

22

20

4

65

56

12

29

13

26

19-21

19

4

65

59

12

29

12

33

23

21

4

59

59

12

28

11

30

19

IS

5-4

59

55

12

31

11

30

22-20

19

4

65

56

14

31

11

28

20-19

17

4

61

56

12

30

10

30

17-18

18

4

61

52

12

30

11

27

15

21

4

60

58

12

31

11

30

19

19

5-4

58

62

12

32

12

34

19

20

4

55

54

12

29

11

26

18-17

18

4

55

57

12

30

10

30

21-19

21

4

70

62

12

30

14

28

21-20

19

4

64

62

14

30

12

30

22-23

18

4

70

65

12

32

13

33

16-17

19

4

69

66

12

34

11

32

16-15

17

5-4

71

64

12

32

13

26

19-18

18

4

Acanthodadijhis.

73

(J Beerslieba ....
i Levant (type of L. dcserti), P.I

¥ French Sudan, P.M. .

1. 2.

4. 5.

70 (56 12 31 It 33
62 56 12 30 13 30

56 61 12 33

8. 9.

23-21 18
2-4 18

62 58 12 29 13 35 19-20 18

39 21-20 22

Var. bed)-

agx.

^ Sersou .
„ Batna .

. 6-i
. 72

60

58

14
14

31
32

13
13

32
33

21
23-22

20

18

4
5

(J El Guerali

. 44
. 68

57
60

14

12

33
35

10
13

26
30

18-17
22 21

18
21

5

4

»

. 56

53

12

34

11

26

20

20

5

»

. 56

59

14

32

12

28

16

19

5

?

. 74

56

14

36

12

28

18-17

20

6-5

<? Setif .

. 74
. 60

58
54

14

14

33
33

12

15

28
29

18-16
19

21

20

5
5

? ,.

. 75

58

14

34

11

28

IS

18

5

(? Aures Mts ., 1

V. of Biskra

. 63
. 75

63
60

14
16

35
34

13
14

30
29

17-18
19

18
21

5
5

"

. 68

60

14

34

12

32

20-21

20

5

"

. 65

56

14

33

11

29

19-21

20

4-5

„ Algeria . . . .

. 67

62

14

34

12

25

19-18

18

5

„ „ .

75

54

14

31

11

28

19

21

4-5

? »

<? TamesmiJa, Tunisia .

. 77
. 59

55
65

14
14

33
35

11
10

29
30

17-16
21-22

19
20

4
5

»

,,

55

60

14

34

12

32

21-20

20

5

Var. maculatus.
Hgr. Tripoli (type) .
3 „ P.M. .

„ Misurata, Tripoli
„ Duirat, Tunisia .

<J Cabes,

$ Mettamer, „

? Bir el Ahmar, Tunisia

S S. of Gafsa „

„ El Kreder, Prov. Oran

? Mecheria, „

40

58

12

31

12

30

19

22

5

57

57

12

30

12

28

21-20

22

4

49

60

12

28

11

29

23-22

22

6

54

52

12

28

10

28

20-21

22

4

50

47

12

27

12

26

19-20

20

4

57

47

12

30

9

26

17-16

18

4

55

51

12

30

11

25

17-18

19

4

52

52

12

29

12

26

20

19

4-5

52

41

12

30

11

28

20-19

20

4

55

57

12

29

10

29

17-18

20

4

54

43

12

30

9

27

20-19

22

4

50

51

12

29

11

28

18

21

5

50

55

12

28

12

26

21

22

4

56

46

12

30

12

27

23-22

19

4

57

51

12

27

11

29

22-21

22

5

62

55

12

32

11

34

23

21

4

57

49

12

29

12

30

18

18

4

57

57

12

29

10

31

19

20

4

74

Lacert'uhv.

? Meeheria, Prov. Oraii
S Kralfalla

3. 4.

8. 9.

48

12

31

11

27

17-19

19

4

54

l-l

30

13

35

25

21

4

Var. latastii.

? Tripoli

(J El Hammam of Tozoui-, Tunisia
,, Feriana, Tunisia .
'f Wed Sedeur, Algeria
^ Wed Derniel „

$ Mzab
^ Biskra

g Biskra-Tuggurt

<J Biskra-Laghouat

Hgr. Ngoussa (type
<? Bou Saada

ofZ.

desei

^ij

52

55

12

30

12

29

16 17

19

4

50

5S

12

29

10

33

22

22

4

55

56

14

31

12

29

21-22

19

5

50

53

12

31

12

28

18-19

20

4

53

54

12

28

14

28

19

19

4

50

58

12

30

11

30

21-20

20

5-4

48

50

14

30

12

30

21

22

4

60

54

12

30

12

33

18

22

4

69

60

12

27

12

33

20-21

21

5

64

58

14

27

10

30

20-18

20

5-4

63

58

12

28

11

31

22-21

20

4

63

55

12

28

11

29

21

19

4

60

61

12

29

12

32

20-21

20

6

59

55

14

29

12

31

IS

19

4-5

59

53

12

28

12

29

23-22

22

4

52

58

12

31

13

35

20-19

19

4

65

54

12

28

9

31

21-20

20

4

62

55

12

32

10

27

19

20

5

61

51

14

30

11

30

20-18

19

5

61

63

12

30

11

34

20

21

4

60

51

12

30

11

27

19-17

20

4

58

59

12

30

12

30

18

19

4-5

50

61

12

30

11

28

15

20

5

66

58

12

30

13

35

20-19

21

5

63

56

12

30

11

36

21

20

5

62

61

12

31

13

33

18-20

20

5

64

57

12

31

11

32

20

20

5

64

55

14

31

12

30

18-17

20

5

58

57

12

33

14

32

18-19

20

5

56

46

12

28

11

30

22

21

4

55

54

12

31

10

28

19

21

4

54

58

12

31

10

28

21

20

4

52

53

12

30

10

31

16

22

4

44

65

12

31

12

29

17

20

4

63

52

12

30

11

28

18

21

4 5

53

57

14

29

9

31

20

19

4

64

52

14

31

10

30

18

21

4

64

GO

12

32

10

3U

19

20

4

63

62

12

33

9

34

16-18

21

4

61

50

12

31

10

32

18

19

5

61

51

12

31

10

32

16

20

5

60

56

12

32

11

30

17-18

21

5

56

57

12

29

11

29

17-18

19

5

Aca nthodacti/liiii.

75-

$ Bou Saada .

(? Bou Guelfaia

? Tilreint-Laghouat

(? Lag'liouat

?

,, Ghavdaia
tJ Wargla

i Warg-la-El Golea

„ Wed N(,-a-El Alia

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

55

53

12

32

8

32

16-15

17

5

55

56

12

32

8

35

16

21

5

59

53

14

27

10

30

20

22

4

55

52

12

31

8

32

19

18

4

60

56

12

28

11

33

19-18

20

5

57

51

12

31

11

32

19-20

20

4

55

50

14

30

10

31

22-23

20

4

60

52

12

31

11

31

17-16

21

4

58

50

14

31

11

30

21

20

4

57

52

12

32

i)

34

19

21

4

59

48

12

29

11

29

24-23

20

4

58

54

12

30

10

33

17-18

18

4

58

53

12

31

10

33

19-18

21

4

60

63

12

29

11

36

20

20

4

60

55

12

28

13

31

21

20

4

56

54

12

27

11

35

23

23

4

62

57

12

31

13

39

21

21

4

55

50

12

29

12

31

20-19

22

4

55

52

12

30

11

34

17-18

21

6-5

Var. spiiiicauda.

5(;

46

12

29

9

30

23-22

21

4

55

46

12

29

10

29

22

21

4

54

52

12

28

11

30

20-19

22

4

52

56

12

29

12

31

24-23

22

4

52

54

12

27

9

29

18-19

20

4

52

56

12

29

12

31

24-23

22

4

50

53

12

27

11

27

20

22

4

47

53

12

27

9

26

20

21

4

56

51

12

33

10

31

17-18

21

4

52

53

12

31

12

28

17

21

4.

50

44

12

31

11

28

18

21

4

A. 'pardalis is intermediate between the two extreme species of
this genus, A. vulgaris and A. scutellatiis.

Synopsis of the Varieties.

Hind limb rarely reaching- a little beyond the collar ; fourth toe, from the
base of the fifth, not or but a trifle longer than the head ; keels on sides of
tail, at tlie base, not remarkably strong.

A. Snout obtusely pointed, not longer than postocular part of head.

52 to 68 scales across middle of body, dorsals smooth or very
feebly keeled ; ventrals in 12 (rarely 14) longitudinal and 27

to 34 transverse series Forma typica.

53 to 65 scales across middle of body, dorsals smootli or very
feebly keeled; ventrals in 14 (rarely 12 or 16) longitudinal

and 31 to 36 transverse series ..... Var. hedriaijx, Lat.

76 Lacertidx.

41 to 00 scales across middle of body, dorsals more or less
strongly keeled; ventrals in 12 lono-itudinal and 27 to 33

transverse series Var. maculatus, Gray.

B. Snout more pointed, a little longer than postocular part of head.

46 to 65 (usually 50 to 58) scales across middle of body,
dorsals usually smooth or feebly keeled ; ventrals in 12
(rarely 14) longitudinal and 27 to 33 transverse series.

Var. latastii, Blgr.
II. Hind limb I'eaching the ear in males, the collar in females ; fourth toe at

least a trifle longer than the head, up to 1] ; base of the tail much

flattened, with the keels on the sides strongly raised, especially in males,

producing a serrated outline.

44 to 56 scales across middle of body, dorsals rather strongly
keeled; ventrals in 12 longitudinal and 27 to 33 transverse
series ........ Var. spinicauda, Doum.

Taken in the wide sense, A. jjcirdalis shows the following range of
variation in the number of scales and plates : Scales across body,
41-68; longitudinal rows of ventrals, 12-16; transverse rows of
ventrals, 27-36 ; plates in collar, 8-15 ; gular scales, 23-36 ; femoral
pores, 15-25 ; lamellae under fourth toe, 17-23.

6. ACANTHODACTYLUS MICROPHOLIS.

AcanthodactijlHs inicropholis, Blanf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv,
1874, p. 33, and Zool. E. Persia, p. 383, pi. xxxi, fig. 2 (1876);
Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 745, pi. Ixiii, fig. 3; Lataste, Ann.
Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885, p. 503 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.iii, p. 63 (1887),
Faun. Ind., Eept. p. 171 (1890), and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918,
p. 147.

Ha1)it rather slender, liody moderately depressed. Head 1} times
as long as broad, its length 4 to 4i times in length to vent, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;
a lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal to the middle of the
frontal ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the postocular part of
the head, with rather sharp canthus and feebly concave loreal region ;
nasals feebly swollen. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck as broad
as the head. Hind limb reaching the ear or the eye; foot 1^ to H
times as long as the head ; fourth toe, from the base of the fifth, l|-to
Ij- times as long as the head. Tail about twice as long as head and
body.

Upper head-shields convex. Suture between the nasals short or
very short, not more than -J the length of the frontonasal, which is

Acavtliodactylus. 77

broader than loug- and a little broader than the internarial space ;
prefrontals as long as broad or slightly longer than broad, forming a
suture ; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, about twice as long as broad, rounded or obtusely angular
in front, narrow behind ; pai'ietals as long as broad, outer border
straight or concave. Only three large supraoculars, the fourth being
replaced by granules ; first as long as or a little shorter than second,
from which it is usually separated by a series of granules, second a
little shorter than third ; one series of granules, or one in front and
two behind, between the second and third supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries, which are 6 or 7, rarely 8 in number, the first the longest.
Anterior loreal shorter than second ; subocular sharply keeled below
the eye and usually bordering the mouth, between the fourth and fifth
upper labials.* A single upper temporal ; temporal scales granular and
smooth, upper a little smaller than the lower ; tympanic shield usually
present ; a more or less distinct denticulation in front of the
tympanum, formed l)y 4 or 5 rounded or obtusely jjointed scales.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle.
28 to 33 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-j^late, juxtaposed in front, larger
and imbricate near the collar; gular fold indistinct. Collar free,
curved, comj^osed of 10 or 11 plates.

Scales granular and smooth on the nape, rhombic, flat, subimbricate
and keeled on the body, gradually increasing in size towards the
posterior part of the back, where they are much smaller than the
caudals, small on the sides ; 56 to 63 scales across the middle of
the body, 18 to 22 in a transverse series between the hind limbs.
Ventral plates in regular longitudinal and transverse series, all except
the outermost broader than long, but not twice as broad as long, or
some only as broad as long, in 10 longitudinal and 29 to 31 transverse
series. One or two enlarged median j^reanal plates or, in females,
preaual region covered with subequal irregular plates.

21 to 25 femoral pores on each slde,t the two series meeting in the
middle. Digits with 3 series of scales ; toes with moderately strong
lateral denticulation, usually more developed on the outer side
of the fourth toe, but longest lobes always less than the diameter
of the toe ; 24 or 25 unicariuate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales large, the basals broader than long, sharply
keeled, lower smooth or obtusely keeled on the basal part of the tail ;
22 or 24 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

* Only two exceptions out of 14 specimens, according to Blanford.
t Up to 27 according to Blanford.

78

Lacertidie.

Grey above, with white loiii^itudiual streaks on the body and round
spots on the limbs ; the white streaks usually 7 in number, including
the lateral, the vertebral bifurcating on the nape ; one specimen (from
Persia) has only 6 streaks on the anterior part of the body and 4 on
the posterior; the interspaces between the light streaks frecjueutly
blackish, with a series of small round white spots ; lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

c?

?

From end of snout to

vent .

. 62

63

„

fore limb

. 24

23

Length of head .

. 15

15

Width of head .

. 10

10

Depth of head

7-5

8

Fore limb .

. 26

24

Hind limb .

. 45

41

Foot .

. 23

22

Tail .

. 125

—

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1.

2.

3.

•4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

$ Magas, Balvichistan (type) .

. 5«i

51

10

29

10

33

23

24

4

? „

. HO

50

10

31

10

28

25-24

25

4

„ Bampur, „ „ .

. 63

48

10

31

11

30

21-22

24

4

(J Eigan, S.E. Persia

(i2

52

'lO

30

10

33

25-24

25

4

Hahifat. — Blanford found A. micropholis locally throughout
Baluchistan, much less abundant in the lower elevations near the
coast than A. cantoris, l)ut apparently replacing that species completely
at elevations above 1000 metres. Three specimens were oljtained in
S.E. Persia, but the species appears to be absent from the highlands
of Persia, where, hitherto, no Acanthodactyls have been observed.

7. ACANTHODACTYLUS SCHREIBEKI.

Acantltodactylus savigvyi (non Aud.), Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 'iS7
(1875).

AcantJwdactyhis savignyi, var. schreiheri, Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1878, p. 188.

Acanthodactyhis boskianits, var. syriactis, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges.
1878-79, p. 69 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Geneva (2) ii, 1885, p. 496.

Acantlwdactylus savujinji, part., Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80,
p. 178.

Acanthodadylus. 79

Acanthodadijlna )<i/riariis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 745,
pi. Ixiii, fig. 4, and Cat. Liz. iii, p. 61 (1887) ; Werner, Jahrb. Nat.
Ver. Magdeb. 1896-97, p. 128 (1898).

Acantli odacfijlus schreiberi, Bouleng. tt.cc. pp. 746, 62 ; Lataste, t.c.
p. 505 ; Bouleug. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 147.

Acanthodadylus schreiberi, var. syriacus, Bouleng. t.c. p. 153.

Habit rather slender, body moderately depressed. Head If to
H times as long as broad, its length 3-| to a little over 4 times in
length to vent, its depth equal to the distance between the centre
of the eye and the tympanum ; a more or less distinct lanceolate
concavity from the frontonasal to the middle of the frontal ; snout
obtusely pointed, as long as the postocular part of the head or a
little longer (not more than 1^), with rather sharp canthus and feebly
concave loreal region ; nasals feebly swollen. Pileus If to 2 times
as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head. The hind limb reaches
between the collar and the ear, rarely the ear, in males, the collar
in females ; foot li to If times as long as the head ; fourth toe, from
the base of the fifth, 1 to 1^ times as long as the head. Tail 1^ to
2 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields convex. Suture between the nasals } to i the
length of the frontonasal, which is as long as broad or a little broader
than long, and a little broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals
longer than broad, usually forming a suture* ; frontal as long as or
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout. If to 2 times
as long as broad, rounded or forming an obtuse angle in front, narrow
behind ; parietals as long as broad or a little longer than broad,
outer border straight or concave. Four large supraoculars, in contact
with each other, first shorter than second, its outer border entirely
or nearly entirely in contact with the first superciliary, second often
longer than third, fourth smallest ; 6 or 7, rarely 8, superciliaries,
first longest ; a single series of granviles between the supraoculars
and the superciliaries. Anterior loreal shorter than the second ;
4 upper labials t to below the centre of the eye, the fourth the
longest; subocular sharply keeled below the eye and forming an
angle wedged in between the fourth and fifth upper labials, sometimes
nearly reaching the oral border. A strongly keeled upper temporal,
usually followed by a much smaller one ; temporal scales granular,
convex, upper very small, lower larger ; tympanic shield present ;
auricular denticulation absent or merely indicated.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the three first in contact in the middle.

* A small shield between them in two males and in three younij.
t Earely 5 according to Boettger.

80 Lacertidti'.

31 to 36 * gular scales iu a strai<rht line betv/eeu the symphysis of
the chiu-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtaposed in front,
larger and imbricate near the collar ; no gular fold. Collar free,
curved or, more frequently, angular, composed of 7 to 11 plates.

Scales granular and smooth on the nape, larger, flat, rhombic,
obtusely or rather strongly keeled on the body, subimbricate towards
the tail, a little smaller on the sides ; 48 to 59 scales across the middle
of the body, 20 to 26 iu a transverse series between the hind limbs.

Ventral plates in regular longitudinal and transverse series, all
except the outermost broader than long, but never twice as broad
as long, in 10 longitudinal and 30 to 33 transverse series. 3 or 4
preanal plates on the median line, usually very feebly enlarged in
females, the last 2 to 3 times as broad as long in males.

23 to 29 femoral pores on each side,t the two series meeting in the
middle. Digits with 3 series of scales ; toes with moderately strong
lateral denticulation, the denticles stronger on the outer side of the
fourth toe )>ut shorter than the diameter of the toe; 21 to 23 strongly
unicarinate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales much larger than posterior dorsals, oblique,
truncate, and strongly and diagonally keeled, basals as long as broad
or a little broader than long, lower smooth or very obtusely keeled
in the basal part; 22 to 28 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Young streaked with black and white, the black streaks the
broader and spotted with white ; 5 or 6 white streaks on the nape,
4 or 5 on the body, 3 on the base of the tail ; another white streak
on each side, from the tympanum to the groin ; limbs with large
round white spots. The striation disappears or is reduced to traces
in the adult, which are grey above, spotted, speckled or reticulate with
blackish, the blackish s2:iots often forming 2 or 4 longitudinal series.
A female is remarkable for a black, light-edged vertebral stripe on the
body, the sides being spotted with blackish, and a light, black-edged
vertebral streak on the naj^e. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to

vent

82

73

,, ,, ,,

fore limb .

32

26

Length of head .

21

18

Width of head .

14

12

Depth of head .

10

8

Fore limb .

29

25

* Up to 40 according to Boettger.
t Or 30 according to Boettger.

AcanfJiodacti/his.

81

Hind liml)
Foot .
Tail .
Habitat. — Cyjjrus.

(?

?

55

43

27

22

155

130

Var. SYEIACUS, Boettger.

J^^t TT"" --id«--tion I have decided to unite the Syrian form
with that from Cyprus, as the only important difference "resides in
the stronger and sharper keels on the dorsal scales-a difference of
degree which is not greater than we find in varieties of other species
A. .ulgar^s, A. scuteUatus). The keeled temporal scales and ratL
larger gular scales (27 to 32, rarely 35, in a straight line) are no
important characters m the light of the variations °in other specter
18 to .2 scales in a transverse series between the hind limbs ; 21 to
26 femoral pores on each side. In 10 specimens from Beyrut (out
o 14 examined) the frontonasal is longitudinally bisected, and in

z^:^c ''' '^^"^ ^"^^"™' ''' -'-'- —^y --«

anrbv w'""' """7^ '• ' ""' "' "'^^ '' '^''' ^--ibed by Boettger
and by Werner, are often reddish above, with 8 light bluish-o.:ey
longitudinal streaks bearing small blackish spots. Others are ^ ej
above, with small black spots, or white, dark-edged ocelli betwtn
more or less distinct light longitudinal streaks, Exactly as f he
typical A. schreiberi. .y ^ts, m tne

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

" " ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb ...
Foot ...
Tail .

78
27
19
13
9
28
47
25
165

?

67
25
17
11
8
23
42
22
122

In ts strongly keeled scales this form approaches the typical
j. 5o.^.a,«., of which it has been regarded as a variety by Boeft "r
and by Lataste ; but it is easily distinguished from it by the smalle

appears to be always entire.
VOL. II.

6

82

Lacertidix'..

Ifafcifa^.—Beyrut, Jaffa, and Haiffa in Syria. — The specimens iuthe
Lyons Musevim were referred by Lortet to A. scutellahis.

Particvlars of Specimens Examined.

Forma typica

(7 Cyprus

Var

<? Beyrut

„ P.M.
„ L.M.

syrtacHS.

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

93

55

10

31

11

36

29

23

4

82

54

10

33

9

34

26

23

4

82

54

10

30

8

33

24-26

23

4

SO

48

10

32

9

32

25-26

21

4

79

50

10

30

7

33

28-27

22

4

76

52

10

31

9

31

27-28

21

4

74

59

10

32

10

35

26-28

23

4

73

50

10

33

9

33

27-28

23

4

68

55

10

32

8

33

25

21

4

66

59

10

33

9

33

26

23

4

66

51

10

31

8

32

24-23

22

4

62

55

10

32

7

34

23-25

23

4

57

57

10

32

8

33

24

22

4

78

49

10

32

12

30

23-24

21

4

70

51

10

31

11

29

24

22

4

69

54

10

32

11

30

23

21

4

75

53

10

31

11

32

27-25

21

5-4

74

48

10

30

12

28

23

20

4

69

52

10

31

11

31

25-26

21

5-4

56

57

10

30

13

32

23-24

21

4

56

49

10

33

12

31

25-24

21

4

75

49

10

33

8

28

26-25

20

4

67

52

10

31

11

35

23-22

20

4

63

57

10

32

10

31

22-21

20

4

75

51

10

32

10

28

24

19

4

57

52

10

32

10

27

24-23

20

4

„ L.M

(? Syria .

I have besides examined, in the Lyons Museum, a series of 40
specimens of the var. syriacus, bearing the erroneous indication :
" Cochinchine, don du Dr. Morice." They were associated with
examples of Lacerta leevis and Chalcides ocellatns, and no doubt came
from Syria. In 33 of these specimens the frontonasal is divided into
two by a longitudinal cleft, in 2 it is divided into three ; in 2 of them
the subocular borders the mouth.

8. ACANTHODACTYLUS BOSKIANUS.

Lacerta boskiana, Daud. Hist. Eept. iii, p. 188, pi. xxxvi, fig. 2
(1802) ; Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 103 (1823) ; Aud.
Descr. Egypte, Eept., Suppl. p. 173, pi. i, fig. 9 (1829).

Acanmodacfijlus. 83

Lacerta aspera, Aud. op. cit. p. 174, pi. i, fii?. 10.

Acanthodactylus bosJcianus, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1834) ; Dum.
& Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p, 278 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 38 (1845) ;
Strauch, Erp. Aly. p. SS (1862) ; Bouleug. Bull. Soc. Zool. Frauce,
1878, p. 182, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881. p. 744, pi. Ixiii, fig. 2 ; Eimer,
Arch. f. Nat. 1881, pi. xv, fig. 26 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii,
1885, p. 496; Pareuti & Picaglia, Atti Soc. Modena (3) v, 1886,
p. 29; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 59 (1887), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii,
1891, p. 129 ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 14, Herp. Arab. p. 34
(1896), and Zool. Egypt, Kept. p. 148, pi. xx (1898) ; Doumergue,
Erp. Oran. p. 148, pi. x, figs. 1-3 (1901) ; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
xxvii, 1909, p. 604; Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 148.

Scapteira inequalis, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 280.

Acanthodactylus asperus, Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital., Amf. (1841).

Acanthodactylus boshiamis, var. asptr, Lataste, I.e. ; Bouleng. Bull.
Soc. Zool. Frauce, 1918, p. 153.

Lacerta lomjlcauda, Hemjjr. A Ehrenb. Symb. Phys., Zool., Amph.
pi. ii, fig. 5 (1899).

Acanthodactylus boskianus, var. euphraticus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag.
N. H. (9) iii, 1919, p. 650.

The following description is taken from the smaller-scaled form,
with the subocular excluded from the oral border, the range of
which appears to be restricted to the Mediterranean coast of Egypt,
and which agrees with Daudiu's L. boshiana, as first pointed out by
Lataste on examination of the type specimen preserved in the Paris
Museum. The larger-scaled form, var. asper, which has a wide
distribution, grades into it so completely as to cause difiiculties in the
naming of certain isolated specimens.*

Habit rather slender ,t body moderately depressed. Head I3, or a
little less, to If times as long as broad, its length 3| to 4^ times in
length to vent, its dej^th equal to the distance between the anterior
corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; a lanceolate
concavity from the frontonasal to the middle of the frontal, bordered
by a usually rather strong but obtuse keel ; snout more or less

* DoumergiTe mentions one from Geryville, in the Province of Oran, which
he refers to the typical form, but which is probably only an annectant example
of the var. asper, with an exceptionally high number of scales (38 or 40 across
the middle of the body).

t Except in one male from Alexandria, which is as stout as a typical
A. pardalis. This aberrant specimen is also remarkable in having a shorter
pectination on the outer side of the fourth toe, resembling some specimens of
A. pardalis.

84 Lacertichw

obtusely pointed, as long as or a little longer than the postocular part
of the head, ^Yith rather sharp cauthus and feebl}' concave loreal region ;
nasals feebly swollen. Pileus 2 to 2^ times as long as broad. Neck
as broad as the head. The hind limb reaches the ear or between the
collar and the ear in males, the collar or between the collar and the
ear in females ; foot li to If times as long as the head ; fourth toe,
from the base of the fifth, 1 to 1^ times as long as the head. Tail \\
to 2;\ times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields convex, sometimes feebly rugose in the adult.
Suture between the nasals ^ to \ the length of the frontonasal, which
is as long as broad or a little broader than long, and a little broader
than the internarial space* ; prefrontals as long as broad or longer
than l)road, forming a suturef ; frontal as long as or shorter than
its distance from the end of the snout, If to 2 times as long as broad,
rounded or forming an obtuse angle in front, narrow behind ;
parietals as long as broad or a little longer than broad, outer border
straight or concave ; a very small occijaital sometimes jjresent, behind
the suture between the parietals. Four large supraoculars, the first
as long as or a little shorter than the second, and usually divided
into 2 or 3, sometimes disintegrated into 4 to 7 jsarts, or separated
from the second by a series of granules, fourth smaller and also
occasionally separated from the supraocular in front of it by a series
of granules ; 6 or 7, rarely 5, su]Derciliaries, the first the longest and
in contact in front with the first supraocular ; a single series of
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Anterior
loreal shorter than second ; constantly 4 upper labials to below the
centre of the eye, the fourth the longest; subocular sharply keeled
below the eye and forming an angle wedged in between the fourth
and fifth upper labials. Two strongly keeled upper temporals, the
first long, the second short ; temporal scales granular, convex, upper
minute, lower large, or lower transversely elongate and more or less
strongly keeled ; tympanic shield often present ; auricular denticula-
tion merely indicated or moderately strong and formed of 4 or 6
rounded or obtusely pointed scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the three first in contact in the middle.
25 to 35 (usually 25 to 31) gular scales in a straight line between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate,
juxtaposed in front, larger and imbricate near the collar ; gular fold

* Longitudinally divided into two in a female from Alexandria and in a
young from Eamleh.

t A small shield between the prefrontals in a male and in a female from
Alexandria and in a male and in a voung from Eamleh.

Acaufhodactyliis. 85

feeble but distinct. Collar free, curved, composed of 8 to 12
plates.

Scales granular and keeled on the uape, large, flat, rhoml)ic, sharply
keeled, as long as broad, rounded or obtusely pointed behind on the
back, the posterior more or less imbricate, increasing in size towards
the tail, but considerably smaller than the basal caudals ; scales on
the sides much smaller, moi'e or less distinctly or even strongly
keeled, and either merging into the dorsals or abruptly differentiated ;
34 to 52 (usually 38 to 43) scales across the middle of the body,*
of which 16 to 20 are enlarged dorsals ; 12 to 14 ("rarely 16) large
keeled scales in a transverse series between the hind limbs. Ventral
plates in regular longitudinal and transverse series, all except the
outermost broader than long, the largest rarely twice as broad as long,
in 10 longitudinal and 27 to 32 (usually 29 or 30) transverse series.
Males with 2 to 4 enlarged preanal plates on the median line, the
last usually 2 to 3 times as broad as long ; in females these plates are
smaller and the preanal region is often covered with small, subequal,
irregular plates.

21 to. 31 (usually 22 to 28) femoral pores on each side, the two
series meeting or narrowly separated in the middle. Digits with
3 series of scales ; toes strongly denticulate, especially on the outer
side of the fourth toe, where the lobes of the fringe are as long as
or a little shorter than the diameter of the toe ; 20 to 24 uni- or
tricarinate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales large, the basal In-oader than long, sharply
keeled, rounded, truncate, or obtusely pointed behind, sometimes
shortly mucronate, lower smooth in the basal part of the tail ; 18 to
22 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Young with 5 (rarely 4) white strealis on the upper surface of
the body, sometimes 6 or 7 on the nape,t and one on each side,
separated by dark grey or blackish broader streaks, which may be
spotted with white ; 4 and then 3 white streaks on the base of the
tail ; limbs with large round white spots ; tail red towards the end.
This striation may persist in the adult, well marked or faint, or the
dark streaks may be replaced by series of black and white spots,
or the upper parts may be yellowish with four red longitudinal bands ;
exceptionally with a blacksh network enclosing round whitish spots.
Lower parts white.

* 52 in the type specimeu, as counted liy Lataste. Otherwise the number of
scales does not exceed 47 in the specimens examined by me.

T The type specimen figured by Daudin shows two pairs of dorsal streaks
and a vertebral ending lialf-way down the back.

1.

2.

79

64

29

25

19

16

1-2

10

10

8

26

21

50

39

26

19

.75

108

86 Lacertidn:

Measurenieuts (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

fore liml»
Len£;tli of head ....
Width of head ....
Depth of head ....
Fore limb .....
Hind limb .....

Foot

Tail

1. (? , Aljukir. 2. 9 > ^^^^^^^i*^^'''^-

Yar. ASPEE, Audouin.

Distinguished liv larger dorsal scales. Head likewise varying in
shape, the snout exceptionally rather pointed and LV times as long-
as the postocular part of the head.* The hind limb reaches between
the collar and the ear or between the ear and the eye, very rarely
the eye, in males, the shoulder, the collar or between the collar and
the ear in females.

The first and fourth supraoculars usually entiret; rostral excep-
tionally in contact with the frontonasal + ; a small shield sometimes
present between the prefrontals § ; exceptionally 5 or 6 upper labials
to below the centre of the eye.

22 to 32 (usuallv 23 to 28) gular scales in a straight line. 7 to
12 collar-plates.

Dorsal scales abruptly differentiated from the laterals, in 12 to
18 longitudinal series in the middle of the body, and 8 to 14 (usually
10 to 12) between the hind limbs, the posterior often nearly as large or
but little smaller than the basal caudals ; 28 to 38 (usually 25 to 35)
scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates exceptionally
in 8 or 12 longitudinal series. 15 to 27 (usually 17 to 24) femoral
pores on each side. 1 7 to 24 lamella? under the fourth toe. 18 to
22 scales in the fourth or fifth caudal whorl.

Young with 6, 5, or 4 white streaks on the nape, 5 or 4 on the

* Two males, from Tunisia and Ghardaia, may be regarded as extremes ;
their measurements are here given. There are also considerable differences
between specimens from the Hadramut.

t Divided into 2 or 3 shields in 17 specimens only, from Aden, Lahej, Abian
Coixntry, Haithalhim, Hadramut, Giza, Sviakin, Laghoiiat, and Boii Guelfaia.

X Male from Aden and male from Haithalhim.

§ Single specimens from Sinai, Cairo, Giza, Gebel Maryut, Luxor, Suakin, and
Annesley Bay.

1.
82
32
21
14
11
31
57
27
195

2.

76
31
19
13
10
27
51
26
180

3.
61
23
16
10
8
23
40
20
128

4.

61
23
16
11
8
23
39
20
127

67
23
16
11
8
24
38
20
125

23
16
10

8
24
42

Acanthodactylus. g7

My 4 and 3, or 3 only, on the base of the tail- these streaks
sometnnes c,„,te as broad as the dark streaks betwee, ,he„ Idul

with ;:;:: r: ir.'^ 't^' '°™' ™"'«-^ hands„Lrs,.tked

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of suout to rent

" " .. fore liml

Length of head
Width of head .
Deptli of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb
Foot .
Tail .

1- c?,Hadramut. 2. c^^ , N.E. of El Golea S ^ ^ ^f nv a-
4 ^ Tn.ii.io tr M AT, ,^ -i^i vjuiea. o. c5 , b. of Grhardaia.

4. c?,Tuu,.,a. 5. 9,NebyMusa. 6. $,BouSaada.

Var. EUPHRATICUS, Bouleuger.

I am indebted to mv son T)r P T tj^, i r

obtainpd hv I,- i/ ''Oil' ;L>i- <- L. Bouleuger, for 8 specimens
obtained by hmaself and Lieut. Harrison at Ramadieh on the
Euphrates Fron in 1917, which are highly interesting, 7 of them

mouTri^r" T"' "' *'^ ^^^"^^ ^'^ *^^ ^'^'--^- Wderin! the
mouth ; otherwise they agree with the typical form in the number of

ZtVaVd fY' ^'^ '° '' ''''-' ^''''^' '' - '' between theTind
hmbs) and of femoral pores (23 to 27*). There are 22 to ^7 caudal

scales m the fourth or fifth whorl. The first supraocular is l^-oken u

Young with 4 white streaks on the upper surface of the bodv, 6 on

achoTwHch "' 7 ""' «ide, separated by broader black streaks,
each of which may bear a series of round white spots
Measurements (in millimetres) : r

From end of snout to vent ... gj

" " „ fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head
Depth of head .
Fore limb .
* In one of the male specimens there ar

30
19
13
11

30

9
80
29
18
12

9
27

.u one oi rae male specimens there are 2-3 additional pores forming, a
second series behind the other at the distal end of the tlii^.h. '

88

Lacertidx.

$

?

54

46

26

24

165

—

Hind limit ......

Foot

Tail

The three ill- defined forms which I think deserve recognition under
the names of var. euphraticus, forma typica and var. asper, constitute
a highly suggestive gradational series ; the condition of the subocular
shield pointing to the first being the nearest to the hypothetical primitive
Acanthodadylus. These forms may be thus contrasted :

Subocwlar usually bordering the mouth ; first supraocular divided ; 38 to 43
scales across middle of body, 14 to 16 between hind limbs ; 23 to 27 femoral
pores on each side Var. euphraticus, Blgr.

Subocular not bordering the mouth ; first supraocular iisually divided; 34 to
52 (usually 38 to 43) scales across middle of body, 12 to 16 between hind
limbs ; 21 to 31 (usually 22 to 28) femoral pores . . . Forma typica.

Subocular not bordering the mouth ; first supraocular usually vindivided ;
23 to 38 (usually 25 to 35) scales across middle of body, 8 to 14 between hind
limbs ; 15 to 27 (usually 17 to 24) femoral pores . . . Var. asper. And.

Hahifat. — Palestine, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Coasts of the Red Sea,
Egypt, Nubia and Egyj)tian Sudan, Tripoli, Tunisia, Algeria, south
of the Plateaux and far .into the Sahara, to the north-west of Lake
Chad.* The reported occurrence of this lizard in Persia, although not
improbable in view of its recent discovery in Mesopotamia, awaits
confirmation, as based on one of the Aucher-Eloy specimens in the
Paris Museum. t

Particidars of Specimens E.vaniined.

Forma typica.
r. (type), P.M.
Maryut
Alexandria .

(J Eamleh

1.

2^

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

38

52

10

32

10

27

22-21

21

4

64

38

10

29

9

27

22

19

4

77

41

10

29

10

25

24-23

21

4

74

40

10

29

10

28

25

20

4

73

38

10

29

11

31

24-23

21

4

60

42

10

30

9

30

24-25

20

4

69

41

10

30

10

28

24-25

22

4

64

39

10

31

8

25

22-23

20

4

57

34

10

30

9

25

22-23

21

4

56

44

10

30

11

27

24-22

21

4

73

43

10

27

S

28

25-26

22

4

72

43

10

30

12

31

28

21

4

* Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1909, p. 413. — The specimen, which I have
examined in the Paris Museum, is a young one, and belongs to the var. asper.
t See remarks above, under Lacerto- viridis, var. vaillanti (vol. I, p. 77).

Acanthudadylus.

89

S Eanileli

S Abukir
Port Said

Var. asper.
S Basra, Mesofiotamia
? ,, „

„ Neby Miisa, Dead Se;
$ Moses Wells, near Suez
,, Tor, Sinai
,, Wed Hebron, Sinai

S Sinaitio Pen
2 Midian
J Aden .

nsula

t? Haitlialliini, near Aden

d Lahej, near Aden

? Mt. Manif, near Aden

<7 Abian Country, S.W. Arabia

„ Hadramut

i Suez

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

. 71 47 10 29

10 29 25-24 21

4

. 65 42 10 29

9 32 30-28 23

4

. 56 41 10 30

8 28 27-28 20

4

. 60 37 10 30

8 28 23 21

4

. 60 43 10 29

9 29 26-27 20

4

. 58 43 10 29

12 31 25-24 22

4

■ 57 38 10 32

9 28 22-23 21

4

■ 79 41 10 30

10 35 28-29 22

4

. 73 38 10 28

9 29 24-27 21

4

. 66 42 10 28

10 31 31-30 24

"4

. 66 42 10 30

10 29 25 24 20

4

. 62 40 10 31

9 25 21 20

1

. 56 31 10 27

9 27 22-20 22

5-4

. 55 33 10 27

8 27 19-18 22

4

I

. 67 34 10 27

8 27 23-22 20

4

ez

• 64 36 10 28

8 28 21 21

4

. 76 36 10 26

10 29 26-25 22

4

. 65 31 12 27

9 31 22-23 22

4

. 64 33 10 25

9 26 24-23 20

4

. 59 33 10 25

9 26 25 21

4

. 61 32 8 26

10 26 21-20 20

4

. 58 30 10 27

10 22 21-20 20

4

. 67 29 10 25

8 24 20 20

4

. 61 25 12 27

9 24 21 20

4

. 64 29 10 26

8 26 21-22 21

4

. 57 27 10 26

10 26 20 21

4

. 57 31 10 28

7 28 21 20

4

. 55 28 10 26

8 26 21-22 22

4

■ 50 29 10 27

8 27 21 21

4

1

. 71 30 10 25

10 28 20-21 20

4

. 62 25 10 26

9 23 22-20 20

4

. 71 23 10 30

10 24 17 21

4

. 65 28 10 27

10 23 20-22 20

4

• 57 27 10 26

10 23 21-22 20

4

. 74 32 10 27

9 28 19-20 21

4

. 62 31 12 27

8 27 21 19

4

Vrabit'

I . 73 33 10 26

9 29 23 23

5-4

. 82 25 10 25

10 26 19-20 20

4

. 82 27 10 26

10 28 17-19 22

4

. 81 30 10 27

7 27 19-20 20

4

. 76 23 10 25

8 26 15-16 20

4

. 73 25 10 27

9 23 17-16 20

5-4

• 65 24 10 27

10 27 IS 24

4

• 67 34 10 25

12 29 20-22 22

4

• 61 30 10 26

9 24 22-21 20

4

. 60 33 12 27

7 25 23-22 22

4

90

L

acertidiv.

1.

2

3.

4.

r

6.

7.

8.

9.

S Suez 59

28

10

28

8

28

17-18

21

4

., „

55

32

12

25

12

27

22

23

4

9 Gebel Marynt .

61

32

10

27

9

22

19

20

4

(? Cairo .

69

30

12

26

8

23

21-20

19

4

9 „ . • .

65

31

10

28

9

28

21-22

23

4

,. ,, . . .

62

32

10

26

9

26

19

20

4

S Criza, near Cairo .

71

34

10

28

11

27

21

19

4

.. .,

58

31

10

20

10

28

21-20

20

4

„^ Helat, Libyan Desert

76

32

10

26

10

29

24-25

23

4

,, „ ,,

71

28

10

26

11

27

22

21

4

„ Tel el Aniarna

65

31

10

25

9

27

22-23

21

4

„

65

34

10

25

7

28

22

20

4

*

03

33

10

28

9

20

21-22

22

4

„ „

56

33

10

24

11

23

21-22

19

4

.. ,.

56

32

10

28

8

25

20-18

22

4-5

9

60

32

10

30

7

26

20-18

22

4

<? Luxor .

57

30

10

27

9

32

23

20

4

.; » •

56

30

10

26

7

25

20-19

21 1

4

9 „ . . . .

64

33

10

26

8

25

20-18

19

4

•> ), • ■ .

64

38

10

29

10

28

21-22

22

4

(J Assuan

64

36

10

25

10

22

19

19

4

" Egypt (type of S. inxq

nalis

)

75

35

8

26

9

28

22-23

20

4

,, Khartum

52

30

10

26

]0

25

19-18

21

4

9 „ . .

52

31

10

27

7

22

17-10

19

4-5

(J Suakin

77

34

10

20

9

20

21-19

20

4

» „ . .

75

30

10

28

9

26

21

18

4

). ,) . .

70

32

10

26

8

23

22

20

4

» „ . .

69

28

10

27

9

25

18-20

19

4

,, „ . .

69

30

10

27

9

28

22-21

20

4

„ „ . .

66

33

10

27

11

27

22

20

4

9 „ . .

70

32

10

30

11

31

21

19

4-5

„ „ . .

65

33

10

27

8

29

21

21

5-6

„ „ . .

63

33

10

29

9

20

22-21

20

4

., „ ■ .

59

32

10

28

9

20

20

20

4

? Erkovit, near Suakin

54

35

10

29

10

28

21-20

20

4

S Duem, Egypt. Sudan

71

28

10

25

12

23

21-20

21

4

„ Annesley Bay, Eritrea

59

28

10

28

10

25

21-22

19

4

„ Tunisia

61

35

10

29

9

30

22-21

20

4

„ Duirat, Tunisia .

73

30

10

27

9

20

23

20

4

9 „ „ .

66

34

10

28

9

25

23

20

5

„ „ „

66

32

10

28

S

30

19-18

20

4

,, jj J,

63

34

10

27

10

31

23-20

23

4

$ Zarzis, Tunisia .

80

31

10

27

10

25

22

17

4

„ Bordj-Bou-Arrerij, Algeria

53

35

10

28

11

28

22-21

19

4

„ Bou Saada ,,

63

38

10

27

9

23

20-21

20

4

?

64

34

10

27

8

25

23

19

4

M « ' »

. 62

38

10

28

9

28

23

21

4

J» »>

jj

60

34

10

29

10

28

20 21

18

4

AcanthoJiictijlus.

91

9 Boil Saada, Algeria

„ Biskra-Laghouat

(? Laghouat

? „ . .

„ Bou Guelfaia-Tibi-enit

(? S. of Ghai'daia

I. Tiigguit

? „ . .

„ Wed N?a-El Alia

(? N.E. of El Golea

„ El Golea-Wed Saret
„ Aiii Guettara

¥ El Ki-eder, Prov. Orau
$ Aiii Sefra, „

Vai". euphraticus
c? Eamadieli (type)

?
Yg. "

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

(>0

35

10

28

8

29

24

20

4

56

33

10

28

10

23

18-17

19

4

72

36

10

26

8

25

20

20

4

()4

31

10

27

8

23

21-20

17

4

57

34

12

29

9

27

24-22

20

4

61

38

10

29

9

28

22-20

18

4

63

34

10

26

8

27

24-22

20

4

65

34

10

30

8

29

25-23

20

4

57

29

10

30

9

26

23-22

22

4

76

32

10

•j~

11

25

22-23

2U

4

69

26

10

28

10

20

23-24

23

4

62

34

10

27

10

27

25-26

20

4

55

35

10

28

11

30

22

21

4

73

30

10

26

11

25

24-23

21

4

71

3U

10

27

10

28

24-23

20

4

60

33

10

28

9

25

20-21

19

4

SI

33

10

28

10

26

25-27

22

4

80

35

10

29

8

25

23

21

4

73

31

10

27

10

27

19-20

20

4

58

37

10

32

8

26

22

23

4

81

41

10

29

9

29

2()

22

4

79

38

10

29

9

28

25-24

20

4

77

43

10

29

8

28

26-27

22

4 5

75

38

10

29

8

29

23-24

20

4

80

39

10

30

9

30

25-26

20

4

66

45

lu

29

9

29

23

21

4

43

39

10

3li

8

31

25-27

23

4

38

40

10

28

8

29

26

21

4

9. ACANTHODACTYLUS CANTORIS.

Acantliodactijlus cantoris, Giinth. Kept. Brit. Iiid. p. 73 (1864) ;
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli, 1872, p. 91 ; Blanf. Zool. E.
Pers. p. 381, pi. xxvi, fig. 3 (1876) ; Bouleug. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881,
p. 745, pi. Ixiv, fig. 3; Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 348 (1884) ; Lataste,
Ann. Mus. Geuova (2) ii, 1885, p. 507 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 60
(1887), aud Faim. Ind., Kept. p. 170 (1890) ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1895, p. 646, Herp. Arab. p. 34 (1896), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii,
p. 143: Parshad, Rec. Ind. Mus. x, 1914, p. 271 ; Bouleng. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1918, p. 148.

? Acanthodactijlus mkropliolis (non Blanf.), Murray, I.e.

Acanthodadijlus cmitoris, vars. hlanforclii, arahlciis, Bouleug. Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 154.

Typical form.

92 Laci'rtldie.

Habit rather slender, liody more or less dej^ressed. Head Ij to
If times as long as broad, its length o§- to 4 times in length to vent,
its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum ; a deep lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal to the
middle of the frontal ; snout pointed, often acutely, 1-1 to 1,V times as
long as the postocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and
concave loreal region ; nasals often rather strongly swollen. Pileus
1 1 to 2 J times as long as broad. Nect as broad as or a little narrower
than the head. The hind limb reaches the ear or between the collar
and the ear, rarely between the ear and the eye, in males, the collar or
between the collar and the ear, rarely the ear, in females ; foot \\ to
1^ times as long as the head ; fourth toe, from the base of the fifth,
1 to IJ times as long as the head. Tail \\ to 2^ times as long as head
and body.

Upper head-shields flat or convex, smooth, or feeldy rugose in old
specimens. Suture between the nasals short or very short ; fronto-
nasal as long as broad or a little longer than broad, rarely a little
broader than long,* a little broader than the internarial space ; pre-
frontals longer than liroad, the suture between them long or short,
according to the length of the snout ; frontal shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout, lif to 2^ times as long as broad, rounded
or, more often, obtusely angular in front, narrow behind ; parietals as
long as broad or broader than long, outer border straight or concave ;
a small occipital often present behind the suture between the
parietals. t 4 supraoculars, the first as long as or shorter than the
second, nearly wholly in contact with the first superciliary, ^; the
fourth smaller, often liroken up or separated from the third by a series
of granules ; one or two series of granules between the second and
third supraoculars and the superciliaries, which are 6 or 7, rarely 8, in
number, first longest. Anterior loreal much shorter than second ; 5,
rarely 4 or 6, upper labials to below the centre of the eye ; subocular
sharply keeled lielow the eye, lower border rounded and resting on the
fourth, fifth and sixth upper labials, or angular and wedged in
between the fifth and sixth (rarely sixth and seventh or fourth and

* Occasionally, but very rarely, longitudinally divided into two, as observed
by Stoliczka ; the same author also notes the presence in some individuals of
one or two small shields between the prefrontals, and I find one such small
shield in a specimen from Sind and in another from Hissar.

t In a young specimen from Hissar there is a well developed occipital,
separated from the interi^arietal by a small shield.

X The second supraocular touches the prefrontal on both sides in a specimen
from Sind, and on one side in another from between Nushki and the
Heliuand.

Acantliodacfylns. 93

fifth).* 2 large supvatemporals. subequal or first the larger, rarely 3 ;
upper temporal scales minute, lower large, ofteu transversely elongate
and more or less strongly keeled ; a narrow tympanic shield usually
present ; usually 3 to 5 pointed scales form a denticulation in front of
the tympanum, sometimes with a few compressed and erect scales in
front of them.

6 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle. 26
to 37 (usually 28 to 31) gular scales in a straight line between the
svmphvsis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtaposed
in front, enlarged and imbricate towards the collar ; gular fold
indistinct. Collar free, curved or angular, strongly serrated, composed
of 7 to 14 plates.

Scales rhombic and strongly keeled throughout, very small on the
nape, gradually enlarged and imbricate on the back, where they pass
moi'e or less gradually into the caudals ; the scales on the back much
larger than those on the sides, rounded behind or pointed or even
shortly mucronate, with oblicjue keels directed towards the median
line, in 14 to 18 longitudinal series in the middle of the body, in 10
to 15 series between the hind limbs ; 26 to 38 (usually 28 to 34)
scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 12 (rarely 14)
longitudinal and 28 to 32 nearly straight transverse series, on two or
several longitudinal series broader than long, otherwise not broader
than long, the outer usually pointed and feebly keeled. Usually 2 or
3 unpaired preanal plates, the one in front of the vent 1^ to 2 times
as broad as long ; or preanal region covered with small irregular
plates.

16 to 24 femoral pores on each side, the two series usually meeting
in the middle. Fingers with 4 series of scales, the series on each side
forming a very feeble denticulation ; toes with only 3 series of scales,
the serration on the outer side much stronger than on the inner, very
strong on the fourth toe, where the lobes of the fringe at least equal,
and often exceed the diameter of the toe ; 19 to 24 uuicarinate lamellae
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales very oblique and strongly and diagonally
keeled, more or less distinctly mucronate, those at the base broader
than long, lower smooth or feebly keeled in the basal part of the tail ;
18 to 22 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Young elegantly streaked with black and white, the streaks of
nearly equal width ; usually 5 white streaks on the nape, 4 on the
])ody, 3 on the base of the tail ; but the vertebral streak sometimes

* The snhocular " occasionally touches the labial margin " according to
Stoliczka.

94 Lacertidn'.

extends aloiit;- the })ody to between the hind limits ; a white lateral
streak from the eye, through the tympanum, to the Imse of the thigh ;
older specimens sometimes have series of white spots along the black
streaks ; head variegated with black and white ; upper lip usually
with black vertical bars ; the black and white streaks on the temple
sometimes replaced by vertical bars; limbs with large round white
spots ; end of tail sometimes pink, sometimes blue. The striation
may persist more or less distinctly in the adult, but adult males are
usually grey or reddish brown, uniform or with round light, dai'k-
edged spots corresponding with the arrangement of the light streaks,
or with a dark network ; the dai-k l)ars on the upper lip often persist.
Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres), of specimens from Kurrachu :

From end of snout to vent .

., ,, ,, fore limb .

Length of head .....

Width of head

Depth of head .....

Fore lim)) ......

Hind limb ......

Foot

Tail • .

Habitat. — Agra, Punjab, Rajputana, Sind,
Southern Afy-hanistan.

Var. BLANFORDII, Boulenger.

The specimens from Baluchistan and Southern Persia* first descril)ed
by Blanford differ from the typical form in having smaller scales
(38 to 44 round the middle of the body), the dorsals (20 to 22 across
the middle of the body) less abruptly defined from the laterals, and
the posterior much smaller than the basal caudals (12 to 16 between
the hind limbs), and the gular scales are also usually smaller (33 to
37 iu a straight line). The ventrals are in 12 (rarely 14) f longitudinal
series, as in the type, but the outer are neither pointed nor keeled.

6 dorsal and 1 lateral light longitudinal streaks, with or without
round white spots between them ; some specimens nearly uniform.

* A. cantoris occurs also in Central Persia, as it is recorded by Werner, Verh.
Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xlv, 1S95, jj. 16, from between Teheran and Koni, altitude
1200 to 1500 metres.

t Exceptionally 10, according to Blanford.

3

^■'

72

64

'28

22

18

16

12

10

9

8

27

22

48

38

24

20

162

115

Cutch,

Baluchistan,

Acanfhodactyl us.

95

Measurements (iu millimetres) :

1.

2.

From end of snout t

0 vent

66

53

„

fore limb

27

22

Length of head

17

14

Width of head .

11

9

Depth of head .

8

7

Fore limb

22

21

Hind limli

44

87

Foot

24

19

Tail .

—

95

(^ , Bam, Persia. 2.

9 , Maud, Baluchistan.

Var. AEABICUS, Bouleuger.

The specimens from South Arabia, all of smaller size, females 45
millim. long from snout to vent being gravid, agree with the typical
form in the large size of the dorsal scales (27 to 35 across the middle
of the body), but differ in having the ventral plates iu 14 (rarely 16)
longitudinal series, the outermost being usually feebly keeled. The
gular scales are large (24 to 30 in a straight line).

Young usually with 6 white streaks on the nape and anterior part
of the back, 4 on the posterior part of the back, 3 on the base of the
tail, and one on each side ; sometimes 6 or 7 white streaks on the nape,

5 on the anterior part of the back. One specimen has 6 white streaks
on the nape, the median pair uniting, at the level of the collar, into a
vertebral streak edged with black, the rest of the back being grey with

6 rows of small white spots. Tail blue. Full-grown specimens
uniform olive, greyish, or brownish above, sometimes sparselv covered
with small black spots, which may have a longitudinal serial
arrangement.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot ....

Tail

1. S . Lahej. 2. $ , Hadramut.

1.

2.

63

49

25

19

17

13

11

8

9

6

23

18

45

33

23

18

153

82

9(i

LacerticlR'.

Partic7ilars of S^iccimens Examined.

Forma typica.
tj Eamnagar, Agra (type)

J Kiriiru, Punjab

9 Nasirabad, Rajput;
ij Karachi

<J Thar district, Sind
„ Sind .

<? Cuteh, B.S. .

9 Omara, Mekran Coast

(? Nnshki-Helmand

„ Helmand

Var. blanfordii
$ Dasht, Baluchistan
? „
„ Mand

$ Bam, S. Persia
,, Jask „

? „ „ .

Var. arahiciis
S Aden .
? „ . . .
(J Lahej, near Aden

, N. of Lahej .

, Abian hills, nr. Lahej

, Hadramut .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7-

8.

9.

65

28

12

30

10

27

20

23

5

64

30

12

28

9

29

20-21

23

5

57

33

12

28

11

27

21

22

6

77

32

12

28

14

34

20-21

23

5

77

30

12

28

12

26

21-20

22

5

58

31

12

29

13

29

20

24

5

66

36

14

28

13

29

21-22

19

5

72

37

12

30

11

31

22

22

5

72

32

12

29

11

31

21-20

22

4

69

29

12

30

11

30

21-22

20

5

68

28

12

31

11

29

20

21

5

64.

34

12

29

13

27

19-18

21

5

61

31

12

30

13

37

20-21

22

5

57

29

12

32

11

28

18

22

5

77

31

12

28

12

29

21

24

5

65

80

12

28

11

28

20

20

5

72

34

14

30

11

32

20-23

22

5

70

26

12

28

10

28

23-24

20

5

64

28

12

28

10

30

19-20

21

5

60

35

12

31

14

30

20-19

21

5

55

30

12

28

12

30

19

20

5

55

31

12

29

10

28

21-20

22

5

49

34

12

30

12

29

22-21

20

6

74

32

12

28

12

27

20-19

20

5

50

32

14

29

7

31

16

21

5

75

38

12

28

10

81

21

22

5

71

35

12

29

8

28

20

23

5

64

34

14

30

12

32

18-19

20

•6-5

51

37

12

30

10

29

18-19

19

5-6

56

41

12

31

9

36

24^22

20

5

51

40

12

31

10

87

19-18

20

5

53

44

12

30

12

37

21-20

20

5

66

42

12

32

9

34

19-18

22

5

64

38

12

28

12

35

20-21

23

5

53

40

14

29

11

33

17

22

5

53 29 14 29 9 31 19-22 21
50 28 14 31 10 28 21-22 22

63

27

14

27

11

25

21

20

6-5

59

28

14

27

10

24

20-22

21

5-4

52

27

14

28

9

27

20

21

5

48

35

14

27

10

28

19-22

21

5

60

32

14

28

11

28

21-23

22

5

55

31

11

30

11

25

21

23

5

AcantJiodactijlus. 97

, „ , 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

i Hadramut 52 30 14 29 11 25 22 22 6-5

^ " 49 32 14 28 11 28 20-19 22 5

45 28 14 30 7 25 21 22 5

" " 45 32 14 30 11 26 21-19 22 5

"^ " 40 32 16 30 9 26 19-20 21 5

The three forms may be distinguished by the followiuo- numerical
characters :

26 to 38 (usually 28 to 34) scales across middle of body ; 12 (rarely 14)
longitudinal series of ventral plates ; 25 to 37 (usually 28 to 31) gular scales in
a straight line n ^ .

Forma fypica.

38 to 44 scales across middle of body; 12 (rarely 10 or 14) longitudinal
series of ventral plates; 33 to 37 gular scales in a straight line.

Var. blanfordii, Blo-r

2/ to 35 scales across middle of body; 14 (rarely 16) longitudinal series of

ventral plates ; 24 to 30 gular scales in a straight line . Var. arabica. Blor.

10. ACANTHODACTYLUS SCUTELLATUS.

Lacerta granimica, part., Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus Berl d 100
(1823). ■ ■ ^'

Lacerta scutellata, Aud. Descr. Egypte, Eept., Suppl. p. 172 pi i
fig. 7 (1829) ; M.-Edw. Auu. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 74, 85, pi vi'
fig. 3; Hempr. & Ehreub. Symb. Phys., ZooL, Amph. pi ii fio- 4
(1899). ■ F F • , s- *

Lacerta oUvieri, part., Aud. oji. cif. p. 174, pi. i, fig. 11.

Lacerta dumerilii, M.-Edw. t.c. pp. 75, 85, pi. vii.'fig. 9.

Scapteira inornata. Gray, Auu. N. H. i, 1838, p. 281.

Mernles dumerilii, Gray, t.c. p. 282.

Acanthodactyhts scutellattis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 272
(1839); Gray. Cat. Liz. p. 64 (1845); Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. "36
(1862) ; Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wieu, Ixii, i, 1870, p. 331 ; Bouleug. Bull.
Soe. Zool. Frauce, 1878, p. 185, aud Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881,''p. 744
pi. Ixiii, fig. 2 ; Boettg. Abh. Seuck. Ges. xii, 1881, p. 401 ; Lataste'
Auu. Mus. Geneva (2) li, 1885, p. 491 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 64
(1887), aud Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 130; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1892, p. 14; Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wieu, xliv, 1894 p 82-
Koeuig, Reise Alg. p. 412 (1896) ; Auders. Zool. Egypt, Eept.' p. 161,'
pi. xxii (1898); Doumergue, Erp. Orau. p. 152, pi. x,"figs. 4-7 (1901);
Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvii, 1909, p. 606 ; Bouleug. Auu. Mus'
Geuova (3) vi, 1914, p. 79, and Bull. Soc. Zool. France 1918*
p. 148.

Acanthodactylus inornatus. Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 38.
VOL, II. >j

98 Lacertidie.

Acanf]nnlacfi/his savignyi, var. scJirelberi (non Bouleiig.), Vaill. Miss.
Ei'voil Pays gonial., Kept. p. 20 (1882).

Acunthodactyhis scutellatus, vars. exiyuns, tliimerlll, Lataste, I.e.

Acanthodacfyliis scntellatus aureus, Giiiitli. Nov. Zool. x, 1903,
p. 298, fig.

Acanihodactyhis scnfellafus, vars. long'qies, audoiiini,aiirei(st, iiwrnatus,
diuiierili, Bouleiig. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 154.

Acanihoddcfylns seneyalensis, Chabaii. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1918, j). 162.

The uanie scuteUatiis applies to the large,* reticulate or dappled
form with very small scales which was first figured from Egypt, and
to which I refer speciiuens from the Siuaitic Peninsula, Palestine,
Mesopotamia, and the Algerian Sahara. The following description is
drawn up from such specimens.

Body short and depressed, limbs rather slender. Head H to
1= times as long as broad, its length 3i to 4 times in length to
vent, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner
or the centre of the eye and the anterior border of the tympanum ;
a more or less distinct lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal to
the middle or anterior third of the frontal, bounded by very obtuse
keels ; snout acutely pointed, about once and a half as long as the
postocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and concave loreal
region ; nasals feebly swollen. Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad.
Neck as broad as the head. The hind limb reaches between the collar
and the ear, the ear, or betw^een the ear and the eye or, very rarely,
the eye in males, the collar, between the collar and the ear, or, rarely,
the ear in females ; foot 1 J to 1 ? times as long as the head ; fourth
toe, from the base of the fifth, 1 to IJ times as long as the head.
Tail 1 1 to If times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields smooth, flat or feebly convex. Suture between
the nasals very short, usually not more than }, rarely i, the length
of the frontonasal, which is as long as broad or a little broader
than long, as broad as or a little broader than iuternarial space t;
prefrontals H to If times as long as broad; frontal shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, 2 to 2| times as long as broad,
rounded or truncate in front, narrow behind ; parietals as long as
broad or broader than long, outer border straight or concave ; a
small occipital often present behind the suture between the parietals.
3 or 4 supraoculars ; first shorter than second, usually entire or
accompanied by a granule on the inner side, rarely broken up into

* Although females measuring- between 45 aud 50 millim. without the tail,
may be gravid.

t Longitudinally divided into two in a male from Jerusalem,

Acantlioilacfijlus. 99

several small shields and c;raimles ; fourth small, if distiuot, often
sej^arated from third )iy granules ; second and third supraoculars
separated by one or, rarely, two series of granules from the
superciliaries, which are 6 or 7, rarely 5, in number, the first longest
and usually in contact with the whole outer border of the first
supraocular. Anterior loreal much shorter than second ; 5 upper
labials, rarely 4 or 6, to below the centre of the eye ; subocular
sharply keeled below the eye, lower border rounded or very openly
angular, resting on the fourth, fifth and sixth (rarely fourth and
fifth, fifth to seventh, or fourth to seventh) upper labials. Two
large upper temporals (rarely one), first the longer ; temporal scales
granular, convex or obtusely keeled, upper minute, lower much larger ;
a small tympanic shield rarely present ; o to 5 rounded or obtusely
pointed lobules usually forming a denticulation in front of the
tympanum.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle.
25 to 41 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtajjosed in front,
gradually enlarged and imbricate towards the collar ; gular fold
usually present, sometimes very indistinct. Collar free, curved,
composed of 8 to 13 plates.

Dorsal scales granular or subrhomboidal, usually feebly keeled,
sometimes smooth or flat and rather strongly keeled, scarcely
enlarged on the posterior part of the back, 60 to 80, usually 65 to 75,
across the middle of the body*; the scales minutely granular on
the upper part of the sides, enlarged on the lower part and passing
gradually into the ventral plates. Ventral plates mostly as long as
broad, but some a little broader than long or a little longer than
broad, forming irregular longitudinal and angular transverse series ;
14, rarely 16. very rarely 12, plates in a transverse series in the
middle of the body ; 27 to 36 transverse series. Preaual region often
covered with small irregular plates, sometimes with an enlarged
median plate in front of the vent.

15 to 27 femoral pores on each side, the two series usually meeting
in the middle. Fingers with 4 series of scales, the series on each side
forming the feeble denticulation ; toes with only 3 series of scales, the
serration on the outer side much stronger than that on the inner, very
strong on the fourth toe, where the lobes of the fringe at least equal,
and usually exceed, the diameter of the toe; 21 to 26 unicarinate, less
frequently feebly tri- or quinquecariuate, lamellse under the fourth toe.

* Anderson usually gives higher numbers which is due to his having counted
higher up than the middle of the body.

100 Lacertidie.

Upper caudal scales very oblique and diagonally keeled, those at the
base nearly as long as broad, usually strongly, sometimes feebly
keeled, lower smooth or feebly keeled in the basal j^art of the tail ;
one or two series of small scales usually present on the inid-dorsal
line of the basal part of the tail ; 24 to 36 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl.

Gi'eyish above, with a darker reticulation, or with numerous small
round whitish dark-edged spots, or with small blackish dots or
vermicular lines sometimes forming wavy transverse lines ; lower parts
white, the throat sometimes bluish grey ; tail often with a lateral
series of blackish spots. Some specimens of a yellowish -grey sand-
colour with the markings very indistinct. Young grey above, with
numerous round white spots, and two white streaks along each side of
the body and a dark streak along each side of the tail, which is ])luish
at the end.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

From end of snout to vent

. 76

70

65

68

56

50

)> X >>

fore limb 30

26

25

24

21

18

Length of head

. 19

18

18

16

14

13

Width of head .

. 13

12

12

10

9-5

9

Depth of head .

. 9

9

9

8

7

6

Fore limb.

. 26

23

23

21

22

17

Hind limb

. 48

41

44

40

36

34

Foot

. 25

20

22

20

18

16

Tail .

. 140

115

107

120

90

80

1. J, In Salah. 2.

J, Jer

usalem.

3. S,

Is. of

Suez

. 4.

9, ]

Salah. 5. 9, Cairo.

6. ?,F

ayum.

In

Habitat. — Long known from Egypt, the Siuaitic Peninsula and
Palestine, this form has recently been discovered by Dr. C. Chz-isty in
Mesopotamia at Basra and by Dr. E. Hartert in the Algerian Sahara,
at In Salah, the southernmost point at which zoological collections
have been made.

Var. LONCIIPES, Boulenger.

A form remarkable for its long and slender hind limbs and its very
small scales occurs in the interior of the Algerian Sahara along with
the var. inoniafus.

Head as in the typical form. Hind linili (males) reaching the eye
or between the ear and the eye ; foot lA to 1} times as long as the
head, fourth toe 14 to 1-^ times. First supraocular entire in the three
specimens from Wargla and in the one from El Wed, with one or two

Acanthodadylus. lOl

small scales on the inner side in the other, fourth broken up into
small scales or granules ; one or two series of granules between the
second supraocular and the superciliaries, two or three between the
third and the superciliaries, which are 4 to 6 in numlier ; a series of
granules usually separates the parietals behind the interparietal. Ear
with 3 to 5 long pointed lobules. 31 to 42 gular scales in a straight
line.

Dorsal scales very small, rouudish-subrhomboidal, flat or feebly
convex, rather strongly keeled, laterals, above those that merge into
the ventral plates, very minute ; G6 to 80 scales across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates mostly as long as broad or longer than
broad, not forming longitudinal series, in 31 to 37 transverse series,
the broadest of which contain 16 plates. A more or less enlarged
preanal plate. 22 to 29 femoral pores on each side. 25 to 30 feebly
unicarinate lamellae under the fourth toe. 36 to 40 scales in the
fourth or fifth caudal whorl.

Yellowish or reddish sand-colour, with faintly marked reticulation
and light and dark dots as in the typical A. scutellatus.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
,, ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head

Width of head

Depth of head

Fore limb ....

Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

Three male specimens, from Wargla, form part of the Lataste
Collection. A fourth was obtained not far from Wargla, between the
Wed IST^a and El Alia, near Guerrara, by Dr. E. Hartert in 1912, and
a fifth at El Wed, E. of Tuggurt, by Mr. Harding King in 1909. This
is probably the larger variety observed by Werner (I.e. 1894) between
Mraier and Temacin.

Var. AUDOUINI, Boulenger.

A female from Wadi Haifa (Anderson Collection) agrees pretty
well with one of the figures of L. olivieri of Audouin, and as it differs,
as well as the specimens from the same locality associated with it, by
a lower number of scales, which are rather strongly keeled, I have
decided to U2:)hold Audouiu's lizard in a varietal sense, although the

Wargla.

Wed N^a.

. 62

56

. 25

21

. 16

14

. 10

9

7

6

. 20

20

. 42

40

. 22

21

. 97

100

102 Lacertidx.

name olivieri canuot be used for it, having been restricted by Milue-

Edwards to the Eremias confounded with it in the Description de

rEg-vpte.

The shape of the head and the general proportions are much as in

the typical form, but the hind limb is often a little shorter, reaching

the collar, the ear, or between these two points in males, the axil, the

shoulder, the collar, or a little beyond, in females ; tail U to 2 times

length of head and body.

Dorsal scales rhombic, fiat, juxtaposed or subimbricate, and strongly

keeled, the upper laterals often only a little smaller and also keeled ;

60 to 59 -scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in
12 or 14 longitudinal series ; 28 to 38 transverse series. 20 to 26

lamellse under the fourth toe. 18 to 26 femoral pores on each side.
24 to 32 caudal scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

The type specimen is represented as with distant blackish dots and
a broad light lateral band from the ear to the thigh, bordered by a
blackish streak beneath, and broken up here and there on the body by
dark vertical lines. The specimen from Wadi Haifa mentioned above
has the white lateral band continuous and edged above by a series
of ocellar spots. Other specimens from the same locality are greyish,
speckled, vermiculated or reticulated with blackish. Among specimens
from Tripoli and Tunisia, some are speckled above and ocellated on
the sides (males), or uniform grey with a whitish dark-edged lateral
band and a blackish streak along each side of the tail (females) or
with traces of the markings of the young. Young (from Homs,
Tripoli) with white streaks, 4 dorsals and one on each side, the inter-
spaces dark grey with small w-hite spots ; limbs with large round white
spots ; tail red in some specimens, l)lue in others.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

From end of snout to vent . . 72 75 65 62 64 60

„ fore limb . 28 27 23 23 22 19

Length of head . . . . 18 18 16 16 15 14

Width of head . . . . 12 12 10 11 10 9

Depth of head . . . . 9 10 8 8 7-5 7

Fore limb 25 25 21 22 20 19

Hind limb 46 45 39 39 38 33

Foot 24 23 19 20 19 18

Tail . . r^ .. . .120 137 118 — 112 95

1. (^.Wadi Haifa. 2. S, Homs. 3. (^ , Wed El KreiL 4. ?,
Wadi Haifa. 5. 9 , Homs. 6. 9 , Duirat.

Habitat.— Egyi)t, Nubia, Tripoli, and Southern Tunisia.

Acanthodacfyhis, 103

Var. AUREUS, Giinther.

The specimens from the extreme west of the Sahara (Eio de Oro
and Cape Jubi) agree with the typical form in the longer snout,* with
the var. i)iornatus in the large, strongly keeled dorsal scales, and differ
from both in the subocular resting nearly constantly on two upper
labials only, the fourth and the fifth. t

Apart from the number of labials, this form is easily distinguished
from the var. inornatus by the narrower snout, more suddenly con-
stricted from the base. The hind limb reaches the collar or between
the collar and the ear in males, the shoulder or the collar, rarely a
little beyond, in females. Tail li^ to 1^ times as long as head and
body. Four well-developed supraoculars ; 5 or 6, rarely 7, super-
ciliaries ; one series of granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries, one in front and two behind ; sometimes^ the series of
granules is incomplete, and the second supraocular is in contact with
the second, or second and third, superciliaries ; 2 or 3 (rarely 4)
rather large, obtusely pointed lobules in front of the ear ; third pair
of chin-shields sometimes§ separated in the middle. 25 to 36 gular
scales in a straight line. Dorsal scales flat, juxtaposed or subimbri-
cate, strongly keeled ; 42 to 58 scales across the middle of the body,
usually 46 to 55. Ventral plates in 14 (rarely 12) irregular longi-
tudinal and 30 to 34 transverse series, mostly as long as broad or a
little broader than long, or a few of them considerably broader than
long. Basal upper caudal scales usually a little broader than
long, usually without median series of small scales ; 22 to 30 scales in
the fourth or fifth whorl. 17 to 26 femoral pores on each side, usually
20 to 24. 19 to 23 lamellae under the fourth toe.

Grey, yellow, or green above, uniform or with small or large dark
dots, vermiculations or reticulations ; females sometimes with six pale
grey longitudinal streaks bearing series of small blackish spots, or
with six nuclial and four dorsal series of small blackish spots. Young
marked as in A. valgarif!, with white streaks separated by black ones,
six on the nape, the median pair fusing to one on the anterior part of
the back, four on the posterior part of the back, and three on the base
of the tail ; limbs with large round white spots ; tail blue at the end.

* The specimeu fitfured by Giinther (I.e., p. 299) as the typical form repre-
sents the var. inornatus, distinguished from the var. aureus by a shorter snout.

t Two exceptions (subocuhir resting on fifth and sixth labials) among some
30 specimens from the Rio de Oro.

X 9 specimens.

§ 3 specimens.

104

Lacertidie.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,. ,, foi'e liml)

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail

(?

?

62

55

24

20

16

14

12

9

8

7

21

19

37

32

19

16

112

85

Habitat.-
Sahara.

-Cape Jubi, Southern Morocco, and Eio de Oro, Spanish

Var. INOENATUS, Gray {exigims, Lataste).

Size smaller than in the typical form, not exceeding 60 millim.
from snout to vent. Head usually less than 4 times in length to
vent. Snout a little shorter, usually less than once and a half the
length of postocular part of head, the keels bordering the depression
in the prefrontals and frontal plates usually stronger ; hind limb
rarely reaching the eye in the males,* usually the collar or between
the collar and the ear, the shoulder, the collar, or between the collar
and the ear in females ; foot 1\ to \\ times as long as the head, fourth
toe not or but slightly longer than the head. Tail li to 2 times as
long as head and body.

Prefrontals ll- to \l times as long as l)road ; frontal 1| to 2 times
as long as broad ; subocular usually resting on fourth, fifth and sixth
upper labials, rarely on fifth, sixth, and seventh, or fourth and fifth ;
auricular lobules sometimes absent, sometimes rather long and pointed.
Scales usually more rhombic or fiat than granular, more or less
strongly keeled, rarely feebly keeled,! 40 to 65, usually 46 to 58,
across the middle of the body. Veutrals sometimes forming more
regular longitudinal series, usually 14, rarely 12 or 16, in number;
29 to 35 transverse series ; in some of the specimens most of the
ventrals decidedly broader than long. 23 to 37 gular scales in a
straight line. 16 to 25 femoral pores on each side, usually 17 to 23.
18 to 25 lamell;e under the fourth toe. 22 to 35 scales in the fourth
or fifth caudal whorl.

Pale grey or yellowish or reddish sand-colour, or almost brick-red,
sometimes uniform, more often with a darker i-eticulation or with

* Male from Aiii Sefra.
t Female from Bon Saada.

A ca n tJiodacfyl us.

105

small light or dark spots or dots ; females sometimes with a whitish
lateral streak edged below by a dark one rimuing along each side of
the belly and bearing a series of round white spots, exceptionally* with
four dorsal streaks darker than the ground-colour or bearing light
spots or whitish or bluish grey each with a series of black spots, and
with a black lateral streak on the tail ; such females evidently derived
from young bearing white longitudinal streaks ; other young merely
reticulate like many of the adults. t
Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

From end of snout to

vent .

60

54

53

50

>> '• >

fore limb

23

21

20

19

Length of head

16

14

14

14

Width of head .

10

10

9

9

Depth of head

8

7

7

7

Fore liml) .

21

19

19

18

Hind limb

37

33

31

30

Foot .

19

16

16

15

Tail .

110

25

90

78

J', Hadjira. 2.

S,

Bou Saada

• 3. 9,

Tripoli

(<^.ype).

4.

Bou Saada.

The habitat of this variety is confined to Tripoli, the Tunisian and
Algerian Sahara, whence it penetrates into the southern sandy parts
of the Plateaux.

Var. DUMERILl, M.-Edwards.

Resembles the var. inornatus in the small size, and the form of the
head and body, but foot longer, 1^ to 1^ times the length of the head ;
hind limb reaching the collar, or, usually, between the collar and the
ear ; tail 1.] to 2 times length of head and body.

Frontal 2 to 2^ times as long as broad ; parietals always broader
than long ; first supraocular often with one to three small shields
detached from it on the inner side, fourth often disintegrated into
small shields and granules ; 5 or 6 superciliaries ; one series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, or one in front and
two behind ; subocular resting on the fourth, fifth and sixth, or
fifth, sixth and seventh, rarely fourth and fifth, upper labials ; 3 to 5
rounded or obtusely pointed auricular lobules ; 20 to 30 (usually
22 to 27) gular scales in a straight line. Dorsal scales rhombic,

* Three from Bou Saada, six from Am Sefra.

t As in A. pardalis, young specimens appear to be seldom met with.

106

Lacertidm.

juxtaposed or subimbricate, strongly keeled, much larger than the
scales on the upper part of the sides ; ;i7 to 55 scales across the middle
of the body, usually 39 to 48. Ventral plates mostly a little broader
thau long, some occasionally much ))roader than long, usually iu
regular longitudinal and feebly angular transverse series ; 28 to 35
transverse series, the longest of which contain usually 12 plates,
sometimes 14, very rarely 10. 14 to 20 femoral pores on each side,*
usually 14 to 18. 19 to 22 lamellae under the fourth toe. Basal
upper caudal scales often a little broader than long ; 22 to 30 caudal
scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Adult grey or pale reddish brown above, with numerous round light
spots, or with dark and light spots, often with three dark longitudinal
streaks and with a dark lateral band spotted with white ; l)asal part of
the tail with three dark streaks. Young usually with four whitish
longitudinal streaks on the upper surface and one on each side ;
sometimes closely spotted with white and with merely the lateral white
streak, as in the typical form.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, fore limb .

Length of head

Width of head

Depth of head ....

Fore limb

Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

1. cJ, Dakar. 2. 9 , Dakar. 3. ?, Senegal (type).
Habitat. — West Africa, from Mauritania to Cape Verd.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1.

2.

a.

. 52

55

49

. 20

19

17

. 14

13

11

. 10

9

7

. 8

7

6

. 18

18

16

. 35

31

30

. 19

17

16

. 95

88

—

Forma tijpica.
S Cairo .

<? „ .

„ Giza, uear Cairo

. 64

69

14

•A\

11

30

22-23

21

5

. 56

72

14

33

9

29

24

22

5

. 50

62

14

30

9

29

19

22

5

. 59

69

14

32

10

30

20-21

22

.5

. 53

67

14

30

12

27

20-21

23

5

. 58

65

12

33

9

33

20-21

22

5

. 49

64

14

32

10

32

18-20

24

6-5

. 49

68

14

32

10

38

21

22

6-5

* Sometimes 12 or 13 accordiiiir to Boetttier.

Acanthodactylus.

107

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

$ Deraare, Libyan Desei

t . . oi»

62

14

32

10

36

21-22

21

6-5

„ Wadi Natron, Egypt

72

71

14

32

11

31

21-23

20

5

,, „ „

. 68

76

14

33

11

38

20-22

24

6-5

»» S> ff

. 55

65

14

30

12

29

20-22

23

5

S> JJ

.49

72

14

30

10

29

21

21

5

? ,, „

. 58

80

14

36

12

34

21

21

5

,, ., „

. 58

69

14

34

11

33

21

24

5

»» jj j»

. 53

77

14

33

10

29

21-20

23

5

„ ,, „

. 50

64

14

32

9

27

20-21

22

5

,, ,, „

. 44

72

14

31

11

30

20

23

5

,, ,, „

. 41

71

14

29

9

25

16-15

22

5

(? Fayuiii

. 62

60

14

31

13

28

22

26

5

? ., . -

. 50

68

14

30

8

26

18-19

23

5

^ Wadi Haifa, Nubia

. 70

65

14

31

9

35

23-24

24

5

?

... 61

66

14

34

11

32

22-24

22

5

,. .. ,,

. 56

66

14

33

10

35

18-21

22

4-5

„ Moses Wells, Suez

. 57

69

14

33

13

33

21-20

22

5

J Isthmus of Suez

. 65

75

14

31

n

31

22 21

24

5

?

. 56

72

14

27

9

28

19-20

21

5

S In Salah, Alger. Sahai

a . .77

66

14

33

9

29

20

21

5

o

4. •• »?

. 68

67

16

31

10

29

]8

21

5

„ „ ,,

. 62

67

14

33

10

32

19-20

21

5

S Wed Hebron, Sinai

. 64

71

14

33

8

31

22-21

23

5

?

. 55

68

14

33

10

29

22-20

22

6-5

tJ Jaffa .

. 68

70

14

35

10

38

27-26

24

5

,, ..

. 62

69

14

33

10

39

26-25

22

5

,, „

. 57

71

14

34

11

31

23-24

21

5

? „ . . .

. 52

75

14

34

11

39

26-24

21

5

(J Jerusalem

. 70

75

14

32

10

38

26

23

5

2 ,, . •

. 59

73

16

35

11

41

27-26

24

5

,. ., ■ ■

. 47

75

10

35

10

38

23

22

5

S Basra, Mesopotamia

. 57

02

12

29

9

31

21-23

21

5

Var. longipes.
S Wargla, Alger. Sahara

„ Wed Nva-El Alia, Alger. Sahara
„ El Wed, E. of Tuggurt, „

62 75 16 33

39 26-25 27
34

59 80 16 37 7 34 25-24 30 5

55 77 16 32 11 40 27-29 29 5

56 75 16 31 10 42 25-24 25 5

60 65 16 33 10 31 23-22 26 5-6

Var. andouini.
<J Wadi Haifa, Nubia

^ Honis, Tripoli

. 72

56

14

32

11

31

23

23

. 72

57

14

32

11

31

21-22

26

. 70

54

14

30

11

29

21

22

. 62

55

14

32

10

34

19-21

24

. 64

59

14

30

9

29

18-20

22

. 73

52

14

31

11

28

21-20

20

108

(J Homs, Tripoli

?

cJ Duiiat, Tunisia

(J Wed el Kreil, Tunisia

Lacertidx.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 68

53

14

35

15

34

21

21

5

. 62

52

14

37

15

38

21-24

22

5

. 67

50

14

33

12

30

19

20

5

. 65

59

14

34

13

32

26-25

21

5

. 63

5U

12

32

10

34

23-24

21

5

. 60

53

12

34

12

30

22

20

5

. 60

55

12

33

12

30

20

21

5

. 57

52

14

35

8

30

19-20

20

5

. 54

57

12

33

10

30

19

22

5

. 64

53

14

33

12

30

24-23

23

5

Var. aureus.
S K. de Oro (type)

S Cape Jubi

?

62

46

14

30

10

30

23-25

22

4

61

55

12

32

11

35

22-24

22

4-5

60

51

14

33

11

36

22

22

4

58

50

14

31

9

29

21

23

4

58

53

14

33

8

33

23-21

21

4

58

55

14

31

10

32

23

21

4

58

50

12

32

8

33

24-26

22

4

56

53

14

31

10

26

22

20

4

54

55

14

33

10

30

22-23

20

4

53

47

14

32

11

28

24-25

20

4

58

47

14

33

9

25

21-20

19

4

55

51

12

32

10

30

21-22

21

5

53

53

14

34

11

29

21

20

4

53

58

14

31

11

29

20

21

4

53

46

14

31

12

30

23-24

21

4

53

53

14

32

9

31

22-23

21

4

53

54

14

32

10

33

21-22

21

4

52

42

14

30

8

28

20-19

20

4

52

47

14

33

9

32

22-23

23

4

52

48

14

33

9

28

21-20

23

4

47

54

12

31

10

32

19-20

20

4

47

48

14

32

9

31

20-21

21

4

56

50

14

31

7

28

21-19

21

4

50

53

14

30

10

25

17

20

4

50

49

14

30

10

27

22-21

22

4

48

52

14

30

10

30

21-20

20

5-4

Var. inornatus

? Tripoli (type) .
(J S. of Gafsa, Tunisia
„ Hou Saada, Algeria

53 54 12 34 14 23 19-18 20
55 53 12 33 10 33 20-19 21

52

52

14

31

IL'

26

22-21

21

5

51

52

14

35

10

31

22-23

21

5

51

49

14

35

14

28

24

22

5-(

49

50

14

30

14

25

20-22

21

5

Acanthodaci yhis .

109

g Bovi Saada

$ Bled Ahiiiar

9

(J Tibreint-Lac

., Laffhoiiat

„ Biskra

S El Wed, Souf

5 Tuggurt

„ Mraier .

$ Wed Nva-El Alia

S Guerrara
„ Hadjira

houat

<J Wargla

2 „

(J Wai-gla-El Golea

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1 .

8.

9.

46

58

14

31

14

28

21-22

23

5-6

46

43

14

31

11

26

21

21

4-5

51

53

14

32

10

24

21

22

5

50

53

14

32

11

30

22

20

5

49

46

14

32

10

26

20-19

21

5

47

50

14

32

10

27

23-21

21

5

45

46

14

30

10

29

20-22

23

5

50

52

14

30

9

29

21

21

5

51

52

14

30

10

25

19

22

o

52

45

14

32

9

23

19-18

21

5

52

55

14

31

10

32

22-21

21

5

50

52

14

32

10

29

19

22

5

48

48

14

33

10

30

18-19

21

o

47

57

14

32

10

29

21-19

21

5

44

40

14

32

12

27

20-19

22

5

40

62

14

31

9

29

20

23

6-5

50

60

14

32

10

26

19-18

21

5

57

55

14

31

12

33

20-22

20

5

55

56

14

32

11

30

19-18

20

5

53

62

12

33

10

31

21

22

5

52

51

14

32

13

28

22-21

20

4

52

53

14

33

12

24

22-20

19

5

50

53

14

32

9

33

21-23

22

5

53

46

14

35

9

31

20-21

21

6-5

51

45

14

32

12

27

24

23

6

50

58

14

32

10

34

2-1-23

21

5

50

49

14

32

10

30

19-20

21

6

54

46

14

32

12

30

23

23

5

60

52

12

32

12

28

25-22

21

5

57

57

14

33

9

30

21

oo

5

54

50

14

32

9

29

20

23

6-5

49

49

14

33

10

25

19-18

23

5

49

58

14

31

10

31

21-22

23

5

54

53

14

33

9

26

18-20

22

5-6

52

57

16

34

9

27

20-21

23

5

50

54

14

31

10

27

22

21

5

49

58

14

32

(

32

19-20

24

5

49

55

16

35

9

28

17-18

20

5

49

52

14

30

11

28

18-20

22

5

48

52

14

31

n

29

20-21

20

5

46

46

14

31

12

26

19

20

5

45

58

12

32

10

29

19

21

o

41

48

14

32

12

26

19

21

5

50

55

14

30

9

24

19-18

20

5

52

49

14

33

12

32

21-20

21

5

52

63

14

32

13

29

21

20

5

50

49

14

32

10

27

19-21

22

5

no

^ Wargla-El Goloa

„ El Golea-Fort Miribel

9

g All! Scfra, Oian

Vai". chnnprili.
J Ti'rti'za Country, Mauritania

„ Senegal (type of L. dumerili)

P.M.

(J ,. P.M.

,, Leybar, nr. St. Louis, Senegal
,, Dakar, Senegal .

(? Cape Verd, L.I
Hgr. Cape Verd

La c fir

tlJx

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 50

57

14

30

10

31

21-23

25

5

. 45

54

14

34

13

28

20

24

5

. 47

56

14

32

12

30

21

21

5

. 46

47

14

30

9

27

17

20

5

. 42

52

14

31

11

29

20-23

20

5

. 42

52

14

33

11

26

16

20

5

. 68

62

10

32

13

36

18

19

5

. 65

60

14

29

10

35

19-22

20

5

. 50

48

14

30

13

27

17-18

18

5

49

65

14

32

11

37

23-21

22

6

. 53

56

14

34

15

29

20-22

22

5

. 52

48

16

34

12

25

17-18

19

4

. 51

45

14

30

10

25

18

18

5

. 48

51

14

32

11

28

17

22

5

. 48

54

14

31

12

25

19

20

5

. 48

50

14

32

12

29

19

22

6-5

. 48

46

14

30

11

24

16-17

20

5-4

. 44

57

14

31

13

29

21

20

5

. 51

40

12

28

8

24

14

21

5

. 45

42

12

28

11

22

18

21

6

. 41

41

12

29

9

25

16

20

4-5

. 51

39

12

33

10

24

16-17

20

5

. 47

40

14

32

11

25

17

20

5-6

. 43

41

12

33

9

24

17

20

5

. 43

49

12

30

12

26

16

19

5-6

. 43

39

12

30

9

25

15-16

20

5

. 42

48

12

33

9

27

17-15

21

5

. 42

44

12

30

9

22

17

i2

5

. 41

47

10

32

10

23

16-15

19

5

. 40

39

14

30

10

23

15-16

21

6-5

. 40

42

12

32

8

24

15-16

21

6-5

. 40

37

12

30

10

22

15-14

20

5

. 40

40

12

30

10

20

15

20

5

. 40

41

12

34

12

26

20-19

22

5

. 40

42

12

31

9

24

15

20

5

. 49

55

14

31

10

2b

2U-19

21

5

. 49

48

12

32

10

31

15

19

5

. 38

50

14

31

9

26

17-18

20

5

57

46

12

35

9

30

19-20

19

5

52

48

14

29

9

26

14-15

19

5

. 49

45

14

31

10

24

16-17

20

5

. 55

50

12

33

10

25

16

22

5

. 51

42

12

30

10

27

14-15

21

5

38

41

12

30

8

27

16

20

5

38

42

12

28

7

23

14

20

5-6

Acantliodactylna. \\\

Synopsis of the Varieties.
I. Snout about U length of postocular part of head.

A. Usually 5 upper labials to below centre of eye

Scales smooth or feebly keeled, rarely strongly keeled, 60 to 80

(usually 05 to 75) across middle of body; ventral plates 14

(rarely 12 or 16) in the longest transverse series ; hind limb

rarely reaching the eye ; 21 to 26 lamella under the fourth too

<a, 1 i 1 , , , Forma typira.

Scales strongly keeled, 65 to 80 across middle of body ; ventral
plates 16 in the longest transverse series ; hind limb reaching
the eye, or between the ear and the eye (males) ; 25 to 30
lamella? under the fourth toe ' v , ■ t^,

e 1 , , , , , * '^1'- lonqtves, Blo-r.

Scales strongly keeled, 50 to 59 across middle of body • ventral "
plates 14 (rarely 12) in the longest transverse series • hind
hmb not reaching beyond the ear ; 20 to 26 lamellae under
the fourth toe ^r

„ „ , ■ ■ ' ■ V ar. ai((?ou/m;, Blgr.

B. Usually 4 upper labials to below centre of eye

Scales strongly keeled, 42 to 58 (usually 46 to 55) across middle
of body; ventral plates 14 (rarely 12) in the longest trans-
verse series; hind limb not reaching the ear; 19 to '>3

lamellae under the fourth toe v~

II Q„ .,,,,,, „ • Var. aHcews, Gthr.

II. Snout not U length of postocular part of head; scales strongly keeled •
usually 5 or 6 upper labials to below centre of eye ; 18 to 25 lamelte under
the fourth toe.
40 to 65 (usually 46 to 58) scales across middle of bo.ly • ventral

plates 14 (rarely 12 or 16) in the longest transverse series;

foot 14 to H length of head ; 16 to 25 (usually 17 to 23)

femoral pores on each side v.., •

Q»7 <-„ re / n ,„ , ■ ' ■ *^i- mornatiis. Gray.

37 to 55 (u.sually 39 to 48) scales across middle of b„dy • ventral

plates 12 (rarely 10 or 14) in the longest transverse series-
foot H to li length of head ; 12 to 20 (usually 14 to 18)

femoral pores on each side V-^r. dumeriU,M.-Ed^.

Taken in the wide sense, A. scntellatus shows an enormous range of
vanat.on m the number of scales and plates, viz. : scales across body
37-8U; longitudinal series of ventrals, 10-16; transverse series of
ventrals, 27-38; collar-plates, 7-15; gular scales, 20-42- femoral
pores, 12-29 ; lamellae under fourth toe, 18-30.

11. ACANTHODACTYLUS FEASEEI.

Acantlwdadylus fraseri, Bouleng. Journ. Bomb. N. H Soc xxv
iyi8, p. 373, and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 148.

Habit rather slender, body moderately depressed. Head U to U
tunes as long as broad, its length 3-t or 4 times m length to vent its
depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum ; a lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal to "the middle

112 Lacertidie.

uf the frontal ; snout olitiisely pointed, 1;^, times as lont,^ as the post-
ocular part of the head, with rather sharp canthus and scarcely
concave loreal region ; nasals feebly swollen. Pileus twice as lonj^ as
broad. Neclc narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches the
collar; foot \\ to It, times as long as the head ; fourth toe, from the
base of the fifth, as long as the head. Tail 1;; times as long as
head and body.

Upper head-shields convex, smooth or slightly rugose. Suture
between the nasals 7 the length of the frontonasal, which is a little
broader than long and broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals
a little longer than liroad, forming an extensive median suture ;
frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, If to If
times as long as broad, rounded in front, narrow behind ; parietals as
long as broad, or slightly broader than long, outer l)order concave.

3 or 4 large supraoculars, first shorter than second, fourth small or
replaced bv granules ; 5 or 6 superciliaries, first longest and in contact
with the first supraocular, the others separated from the supraoculars
bv a series of granules. Anterior loreal shorter than second ; 4 upper
labials to below the centre of the eye, the fourth the longest ; subocular
sharply keeled below the eye and forming an angle wedged in between
the fourth and fifth upper labials. A strongly keeled upper temporal,
followed by one or two smaller shields ; temporal scales granular,
smooth, upper very small, lower large ; a narrow tympanic shield ;

4 pointed scales forming a denticulation in front of the ear-opening.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the three first in contact in the middle.
28 or 29 imbricate gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, enlarged towards the
collar. Collar free, curved, composed of 10 or 11 plates.

Scales granular and smooth or feebly keeled on the nape, rhombic
and strongly keeled on the body, larger and subimbricate towards the
tail, a little smaller on the sides ; 48 to 50 scales across the middle of
the body, 18 to 20 in a transverse series between the hind limbs.
Ventral plates tessellated, forming angular ti'ansverse series, as long-
as broad, or slightly broader than long ; 29 or 30 transverse series,
the longest containing 16 plates. Preanal plates small and irregular
in the female ; male with a median series of three transversely enlarged
plates.

18 to 23 femoral pores on each side, the two series narrowly separated
in the middle. Fingers feebly serrated, with 4 series of scales ; toes
more strongly serrated, especially on the outer side of the fourth, the
denticles of which are a little shorter than the diameter of the toe ;
19 to 23 strongly uuicarinate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Acanthodacti/hts.

113

Ui^per caudal scales much larger than the posterior dorsals, oljlique,
obtusely pointed, strongly and diagonally keeled, the basals nearly as
long as broad, lower feebly keeled, smooth in the basal part ; 28 or 30
scales in the fourth 'whorl.

G-reyish above, with four longitudinal series of small daiker spots
on the back and a rather indistinct darker network on the body white
beneath.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail

<?

9

73

60

29

22

19

15

13

9

9

7

24

20

41

32

22

18

—

102

Particulars of the Type Specimens.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

. 73 48 16 29 11 29 23-20 23 4

. 60 50 16 30 10 28 18 19 4

This species is established ou two specimens obtained by Capt. F. C.
Eraser at Zobeya, Shariba, Lower Mesopotamia. The male is
preserved in the British Museum ; the female is iu the Museum of the
Bombay Natural History Society.

12. ACANTHODACTTLUS G-EANDIS.

Acanthodactylus cjrandis, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) iv, 1909,
p. 189, and Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1918, p. 148.

Form stout, heavy, body depressed. Head \\ to 1^ times as long
as broad, its length about 4 times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the centre or the anterior corner of the eye and
the tympanum ; cheeks swollen ; a lanceolate concavity fi'om the
frontonasal to the middle of the frontal ; snout obtuse or pointed, as
long as postocular part of head, with obtuse cauthus and feebly
concave loreal region ; nasals rather strongly swollen. Pileus twice as
long as broad. The hind limb reaches the axil or the shoulder ; foot
as long as or slightly longer than the head ; fourth toe, from the base
VOL. II. 8

114 Lacertidn'.

of the fifth, a little shorter than the head. Tail If to If times as long
as head and body.

Upper head-shields convex and smooth, sometimes a little rugose in
the adult. Suture lietweeu the nasals very short ; frontonasal
broader than long, broader than the internarial space ; prefrontals as
long as broad or a little longer ; frontal shoi-ter than its distance
from the end of the snout, 11 to 1] times as long as broad, rounded
in front, narrow behind ; parietals as long as broad, outer border
straight or concave. Four supraoculars, first and fourth sometimes
broken up, or separated from their fellows by a series of granules ; a
single series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries, which are 6 to 8 in number. Anterior loreal shorter than
second ; subocular not reaching the mouth, its lower ])order wedged in
between the fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth upper labials. A large
upper temporal, followed liy a smaller one ; temporal scales granular,
convex, lower larger ; tympanic shield present ; 4 or 5 pointed scales
form a denticulation in front of the ear.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle. 28
to 35 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate, juxtaposed in front, imbricate
but only slightly enlarged towards the collar ; gular fold very
indistinct. Collar curved, free, strongly toothed, composed of 10 or 11
plates.

Dorsal scales very small, round, granular, convex, smooth, hardly
enlarged on the posterior part of the back ; 58 to 64 scales across the
middle of the body. A'entral plates not or l)ut little broader than
long, forming 16 or 18 (rai'ely 14) very oblique longitudinal series and
31 or 32 angular transverse series. Preanal region covered with
small and subequal plates.

16 to 24 femoral pores on each side, the two series meeting or
narrowly separated in the middle. Fingers with 4 series of scales, a
lateral series on each side forming the feeble denticulation ; toes with
only 3 series of scales, the lateral denticulation very short and not
more developed on the outer than on the inner side ; 20 uni- or
tricarinate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales very oblique, those at the base as long as broad
or a little broader than long and smooth or feebly keeled, lower
smooth ; 26 or 28 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Greyish or fawn-colour above, with at least traces of 8 longitudinal
series of dark spots on whitish streaks ; the dark spots form transverse
bands on the tail ; sides of head with more or less distinct vertical
dark bars ; lower parts white, tinged with yellow on the limbs and tail.

OagirophoUs. 116

Measurements (in millimetres) :

S ?

From end of snout to vent . . . 103 95

fore limb . .40 35

Length of head ..... 25 23

Wid^th of head 20 18

Depth of head
Fore limb ,
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

15 14

33 31

53 48

25 24

162 —

Particulars of Specimens Examined (types).

1. 2. 3. 4. 3. 6. 7. 8. 9.

(J Khan Agach 103 60 16 31 11 28 20-18 20 5

80 61 18 31 10 30 22-24 20 4

? Jerud 95 64 16 32 10 35 22-23 20 4

This fine lizard, the yiant of the yeuus Acantliodactylus, was
discovered a few years ago in Syria ]\v M. Henri Gadeau de Kerville,
who obtained several specimens at Jerud and Ata'ibe, east" of
Damascus, and near Khan Agach, between Damascus and Kutaife.

7. GASTROPHOLIS.

GastrophoUs, J. G. Fischer, Al)h. Nat. Ver. Haml). ix, 1886, i, p. 1 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 7 (1887).

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between the
nasal and a postnasal.* Lower eyelid scaly. Collar well
marked. Dorsal scales small, juxtaposed ; ventral plates
obtusely pointed, imbricate, keeled. Digits subcylin-
drical, with smooth scales inferiorly. Femoral pores.
Tail long, cylindrical.

East Africa.

Apart from the keeled ventral plates this genus shows the characters
of Nucras, but it is eciually related to Lacerta, as the form and lepi-
dosis have more in common with L. echinata than with any other

* This statement has been challenged by Tornier, who appeals to a photo-
graphic figure given by him to show that I must have been mistaken. This
figure is, howevei-, so blurred that it fails to establish his point. I can make
no correction to my original definition of the genus.

11(5 Lacerfiihe.

species of the Lacertidie ; it appears prol^al>le that there is a direct
relationship between G. vittata aud L. echinata, although we cannot
point to any known species to account for their common derivation,
There also seems to be a distinct affinity with Bedriarjaia.

1. GASTROPHOLIS VITTATA.

Gastro])holis vittata, J. G. Fisch. I.e. pi. i, fig. 1 ; Bouleug. I.e.
Gastro2)hoIis httzei, Tornier, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiii, 1900, p. 591,
fig.

Gastrojiholis 2'rasina, Werner, Zool. Anz. xxvii, 1904, p. 462.

Body depressed. Head rather strongly depressed, fiat above,
nearlv twice as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length nearly 4 times in
length to vent ; snout obtusely pointed, as long as postocular part
of head. Upper surface of head slightly rugose. No parietal fora-
men. Pterygoid teeth absent. Neck narrower than the head. The hind
limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore limb ; foot as long as the
head ; digits slender, compressed distally, somewhat bent at the
articulations. Tail 2^ times as long as head aud body.*

Nostril pierced between two shields ; nasals small, forming a very
short suture behind the rostralf ; frontonasal as long as broad or a
little broader ; prefrontals forming an extensive suture ; frontal 1^ to
li times as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, broader than the supraoculars, but slightly broader in front
than behind, its anterior border somewhat trilobate ; frontoparietals
as long as the frontal ; parietals If times as long as broad, outer
border convex ; interparietal twice as long as broad ; occipital shorter
and broader than the interparietal,; from which it may be separated
by a small shield. Four supraoculars, first small and on a line with
the superciliaries, second slightly longer than third, fourth much
larger than first ; 6 or 7 superciliaries§ ; usually 2 or 3 small scales
l)etween the supraoculars aud the superciliaries. || A single postnasal,
forming a suture with the frontonasal ; anterior loreal not half as
long as second, or fused with it ; 4 or 5 upper labials^ anterior to

* 3 times in the tyi^e of G. prasina.

t Rostral in contact with the frontonasal in the type of G. Ixdzei.

X As long- and twice as broad in the type of G. prasitKi.

§ 5 in the type of G. hiisei.

\\ Only one in the type of G. lutzei, none in the specimen from Morogoro.

t 3 on one side in the type of G. lutzei, 6-7 in the type of G. irrasina.

GastrnphoUs. 117

the subocular, which is narrower beneath than above ; temporal scales
small, subequal, mostly hexagonal.

Gular scales large, flat, and smooth anteriorly, larger, subimbricate,
and feebly keeled towards the collar, 22 to 28 between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold feeble.
Collar even-edged, composed of 9 to 11* feel>ly keeled plates.

Scales on the body oval or rhombic, juxtai^osed, feebly keeled,
largest on the sides ; 25 or 26 scales across the middle of the liody.t
Ventral plates rather strongly keeled, longer than broad, the over-
lapping posterior border obtusely pointed, in 12 longitudinal and 32
or 33 transverse series. Preanal region covered with two transverse
series of irregular keeled plates, of which an anterior and a posterior
pair may be enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, feebly keeled, smaller
than largest dorsals. 10 to 12 femoral pores on each side. J 24 to 30
lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, very obtusely jjointed behind, in more
or less distinctly longer and shorter w^horls alternately, 2-4 to 28 in
the fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Female pale brown above, with a broad white, black-edged dorso-
lateral streak from the nape to the base of the tail ; tail with two
series of white spots, the continuation of the dorsolateral streaks ;
lower parts white. The male {G. prasina) is described by Werner as
bluish green above, tail with black and white spots, greenish white
beneath.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, „ ,, fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb .
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

The types of this species, two females preserved in the British
Museum, once formed part of Dr. J. G. Fischer's collection, and are

* 13 in the type of G. lutzci.

t 21 in the type of G. lutzei, 32 in the type hi G. pvasina.

X 13-14 in the types of G. lutzei and prasina.

§ After Werner.

109

? (ty
82

pes).

80

—

30

29

27-5

21

20

12-5

11

11

—

9

9

34-5

26

25

50-5

38

35

—

21

20

326

195

1.

2_

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8

82

25

32

11

28

11 oT)

5

80

26

33

9

22

10-11 26

5

80

26

32

9

23

12 24

4

118 Lacertidx.

stated to be from Zauzibar. A third specimen, from Liudi, ex-German
East Africa, preserved in the Berlin Museum, is recorded by Nieden,
Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. vii, 1913, p. 75, and I have examined a fourth,
procured by Mr. A. Loveridii^e at Morogoro, ex-G-ermaii East Africa.
G. Ivtzei (female) is from Tanga, and G. 2J'>'asina (male) is from
Usambara, both also in ex-German East Africa.

Although I have not seen the types of the two species referred to in
the synonymy, I entertain no douT)t that they are based on mere
individual and sexual differences.

Partimlnrs of Specimen? Ea:ai)uiied.
9 Zanzibar (type)

„ Morogoro, N.M. .

1. Length from snout to V6>nt (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Collar-plates. 5. Scales
between symphysis of chin-shields and median plate of collar. 6. Femoral
pores on each side. 7. Lamellar scales under fourth toe. 8. Upper labials
anterior to subocular.

8. BEDRIAGAIA.

Bedriagaia, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N". H. (8) xviii, 1916, p. 112.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between the
nasal, a postnasal, the rostral, and the first upper laliial.
Lower eyelid scaly. Collar well marked. Dorsal scales
large, rhombic, imbricate, and keeled ; ventral plates
obtusely pointed, imbricate, and keeled. Digits coin-
pressed, with smooth scales inferiorly. Femoral pores.
Tail very long, cylindrical.

Central Africa.

This genus is intermediate between AJyiroides and Poroiiiera,
agreeing with the former iu the dorsal lepidosis, with the latter in
the ventral, in which it resembles also Gadroiiholis.

1. BEDEIAGAIA TROPIDOPHOLIS.

Bedriagaia tropidopholis, Bouleng. t.e, \). 113, and Rev. Zool. Afr.
vii, 1919, p. 14; Schmidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xxxix, 1919, p. 497,
figs., pi. xxii.

Bedriagaia. 119

Body moderately depressed. Head rather strongly depressed, but
occipital reqioii convex, 1| to 1^ times as long- as broad, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum,
its length nearly 4^ times in length to vent ; snout obtusely pointed,
as long as postocular part of head. Pileus twice as long as broad.
Parietal foramen present, but very indistinct. Neck as broad as the
head. The hind limb reaches the elbow of the adjiressed fore limb or
nearly the axil ; foot longer than the head ; digits slender, compressed
throughout, somewhat bent at the articulations. Tail nearly 8 times
as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between four shields ; nasals small, forming a very
short suture behind the rostral ''■'■ ; frontonasal a little broader than long ;
prefrontals forming an extensive suture ; frontal 1^ times as long as
broad, a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as
broad as the supraoculars, but slightly broader in front than behiud ;
frontoparietals uearly as long as the frontal ; parietals 1^ times as
long as broad, outer border convex ; interparietal scarcely longer than
broad, or nearly twice as long as broad, as long as or a little longer
than the occipital, which is broader, uearly as broad as the frontal. t
Four supraoculars, first small, second and third equal, fourth small
but larger than first and in contact with the upper temporal ; 5 or 6
superciliaries, first or second longest ; granular scales between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries absent or reduced to two. A
single postnasal, forming a suture with the frontonasal ; anterior
loreal y or f the length of second ; 5 upper labials anterior to the
subocular, which is as long beneath as above ; two elongate upper
temporals ; temporal scales rather large, subequal, obtusely keeled.

Pterygoid teeth absent.

Gular scales granular in front, larger and feebly keeled behind,
with a median patch of gradually enlarged and imbricate scales in the
middle towards the collar ; 24 to 28 scales in a straight line between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; uo
gular fold. Collar very strongly serrated, composed of 8 or 9 rather
large plates.

Scales on nape granular and keeled, on body large, rhombic, imbri-
cate and diagonally keeled, passing gradually into the ventral j^lates ;
24 or 25 scales across the middle of the body.ij: Ventral plates strongly

* Rostral in contact with tho frontonasal in one of the specimens in the
American Museum.

t In the specimen figured by Schmidt the occipital is a little long-er than
the interparietal and much narrower than the frontal.

X 23 to 26 according to Schmidt.

1-20

Lacertidce,

imbricate, the posterioi* border obtusely pointed, the largest a little
broader than long, in 10 longitudinal and 29 to 33 transverse series.
6 smooth preanal plates, two larger pairs, one in front of the other, and
a smaller pair on each side, or 5 plates, two in front and three behind.*

Upper surface of limbs with large, rhombic, keeled scales. 12 or
13 femoral pores on each side. 28 to 30 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales forming whorls of nearly equal length, keeled and
pointed behind, above and beneath, 24 in the fifth whorl behind the
postanal granules.

Bluish green above and lieueath (in spirit), darker on the back, or
very dark olive aljove and greenish white beneath ; eight longitudinal
series of small round light spots on the nape and back, with small
black spots between them ; head dark olive above, with a few small
black spots, bluish green on the sides, with black lines on the sutures
between the labial shields ; upper surface of anterior third of tail with
regular dark cross-bars.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, „ ,, fore limb .

Length of head ....
Width of head ....
Dejith of head ....
Fore limb .....
Hind limb .....

Foot

Tail

1. ? , type. 2. (^ , Equateur District.

This species was described from a single female specimen, pi'obably
not full-grown, obtained by Dr. C. Christy at Madje, Ituri district,
Belgian Congo, and preserved in the Congo Museum, Tervuereu. A
second specimen, a male, from the Equateur district of the Belgian
Congo, was received by the Congo Museum, and is now in the British
Museum. Three further specimens, from the same locality as the
type, form part of the collection of the American Museum Congo
Expedition.

1.

2.

83

88

30

30

19

20

11

12

8

9

26

32

40

47

21

25

. 247

245

* Soinetimes 2 large preanal.s, one in front of the other, accordins^ to
Schmidt; the difference is not sexual as in Poromera.

Poromera. 121

9. POROMERA.

Poromera, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 6 (1887) ; Mociiuard, Bull. Soc.
Philom. (8) ix, 1897, p. 6.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between the
nasal, two postnasals, and the first upper labial. Lower
eyelid scaly. Collar distinct. Back with large, plate-
like, subimbricate scales with strong keels forming con-
tinuous lines, sides with small juxtaposed scales ; ventral
plates pointed, imbricate, keeled. Digits slightly com-
pressed, with tubercular lamellse interiorly. Femoral
pores forming a long series. Tail very long, cylindrical.

West Africa.

Apart from the uumerous femoral pores, this genus reproduces the
characters of Tacliydromus, and has probably been evolved in the
West out of Lacerta as the former has in the East ; but whereas there
is every reason to believe that Tachijdromiis is directly derived from
Lacerta, the direct ancestor of Poromera would probably fall under
the genera Algiroides or Bedriagaia, or both, as expressed by the
following diagram :

E. Asia. W. Africa.

Poromera.

Platyplacopus. Bedriagaia.

Tarhijdromus, Apeltomtus. Algiroides.

Lacerta.

1. POROMERA FORDII.

Tachydromusfordii, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 48.

Poromera fordii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 6 (1887) ; Giinth. Ann.
& Mag. N. H. (6) xvii, 1896, p. 264 ; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900,
p. 449, pi. xxxi, fig. 1.

Poromera haugi, Mocquard, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) ix, 1897, p. 6.

122 Lacerfiihv.

Body moderately or rather feebly depressed. Head feebly de-
pressed, Ih to 1| times as long as broad, flat above, its depth ecjual
to the distance ])etween the centre of the eye and the tympanum,
its length 3} to 4 times in length to vent (3^ to 8 J times in the
young) ; snout pointed, as long as or slightly longer than postocular
part of head, with sharp canthus and nearly vertical loreal region.
Pileus 2 to 2^ times as long as l)road. Hind limb reaching the ear
or between the collar and the ear in males, the collar or a little
beyond in females ; foot a little longer than head. Tail nearly 2 to
2^ times as long as head and body.

Nostril between four shields ; nasals forming a rather long or very
short suture behind the rostral*; upper head-shields with strong
keels and short stria? ; internasal as long as broad or a little longer ;
prefrontals sometimes forming a median suture, more often separated
by a small azygos shield or by the frontonasal being in contact with
the frontal ; frontal bi- or tricarinate, as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout. If to 2 times as long-
as l)road, of nearly equal width throughout or a little narrower
liehind than in front; parietals Ij to 1^ times as long as broad, outer
l)order sometimes feebly emarginate for the accommodation of the
first anterior temporal ; interparietal narrow, 2 to 2^- times as long
as broad (broader in the y(3ung) ; occipital small, not more than half
as long as the interparietal ; 3 or 4 supraoculars, first very small
and keeled if present,! second often a little longer than third, fourth
broken up into 3 to 5 keeled scales ; 5 or 6 superciliaries, first long
and narrow and sharply keeled, the others very narrow and separated
from the supraoculars by 5 or 6 keeled scales.

Rostral not entering the nostril ; two superposed postnasals ;
anterior loreal as long as or shorter than second ; 4 to 6 upper
labials;!: anterior to the subocular, which is not or but little narrower
beneath than above ; two, rarely three, large, keeled upper temporals,
first longest ; temporal scales rhombic or hexagonal, strongly keeled,
larger beneath than above ; a narrow tympanic shield usually present.

Parietal foramen usually absent. Pterygoid teeth absent.

Four pairs of chin-shields, the two or three anterior meeting on
the middle line. Anterior gular scales small and granular, generally
enlarged, imbricate, pointed and keeled towards the collar, which
contains 12 to 14 pointed, strongly keeled plates; 24 to 34 scales

* A small azygos shield between the nasals in a male from Butanga.

t Absent in a male and in a female from the Benito Eiver.

+ Out of 32 cases, 5 twenty-two times, 4 seven times, 6 three times.

Poromera. 123

in a straight line in the middle, including the collar-plate. No gular
fold.

6 or 8 longitudinal rows of large, hexagonal or rhombic dorsal
plates, with very strong keels forming continuous lines ; sometimes
8 rows in front and 6 behind ; small scales may be intercalated
between the dorsal plates ; upper lateral scales small, keeled,
juxtaposed, lower larger, imbricate, strongly keeled, and graduating
into the ventral plates, which are similar to the dorsals, but pointed
or shortly mucronate, in 8 or 10 longitudinal and 22 to 27 transverse
series. Males with a large preanal plate bordered by a semicircle
of pointed keeled scales ; females with the preanal region covered
with pointed keeled scales.

Limbs with large rhombic keeled scales. 10 to 15 femoral pores
on each side, usually 11 to IS, the series not extending to the distal
end of the thigh. Subdigital lamellae with rounded tubercles, which
may lie very prominent, 20 to 25 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales pointed and very strongly keeled, the whorls sub-
equal, the fourth or fifth containing 14 scales.

Dark olive above, often turning to bronze or copper-colour
posteriorly ; two light dorsal streaks, bright bluish white, sometimes
edged with blaclc, anteriorly, each originating from the middle of
the posterior border of the parietal shield, often disappearing on
the posterior part of the back ; the back between the light streaks
sometimes blackish, which shade is continued as a stripe to the base of
the tail : traces of a light vertebral streak sometimes present in the
young ; upper lip bluish green. Tail uniform or with a dorsal series
of black spots. Lower parts greenish white in front, salmon-pink
behind.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

From end of snout to vent . . 64 62 58 65 47
fore limb . 26 24 24 25 18
Length of head . . . .17 17 15 16 13

Width of head . . . 10 11 10 9 8

Depth of head .... 8 85 7 8 6

Fore limb 26 26 26 26 19

Hind liml) 38 38 38 38 29

Foot 19 19 19 19 15

Tail 155 130 112 147 107

1. c?, Benito E. 2. (^ , Batanga. 3. (J,Kribi. 4. 9 , Benito R.
5. 9 • Lambarene.

124

Lacertidie,

Pdfficidavs

]f Specimens E

vamined.

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

(^ Bataii^-a,

Cameroon .

62

34

8

8

23

27

11-12

21

,, ,,

,,

59

36

8

8

24

26

13

22

9

')

61

tV2

8

8

24

31

10-11

25

(^ Kribi,

,,

58

34

8

10

22

27

13-12

23

9 .,

„

63

30

6

8

22

29

11

21

J Benito R

, Spanish Guinea

64

35

6

8

23

34

13

22

>> )>

58

31

8

10

23

29

13

22

?

65

30

8

8

24

29

12

23

,, „

65

32

8

8

25

26

13

22

,, ,,

61

30

8

8

27

28

13-12

22

„ ,,

61

30

8

8

23

24

11

20

„ Lambarene, Ogowe .

47

34

8

8

24

31

14-15

24

1. From end of snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales round middle of
body. 3. Longitudinal series of dorsal plates, in middle of body. 4. Longi-
tudinal series of ventral plates. 5. Transverse series of ventral plates. 6.
Gular scales, collar included, in longitudinal median series. 7. Femoral pores
(right and left if diii'ering). 8. Lamellaj under fourth toe.

In addition to the above, I have examined the type specimen, a
male from the Gaboon, preserved in the Museum of the Academy
of Philadelphia.

i?rt6(7«i. — Cameroon, Spanish Guinea, French Congo.

10. APELTONOTUS.

Apeltonotus, Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917, p. 233.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between the
nasal, a postnasal, and the first upper labial. Lower
eyelid scaly. Collar distinct. Dorsal scales small,
hexagonal, sid)imbricate, keeled; ventral plates obtusely
pointed, imbricate, of median rows smooth or faintly
keeled, of outer row strongly keeled. Digits compressed,
with smooth scales inferiorly. Femoral pores reduced
to 2 or o on each side. Tail very long, cylindrical.

Loo-Choo Islands.

This genus is very closely allied to Tachydroinus, to which it stands
in the same relation as Bedriagaia to Poromera. Could we find a form

A^ieltimotus. 125

combining' the dorsal scales of ApeJtonotus dorgalis with the other
characters of TacJii/dronius aimn-ensis we w'ould have the connecting
link between the latter and Lacerta vivipara.

1. APELTONOTUS DOESALIS.

Tachydromus dorsalis, Stejneger, Smithson. Quarterl. (Misc. Coll.
xlvii), 1904, p. 294, and Herp. Japan, p. 229, fig. (1907) ; Van
Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Ac. (4) iii, 1912, p. 242.

Apeltonotus dorsalis, Bouleug. t.c. p. 234.

Body feebly dejiressed. Head If times as long as broad, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum,
its length about 4 times in length to vent ; snout acutely pointed, a
little longer than postocular jjart of head, with sharp canthus and
vertical, slightly concave loreal region. Pileus 2J times as long as
broad. Neck a little narrower than the head. Limbs slender, with
very long digits ; the hind limli reaches the shoulder in males, not
beyond the axil in females ; foot a little longer than the head. Tail
3 to 3i times as long as head and body.

Nostril between three shields ; nasals forming a very short
suture Ijehind the rostral* ; frontonasal longer than broad ; prefrontals
forming an extensive suture ; frontal about 1| times as long as broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, narrower behind than
in front; parietals about 1^ times as long as broad, outer border
convex ; interparietal small, narrow, longer than the occipital ; 3
or 4 supraoculars ; if 4, the first small and granular, followed by a
series of granules sepai-atiug the supraoculai's from the superciliaries,
which are 5 in number. Rostral entering the nostril ; a single post-
nasal ; anterior loreal much smaller than second ; 4 upper labials,
rarely 5 or 3, anterior to the subocular, which is a little narrower
beneath than above ; temporal scales small, strongly keeled ; an enlarged,
keeled anterior upper temporal ; a short and very narrow tympanic shield.

Pterygoid teeth j^ resent.

4 pairs of chin-shields, t the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
gular scales granular anteriorly, gradually enlarged, imbricate, and
keeled towards the collar, 26 to 30 in a straight median line : collar-
plates large, pointed, keeled, 10 in number.

* Kostral ill contact with the frontonasal in one specimen examined liy Van
Denburgh .

t Van Denburgli notes one specimen as having 4 shields on one side and 5
on tlie other.

126

Lacertldiv

Scales strongly keeled, those ou the liack larL;er, about 5 corre-
spondiuf,' to 3 ventral plates, i^radually merging- into the laterals, of
which 7 or S correspond to 8 ventral plates ; 28 to 35 scales across
the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series, the
outer keeled, the others smooth or feebly keeled ; 24 transverse series.
Preanal plate large, smooth, bordered by a semicircle of small plates,
or with two small plates on each side.

Scales ou upper surface of limbs large, keeled, larger than dorsals,
on forearm smooth and forming transverse plates. Usually 2, rarely 3,
femoral pores on each side. 29 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, twice as large as largest dorsals, 16
in the fourth whorl.

Bluish slate above, probably greenish in life ; a Ijlack line from the
nostril through the eye to the centre of the ear-opening ; a pale,
probably yellowish, streak below this from the nostril through the
lower eyelid to the. lower border of the ear-opening ; lower parts
greenish or yellowish-white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

<?*

?

From end of snout to

vent

. 64

56

,, ,, ,,

fore limb

—

20

Length of head

. 16

14

Width of head

9

8

Depth of head

—

5-5

Foi'e lim1i

. 25

23

Hind limb

. 35

31

Foot

—

16

Tail

. 220

195

Habitat. — This species appears to be confined to Ishigaki Island, in
the Southern Glroup of the Loo Choo or Eiu Kiu Archipelago. The
type is pi-eserved in the U.S. National Museum. One of the co-types,
received from that Institution, is now in the British Museum.

n. TACHYDROMUS.

Tachi/dromus,f Daud. Hist. Kept, iii, p. 251 (1802) ; Wagler, Syst.
Amph. p. 157 (1830) ; Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1834) ; Dum. &
Bibr. Erp. Gc'u. v, p. 155 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 52 (1845) ; Giinth.
Eept. Brit. lud. p. 69 (1864); Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii,

* After Stejneger.

t Originally misspelt Takydromus.

Tachydroniu^. 127

1885, p. 125 ; Bouleiii;-. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 3 (1887), and Mem. As. Soc.
Beng V, 1917, p. 207.
TachysaurHs, Gray, t.c.

Head- shields normal. Nostril pierced between the
nasal, one or two postnasals, and the first upper labial.
Lower eyelid scaly. Collar more or less distinct or
absent. Back with l;u-ge plate-like subimbricate scales
with strong keels forming continuous lines, sides with
small juxtaposed or granular scales; ventral plates more
or less imbricate, often pointed and keeled, the outer
always keeled. Digits cylindrical or slightly compressed,
with smooth or somewhat tubercular lamellas inferiorly.
Femoral pores reduced to one* to three. Tail long o^'
extremely long, cylindrical.

Eastern Asia.

The parietal forameu is constantly present, and jjterygoid teeth are
absent or reduced to 2 to 5.

Judging from the type species, T. sexUneatus, this genus seems
rather widely remote fromi/«(:!er/«, but the question assumes a different
aspect if we compare T. amurensis, which stands at the other end of
the series, and which is most clearly related to Lacerta and
especially to the Section Zootoca.

The term "inguinal pores" has been universally used for the one
or two pores on each side of the preanal region, as is the rule in this
genus, and no exception could be taken to this terminology were it not
that when more than two pores are present, the series extends on to the
thigh. As the single pore is part of the series known as femoral pores
in the other Lacertidse, it is moi-e logical in view of securing uniformity
in terminology to discard the term " inguinal,'' and to express the
state of things in Tachydronius by saying that the series of femoral
pores is reduced to one to three. In several forms of Lacerta and
Lafastia, when the number of femoral pores falls very low, the reduc-
tion takes place from the distal end of the thigh, thus leading to the
condition in Tachydromng.f It is also noteworthy that in the African
analogue of Tachydromus, Poromera, the series of femoral pores, though
a long one, ends at some distance from the knee-joint.

* Iiifyuinal pore.

t Specimens of Lacerta vivipai-a with only 5 femoral pores show this very
clearly.

128 Lacerti(l-e.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Head not more than 15 times as long as broad.

A. 4 supraoenlars, first very small (rarely absent) ; dorsal plates in 5 to 8

longitudinal series, ventrals in 8 or 10.

1. 4 or 5 pairs of chin-shields (very rarely 3) ; ventral plates

in 8 longitudinal series, feebly keeled or all except the
outer smooth ; 29 to 40 plates and scales round middle of
body.
Dorsal plates in 7 or 8 longitudinal serie.s ; ventral plates in 22
to 28 transverse series ; 3 femoral pores on each side ; rostral
in contact witli frontonasal ; tail 1| to 2^ times length of

head and body T. amurensis, Peters, p. 129.

Dorsal plates in 5 to 7 longitudinal series ; ventral plates in
22 to 25 transverse series ; 2 (very rareiy 3) femoral jjores
on each side ; rostral nearly always in contact with fronto-
nasal ; tail 2 to 3^ times length of head and body.

T. tachydromoides, Schleg., j). 132.
Dorsal plates in 8 longitudinal series ; ventral plates in 27 to
29 transverse series ; a single femoral j)ore on each side ;
nasals in contact behind rostral . . . T. ^volter^, J. G. Fisch., p. 135.

2. 3 pairs of chin-shields (very rarely 4) ; ventral plates keeled,

often strongly ; 33 to 48 plates and scales round middle of
body ; tail 2 to 3-| times length of head and body.
Dorsal plates in 5 to 7 (rarely 8) longitudinal series ; ventral
plates in 8 longitiidinal and 24 to 30 (visually 26 to 28)
transverse series ; a single femoral pore on each side.

T. septentrionalis, Gthr., p. 137.
Dorsal plates in 7 or 8 longitudinal series ; ventral plates in 8
or, more frequently, 10 longitudinal and 27 to 33 transverse
series ; 1 or 2 femoral pores on each side . T. forviosamis, Blgr., p. 141.

B. 3 supraoculars, first large and in contact with the second loreal ;

dorsal plates in 4 longitudinal series, ventrals in 12.
Ventral plates in 22 to 25 transverse series ; 26 to 28 jjlates and
scales round middle of body ; 3 pairs of chin-shields ; 2 or 3
femoral pores on each side ; tail a little over twice length of
head and body T. fc/iasiensis, Blgr., j). 144.

II. Head at least nearly twice as long as broad; ventral plates strongly keeled.

A. Dorsal plates in 7 to 10 longitudinal series ; ventral plates in 6 or 8

longitudinal and 26 to 31 transverse series : a single femoral pore
on each side.
37 to 45 plates and scales round middle of body ; 3 pairs of
chin-shields, rarely 4; 3 or 4 supraoculars; tail 2^ to 3^
times length of head and body . . . T. smaragdinus, Blgr., p. 146.
28 to 32 i^lates and scales round middle of body ; 4 or 5 pairs
of chin-shields ; 4 supraoculars ; tail 3^ to 4 times length of
head and body ...... T. sauteri, Van Denb , p. 149.

B. Dorsal plates in 4 or 6 longitudinal series ; ventrals in 10 or 12 ; 28 to

38 plates and scales round middle of body ; 3 supraoculars, third

Tachydromus. 129

rarely in contact with frontoparietal ; 1 to 3 femoral pores on each

side.

Dorsal j)lates in 4 (very rarely 6) longitudinal series ; ventral

plates in 21 to 28 transverse series ; 3 (rarely 4) pairs of

chin-shields : collar more or less distinct ; head about twice

as long as broad ; tail 3 to 5 times length of head and body.

T. sexlineatus, Daud., p. 151.
Dorsal plates in 6 longitudinal series ; ventral plates in 30
transverse series ; 4 pairs of chin-shields ; no trace of a
collar ; head 2a times as long^as broad ; tail 2f times as long
as head and body .... T, haughtonianus, Jerd., p. 155.

1. TACHYDEOMUS AMURENSIS.

Tachydromus anmrensis, Peters, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 1881,
p. 71 ; Bouleno-. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 6 (1887) ; Giiuth. Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(6) i, 1888, p. 169; Bouleug. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) t, 1890,
p. 137 ; Nikolsky, Herp. Eoss. p. 92 (1905) ; Stejneger, Herp. Japan,
p. 245, fig. (1907) ; Bouleug, Mem. As. Soc. Beug. v, 1917, p. 210,
pi. xlvi, fig. 1.

Body feebly depressed. Head about 1^ times as long as broad, its
depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and
the tympanum, its length 3| to 4 times in length to vent in males,
4^ to 4f times in females ; snout obtuse, with obtuse cauthus, as long
as or slightly shorter than the postocular part of the head. Pileus If
to 2 times as long as broad. Neck 'as broad as the head. Limbs
short ; the hind limb reaches the elbow or the axil in males, barely
the wrist in females. Foot as long as the head or slightly longer.
Tail If to a little over 2 times the length of head and body.

Nostril pierced between three shields. Eostral not touching the
nostril, broadly in contact with the frontonasal, which is broader than
long and as broad as the interuarial space ; prefrontals forming a
median suture or separated by a small azygos shield* ; frontal as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, IJ to \\ times as long
as broad, of nearly equal width throughout, or narrower behind than
in front; parietals a little longer than broad (not more than IJ), in
contact with the upper postocular and with 3 or 4 temporals ; inter-
parietal a little longer than broad ; occipital much shorter than the
interparietal, its posterior border usually convex and projecting beyond
the parietals. Four supraoculars, first very small, sometimes divided
into two, or in contact with the frontal, second and third equal or
second the larger, fourth small but larger than first, sometimes not
* In a male from Chaborowka.

130 Lacertidie.

ill contact with the frontoparietal" ; 4, rarely 3 or 5, superciliaries,
first longest, all in contact with the supraoculars, or with 2 or 3
granules between them. Nasal forming a suture with the anterior
loreal t above the small postnasal ; posterior loreal longer than the
anterior ; 4 upper labials + anterior to the subocular, which is narrower
beneath than above, sometimes very slightly. Temporal scales rather
small, smooth or very feebly keeled ; tympanic shield present ; one
or two enlarged upper temporals often present.

Mental much bi'oader than long ; 4, rarely 5,§ pairs of chin-shields,
the two or three anterior meeting in the middle ; 19 to 24 gular scales
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate,
anterior granular and smooth, posterior enlarged, imbricate, smooth or
faintly keeled and merging gradually into the collar, which is composed
of 8 to 11 rounded or obtusely pointed ^jlates, the median smooth, the
outer feebly keeled. No gular fold.

Dorsal plates obtusely pointed or rounded behind, in 6 longitudinal
series, with 1 or 2 series of smaller plates on the median line, or in
8 series in front and 6 behind ; sides with one upper and 3 or 4 lower
series of keeled scales and an intermediate granular area. Ventral
plates in 8 longitudinal and 22 to 28 transverse series, the outer pointed
and feebly keeled, the others smooth, broader than long and shaj^ed as in
Lacerta vivijmra. 30 to 40 plates and scales round the middle of the
body. Preanal plate large, smooth, entire (males), or longitudinally
divided or semidivided (females), bordered by one semicircle of small
plates.

Upper surface of limbs with rhombic keeled scales, much smaller
than dorsals. 3 femoral pores on each side.|| Subdigital lamellae
single or partly single and partly divided, 19 to 23 under the fourth
toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, pointed or shortly miicronate, in
somewhat longer and shorter whorls alternately, the fourth or fifth
of which contains 16 to 20 scales. The scaling of the regenerated tail
similar to that of Lacerta vivipara.

Brown or olive-grey above, uniform or with irregular dark brown
spots, sides with a broad dark brown or lilack baud, the upper border
of which may show a series of indentations ; a dark streak on the

* In a female from Chaborowka.

t Which is divided, into two in a male from Chaborowka.
+ 5 on one side in a male from Chaborowka.
§ 5 in a female from Chaborowka.

jl A female from Chaborowka shows an ill-defined fourth i^ore on the right
side.

Tachydromus.

131

canthus rostralis ; usually a more or less distinct light, dark-edged
streak from the lower eyelid to the shoulder, passing through the
lower part of the ear-opeuing, sometimes continued as a series of spots
to the base of the hind limb. Lower parts yellowish or greenish white.
Measurements (in millimeti'es) :

From end of snout to vent
,, „ ,, fore limb

Length of head

Width of head

Depth of head

Fore limb

Hind limb

Foot

Tail

J" , Chaborowka. 2. (J , Seoul.
, Chaborowka.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

55

53

66

65

•20

19

—

21

12

12

13

14

8

8

9

9

6

6

—

7

19

19

20

20

25

27

27

27

12

1 7

14

—

14

1 /

type

Ka

sakewicha

1.

2.

3.

4.

.5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

J Chahorowka, TJssiiri

. 55

35

7

8

26

8

22

3

20

?) j> ?>

. 54

35

7

8

25

10

22

3

21

? „ „ .

. 65

40

8

8

28

9

24

3

32

,, ,, ,,

. 65

33

7

8

27

9

19

3

22

(5 Seoul, Corea

, 53

35

7

8

24

10

21

3

23

9 Corea

50 30 8 8 22 10 22 3 19

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales and plates round
middle of body. 3. Longitudinal series of dorsal plates and scales. 4. Longi-
tudinal series of ventral plates. 5. Transverse series of ventral plates. 6. Plates
in collar. 7. Gular scales in a straight median line. S. Femoral pores on each
side. 9. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.

Same explanation for the following tables.

In addition to the above, I have examined the type, a female from
Kasakewicha, on the Amoor, preserved in the Berlin Museum.

Habitat. — South-Easteru Siberia, Manchuria, Corea.

T. amurensis is the most iacerfn-like species of the genus, and its
agreement in many respects with L. vivipara is the more noteworthy
for the fact that the latter is the only species of Lacerta which extends
eastwards to the Pacific Ocean.* The agreement is not only in the
shape of the head, body and limbs, and the comparatively short tail,

* The easternmost specimens of that species show, on an average, a lower
number of femoral pores (5 to 11) than the western.

132 Lacertidn'.

but also iu the shape aud arraugemeut of the head-shields, especially
those surrouiidiug the nostril, aud the occasioual separation of the
fourth supraocular from the frontoparietal,* and of the ventral shields.
As the scaling of the l>ack and the coloration may well be derived from
the condition in L. viinpara, I have little doubt that the genus Tachy-
clromns is to be regarded as directly descended from an oriental species
of Lacerta connected with L. vivipara.

■2. TACHYDEOMUS TACHYDROMOIDES.

Lacerta tachydromoides, Schleg. Faun. Japon., Eept. p. 101, pi. i,
figs. 5-7 (1838).

Tachydronms ja2}onicns,D\im. & Bihr. ^vY>. G6n. \, p. 161 (1839);
Giinth. Eept. Brit. Ind. p. 69 (1864) ; Hilgend. Sitzb. Cles. Nat. Fr.
Berl. 1880, p. 112.

Tacliysaurusjaponicus, Gray, Cat. Liz. ]). 52 (1845).

Tachydromus tachydromoides, part.,. Bouleug. Cat: Liz. iii, p. 5
(1887)."

Tachydromus tacliydromoides, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i, 1888,
p. 169 ; Stejneger, Herp. Japan, p. 247, fig. (1907) ; Bouleng. Mem.
As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917, p. 212.

Tachydromus hoJ^'ti, Bouleug. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 733, pi. xlix,
fig. 1.

Body feebly depressed. Head U to If times as long as broad, its
depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and
the tympanum, its length 3| to 4 times in length to vent iu males, 4
to 4^ times iu females ; snout pointed, with strong cauthus and nearly
vertical loreal region, as long as the postocular part of the head.
Pileus li to 2 times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head.
The hind limb reaches the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in males, the
wrist, the elbow, or the axil in females; foot 1 to li times as long as
the head. Tail 2 to 3i times the length of head and 1)ody (If times
in the very young) .

Nostril pierced between three shields. Eostral not entering the
nostril, nearly always in contact with the froutouasal,t usually broadly ;
frontonasal as long as broad or slightly broader, as broad as the
internarial space or a little broader ; prefrontals forming a median

* A character which has become fi.xed in T. sexlineatus, at the other end of
the series.

t Two exceptions, male from Koshikn and female from Kciyosun, in -ivliich
the nasals meet behind the rostral.

TacJnjdromus. 133

suture* ; froutal as long as its distance from the eud of the suout, H
to 2 times as long as broad, usually narrower liehind than in front ;
parietals as long as broad or a little longer than broad (uj) to 1^);
interparietal 1^ to 2 times as long as broad ; occipital small, much
shorter than the interparietal, often separated from it by the parietals
meeting in the middle, sometimes reduced to a granule. Four supra-
oculars, first very small, rarely in contact with the frontal,t second
and third equal or second the larger, fourth small but larger than the
first ; 4, rarely 5, superciliaries, first or first and second longest ; a
complete or, more often, incomplete series of granules between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries, exceptionally reduced to 2 or 3
granules. Nasal forming a suture with the anterior loreal, above the
small postnasal^ ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 4 upper
labials, rarely 3,§ anterior to the subocular, which is narrower beneath
than above. Temporal scales small, more or less distinctly keeled ;
two or three enlarged upper temporals, the first not in contact with
the fourth supraocular; tympanic shield present.

Mental broader than long; 4 pairs of chin-shields, || the two or three
anterior meeting in the middle ; 18 to 25 gular scales between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, anterior
granular, smooth, posterior enlarged, imbricate, pointed, smooth or
more frequently feebly keeled and merging gradually into the collar,
which is composed of 9 to 12 pointed, smooth or keeled plates. No
gular fold.

Dorsal plates obtusely pointed or rounded behind, in 4 or 6 longi-
tudinal series, with 1 or 2 series of smaller plates on the median line,
making 5 to 7 series altogether ; sides with one upper and 3 to 6 lower
series of keeled scales and an intermediate granular area. Ventral plates
in 8 longitudinal and 22 to 25 transverse series, the outer pointed and
keeled, the others also pointed or rounded or truncate behind, smooth
or feebly keeled. 29 to 35 plates and scales round the middle of the
body. Preanal plate large, smooth, very rarely longitudinally
divided,^ bordered )iy one semicircle of small plates.

LFpper surface of limbs with rhombic keeled scales, much smaller

* Sometimes a small azygos shield sei^arates them, accovdiug to Stejneger.

t Absent on one side in a female in the Lataste Collection.

J The postnasal is absent and the first loreal transversely divided into two
in a female from Japan (Hilgendorf).

§ 3 on both sides in a female from Tsu Shima, on one side in a female from
Takanori.

II One exception with 3 and one with 5 out of 60 sijecimens examined by
Stejneger. 3 chin-shields on one side and -4 on the other in the type of T. holsti.

^ Female from Nagasaki.

1:U

Lacertid;e.

than dorsals. 2, very rarely 3, femoral pores on each side. Sub-
digital lamellse mostly divided, 20 to 26 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, in somewhat
longer and shorter whorls alternately, the fourth or fifth of which
contains 14 to 20 scales.

Brown or olive above, sometimes greenish on the anterior part of
the back, uniform or with small irregularly scattered blackish spots ;
sometimes a light dorsolateral streak, starting from the superciliary
edge ; usually a dark brown or blackish lateral band* from behind
the eye, sometimes with a few light spots, the upper edge often
crenulated ; a dark streak on the canthus rostralis ; a more or less
distinct light or white, often black-edged streak from the lower eyelid
to the shoulder, thi'ough the lower part of the ear-opening, sometimes
continued as a streak or series of spots to the base of the hind limb.
Lower jiarts white, throat and breast sometimes greenish. Tail pale
brown or reddish, with a dark lateral streak.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb .

Length of head

Width of head ....
Depth of head ....
Fore liml) ....

Hind limb ....

Foot ....
Tail ... . .

L (j", Nagasaki. 2. rj" , Kochi Keu. 3. J, Japan. 4. $ , Myianoshita.

1.

2,

3.

4.

62

57

62

59

22

21

22

21

lb

14

14

13

9

9

9

8

8

7

7

7

23

20

20

19

33

32

28

28

17

17

15

15

.80

160

150

150

ParticvJars of Specimens Examined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

C.

7.

8.

9.

9 Kiusiu (type)

59

32

6

8

24

10

20

2

25

($ Nagasaki ....

62

35

6

8

22

11

25

2

25

9 \, . . . .

50

33

6

8

24

10

24

2

26

(^ Takamori ....

46

34

5

8

22

10

20

2

20

9 ,. ....

41

33

6

8

25

9

20

2

23

S Moji ....

50

32

6

8

24

12

23

2

24

9 Onsen Mt. (type of T.hohti)

47

32

6

8

23

10

19

2

22

* This band is totally absent in the types (female and young) of T. Jiolsti, as
well as in a female from Natfasaki.

TacIiydrouiiiK.

135

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1 .

8.

9.

(^ Tsu Shima .

. 60

34

6

8

24

11

24

2

23

»> ,,

53

34

6

8

23

10

22

2

23

9

44

29

6

8

26

9

20

2

22

J Kochi Ken .

. 67

29

5

8

22

11

21

2

23

„

. 62

35

6

8

23

11

24

3

26

2 Tokyo .

. 54

32

6

8

26

11

23

2

23

„" .

. 48

30

6

8

24

11

18

2

20

(^ Hakoue L. .

. 67

34

6

8

24

10

19

2

24

9 Myiauoshita

. 69

33

6

8

24

10

18

2

22

„ Koyosuu

. 64

32

6

8

25

9

25

2

24

^ Japau .

. 64

35

7

8

22

9

24

2

24

9 „ . .

. 62

33

7

8

25

11

23

2

24

„ „ .

. 44

33

6

8

23

9

21

2

23

Habitat. — Japan, from Yezo to Kiusiu aud Tsu Shima.

This species is very closely allied to the preceding', differing in the
more pointed snout with stronger canthus, 6 to 7 longitudinal series
of dorsal plates instead of 7 or 8, and nearly constantly 2 femoral
pores instead of 3.

3. TACHYDEOMUS WOLTEEI.

Tachydromns ivoHeri, J. G. Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. ii,
1885, p". 82 ; Giiuth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 169 ; Stejneger,
Herp. Japau. p. 247 (1907) ; Boiileng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917,
p. 214, pi. xlvi, fig. 3.

Tachydromtis tachydroinoides, i:)art.,liou.leng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 5 (1887).

Body feebly depressed. Head 14 to If times as long as broad, its
depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and
the tympanum, its length 4 times in length to vent; snout pointed,
with strong canthus and nearly vertical loreal region, as long as the
postocular part of the head. Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad.
Neck as broad as the head, or a little narrower. The hind limb reaches
the elbow ; foot as loug as the head or slightly longer.

Nostril pierced between three shields. Rostral riot entering the
nostril ; nasals forming a very short suture behind the rostral ; fronto-
nasal broader than long, as broad as the internarial space ; a small
shield between the prefrontals often present* ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, 1} to If times as long as broad, of
nearly equal width throughout ; parietals 1 }j times as long as broad ;
* Specimens from Seoul and Kiu Kianfj.

] ].i Lacertiihr.

interparietals I3- to 2 times as long as broad; occipital small, much
shorter than the interparietal. Four supraoculars, first very small,
second and third equal, fourth small but larger than first, and
rarelv in contact with the frontoparietal* ; 4 or 5 superciliaries, first
largest, separated from the superciliaries by a complete series of
granules. Nasal forming a suture with the anterior loreal, above the
small postnasal ; anterior loreal shorter than second ; 8 to 5 upper
labialst anterior to the subocular, which is narrower beneath than
above. Temporal scales small, keeled ; three enlarged upper temporals ;
tympanic shield present.

Mental Iwoader than long ; 4 pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior
meeting in the middle ; 24 to 26 gular scales between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, anterior granular,
smooth, posterior enlarged, imbricate, pointed and keeled, merging
gradually into the collar, which is composed of 10 to 12 j^ointed, more
or less distinctly keeled plates. No gular fold.

Dorsal plates rounded behind, in 8 longitudinal series (or 9 in front),
those of the two median series smaller ; sides with a more or less dis-
tinct upper and 3 or 4 lower series of keeled scales and an intermediate
granular area. Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal and 27 to 29 transverse
series, the outer pointed and keeled, the others rounded or truncate
behind and smooth. 36 to 38 plates and scales round the middle of
the body. Preanal plate large, smooth, bordered liy one semicircle of
small plates.

Upper surface of limlis with rhomliic keeled scales, much smaller
than dorsals. A single femoral pore on each side. Sul)digital lamellae
mostly divided, 19 to 22 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, ec]ual or in
somewhat longer and shorter whorls alternately, the fourth or fifth of
which contains 18 or 20 scales.

Olive above, with a more or less distinct light dorsolateral streak
and a dark olive lateral band ; a white, black-edged lateral streak from
the loreal region through the lower part of the ear-opening to the base
of the hind limb; a dark streak along each side of the tail. Lower
parts yellowish or greenish white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1. 2. 3.

From end of snout to vent . . .45 45 46

fore limb . . 16 17 16

* On one side in the specimen from Kin Kiang.

t 4- on one side and 5 on the other in the type, 3 on one side and 4 on the other
in the specimen from Kiu Kiang.

Tachijdrotun!'.

137

LeiiLith of head

1. 2.
. 11 11

3.
11

Width of head .

. 6-5 7

7

Depth of head .

h 6

6

Fore limb .

15 16

17

Hind limb

20 20

23

Foot

11 11

12

1. (J, type, Chemulpo.

2. J, Seoul.

3.

s,

Kiu Kiaus

->•

5"

Particulan

of Specimens

E.

a mined.

1. 2.

:?.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8.

9.

Chemulpo (type)

. 45 36

8

8

27 10

26

1

19

Seoul . .' . .

. 45 36

8

8

29 10

24

1

20

Kiu Kiauo- .

. 46 38

8

8

29 12

24

1

22

A fourth specimen, without locality, but probably from N. China,
has been referred to T. wolteri by Griinther, but it differs in having
3 chin-shields on one side and 4 on the other, and the ventral shields
all strongly keeled. The tail is 2i times as long as head and body.
Green above, with the light lateral streak as in T. wolteri.

S N. China r . . . . 44 34 8 8 27 9 25 1 21

Habitat. — Corea and China (Kiu Kiang).

Closely allied to T. tachydromoides. Differs in having 8 longitudinal
series of dorsal plates, 27 to 29 transverse series of ventral plates
(instead of 22 to 24 in males), and a single femoral pore.

4. TACHYDKOMUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.

Tachydromiis septentrionalis, G-iiuth. Kept. Brit. lud. p. 70, pi. viii,
fig. E.* (1864), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 166; Boettg.
Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, pp. 139 & 145; Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1899, p. 161, fig.; Werner, Abh. Bayer. Ak. 2, xxii, 1903, p. 354;
Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Ac. (4) iii, 1912, p. 242 ; Bouleng. Mem.
As. Beng. v, 1917, p. 216.

Tachydromus tachydromoides, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 5
(1887).

Tal-ydromns septentrioncdis, part., Stejneger, Herp. Japan, p. 232
(1907).

* The male type specimen figured is represented with an intact tail, which
is not the case, as may be seen from Giinther's description. The tail has been
restored by the artist. Such restorations were often resorted to in those days
and have given rise to confusion, as in the case of Chitra indica in the same
work.

138 Lacerfidn'.

Body not or Init slightly depressed. Head feebly convex or even
quite flat above, 1^ to If times as long as broad, its depth equal to
the distance between the anterior corner or the centre of the eye and
the tympanum, its length 3| to 4i- times in length to vent in males,
4 to 4J- times in females ; snout pointed, with strong canthus and
nearly vertical loreal region, as long as the postocular part of the
head. Pileus 2 to 2^- times as long as broad. Neck narrower than
the head. The hind limb reaches the wrist, the elbow, or the axil in
females, the axil or the shoulder in males ; foot 1 to Ij times as long-
as head. Tail 2^ to 3|^ times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between three (rarely four) shields. Eostral not
entering the nostril, often narrowly in contact with the frontonasal,*
which is as long as broad or slightly broader, as broad as or a little
broader than iuternarial space ; prefrontals forming a median suture ;
frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little
shorter, 1| to If times as long as liroad, usually narrower behind
than in front; parietals 1^ to 1^ times as long as broad; interparietal
1^- to 2 times as long as broad ; occipital small, much shorter than
the interparietal, rarely nearly as large, often sepai'ated from it by
one or two small shields or by the parietals meeting in the middle.
Four supraoculars, first very small, rarely broken up into 2 or

3 granules, or in contact with the frontal,t or absent,:|: second and
third equal or second the longer, fourth small but larger than the
first and rarely broken up into 2 or 3 ; 4 or 5 superciliaries, first or
first and second longest and usually in contact with the supraoculars ;
a series of granules, rarely complete, between the supraoculai's and
the superciliaries. Nasal forming a suture with the anterior loreal
above the postnasal,§ often forming a very short suture with its fellow
behind the rostral ; anterior loreal shorter than second, sometimes
divided into two || and forming a triangle with the postnasal T[ ; usually

4 upper labials, sometimes 3 t)r 5,** anterior to the subocular, which

* In 15 specimens out of 39 examined by me; in 8 specimens out of 12
examined by Van Denbui-gh.

t In a male from Kiu Kianfj.

J In a female from Kiu Kiang and in a young from Da-zeh Valley, Chi
Kiang.

§ Unless its posterior part- be severed to form a second postnasal, as in a
female from Kiu Kiang-.

II In 4 specimens from Kiu Kiang, in one from Da-zeh Valley, Chi Kiang,
and in one from Kuatun.

^ As in L. agilis. — In a male from Kiu Kiang the postnasal forms a suture
with the second loreal, below the anterior.

** 3 on both sides in a female from Kiu Kiang, on one side in a female from

To ch iidrom vs. 1 39

is usually narrower beneath than above. Temporal scales small, more
or less distinctly keeled; 1, 2 or 3 enlarij^ed upper temporals, the tirst
not in contact with the fourth supraocular ; tympanic shield present,
narrow and elongate.

Mental broader than long; 3 pairs of chin-shields,* the first or
first and second meeting in the middle ; 20 to 30 gular scales between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate,
anterior granular and smooth, posterior enlarged, imbricate, pointed
and keeled, and merging gradually into the collar, which is composed
of 8 to 12 pointed, keeled jjlates. No gular fold.

Dorsal plates obtusely pointed or rounded liehind, in 4 longitudinal
series, with 1 or 2 series of smaller plates on the median line, and
rarely t with an additional series of small plates between the two outer
series, 5 to 8 altogether in the middle of the body ; often 6, 7 or 8 in
front and 4 or 5 behind ; 2 to 4 series of keeled scales uear the ventral
plates, sejmrated from the dorsals by a granular area. Ventral jilates
in 8 longitudinal and 24 to 30 (usually 26 to 28) transverse series,
obtusely pointed, more or less strongly keeled, and shortly mucronate.

34 to 48 plates and scales round the middle of the body (usually

35 to 40). Preanal plate moderately large or rather small, smooth,
rarely feebly bicarinate or longitudinally bisected, + often not Jiroader
than long, with smaller, usually keeled plates in front and on the
sides.

Upper surface of limbs with rhombic keeled scales and granules.
A single femoral pore on each side. Subdigital lamellae partly single
and partly divided, mostly divided, 23 to 29 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, the keels
forming four very strong ridges on the upper surface of the basal
part; the whorls nearly equal in length, the fourth or tifth containing
14 to 18 scales.

Olive, brown, or coppery red on the l)ack, olive, green, or blue on
the sides, usually with a light greenish, often black-edged dorsolateral
streak, starting from the superciliary edge ; a more or less distinct
dark canthal streak and a dark band on the temple and side of neck,

Chusan, and in a young- from Chi Kiang opposite Chiisan ; 5 on both sides in a
male from Kiiatun and in a female from Ningpo ; on one side in two males
from Kill Kiang and in a female from Shanghai.

* 3 on one side and 4 on the other in two specimens from Kill Kiang and
in another from Kuatiin. A similar e.xample of asymmetry has been observed
by Werner.

t Male and female from Kiiatun, female from Shanghai.

X Female from Kiu Kiang.

Uo

Lacertiihe,

or continued alon^' the body, sometimes with l)lue spots, edged below,
but no farther than the shoulder, by a light streak starting from the
lower eyelid. Lower parts yellow, often greenish on the sides.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

i.

3.

4.

From end of snout to vent

75

69

67

65

,, „ ,, fore liml

26

27

24

25

Length of head

18

17

16

16

Width of head .

11

11

10

10

Dej^th of head .

10

10

8

8

Fore limb ....

27

27

23

24

Hind limb

37

36

32

32

Foot

19

19

17

17

Tail . ■ .

—

':

45

205

155

1. J" , Ningpo, type. 2. ^.Kuatui

1.

3. 5

) ^

[Vuat

un.

4. 9

, Kiu

Kiang.

ParticidarH <>/ Specimens

Ex

xm'uied.

1.

2.

s.

■i.

5.

6.

7. S

. 9.

^ Ningpo (type) . . . 75

36

6

8

28

10

25 ]

L 25

?

47

38

6

8

28

12

25 ]

L 25

s „ . .

60

38

7

8

27

10

29 ]

L 27

? „ . .

72

36

<!

8

30

11

25 ]

L 27

J' Snowy Valley, Nil

igpo

71

35

7

8

27

11

24 ]

L 27

9 Shanghai

65

40

7

8

26

10

23

L 24

,, ,,

56

48

8

8

28

11

28 ]

L 26

,, Chusan

68

36

6

8

27

10

23 ■

I 26

„ Kiu Kiang .

65

37

5

8

29

11

22

[ 26

(^ Kiu Kiang Mts.

66

35

5

8

27

10

25 ]

L 24

J, ,,

65

37

6

8

27

9

20

I 25

,, ,,

65

40

(i

8

26

11

25 ]

L 25

,, ,,

65

35

5

8

27

12

28 ]

I 25

,, ,,

62

38

5

8

26

11

27 ]

L 25

,, ,,

60

39

5

8

24

10

22

L 24

M „

56

39

6

8

26

11

28 ]

L 26

" "

51

40

6

8

26

10

25 ]

26

+ J>

70

37

6

8

29

10

30 ]

L 26

„ „

70

36

5

8

28

11

24 ]

[ 24

„ ,,

69

34

6

8

28

9

23 ]

L 23

„ ,,

65

34

6

8

28

8

22

27

,, ,,

65

41

6

8

28

12

26 ]

I 25

»> !?

58

35

5

8

27

11

2U ]

L 23

Tachydroviiis. 141

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. 8. 9.

S Kiu Kiaiig Mts. . . . 57 ::i8 5 8 27 11 26 1 23

„ Kuatun . . . . 69 35 5 8 26 11 22 1 26

. 69 38 6 8 28 12 24 1 25

. 68 39 6 8 27 10 25 1 29

9 „ . . . . 70 38 6 8 28 11 26 1 28

„ ., .... 67 38 8 8 28 11 23 1 25

. 67 44 8 8 28 10 25 1 26

Habitat. — China along the Yaugtse Kiaug, north-west to the
Province of Kausu, south-east to Fokien.

With an insufficient material before nie, in 1887, I unfortunately
united this species with the Japanese T. tachydromoides, from which
it is perfectly distinct, differing chiefly in the number of chin-shields
and of femoral pores, and in the constantly keeled ventral shields.
These characters are not known to suffer any exceptions in the two
species here compared, although larger series have been examined by
me and others ; and this is remarkable considering that the number
of chin-shields certainly varies between 3 and 4 pairs in T. smarag-
dinus and T. sexUneatus, as observed by Van Denburgh, by Stoliczka,
and by Anuandale, whilst specimens with one or with two femoral
pores occur in T.formosanus and T. sexlineatiig.

5. TACHYDEOMUS FOKMOSANUS.

Tachydromus formosanus, Bouleug. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xiv,
1894, p. 462 ; Stejneger, Herp. Japan, p. 235 (1907) ; Van Denburgh,
Proc. Calif. Ac. (4) iii, 1912, p. 245 ; Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng.
V, 1917, p. 219, pi. xlvi, fig. 4.

Talcydromus septentrionalis, part., Stejneger, op. cit. p. 232.

Tal-ydronius stejneger i. Van Denliurgh, t.c. p. 243.

Body not or but slightly depressed. Head feebly convex, If to \i
times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
anterior corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length
3f to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4J times in females ;
snout pointed, with strong canthus and nearly vertical loreal region,
as long as the postocular part of the head. Pileus 2 to 24^ times as
long as broad. Neck narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches
the elbow in females, the axil or the shoulder in males ; foot 1 to li
times as long as head. Tail 2 to 34 times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between three shields. Rostral not entering the

142 Lacert'uhe.

nostril, rarely iu contact with the frontonasal,* which is as long as
broad or a little broader, or longer than broad and in contact with the
frontal ;t prefrontals usually forming a median suture, or separated
by an azygos shield ; | frontal as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, H to If times as long as broad, a little narrower behind
than in front; parietals 1^ to li times as long as broad; interparietal
li to 2 times as long as broad ; occipital small, much shorter than the
interparietal, often separated from it by the parietals meeting in the
middle. Four supraoculai's, first very small, rarely absent, § second
and third equal or second the longer, fourth small but larger than
first ; 4 or 5 superciliaries, first or first and second longest, first
in contact with the supraoculars, || followed by a series of granules, or
series of granules complete. Nasal forming a suture with the anterior
loreal above the postnasal, usually forming a short suture with its
fellow behind the rostral ; anterior loreal shorter than second ; usually
4 upper labials, rarely 3,T[ anterior to the subocular, which is narrower
beneath than above. Temporal scales small, obtusely keeled ; a large
anterior upper temporal, not in contact with the fourth supraocular,
usually followed by one or two smaller shields ; tympanic shield
present, narrow and elongate.

3 pairs of chin-shields,** the first or first and second meeting
in the middle ; 20 to 29 gular scales between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate, anterior granular and
smooth, posterior enlarged, imbricate, pointed and keeled, and merging
gradually into the collar, which is composed of 10 to 12 pointed,
keeled plates. No gular fold.

Dorsal plates obtusely pointed or rounded Ijehiud, iu 6 longitudinal
series, usually with 1 or 2 series of smaller plates on the median line,
6 to 8 altogether in the middle of the l>ody ; usually 8 or 10 in front
and 6 or 7 behind ; 2 or o series of keeled scales near the ventral
plates, separated from the dorsals by a granular area. Ventral plates
in 8 or, more frequently, in 10 longitudinaltt and 27 to 33 transverse

* In 27 specimens out of 283 examined by Van Denburgh (about 10 p. c).

t In a male from Taipeh and in another from Punkiho.

t In a female from Punkiho.

§ 4 specimens present this exception, accordino- to Van Denburgh.

j] The rule in T. stejnegeri of Van Denbvirgh ; in 9 specimens examined by
him the series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries is
complete, as is the rule in the typical T. formosanus.

^ 3 on each side in a male from Punkiho and in a female fro]n Kanshirei.

** 4 shields on each side in two specimens examined by Van Denburgh.

ft Van Denburgh says the ventrals are in 8 rows, not reckoning as such the
adjacent plates, which are often quite as long and must be regarded as ventrals.

Tacliijdromns. -,.._.

tipper surface of limbs with i-honibi,- keeled scales a„,l
0..e or two fe,„o,.al pores on each side.t 24,0 *„:,%?","■
under the fourth toe " ianiellar scales

nt I's'ser ' "'"■■'•" -- ■■" ■'-*• ''-".'-." x-h'cr.':-::!

Brownish olive above, sometimp« -n-ifV, rio,i
.i..es alo„g the keels of iheC^.^s • tt la^': W l'" '"" '""
white dorsolateral streak, slartiu/fr„,„ ihe n !, ^ ^^ " "'""'"'^

streak fro„, the nostril to the ev^aad a dtl T ^ **' " ''='*

.Kle of neck, often continued ^ I bod wh " .7 T^'^ '"'
w,th greenish w-hite . a light streak f:!''*!'!, ;iid'%r„':h

thigh, wer pa:ts'::fii,it '^:^z^ '^•^'^ ^'^« - *«

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

" " ,, fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head . . [
Dei>th. of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb
Foot ...
Tail .

1.
41
16
lU
6
5

14

2(3

11

87

45
17
12
7
6
15
22
12

44
J7
10
6
5
15
21
10

4.
50
21
13
8
6

18
26
15

45
18
11
7
6
16
23
13

e.
52
19
12
7
6
16
23
13

122 165 138 140

1- 9, type, Taiwanfoo. 2. <? , type, C. Formosa 3 o , n

Formosa. 4. J, Taipeh, co-tvpe of T . . "''^'^- Z^- ?' ^JPe, C.

6. 2,Kan.shirel ' ^° ^>P« of ^^ *^^^J««/m. 5. ^, Pu„kJho.

* In one of the types from C. Formosa.-Two keeJed ry^.f.. ■ .
and two smooth islates in 1 of T .t ■ 1 ^ *^® '" ^ siiecimens

and two smooth plates in . of /■.:""'"■" "° ^'"''^ ^^^^^ '^ ^ ^P-i-ens
to Van Denbur^ll. " Jonnosan.s (out of 178 specimens) according.

^^^z^t:z:":::::zT'^'r ^^--p-^— erred .^ him

2S. specimens) .e.arS r:;;^ ^^ ..^^^ ^^^ ''''' ' ^^^^^^^ ^ -

144 Lacertiihv.

Partioihirs of Sj)eciine)is E.i'ani'nieiL

1. 2. 3. 4 5. 0. 7. 8. 9.

? Tahvanfoo (type) 41 36 S li. 32 10 23 2 24

S Central Formosa (typt') - • 45 35 7 8 29 12 22 2 25

J ^, „ .... 46 36 7 10 30 10 24 2 24

„ .... 44 37 8 10 31 11 28 2 24
" „ . . . . 41 38 7 10 30 11 29 2 24

<? Taipeh (oo-type of T. .sfejdfgeri) . . 50 34 6 8 28 11 2() 1 29
Tainan, „ „ . . 47 36 7 10 29 11 26 1 26

Punkiho 45 35 7 10 27 11 20 1 25

32 34 7 10 32 12 25 1 25

Kanshirei* 52 33 8 10 30 10 23 1 24

Tanisui '. 44 37 8 S 30 12 25 1 24

Hahitat. — Formosa and Pescadores Islands.

T. formosamis is very closely allied to T. septentrionalis, differing in
the presence of 6 series of large plates along the back instead of 4,
and bv the frequent presence of 10 series of ventral plates instead of
8. The size is smaller, and the green colour is absent from the sides.
I am convinced that Van Denburgh's proposal to separate this species
into two, one with normally two femoral pores {T. formosanus), the
other with one (T. stejnegeri), is untenable, the general agreement being
too great and the supposed distinctive characters too slight and too
inconstant to warrant specific distinction.

6. TACHYDEOMUS KHASIENSIS.

TachijdroDins sexlintatus, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 4 (1887),
and Faun. Ind., Eept. p. 169 (1890) ; G-iinth. Ann. k Mag. N. H. ((3)
i, 1888, p. 167.

Tacky dro mux khasiensis, Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917,
p. 221, pi. xlvii, fig. 1.

Body scarcely depressed. Head about If times as long as broad,
its depth e(|ual to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum, its length 4 to 4| times in length to vent in males, 4i to
5 times in females ; snout pointed, with sharp canthus and nearly
vertical loreal region, as long as the postocular part of the head.
Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck narrower than the head. Hind

* This specimen was received from tlie Museum of tlie California Academy
under tlie name of T. stejnegeri. Yet in his descriptions Van Denburgh refers
all the specimens from Kanshirei to T. formosan us, thus showing the uncertainty
in distinguishing- the two supposed species. The author rightly observes that
unfortunately no one of the distinctive characters is absolutely constant in all
sx^ecimens.

Tachi/drounis. 145

limb reaching the vn-ht iu females, the ell)C)W' in males ; foot as long
as the head. Tail a little over twice the length of head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 to 5 shields. Rostral usually entering
the nostril ; upper head-shields rugose ; frontonasal broader than
long, not or but slightly broader than the internarial space ; pre-
frontals forming an extensive suture ; frontal as long as or shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, 1^ to 1| times as long as
broad, of subequal width throughout or a little narrower behind than
in front ; parietals 1^ to If times as long as broad ; interparietal 1^ to
2 times as long as broad, much longer than the occipital, which may
be broader. 3 supraoculars, first longer than second and usually in
contact with the second loreal ; 3 superciliaries, second longest ; no
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Nasal
forming a suture with its fellow behind the rostral and with the
anterior loreal above the postnasal, which may be very small or
absent, in which case the anterior loreal borders the nostril ; anterior
loreal shorter than second ; 3 or 4 upper labials * anterior to the
subocular, which is not or but little narrower beneath than above.
Temporal scales moderately lai'ge or rather small, hexagonal, keeled ;
one, two, or three large upper temporals, first sometimes in contact
with the fourth supraocular; a long and narrow tympanic shield.

3 pairs of chin-shields, first and second iu contact in the middle.
17 to 22 gular scales in the median line, anterior narrow, juxtaposed,
smooth or faintly keeled, posterior increasing in size, imbricate, keeled,
and merging gradually into the plates of the very distinct collar, which
are pointed, keeled, and 10 or 11 in number.

Dorsal plates truncate or shortly mucronate behind, iu 6 or 8
longitudinal series on the neck and 4 on the body. Ventral plates
obtusely pointed or shortly mucronate, strongly keeled, in 12 longi-
tudinal and 22 to 25 transverse series. Sides with one upper and one
lower series of smaller keeled scales and an intermediate granular area.
26 to 28 plates and scales round the middle of the body. Preanal
plate rather large, smooth or feebly bicarinate, bordered by a semi-
circle of small keeled plates.

Upper surface of limbs with rhombic keeled scales. 2 or 3 femoral
pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae single, 19 or 20 under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and mucronate, the keels forming four
very strong ridges on the upper surface of the basal part ; the whorls
nearly equal in length, the fourth or fifth containing 14 or 16 scales.

Olive above, with a yellowish or greenish white, usually black-edged

* 3 in two specimens, 4 in two, 3-4 in the two others.
VOL. II. 10

146

LacertidcV.

dorsolateral streak starting from the superciliary edge ; a dark lateral
baud from the nostril, through the eye and involving the upper half
of the ear-opening, to the tail, edged below by a light streak. Lower
parts greenish white (in spirit). Tail reddish in the young.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

s

2

From

end of snout to

vent .

48

51

„

.,

^

fore lim

) .

19

17

Length of head

11

10-5

Width

of head

6-5

6

Depth

of head

5

5

Fore 1

imb

16

15

Hind limb .

20

21

Foot

11

11

Tail

—

108

Particu

a rs

of Type

Spechnens.

1.

2.

3. 4.

».

6.

7.

'8. 9.

. 48

27

4 12

24

11

21

3-2 19

. 48

26

4 12

24

10

19

3 ?

. 44

26

4 12

22

11

18

2 19

. 53

28

4 12

23

10

22

2 20

. 51

28

4 12

25

10

21

2 19

Habitat. — Khasi hills, near Assam. Six specimens, from the collec-
tion of Dr. T. 0. Jerdon, are preserved in the British Museum.
Jerdou referred them to T. tiexlineatus (Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870,
p. 72).

This species may be regarded as intermediate between T. tachy-
dromoldes and T. sexlineatus, as oliserved by Giinther in 1888 :
" Specimens of T. sexlineatus from Khassya, in the British Museum,
have on the whole a somewhat shorter and less tapering snout, also
shorter toes than the typical form, and approach in these respects
T. meridionalis.''''

7. TACHYDROMUS SMARAGDINUS.

Tachtjdromus smaragdinvs, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 147,
pi. xvii, fig. 2, and pL xviii, fig. 1, and Cat. Liz. iii, p. 509 (1887);
Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 168; Stejneger, Herp.
Japan, p. 236, fig. (1907); Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Ac. (4) iii,
1912, p. 247 ; Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917, p. 223.

Body scarcely depressed. Head twice or nearly twice as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye

Tachydromus. 1-47

and the tynipauum, its length 3.} to 4 times in length to vent in males,
4 to -ii times in females ; snout acutely pointed, with sharp canthus
and nearly vertical loreal region, a little longer than postocular part of
head. Pileus 2^ to 2i times as long as broad. Neck nai'rower than
the head. Hind limb reaching the elbow or the axil in females, the
axil or the shoulder in males ; foot a little longer than the head.
Tail 2.} to 3^ times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 or -1 shields. Rostral sometimes entering
the nostril ; frontonasal as long as broad, or longer than broad ;
prefrontals forming a usually extensive suture ; frontal as long as or
a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, li to 2
times as long as broad, narrower behind than in front ; parietals
li to If times as long as broad ; interparietal 1,^ to If times as long
as broad, often separated from the very small occipital by one or two
small shields or by the parietals meeting in the middle. 3 or 4 supra-
oculars,* first, if present, very small or reduced to a granule, second
usually longer than third, fourth small and sometimes broken up into
granules ; 4 or 5 superciliaries, first and second elongate, first often in
contact with the second supraocular ; a complete or incomplete series
of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Nasal
usually forming a suture with its fellow behind the rostral,t and with
the anterior loreal above the postnasal, which may be very small or
absents ; anterior loreal shorter than second ; 4, rarely 5§ upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is usually not or but little narrower
beneath than above. Temporal scales very small, granular, obtusely
keeled, 10 to 15 on a line between the orbit and the tympanum ; an
enlarged anterior upper temporal, exceptionally i| in contact with the
fourth supraocular; a very narrow tympanic shield usually present.

3 pairs of chin-shields, first or first and second, exceptionally al]
three^ in contact in the middle. 21 to 34 gular scales in the median
line, anterior granular and faintly keeled, posterior increasing in size,
imbricate, keeled, and merging gradually into the plates of the

* Of the 11 type specimens before me, 5 have 4 supraoculars, 5 have 3, and 1
has 4 on one side and 3 on the other. In the original description I noted 4
supraocvilars in 19 cases out of 26.

t Van Denburgh found the rostral in contact with the frontonasal in about
()9 p. c. of the specimens from Amaima, about 10 p. c. of those from Kikaiga,
and about 5 j). c. of those from Okinawa.

X Absent in one specimen.

§ On one side only in 3 specimens.

II In one specimen.

*![ In one specimen. Van Denburgh found 4 pairs of chin-shields in 12 cases,
and 3 on one side and 4 on tlie other in 16, out of 151 specimens.

148

Lacertichv.

very distinct collar, which are pointed, keeled, and 10 to 13 in
number.

Dorsal plates truncate, obtusely pointed, or rounded liehind, in
8 or 10, rarely 7, longitudinal series on the body, equal or the median
pair smaller and more irregular, often in 10 series anteriorly, and 7
posteriorly. Ventral plates pointed and mucronate, strongly keeled, in
6 or 8 longitudinal and 26 to 31 transverse series. A lateral series of
large keeled scales (corresponding to the light lateral streak), separated
from the ventral plates by 2 or 3 series of smaller scales, and from the
dorsals by a broad granular area. 37 to 45 plates and scales round
the middle of the body. Preaual plate rather large, entire and often
l)icarinate in males, usually longitudinally divided in females, with
smaller keeled plates on the sides.

Upper surface of limlis with rhombic keeled scales. A single femoral
pore on each side. Subdigital lamelloj mostly divided, 23 to 27
(exceptionally 31) under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, in subecjual
whorls, the fourth containing 14 to 18 scales.

Bright green above ; a pale yellow streak along each side, from the
upjjer lip to the groin or to above the axil, passing below the tym-
panum* ; males usually with a broad grey or bronzy lateral l)aud
above the yellow streak. Lower parts greenish yellow.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head

Depth of head . . .
Fore limb ....
Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

50

55

18

20

12

13

6-5

7

5

6

20

20

27

27

15

14

37

152

Particulars of S2}ecimens Exaviined (the types).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

. 56 42 8 8 29 10 21 1 24

. 50 39 8 6 26 13 22 1 27

* The specimens from Miyako examined by Van Denburgh show no trace of
the light lateral streak, even on the head. In some of the specimens from the
northern islands there is a liafht dorsolateral streak.

Tachydromus.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

H.

7.

8.

9.

. 49

37

8

6

32

10

27

26

. 47

38

9

6

29

11

27

24

. 46

38

10

8

28

12

25

25

. 45

39

9

(')

29

10

25

23

. 55

40

10

6

29

12

27

24

. 54

45

9

6

28

12

34

26

. 54

40

9

6

29

12

29

31

. 49

39

8

6

31

12

27

26

. 44

37

7

6

30

13

29

27

149

Habifat. — Loo Choo Islands : Okinawa, Miyakoshima, Amami
Oshinia, and Kikaiga.

According to Van Denburgh the specimens from Miyakoshima have
the veutials in 8 longitudinal series and no light lateral streak,
whilst those from the other islands have the ventrals in 6 series, rarely
8, and the light lateral streak is present.

This is a very sharply defined species, equally remote from T. septen-
trionalis and from T. sexlineatus, although occupying a somewhat
intermediate position between the two as regards form and lepidosis.

8. TACHYDROMUS SAUTEEI.

Tal-ijdromns sauteri. Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Ac. (4) iii, 1909,
p. 50, and t.c. 1912, p. 251 ; Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917,
p. 225, pi. xlvii, fig. 2.

Body scarcely depressed. Head twice or nearly twice as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye
and the tympanum, its length 4 times in length to vent in males, 4i
times in females ; snout acutely pointed, with sharp canthus aud
nearly vertical loreal region, a little longer than postocular part of
head. Pileus 2^ to 2^ times as long as broad. Neck narrower than
the head. Hind limb reaching the elbow in females, the axil in males ;
foot a little longer than the head. Tail 3^ to 4 times as long as head
and body.

Nostril pierced between 4 or 5 shields. Eostral entering the
nostril ; frontonasal longer than broad ; prefrontals forming an
extensive suture ; frontal a little shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout, 1| times as long as broad, narrower behind than in
front ; parietals 1| times as long as broad ; interparietal l^ to 1|
times as long as broad, separated from the very small occipital bv the

150 Lacertidn-.

parietals uieetiug in the middle. 4 supraoculars, first very small,
second longer than third, fourth small but larger than first ; o sujier-
ciliaries, first and second elongate ; a complete series of granules
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.

Nasal usually forming a suture with its fellow behind the rostral*
and in contact with the anterior loreal above the postnasal, unless its
posterior portion be detached to form a second postnasalt ; anterior
loreal as long as or shorter than second ; 4 upper labials^ anterior to
the subocular, which is not or but little narrower beneath than above.
Temporal scales very small, granular, obtusely keeled, 12 on a line
between the orbit and the tympanum ; a feebly enlarged anterior
upper temjaoral ; a very narrow tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, § the 3 anterior in contact in the middle. 22
to 24 gular scales in the median line, anterior granular and faintly
keeled, posterior increasing in size, imbricate, keeled, and merging
graduallv into the plates of the very distinct collar, which are pointed,
keeled, and 10 to 12 in number.

Dorsal plates obtusely pointed or rounded behind, in 7 or 8 longi-
tudinal series on the body, the median smaller. || Ventral plates
obtuselv pointed and niucronate, very strongly keeled, in 6 longitudinal
and 27 or 28 transverse series. 2 or 3 series of keeled scales on the
side above the ventral plates, separated from the dorsals by a broad
granular area. 28 to 32 plates and scales round the middle of the
body. Preanal plate rather large,^ bicarinate, with one or two smaller
keeled plates on each side.

Upper surface of limbs with rhoniliic keeled scales. A single
femoral pore on each side. Subdigital lamellse single or partly single
and partly paired, 24 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly niucronate, in subequal
whorls, the fourth containing 12 or 14 scales.

Bright green above ; a white streak along each side, from the upper
lip to the groin, passing below the tympanum and along the upper

* Rostral in contact with the frontonasal in 2 specimens out of 52, according
to Van Denbnrgh.

t As in one of the two specimens here described.

it 5 in the type specimen described by Van Denburgh.

§ 5 in one specimen, 3-4 in another, according to Van Denburgli, whose
description is based on 52 specimens.

ll According to Van Denbnrgh, there are usually two median series of small
plates anteriorly and one posteriorly, or 3-2-1, 2-1-0, one throughout, or 10-
One specimen has only 1 row of large plates on each side, separated by aljout
7 rows of smaller, irregular plates.

% Exceptionally divided, according to Van Denburgli.

TacJii/Jroiuiis.

151

half of the outer row of ventral plates, continued on the base of the
tail. Limbs and tail often reddish. One of the S23ecimens described
by Yan Deulmroh has a dark red-brown band along the side from the
eye, just above the white streak, to the tail, where it spreads over the
upper surface. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

fore limb
Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb
Foot
Tail .

<?

?

52

55

19

19

18

13

7

6-5

6

5-5

22

20

26

26

15

14

200

195

Particulars of Sjjeciinenn Examined.

(^ Cochun

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

52

28

7

6

27

12

22

1

24

55 32 8 6 28 10 24 1 24

Habitat. — Formosa.

Closely allied to T. sinaragdimis, but readily distinguished by the
number of chin-shields, the lower number of plates and scales round
the middle of the body, the longer tail, and the position of the light
lateral streak.

9. TACHYDEOMUS SEX LINE ATUS.

Talcydroinus sexlineatus, Daud. Hist. Eept. iii, p. 256, pi. xxxix
(1802) ; Brongu. Mem. Sav. Etr. Ac. Paris, i, 1806, p. 627, pi. li, fig. 8 ;
Dum. ct Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 158 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 52
(1845) ; Gunth. Eept. Brit. Ind. p. 69, pi. viii, fig. c (1864) ;
Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beug. xii, 1872, p. 87; Giinth.Nov. Zool. ii,
1895, p. 499 ; Laidlaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, p. 310 ; Aunaudale,
Journ. As. Soc. Beug. (2) i, 1905, p. 140; Bouleng. Yert. Faun. Mai.
Pen., Eept. p. 79 (1912) ; De Eooij, Eept. lud.-Austral. Arch, i, p. 154,
fig. (1915) ; Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917, p. 227.

Takydromus qvadrilineatus, Daud. t.c. p. 252.

152 Lncertidiv.

Tachydromus ocellatua (Cnv.), Gui'r. Icon. R. An., Rept. pi. vi, fig. 8
(1829) ; Duvernoy, R. An., Rept. pi. xi (1836).

Tachydromm typm, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 389.

Tachydroinus sexUneatHS, var. xneofuscus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.
1863, p. 405.

Tachydromus meridionalis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 70, pi. viii,
%. D, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i, 1888, p. 167.

Tachydromus sexlineahis, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 4 (1887)»
and Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 169 (1890) ; Giintli. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6)
i, 1888, p. 167.

Tachydromus sikldiiieiisis, Giinth. I.e.

Body not depressed. Head about twice as long as broad, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum^
its length Sf to 4^^ times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4| times iu
females ; snout acutely pointed, with sharp canthus and nearly
vertical loreal region, as long as postocular part of head. Pileus 2-1
to 2^ times as long as broad. Neck narrower than the head. Hind
limb reaching the elbow or the axil ; foot as long as or a little longer
than the head. Tail 3 to 5 times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 3 or 4 shields. Rostral sometimes entering
the nostril; upper head-shields smooth or feebly rugose; frontonasal
as long as broad or longer than broad ; prefrontals forming a median
suture* ; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout, IJ to 2 times as long as broad, narrower behind than in
front, often with a median ridge ; j^arietals 1^ to 2 times as long as
broad ; interparietal 1^ to 2 times as long as broad ; occipital usually
shorter than the interjjarietal, sometimes nearly as long and a little
broader, sometimes separated from it by onet or twoj small shields,
or by the parietals meeting in the middle. § 3 supraoculars, first
longer than second and in contact with the second loreal, third small
and rarely II in contact with the frontoparietal ; 3, very rarely 4, super-
ciliaries, second longest ; granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries absent or reduced to one or two. Nasal usually forming
a very short suture with its fellow liehind the rostral,^ and with the

* Separated by one or two small azygos shields in one specimen from Saigon
and in another from Borneo.

t In one sijecimen from Borneo and in one from Saigon.

:|: In one specimen from Saigon.

§ Single specimens from S. China, Saigon, Tay Ninh, Rangoon and Java.

II One specimen from S. China, one from Saigon, and two from Great Natuna.

1[ In single specimens from Ma Son Mts., Jalor, Great Natuna and Borneo
the rostral is narrowly in contact with the frontonasal.

Tachydroinus. 153

anterior loreal above the postnasal* ; anterior loreal shorter than
second ; 4 upper labials, rarely of or 5J anterior to the subocular,
which is narrower beneath than above. Temporal scales moderately
large, rhombic or hexagonal, strongly keeled ; one, two, or three large,
keeled upper temporals, first very rarely§ in contact with the fourth
supraocular ; a long and narrow tympanic shield.

3 pairs of chin-shields, || first or first and second in contact in the
middle. 15 to 24 gular scales in the median line, anterior narrow,
juxtaposed, more or less keeled, then increasing in size, imbricate,
pointed, strongly keeled, and merging gradually into the rather
indistinct collar, which is composed of 8 to 12 plates.

Dorsal plates truncate and shortly mucronate behind, in 6 or 8
longitudinal series on the neck, 4 or 6 on the anterior part of the
body, 4, very rarely 6, in the middle of the l)ody, always 4 on the
lumbar region.^ Ventral plates obtusely pointed and shortly mucro-
nate, strongly keeled, in 10 or 12 longitudinal and 21 to 28 transverse
series. A rather irregular series of large keeled scales Ijorders the
ventrals and is separated from tha dorsals by a granular area. 28 to
40 plates and scales round the middle of the body. Preanal plate
rather large, usually more or less distinctly bicarinate, with smaller
keeled plates on the sides.

Upper surface of liml;)s with rhomliic keeled scales. 1 or 2, very
rarely 3, femoral pores on each side.** Subdigital lamellae single or
partly divided, 18 to 26 under the fourth toe, usually 21 to 26.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and mucronate, the keels forming 4
very strong ridges on the upper surface of the basal part ; the whorls
nearly equal in length, the fourth or fifth containing 12 to 18 scales.

* In one specimen from Saigon the posterior jjart of the nasal is detached
to form a second postnasal ; the postnasal is absent on one side in a specimen
from Matang.

t On both sides in a specimen from Great Natuna and in one from Java ;
on one side in one from Matang and in one from Java.

X On one side in 3 specimens from Saigon, in 2 from Tay Ninh, and in one
from Great Natnna.

§ One specimen from Matang, one from Bangkok, two from Tay Ninh.

I There are e.xceptions. Out of 25 specimens from Sikkim, Stoliczka found
4 with 4 pairs and one with 3 shields on one side and 4 on the other. Annandale
found 2 with 4 piairs oiit of 27 from the Eastern Himalayas, Assam, and Burma.

*i There is sometimes irregularity on the two sides of the same specimens ;
thus in a female from Siam theie are 2 plates on one side and 3 on the other in
the two transverse series of dorsal plates just before the middle of the body.

** Stoliczka's statement that they vary from 3 to 6 in Sikkim specimens
requires confirmation. The specimens on which he based his description are
not in the Calcutta Museum, Dr. Annandale informs me.

154

Lacertidx.

Greeuish olive, bronze brown or reddish above, with metallic gloss ;
usually a white or whitish dorsolateral streak,* ofteu edged with a
black line or a broad black baud, originating on the superciliary edge
or just behind the parietal shield ; the black baud bordering the white
streak produced on the side of the head ; a white, sometimes black-
edged streak from the loreal region to the shoulder, passing through
the middle of the tympanum, sometimes continued on the side of the
body ; males often with a series of small white, black-edged ocelli
above the lower lateral streak ; hinder side of thigh often with a black
streak. Limbs and tail often reddish. Lower parts yellowish or
greeuish white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

r.

G.

From end of snout to vent

45

49

54

57

57

61

,. ,, ,, fore limb

17

18

21

22

21

21

Length of head

11

12

13

14

14

14

Width of head

6

6

6-5

n
i

7

7

Depth of head

5-5

5-5

6

7

6

6

Fore limb ....

17

16

19

20

20

20

Hind liml> ....

23

22

25

29

28

28

Foot

12

12

13

15

14

14

Tail

1 7 a /"lu;.,.. /i. c m

145

200

—

280

215

255

1. J, S. China (type of T. mer'idHmaUs). 2. ? , S. China (ditto).
3. J , Jalor. 4. $ , Great Natuua. 5. (^ , Java. 6. $ , Matant

Particulars oj Specimeii'i Examined.

Amoy, China ....
S. China (type of T. meridionalis)

Man Son Mts., Tonkin
Saiu-on, Cochinchina

L.M.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 52

28

4

12

23

10

18

21

. 45

33

4

12

22

9

20

21

. 53

32

4

12

24

10

19

18

. 49

31

4

12

24

11

22

21

. 41

30

4

12

25

10

17

19

. 55

32

4

12

25

9

20

22

. 60

37

4

10

26

11

23

22

. 53

32

4

10

25

10

18

22

. 53

34

4

10

22

11

20

24

. 52

38

4

10

23

10

21

24

. 61

33

4

10

26

10

21

24

. 58

34

4

10

27

10

23

25

58

34

4

10

27

8

20

22

. 80

40

4

12

27

9

21

20

. 58

38

4

12

27

9

24

26

. 54

36

4

10

25

9

22

24

* Absent in the specimens from Eangoon.

S Tay Ninh, Cocliinchina, L.M,

(J Sittong-, Sikkim, I.M.
^ Kangoon

S Bangkok, Siaiu

„ Maprit, Siani

c? Jalor, Malay Penins.

„ Great Nat una

$ Matang, Borneo

?

S Borneo

(J Java

? ,.

„ L.M.

Hahitat. — From Souther
Indo- China, Assam, Burr
Malay Archipelago (Natu
Reaches an altitude of 1'20(J ni. in Java.

Taclujdromus.

155

1.

2.

a.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

.55

36

4

10

22

10

21

1

21

. 52

37

4

10

25

9

23

1

23

. CO

30

4

10

24

10

19

1

22

. 58

36

4

10

25

10

21

1

22

. 58

36

4

10

24

9

20

1

23

. 56

30

4

10

23

10

20

3

25

. 60

34

4

10

24

11

23

2

26

. 50

34

4

10

24

10

18

2

25

. 46

34

4

10

25

9

22

2

23

. 57

28

4

12

24

11

20

1

21

. 51

33

4

10

23

10

23

1

22

. 56

30

4

10

25

10

20

1

23

. 52

34

6

12

23

12

22

1

21

. 57

30

4

10

25

11

17

2

22

. 57

32

4

10

25

10

19

2

25

. 55

32

4

12

24

11

2U

1

19

. 55

29

4

10

24

10

18

1

20

. 54

32

4

12

23

11

17

1

23

. 60

31

4

10

23

10

19

•J.

26

. 58

34

4

10

21

11

15

2

22

. 61

29

4

10

22

11

18

2

22

. 57

32

4

10

23

10

20

2

24

. 55

30

4

10

25

9

19

2-1

25

. 62

33

4

10

23

9

18

2

23

. 58

32

4

10

25

9

19

1

24

. 57

34

4

10

26

9

23

2

26

. 56

38

4

10

25

10

22

2

24

. 54

32

4

10

24

11

22

2

26

. 53

35

4

10

25

10

22

2

25

. 49

34

4

10

28

9

23

2

26

. 52

37

4

10

24

10

20

1

24

. 50

38

4

10

26

10

23

1

25

n China and the Eastern Himalayas through
a, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula to the
la Islands, Sumatra. Banka, Borneo, Java).

lU. TACHYDROMUS HAUGHTONIANUS.

Tac'iijclroinus ItangJitonianus, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870,
p. 72 ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 156 ; Stoliczka, Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. xli, 1872, p. 88 ; Giiuth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) i, 1888,
p. 169 ; Bouleng. Mem. As. Soc. Beng. v, 1917, p. 230.

Tachiji/romns septentrionalis (uou Giinth.), Annandale, Proc. As. Soc.
Beng. (2) i, 1905, p. 139.

160 Lacertidee.

Body not depressed. Head 2V times as lony as broad, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum,
its length 41 times in length to vent; snout acutely pointed, with
sharp canthus and neai'ly vertical loreal region, as long as postocular
part of head. Pileus 2^ times as long as broad. Neck a little
narrower than the head. Hind limb reaching the axil ; foot as long
as the head. Tail 2* times as long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between 4 shields. Eostral entering the nostril ;
upper head-shields smooth ; frontonasal longer than broad ; prefrontals
forming a median suture ; frontal shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout. If times as long as broad, narrower behind than in
front ; parietals nearly twice as long as broad ; interparietal li times
as long as broad , occipital as broad as and shorter than the inter-
parietal. 3 supraoculars, first longer than second, and in contact with
the second loreal, third very small and narrowly separated from the
frontoparietal ; 5 superciliaries, second longest, all in contact with the
supraoculars. Nasal forming a very short suture with its fellow
behind the rostral and with the anterior loreal above the postnasal ;
anterior loreal shorter than second ; 4 or 5 upper labials anterior to
the subocular, which is as broad beneath as above. Temporal scales
very small, hexagonal, keeled ; two large upper temporals, keeled above,
first not in contact with the fourth supraocular ; a long and narrow
tympanic shield.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior in contact in the middle.
26 gular scales in the median line, anterior narrow, juxtaposed, smooth,
posterior increasing in size, imbricate, pointed, strongly keeled and
passing gradually into the ventrals, there being no trace of a collar.

Dorsal plates truncate and shortly mucronate behind, in 6 longitu-
dinal series on the neck and on the body. Ventral plates truncate and
shortly mucronate, strongly keeled, in 10 longitudinal and 30 trans-
verse series ; no large scales bordering the ventrals. 32 plates and
scales round the middle of the body. Preanal plate large, Ijicarinate,
with smaller keeled plates on the sides.

Upper surface of limbs with rhombic keeled scales. A single
femoral pore on each side.'' Sulidigital lamellae single, 22 under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, the keels
forming six ridges on the upper surface of the basal part ; the whorls
nearly equal in length, the fourth containing 18 scales.

Reddish Ijrown above, with a broad whitish streak on each side

* Giinther's statement that there ai'e two pores is due to a misunderstanding
of Anderson's description, which mentions " one pair of femoral pores."

tr ., „ fore limh

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head

Fore ]im1> ....
Hiud limb ....

Foot

Tail

Platyplacopus. 157

proceeding from the superciliary edge ; below this a dark brown lateral
streak, proceeding from the nostril and passing through the eye and
the tympanum ; limbs reddish. Lower parts yellowish white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to yent ... 60

. 23
. 14
6
5
. 25
. 80
. 16
. 145

This species is known from a single male specimen, from Goalpora
in Assam, preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which has been
kindly entrusted to me for description by Dr. Auuandale.

It is very closely allied to T. sexlineatns, but differs in the still
narrower head, the shorter tail, the number of series of dorsal plates,
the smaller temporal scales, and the total absence of a collar.

12. PLATYPLACOPUS.

PlaiypJacojms, Bouleug. Mem. As. Soc. Beug. y, 1917, p. 231.

Head-shields normal. Is^ostril pierced between the
nasal, one or two postnasals, and the fii-st upper labial.
Lower eyelid scaly. Collar distinct. Back with large,
plate-like imbricate scales with strong keels forming
continuous lines ; sides with granular scales ; ventral
plates obtusely pointed, imbricate, smooth or feebly
keeled. Digits slightly depressed, with large trans-
yersely elliptic smooth lamellse inferiorly, the distal
joint compressed, bent at an angle and covered with
narrow lamellae inferiorly. Femoral pores reduced to
3 to 5 on each side. Tail very long, cylindrical.
Southern China and Formosa,

Distinguished from Tachjdromns by the structure of the di-its
which reproduces the condition known in the Geckouid genus Gymno-
Jadylus. In this respect it is more specialized than Tachydromus

158 Lacertidx.

whilst nearer Laceria in liaving occasionally as many as 6 femoral
pores.

1. PLATYPLACOPUS KUEHNEI.

TaJ,-ij(Jromiis kueJuiei, Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Ac. (4) iii, 1909,
p. 50, and t.c. 1912, p. 252 ; T. Vogt, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.
1914, p. 99.

Platyplacopus kuehnei, Bouleng. t.c. p. 232, pi. xlvii, fig. 3.

Body feebly depressed. Head nearly twice as long as bi'oad, flat
above, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye
and the tympanum, its length 3h times (male) in length to vent ;
snout acutely pointed, as long as postocular part of head, with sharp
canthus and vertical loreal region. Neck narrower than the head.
Pileus slightly more than twice as long as broad. Hind limb reaching
the axil (male) ; foot as long as the head. Tail more than twice as
long as head and body.

Nostril pierced between (three or) four shields. Rostral not
touching the nostril, rarely in contact with the frontonasal* ; upper
head-shields rather rough with faint striae and pits ; frontonasal a little
longer than broad ; prefrontals forming an e.xteusive median suture ;
frontal with a median keel, a little shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout, as long as the frontoparietals, 1 j times as long as
broad, a little narrower behind than in front; parietals If times as
long as broad ; iutei'parietal 1^ times as long as broad, separated from
the smaller occipital by a short suture formed by the parietals.
4 supraoculars, first very small, second and third equal, fourth small ; 4
superciliaries, first and second elongate, first in contact with the second
supraocular and followed by a series of granules. t Two superposed
postnasals J; anterior loreal much shorter than second; 4 upper
labials § anterior to the subocular, which is a little narrower beneath
than above ; temporal scales very small, granular, keeled ; an enlarged
anterior upper temporal, not in contact with the fourth supraocular ;
a verv narrow tympanic shield.

No pterygoid teeth.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle.
28 gular scales on the median line, anterior granular, posterior

* According to Vogt.

t The series sometimes complete according to Van Denburgh.
X This is probably an individual abnormality in the specimen examined by
me, as no mention is made by Van Denburgh of two postnasals.
§ Sometimes 5 according to Van Denburgh.

Platijjjlacopus. ]5y

mcreasiug in size, imbricate, feebly keeled, aud meroing gradually
into the plates of the collar, which are pointed, feebly\eeled, and 11
lu number.

Dorsal plates truncate behind, m 6* regular longitudinal series
wi h a vertebral series of small scales anteriorly. Ventral plates in
6 ongitudmal rows, only the outer heeled; 28 transverse series
Side.s mmutely granulate. 42 plates and granules round the middle of
the body. Preanal plate rather small, bordered by one semicircle
of small smooth plates.

Upper surface of limbs with rhombic keeled scales. 4 femoral
pores on each side.f 23 lamellar scales under the fourth toe

Caudal scales strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, the whorls alter-
mtely a ittle longer and a little shorter, the fourth containing 18 scales
Ohve-brown above, the dorsolateral area (two rows of plates)
hght^er ; two b aclash streaks, formed of spots close together, along the
mddle of the back ; a blackish lateral band from the nostril, throuo-h
the eye and involving the upper half of the ear-opening, to the ba^'se
ot the tad. do ted with whitish on the body; reproduced tail reddish
-Lower parts white.

The specimen selected as the type is thus described by Van
Denburgh: "The colour above is greenish olive, becoming liditer
ye lowish ohve on the limbs and tail The sides are dark olive brown
A light line, ecg^d above with dark brown, starts at the nostril, crosses
he lower eyehd. tlie lower part of the ear-opening, and fades away
above he axilla The upper labials, dorsals, limbs and tail are dotted or
spotted with dark brown. The lower surfaces are greenish white
tinged with orange on the tail."
Measurements (in miilimeti-es) :

From end of snout to vent Ir.

fore limb . 24

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot

17

9

7

23

32

17

HalrUd.^Tln. remarkable species was described from 13 specimens
from Kanshirei and Taipeh, Formosa; one of these is now p'reservtl

+ or.rV.V '^'"°''" ""* °^ '' according to Van Denbui-gh
t Of the 1.3 types and co-types, 8 have 4 pores, 4 have o, and 1 has 4-5 3 or
4 in specnnens from Canton according to Voo-t °'^

160 Lacerfidee.

in the British Museum. It has since been reported from Southern
China, near Canton.

Tarhijdromm cltinensis, T. Vogt, Sitzb. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. 1914,
p. 98, is said to be similar to P. kuehnei, but there are only three pairs
of chin-shields and the ventral plates are obtusely keeled. 3 femoral
pores on each side. — Northern parts of the Province Kuangtung
S. China.

13. TROPIDOSAURA.

Tropidosaura, part., Fitziug. N. Class. Eept. p. 22 (1826) ; Dum. &
Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 163 (1839); Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv,
1886, p. 417.

Troindosaura, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 35 (1845) ; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii,
p. 50 (1887).

Head-sliields normal. Nostril pierced l^etween two or
three nasals. Lower eyelid scalj. Collar absent ; a
short fold in front of the arm. Back covered with large
hexagonal-lanceolate, strongly keeled and imbricate
scales; ventral plates smooth, imbricate. Digits sub-
cylindrical, with smooth or tubercular lamella? inferiorly.
Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

South Africa.

This genus stands in the same relation to Nncras as does Psammo-
dromns to Lacerta. ,

1. TROPIDOSAUPtA MONTANA.

Lacerta (Trojjidosaurus) montana. Gray, Griff. An. K. ix, Syn.
p. 35 (1831).

Tropidosaura montana, Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 172 ; Gray, Cat. p. 35 ;
Bedriaga, t.c. p. 428 ; Bouleug. t.c. p. 51.

Notojjholis ? capensis. Gray, Cat. p. 34.

Tropidosaura hurclielli, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept., App. p. 7
(1849).

In habit similar to Lacerta vivipmra. Body not depressed. Head
small, 4 to 5 times in length to vent, 1^ to 1| times as long as broad,
feebly depressed, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout short.

Tropidosatira. 161

obtuse, as loug as the distance between the eye and the tympanum.
Parietal foramen present. Pterygoid teeth present. Neck as broad
as the head. Limbs short, just meeting when adpressed, or hind
limb reaching the wrist; foot not or but little longer than the head;
digits short. Tail li to 2i- times the length of head and body.

Nostril jjierced between two or three shields. Nasals forming a
short suture, or rostral forming a narrow or broad suture with the
frontonasal, whicli is broader than long and broader than the inter-
uarial space, and longer than the suture between Ihe prefrontals;
frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, Ij to 2^ times as long as broad, as broad as or a little
broader than the supraoculars, of equal width throughout ; fronto-
parietals much shorter than the frontal ; parietals 1^ to 1| times as
long as broad ; interparietal 1| to 2 times as loug as broad ; occipital
small, its posterior border convex and projecting beyond the parietals.
Four supraoculars, first very small or reduced to a granule, second
longer than third, fourth small but much larger than first ; four
suijerciliaries, in contact with the supraoculars, second usually longest.
Usually two superposed postnasals,* the lower exceptionally forming
a suture with the rostralf ; anterior loreal as long as or a little shorter
than second ; 4 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is much
nari'ower beneath than above and borders the mouth. Two large
upper temporals, as in Lacerta agilis, first forming a broad suture
with the fourth supraocular; a series of small shields between the
upper tempt>rals and the parietals exceptionally preseutj ; temple with
moderate or rather large shields, the upper of which may be keeled ; a
large tympanic shield.

Gular scales large and imbricate, passing gradually into the ventrals ;
no gular fold.§

25 to 31 scales and plates round the body ; dorsals and laterals much
longer than broad, strongly keeled and mucronate ; ventral plates in
6 longitudinal and 23 to 26 transverse series, those of the second row
from the median line broader than the others. A large or rather
large preanal plate, bordered by one or two semicircles of smaller
plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, subimbricate, keeled. 4 to

* A single shield in one of the types of T. bitrchelli (male).

t In a male from Peri Bush.

X In another male from Peri Bush.

§ In one of the types of T. hurchelli, female, there are only four pairs of large
chin-shields instead of the usual five, the two anterior forming a median
suture.

VOI,. II. 11

162

Lacertidii'.

8 femoral pores on each side, the series sometimes restricted to the
basal half of the thigh. 16 to 22 lamellar scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper similar to dorsals, lower
obtusely pointed.

Brown or olive above, usually with a black vertebral streak and two
whitish, black-edged streaks on each side, the upper starting from the
superciliary edge, and continued, as a series of ocellar spots, along the
tail, the lower from the up^^er lip, through the ear-opening, to the
hind limb, reappearing behind the latter as a series of ocellar spots
along the tail. Upper surface of head with small or rather large
black spots ; a black streak from the nosti'il to the eye ; anterior upper
labials spotted with black. Lower parts bluish or greenish white (in
spirit), uniform or with large black spots.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb

Length of hend
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb ....
Hind limb

Foot

Tail

1. ($ , type of T. hvrcheUi.
William's Town. 4. ? , type.
T. burchelli.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

. 66

58

45

58

52

49

. 19

18

15

18

16

15

. 13

11

10

11

11

10

9

9

7

7

7

6

. 7-5

6

6

6

6

5

. ■ 18

1.5

14

15

15

15

. 24

21

19

21

20

19

. 14

12

10

11

11

10

. no

108

115

85

82

93

(^ , type. 3. (^ , Peri Bush, King
5. ? , Cape Town. 6. $ , type of

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

S Cape of Good Hope (type), P.M.
?

, P.M.

S Type of T. burchelli .

„ Cape Town ....
(^ Peri Bush, King William's Town

1. Leno^th from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales round body (ventrals
included). 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Femoral pores on
each side. 5. Lamellae under fourth toe.

1.

2.

3.

4.

.5.

. 53

26

23

8

19

68

28

25

7-6

17

. 50

27

26

8

19

. 66

27

24

7

19

52

31

26

7

22

49

27

25

4

18

52

25

23

7

19

45

26

25

5

16

. 45

28

25

6

18

Psammodromus. 163

Habitat.— This species, ouce believed to be a native of Java, is only
known from the southern parts of Cape Colony. The types are from
the Eastern parts of the Colony, and the lizard is found close to
Cape Town, on Table Mountain in particular.

14. PSAMMODROMUS.

Psammodromus, Fitzing. N. Class. Kept. p. 22 (1826); Wiegni.
Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1834) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 251 (1839) ;
G-ray, Cat. Liz. p. 38 (1845) ; Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. vi,
1867, p. 408 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885, p. 125 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 46 (1887).

Tropidosaura, part., Fitzing. I.e. ; Wiegm. I.e. ; Dum. & Bibr. t.c.
p. 163 ; Bedriaga, Abh. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 417.

Algira, Cuv. Eegne Auim., Ed. 2, ii, p. 31 (1829).

Aspistis (non Hoffm.), Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 156 (1830).

Psammuros, Wagler, I.e. ; Wiegm. I.e.

NotophoUs, Wiegm. I.e.

Algira, part., G-ray, I.e. ; Lataste, I.e.

Zerzonmia, Lataste, Le Naturaliste, 1880, p. 299 ; Bedriaga, t.c.
p. 411.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two
nasals, m contact with the first upper labial or separated
from it by a narrow rim. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar
absent or feebly marked ; a short fold in front of
the arm. Back covej'ed with large, rhombic, strongly
keeled and imbricate scales ; ventral shields rounded or
truncate behind, smooth. Digits slightly compressed,
with smooth, tubercular, or keeled lamellee inferiorly.
Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

South- Western Europe and North-Western Africa.

The affinities of the four species grouped under Psammodromus
may be expressed as follows :

P. hispanicus

P. algirus P. blanci P. microdadyhis .

P. blanci is on the whole, in my opinion, the most primitive species,
probably derived from allies of L. agilis and L. parva. The three

164 Lacerfirh-i'.

other species diverge from it. P. hi^Mnictis differs almost exclusively
in the spinulose scutellatiou of the toes — an adaptation to the sandy
localities it frequents— and in the absence of vertically enlarged scales
on the lower eyelid. P. microdactijlus has developed a peculiar sub-
digital scutellation, very different from that of P. hispanicus, but yet
approaching the pristidactyle condition, as first pointed out by
Bedriaga, and the lower eyelid is as iu P. hispanicus; both these
species may have been evolved out of P. Uanci. And lastly, P. algirus
has acquired a peculiar ventral lepidosis, highly, aberrant for the
family Lacertidse, but which must be regarded as derived from the
normal condition ; its subdigital scutellation is in an unstable con-
dition, sometimes identical with that shown by P. hlanci, sometimes
nearly realizing the true pristidactyle type ; in the presence of teeth
on the pterygoid bones it is more primitive than the three other species
of the genus, from any of Avhich it cannot therefore be derived.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Ventral plates of unequal width and moderately overlapping, the
largest much broader than long ; granular scales on sides of
neck ; no teeth on the palate ; 9 to 15 femoral pores on each side.
Collar distinguishable ; 27 to 32 scales round the body, ventral
plates included ; lower eyelid with vertically enlarged scales
in the middle ; subdigital lamellae tubercular, 17 to 21 under
the fourth toe . ■ P- blanci, Lataste, p. 164.

Collar distinguishable ; 30 to 42 scales round the body ; lower
eyelid without vertically enlarged scales ; subdigital lamellae
sharply keeled, 16 to 23 iinder the foiu'th toe P. }ii$])anicus, Fitz., p. 167.
No collar ; 27 to 30 scales round the body ; lower eyelid
without vertically enlarged scales ; subdigital lamellae with
strong, obtusely keeled tiibercles, 15 to 17 under the fourth
^QQ ...... P. mlcrodactylus, Boettg., p. 173.

II. Ventral plates subequal, rounded or obtusely pointed behind,
strongly overlapping ; no collar ; strongly imbricate, keeled
scales on sides of neck ; pterygoid teeth ; 30 to 34 scales
round the body ; subdigital lamellae smooth, tubercular, or
feebly keeled, 19 to 24 under the fourth toe ; 13 to 21
femoral pores on each side, usually 15 to 18 . . P. algirus, L., p. 175.

1. PSAMMODROMUS BLANCI.

Zerzouinia blanci, Lataste, Le Natural. 1880, p. 299 ; Bedriaga,
Abb. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 411.

Algira (Zerzumia) blanci, Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii, 1883,
p. 116.

Psammodromus blanci, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 48 (1887), and
Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 127, pi. xiv, fig. 2 ; Werner, Verh. ZooL-

Psanuiwdromns. 165

bot. Ges. Wien, xlii, 1892, p. 354; Doumergue, Erp. Oraii. p. 136,
pi. ix, figs. 4, 5 (1901).

Body moderately depressed. Head small, feebly depi-essed, convex
ou the occiput, 1-^ to If times as long as broad, its depth equal to the
distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum,
its length 4 to 43 times in length to vent; snout obtusely pointed, with
strong cantiius and concave loreal region, a little shorter than postocular
part of head ; a sharp keel below tlie eye, on the freno-ocular and
subocular shields. Neck as broad as or a little broader than the head.
The hind limb reaches the wrist of the adpressed fore limb in females,
the elbow, the axil, or the shoulder in males ; foot 1^ to Ij times
length of head ; digits feebly compressed, with tubercular lamellae
inferiorly (the tubercles in two series, except distally). Tail 1| to 2
times as long as head and liody.

Pterygoid teeth absent.

Nostril separated from the postnasal and from the first upper labial
by a narrow rim * ; nasals forming a short or very short suture behind
the rostral t ; frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals forming an
extensive median suture ; frontal If to 2 times as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, narrower Ijehiud than
in front, lateral borders concave ; parietals as long as broad or slightly
longer, with convex outer border ; interparietal 1^ to 2 times as long
as broad, sometimes very small and separated from the occipital by
the parietals meeting on the median line or by a small supplementary
shield + ; occipital shorter and not or but slightly broader than the
interparietal, sometimes minute. Four supraoculars ; first very small,
or reduced to a granule, § second longer than tliird, fourth small but
usually larger than first, usually sepai'ated from the frontoparietal \\ ;
four superciliaries, very rarely five, second much longer than the others,
all in contact with the supraoculars. Rostral narrowly separated from
the nostril ; a single, small postnasal ; anterior loreal as long as or shorter
than second ^ ; four upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is
much narrower beneath than above; one or two upper temporals**;

* As in L. perspicillata.

+ Rostral in contact with the frontonasal in a male from Tunisia.

I Two females from Lambesa ; one of these has the frontal divided into
two by a horizontal suture.

§ Absent in one specimen examined by Bedriaga ; also, on one side, in a
female from Lambesa (Werner).

il In 10 specimens out of 12 examined. This peculiai-ity is also frequent in
Lacerla vivipara.

li A single loreal in a male from Algiers.

** The anterior only e.xceptionally in contact with the fourth supraocular
(male from Algiers, female from Lambesa).

166 Lacertidie.

other temporal scales large and very irregular; a distinct tympanic
shield. Lower eyelid with a central series of vertically elongate
strongly enlarged scales.

Giilar scales flat, enlarged and imbricate towards the collar, which is
feebly or very feebly marked, except on the sides, and formed of 6 to
9 scales ; gular fold more or less distinct, at least on the sides ; 16 to
19 gular scales in a straight longitudinal line, including the collar.
Scales on side of neck juxtaposed, more or less granidar.

Scales on back acutely pointed or shortly mucronate, with strong
straight keels, on sides gradually more obtuse and losing the
keels, rather abruptly differentiated from the ventrals, which are
broader than long, and hexagonal, those of tlie second series from
the median line broadest, and form straight longitudinal and trans-
verse series. 21 to 26 scales across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates in 6 longitudinal and 24 to 30 transverse series (24 to 26 in
males, 28 to 30 in females). Preaual plate moderate or rather large,
bordered by one or two semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled. 10 to 12 *
femoral pores on each side, usually 10 or 11. 17 to 21 lamellar scales
under the fourth toe, usually 18 to 20.

Caudal scales in neatly ecpial or alternately somewhat longer and
shorter whorls, upper strongly keeled, pointed, and more or less
distinctly mucronate ; 20 or 22 scales in the fourth or fifth Avhorl
behind the postanal granules.

Brown or pale olive above, the back imiform or lighter on the
vertebral area, with or without small black spots in one or two series
on each side ; a dark vertebral streak sometimes present, all along the
back, or confined to the nape ; three greyish white or yellow streaks
on each side, the upper (dorsolateral) starting f lom the outer border of
the parietal, the second from behind the eye along the temple and above
the tympanum to the neck, where it is lost before reaching the shoulder,
the third from tiie upper lip, through the lower part of the tympanum,
to the base of the thigh ; a more or less distinct blackish streak from
the nostril to the eye, where it bifurcates ; an orange streak may be
present along each side of the belly, which is white or pale yellow.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ „ ,, fore limb

Length of head

* Sometimes 9, aecordiug to Doumergue.

1.

2

3.

4.

41

36

40

45

15

15

14

15

10

9

9

10

Psainino(

Iromus.

167

1.

2.

3.

4.

Width of head

7

6

6-5

7

Depth of head . . . 55

5

5

6

Fore limb .... 14

14

12

14

Hiud limb .... 20

20

18

19

Foot 11

11

11

12

Tail 64

65

61

72

1. (^, La Seuia, Oran. 2. (^ , type,

Lambesa

. 3

• 9 . type,

Lambesa. 4. 9 . Lambesa.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1.

•>

3.

4.

5.

6.

^ Algiers (type) .... 40

24

26

18

11

18

„ Lambesa ,,

36

26

24

17

11-12

20

)) ,, ,, . .

35

24

24

16

11 10

19

9 „ ., • •

48

24

29

17

11

19

„ „ ,, . .

40

24

28

17

10

19

MM ...

45

26

30

17

11

19

(J Tafrent

43

22

24

19

11

18

9 Rorfa des Beui Salam

47

24

29

16

11

20

(J La Seuia, Oran .

41

24

26

18

11

21

„ Orau

38

21

25

18

10

20

9 „ ■ •

47

25

29

18

10

19

,, ,, . .

39

26

30

17

11-10

19

^ Tunisia, P.M.

39

22

24

16

11

17

9 „ „ ■ •

40

24

28

18

11

18

1. Leng-th from snout to vent (in millimeties). 2. Numbei- of scales across
middle of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates, -i. Gular scales in a
straight line from the symphysis of the chin-shields, including' collar. 5.
Femoral pores on each side (right and left if differing'). 6. Lamella under
foiu'th toe.

Habitat. — The whole of Northern Algeria, including- the high
plateaux ; also neighbouring parts of Tunisia.

2. PSAMMODEOMUS HISPANICUS.

Psammodromus hispanicus, Fitziug. N. Class. Eept. p. 52 (1826) ;
Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 10 (1834); Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 38 (1845);
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 397 (1875); Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 47
(1887); Bedriaga, Amph. Eept. Portug. p. 54 (1889); Schreib.
Herp. Eur., Ed. 2, p. 358 (1912).

Lacerta edwardsiana, Duges, Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, p. 386, pi. xiv.

168 Lacerticlv.

Agjiigtis edwanhiana, Wagl. Syst. Aiuph. p. 156 (1830).

Nofopholis edwardsiana, Wiegm. I.e.

? Ahjira penetata. Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 283.

Psammodrotnus edwardsii, Dum. & Bihr. Erp. Gi'u. v, p. 253 (1839).

Psainviodromns edwardsianus, Bouap. Ann. Sc. Nat. (2) xii, 1839,
p. 62, pi. iv, fig-. 2, and Icon. Faun. Ital., Anif. (1841).

Psammodromus cinereus, Bonap. 11. ce. fig. 1 ; Gray, t.c. p. 39 ;
Lataste, Rev. Intern. Sc. iii, 1880, p. 177; Bosca, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1880, p. 274.

Lacerfa cinerea, Scliinz, Eur. Faun, ii, p. 28 (1840).

Body moderately depressed. Head small, feebly depressed, convex
on the occiput. If to If times as long as broad, its depth equal to the
distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum,
its lengtli 3}j to 4.', times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4f- times in
females; snout obtusely j^ointed, with strong canthus and concave
loreal region, a little shorter than jjostocular part of head ; a sharp
keel below the eye, on the freno-ocular and subocular shields. Neck
as broad as or a little broader than the head. The hind limb reaches
the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore limb in females, the axil,
the shoulder, the collar, or a little beyond in males ; foot 1^ to 1^
times length of head ; digits feebly depressed, with sharply keeled,
spiuose lamellae inferiorly, in two series except distally. Tail a little
less than li to a little more than 2 times as long as head and body.

Pterygoid teeth absent.

JNostril separated from the postnasal and from the first upper labial
by a narrow rim ; nasals forming a short or very short suture behind
the rostral; frontonasal broader than long; prefrontals forming an
extensive suture, unless separated by one or two azygos shields ; *
frontal li to 2 times as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, narrower behind than in front, lateral
borders more or less concave ; parietals as long as l)road or a little
longer, outer border convex ; interparietal 1-J to 2 times as long as
broad ; occipital as large as or a little smaller than the interparietal,
often shorter and broader.f Four supraoculars, first very small or
reduced to a granule,^ seconil longer than third, fourth small but
larger than first§ ; four superciliaries, rarely five, second much longer

* 3 males from Marseilles, sinole females from Montpelliei- and Lisbon ;
united in a female from Madrid.

t Absent in a female from Seville.

X Absent in two females from Seville.

§ In 7 specimens from Seville the fourth supraocular is separated from the
frontoparietal.

Psammodromus. 169

than the others, all in contact with the supraoculars. Kostral narrowly
separated from the nostril ; a single postnasal ; anterior loreal shorter
than second* ; four, rarely five or three f upper labials anterior to the
subocular, which is much narrower beneath than above, and the lowei-
portion of wliich is often detached as one or two additional labials
sepai-ating it from the oral border ; one, two or three enlarged upper
temporals often present J ; the otlier tempoi'al scales irregular and
unequal in size, usually with a distinct tympanic shield. Lower eyelid
without vertically enlarged scales in the middle.

G-ular scales large and flat, larger and more imbricate towards the
collar, wliich is rather feebly or very feebly marked, except on the
sides, and formed of 6 to 10 rounded scales ; gular fold usually more
or less distinct, at least on the sides ; 15 to 22 gular scales in a
straight median line, including tlie collar.

Scales on back acutely pointed or shortly mucronate, with strong
straight keels, on sides gradually more obtuse and losing the keels,
gradually passing into the veutrals, whicli are broader than long, and
hexagonal, tliose of the second series from the median line broadest,
and form straight longitudinal and transverse series. 24 to 36 scales
across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and
24 to 31 transverse series (24 to 30 in males, 27 to 31 in females).
Preanal plate moderate or rather large, Ijordered by one or two semi-
circles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled. 9 to 14
femoral pores on each side,§ usually 10 to 12. 16 to 23 lamellar,
scales under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in nearly equal or alternately somewhat longer and
shorter whorls, upper strongly keeled, pointed, and more or less
distinctly mucronate ; 18 to 24 scales in the fourth or fifth whoj-I
behind the postanal granules.

Grrey, olive, coppery brown or j'ellowish brown above, usually with
white or yellowish and black markings in the form of spots, streaks,
or ocelli. Primarily, there are four white streaks on the back and
three on each side ; the outer dorsal, or dorsolateral, starting from
the outer border of the parietal shield, and the middle lateral, starting
from the upper lijj, are the most constant ; the upper lateral, starting

* Absent in a female from Marseilles.

t 5 on one side in two males from Seville, 3 on both sides in a male and in a
female from the same locality.

X Anterior upper temporal in contaet with the fourth supraocular in a male
from Seville, in a male and in a female from Lisbon, in a female from Algarve.

§ Up to 15 according to Duges.

170 LacerficJn'.

from liehind the eye ami passing above the ear-opening, is lost on the
si'le of the neclc, sometimes reappearing as a small bine ocellus above
the shoulder ; the lower lateral, starting from the lower lip, is often
absent, or replaced bv a series of small blue spots on the sides of the
belly. Some specimens are thus stri;ited, with very small lilack spots
bordering the light strealcs ; in others the streaks break up into longi-
tudinal series of spots and the black spots predominate, forming
longitudinal series, of which the vertebral is very conspicuous and
exceptionallv confluent into a stripe, or the black spots may run
together to form cross-bars interrupted by the remains of the light
streaks. Finally, specimens occur which lack the markings altogether,
being uniform grey, brown, or olive above, and as they thus differ very
strikiuglv from the spotted or streaked individuals among which they
live, they have been regarded by some autliors as a distinct species
(P. cinereus, Bp.). Except in the uniformly coloured specimens, a
black line extends from the nostril to the eye, where it bifurcates,
the upper branch following the upper eyelid, the lower the subocular
shield. Limbs with round, white or yellownsh spots. Lower parts
greyish white, or reddish.

I have seriously considered the advisability of dividing this species
into two forms, viz. the one from Central and Southern Spain and
Portugal, to which the name P. liigjKinieiis probably applies, and the
P. edwardsianvs (including P. cinereus) from France and Eastern
Spain. In the former the subocular nearly always borders the lip,
the scales round the body (veutrals included) number 30 to 84, there
are t> to 12 femoral pores, and the foot is not more than one-fourth
louuer than the head, with 16 to 20 lamellae under the fourth toe.
In the latter the subocular is usually separated from the oral
border, the scales are smaller, 34 to 42 louud the body, the femoral
pores are usually more numerous, 10 to 1-5, and the foot is longer
(lA to H times as long as the head), with more numerous lamellae
under the fourth toe (19 to 23). However, these characters
do not alway go hand in liaud, as shown by the male h\m\ Seville
(G-adow) and the female from Algarve tabulated below ; and the
two specimens from the Dehesa de Albufera, near Valencia, would
be referable to P. hisjianiens and P. edivardsianus resj^ectively.
I therefore do not deem it advisable, for the present at least, to
separate P. edwardsianus as a variety or subspecies, although I have
felt tempted to do so; the status of the two forms is about the
same as in the vars. pater and tangitana of L. ocellafa. The typical
P. Idspaniens is probably the original form, agreeing more closely
with P. hlanci.

Psammodromns.

171

Measurements (in millimetres)

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

From end of snout to vent . 47

50

44

38

42

38

48

48

45

,, „ „ fore limb 17

17

17

14

17

15

16

16

16

Length of head . . .11

11

11

9

12

10

10

11

10

Width of head ... 8

7

^7

6

8

7

6-5

8

7

Depth of head . .6

6

6

5

6-5

5

6

6

6

Fore limb .16

15

15

13

15

14

14

15

14

Hind limb . . . .26

24

25

22

•26

23

23

24

23

Foot 15

15

15

13

16

14

13

13

12

Tail 86

81

—

67

85

80

—

77

m

1. S^ Montpellier. 2. 9, Montpellier. 3. ^, Marseilles (P.
cinereus). 4. 9, Marseilles (P. cinereus). 5. (^ , Valencia, Spain
(P. cinereus). 6. J', Seville. 7. 9, Algarve. 8. ^, Lisbon.
9. 9 , Lisbon.

I

Particulars

of Sj^ecimens Examined.

FeANCE :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

s

Marseilles ....

43

32

26

18

12-13

21

,J

43

28

26

19

13-12

20

41

28

26

19

12-13

21

39

31

25

19

12-13

21

JJ

37

29

27

21

11

21

9

43

30

28

20

11

23

j^

42

29

28

19

13

22

41

28

28

19

12

21

41

30

27

19

11

20

jj

40

32

29

21

11

21

40

31

30

17

12

19

„

36

29

27

20

12-13

20

„

35

80

29

19

11-12

21

c?

„ (var. cuiereus)

44

32

28

20

12-11

22

9

»> ?>

38

30

29

18

11-12

21

S

La Crau (Bouches-du-Ehone)

42

30

27

20

11

20

9

,, „ (var. cinereus)

43

28

31

18

12

21

fj Montpellier ....

47

36

28

22

12

22

,,

11 ....

47

33

28

19

12

21

?

,, ....

50

29

30

19

12

20

,^

,, ....

41

28

29

18

10

20

„

Palavas, near Montpellier

42

38

30

19

11

20

Spain -.

6

Madrid

42

25

26

17

10

18

+

172

Lacprf'Uhv

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

? Madrid

•. 47

27

30

20

11

16

+

(^ Ciiulad Real

. 42

26

26

16

12

20

+

? „ • •

. 47

25

28

17

10-9

19

+

(^ Albiifera, near Valenci;

. 4(3

33

24

18

13

21

—

?

. 38

26

30

21

11

20

+

(J Valencia

. 42

26

25

15

11 12

21

+

? „ . . .

. 46

31

30

20

12

22

-

. 45

31

30

20

12

21

-

(J ,. (var. ciiierens

) . 42

30

27

21

13 14

22

—

„

. 39

30

27

19

13-14

23

-

„

. 31

31

26

18

13

21

—

9

. 40

31

28

20

11-12

21

—

. 34

29

28

19

11-12

22

—

S Seville

. 46

27

27

18

12

19

—

„

. 42

26

28

18

10

19

+

. 41

25

25

18

11-12

18

+

„

. 40

25

30

18

9

18

+

. 38

24

25

16

11

21

+

. 36

26

29

18

12

19

+

?

. 50

24

27

17

10

18

+

. 44

27

30

20

11

18

+

. 43

24

31

17

9

20

+

. 43

26

28

18

12

19

+

. 41

26

30

17

12

18

+

,.

. 39

25

29

20

9-10

16

+

Portugal :

? Lisbon

. 48

28

29

21

11

2U

+

. 45

26

30

20

10-11

20

+

,, Algarve

. 48

24

31

19

10

21

+

Colums 1-0 as in the preceding- ; column 7 refers to the su])ocuhir, bordering
( + ) or not ( — ) the mouth.

Habitat. — Mediterranean coast of France and Spanish Peninsula.
Sclireiber, in the second edition of his Herpetologie Europjea, p. 361,
regards P. hispanic/fs as almost exclusively restricted to the sea-coast,
only exceptionally occurring far inland. Had he referred to Bosca's
paper in Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 273, he would have found
that the species occurs over nearly the whole of the Spanish Peninsula,
in suitable arid, sandy regions, " tres abondant dans le centre et le midi."

This species has been recorded from Siliqua, Sardinia, by Giglioli,
Arch. f. Nat. 1879, p. 97. Having examined the single specimen

Psammodronw s . 1 73

preserved in the Florence Museum, I find it belongs to Ophiops
elegans, a lizard which is not likely to occur in Sardinia any more
than Psamniodroinus hispanicus.

3. PSAMMODEOMUS MICEODACTYLUS.

Alijira (Zerztimia) microdadyla, Boettg. Zool. Auz. 1881, p. 571,
and Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii, 1883, p. Ill, pi. i, tig. 2.

Psammoilromus microdactylus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz iii, p. 49 (1887),
Ann. & Mag. N.H. (6) iii, 1889, p. 3u4, and Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891,
p. 127; Douniergue, Erp. Orau. p. 139, pi. ix, tigs. 6, 7 (1901).

Body moderately depressed. Head rather small, feebly depressed,
convex on the occiput, If to 1^ times as long as broad, its depth equal
to the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the
tympanum, its length 3]; to about 4 times in length to vent ; snout
obtusely pointed, with strong canthus and concave loreal region, as
long as postocular part of head ; a sharjj keel below the eye, on the
f reno-ocular and subecular shields. The hind limb reaches the elbow of
the adpressed fore limb or the axil in females, the axil in males ; foot
a little longer than the head ; digits feebly compressed, with very promi-
nent, obtusely keeled tubercular lanielke inferiorly (the tubercles in two
series except distally). Tail 1} to 1^^ times as long as head and body.

Pterygoid teeth absent.

Nostril separated from the postnasal and from the tirst upper labial
by a narrow rim ; nasals forming a short or very short suture behind
the rostral ; frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals forming an
extensive suture; frontal 1 -J to 2 times as long as broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, narrower behind than in fi'ont,
lateral borders more or less concave ; parietals as long as broad or
slightly longer, with convex outer boi-der ; interparietal 1| to 2 times
as long as broad, occipital shorter but often a little broader.* Four
supraoculars, first very small, second as long as third or a little
longer, fourth larger than first and often t separated from the fronto-
parietal ; four superciliaries, second much longer than the others, all in
contact with the supraoculars. Eostral narrowly separated from the
nostril ; a single postnasal ; anterior loreal as long as or a little shorter
than second ; four upper labials anterior to the subocular, J which is
much narrower beneath than above ; three upper temporals, anterior
usually in contact with the fourth supraocular, separated from 3 or 4

* Absent in one of the type specimens, according to Boettger.

t In 7 specimens out of 12 examined.

J 3 on one side in a female from Tangier.

174 Lacerfidte.

large lower temporals bv one or two series of small shields, which may
be feebly keeled; a large tympanic shield. No vertically enlarged
scales on the lower eyelid.

Gular scales flat, enlarged and imbricate posteriorly, 15 to 19 in a
straight longitudinal line in the middle ; gular fold absent or slightly
indicated ; collar reduced to a fold on each side, in front of the shoulder.
Scales on side of neck juxtaposed, more or less gi'auular.

Scales ou back acutely pointed or shortly mucrouate, with strong
sti'aight keels, on sides gradually more obtuse and losing the keels
towards the veutrals, which are broader than long and hexagonal,
those of the second series from the median line broadest. 21 to 24
scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal
and 23 to 29 transverse series (23 to 26 in males, 26 to 29 in females).
Preanal plate rather large, bordered by one semicircle of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic or hexagonal and keeled.
10 to 13 femoral pores ou each side. 15 to 17 lamellar scales under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales in nearly equal or alternately somewhat longer and
shorter whorls, strongly keeled, pointed, the keels forming very strong
longitudinal ridges above; 16 or 18 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Greyish olive or pea-green above, with an ill-defined brown or
reddish lateral band with or without small light black-edged ocellar
spots ; sometimes a rather feebly marked light dorsolateral streak,
which may be broken up into spots ; a light streak from the upper lip
to the shoulder or to the groin, and another from behind the eye to
above the tympanum or to the side of the neck ; black spots on the
back, irregularly scattered or forming two to five longitudinal series.
A more or less distinct black line from the nostril to the eye, Avhere it
bifurcates. Hind limbs with light spots. Lower parts white, outer
row of ventrals lemon-yellow, throat of males bluish.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

From end of sno

ut t^

0 vent .

44

43

41

45

J) ,,

,j

fore limb

18

17

15

16

Length of head

11

11

10

11

Width of head

7' 5

8

7

8

Depth of head

6

6

6

6

Fore limb

15

16

15

15

Hind limb

23

23

22

21

Foot .

13

13

12

12

Tail .

75

74

75

70

1, 2. S, Tangier. 3.

?,

Tangier. 4.

9,M>

ogadoi

2

3.

5.

6.

24

24

17

12

15

23

26

17

12

17

22

23

16

11

17

22

25

17

12-11

16

22

24

19

11

15

22.

29

17

12

16

24

26

15

lo

15

24

28

15

11

15

23

29

19

12-13

16

22

23

16

12

16

21

28

15

10-11

15

Psammodromus. ] 75

Particulars of Specimen>< Examined.

1.
S Tangier- 44

' 43

., . .41

" " 41

" " 37

? '' 47

" " 46

" •' 43

" " 41

S Mogador , . 40

? ; 45

Same explanation as for table on p. 167.

Habitat. — Morocco (Tangier, Tetiiau, Mogador).

4. PSAMMODKOMUS ALGIEUS.

Lacerta algira, Liiin. Syst. Nat. i, p. 363 (1766).

Scincus algira, Daud. Hist. Eept. iv, p. 269 (1802).

Tropidosaura algira, Fitzing. N. Class. Eept. p 52 (1826) • Dura &
Bibr. Erp. Geu. v, p. 169 (1839) ; Bonap. Icon. Faun. Ital.. Amf
(1841); Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 31 (1862) ; Boettu-. Abl.. Senck Ges
IX, 1874, p. 129; Schreib. Herp Eur. p. 455 (1875); C. de Plancv
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1878, p. 309 ; Bedriaga, Arch. f. Nat. 1879,'
p. 332, and Abli. Senck. Ges. xiv, 1886, p. 418.

Algira harbarica, Gue'r. Icon.Ei'gne Anim , Eept. pi. v, fig 2 (1829)-
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 35 (1845). " • »- ;>

Psammuros algira, Wagl. Syst. Ampli. p. 156 (1830).

Lacerta (Algyra) cwieri, Grav, Griff. An. Kiugd ix Svn n 35
(1831). ■ « , . . p. .

Algira (Tropidosaura) algira, Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xiii, 1883,
p. 116, and in Kobelt, Eeis. Alg. Tunis, p. 468 (1885).

Tropidosaura algira, var. doriie, Bedriaga, Abh. Senck Ges xiv
1886, p. 425.

Psammodromus algirus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 50 (1887)- Bedriao-a

Amph. Eept. Portug. p. 57 (1889) ; Bouleng. Tr. Zool.' Soc. xiii,'

1891, p. 128 ; Doumergue, Erp. Oran. p. 133, pi. ix, figs. 1-3 (1901) •

Schreib. Herp. Eur., Ed. 2, p. 363 (1912).

Tropidosaura algira, var. nolli, J. v. Fiscli. Zool, Gart. 1887 p 69
fig. ' 1 • ^ .

Body moderaiely depressed. Head rather sraall, feebly depressed
convex on the occiput, about IJ to If times as long as broad, its depth

176 Lncertidx.

equal to the distance between tlie anterior corner or tlie centre of the
eve aud the tympanum, its length of to 4h times in length to vent
(3i to oh times in young) ; snout obtusely pointed, as long &,s or a little
shorter than postocular part of head, with rather feeble or obtuse
cant bus and slightly concave loreal region ; a sharp keel below the eye,
on the freno-ocular and subocular shields. Neck as broad as or
broader than the head. The hind limb reaches the elbow, the axil,
the shoulder, or the aute-humei-al fold ; foot Ifj to If times length of
head ; digits feebly compressed, with smooth, more or less distinctly
tubercular, or feebly bicarinate* lamullaj inferiorly. Tail 2 to
nearly 3 times as long as head and body, often a little less than twice
in the very young.

Pterygoid teeth present, in 2 or 3 series.

Nostril betwten four shields, or bordered behind and below by a
narrow rim formed by the nasal ; nasals forming a short or very short
suture l^ehiud the rostral ; prefrontals forming a short or moderately
lungsuturef; frontal li to I'l times as long as broad, as long as or
slightly longer than its distance from the end of the snout, narrower
behind than in front, lateral borders slightly concave, rarely of equal
width througliout;J: ; parietals as long as broad or longer (up to 1^),
with convex outer border ; interparietal as long as broad or a little
longer (rarely I5 times as long as broad) ; occipital as large as the
interparietal or a little smaller (rarely much smaller), often a little
broader.§ Four supraoculars, first very small, second usually longer
than third, fourth small but larger than first ; four superciliaries,
rarely three or five, second much longer than the others, all in contact
with the supraoculars. Kostral entering the nostril ; a single post-
nasal; anterior loreal usually shorter than second || ; four upper
labialsiy anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath
than above; two or three upper temporals**; lower temporals
usually large, separated from the upper by very irregular small

* 111 male from Seville, iu females from Madrid, Seville, Rahamna, Algiers,
Tuggurt, and (jalitone Id.

t Separated by au azygos shield in a specimen from Barcelona

X Male from Algarve.

§ An additional shield between interparietal and occipital in a male from
Villa Franca.

II A single loreal in male from Villa Franca, in male from Oran, and in female
from Algiers.

^ 3 on both sides in female from Madrid, 1 one side in female from Am
Sefra ; 5 on one side in females from Seville and Algarve.

** First rarely in contact with fourth supi-aocular: males from Cap Cerbere,
Fenzon, Soksawa, Blida, and Aui Draliam.

Psammodromus. 177

shields, wlaicli may be feebly keeled ; a large tympauic shield.
Lower eyelid usually with the median scales feebly enlarged vertically.
Gular scales iml>ricate, gradually enlarged posteriorly, where they
merge without interruption into the veutrals ; 14 to 20 scales in a
straight median line ; no gular fold ; no collar, but a curved fold in
front of the shoulder.* Scales on side of neck strongly imbricate,
pointed, strongly keeled.

Scales on back acutely pointed and mucronate, with strong straight
keels, on sides similar but narrower, passing gradually into the
ventrals, which are not or but little broader than long, rounded or
obtusely pointed and very strongly imbricate ; 23 to 28 scales across
the middle of the bod3^ Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 22 to 29
transverse series. Preanal plate moderate or small, with obtusely
pointed scales around it.

Scales on limbs pointed, imbricate, keeled. 14 to 21t femoral pores
on each side, usually 15 to 19. 19 to 24 lamellar scales under the
fourth toe, usually 19 to 23.

Caudal scales similar to dorsals, the whorls equal in length, the
fourth or fifth containing 18 to 23 scales.

Bronzy or coppery brown above, usually with two yellowish white
or golden-yellow streaks on each side, the upper from the superciliary
edge to the tail, the lower from the upper lip to the base of the hind
limb, passing just below the ear-opening and above the fore limb;
these streaks may be edged with dark brown or black ; a third light
streak may extend from the eye to the ear or to the side of the neck ;
a black streak, or its traces, from the nostril to the eye, then bifur-
cating, usually present ; males with the flanks sometimes spotted with
black and with a pale blue ocellus above the shoulder, sometimes
followed by a few more ; a dark brown or blackish vertebral stripe
sometimes present in specimens from Morocco and Algeria, also in one
from Spain (Tellieux) preserved in the Paris Museum, and when
bordered by a yellow streak on each side we have the six-streaked
var. nolli of J. v. Fischer. Lower parts white or yellowish or greenish
white, the lower surface of the hind limbs and of the tail orange or red
in the young.

A melanistic fonn, blackish above with pale blue dots, bluish grey
beneath, occurs on G-alitone Island near Galita, Tunisia, and has been
named var. dor-iR' by Bedriaga.

* This fold serves for distinguishing- between gular and ventral scales, Avliich
completely merge into each other.

t 13 to 16 according to Bedriaga. The pores may be so small and indistinct
in females as to render their exact counting difficult.

VOL. II. 12

178

Lacertidiv.

Measurements (in millimetres)

From end of suout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail

I. S^ Neffiez, Hrrault. 2. c^",
Ealiamua. 5. ? , Galitone Id. (type of var. dorix).

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

. iil

76

'?1

72

72

. 24

28

26

25

27

. 16

20

17

16

19

. 11

13

11

11

11

. 10

11

9

10

10

. 23

26

27

25

26

. 37

41

42

40

40

. 20

23

21

21

23

135

167

190

180

175

Blida

. 3. ?,

Tugo

urt.

4.

9,

Particulars of Specimens Exainined.

France :

^ Neffiez, Hcrault .

,, C. Cerbere, Pyrenees-Orient
Spain :

Hgr. Barcelona

1^ Villa Franca, Leon

9

Madrid

S

Huelves

9

,,

S

Seville

9

„

I

Spain, P.M.

Portugal :

s

Algarve

9

,,

Morocco :

s

Tangier

9

,,

S

Fenzou

"

Seksavfa

9

Rahamua .

^1

24

25

16

17

20

70

24

22

20

17

20

43

24

25

18

15

20

72

26

24

21

19-20

20

70

24

23

18

17-16

20

59

24

24

17

17-18

21

71

26

26

18

18

23

60

26

26

19

20

23

62

24

28

18

17

23

6-6

25

25

18

21-20

23

68

24

26

17

15

23

60

24

26

19

19

22

64

24

25

19

14

20

71

27

26

19

19-18

24

61

24

27

16

16

23

57

26

25

16

16-17

20

73

24

27

17

16

21

76

24

27

17

16

19

74

24

24

15

17-18

20

55

26

25

17

19-18

20

74

24

26

15

17

21

72

27

26

14

16-15

22

Ichiiotrop

s.

179

1,

2.

•.i.

4.

.5.

tj.

? Tamaruth Valley ... 75

25

26

16

17-18

20

. 54

26

26

18

18

20

Algeria:

J Oran .

. 74

27

29

14

17

23

9 - . .

70

28

29

18

16-18

19

)) )> •

60

28

28

15

17

23

„ Founassa, Oran

68

26

27

15

17

20

fj Ain Sefra .

. 56

25

23

16

16

20

9

70

23

26

17

16-15

19

„

. 65

25

26

18

16

20

(J Algiers

82

26

28

17

18

20

9 „

72

27

27

15

17

20

;; ))

63

27

27

15

18-17

20

^ Blida .

76

28

28

17

16-18

20

„ ,, .

65

28

27

16

17-16

21

(^ Hamman Eirha

69

26

25

18

17-18

21

„ Guelt es Stel

es

28

24

16

17

19

9

73

28

28

18

15

19

„ Tuggurt

. n

24

27

17

15

21

Tunisia :

J" Ain Clierchara

&^^

27

25

16

17-18

20

,, Ain Draliam

e,'?

28

27

17

19

23

9 Galitone Id. (type of v. dori^e)

72

28

26

20

16-17

21

„

54

28

25

19

19-18

23

Same explanation as for table on ■^. 167.

Habitat. — Mediterranean Coast of France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco,
up to 1500 ni. altitude, Algeria, including the Northern Sahara, Tunisia.
The melauistic var. doriie inhabits the Tunisian island Cxalitoue, near
Galita.

A specimen labelled as from Largori, N.E. Somaliland, is preserve<i
in the Paris Museum, but strong doubts ai-e entertained as to the
correctness of this locality. See above, p. 61.

15. ICHNOTROPIS.

Tropidosaitra, part., Dum. tt Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 163 (1839).

Alcjira, part., Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 35 (1845).

Ichnotrojjis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 617; Strauch, Mel.
Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. vi, 1867, p. 408 ; Peters, Eeise Mossamb. iii, p. 45
(1882) ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885, p. 125 ; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 78 (1887).

Eremias, part., Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1866, p. 888.

180 Lacertidiv.

Head-sliielcls normal, but occipital sometimes absent.
Nostril pierced between an npper and a lower nasal and
a postnasal. Lower eyelid scaly. C'ollar absent ; a
short fold in front of the arm. Back covered with large
rhombic or lanceolate, strongly keeled and imbricate
scales ; ventral plates smooth, imbricate. Digits feebly
compressed, with shari)ly keeled laniellte inferiorly.
Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

Tropical and South Africa.

The parietal forameu aud pterygoid teeth are present.

This genus may be regarded as derived from Trovidosanra, differing
only in the keeled subdigital lamellse combined with the presence of a
subnasal separating the nasal from the first upper labial ; but it must
be borne in mind that the latter difference is no greater than between
species united in the same genus under Cahrita and Opltiops.

Synopsis of the Species.

Frontonasal single ; subocular usually bordering the mouth ;
occipital visu.ally i:iresent ; 34 to 40 scales and. plates rovind
middle of body; 8 to 13 (rarely 15) femoral j^ores on each
side.

A. A single anterior loreal.

Upper head-shields rather feebly striated ; prefrontal in contact
with the anterior of the two large supraoculars, which are in
contact with supei'ciliaries ; hind limb reaching a little beyond
the shoulder in males ..... I. tanganicana, Hlgr., i:>. 181.

Upper head- shields strongly striated and keeled ; pi-efrontal
visually in contact with the anterior of the two large suj)ra-
oculars, which are separated from the superciliaries by small
scales ; hind limb reaching- axil or shoulder in males.

/. hivittata, Bocage, p. 182.

Upper head-shields strongly striated ; prefrontal not reaching
the anterior of the two large supraoculars, which is as long-
as or a little shorter than its distance from the second
loreal ; a series of small scales between supraoculars and
suijerciliaries ; hind limV) reaching between shoulder and ear
in males ........ 7. capensis, A. Smith, p. 185.

Upper head-shields strongly striated ; prefrontal not reaching
the anterior of the two large supraoculars, which is longer
than its distance from the second loreal ; a series of small
scales between supraoculars aud superciliaries ; hind limb
reaching ear or between ear and eye in males I. longipes, Blgr., p. 188.

Ichiiofropt!?. 181

B. Two superposed anterior loreals ; iij^per head-shields
strongly striated ; frontonasal not broader than long.

I. chapini, Schmidt, p. 190.
II. Frontonasal longitudinally divided ; subocular not bordering
the mouth ; occipital usually absent ; 46 to 58 scales and
plates round middle of body ; 13 to 16 femoral pores on
each side . . . . . . . /. sq\iamulosa, Peters, p. 191.

1. ICHNOTROPIS TANGANICANA.

Ichnotrnpis fatHjaiiicana, Bouleng. Ami. & Mat;-. N. H. (8) xix,
1917, p. -278.

Head and body feebly depi'essed. Head H times as long as broad,
its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympaninn,its length 34 times in length to vent; snout obtusely pointed,
as long as the postocular part of the head, with rather strong canthus
and feebly concave loreal region ; a feeble concavity on the upper
surface of the snout and the anterior half of the frontal ; a feeble keel
below the eye. Pileus 2^ times as long as broad. Neck narrower
than the head. The hind limb reaches a little beyond the shoulder ;
foot a little longer than the head ; digits feebly compressed.

Upper head-shields rather feebly striated ; nostril between three
shields ; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral ; frontonasal as
long as bi'oad ; prefrontals longer than broad, in contact with the
second supraocular ; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral,
nearly twice as long as broad, a little narrower behind than in front ;
parietals longer than broad, rounded behind, in contact with the third
supraocular ; interparietal a little larger than the frontoparietals,
in contact with a small and rather irregular occipital, which projects
beyond the parietals. 4 supraoculars, first and fourth small ; 4
superciliaries, first longest and forming a very oblique suture with
the second, its inner l)order entirely in contact with the first and
second supraoculars ; fourth superciliary in contact with the third
and fourth supraoculars ; 3 or 4 small granules between the second
and third superciliaries and the supraoculars. Lower nasal narrowly
in contact with the rostral ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ;
4 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is a little narrower
beneath than above and broadly borders the mouth. A large upper
temporal, forming a suture with the fourth supraocular ; temporal
scales rather large, hexagonal, feebly keeled ; a narrow tympanic
shield. Lower eyelid with a series of vertically enlarged scales in the
middle.

5 pairs of chin-sliields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;

182 LacertidH'.

gulai- scales imbricate, [)as8iiii;' o-radually into the ventral plates, 22
in a straight median line.

Dorsal scales rhombic-lancei)late, strongly keeled, acutely pointed,
a little smaller than upper caudals ; lateral scales a little smaller,
smooth towards the venti'al plates, into which they pass gradually;
ventral plates rounded-hexagonal, not broader than long, in 8 longi-
tudinal and 25 transverse series ; 36 scales and plates round the
middle of the body. Preanal region covered with irregular scales.

Scales on limbs smaller than dorsals, strongly keeled. 11-12 femoral
pores. Subdigital lamellae tricarinate, 19 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper similar to dorsals, 26 in the
ft>urth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Bronzy olive above, with a few small transverse blackish spots in
three longitudinal series on the nape and two ou the body ; a black
streak from the nostril to the eye, and another on the edge of the
mouth ; a white, black-edged streak from below the eye, through the
ear, to above the axil ; white, black-edged ocellar spots on the posterior
part of the back, on the hind limits, and on the tail. Lower parts
whitish.

Measurements (in millimetres^ :

From end of snout to vent . . . .88

,, ,, ,, fore limb . . .15

Length uf head 10

Width of head 6

Depth of head ...... 4

Fore limb 13

Hind limb 21

Foot 11

This species is based ou a single male specimen, probably half-
grown, from the East Coast of Lake Tanganyika, presented to the
British Museum by Mr. W. H. Nutt in 1896.

The feebly striated upper head-shields and the arrangement of the
nasal and supraocular shields are my reasons for regarding I.
tanganicana as the most generalized species of the genus.

2. ICHNOTEOPIS BIVITTATA.

Icliuotropls hiviUata, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i, 1866, p. 43 ; Petei-s,
Eeise Mossamb. iii, p. 48 (1882).

Ichnotropix capensis, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 78 (1887);
Bocage, Herp. Ang. p. 30 (1895).

Ichnotropis, 183

Bodv modei'ately depressed. Head rather feebly depressed, 1^ to

If times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the

anterior corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length

3f to 4 times in length to vent in males, 41 to 4f times in females ;

snout pointed, as long as the postocular part of the head, with sharp

canthus and concave loreal region ; a rather deep concavity on the

upper surface of the snout and on the frontal, between two strong

keels ; an obtuse keel below the eye. Pileus 2 to 2 J times as long as

broad. Neck as broad as or a little narrower than the h.ead. The

hind limb reaches the axil or the shoulder in males, the elbow or the

axil in females ; foot as long as or a little longer than the head ;

digits feebly compressed. Tail \h to 2 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields strongly and coarsely striated and keeled ;

nostril between three shields ; nasals forming a suture behind the

rostral ; frontonasal as long as broad or a little broader than long ;

prefrontals much longer than broad, usually in contact with the

anterior of the two large supraoculars, and forming an e.xtensive

median suture * ; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance

from the end of the snout, 2 to 2J times as long as broad, of equal

width throughout or a little narrower behind than in front ; parietals

IJ to 2 times as long as broad, rounded or oblicjuely truncate behind ;

interparietal as large as or larger than the frontoparietals, usually in

contact with a shorter occipital, which may be large or small, and the

posterior border of which is rounded and projects beyond the parietals;

occipital exceptionally bi'oken up into scales. 4 supraoculars, the

first small or broken up into 2 to 5 shields; anterior large supraocular

longer than its distance from the second loreal, second usually in

contact with the parietal ; 4, rarely 5, superciliaries, first longest and

forming a very oblique suture with the second ; one, rarely two, series

of small scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Lower

nasal broadly in contact with the rostral ; postnasal small, between

the upper and lower nasals ; anterior loreal much shorter than second;

4, rarely 5 or 6, upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is

much narrower beneath than above, and borders the mouth. t An

enlarged upper temporal usually present, sometimes separated from

the parietals by small shields ; temporal scales rather large, hexagonal,

strongly keeled ; a narrow tympanic shield. Lower eyelid with a

series of vertically enlarged scales in the middle.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 8 anterior in contact in the middle ;

* Separated by two azygos shields in a male from Caconda.
t In a male from Caconda, the lower part of the right subocular is cut off to
form an additional upper labial.

184

Lacertidie.

gular scales imbricate, passing gradually into the ventral plates, 18 to
26 in a sti-aiglit median line.

Dorsal scales rhombic-lanceolate, strongly Iceeled, acutely pointed or
shortly mucronate, as large as or a little larger than the upper caudals ;
lateral scales as large or a little smaller ; ventral plates rounded-
hexagonal, not or but little broader than long, in 8 or 10 longitudinal
and 27 to 33 transverse series; 34 to 40 scales and plates round the
middle of the body. Preanal region covered with irregular scales.

Scales on arm nearly as large as dorsals, smooth, or feebly uui- or
tricarinate, on tibia smaller and strongly keeled. 9 to 13 femoral
pores on each side, rarely 8 or 15. Subdigital lamellae pluricarinate,
spinulose, 18 to 24 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper similar to dorsals, 24 to 28 in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Bronzy brown or coppery red above, back uniform or with two
series of large black spots or cross-bars, rarely with a rather irregular
vertebral series of small black spots. Trequently three black streaks
on each side of the head and neck, the upper from the posterior
corner of the eye, through the eye and the upper part of the tympanum,
the lower from the first upper labial through the lower part of the
tympanum ; white streaks between them ; these black and white
streaks continued up the side of the body, or broken up into spots.
A male * is remarkable for the presence of a broad pale reddish brown
vertebral stripe. Some females and young with the markings very
indistinct or reduced to a more or less distinct darker brown lateral
band. A young t is bronzy brown without markings, except a round
whitish spot above the shoulder. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2

3.

4.

From end of snoiit to vent

61

ii6

78

69

;> )>

fore

limb

24

23

30

24

Length of head

15

14

20

16

Width of head .

9-5

9

12

10

Depth of head .

8

8

10

8

Fore limb

21

21

26

21

Hind limb

32

81

42

34

Foot

17

16

21

17

Tail .

-

90

167

106

1. (^ , Duque de Braganca, t}

•pe. 2.

9, ditto.

3. S

, Caconda.

4. 9 , ditto.

* From

Caconda.

t From

between Benguella

and Bihe.

Irlni

ufroji

It-.

185

Piirficulars of <S'j

jeciinens Exam ined.

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

(i.

7.

s

Duijue Je Bragauca (type) .

(Jl

36

27

24

10-9

19

4

9

,- „

Q<d

36

33

21

9

20

4

„

60

m

29

25

11-10

19

4

,,

58

40

32

26

10

18

4

S

Bauge Ngola

63

34

29

25

10-11

20

4

,, ...

62

36

28

25

9-8

19

4

Beuguella-Bihi'

70

35

28

19

10-11

18

4

6&

37

27

24

13-11

20

4

,, ...

^Q

34

30

21

12

22

4

Caconda ....

78

39

30

19

13-15

24

4-5

,,

1^

38

27

21

12-13

21

5

,,

'ol

34

28

24

11

20

4

,,

63

35

27

20

11

18

5

71

39

30

21

13

21

4

J,

69

40

28

20

12

21

4

J,

^S

36

30

19

11-12

20

4

,,

64

38

30

25

13

19

4

J,

63

40

29

23

13-12

22

6-5

6

Chiyaka ....

72

35

2S

18

11

19

4

Angola, P.M.

70

39

32

22

11

19

5

French Conge

, P.M. .

^^o

36

27

19

9

18

4

For explanation of table see p. ISS
Habitat. — Originally described
Kuango Eiver, Belgian Congo, is
(Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H

from Angola. A specimen from the
preserved iu the Tervueren Museum
6, xix, 1897, p. 277), and one labelled

Congo francais (Pobcguin) is in the Paris Museum.

3. ICHNOTROPIS CAPENSIS.

Algyra cajieni^is, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. (2) ii, 1838, p. 94; Gray,
Cat. Liz. p. 36 (1845).

Tro^tidosaura cajiensis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Grn. v, p. 171 (1839);
Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mossainb. p. 61 (1851).

Tro^ndosaura dumerilii, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kejit., App.
p. 7 (1849).

Iclinotropis macroJepidota, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 617, and
Reise Mossamb. iii, p. 46, pi. viii, tig. 1 (1882).

Ichnotropis cajjensis, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 78 (1887).

Icknotropis capensis, Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mas. ii, 1910, p. 112 ;
Werner, Jen. Denlcschr. xvi, 1910, p. 329.

186 LacerU,];,:

Bodv rather si ioiil;1_v depressed. Head uioderately depressed, 1^ to
I3 times as luu>>- as broad, its depth equal to the distance l>et\veeii the
anterior corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length
3i to 3| times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4J times in females ;
snout pointed, as long as the postocular part of the head, with sharp
canthus and concave loreal region ; a lanceolate concavity on the upper
surface of the snout and the anterior half of tlie frontal ; a strong
keel l)elow the eye. Pileus 2 to '2\ times as long as broad. Neck as
])road as or a little narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches
between the shoulder and the ear in males, the axil or the shoulder in
females; foot a little longer than the head; digits feebly compressed.
Tail \\ to 2 times as long as head and l)ody.

Upper head-shields strongly and coarsely striated and keeled ;
nosti-il between three shields; nasals forming a suture behind the
rostral ; frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals longer than broad,
not reaching the first large supraocular, forming an extensive meilian
suture; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance fiom the
end of the snout, 1| to 2\ times as long as broad, narrower behind
than in front ; parietals longer than broad, rounded behind ; inter-
parietal as large as the frontoparietals, in contact with or narrowly
separated from a much shorter occipital, the posterior border of which
is rounded and projects beyond the parietals. Two large supra-
oculars, preceded and followed by small keeled scales ; first supra-
ocular as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the posterior
loreal, in contact with the posterior half of tlie frontal, second sometimes
narrowly in contact with the parietal ; 4 or 5 superciliaries, first longest
and forming a very oblique suture with the second; 1 or 2 series of
granular scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Lower
nasal broadly in contact with the rostral ; postnasal small, between
the upper and lower nasals ; anterior loreal as long as or a little
shorter than second ; 4, rarely 5, upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular, which is much narrower beneath than above, and borders
the mouth.* A large upper temporal ; temporal scales rather large,
hexagonal, strongly keeled ; a narrow tympanic shield. Lower eyelid
with a series of vertically enlarged scales in the middle.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 8 anterior in contact in the middle ;
gular scales imbricate, passing gradually into the ventral plates, 19 to
23 in a straight median line.

Dorsal scales rhombic-lanceolate, strongly keeled, acutely pointed
or shortly mucronate, nearly as large as upper caudals ; lateral scales

* In a male from Moeleni the lower part of the subociilar is cut off to form
a supplementary labial as in I. squamulosa.

Tchiioii-opis. 187

a little smaller, smooth towards the ventral jjlates, into which they
pass gradually ; ventral plates rounded-hexagonal, not or but little
broader than long, in 8 or 10 longitudinal and 25 to 81' transverse
series ; 34 or 36 scales and plates round the middle of the body.
Preanal region covered witli irregular scales, Avhich are very small in
females.

Scales or limbs smaller than dorsals, stronglv keeled, tri- to

quinque-carinate on the arm. 9 to 13 femoral pores on each side.*

Subdigital lamellfe pluricarinate,spinulose, 18 to 24 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper similar to dorsals, 24 to 28

in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

G-reyisli or yellowish brown above, head and back sometimes with
small blackish spots; two whitish streaks on each side, edged with black
streaks or series of spots or ocelli, the upper light streak from the
superciliary edge to the base of the tail, the lower from the upper lip
to the groin and reappearing on the tail ; sometimes a third liglit
streak from below the ear to the fore limb ; two black streaks on
each side of the head, the upper passing through the eve, the lower
along the edge of the mouth. Lower j^arts white.

Hewitt thus describes the life colours of a breeding pair: "Male
reddish brown above ; a series of ill-defiued and almost confluent
black spots dorsolaterally ; more laterally a broad black band, starting
from the end of the snout and passing through the eve above the ear
and going down the tail ; more ventrally another prominent black
band, arising from the tip of the snout and passing along the upper
lip and to the shoulder, whence the band is continued along the flanks
to the thighs as a brilliant vermilion red streakf ; these three bauds
enclose two pale streaks, the more dorsal being white, and the lower
one bright yellow in the head and neck region ; ventrally white, except
on the lower lip, gular region, and neck, where there is a decided vellow
tinge. The female is similar, but not so brightly coloured, the yellow
colour being absent, and the black and red bands less Ijrilliant."
Measurements (in millimetres) :

S i

From end of snout to vent . . 50 55

fore limb . 19 21

Length of head . . . . . 13 13

Width of head 75 y

Depth of head ..... 6 tj

* 12 to 14 in Kalahari specimens, according- to Werner.

t I have also observed this red lateral streak in preserved male sjsecimens
from Zululand.

188

Lacertuln\

C?

?

Fore liml) .

17

20

Hiud limb

•26

30

Foot .

15

15

Tail .

. 100

92

Partictdai-s of Specimens Examined.

^ type of T. (Ininerilii

., Mseleui, Zululaml .

9 ., ', .

(^ Unifulosi ,,

9

1.

2.

3.

•1.

5.

6.

~ _

57

36

28

22

13-11

24

4

55

36

28

22

12

21

4

51

34

27

22

11-12

22

4

48

34

31

21

12-11

20

4

52

34

25

22

12-13

20

4

52

34

29

22

11

19

4

50

34

28

20

12-11

20

4-5

48

34

27

19

12

21

4-5

55

36

28

23

12

20

4

51

36

30

20

11

18

4

57

36

29

21

9

19

4

„ Vimda, Lower Coiio-o

1. Length from sii.nit to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales and plates round
middle of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Gular scales in
straio^ht median series. 5. Femoral pores (right and left if differing). 6.
Lamellffi under fourth toe. 7. Upper labials anterior to subocular.

Same explanation for the following tables.

Habitat. — Portuguese East Africa aud Southern Kliodesia to Zulu-
land, the Transvaal, and the Kalahari. Also Lower Cono-o.

The types of A. capensi.'i, which appear to be lost, as well as those
of T. dumerilii, were obtained in the sandy deserts about Latakoo,
Bechuanaland.

The specimens in the S. African Museum are from Delagoa Bay,
Pietersburg (Transvaal), Matoppo Hills (S. Khodesia), and Mochudi
(Bechuanaland).

4. ICHNOTllOPIS LONGIPES.

Ichnotnqiis Jmujipeg, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, ii. p. 17, pi.
iii, tig. 2.

Body rather strongly <lepressed. Head moderately depressed.
It to 1| times as long as broad, its depth equal 1o the distance
between the centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3^ to
3| times in length to vent (males) ; snout pointed, as long as the
postocular part of the head, with sliarp cantluis and concave loreal

IcJniotropiit. 189

region ; a feeble concavity along the upper surface of the snout and
the frontal shield ; a strong keel below the eye. Pileus twice as long
as broad. Neck as t)road as or a little narrower than the head. The
hind limb reaches the ear or betAveen the ear and the eye; foot l:j to
Ijr times the length of the head ; digits feebly compressed. Tail 2 to
2 7 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields strongly and coarsely striated and keeled ;
nostril between three shields ; nasals forming a suture behind the
rostral ; frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals longer than broad,
not reaching the first supraocular, forming an extensive median
suture ; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, If to 2 times as long as broad, narrower behind
than in front; parietals longer than broad, rounded behind; inter-
parietal as large as or a little larger than the frontoparietals, in
contact with a much shorter occipital, the posterior border of which is
rounded and projects beyond the parietals. Two large supraoculars,
first longer than its distance from the second loreal, from which it is
separated by one, two, or three small keeled shields ; one or two
small posterior supraoculars ; 4 superciliaries, first longest and forming
a very oblique suture with the second ; a series of granular scales
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Lower nasal broadly
in contact with the rostral ; postnasal small, between the upper and
lower nasals ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 4 upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than above
and borders the mouth. A large upper temporal ; temporal scales
rather large, hexagonal, strongly keeled ; a narrow tympanic shield.
Lower eyelid with a series of vertically enlarged scales in the middle.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle;
gular scales imbricate, passing gradually into the ventral plates, 21 to
23 in a straight median line.

Dorsal scales lanceolate, strongly keeled, acutely pointed or shortly
mucronate, nearly as large as the upper caudals ; lateral scales not
smaller, smooth towards the ventral plates, into which they pass
gradually ; ventral plates rounded-hexagonal, not broader than long,
in 10 longitudinal and 26 or 27 transverse series ; 36 or 38 scales and
plates round the middle of the body. Preanal region covered with
irregular scales.

Scales on limbs smaller thau dorsals, strongly keeled, tri- or quinque-
carinate on the arm. 9 or 10 femoral pores on each side. Sub-
digital lamellae pluricarinate, spiuulose, 19 to 21 i;nder the fourth toe.
Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper similar to dorsals. 24 to 28 in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

190

LacerthlR'.

Pale orev-brown above, tiuged with orange on the sides of the back ;
no spots on the head and body ; a black streak along each side, from
the tip of the snout, through the eye, to the anterio/ fourth of the tail; a
second black streak along the upper lip from the second labial,
extending to the shoulder and separated from the upper one by a white
streak ; some large black spots ou the hind limbs. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .... 49
,. fore limb . . .21
Length of head . . . . .13

Width of head ..... 8

Depth of head ...... 6

Fore limb 19

Hind limb ....... 33

Foot ........ 17

Tail . . . .V . .111

Particnlars of Specimens Examined.
(^ Mazoe, Mashonaland (type)

„ Bulawayo ., . .

Habitat. — Southern Rhodesia. A specimen from Livingstone,
N.W. Rhodesia, is preserved in the South African Museum.

1.

2.

3.

4.

.5.

6.

7.

49

38

27

23

10-9

19

4

46

38

26

23

10

21

4

46

36

27

22

9

19

4

53

36

27

21

10-9

21

4

5. ICHNOTROPIS CHAPmi.

Ichiiotrojjis chapini, Sclimidt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xxxix, 1919,
p. 508, fig.

Habitus as in/, cajieiifiis ; liind liiul) not reaching axil (female).
Upper head-shields strongly striated, frontal bicarinate ; nasals forming
a short suture behind the rostral; frontonasal small, as long as
broad; prefrontals longer than broad, not reaching the first large
supraocular, forming an extensive median suture ; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout ; 2;^ times as long as broad, of
equal width throughout; parietals longer than broad, rounded
behind ; interparietal as long as the frontoparietals, in contact with a
small occipital, the posterior border of which is rounded and projects
bevond the parietals ; two large supraoculars, preceded and followed
by small scales, first longer than its distance from the posterior loreal.

Ichnoiro^is. 191

in contact with the postei'ior half of the frontal, second narrowly in
contact with the frontal ; 4 superciliaries, first very large ; a series of
"granular scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
Nostril between three shields ; two superposed anterior loreals ; 4 or
5 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which borders the mouth.
A large upper temporal; temjioral scales small, uniform, keeled; a
curved tympanic shield.

Dorsal scales strongly keeled ; ventral plates in 10 longitudinal and
30 transveise series ; 36 scales and plates round the body. Preanal
region with small scales.

Greyish brown above ; a white black-edged lateral stripe originating
on the suboculp.r, passing above the arm but not reaching the hind
limb ; transverse black spots on the sides and two series of similar
markings along the back ; ventral plates white, edged with grey, those
of the two outer rows dotted with brown.

Total length 135 miilim. ; tail 77.

Habitat. — Abu, Uelle, Belgian Congo. — The type is preserved in
the American Museum of Natui'al History, New York.

6. ICHNOTEOPIS SQUAMULOSA.

Iclinotrojjis sqiiamiilosa, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 617, and
Reise Mossamb. iii, p. 49, pi. viii, fig. 2 (1883) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.
iii, p. 79 (1887) ; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 89 ; Tornier,
Thierw. O.-Afr., Kriechth. p. 39 (1897) ; Sternf. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf.
Fr. Berl. 1911, p. 247, and Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. v, 1911, p. 417 ;
Nieden, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. vii, 1913, p. 78.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head li times as long as
broad, its depth ec^ual to the distance between the anterior corner or
the centre of the eye and the tympanum, 3f to 4^ times in length to
vent in males, 4-| times in females ; snout pointed, as long as the post-
ocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and concave loreal region ;
a deep concavity along the upper surface of the snout and the frontal
shield, bordered by two strong keels ; a strong keel below the eye.
Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck as broad as or a little narrower
than the head. The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the ante-
humeral fold ; foot as long as or a little longer than the head ; digits
feebly compressed. Tail nearly twice as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields with granular rugosities, keels, and radiating
striae ; nostril between three shields ; nasals forming a suture behind
the rostral ; frontonasal as long as broad or a littler broader thiin
long, longitudinally divided into two ; prefrontals longer than broad,

192 LacertidR'.

usuallv not in t-outact with the anterior large supraocular, forming an
extensive median suture ; frontal as long as or a little shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, 2 to 2J times as long as broad, a
little narrower behind than in front; parietals longer than broad,
cililiquelv truncate behind ; interparietal rhombic, as large as or
smaller than the frontoparietals, separating the parietals ; occipital
absent, very rarely present.* Two large supraoculars, preceded and
followed by small keeled scales, the anterior as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the second loreal ; 4 superciliaries, first longest
and forming a very oblique suture with the second ; a series of small
scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Lower nasal
l)roadly in contact with tlie rostral ; postnasal small, between the
upper and lower nasals ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 5 to
7 upper labials to below the centre of the eye ; subocular not reaching
the mouth, resting on the fourth to sixth, fourth to seventh, or fifth to
eighth upper labials. A very large and strongly keeled upper temporal ;
tempo I al scales rather large, rhombic, subimbricate, strongly keeled ;
a narrow tympanic shield. Lower eyelid with two series of feebly
enlarged scales.

5 pairs of chiu-shields, the 2 or 3 anterior in contact in the middle;
gular scales imbricate, jiassing gradually into the ventral plates, 23 to 29
in a straight median line.

Dorsal scales rhombic, strongly keeled, sometimes rather obtusely
pointed, considerably smaller than the upper caudals ; lateral scales
not or but slightly smaller, smooth towards the ventral plates, into
which they pass gradually ; ventral plates rounded-hexagonal, not
broader than long, in 10 or 12 longitudinal and 28 to 34 transverse
series ; 46 to 54t scales and plates round the middle of the body,
Preanal region covered with irregular scales.

Scales on upper surface of limbs rhombic, strongly keeled, as large
as or a little smaller than the dorsals. 13 to 15+ femoral pores on
each side. Subdigital lamellae pluricarinate and spiuulose, 18 to 20
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled, basal suVicaudals smooth or
feeblv keeled ; 28 or 30 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Coppery brown above, with two to five longitudinal series of whitish,
black-edged spots on each side ; young with two whitish streaks on
each side, the upper from the canthus rostr.ilis or the superciliary edge
to the tail, the lower from below the eye to the base of the thigh,

* In a female specimen sent by Peters to tlie Paris Museum,
t Up to .58 according to Boettger.
X Up to 16 according to Peters.

Cahrifa.

193

passing through the tympauinu. Lower parts yellowish white or
greyish.*

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

From end of snout to vent

68

77

,, „ fore lim

b

27

31

Length of head

16

18

Width of head

11

12

Depth of head

8

10

Fore limb

26

28

Hind limb

37

42

Foot ....

19

21

Tail ....

—

150

L <? , Kalahari. 2. ? , L. Nyassa.

Particulars of Specimens Examii

eel.

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

Kalahari . . . .68

54

33 28

14

18

6-5

Molopo E., Bechuanaland . 63

49

31 1

3

13

19

7

Kosi Bay, Zululand . . 60

50

28 2

8

15

19

5

Fort Hill, Nyassaland . . 67

46

30 2

4 13-14

?

5

. . 63

46

30 24

13

19

6-5

Lake Nyassa . . . .77

46

33 ^

5 14-15

18

6

Mozambique, P.M. . . 59

54

31 2

9

15

18

6-5

„ . . 50

50

34 L

8 14-15

20

6-5

?
s

?

Habitat. — Bechuanaland, Zululand, Rhodesia, Nyassalaud, Portu-
guese East Africa, Tanganyika Territory (Makonde Plateau). Also
recorded from Daniaraland by Peters.

16. CABRITA.

Cahrita, Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 282, and Cat. Liz. p. 43
(1845) ; Giinth* Kept. Brit. Ind. p. 71 (1864) ; Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac.
St. Pe'ter.sb. vi, 1867, p. 408 ; Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng.xxxix, 1870,
p. 349 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Cxenova (2) ii, 1885, p. 126 ; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 69 (1887).

Calosaura, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 261 (1839).

Cabrito2)sis, Beddome, in Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beug. xxxix, 1870,
p. 348.

* In the Damaraland specimens, according to Peters, the ventral plates are
spotted with black.

VOL. II. 13

194 Lacertidx.

Head-shields normal, but occipital sometimes absent.
Nostril pierced between two or three nasals, well sepa-
rated from the first upper labial. Lower eyelid distinct
from the rudimentary upper, with a very large trans-
parent disc. Collar absent, indicated only on the sides.
Dorsal scales rhombic, imbricate and strongly keeled,
large. Ventral plates imbricate, smooth. Digits com-
pressed, with sharply keeled lamellfe inferiorly. Femoral
pores. Tail long, cylindrical.

India and Ceylon.

The parietal forameu is present and there are no pterygoid teeth.

Apart from the large palpebral transparent disc and the keeled
subdigital lamellae, this genus agrees veiy closelj with Trojndosaitra,
and the condition of the shields surrounding the nostril in C. jerdonii
is exactly the same as in that genus and in Nvcras. It is therefore
highly probable that Cahrita was derived from extinct Northern
members of the genus Niicras, after passing through forms more or
less similar to Tropidosaura. The type species, C. leschenaulfii, shoAvs
a higher grade of evolution, so far as the nasal shields are concerned,
these having assumed the condition characteristic of the typical
Eremias and of Iclrnotroins. These views on the phylogeny of this
species, as well as of Psammodromns, are based on the assumption
that the arrangement of the shields bordering the nostril is more
primitive in Nucras than in Lacerta, as explained above vol. i, p. 31.

The two species of this genus are easily distinguished by the
following characters :

Nostril between an upper and a lower nasal, followed by one or two post-
nasals ; anterior upper labials projecting, angvilar ; occipital present ; 42 to 52
scales and plates round middle of body ; 24 to 27 transverse series of ventral
plates ; 19 to 25 gular scales in a straight line ; 18 to 24 lamella; under the
foixrth toe . C. leschenaultii, M.-Edw., p. 194.

A single nasal, followed by two superposed postnasals ; occipital absent (very
rarely present) ; 26 to 30 scales and plates round middle of body ; 19 to 23
transverse series of ventral plates; 14 to 18 gular scales in a straight line; 17
to 19 lamella; under the fourth toe . . . . C. jerdonii, Bedd., p. 197.

1. CABEITA LESCHENAULTII.

Lacerta leschenaidtii, M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 80, 86,
pi. vi, fig 9.

Cahrita. 195

Cabrita hrunnea. Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 282 ; Blanf. Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxix, 1870, p. 350.

Calosatira lesclienaultii, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Greu. v, p. 262 (1839).

Cahrita leschenauUii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 43 (1845); Gautli. Eept.
Brit. lud. p. 70 (1864) ; Blauf. t.c. p. 345 ; Guuth. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1875, p. 225; Blauf. Jouru. As. Soc. Beng. xlviii, 1879, p. 112;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 70 (1887), and Faun. lud., Eept. p. 172
(1890).

Body rather strougly depressed. Head much depressed, 14 to If
times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3f to 4 times in
length to vent in males, 4 to 4| times in females ; snout pointed, ■with
the nasals feebly swollen, longer than the postocular part of the head,
flattened, with the labials projecting beyond the edge of the mouth
and forming an obtusely angular ridge ; canthus rostralis sharp, loreal
region deepl}- concave ; chin flat ; a sharp keel below the eye. Pileus
2j to 2| times as long as broad. Neck as broad as or a little narrower
than the head. The hind limb reaches the ear or between the ear and
the eye in males, the shoulder or between the shoulder and the ear,
rarely the ear, in females ; foot If to 1| times as long as head ; digits
long and slender, rather strongly compressed. Tail If to a little over
2 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields coarsely striated, nearly smooth in the very
young ; nostril pierced between 2 or 3 shields ; nasals forming a suture
behind the rostral ; frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals longer
than broad, forming an extensive median suture ; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, If to 2J times as long as
broad, narrower behind than in front ; parietals as long as broad or a
little longer than broad ; interparietal and occipital small or very
small, latter projecting beyond the parietals. 4 supraoculars, first and
fourth small, first in contact with the frontal and sometimes divided
into 2 or 3 ; 3 superciliaries, second very long ; a series of granules
between the principal supraoculars and the superciliaries. Two large
nasals, an upper and a lower, the anterior half of the latter resting on
the rostral, followed by one or two postnasals, the upper of which
sometimes enters the nostril ; anterior loreal much shorter than the
second ; 4, rarel}' 3 or 5, upper labials anterior to the subocular, which
is much narrower beneath than above and borders the mouth. Two
large upper temporals, first the longer and as often as not in contact
with the fourth supraocular ; temjjoral scales moderately large,
hexagonal, strongly keeled ; a large tympanic shield.

196

Lacertiche.

6 pairs of fliiii-shiekls, the 3, rarely 2, auterior iu contact in the
niiddle ; 19 to 25 gular scales iu a straight line between the symphysis
of the chiu-shiekls and the auterior veutral plates, auterior small and
juxtaposed, posterior lai'ge aud imbricate.

Scales moderately large, scarcely larger on the back than on the
sides, rhombic, strongly keeled ; ventral plates broader than long, in
6 longitudinal aud 24 to 27 transverse series ; 42 to 52 scales aud
plates round the middle of the body. A large preaual plate,
bordered by two semicircles of small jilates, or two large plates one in
front of the other.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, smaller than
dorsals. 12 to 17 femoral pores on each side. Subdigital la,mellse
uni- or bicarinate, 18 to 24 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales large, strongly keeled aud shortly mticronate.;
basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled ; 20 to 24 scales iu
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Grey, greyish brown, or reddish brown above, with two sharply
defined black-edged white streaks on each side ; the space between the
two white streaks often black, uniform or closely spotted with
whitish, the black produced forwai'd, as a narrow streak, to the end
of the snout ; limbs aud tail often reddish or orauge red. Lower
parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

L

2.

3.

4.

From end of snout to vent

50

47

57

47

„ ,, ,, fore limb

20

17

21

17

Length of head

13

12

13

12

Width of head

8

7

7-5

7

Depth of head

6

5

5

5

Fore limb ....

20

19

21

19

Hind liml:) ....

34

33

35

32

Foot

19

19

19

18

Tail

103

—

100

93

1. (^, Ganjaui. 2. J' , Ceylon. 3.

?,

S. E.

Berai

. 4.

? , Foster

Hill, Nilgherries.

Particulars of Specimens

Examined.

1.

2,

3.

4.

.5.

6. 7.

Hgr. Coromandel (type), P.M. . 30

52

24

21

14

20 4

(^ Gaujam . . . .50

44

25

20

15-14

21 4

, 48

47

25

22

17

24 4

$ S.E. Berar . . . .57

42

27

21

14-13

20 3-4

Cahrifa.

197

].

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

. 30

46

24

20

14

19

4

. 30

44

26

25

15

19

4

. 48

42

26

20

12

20

4

. 47

46

26

19

13

20

4

. 37

49

25

22

14-13

18

4

. 36

50

25

20

16

19

4

. 53

43

27

21

13

19

4-3

. 42

46

27

23

13-14

20

4

. 35

46

27

20

14-13

20

4

. 34

45

24

20

15

21

5

. 34

46

27

19

13-14

18

4

. 47

45

24

19

15-14

21

4-3

Yg. Godaverv Valley .

$ Sevaglierrv

„ Foster Hill, Nilgherries

cJ Carnatic

Hgr.

(^ Ceylon .

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales and plates round
middle of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Gular scales in a
straight line. 5. Femoi-al pores (right and left if differing). 6. Lamellse under
fovxrth toe. 7. Anterior upper labials (right and left if differing).

Habitat. — Peninsular India, as far north as S.E. Berar and Chauda.
The type specimen, preserved in the Paris Museum, is from the Coast
of Coromandel. Also recorded from Ceylon, on the authority of the
Drs. Sarasiu, hut without indication of the locality.*

2. CABEITA JEEDONII.

Cahrita jerdonii, Beddome, Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Sc. 1870,
p. 34 ; Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix, 1870, p. 348, and xlviii,
1879, p. 112; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 71 (1887), and Faun. Ind.,
Eept. p. 173 (1890).

Body moderately depressed. Head moderately depressed, li to If
times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3^ to 4 times in length
to vent in males, 3|. to 4^ times in females ; snout obtusely pointed,
with sharp canthus and feebly concave loreal region, as long as the
postocular part of the head ; a sharp keel below the eye. Pileus 2 to
2i times as long as broad. Neck as broad as or a little narrower than
the head. The hind limb reaches the ear or between the ear and the
eye in males, the collar or between the collar and the ear in females ;
foot 1^ to 1^ times as long as the head ; digits feebly compressed.
Tail 1^ to 2^ times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields rugose with keels and granular asperities,
frontal, parietals and interparietal eaih with two keels ; nostril
pierced between 3 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind the
* Cf. F. Muller, Verh. Nat. Ges. Easel, viii, 1887, p. 286.

198 Lacertifhe.

rostral*; frontonasals as long as broad or broader than long, usually
separated from each other by an azygos shield t ; frontal as long as
its distance from the end of the snout, If to 2 times as long as broad,
narrower behind than in front ; parietals longer than broad ; inter-
parietal as large as or a little smaller than the frontoparietals, sometimes
nearly as broad as the parietals, 1^ to Ij times as long as broad;
occipital usually absent.]: Two large supraoculars, what is usually the
first being mostly broken up into 2 to 4 small shields, a fourth absent
or very small and widely separated from the frontoparietal ; 3 super-
ciliaries, second very long ; a series of granules between the supraoculars
and the superciliaries. A single nasal, in contact with the first upper
labial, followed by two superposed postnasals ; anterior loreal shorter
than the second; 4, rarely 3 or 5, upper labials anterior to the subocular,
which is niucli narrower beneath than above and borders the mouth. 2
or 3 large, keeled upper teuiporals, the first the longest ; temporal scales
moderately large, hexagonal, strongly keeled ; a narrow tympanic shield.

6 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle;
gular scales large, imbricate, 14 to 18 in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the ventral plates.

Scales large, rhombic and strongly keeled, posterior nearly as large
as caudals, laterals much smaller than dorsals ; ventral plates in 6 or
8 longitudinal and 19 to 23 transverse series ; 26 to 30 scales and
plates i-ound the middle of the body. A large preanal plate, bordered
by one or two semicircles of smaller plates, or two large plates, one in
front of the other.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, a little smaller
than the dorsals. 10 to 15 femoral pores on each side. Subdigital
lamellae bi- or tricarinate, 17 to 19 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper larger than lower, 16 to 22 in
the fourth or fifth whorl beliind the postanal granules.

Bronze brown above, with a whitish lateral streak from the super-
ciliary edge to the base of the tail, and sometimes a second from the
upper lip, through the tympanum, to the base of the hind limb ; a
series of black spots or cross-bars often present on each side of
the back, above the dorsolateral streak ; sides with black spots,
sometimes small, sometimes very iarge ; hind limbs and tail reil or

* In a male from Kajpiu- the upper part of the nasal is produced backward,
forming a suture with the prefrontal, the frontonasal being much reduced in
consequence.

t Out of 14 specimens one has two small shields between the prefr^jntals,
and in two the azygos shield is absent.

t Present, short and broad in two specimens (EajiJiir and Godavery).

Ophiops.

199

reddish, at least in the youug. Lower surface of head and body
white, males usually with blue dots or spots ou the lips and throat.

Measurements (in ]

uillimetres)

1.

2. 3.

From end of snout to vent

40

42 45

,, ,, ,, fore limb

19

16 19

Length of head

12

10 12

Width of head

7

6 8

Depth of head

5

5 5-5

Fore limb

17

15 17

Hind limb

27

25 30

Foot

14

12 16

Tail

86

77 105

1. c^, Godavery. 2. ? , Grodavery.

3.

(^ , Badrachalan.

Particulars of S^

jecimens

Examined.

1.

2.

3.

•i.

5.

6.

7.

S Raj pur, Bengal

40

27

21

18

14

18

4

„ Badraehalam, Godavery Valley

44

28

23

17

15

18

5-4

" " ))

43

28

20

17

15

17

4

„ Godavery Valley .

40

28

21

15

14

19

4

..

40

28

22

16

13

18

4

..

39

28

19

17

14-13

19

4

" „

39

28

20

16

14

19

4

» ..

35

26

19

14

13-12

17

4

.)

32

28

22

15

10

17

3

.. ->

30

29

23

15

12-13

17

4

?

43

29

23

16

11

19

4

>' ).

42

29

23

16

12-11

18

4

(^ Cuddapah

41

27

22

15

11

18

4

'> >.

36

28

21

15

11-12

18

4

,. ,, . .

31

30

23

16

11

17

4

>)

29

29

23

15

12

19

4

Hahilat. — India, from S.W. Bengal to Cuddapah, Madras.

17. OPHIOPS.

Ophiops, Mcnc'tr. Cat. Eais. p. 63 (1832) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen.
V, p. 257 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 44 (1845) ; Giinth. Kept. Brit.
Ind. p. 72 (1864) ; Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. vi, 1867,
p. 408 ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 369 (1875) ; Lataste, Aun. Mus.
Geneva (2) ii, 1885, p. 126; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 72 (1887).

Amystes, Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. 1835, ii, p. 1.

200 Lacerfnhv.

Pseudophioptt, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beug. 1870, p. 71.
Gymnops (nou Cuv.), Blanf. Jcmrn. As. Soc. Beug. xxxix, 1870,
p. 351.

Chonclraphiops, Blauf. op. eit. xlii, l878, p. 144.

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two,
three or four nasals, well separated from the first upper
labial. Lower eyelid fused witli the upper, with a very
large transparent disc. Collar feebly defined or absent
in the middle. Dorsal scales rhombic, iml)ricate, and
strongly keeled, usually large. Ventral plates imbricate,
smooth. Digits more or less compressed, with sharply
keeled lamellf^ inferiorly. Femoral pores. Tail long,
cylindrical.

South-Eastern Europe, South-Western Asia and India,
North Africa.

The only character distinguishing this genus from the preceding is
the fusion of the lower eyelid with the upper — a state of things which
conveys the appearance of an absence of the eyelids, as believed by all
earlier authors.* But, as I explained in 1887, what was supposed to
be the cornea of the eye of Ophiops is the transparent disc of the
lower lid, which is neither more nor less developed than in Cabrita.
Although united with the upper, the lower eyelid is, however, not
absolutely immovable. On touching the trauspai-ent disc in 0.
occidentalis, which I had alive, I observed this to be at once lowered,
the upper half of the eye being then covered hy the granular portion
of the lid.

In all the species the parietal foramen is present and pterygoid teeth
are absent.

Cabrita is clearly the connecting link between lizards with normal
eyelids and Opiiiops, and the Indian forms of both these genera are
closely allied to one another, as is particularly striking when we
compare 0. jerdonii and O. beddomii with Cabrita jerdonii, or 0. mirro-
lepis with C. leschenaultii. Although these species are certainly derived
from the same original stock, the existing forms must be left out of
consideration as regards direct descent, for the lack of the occipital in
Cabrita jerdonii and the striation of the upper head-shields in C.

* " Palpebra inferior nulla, superioris tantummodo rudimenta,"' Menetries. —
" Ociili palpebris destituti, capsula oculari instructi," Wiegmann. — " Pas de
l)aupieres," Dumeril and Bibron. — " Eyelids none," Guntlier.

Opliiops. 201

leschencudtil are characters of greater specializatiuu tliau are showu
bv the ludiau Oj^hiops with which we are at present acquainted. As
to the typical, Western species of the genus, 0. elecjans and 0. occiden-
talis, tlie smooth upper head-shields also preclude their derivation
from the existing species of Cahrita, whilst the agreement in many
points with Psammodromvs may be a case of convei'gence from a
common stock sharing characters with Nvcras and Lacerta.

Sy>i02}sis of the S})ecies.

I. Snout feebly or moderately depressed, as long as j)ostocular part of head ;
less than 50 scales and plates round middle of body, the lateral scales
passing gradually into the ventral plates ; toes feebly compressed.

A. Upper head-shields strongly rugose, keeled, or striated ; 26 to 33

scales and plates round middle of body ; 16 to 20 lamellae under
the fourth toe.
A single frontonasal, very rarely longitudinallj- bisected; prin-
cipal supraoculars much broader than posterior part of

frontal O.^/ercZonu, Blyth, p. 201.

Two or three frontonasals ; principal supraoculars not or bvit

slightly broader than posterior part of frontal . 0. beddomii, Jerd., p. 205.

B. Upper head-shields smooth or slightly rugose; 20 to 26 lamellae

under the fourth toe.
24 to 30 scales and plates round middle of body ; superciliaries
in contact with supraoculars, granules between them absent
or reduced to a few . . . . .0. occidentalis, Blgr , p. 207.
28 to 49 scales and jjlates round middle of body ; a series of

granules between supraoculars and superciliaries . 0. elegans. Men., p. 211.
II. Snout much depressed, longer than postocular part of head ;
upper labials projecting, angular ; 56 to 64 scales and plates
round middle of body : lateral scales abruptly differentiated
from the ventral plates ; toes strongly compressed, with 21
to 24 lamellffi imder the fourth . . . O. microlepis, Elanf., p. 222.

1. OPHIOPS JERDONII.

Ophiops jerdoni, Blyth, .Tourn. As. Soc. Beug. xxii, 1853, p. 653;
Stoliczka, op. cit. xli, 1872, p. 89, and Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p.
74; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 73 (1887), and Faun. Ind.. Kept. p. 174
(1890).

Tropidosanra jerdoni, Theobald, Cat. Kept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 22
(1868).

Pseudopliiops jerdoni, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 71.

Pseudophiops theobaldi, Jerdon, I.e.

Cahrita leschenaultii (non IL-Edw.), Murray, Zool. Siud, p. 347
(1884).

202 Lacertidie.

Calosaura chaperi, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philowi. (7) viii, 1884, p. 142.
Cahrita chaperi, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 71.

Body moderately depressed. Head moderately depressed, H to
If times as loug as broad, its depth equal to the distauce between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length oj to 4^ times in
length to vent in males, 4^ to 5J times in females ; snout obtusely
pointed, with sharp cauthus and feebly concave loreal region, as long
as the postocular part of the head ; a sharp keel below the eye. Pileus
2 to 21- times as loug as broad. Neck as broad as or a little narrower
than the head. The hind limb reaches the shoulder or between the
shoulder and the ear, rarely the ear. in males, the wrist, the elbow, or
the axil in females ; foot 14 to 1-| times as long as the head ; digits
feebly compressed. Tail 1^ to 2j times as loug as head and body.

Upper head-shields strongly and coarsely striated, or with keels
and granular asperities, sometimes nearly smooth in the very young ;
nostril pierced between 3 or 4 shields ; nasals forming a suture
behind the rostral ; frontonasal broader than loug* ; prefrontals longer
than broad, forming a median suture or separated by one or two
agygos shieldsf ; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distauce
from the end of the snout, 1^ to 2 times as long as broad, narrower
behind than in front; parietals longer than broad; interparietal 1^
to 2 times as loug as In-oad, in contact with a shorter but often broader
occipital. 4 supi-aoculars, first and fourth small, rarely divided into
two, first in contact with the frontal, with I'are exceptions, fourth
often separated from the frontoparietal ; 3, rarely 4, superciliaries,
second very long ; a complete series of granules between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries.J Nasal usually divided into aii upper
and a lower, sometimes single, followed by two superposed post-
nasals§ ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ; 4, rarely 3 or o,||
upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower
beneath than above and borders the mouth. 2 or 3 large upper
temporals, anterior usually the longest and usually in contact with
the fourth supraocular ; temporal scales moderately large, hexagonal,

* Long-ituJir.ally bisected in a young from Rutnagherry ; Stoliczka has
observed a similar division in 3 specimens (out of 20) from Agra.

t Out of 78 specimens examined 41 liave the prefrontals in contact, 33 have
them separated by one shield, and 4 by two shields.

X A second, incomplete series in a young from the Punjab.

§ In a half-grown specimen from Cutch the nostril is pierced between an
upper and a lower nasal and a single postnasal formed of the fusion of the two
normal shields.

Il 3 or 3-4 in 5 specimens, 5-4 in 4 (Thar and Kotree), .5- 5 in one (Thar).

Ophwps. 203

strougly uui-, bi-, or trieariuate ; tympanic shield usually small or
absent, sometimes rather large.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the three or two - anterior in contact in
the middle ; gular scales large, flat, imbricate, 14 to 18 in a straight
hue between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the ventral plates ;
no gular fold ; collar indistinct in the middle, free and with 2 or 3
large plates on the sides.

Scales large, rhombic and imliricate from the nape, gradually
increasing in size to the tail, with strong keels, straight or slightly
oblique, those on the nape sometimes bi- or tricarinate ; lateral scales
as large as or a little smaller than the dorsals, passing gradually into
the ventral plates, which form 6 or 8 longitudinal and 23 to 29
transverse series (23 to 27 in males, 26 to 29 in females) ; 28 to 33
scales and plates round the middle of the body. A large preanal
plate, bordered by one or two semicircles of smaller plates, or two
large preanal plates, one in front of the other.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, as large as or
a little smaller than the dorsals. 7 to 12, rarely 6, femoral pores on
each side. Subdigital lamella bi- or tricarinate, 17 to 20 under the
fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper larger than lower, 16 to 20 in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Yellowish grey or brown above.f with two yellowish white, .lark-
edged streaks on each side, the upper from the superciliarv edge to
the tail, the lower from the upper lip, through the tvmpanum, to
the base of the hind limb ; the space between the two lateral streaks
often with small black spots ; sometimes three series of large black
spots or cross-bars on each side, one above, one between, and one
below the light streaks ; tail often reddish. Lower parts white. The
specimen from Bellary (type of Calosaura chaperi, Sauv.) dark brown,
spotted with black all over, the white dorsolateral streak very distinct
and the lateral streak broken up into a series of round spots.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent ".

„ fore limb
Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head

* In 10 specimens ; 3 on one side and 2 on the other in one (Bellary).
t Fresh specimens from Agra are described by Stoliczka as bronze brown
sometimes with an olive and often a cfreenish metallic tint.

1.

2.

3.

4.

41

36

47

41

15

15

15

13

10

10

10

8-5

6

6

6

5

4

4-5

5

4

204 Lacertid

;e.

1

2.

■i.

4..

Fore limb 14

14

15

12

Hind limb 22

25

23

20

Foot 1

3

13

12

11

Tail 8

2

81

—

67

1. c^.Bellarv. 2. c?,Kotree. ;1 ? , Rut

iiagherry.

4.

? , Bell

iry.

Particnlar^ of Specimens E

.ram

ined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

G.

S Quetta, Baluchistan ... 34

28

25

16

10-9

20

„ Alpine Punjab

38

28

27

17

10-9

20

„ Kotree, Sind .

36

28

24

15

9-8

20

9 Karachi

47

28

27

16

8

20

,, ,, ...

37

29

28

16

8-7

19

„ Catch ....

36

29

26

15

7

20

,, Rntnaglierry, Bombay .

47

31

26

15

7-8

18

,, ,, ,,

42

30

26

16

8

18

(J Bellary, Madras (type of Cain

sau7-i

cliai^eri)

38

31

23

16

10-9

18

„ Bellary district

41

30

24

16

9

18

„ „ . .

40

28

25

16

9

18

,, ,, . .

39

29

23

16

10-11

18

,, ,, . .

39

29

25

17

10

18

,, ,, . .

37

31

23

16

10-9

19

,, ,, . .

37

32

26

16

12

18

)» ji • •

36

29

27

18

12

19

46

33

27

18

8

V

,, ,, . .

45

30

29

15

8-7

19

,, ,, . .

42

28

27

18

Q-7

19

„ ,, . .

42

30

29

17

9

20

>» »> • ' ■

41

31

28

17

8-7

17

,, „

39

30

27

14

8-7

18

,, ,, . ,

35

33

28

18

8-9

19

r^ Carnatic, Madi-as .

45

30

26

16

9-10

20

j» >j J J •

44

30

25

16

10

17

,, ,, ,, . .

38

32

25

17

9

19

? „ „ . .

36

28

26

16

7

19

Tables for this genus as in Cahritu, p. 197.

Hahifat. — Baluchistan (Quetta

), P

uijab,

N.W. Provinces (Ag

nx),

Sind, Cutch, Central India (Sangor, Mhow). Bombay Presidency
(Rutnagherry), Madras Presidency.

Ophioijs. 205

w:th Ca6r. «;..,/o«., and, ^ere it not for the generic distinction based
upon the structure of the eyelids, would be regarded as closely alUed
It canno. however, be derived- from it, as the presence of an
ocap.tal . a feature of greater generalization. We'have the efo"
to n„ag,ne as the direct ancestor of 0. jeraonii, a species of C^^
now probably extmct, very similar in all respects to C. ,Wo,nrbut
with an occipital shield. 7''«o?ni, out

2. OPHIOPS BEDDOMII.

Pseudophloi.s beddomii, Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1870 p 70
Ophiops monticola, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc 1870 p 35
OpJuopsbecMomii, Sloliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli, 1872 p 90-

^'"^^t'tmr ' '"' '' ''' «-^ ^^««^)'-^-- ^^^Xt.

Body moderately depressed. Head moderately depressed, U to
1, times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
entre of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3J to 4 times in leng^!
o vent; .nout obtusely pointed, with sharp canthus and feebly concave
b eal region, as long as the postocular part of the head ; a sharp keel
be ow the eye. Piieus twice as long as broad. Neck as broad a! 01 a
ttle narrower than the head. The hind limb reaches the shoulder or
the collar m males, the axil in females ; foot a little longer than the
tfiotT '""'" ^°™P--^^- Tail If to 2 times as long as head
Upper head-shields rugose with keels and granular asperities
fiontal,parieals and intraparietal each with two keels; nostril pierced
between o sine ds nasals forming a suture behind the rostral
frontonasal divided into 2 small shields, which are about as lar^e as
the upper part of the nasals, sometimes with a third shield between
them ; prefrontals longer than broad, usually separated by a narrow
shield, rarely by 2, one in front of the other; frontal as long as iti
distance from the end of the snout, 1|- to 2 times as long as broad
of nearly equal width throughout, or a little narrower posteriorly'
parietals longer than broad; interparietal 1^ to 2 times as lono- as
broad, m contact with a much shorter occipital, which may be a little
broader, and the rounded posterior border of which projects beyond
the parietals. 4 supraoculars, first in contact with the frontal and
usually broken up into 2 or 3 small keeled shields, fourth usually

206 Lacerfidie.

also divided iuto 2 or 3 and ofteu separated from the frontoparietals ;
the two principal supraoculars not or but slightly broader tkau the
posterior part of the frontal ; 3 superciliaries, rarely 4, second very
long ; a complete series of granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries, exceptionally two. A single nasal, in contact with the
first upper labial, followed by 2 superposed postnasals ; anterior loreal
shorter than the second ; 4 upper laicals* anterior to the subocular,
which is much narrower beneath than above and borders the mouth.
2 large, keeled upper temporals, anterior the longer and usually in
contact with the fourth supraocular ; temporal scales moderately large,
hexagonal, keeled ; a rather large tympanic shield.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the two or three anterior iu contact in
the middle ; gular scales large, flat, imbricate, 15 to 20 in a straight
line between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the ventral plates ;
no gular fold ; collar indistinct in the middle, free and with 2 or 3 large
plates on tlie side.

Scales large, rhombic and imbricate from the nape, generally in-
creasing iu size to the tail, with strong keels, straight or slightly
oblic^ue, a few on the nape sometimes bicarinate ; lateral scales as
large as or a little smaller than the dorsals, passing gradually into the
ventral plates, which ai"e in 6 or 8 longitudinal and 24 to 29 transverse
series (24 to 27 in males, 29 in females) ; 26 to 32 scales and plates
round the middle of the body. A large preanal plate, bordered by one
or two semicircles of smaller plates, or two large preanal plates, one in
front of the other.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, as large as or
a little smaller than the dorsals. 8 to 13 femoral pores on each side,
usually 9 to 11. Subdigital lamellae bi- or tricarinate, 16 to 19 under
the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper larger than lower, 16 to 20 in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal grasiules.

Brown above, with two yellowish white streaks on each side, the
upper, which is exceptionally absent,t from the superciliary edge to
the tail, the lower, better defined and often black-edged, from the
upper lip, through the tympanum, to the base of the hind limb; the
space between the two light streaks darker than the back, or closely
spotted with black ; sides of belly sometimes black, with blue sjjots ;
tail more or less reddish ; lower parts white.

* 5 on one side in a female from the Brumagherries.

t Contrary to the tendency in the other species of the genus, which is for
the lower lateral streak to disappear before the upper.

OpJiiops.

207

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limlj

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head

Fore limb ....
Hiud limb ....

Foot

Tail . .

9 Brumagherry Hills (type)
6 -, * (t.ype of O.

monticola)

i

5-

36

33

13

11

9

8

5-5

5

4

4

12

12

19

17

10

9

62

55

IS E

ra mi

ned.

1.

2,

3.

4.

5.

6.

33

28

29

18

10-11

19

36

26

27

18

9

16

36

28

27

18

11

17

36

28

27

18

13-12

19

32

28

24

15

10

17

32

29

26

20

11

18

36

28

29

19

11-10

18

33

32

29

19

9

18

33

29

29

18

10-11

19

31

30

29

18

10

16

32

26

24

16

9-8

19

cJ S. Cauara ....

Habitat.- — Hills of Western India : Brumagherry Hills in Wvnaad,
about 1500 m., South Canara, and Khandala, near Bombay.

This species is very near the preceding, but more advanced in the
disintegration of the shields on the upper surface of the snout and
less in the shape of the frontal shield.

3. OPHIOPS OCCIDENTALIS.

0])hiops elegans (nou Mcuctr.), Boettg. in Eobelt, Eeis. Alg. Tunis,
p. 467 (1885).

Ophiojjs occidentalis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 75, pi. iii, fig. 2 (1887),
and Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 134; Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xliv, 1894, p. 82 ; Doumergue, Erp. Oran. p. 204, pi. xv, fig. 3
(1901) ; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvii, 1909, p. 609.

? Algiroides hidalgoi, Bosca, Bol. Soc. Esp. H. N. xvi, 1916, p. 294.

Body moderately depressed. Head feebly depressed, If to 1^ times
as long as broad, its depth ecjual to the distance between the anterior

208 Lacertidtv.

comer of the eye and tlie tTinpaiiuiii, its leuglli 8^ to 4 times in
length to vent in males, 3f to ■ih times in females ; snout obtusely
pointed, with sharp canthus and concave loreal region, as long as the
postocular part of the head ; a lanceolate concavity on the upper
surface of the snout, extending on the frontal shield ; a sharp keel
beloAv the eye, on the freno-ocular and subocular shields. Pileus 2 to
2J times as long as broad Neclc as broad as the head. The hind
limb reaches the ear or between the shoulder and the ear in males, the
elbow, the axil, or the shoulder in females ; foot 1^ to 1^ times as
long as the head ; digits feebly compressed. Tail 1^ to 2 J times as
long as head and body.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nostril pierced between 2, o, or 4
shields " ; nasals usually forming a short suture behind the rostral,
rarely narrowly separated t ; frontonasal broader than long ; pre-
frontals as long as broad or a little longer than broad, forming an
extensive median sutui-e ; frontal 1^^ to 2 times as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
much narrowei- behind than in front, the lateral borders concave ;
parietals a little longer than broad ; interparietal small or very small,
often followed by a second small shield % ; occipital very small and
widely separated from the interparietal, or absent. 4 supraoculars,
first small and usually in contact with the frontal, second longer than
the third, fourth small but usually larger than the first ; 4 super-
<;iliaries, rarely 5, second much longer than the others, all in contact
with the supraoculars; sometimes 1, 2, or 3 granules between them § ;
Two superposed postnasals, rarely one ; anterior loreal shorter than
the second ; 4 || upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is much
narrower beneath than above and borders the mouth. Two large
upper temporals, anterior the longer and usually in contact with the
fourth supraocular ; temporal scales small, smooth or feebly keeled ;
a large, opercle-like tympanic shield. •[

6, rarely 5,** pairs of chin-shields, the o, rarely 2, anterior in contact
in the middle; gular scales largv, flat, imbricate towards the collar,
which is very indistinct, except at the sides, and composed of 6 to 10

* Between two shields, followed by two superposed postnasals, in 14 specimens ;
between four shields (two nasals and two postnasals) in 22 ; between three
.(there being only one postnasal) in 3.

t Male from Tafrent, male from Tunis (Paris Museum).

:|: Which is rarely in contact with the occipital.

§ 5-3 in a male from Balna; 4-6 in a female from Tunis (Paris Museum).

II Exceptionally 5, according to Doumergue.

T[ Divided into two in a male from Batna.

** Female from Port.es-de-fer. 5-6 in a male from Tunis (Paris Muserun).

OpllioiJS.

.209

scales ; no gular fold ; 14 to 18 gular scales iu a straight line, including
the median collar-plate.

Dorsal scales very large and sharply keeled, larger than the laterals,
and but little if at all smaller than the caudals. Ventral plates
broader than long, in 6 or 8 longitudinal series according as to whether
or not the outer, smooth but smaller plate is reckoned as a dorsal
scale, and 23 to 29 transverse series (23 to 26 in males, 25 to 29 in
females). 26 to 30 scales and plates round the middle of the body.*
Preanal plate rather large, bordered by two or three semicircles of
smaller plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, small. 6 to 10
femoral pores on each side, usually 7 to 9. Subdigital lamellae
bicarinate, 19 to 23 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, upper larger than lower, 14 to 18 in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Young olive with two whitish streaks on each side, the upper from
the superciliary edge to the base of the tail, the lower from the upper
labials, through the ear, to the groin. Adult bronzy brown or olive
above, usually with two light streaks on each side, as in the young, or
at least with traces of them, the dorsolateral edged with dark brown
or blackish on the inner side, often with a dark vertebral streak on
the nape ; sides brown or greenish, often with more or less crowded
small blackish spots. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ., ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail .

1.

2.

3.

4.

44

41

45

49

17

16

16

16

11

11

10

11

8

7

7

7

6

5

5

5

17

16

16

16

27

26

25

24

15

15

14

14

98

85

65

82

1. (J, Youkous (type).
$ , Tamesmida.

2. (J,Batna. 3. 9 , Fortes de Fer (type).

Particulars of Specimens Examiiied.

S Kralfalla, Prov. Oran
„ Fortes de Fer, Algiers

* 2-i to 28 in specimens from Cyrenaica, according to Werner.
VOL. II. 14

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

40

26

24

18

9

21

42

30

25

16

7-8

20

210

Lacertidii

9 Portes de Fer, Algiers (type)
(J Youkous (type)
„ Tafrent

S Batna

2 „

„ Wed Sedeur
S Tunis, P.M.

(^ Mnila, nr. Tunis
2 Temasmida, Tunisia
,, Feriana „

,, Hadedj des Matmata
(^ Susa, Tunisia (type)

? Tunisia, L.M. .

Tunisia (type)

1.

2_

3.

4.

5.

6.

45

27

26

17

8

20

44

28

26

15

7

20

39

28

24

15

8

22

42

26

27

15

7

21

45

27

25

16

8

22

45

26

24

15

9

21

42

28

25

16

9

20

41

28

24

17

7-6

21

40

26

25

16

8-9

20

39

28

27

15

8

20

48

27

24

17

8

20

41

29

25

15

7

20

40

27

24

16

9

21

42

27

29

15

7-8

20

28

28

26

16

8

22

40

26

25

14

7

20

44

26

24

16

7

20

44

27

25

15

9-8

21

41

27

24

17

8

20

37

26

24

17

6-7

21

36

29

24

15

7

19

42

27

27

17

7

19

37

26

27

14

8-9

19

36

29

28

16

6

21

35

28

23

15

8

20

49

28

27

17

7-8

21

42

27

27

15

7-6

22

38

26

27

18

8

23

43

29

24

18

9-10

23

41

30

24

15

8

21

40

26

28

16

7

20

38

26

25

14

7-6

20

Habitat. — Algeria (Tell and High Plateaux), Tunisia, and Tripoli
(Cyrenaica). Its reported occurrence at Biskra (fide Boettger) is,
as pointed out by Werner, probably due to a mistake.

Very closely allied to 0. elegans and evidently derived from the same
common ancestor, but less advanced in the absence of a series of
granules bordering the supraoculars, and more so in the generally larger
size of the dorsal scales and the greater reduction or loss of the
occipital shield.

Ophiops. 211

As meutioued iu Vol. I, p. 339, I canuot help thiukiug Bosca's
Algiroides hidalgoi, said to be from San Ildefonso, Sierra de G-uadar-
rama, Central Spain, will prove to be identical with this species.

4. OPHIOPS ELEGANS.

Opliiops elegans, Meuctr. Cat. Rais. p. 63 (1882) ; Eichw. Eeise
Kasp. Meer. i, pt. 2, p. 744 (1837) ; Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 259,
pi. liii, fig. 1 (1839) ; Eichw. Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 78, pi. xii, figs. 1-5
(1841) ; Berth. Abh. Ges. Getting, i, 1840, p. 56, pi. i, figs. 4, 5 ;
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 44 (1845) ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 374;
Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 372 (1875) ; Blauf . Zool. E. Persia, p. 367
(1876); Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 174, and in Eadde,
Faun. Flor. Casp.-Geb. p. 48 (1886); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 75
(1887) ; Boettg. Sitzb. Ak. Berl. 1888, p. 165 ; Bouleng. Faun. Ind.,
Eept. p. 175 (1890), and Journ. Linn. Soc. xxvii, 1899, p. 378;
Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xix, 1903, p. 334 ; Nikolsky, Herp. Eoss.
p. 141 (1905); Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvii, 1909, p. 609;
Schreib. Herp. Eur., Ed. 2, p. 350 (1912)"; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas.
p. 92 (1913); Barbour, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, p. 85;
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (9) ii, 1918, p. 158.

Amystes ehrenbergii, Wiegm. Ai"ch. f. Nat. 1835, ii, p. 1.

? Algira punctata. Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 283.

Opliiops macrodadylus, Berth. I.e. ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 44.

Gymnops meizolepis, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 124.

Opliiops meizolepis, Blauf. op. cit. p. 369, pi. xxv, fig. 2.

Ophiops schlueteri, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 176, pi. iii,
fig. 3 ; Bouleng. Cat. t.c p. 77 ; Annandale, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. (2)
i, 1905, p. 141.

Ophiops elegans, var. schlueteri, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) ii,
1888, p. 505, and (9) ii, 1918, p. 161.

Ophiops elegans, vars. ehrenbergii, p)ersicus, mizolepis, Bouleng. t.c.
1918, pp. 159, 160.

As this species varies considerably in the lepidosis according to
districts, the following description is taken, for precision's sake, from one
of the types and from specimens from Central Asia Minor (Angora,
Kaisarieh, Albistan, Giaour Dagh), of which I have examined a large
series, and which represent the typical form in the restricted sense.*
Notes on the specimens from other parts of the extensive range of this

* Ophiops elegans was founded ou specimens from Eastern Transcaucasia, in
which, according to Boettger, the number of scales and plates round the body
varies between 34 and 40. I have examined one of the types, from Baku, sent
to the Paris Museum by Menetries.

212 Lacerticln'.

species will follow under the respective ill-defined varieties into which
the species may be divided.

Body moderately depressed. Head feebly dejjressed, II to If times
as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
corner of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3| to 4| times in
length to vent in males, 4 to 4| times in females ; snout obtusely
pointed, with the nasals sometimes a little swollen, with sharp canthus
and concave loreal region, as long as or a little longer than the post-
ocular part of the head ; a lanceolate concavity on the upper surface
of the snout, extending on the frontal shield ; a sharp keel below the
eye, on the freno-ocular and subocular shields. Pileus 2 to 2j times as
long as broad. Neck as broad as the head. The hind limb reaches the
ear or between the shoulder and the ear in males, the axil, the shoulder,
or the collar in females ; foot 1^ to If times as long as the head ; digits
feebly compressed. Tail If to 2^ times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields smooth or feebly rugose ; nostril pierced
between 2 or 4 shields ; nasals forming a suture behind the rostral ;
frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals as long as broad or a little
longer than broad, forming a median suture, rarely separated by an
azygos shield ; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, 1-J^ to 2 times as long as broad, much narrower
behind than in front, the lateral borders concave ; parietals as long as
broad or a little longer than broad ; interparietal narrow and elongate,
usually in contact with a small or very small occipital, which is rarely
a little broader ; sometimes the two shields are separated by the inter-
parietals meeting on the median line, or by the intercalation of one or
two small shields ; in one specimen only the occipital is absent. 4
supraoculars, first small and in contact with the frontal, second and
third equal or second a little the lougei', fourth as large as or a little
larger than the first ; 4 superciliaries, rarely 5, second longest ; a com-
plete series of granules between 'the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
Two superposed postnasals ; anterior loreal shorter than the second ;
4, very rarely 3, upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is much
narrower beneath and nearly always* bordering the mouth, sometimes
very narrowly, its lower border ^ to |^ the length of the upper. Two
large upper temporals, anterior the longer and usually in contact with
the fourth supraocular ; temporal scales small,! smooth or feebly
keeled ; a large tympanic shield, sometimes opercle-like.

* Only one exception (male from Ang-ora), in which it forms an angle wedged
in between the foiu-th and fifth iipper labials.

t According to Boettger, there are 50 to 55 scales in the specimens from
Eastern Transcavicasia. I connt 34 to 63 in those from Angora, as against
27 to 50 in those from Smyrna ; 54 in the type specimen from Baku.

Ophlops. 213

6, rarely 7, pairs of chiu-sliields, the three anterior, exceptioually 4
or 2, in contact in the niidcUe ; gular scales large, flat, imbricate except
the anterior, 16 to 19 in a straight line in the middle; gular fold
absent or very feebly marked. Collar free only on the sides.

Dorsal scales gradually increasing in size from the nape to the tail,
^vith strong keels forming oblique lines, the laterals as large or a little
smaller, larger and smooth towards the ventral plates, which are
broader than long and in 6 longitudinal and 26 to 32 transverse
series ; by reckonincr as ventral plates the smooth lateral scales which
are of the same length, the ventral plates may be described as in 8, or
sometimes even 10 longitudinal series ; 32 to 41 scales and plates
round the middle of the body, usually 34 to 40.* Usually a large
preanal plate, bordered by one or two semicircles of smaller plates or
scales ; the preanal region sometimes covered with small plates of
nearly equal size.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, small, 9 to
12 femoral pores on each side, rarely 7, 8, or 13. Subdigital lamellae
bi- or tricarinate, 20 to 25 under the fourth toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, tipper larger than lower and much
larger than the dorsals, 16 to 24 in the fourth or fifth whorl behind
the postanal granules.

Yellowish grey, brown, or olive above, usually with two whitish
streaks on each side, the upper from the superciliary edge to the tail,
the lower from the upper lip, through the tympanum, to the base of the
hind limb ; these light streaks usually bordered by black spots, which
may be confluent into streaks ; a black vertebral streak often present
on the nape. In some adult specimens the light streaks are absent,
and the black spots are irregularly distributed or show a tendency to
form wavy cross-bars. Tail often reddish in the distal half. Lower
parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb ....

* Having; counted the scales and plates round the middle of the body in
70 specimens from Angora, I find 16 with 36, 12 with 37, 11 with 38, S ^\^th 4(1,
7 with 39, 6 with 35, 6 with 34, 2 with 33, 1 with 32 and 1 with 41.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

46

55

48

51

47

16

20

17

18

16

11

14

11

11

11

7

9

7

7

7

6

7-5

6

6

6

16

21

18

17

18

Lacertidir.

1. 1'.

3. 4.

5.

27 38

31 29

30

15 20

17 16

16

90 102

95 92

95

^, Kaisaviel

.. 3. S,

Angora.

4.

214

Hind liml)

Foot

Tail
1. J, Baku (type). 2. (^, Kaisavieli. 3. ^, Angora. 4. $,
Angora. 5. 2 , Kaiserieli.

Hahifaf. — The continuous range of Opli,io])s elegans exteud^i from the
Bosphorus and Transcaucasia to Samos and the Southern Sporades,
Persia, Mesopotamia, Palestine, and the Sinaitic Peninsula. The
species also occurs in three outlying districts, viz. in Grreece at Ivryoneri,
Acarnania, opposite Patras, according to Werner (Wiss. Mitth. Bosn.
Herzeg. vi, 1899, p. 832), Dernali in Cvrenaica,* and the North-
Western Punjab (0. mizolepis, Stol.).

The typical form appears to be confined to Transcaucasia, Armenia,
and Central Asia Minor. The types (Petrograd and Paris Museums)
are from Baku.

Var. EHEENBERG-II, Wiegmann.

As already pointed out by Boettger, the specimens from Western
Asia Minor and the Southern Sporades differ from the typical form in
having larger scales on an average. The same form occurs also in
Syria (Aunjstes ehrenbergii, Wiegm.), alongside with the small-scaled
specimens (0. scTilueteri, Boettg.), and on the Euphrates.

The head is IJto \h times as long as bi-oad and may be contained
5 times (females) in length to vent. The hind limb reaches the collar
or the ear, or between these two points, in males, the elbow or beyond,
as far as between the collar and the ear in females.

As regards the head-shields, I note the following exceptions to the
description given above of the typical form : The frontal may be 2J
times as long as broadf ; 3 or 5 upper labials anterior to the suhocular. J
The occipital is small or very small, and often separated from the
interparietal. The lower boi-der of the subocular measures + to ^ the
length of the upper, rarely rf.

15 to 20 gular scales in a straight line. 28 to 34 scales and plates
round the middle of the body, the posterior dorsal scales sometimes

* Except for Werner's statement that the scales and plates number 3G-38
ronnd the body and the femoral pores 8-10 in tlie Cyreuaica specimens, we
have no information on wliicli to refer these outposts to any one of tlie varieties
in particular.

t In a female from Brumana, Lebanon.

X On the right side in a female from Jerusalem ; a female from the Meander
Valley lias only three ujiper labials on each side.

OpMo'ps.

215

nearly as large as the upper caudals, forming 7 to 10 longitudinal
series between tlie hind limbs. 14 to 20 caudal scales in the fourth
or fifth wlioi'l. 8 to 12 femoral pores on each side, usually 9 to 11.

The coloration is the same as in the typical form, but the sides are
often greenish in males.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

From end of snout to vent

53

50

50

45

,, ,, ,,

fore liml i .

20

19

16

16

Length of head .

12

12

10

10

Width of head .

9

8

7

6-5

Depth of head .

6-5

6

5

5

Fore limb .

21

18

16

16

Hind limb

37

33

30

27

■ Foot

17

18

16

15

Tail .

102

113

95

78

1. (j*, Constantinople.

2. cJ,Mt. Hermou. 3.

? , Smyrna.

4.

Meander Vallev.

Var. PEESICUS, Boulenger.

The specimens from Persia and the neighbouring parts of Meso-
potamia, N.E. of Bagdad, are distinguished by the larger occipital,
which may be twice or twice and a half the width of the interparietal,
and the more extensive share taken by the subocular in the border of
the mouth, its lower border measuring ^ to J the length of the upper,
rarely only J. The scales are a little larger on an average, there being
28 to 38 round the middle of the body, including the ventrals, usually
31 to 36. 23 to 30 transverse series of ventral plates, usually 24
28. 8 to 11, rarely 12, femoral pores on each side.

The hind limb rarely reaches the ear.

The collar is often more distinct than in the typical form, and
sometimes free across the throat.

The black vertebal streak, instead of being confined to the nape,
sometimes extends along the whole body ; the space between the light
lateral streaks is sometimes red.*

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Front end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head ....
Width of head ....

1.

2.

3.

4.

58

50

53

45

21

18

19

15

14

13

12

10

9

8

7-5

7

* Specimens from Seir, "West of L. Urmi, and S. of Ispahan (2400 m.).

6

Lacertidse.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Depth of he

id

8

6

6

5

Fore limb .

. 20

19

17

15

Hind limb

. 35

36

28

27

Foot .

. 19

20

16

15

Tail .

. 128

105

90

—

1 . cJ , Sapergh

xu.

2. cJ.Niriz. 3. ?

Saperg

lau.

4. ?

Karmau

Habitat. — Opliiops elegans occurs over the greater part of Persia,
but is apparently absent from the Elburz Mountains, whilst in the
south it is found only between 1000 and 3000 m. altitude, according to
Blanford.*

Var. MIZOLEPIS, Stoliczka.

A single specimen from the low country S.W. of Kalabagh on the
Indus has been made the type of a distinct species, and even referred
to a separate genus on account of the presence of a single postnasal
instead of two. I have not seen the specimen, stated to have 34 scales
and plates round the body and 12 femoral pores on each side, but
there is nothing in the original description to warrant a separation
from 0. elegans, and I should have been inclined to regard the presence
of one postnasal instead of two as an individual peculiarity, such
as I have noted in 0. occidentalis, were it not that Blanford has
rediscovered the same form at Basra, Mesopotamia, where it is said to
occur in al)undance, and where the character appears to be fixed. f It
is also noteworthy that the only two specimens fi"om Haifa in Palestine
examined by Boettger are distinguished from all other Syrian in-
dividuals by the same character. In view of the constancy of the
single postnasal in individuals from certain localities, I retain 0.
mizolepis under a varietal name.

I have examined two of Blanford' s Basra specimens as well as two
recently obtained at the same place by Col. Wall,+ also 2 from the
Felujah-Eamadieh Road (C. L. Boulenger), 9 from the banks of the
Euphrates, near Suk esh Shuyuk, and 2 from Amara, Mesopotamia,
received from Capt. P. A. Buxton ; except for the presence of three
shields bordering the nostril, I cannot distinguish them fi'om the var.
ehrenhergii.

* The altitnde of 3000 m. is also reached on Mt. Hermon by the var. ehren-
hergii (Festa Collectiou in Turin Museum).

t According to Blanford it occurs as a rare exception in S. Persia: " In two
specimens . . . the lower nasal is joined to the lower postnasal, so that the
nasal shields resemble those in Chondrophiops [= Gymnopsl or Ereniias."

X Preserved in the Collection of the Bombay Natural History Society.

48

?
44

17

15

12

10

8

6

6

5

20

16

34

26

18

15

Ophiojjs. 217

Measureiueuts (in iiiillimetres) of specimeus from Basra :

From end of snout to vent
,. „ ,, fore limb

Leugtli of head

Width of head

Depth of head

Fore limb

Hind limb

Foot .

The known habitat of the var. mizolepis is Palestine (Haifa),
Mesopotamia (Basra, Amara, Euphrates), and the Punjab (lowcountrv
S.W. of Kalabagh).

Var. SCHLUETEEI, Boettger.

This is the most distinct of the various forms grouped under 0.
elegans, and one might feel inclined to regard it as a valid species.
There is, however, such an overlap in the number of scales as compared
with the typical form and no constancy in the other characters pointed
out in the original description, that it seems better to treat it as
a variety completely connected with the typical form and the var.
elirenhergii.

The proportions are the same as in the var. elirenbergii, but the
dorsal scales are smaller, the posterior always much smaller than the
basal caudals, forming 10 to 14 longitudinal series between the hind
limbs ; 38 to 49 scales and plates round the middle of the body, usually
40 to 46.* The femoral pores are also more numerous, 10 to 16
on each side, usually 11 to 15.t The temporal scales are usually
smaller, J and the upper temporal is sometimes single. The subocular
borders the mouth very narrowly, its lower border rarely more than
J the length of the upper. A more or less distinct gular fold ; collar
usually better marked, but very rarely quite free.

One specimen has a single postnasal, the two normal shields being-
fused. Another has 7 pairs of chin-shields, the 4 anterior in contact
in the middle.

* I have counted the scales in 100 specimens from Cyprus, and noted 21 with
4-1, 16 with 42, 13 with 40, 11 with 45, 10 with 46, 10 with 41, 8 with 43,
3 with 48, 3 with 39, 2 with 47, 2 with 38, and 1 with 49.

t 79 times 13, 59 times 12, 25 times ] 1, 23 times 14, 8 times 15, 4 times 10,
and twice 16.

1 50 to 90.

218

Lacertida'.

Measureuieiits (iu millimetres) :

From end of suout to veut

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Leugtli of head
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb .
Hind limb .
Foot ....
Tail ....

1. J', L. Phiala, Syria. 2. ,^ , Laruaka, Cyprus. 3. ? , Cyprus.
Habitat. — Syria aud Cyprus.

50

46

46

18

17

16

11

11

10

8

7

6

6

6

5

19

19

16

33

31

28

17

17

15

02

98

90

Particvlar^ of Specimens Examined.

Forma typica :
S Baku (type), P.M.
? Borders of the Caspiau Sea, P.M.
(^ Ano'ora

^ Kaisariel

,, Albistau

J Griaour Dagh

46

38

27

17

11

20

45

34

29

17

9

21

55

37

29

18

12-11

23

48

40

26

18

11-10

21

47

34

29

23

13

25

47

36

28

16

12-11

20

46

40

28

20

11-12

21

43

40

30

18

11-12

22

51

39

28

18

10

21

51

39

29

17

9

20

49

37

31

19

11-10

21

43

35

30

15

9

22

43

36

32

17

10-11

22

41

36

30

18

11

21

55

40

27

19

11-10

23

52

39

27

19

10

22

47

37

30

20

12

23

45

40

28

19

11-12

22

32

38

28

19

11

21

47

35

30

18

11-10

21

47

37

27

20

12

23

42

35

30

15

7-8

23

36

36

28

17

12

22

Oi)Mops.

219

Var. ehrenhercji

(^ Constantinople

. 53

34

26

17

11

21

„ Smyrna

. 53

33

28

18

10-9

20

,,,,....

. 50

33

30

17

10

23

)i jj • • • •

. 47

32

28

15

10-9

21

?„....

. 47

32

28

18

11-10

21

c? „ G.K.C.

. 46

30

28

18

10-11

24

»> ?» 11 - •

. 46

30

27

17

9

23

)i )i >> ■ •

. 46

31

27

16

10-9

20

CM-

. 50

29

31

18

10-11

21

„ Xanthus

. 48

30

28

15

9

22

J' Meander Valley

. 40

34

26

17

9

22

2 „ . .

. 45

32

31

17

10

21

(J ZebilBulgarDagli,Ciliciau Taurus . 45

34

28

18

10

21

,, ,, ,,

43

34

27

19

11

22

)' i> >>

41

32

26

16

11-10

21

?

37

33

30

16

10

23

(^ Lebanon ....

. 36

28

25

18

8

23

?„....

. 48

32

28

18

11-12

p

,, Brumana, Lebanon

. 50

29

30

16

8-9

24

(S Mt. Hermon .

. 50

31

27

15

10-9

22

M JJ ...

. 45

32

25

19

9

22

„ Mt. Tabor

. 47

31

24

18

11-10

20

„ Sidon. L.M. .

. 48

30

26

18

9

24

? Samaria ....

. 40

29

26

15

8

20

„ Galilee ....

. 36

32

29

17

10-9

21

„ Tiberias, P.M.

. 56

31

29

19

9-10

24

„ Jerusalem

. 50

29

28

17

10-9

21

11 1) • ■ •

. 43

31

27

19

10

21

„ „

. 40

31

28

20

11-10

22

„ Raniadieli, Euphrates

. 44

34

26

20

11

23

Var. fersicns.
(^ Supergliau, N.W. Persia

?

r^ Superglian to L. Urini
,, Seir, W. of L. Urmi

58 31 27 16

21

. 53

31

28

18

10-11

23

. 52

35

29

18

10

21

. 52

33

28

18

8

21

. 60

33

26

19

10-11

23

. 47

32

25

17

10

21

. 51

30

28

16

9

20

. 50

34

27

17

10-11

21

220

Lacertidie

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

cJ Sujbulak, S. of L. Urmi

39

34

27

18

11-12

21

$ Kirjawa, E. of L. Urmi

47

30

32

16

9

21

J" Arzu Id., L. Urmi

55

33

28

18

9

22

? „ „ . .

48

31

30

18

8-9

21

(^ Shazalau Id. ,,

60

33

28

14

8

22

? N. of Ispahan

52

33

27

18

10-11

22

„ S. of Ispahan

46

33

27

19

11

23

„ „ ■ •

42

37

27

20

10-12

21

(J S.W. of Ispahan

55

34

27

20

10-11

22

,.

55

36

27

18

9-10

24

„

53

36

25

19

11-12

22

„ Abadeh .

46

38

26

17

12-11

23

,, Shiraz ....

42

32

24

21

11

24

„ „ ....

40

34

25

18

10

24

39

36

24

19

11

24

39

34

25

17

10

22

39

35

24

19

11-10

22

CH-

42

36

25

20

11

23

41

35

26

18

11

23

c? Niriz, E. of Shiraz

50

34

23

18

11

23

$ Shiraz-Karman

45

33

26

20

10-9

23

>) >> ))

42

32

26

17

11

23

„ Karman .

45

36

28

19

8

23

„ Kur-i-Hazar, S.E. of Ka

•man

46

33

25

20

8-9

23

„ Sharobau, N.E. of Bagdad

50

28

28

17

9

21

Var. mizolepis.

—

S Basra, B.S. .

48

32

27

21

12-11

24

o+

44

28

28

17

11

21

Hgr. „ . . .

38

34

24

20

12

22

32

30

30

19

11

22

? Amara .

38

32

26

18

11

21

36

34

26

19

11

22

Hgr. Eelujah-Ramadieh, Euphrates .

34

34

24

16

11

23

)) )>

34

34

23

18

12

23

^ Suk esh Shuyuk, Euphrates .

50

31

26

18

13

24

.,

39

33

25

19

12

23

99 99 99

34

33

24

16

11-12

21

?

39

30

26

19

11

21

J? 9i "

37

30

28

17

10

24

35

33

26

19

13

23

02)hiops.

221

Var. sclilueteri.
,:? L. Phiala, Mt. Hermou .
? N.E. slope of Mt. Hermou
,, Baalbeck
^ Larnaka, Cyprus

1^ Cyprus

50

38

26

20

10

21

44

40

30

21

11

22

45

39

27

19

11

23

46

43

27

20

13

20

45

42

26

18

11

21

43

46

26

22

13-12

22

45

45

29

23

12

24

45

48

31

21

13-14

28

40

46

31

20

11-12

24

51

46

26

22

13-14

26

47

40

26

19

14-15

22

47

42

28

20

14

21

41

42

26

18

1.3

21

39

44

27

18

12

22

38

44

27

21

12

23

50

44

30

22

11

22

46

46

29

19

13

24

46

45

29

21

15-13

22

43

44

29

21

14

25

41

43

30

19

12-11

21

41

45

30

20

12-11

22

41

46

29

19

13-12

20

41

42

30

22

13-14

23

40

42

29

19

12

22

40

43

29

21

12

21

39

49

31

24

13-14

25

38

43

30

22

12-13

24

36

46

28

23

13-12

25

Synopsis of the Varieties.

32 to 41 (usually 34 to 40) scales and plates round middle of
body; 7 to 13 (usually 9 to 12) femoral pores on each side;
collar distinct only on the sides ; occipital small or very small

Forma typica.

28 to 34 scales and plates round middle of body ; S to 12 (usually
9 to 11) femoral pores on each side ; collar distinct only on the
sides ; occipital small or very small Var. ehrenhergii.

28 to 38 (iisually 31 to 36) scales and plates round middle of
body; 8 to 11 (rarely 12) femoral pores on each side; collar
often distinct, sometimes free across the* throat; occipital
usually rather large, sometimes 2 to 2^ times the width of the
interparietal Var. persicus.

222 Lacertidx.

28 to 34 scales and plates round middle of body; 10 to 13 femoral
pores on each side ; occipital small or vei'j^ small ; nostril
between 3 shields Var. mizole2ns.

38 to 49 (usually -10 to 46) scales and plates round middle of
body; 10 to 16 (visually 11 to 15) femoral pores on each side;
collar and gular fold often distinct ; occipital small or very
small ........... Var schlueteri.

Of these forms the last must be regarded as, on the whole, the
most primitive, and leading, through the typical form, to the
vars. ehrenhergii and mizolepis. The var. perHicus is directly connected
■with the typical form.

5. OPHIOPS MICROLEPIS.

Ophiops {Gymnops) microlepis, Blauf. Journ. As. See. Beng. xxxix,
1870, p. 351, pi. XV, figs. 1-5.

Gijmnops microlepis, Stoliczka, Jouru. As. Soc. Beng. xli, 1872, p. 90,
and Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 74.

Ophiops microlepis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 77 (1887), and Faun,
lud.. Kept. p. 175 (1890).

Body rather strongly depressed. Head much depressed. If to 1|
times as long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum, its length about 3f to 4 times in
length to vent ; snout pointed, with the nasals feebly swollen, longer
than the postocular part of the head, flattened, with the labials pro-
jecting beyond the edge of the mouth aud forming an obtusely
angular ridge, with sharp canthus and concave loreal region, the chin
quite flat ; a feeble concavity on the upper surface of the snout and on
the anterior half of the frontal shield, bordered by two very feeble
keels on the frontonasal aud prefrontal shields ; nostril supero-lateral ;
a sharp keel below the eye. Pileus 2{ to '2\ times as long as broad.
Neck as broad as or a little narrower than the head. The hind limb
reaches the ear or between the ear and the eye ; foot If to 1| as long as
the head ; digits long and slender, strongly compressed. Tail a little
more than twice ;is long as head and body.*

Upper head-shields smooth ; nostril pierced between 2 or 3 shields ;
nasals forming a suture behind the rostral ; frontonasal broader than
long ; prefrontals longer than broad, forming an extensive median
suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, If
to 2 times as long as broad,, narrower behind than in front ; parietals
longer than broad, with the posterior border very oblique ; inter-

* Nearly twice and a half in the type specimen, according to Blauford.

Opliiops. 223

parietal \\ to 2\ times as loug as broad, in contact with the occipital
or separated from it by a small shield* or by the parietals meeting on
the median line.f 4 supraoculars, first and fourth small, first in
contact with the frontal, exceptionally divided into two, fourth more or
less band-like and sometimes separated from the frontoparietal ; 4
superciliaries, first and second longest ; a series of granules between
the principal supraoculars and the superciliaries. Two large nasals, an
upper and a lower, the anterior half of the latter resting on the
rostral, and a small postnasal wedged in between them, sometimes
reaching the nostril, sometimes not ; anterior loreal i the length of
the second ; 4 uppei- labials anterior to the subocular, which is much
narrower beneath than above and borders the mouth. 2 large upper
temporals, anterior the longer and in contact or not Avith the fourth
supraocular ; temporal scales small, granular, smooth or feelilv heeled ;
a large, opercle-like tympanic shield.

6 pairs of chin- shields, J the three, rarely two, anterior in contact
in the middle ; 23 to 29 gular scales in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the ventral plates, the anterior
small and juxtaposed, the posterior enlarged and imbricate and
graduating into the collar, which is more or less distinct, free or
attached in the middle, and composed of 7 to 9 plates.

Scales rather smalh strongly keeled ; a little larger and smooth
towards the ventral plates, from which they are abruptly differentiated ;
ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 25 to 27 transverse series ; 56 to
64 scales and plates round the middle of the body. A large preanal
plate bordered by two semicircles of small plates, or two large plates,
one in front of the other.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, as large as or
a little larger than dorsals. 12 to 16 femoral pores on each side.
Subdigital lamellae uni-, bi-, or tricarinate, 21 to 24 imder the
fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales large, strongly keeled and shorth- mucronate ;
basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled ; 16 to 20 scales in the
fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Greyish or reddish brown above, uniform on the head and along the
middle of the back, with small blackish spots or reticulations on the
sides ; a white, often dark-edged, streak on each side from the super-

* In single specimens from Ajmere and Bhuj ; also in the type specimen
figured by Blanford.

t In a specimen from Kurliurbari.

X Sometimes 5, according to Stoliczka ; Blanford describes the type specimen
as with 6 shields on one side and 7 on the other.

224

Lacertidm.

ciliary edge to the base of the tail, and sometimes a second from the
upper lip. through the tympanum, to the base of the hind limb;
limbs and tail reddish. Lower parts white. In life a few green spots
may be present on the sides, according to Blanford, and the lower
parts, particularly the thighs, may be tinged with yellow, according to
Stoliczka.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

■J..

3.

4.

From end of snout to vent .

65

65

56

44

J,

fore limb

27

26

23

17

Length of head .

16

16

15

12

Width of head .

9

10

8

7

Depth of head

7

7

6

5

Fore limb .

25

25

21

19

Hind limb

43

43

41

36

Foot .

23

22

22

19

Tail .

135

142

1-25

—

L c?, Ajmere. 2. S^

Kurhurbari.

3. S,

Cutch. 4.

9,

Cutch.

Bhuj

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1. 2. 3. 4.

$ Cutch

9 Bhuj, Cutch, B.S. .
(J Ajmere, Eajputana
,, Kurhurbari, Bengal

5. 6.

57 58 26 24 14-13 24

38 64 25 25 14-15 23

38 63 26 25 13-12 24

44 56 27 23 14 24

65 58 26 26 16-15 22

65 58 26 29

15 21

62 64 25 29 15-14 21

Habitat. — Cutch, Eajputana, Central Provinces, Bengal.

The tvpe specimen is from Korba in Bilaspur, Central Provinces.

This species, which in many respects approaches Cahritu les-
chenaultii, differs greatly from all others in the shaj^e of the head, the
long and compressed toes ; in the small dorsal scales it is approached by
0. elecjans, var. sclilueteri.

18. EREMIAS.

Podarcis, part., Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 155 (1830) ; Strauch, Mel.
Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. vi, 1867, p. 408.
Eremias (Fitzing.), Wiegra. Herp. Mex. p. 9 (1834) ; Peters, Mon.

Ereiiiias. 225

Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 60 ; Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885, p. 126 ;
Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 80 (1887) : Anders. Zool. Eg-ypt. Eept. p. 169
(1898) ; Bedriaga, Wiss. Ees. Przewalski Eeise, Amph. Kept. (1909) ;
Bouleug. Jouru. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 1.

Eremias, part., Gray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 280 ; Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. G-eu. V, p. 286 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 39 (1845).

Scapieira, part., Gray, Ann. I^. H. i, p. 281.

Ida, part., Gray, I.e.

Mesalina, Gray, I.e. and Cat. p. 42.

Aspidorhimis, Eichw. Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 74 (1841).

Pseuderemias, Boettg. Abb. Senek. Ges. xiii, 1883, p. 118.

Boidengeria, Lataste, t.c. p. 116.

Lampr eremias, Txnieremias, Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Ees. t.c. p. 2.

Head-shields normal, but occipital often rudimentary
or absent. JSTostril pierced between three or four nasals,
widely separated from the upper labials. Collar more or
less distinct. Dorsal scales small and juxtaposed or sub-
imbricate ; ventral plates not or but feebly imbricate,
with straight posterior border, smooth. Dig-its sub-
cylindrical or compressed, with keeled lamellar scales
inferiorly. Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical or
feebly compressed posteriorly.

South-Eastern Europe ; Western and Central Asia
eastward to Manchuria, Corea, Northern China and
Sind ; Africa.

Tbe parietal foramen is constantly present ; pterygoid teeth are
more frequently absent than present, and it does not seem possible
to make use of this character for the definition of species.

There are usually three series of scales round the toes : an upper, a
lower and a more or less complete outer; a keel, corresponding to the
middle of the base of the claw, as in the section Pseuderemias, may
be accompanied by one or two others on the outer side of it, as is the
case in most species ; or the three series of scales are one upper and
two lower, each of the latter with a keel, as in E. argus, in which case
the subdigital lamellae are described as in two rows ; or in addition to
these tliere may be one or two series of small lateral scales on the
outer side of the toe, which is thus surrounded by four or five series

VOL. II. l.j

226 Lacertidx.

of scales, as in E. ar(jvta. The scales on the sides of the toes some-
times form a very slight denticulatiou {E.fasciata, vermiculafa, argnta),
thus leading to the genus Scaptira, in which the character is more
pronounced.

Eremias is certainly derived from Niicms, the two species placed at
the head of the series establishing the connexion with that genus.
Judging from the description, E. neumanni appears to agree with
Nucras in the nasal shields, and I have seen specimens of E. arcjus which,
owing to the wide separation of the subnasal (= lower postnasal)
from the rostral, answer to the definition of that genus so far as this
character is concerned, the essential difference between the two
genera residing in the presence or absence of keels on the subdigital
scales, in the same way as Latastia is separated from Lacerta.

As in Nucras and in Acantliodactylus, the striation of the young of
many species (Sections Lampreremias, Mesalina, Eremias) is of a
very primitive type — 7 to 10 light streaks on the neck, 7 to 9 on the
body ; there is a frequent tendency for these streaks to break up into
ocellar spots, which become converted into transverse series, and
running together and losing the light centres, to black cross-bars,
exactly as in Nucras*

34 species are here regarded as more or less well established, 6 of
which are not known to me from autopsy. Although I have examined
about 1000 specimens, the material at my disposal has not been so
exhaustive as for other genera, and I particularly regret a comparative
deficiency of Central Asian specimens, which is all the more to be
deplored on account of the difficulties with which the systematic
treatment of this group is still beset. Fortunately, I have been able to
avail myself of the detailed descriptions, based on over -500 specimens,
published liy Bedriaga in his monumental work on the Results of the
Przewalski Expeditions, but there are still some points that I cannot
settle to my satisfaction without direct comparison of the material
preserved in the Peti'ograd Museum.

The genus is divided into 5 sections, which I am fully convinced
represent natural associations. The first establishes the passage from
Nucras and leads to the second, a terminus group. The third occupies
an isolated position and is probably derived from the first. The
fourth and fifth sections, although more remote from Nucras than the
first, have probably been independently derived from the same original
stock, and the species have been evolved on somewhat parallel lines,
as is evidenced by the similarity in the arrangement of the ventral
plates between some of the South African species and the Asiatic
* Cf. figures in Ann. S. Afr. Mns. xiii, 1917, pis. vi, vii.

Eremias. 227

group constitutiug the typical Eremias, Avliicli, tliougli typical in
virtue of the rules of uomeuclature, are the most remote from the
original type from the phylogenetic point of view.

Synopsis of the Species.

Section I. Lamprebemias, Blgr.— Three (rarely four) nasals, the lower in
contact with the first upper labial (rarely first and second) and with the
rostral ; ventral plates in 6 (exceptionally 8) straight longitudinal series ;
toes not or but feebly compressed, with bi- or tricarinate laniellse interiorly. —
Tropical Africa.

A. Frontal in contact with the two large supraoculars ; lower nasal narrowly

in contact with rostral.
42 to 6-t keeled scales across middle of body ; 21 to 24 lamellse

under the fourth toe ..... 1. E. nitida, Gthr., p. 231.

65 to 68 keeled scales across middle of body ; 26 lamellee under

the fourth toe ; nostril between 4 shields.

2. E. quadrinasalis, Chaban., p. 234.

B. Frontal separated from the supraoculars by small scales ; lower nasal

extensively in contact with rostral.
60 to 77 keeled scales across middle of body ; 20 to 26 lamells
under the fourth toe ; upper head-shields striated.

3. E. spelcii, Gthr., p. 235.
68 to 87 keeled scales across middle of body ; 25 to 29 lamellee
under the fourth toe; upper head-shields smooth.

4. E. lugubris, A. Smith, p. 239.
Section II. Psbudekemias, Hoettg. — Four nasals, two lower in contact with
the two or three first upjjer labials, the anterior also with the rostral ; ventral
plates in 6 to 10 straight longitudinal series ; toes strongly compre.ssed, with
unicarinate lamellae interiorly ; frontal separated from the supraoculars by
small scales. — N.E. Africa and Sinaitic Peninsula.

A. Upper head-shields smooth or rugose, not striated.

Upper head-shields smooth or a little rugose ; 65 to 80 smooth
or feebly keeled scales across middle of body ; upper caudal
scales strongly keeled ; ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal
series ; subocular often bordering the mouth.

5. E. mucronata, Blanf., p. 244.

Upper head-shields rugose or pitted; 68 to 82 smooth scales
across middle of body ; upper caudal scales strongly keeled ;
ventral jjlates in 8 or 10 longitudinal series ; subocular
not reaching the mouth . . . 6. E. smithii, Blgr., y>. 247.

Upper head-shields smooth ; 53 to 60 keeled scales across
middle of body ; upper caudal scales feebly keeled ; ventral
plates in 8 longitudinal series ; subocular not reaching the
mouth . . . . . . .I.E. erythrosticta, Blgr., p. 250.

B. Upper head-shields striated ; ventral plates in 6 or 8 longitudinal series ;

53 to 68 keeled scales across middle of body.
Upper head-shields coarsely striated ; subocular bordering the

mouth ; 13 to 18 femoral pores on each side . 8. E. stricda, Peters, p. 251.

228 Lacerticl-c.

Upper head-shields finely striated ; subocnlar not reaching the

mouth ; 20 to 24 femoral pores on each side . 9. E. hrenneri, Peters, p. 254.

Section III. T.i:NiEREMiAS, Blgr. — Three nasals, the lower and the posterior

resting on the first iipper labial; ventral plates in 10 straight longitudinal

series ; no occipital ; toes feebly compressed, with tricarinate lamellce inferiorly.

— West Africa.

60 smooth scales across middle of body; 21 femoral pores on

each side 10. E. riuineensis, Blgr., p. 256.

Section IV. Mesalina, Gray.— Three nasals, the lower in contact with the
rostral and the first (very rarely first and second) upper labial ; ventral plates
in 10 to 18 (exceptionally 8) straight longitudinal series, rarely irregular
or tessellated ; occipital usually present ; toes feebly compressed, with bi- or
tricarinate lamella; interiorly.— Africa and S.W. Asia.

A. North African and Asian species. Collar curved or angular, sometimes

distinct on the sides only.

1. Nasals in contact behind the rostral; 32 to 62 scales across middle

of body ; 9 to 17 femoral pores on each side.

Head and body rather strongly depressed, limbs moderately

slender; head If to If times as long as broad; occipital

present, neai-ly always in contact with the interparietal

or separated from it by a small shield ; ventral plates in

10 (rarely 8) longitudinal sei'ies ; scales on upjier surface

of tibia keeled 11. E. guttulata, Licht., i). 258.

Head and body strongly depressed, limbs very slender ; head
I5 times as long as broad ; occipital absent or minute and
not in contact with interparietal ; ventral plates in 10
longitudinal series ; scales on upper surface of tibia smooth
or obtusely keeled . . . . 12. E. adraynitana, Blgr., p. 271.

Habit rather stout; head not strongly depressed, li to

11 times as long as broad; occipital absent or minute
and not in contact with interparietal ; ventral plates in

12 (rarely 10) longitiidinal series ; scales on upper surface

of tibia smooth or obtusely keeled . 13. E. brevirostris, Blanf., p. 273.

2. Eostral often in contact with frontonasal; 53 to 67

scales across middle of body ; occipital present ; ven-
tral plates in 12 (rarely 10 or 14) longitudinal sei-ies :
13 to 22 femoral pores on each side.

14. E. rubroinmctafa, Licht., p. 276.

B. South African species. Collar straight and perfectly free.

1. A narrow tympanic shield ; ventral plates in 10 or 12 longitudinal
series ; ^ to 4 of the lateral border of the frontal in contact
with the two large supraoculars ; nasals in contact behind the
rostral.
Lower eyelid semi-transparent, with 10 to 12 enlarged scales
in the middle, one of which may be much larger than the
others; 47 to 65 scales across middle of body; ventral plates
in 12 (rarely 10) longitudinal and 28 to 33 transverse series.

15. E. 7iamaqnensis, D. & B., p. 280.

Eremias. 229

Lower eyelid with a large transparent disc formed of 2 to
6 black-edged scales ; 58 to 75 scales across middle of hody ;
ventral plates in 10 (rarely 12) longitudinal and 27 to
3-t transverse series . . . .16. E. M«tZaf«, A. Smith, p. 283.

Lower eyelid with a large transparent disc formed of a single
black-edged scale ; 52 to 67 scales across middle of body ;
ventral jjlates in 10 longitudinal and 27 to 31 transverse
series ...... 17. jB. benguelensis, Bocage, p. 287.

2. No tympanic shield ; ventral plates in 12 to 18 (rarely 10) longi-
tixdinal series, often irregular or tessellated.

a. Lower eyelid with a large transparent disc, formed of two

large, black-edged scales.

Upper head-shields smooth or more or less rugose ; 53 to
75 scales across middle of body, smooth or keeled ; ventral
plates in 12 or 14 (rarely 10) longitudinal and 30 to 39
transverse series ; anterior border of ear usually with
3 or 4, projecting scales ; 23 to 30 lamellee under the fourth
toe 18. E. lineo-ocellata, D. & B., p. 289.

Upper liead-shields very rugose ; 51 to 56 strongly keeled
scales across middle of body ; ventral plates in 12 or
1 i longitudinal and 33 to 37 transverse series ; no projecting
scales in front of the ear; 21 lamellas under the fourth toe.

19. E. aspera, Blgr., p. 299.

b. Lower eyelid opaque or semitransparent, with 10 to 15

feebly enlarged scales in the middle.
65 to 75 scales across middle of body ; ventrals in 14 (rarely 16)
longitudinal and 29 to 35 transverse series ; nasals in
contact behind the rostral . . . 20. E. bm-chelli, D. & B., j). 302.
48 to 62 scales across middle of body ; ventrals in 16 or 18
longitudinal and 31 to 36 transverse series ; rostral nearly
always in contact with the frontonasal .21. E. capensis, A. Smith, p. 304.
Section V. Eremias. s. str - Three nasals (exceptionally four), the lower
in contact with the two or three anterior upper labials ; ventral plates in
12 to 20 very irregular or oblique longitudinal series, converging posteriorly ;
occipital absent ; toes cylindrical or compressed, with uni-, bi-, ov tricarinate
lamellee inferiorly. — S.E. Europe and Asia.

A. The first of the two large supraoculars as long as or longer than its distance
from the second loreal (with rare exceptions) ; subocular bordering the
mouth ; 15 to 25 femoral pores on each side, the two series meeting or
separated by a space not exceeding ^ the length of each.

1. 12 to 16 ventral plates in the longest transverse series; 18 to 35
gular scales in a straight median series.

a. Foot rarely more than 1^ times the length of the head ; 19
to 25 lamella; under the fourth toe; gular fold usually
distinct ; 48 to 63 scales across middle of body.

u. Eostral not more than ly times as broad as deep;
snout pointed, nasals swollen.
19 to 35 gular scales in a straight median series : 28 to 35

transverse series of ventral plates . . 22. E. velox, Pall., p. 308.

230 Laceiiidn'.

18 g'lllar scales in a straijjht median series ; 26 transverse

series of ventral plates . . . . 23. E. bedriagx, Nik., p. 314.
/3. Rostral more than 1^ times as broad as deep ; snout
very obtuse, nasals not or but feebly swollen ; 20
to 23 gular scales in a straight median series.
Rostral H times as broad as deep-, 31 transverse series of

ventral plates . . . . . 24. E. nikolskii, Bedr., p. 815.

Rostral li times as broad as deep, extensively in contact with
the lower nasal ; 26 transverse series of ventral plates.

25. E. regeli, Bedr., i>. 816.
h. Foot more than 1^ times the length of the head ;
25 to 30 lamellae under the fourth toe ; no
gular fold ; 45 to 55 scales across middle of

body 26. E.fasciata, Blanf., p. 318.

2. IS to 20 ventral jtlates in the longest transverse series ;
81 to 43 gular scales in a straight median series ;
55 to 71 scales across middle of body.

27. E. vermiculata, Blanf., p. 320.

B. The first of the two large supraoculars longer than its distance from the
second loreal ; 9 to 19 femoral pores on each side, the two series broadly
separated in the middle, the space usually at least g the length of each,
very rarely i.

1. 27 to 47 gular scales in a straight median series, usually 80 to 41 ;

nasals not or scarcely swollen ; subocular rarely reaching the
mouth; 54 to 70 scales across middle of body; 11 to 19 femoral
pores on each side.
16 ventral plates in the longest transverse series ; rostral
broader than deep; 4 jjrefrontals, the outer narrow.

28. E. quadri/rons, Strauch, p. 322.
16 to 22 ventral plates in the longest transverse series, usually
18 ; rostral as deep as broad ; 2 prefrontals.

29. E. 2>r~ewalskii, Strauch, p. 324.

2. 20 to 36 gular scales in a straight median series, usually 22 to 80 ;

45 to 62 scales across middle of body.

14 to 16 (rarely 18) ventral plates in the longest transverse
series ; nasals not or scarcely swollen ; parietals a little
longer than broad ; subocular often bordering the mouth ;
9 to 15 femoral pores on each side . 30. E. niultiocellata, Gthr., p. 327.

16 to 18 ventral plates in the longest transverse series ; nasals
not or scarcely swollen ; parietals as long as broad ;
subocular bordering the mouth ; 15 to 17 femoral piores on
each side 31. E. pleskei, Bedr., p. 332.

16 to 18 ventral plates in the longest transverse series ; nasals
rather strongly swollen ; parietals not longer than broad ;
frontal often separated from the supraoculars by a series of
granirles; subocular not reaching the mouth; 12 to 17
femoral pores on each side . . 32. E. intermedia, Strauch, ■p. 333.

Eremias. 231

C. The first of the two large supraoculars at most as long as, usually shorter
than its distance from the second loreal ; 7 to 14 femoral pores on each
side, the two series broadly separated in the middle, the space at least i
the length of each ; 39 to 62 scales across middle of body.

12 or 14 ventral plates in the longest transverse series ; fronto-
nasal divided into two ; 3 or 4 series of scales round the
toes S3. E. argus, Peters, p. 336.

16 to 20 (rarely 14) ventral plates in tlie longest transverse
series ; frontonasal single ; 4 or 5 series of scales round the
toes 34. E. arguta. Pall., p. 342.

1. EEEMIAS NITIDA.

Eremias nitida, Gimth. Aim. & Mag. N. H., (4) ix, 1872, p. 381 ;
Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 83, pi. iv, fig. 1 (1887) ; Tovnier, Arch. f.
Nat. Ixvii, 1901, Beih. p. 73; Klaptocz, Zool. Jalirb., Syst. xxxiv,
1912, p. 282 ; Bouleug. Journ. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 3.

Eremias nif/erica, Klaptocz, I.e.

Head aud body moderately depressed. Head If times as loug as
broad, its leugth 3J to a little over 4 times iu length to vent, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout obtusely pointed, as long as the postocular part of the head,
nasals not swollen ; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region feebly
concave ; a slight concavity on the upper surface of the snout and
along the frontal shield. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck as
broad as the head or a little constricted. Hind limb reaching the
collar or between the collar and the ear ; foot a little longer than the
head; toes slender, not compressed. Tail 2 to 2J times as long as
head and body.

Upper head-shields fiat, smooth. Nasals in contact behind the
rostral, the suture between them as long as or a little shorter than the
frontonasal, which is broader than long ; prefrontals as long as broad or
a little broader, forming a suture in the middle ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, li^ to If times as long as broad,
narrow behind ; parietals a little longer than broad ; interparietal
twice as loug as broad, as long as the frontoparietals or the suture
between them* ; occipital very small, sometimes separated from the
interparietal by a small shield. Two large supraoculars, preceded
and followed by two or three small shields ; 5 superciliaries, first
elongate ; a series of granules between the supraoculars and the super-
ciliaries. Three nasals, lower in contact with the rostral on a very

* Shorter in the specimen described by Klaptocz.

232

Lacertiihv.

small point ;ui.l with the first upper hiVnal ; anterior loreal as long as
deep or a little longer, shorter than the second ; 5, rarely 6, upper
labials anterior to the subocular, which is much narrower beneath than
above and borders the mouth. A long and narrow upper temporal,
followed by a small shield ; temporal scales small, granular ; a narrow
tympanic shield. Lower eyelid opaque, scaly.

4 or 5 pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior in contact in the
middle ; 28 to 31 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate, the last two or three
rows much enlarged ; no gular fold. Collar slightly curved, free,
composed of 7 to 10 plates.

Scales rhombic, juxtaposed, keeled, larger towards the ventral plates,
42 to 50 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6 straight
longitudinal and 26 or 27 transverse series, the median pair about
IJ times as broad as long, the others fully twice as broad as long.
Preanal plate small, a little broader than long, with one small plate
on each side and two series of small plates in front.

Scales on upper surface of tibia similar to the dorsals ; a single
series of large plates on the lower surface. 12 to 15 femoral pores on
each side.* Subdigital lamellaa bica]-iuate, 21 to 24 under the fourth
toe.

Caudal scales strongly keeled, slightly oblique, 28 or 30 in the fourth
or fifth whorl.

Vertebral region brown, sides black ; a more or less distinct lighter
vertebral streak, bifurcating on the nape, and a dorsolateral, pro-
ceeding from the outer border of the parietal shield ; two white lateral
streaks, sometimes broken up into spots, the upper from liehind the
eye to the tail, passing above the tympanum, the lower from the upper
lip, through the tympanum, to the groin ; limbs reddish brown above ;
lower parts white ; tail red.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .41

fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail

17
10
6
5
14
26
13
96

* Sometimes 11 aceordinj^ to Tornier.

1.

2.

8.

4.

5.

6.

7.

s.

y.

41

42

6

27

10

30

12

24

6-5

34

43

6

27

8

31

13-15

22

5

•25

50

6

26

7

28

13-12

21

5

Eremias. 233

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Htjr. (type) .
Yg. ■'„ . .

,, Wushishi

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Longitudinal series of ventral plates, -l. Transverse series of ventral
plates. 5. Plates in collar. 6 Gular scales in a straight median series.
7. Femoral pores (right and left if differing). 8. Lamellae imder fourth toe.
9. Upper labials anterior to centre of eye (right and left if differing).

Same e.xplanation for the other tables in this genus.

Three specimens are preserved in the British Museum : the types,
labelled " West Africa," aud one from near Wushishi, N. Nigeria. A
fourth, from Irvau on the Niger, has been described by Klaptocz, aud
several from Togolaud have b' en recorded by Tornier.

This species establishes a transition from Nucras to Eremias.

Var. OARAMBENSIS.

Eremias nifida garambensis, Sclimidt, Bui!. Anier. Mus. N. H. sxxix,
1919, p. 511, figs.

This lizard, described l»y Schmidt from 34 specimens, one of which
has been presented to the British Museum by the American Museum
of Natural History, may eventually prove to be entitled to specific rank.
The interparietal is narrower than m E nitida., aud there are 52 to
64 scales across the middle of the body. In the specimen examined
by me, and of which measurements are appended, only the two anterior
pairs of chin-shields meet, on the median line, and there is conse-
quently a higher number of gular scales in a longitudinal series ;
there are 4 supraoculars, the first aud fourth very small. The pattern
of coloration differs considerably, there being a pair of light streaks,
each bifurcating on the nape, bordering a black vertebral stripe.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .57

,, ,, ,, fore limb . . .19

Length of head . . . . . .13

Width of head 7-5

Depth of head ...... 6

Fore limb 19

Hind limb 33

Foot 18

Tail . . . . . . . .138

234 Lacertidn\

Particulars of Specimen Examined.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
9 Garamba . . . . 57 61 6 27 8 42 13 23 5

Habitat. — Uelle Proviuce of the Belgian Congo.

2. EREMIAS QUADRINASALIS.

Eremias quadrinasaJis, Chaban. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1918, p. 108.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head Ijv times as long as
broad, its length a little more than 4 times in length to vent ; snout
obtuse, with very feebly marked canthus ; nasals not swollen ; a rather
deep concavity on the upper surface of the snout and along the frontal
shield. Hind limb hardly reaching the collar ; foot a little longer than
the head ; toes moderately compressed.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth. Nasals in contact behind the
rostral ; frontonasal much broader than long ; frontal a little longer
than its distance from the rostral ; parietals longer than broad ; inter-
parietal twice as long as broad, f the length of the suture between the
frontoparietals ; occipital very small, separated from the interparietal
by the parietals meeting on the median line. Two large supraoculars,
preceded by 2 and followed by 3 or 4 small shields ; 7 superciliaries,
first and second largest ; a series of granules between the supraoculars
and the superciliaries. Nostril between 4 nasals : an upper, an anterior,
a lower, and a posterior, the lower just touching the rostral and
resting on the first upper labial ; 5 upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular, which borders the mouth. A long and narrow anterior
temporal, followed by two small shields ; temporal scales small,
granular. Lower eyelid opaque, scaly.

4 pairs of chin-shields, only the first in contact in the middle ;
a feeble gular fold. Collar feebly curved, free, composed of 8 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, keeled, larger towards the ventral plates, 65 to
68 across middle of body. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal and 28
transverse series. A large preaual, preceded by 2 smaller plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia a little larger than dorsals. 14
femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae bicarinate, 26 under
the fourth toe.

Pale brown above, reddish on the tail ; a blackish vertebral band,
from the occiput to the lumbar region ; a black streak on each side of
it on the nape ; sides blackish, spotted with lighter, with two light
streaks, the upper from the eye to the inguinal region, the lower from

Eremias. 235

helovr the eye, through the tympauum, to the tail; limbs lilackish,

with numerous round light spots.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .66
Length of head ...... 16

Width of head 9-5

Fore limb 19

Hind limb 38

Foot 20

The single specimen on which this species is founded was obtained
by the Chevalier-Decorse Mission in the Shari-Chad district and is
preserved in the Paris Museum.

3. EREMIAS SPEKII.

Eremias lugubris (non A. Smith), Peters, Deckeu's Eeise, iii, Eept.
p. 49 (1869).

Eremias spekii, Giinth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 381 ;
Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 84, pi. iv, fig. 2 (1887) ; Werner, Verh. Zool.-
bot. Ges. Wien, xlv, 1895, p 191 ; Tornier, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii,
1905, p. 377 ; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, cxvi, i, 1908, p. 1845 ; Sternf.
in Schubotz, Wiss. Ergebu. Deutsch. Z.-Afr. Exped. iv, ii, p. 223
(1912) ; Nieden, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. vii, 1913, p. 78 ; Bouleng.
Jouru. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 3.

Eremias rugiceps, Peters, Mou. Berl. Ac. 1878, p. 202, pi. ii, fig. 1.

Eremias sextmniata, Stejneg. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1894,
p. 718; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xvi, 1895, p. 168, and Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 534.

Eremias spekii, var. sextxniata, Tornier, I.e. ; O. Neumann, Zool.
Jahrb., Syst. xxii, 1905, p. 396.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head H to 1| times as long
as broad, its length 3f to 4i times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout rather obtusely pointed, as long as the postocular part of the
head ; nasals not or but feebly swollen ; canthus rostralis sharp or rather
obtuse, loreal region feebly concave ; frontal concavity feeble or
absent. Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the
head or a little constricted. Hind limb reaching the ear or the eye in
males, the collar, the ear, or between the ear and the eye in females ;
foot 11 to Ih times the length of the head ; toes slender, feebly com-
pressed. Tail If to 2J times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields flat, strongly and closely striated. Nasals in

236 Lacertida'.

contact beliiiul the rostral, the suture between theui } to i the length
of tlie frontonasal, which is broader tlian long* ; prefrontals as long as
broad or a little longer, usually forming a median suture,t rarely
separated by the frontonasal and extending to the frontal + ; frontal
as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, H to 2 times as long as broad, separated from the supraoculars
by a series of small scales ; parietals as long as brnad or broader, not
longer than the frontoparietals, often meeting behind the intraparietal,
Avhich is much smaller than the frontoparietals ; occipital very small,
minute, or absent. First supraocular sometimes entire, usually
replaced by one or two series of small scales, the second as long as its
distance from the second loreal ; fourth supraocular replaced by small
scales ; 4 or 5, rarely 6, superciliaries, first longest ; a series of small
scales between the supraoculars and the superciliaries, or one series in
front and two or three behind. Three nasals, posterior smallest,
lower in contact with the rostral and the first upper labial § ; anterior
loreal as long as deep or deeper, usually shorter than the second ; 4 to
5, rarely 7, upper labials to below the centre of the eye ; subocular
much narrowed inferiorly and bordering the mouth, or resting on 3 or
4 upper labials, one of which sometimes represents clearly the
detached lower part of the subocular. An elongate, keeled upper
temporal, often followed by a smaller shield, sometimes separated
from the parietal by 2 to 4 small scales ; temporal scales hexagonal,
small and strongly keeled above, larger and smooth or obtusely
keeled beneath ; a narrow tympanic shield ; no auricular denticulation,
or only 2 or 3 projecting granules ; lower eyelid opaque or semi-
transparent in the middle, with 6 or 7 vertically enlarged scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
17 to 27 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar curved,
free, composed of 7 to 10 (rarely 11) plates.

Scales rhombic, strongly and diagonally keeled on the back, larger
and smooth or obtusely keeled towards the ventrals ; 60 to 77 scales
across the middle of the body,|| usually 63 to 71. Ventral plates in
6 straight longitudinal and 23 to 30 transverse series, broader than

* Longitudinally divided into two in a sjjecinien from Mombasa, according
to Nieden.

t An azyg'os sliiold separates the frontoparietals in a male from Berbera ; the
same specimen has the frontonasal long'itndinally divided.

X In 3 specimens from Morogoro.

§ I cannot account for Tornier's statement that in the typical E. spehii the
lower nasal rests on the first and second labials.

|[ Up to 80 according to Sternf eld.

Eremias. 237

long, those of the two outer series on each side fully twice as l:>road as
long-. Preanal region covered with numerous irregular scales, or with
those on the median line a little enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, subimbricate, keeled,
as large as or a little larger than dorsals ; one series of very large and
one of small p'ates on the lower surface. 12 to 20 femoral pores on
each side, usually 13 to 18. Sul>digital lamellae bicarinate, 20 to 26
under the fourth toe, usually 22 to 24.

Upper caudal scales very oblique, truncate behind, strongly and
diagonally keeled, often striated in addition, lower keeled ; 18 to 22
scales in the fovu-th or fifth whorl.

Young black above and on the sides, with white streaks, the outer
of which may be broken up into series of s2)ots ; limbs with round
white spots ; throat and belly white ; tail red. In what I regard as
the most primitive pattern (Inland of Berbera) there are 9 series of
white streaks on the neck, 8 on the body, 5 on t4ie base of the tail ;
of the 4 pairs, the innermost originates behind the middle of the
parietal shield and unites with its fellow on the base of the tail ; the
next starts from behind the eye and ends on the tail; the following
extends from below the nasal shields, through the middle of the
tympanum, to the groin, reappearing on the tail ; the lowermost
extends from the chin-shields to the arm and from behind the arm to
the groin, and becomes converted into the series of blue spots which
follows the side of the belly in many adults.

The variations, starting from the above type, ai-e as follows : (a)
The vertebral streak on the nape disappears ; (b) the three median
streaks are reduced to one on the body from between the shoulders
(Tanga, Ndi) ; (c) the median streaks are reduced to one pair on the
neck, which fuse between the shoulders or at some distance further
down the body (typical E. fj^eJiii).

The light streaks are usually retained in the adult. Init the ground-
colour between them is grey, pale brown, or reddish, with black spots
usually in the form of cross-bars ; upper lip often blackish ; tail reddish
towards the end. Some specimens, mostly with the subocular bordering
the mouth, with 5 light streaks on the body (E. spelcii), others with
6 [E. s^exteeniata). In a series of 16 specimens from Takanugu, one
conforms to E. sextieniata in the 6 streaks and in the subocular not
reaching the mouth, one to E. speJiii, whilst the others agree with
the latter in the subocular and with the forn^er in the light streaks.
Tornier mentions examples in which the two median dorsal streaks
fuse to one half-way down the body, and one in which, after having
fused in the middle of the bodv, thev divide again to fuse once more

238

LacertUhe.

on the base of the tail ; he also luentious a specimen without the
median streaks, there being only 4 streaks altogether.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

■.i.

4.

5.

6.

From end of snout to

veu

t

55

48

42

46

43

47

)> )>

for

e limb

19

17

17

16

17

17

Length of head

12

11

12

11

12

12

Width of head

8

7

7

7

7

7

Depth of head

7

5-5

6

6

6

6

Fore limb

19

17

16

16

17

17

Hind limb

37

31

31

30

32

31

Foot

18

17

17

16

17

17

Tail

144

86

92

88

120

—

1. (^, E. Africa (type).

2.

?

, Taru.

3. S

, Lamu.

4. 9

, Lf

1^ , Inland of Berbera.

6.

9,

lul

ind c

f Berbera

E. sextfeniata has been described by Stejueger as a distinct species
on the ground of the exclusion of the subocular fi-oni the labial
margin, coupled with the presence of 6 light sti-eaks instead of 5.
But, as shown by Tornier, and as I am able to confirm, the two
characters do not always go hand in hand, and there are besides
intermediate conditions, such as the subocular reaching the oral border
on a small point only, or incompletely severed from the labial below it.
Although it is a fact that the condition of the subocular is pretty
constant in specimens from one and the same locality, I do not think
the retention of E. sextieniata on this character alone would be justified
even as a variety. I have, nevertheless, in the following table, arranged
the specimens in two groups according to this character, in order to
convey a correct idea of the variation in the series at my disposal.
I must add, however, that 40 specimens collected at Morogoro by
Mr. A. Loveridge answer, without an exception, to the definition of
the typical E. spekii.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Subocular bordering mouth.
Africa (type) .

„ Takanugu

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

5.5

66

6

28

8

25

14

22

4

4.5

64

6

27

9

22

17-18

23

4-5

49

70

6

25

7

22

17-18

24

4-5

48

68

6

25

7

22

18

23

4

47

66

6

25

9

21

20-18

23

4

45

71

6

25

10

26

16

23

5-4

45

77

6

27

7

22

17

22

4

36

76

6

26

10

23

16

24

4

Eremias.

239

1.

L'.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

5 Takanuf^ii

. 50

68

6

29

8

22

16-15

21

5-6

„ „

. 49

73

6

30

8

24

18-17

22

5 4

» »'

. 49

71

6

29

8

21

18-17

22

5-4

„ ,,

. 44

69

6

29

6

24

16-18

22

4

„ „

. 42

70

6

29

7

22

17

26

4

„ Tanga .

. 4.J

63

6

28

8

21

16

23

5

„ Taru

. 48

69

6

27

8

20

15

24

4

(J Morogoro

. 49

73

6

29

8

27

17

25

4-5

» ,<

. 48

69

6

27

7

20

17

22

4

„ „

. 45

72

6

27

9

23

14-15

22

4-5

„ „

. 44

77

6

27

7

25

14

25

4

» <>

. 44

74

6

27

8

22

14

23

5-4

o*-

. 56

75

6

30

11

25

16-17

:.'4

4

» »

. 48

65

6

28

9

21

15

22

4

.) »

. 48

64

6

30

9

27

15-14

23

4

!, ;;

. 48

74

6

29

7

23

14-15

23

4

„ >'

. 43

69

6

28

7

24

16-17

23

5-4

$ S. of L. Victoria .

. 48

63

6

27

8

22

14

24

5

9 Ndi, Uganda

. 42

65

6

28

7

20

14

23

5

B. SuboCTilar not bordering ni

■)uth.

(? Lamvi ....

. 42

64

6

25

7

18

15-14

20

5

? „ ....

. 46

70

6

26

7

19

14

20

5

„ Takanugu

. 47

75

6

28

7

22

16-15

23

6-5

„ N. of L. Rudolf .

. 51

64

6

27

8

19

14 15

22

6-5

S Boran Country

. 47

71

6

24

8

19

14

23

7-6

2 W. of Juba R. . . .

. 45

62

6

28

9

20

13

22

7

<J Dolo ....

. 49

65

6

25

9

20

13-12

22

5-6

„ Liigli

. 45

65

6

24

8

20

13

23

6

„ Berbera ....

. 41

63

6

26

7

19

13-14

22

6

„ Inland of Berbera .

. 43

66

6

25

8

21

14

23

5

„ ., . . .

. 4]

60

6

23

8

17

13

22

5

» ,. . . .

. 40

66

6

27

8

22

17-16

23

5-6

» !. . . .

. 39

68

6

25

7

21

15-16

23

5

? „ . . .

. 47

67

6

28

7

23

14-15

23

5

., ,, . . .

. 43

67

6

26

10

17

14^15

24

5-4

» ,>

. 40

71

6

27

8

22

15-16

24

5

Habitat. — East Africa, from Uganda to as far south as 6° lat. S.,
Somalilaiid and Southern Abyssinia.

4. EREMIAS LUGUBRIS.

Lacerta^luguhris, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii, 1838, p. 93.

Eremias Inguhris, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gc'n. v, p. 309 (1839); A.
Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept. pi. xlvi, fig. 2, and pi. xlviii, fig. 5
(1845) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 41 (1845) ; Peters, Mou. Berl. At. 1862,
p. 18, and 1870, p. 114; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 84 (1887) ; Boettg.

240 Lacertlchi'.

Ber. Senck. Ges. 1894, p. 90; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 31 (1895) ;
Werner, Jena. Denkschr. xvi, 1910, p. 330; Metliueu & Hewitt,
Ann. Transv. Mas. iv, 1914, p. 138; Bouleug. Journ. Zool. Ees. iii,
1918, p. 3, and C. R. Ac. Sc. Paris, clxviii. 1919, p. 78.
Eremias dormJia, Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 305 ; Grray, 1-c.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head 1^ to 1^ times as
long as broad, its length 3^ to 4 times in length to vent in males,
4 to 4^ times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the
anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ; snout pointed, as long
as the postocular part of the head ; nasals feebly swollen ; canthus
sharp, loreal region feebly concave ; a shallow frontal concavity,
extending to the middle or the posterior extremity of the frontal shield.
Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or
a little constricted. Hind limb reaching the eye or between the ear and
the eye in males, the ear or between the ear and the eye, rarely the eye,
in females ; foot If to If times the length of the head ; toes slender,
feebly compressed. Tail 2 to 2f times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields fiat, smooth. Nasals in contact behind the
rostral,* the suture between them ^ to -} the length of the frontonasal,
which is as long as broad or broader than long ; prefrontals as long
as broad or a little longer, forming a median suture ; frontal as long
as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, 1^ to 2\
times as long as bi'oad, separated from the supraoculars by a series of
small scales ; parietals as long as broad or broader, not longer than
the frontoparietals ; interparietal much smaller than the fronto-
parietals ; occipital small or minute, often separated from the
interparietal l\v a small shield, sometimes absent. Two large
supraoculars, the first separated from the anterior loreal by one to
four series of small scales or granules, the space filled by them equal
to or a little shorter than the distance between the two shields ; small
granular scales behind the second supraocular ; 5 to 7 superciliaries,
first longest ; a series of small scales between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries, or one series in front and two behind, rarely two
throughout. Three nasals, posterior smallest, lower in contact with
the rostral and the first upper labialt ; anterior loreal as long as deep
or deeper, shorter than the second, or, rarely, longer than deep and as

* In a female from Ponang Kuma, Mossamedes, the rostral is produced above
and separates the nasals. The same specimen is anomalous in having the
frontonasal and prefrontals broken up into 10 shields.

t In the type of E. dorsalis and in a male from Lower Nosob (Kimberley
Museum), the lower nasal on the left side is in contact with the first and
second labials ; the same exception, on both sides, in a female from Ky Ky.

Eremias. 241

long as the second ; 4, 5, or 6 upper labials to below the centre of
the eye ; subocular keeled below the eye, much narrower beneath than
above, and bordering the mouth. An elongate, keeled upper tem-
poral anteriorly, sometimes followed by 2 to 4 smaller shields,
sometimes separated from the parietal by a series of small scales ;
temporal scales smooth or obtusely keeled, upper very small, lower
larger ; a narrow tympanic shield ; no auricular denticulation, or only
2 to 4 projecting granules. Lower eyelid opaque or semitransparent,
with feebly enlarged scales in the middle.

4 or 5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3, rarely 2 or 4, anterior in contact
in the middle ; 21 lo 29 gular scales in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-sliields and the median collar-plate; no gular
fold. Collar curved, free, composed of 6 to 11 plates.

Scales rhombic, diagonally keeled on the back, usually squarish
or hexagonal and smooth on the vertebral line, larger and smooth
towards the ventrals ; 6i6 to 87 scales across the middle of the body,
usually 70 to 81. Ventral plates in 6 (rarely 8) straight longitudinal
and 25 to 30 transverse series, most of them often at least twice as
bi'oad as long, the outer, when 8 longitudinal series are reckoned, not
broa.der than long. Preanal region covered with numerous small
scales, mostly irregular, often in even numbers.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, subimbricate, keeled, as
large as or a little larger than dorsals ; one series of very large and
one of small plates on the lower surface. 12 to 18 femoral pores on
each side, usually 13 to 17. Subdigital lamellae bi- or tricarmate,
25 to 29 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales very oblique, truncate behind, strongly and
diagonally keeled, lower feebly keeled, or even smooth in the basal
part of the tail ; 20 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Coloration very variable, and young usually remarkable for a very
aberrant livery.

One young, from Huxe, Benguella, is very similar to E. spehii.
Greyish brown above, with black spots forming cross-bars between the
white dorsal streaks, three in number, the median forked on the nape ;
lower parts white ; tail red. All other young examined from Angola
and Bechuaualanil are of a deep black above and beneath, with
yellowish-white markings* and bright red tail. The markings usually

* Peters, in 1862, stated that these inarkiugs are vermilion red, like the tail.
I think this nmst he a mistake, for freshly-preserved sjjecimens, in which the
bright red is retained on the tail, have the markings on the head, body, and
limbs yellowish white. A. Smith's original description (1838) is as follows:
" Colour of the body, above and below, deep black or brown more or less tinted
VOL. II. 16

242 La cert id a'.

consist of a spot ou the upper surface of the snout and a streak on the
upper border of the orbit, an elongate spot on the upper lip in front
of the eye, a bar behind and below the eye, aiiother behind the ear, a
round spot above the shoulder, three longitudinal streaks on the body,
the median forked on the nape, and i-ound spots on the limbs. The
three streaks, or only the dorsolateral, may be broken up, some young
having 4 nuchal and 3 dorsal series of elongate spots.

The light streaks ai-e uninterrupted in all the half-grown and adult
specimens examined, and are sometimes black-edged. The adults are
greyish, yellowish or reddish brown above, with more or less distinct
small Jilack spots or vermiculations between the streaks, the limbs
with light, dark-edged ocellar spots ; the vertebi-al streak, the only
one present in the type of E. dorsalis, is usually continued some way
down the tail, which is reddish, sometimes with a dark lateral streak ;
upper lip and lower parts white.

It is c^uite evident, from specimens in process of casting the juvenile
livery, that the series of spots which distinguish some young are
gradually connected so as to form the continuous streaks which seem
to be constantly present in all adults, and this is particularly noteworthy
as contrary to the rule in lizards, in fact an inversion of the process
which has been laid down as a law by Eimer and others, as has been
explained above when dealing with Lacerfa and Nucras. There are,
however, exceptions to all rules, and this one appears to fall in with the
frequent cases of deviation from the straight course of evolution, as
exemplified by larval forms in so many groups of the animal kingdom.
It seems that in this Eremias the black colour of the lower parts and
the discontinuous dorsal streaks are to be looked upon as such a break
in the straight course of evolution. That this eccentric livery is not
yet iixed is shown by the young specimen from Huxe, noticed above,
which has not deviated from the normal course.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

From end of snout to vent

56

58

48

54

65

„ ,, ,, fore limb

22

21

19

20

23

Length of head

14

14

12

14

15

with black, and above variegated with three golden yellow longitudinal stripes,
either continuous or interrupted, the central stripe bifid near the head ; tail
generally light red ; extremities black or brownish, with yellow sjjots." In his
later description (1845) he adds : " I am not acquainted with any lizard which
varies so greatly in colour ; some specimens are obtained almost entirely black,
with three yellow lines, others with the lines broken into linear spots, and
others again with the sides and back yellowish brown, variegated with lines
either yellow or light buif-orauge."

Eremias.

243

Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail .
1. ^, L. Ngami. 2. ? , L. Nt
4. (^, Konoudoto. 5. $ , Konoudoto.

1.

2_

3.

4.

5.

10

10

9

9

10

7

7

6

7

7

22

22

20

21

22

41

40

36

41

43

21

21

19

21

23

143 137 122 125 132

li. 3. $ , type, Bechuanaland.

Particulars of Speciineiis Examined.

$ Bechuanaland (type)

,, ,, (tyTpeoi E. dofSiilis),

P.M

J Mahalapye, Bechuanaland
L. Njjami „

$ Ky Ky, Gordonia, Bechuanaland,
McG.M

? „

$ Lower Noiob, Gordonia, Bechuana-
land, McG.M

Hgr. Notwanni, Limpopo .
$ Konondoto, Mossamedes

Ponantr Kuma

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

•iS

71

6

28

?

25

16

26

5-4

44

73

6

30

9

25

14-13

26

4-5

o9

70

8

27

7

25

14-15

26

5

55

87

6

27

9

23

17-18

29

5

56

76

6

26

9

29

17-16

27

6-5

56

69

6

25

11

25

14

25

5

56

81

6

26

9

26

15

26

5

55

75

6

27

11

23

12-13

27

6-5

47

78

6

27

8

26

16-17

26

5-6

43

75

6

26

10

25

15-16

26

6-5

58

74

6

26

8

22

13

29

5

56

72

6

28

8

25

13-14

28

5

52

78

6

28

9

26

15-16

26

6-5

51

68

6

27

9

25

15-14

25

5-6

55

68

6

26

10

21

14

25

5

54

66

8

26

7

21

16

26

5

57

70

6

28

9

25

15-14

28

6-5

50

70

8

28

11

25

14

25

4-5

40

76

6

25

8

27

17-15

28

5

59

81

6

27

6

28

16

27

5

54

81

6

28

6

24

15-16

28

5-4

45

72

6

26

10

21

13

27

5

65

76

6

26

8

22

13

28

5-4

49

86

6

27

9

23

13

25

5

57

82

6

28

10

26

14

28

6-5

48

80

6

26

7

24

14

26

5

53

76

6

25

8

21

15-16

25

4

,, Huxe, Benguella

Habitat. — Tropical South Africa (Bechuanalaud, Gordouia, Northern
Transvaal, Daniaraland, Southern Rhodesia) and Angola.

The reported occurrence of this lizard at Mombasa (Peters, Decken's
Reise, iii, p. 49) is due to a confusion with E. spelcii.

244 Lacertida.

5. EREMIAS MUCRONATA.

AcanthodaciijhiH mucronatiifi, Blanf. Zool. Abyss, p. 453, fig.
(1870).

Eremias mucnDiata, G-iintli. Zool. Rec. 1870, p. 71 ; Bouleug. Ann.
Mus. Geneva (2) xii. 1891, p. 9. and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 921, tig. ;
Anders. Zool. Egypt, Rept. p. 169, pi. xxiii, figs. 1 and 2 (1898) ; Steind.
Denkscbr. Ak. Wien, Ixix, 1901, p. 330 ; Bouleng. Jonrn. Zool. Res. iii,
1918, p. 4.

Eremias luijKbiis (non A. Sniitli), Vaill. Miss. Revoil Pays Comalis,
Rept. p. 23 (1882).

Pseuderemias lineolata, Boettg. Abli. Senck. Ges. xiii, 1883, p. 118.

Boiilengeria mucronafa, Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885,
p. 117.

Eremias hreimeri, part., Boiileug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 86 (1887).

Head and body strongly depressed. Head 1} to 1^ times as long as
broad, its length 3J to 4 times in length to vent in males, 34 to 4^
times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout acutely
pointed, 1-J times as long as the postocular part of the head, nasals
not or but feebly swollen, canthus sharp, loreal region feebly concave ;
a well-marked concavity on the upper surface of the snout, extending
along the frontal shield. Pileus 2 to 2^, times as long as broad.
Neck as broad as the head or a little constricted. Hind limb reaching
the eye or between the eye and the nostril in males, the eye or between
the ear and the eye in females; foot l\ to If times as long as the
head ; toes slender, strongly compressed. Tail 2 to 3 times as long as
head and body.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth, sometimes a little rugose and
pitted. Nasals in contact behind the rostral, the suture between them
i to l the length of the frontonasal, which is as long as broad or a
little longer than broad ; prefrontals longer than broad, forming a
suture in the middle; frontal shorter tlian its distance from the end
of the snout, l''^ to 2]; times as long as broad, narrow behind,
separated fi'oni the supraoculars by a series of small scales, the series
rarely double in front ; parietals as long as broad or broader than
long, not longer than the frontojiarietals ; interparietal small, separated
from the small occipital by one shield, rarely by two. Three supra-
oculars, in contact with each other, first as long as or shorter than the
second and occasionally more or less divided ; 6 or 7, rarely 5 or 8,
superciliaries, first longest, separated from the second and third

Eremias. 245

supraoculars l\y one, rarely two, series of small scales. Four nasals,
two upper and two lower ; anterior loreal as long as deep or a little
longer than deep, much shorter than the second ; 5 to 8 upper labials
anterior to the centre of tlie eye, the two or three first in contact with
the lower nasals ; subocular keeled below the eye, often narrowly
bordering tlie mouth,* sometimes resting on two or three upper labials.
A long and narrow upper temporal, followed by 2 or 3 small
shields ; temporal scales granular, smooth ; a narrow tympanic shield ;
no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid opaque, covered with small
scales.

4 pairs of chin-shields, rarely 5,t the 2 or 3 (rarely 4) anterior in
contact in the middle ; 22 to 33 gular scales in a straight line between
the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; no
gular fold. Collar curved, free, composed of 7 to 12 plates.

Scales granular, juxtaposed, smooth or, rarely, feebly keeled, 61 to
78 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 6 or 8 longi-
tudinal and 24 to 29 transverse series, broader than long, the outer,
when 8 series are present, very narrow or nearly as broad as long.
Preanal plate sometimes large, broader than long, and bordered by a
semicircle of small plates, or as long as broad and entirely surrounded
with small plates ; occasionally two enlarged plates side by side, or
three forming a triangle, or preanals quite irregular.

Upper surface of fore limb with large, smooth, hexagonal plates ; a
series of transversely enlarged plates under the forearm. Upper
surface of tibia with rhombic keeled scales of unequal size, much
larger than dorsals ; lower surface with one row of very large and one
of small plates. 15 to 23 femoral pores on each side.;]; 21 to 2G uui-
carinate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and diagonally
keeled ; lower caudal scales also keeled, except at the base of the tail, or
nearly smooth ; 16 to 26 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Young with five dai'k dorsal stripes separated by white streaks, the
vertebral stripe uniform black, the others brown or blackish speckled
with white; limbs blackish, with round white spots. These markings
sometimes persisting in adult females. Lower parts white. Adult

* In 43 cases out of 94 (the two sides sometimes differing). As in E. spekii
one or the other type predominates in a district. Tlius the subocular borders
the month in most specimens from Somaliland, whilst it is the reverse in those
from the West Coast of the Red Sea.

t In a specimen from Obok and in another from Durrur there are 4 shields
on one side and 5 on the other.

t A male from Mandah is remarkable for having a pair of additional pores
in front of the point where the two series meet in the middle.

246

Lacertidie.

whitish, pale grey, yellowish, or pale buff above, speckled, marbled,
or vermiculate with blackish or rust-red, with a more or less distinct,
black or dark, liolit-edged vertebral stripe, often prolonged on the
tail ; temples sometimes with black vertical bars ; limbs with large
dark marbliugs or a wide-meshed network; sides of lail often with
blackish lines corresponding with the posterior borders of the
whorls.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

From end of snout to vent .

51

50

47

50

50

„ „ .. fore limb

20

1!»

18

18

18

Length of head .

14

14

13

13

12

Width of head .

8

8

8

7-5

/

Depth of head .

6

6

G

6

5-5

Fore limb ....

19

19

18

18

18

Hind limb ....

40

43

38

40

38

Foot

22

22

20

21

20

Tail

115

140

125

122

118

1. cf, Anseba Valley (tyi^e). 2. cJ,RasBeilul

. 3.

c^, Mt Sinai

. $ , Goolis Mts, 5. 9 , Berbera.

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

^ Mt. Sinai

9 Summit, Red Sea Prov.

^ Diiniir, N. of Suakin

^ Suakin

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

47

68

8

25

8

28

18

24

5-6

45

73

8

28

8

33

19-17

23

6

48

67

6

26

8

26

18

25

6-5

47

76

6

25

10

28

19-17

23

6

47

75

6

25

10

30

18-17

25

7-6

47

72

8

25

8

31

18-17

22

7-6

44

65

8

27

8

29

18

22

6

42

61

6

24

8

25

15-17

25

6-5

46

73

8

27

7

29

17

25

5

46

78

8

27

10

27

16-18

24

6

45

72

8

28

10

32

18-19

22

6-7

44

71

8

26

7

27

19-20

22

5

49

64

8

26

9

33

19-20

23

6-5

48

70

6

26

8

30

19-18

23

7-5

47

67

8

25

11

33

19-18

22

6-5

47

68

8

25

9

25

20-19

22

5-6

47

64

8

26

10

24

17

23

6

48

74

8

27

10

32

19

25

5

47

62

6

27

7

28

16-15

22

6-5

47

72

6

26

8

28

17-16

23

5-6

47

66

6

27

8

29

16-17

24

6-5

47

71

8

26

9

29

16-18

25

5-6

rj Anseba, Eritrea (type)
„ Walker's Torrent „
,, Eas Beilul, Assab

Assab
Obok

P.M.

Djibouti

Mandah, Somaliland

Berbera

?

$ Inland of Berbera

9 Goolis Mts. Somaliland

,. Zaila

„ Biji

$ Laifarugh-Aberis „

Habitat. — Sinaitic Peuius
north as Mersa Ala'ibo, Eo-

Eremias.

247

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 51

62

8

25

9

28

18

25

6-7

. 46

65

8

25

10

27

15-16

22

6

. 50

70

8

27

8

29

19-18

24

7

. 50

78

8

24

10

30

19-20

25

7

. 47

76

6

27

8

30

17

26

7

. 52

67

6

26

11

26

19

26

8-6

. 48

71

8

27

8

32

17

25

8-7

. 47

67

8

27

9

28

19-18

26

6

. 45

70

8

28

9

26

17

25

6

. 43

72

8

24

8

27

18-20

21

6-5

. 49

74

6

26

9

30

ltt-20

25

8

. 45

77

8

26

8

26

19

24

6

. 42

75

6

27

12

26

23-22

25

6

. 49

70

8

28

12

28

19-18

24

7-6

. 52

66

8

28

9

28

21

25

6

. 45

67

8

24

11

23

21-20

22

6

. 50

62

8

27

10

24

17-16

22

6

. 50

68

6

27

10

28

20-19

23

6

. 49

66

6

25

9

26

19-20

24

6

. 49

70

6

26

10

24

18

25

5

. 50

70

8

26

7

25

17-16

25

6

. 45

72

6

28

9

26

22-21

25

6

. 42

68

6

28

7

25

19

25

6

. 44

69

6

28

7

22

16-17

24

6-5

. 47

68

6

25

7

26

22

25

6-5

ula, West Coast of the Red Sea (as far
ypt), Eritrea, Somalilaucl. A specimen
from Sukkur, Siud, associated with two Acanthodactylus cantoris, is
preserved in the Bombaj' N.H. Society's Museum.*

Although not widely remote iromE. spekii and E. lugnbris, this a.nd
the four following species constitute a very distinct section, charac-
terized by the four nasal shields (a character which occurs also,
exceptionally, in the section ^reiHias proper), strongly compressed and
unicarinate toes, and by the ensemble of the characters, the five species
being very closely allied.

6. EREMIAS SMITHII.

Eremias smithii, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 634, pi. xxix,
fig. 4, and 1896, p. 925, fig., and Ann. Mus. Genova (2) xvii, 1896,
pp. 9, 19; Lonuberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Ak. Handl. xlvii, l9ll, no. 6,
p. 15 ; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 4.

* I suggested to the curator, Mr. Kinnear, the possibility of an error in the
locality, but he assures me he feels confident that the indication is trustworthy.

248 Lacerfichv.

Head and body strontily depressed. Head li to Ij? times as lon^?
as broad, its length oj to 4i times in lengtli to vent, its deptli equal to
the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout pointed, a little longer than the postocular part of the head,
nasals not or but feebly swollen ; eanthus sharp, loreal region feebly
concave ; a well-marked concavity on the upper surface of the snout,
extending all along the frontal shield. Pileus 2 to 2J times as long
as bioad. Neck as bri)ad as the head or a little constricted. Hind
limb reaching the eye or between the ear and the eye in males, the ear
in females ; foot 1^ times as long as the head ; toes slender, strongly
compressed. Tail 2} to 2f times as long as head and bo<ly.

Upper head-shields flat, rugose, sculptured and pitted but not
striated. Nasals in contact behind the rostral, the suture between
them J to ^ the length of the frontonasal, which is broader than long ;
prefrontals a little longer than broad, forming a suture in the middle ;
frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of
the snout, Ij to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind, separated
from the supraoculars by a series of small scales, rarely with a second
incomplete series ; parietals broader than long, not longer than the
frontoparietals ; interparietal very small ; occipital very small, usually
separated from the interparietal by one or two small shields, rarely
absent. Three supraoculars, in contact with each other, first as long
as or a little shorter than second ; 5 to 7 sviperciliaries, first longest,
separated from the second and third supi'aoculars by a series of small
scales. Four nasals, two upper and two lower; anterior loreal as
long as deep or a little longer than deej), much shorter than the second;
5 to 7 upper labials anterior to the centre of the eye, the two first in
contact with the lower nasals ; subocular keeled below the eye, not
reaching the mouth, resting on the fifth and sixth, sixth and seventh,
or seventh and eighth upper labials. A long and narrow upper
temporal, followed by 1 to 3 small shields ; temporal scales gi'anular,
smooth; a narrow tymjjanic shield; no auricular denticulation.
Lower eyelid opaque, covered with small scales.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the 2 or 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;

25 to 37 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
curved, free, composed of 7 to 11 plates.

Scales granular, juxtaposed, smooth, (J8 to 82 across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates in 8, rarely 10, straight longitudinal and

26 to 30 transverse series, all except the outer broader than long.
Preanal region with small shields or with an enlarged median shield, as
long as broad or broader than long, entirely surrounded by small shields.

Er

249

Upper surface of tore limb with smooth scales ; lower surface of
foreann with one or two series of enlarged scales ; upper surface of tibia
with rhombic keeled scales, which are larger than the dorsals ; lower
surface with one row of very large and one row of small plates. 17 to
23 femoral pores on each side. 20 to 24 uuicarinate lamellse under
the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, strongly and diagonally keeled, lower
feebly keeled ; 26 to 32 scales in tlie fourth or fifth whorl.

Pale reddish lirown or brick-red above, with 5 moi'e or less distinct
dark brown or blackish sti-eaks on the nape and 3 on th<^ back, and
2 on each side of the body ; the dark streaks with rows of round
wdiite or bluish spots ; some specimens spotted all over with yellowish
white, irrespective of the dark streaks ; limbs with round pale spots ;
the vertebral streak extends on the tail. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

O

3.

From end of snout to vent

44

47

44

„

,, fore limb

18

18

17

Length of head

11

12

10

Width of head

7

8

6-6

Depth of head

5

6

5

Fore limb

16

18

15

Hind limb

33

35

32

Foot

16

18

16

Tail

126

—

102

dniil (type). 2.

^ , Berbera. 3.

? , Lug

h.

Particuhirs of Sj^ecimens Examined.

Milmil (type) .
„ G.M. .

Lugh ,,

G.M.

Jifa Uri, ur. Zaila
Berbera .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

t ■

8.

9.

46

75

8

30

37

19

24

6

4i

72

8

26

9

—

20

—

6

44

75

8

28

9

—

17

—

6

42

82

8

26

11

32

20

24

7

4U

75

8

27

10

35

22-21

23

6

44

74

8

30

9

28

18

24

6

40

68

8

26

10

25

18

20

5

47

70

8

29

9

36

19

20

6

47

70

10

28

9

34

20

24

6

37

80

8

27

10

31

22

23

6-5

Lacert'ulie.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

s.

9.

35 77 8 30

7

32

23-22

23

5-6

37 68 8 28

8

28

19

24

6

250

^ Berliera .

9 „ ■ •

Hdhitat. — Soiiialiland (West ami Soutli) aiul British East Africa
(plaiu North of Guaso Nyiri).

7. EREMIAS ERYTHROSTICTA.

Eremias eryihrostieta, Bonleny. Ann. Mus. Geuova (2), xii, 1891,
p. 10, pi. i, fig. 2. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 924, fig., aud Jouru. Zool.
Res. iii, 1918, p. 4.

Head aud body strongly depressed. Head \\ to 2 times as long as
broad, its length 3^ to 3f times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
acutely pointed, twice as long as the postocular part of the head,
nasals more or less swollen, cauthus sharp, loreal region concave ; a
concavity on the upper surface of the snout, extending to the middle
of the frontal shield. Pileus 2\ to 2^ times as long as broad. Neck
as broad as the head. Hind limb reaching the eye or halfway between
the eye and the nostril ; foot 1| to \h times as long as the head ; toes
slender, strongly compressed. Tail 2 to 2h times as long as head and
body.

Upper head-shields fiat, smooth. Nasals in contact behind the
rostral, the suture between them \ to i the length of the frontonasal,
which is longer than broad ; prefrontals longer than broad, forming a
suture in the middle; frontal shorter than its distance from the end
of the snout. If to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind, separated
from the supraoculars by a series of small scales ; parietals as long as
broad, longer than the frontoparietals ; interparietal small or very
small, separated from the very small occipital by one, two, or three
shields. Three supraoculars, the first shorter than the second and
usually separated from it by a series of small scales ; 5 superciliaries,
first largest, separated from the second and third supraoculars by a
series of small scales. Four nasals, two upper and two lower ; anterior
loreal 1^ to 2 times as long as deep, shorter than the second ; 6 or 7
upper labials anterior to the centre of the eye, the two first in contact
with the lower nasals ; subocular keeled below the eye, i-esting on two
upper labials. A narrow upper temporal or a series of small shields ;
temporal scales granular, obtusely keeled ; a small tympanic shield ;
no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid opaque, covered with small
scales.

4 pairs of chiu-shields, the 2 or 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;

Eremias. 251

28 to 36 gular scales in a straio-ht line between the symphysis of the
chin-shiehls and the median collar- i>hite ; no gular fold. Collar curved,
free, composed of G to 9 plates.

Scales granular, round or hexagonal, juxtaposed, keeled, 53 to GO
across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 8 straight longi-
tudinal and 24 to 27 transverse series, those of the 6 principal longi-
tudinal series much broader than long, the outer nearly as long as
broad. Preanal region covered Avith several irregular shields disposed
in pairs ; a median enlarged shield very seldom present.

Upper surface of fore limb with large, smooth, hexagou:il plates ;
a series of trans vei-sely enlarged plates under the forearm. Upper
surface of tibia with rhombic keeled scales of unequal size, much larger
than the dorsals ; lower surface with one row of very large and one
of small plates. 15 to 20 femoral pores on each side, usually 17 to 19.
23 or 24 unicarinate lamellse under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, feebly and diagonally
keeled on the basal part of the tail ; 20 to 24 scales in the fourth or
fifth whorl.

Adult sandy grey or buff above, with brick-red or black and red
dots ; tail uniform or spotted with bluish grey or black, one spot to
each scale ; young with five grey longitudinal streaks, Avhich may be
broken up by round whitish spots ; traces of the dark streaks may
persist in the female. Lower parts wdiite.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

<? ?

From end of snout to vent . . .52 47

fore limb . . 21 18

Length of head 15 13

Width of head 9 7

Depth of head ..... 6 5

Fore limb 20 18

Hind limb 41 38

Foot 21 18

Tail 130 98

Hah'dai. — Somalilaud. Numerous specimens were collected by
Sig. L. Bricchetti Robecchi on the route from Obbia to Berbera.
Most of the specimens are preserved in the Genoa Museum.

8. EREMIAS STRIATA.

Eremias bren>ieri,vsLr. striatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 370.
Eremias hoehneli, Stejueg. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1894, p. 719,

'252 La cert id IV.

Freniios sfriaia, Bouleng. Ann. Mux. Genova (2) xvii, 1896, p. 18,
Proc. Zool. So.'. 189G, p. 927, fig., and J.)urn. Zuol. lies, iii, 1918,
J). 4.

Head and body strongly depressed. Head \h to 1| times as long-
as broad, its length or} to 4 times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
pointed, a little longer than tlie postocular part of the head, nasals
not or but feebly swollen, canthus sharp, loreal region feebly concave ;
a rather feeble concavity on the upper surface of the snout, extending
along the frontal shield. Pileus 2 to 2J times as long as broad. Neck
a little narrower than the head. Hind limb reaching the eye or
between the eye and the nostril ; foot H to \~-, times as long as the
head ; toes slender, strongly compressed. Tail 2^ to 8 times as long-
as head and body.

Upper head-shields flat, striated, more coarsely than in E. hrenneri.
Nasals in contact behind the rostral, the suture between them ^ to J the
length of the frontonasal, which is as long as broad or a little broader
than long ; prefrontals a little longer than broad, forming a suture in
the middle ; frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, If to 1 J times as long- as broad, narrow behind, separated from
the supraoculars by a series of small scales ; parietals as long as broad
or broader than long, not longer than the frontoparietals ; interparietal
small but much larger than the occipital, from which it is often
separated by a small shield. Three supraoculars, in contact with each
other, first as long as or a little shorter than second ; 5 or 6 super-
ciliaries, first longest, separated from the second and third supraoculars
by a series of small scales. Four nasals, two upper and two lower ;
anterior loreal \h, to 2 times as long as deep, shorter than the second;
5 or 6* upper labials anterior to the centre of the eye, the two first in
contact with the lower nasals ; subocular keeled below the eye, much
narrowed beneath and bordering the mouth. An elongate upper
temporal, followed by 2 or 3 small shields ; temporal scales granular,
obtusely keeled; a narrow tympanic shield; no auricular denticulation.
Lower eyelid opaque, covered with small scales.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle.!
24 to 30 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the

* 4 in one of the specimens described by Peters.

t Ereinias hoehveli is founded on a specimen which, in my ojjinion, represents
an individual anomaly in the pholidosis, as Stejneger himself has suggested.
The first lower labial meets its fellow behind tlie symphj'sial, having fused
with the first chin-shield, whilst the third chin-shield has also fused with the
corresponding lower labial. • .

Eremias.

253

chill-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
curved, free, composed of 8 to 12 plates.

Scales rhombic, juxtaposed, keeled, 53 to Q7 across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates in 8 straight longitudinal and 25 to 28
transverse series, broader than long except the outer, which are
narrow. A large median preanal plate, sometimes followed by
another or a pair, the three forming a triangle.

Upper surface of fore limb with large hexagonal smooth plates ;
lower surface of forearm with a series of transverse plates. Upper
surface of tibia with rhombic keeled scales, which are much larger
than the dorsals. 13 to 18 femoral pores on each side. 22 to 25
unicarinate lamellae under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales ol)lirjue, strongly and diagonally keeled, lower
feebly keeled, smooth oii the base of the tail.

Young with 4 white streaks separated by black ; belly black* or
blackish, at least on the sides. Adult cream-colour or pale buff above,
with 7 brown or black streaks as wide as or wider than the interspaces
between them ; lower parts Avhite.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb .
Hind limb .
Foot
Tail

<s

?

47

40

18

16

12

10

8

6-5

6

5

16

14

35

31

20

16

110

114

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

6 L"gli

1.

2.

3.

4.

0.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 47

56

8

28

10

25

18

23

5

G.M.

. 42

63

8

26

12

—

18-17

—

6

. 40

58

8

25

11

25

15

23

6

G.M.

. 40

55

8

25

10

27

15

24

5

>>

. 40

57

8

26

11

—

14

—

6-5

,,

. 40

56

8

26

11

—

15-14

—

5

A very exceptional feature, which this species shares with E. lugubris.

254

Lace)

■tid;

f.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

S T."^'li

, G.M.

. 38

67

8

25

10

—

15-14

■ —

6

V

„

. 35

63

8

25

11

26

17-16

25

5

9 „

. 40

65

8

26

10

26

15-14

22

5

„

G.M.

. 40

56

8

26

11

—

17

—

6

j> ,,

?'

. 39

66

8

27

9

26

15

23

5-6

„

„

. 39

53

8

28

10

—

16-15

—

5

Yg. „

. 25

61

8

26

9

27

13-14

—

5

„ „

G.M.

. 23

58

8

27

10

27

17-18

24

6

S Webi

-Shebeli. G.M.

. 41

58

8

26

11

24

15

25

5

? Webi

-Ganaua, .,

. 43

60

8

26

8

29

14

22

5-6

J/afciYoi.— Somalilaud. The type specimens, preserved iu the Berlin
Museum, are from Brava. Numerous specimens were received by the
Genoa Museum, and the present description is taken from them.

9. EEEMIAS BRENNERI.

Eremias hrenveri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 432 ; Bouleng.
Ann. Mus. Genova (2) xii, 1891, p. 8 ; Stejneg. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xvi, 1894, p. 719 ; Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova (2) xvii, 1896, p. 18,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 928, fig., and Jouru. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918,
p. 4.

BouletKjerina brenneri, Lataste, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) ii, 1885,
p. 117.

Eremias brenneri, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 86 (1887).

Eremias edwardsii, Mocquard, Mem. Cent. Soc. Philom. p. 115, pi.
xi, fig. 1 (1888).

Head and body strongly depressed. Head 1| to 2 times as long as
broad, its length 4 to 4* times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout acutely pointed, longer than the postocular part of the head,
nasals not or but feebly swollen ; canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region
feebly concave ; a strong concavity on the upper surface of the snout,
extending on the frontal shield. Pileus 24 to 2^ times as long as
broad. Neck as broad as the head. Hind limb reaching the eye or
the nostril ; foot 1^ times as long as the head ; toes slender, compressed.
Tail 2 to 2i times as long as head and bod}'.

Upper head-shields fiat, closely and finely striated. Nasals iu
contact liehiud the rostral; frontonasal as long as broad or longer
than broad ; prefrontals longer than broad ; frontal as long as its

Eremias. 255

distance from the end of the suout, twice as long as broad, narrow
behind, separated from the supraoculars by a series of small scales ;
parietals as long as broad or a little broader than long, not longer
than the frontoparietals ; interparietal small,* usually separated from
the very small occipital by another small shield. Three supraoculars,
in contact with each other, first nearly as long as second, sometimes
partly broken up into small scales ; 7 superciliaries, first longest,
separated from the second and third supraoculars by a series of small
scales. Four nasals, two upper and two lower ; anterior loreal a little
longer than deep, much shorter than the second ; 6, rarely 5, upper
labials anterior to the centre of the eye, the two first in contact with
the lower nasals ; subocular keeled below the eye, not reaching the
mouth, its lower border wedged in between the sixth and seventh (or
fifth and sixth) upper labials. A long and narrow upper temporal,
followed by smaller shields ; temporal scales granular, keeled. Lower
eyelid opaque, with small scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 2 or 8 anterior in contact in the middle ;
30 or 31 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate: no gular fold. Collar
curved, free, with 7 to 9 shields.

Scales rhombic, juxtaposed or subimbricate, keeled, some even tri-
carinate, 53 to 68 across tlie middle of the l)ody. Ventral plates in 6
or 8 straight longitudinal and 25 to 27 transverse series, much broader
than long ; if in 8 series, the outer plates very small. A more or less
enlarged median preaual plate.

Scales on the limbs strongly pluricarinate ; lower surface of tibia
with one row of very large and one row of small plates. 20 to 24
femoi'al pores on each side. 21 to 24 unicarinate lamellae under the
fourth toe.

Young with six reddish white streaks along the body, separated by
broader black streaks, along each of which runs a series of small
round whitish spots ; head reddish brown above ; limbs with a black
network enclosing large round reddish white spots ; tail striped with
black at the base, uniform coralline red in its posterior half ; lower
parts white. Adult uniform rufous grey, or with mere traces of the
streaks and spots of the young.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

•i.

From end of snout to vent

48

45

53

48

„ „ ,, fore lunb

18

15

•20

18

Length of head

12

10

14

12

Divided into three in one specimen from Brava.

lacertidx.

1.

2.

3.

4.

7-5

5

8

7

6

—

6

5

18

15

19

17

36

30

42

35

19

—

20

18

256

Width of liead

Depth of head

Fore limb

Hiud limb

Foot

Tail 105 110 123 —

1. 9, Brava. 2. Hgr. Berbera-Obbia. o. S, ^Vpe of E.
edivardsii. 4. $, type of E. edwardsil.

Hahitat. — Somaliland (Brava aud between Berbera and Obbia) aud
East Africa (Tana River).

I have examiued two specimens preserved in the Gfenoa Museum,
aud the two types of E. edivardsii in the Paris Museum.

10. EEEMIAS GUINEENSIS.

Eremias (juineensis, Bouleui;'. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xx, 1887,
p. 51, and Jouru. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 4.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head If times as long as
broad, its length Zh times in length to vent, its depth equal to the
distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
obtusely pointed, with the nasals feebly swollen, as long as the post-
ocular part of the head ; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region feebly
concave. Pileus 2J times as long as broad. The hind limb reaches the
ear ; foot a little longer thau the head ; toes moderately slender,
feeblj^ compressed. Tail 1^ times as long as head and liody.

Upper head-shields flat, sniootii. Nasals in contact with each other
behind the rostral, the suture between them J the length of the
frontonasal, which is broader than long ; prefrontals a little broader
than long, forming a suture in tlie middle ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, \h times as long as broad ;
parietals as long as broad ; interparietal smaller than the fronto-
parietals ; no occipital. Two large supraociUars, the tirst separated
from the second loreal by two series of small scales ; 4 superciliaries ;
a series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
Nostril between three nasals, the lower in contact with the rostral and
the first upper labial, the posterior as large as the lower and also in
contact with the first upper labial ; anterior loreal scarcely longer than
deep, shorter than second ; 4 upper labials anterior to the subocular,
which is keeled below the eye, much narrower beneath than above.

Eremias. 257

and largely borders the moutli. A very long and narrow upper
temporal, folhnved hy a much shorter shield; temporal scales minute
and granular above, large and hexagonal beneath ; a narrow
tympanic shield ; no auricular deuticulation. Lower eyelid scaly,
opaque.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior in contact in the middle '
19 gular scales in a straiglit line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the collar; no gular fold. Collar distinct only on the
sides.

Scales granular, oval, smooth, 60 across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates broader than long, except the outer, in 10 straight
longitudinal and 26 transverse series. Two large preaual plates, one
in front of the other.

Scales on upper surface of tibia granular, not larger than dorsals ;
one series of large and two of small plates on the lower surface. 21
femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellse tricarinate, 18 under
the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales rounded behind, strongly keeled, lower feebly
keeled ; 22 scales iu the fourth whorl.

Head pale brownish above ; body black with 6 dorsal white streaks
on the nape and 5 on the body, the dorsolateral proceeding from the
superciliary edge ; a white lateral streak from below the eye to the
anterior side of the thigh, bordering the tympanum above ; limbs
black above, with round white spots ; tail with dark and light streaks,
the former 4 in number at the base, 3 further back. Lower parts
white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .24

„ „ ,, fore limb . . .10

Length of head ...... 7

Width of head 4

Depth of head ...... 3

Fore limb ....... 8

Hind limb 13

Foot 8

Tail 36

This species is known from a single young specimen, obtained by
Dr. E. Hartert at Brass, mouth of the Niger. It occupies a perfectly
isolated position in the genus, and I have therefore proposed to make
it the type of a section, under the name of Txnieremias, of which a
definition is given above, p. 228.

VOL. IJ. 17

258 Laceriidx.

11. EREMIAS GUTTULATA.
FORMA TYPICA.

Lacerta ijutfulata, Lichteust. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 101 (1823) ;
Hempr. & Elirenb. Svmb. Phys., Zool., Ampli. pi. ii, fio-. 1 (1899).

Lacerta olivieri, part., And. Descr. Egypte, Kept., Suppl. p. 175,
pi. ii, &s, I (1829) ; M.-Edw. Auii. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 73, 84.

Scapteira jninctulata, Gray, Aun. N. H. i, 1838, p. 281.

Eremias pardalis (uou Licht.), Dum. &. Bibr. Erp. Gl'u. v, p. 312
(1839).

MesaJina j^nrdalis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. -lo (1845) ; Blauf. Zool. E.
Pers. p. 377 (1876).

Eremias guttulata, A. Sinitli, III. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pi. xlviii, fig. 8
(1845) ; Peters, Mou. Berl. Ac. 1880, p. 308 ; Nikolsky, Fedscbeuko's
Reise, Zool. ii, pt. vii, p. 34 (1899); Doumergue, Erp. Orau. p. 198,
pi. XV, fig. 1 (1901); Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii, p. 145;
Auderss. iu Jiigersk. Res. Swed. Exped. Egypt, i, no. 4, p. 7 (1904) ;
Bouleng. Jouru. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 5.

Eremias (Mesalina) watsonana, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng.
1872, p. 86.

Mesalina pardaloides, Blauf. Ann. A Mag. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874,
p. 32, and Zool. E. Pers. p. 381.

Mesalina guttulata, Blauf. Jouru. As. Soc. Beng. xlviii, 1879, p. 127.

Podarces (Eremias) 2)ardaJ is, Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879^80, p. 50.

Eremias guttulata, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 87 (1887), Faun.
Iud.,Rept. p. 177 (1890), and Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 132 ; Anders.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 15, Herp. Arab. p. 43 (1896), and Zool.
Egypt, Rept. p. 174, pi. xxiii, fig. 3 (1898); Nikolsky, Herp. Ross,
p. 144 (1905) ; Weruer, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvii, 1909,'p. 608.

Eremias pardaloides, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. I.e.

Head and body rather strougly depressed. Head 1| to Ij? times as
long as broad, its length 3f to 4 times iu length to vent iu males, 4 to
4^ times iu females, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout pointed, with the nasal
shields more or less swollen, as long as broad or a little longer than
broad, as long as or sliglitly longer than the postocular part of the
head ; canthus rostralis obtuse or sharp, loreal region feebly concave ;
a more or less distinct concavity in the middle of the upper surface of
the snout, extending to the middle or to the posterior extremity of the
frontal shield. Pileus 1^ to 2 times as long as Ijroad. Neck as broad
as the head or a little constricted. Hind limb reaching the collar or

Eremias. 259

the eai', or between these two points, rarelj the eve, iu males, the axil
or the shoulder, rarely the elbow or the ear, in females ; foot 1^ to 1%
times as long as the head ; toes rather slender, not or but slightly
compressed. Tail If to 2 times as long as head and body iu females,
2 to 2h times in males.

Upper head-shields smooth or slightly rugose. Nasals iu contact
with each other behind the rostral, the suture between them ^ to |^ the
length of the frontonasal, which is as long as broad or broader than
long ; prefrontals as long as broad or, usually, a little longer, forming
a suture in the middle, very rarely separated by a small azygos shield * ;
frontal usually shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, 1^
to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind ; parietals 11 to If times
as long as broad ; interparietal as large as the frontoparietals or a
little larger or a little smaller ; occipital rarely more than ^ the length
of the interparietal, rarely broader than the latter ,t often very small. J
4 supraoculars, first and fourth small, sometimes broken up into
2 or 3, first more often than not iu contact with the frontal ; 5, rarely
4, 6 or 7, superciliaries, first, or first and second longest ; a series of
granules, rarely incomplete, or one series in front and two behind,
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. 3 nasals, lower in con-
tact with the rostral and the first upper labial § ; posterior small and
very rarely excluded fi'om the nostril ; anterior loreal usually twice as
long as deep, sometimes only 1| times, exceptionally divided into 2 or 3
(1 + 1 or 2 -f 1), as long as or shorter than the second, from which it
is exceptionally || separated by the prefrontal; 4, rarely 3 or 5, upper
labials anterior to the subocular, which is keeled below the eye, and
largely borders the mouth, its lower border much narrower than the
upper ; temporal scales small, granular, lower larger ; a narrow
tympanic shield ; no auricular denticulatiou.

Lower eyelid with a transparent disc formed of two large, usually
black-edged scales, one in front of the other, with or without a series
of 2 to 5 small ones below them ; the anterior large scale often a
little larger than the other.

5 or, more frequently, 6 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in
contact in the middle, the sixth narrow ; 19 to 26 gular scales in a

* One male from El Kiibar.

t Twice as broad in a female from the Helmand.

X Separated from the interparietal by a small shield in one male from
Mt. Sinai and in one youn^ from Gwadar, by the parietals meeting in the
middle in one male from Pnli Hatun.

§ L. G. Andersson (I.e.) mentions a si^ecimen from Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula, iu
which the lower nasal is in contact with the first and second upper labials.

II In a single specimen from Mt. Sinai.

260 Lacerfidn'.

straight line bet ween the svinphysis of the ehiii-shields and the median
collar-plate ; gular fold more or less distinct. Collar curved or
angular, free or more or less attached, sometimes quite indistinct, in
the middle, composed of 8 to 14 plates, usually 10 to 12.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, round or subrhomboidal, all smooth or,
rarely, very obtusely keeled towards the tail, larger towards the
ventral plates, 36 to 54 (usually 39 to 47) across the middle of the
body. Ventral plates in 10, rarely 8, regular longitudinal and 27 to
34 transverse series (27 to 31 in males, 29 to 34 in females), all except
the outer broader than long, the largest often twice as broad as long.
Preanal plate usually large and bordered by a single semicircle of
small plates in males, often small and with two or three semicircles of
smaller plates in females.

Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic and keeled, as large as or
a little larger than the dorsals ; one series of large and two of small
plates on lower surface. 9 to 16 femoral pores on each side, usually
10 to 14. Subdigital lamellfB bi- or tricarinate, 18 to 22 (rarely 23
or 24) under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and diagonally
keeled, sometimes shortly mucronate behind, lower smooth ; 20 to 26
scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Grey, greyish brown, or reddish brown above, uniform or with
scattered black dots, or with two dorsal series of black and white spots
(one half black and one half white) ; sometimes with numerous white,
black-edged ocelli and two white streaks on each side, the upper
dorsolateral, the lower lateral, from below the eye, through the
tympanum, to the groin. Tail sometimes with dark annuli or with
vertical bars on the sides. Lower parts white, the throat sometimes
dusky and the ventrals finely punctulated with dusky.

Measurements (in millimetres)

1.

2,

3.

■i.

.5. 6.

From end of snout to vent

46

45

51

44

57 57

,, ,, fore limb

17

17

19

16

19 22

Length of head.

12

12

12

10

12 14

Width of head . . . .

7-5

7-5

7-5

6-5

7-5 9

Depth of head . ~ .

5

5

5

4-5

5 6

Fore limb . . . .

18

17

16

15

18 19

Hind limb . . . .

31

28

28

25

31 35

Foot

17

15

16

14

17 18

Tail

112

113

—

90

112 105

1. c?,Karnak. 2. (^, Biskra.

3. 9,

Medinet Hal

)U.

4. ?,Biski

$ , Neby Musa. 6. J^, Sind.

Eri'tnias 261

Habitat. — Egypt, Nubia, and Eastern Soudan, Tripoli, Tunisia,
Algerian Sahara, Arabia, Syria, Transcaspia, Persia, Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, Siud.

I have examined the type specimens, from Egypt, in the Berlin
Museum.

Var. OLIVIERI.

Lacertaolivieri, part.. And. Descr. Egypte, Rept., Suppl. p. 175, pi. ii,
fig. 2 (1829) ; M.-Edw. Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1829, pp. 73, 84.

Ereinias cjuttulata (uon Licht.), Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 312
(1839); Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 41 (1845); Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 38
(1862).

Eremias pardalis (nou Licht.), A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Rept.
pi. xlviii, fig. 13 (1845) ; Guicheu. Explor. Sc. Alg., Rept. p. 15, pi. i,
fig. 2 (1850) ; Strauch, op. cit. p. 39.

Podarces (Mesalina) simoni, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1881, p. 571, and
Abh. Seuck. Ges. xiii, 1883, p. 116, pi. i, fig. 3.

Ereinias guttulata, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 87 (1887), and
Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii, 1891, p. 132 ; Werner, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
xliv, 1894, p. 82; Anders. Zool. Egypt, Rept. p. 174 (1898) ; Werner,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxvii, 1909, p. 608.

Ereinias guichenoti, Doumergue, Erp. Oran. p. 200, pi. xv, fig. 2
(1901).

Eremias gnttulata, var. olivieri, Bouleug. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918,
p. 9.

When extreme examples of this form, from Morocco or Oran for
instance, are compared Avith the typical form from Egypt, the
differences are so striking that one would not hesitate to regard it
as fully entitled to specific rank. The distinction, however, ))reaks
down when other specimens, from the Algerian Sahara and from
Sind, are taken into consideration, and I feel compelled to regard it
as a variety, to designate which I use the name olivieri, Audouin, after
elimination of the two other lizards originally confounded witli it
by Audonin, and which are alreadj' provided with names.

The principal differences from the typical form reside in the
lepidosis of the lower eyelid, which is usually formed of a number
(5 to 7) of opaque or feebly transparent enlarged scales, not edged
with black, which replace the transparent disc of the true E. guttulata,
and in the more obtuse and usually shorter snout,* the basal width of

* Well shown by the comparative outline fignres in A. Smith's lUustratiojis,

262 Lacertiihv.

whicli does not exceed its leugtli. Tliere are, however, exceptions. In
the Algerian Sahara* we find specimens in which the palpebral disc
is nearly as perfectly transparent as in the typical form and composed
of one large scale above and in front, with two smaller scales below it,
or with two large scales above, and in which the snout is moi'e
pointed and slightly longer. These specimens are, however, readily
distinguished from the typical form, which occurs also in the same
districts, in the absence of a black line bordering the larger transparent
palpebral scales. Further, there are specimens, from Sind, with two
large transparent palpebral scales, less distinctly black-edged, which
cannot be separated from the typical form, with which I have united
them, and yet come very close to the Saharian specimens mentioned
above; these lizards, from the Sahara and Sind, demonstrate the
complete passage between the two extreme forms which have often
been held to be specifically distinct.

The number of scales across the body (35 to 50, usually 40 to 47)
and of femoral pores (9 to 15, usually 10 to 14) is practically the
same as in the typical form. 27 to 36 transverse series of ventral
plates. 16 to 22 lamellae under the fourth toe.

The nasals are rather strongly swollen ; the frontonasal is always
broader than longt ; the frontal is usually as long as its distance
from the end of the snout ; the occipital is, as a rule, larger than in
the typical form, sometimes broader than the interparietal, but also
very variable in size ; anterior loreal often less than twice as long as
deep, and usually shorter than the second. The preanal plate is
usually smaller than in the typical form, always bordered by two or
three semicircles of smaller shields, and scarcely enlarged in some
females. Some specimens;!; have shorter hind limbs, reaching
only the axil or the shoulder in males, the wrist or the elbow in
females.

Coloration much as in the typical form, but striation predominates,
and is often accompanied by regular longitudinal series of ocellar
spots. Body sometimes reddish brown, with five grey longitudinal
streaks ; or pale sand-colour with a broad grey vertebral band edged
with blackish and with two white streaks on each side ; or grey
with a dark brown vertebral band bordered by a series of small
black spots. One specimeu§ without striation but ocellated all over
the back and hind limbs.

* Tuggurt, El Golea-Fort Miribel.
t In contact with the frontal in a female from Zarzis.
;J; From Morocco, Oran, Algerian Sahara, Timisia,.
§ From N'Gaous.

Eremias.

263

Measurements (iu niilliiuetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ „ ,, fore liml

Length of head
Width of head

1.
45
18
11
7
5-5
15
23
13
90

2.

46
15
10
6-5
5

14
23
13
79

3.

42
17
11

7
5-5
16
25
14
100

4.

42

16

10

6-5

5-5

15

21

12

5.

44

14

9

6

5

13

19

11

68

Orau. 3. S, El Grolea 4. J*, Chiodma.

Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind Iimli
Foot
Tail

1. cJ, Orau. 2.
5. $ , Chiodma.

Habitat. — Sinaitic Peninsula, Lower Eg-ypt ('?), Tunisia, Algeria
(Sahara and Province Orau), Morocco (between Mogador and Morocco
and Plateau of Chiodma), Rio de Oro, south of Morocco. In only a
few localities (Siuaitic Peninsula, Tunisia, Algerian Sahara) does this
variety appear to occur alongside with the typical form.

Var. MARTINI.

Eremias martini, Bouleng. Aun. & Mag. N. H. (6) xix, 1897, p. 467.

Eremias gidlulata, part., Anders. Faun. Egypt, Rept. p. 174,
pi. xxiii. fig. 4 (1898).

Eremias guttulata martini, O. Neumann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii,
1905, p. 396.

Eremias guttulata, var. martini,liou\eug. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918,
p. 9.

The specimens from the borders of the Red Sea agree very nearly
Avith the var. olivieri in the shape of the snout and in the semi-
transparent palpebral disc composed of 4 to 6 pieces, but they are
remarkable for the low number of scales across the body (32 to 38)
and they are more handsomely striated than is the rule in the typical
form and the var. olivieri. They deserve to be distinguished as a
variety.

The hind limb reaches the shoulder or the collar iu males, the axil
or the shoulder in females.

In the type specimen, from Obok, the ventral plates are in 8 longi-
tudinal series, all the other specimens examined having 10 ; the
transverse series are 26 to 34 in number.

10 to 14 femoral pores on each side.

Qtvex or pale brown above, with two or three dark streaks on each

s

45

?
42

17

15

11

9

8

6

5

4

16

13

26

22

14

12

108

77

264 Lacett'uhv.

side, the broadest, proceeding from the eye, separated from the Icnver

by a white streak, and from the upper (if present) by a white or light

streak, the dark streaks often bearing bhick and wliite spots or ocelli.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .
,, „ ,, fore limb .

Length of head ....

Width of head ....

Depth of head ....

Fore limb .....

Hind limb .....

Foot

Tail

Habitat. — Sinaitic Peninsula, Red Sea Province of the Sudan,
Eritrea, Somaliland, Aden. The type, from Obok, was preserved
in the late Dr. Henry Martin's private collection, which, I believe, was
sold and dispersed after his death.

Var. LATASTII.

Eremiati cjnttulnfa, var. latastii, Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918,
p. 9.

M. Lataste collected a number of specimens at or near Aumale, in
the province of Algiers, which, whilst agreeing with the var. olivieri
in the shape of the snout and in the semitransparent palpebral disc,
composed of 4 to 6 pieces, differ in the averagely smaller scales, 47 to
62 across the middle of the body, and in the high number of femoral
pores, 14 to 17, exceptionally 12 or 13. Tiiey should be regarded as
a distinct variety.

Head 1^ to If times as long as broad. Hind limb reaching the
collar or between the collar and the ear in males, the elbow or the
axil in females ; foot 1-J- to 1^ times as long as the head. Tail H to
1§ times as long as head and body.

Frontonasal broader than long; frontal IJ to 2 times as long as
broad ; occipital usually small, often separated from the interparietal
by a small shield ; first supraocular usually in contact with the frontal,
often broken up into 2 to 4 pieces ; sometimes 2 series of granules
between the third supraocular and the superciliaries ; anterior loreal
1| to 2 times as long as deep, sometimes as long as the second ; 4 or 5
upper labials anterior to the subocular. Collar free or narrowly attached
in the middle.

The coloration is identical with that of Socotra specimens (var.

Eremias.

265

halfouri). Grrey or greyish brown above, with two broad, light dorso-
lateral streaks bordered by darker or blackish streaks bearing numerous
white, black-edged ocelli ; these ocelli form, on each side, one dorsal
and two lateral series ; a whitish streak from below the eye, through
the middle of the tympanum, to the groin.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
,, ,. ,, fore

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot . ...

Tail ....

imb

S

9

. 47

48

17

17

12

11

7-5

7

5

5

17

17

26

26

14

13

—

7S

Var. SUSANA.

Eremias qiitfulata, var. snsana, Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Kes. iii, 1918,
p. 9.

A male specimen from Susa, Tunisia, from the collection of Mr.
L. Fraser, agrees with the var. latastii in the small scales, 52 across
the middle of the body; but these are distinctly keeled from between
the shoulders, and even rather strongly towards the tail.

Snout short, obtuse. Frontonasal broader than long ; occipital as
broad as the interparietal, barely lialf as long; anterior loreal 1 J times
as long as deep. 26 gular scales in a straight line ; collar composed
of 9 plates, only the middle one attached. Ventral plates in 28
transverse series. 13 or 14 femoral pores. Hind limb reaching the
shoulder.

Grey above, darker on the vertebral regitm, with numerous white,
finely black-edged ocellar spots, the largest forming a dorsolateral
series.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .40

fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore liml)
Hind limb
Foot

16
10

6-5
5
14
20
11

266 Laceriidiv.

Vav. BALFOUEI.

Eremiae (Mesalina) halfuiiri. Blauf. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 467,
fig.

Eremias guttidatn, part., Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 87 (1887) ;
Auders. Zool. Egypt, Eept. p. 174 (1898); Bouleng. in Forbes &
Grant, Rep. Sokotra Exped. p. 84 (1903).

Eremias gntinhda, var. halfouri, Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii,
1918, p. 10."

The specimens fi-om Socotra have the narrow and pointed snout of
the most extieme specimens of the typical form and the much divided
and semitransparent palpebral disc of var. olivieri. The number of
scales across the middle of the body (36 to 42) is intermediate
between those of the typical form and of the var. martini, and the
coloration is sometimes identical with t.liat of the latter. The size is
a little larger than that of the typical form or of any of the other
varieties.*

Head 1^ to If times as long as broad. Nasals not very strongly
swollen. The hind limb reaches the collar or between the collar and
the ear in males, the elbow, the axil, or the shoulder in females.
Frontonasal as long as broad or a little broader than long ; frontal
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout and nearly always
in contact with the first supraocular ; interparietal longer than the
frontoparietals ; occipital small or vei'y small.

Collar free, composed of 7 to 9 plates. Ventral plates in 26 to 28
transverse series in males, 28 to 31 in females. Preanal plate large
in males, smaller in females, bordered by two semicircles of small
plates. 11 to 15 femoral pores on each side.

Grey or brown above, usually witli two white streaks on each side,
a dorsolateral and a lateral, the latter from below the eye to the groin,
passing through tlie tympanum, and black-edged beneath ; the space
between these two streaks dai'k brown with one or two series of white,
black edged ocelli, or black with two or three series of white spots ; a
series of more or less confluent black spots, or of black and white ocelli,
along each side of the back, on the inner side of the light streak ;
these markings, as well as the light streaks, someti]nes obsolete.

* Blanford's statement, " General form rather stouter than that of E. 2>ardniis
(= guttulata), tail shorter, limbs stoviter and shorter," is not confii-med by
measurements of the type specimens, in all four of which the tail is imperfect,
as correctly mentioned in thp original description.

Ertiiiiae.
Measurements (in niillinietres) : "

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

From end of snout

to vent

51

48

58

42

54

.. . ., ..

fore liinl

20

18

22

15

20

Length of head

13

11

14

11

12

Width of head .

, 8

7

8-5

7

8

Depth of head .

6

5

1

6

6

Fore liial)

16

16

17

15

17

Hind linil)

29

26

33

26

30

Foot.

15

14

18

14

16

Tail .

—

—

102

87

85

\. $, type. 2.
Plain.

9, type. 3,4. (^ , Ha lihu Plain. 5. ? , Hadibu

Part ic Ilia f!

Forma typica.

of Sj)ecimens Examined.

Suez

Beni Hassan

Luxor .

(J Kiirnak

Medinet Habu .

N. Etbai, Upp. Ej^ypt

Egypt? (typo of S. punctata)
Assuan

Durrur, N. of Suakiii ,

Erkovit Mt., nr. Suakin
Misurata, Trii^oli
S. Tunisia .

Mettamer, Tunisia
Biskra ....

1. 2.

43 41

48 43

47 44
53 43
50 41

45 40
50 38

46 48

45 43

44 39

50 46

46 45
43 42

42 39

43 46

51 49
46 42

49 43

45 46
53 42

52 43

48 46

45 40
43 42

46 36
38 41
35 43
40 40
43 40
45 46

3. 4.

10 27

10 30

S 31

10 33

10 31

10 31

10 30

8 27

10 29

10 29

10 32

10 31

10 30

10 32

10 29

10 31

10 27

10 29

10 31

10 30

10 31

10 33

10 31

10 30

10 28

10 27

10 30

10 30

10 30

11 22

12 25
11 22
11 21

11 23

12 22
12 22

10 22
14 22

1 1 22

12 23

13 23
12 22
10 22

10 22

11 25

12 23
10 25

10 26

14 24

11 22
10 25
10 19
10 22
10 20

9 20

10 20

9 20

8 20

10 28 9 23

14

13
13-12
10-11
11-10
11-10

12
12-13

11

12
10-11

12

12
12-13
12-11

13

13

12

12
11-12
11-10

12

10

11

13
12-13
12 11
9-10

11
13-12

8.
20
21
22
20
20
20
20

9.

4
4
4
4
4
4
4

22 4
22 4
22 4
22 4
21 4
21 4
21 3-4
21 4

21
20
20
20
21
21
19
20
20
22
19
20
20
19

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
20 4-5

268

Lacer

lihx

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

a.

n.

<? Biskra ....

. 42

45

10

29

10

22

11

21

4

? .. . .

. -19

45

10

31

10

21

11

20

4

. 44

44

10

31

10

24

10

19

4

f* M •

. 41

41

10

31

10

19

10

19

4

<? liiskia-Tu^rcrurt

. 41

45

10

27

?

23

12

18

4

9 Tugo-urt

. 40

47

10

30

9

26

12

18

4

<? LftKliouat

. 40

46

10

30

10

22

11-10

18

5 4

9 Tibi-enifc

. 44

42

10

31

p

20

10

19

4

„ Meclieria, Oran

. 47

46

10

33

9

24

n-12

18

4

J Jit. Sinai .

. oO

43

10

29

9

22

13-14

21

4

i» .»

. 50

47

10

29

11

23

13

24

4

»* t*

. 47

41

10

30

11

20

15

20

4

9

. 49

40

10

31

10

21

12

20

4

»• »»

. 49

40

10

30

10

19

12

20

4

.... • •

. 47

39

10

32

9

21

13-12

21

4

g El Kubar, S. Ai-abia .

. 42

43

10

28

9

19

11-12

20

4

,.

. 40

43

10

29

10

21

14 13

21

4

„ Sehaf Eavine „

. 45

42

10

30

9

23

13-12

20

5

9 Jimil Valley

. 45

39

10

30

9

23

13

22

4

„ Abian Hills „

. ^11

41

10

31

8

30

13

21

5-4

„ Hadraniiit „

. 49

44

8

31

10

25

14

21

4

„ Neby Musa, Dead Sea.

. 57

46

8

33

10

21

12

21

4

• „ .

. 55

46

10

31

11

21

13-12

21

4

^ Beersheba .

. 49

51

10

29

12

19

14^13

20

4

9 Jerusalein .

. 48

43

10

33

12

23

12

21

4

„ ., ...

. 44

46

10

34

11

23

13

21

4

„ Askhabad, Transcaspia

. 53

42

10

32

9

22

10

20

4

„ Copet Dagh

. 43

40

10

31

9

21

11

20

4-5

^ Piili Hatun

. 45

42

10

29

9

22

12-11

20

4

„ Near Teheran, Persia .

. 42

45

10

29

9

26

11-12

22

4

,, Ispahan ,,

. 43

45

10

28

10

23

13

21

4

9 S.W. of Ispahan „ .

. 46

45

10

31

12

23

11

23

4

•» f^ ■ •

. 40

47

10

29

9

22

13-12

22

4

(J Abadeh, Persia .

. 45

46

10

29

8

22

10-12

22

4

„ „

. 41

42

10

29

11

26

13-12

21

4

? „ „ . . .

. 47

51

10

29

9

24

11-12

22

4

. 45

41

10

30

9

25

9-10

22

4

„ Karman

. 45

42

10

31

8

22

11

22

5-1.

S Ray in, N.E. of Karman

. 47

43

10

28

9

25

12

22

4

9 ",.

. 35

49

10

31

9

27

11

22

4

f Nasirabad, Persia, B.S.

. 60

42

10

31

11

23

14

20

4

»> »» »» »»

. 55

42

10

28

10

26

13

19

4

„ Gwadar, Baluchistan .

. 48

47

10

27

9

22

12 11

22

4

, • ■

. 34

48

10

27

lu

24

11

2(t

4

9 Eas Malan

. 42

54

10

30

11

26

12

23

5

„ Quetta

. 46

47

10

29

9

20

11-10

19

4

„ Quetta-Nushki, Afghanistan

. 43

41

10

33

8

25

12 13

22

4

,. Tirphul

,,

. 47

41

10

30

9

21

11

J8

4

Er

•M

$ Helmand, Afghanistan
„ Hyderabad, Sind

(J Sind .

46 43 10 29 10 21 lU-1 1
50 46 10 33 9 26 12 13

46 4(J 10 31

22 12-11

60 45 10 28 11 26

57 40 10 28

14

8.
20
20
18
18

24 15-16 21

50 43 10 32 10 26 15 14 20
47 43 10 31 10 23 13-14 19

Var. olivieri.
S Sinaitic Peninsula
2 Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula
„ Duirat, S. Tunisia
(J Cabes, Tunisia

Jerba Id., Tunisia
S. of Gafsa ,,
Mettanier, ,,
Matmata

Plateau of Haskaia
Zarzis, Tunisia .
lUskra .

Biskra-Lauhouat

„ Laj^houat

(? Tuggurt

? „ . .

„ Wed Dermel

J N'Gaous

„ El Golea-Fort Miribel

„ Oran ...

? „ ■ • •

$ Tunisia, P.M.

$ La Seuia, Oran

S Kralfalla, Oran (.type of

E. guichenodi)

36

42

10

29

8

23

14-13

22

4

47

43

10

31

11

24

11-12

22

5

46

43

10

32

8

25

11

20

5

38

48

10

27

9

22

11"

19

3

47

42

10

31

11

21

11

18

4

41

40

10

33

8

22

11-10

20

4

40

45

10

31

9

25

11-10

19

4

38

46

10

28

8

23

13-14

20

4-5

4ti

44

10

32

S

27

14-13

20

4

40

42

10

28

9

21

11

19

4

43

40

10

33

7

25

11-10

19

4

45

46

10

33

8

22

11

19

4

40

40

10

31

9

20

10

18

4

38

44

10

27

7

22

13-12

20

5-4

43

41

10

27

8

22

11

17

4

42

47

10

31

9

22

11-12

18

4

42

43

10

32

9

22

11

20

4

34

43

10

33

9

24

11

20

4

36

42

10

36

7

26

12-11

20

4

41

39

10

28

9

23

14

21

4

46

35

10

30

7

22

10

20

5

38

40

10

31

10

24

13 12

21

4

43

41

10

27

8

22

11

17

4

43

41

10

28

12

24

11

19

5

47

43

10

29

9

24

14-13

19

4

46

41

10

33

7

23

11

20

4-5

44

47

10

28

10

24

11

20

4

43

50

10

27

9

28

15

19

4

42

44

10

27

8

24

12-11

18

4

40

48

10

30

10

24

14

18

4

49

50

10

33

9

26

12-14

19

5

42

44

10

33

11

22

13

18

4

52

43

10

29

10

23

12

20

5-4

49

45

10

29

9

24

13-14

18

4

50

48

10

33

8

23

12

20

4

45

43

10

28

11

22

12

20

5

37

47

10

31

10

21

15

19

4-5

2?0

Lacert'uhv.

9 Mogador-Morocco (type of

E. simonl) 50 39 10 35 10

^ Shiodina, IMoimoco

?

„ IMo de Ore .

48 42 10 33 12 23

12-11
13

44 43 10 31 11 23

39 45 10

9 29

IS
17

12 45 10 31 9 22 11-12 16

16 3-4
21 5

Viir. martini.

$ Mt. Sinai

S Durrur, N. of Siuikin

,, Akik, S. of Suakin

„ Obok, P.M. .

? ., ... .

„ Shfikli Othinan, Aden

39
41

34 10 33 10 21 12 13 20

32 10 30 8 24

45 36 10 30 10 22

39 37 10 29
42 35 10 32

42 38 10 34 9 21

20

14
13

9 20 12-13

10
12

20
20
19
18
20

Vai'. Jaiastii.
(J Auniale
„ Wed Okris-Czais

?

„ Tiril AUi

„ Rorfa des Beni yalaiii

„ Beni Mansour

42,

58

10

29

9

22

17

19

4

47 '

55

10

30

10

27

14-15

20

4

48

51

10

33

10

27

16

21

5

47

53

10

32

9

24

15-16

18

4

46

58

10

32

9

25

14

18

4

43

62

10

34

10

26

16-17

20

5

48

49

10

30

9

24

15

19

4

45

50

10

31

8

24

15

20

4

47

52

10

33

8

22

12-13

18

4

47

52

10

33

7

26

15-16

17

4

45

47

10

33

8

26

15-14

19

4

45

56

10

32

7

24

16

20

4

Var. susana.
J Susa, Tunisia

40 52 10 28 9 26 14-13 18

Var. halfouri.
S Socoti-a (type)
? „ „ ■

(J Hadibu Plain

$ Daliamis
„ Homhil

?

J Jeua-Agahai*

?

51

36

10

26

9

21

14

23

4

48

37

10

31

7

22

13 14

21

4

48

38

10

28

8

22

11

23

4-3

46

40

10

29

9

20

13-12

21

4

58

40

10

26

9

20

13-12

22

4

42

40

10

28

7

22

14

21

4

54

41

10

30

7

22

12

21

4

42

38

10

28

9

19

14

20

4

55

40

10

27

8

20

13-12

23

4

48

37

10

29

8

21

15-14

22

3-4

48

42

10

26

7

23

14-15

24

4

48

38

10

30

8

20

13

22

4

Eremias. 27l

Synopsis of the Varieties.
I. Lower eyelid with a transparent disc formed of a i^air of large scales,
usually edged with black, sometimes with a series of mucli smaller scales
below them ; snout usually pointed and a little longer than broad.
36 to 5-i (usually 39 to -i?) smooth scales across middle of
body; 9 to 15 (usually 10 to 14) femoral pores on each
side ........... Forma tyinca.

II. Lower eyelid with an opaque or more or less transparent disc formed of 3
to 8 pieces, not black-edged.

A. Snout usually obtusely pointed and not or but slightly longer than

broad.
35 to 50 (usually 40 to 47) smooth scales across middle of body ;

9 to 15 femoral pores on each side .... Var. oliviert, Aud.

32 to 38 smooth scales across middle of body ; 10 to 14 femoral

pores on each side Var. mavtini, Blgr.

47 to 62 smooth scales across middle of body ; J 4 to 17 (rarely

12 or 1 3) femoral pores on each side . . . Vnv. latastii, Bh^r.
52 keeled scales across middle of body ; 13 or 14 femoral pores

on each side Var. susana, Blgr.

B. Snout pointed, longer than broad.

36 to 42 smooth scales across middle of body; 11 to 15 femoral

pores on each side Var. halfouri, Blanf .

The vars. olivieri and martini must be regarded as the most
primitive forms, from which all the others are directly aud iu-
depeudeutly derived.

12. EREMIAS ADEAMITANA.

Erewias brevirostris, part., Auders.Herp. Arab. p. 43 (1896).
Eremias adramitana, Bouleug. Auu. & Mag. N. H. (8) xix, 1917,
p. 279, aud Jouru. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 5.

Head aud body strougly depressed, limbs very sleuder. Head 1|
times as long as broad, its length 4 to 42 times in length to veut, its
depth equal to the distance between the centime or the posterior coruer
of the eye aud the tympanum ; suovit pointed, with the nasal shields
rather strougly swollen, as loug as broad, as long as the postocular
part of the head ; cauthus rostralis sharp, loreal region feebly concave ;
a shallow concavity on the upper surface of the snout, extending to
the middle of the frontal shield. Pileus nearly twice as long as broad.
Neck narrower than the head. Hind limb reaching between the
collar aud the ear in males, the shoulder or the collar in females ;
foot 1 ^ to 1 J times as loug as the head ; toes slender, feebly compressed.
Tail If to 2i times as long as head aud body.

272 Larrrfiil-i'.

Upjier liead-sliiekls flat, smooth. JSIasals in contact witli each other
behind the rostral, the suture between them ^ to ^ the; length of the
frontonasal, which is bro;ider than long ; prefrontals as long as broad
or a little broader, forming a suture in the middle ; frontal as long as
or a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, If to 2
times as long as broad, narrow behind ; parietals as long as broad or
slightly longer ; interparietal as large as or a little smaller than the
frontoparietals, often followed bv a small shield ; occipital minute or
absent, the parietals meeting in the middle. First supraocular small
and in contact with the frontal, usually broken up into small shields
or granules, fourth verj- small and sometimes broken up; 5 to 7
superciliaries, first longest ; a series of granules between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries. Three nasals, lower in contact with
the rostral and the first upper labial ; anterior loreal 1^ to 2 J times as
long as deep, shorter than the second ; 4, rarely 5, upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is keeled below the eye and borders
the mouth. Temporal scales small, granular, lower larger ; a narrow
tympanic shield ; no aiu-icular denticulatiou. Lower eyelid with a
semitransparent disc divided into 5 to 8 scales.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle,
the last narrow ; 23 to 30 gular scales in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular
fold. Collar free or attached in the middle, with 8 to 12 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, round and smooth, larger towards the
ventral plates, 31 to 40 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates
in 10 regular longitudinal and 29 to 33 transverse series, mostly as
long as broad or a little broader than long, the outer longer than
broad. Preanal plate moderately large or rather small, bordered by
two semicircles of smaller plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia subrhomboidal and juxtaposed,
smooth or obtusely keeled, a little larger than dorsals ; one series of
large and cue or two of small plates on the lower surface. 11 to 15
femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamella* tricarinate, 20 to 23
under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and diagonally
keeled, lower smooth ; 20 to 24 in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Fawn-coloured or pale grey above, with or without small brown
spots, which may be irregular or disposed in tw^o longitudinal series
on the back, with or without small whitish spots ; a dark brown
lateral band, often bearing white spots, bordered below by a white or
yellowish lateral streak passing through the tympanum ; upper surface
of limbs marbled witli brown or with white sjiots. Lower parts white.

Eremias.
Measiu'emeuts (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot .
Tail .

273

ParticuJars of Sjjecimens Ex

6 (Type)

, P.M.

S (Type)

, P.M.

2. 3.

36 10

4.

30

1.
44
41

37 33 10 31
36 37 10 31

S
41
15
10
7
4
14
26
14
98

?

40

13

9

6

4

14

23

13

aniined.

6.

27

35

33 10 29 10 26
25

27
23

10
10
10

40 40 10
1

40 38
40 38

8
9
31 9
31 12
30 10
33 9

38
39

10 32
36 10 33

8
11

26
27
26
27
30

8.

23
20
21
22
22
22
15-14 21

12
14
11
12
13-12
13

12

13
14

21

22 5-4

23 4-5

Habitat. — Hadramut, South Arabia.

This species differs from E. hrevirostris, with which it has been
confounded by Anderson, in the more depressed head, longer in pro-
portion to its width, the more slender limbs, and the ventral plates
constantly in ten longitudinal series.

13. EREMIAS BEEVIEOSTEIS.

Eremias watsonanus, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 125
{nee ante, p. 86).

Mesalina hrevirostris, Blanf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 32,
and Zool. E. Pers. |.. 379 (1876).

Eremias hrevirostris, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 89 (1887), and Faun.
Ind., Kept., p. 177 (1890) ; Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torin. ix, 1894, no. 167,
p. 8 ; Bouleng. Jouru. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 5.

Eremias hrevirostris, part., Anders. Herp. Arab. p. 43 (1896).

Eremias hernoullii, Schenkel, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, xiii, 1901,
p. 187, fig.

VOL. II. 18

274 Lacertidpe.

Body rather strongly depressed, head less strongly depressed than
in E. giiftnlata. Head li to 1^ times as long as broad, its length 4 to
4i times in length to vent in males, 4i^ to 5 times in females, its depth
equal to the distance between the anterior corner of the eye and the
tympanum ; snout obtusely pointed, with the nasal plates much
swollen, broader than long, as long as or slightly shorter than the
postocular part of the head ; cauthus rostralis obtuse or sharp,
loreal region feebly concave; a more or less distinct concavity on
the upper surface of the snout, extending to the middle of the
frontal shield. Pileus If times as long as broad. Neck as broad as
the head. Hind limb reaching the shoulder or the collar in males,
the elbow or the axil in females ; foot from but slightly longer
than the head to If times its length ; toes moderately slender, not
or but slightly compressed. Tail not quite twice as long as head
and body.

Upper head-shields convex, smooth or slightly rugose. Nasals in
contact with their inner angles behind the rostral, or forming a very
short suture (Jr to i the length of the frontonasal) ; frontonasal
broader than long ; prefrontals as long as broad or a little longer,
forming a suture in the middle ; frontal as long as its distance from
the rostral or from the end of the snout, 1 1 to l^^ times as long as
broad, narrow behind ; parietals as long as broad or slightly longer ;
interj^arietal as large as or a little smaller than the frontoparietals,
often followed by a small shield ; occipital minute or absent, the
parietals often meeting in the middle. 4 supraoculars, first usually
rather large, sometimes broken up into 3 or 4 shields, in contact with
the frontal,* fourth small and often broken up ; 5 to 7 superciliaries,
first largest ; a series of granules, rarely incomplete, sometimes two,
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Three nasals, lower
in contact with the rostral and the fir.st upper labial ; anterior loreal
1^ to 2 times as long as deep, sometimes divided into two, as long as
or shorter than the second ; 4 or 5 upper labials anterior to the sub-
ocular, which is keeled below the eye, and borders the mouth or is
sepai-ated from it by one or two additional upper labials detached
from its lower part.f Temporal scales small, granvdar, lower larger ;
a narrow tympanic shield; no auricidar denticulatiou. Lower eyelid
with a semitransparent disc formed of one large oval scale, which may
be broken up into 5 to 8 pieces.

5 or 6 pairs of chiu-shields, the first three in contact in the middle,

* Except in a female from Tel Jebarah.
t In 11 specimens out of 20 examined.

Eremias. 275

the last narrow* ; 19 to 30 gular scales iu a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold
absent or feebly marked. Collar curved or angular, free, composed
of 7 to 13 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, round and smooth, larger towards
the ventral plates, 35 to 50 across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates in 12, rarely 10, regular longitudinal and 29 to 35 transverse
series, as long as broad or broader than lougf or the two median
series broader than tlie others, the outer longer than liroad. Pi'e-
anal plate rather large and bordered by two semicircles of smaller
plates iu males, smaller and usually with three semicircles in females.

Scales on upper surface of tibia round or subrhomboidal and juxta-
posed, smooth or obtusely keeled, as large as or a little larger than
dorsals ; oue series of large and two of small plates on the lower
surface. 11 to 17 femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae
tricariuate, 17 to 24 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, feebly or moderately
keeled, lower smooth ; 22 to 30 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Grey or greyish brown above, usually with numerous large whitish,
blackish-edged ocellar spots ; some specimens witli small dark brown or
rusty spots on the back and larger ones on the sides ; in the type from
Ealabagh there are four very regular longitudinal series of large dark
spots on the body iu addition to numerous suiall white spots. Lower
parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore liml:>

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head

Fore limb ....

Hind limb

Foot

Tail

1. (3^, Kalabagh (type). 2. ^J , Bushire. 3. c^,Jerud. 4,5. ?
Jarrahi K.

* In the specimen from Felnjali-Eamadieh there ai-e 4 shields on the right
and 5 on the left, 2-3 forming a symphysis.

t In the specimen from Jerud they are quite as broad as in E. rjultulata and
likewise in 10 longitudinal series.

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

44

55

52

55

46

17

20

20

18

17

11

13

13

11

10

8

9-5

10

8

8

5

6-5

6

5

5

17

19

19

17

16

27

30

30

28

27

14

14

15

15

14

85

102

95

—

87

276

Lacertidm.

Patiiculam

of Specimens Exami

',ned.

].

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

? Kalrthagh, Punjab (typo) .

44

46

12

33

9

28

15-14

24

5-7

„ Dasht, Balviehistan

41

42

10

30

10

28

16-15

22

4

„ Tumb Id., Persian Gulf (type) .

40

46

12

32

9

25

16

21

5

40

45

12

32

8

26

15

22

4

36

47

12

30

9

25

14

20

4

(J Bushire, Persia .

55

35

12

31

11

24

15-16

18

4

„ „

50

39

12

30

7

19

12-13

19

4

„ Jarrahi E , N.W. of Bushire

54

50

12

32

11

26

14-15

21

4

?

55

45

12

34

9

28

16

20

5

50

49

12

33

10

23

11-12

21

5-4

>>

46

46

12

32

7

30

14-15

22

5-6

„ Zobeia, Mesopofc., B.S.

32

42

12

33

9

22

13-12

21

5

^ Tel Jebarah, between Basra

and

Nasriyeh ....

46

42

12

29

13

20

12-11

22

4

?

43

43

12

32

7

21

11

21

4

(? Faleya, Euphrates, B.S.

52

45

12

29

10

22

17 16

22

4

?

52

49

12

33

10

27

14

22

4

„ Felujah-Kaniadieh, Euphrates .

45

40

12

32

11

22

12

18

4

„ Raiiiadieh, Euphrates

42

39

12

33

11

21

14

21

4

„ . .

40

44

12

35

10

22

14

21

4

f? Jerud, Syria

52

36

10

30

9

23

14-15

17

4

Habitat. — The type specimens of this species are from Kalabngli in
the Punjab and Turab Island in the Persian Gulf. Tlie lizard has
since been found in Persia near Bushire, in Mesopotamia, and in Syria
(Coslesyria Valley, Palmyra, Jerud), and I refer to the same species
one of Blanford's Mesalina pardalis from Dasht, Baluchistan. The
area of distribution, thougli a broken one in the present state of our
knowledge, thus extends from Syria to the Punjab.

14. EEEMIAS RUBEOPimCTATA.

Lacerta rnhroj)unctata, Lichtenst. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. p. 100
(1823).

Scapteira nebulosa, G-ray, Ann. N. H. i, 1838, p. 281.

Mesalina lichtensteinii, Gray, t.c. p. 282.

Eremias mbropunctata, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 297 (1839) ;
A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept. pi. xlviii, fig. 9 (1845); Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 89 (1887) ; Koeuig, Eeis. Alg. pp. 93, 412 (1896) ;
Anders. Zool. Egypt, Kept. p. 182, pi. xxiii, figs. 5, 6 (1898) ; Steind.
Deukschr. Ak. Wien, Ixix, 1900, p. 330 ; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
xxvii, 1909, p. 608 ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xx, 1913, p. 81 ; Bouleng.
Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 5.

Mesalina rubro punctata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 43 (1845).

Eremias. 277

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head 1* to 1| times as
long as broad, its length 3| to 4^ times in length to vent in males,

4 to 5 times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the
centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout pointed, with the nasal
shields strongly swollen, as long as the postoculav part of the head ;
canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region feebly concave ; a more or less
distinct concavity in the middle of the upper surface of the snout,
e.vtending to the middle o£ the frontal shield. Pileus 1| to If times
as long as broad. Neck as broad as the liead. Hind limb reaching
the collar or between the collar and the ear, rarely the ear, in males,
the elbow, the axil, the collar, or a little beyond, in females ; foot
li to ] I times the length of the head ; toes moderately slender, not
compressed. Tail 1| to 1| times the length of head and body.

Up[;er head-shields smooth, convex, s(mietimes slightly rugose in
old specimens. Rostral usually* in contact with the fi'ontonasal,
which is as long as broad or a little broader ; prefrontals as long as
broad, or usually a little longer, forming a suture in the middle,
rarely with a small azygos shield between them+ ; frontal as long as
or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, H to 2
times as long as broad, usually much broader in front than behind ;
parietals as long as broad or a little longer ; interparietal as large as
or smaller than the frontoparietals, rarely larger, in contact with an
occipital J which is much shorter but sometimes quite as broad. First
and fourth supraoculars small or broken up into granules ; 6 to 8,
rarely 5, sviperciliaries, first longest, separated from the two large
supraoculars by one or two series of granules in front, 2 to 5 behind,
rarely one throughout. Three nasals, lower in contact with the rostral
and the first upper labial, posterior small and very rarely excluded
fi'om the nostril ; anterior loreal 2 to 3 times as deep as long, excep-
tionally divided into two, as long as or a little shorter than the second ;
usually 4, sometimes 5, upper labials anterior to the subocular, which
is keeled below the eye, and largely borders the mouth, its lower
border much shorter than the upper; temporal scales small, granular,
loAver larger ; a small tympanic shield often present ; no auricular
denticulation. Lower eyelid with a semitransparent disc formed of

5 to 8 scales, 2 or 3 of which are sometimes large.

* 8 exceptions (single specimens from Kharg-eh, Hehian, Foggaret es Zona,
2 from Wed Saret-El Golea, 3 from El Golea-Fort Miribel) out of 47 specimens.

t Single specimen from Khargeh and Natron Valley, 2 specimens from Giza.

X Except in the type of S. lichtensteinii, in which a small shield separates
them, and in a specimen from Wed Saret-El Golea, in which the parietals meet
on the median line.

278 Lacert'uhv.

5 or 6 pairs of oliin-sliiolds, tlio first three, rarely two, in contact iu
the middle ; '26 to 35 i;ular scales in a strai^'lit line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; ij;iilar fold
more or less distinct. Collar angular, free or attached in the middle,
composed of 7 to 11 small plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, flat, smooth, larger towards the ventrals,
53 to 67 (usually 58 to 63) across the middle of the body. Veuti-al
plates iu 12, rarely 10 or 14, straight longitudinal series, and 32 to 37
transverse series, mostly as long as broad or a little broader than long.
Preanal plate usually' rather large and much broader than long, some-
times small in females, bordered by 2 or 3 semicircles of small plates.

Scales on upper surface of tibia round and juxtaposed, as large as
or a little larger than dorsals, smooth or obtusely keeled ; one series
of large and one or two of small plates on the lower surface. 13 to 22
femoral pores on each side, usually 14 to 20. Subdigital lamellfe bi-,
tri-, or quadricariuate, 18 to 23 under the fourth toe, usually 20 to 22.

Upper caudal scales very oblique, truncate behind, feebly and
diagonally keeled, lower smooth ; 26 to 32 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl.

Grey, greyish or yellowish brown, or reddish above, with dark grey,
blackish or reddish round spots, usually four iu number, irregularly
scattered or forming transverse series or even confluent into cross-bars,
sometimes accompanied by small round bluish-white spots contiguous
to the dark ones ; rarely with irregular transverse series of ocellar
spots ; sides of tail often with dark vertical bars ; upper surface of
head sometimes blackish in males. Lower parts white.

The red colour predominates in specimens from Tripdli and Algeria.

This species shows no trace of striation, and thus stands iu the
same relation to E. guthilata as L. ocellata to L. viridis.

Measurements (iu millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

From end of snout to

vent

53

55

56

62

63

50

,, ,, ,

^

fore

limb

22

21

20

24

27

22

Length of head

14

14

13

16

17

13

Width of head .

10

10

9

11

12

9

Depth of head .

7

6

5-5

7

8

6

Fore limb

21

21

19

22

23

20

Hind limb

34

32

28

35

37

31

Foot

17

17

14

18

19

17

Tail .

—

97

90

—

110

87

1. J, Mt. Sinai.

2.

c?, :

Khargeh.

3.

?, Giza.

4.

9 , Serir

Ben-Afien. 5. ,5 , Wed Saret-El Grolea. 6. ?

, El Golea-J^'ort Miribel.

Eremias.

279

Particular

s of Specimens Ewainined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

0.

7.

8.

9.

S Mt. Sinai . . . .

. 53

63

12

34

9

34

15

21

5

? „ ...

. 40

65

12

36

7

34

16

22

4-5

„ Sinaitic Peninsula

. 40

63

12

32

9

27

15-14

22

4

Hgr. — ? (type of M. Uchtenste

nii) . 34

55

10

33

8

33

16-17

21

5-4

S ^^gypt (type of S. nebulosa)

. 46

62

12

34

9

29

17-18

21

4

? „

. 45

60

12

34

8

30

13-14

18

4

„ Moses Wells, Suez

. 45

60

12

34

8

27

14

21

4

I. „ „

. 44

65

12

36

8

30

16

22

5-4

„ ,, „

. 42

59

12

35

8

27

15-16

21

4

S Khargeh

. 55

53

12

32

7

33

14-15

21

4

„ „

. 53

59

10

34

7

31

16-18

23

4

„ jj

. 53

57

12

33

7

32

19-18

21

4

?

. 67

60

12

37

9

34

16

22

5

)> j>

. 49

56

12

35

8

29

15-14

20

4-5

<J Natron Valley

. 48

58

12

34

9

32

17-16

20

4

,, „

. 48

61

12

32

8

30

16-17

20

5-4

?

. 50

59

12

35

9

30

15

21

4

» »

. 49

59

12

35

9

28

15-17

20

4

„ „

. 47

64

12

32

8

35

15

20

4-5

jj »

. 45

61

12

34

9

31

14

21

5

jj „

. 37

63

12

36

8

29

14-16

21

4-5

S Kafr Gauius

. 47

58

12

34

10

27

15

21

4

„

. 42

62

12

32

9

30

15-16

20

4

?

. 46

59

12

37

7

28

13-14

20

4

(J Giza

. 51

67

12

36

11

30

17-16

20

4

„ „

. 48

59

12

34

10

34

16-15

22

4-5

? „ . .

. 56

61

12

36

10

33

15-16

19

4

„ „

. 52

62

12

37

8

32

14-16

21

4-5

„ Heluan

. 50

63

12

36

8

31

15

20

4

J> JS

. 48

63

12

36

7

30

15

22

4-5

5> JJ

. 45

59

12

35

8

32

17-16

22

5-4

S Tel el Aniarna

. 47

55

12

34

9

29

17-16

20

4

?

. 52

60

12

35

1

33

17-15

21

5-4

.,

. 48

61

12

36

7

27

16-15

21

4

„ Serir Ben-Alien, Tiipo

i

. 61

55

12

32

11

32

19

23

4

S Wed Saret-El Golea

. 63

60

12

34

9

34

21-20

20

4

„

. 60

65

12

35

10

31

20-22

21

4

„

. 56

60

12

32

8

29

20-19

21

4

,.

. 55

60

12

33

9

31

18

18

4

„ El Golea- Ft. Miribel

. 57

53

12

35

9

26

19

21

4

M

. 52

59

12

34

9

33

17-18

20

4

?

. 50

61

14

34

9

28

16-15

20

4

. 45

54

14

36

10

29

21

21

4

„ N.E. of El Golea

. 45

59

12

35

7

31

20-19

21

4

$ Foggaret es Zona

. 58

58

12

33

7

34

16-17

20

4

. 36

56

12

34

11

31

20-19

21

4-5

280 Lacertidie.

Hahitcif. — Siuaitic Peiiiusula, Egypt, Nubia, Tripoli, Algerian
Sahara.

15. EREMIAS NAMAQUENSIS.

Eremiat>- lutiinKinensis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gi'u. v, p. 307 (1839) ;
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 41 (1845); A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept,
pi. xliv, fig. 'J, ami pi. xlviii, tig. 6 (1845) ; Bouleiig. Cat. Liz. iii,
p. 91 (1887); Werner, Jena. Denkschr. xvi, 1910, p. 330; Bouleug.
Journ. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 5.

Eremias brevicepH, Sternf. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. v, 1911, p. 404,
fig.

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head I.t to 1| times
as long as broad, its length 3| to 4 times in length to vent in males,
4 to 4f times in females, its depth equal to the distance between
the anterior corner or the centre of the eye an<l the tympanum ;
snout pointed, with the nasal shields feebly SAVolleu, as long as or
a little longer than the postocular part of the head, with sharp
canthus and feebly concave loreal region ; a more or less distinct
concavity in the middle of the upper surface of the snout, extending
to the middle or posterior third of the froutal shield. Pilens 2 to
2|- times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little
constricted. Hind limb reaching between the collar and the ear, the
ear, or between the ear and the eye, in males, the collar or the ear in
females ; foot 1 ^ to 1 h times as long as the head ; toes rather slender,
feebly compressed. Tail 2 to 2i times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth. Nasals in contact with each other
behind the rostral, the suture between them -J to J- the length of the
frontonasal, which is as long as broad or a little broader than long * ;
prefrontals as long as broail or a little longer than broad, forming a
short median suture, or very frequently f separated by one or two,
or even three or four small shields ; froutal as long as or shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, Ik to If times as long-
as broad, narrow behind, ^ 1o f of its lateral border in contact with
the large supraoculars ; parietals as long as broad or a little longer
than broad (exceptionally up to 1^) ; interparietal as large as or
larger than the frontoparietals ; occipital usually as broad as or a
little narrower than the interparietal and ^ to 5 its length, sometimes

* Longitudinally divided into two in a male from Great Namaqualand, in
a male from L. Molopo. in a male from Ky Ky, and in a female from Port
Elizabeth.

t In 44 out of (30 specimens examined.

Eremias. 281

separated from it by one or two small shields* or by the parietals
meetintf in the middle.t rai-ely absent.;]: Two supraoculars, the fii'st
longer than its distance from the anterior loreal, the space in front
of it filled by 3 to 8 scales ; G or 7, rarely 5 or 8, superciliaries,
first longest, separated from the supraoculars by a series of small
granular scales or by one series in front and two behind. Three
nasals, lower in contact with the rostral and the first upper labial,
posterior small; anterior loreal H to 2 times as long as deep, shorter
than the second; 4 or 5, larely 3 or 6, upper labials anterior to the
subocular, Avhich is keeled below the eye and largely borders the mouth,
its lower border much shorter than the upper. Temporal scales
granular, smooth ; a narrow tympanic shield ; no auricular denticula-
tion. Lower eyelid opaque or semitransparent, with numerous enlarged
scales in the middle, one of which maybe much larger than the others.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle. §
24 to 38 gular scales in a straight line between the sym]ihysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate; no gnlar fnld Collar
straight, free, composed of 7 to 11 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, smooth, larger towards the ventrals,
47 to 65 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 12,
rarely 10, i-egular longitudinal and 28 to 33 transverse series ; the
plates of the median and outer series as long as lu'oad or longer than
broad, the others as long as broad or a little broader tlian long.
Preanal region usually with small irregular plates, exceptionally with
'one or two enlarged ]jlates, or with three formiug a triaugl(^

Scales on upper surface of fore limb large, smootli or obtusely
keeled ; lower surface of forearm with a series of transversely
enlarged scales. Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, feebly
imbricate, keeled, much larger than dorsals; one series of very
large and one of small plates on the lower surface. 10 to 16 femoral
pores on each side, usually 12 to 16. Subdigital lamelte bicarinate,
spinulose, 24 to 30 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and dia-
gonally keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled ; 24 to
32 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

The young is elegantly streaked with black and white on the body.
There are 5 or 7 black streaks as wide as or wider than the inter-

* In G specimens,
fin 11 specimens.
t In the specimen from Ky Ky.

§ A male from Ky Ky is exceptional in having 5 pairs of chin-shields, the
first 4 in contact in the middle.

282

Lncerfid{e.

spaces ; tho median bifurcates lietweeu the slioulders and its white
inner border is again divided Ijy a short streak on the nape, which
thus bears 7 or 9 black streaks. Beginning with the outer, the white
streaks start from the upper lip, through the tympanum, from behind
the eye, passing above the tympanum, from the superciliary edge, and
from the occipital shield. The striation is not continued on the tail,
which is reddish. Tiimbs dark brown with round white spots.

The dark streaks persist in the adult, on a pale grey, greyish brown,
or reddish brown ground, but they often bear yellowish, black-edged
ocellar spots, or they may be broken up into series of black spots ;
the vertebral streak may disappear on the nape or half-way down the
body. Grreater part of tail yellow or reddish orange. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

„ „ ,, fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail

1. (^ , G-reat Namaqualaud (type),
fontein. 4. 9 > Gramis.

1.

50
20
13
7-5
6
20
36
18

51

20

12

8

6

21

38

20

143

3.

52

20
13

7
5-5
18
31
16

4.

55

21

12

8

6

18

34

18

110

f^ , Steinkopf . 3. $ , Deel-

Particulars of
Gamis, Daniaraland .

S.A.M.

Nauclies
Dainaialand

Great Namaqualand (type)

Wassei'fall, Great Nainaqiialaiid
Steinkopf, Little Namaqualand .
Namaqualand . . . .
Lower Norob, Gordonia, McG. M.
Lower Molopo „ „

1.
46
55
50
52
49
50
49
49
54
51
51
48
4.i
50
47
43

imens Examined.

2.

61

54 12

51 12

47

53

60

61

55

59

60

51

56

54

61

63

3. 4.
10 30
12 32

30
12 29
12 31
12 32
12 28
12 31

12 31
12 31

5. 6.

7 36

10 34

7 31
10 32

8 24

9 33

8 33
10 30

9 33

8 33

9 32
8 32

10 38

10 32

9 30
12 28 8 32

14-13

14
12-13

16
15-13

14

15
13-14
14 15

15
14-13
1.5-16
13-14

14

13

13

26

9.

4
5
4

27 4-5

24 5-4

28 3-4

25 4-3
25 5-4
28 3-4
27 5-4

26
26
26
25

28

Eremias. 283

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

? Lower Molopo, Gordoiiia, McG. M. 45 55 12 r!2 10 29 12 27 4

. 43 53 12 31 8 32 13-14 2(5 4

. 42 55 12 32 9 32 14-13 27 4

S Ky Ky „ „ . 49 CO 12 30 10 34 14-13 27 5

„ „ „ . . 48 54 12 30 11 31 12-13 28 4

McG. M. 48 58 12 31 10 3t) 15-14 27 5

. 48 60 12 30 9 33 13 25 5

„ „ „ „ . 47 55 12 29 10 30 13 27 4

„ „ „ „ . 46 60 12 32 11 34 14-16 25 4

? „ „ ., . 48 58 12 33 10 36 15-14 25 4-5

„ „ „ . 46 61 12 33 9 35 13-12 26 4

McG. M. 44 50 12 30 10 3i 12-11 24 4

. 43 53 12 31 11 32 10-11 25 4

f? De Aar, McG. M. . . 51 63 13 31 10 34 14 26 4

„ Modeler 11. „ ... 51 58 12 30 9 31 13 25 4

„ „ „ ... 48 63 12 30 9 33 13-14 30 4

? Port Elizabeth .... 47 64 10 32 9 32 13 27 4

J' E. Districts of Cape Colony . 47 05 10 30 11 35 16-15 28 4-5

? ,, . 53 58 12 32 9 35 14-13 25 4

Habitat. — Originally described from Great Namaqualand, this
species is now known to have a wide distribution, extending
northwai'd to Daraaniland and southward to Bechuanaland and over
the greater part of Cape Colony.

16. EREMIAS UNDATA.

Lacerta nndata, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii, 1838, p. 42.

Eremias >indata, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 42 (1845) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.
iii, p. 92 (1887), and Ann. S. Afr. Mus. v, 1910, p. 477; Werner,
Jena. Denksclir. xvi, 1910, p. 331 ; Bouleng. Jouru. Zool. Ees. iii,
1918, p. 5.

Eremias undata, part., A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. (1845).

Eremias benguelensis, part., Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i, 1867, p. 229.

Eremias namaquensis, part., Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 31 (1895).

Eremias inornata, Eoux, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xx, 1907, p. 427, pi. xv,
figs. 1-3 ; Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mus. ii, 1910, p. 109, and iii, 1911,
p. 48 ; Methuen & Hewitt, op. cit. iv, 1914, p. 138, figs. ; Hewitt &
Power, Tr. E. Soc. S. Afr. iii, 1918, p. 156.

Eremias undata, var. inornata, Sternf. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. v,
1911, p. 404.

Head ami body rather strongly depressed. Head 1} to If times as
long as broad, its length 3-J to 4 times in length to vent, its depth
eqvial to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;

284 Lacertiilie.

snout pointed, with the nasal shields feebly swollen, a little lon<;-ei'
tha,n the postocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and feebly
concave loreal region ; a distinct concavity in the middle of the upper
surface of the snout, extendint;- to the middle of the frontal shield.
Pileus 2J to 2]y times as Ioiil;- as broad. Neck as broad as tlie head or
a little constricted. Himl limb leaehing the ear or the eye in males,
between the collar and the ear or between the ear and the eye in
females; foot Ifr to 1§ times as long as the head; toes rather slender,
feebly compressed. Tail 2 to 2i^ times as long as head and bod}'.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth. Nasals in contact with each other
behind the rostral, the suture between them \ to \ the length of the
frontonasal, which is as long as broad or a little bi'oader than long;
prefrontals as long as broad or longer than broad, usually forming a
median suture* ; frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, 1-^ to If times as long as broad, i to f of its lateral border in
contact with the large sujiraoculars ; parietals \\ to H times as long
as broad; interparietal larger than the frontoparietals, in contact with
the large but shorter occipital. Two supraoculars, the first as long as
or longer than its distance from the anterior loreal, the space in front
of it filled by 6 to 15 scales or granules ; 6 or 7 superciliaries, first
longest, separated from the supraoculars by one or two, nearly threef
series of granules. Three nasals, lower in contact with the rostral and
the first upper labial, postei'ior small ; anterior loreal \h to 2 times as
long as deep, shorter than the second ; 5 or 6, rarely 4, upper labials
anterior to the subocular, which is keeled below the eye and largely
borders the mouth, its lower border much shorter than the upper.
Temporal scales granular, smooth ; a narrow tympanic shield ; auri-
cular deuticulation absent, or reduced to a few projecting granules.
Lower eyelid with a transparent disc formed of 2, rarely 3 or 4,
larger black-edged scales, with 2 to 4 smaller ones below.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle.
27 to 35 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar straight,
free, composed of 9 to 15 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, smooth, larger towards the ventrals,
58 to 75 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 10, rarely
1'2, regular longitudinal and 27 to 34 transverse series; the plate-> of
the median serit^s longer than l)road, the others a little broader than
long. Preanal region covered with small irregular plates.

* Separated by small .shields in one .specimen e.xaniined by Werner, in one
from Kiiboos, and in one from Grond Neus (McGregor Museum).
t Male from Grond Neus (McGregor Museum).

Eremias. 285

Scales on upper surface of fore liuib large, smooth or obtusely
keeled ; lower surface of forearm with a series of transversely enlarged
scales. Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, feebly imbricate,
keeled, much larger than dorsals ; one series of very large and one of
small plates on the lower surface. 10 to 15* femoral pores on each
side. Subdigital lamellae bicarinate, spiuulose, 22 to 28 under the
fourtli toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and diagonally
keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled ; 20 to 30 scales
in the fourth or fifth whorl.

In the typical form, as desciiited by Smith, the markings of the young-
are the same as in E. namaquensis, and they persist in the adult with
the only difference that the black is less intense and the white turns to
pale brown or " reddish yellow inclined to orange." In the colour-
variety named inoniafahy Rou.x, the upper parts ai'e grey or pale buff
above, uniform or with small Avhite, dark-edged ocellar spots on the
sides and hind limbs. Specimens intermediate between the two
extremes occur (females from Groendoorn-Wasserfall and Nanchas) :
grey or reddish brown above, with 5 longitudinal series of small black
spots on the back and ocellar spots on the sides.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

.3.

4.

From end of snout to

vent .

. 61

50

52

46

,, ,, ,,

fore limb

O)

20

20

20

Length of head

. 16

13

13

12

Widtli of head

. 10

8

8

7

Depth of head

7

6

6

5

Fore limb

. 23

22

23

18 ..

Hind limb .

. 41

39

42

31

Foot .

. 21

21

20

16

Tail

. —

133

140

105

. (5',Type? 2. (J,Maconjo. 3. ?,

, Naroep. 4.

? , Nauchas.

Parficitlars of Specimens Examined.

1.

2.

3.

■i.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

<? Type?

. 61

63

10

27

11

29

12 13

28

4-5

? Naroep, Little Namaqualand

. 52

61

10

29

11

28

12

21

5-6

?, ,, ,,

. 52

65

10

31

12

27

13

25

5

„

. 49

62

10

28

12

28

12

21

6

* 9 to 12 in the types, according to Smith ; 8 to 13 in the specimens examined
by Werner.

286 Lacerfidie.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G, 1. 8. 9.
9 Grroendoorn-Wasserfall, Great

Namaqualand .... 52 GS 10 31 11 35 10 27 5
<? Augra Pequena, Great Nainaqiia-

land 52 G3 12 28 12 32 13 27 5

$ „ „ . 42 73 12 30 10 35 13-12 25 5-6

. 40 G5 10 31 i) 3U 12 25 5

(J Nanebas, Daniaralaiul . 53 62 12 30 11 32 14 28 5

9 „ „ S.A.M. . 46 61 12 32 12 30 11-12 25 5
,, Bull's Neck Pass, Dainaralaiid,

S.A.M 46 Gl 10 30 11 29 12-13 26 5

„ Kuboos, McG, M. .48 75 lo 34 15 30 13-14 2S 5 6

S Lower Molopo, Gordoiua, McG. M. 49 .59 12 30 M 30 12 26 5-G

„ GrondNeus, „ „ 48 62 10 27 13 30 13-14 22 5

„ Maconjo, Uenyuella . . 50 58 10 30 12 29 14 26 5

Hgr., Huxe, „ . . . . 35 69 10 30 10 30 15-14 28 5

Habitat. — The types are from tlie " Northern ;iik1 Western parts of
Cape Colony." The species is now known from Little Naniaqualand
to Bechuanalaud (Gordonia) and Angola (Bengnella).

It is necessary to observe that my identification of E. undata rests
on Sir Andrew Smith's description of 1838, in which 10 longitudinal
rows of ventral plates are ascribed to the species, not 12 or 14 as
stated by Diimcril and Bibron, from specimens lent by Smith himself.
These, as well as the one figured in the " Illustrations," are striated
e.xamples of E. Uneo-ocellata, var. 'puJcltdla, which, owing to the
markings, were confounded by Smith with his E. undata. The true
E. undata is not among the specimens presented by Smith to the
British Museum, but the lizard received from Lord Derby, previous to
1845, is probably one of the original types, given away by the former
before the publication of his "Illustrations." It is a great pity that
the types of so many of Smith's species were thus scattered about, with
the result that some have been lost.

Were it not for the difference in the number of longitudinal series
of ventral plates between this si>ecies and the preceding, a character
which, although liable to exceptions, goes hand in hand with a difference
in the lower eyelid, I should have hesitated to retain E. undata, as a
species distinct from E. namaquensis, in view of the variation in
E. guttulata. But whereas in the North African species the extremes
in the condition of the lower eyelid are completely connected, no transi-
tional forms are known to occur in South Africa, although it is quite
possible that such may eventually be discovered when larger series of
specimens have been collected, in which case the question will have to
be reconsidered, and E. naniaquensis, as well as E. henguelensU, may
have to be degraded to the rank of varieties of E. undata, which name

Eremias. 287

carries priority. Anyhow, we must regard E. henguelensis as pi'obaV)]j
derived from E. nndata, and the latter from E. vamaquensis.

17. EREMIAS BENGUELENSIS.

Eremias henguelensis, part., Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i, 1867, p. 229.
Eremias namaquensis, part., Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 31 (1895).
Eremias henguelensis, Bouleug. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 5.

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head 1} to 1| times as
long as broad, its length 3| to 43 times in length to vent, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout pointed, with the nasal shields feebly swollen, as long as the
postocular part of the head, with sharp cauthus and feebly concave
loreal region ; a distinct concavity in the middle of the upper surface
of the snout, extending to the middle or posterior third of the frontal
shield. Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the
head or a little constricted. Hind limb reaching the ear or between
the ear and the eye in males, the shoulder or the collar in females ;
foot 1} to If times as long as the head ; toes rather slender, feebly
compressed. Tail 1^ to 2} times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth. Nasals in contact with each
other behind the rostral, the suture between them -j to ^ the length of
the frontonasal, which is a little broader than long ; prefrontals as
long as broad or longer than broad, forming a short median suture or
separated* by a small azygos shield ; frontal as long as or shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, 1} to 2 times as long as
broad, } to J of its lateral border in contact with the large supra-
oculars ; parietals Ij to 1} times as long as broad ; interparietal much
larger than the frontoparietals, usually in contact with the occipital,t
which is often as broad and always much shorter. Two supraoculars,
the first as long as or a little longer than its distance from the anterior
loreal, the sjjace in front of it filled by 7 to 15 scales or granules ; 6
or 7, rarely 5, superciliaries, first longest, separated from the supra-
oculars by a series of granules. Three nasals, lower in contact with
the rostral and the first upper labial, posterior small ; anterior loreal
as long as deep or a little longer than deep, shorter than the second ;
4, rarely 5, upper labials anterior to the subocular, Avhich is keeled
below the eye and largely borders the mouth, its lower border much
shorter than the upper. Temporal scales granular, smooth ; a narrow

* Fn 4 specimens out of 15.

t In 2 specimens a small shield separates them.

288 Lacertidiv.

tvmp.iuic hliifM : ui> auricular (leuticulatiuii Lower eyelid with a
lar>,'e oval 1raiisp;irent scale, edged with black.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the first three iu contact in the middle. 25
to 30 <;ular scales iu a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
straight, free, composed of 7 to 10 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granvdar, smooth, more rhombic and feeblj
keeled on the posterior part of the back, larger towards the ventials,
52 to &o across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 10 regular
longitudinal and 25 to 30 transverse series, the plates of the median and
outer series as long as broad or longer than broad, tlie others a little
broader tlian long. Preaual region covered with small irregular plates
or with one large plate bordered by two semicircles of smaller ones.

Scales on upper surface of fore limb large, smooth ; loAver surface
of forearm with a series of transversely enlarged scales. Scales on
upper surface of tibia rhombic, feebly imbricate, keeled, much larger
than dorsals ; one series of very large and one of small plates on the
lower surface. 11 to 14 femoral pores on each side. Subdigital
lamellae bicarinate. spinulose, 23 to 26 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and
diagonally keeled ; basal subcaudals more or less distinctly keeled ;
20 to 26 scales in tlie fourth or tifth whorl.

Grrey or pale reddish brown above, with dark brown or black streaks
disposed as in E. namaquensis, those, on the sides separated l)y whitish ;
the dark streaks sometimes broken up into small spots, and the
vertebral often indistinct or absent ; tail yellow or orange. Lower
parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) : _

From end of snout to vent .

,, ,. ,, fore limb

Length of head ...
Width of head . .

Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind liml)

Foot ....
Tail ....

(? Huxe, Benguella

$

?

49

52

19

18

12

12

20

17

34

29

17

15

98

95

<eciniens Exa mined.

1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

40 56 10

29

10

28

13-14

26 4

36 61 10

27

9

30

14

25 5

'rpmioi

■Li

B9

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

G.

7.

8.

9.

, 35

58

10

27

10

29

13

24

4

, 35

67

10

27

9

26

12

24

4

. 40

61

10

30

9

27

12

25

4

. 49

52

10

27

7

25

13

24

4

. 42

59

10

27

9

26

12

25

4

. 38

58

10

29

8

25

11

26

4

. 52

58

10

29

9

27

12

23

4

^ Huxe, Bong-uellii

? „ „ . .

^ Ponang' Kiinia, Mossamedes

„ . . 36 59 10 31 8 30 ]3-12 24 4

Habitat. — Angola (Beuguella aud Mossamedes).

18. EREMIAS LINEO-OCELLATA.

Eremias lineo-ocellata, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. G-eu. v, p. 314 (1839) ;
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 41 (1845); A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept,
pi. xlviii, fig. 2, aud pi. xlviii, fig. 10 (1845) ; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii,
p. 94 (1887) ; Eoux, Zool. Jalirb., Sjst. xxv, 1907, p. 426 ; Werner,
Jena. Denkscbr. xvi, 191U, p. 334; Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mus. ii, 1910,
p. 109 ; Bouleug. Auu. S. Afr. Mus. v, 1910, p. 477 ; Hewitt, Anu.
Transv. Mus. iii, 1911, p. 48 ; Sternf. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. v, 1911,
p. 405; Hewitt & Power, Tr. E. Soc. S. Afr. iii, 1918, p. 156;
Bouleug. Jouru. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 6.

Eremias umlata (non A. Smith), Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 316 ; A. Smith,
op. cit. pi. xliv, fig. 1, aud pi. xlviii, fig. 11 ; Methuen ct Hewitt, Ann.
Transv. Mus. iv, 1914, p. 139, fig.

Eremias piilchella. Gray, op. cit. p. 42 ; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 93;
Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1886-87, p. 146 ; Eoux, I.e. ; Weruer, t.c.
p. 331 ; Sternf. I.e. ; Hewitt & Power, I.e.

Eremias annulifera, A. Smith, op. cit. pi. xlvii, fig. 1, and pl. Iviii,
tig. 14.

Eremias pulchra, A. Smith, i.e. figs. 2, 12.

Eremias formosa, A. Smith, I.e. figs. 3, 15.

Eremias lineo-ocellata, vnv. indcliella, Methuen ct Hewitt, I.e.

A very variable species, comparable to Acaidhodactylus vulgaris in
the range of variation of the dorsal scales.

The following description is based exclusively on specimens from
Sir Andrew Smith's Collection, types of the E. lineo-ocellata of
Dumeril aud Bibrou.

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head Ij to If times as

long as broad, its length 3^ to 4 times iu length to vent in males,

4 to 4.V times iu females, its depth equal to the distance between the

centre or the anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ; suout

VOL. II. 19

290 LacertUhe.

rather obtusely pointed, with the imsals more or less swollen, as long
as the postocular part of the head ; a distinct concavity in the middle
of the upper surface of the snout, extending to the middle or the
posterior extremity of the frontal shield. Pileus If to 2 times as long
as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little narrower. Hind limb
reaching the ear or between the collar and the ear in males, the
shoulder, the collar, or between the collar and the ear in females ; foot
li to 1^ times as long as the head ; toes rather slender, feebly com-
pressed. Tail If to 2J times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields fiat or feebly convex, smooth or feebly rugose
and pitted. Nasals in contact with each other behind the rostral, the
suture between, them ^ to -^ the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long ; prefrontals longer than broad, forming a short
median suture or* separated by an azygos shield ; frontal as long as
or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, 1^ to If times
as long as broad, not more than ^ of its lateral border in contact with
the large supraoculars, sometimes! separated from them by a series of
small scales ; parietals as long as broad or a little longer than broad ;
interparietal as large as or larger than the frontoparietals ; occipital
small, -g- to -^ the length of the interparietal, sometimes minute and
separated from the latter by the parietals meeting in the middle. Two
supraoculars, together not longer than } the supraocular region, the
first usually shorter than the second, and as long as or shorter than
its distance from the anterior loreal, the space in front of it tilled by
2 to 6 transverse series of small shields or granules ; 5 to 9 super-
ciliaries, separated from the supraoculars by 2 to 4 series of granules.
Tliree nasals, lower in contact with the rostral and the first upper
labial, posterior small and sometimes excluded from the nostril;
anterior loreal as long as deep, shorter than the second ; 4 or 5, rarely
6, upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is keeled below the
eve and largely borders the mouth, its lower border much shorter
than the upper. Temporal scales granular, smooth or obtusely keeled ;
no tvmpanic shield ; 3 or 4 obtuse or pointed lobules project in front
of the ear. Lower eyelid with a transpai-eut disc formed of two large
black-edged scales, sometimes with 2 or S smaller ones below.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the fii'st two (rarely three) in contact in the
middle. o3to 43 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis
of the chin- shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
straight, free, composed of 10 to 15 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, smooth or obtusely keeled on the neck,

* In 1 7 specimens ovit of 24.
t In 9 specimens.

Eremias. 291

gradually larger, rhombic, subimbricate, aud rather strongly keeled on
the body, graduating into the caudals ; larger and smooth on the sides
and graduating into the ventrals ; 53 to 72 scales across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates in 12, rarely It-, often rather irregular longi-
tudinal and 32 to 38 more or less angular transverse series, the plates
mostly as long as broad or a little broader than long. Preaual region
covered with small irregular plates.

Scales on upper surface of fore limb moderately large, obtusely
keeled. Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, feebly imbricate,
keeled, as large as or a little larger than the posterior dorsals ; one
series of very large and one of small plates on the lower surface.
12 to 17 femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae bi- or tri-
cariuate, spinulose, 24 to 28 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly aud diagonally
keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled ; 24 to 32 scales
in the fourth or fifth whorl.

G-reyish or reddish orange above, with two whitish streaks on each
side, Avith whitish black-edged ocellar spots between them, or with two
pairs of dark l>rown streaks, the inner from the superciliary edge, the
outer from behind the eye, sometimes broken u[t into series of elongate
spots ; these streaks bordered on the inner or the outer side, or on
both, by whitish ocellar spots ; ocellar spots sometimes also present on
the back, between the bands, and on the limbs. Lower parts white.

^Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, ,, ,, fore limb .

Length of head ....
Width of head ....
Depth of head ....
Fore limb .....
Hind linab .....

Foot

Tail

Sir Andi'ew Smith has omitted to state from what part of South
Africa his specimens were obtained. Hewitt regarded E. Jineo-ocellata
and E. pidcJiella as geographical varieties, the latter belonging to
" German South- West Africa and Western Cape Province, whereasZuteo-
ocellata is the Transvaal, Free State, aud Kalahari form." The series
in the British Museum ami in the South African ^luseum are, how-
ever, not in accordance with this view.

In addition to Smith's specimens I have examined others from

<?

?

58

56

21

20

15

14

10

10

8

7

23

21

37

35

18

18

105

105

292 Laccrtidcv.

various localities:, Avliicli are enumerated in the following table, agreeing
with the types in the cariuation of the dorsal scales, although in some
of them these scales are not so large, merge less gradually into the
caudals, and are much smaller than those on the upper surface of the
tibia. Specimens from the Karoo and Port Elizabeth have less strongly
keeled scales and may be regarded as forming a connecting link with
the var. imlcliella.

The coloration varies greatly. A female stated to be from Natal
(Coll. Sanderson, S. African Museum), and others from Kimberley,
agree with Dumeril and Bibron's types in having two pairs of whitish
streaks and numerous ocellar spots forming longitudinal series ; others
lack the streaks and have nothing but ocelli, as in the type of E. jnd-
chella, some resembling JiJ. guttnlata in their markings ; a lateral series
of large blue ocelli is often present. Ground-colour grey, greyish
brown, pale buff, coppery brown, or (Naroep, Kimberley, Ababis)
brick-red.

The very young are handsomely striated : three black bauds along
each side of the body, separated by narrower white streaks ; upper
surface of head and vertebral region grey, with small black spots ; hind
limbs reddish brown, with round white spots ; tail red.

The anterior loreal is sometimes a little longer than deep ; in one
specimen* the shield is small and triangular, the second loreal touch-
ing the posterior nasal above it. An azygos shield is usually pre.sent
between the prefrontals, t and in one female^ the frontonasal is in
contact with the frontal, which is a little longer than its distance
from the end of the snout. The frontal is sometimes§ separated from
the supraoculars by a series of small scales. In one specimen || the
lower part of the subocular, on one side, is severed to form an
additional upper labial.

The number of plates in the collar varies from !-• to 16.

11 to 16 femoral pores on each side. 21 to 27 lamellae under the
fourth toe.

The tail may be only 1^ times the length of head and body.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
,, ,, ,, foi'e lim

Length of head
* From Pretoria.

t In 23 specimens out of 30 ; in one specimen 3 small shields form a triangle.
\ From Pretoria.
§ In 12 specimens.
II From Vredefort Road.

1.

•J..

3.

4.

5.

0.

65

57

54

58

50

48

27

22

22

20

1!)

17

17

14

14

13

12

11

Ereniias.

293

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Width of head .

. 11

10

10

9

8

8

Depth of liead .

. 8-5

7

8

7

6

6

Fore limb

. 25

23

23

21

18

18

Hind limb

. 47

38

41

38

30

27

Foot.

22

19

19

19

15

14

Tail .

. 145

110

—

98

90

72

1. S, Ababis, D;

amaralaiid. '1. (^ , E

larberton.

3.

s,

Naroep.

? , Grordonia. 5.

?.

, Ababis. 6. ? , Pretoria.

Since the above description was drawn up, Miss Wilman, Curator
of the McG-regor Museum, Kimberley, lias kindly placed at my disposal
for study the large series of specimens collected by her in Gordouia,
Becliuanaland, and another large series from Warrendale, near East
London, collected by Mr. Addison. These additional specimens throw
fresh light on the variation of the species, and doubts on the validity
of my recently described E. aspera.

I will deal first with the Warrendale series (58 specimens).

The upper head-shields are sometimes smooth, more often some-
what rugose, and in a few specimens almost as much as in the types of
E. asioera* ; the prefrontals are separated from each other in 20
specimens, and a complete series of granules borders the inner side
of the supraoculars in 14. The chin-shields are asymmetrical iu 4
specimens : 4 on one side and 5 on the other ; one has 5 shields on
each side, the 2 first pairs in contact in the middle ; among the
specimens in which the shields are normal in number, 3 have only the
first pair in contact with each other, and 3 have the three anterior
pairs meeting on the median line. The anterior border of the ear
is always more or less denticulated. The scales, whicli vary in
number between 58 and 75 across the middle of the body, are always
strongly keeled.

These specimens are nearly all highly coloured, reddish brown
or coppery red, with the ocellar markings, as described above, well
marked ; some have one or two pairs of interrupted dark brown or
black strea.ks on the body ; a lateral series of 4 to 6 blue ocelli is
present in a few. One specimen, a female, is uniform reddish brown
above, with a white lateral streak passing through the ear. The lower
surface of the tail is sometimes of a bright pink colour.

'I'he Gordonia series consists of 60 specimens : 13 from the Lower
Norob, 8 from the Lower Molopo, and 39 from Ky Ky, all pale greyish
or sand-colour, more reddish on the limbs and tail, with or without

* I note the same thing in single specimens from Emmaus, Enslin, and
Steynsbiarg' in the Kiinhorley Museum.

294 Lacerfiihv.

small dark spats, usually Avith two uioiv or less distinct lio;lit streaks
on each side, the upper of which may be dark-edged on the inner
side ; ocelli usually absent, sometimes present but ill-defined ; a few
(males and females) with four or five blue ocelli in a series on each
side.*

The upper head-shields are smooth or feebly rugose ; only in 8
specimens are the prefrontals separated from each other and in 7 is a
complete series of granules present on the inner side of the supra-
oculars ; 12 have the three anterior pairs of chiu-shields in contact
with each other, and 2 have only thi-ee chin-shields on each side. The
scales are less strongly keeled than in the specimens from Warrendale,
and in two of the specimens from Lower Norol) they are very feebly
keeled ; the number across the middle of the Iwdy varies between 53
and 69. The auricular denticulation is, in a few specimens, quite
indistinct or absent.

Var. PULCHELLA, Gray.

I have formerly united under the name of E. jndchella, Gray, a
number of colour-varieties, some of which agree very closely with
those known in E. lineo-ocellata but which differ in the scales being
smooth, or more or less distinctly keeled on the posterior half of
the body only, where they are usually a little smaller, merging less
gradually into the caudals. I now find that the two supposed species
are so completely connected in the degree of carination of the scales
as well as in their size as to render the distinction almost arbitrary;
I therefore have no hesitation in uniting theui, and 1 even doubt
whether the separation of E. 'p'^dchella as a variety reflects the
state of things in Nature. As mentioned above, tliis variety is not
a Western geographical form, as believed by Hewitt, specimens with
the scales Iceeled from between the shoulders occurring in Damaraland
with others in which only the posterior dorsal scales are feebly keeled.

The proportions and the lepidosis, apart from greater smoothness
of the dorsal scales, the posterior of which are always much smaller
than those on the tibia, are the same as in the typical form. I need
only note that 6 anterior upper labials is as frequent as 4, 5 being the
usual number, that an azygos shield between the prefrontals is less
frequeut,t and that the frontal is more rarely separated from the
supraoculars by a series of granules % ; the frontonasal is exceptionally

* Similar specimens, from Abeam Ui^ington (Lennox Coll.), are also in the
Kimberley Mtiseiim.
t In 9 specimens out of 22.
X In 5 specimens.

Eremias. '295

as long as broad*; a small shield is sometiniest preseut between
the interparietal and the occipital. J 57 to 73 scales across the
middle of the body; ventral plates in 12 longitudinal series, rarely
10 § or 14, and 81 to 36 transverse series. 31 to 39 gular scales
in a straight line; 11 to 16 plates in the collar. 10 to 17 femoi'al
pores on each side|| ; 23 to 3U lamellae under the fourth toe.

In the type of E. pulchella the upper parts are grey, the head and
body dotted all over with black ; 4 longitudinal series of large white,
black-edged ocellar spots on the back ; a rather indistinct light
lateral streak, edged witli dark grey, from below the eye, thi'ough
the tympanum, to the base of the hind limb. Lower parts white.

The types of the three colour-varieties described as species by
Smith are now more or less bleached ; I will therefore reproduce, in
a somewhat abridged form, the descriptions given by that author.

E. annulifera. Bluish grey or greenish grey above, the back
variegated with four rows of small, somewhat circular, liver-brown
spots, some of those of the lowermost row on each side smaller, with
white centres, and some of those of the upper rows with a clear wdiite
spot immediately under their lower edge. Lower parts pale greenish
grey. —Interior of S. Africa, towards the tropic.

E. ptdchra. Light broccoli-brown above, variegated with flesh-red,
the back and sides with small brownish-red spots and broken brownish-
red bands ; the spots are arranged in two rows along the centre of
the back, many of them being partly brownish and partly pure
white; the bands are two on each side, from behind the ear-npening
to the base of the hind limb. Lower parts dead-white. — Interior of
S. Africa.

E. formosa. Intermediate Ijetween yellowish brown and buff or
orange, which colour is bordered on each side by two longitudinal
bauds extending from the head to the base of the tail, the outer
narrow, of a light straw-yellow and in some specimens interrupted,
the inner considerably wider, continuous, and of a deep liver-brown ;
sides dull yellowish brown, freckled with liver-brown, and variegated
with a few dark liver-brown rings surrounding light straw-yellow
spots. Lower parts dull bluish white. — West Coast of S. Africa,
more especially in the neighbourhood of the Orange River.

* In 3 specimens. — In the larger type of E. pulchella a small shiell separates
the nasals.

t In 4 specimens.

J In a female from Graaf Eeinet (Kim-berley Mas.) the parietal is divided
into two by a transverse suture.

§ Aecoi'ding' to Werner.

]| 9 to 17 according- to AVerner.

296

Lacertidte.

To Smith's description of K. formosa I may add that a blackish
median line is present from the occiput to between the shoulders.
I have seen veiy similar specimens from Steinkopf, Little Namaqua-
land, and the examples figured by Smith as E. lineo-ocellata and E.
itndafa also approach this type in their colour and markings. The
young has 5 black streaks on the nape and 4 on the body ; tail red.
A half-grown specimen from Aus, Great Namaqualand, has 5 black
streaks along the whole dorsal region, and another from Aba,bis,
Damaraland, has 3.

Examples from Augra Pequena and Quilis, Great Namaqualand,
and Gibeon, Damaraland, are grey or pale reddish brown, with

3 dorsal series of blackish dots and a very regular lateral series of

4 to 8 blue, black-edged ocelli.

Striated individuals appear to be found only to the west, but in
other parts of South Africa the black and white ocelli may be
arranged in regular longitudinal series. Sometimes the ocelli have
a tendency to arrange themselves in transverse series.

Werner has given an account of numerous specimens from what
used to l)e German South-West Africa, which shows that, although
those with dark longitudinal streaks predominate, hardly any two
are alike in colour and markings, thus precluding an arrangement
into colour varieties.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
,, ,, ,, fore

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb .
Foot ....
Tail ; . . .
1. cJ,type. 2. (j' , Deelfontein.
kopf.

imb

1.

2.

3.

4.

54

66

62

56

20

22

21

21

13

14

14

13

9

10

9

9

6

7

6

6

21

21

21

21

37

36

35

36

17

17

18

17

—

95

—

107

Deelfontein. 4

? , Stein-

Particulars of Specimeutt Examined.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Forma tijpica.
<? S. Africa (A. Smith), type

.58 59 12 :?2 15 33 14-15 26 4
50 62 12 37 10 43 13-14 24 6-5
49 02 14 37 12 35 17-16 25 4-5

Eremius.

•297

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7.

8.

9.

$ S. Africa (A. Smith), type

. 46

60

12

34

11

35

14

26

5

>> :>■> 3' '»

. 43

53

14

32

13

43

14

26

5

?

. 59

55

12

34

12

37

14-13

24

4

3) 1. » »

. 56

56

14

34

13

35

14

25

5-4

33 yi M '*

. 56

72

14

35

13

42

13-14

28

5

,.

. 65

61

12

36

12

37

12-13

26

5

„

. 55

<iy

12

35

12

35

14-13

25

4

„

. 53

59

12

38

13

34

15-14

24

4

„

. 53

68

12

37

14

35

14-13

26

5-4

„

. 53

57

12

33

13

36

13

26

5

„

. 46

70

12

36

14

34

13-12

24

5

„

. 41

63

12

33

14

43

15-16

24

5

g Abaljis, Daiuaralaiid, S.A.W

. 65

60

12

34

9

36

15

26

4

„

. 56

55

12

34

16

35

12-11

26

5

? „ „ ■

. 50

60

12

33

12

32

12-13

25

5-6

S Windhoek, „ S.A.M

. 52

56

12

32

12

31

12-13

27

6

„ Naiiehas „ ,,

. 49

58

12

31

13

31

13

24

5-4

„ Haras „

. 49

65

12

31

12

32

12

24

4-5

„ Great Naniaqualand, P.M.

. 48

(50

12

31

?

40

13-12

24

5

9

. 52

54

12

33

11

29

11-10

22

5

(J Naroep, Little Namaquahxn

d . 54

61

12

32

10

41

14-15

0*7

4

9 Colesbiirg;, Cape Province

. 40

65

12

32

12

35

14-13

26

5

<? Karoo

. 59

68

12

31

13

35

13

24

5

„ Mossel Bay, McG. M. .

. 52

54

12

30

13

29

12

24

4-5

?

. 52

53

12

33

11

31

12-13

25

5

S Port Elizabeth .

. 50

63

12

33

10

33

15

26

5-4

jj >i ' •

. 50

66

12

32

13

35

13-14

25

4

)J J5 ■ •

. 46

55

12

31

12

31

13

2')

5

? ,, . .

. 51

71

12

33

11

33

13-14

25

4-5

$ Kimberley .

. 50

65

14

36

12

38

15

24

6-5

? „ ...

. 48

65

14

36

14

32

13-12

25

5

„ Dry Horts, near Kimberley

. 52

60

12

33

14

39

15

25

5

S Enslin

. 51

62

12

33

12

i'>

15

27

5

9 „

. 50

67

12

33

12

32

12

24

4

,, ,, ,,

. 48

60

14

36

13

34

11-12

25

5-4

„ Kiverton „

. 52

65

12

37

13

42

13-12

25

5-4

(J Gordonia

. 55

56

12

36

12

38

13-14

26

5

9 „ ...

. 61

5(5

12

35

12

40

1 5-14

25

5-6

J> ?» ...

. 58

64

12

35

12

40

13

26

5-4

$ Vredefort Ptoad, 0. Pt. Col.

. 45

63

12

35

11

32

11-12

23

5

9

. 48

65

12

35

13

32

11

25

4

„ Natal ....

. 51

64

14

35

13

34

13

24

5

„ Pretoria

. 53

(i(5

12

37

10

3(;

12

24

5

,, ,, ...

. 48

56

14

34

12

29

12

23

4

„ ,, ...

. 44

63

12

35

11

3:<

11

21

4

,, ., ...

. 38

58

12

33

13

31

12-11

22

4

$ Barberton, Transvaal

. 57

62

12

33

12

37

15-16

25

4

„ ,, ,,

. 54

64

12

33

13

33

11-13

24

4-5

298

cJ Earberton, Transvaal .
2 Zoutspanbuvg- „

Var. pidchella.

S S. Africa (type) .

Hgr. „ „ . ,

„ Interior of S. Africa, (type of

E. annuUfera)

(J Interior of S. Africa (type of E.

pulrlira) . . . . .

„ W. Coast of S. Africa (type of

E. fonnosa) . . . .

9 Steinkoijf, Little Namaqualand .

Hgr. „ „ . .

(? Groendoorn - Wasserfall, Great
Namaqi^aland ....
,, Quibis, Great Namaqualand
,, Angra Pequena „ . . .
Hgr. Aus „ .

? Gibeon, Damaraland, S.A.M.
Hgr. Ababis „ S.A.M.

2 Jamesville, Cape Col. .
(J Deelfontein ,, . . .

<? Eastern Districts of Cape Colony

Litcerl

iche

1.

•jt.

:j.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 51

G.S

12

35

12

34

13

24

4

. 41

62

12

3(i

13

33

12-13

24

4

. 54.

G7

12

34

16

36

13

2-5

5-f

. 37

63

12

32

14

33

13-14

23

6 f

41

65

14

35

15

30

14

24

5

r.o

63

12

31

14

32

12-13

27

4

4.<S

70

10

30

12

28

12-13

25

5-4

66

(i7

12

36

11

35

13

27

4-5

36

70

12

33

12

37

13-12

25

5-6

34

73

13

81

11

32

15

26

5

48

57

12

34

12

31

11-12

25

4

45

68

12

33

13

38

13

26

4-5

47

58

12

33

1]

37

16

26

5-4

39

72

12

36

13

36

13

25

5

45

69

12

30

11

38

10-11

24

4-5

42

65

12

31

11

32

11

25

5

47

63

12

35

14

32

14-15

27

5

56

68

14

35

13

38

16-15

26

6

54

61

12

31

14

31

13-12

2(i

5-6

51

67

12

34

13

38

15

30

5

62

69

12

35

13

39

15-17

25

5

53

72

12

36

14

39

14-16

25

5

Specimens in the McGregor Museiiin.

$ W,

Forma typica.
arreudale, near East London

1.

2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

58

60

14

34

12

40

13

25

5

58

62

12

34

14

41

14

27

6

56

60

14

32

11

36

13-14

26

5

56

68

12

34

12

3.5

15

26

5-4

55

67

12

33

15

37

14-13

26

5-4

55

60

12

34

12

37

13

23

4-5

54

60

12

33

12

33

13-12

24

5

50

61

12

32

13

37

14-15

24

5

58

62

12

37

11

40

14-13

24

5

58

67

12

36

14

39

16-17

27

4

58

58

14

32

10

3U

14

22

5

58

66

14

37

14

40

15-14

24

5

56

75

12

39

15

45

15

24

5

56

60

12

35

11

35

14

25

5

55

61

12

34

14

39

15

25

5-6

50

60

12

34

14

34

12

23

5

c? Lower Norol), Gordonia.

S Lower Molopo
?

S K'y Ky, Gordonia

Ereiii

ins.

299

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 55

5i>

12

33

12

34

14-15

26

5

. 50

5S

12

30

10

32

13-14

25

5

. 50

65

12

30

16

33

12-11

25

5

. 50

63

12

34

11

42

16-17

28

6

. 4S

57

12

31

14

3S

14-13

27

5

. 55

58

12

35

10

35

15

27

5-4

. 53

58

12

33

13

39

16

25

4

. 49

69

12

34

12

35

15

27

5

. 48

56

12

32

10

29

15

28

5

. 53

57

12

32

10

34

13

26

4

52

56

12

35

11

32

12-13

24

5

. 4.:

57

12

32

11

30

14

23

5

. 60

60

12

33

14

30

15

27

5

. 58

58

14

35

14

35

14-12

2(i

5-4

. 5(3

5S

12

33

11

36

14

24

4-5

55

60

12

32

12

33

14-15

26

4-5

55

68

12

33

12

35

14-15

24

5

. 55

59

14

34

12

35

16-17

27

4

. 55

60

12

33

13

33

14

28

5

. 50

65

12

33

11

36

12-13

26

4.

. 57

53

12

35

13

33

13-14

2(;

4-5

55

63

12

35

14

36

13

23

5-6

55

GO

12

32

11

32

13

27

5

. 4G

67

12

36

10

37

15

27

5

Habitat. — Eremias lineo-ocellata, iu the wide sense, ranges from
Daniaraland to Litlle JSTamaqualaud, the Northern and Eastern
districts of Cape Colony, the Orange River Colony, and the Transvaal.
Its occurrence in Natal (Durban, S. Afi'icau Museum) requires confirma-
tion. The distribution of the varieties, whether based on the lepidosis or
the markings, is a subject worthy of investigation, but which cannot
be well understood without a larger series of specimens, from much
more numerous localities, than has been available to me. As hinted
above, I am inclined to think the division into Forma ti/picn and var.
jridchella will have to be dropped.

19. EEEMIAS ASPERA.

Eremias aspera, Bouleug. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. xiii, 1917, p. 217, and
Jouru. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 6.

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head 14 times as long-
as broad, its length 4 to 4^ times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
obtusely pointed, with the nasals veiy feebly swollen, as long as tlie
postocular part of the head ; a feeble concavity in the middle of the

300 Lacertkhv.

upper surface of the isnoiit, extending to tlie middle of the frontal
shield. Pileus nearly twice as long as broad. Neck a little narrower
than the head. Hind limb reaching the colUxr or a little beyond ;
foot \\ times as long as the head ; toes rather slender, feebly com-
pressed. Tail twice or a little less than twice as long as head and
b..dy.

Upper head-shields flat, very rugose with granular asperities.
Nasals in contact with each other behind the rostral, the suture
between them ].- to ]. the length of the frontonasal, which is a little
broader than hmg; prefrontals as long as broad or longer than
broad, separated by an azygos shield ; frontal a little shorter than its
distance from the end of the snout, 1,} to 1| times as long as broad,
separated from the supraoculars by a series of small scales; parietals
as long as broad ; interparietal larger than the frontoparietals, in
contact with or narrowly separated from a very small occipital. Two
supraoculars, together hardly -| the length of the supraocular region,
the first shorter than the second, the space in front of which is filled,
by 4 or 5 transverse series of granules ; 6 or 7 superciliaries, separated
from the supraoculars by 2 or 3 series of granules. Three nasals,
lower in cont:ict witli the rostral and the first upper labial ; antei-ior
loreal as long as deep or a little deeper than long, shorter than the
second ; 4 or 5 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which is keeled
below the eye and largely borders the mouth, its lower border much
shorter than the upjjer. Temporal scales granular, keeled ; no
tynipanic shieLl ; no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid with a
transparent disc formed of two large 1)lack-edged scales.

Four pairs of chin-shields, the first 3 in contact in the middle. 31
or 32 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
straight, free, composed of 11 plates.

Scales granular and keeled on the nape, rhombic, feebly imbricate,
and strongly keeled on the body, graduating into the caudals, larger
and smooth towards the ventrals ; 51 to 56 scales across the middle
of the body. Ventral plates in 12 or 14 rather irregular longitudinal
and 33 to 37 rather angular transverse series, the plates as long as
broad or a little broader than long. Preanal region covered with small
irregular plates.

Scales on upper surface of fore limb moderately large, keeled.
Scales on upper svu-face of tibia rhombic, feebly imbricate, keeled,
as large as the posterior dorsals ; one series of very large and one
of small plates on the lower surface; 13 or 14 femoral pores on each
side. Subdigital lamella; bicarinate, spinulose, 21 under the fourth toe.

Eremias.

301

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate behind, strongly and diagonally
Iceeled, basal subcaudals feebly keeled; 24 or 26 scales in the fourth
or fifth whorl.

Pale greyish brown above, with 2 dorsal and 2 lateral darker l)ands,
and 4 series of whitish, brown-edged ocellar spots on the back ; a
white streak below the dark lateral baud, from below the eye, through
the tympanum, to the groin; tail yellowish with a lu'own lateral
streak in tlie anterior half. Lower parts white.
Measurements (iu millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . . M

fore iiml) ... 20

Length of head ...... 12

Width of head 9

Depth of head ...... 6

Fore limb 19

Hind limb 33

Foot 15

Tad 102

Partic7iJars of Specimens ExauiineJ.

1.

2,

3.

4.

5.

G.

7.

8.

9.

51

51

12

37

11

32

14-13

21

4-5

4ft

56

14

33

11

31

13-14

21

4

Type

Habitat. — Becluianaland. Described from two female specimens
from Mochudi, received by the South African Museum from Mr. J.
Feuton, along with examples of Eremias luguhris and Ichnotroiiis
capensis from the same locality.

This species is closely related to the typical E. lineo-ocellatu, dift'ering,
as I thought when describing it, iu the very rugose upper head-shields,
the absence of projecting scales in front of the ear, and the lower
number of subdigital lamellse (21 instead of 24 to 28). The number
of scales across the body is low (51 or 56 as against 53 to 73), as
compared with E. lineo-ocellata.

However, the large series of E. lineo-ocellata which I have latelv
been able to examine, thanks to the kindness of Miss Wilman, have
shown greater variation iu that species, some specimens having the
upper head-shields strongly rugose, and the auricular denticulation
absent. So tliat the lower number of subdigital lamellte remains the
only absolute difference by which to define E. aspera. It is therefore
highly probable that this remarkable form will prove not to deserve
specific rank.

302 Lac-rildie.

•20. EREMIAS BUKCHELLI.

Eremutg barcheUi, Dam. & Bihr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 303 (1839) ; Gray,
Cat. Liz. p. 40 (1845) ; A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Eept. pi. xlv,
fig. 1, and pi. xlviii, fig. 4; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 95 (1887);
Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mus. ii, 1910, p. 110; Bouleng. Journ. Zool.
Ees. iii, 1918, p. 6.

Head and body strongly depressed. Head Ij to If times as long
as liroad, its length 4 to 4i times in length to vent, its depth equal
to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout rather pointed, with the nasal shields feebly swollen, as long
as the postocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and feebly
concave loreal region ; no frontal concavity ; cheeks rather swollen.
Pileus If to 2 times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head.
Hind limb reaching the collar or between the collar and the ear in
males, the shoulder in females ; foot li to If times as long as the
head: toes rather slender, feebly compressed. Tail 14 to 2 times as
long as head and body.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth. Nasals forming a very short
suture behind the rostral ; frontonasal broader than long ; prefrontals
as long as broad, forming a very short suture, or separated by a
small azygos shield,* or separated by the frontonasal touching the
frontal f ; frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
If times as long as broad, narrow behind, in contact along i to % of
its lateral border with the large supraoculars ; parietals If to li times
as long as broad ; interparietal as large as or a little larger than
the frontoparietals, in contact with the occipital, which is i to I its
length and projects beyond the posterior border of the parietals.
Two supraoculars, the first as long as or a little shorter than its
distance from the second loreal, the space in front of it filled by
7 to 18 small scales or granules ; 7 to 9 superciliaries, first not or
but little longer than the following, separated from the supraoculars
by a series of granules, or 2 series in front and 2 or 3 behind. Three
nasals, lower in contact with the rostral and the first upper labial,
posterior small and sometimes excluded from the nostril +; anterior
loreal as long as broad or a little longer than broad, shorter than
the second; 4 or 5, rai'ely 6, upper labials anterior to the subocular,
which is keeled below the eye and largely borders the mouth, its
lower V)order much shorter than the upper. Temporal scales

* In the type specimen.

t In one of the specimens from Andrew Smith's Collection.

X In the type specimen.

Eremias. 803

granular, smooth ; no tympanic shield ; no auricular deuticulatiou.
Lower eyelid opaque or semitransparent, with 12 to 15 enlarged
scales, in two rows, in the middle.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle.
26 to 33 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold absent or
merely indicated. Collar straight, free, composed of 9 to 13 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, smooth, larger towards the ventrals,
66 to 75 scales across the middle of the body. Ventral plates in 14,
rarely 16,* straight or slightly irregular longitudinal and 29 to
35 more or less angular transverse series, as long as broad or a
little longer than broad, a few rarely a little liroader than long.
Preanal i-egion with small irregular plates.

Scales on upper surface of fore limb not larger than gulars, smooth.
Scales on upper surface of tibia like the dorsals, or slightly larger ;
one series of very large and one or two of small plates on the lower
surface. 10 to 15 femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae
bi- or tricariuate, spinulose, 25 to 28 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate, feebly and diagonally keeled,
lower smooth ; 38 to 46 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl.

Coloration very variable.

The type specimen is yellowish brown with 6 longitudinal series
of dark brown markings, the median pair consisting of very narrow
spots or short lines, the other of broader spots and enclosing round
wdiitish spots.

Another specimen, from Andrew Smith's Collection, is nearly black
above, with small whitish spots, the vertebral area forming a light-edged
band which bifurcates between the shoulders and extends to the
supraocular region ; tail brown, with three black streaks.

A third, from the Eastern districts of Cape Colony, is greyish
above, with 5 black streaks on the nape and the anterior part of the
body and 4 on the rest of body, each of these streaks, from between
the shoulders, bearing small irregular whitish spots ; 5 longitudinal
black streaks on the parietal region.

Limbs witii round whitish spots or dark-edged ocelli. Lower parts
white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1. 2. 3.

From end of snout to vent . . . 57 64 62

fore limb . . 21 21 21

* In a specimen from SniithfieLl, Oranoe River Colony, preserved in the
South African Museum.

304

Lactniiih-

Lengtli of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb .
Hiud limb .
Foot .
Tail .
1. (J , Karoo flats, type.
Karoo ?

1.

2.

3.

14

13

13

10

9

10

6

6

6

22

20

22

34

31

33

17

17

18

110

115

116

2. J, E. Distr. of Cape Colony. 3. ?

Faritcidars uf Specimens U.vamined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

57

70

14

35

11

31

14-13

25

4

47

75

14

33

13

i8

14-15

25

4

41

67

14

32

9

33

14

25

4

62

65

14

35

11

28

12-10

27

4

.54

67

14

34

10

30

14-15

::6

5

50

69

14

29

11

26

12-13

28

6-5

,7 Karoo flats (type)

2 ,■ (?) ■ •

(J E. Distr. of Cape Colony

Habitat. — " Karoo flats, on the Soiith-West Coast of Africa,
particularly Little Namaqualand, towards the Great Orange Eiver"
(Smith). Mr. J. P. M. Weale obtained specimens in the Eastern
district of Cape Colony. There are further records from Clanwilliam
and the Middleburg district of Cape Colony, Matjesfontein and
Graaff-Eeinet.

21. EKEMIAS CAPENSLS.

Lacerta capensis, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. ii, 1838, p. 93.

Eremias capensis, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, p. 302 (1839) ; Gray,
Cat. Liz. p. 40 (1845); A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept. pi. xlv,
fig. 2, and pi. xlviii, fig. 7 (1845) ; Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870,
p. 114; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 96 (1887); Hewitt, Ann. Transv.
Mus. ii, 1910, p. 110; Sternf. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. v, 1911, p. 405 ;
Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 6.

Eremias laticeps, A. Smith, 111. pi. xlvi, fig. 1, and pi. xlviii,
fig. 3.

Head and body strongly depressed. Head about If times as long
as broad, its length 3| to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4?-
times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of
the eye and the tympanum ; snout a ther obtuse, with the nasal
shields strongly swollen, as long as the postocular part of the head.

Eremias. 305

witli sharp caiithus and feebly grooved loreal region ; no frontal con-
cavity; cheeks swollen. Pileus 1| to 2 times as long as broad. Neck
as broad as the bead. Hind limb reaching the ear or the eye in males,
the collar or between the collar and the ear in females ; foot !{. to 1 J-
times as long as the head ; toes rather slender, feebly compressed.
Tail If to about 2 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields flat or rather convex, smooth. Eostral in
contact with the frontonasal, with rai-e exceptions ; frontonasal as
long as l)road or a little longer than lu-oad; prefrontals as long as
broad or a little longer than broad, forming a very short median
suture, or separiited by one or two small azygos shields* ; frontal as
long as or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, 1^ to
11 times as long as broad, n;irrow behind, in contact along half the
length of its lateral border with the large supraoculars or separated
from them by a series of granulesf ; parietals as long as broad or a
little longer than broad ; interparietal as large as or larger than the
frontoparietals ; occipital as broad as or narrower than the interparietal
and I to I its length, rarelyj separated from it by a small shield.
Two supraoculars, the first as long as or shorter than its distance
from the second loreal, the space in front of it filled by lo to 30 small
scales or granules ; 8 to 12 superciliaries, first not or but little longer
than the following, separated from the supraoculars by 1 or 2 series
of granules, sometimes 3 series behind. Three nasals, lower in contact
with the rostral and the first upper labial, posterior small ; anterior
loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep, shorter than the
second ; 5 to 7, rarely 4, upper labials anterior to the subocular, which
is keeled below the eye and largely borders the mouth, its lower border
much shorter than the upper. Temporal scales granular, smooth ;
no tympanic shield ; no auricular denticulation. LoAver eyelid
opaque or semitransparent, with 10 to 14 enlarged scales, in two rows,
in the middle.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the first three in contact in the middle. 24
to '46 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate; no gular fold. Collar
straight, free, composed of 7 to 13 plates.

Scales juxtaposed, granular, smooth, round or squarish and flat ou

* In 6 specimens out of the 12 examined.

t In 6 specimens. Also in the type described by Smitli in 1838, which I
believe to recognize in one of the specimens (b) of E. burchelli in Gray's Cata-
logue, which does not agree in the position of the subocular shield with the
diagnosis in that work.

X In one specimen only.

VOL. 11. 20

306 Lncerftihv.

the hack, smaller on the upper part of the sides, larger again towards
the ventrals, and graduating into them, 48 to 62 across the middle of
the body. Ventral plates in 16 or 18 more or less irregular longi-
tudinal series and 31 to 36 more or less angular transverse series, the
plates sometimes forming a tessellation, as long as broad or longer
than broad. Preanal region with small irregular scales.

Scales on upper surface of fore limb moderately large, not broader
than long, smooth or very obtusely keeled. Scales on upper surface
of tibia roundish, smooth, not or but slightly larger than dorsals ;
one series of very large and one or two of small plates on the lower
surface. 12 to 18* femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellse
bi- or tricarinate, spinulose, 28 to 31 under the fourth toe.

Upper (iaudal scales oblique, truncate, those at the base smooth or
feebly keeled ; basal subcaudals smooth. 28 to 38 scales in the fourth
or fifth wdiorl.

Coloration very variable.

A young from Steiukopf, Little Namaqualaud, is black above with
8 white streaks in front ; at a short distance behind the occiput the
median pair fuses to a single streak which extends to the level of the
collar; towards the middle of the body the next pair fuses to a single,
broader streak which ends on the basal part of the tail ; there are
thus the following number of white streaks from the occiput to the
anterior third of the tail : 8, 7, 5, 3, 2. The linil)s with large white
spots, the tail red.

A male from Angra Pequena is also striatetl, dark Ijrown and
brownish white, but there is a whitish median streak on the nape and
the vertebral streak on the body extends as far back as the pelvic
region ; the streaks thus number 9, 8, 7, 3, 2 in succession from front
to back.

The type of E. laficej^s which is preserved in the British Museum
has 7 whitish streaks on the nape, 6 on the scapular region, 5 on the
body, and 3 on the pelvic region and on the base of the tail ; the
brown spaces between the streaks speckled and spotted with white.
The markings are the same in a specimen from Port Elizabeth.
. Other individuals have the light streaks more indistinct and the
back may be yellowish brown or orange red, with or without small
dark spots or vermiculations, or with two dorsal bands of crowded
black spots, as in the specimen figured by Smith ; white ocellar spots
on the sides.

A male labelled " South Africa," as well as the supposed type of
L. capensis, is greyish brown above with a dark brown vertebral

* 16 to 20, accoi-dinj4- to Dunieril & Bibron.

Eremias.

307

streak speckled with white, bifurcating towards the liead on the
anterior third of the back, the fork embracing another, vertebral,
streak from the occiput to the level of the collar; sides of head and
body dark brown, closely spotted and speckled with whitish ; limbs
dark brown with whitish, black-edged ocelli.

The tail usually beirs a dark lateral streak aud Ijecomes reddish or
orange towards the end. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head

Fore limb ....

Hind liml)

Foot

Tail

1.
68
23
16
11
7
25
40
20
115

2. 3. 4.

53 m 70

20 24 26

14 17 16

10 12 11

6-5 9 7

20 27 27
35

17 20
— 133

42 46
23

1. S, type?. 2. c^, type of E. laficejis. 3. J . E. Distr. of Cape
Colony. 4. 2 , Little Namaqualaud.

Particulars of Specimens Ed'amined.

t? Type ?

,. Karoo .....

„ Mouth of Oi-auge K. (type of
E. laticeps) ....

Yg-. Steinkopf, Little Namaqualand 35

g Little Namaqvialand

? „ ...

$ Angra Pequena, Great Namaqua-
land .....

? Port Elizabeth ....

i E. Districts of Cape Colony

,, S. Africa

Habitat. — According to Smith this species inhabits the arid Karoo
flats within the Cape Colony, as well as the districts immediately
beyond it. The types of E. laticeps were obtained towards the mouth
of the Orange Kiver. It extends northward to Grreat Namaqualand
and eastward to the eastei-n districts of Cape Colony.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

50

62

16

32

9

29

12-11

28

6-7

58

55

18

36

S

26

12

28

7

58

51

16

33

8

32

12

30

5-6

53

48

18

31

12

24

15-14

28

5

35

56

16

33

10

31

18-17

28

5

66

57

16

34

11

29

16-15

29

5

70

60

18

35

10

34

17-16

28

6-7

53

56

16

36

13

30

12

29

4-5

48

56

16

35

7

25

14

28

6

66

52

18

34

13

26

13-14

31

6-5

62

48

16

32

11

33

14-15*

28

6-7

59

54

16

36

10

28

14

29

6

308 Lacert'uhe.

■l-l. EREMIAS VELOX.

Lacerla velox, Pallas, Reise Russ. R. i, p. 457 (1771) ; D.iud. Hist.
Rept. iii, p. 202 (1802) ; Eversm. N. Mc'ni. Soc. Nat. Mose. iii, 1834,
p. 355, pi. XXX, fig. 3.

Lacerta cruenta, Pallas, I.e.

Lacerta deserti, Lepechin, Tageb. Reise Russ. R. i, p. 318, pi. xxii,
fig-s. 3, 4 (1783) ; Daud. t.c. p. 199.

Scincus cruentatus, Daud. t.c. p. 278.

Lacerta coccinea, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amj^li. p. 69 (1820).

Lacerta tigrina, Kulil, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat. p. 119 (1820).

Lacerta argulus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. Ross. Pol. iii, p. 188
(1831).

Podarcis velox, Mcueti-. Cat. Rais. p. 62 (1832) ; Eicliw. Fauu. Casp.-
Cauc. p. 76 (1841) ; Schreib. Herp. Eur. p. 376 (1875).

Lacerta vittata, Eversm. t.c. p. 358, pi. xxxi, fig. 4.

Eremias velox, Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 9 (1834) ; Gray, Cat. Liz.
p. 40 (1845) ; Blauf. Zool. E. Pers. p. 374 (1876) ; Kessler, Tr. St.
Petersb. Nat. Soc. viii, 1878, Suppl. p. 166; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii,
p. 97 (1887) ; Boettg. Zool. Jalirb., Syst. iii, 1888, p. 910 ; Bouleng.
Fauu. Ind., Rept. p. 178 (1890) ; Nikolsky, Anu. Mus. Zool. St.
Pc'tersb. i, 1897, p. 329, and Fedtschenko's Reise, Zool. ii, pt. vii,
p. 34 (1899) ; Werner, Sitzb. Ak. Wieu, cxi, 1902, p. 1091, and Zool.
Jahrb., Syst xix, 1903, p. 333 ; Elpatiebski, Araph. Rept Aral Exped.
p. ll,pls.i,ii (1903) ; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 146 (1905) ; Bedriaga,
Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reis., Amph. Rept. p. 516 (1912) ; Schreib.
Herp. Eur., Ed. 2, p. 341 (1912) ; Nikolsky, Herp. Caucas. p. 96
(1913) ; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Eremias cmrideo-ocellata, Duni. & Bibr. Erp. Gen. v, j)- 295
(1839).

As])idor]niius gracdis, Eicliw. Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 74, pi. xi, figs.
4-6.

Eremias variabdis (nou Pall.), De Fil. Viag. Pers. p. 354 (1865).

Eremiqs erythrurus, Severzow, Fauu. Turkest. p. 71 (1873).

Eremias persica, Blanf. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874,' p.
870, and. op. cit. p. 370, pi. xxvi, fig. 1 ; Nikolsky, Anu. Mus. Zool.
St. Petersb. i, 1897, p. 330 ; Bedriaga, op. cit. p. 527.

Podarces (Eremias) velox, Strauch, Voy. Przewalski, Rept. p. 26,
(1876).

Podarces (Eremias) 'persica, Strauch, I.e. '

Eremias stratichi, Kessl. t.c. p. 166, pi. ii.

Ereniiai^. 309

Eremias velox, var. persica, Boetto^. in Eadde, Faun. Flor. Casp.-
Geb. p. 50 (1886).

Eremias velox, var. roborovsJcii, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Zool. St.
Pctersb. x, 1907, p. 181, and op. cit. p. 516, pi. viii, fio-. 11.

Eremias velox stravchi, Nikolskv, Herp. Caiicas. p. 98.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head 1} to 1^ times as long
as broad, its length S^, to 4 times in length to vent in males, 3^' to 4?,
times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
corner of the eye and the tympanum ; snout pointed, with more or less
swollen nasals, as long as the postocular part of the head ; canthus
rostralis strong, loreal region feebly concave ; a more or less distinct
concavity on tlie upper surface of the snout, from the frontonasal to
the middle or the posterior extremity of the frontal. Pileus 2 to 2J.
times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little con-
stricted. Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the collar, or between the
collar and tlie ear in males, the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in
females * ; foot as long as the head or a little longer, not more than
li times ; toes moderately slender, feebly compi-essed. Tail li to a
little over 2 times as long as head and body, more or less flattened at
the base, feebly compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields flat or rather convex, usually smooth, rarelv
rugose ; nasals in contact behind the rostral, the suture between them
^ to f the length of the frontonasal, which is broader than long ; pre-
frontals as long as broad or longer than broad, forming a median
suture t; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the eud
of the snout. If to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind ; parietals
as long as broad or a little longer than broad ; interparietal usually
smaller than the fi'ontoparietals, sometimes much smaller, rarely as
large ; no occipital. Two large supraoculars, the first as long as or a
little shorter than the second and as long as or longer tiian its distance
from the second loreal,+ the space in front of it filled by one or two
shields and granules, or a number of small granular scales ; a small
posterior supi-aocular. usually band-like, rarely broken up into granules ;
exceptionally § a complete series of granular scales between the supra-
oculars and the frontal ; 5 to 7 superciliaries, rarely 4 or 8, first

* A single female specimen from the Ferghana district is remarkable for the
very short hind limb, which reaches only the elbow.

t Exceptionally with a small azygos shield between them {E. strauchi,
Kessler) .

X One exception (male from Tehindcheili).

§ In 9 specimens out of 36 examined.

^^10 Lacertidn'.

longest; a series of granules, very rarely two, between the supra-
oculars and the superciliaries. Rostral as deep as broad or a little
broader than deep (not more than 1^ times), narrower beneath than
above ; three nasals, the lower in contact with the 2 or 3 first upper
labials and usually with the rostral * ; anterior loreal as long as deep
or deeper than long, very rarely a little longer than deept or absent,!
shorter than the second ; subocular keeled below the eye, bordering
the mouth, sometimes broadly, sometimes narrowly, between the 5th
and tith or 6tli and 7th, rarely 7th and 8th, upper labials. Temporal
scales granular, smooth ; tympanic shield present ; no auricular
denticulation. Lower eyelid opaque or semitransparent, covered with
small scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, rai-ely 4 or 6, the 3, rarely 2, anterior in
contact in the middle. 22 to 32 § gular scales in a straight line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-
plate; gular fold usually distinct. Collar curved, free, serrated,
composed of 9 to 14 plates.

Scales granular, smooth, 49 to 63 across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates as long as broad, or a little broader than long, or a
little longer than broad, forming more or less regular oblique longi-
tudinal series or tessellated ; in 28 to 35 slightly angular transverse
series, the longest of which contain 14 or 16, rarely 12, plates. Pre-
anal region covered with small irregular plates, sometimes with an
enlarged median plate posteriorly.

Upper surface of arm with rhombic smooth scales which are larger
tlian the largest gulars. Scales on upper surface of tibia similar to
the dorsals, but smaller ; lower surface with one row of very large
and one or two of small plates. 17 to 23 |1 femoral pores on each
side, the two series narrowly separated or meeting in the middle.
Subdigital lamella? unicarinate, rarely tricarinate, 19 to 25 under the
fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate or obtusely pointed, more
or less strongly and diagonally keeled, lower, at the base, smooth ;
24 to 38 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

* Narrowly in 2-1 specimens, extensively in 3, separated in 9.

t In one male from Novo Alexandrovsk. I cannot understand how Sehreiber
can have mentioned the elongate shape of the anterior loreal as a character
distinguishing E. velox from E. arguta.

t In a young from the Caucasus.

§ 19 to 33 according to Bedriaga.

II 15 to 24 according to Bedrian-a.

Ereinias. 311

The young are streaked with blacjk and white, but the uuinber of
streaks varies according to individuals, and tlie white streaks are
sometimes broken up into spots on the body. There may be 5 white
streaks throughout the upper surface, the outer being the superciliary
or dorsolateral, or 5 on the nape and 4 on the body, or even 6 quite
in front, when the vertebral bifurcates as is sometimes the case ; ?> or
4 on the base of the tail. 2 or 3 white streaks along eacli side, the
black interspaces usually spotted with white ; head variegated Avith
black, the black streaks often extendiut:; on the occipital region.
Limbs black, with round white spots. Lower surface and posterior
part of tail red.

This striation is sometimes retained in adult females, tlie only
difference being that the interspaces between the light streaks are
grey or brown instead of black, and sometimes spotted with black.
In other specimens the light streaks are only faintly marked and
longitudinal series of squarish black spots run between them, or they
may entirely disappear, the back being irregularly spotted with black,
eacli side being relieved with one or two series of large white or blue,
black-edged ocelli, the upper of which correspond to the dorsolateral
streak ; in addition to these ocelli a black vertebral stripe is often
present Some specimens have H series of ocelli on the back and are
thus not unlike U. cinjida in their markings. More or less distinct
ocellav spots are present on tlie limbs. Lower parts white, sometimes
tinged with pink.

In Bedriaga's var. rohorov-skil, from the Kami Desert, in Central
Asia, the females are streaked, but the males are covered with small
black spots irregularly distributed above on a pale brown or yellowish-
brown ground, and a series of Ijlue ocellar spots edged with brown
or black extends on each side from above the shoulder; these may
be accompanied by smaller ocelli with pale blue or white centres.
The sides of the head may be washed with red; the tail may be
greenish or green (red in the young). Lower parts yellow, often
reddish, the limbs sometimes greenish.

Measui'ements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

L.

5.

6.

From end oi snout to vent

81

71

iM

68

70

69

,, ,, ,, fore limb

30

27

2.5

22

25

24

Length of head

20

17

18

15

17

16

Width of head . . . .

13

12

11

10

10

10

Depth of head ...

11

9

9

8

8

8

Fore limb . . . . .

26

2-5

27

22

26

21

Hind limb . . . .

45

41

43

35

38

32

312 Lacertidn'.

1. 2. :i. 1.. r, (i.

Foot 22 20 22 l;» 20 16

Tail 140 147 185 117 115 —

1. 1^, W. Tiirkehtan. 2. r? , Piili Ha tun, Traiiscaspia. o. J'.
Tchinas, Turkestan. 4. c? , New Gulran, Turkestan. 5. $ , Tcliinas.
6. $ , Ferghana district.

Habitat. — Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and from the North and
East Coasts of the Caspian Sea to Chinese Turkestan, Western
Mouo-olia, Bokhara and North-Eastern Persia.

Tar. PEESICA, Blanford.

The predominating form in Persia and N.W. Baluchistan is not
strictly a geographical A^arietv, as Nikolskv has recorded the typical
E. velox from North-Eastern Persia, where it occurs alongside the
var. persica* Although regarded by some as a distinct species, the
distinctive characters appear to me too slight to justify such a course.
The principal character resides in the smooth or obtusely keeled
caudal scales, which are also generally smaller on the base of the
tail — 32 to 46 in the fourth or tifth whorl. The size is usually larger,
and the limbs may exceptionally tie a little longer, sometimes i-eaching
the ear in males; in one specimen! the foot is 1^ times as long
as the head. The frontonasal is usually longer in proportion to its
width, e.xceptionally as long as broad, and 2 to 6 times as long as
the suture between the nasals above the rostral ; in three specimens
an azygos shield is present between the prefrontals ; the interparietal
is always much smaller than the frontoparietals ; the lower nasal is
often extensively in contact with the rostral, J and very rarely separated
from it.§ 26 to 35 gular scales in a median longitudinal series.
54 to 72 scales across the middle of the body. 18 to 25 femoral pores
on each side.

The young are striated as in the typical form. The adults have
the upper parts grey or brown, with round lilack spots, or with
longitudinal series of black dots, or streaked or irregularly spotted
as in the typical form, usually with a black lateral band with small
or large white spots; a dark vertebral streak is never present, except

* Blanford's E. velox from Gliilan must be referred to this variety if the
absence of keels on the caudal scales is of any importance.

+ From W. of Ispahan. — Its measurements are here given, column 2.
X In 21 specimens out of 48 e.xamined.
§ In o specimens only.

Erenuas.

313

oil the nape. In a male from Karman the body i» oceUated all over,
the ocelli formino- 8 long-itudiual series.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

„ „ ,, fore limb
Leno'th of head .
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb .
Foot ...
Tail

2. S , W

1. J, Near Ispahan, type,
type. 4. $ , Baluchistan.

Habitat . — Persia (between lOnu and 300(1 metres) ; also known from
Maoas in Baluchistan, and from the Helmand in Af^'hanistan.

1.
76
•27
18
12
10
28
43
21

71

29
18
12
9
28
50
24
130

79
29
19
12
10
32
52
24
130

of Ispahan.

4.
90
35
21
15
11
33
54
26

9 , Eavin,

Forma typica.
S European Coast of Caspian Sea

J Novo Alexandrovsk

9 Piili Hatun, Transcaspia

(^ W. Turkestan

., Bokhara

,, Crolodnaja Stejipes

?

(? Tehinelieili E., Kara Kuni

?

Upper Hi E.

Kasalpri, Lejtsa E.
Tchinas, Syr Daria

Syr Daria Ste^jpes, P.'
Arganatinsk
Khorgos, Tianshan

r.« of

Specimens .

Examined.

1.

■J.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

1 Sea . 07

60

14

31

13

2 s

18-19

22

6-7

(U

54

l(i

33

13

i;6

21-22

24

5

60

54

14

31

10

26

21

25

6

GO

52

14

31

10

25

19-20

25

6

57

53

1()

28

12

24

17-18

21

5-6

71

49

12

2i»

13

25

17

20

6

62

51

16

31

10

32

20-18

23

6-5

56

53

14

29

9

28

IS

23

7-6

57

56

14

30

12

24

21

23

6

72

56

14

33

11

23

21

23

5-6

66

62

16

31

10

24

18

20

5-6

66

62

16

33

9

28

23-21

25

(i

63

63

14

30

14

28

18-20

20

6

59

51

14

32

9

2()

17-18

2LI

6

56

60

16

33

12

26

20

19

6

64

55

14

31

13

27

21

23

•J

68

57

16

35

11

30

21-19

23

6

47

52

16

32

11

25

20

21

.5

(i7

62

14

32

11

27

21

24

6

70

56

14

32

9

27

19

21

6

68

60

14

31

12

25

19-20

22

6

76

52

14

31

11

25

21-20

21

5

62

57

16

33

11

29

19-20

21

5-6

67

49

16

31

10

30

22

20

6

'SU

rtldn

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7

s.

9.

? Ferghana District

m

■5.5

16

34

'.)

24

17

22

6

(J Lower Kungcss K.

65

49

16

31

14

24

18

20

5

?

60

56

14

34

10

28

19

23

5-6

S W. Turkestan. P.M. .

,S1

57

14

31

10

27

21

2:!

ti

„ New Giilran, E. Turkestan .

5S

50

14

31

13

22

17

22

6

Var. jjersica.

$ Kirjawa, E. of L. Urnii

6-i

60

14

30

!(

29

2(1

22

(i-5

?

60

60

14

32

11

2t;

18

21

(■)-5

$ N. Persia ....

63

54

14

29

12

27

23-24

25

.5-6

? Ghilan, S. of Resht

62

61

14

33

12

2()

18 19

y

7-6

$ Xoar Teheran

80

68

16

31

11

31

19-20

22

6-7

>•

78

64

16

31

10

35

25-24

23

6

5) ,. . .

70

()7

16

30

11

31

20-19

21

()

„ Near Isjiahan (tyiH') .

76

62

14

33

14

33

19

22

.5

„ „ ,, . .

71

57

16

32

8

30

20-19

22

5

„ „ „ . .

68

61

14

33

12

30

19-21

23

5-6

„ W. of Ispahan

71

72

16

30

13

34

19-18

22

6

„ N.W. of Ispahan .

68

62

16

32

11

30

19-20

23

6

„ „ . .

62

61

16

33

10

29

19-21

21

6-5

? „ ...

70

58

14

34

10

29

18

22

()-5

<? Abadeh ....

88

fil

14

29

11

30

19

23

(5

7J ,. ....

70

56

14

31

m

26

lS-17

24

6

?

86

(i4

11)

32

<)

37

20-19

21

6

>.- „

()0

58

14

31

9

32

19-20

22

t)-5

$ Karnian ....

68

57

14

29

9

32

21-20

22

7-5

? Eayin, S.E. of Karnian (type)

79

()4

14

32

11

31

22-21

23

7-6

J. » •^ ,•

70

60

14

30

9

31

21-19

20

6-5

<? Nasirabad, Seistan

91

()0

14

29

9

30

19

24

6

? Baluchistan

90

(54

14

32

12

31

18

23

(i

<? Helniand R., Afghanistan .

.50

66

14

30

10

30

22-23

23

6

2:3. EREMTAS BEDRIAG^.

Erenilas 5eJr(«r/rt.t, Nikolslcy, Aim. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. xvi, 1911,
p. "278; Bouleug. Jourii. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Agrees iu most respects with E. velox, but ouly 18 gular scales iu a
lougitudiual series instead of 19 to 35, and 26 transverse series of
ventral plates instead of 28 to 35. Two series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries. 14 ventral plates in the
longest transverse series. 48 scales across the body. 9 plates in the
collar. 21 femoral pores on each side. Caudal scales smooth,
truncate.

Yellowish grey above, with 3 dorsal series of small black spots and
a single lateral series of blue, Ijlack-edged ocelli.

Ereinias. 315

From end of snout to vent 55 luillim. : tiiil 89 ; fore limb 22 ; hind
limb 36.

This species is based on a single specimen from Kelif, East
Bokhara, preserved in the Petrograd Museum, which may be merely
an aberrant E. velox. More specimens ai'e I'equired to estaldish the
validity of E. hedriaijiv, which I regard as extremely doubtful.

24. EREMIAS NIKOLSKII.

Eretnias nikolskii, Bedriaga, in Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 478 (1905),
Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pctersb. x, 1907, p. 233, and Wiss. Res. Prze-
walski Reis., Amph. Rept. p. 536, pi. viii, fig. 6 (1912) ; Bouleng.
Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Body rather strongly dejjressed. Head depressed, IJ times as long-
as broad, its length 4| times in length to vent; snout rather long,
ol)tusely pointed, with the nasals scarcely swollen, with very feeble
concavity above, extending to the frontal shield ; cauthus rostralis
obtuse, loreal region feebly concave. Pileus twice as long as broad.
Neck narrower than the head. Hind limb not reaching the axil; foot
slightly longer than the head ; toes slender.

Upper head-shields smooth; nasals in contact l)eliind the rostral,
the suture between them about J the length of the frontonasal, which
is broader than long ; prefrontals longer than broad, forming a median
sulure; frontal a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, 1 J times as long as broad, | of its lateral Ijorder in contact
with the large supraoculars ; parietals longer than broad ; interparietal
smaller than the frontoparietals ; no occipital. Two large supra-
oculars, ])receded Iw 3 small plates and followed liy one small one ;
the first of the two large supraoculars as long as the second and longer
than its distance from the second loreal ; a series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliai'ies. Rostral 1^ times as broad as
deep ; three nasals, the lower just touching the rostral, resting on the
two or three first upper labials ; anterior loreal deeper than long,
shorter than the second ; subocular bordering the mouth, between
the 5th and 6th or 6tli and 7th upper labials ; temporal scales hexa-
gonal, smooth ; tympanic shield present ; no auricular deuticulation.
Lower eyelid opaque.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
23 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar
curved, free, serrated, composed of 10 large plates.

316 Li(crrfiil;t'.

Sc-ak's yraiuilar. sinontli, Go across tlu' middle oi the body. Ventral
plates as louo- as In-oad or longer than hroad, in 14 oblique longi-
tudinal and 31 transverse series. Preanal region covered with small
irregular plates.

Upper surface of arm with small smooth scales. Scales on upper
surface of 1ii)ia. similar to dorsals; lower surface with one row of
large and one of small plates. 17 femoral pores on each side, the two
series narrowly separated in tlie middle.

Basal upper cavidids obtusely keeled, lower smooth.
Brown above, with 9 longitudinal series of small dark spots, the
outer on the limit of the ventral region ; the dorsolateral series formed
of larger, squarish spots, light-edged on each side; liind limbs with
light, dark-edged spots. Lower parts yellowish white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .... 6-5
Length of head . . . . 14-

Width of head 9

Depth of head 7

Fore limb 21

Hind limb . . 32
Foot 15

This species is established on a single female specimen from Tengu-
Bar, Southern Alai, Russian Turkestan, preserved in the Petrograd
Museum. The above account is compiled from Bedriaga's descrip-
tion and figure.

E. nikolsJcii is regarded by its describer as connecting E. velox with
E. multiocellata, but differing from both by the broader rostral* ; in
the narrow separation of the series of femoral pores it is easily
distinguished from the latter species. But I cannot help feeling
doubtful as to the validity of the species, which may be founded on
an aberrant specimen of E. velox.

■lb. EREMIAS REGELI.

Eremias reijeli, Bedriaga, in Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 479 (1905),
Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pctersb. x, 1907, p. 235, and Wiss. Res.
Przewalski Reis., Amph. Rept. p. 544, pi. viii, fig. 2 (1912) ;
Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head a little more than 1^

* Its lower border lonpjer than the sijaee between the first large sui:)raocular
and the anterior loreal (prepalpoliral sjjaee of Bedria<;a).

Eremiax. 317

times as lon^- as broad, its len<4tb 4- times in length to vent; snout
rather long, very obtuse, with the nasals very feebly swollen, with a
median concavity above, extending along the frontal shield ; eanthus
rostralis sharp, loreal region grooved. Pileus twice as long as broad.
Neck as broad, as the head. Hind limb exteu(]ing a little beyond the
shoulder ; foot a little longer than the head. Tail nearly twice as
long as head and l:>ody, Halteneil ;it the base, slightly compressed
posterioi'ly.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,
the suture between them ^ the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long; prefrontals longer than l)road, forming a median
suture ; frc^ntal a little shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, nearly twice as long as broad, f of its lateral border in contact
with the large supraoculars; parietals scarcely longer than ))road ;
interparietal smaller than the frontoparietals ; no occipital. Two
large supraoculars, followed by a small one, the space between the
first and the posterior loreal equal to the length of the former
and filled by 8 to 10 small scales ; a series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Rostral twice as bi'oad
as deep ; three nasals, the lower extensively in contact Avith the
rostral and resting on the two first upper labials and just touching
the third ; anterior loreal nearly as long as deep, shorter than the
second; subocular bordering the month, between the 5th ami 6th
or 6th and 7tli upper labials ; temporal scales hexagonal, smooth ;
tympanic shield present ; no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid
opaque.

5 pairs of chin-chields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle.
20 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar
curved, free, strongly serrated, composed of 12 plates, 9 of which are
large.

Scales granular, fiat, smooth, a little broader than long, smaller on
the upper part of the sides, 56 across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates mostly as long as broad, in 12 oblique longitudinal and
26 transverse series. A lather large preanal 2:)late, surrounded by
smaller plates.

Upper surface of arm with small smooth scales. Scales on upper
surface of tibia similar to dorsals ; lower surface with a single row of
very large shields. 21 to 24 femoral pores on each side, the two
series very narrowdy separated in the middle.

Upper caudal scales with strong diagonal keels, lower smooth ou
the base of the tail.

318 L((certkl;i'.

Greyish yellow above, witli 7 louiiitiulinal series of siuiill dark
brown spots clotted with yellow; hind liiiil) with lar^e round yellowish
spots. Lower parts yellowish white.
Measurements (in niillimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . . .66

Length of head ...... 16'5

Width of head lO'S

Depth of head . . . . .9

Fore limb . 24-5

Hind limb ....... 36"5

Foot 18-5

Tail 125

The above is an abstract of Bedriaga's description of a single male
specimen from Shiral)ad, Russian Turkestan, preserved in the Petrograd
Museum.

Distinguished from E. uil-ohl-iihy the broader rostral extensively in
contact with the lower nasal.

26. EEEMIAS FASCIATA.

Eremias fasciata, Blanf . Ann. & Mag. N.H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 32,
and Zool. E. Pers. p. 374, pi. xxv, fig. 3 (1876) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz.
iii, p. 99 (1887), and Faun. lud., Eept. p. 179 (1890) ; Nikolsky, Ann.
Mus. Zool. St. Pctersb. ii, 1897, p. 25, Herp. Ross. p. 155 (1905),
and Herp. Caucas, p. 99 (1913) ; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918,
p. 7.

Podarces (Eremias) fasciafa, Strauch, Voy. Przewalski, Eept. p. 26
(1876).

Head and body rather strongly depressed, limbs slender. Head
1| to If times as long as broad, its length 3j to 4^ times in length to
vent, its depth ec£ual to the distance between the centre of the eye and
the tympanum ; snout pointed, with the nasals swollen, as long as the
postocular part of the head ; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal region
feebly concave. Pileus 1| to 2 times as long as broad. Hind limb
reaching the ear in males, the shoulder, the collar, or between the collar
and the ear in females ; foot 1^ to 1| times the length of the head ;
toes slender, not compressed, very feebly but distinctly denticulate
laterally. Tail 1^ to 2 times as long as head and body.

Upper head-shields fiat, smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,
the suture between them ^ to f. the length of the frontonasal, which is

broader than loii^* ; prefrontals nearly as loui;- as broad, foriuiuL;- a
median suture ; frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the
snout, 14 to 2 times as loni^ as broad, in contact with the large supra-
oculars or separated from them by a series of granular scales ; parietals
as long as broad or slightly broader than long ; interparietal smaller
than the frontoparietals ; no occipital. Two large supraoculars,
followed by a small band-like shield, the first as long as the second
and longer than the space, filled with small scales, between it and the
second loreal ; usually 4 to 7 superciliaries, first longest ; a series of
granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Eostral as
deep as broad or slightly broader than deep, narrower beneath than
above ; three nasals, the lower in contact with or separated from the
rostral, resting on the 2 or 3 first upper labials ; first loreal as long
as deep or a little deeper than long, shorter than the second ; subocular
keeled below the eye and largely bordering the mouth between the
6th and 7th, rarely .5th and 6th or 7tli and 8th upper labials. Tem-
poral scales granular, smooth ; tympanic shield usually present ; no
auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid semi-transparent in the middle,
covered with small scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
21 to 29 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar- jjlate ; no gular fold. Collar straight
or feebly curved, without enlarged plates, or with only a few, often
disposed irregularly ; 11 to 19 scales or plates on its border.

Scales granular, smooth, 45 to 55 across the middle of the bod v.
Ventral plates as long as broad or longer than broad, in 14 or 16
oblique longitudinal and 32 to 36 transverse series. Preanal region
covered with small irregular plates, sometimes with an enlarged median
plate posteriori)'.

Upper surface of arm with smooth roundish-hexagonal scales which
are larger than the gulars. Scales on upper surface of tibia similar to
the dorsals ; lower surface with one row of very large and one of small
plates. 16 to 19 femoral pores on each side, the space between the two
series ^ to i the length of each of them. Subdigital lamellae in two
I'ows, uni- or tricarinate, 28 to 30 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate or obtusely pointed, and
diagonally keeled, lower, at the base, smooth ; 26 to 36 scales in the
fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Pale grey or buff above, with 9 dark streaks, as wide as the inter-
spaces, or 11 streaks oa the nape, 10 on the middle of the body, and
7 on the posterior part of the body. Tail bluish towards the end.
* Frontonasal longitudinally divided in one of the type specimens.

1.

2,

3.

!■.

50

52

58

61

•21

•20

23

23

18

l;}

14

14

8 ^

8

9

9

i> '

6

7

7

-2

20

22

23

:J8

32

37

36

18

17

19

18

90

85

110

100

320 Laceiihhv

Measurements (in millimetres) :

Fn>m eml of snout to vent

,, .. .. fore linil) .

Tjenii'th of head ....
Width of head . .

Depth of head
Fore limb ....
Hind limb . ...

Fo<..t . ....

Tail

1. r?, Saidaliad. tvpe. 2. $ , Haidahad, type. 3. cJ , Sir-I-Tam, type.
4. 2 , Helniand.

Petri! cuJars of Sj
1
(? Sir-I-'ram,S.W...f Kannan (type) 5.S 49
? ., ...

(J Saiilabad,
? „ ...

„ Khevan ...

(J Koliak, Perso-Balucli frontier
$ Helniand ....

Habitat. — Southern Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and neigh-
bouring parts of Russian Turkestan. Also reported from Trans-
caucasia.

27. EREMIAS VERMICULATA.

Eremias vermiculata, Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliv, 1875, p. 194,
and 2ud Yarkaud Miss., Rept. p. 18, pi. ii, fig. 5 (1878) ; Bouleng. Cat.
Liz. iii, p. 106 (1887) ; Bedriaga, Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reis.. Amph.
Rept. p. 505 (1912) ; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Podarces (Er.::iiias) pijlzowi, Strauch, Voy. Przewalski, Rept. p. 28,
pi. vi, fig. 1 (1876).

Head aud body rather strongly depressed, limbs slender. Head H
to 1| times as long as broad, its length 3t to 4 times in length to vent,
its depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum ; snout acutely pointed, with feebly swollen nasals, as long
as the postocular part of the head ; canthus rostralis strong, loreal
region concave ; a strong concavity on the upper surface of the snout,
from the frontonasal to the middle ov the posterior extremity of the

tjieclinenH E

xanilnet

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

TkS

49

14

32

11

29

IS- 19

27

7-6

43

45

14

33

15

24

16-17

27

5

50

r>o

16

33

13

24

16

30

6

52

52

IG

34

15

26

19-17

26

6

52

50

16

33

13

23

17-16

27

6

45

55

14

36

12

27

17-16

26

()

42

54

16

34

16

28

16

28

7-6

53

50

14

33

19

21

18-16

25

6-7

Gl

51

16

33

16

26

18

28

6

Eremias. 321

frontal. Pileus twice as loug as broad. Neck as broad as the head.
Hind limb reachiug between the collar and the ear; foot a little longer
than the head ; toes slender, rather strongly compressed. Tail about
twice as long as head and body, flattened at the base, slightly
compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth ; nasals in contact behind the
rostral, tlie suture between them |- or \ the length of the frontonasal,
which is broader than loug ; prefrontals a little broader than long,
forming a median suture*; frontal shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout. If to If times as long as broad, narrow behind,
separated from the supraoculars by a series of granular scales ;
parietals a little longer than broad ; interparietal much smaller than
the frontoparietals, sometimes very narrow ; no occipital. Two large
supraoculars, followed by a l)aud-like third, the first as loug as the
second and longert than its distance from the second loreal, the space
in front of it filled by small shields or granules ; 5 to 7 superciliaries,
first longest ; a series of granules between the supraoculars and the
superciliaries. Rostral as deep as broad, narrower beneath than
above ; 3 nasals, the lower in contact with the 3 first upper labials
and separated from the rostral ; anterior loreal as long as deep or a
little longer than deep, shorter than the second ; subocular keeled
below the eye and largely bordering the mouth, between the si.\th and
seventh or fifth and sixth upper labials. Temporal scales granular,
smooth ; tympanic shield present ; no auricular denticulation. Lower
eyelid semitransparent in the middle, covered with small scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
38 or 39:i: gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar
curved, free, composed of 9 to 14 small plates.

Scales granular, smooth, 55 to 68 § across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates in 18 or 20 oblique longitudinal and 36 to 38|| trans-
verse series, the plates mostly longer than broad. Preanal region
covered with numerous small plates, a few of the postero-median
slightly enlarged.

Upper surface of arm with roundish-rhomboidal smooth scales,
which are a little larger than the largest gulars. Upper surface of

* Exceptionally with an azygos shield between tliem (specimen from Tclni-
Tchu).

t Or as long, accordiug to Bedriaga.
X 31 to 43, tisually 34 to 40, according to Bedriaga.
§ 59 to 71, according to Bedriaga.
II 35 to 39, according to Bedriaga.
VOL, II. 21

322

Lacertidae.

tibia with granular scales similar to the dorsals ; lower surface with a
series of large aud oue or two of small plates. 20 to 23* femoral
pores ou each side, the two series narrowly separated iu the middle.
Subdigital lamellae single, strongly unicariuate, 24 to 26 under the
fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate, feebly and diagonally keeled;
basal subcaudals smooth ; 42 to 46 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

Pale gi'eyish or yellowish above, dotted or vermiculated with black
ou the head and body, the dots sometimes forming 3 or 5 longitudinal
lines on the back and 5 or 7 on the nape ; a dark baud along the side
of the tail. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

I'rom end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb
Foot .
Tail .
L J', Ssa Tchu. 2. J, Khami Desert.

Particulars of Sjjecimens Examined.

1.

2.

65

64

25

26

18

16

11

11

8

8

25

24

41

40

20

20

. 135

122

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

(J Khami Desert .

64

62

18

38

9

39

22-20

25

6

„ Ssa -Tchu .

65

68

20

36

13

39

22-23

26

6

„ Tchu-Tchu, P.M.

57

66

18

38

14

38

23

24

6

„ Kutchar Oasis, P.M.

51

55

18

36

12

38

21-22

26

5

Habitat. — Chinese Turkestan aud Mongolia.

This species has the outer series of scales ou the fourth toe forming
a slight denticulation, and in other respects also it proves to be the
Ereviias nearest to the Asiatic Scaptira.

28. EKEMIAS QUADRIFEONS.
Podarces (Eremias) quadrifrong, Straucli, Voy. Przewalski, Eept.
p. 34, pi. iv, fig. 2 (1876).

Eremias quadrifrons, Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 105 (1887) ; Bedriaga,

* 17 to 24, according to Bedriaga.

Eremias. 323

Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reis., Amph. Eept. p. 552 (1912) ; Bouleug.
Jourii. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head 1^ times as long as
broad, its length 4 times in length to vent ; snout pointed, the nasals
not swollen, as long as the postocular part of the head; canthus rostralis
obtuse; cheeks swollen. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck a little
constricted. Hind limb hardly reaching the axil; foot scarcely longer
than the head; toes rather short, not compressed. Tail 1^ times as
long as head and body, flattened at the base.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral, the
suture between them ^ the length of the frontonasal, which is broader
than long; four prefontals, outer narrow, baud-like, between the fronto-
nasal, the normal prefrontal, and the second loreal; frontal nearly as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, If times as long as
broad, f of its lateral border in contact with the large supraoculars ;
parietals longer than broad ; interparietal much smaller than the fronto-
parietals ; no occipital. Two large supraoculars, preceded by 3 or 4
small shields and followed by a small shield ; the first of the two large
supraoculars as long as the second and longer than its distance from
the second loreal ; a series of granules between the supraoculars and
the superciliaries. Rostral large, broader than deep ; four nasals, the
lower being divided, extensively in contact with the rostral, and
resting on the first three upper labials ; anterior loreal deeper than
long, shorter than the second; subocular not reaching the mouth,
resting on the 6th to 8th upjjer labials. Temjioral scales hexagonal,
smooth, upper very small, lower larger; tympanic shield present; no
auricular deuticulatiou. Lower eyelid opaque.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ; 36
gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar curved, free,
serrated, composed of 11 plates.

Scales granular, smooth, 54 across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates in 16 oblique longitudinal and 30 angular transverse series ;
these plates mostly longer than broad. Preanal region covered with
numerous small plates.

Upper surface of arm with small smooth scales. Scales on upper
surface of tibia similar to dorsals an outer series of large shields on
the lower sui'face. 12 or 13 femoral pores on each side, the two series
widely separated in the middle.

Scales on upper surface of base of tail smooth or feebly keeled, on
lower surface smooth.

324 Lacerlida?.

Olive-grey above ; head irregularlj spotted witli black ; a liglit
dorsolateral streak, bordered inward by an interrupted black streak
and outward by a series of large black ocelli with bluish white centres.
Low-er parts j'ellowish white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .... 62

Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail

15
10-5

8-5
20-5
32-6
16
79

The above description is compiled from Strauch's and Bedriaga's
accounts of the unique male specimen from the Alashan Desert,
Mongolia, preserved in the Petrograd Museum.

A second specimen is preserved in the Basle Museum (F. Miiller,
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii, 1885, p. 702).

29. EEEMIAS PEZEWALSKII.

Podarces (Ereinias) jyrzewalshii, Strauch, Voy. Przewalski, Kept,
p. 43, pi. vii (1876).

Podarces (Eremias) hessleri, Strauch, op. cit. p. 36, pi. v.

Podarces {Eremias) brachydactyla, Strauch, op. cit. p. 41, pi. vi.

Eremias lirzeivalslcii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 105 (1887); Bedriaga,
Wiss. Ees. Przewalski Eeis., Amph. Eept. p. 562 (1912) ; Bouleng.
Journ. Zool. Ees. iii, 1918, p. 7.

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head 1| times as long
as broad, its length o^ to 4f times in length to vent, its depth equal
to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout pointed, with the nasals not or scarcely swollen, as long as the
postocular part of the head ; canthus rostralis strong, loreal region
feebly concave ; upper surface of snout and anterior half of frontal
with or without a feeble concavity. Pileus twice as long as broad.
Neck as broad as the head or a little broader. Hind limb reaching
the collar in males, the axil or the shoulder in females ; foot as long
as the head or a little longer ; toes moderately long, not compressed.
Tail 1^ to 1|- times as long as head and body, more or less flattened at
the base, cylindrical or feebly compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,

Eremias. 325

the suture between them J to f the length of the frontouasal, which is
uuich broader tlian long ; prefrontals as long as broad or longer than
broad ; frontal shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, If
to If times as long as broad, nari-ow behind, | to ^ of its lateral border
in contact with the two large supraoculars ; parietals as long as broad
or a little longer than broad; interparietal as large as the fronto-
parietals or smaller ; no occipital. Two large supraoculars, preceded and
followed by a small shield, the first of which may be broken up into
very small shields or granules; 6 or 7 superciliaries, fii'st longest; a
series of granules between the supraoculars and the superciliaries.
Rostral as deep as broad, a little narrower beneath than above ; three
nasals, rarely four,* the lower in contact with the 2 or 3 anterior
upper labials but not reaching the rostral ; anterior loreal as long as
deep or a little deeper than long, shorter than the second ; subocular
keeled below the eye, usually resting on the 6th to 8th or 7th to 9th
upper labials, rarely wedged in between two labials and reaching
the moutli.t Temporal scales granular, smooth, lower larger ;
tympanic shield present ; no auricular deuticulation. Lower eyelid
opaque, with feebly enlarged scales in the middle.

4 or 5 chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle, or 6 or
7, the 4 anterior in contact.^ 28 to 47 § gular scales in a straight line
between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collai'-plate ;
gular fold more or less distinct. Collar nearly straight or slightly
curved, free, composed of 12 to 17 plates (exceptionally 9), some of
which are not or but scarcely larger than the gular scales in front of
them.

Scales granular, flat, round, oval, or hexagonal, 54 to 66 \\ across
the middle of the body. Ventral plates mostly as long as broad or
longer than broad, in 32 to 37 transverse series, the longest of which
contain 18 plates If ; the longitudinal series irregular or the plates
tessellated. Preaual region covered with small irregular plates, a few
of the postero-median slightly enlarged.

Upper surface of arm with rhombic smooth scales which are but
little larger than the largest gulars. Scales on upper surface of tibia

* The lower nasal is divided in one specimen from the Alaslian Desert.

t In one specimen from Khara-Morite and m one from Chinese Tiirkestan
(Paris Museum) ; in 4 per cent, of the 62 specimens examined by Bedriaga.

X 1'ype of E. kessleri. One specimen from Khara-Morite.

§ 27 to 45, usually 30 to 41, according to Bedriaga.

II Up to 70 according to Bedriaga.

TI 30 to 37 transverse series with 16 to 20, very rarely 22, plates, according
to Bedriaga.

326

Lacertklx.

similar to the dorsals, but smaller ; lower surface with 3 or 4 series
of subequal shields or with one series of large and two of small shields.
12 to 19* femoral pores on each side, the two series widely separated
in the middle. Two series of strongly keeled subdigital lamellae, 21 to
26 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales narrow, truncate or obtusely pointed, obtusely
keeled, or quite smooth on the base of the tail ; basal subcaudals
smooth ; 40 to 46 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl beliind the post-
anal granules.

Yellowish grey, reddish brown, or orange above, with blackish
markings which vary greatly according to individuals. The three
principal forms have been described and figured under different
names by Strauch :

A. With a dark network : E. hrachyclactijla.

B. With rather large, irregular black spots : E. kessleri.

c. The black spots confluent into irregular cross-bars ; head with
large black spots : E. przewalshii.

These three patterns of markings are connected by a number of inter-
mediate types.

Bedriaga further describes specimens with 7 longitudinal series of
black and white, more or less ocellar spots, not unlike E. argus or
E. argtita ; these specimens may have light longitudinal streaks on
the nape and on the temple and the side of the neck, and one on the
side of the lielly. The young specimens examined by the same author
are not streaked, but barred or reticulate.

Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

c?

¥

From end of snout to vent .

70

76

•> >> >>

fore limb

28

27

Length of head .

18

17

Width of head .

12

11

Depth of head

9

9

Fore limb .

27

26

Hind limb .

44

40

Foot .

22

19

Tail .

107

98

Particulars

of 8]}ecimens Ex

ainined.

1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

(J Alaslian Desert

. 70 66 18

32

16 37

16-19

26 8

$ Tchirgii-Bulyk

. 76 62 18

37

12 35

15-14

25 7

11 to 19, usually 13 to 17, according to Bedriaga.

Ereimas.

'

527

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. Y5 54

18

35

12

34

12-13

21

6

. 48 56

18

33

17

34

13-12

24

7

. 48 63

18

35

14

28

16

24

8

. 78 56

18

33

9

33

15

23

7

? Khara-Morite
IlgT. Oi'dos Desert

9 Chinese Tm'kestan, P.M.
Habitat. — Chiuese Turkestan and Mongolia, from Lob Nor to Ordos.

30. EEEMIAS MULTIOCELLATA.

Eremias multioceUata, Giintli. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) x, 1872,
p. 419, and in Brenchlev, " Cura9oa," Kept. p. 400 (1873) ; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 103 (1887) ; Nikolsky, Fedtschenko's Reise, Zool. ii,
pt. vii, p. 37 (1899), and Herp. Eoss. p. 169 (1905) ; Bedriaga, Wiss.
Res. Przewalski Reis., Ampli. Rept. p. 578 (1912) ; Bouleng. Tourn.
Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 8.

Eremias cieruleo-ocellata (nou D. & B.), Anders. Pi'oc. Zool. Soc.
1872, p. 373.

Eremias yarkandensis, Blanf. Jouru. As. Soc. Beng. xliv, 1875, p. 194,
and 2nd Yarkand Miss., Rept. p. 16, pi. ii, fig. 3 (1878).

Eremias yarkandensis, var. saturata, Blanf. 11. cc. fig. 4.

Podarces {Eremias) multioceUata, Straucli, Voy. Przewalski, Rept.
p. 26 (1876).

Podarces [Eremias) planice^s, Straucli, op. cit. p. 39, pi. iv, fig. 3.

Eremias multioceUata, var. koslowi, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Zool.
St. Pctersb. x, 1907, p. 183, and op. cit. p. 588, pi. viii, fig. 8.

? Eremias hueclineri, Bedriaga, ll.cc. pp. 184, 600, pi. viii, fig. 1.

Habit rather stout or moderately slender, body moderately depressed.
Head more or less depressed, 1^ to 1| times as long as broad, its
length 3|- to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to 4^ times in
females, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior corner
or the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout pointed, nasals not
or scarcely swollen, as long as the postocular part of the head, without
or with a very feeble concavity above; canthus rostralis rather obtuse,
loi-eal region feebly concave. Pileus IJ to 2 times as long as broad.
Neck as broad as the head or a little narrower. Hind limb reaching
the axil, the shoulder, or the collar in males, the elbow, the axil, or
the shoulder in females ; foot as long as tlie head or a little longer (Ii
to 1^ times); toes feebly compressed, rather short or moderately
elongate. Tail only a trifle longer than head and body, or nearly
twice as long.

U])per head-shields flat, smooth ; nasals in contact behind the
rostral, the suture between them \ to -J the length of the frontonasal,

828 Lacertida\

wliicli is bvoadev tliau long* ; prefrontals as long as broad or a little
longer than broad, forming a median sutui'e, rai'ely with an azygos
shield between themt ; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance
from the end of the snout, 1| to 2 times as long as broad, narrow
behind ; parietals a little longer than broad ; interparietal smaller
than the frontoparietals. 4 supraoculars, the first small and broken
up into 2 to 5 shields or granules, the fourth small and always
undivided ; in rare cases the second supraocular is in contact with
the prefrontal or separated from it by a small granule; 5 to 8 super-
ciliaries, first longest, separated from the suj^raoculars hy one or two
sei-ies of granules. Kostral as deep as broad or slightly broader ;
three nasals, the lower in contact with the three (or exceptionally two
or four) anterior upper labials and rarely with the rostral ; anterior
loreal as long as deep or a little longer or a little deeper,^ shorter
than the second ; 5 or 6 upper labials anterior to the subocular, which
usually borders the mouth, either very narrowly§ or rather broadly.
Temporal scales granular, smooth, lower larger ; tympanic shield
usuallv present ; no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid opaque,
with feebly enlarged scales in the middle.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle.
20 to 32, usuallv 22 to 28, gular scales in a straight line between the
symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate: gular
fold feebly marked. Collar feebly curved, free, with 8 to 15 plates,
most of which may be very small.

Scales granular, smooth, 45 to 62 across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates forming oblique longitudinal series or tessellated,
mostly as long as broad, in 28 to 35 transverse series, the longest of
which contain 14 or 16, rarely 18, plates. Preanal region with small
irregular plates.

Upper surface of arm witli smooth rhombic scales which are larger
than the largest gulars. Scales on upper surface of til)ia similar to
dorsals or a little smaller ; lower surface with one row of very large
and one of small plates, or with 3 series of large plates in front. 9
to 15 (exceptionally 7) femoral pores on each side, the two series
widely separated from each other in the middle. Subdigital lamellae
luiicariuate, in a single or double series, 20 to 25 under the fourth toe.

* Sometimes divided into two, according to Bedriaga.

t In 4 si^ecimens, including the type.

X Absent in a female from Sanja.

§ As iu the type. Specimens in which the subocular does not reach the
mouth have been described by Strauch {E. planiceps), Blanford (var. saturata),
and Bedriaga.

Eremiag. 329

Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate, obtusely and diagonally
keeled, lower smooth ; 32 to 40 scales iu the fourth or fifth whorl
behind the postanal granules.

The coloration varies greatly, and as the principal types correspond
with structural differences, although difficult of definition owing to
intermediate specimens, I think it desirable to distinguish the four
following forms :

A. The typical fonn, of rather stout build, with the foot not longer
than the head, and the tail but little longer than head and body, well
deserves its name, the greyish or brownish upper parts being ornate
with numerous whitish black-edged ocellar spots, which are either
irregularly distributed or form 6 or 8 longitudinal series ; sometimes
the spots are enlarged and confluent into transverse bars, interrupted
on the vertebral line ; the outer ocelli on the body sometimes larger
in males, with blue centres ; white, dark-edged streaks may be present
on the temple and on the nape ; lower parts white. Some young with
11 dark streaks along the neck.

B. Var. yarhandensis, Blanf. Habit more slender, similar to
E, velox ; head more depressed, snout longer, foot longer, 1^ to 1^-
times the length of the head, with more feebly keeled subdigital
lamellae, tail longer. Grrey or brown above, with darker dots or
small spots which may form regular longitudinal series or be confluent
into two dorsal streaks ; a more or less distinct light, dark-edged
streak, from the superciliary edge, continued as a series of ocelli on
the body, these ocelli small or large ; in some males a second series of
ocelli, with blue centres, on each side, from above the shoulder ; sides
of throat and belly sometimes with black dots. With 6 exceptions
out of 42 cases the subocular borders the lip.

c. Var. saturata, Blanf. This form is described by Blanford as
much darker in colour and frequently with less distinct ocelli along
the side of the back, or these may be absent. The principal differ-
ence from the var. yarkandensis is that the subocular is divided below
the eye and does not reach the mouth,* the lower detached portion
forming one or two additional upper labials (7th, 7tli and 8th, or 8th
and 9tli) ; but in one out of 13 specimens examined b\' Blanford the
subocular borders the mouth.

D. Var. kosloiri, Bedr. As in the preceding, the subocular does not
reach the oral border. Males of robust form, with swollen cheeks.
Pale brown above, sometimes greenish, with three dorsal series of
blackish dots more or less confluent into streaks ; sides with blue,
black-edged ocelli ; tail red ; some green and red on the throat.

* As is also the case in one of the specimens of the typical foi'iu from Sanja.

330

Lacertidtv.

Females darker brown, with the dark dots less distinct or absent, or
replaced by 3 or 4 whitish streaks ; three series ol ocellar spots on the
sides, the lower with pale blue centres, the others with white centres,
These notes are taken from Bedriaga's description.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

F. typica.

Var. Var.

yarkandensis. saturata.

Pi'om end of snout to vent

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
66 6S 63 58 55 53

19

Length of head
Width of head .
Depth of head .
Fore limb .
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

fore limb 26 26 22 21 22

17 IS 1-t 14 14 12

13 12 9 9 9 8

10 10 8 8 7 6

25 24 20

36 33

17 17

20 21 18
28 30 31 27
14 15 1

7. 8.

56 55

23 22

15 15

9 10

7 7

21 21

31 31

14 i:

— 82 69 62 105

16

88

9.
51
20
12

17
25
13

1. J , Near Aksu. 2. <? , Tian Shan Mts. 3. ? , Tian Shan Mts. 4. ?
Gobi Desert. 5. (?,Kashgar. 6. ? , Kashgar. 7. (J , Alashan Desert.
Kuenluen Valleys. 9. 9 , Kuenluen Valleys.

, type,
8. <?,

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

Fo

rma typica.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Gobi Desert, Mongolia (type) .

60

55

14

32

11

27

11

20

6

Tian Shan Mts., Chinese

Tu

■kestan

68

57

14

29

9

22

12

20

5

„

,,

52

47

16

28

10

23

11

20

5

„

63

50

14

32

12

20

12-13

21

6

„

54

52

14

30

12

22

13

22

6

Aksu .

66

56

16

32

14

28

10-11

23

6

Var

yarkandensis.

Yarkand,

Chinese Turkestan

(type)

55

52

16

29

9

26

15-13

24

6

„

54

55

16

33

10

30

13-14

23

6

,,

46

59

14

31

9

25

13

25

6

Sarikol,

J,

56

51

16

29

9

26

12

22

6

„

54

54

16

29

10

24

11-12

23

6

Sanju,

„

50

48

16

31

8

25

10

20

6

„

45

50

16

32

10

30

13-12

20

7

Kashgar,

„

55

56

16

30

9

28

14-13

23

6

,,

60

57

14

32

11

32

14

21

6 5

„

55

53

14

32

10

26

12-13

25

6

„

52

55

14

32

15

28

12

23

6

,,

,,

62

53

14

30

9

24

12

25

6

^,

55

53

14

30

13

26

11-12

24

6-5

55

58

16

33

12

25

14

25

6

Eremias.

33]

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9

?

Kashg-ar, Chinese Turkestan

. 53

59

14

32

8

30

10-9

24

6

„

P.M

. 55

58

14

33

11

28

13

23

6

s

Chinese Turkestan, P.M, .

59

47

16

33

11

27

11

21

6

„

„ ,,

. 59

54

16

31

13

26

12-13

23

7

,,

>» »»

. 54

54

18

33

16

34

11-12

22

7-

?

»» >t

. 57

45

18

33

12

24

11-12

20

6

J,

?i »»

. 54.

53

18

35

12

29

12-11

22

7

?

Alashan Desert, Mong-olia .

. 56

47

14

33

9

27

10

21

6

55

56

16

32

11

27

11

23

9-

50

49

18

30

10

26

11

21

7

51

50

16

31

10

23

10-7

21

8

Yar. saturata.
(J Kuenluen Valleys, S. of Yai-kand

(type)

? „ „ „

„ Kntehar Oasis, P.M. . . . 67 55 16 34 11 23 12-11 21 7-6
„ . . . 67 62 16 31 12 26 13-12 24 7

Habitat. ^-The type is from between Suraeaud the Tola River, Gobi
Desert of Mongolia, and the species has since been rediscovered in
other parts of Mongolia, as far south as the Alashan Desert, and
appears to be extensively distributed in Chinese Turkestan (Tian Shan,
Kashgar, Yarkand, Sarikol, etc.). It is also recorded from Eepetek in
Transcaspia by Elpatjewsky and Sabanejev, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxiv,
1900, p. 252.

I am i-ather embarrassed how to deal with Ere))iias hiiecluieri, Bedr.
A specimen from the Alashan Desert, received under that name from
the Petrograd Museum in 1899,* although agreeing fairly well in form
and markings with Bedriaga's figure, has the rostral as broad as deep
and the nasals scarcely swollen, and cannot be separated from E.
multiocellata, var. yarkanden^is. Not having had access to Bedriaga's
material, I cannot do better than give a translation of his diagnosis,
and leave to the future to decide whether I am justified in placing
E. buechneri in the synonymy of E. multiocellata. It is, however,
possible that the specimens with strongly swollen nasals belong to a
distinct species.

Eremias buechneri. Total length 163 millim. Habit slender and
elongate ( 9 ) or more sturdy (J*). Head pyramidal or platycephal ;
snout long, pointed, rounded at the end ; limbs short and robust ; tail
thick, less than -j of the total lengtli. No occipital; parietals longer
than broad; frontoparietals longer than broad ; no scales between the
second and third supraoculars ; frontal shorter or longer than, or as
long as the ti-ansverse axis of the frontoparietals ; no scales between

* The Alashan specimens appear to have been i-ef erred since to E. muUi-
ocellata,.

332 Lacertnin'.

the frontal iiml the siipraocuhirs ; suture between tlie frontal and the
first supraocular longer than the anterior part of the outer border of
the frontal bordering the prepalpebral space ; prepalpebral space
shorter than the first supraocular and usually longer than the lower
border of the rostral, rarely of the same length ; sutui'e between the
frontal and the prefrontal twice as long as the lower border of the
rostral ; no accessory, lateral frontonasals ; interfrontonasal sometimes
present ; internasal only exceptionally divided into two, usually twice
or more than twice as long as the lower border of the rostral ; supra-
nasal in contact with the first supralabial ; rostral small, strongly
narrowed beneath, its greatest width less than the distance from the
middle of its lower border to the nostril and considerably shorter than
the distance from the anterior superciliary to the postnasal, and some-
times even twice as long , its lower liorder shorter than its vertical
diameter ; nasals often strongly swollen.* Nostrils lateral. Infia-
nasal single, in contact with the three anterior upper labials : upper
border of the second upper labial not reaching the anterior border of
the nasal pit, or reaching it or sometimes beyond ; subocular reaching
the labial border or not ; three anterior pairs of submaxillaries forming
a suture. Temporal scales small and numerous. 25 to 29t small
gular scales in a longitudinal series from tlie submaxillary angle to the
middle of the collar. Ventral shields in oblique series running
backwai-d and inward ; the longest transverse series consisting of
16 to 18, exceptionally 14, plates. Femoral pores 9 to 15 on each side.
Space between the anterior femoral pores on the preaual region at least
half as long as the series of pores, sometimes as long or even somewhat
longer than the series. Back pale yellowish or greenish grey,
sometimes green, almost unspotted or dotted with darker ; sides of
body with more or less distinctly defined light, dark-edged round spots
on dark bands ; upper surface of head unspotted ; lower surface
whitish or yellowish white. — Habitat : Chinese Turkestan (Yarkand
and Chotau districts). The Kashgar district is added in the original
description.

31. EEEMIAS PLESKEI.

Eremias ijleslcei, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. x, 1907,
p. 238, and Wiss. Ees. Przewalski Reis., Amph. Rept. pp. 531, 758
(1912) ; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 7.

* " In zahlreichen Fallen" according- to the original description,
t 39, in the diagnosis, must be a misprint for 29, as the original description
states " zwischen 25 und 29."

Eremias. 333

Habit rather slender, as in E. velox. Head moderately depressed ;
suout rather poiuted ; nasals not or but feebly swollen. Tail a little
more than twice the length of head and body.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ;
frontal in contact with the supraoculars ; parietals as long as broad ;
no occipital ; two large supraoculars, bordered by granules in front
and behind, and a small third ; fir.st supraocular longer than its distance
from the posterior loreal. Rostral moderately large ; lower nasal in
contact with the 2 or 3 anterior upper labials ; subocular bordering
the mouth ; temporal scales moderate or small.

3 anterior pairs of chin-shields in contact in the middle ; 25 to 29
gular scales in a median longitudinal series.

Ventral plates in 16 or 18 oblique longitudinal series.

15 to 17 femoral pores on each side, the space between the two series
2 to 2 J times in the length of each.

Pale brown above, with 4 or 5 light longitudinal streaks ; limbs with
light ocellar spots ; lower parts yellowish white.

Total length 140 millimetres.

Habitat. — Nachitschewan, Erivan Grovernment, Transcaucasia.

This species has been briefly described from two specimens preserved
in the Petrograd Museum, which have since been identified by Nikolsky
with E.fasciata, Blanf. The wide separation between the two series
of femoral pores appears, however, sufficient reason for provisionally
maintaining E. lAeslcii as distinct.

32. EREMIAS INTERMEDIA.

Podarces (Eremias) intermedia, Strauch, Voy. Przewalski, Eejjt.
p. 28 (1876).

Eremias intermedia, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 100 (1887) ; Boettg.
Zool. Jahrb. iii, 1888, p. 908 ; Nikolsky, Fedtschenko's Eeise, Zool. ii,
pt. vii, p. 36 (1899), and Herp. Ross. p. 157 (1905) ; Bedriaga, Wiss.
Res. Przewalski Reis., Amph. Rept. p. 613, pi. viii, tig. 3 (1912) ;
Tzarewsky, Trav. Soc. Nat. Petrogr. xliii, 4, 1914, p. 32 ; Boideng.
Jouru. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 8.

Eremias iranscaspica , Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 482 ; Elpatjewsky
& Sabanejev, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxiv, 1906, p. 253.

Eremias nigrocellata, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pctersb. i,
1896, p. 371, and ii, 1897, p. 21, pi. xviii, fig. 2.

Eremias intermedia, var. nigrocellata, Nikolsky, op. eit. iv, 1899,
p. 399.

Eremias intermedia, var. oxyrrhina, Bedriaga, op. cit. pi. viii, fig. 5.

Habit more or less stout, body more or less depressed. Head rather

334 Lacertictie.

feeblj depressed, Ij to li times as long as broad, its length 3| to 4
times ill leugtli to vent, its deptli equal to the distaiu-e between the
anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum ; cheeks sometimes
swollen ; snout pointed, with the nasals strongly swollen, as long as
the postocular part of the head, with a more or less distinct concavity
above, extending to the middle of the frontal shield ; canthus rostralis
obtuse, loreal region feebly concave. Pileus If to 2 times as long
as broad. Neck as bi'oad as the head. Hind limb reaching the
shoulder, the collar, or between the collar and the ear in males, the
axil or the shoulder in females; foot slightly longer than the head;
toes short or rather short, feeVdy compressed. Tail 1} to 1 1 times as
long as head and body, much flattened at the base, compressed towards
the end.

Upper head-shields convex, smooth ; nasals in contact behind the
rostral, the suture between them ^ to i the length of the frontonasal,
which is broader than long ; prefrontals as long as broad or a little
longer than broad, forming a median suture*; frontal shorter than its
distance from the end of the mouth, If to If times as long as broad,
narrow behind, f to | of its lateral border in contact with the supra-
oculars, unless separated by a series of granules ; parietals as long as
broad or slightly broader than long ; intei'parietal much smaller than
the frontoparietals ; normally no occipital. t Two large supraociilai-s,
preceded Jind followed by small shields or granules, the first usually
shorter than the second and a little longer than its distance from the
second loreal ; 6 or 7, rarely 8, superciliaries, first longest, separated
from the supraoculars by one or two series of granules ; sometimes^ a
complete series of granules borders the supraoculars on the inner side.
Rostral as deep as broad or slightly deeper than broad, narrower
beneath than above ; 3 nasals, the lower in contact with the two or three
anterior upper labials but not reaching the rostral ; anterior loreal as
long as deep or deeper than long, shorter than the second ; subocular
keeled below the eye, resting on the 6tli to 7th, 6th to 8th, or 7th to
9th upper labials. Temporal scales granular, smooth, lower larger ;
tvnipanic shield present ; no auricular denticulatiou. Lower eyelid
opaque, with feebly enlarged scales in the middle.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle.

* A very small shield between them in a male from Perewalnaja.

t A small but very distinct occipital, widely separated from the interparietal,
in a female from Perewalnaja.

+ In 2 specimens from 15al Kvxju, in 2 from Perewalnaja, and in single
specimens from Kizil Kiim, Askhabad, and Tedshen. — Such specimens have
been named E. transcaspica by Nikolsky.

iir

335

29 to 32''- gular scales iu a straight Hue between the symphysis of the
chiu-shields aud the median coUar-phite ; gular fold rather iudistiuct
or absent. Collar feebly curved, free, composed of 10 to 15t plates,
which may be very small.

Scales granular, smooth, 49 to 61 across the middle of the l)ody.
Ventral plates tessellated, mostly longer than broad, iu 29 to 32:J:
transverse series, the longest of which contains 16 or 18 plates.
Preanal region covered with small irregular plates.

Upper surface of arm with smooth rhombic scales, which are larger
than the largest gulars. Scales on upper surface of tibia similar to
dorsals ; lower surface with 1 series of large and 1 or 2 of small
shields, or with 3 series of large shields in front and 2 Ijehind. 12 to
17§ femoral ])ores on each side, the two series widely sej^arated in
the middle. Ij Subdigital lamellte unicarinate, in one or two series,
20 to 23 under the fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales oblique, I'ounded or obtusely pointed posteriorly,
obtusely keeled, lower smooth at the base of the tail ; 30 to 40 scales
in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

G-rey or yellowish grey above, speckled with blackish, or with
numerous blackish and whitish spots, or with 8 or 10 longitudinal
series of white, black-edged ocellar spots quite similar to those of
most specimens of E. arguta ; limbs with ocellar spots. Lower parts
white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

From end of snout to

vent .

66

61

57

53

,, ,, ,,

fore limb

24

23

21

20

Length of head .

16

16

14

13

Width of head .

12

11

10

9

Depth of head .

9

8

8

7

Tore limb .

22

22

20

19

Hind limb .

36

37

32

30

Foot .

17

18

15

15

Tail .

—

97

—

66

\. S , Feizabad Mondechi (type of E. nicjrocellata).
walnaja. 3. 9 > Perewalnaja. 4. 9 , Kizil Kum (type).

(^ , Pere-

* 25 to 36, accordiug to Beclriaga.
t 9 to 16, according to Bedriaga.
X 28 to 33, according to Bedriaga.
§ 10 to 1.5, according to Bedriaga.

II Except in one male from Askhabad in which the space between the two
series of pores is only | the length of each.

336 Lacertidx.

Particulars of S2:)ecimens Examined.

+'

Kizil Kuin, Aialo-Caspiau Desert

1.

2.

3.

1.

5.

u.

7.

8.

9.

(type)

53

55

16

30

10

32

13

20

7

„

P.M.

46

52

16

29

15

29

15

20

7

<?

Perewiihiajii, Trauscaspia .

60

53

IS

30

13

31

15-16

22

7

?

„ „ . .

58

52

18

29

12

31

14-13

21

7-8

,,

,, „ . .

55

51

18

31

10

30

13

23

7-6

c?

Tedslien „

56

49

16

29

11

29

13-12

22

7

J,

Askliabad

50

5U

IS

29

15

30

16-17

22

8-7

„

Bal-Kujii, near Asklialiail .

60

55

IS

30

15

29

15-14

23

7

JJ

19

51

16

30

13

29

15

22

8-7

,, Feizabad-Mondeclii, E. Persia

(type of E. nigrocellata) . . 66 61 IS 32 10 29 13 21 7

Habitat. — The type's are from the Aralo-Caspian Desert, but this
species is also known to occur in Transcaspia, Turkestan (near
L. Balkash), and Northern and Eastern Persia (Astrabad, Seistan,
Feizabad-Mondechi).

E. intermedia connects E. multiocellata with E. anjida.

33. EREMIAS ARGUS.

Eremias arrjus, Peters, Mon. Berk Ac. 1869, p. 61, pi. — , fig. 3;
Steind. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, Ixii, i, 1870, p. 336, pk ii, figs. 1, 2;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 102 (1887) ; Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat.
1888, p. m; Werner, Abh. Bayer. Ak. xxii, 1904, p. 354; Nikolsky,
Herp. Ross. p. 167 (1905) ; Elpatjewsky & Sabanejev, Zook Jalirb.,
Syst. xxiv, 1906, p. 253; Stejneg. Herp. Japan, p. 248, figs. (1907);
Bedriaga, Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reis., Aniph. Rept. p. 636 (1912) ;
Bouleug. Journ. Zook Res. iii, 1918, p. 8.

Eremias brenchleyi, Giiuth. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 419,
and in Brenchley, " Curacoa," p. 306, pk xxii, fig. a (1873) ; J. G.
Fischer, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Aust, v, 1888, p. 46, pk iv, fig. 9;
Mchely, in Zichy, Zook Ergebn. 3. Asiat. Forschungsr. ii, p. 56
(1901) ; Elpatjewsky & Sabanejev, t.c. p. 252 ; Bedriaga, op. cit.
p. 648.

Podarces (Eremias) arcjus, Strauch, Voy. Przewalski, Rept. p. 32
(1876).

Podarces (Eremias) brenchleyi, Strauch, op. cit. p. 30.

Eremias argus, var. brenchleyi, Boettg. I.e. ; Bouleng. Journ. Zook
Res. iii, 1918, p. 10.

Body feebly depressed. Head convex, not much broader than
deep, 1^- to 1{7 times as long as broad, its length 3| to 4J times

Ereiiiias. 337

iu length to vent; snout obtuse or obtusely pointed, nasals feebly
swollen, as long as or a little shorter tiiau the postocular part of the
head, with a more or less distinct median concavity above, extending
to the middle of the frontal shield ; canthus rostralis obtuse, loreal
region not or but feebly concave. Pileus 1| to 1^- times as long as
broad. Neck as broad as the head. Hind limb reaching the wrist,
the elbow, or the axil, rarely the shoulder, in females, the axil, the
shoulder, or the collar in males ; foot as long as the head or a little
longer ; toes rather short, not compressed. Tail 1 to li times the
length of head and body, sometimes feebly compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields flat or rather convex, smooth ; nasals in contact
behind the rostral, the suture between them i to~ i the lengtli of
the frontonasal, rarely equal to it ; frontonasal longitudinally divided,*
at least twice as broad as long ; prefrontals as long as or longer than
broad, usually with one or two small shields between them, rarely
three in a longitudinal series or forming a triauglef ; frontal as long
as or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
1^ to If times as long as broad, J to 4 of its lateral border in
contact with the supraoculars, or, rarely, separated from them by
a series of small scales ; parietals as long as broad or broader
than long ; interparietal usually smaller than the frontoparietals ; no
occipital. Two large supraoculars, first usually shorter than second
and as long as or shorter than its distance from the second loreal ;
usually a third small supraocular, often band-like ; 4 to 6, rarely 3,
superciliaries, first longest ; one or two series of granular scales
between the supraoculars and the superciliaries. Eostral usually
li to 1 i times as broad as deep, rarely as deep as broad ; three
nasals, J the lower either just reaching the rostral or more or less
extensively separated from it,§ and in contact with the first and
second upper labials ; anterior loreal deeper than long, much shorter
than the second ; 6 or 7, rarely 5, exceptionally 4, upper labials to
below the centre of the eye ; subocular keeled below the eye, usually
not reaching the mouth, resting on the 5th to 7th, 5th to 8th,
6th to 8th, or 6th to 9th upper labials, rarely || bordering the

* Stejneger mentions a specimen from Eastern Mongolia in wliich there
is only a veiy small, single frontonasal and a pair of very long firefrontals.

t Out of 69 specimens examined, the median shield is absent in 7, one is
present in 34, two in 25, and three in 3.

J Lower nasal exceptionally divided, according to Bedriaga.

§ The upper nasal sometimes largely in contact with the first upper labial,
the arrangement of the three shields being exactly as in Nucras.

II One specimen from Pekin and one from Aisun. Bedriaga also mentions
such an exceptional specimen. The specimen from Pekin is one of two
VOL. 11. 22

338 Lacertuhe.

nioutli between the 5tli airl Gtli upper labials. 2 or 3 small upper
temporal shields sometimes present; temporal scales granular, smooth,
lower nuieh lare-er ; a tympauie shield usually present ; no auricular
denticuiation. Lower eyelid opaijvu', witli i'eel)ly enlarged scales in
the middle. 5, rarely 4, pairs of ehin-sliields, exceptionally 4 on one
side and h on the other, the three anterior in contact in the middle;
17 to 29 yiilar scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields an<l the median collar-plate ; gular fold distinct. Collar
feebly curved, free, composed of 7 to 12 rather large plates.

Scales granular and smooth, larger, flat and often s(|uarish on the
sides towards the ventrals, 4() (o t')2 ;u'i<jss the middle of the body,
usually 49 to 61. Ventral plates not forming regular longitudinal
series, tessellated, mostly as long as broad, some broader than long,
in 28 to 33 more or less angular transverse series, the longest of Avhich
contain 12 or 14 plates, usually 14. Preaual region covered with
numerous small, irregular plates.

Upper surface of arm with rather large, smooth, hexagonal or
rhombic scales. Scales on upper surface of tibia similar to dorsals
or a little smaller; lower surface with one row of very large and one
of small plates. 8 to 12 femoral pores on each side, the two series
widely separated from each other in the middle. Subdigital lamellae
19 to 24 under the fourth toe, tiuicarinate, a second keel being formed
by the outer lateral series of scales.

Upper caudal scales more or less ol)lique and diagonally keeled,
the scales small in the middle on the basal part, the scales on the
lower surface vi which are smooth ; 26 to 46 scales in the fourth
or fifth whoii Ijehind the postanal granules.

The young are grey or olive above, with 3 or 4 white, black-edged
streaks on each side of the neck, the uppermost from the superciliary
edge, the second from the lower eyelid, passing above the tymjiauum,
the third from the upper lip, through the tympanum, the fourth,
if present, from the lower lip to the forearm ; in addition, two dorsal
series of round white, black-edged ocelli. On the body the upper
or dorsolateral streak as well as the third may be bi'oken up into
ocellar spots, whilst the second is always represented by a series
of ocelli similar to the dorsals. These markings may persist in the
adult, or the streaks may disappear and be replaced by 6 or 8,
rarely 10, series of spots, which may be incompletely surrounded by
dark brown rings, or transversely connected by large dark brown

received by the Genoa Museuui, both agreeing' in this resisect. I have also
examined in the Paris Museum an ocellated young from Mongolia (David
Collection) in which the suljucular borders the mouth.

Eremias. 339

spots; sometimes the vertehral Jine is li^lifer (lian the rest of the
ground-colour, which varies iruiu buff to i;rev. There are also
specimens without ocelli. Thus, ii female from Chefoo has only two
more or less interrupted whitish streaks on eiich side, Ijordered by
larger dark brown spols, and a male iVom the same locality resembles
very closely the type of E. hrcnrlileijl in its coloration, a continuous
white streak extcndiuL;- from lielow tlie eye to the L;roin, edged above
by a dark brown baud, which is continued on thi! tail; a second
(dorsolateral) white streak above, continuous on (he neck, broken up
into ocellar spots on the body. Other specimens are intermediate
between these striated examples and the more fre({uent type with
nothing but ocelli. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, ,, ,, fore limb .

Length of head ....
Width of head ....
Depth of head ....
Fore lind) .....
Hind limb .....

Foot

Tail

1. r?, Chefoo. i. 9, Chefoo. 3.
China. 5. 9 (var. brenchh'i/i ), Mongolia (Paris Museum).

The sexes are difficult to recognize externally in this species. The
males have a larger head and a rather shorter body, biit tlie tail
is not or but scarcely swollen at the Ijase and the femoral pores are
not larger than in the females.

Habitat. — Manchuria, Corea, Mongolia, Northern China.

Var. BRENCHLEYI, Giinther.

Only about a dozen specimens of this form are known to exist in
collections, and it is therefore difficult to decide whether it should
rank as a variety of E. ((/v/h.n- or as a distinct species. Co/isideriug
the characters which have been adduced in favour of its specific dis-
tiuction as either too slight or as occurring also in annectant specimens
of E. arguis, I prefer, for the present, to treat it as a variety.

The latest dehnition is that given l>y Bedriaga (I.e.), and is here
repeated, the structui-al characters frmn his synopsis (p. o05), the
coloration from his diagnoses (pp. 64:6 and 655) : —

1.

2.

3.

-i.

o.

57

55

54

62

56

•IS

20

21

22

19

15

13

14

13

12

10

9

10

9-5

8

9

7-5

8

8

6-5

22

19

20

21

20

31

26

29

31

30

17

14

16

15

15

85

57

85

7o

84

c?.

Wei H

ai W

ei. 4,

■ ?, N.

340 LarertidcXK

E. arrjus. Suboctilar not, reaching the labial inar^iu ; frontal shorter
than or as long as the greatest width of the two frontoparietals ; tail
short, at most li times as long as head and body. Brown above,
with numerous oblong oval light ocellar spots in longitudinal series,
mostly incompletely surrounded with dark brown and transversely
connected by dark brown spots.

E. brenchleiji. Subocular reaching the labial margin ; frontal longer
than the greatest width of the two frontoparietals ; tail long, more
than 1^ times head and body. Dorsal region with or without dark
spots, sides with two series of light ocelli, of which the lower is
replaced by a light streak.

Although fulfilling its purpose in most cases, this comparative
definition may be misleading in others. Bedriaga has himself stated
in his detailed description that one of the specimens of E. argiis in
the Peti'ograd Museum has the subocular as in E. brenchleiji, for which
reason Strauch had previously referred it to the latter. There are
other exceptions : two specimens from Pekin and Aisun, in the British
Museum, and, I believe, others in the Grenoa Museum, coml)ine the
subocular of E. brencJileyi with the ocellated back of E. argus* I
have come across several specimens! of E. argus in which the length
of the frontal is greater than the width of the frontoparietals.

The tail in the type of E. brenchleyi is not quite li times the length
of head and body, whilst it may be 1^ times in E. argus. Bedriaga
mentions, it is true, specimens of the former with the tail nearly twice
as long as head and body, a length greater than in any of the
specimens I have been able to e.\amine ; but the fact nevertheless
remains that the wording of his definition would be misleading as
i-egards the British Museum collection. In examining the coloration
of a large number of E. argus, I have noticed exceptional examples,
from Chefoo, which would fall under the definilitni of E. brenchleyi.

Having disposed of these characters, I will pass on to two others
which have been pointed out by Bedriaga in his full descriptions.
First, the head of E. brenchleyi is more flattened, with the snout more
pointed. This is true generally speaking, but some E. argus have the
snout less obtuse than others, and the convexity of the head is also
subject to some variation, the extremes between the two supposed
species being no greater than between individuals luiited by me under
Lacerta taurica; the comparison with L. ag His and L. muralis is an
exaggeration for which Boettger is responsible. I may add that there

* These specimens have 53 and 61 scales across the body respectively,
t 5 from Chefoo, 3 from Pekin, 2 from Chih Feng', 1 from N. China, 1 from
N.E. I\Tonsrolia.

Ere m las.

341

is no differeuee in shape of the head between youug specimens from
Pekin, 35 millim. long witliout the tail, referable to the two forms.
The second and more important cliaracter resides in the larger dorsal
scales, tliero being 39 to 46 across the middle of the body in
E. brenchleyi, and 46 to 62 in E. «r;/«s ; there is thus an overlap,
which would probably be greater if more specimens of the former
could be examined. In all other respects the two forms agree, the
further differences pointed out by J. G. Fischer being merely
individual.

Apart from the character of the subocular, the var. bre)ichlei/l may
be defined as combining a usual!}' lower number of scales across the
body, a somewhat flatter head with a more pointed snout, a usually
longer tail, and the presence of a dark lateral band edged above by a
series of ocellar spots and below by an interrupted white streak.

Habitat. — Mongolia and Northern China.

Particulars of Specimens

Examin

exl.

Forma typica.

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

!? Manchuria .

. 54

62

14

32

9

23

11

21

6

„ N.E. Mongolia .

. 59

54

12

31

12

18

8

20

6-5

,, . .

. 56

46

14

32

11

20

9

22

6

<? Ohih Feng, N.E. Chihili

. 54

57

14

31

10

21

9

22

6

,, ', ,5

. 52

51

12

28

12

20

9-10

21

7

..

. 49

49

14

31

9

24

9-10

22

6

9

. 55

54

14

32

9

29

10-9

22

7 6

>> '> >t

. 53

57

14

31

9

20

10-9

20

6

„

. 53

53

14

29

10

22

8

24

6

„

. 4.3

52

14

32

10

28

10

22

7 6

jj », ,,

. 42

55

12

30

10

26

10

20

6

„

. 42

54

14

33

9

22

9 10

20

6

(? Wei-Hai-Wei, Shantung

. 54

60

14

31

s

22

11

23

7

55

57

14

30

7

20

11-10

21

6

. 47

5S

14

30

8

17

10

21

6

(J Pekin (Swialioe)

. 54

59

14

29

7

24

11-10

21

6-7

», »» )» • ■ ■

. 50

54

12

29

9

19

10

22

6

? „ „ . . .

. 48

48

14

28

9

21

9

19

6

,, (I?renchley">

. 56

60

14

31

12

26

8-9

24

6

„ ■ •

. 54

52

14

30

9

22

11-12

23

6

„ „ (Doria)

. 51

53

14

32

9

22

10-11

21

5

t? „ (C. de Plancy) .

. 57

55

12

29

11

23

9

21

6-7

...

. 56

57

14

29

10

23

11-10

21

6-7

. 55

59

14

30

10

20

11

23

7

. 47

51

14

30

10

20

9-10

24

7-6

. 56

60

12

31

10

20

8

20

6

. 52

50

14

31

11

23

10

23

7

„ „ „ ...

. 45

59

14

32

11

22

10

23

7

342

? Pekin (Davi.l)

Chef 00 (Swinhoe)

(Anderson)

Aisnn, S. of Chefoo

N. China

Yar. hrenchley
? Land of Grass, Mong
„ Mongolia, P.M.
„ Chikiang
Yo-. Pekin

I

acertidiv.

1.

2,

3.

4.

5.

0.

7.

8.

9.

. 58

51

14

32

9

18

9

21.

0

50

54.

12

32

9

18

10

21

7

52

49

14

28

8

17

9

22

G

52

47

14

31

10

IS

10

21

5

50

51

14

28

8

17

9

23

6

50

49

14

30

7

19

12-11

22

7 0

50

49

14.

30

8

19

10-9

20

0

53

52

14

28

9

20

10

21

0

55

50

14

29

8

17

8

20

0-5

54

57

14

32

8

20

11-10

20

0

52

54

14

30

11

17

9

20

0

50

52

14

3(1

8

22

12-10

21

0 7

54.

57

14

29

10

22

11-10

19

7-6

53

53

14

28

9

18

10

21

0

57

54

14

32

10

21

10-9

21

0

55

53

14

28

9

20

8

20

0-4

50

53

14

30

12

24

10

22

0-7

47

01

14

30

8

19

11-10

20

0

47

5<1

14

29

8

22

8-9

22

0

45

57

14

30

9

20

U

22

6-7

37

55

14

31

9

18

11-10

22

7-0

37

54

It

29

11

19

10

22

0

58

00

14

30

9

19

9

23

6-7

5S

54

14

31

11

20

10

20

0

50

57

14

30

9

2.8

10-11

20

0

50

00

14

33

11

23

11-10

23

0

5()

(il

14

31

11

20

9-10

21

5

50

<iO

14

32

8

25

9-8

23

(i

47

01

14

31

9

23

11-12

22

0

02

55

14

30

9

23

10

21

7

55

50

14

30

9

24

10

22

7-0

. 47

55

14

30

10

18

12-11

23

6

olia (type)

52

42

11

30

50

41

14

30

40

44

14

31

19 10-11 20 6
18 11-10 21 5

20 10-11 20 5-6

35 39 14 28 10 20

10

20

:14. EEEMIAS ARCIUTA.

Laceria aryuta, Pallas, Reisp Riiss. R. ii, p. 718 (1771) ; Daud.
Hist. Rept. iii, p. 240 (1802).

Lacerta variahUi.t, Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. -As. iii, p. 31 (1811) ;
Liclitenst. in Eversra. Eeise Oreiib. Bucli. p. 140 (1823) ; Eversm.
N. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. iii, 1834, p. 351, pi. xxix.

Eremias. 343

Lacerta leucoaficta, Licliteiist. op. fit. p. 142.

Podarcis variahili.-', Mt'm'tr. Cat. ]vais. p. 02 (1832) ; Sclireib. Herp.
Eur. p. 380 (1875).

Podarcis irrifcms, Mi'iic'tr. I.e.

Lacerta deserti, Andrzej. N. Mc'm. Soc. Nat. Mosc. ii. 1832, p. 324.

Eremias variahlUs, Wies,nn. Herp. Mex. p. 9 (1834) ; Dum. & Bibr.
Erp. Gt'n. v, p. 292 (1839) ; Di'midoff, Voy. Euss. Mer. iii, p. 339,
Eept. pi. i, figs. 3, 4 (1840) ; A. Smith, ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pi.
xlviii, fig. 2 (1845).

Podarcis deserti, Eicliw. Faun. Casp.-Cauc. p. 77 (1841).

Eremias an/uta, Grray, Cat. Liz. p. 39 (1845) ; Kessler, Tr. St.
Petersb. Nat. Soc. viii, 1878, p. 170 ; Boettg. iu Eadde, Faun. Flor.
Casp.-Geb. p. 54 (1886) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 101 (1887) ;
Nikolslcy, Fedtschenlco's Eeise. Zool. ii, pt. vii, p. 36 (1899) ;
Kiritzescu, Bui. Soc. Sc. Buchar. x, 1901, p. 315 ; Elpatiebski, Amph.
Rept. Aral Exped. p. 18, pi. ii (1903): Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 158
(1905) ; Bedriaga, Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reis., Amph. Rept. p. 624
(1912); Schreib. Herp. Eur., Ed. 2, p. 344 (1912); Nikolsky, Herp.
Caucas. p. 101 (1913) ; Bouleng. Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 8.

Podarces (Eremias) arguta, Straucli, Voy. Przewalski, Rept. p. 27
(1876).

Eremias arguta, var. jjotaiiiui, Bedriaga, op. cit. p. 631.

Habit stout, body feeljly depressed. Head feebly depressed, IJ- to
1|- times as long as broad, its length 3i to 4f times in length to vent
iu males, 3i to 4s times iu females ; cheeks more or less swollen in
males ; snout obtuse or obtusely pointed, with the nasals more or less
swollen, as long as or a little shorter than the postocular part of the
head, with a distinct median concavity above, extending to the middle
or the posterior extremity of the frontal shield ; canthus rostralis
obtuse, loreal region feebly concave. Pileus If, to 2 times as long as
broad. Neck as broad as or broader than the head. Hind limb
reaching the ell)ow, the axil, or the shoulder in males, the wrist or the
elbow in females ; foot as long as the head or slightly longer or slightly
shorter ; toes short, not compressed, slightly denticulated laterally.
Tail as long as head and body, or a little shorter or a little longer
(exceptionally If times), more or less flattened at the base, especially
in males, sometimes feebly compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields more or less convex, smooth or rugose ; nasals
in contact behind the rostral, the suture between them {- to j the
length of the frontonasal, which is liroader than long ; prefrontals as
long as broad or longer than broad, usually forming a median suture,

344 Lacf'vtithv.

sometimes with one or two small shields between them*; frontal as
long as or shorter thau its distance from the end of the snout, H to
1^ times as long as broad, ^ to f of its lateral border in contact with
the supraoculars f ; parietals as long as broad, or a little longer than
broad or a little broader than long ; interparietal much smaller thau
the frontoparietals ; no occipital. Two large supraoculars, first usually
shorter than second and as long as or shorter than its distance from
the second loreal ; sometimes a third, small supraocular, often band-
like ; sometimes one or two small shields in front, separated from the
first large supraocular by a series of granules ; 6 to 8, rarely 5, super-
ciliaries, first longest ; 1 to 3 series of granular scales between the
supraoculars and the superciliaries, the first or second superciliary
sometimes in contact with the first supraocular. Rostral IJ to IJ
times as broad as deep, or nearly as deep as long ; three nasals, J the
lower usually separated from the rostral, sometimes narrowly in con-
tact with it, resting on the first and second, rarely on the first,
second, and third upper labials ; anterior loreal deeper than long,
shorter than the second, both sometimes transversely divided into
two, rarely absent § ; 5 to 8 upper labials to below the centi-e of the
eye ; subocular keeled below the eye, not reaching the mouth,
resting on the 4th to 6th, 5th to 7th, 5tli to 8th, 6th to 8th, 6th to
9th, or 6tli to 10th upper labials. 2 to 4 narrow upper temporal
shields sometimes present ; temporal scales granular, smooth, lower
usually much larger ; tympanic shield as often absent as present|| ;
no auricular denticulation. Lower e\elid opaque, with feebly enlarged
scales in the middle.

5 or 6, rarely 4, pairs of chin-shields, the two or three anterior in
contact in the middle T[; 24 to 35, usually 26 to 30, gular scales in a
straight line between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median
collar-plate; gular fold distinct. Collar feebly curved, free, usually
strongly serrated,** composed of 9 to 15 rather large plates, usually
9 to 18.

*. Out of 57 specimens examined, one shield is present in 13, two in 6 ; in one
specimen thei-e are three small shields, forming a triangle.

t In a yonug from Mangischlak a series of granules separates the frontal
from the supraoculars.

X The lower nasal is divided in two specimens ( J from Alakul and Isbes
Khan).

§ In a female from Tartary.

II Present in 28 specimens out of 57.

T[ In two specimens the symphysis is formed by 2 sliields on one side and 3 on
the other.

** Nearly straiglit-edged in a female from Odessa.

Eremios. 345

Scales coarsely granular and sniootli,* flat or convex, larger and
often squarish on the sides, 41 to 55 f across the middle of tlie body.
Ventral plates in oblique longitudinal series, or tessellated, as long as
broad, or a little longer or a little broader, in 30 to 35 slightly angular
transverse series, the longest of which contain 16 or 18, rarely 14 or
20, plates. Preanal region covered with numerous small, irregular
plates, rarely with an enlarged median plate posteriorly.

Ujjper surface of arm with smooth, rhombic scales, which are not or
but slightly largpr than the largest gulars. Scales on upper surface
of tibia similar to dorsals or a little smaller ; lower surface with 3 or
4 series of subequal plates or with one series of large and two of
smaller plates. 7 to 14 femoral pores on each side, usually 8 to 12,
the series sometimes restricted to the inner half of the thigh, some-
times extending along its whole length,;]: separated from its fellow by a
wide interspace. Subdigital lamellae in tw^o unicarinate series, 17 to 25,
usually 20 to 22, under the fourth toe.

Ujiper caudal scales smooth or feebly keeled, passing gradually into
the dorsals, those at the base oblique and obtusely pointed ; basal
lower caudal scales smooth ; 26 to 38 scales in the fourth or fifth
whorl behind the postanal granules.

Young greyish above, witli white, black-edged ocelli, which mav be
confluent into transverse bands, rarely into 6 or 8 longitudinal streaks.
The ocelli persist in the adult or are replaced by black niarblings or
irregular transverse bauds. Some exceptional females show a more
primitive pattern, 8 white, blaclc-edged streaks extending along the
back and sides, these streaks continuous on the neck, more or less
broken up on the body. I have also seen males and young with ocelli
on the back and a white, black-edged lateral streak from the shoulder
to the groin, or with 4 white, black-edged streaks on the nape and
ocelli forming tiansverse bars on the body. Dark brown or black
spots or large blotches may be present on the head. Lower parts
white.

Bedriaga describes a \a,r. potanini, from Bulun-Tochoi in Dshungaria,
Central Asia, light brown above with tn^o rows of remarkably large
oblique dark brown spots ; these spots have a rather indistinct light
edge, or are accompanied by small round light spots ; one or two
series of small dark spots along each side.

* Bedriaga mentions a few specimens in which the scales are obtusely keeled
on the posterior jiart of the back,
f 41 to 57 according to Bedriaga.
X Extremes in specimens from Tartar}- and Islios Khaii,

346

Measurements (iu millimetres)

From eud of snout to vent
,. ,, .. t'oi'e 1

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb

Foot ....

Tail ....

1. c?- Isbes Khan. 2. c?. .
9 , Tchiuas. 5. $ , Tartarv. G. 9 , Dougus.

Lace)

iid.v.

res) :

1.

2_

3.

4.

o.

6.

97

85

m

93

70

68

imb

35

81

25

34

23

23

24

20

17

21

15

16

20

16

13

15

11

11

10

11

10

12

9

8

31

30

23

30

23

20

47

42

35

44.

33

29

22

19

17

21

If;

15

—

110

81

—

(J 7

60

, Svr

Daria St

?ppes

3.

J,

Bah

u.

Part icti Jars of

9 St. Georg-e, Dimuhe Delta .

Odessa ....

(? Crimea ....

Astrakan ....

Donu'us, near Orenliurtr

Kirgliiz Steppes
Baku .

Novo Alexandrovsk, Maiiijischlal

^ Alexaiidrovski Fortress, Trans

caspia ....
9 Tehinas, Syr I)aria
$ Isbes khan, N. of Syr Daria
„ Syr Daria Steppes, Russian

Turkestan, P.M.

Specimens Exam iue

/.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

0.

7.

S.

9.

. 03

40

14

32

10

29

10-8

22

6-5

. 03

40

16

32

9

28

9

20

6

. 01

53

10

34

12

30

11

22

7-6

o3

54

16

34

11

28

10

24

7 6

. 73

47

18

30

9

30

8-10

20

6-7

. 0-1.

47

16

31

12

32

10-12

22

6-7

. OS

48

IS

32

12

28

10-9

21

6-5

. 02

50

14

31

10

28

12-11

20

6

. 07

55

18

33

13

30

9

22

7

ti2

55

10

31

10

27

9-7

23

7

. 07

48

14

31

11

28

8-9

20

7

00

54

16

34

11

30

13-11

22

0

. 59

54

18

31

10

24

9-10

21

7-6

oS

47

10

33

12

2()

12-13

20

7-8

01

52

10

34

11

20

9-11

IS

6

00

50

10

32

14

24

9-10

22

6-7

; 09

47

10

31

10

2 s

8

22

7

54.

•10

16

32

10

30

11-9

21

7

OO

51

10

32

15

30

10-1 1

22

6

. 93

49

10

33

11

25

9

17

6-7

. 97

47

10

31

13

20

14-12

IS

7

8.-)

4()

16

33

9

32

11-10

19

6-7

80

41

14

32

13

25

12

22

6

75

40

10

32

10

30

13-12

20

6-7

73

40

16

32

11

24

12

20

6-5

71

47

16

31

10

25

13-12

20

6

80

44

14

34

10

31

10-9

19

6

73

44

14

34

9

22

10-9

20

6

48

16

34

10

27

10

20

6

50

18

32

11

29

11

21

8-7

51

18

33

10

30

11

20

7-8

52

18

35

11

35

10 12

22

8

50

18

32

10

26

10

19

7 6

49

IG

33

10

26

9-10

20

7

52

16

83

11

29

10-11

22

6

52

16

32

9

27

9-10

18

6

50

16

34

13

29

11-12

25

7-6

54

16

34

11

32

9

24

5

50

16

32

13

26

8-9

22

6

Sccqitira. 347

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

$ Syr Daria Stej^pes, Eussiau

Txxrkestan, P.M. 70 48

J L. Alakul 68

? „ 65

<J L. Sassj'k Kill . . . .75
9 „ .... 71

^ Tarbagatai Mts 66

„ L. Oiirkatsch . . . .60

? Tian Shan Mts 54

<? Turkestan (Tartary) . . . 77

? ,. 70

64

Habitat . — Roumauia (Dobrudja), Southern Russia, Crimea, Trans-
caucasia, Central Asia from Ihe Caspian Sea ami the Ural River to
Bokhara, Chinese Turkestan, and Semipalatiusk.

19. SCAPTIRA.

Scajifelra (Fitzing.), Wiegm. Herp. Mex. p. 9 (1834) ; Dum. &
Bibr. Erp. Gcu. v, p. 281 (1839); Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 39 (1845);
Lataste, Ann. Mus. Clenova (2) ii, 1885, p. 126 ; Bouleug. Cat. Liz.
iii, p. 107 (1887), and Journ. Zool. Res. iii, 1918, p. 2.

Meroles, part., Gray, Ann. N.H. i, 1838, p. 282.

Eremias, part., Dum. & Bibr. t.c. p. 286 ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 39.

Fodarces, part., Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. P.'^tersb. vi, 1867, p. 408.

Savrites, Peters, Men. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 60 ; Lataste, I.e.

Head-shields normal, l)ut occipital often rudimentary
or absent. Xostril pierced between three nasals, widely
separated from the first upper labial. Lower eyelid
scaly. CVdlar distinct. Dorsal scales small and ju.vta-
posed or snbimbricate ; ventral plates not or but feebly
imbricate, with straight posterior border, smooth. Digits
subcylindrical, compressed, or depressed, with smooth or
keeled lamellar scales inferiorlj', denticulated laterally.
Femoral pores. Tail long, cylindrical or feebly com-
pressed posteriorly.

Centi-al Asia ; South Africa.

The parietal foramen is constantly present, and pterygoid teeth are
usually absent.

This genus is completely connected with Eremias and may be

348 Lacerliihv.

divided into tliree sections, the first and second of wliicli are South
African and no doubt derived from Soutli African forms of the
section Mesalina, wliilst the tliird is Asiatic, like tlie members of the
Section Ereuiiag proper, to whicli these species stand in the same
relation as the African forms to one another.

In spite of its diphyletic origin and notwithstanding its close rela-
tion to, and intergradation with, Eremias, I can see no objection to
the retention of this genus in the sense here taken ; but it is well to
divide it into sections which express the relationship of the species.

In fact the genus Scaptira is simply made up of modified forms of
Ereunas agreeing in the stronger lateral serration of the digits and
thus brought together as a result of convergence, such as accounts for
many of our taxonomic divisions. If, however, olijection should be
felt to the course here followed, I would suggest uniting the two
genera into one, keeping up the different sections as here defined,
rather than a further multiplication of the genera.

That we are here in pi'esence of a case of parallelism, through
adaptation to desert life, is, I think, undeniable. The cjuestion
whether the genus Scaptira, in the sense here taken, is justified is one
of convenience vevstis principle,* e. cj. whether it is advisable to group
together in one genus several species derived from one type which
became differentiated along diverging lines, the ends of which come to
resemble each other, as has often been discussed in the case of the

• " The question . . . as to the single or multiple origin of genera is at
bottom rather a question about words than about things, and the answer
which we make to it will to a great extent depend upon the view taken as to
the definition of the word germs. If we make classification an expression of
real relationship, and not of mere similarity of structure, as should certainly
be the end proposed, then it is obvious that all the species of a genus must be
more nearly allied to each other than they are to those of any other genus,
recent or extinct. But as genera are at present employed and in the existing
state of knowledge, such an exact expression of relationship is impracticable,
as that wovild necessitate a minute knowledge of the phytogeny of each
species, svieh as we are very far from possessing." (W. B. Scott, Journ. of
Morphol. V, 1891, p. 361.)

" It may be the general rule, as almost certainly has often hapjiened, that a
new g-enus arises by the separate assumption of the new character by several
species of the ance&tral genus, rather than through the rajjid diversification of
a single species, though, no doubt, parallel and divergent modification are both
very frequent and important processes. Dr. Eigeninann concludes from his
study of South American fresh-water fishes that a certain new genus is even
now in process of origin tlirough the transformation of several species of an
older genus, which in different parts of the continent are simultaneously, but
independently, taking on the new character." (W. 15. Scott, History of Land
Mammals in the Western Hemisphere [New York, 1913], p. 054'.)

Scapfira. 349

suggested dipbyleiic origin of the geims Eqvns. But whereas iu tlie
case of the horses the teriuinus form would result from two loug chains
of parallel genera, here on the contrary the convergent branch-ends
are independently issued from forms so closely related that one would
not feel justified iu breaking them up into genera.

Synopsis of the Species.
Section L Merole,, Gray. Ventral plates in straight lono-itudinal series-
snout conical ; ear-openiny entirely exposed, with projecting scales on the
anterior border ; toes compressed, keeled interiorly.— S. Africa.
Scales Iceeled, 42 to 62 across middle of body ; ventral plates
in 12 (rarely 10) longitudinal series; nasals in contact
behind the rostral ; lower nasal largely in contact with the
rostral ; prefrontals rarely meeting on the median line ;
interparietal usually in contact with a small occipital ; toes
feebly serrated laterally; 13 to 20 femoral pores on each

'^ S. knoxii, M.-Edw., p. 350.

Scales smooth or feebly keeled, CO to To across middle of body ;
ventral plates in 12 or 14 (rarely 16) longitudinal series,-
frontonasal in contact with the rostral ; lower nasal largely
in contact with the rostral ; prefrontals usually forming a
median suture: parietals meeting on the median line;
occipital minute or absent ; toes feebly serrated laterally ';
14 to 21 femoral pores . . . . S. suhorbitalis, Peters, p. 354.
Scales keeled on ijosterior part of back; ventral plates in IS
longitudinal series ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ;
lower nasal not reaching the rostral; prefrontals forming a
median suture ; no occipital ; toes strongly serrated
laterally ; 20 to 23 femoral pores . S. reticulata, Bocage, p. 357.

Section II. Saurites, Peters. Ventral plates tessellated or forming oblique
longitudinal series ; snout much flattened, with angular labial margin ; ear-
opening partly covered by a dermal fold ; lower nasal largely in contact with
the rostral ; toes compressed, keeled inferiorly, strongly serrated on the outer
edge. — S. Africa.

Scales smooth or obtusely keeled, 78 to 92 across middle of
body; a lateral band of enlarged keeled scales on the
posterior part of the back; 22 to 26 ventral plates in the
longest transverse series ; nasals nearly meeting or forming
a suture behind the rostral ; 27 to 37 femoral pores on each

®^*^^ '9 ctenodactyla, A. Smith, p. 358.

Scales all smooth, 90 to 110 across middle of body ; 26 to 30
ventral plates in the longest transverse series ; frontonasal
forming a suture with the rostral ; 16 to 24 femoral pores.

S. cuneirostris, Strauch, p. 361.

Section III. Scaptira, s. str. Ventral plates tessellated or forming oblique

longitudinal series ; snout conical; ear-opening entirely exposed ; lower nasal

not or but narrowly in contact with the rostral ; toes compressed or depressed,

moderately or strongly serrated laterally.— S.W. and C. Asia..

350 Lacertldie.

A. Toes not or but feclily deprfssiHl, iiuiderately serrated,

the imgiuil lamella without or with rather narrow
lateral expansion ; ventral phites in 28 to 3-i trans-
verse series, 12 to IG femoral pores on each side ;
siibocular bordering the moiitli.
Lower nasal in contact with or narrowly separated from the
rostral ; 19 to 22 lamellse under the fourth toe ; vin>;iial
lamella Avithout lateral expansion ; scales on njiper surface
of arm larger than largest gulars ; caudal scales large, 19 to
21 in the 4.1h or 5th whorl .... .S. liiuulata, Nik., p. 363.
Lower nasal separated from tlie rostral ; 21 to 30 lamellse
under the fourth toe; ungual himella with narrow wing-
like expansion ; scales on uj^per surface of arm not larger
than largest gulars ; caudal scales small, 26 to 30 in the
•ith or uth whorl <S'. srripla, Strauch, p. 365.

B. Toes depressed, smooth interiorly, rather feebly serrated

laterally ; ventral plates in 29 or 30 transverse series,
16 to 18 in the longest ; 13 to 16 femoral pores on each
side ; subocular not reaching the mouth S. iranscaspica ,'Nik.,-p. 368.

C. Toes depressed, smooth or faintly keeled inferiorly,

strongly fringed laterally, the ungual lamella with
strong wing-like lateral expansion ; ventral plates in
35 to 42 transverse series, 20 to 24 in the longest
series ; 15 to 19 femoral pores on each side ; subocular
not reaching the mouth.
3 large supraoculars, forming sutures \vith each other ; frontal
as long as its distance from the end of the snout ; parietals
meeting in the middle ; a large preanal plate S. acutirostris, Blgr., p. 368.
2 large supraoculars, preceded by a series of granules separating
them from a small anterior shield ; frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout ; parietals meeting in the
middle : no enlarged preanal .... S. ijcrsica, Nik, p. 370.
2 large supraocidars, preceded by small shields and granules ;
frontal as long as its distance from the nasals ; parietals
often separated by small shields or granules behind the
interparietal ; no enlarged preanal . . S. grammica, Licht, p. 371.

1. SCAPTIKA KNOXII.

Lacerta knoxii, M.-Edw. Aim. Sc. Nat. xvi, 1&2'.), pp. 7G, 85, pi. vi,
fig. (:'..

Meroles huoxii. Gray, Ami. N. H. i, 1838, p. 282.

Eremias hwxii, Dum. iV: Bibr. Erp. Geii. v, p. 2i'9 (1839) ; A. Smith,
111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept. pi. xliii, tig. 1, and pi. xlviii, fig. 1 (1845).

Eremias Icnoxii, part., Grray, Cat. Liz. p. 40 (1845).

.'' Acanfhodactijlus nilijlierrensh, Jerdou, Jouru. As. Sue. Beiig. xxi,
1853, p. 476, ami Proc. As. Sue. Beiig. 1870, p. 70.

Ertinias fordii, Giiiitli. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) ix, 1872, p. 331.

Scapfira. 351

Scapteira Jnioxii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 109 (1887) ; Weruer,
Jen. Deuksclir. xvi, 1910, p. 335.

Head and body moderately depressed. Head 1^ to If times as long
as broad, its length 3s to 4 times iu lenglh to vent iu males, 4 to 4i
times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the anterior
corner or the centre of the eye and the tympanum : snout short, olitu.se,
nasals not or very feebly swollen, as long as the postocular part of the
head, witl) a very distinct lanceolate concavity from the frontonasal
shield to the middle or the posterior end of the frontal ; canthus
rostralis sharp, loreal region nearly vertical, concave. Pileus Ij to 2
times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little narrower.
The hind limb reaches the collar, the ear, or between the ear and the
eye in males, the collar or between the collar and the ear iu females ;
foot 11- to If times as long as the head; digits feebly compressed.
Tail about twice as long as head and body, feebly depressed at the
base.

Upper head-shields rather convex, smooth or a little rugose ; nasals
forming a short or very short suture behind the rostral ; frontonasal
broader than long, sometimes longitudinally bisected* ; prefrontals
longer than broad, nearly always separated fi'om each other by one or
tAvo small azygos shields or by 3 foi-ming a triangle, or even 5t ; frontal
as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout,
1| to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind; parietals longer than
broad ; interparietal as large as the frontoparietal or smaller, iu
contact with a small occipital or separated from it by a small shield.
Three supraoculars, sometimes a small fourth, the first usually with
one or tAvo small detached shields on the inner side, sometimes broken uj)
iuto 4 to 9 shields ; a complete or iucomplele series of granules between
the supraoculars and the superciliaries, which are 6 to 8 iu number, tirst
longest. Itostral \}j times as broad as deep; lower nasal liroadly in
contact with the rostral, resting on the first aud second upper labials ;
anterior loreal as long as deep or deeper than loug,;J; shorter than the
second ; subocular strongly keeled below the eye, resting on the
5th to 7th upper labials, § forming a very obtuse angle between
the 6th and 7tli, its antero- inferior border much longer than the
postero-inferior. Two elongate, keeled upper temporals, the anterior

* In 5 out of 24' specimens examined. — In 2 out of 15 examined by Werner.

t 9 specimens with 1, 7 with 2, 4 witli 3, 1 with 5, and 3 without. — 1 or 2 in
the 15 siJecimens examined by Weruer.

X Absent on oue side in one specimen from Calvinia.

§ 4-th to 6th in one specimen examined by Werner.— On the riylit side in one
of the specimens iu the Paris Museum.

352 Lac^rUdte.

the louL^er ; temporal scales granular or hexagonal, smooth or keeled ;
tvmpiiuic shield present or absent ; 3 to 5 rounded or pointed projecting
lobules in front of the ear.

4 pairs of chin-shields, the first or first and second* meeting in the
middle ; 30 to -43 gular scales iu a straight line between the symphysis of
the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; gular fold feebly marked
or absent. Collar feebly curved, with 6 to 11 rather large plates.

Scales granular and feebly keeled on the nape, rhombic, subimbricate,
ant.! strongly and diagonally keeled on the back, larger and smooth
towards the ventrals, 42 to 62 across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates mostly broader than long, in 12, very rarely 10, straight
longitudinal and 27 to 32 transverse series. One or two more or less
enlarged median preanal plates, bordered by smaller plates.

A series of transversely enlarged, hexagonal, smooth or obtusely
keeled plates on the upper surface of the arm. Upper surface of tibia
with keeled scales similar to the dorsals or a little smaller ; lower
surface with one series of large and two of small plates. 13 to 21
femoral pores on each side, the two series meeting or narrowly sepa-
rated in the middle.t Digits similar to those of Acanthodactylas
vulgaris, with three series of scales, feebly serrated on the sides ; sub-
digital lamellse unicarinate, 21 to 26 under tlie fourth toe.

Caudal scales oblique, strongly and diagonally keeled, the upper
rounded or obtusely pointed behind, 24 to 29 iu the fourth or fifth
whorls behind the postanal granules.

Young blackish above and on the sides, with round white spots and
5 longitudinal white streaks, the vertebral bifurcating on the nape and
ending on the base of the tail, the dorsolateral starting from the
superciliary edge, the lateral from below the eye and passing through
the tvmpanum ; round white spots on the limbs.

Adult greyish, yellowish, or reddish brown above, with a dark brown
or black band, spotted with white, along each side of the back, two
or three series of brown or black spots or ocelli on the sides, and a dark
vertebral streak on the nape, or with 4 or 6 longitudinal series of
ocellar spots ; hind limbs with large round white, dark-edged spots.
Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent
,, ., .. fore limb

* Exceptionally '6 according to Werner. — i cliiu-shields on one side and 5 on
the other in one specimen examined by me (S. Africa).

t Milne-Edwards's statement that there are only 9 femoral pores is evidently
due to a misprint.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

65

62

50

62

66

28

27

20

24

24

Scaptira.

353

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

17 16 13 14 16

11 11 9 10 11

9 8 7 8 8

24 24 17 22 23

45 44 29 40 41

23 21 16 20 20

— 137 91 133 —

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore Hmb .
Hiud limb .
Foot .
Tail .

1. f^,Capeof Good Hope (Paris Museum). 2. c^ , Calviuia. 3. ^J,
Town. 4. $ , Little Namaqualand. 5. ? , S. Africa (type of
E.fordii).

Particulars of Specimens Examined.
$ Cape of Good Hojse, P.M.

(? Cape Town .

Calvinia, Cape Colony

Port Nolloth, L. Namaqualand

Little Namaqualand

S. Africa

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 65

60

12

29

8

36

21

25

6

55

62

12

27

10

35

20-19

22

6

. 62

53

12

29

10

34

17

22

5-6

. 49

45

12

29

9

30

14

21

6

. 50

48

12

28

9

30

15-14

20

6

. 62

51

12

30

9

33

17-20

21

6

and . 56

58

10

27

11

35

18-17

26

6

. 56

59

12

29

6

38

19

26

6

. 51

61

12

27

9

32

17

25

6

. 53

57

12

29

9

37

18

22

6

. 62

56

12

31

8

32

16

25

6

. 59

54

12

32

9

32

16-17

26

6

. 58

60

12

29

9

40

16

24

6

. 50

42

12

27

11

31

13-14

21

6

. 58

52

12

32

9

33

14-15

24

6

. 46

60

12

32

10

35

18-20

23

6

. 46

62

12

31

9

43

17-18

23

6

. 66

52

12

30

7

37

17-16

25

6

. 56

61

12

32

8

39

18-17

22

6

(type of E.fordii)

1. Length from snovit to vent. 2. Number of scales across middle of body.
3. Ventral plates in longest transverse series. 4. Transverse series of ventral
plates. 5. Plates in collar. 6. Giilar scales in straight median series. 7.
Femoral pores (right and left if differing). 8. Lamellar scales under foiu-th
toe. 9. Upper labials to below centre of eye.

Same explanation for the following tables in this genus.

Habitat. — 'Western parts of South Africa, from Great Namaqualand
to the Cape Peninsula. The type described and figured by Milne-
Edwards appears to be lost, but 6 specimens from Delalande's Collec-
tion are incorrectly labelled as types in the Paris Museum.*

This species agrees with Eremias lineo-ocellata in form, scaling and
* Of these, one belongs to S. sulorhilalia and one to Eremias cajjeusis.

VOL. II. 23

SS4" iiacertidx.

coloration to such an extent as to suggest a common derivation from
the same original stock. But whilst more specialized than the Eremias
in the laterally serrated toes and in the condition of the subocular
shield, it is less advanced in the degree of disintegration of the supra-
orbital plates and in the absence of a transparent palpebral disc.

2. SCAPTIRA SUBORBITALTS.

? Lacerta depressa, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 63 (1820), and
Beitr. Gesch. Amph. iii, p. 106, pi. viii (1821).

Eremias Icnoxii, part., G-ray, Cat. Liz. p. 40 (1845).

Eremias suborbitalis, Peters, (Efvers. Vet. Ak. Furh. 1869, p. 658 ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 90 (1887).

8capteira dejn-essa, Boettg. Ber. Seuck. Ces. 1886, p. 12; Bouleng.
t.c. p. 110; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1887, p. 145; Werner,
Jen. Deukschr. xvi, 1910, p. 336 ; Bouleng. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. v, 1910,
p. 478 ; Methuen & Hewitt, Ann. Transv. Mus. iv, 1914, p. 140 ;
Hewitt & Power, Tr. E. Soc. S. Afr. iii, 1918, p. 157.

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head 1?t to 1^ times as
long as broad, its length 3^ to 4 times in length to vent in males, 4 to
4^ times in females, its depth equal to the distance between the centre
of the eye and the tympanum; snout short, usually pointed, sometimes
obtuse, nasals rather strongly swollen, as long as the postocular part
of the head, with a more or less distinct lanceolate concavity from the
frontonasal shield to the middle or the posterior end of the frontal ;
canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region nearly vertical, concave. Pileus
If to If times as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little
narrower. The hind limb reaches the ear or the eye in males, the ear
or between the collar and the ear in females ; foot 1^ to H times as
long as the head; digits feebly compressed. Tail 1| to 2 J times
as long as head and body, more or less depressed at the base.

Upper head-shields fiat, smooth or a little rugose ; frontonasal as
long as broad or broader than long, forming a suture with the rostral ;
prefrontals as long as broad or a little broader than long, forming a
short or rather short median suture, rarely separated by an azygos
shield* ; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of
the snout, 1| to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind ; parietals as
long as broad or broader than long, forming a median suture behind
the interparietal, which is usually smaller than the frontoparietals ;
outer border of parietal often emarginate for the accommodation of
the upper temporal ; occipital very small or absent. 3 supraoculars,
* In 4 oiit of 2-1 specimens examined.

Scajitira. 355

t'oi-miug sutures with each other ; the first exceptionally* broken up
iuto several small shields and granules, usually large and in contact
with the frontal and wdth the first superciliary, sometimes separated
from the former by one or two small shields ; 6 to 8 superciliaries,
first largest ; a series of granules between the superciliaries and the
second and third supraoculars, or 1 in front and 2 or 3 behind.
Rostral 1^ to 1| times as broad as deep; lower nasal broadly in
contact with the rostral, resting on the first or first and second upper
labials ; anterior loreal as long as deep or longer than deep, shorter
than the second ; subocular strongly keeled below the eye, resting on
the 4th to 6th, 5th to 7th, 6th to 9th, or 5th to 8th upper labials,
forming a very obtuse angle between the 6th and 7th, more rarely 5th
and 6th, 7th and 8th, or 8tli and 9th, its antero-ini'erior border much
longer than the postero-inferior. A large, keeled upper temporal,
sometimes divided into 2 or 3 ; temporal scales granular, smooth ; a
small tympanic shield ; 2 to 5 rounded or pointed projecting lobides
in front of the ear.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 2 or 8 anterior in contact in the middle ;
31 to 43 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of tlie
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gidar fold. Collar feebly
curved, with 7 to 12 rather small and irregular plates.

Scales all granular and smooth, or posterior dorsals obtusely keeled
and rhomboidal, 60 to 75 across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates as long as broad or a little broader than long in 12 or 14t
straight longitudinal and 29 to 37 transverse series. Preaual region
covered with small irregular plates, or with two median feebly enlarged.

Scales on upper surface of arm large, rounded, smooth. Upper
surface of tibia with granular or feebly keeled scales as large as or a
little larger than dorsals ; lower surface with one series of large and
one or two of small plates. Digits as in the preceding species ; 22 to
30 lamellae under the fourth toe, usually 28 to 28.

Upper caudal scales oblique, more or less strongly and diagonally
keeled, truncate behind, lower smooth, at least on the base of the tail;
24 to 32 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl beliind the postanal
granules.

Young with markings very similar to those of S. hnoxli, i. e. with
five light longitudinal streaks, the median bifurcate on the nape,
separated by black streaks spotted with white or by series of black,
more or less ring-like spots ; tail lemon-yellow.

The light streaks usually disap2Dear completely in the adults, which

* Male fj'oru Naroc'is.

t Exceptionally 16, accoidiug to Werner.

356

Lacerfidx.

are grey, greyisli brown, or coppery red* with blackish spots forming
longitudinal series and a blackish vertebral streak on the neck, or with
blackish dots or vermiculatious irregularly disposed ; sometimes with
2 or 3 series of white, black-edged ocellar spots on the sides ; hind
limbs with round white, dark-edged spots. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3. 4

From end of snout to

vent .

61

63

62 57

fore liml)

27

25

24 22

Length of head .

16

16

15 14

Width of head .

12

11

11 K

Depth of head .
Fore limb .

25

7

24

7 6-5
23 21

Hind limb .

49

44

43 A(

Foot .

—

21

21 2(

Tail .

1

37

140

— 112

1. (J, Damaraland(type).

2

S-

Nai

■oep

3

?,

Steinkopf.

4

$.

Little Namaqualaud.

Particidars

of Sjwcim

^ns

Examined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

f Little Namaqnaland .

60
57

69
64

14
12

31
32

12

7

40
40

18
17-18

25
22

6
6

(J Naroep „
$ Steinkopf „

63
62
62

63
65

72

12
12
14

33
35
35

9

9
12

41
38
39

20

17-16

20

24
25
24

8-7

7-6

6

„ Groendoorn, Gt. Naniaqualand .
<? Aus

50
63
42

6S
60
64

14
14
14

33
31
33

11

10

9

41

38
38

18
18-16
15-14

24
26
23

6
6

7

„ Angra Pequena „

53
49

67
65

12

12

30
29

10

7

36
31

19-17
17-16

30
26

7-6

6-7

? „ >'

52

68

12

30

8

37

18-17

28

6

50

65

14

33

10

37

17

28

6

50

()1

14

33

10

36

19-18

24

6-7

g Upington, Bechiianalaiid,McG.M.

? „ " •

60
61

74
73

14

14

37
35

9
9

42
36

IS
18-17

27
27

5-6
6

<J S. Africa ....

? „ ■ ■ • ■

46

58

75
70

14
14

31
33

9
10

38
40

18

17

23
23

6 5
5

56

72

14

35

9

43

21

25

7-6

ifa&ifai.— Damaralaud to Little Namaqualand and Bechuaualand.
Tlie locality Johanna, Comoro Islands (Bewsher, British Museum), is
erroneous, or the occurrence of the lizard on that island is due to
importation. •

Easily distinguished from the preceJing by the smooth scales
* Occasioually greenish, according to Metliuen.

S'captira. 357

on the anterior part of the back aud by the separation of the
nasal shieLls behind tlie rostral, this species is probably descended
from the same stock. On reconsidering the description given by Kuhl
of Lacerta depressa, I think the identification too doubtful to justify
precedence over Peters's Eremias suborhitalis, the description of which
is perfectly clear, the type being preserved in the Berlin Museum,
where I have examined it in 1886.

3. SCAPTIRA EETICULATA.

Scapteira reticulata, Bocage, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx, 1867,
p. 225; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 112 (1887); Bocage, Herp. Aug.
p. 32 (1895) ; Weruer, Jen. Denkschr. xvi, 1910, p. 338.

Podarces (Scapteira) reticulata, Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb.
vi, 1867, p. 424.

Eremias serripes, Peters, (Efvers. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1869, j). 659.

Scapteira serripes, Bouleng. t.c. p. 111.

Snout long and pointed, nasals feebly swollen, loreal region concave.
The hind limb reaches the eye ; foot about 1 J times the length of the
head ; digits compressed.

Nasals in contact behind the rostral ; frontal grooved anteriorly ;
interparietal rhomboidal ; no occipital ; three large supraoculars, the
first with a small shield on each side,* the two others bordered
externally with granules. Lower nasal not meeting the rostral ;
subocular resting on the 6th, 7th and 8th upper labials f; no
band-like upper temporal shield ; temporal scales obtusely keeled ;
anterior border of ear with two or three large projecting scales. The
two or three anterior pairs of chin-shields in contact. Collar curved,
with 9 or 10 plates.

Scales granular and smooth on the nape and between the shoulders,
larger, subimbricate, and obtusely keeled on the back. Ventral plates
about as long as broad, subequal, in 18 straight longitudinal and
29 or 30 transverse series. Two large preanals, posterior the larger.

Digits keeled interiorly, strongly fringed laterally; one series of
very large and two or three of small plates under the tibia. 21 to
23 femoral pores on each side.

Upper caudal scales strongly keeled.

* According to Werner, it may be broken up into two shields and a number
of small scales.

t Bocage has himself pointed out that the subocular is incorrectly described
in the original account of S. reticulata.

358 Lacerticlv.

Sandy grey above, witli hlaclcisli reticulation ; lower parts AvLite.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . .47

,, ,, ,, fc^ro limb . . 19

Length of head . . . . .14

Width of head 9

Fore limb 20

Hind lim1i ...... 47

Habitat. — Coast of Benguella, Damaraland, Hererolaud. A speci-
men from Little Namaqualand is preserved in the South African
Museum.

The above notes are taken from two specimens in the Berlin
Museum : the type of E. serripes, from Damaraland, and one of the
types of S. reticulata, from Benguella.

4. SCAPTIEA CTENODACTYLA.

Lacerta ctenodactylus, A. Smith, Mag. N. H. (2) ii, 1838, p. 93.

Acantliodactylus capensis, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr., Kept. pi.
xxxix (1845) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 37 (1845) ; A. Dum. Cat. Meth.
Eei3t. p. 127 (1851); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 61; Bouleng.
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 744.

Scapteira ctenodactyla, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 115 (1887).

Head and body much depressed. Head 1^ to li times as long as
broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre or the
anterior corner of the eye and the tympanum, its length 3.V to 3 J
times in length to vent ; snout much flattened, obtusely pointed, with
the nasals flat or very feebly swollen and projecting angular labial
margin, about 1\ times as long as the postocular part of the head;
canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region very concave. Ear-opening
partly concealed under an oblique dermal fold. Pileus 2 to 2i times
as long as broad. Neck as broad as the head or a little narrower.
Hind limb reaching the eye or between the ear and the eye in males,
the ear or between the ear and the eye in females; foot IJ to IJ times
as long as the head ; fingers cylindrical, toes slender, compressed. Tail
Ih to li times as long as head and body, much flattened at the base.

Upper head-shields flat, smooth ; nasals forming a short suture
behind the rostral or very narrowly separated from each other ;
frontonasal broader than long; prefoutals longer than broad, forming
an extensive median suture; frontal as long as its distance from the
nasals, 2 to 2^ times as long as broad, narrow behind, feebly grooved
in front, with a series of 2 to 4 small shields, rarely a single shield.

Scaptira. 359

between them and the supraoculars ; parietals as long as broad ; inter-
panetal smaller than the frontoparietals, in contact with the small
occipital, or separated from it by a small shield ; 3 large supraoculars,
forming sutures with each other, the first as long as or a little shorter
than the second and in contact with the frontonasal, the second loreal,
and the first superciliary ; tliird supraocular followed by a granular
area; one (rarely two) series of granules between the second and
third supraoculars and the superciliaries, which are 6 to 8 in number,
first longest. Lower nasal broadly in contact with the rostral, resting
on the first and second (rarely also third) upper labials; anterior
loreal longer than deep, shorter than the second ; subocular strongly
keeled below the eye, resting on the 5th to 7th, 6th to 8th, or 6th to
9th upper labials, forming a very obtuse angle between the 6th and
7th, 7th and 8th, or 8th and 9th, its antero-inferior border much
longer than the postero-inferior. 2 to 4 small, keeled upper temporals ;
temporal scales granular, smooth or obtusely keeled ; tympanic shield
usually present; 2 or 3 obtuse projecting lobules in front of the ear.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 first meeting in the middle. 32
to 43 gular scales in a straight line between the symphysis of the
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
straight or slightly curved, with 12 to 17 small pointed plates.

Scales granular, smooth or obtusely keeled; a narrow band
of larger, rhomboidal, keeled scales on each side of the posterior part of
the back and of the sacral region; 78 to 92 scales across the middle
of the body. Ventral plates as long as broad, tessellated or forming
oblique longitudinal series, in 35 to 39 transverse series, the longest of
which contains 22 to 26 plates. Preanal region covered with small
irregular plates, or with an enlarged postero-median plate.

Upper surface of arm witli rather large, rhombic, obtusely keeled
scales. Upper surface of tibia with rhombic feebly keeled scales,
which are a little larger than the dorsals ; lower surface with one row
of transversely enlarged plates and 2 or 3 rows of smaller plates. 27
to 37 femoral pores on each side, the two series narrowly separated in
the middle. Fingers with 4 series of scales, symmetrically and rather
strongly serrated on each side, feebly unicarinate beneath ; toes with
3 series of scales, the outer forming a rather strong fringe, the
subdigital lamellas strongly keeled and 22 to 28 in number under the
fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales rhombic, keeled, lower, at the base of the tail,
smooth or obtusely keeled ; a broad band of granules, continued from
the back, along the middle of the base of the tail; 46 to 52 scales in
the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

360

LaceHidse.

Greyisb, brownish, or orange above, uniform or with a darker
reticulation ; a yellowish or whitish dark-edged dorsolateral streak, a
broad dark brown or brick-red lateral band and a yellowish or whitish
lateral streak from below the eye to the groin ; sides and limbs with
yellowish or whitish spots. Tail sometimes reddish, with a dark
lateral streak. Lower parts yellow or white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

1.

2.

3.

4.

From end of snout to vent

78

89

97

81

,, ,, ,,

fore limb

36

40

37

34

Length of head

21

25

25

23

Width of head .

15

17

19

16

Depth of head .

10

11

13

11

Fore limb .

29

32

85

29

Hind limb .

58

63

67

57

Foot .

26

32

33

27

Tail .

136

150

170

125

1. (? , Gr. Namaqualand, type. 2. J", L. Namaqualand. 3.
G. Namaqualand, type. 4. $ , Port Nolloth.

Particulars of Specimens Examined
1.

, Great Naniaqiialand (type)

P.M.

Little Namaqiialand .

Port Nolloth, L. Namaqualancl

}?eaiifort We.st

2. 3. 4.

78 82 22 38

97 78 24 37

77 80 22 36
89 80 24 37
84 81 24 35

80 90 24 36

78 80 26 36
78 79 24 36

81 83 26 37
87 92 26 39

5. 6.

13 32
17 33
12 34

14 36

29-30
30
30

27

17 36 37-36
15 40 31-33

13 43

14 36
12 37
14 ?

35-37

32
30-33
30-29

8.
26
22
27
26
25
25
28
25
25
26

6-7

7

7

6-7

6-8

8-7
7-8

Habitat. — According to A. Smith " this lizard is found in the sandy
districts of Great Namaqualand, and where the surface of the country
is irregular it is generally met on the highest spots." It also occurs in
Little Namaqualand and the Great Karoo (Beaufort West).

Like the two preceding species, this Scaptira must have been directly
derived from the S. African Eremias of the Section Mesalina. But
whilst 8. hnoxii stands near to E. lineo-ocellata, 8. ctenodactyla has
more in common with E. capensis, and, except for the presence of a
large anterior siijjraocular, it might be regarded as the highly
specialized descendant of that species.

Scaptira. 361

5. SCAPTIRA CUNEIROSTRIS.

Podarces (Scapteira) cuneirosirls, Straucli, M<'1. Biol. Ac. St.
Pt'tersb. vi, 1867, p. 411.

Smirifes (Eremias) cunelrostris, Peters, Moii. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 60.

Scapteira cunelrostris, Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 116 (1887) ; Werner,
Jen. Deukschr. iv, 1910, p. 339, pi. vi, fig. 1.

Head and body much depressed. Head about H to Ih times as
long as broad, its depth equal to the distance between the centre of
the eye and the tympanum, its length 3;\ to 3| times in length to
vent; snout much flattened, obtusely pointed, with swollen nasals and
projecting angular labial margin, as long as postocular part of
head ; canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region very concave. Pileus
twice as long as broad. Ear-opening partly concealed under an
oblique dermal fold. Neck as broad as the head. Hind limb reaching
the ear (female) or the eye (male) ; foot 1^ to 1^ times as long as the
head; fingers cylindrical, toes slender, compressed. Tail 1^ to If
times as long as head and body, much flattened at the base.

Upper head-shields rather convex, smooth ; rostral forming a suture
with the frontonasal, separating the nasals ; frontonasal a little broader
than long ; prefrontals as long as broad oi- a little longer than broad,
forming a median suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the
rostral, H to If times as long as broad, narrow behind, grooved in
front, in contact with the supraoculars or separated from them by a
series of small scales * ; parietals as loug as broad or a little broader
than long, rounded behind and on the sides ; interparietal smaller
than the frontoparietals, followed by a series of 3 or a group of 4 or
5 small shields or granules separating the parietals f; 3 large supra-
oculars, forming sutures with each other, the first as loug as or a little
shorter than the second and in contact with the frontonasal, tiie second
loreal, and the first superciliary, sometimes also with the fi'outal ;
third supraocular followed by a granular area ; a series of granules
between the second and third supraoculars and the superciliaries, which
are 6 or 7 in number, first longest. Lower nasal broadly in contact
with the rostral, resting on the first and second upper labials ; anterior
loreal as long as the second ; subocular resting on the 5tli and 6th, 6th
and 7th, or 5th to 7th upper labials, J lower border straight. Temporal
scales granular, smooth, lower larger and sometimes obtusely keeled.

* 2 to 6 scales in the specimens examined by me, 1 to 7 in those examined
by Werner. — Sometimes also a few granular scales between the first and second
supraoculars.

t This appears to be normal, judging from Werner's notes on 1-t specimens,
but Straucli describes the occipital as represented by one granule.

+ Exceptionally 4th and 5th, according to Werner.

362 Lacert'uhv.

5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 first meeting in the middle * ;
36 to 51 gular scales in a straight line between the symph^'sis of tlie
chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar
straight, with 12 to 16 small plates.

Scales granular and smooth, increasing in size on the lower part of
the side and passing gradually into the ventrals, 90 to 110 across the
middle of the body. Ventral plates as long as broad or longer than
broad, tessellated or forming oblique longitudinal series, in 40 to 46
transverse series, the longest of which contains 24 to 28 plates.f
Preanal region covered with small irregular plates.

Upper surface of fore limb with rather large, rhombic, keeled scales.
Upper surface of tibia with rhombic keeled scales anteriorly, graduating
into small smooth granules further back ; lower surface with one row
of transversely enlarged plates and 3 rows of smaller plates. 19 to
23 femoral pores % on each side, the two series narrowly separated in
the middle. Fingers with 4 series of scales, symmetrically and rather
strongly serrated on both sides, feebly unicarinate beneath ; toes with
3 series of scales, the outer forming a rather strong fi'inge, the sub-
digital lamellae strongly keeled § and 22 to 24 in number under the
fourth toe.

Upper caudal scales rhombic, rather strongly and diagonally keeled,
lower, on the base of the tail, smooth or very obtusely keeled ; a band
of granules, continued from the back, along the middle of the base of
the tail ; 40 to 50 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the post-
anal granules.

Grreyish or sand-colour above, with a darker network enclosing
round light spots ; sometimes a rather indistinct dark vertebral
streak; tail with 3 blackish longitudinal streaks in the basal third.
A female specimen in the Paris Museum is dotted with blackish
above ; a broad dark lateral l>and, spotted with whitish and edged
above and beneath liy a narrow whitish streak. The young is
described by Werner as closely dotted with dark and light above ;
upper lip and lower surface of tail orange-red. Lower parts white.

* 2 on one side and 3 on the other in one .specimen.

t 20 to 28 according to Werner.

X 16 to 24 according- to Werner.

§ In describing- the subdigital lamellEe of the toes as smooth, Strauch has
evidently made a mistake in their orientation, taking- the median keel and the
serration formed by it to represent the outer border of the toe. I am inclined
to think that the flattened toes of 8. gramniica are due to a rotation of the axis
of tlio digit, owing- to which the oiiter half has come to represent the whole
lower surface.

Scaj^tira.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

,, „ ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb .
Foot .
Tail .

363

s

9

. 58

50

. 27

21

. 17

14

. 13

10

. 8

6-5

. 24

17

. 47

35

22

17

95

80

Particulars of Specimens Examined.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

$ Damaralnnd ....

. 58

99

28

48

16

46

22-23

23

7

„ ., ....

. 45

102

26

45

13

51

22

22

6

$ Great Namaqiialand, L.M. .

. 50

110

24

46

13

49

20-21

22

6

P.M. .

. 49

102

24

47

13

47

21-19

24

6

$ S. Africa ....

55

90

24

42

14

36

19-22

24

6

Habitat. — Damaraland and Great Naraaqualand.

Closely allied to the preceding species and still more highly specialized.

G. SCAPTIRA LINEOLATA.

Scapteira scripta (uon Straueh), Boettg. Zool. Jahrb. iii, 1888,
p. 914.

Sca/pteira scripta, part., Zander, Zool. Gart. xxxvi, 1896, p. 303.

Scapteira iineolata, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pctersb. i,
1897, p. 330, and iv, 1899, p. 395.

Scapteira grtiin-grzimailoi, Bedriaga, in Nikolsky, Herp. Eoss.
p. 484 (1905) ; Elpatjevsky & Sabanejev, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxiv,
1906, p. 254 ; Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. x, 1907, p. 31 ;
Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. xvi, 1911, p. 282; Bedriaga,
Wiss. Ees. Przewalski Eeis., Amph. Eept. p. 657, pi. viii, fig. 10 (1912).

Head and body rather strongly depressed. Head 1^ to 1| times
as long as broad, its length 31 to 4;\ times in length to vent, its
depth equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the
tympanum ; snout pointed, with strongly swollen nasals, as long as
the postocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and vertical,
grooved loreal region. Pileus twice as long as broad. Neck a little
narrower than the head. Hind limb reaching the shoulder, the
Qollar, or the eve ; foot IJ to If times as long as the head ; digits

364 Lacerflcliv.

slender, compressed. Tail about twice as long as head and liody,
depressed at the base, slightly compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,
the suture betAveen them ^ to f the length of the frontonasal, which
is broader than long; prefrontals as long as broad, forming a median
suture ; frontal as long as its distance from the nasals or the end
of the snout, 1| to 2 times as long as broad, narrow behind, grooved
along the middle ; parietals a little broader than long ; interparietal
smaller than tlie frontoparietals ; occipital minute or absent. Two
large supraoculars, preceded by a scaly or granular area, and followed
by a series of granules and a small band-like shield ; a series of
granules on the inner side of the supraoculars and one or two between
the latter and the superciliaries, which are 5 to 7 in number. Eostral
a little broader than deep, narrower beneath than above; lower nasal
touching the rostral or narrowly separated from it,* resting on the
2 or 3 anterior upper labials ; anterior loreal as long as deep or deeper
than long, shorter than tlie second ; subocular strongly keeled below
the eye, much narrowed beneath and bordering the mouth between the
5th and 6th or 6th and 7th, rarely 7th and 8th, upper labials. Temporal
scales finely granular and smooth above, much larger beneath; tympanic
shield distinct ; 4 or 5 projecting granules in front of the ear.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
21 to 27 gular scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar feebly
curved, with 9 to 12 plates.

Scales gi-anular, smooth, 54 to 62t across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates as long as broad or a little broader than long, forming
14 oblique longitudinal and 30 to 33 transverse series. Preanal
region covered with numerous small shields, of which the postero-
median is often enlarged.

Upper surface of arm with rhombic smootli scales which are larger
than the largest gulars. Upper surface of tibia with granular scales
similar to the dorsals ; lower surface with one series of large and one
of small plates. 12 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Fingers and
toes compressed, with 3 series of scales; fingers scarcely serrated
laterally ; toes with moderately strong lateral fringe on the outer

* According to Beclriaga, S. gnivi-grzimailoi differs from S. lineolata in
having the lower nasal in contact with the rostral ; but the specimen of
S. Uneolata, one of the types, received from Dr. Nikolsky presents the same
condition, whicli I find also in 2 out of 4 specimens from Transcaucasia ; the
character is therefore not of specific importance, just as in Eremias velox.

t 30 to 56 in S. iirum-(jrziinailoi, according to Bedriaga.

Scaptir

365

side ; subdio-ital lamellae Iceeled, 19 to 22 under the fourth toe ; ungual
lamella without lateral enlargement.

Upper caudal scales very large, acutely pointed or even mucronate,
strongly and diagonally keeled ; basal subcaudals feebly keeled ; 19 to
21 scales in the fourth or fifth whoii behind the postanal granules.

Pale sand-colour above, with 5, 6, or 7 dark brown or blackish dorsal
streaks, the outer broadest and extending to the supraocular I'egion ;
two lateral streaks on each side, the upper broader, originating behind
the nostril, passing above the tympanum and extending on the
side of the tail, and sometimes with small white spots, the lower
originating below the eye and passing through the tympanum ; 4 or
5 streaks on the pelvic region and 3 on the upper surface of the base
of the tail ; a dark streak along the upper part of the upper labials ;
limbs dark brown with large round white spots. Lower parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head
Fore limb
Hind limb
Foot
Tail
1. J', Feizabad, E. Persia (type).

Particuhas of Specimens E.raminecl

1.

2_

. 47

43

. 18

17

. 12

10

7

6-5

. 5

4-5

. 19

16

. 32

26

. 16

14

. 95

88

A^skhabad, Transcaspia.

1.

2_

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

S.

9.

(J Feizabad, E. Persia (tyi^e)

. 47

54

14

33

9

25

16-15

22

6

? Askhabad, Transcaspia

. 43

62

14

31

12

24

13

22

6-5

$ Belkuju

. 47

55

14

30

10

27

14

20

6

$ Perevalnaja „

. 41

60

14

30

10

25

14-12

20

5

S Tedshen

. 37

57

14

32

12

23

14

19

7-6

Habitat. — Transcaspia, Bokhara, and Eastern Persia.

7. SCAPTIRA SCRIPTA.

Podarces (Scapteira) scrijjta, Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. vi,
1867, p. 424.

Scapteira scripta, Severzow, Faun. Turkest. p. 72 (1873) ; Bouleug.
Cat. Liz. iii, p. 112 (1887) ; Alcock & Finn, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
Ixv, ii, 1896, p. 559; Nilcolsky, Fedtscheuko's Eeise Turkest., Zool. ii,

366 Lacertiihv.

pt. vii, p. 38, pi. vii, fig. 2 (1899), Herp. Eoss. p. 171 (1905), and
Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. xvi, 1911, p. 281.

Scapfeira scripta, part.. Zander, Zool. Gart. xxxvi, 1896, p. 3Uo.

Scapttira hilkeivitschi, Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 486.

Head and body rather strouyly depressed. Head about 1^ times as
long as broad, its length 3| to 4 times in length to vent, its depth
equal to the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ;
snout pointed, with rather strongly swollen nasals, as long as the
postocular part of the head, with sharp canthus and vertical, grooved
loreal region. Pileus 1^ to 2 times as long as liroad. Neck a little
narrower than the head. Hind limb reaching the collar or between
the collar and the eye ; foot 1 1 1 o 1 h times as long as the head ; toes
slender, not or but feebly compressed. Tail about twice or a little
more than twice as long as head and body, depressed at the base,
slightly compressed posteriorly.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,
the suture between them J to f the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long ; prefrontals as long as broad or a little broader
than long, forming a median suture ; frontal as long as its distance
from the nasals or the end of the snout, 1| to 2 times as long as
broad, narrow behind, grooved in the middle ; parietals a little
broader than long ; interparietal much smaller than the fronto-
parietals ; occipital minute or absent. Two large supraoculars,
preceded by a scaly or granular area and followed by a series of
granules and a small band-like shield ; a series of granules on the
inner side of the supraoculars and one, two, or three between the
latter and the superciliaries, which are 4 to 6 in numbei". Rostral as
deep as broad, narrower beneath than above ; lower nasal not reaching
the rostral, resting on the 2 or 3 anterior upper labials ; anterior
loreal as long as deep or a little deeper than long, much shorter than
the second ; subocular strongly keeled below the eye, much narrowed
beneath and bordering the mouth between the 5th and 6th or 6tli and
7th* upper labials. Temporal scales finely granular and smooth
above, much larger beneath; tympanic shield small if distinct; no
auricular denticulation.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ; 19
to 22t gular scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar curved, with 10
to 12 plates.

* Or 7th ;iikI 8tli (,S'. hilketcitschi, Nikolsky).
t 20 to 26 according to Nikolsky.

Scaj^tira.

367

Scales granular, smooth, 58 to 65 across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates mostly as long as broad, forming 12 to 16 oblique
longitudinal and 30 to 33 transverse series.* Preanal region covered
■with numerous small shields, of which the postero-mediau may be
enlarged.

Upper surface of arm Avith roundish smooth scales which are not
larger than the largest gulars. Upper surface of tibia with granular
scales similar to the dorsals ; lower surface with one series of large
and one of small plates. 12 to 16 femoral pores on each side.
Fingers and toes with 3 series of scales ; fingers scarcely serrated
laterally; toes with a moderately strong fringe ou each side; sub-
digital lamelliB feebly keeled, 2-i to 30 under the fourth toe ; ungual
lamella with a feeble but very distinct wing-like lateral expansion, f

Upper caudal scales moderately large, truncate or obtusely pointed,
diagonally keeled; basal subcaudals smooth; 26 to 36 scales in the
fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal granules.

Strauch's original description of the coloration is as follows : " Pale
sand-colour above, with numerous dark brown dots and vermicular
lines, the latter predominating on the back and mostly arranged in
more or less regular longitudinal lines ; a broad dark brown lono-i-
tudiual lateral band, originating from the nostril and extending to the
tail; this band edged above with a narrow whitish streak and
separated by a wide white space from a narrower dark streak from the
upper labials, through the tympanum, to the inguinal region ; irregular
dark cross-bars ou the limbs ; a dai'k median streak on the tail.
Lower parts white." In the specimens at my disposal the dark lines
along the back are 6 or 7 in number.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

„ ,, ,, fore limb

Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head
Fore limb ....
Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

1. (5* , Baluchistan. 2. 9 > K. Lepsa.

1.

2.

. 44

42

. 16

16

. 11

10

. 6-5

6

. 4-5

4-5

. 17

16

. 29

28

. 14

13

. 99

85

* 29 to St. according to Nikolsky.

t Of which, like Boettger, I can find no trace in the specimens referred by
me to S. lineolata.

^arficnhds

of S}

ecinie»s

Exa 1)1 i lied

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

. 44

58

14

oo

12

22

12

24

6

. 42

59

14

33

11

21

13

25

6

. 35

61

12

33

10

21

16-14

28

6-5

. 44

65

14

30

10

19

13-14

30

6

368 Lacertidie.

$ R. Lepsa

,, Copet Dagli
^ Baluchistau

Habitat. — From the Aralo-Caspiau Desert aud Trauscaspia to
Russian Turkestan ; Baluchistan near Afghan frontier.

8. SCAPTIRA TRANSCASPICA.
Scajiteira traiiscaspica, Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 489 (1905).
Appears to be intermediate between *S'. scripta and S. grammica, the

toes being depressed and smooth iuferiorly, but only rather feebly
serrated laterally ("dentibus digitorum lateralibus parvis"). Nasals
swollen, lower not reaching the rostral. A minute occipital. A small
anterior supraocular, separated from the large one by a series of
granules. Subocular not reaching the mouth, above the 6th to 8th
upper labials. Collar hardly curved, with 11 plates. Scales granular,
smooth, laterals largest. Ventral plates as long as broad or slightly
longer than broad, in 29 or 30 transverse series, the longest containing
16 or 18 plates. No enlarged preanal. Hind limb reaching the collar.
13 to 16 femoral pores on each side. Tail li to Ij times as long as
head and body ; upper caudal scales feebly keeled.

Uniform blackish above, with a rather indistinct light lateral streak ;
belly bluish ; lower surface of limbs and tail white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent . . .48
fore Umb . . 20

Length of head 14-5

Width of head 9

I'ore limb . . . . . .18

Hind limb 29

Tail 17

Habitat. — Repetek, Trauscaspia.

This species is only known to me from Nikolsky 's description.

9. SCAPTIRA ACUTIROSTRIS.
Scapteiraacutirostris,'Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii,p. 114 (1887), Tr. Linn.

Soc. (2) V, 1889, p. 100, pi. ix, fig. 4. and Faun. Ind., Rept p. 179
(1890).

8ca2'>fira. 369

Head and body strongly depressed. Head H times as long as broad,
its length 3^ times in length to vent, its depth equal to the distance
between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout acutely
pointed, Avith the nasals slightly swollen, as long as the postocular
part of the head ; canthus rostralis rather obtuse, loreal region nearly
vertical and feebly concave. Pileus 1^ times as long as broad. Neck
a little narrower than the head. Hind limb reaching the posterior
border of the orbit ; foot 1 3 times as long as the head ; digits flattened.

Upper head-shields smooth ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,
the suture between them h the length of the frontonasal, which is
broader than long ; prefrontals a little broader than long, forming a
median suture ; frontal nearly as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, twice as long as broad, narrow behind, grooved in front ;
parietals much broader than long ; interparietal a little smaller than
the frontoparietals ; no occipital. Three large supraoculars, forming
sutures with each other, first in contact with the first superciliary, the
second loreal, the prefrontal, and the frontal ; two or three minute
granules between the first and second supraoculars ; a small band-like
fourth supraocular, separated from the third by granules ; second and
third supraoculars separated from the frontal and from the super-
ciliaries by a series of granules ; 7 superciliaries, first longest. Rostral
as deep as broad, narrower beneath than above ; lower nasal not
reaching the rostral, resting on the three anterior upper labials ;
anterior loreal a little longer than deep, shorter than the second ;
subocular strongly keeled below the eye, resting on the 5th to 7th
upper labials. Temporal scales granular, smooth ; no tympanic shield ;
no auricular denticulation.

5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
24 gular scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar straight, 8 of the
marginal scales feebly enlarged.

Scales granular, smooth, 80 across the middle of the body. Ventral
plates as long as broad or longer than broad, in oblique longitudinal
series ; 35 transverse series, the longest of which contain 20 plates.
A large preanal plate, about twice as broad as long.

Upper surface of arm with rounded smooth scales, a little larger
than the gulars. Upper surface of tibia covered with granular
scales similar to the dorsals ; lower surface with one row of large and
one of small plates. 15 or 17 femoral pores on each side. Fingers
and toes with 4 series of scales, strongly fringed on both sides ; sub-
digital lamellse smooth or indistinctly keeled, 20 under the fourth toe ;
ungual lamella with wing-like lateral expansion.

TOL. II. 24

370

Liiceriiihv.

Camlal scales narrow, feebly keeled, the dorsal granules extending
for some distance along the middle of the tail ; 56 scales in the fifth
whorl behind the postanal granules.

Sand-coloured above, with a blaclvish uetworl
trical black markings. Lower parts white.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

fore limb
Length of head
Width of head
Depth of head

Fore limb ....
Hind limb ....

Foot

This species is known froiu a single young specimen, from between
Nushki and the Helmand, Northern Baluchistan.

head with svinme-

35

15

10
6-5
4-5

14

25

13

10. SCAPTIRA PEESICA.

Sca'pteira persica, Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Pctersb. iv, 1899,
p. 395, pi. X, fig.

Form as in H. acutirodris, but hind limb reaching only the collar,
or between the collar and the ear, and parietals as long as broad.
Nasals swollen, lower not reaching the rostral. Frontal as long as its
distance from the end of the snout. Occipital very small or absent.
A small anterior supraocular, separated from the f i-ontal and from the
large supraocular by a series of granules. Subocular not i-eaching the
mouth. 2 to 5 obtuse lobules on the anterior border of the ear.
Collar hardly curved, with 10 to 13 small plates.

Scales granular, smooth. Ventral plates in 37 to 39 transverse
series, the longest containing 20 plates. No enlarged jireanals.
17 or 18 femoral pores on each side. Upper caudal scales strongly
keeled.

Bluish grey above, reticulated with black ; head rufous, spotted
with black ; lower parts white.

Total length 165 millim.

Habitat. — Tscharachs, Zirckuch district. Eastern Persia.

This species is only known to me from Nikolsky's description, based
on 8 specimens preserved in the Petrograd Museum.

Scapiira. 371

11. SCAPTIRA GRAMMICA.

Lacerta yrammica, Lichteust. in Eversm. Reise, p. 140 (1823).

Lacerta graminica, part., Licliteust. Verz. Doubl. Miis. Berl. p. 100
(1823).

Scapteira (jrammica, Wiet^ni. Herp. Mex.p.9 (1834) ; Dum. & Bil)r.
Erp. Geu. V, p. 283, pi. liv, fig. 1 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 32
(1845) ; Peters, Mod. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 61 ; Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii,
p. 113 (1887) ; Boettg. Zool. Jalirb. iii, 1888, p. 912 ; Zander, Zool.
Gart. xxxvi, 1896, p. 327 ; Nikolsky, Fedtschenko's Reise, Zool. ii,
p;.rt vii, p. 39, pi. vii, fig. 1 (1899); Elpatiebski, Amph. Rept.
Aral Exped, p. 21 (1903) ; Nikolsky, Herp. Ross. p. 173 (1905).

Podarces {Scapteira) (jrammica, Straiich, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersh.
vi, 1867, p. 409.

Head and body rather depressed. Head If to 1| times as long as
broad, its length 3f to 4 times in length to vent, its depth equal to
the distance between the centre of the eye and the tympanum ; snout
acutely pointed, with swollen nasals, H times as long as the post-
ocular part of the head ; canthus rostralis shai'p, loi'eal region vertical,
slightly concave. Pileus 2 to 2\ times as long as broad. Hiiid limb
reaching the shoulder, the collar, or between the collar and the ear ;
foot 1^- to \\ times the length of the head ; toes long, flattened. Tail
not quite twice as long as head and body, depressed at the base.

Upper head-shields smooth or more or less rugose ; rostral a little
deeper than broad, narrower beneath than above ; nasals in contact
behind the rostral, the suture between them ^ to i the length of the
frontonasal, which is broader than long ; prefrontals longer than
broad, forming an extensive median suture ; frontal as long as its
distance from the nasals, Ig to 2 times as long as broad, narrow-
behind, grooved in front; parietals broader than long; interparietal
smaller than the frontoparietals, followed by a series of granular
shields separating the jJarietals.* Two large supraoculars, preceded
by granules and small shields, one of which may be termed a first
supraocular, but always separated from the large shields by a series
of granules ; a small, band-like posterior supraocular, separated from
the preceding by a series of granules ; a series of granular scales on
the inner and outer borders of the two large supraoculars ; 6 to 8
superciliaries, first longest. Lower nasal not reaching the rostral,
resting on the three anterior upper labials ; anterior loreal longer
than deep or deeper than long, shorter than the second ; subocular

* These may be absent, according to Boettger, and Zander could find no trace
of au occipital in the S Transcaspiau specimens examined by him.

372

Laceriidfe.

strouylv keeled lielow the eve, restiu!^' on tlie 6tli and 7tli, 6th to 8tli,
or 7th to 9th upper labials. One or several upper temporals, if several
the last the largest ; temporal scales granular, smooth ; tympanic
shield usually present ; anterior border of ear not denticulated, or
with a few projecting granules.

6 or 7 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 anterior in contact in the middle ;
31 to 35 gular scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar nearly
straight, the marginal scales scarcely enlarged, or only a few of the
median enlarged into small plates.

Scales granular, smooth or feebly keeled, larger on the sides, 50 to
63 across the middle of the body. Ventral plates longer than broad,
tessellated or forming oblique longitudinal series, in 39 to 42 trans-
verse series, the longest containing 20 or 22* plates. Preanal region
covered with small irregular plates.

Upper surface of arm with rhombic, obtusely keeled scales. Upper
surface of tibia with small granular scales ; lower surface with 4 or 5
series of plates, the outer largest. 15 to 19 femoral pores on euch
side. Fingers and toes with 4 series of scales, strongly fringed on
both sides, more on the outer than on the inner ; subdigital lamellae
smooth, 20 to 22 under the fourth toe ; ungual lamella with a wing-
like lateral expansion.

Caudal scales small, narrow, feebly or rather strongly keeled, the
dorsal granules extending for some distance along the middle of the
tail ; 30 to 56 scales in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the postanal
granules.

Pale greyish above, with black dots and a dark grey or reddish-
brown network, enclosing very numerous round light spots. Lower
parts white.

Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

,, ,, „ fore liml)

Length of head
Width of "head

Depth of head ....
Fore limb ....

Hind limb ....

Foot

Tail

c? , K. Morgab. 2. ^^ , E. Hi. 3. ? , E. Lepsa.

1.

2

.3.

76

&I6

56

30

26

22

18

17

14

12

11

9

9

8

7

26

23

20

45

40

33

24

21

19

—

110

88

Or 24, according to Boettger.

Macmahonia. 373

Eeaches a length of 87 uiillim. from suout to vent, tail 151 accord-
ing to Boettger. The figure in Fedtsclienko's Reise represents a
specimen 105 millim. long from suout to vent.

Particnlars of Specimens Examined.

. „ „. 1- 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

i^^^^ 66 59 20 39 22 34 16-15 20 7

? K. Lepsa 56 63 22 40 18 34 17 20 8

^^- " 36 60 22 42 23 31 16-17 21 7

Hgr. Michailovo, Transeaspia . . 45 56 22 40 16 35 18-19 "l 7

$ Molle Kary „ . . 65 50 20 40 18 33 18-17 22 7

" ^'^^^'^i' Morgab „ . . 76 50 22 40 20 34 18 21 7-8

^a6/to.— Aralo-Caspian Steppes, Transcaspia, Bokhara, and
Russian Turkestan.

20. MACMAHONIA.

Macmahonia, Bouleng. Journ. Zoo). Res. iii, 1918, p. 2.

Differing from Sea pf Ira, s. str., only in the absence of
femoral pores.
A single species.

1. MACMAHONIA APOEOSCELES.

Scaptira aporosceles, Alcock & Finn, Journ. As. Soe. Beno- kv ii
1896, p. 559, pi. xiii. ° ' '

Head and body depressed. Head li to If times as long as broad,
its length 3f to 4 times in length to vent, its depth equal to the
distance between the centre of tlie eve and the tympanum. Snout
acutely pointed, with slightly swollen nasals, a little longer than the
postocular part of the head ; canthus rostralis sharp, loreal region
vertical, sliglitly concave. Pileus twice as long as broad. Hind limb
reaching between the ear and the eye or between the collar and the
ear * ; foot IJ to 1^ times the length of the head ; toes long, flattened.
T;i]l U to 2 times as long as head and body, depressed at the base.

Upiaer head-shields smooth; rostral slightly deeper than broad,
narrower beneath than above ; nasals in contact behind the rostral,'
the suture between them * to f the length of the frontonasal, which

* Or the eye, according to Alcock and Finn.

374 Lac erf Ida'.

is niiirli Id'oader tliau loiii^- * ; prefrontals as long- as liroad or longer
than broad, forniing au extensive median suture ; frontal as long as
its distance from the nasals, 1§ to 2 times as long as broad, narrow
behind, deeply grooved along the middle ; parietals much broader
than long, meeting behind the interparietal, which is nearly as large
as or smaller than the frontoparietals ; no occipital. Three large
supraoculars, forming sutures with each other, the first nearly as long
as the second and in contact with the first superciliary, the second
loreal, the prefrontal, and usually the frontal ; a small, band-like
fourth su])raocular ; a series of granules on the inner, outer and
postei-ior side of the larger pair of supraoculars, the series sometimes
double behind ; 6 to 8 superciliaries, first longest. Lower nasal not
reaching the rostral, resting on the three anterior upper labials ;
anterior loreal as long as deep or longer than deep, shorter than the
second ; subocular strongly keeled below the eye, resting on the 6th
to 8th (rarely 5th to 7th) upper labials. Temporal scales granular,
smooth, a little larger beneath ; no tympanic shield ; no auricular
denticulation.

4 or 5 pairs of chin-shields, the 3 t anterior in contact in the middle.
27 or 28 gular scales on a line between the symphysis of the chin-
shields and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar nearly
straight, only a few of the median scales feebly enlarged.

Scales gi'anular, smooth, 68 to 82 across the middle of the body.
Ventral plates as long as broad or a little longer than broad, tessellated
or in oblicjue longitudinal series, in 35 to 37 transverse series, the
longest of which contain 20 to 24 plates. A rather small preanal
plate, sometimes divided longitudinally.

Upper surface of arm with rhombic smooth scales, wliich are a little
larger than the largest gulars. Upper surface of tibia with minute
granules ; lower surface with one row of large and 2 or 3 of small
plates. Fingers and toes strongly fringed on both sides ; 3 series of
scales round the fingers, the outer fringe formed by the upper series,
4 round the toes ; subdigital lamellae smooth or feebly keeled, 20 to
23 under the fourth toe ; ungual lamalla with a wing-like lateral
expansion.

Caudal scales small, truncate, smooth or feebly keeled, the dorsal
granules extending for some distance along the middle of the tail.

Brownish yellow above in life, with very numerous lighter circular
spots ; a more or less distinct dark streak along the side of the tail.
Lower parts white.

* Unless divided into three shields.

t Sometimes 2 according to Alcock and Finn.

Aporomxra

Measurements of males

(in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent

62

57

55

,1

fore 1

iml)

25

20

21

LeuL;tli of heal

16

16

15

Width of head .

10

9-5

9

Depth of head .

8

8

8

Fore limb

25

22

22

Hind limb

44

39

32

Foot

22

20

20

Partlcul:

ars of Specimeh

IS Examined.

1.

2

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

c^,Tvpe .

. 62

75

22

36

33

22

7

..

. 61

73

20

35

31

21

6^7

,, .»

. 57

76

22

35

28

21

7

. 55

75

24

36

31

22

7

,, .,

. 44

82

22

37

27

23

7

■

. 44

68

24

35

25

20

7

376

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales across middle of
body. 3. Ventral plates in longest transverse series. 4. Transverse series of
ventral plates. 5. Scales in collar. 6. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.
7. Upper labials to below centre of eye.

Habitat. — West of Eobat I., on the limit between Baluchistan and
Afghanistan, where the lizard was found in abundance bv the
Members of the Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1896, after
one of Avhom, Sir A. H. McMahon, the genus has been named.

21. APOROSAURA.

Pachyrlujnchus (nou Spix), Bocage, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xx, 1867,
p. 226 ; Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Pctersb. vi, 1867, p. 408 ; Lataste,
Ann. Mus. G-enova (2) ii, 1885, p. 126 ; Bocage, Herp. Angola, p. 33
(1895).

Aporosaura, Bouleug. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 117 (1887).

Head wide and flattened ; snout mucli depressed, wide,
spatulate, with trenchant margins greatly exceeding the
outline of the mouth. Head-shields normal, but no occi-
pital. Nostril pierced between three nasals, widely
separated from the first upper labial. Lower eyelid scaly.
No collar. Dorsal scales granular. Ventral plates

376 Lacerfidie.

smooth. Digits compressed, with smooth scales beneath,
denticulated laterally. No femoral pores. Tail long,
cylindrical.

A single species.

This genus is to l)e regarded as an exaggerated form of the repre-
sentatives of the section Saurites in the genus Scaidira, from which
it is evidently derived, as Macinakonia is derived from ScaiMra, s. str. ;
l)ut the generic differentiation is greater tlian in Macmahonia, for, in
addition to the loss of the femoral pores, the collar has disappeared,
and the head has assumed an extraordinary shape.

1. APOEOSAURA ANCHIET^.

Pachyrhyncltus anchietie, Bocage, 11. cc. p. 227, fig., and p. 33, pi. iii,
fig. 1.

Aj)orosmira ancluetx, Bouleng. I.e.; Werner, Jen. Denkschr. xvi,
1910, p. 340.

Head large, 3| times in length to vent. Rostral much depressed,
forming with the first seven upper labials the projecting border of the
snout ; nasals in contact behind the rostral ; frontonasal a little
broader than long; prefrontals forming a median suture; frontal
narrow, shorter than its distance from the end of the snout ; parietals
neai-ly twice as broad as long, separated from each other by the inter-
parietal, which is smaller than the frontoparietals. Three large
supraoculars, the first with a small detached shield on the inner side.
Lower nasal not reaching the rostral, resting on the first and second
upper labials ; anterior loreal larger than the second ; subocular resting
on the 5th to 7tli upper labials ; temporal scales granulai' ; ear-opening
narrow, without marginal denticulatiou.

6 pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior in contact in the middle;
gular scales very small, granular.

Scales extremely small, granular, larger on the lower part of the
sides and passing gradually into the ventral jjl^^tes, which are small,
square, and number 20 to 24 in a transverse series. Preanal scales
numerous, small, sul)equal.

Scales on the flattened base of the tail similar to the dorsals, those
on the rounded portion elongate quadrangular and feebly keeled.

The type is described as golden yellow above, with a wide-meshed
black network on the back and limbs ; a black vertebral streak ; head
variegated with black ; an elongate black spot on the occiput ; a black

Holas]}is. 377

line along the side of the tail ; lower parts white. In the specimens
examined by Werner there are black spots on the sides of the tail,
which may extend to the upper surface to form cross-bars.

Total length 112 millim., in which the head enters for 17, and
the tail for 57 ; fore limb 21, hind limb 42.

Habitat. — The unique type is from Rio Croco, coast of Mossamedes.
Werner has since recorded several specimens from Walfish Bay,
Damaraland.

The above account is compiled from Bocage's description and
figure.

22. HOLASPIS.

Holaspis (A. Smith), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 152; Lataste,
Ann. Mus. Geuova (2) ii, 1885, p. 125 ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 118
(1887).

No frontoparietals, through fusion with tiie inter-
parietal, which forms a large shield in contact with the
frontal and the occipital. Nostril pierced between two
nasals, narrowly separated from the first upper labial.
Lower eyelid scaly, with 3 to 5 enlarged, semitransparent
scales in the middle. Collar well marked. Two series of
large, smooth, transverse plates along the nape, back and
tail ; lateral scales small ; ventral plates not imbricate,
smooth. Fingers nearly cylindrical ; toes depressed and
serrated laterally in their basal half, the distal half feebly
compressed and forming an angle ; subdigital lamellae
smooth. Femoral pores. Tail much depressed and
serrated laterally.

Tropical Africa.

Parietal foramen and pterygoid teeth absent.

Holasjns is a highly specialized form, occupying an isolated position
in the family Lacertidae. It is probably derived from less aberrant
forms connected with PhilocJwrtus, which I regard as its nearest though
very remote living relative.

1. HOLASPIS GUENTHERL

Holaspis giientheri (A. Smith), Gray, t.c. p. 153, pi. xx, fig. 1 ;
F. Mull. Verli. Naturf. Ges. Basel, vii, 1885, p. 702 ; Bouleng. I.e. ;

.'578 Lacerihhv

Matschie, Sitzb. Ges. Natiirf. Fr. Eerl. 1892, p. 110; T.^niier. Tliienv.
O.-Afr., Kriecbth. p. 40 (1897) ; Bethencoui-t Perreira, Joru. Sc.
Lisb. (2) V, 1898, p. 242; Tornier, Zool. Jalirb., Syst. xiii, 1900.
p. 593, and xv, 1902, p. 582; Niedeu, MiW. Zool. Mus. Bed. vii,
1913, p. 79; Schmiat, Bull. Anier. Mus. N. H. xxxix, 1919, p. 515,
fig., pi. xxiii, fig. 2.

Ilolaspis guentJieri, subsp. Jievls, Werner, Verb. Zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, xiv, 1895, p. 91, pi. v. fig. 4.

Head, body and tail extremely depressed. Head If to 2 times
as long as broad, its deptb equal to tbe distance between the eye and
tbe tympanum, its length 3^ to 4 times in length to vent in males,
4 to 4 J times in females; snout pointed, as long as postocular part
of bead, with obtuse cantbus. Pileus 2y to 2^ times as long as
broad. Neck as~ broad as or a little broader than the head. Hind
limb reaching the elbow or tbe axil in males, the wrist or the elbow
in females; foot as long as the head or Ui little shorter; fourth toe
but little longer than third. Tail ] 1- to liV times as long as bead
and body.

Nostril pierced lietween two shields, widely separated from the
rostral ; frontonasal large, as long as broad or a little longer than
broad, forming a broad suture with the rostral ; prefrontals forming
a median suture ; frontal rather small, as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the rostral, Ij to 2 times as long as broad,
a little narrower behind than in front; parietals 1-]- to 1^ times as
long as broad ; interparietal very large, 3 to 4 times as broad as the
posterior part of tbe fi'ontal, in contact with a rather small trapezoid
occipital. 4 large supraoculars* subequal in length or second the
longest, first in contact with tbe frontal ; superciliaries veiy small,
separated from the second and third supraoculars by a series of
very small granules. Anterior lo-eal as long as or sborter than the
second ; 4, exceptionally 5, upper labials anterior to the subocular,
which is as long beneath as above. Temple covered with minute
granules ; a large tympanic shield, preceded by one or several enlarged
scales.

5 pairs of chin-shields, first three in contact in the middle; gular
scales juxtaposed, 27 to 37 between the symphysis of the chin-shields
and the median collar-plate ; no gular fold. Collar with even edge,
composed of 7 to 14 rather small plates.

Tbe two series of large dorsal plates originating a short distance
behind the occiput ; each plate about twice as broad as long ; lateral

* In a female from the Gaboon tliere are 5 supraoculars on the right side,
the fourth being- divided into two,

Holaspls. 379

scales very small, longer than broad, smooth or feebly keeled; 62 to
84 plates and scales across the middle of the body. " Ventral' plates
quadrangular, the transverse series with rectilinear border in
6 longitudinal and 25 to 31 transverse series. A moderatelv I'aro-e
preanal plate, bordered by a semicircle of smaller plates, the mediln
of which is sometimes transversely enlarged.

A series of transversely enlarged plates on tlie upper surface of
the fore limb ; upper surface of hind limb with small granular scales.
16 to 24 femoral pores on each side, the two series sometimes meetiuo-
in the middle. 16 to 20 lamella? under the fourth toe.

Nearly the whole of the tail occupied bv a double series of laro-e
transverse plates, above and below, usually longer and shorter
alternately, the lateral edge with large triangular curved scales
forming a strong serration ; on the basal part of the tail, a series
of small scales intervenes between the large plate and the scales
forming the lateral serration.*

Black above, the head with three yellowish longitudinal streaks,
the median extending from the rostral to the occipital or a little
prolonged on the nape and expanded on the frontal, the lateral
narrower, originating on the first supraocular and extending on the
parietal, converging towards its fellow to approximate it on the nape
and continued on the body ; 6 yellowish or bluish-green streaks on the
body, the median pair Ijroadest, nearly as broad as or much narrower
than the space between them, and uniting on the tail ; the two other
streaks on each side starting from behind the eye and from the upper
lip respectively, then sometimes extending on the fore limb. In the
specimen from Usambara (subsp. Ixvis, Werner), and in the one
from Zomba, there is only one light lateral streak, proceeding from
the upper lip, quite as broad as the dorsal. Hind limbs greenish
above, sometimes spotted with black, and with black base iu front.
Tail blue above and l)eueatli, with black bars or cross-lines, above
with two black longitudinal streaks. Lower parts greenish blue, blue,
bluish grey, or greyish white. t

According to Tornier the belly is sometimes black in the young.
Measurements (in millimetres) :

From end of snout to vent .

fore limb
Length of head .
Width of head .
Depth of head

* Tlio scalino; of the regenerated tail does not differ.

t Belly orange in life, aeeording to Selimidt.

1.

2.

:!.

4.

51

51

49

46

21

20

19

18

14

13

12

11

8

7

/

6

4-5

4

4

8-5

380 Lacei

//(7^*^.

1

2.

3.

4.

Fore limb .

. 20

18

17

14

Hiud limb .

. 28

24

22

21

Foot ....

. 13

12

11

10

Tail ....

. 78

—

70

58

1. J.Usambara. 2. J^.Efuleu.

3.

9.Z

omba. <

• 9,

Caconda.

Particulars of Specimens Exam

'ned.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

9 Type

39

82

29

9

33

22-23

16

^ Usambara, Tanganyika Terr. .

51

84

29

14

37

22-24

20

9 Zomba, Nyassaland .

49

16

31

9

37

22

20

^ Sierra Leone ....

50

74

26

10

30

21

19

9 „ ....

36

80

28

10

30

21

18

„ Abo, S. Nigeria

42

65

27

12

29

23

17

,, Oban, Calabar ....

53

64

28

9

29

20

20

^ Efulen, S. Cameroon

51

79

26

10

33

22-21

18

,, , ,

48

75

28

8

28

21-20

17

" „ „ . .

42

82

25

9

28

22

16

,, Benito R., Spanish Guinea

40

78

29

10

35

22-23

18

9 ,,

50

62

29

11

28

20-21

16

j> »j »•

48

73

28

10

30

23

17

46

65

27

9

27

20-21

18

42

63

28

9

30

21-20

18

^ Gaboon, P.M

45

69

27

9

34

21

18

„ . . . .

38

70

27

10

25

22

18

9 „ „ . . . .

43

69

27

7

27

22-21

18

S French Congo, P.M.

49

7Q

25

9

29

22-21

18

9 Caconda, Benguella .

46

68

28

10

27

16-17

17

46

m

29

10

30

17-19

19

1. Length from snout to vent (in millimetres). 2. Scales and plates across
middle of body. 3. Transverse series of ventral plates. 4. Plates in collar.
5. Gular scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and
median collar-plate. 6. Femoral pores (right and left if differing in number).
7. Lamellar scales under fourth toe.

Habitat. — Tropical Africa, from the Gold Coast and Lake Victoria
to Angola, Nvassaland, and the Coast of East Africa.

List of the Sjjeoimens in the British Museum.

381

LIST OF THE SPECIMENS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.*

1. c?,type

2. (? .

? andy..

1-3,4, S

5-6,7. <?,

8. (? .

9-10. V

11. <? .

12-14. .? and hgr

1.5. ¥

16. <?

17. ?

18. Yg.

19. <?

20. (?

21. (?

22. ?

23. ?

24-25. (7,

26. <? .

27. <? .

NUCRAS EMINI, Blgr.

S. shore of L. Victoria .
Loika, B.E.A.

NuCRAS DELALANDII, M.-Edw.
S. Africa ....

Port Elizabeth

. Dr. Eniin Pasha.
. W. P. Lowe, Esq.

. Sir A. Smith.

. J. M. Leslie, Esq.

,, J. L. Drege, Esq.

,, — Moorhouse, Esq.

¥. W. FitzSimons,

Esq.
Peri Bush, King William's Town. . Major H.Trevelyan.
„ „ . . A.W.Stenning,Esq.

East London . . . . . . H. S. Thorne, Esq.

„ — Wood, Esq.

E. Districts of Cape Colony . . . J. P. M. Weale, Esq.
Van Reenen, Natal .... W. G. Rump, Esq.

Natal Dr. Gibb.

Sibudeni, Zululand . . . . C. Grant, Esq.
Lessouto, Basutoland . . . . M. Cazalis (Lataste

Coll.).
Krun-ersdorp, Transvaal . . Major Gilliat.

Barberton, „

Damaraland.

NuCRAS INTERTEXTA, A. Smith.
Forma tyinca.

1. 9 ) type • • Latakoo, near Kuruman . . . Sir A. Smith.

2. Hgr. . . . Kokong, near Lehututa, Bechuanaland,

3300 f R. B.Woosnam, Esq.

3. (J . . . Rustenburg, Transvaal .... W. Ayres, Esq.
4-6. 5 and yg. . Pietersburg, ,,

Var. HOLUBi, Stdr.

1. Hgr.

2. <?

3. ?

. S. Africa

. Port Elizabeth

Sir A. Smith.
J. L. Drege, Esq.
F. W. i^itzSimons,
Esq.

* Nearly 5000 specimens are comprised in this list.

382

4. <? .
5-9. J, 9 .

10-12. (? and y;

13. ¥ .

14. Yg. .
15-16. (? . , .
17. <? .
18-19. ?

20. T .

21-22. S aiKl y.

23-24. J, ? .

25-26. c7 . ? .

1. (? , type .
2-4. S. ?, types

of L. livida
5-6. ?, types of

L. elegans .
7-8. ? and yg.,

types of L. ta>nio-

lala
9-10, 11. (?,

12. '?

13. (?

14. (?
15-16. Yg. .

17. Yg., type of T.
ornata

18. Yg. .

I. ? .
2-5. J, V
6-10. <?, ?

II. c? •
12. ? .
13-14. <J, ¥
15-16. $

17. ? .
18-19. J, V
20-21. d'

Lacerfichv. •

Burgersdorp, Cape Col. .

Vredefort Koad, O.R. Col. .

Umfolosi K., Zulu land .

Do Kaap Goldfields, Tra.usvaal

Pretoria, Transvaal

Darberton,

Kustenbiirg,

Lydenburg, ,,

Zoiitpansberg, „
Bulavvayo, S. Khodesia .
L. Nyassa.
Dongwenna, Mossaniedes

NucRAS TESSELLATA, A. Smith
Eastern parts of Cape Colony

N. parts of Cajje Colony

Little Namaqualand

Cape Colony .
Little Namaqualand
Guires, Little Nanjaqualand
Klipfontein, „

Deelfontein, Cape Colony
Clanwilliani, W. Cape Col.

Zambesi .....
S. Africa.

Lacerta aoilis, L.
Forma iypica.
Odensjii, Snialand, Sweden
Southport, Lancashire .

Studlaud Heath, near Swan;
Poole Heath, Dorset
Bournemouth, Hamjjshire

Ring-wood, „

Near Farnham, Surrey

Dr. D. R. Kanno-
meyer.

Capt. Barrett-
Hamilton.

Dr. E. Warren.

Dr. P. Rendall.

W. L. Distant, Esq.

W. Ayres, Esq.

F. W. Armstrong,

Esq.
J. P. Crozer, Esq.
Rhodesia Museum.

Dr. W. J. Ansorse.

Sir A. Smith.

. Dr. L. Peringuey.

. C. Grant, Esq.

. Sir A. T. Sloggett.

. Rev. C. L. Leii^oldt.

Sir J. Kirk.

. Prof. E. Lonnberg.
. L. Greening, Esq.
. Dr. G. Leighton.
. O. Grieg, Esq.
Dorset H. N. Ridley, Esq.
. W. Thompson, Esq.
. G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
. W. Dick. Esq.
. Bryan Hook, Esq.

Frensliain Common, near Farnham

G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.

List of the Specimen.' in the British Museum.

383

■^'^- ^ ■ ■ ■ Devil'd Jumps, near Farnham

23-25. J, V iuulyg. Churt, Surrey

26-27. 9 and yg. . Tilford, ,

28-29. c?, ?. . I'aris .

30 Hgr.
31-32. Yg-.
33. 9 .
34.. Hgr.
35. 9 .
36-37. S, 9

38. S .

39. 9 .

40. 9 .
41-42. J, V
43-56. 9 'Mid y;

. Rambouillet, near Tails

. Senart, „

. Cornimont, Vosges

' La Eoohe-eu-Breil, Cute-d'Or

La Bourboule, Puy-de-D6me.

Piiy-de-Dume.

Ax-les-Tliermes, Ariege
Porte, Pyrenees-Orientales .
Arlon, Belgium
Mondorf, Luxemburo- .

57-70. J, 9andyg. Binningen, near Basle
'^'-77. (J, 9 andyg. Lausanne
78. Yg, . . . Gryon, Vaud, -l-OUO 1.

79-84. (?, 9 andyg. Diisseldorf .
85-89. Yg. . . Baden-Baden.

90-93. ^
94-95. ^ .
96-105, 106. (?, 9

and hgr. .
107-111, 112 113

c?, 9 •

114-120. J, '^
121-127, 12S-131.
c? , 9 and yg. .
132-133. 9 .^ .
134. 2 .

Freiburg, Baden .
Hollsteig, Baden, 243U f.

Berlin

Dresden
Prauue .

E. Britten, Esq.

. M. V. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
. M. Dupras „

. M. E. Simon „
. M. F. Lataste „

Comte X.de Grunne.
. M. G. F. de Witte.
. M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
. G. S. Miller, Esq.

Kev. G. Fouiuier.
G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
Dr. J. Eoux.
W. Morton, Esq.
Mrs. Watson.
W. F. Kirby, Esq.
G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.

^, ?

135. 9
136-137.
138-139. t?, 9

140. 3 .

141. 9 .

1. 9 .

2. 9 ■

1-3. c? .

4-15. (J, 9 andyg,

. Vienna .....
. Budajjest ....
. Varpalanka, Beregszasz, E. Czeclio

Slovalda

. Bazias, Eoumania ....
. Nagyszeben, Eoumania
. Brasso, „

. Transylvania

. Sinaia, Carpatliians, Eoumania

Var. SPINALIS, Werii.
. Bosnia ......

Babaplauina, Herzegovina, 4500 f.

Var. CHERsoNENSis, Auclrzej.

Kielf

Zorleui, Burlad Valley, Moldavia.

Hr. V. Fritsch.

Dr. F. Werner.
M. G. de Southoff.

. Prof. L. von Mehely.

C. G. Danford, Esq.
M. A. Montandon.

Dr. C. Floerieke.
Dr. F. Werner.

Petrograd Museum.
M. A. Montandon.

384

Lacerfidx.

16-17, 18.
and yg.

19. Yg. .

20. ? .

(?, 2

and yj
and yf

1-2
3 4

5-6.

7-8.

9. <? . .

10. ? .

11. ? . . .
12-13. J , types of

14. ? .

15. Yg. .
16-20. ^,

. Bukarest ....
Lacu Sarat, Eouniania .
St. George, Danube Delta

Var. ExiGUA, Eiclnv.
Moscow .....
Cliarcov .....
Saratov .....
Dongiis, near Orenburg-
Ural

A.strakan ....
Vladikauka.s, Caucasus .

M. A. Montandon.

21. (?

22. <?

23. (7

24. i

25-27.
h<n-.

<?, ?

. Sukhuni Kale, Caucasus
. Novorossik, W. Caucasus
. Tiflis

. lelenovka, L. Gokcha
. Batum, Transcaucasia
. Van, Kurdistan
. Kirghiz Steppes
. Uek E. . . .

Moscow University.
Petrograd Museum.

Dr. J. de Bodriaga.
Dr. G. Eadde.

Petrograd Museum.
Dr. G. Eadde.
Lyons Museum.
Petrograd Museum.

and

Altyn-Emel,

Vernoje
Kunges E., S. of Kuija
Upper Hi

between Kopal and

28-30. (?, ¥

31. Yg. .

32-39. <?, V and

hgr. .

40-42. c? and yg. .

43-44. 9 and yg. .

45-47. J, V and

yg. . . . L. Ourkatsch, Tourgaisk

Lepsinskaja Staniza

Between Semipolatinsk and Ajag

Arcat Mts., near Semipolatinsk

48-49.
50. ?
51-52.
53-55.
hgr.
56-59.

Tomsk .

Minnusinsk, Yenissei
Ala Tau .

V and

Lepsa, Ala Tau

c?, ¥

60-64. V and yg. . Tian Shan Mts. .
65-72. ■? and hgr. Kanaika E., Altai Mts. .

Laceeta parva, Blgr.
1. $,type . . Kaisarieh, Asia Minor .
2-4. (J , ? . . Sari Keny, „ . .
5-7. (7 . . . Berchetti Mandani, Antitaurus
8-13. (?, ij-' . . Angora

(Lataste Coll.).
Lord Eothschild.
Mr. M. E. Meyer.

. C. G. Danford, Esq.
. Dr. F. Werner.
. Hr. M. Holtz.
. M. H. Gadeau de
Kerville.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

385

Lacerta viridis, Laur.

Forma fypica.

1-3. c? , ? and yg. La Corbiere, Jersey
4-16. (?, ¥ . . Jersey ....
17-21. c?, ¥ and

yg. . . . „ ....

22. (? . . . Fermain Bay, Guernsey
23-24, 25 26. V . Near St. Malo

27. Yg.

28. Y-.

St. Briac, C6tes-du-Nord
Plouinanach, „

29-35. <?, ¥ ancl

yg. . . .St. Epain, Indre-et-Loire

36. ¥ • • • Lignieres-Sonneville, Charente

37-39. ? . . Oleron Id. . . .

40-41. 5 '111*1 yg. Cadillac, Gironde .

42. Hgr. . . „ „ . .

43, 44. ¥ 'I'li'l lio'i'- Biganoti, ,,

45. ¥ • • • Langoiraii, ,,

46. Yg. . . . Arlac,

47. t? . . . Soulae,

48. ¥

49. ¥

50. <7

51. ¥

52. c?

53. c?

54. ¥

55-61.
62-64.

65. J

66. ?

67. Yg

68. V
69-79.
80. ^
81-85.

yg-

86-88.
89-90.
91. c?

<?, ¥

<?,

Y-.

. VeiTieres, near Paris
. Fontainebleau

. Uriage, Isere
. Montpellier

ValdeLlore, Alpe.s-Maritinies, 1000 m.

Cannes ....

Hernani, Guipiizcoa, Spain

Forte Katti, Genoa

Genoa ....

Steguoni, Spezia .

Turin ....

and

Verona .
Bozen, S. Tyrol
Florence
Perugia .

E. Britten, Esq.
Sinel it Co.

Jl Spencer, Esq.
E. Britten, Esq.
G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
W. M. Daly, Esq.
G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.

M. P. Chabanaud.
M. H. Giraudeau.
M. P. Chabauaud.
M. F. Lataste.
M. Barrere (Lataste
Coll.).
M. F. Lataste „
M. Fitt

]\r. F. Lataste „
M. Collin de Plancy
(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste „

M. E. Taton
. M. Collin de Plancy
(Lataste Coll.).
, M. A. Dollfus.

Prof. Dvdjoscq.
, M. Valery-Mayet

(Lataste Coll.).
. M. P. Chabanaud.
. M. G. F. de Witte.

E. Britten, Esq.
. Sig. Lugajolli.
. Hr. Jeitteles.
. Marqviis G. Doria.
, Prof. Bouelli.
. Lord A. Kus.sell.

VOL. II.

Sig. E. de Betta.
Hr. A. Mulser.
M. G. de Southoff.
V<\ C. Trevelyan,

Esq.
25

386

La cert idee.

92. Yg. .

. Elba

. W. C. Trevelyan,
Esq.

93-97. $

, ?

and

yg- •

. Castelfranco, Ostia

. Dr. L. AV. Sambon.

98-99. ?

. Ijecce, Otranto ....

. Florence Mviseuni.

100 102.

<?

. Modica, Sicily ....

„

103-107.

<?,

V . Prague ......

. Hr. V. Fritscli.

108. $ .

. Voslau, Lower Austria .

. Dr. F. Werner.

109. S .

. Hardegg, „ ...

,,

110-112,

113.

V . Znaim, S. Moravia

!.

114. <? .

. Between Ketz and Znaim, Moravia

. Hr. F. Henkel.

115-118.

9

and

hgr. .

. Kis-Pest, near Budapest

. M. G. de Southoff.

119-120.

<?,

V . Cattaro, Dalniatia

. Florence Museum.

121-122.

<?,

V . Travnilc, Bosnia ....

. Dr. F. Werner.

123. V •

. Livno, „ ....

»

124. ? .

. Varna, Bulgaria ....

..)

125. Yg.

. Albania ......

. M. Vian (Lataste
Coll.).

126-127.

¥

and

yg-

. Salonica .....

. T. Southgate, Esq.

128, 129.

(?

,, .....

. Zoological Society.

130-131.

(?,

? . Bazias, Eoumania ....

. Dr. F. Werner.

132-133.

<?,

? . Nagyszeben, Eoumania

. Prof. L. von Meliely

134-141.

<?,

V and

yg"-

. Bukarest . .

. M. A. Montandon.

142-146.

(?,

V . Comana, Vlasca, Roumania .

,,

147. S

. Zorleni, Barlad Valley, Roumania

„

148-149

¥ andyg. Greci, Macin District, Dobrudja .

,.

150-157.

¥ andyg. Near Macin, Dobrudja .

158-159.

<?,

'^ . Khotz, near Trebizond .

. M. A. Robert.

1.

Yg.

2.

?

3-

-4. (?,

?

5.

Yg.

6-7. <?

8-

-9. S

and

y

Var. STKIGATA, Eicliw.

. Rutshuk, Bulgaria

. Aschar-Ade Id., Caspian Sea

. Elisabethpol, Transcaucasia .

. Helenendorf, near Elisabethpol

. Borshom, Transcaucasia

. Angora .....

10-12. Yg. . . Smyrna.
13. Yg. . . Sliiraz, Persia

14-15. (J . . Ferzol, Lebanon
16-19. c? , ¥ and yg. L. Horns, Syria

20. (?

21. i

Island in L. Homs .

Between Damascus and Ataibe

Prof. Kovatclieff.
Petrograd Museum.

Dr. G. Radde
M. H. Gadeau de
Kerville.

Major St. John.
Turin Museum.
M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.
Lyons Museum.
M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.

List of the Sjiecimens in the British Mnseu

m.

387

22-23. Yg
24. S ■
2o-2fi. (J
27. Y-. .

L. Phiala, uiider Mt. Hermoii
K. slope of Mt. Hermon
Merom ....
Jerusalem

Var. MAJOR, Big

1-

3. J .

4.

(? .

5.

(? .

6-

7. S,

8.

+

9.

<? .

10

-11. c?

12

Yir. .

13. Yg.

14. Yg.
15- <? , type o:

fusca .
16. S ■

f var

Zara, Daliuatia
Dalmatia

Greece.
Athens

Canon Tristram.
Dr. J. Anderson.
Canon Tristram.

Hr. Spada-Novak.
Hr. Heckle.
Christiania

Museum.
M. G. de Southoff.
Zoological Society.
Dr. E. Schreiber
(Lataste Coll.).

L. Stymphalos, N. Morea

Sta. Maura, Ionian Ids.

Milos Dr. J. de Bedriaga

. Dr. A. Smith Wood-
ward.
. Noi-man Douglass,

Esq.
. Dr. F. AVerner.

(Lataste Coll.).

17, 18-22. ? and

yg. . . . Crete Baron von Maltzan.

23-2t3. S and yg. . „ Miss D. Bate.

27. ? . . . Syra.

28-29. S . . Rhodes C. G. Danford, Esq.

30. (? . . . Asia Minor C. Fellows, Esq.

31. S ■ • ■ Zebil Bulgar Dagh, Cilician Taurus,

4000 f C. G. Danford, Esq.

32-33. S ■ ■ N.W. of Ispahan, Persia, 5500-6000 f. . K. B. Woosnam,

Esq.

Var. AvoosNAMi, Blgr.
1-8. (J , ? , types . S. Coast of Caspian Sea, Persia .
9. Yg. . . . Bash Niirashin, N.W. Persia

Var. scHEEiBERi, Bedr.
1-2. (? , 9 . . Burbia, Prov. Leon
3, 4. ? and yg. . ^, „ ...

5-10. (J and yg. . Corunna .....

21-20. <?, ? and

yg. . . . Galicia ......

21-22, 23. (?, V'

sind yS- ■ ■ „

E. B. Woosnam, Esq.
R. T. Gunther, Esq.

Dr. H. Gadow.
E. Britten, Esq.
M. V. L. Seoane.

(Lataste
Coll.).

388

Lacertidie.

24-33. <?, 9 . Lozoya Valley, near Madrid, 1000-
1500 m

34. ? . . .La Granja, Sierra de Guadarrema

35. 5" . . . Coimbra ......

36-38,39-41. <? , ?

and yg. . . Serra de Gerez, Portugal
42-45. S , '+' , and
yg., types of var.
gadovii . . Serra de Monchiqiie, Algarve

M. de la Escalera.
Dr. H. Gadow.

1. ?

1. <?

2. ?
3-4. <?
5-6. (?

7. J

8. ?

9. ?

10. Yg.

11. <?
12-13. Y

Lacerta princeps, Blanf.
Near Shiraz, Persia

Lacerta ucellata, Daud.

Forma typica.

Valdeblore, Alpes-Maritiines, 1140 m.
Antibes ......

Cannes

Nice.

H. F. Witherby,

Esq.

M. G. F. de Witte.

Ste. Cecile, Yaucluse
Marseilles

Montpellier

Cap Cerbere, Pyrenees-Orientales

13,14. Hgr.andyg. Arlac, Gironde

and

15-16. <?

17. ? .

18. c? ■
19-24. c

yg- •

25. <? .

26. <? .

27-28. S and hgr.

29-32. ?, hgr. and

yg- •

33-40. Hgr.andyg.

41. ? .

42. <? .

43. <? .

44. (J .

Oleron Id. . . • .

Galicia, Spain ....

Ferrol, Galicia ....

Silos, Burgos . . * . .
Villa Franca, Leon
Cacabelos, Leon ....
Madrid

Lozoya Valley, near Madrid, lOOO ni.
Ciudad Real .....

Albufera, Valencia

Seville

Gibraltar

Dr. J. de Bedriaga
(Lataste Coll.).

M. M. Mourgue.

M. Siepi

(Lataste Coll.).

M. M. Blanc

Prof. Duboscq.

O. Thomas and
E. I. Pocock, Esq.

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

M. P. Chabanaixd.

M. V. L. Seoane.

Eev. S. Gonzales.
E. Britten, Esq.

M. V. L. Seoane.

M. de la Escalera
Prof. E. Bosca

(Lataste Coll.).
Lord Lilford.
M. V. L. Seoane.
Prof. Calderon.
R. MacAndrew.Esq.

List of the Specimens in the British Museim.

389

45. Hc^r. . , Spain _

40-47. Kgr., ami ysr. Coimbra.

48-49. Yg. . . Poiiierao, Portuo-al

50. Hgr. . . Aleoeliete,

51-52. (? and yg-. . Cintra,

^3. (7 . . . l/ower Alemtejo

54. (?, type of L.

senegalensis . — ?

Lord Lilford.
Dr. H. Gadow.

M. G. de Southoff.
Col. Terbury.
Wilfred Neville,

Esq.

Var. PATER, Lataste.

1. 2. c?, ? . .Tunis Mr. L. Fraser.

3-6. <?, ? andyg. Ain Drahan, N. Tunisia . . . M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.

'-10- c?, ? . . Duirat, S. Tunisia Dr. J. Anderson.

11-14. J, ?, hgr.

and yg. . . Bona Dj.. Hagenniiiller.

I0-I6. Hgr. and
yg., types . . Guelma, Prov. Constantine . . . M. Letourneux

(Lataste Coll.).
17-20. ^, 9 and

hgr., types Setif M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

21. Yg., type . Lambesa

22. Yg., type . El Guerah

23-24. ?, types . Batna

25,26. <?, f .N. ofBi.skra Canon Tristram"

27-28. Yg. . . Algiers.

29. Hgr., type . „ .M. p. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
30- ? . . . Hammam Meskoutine, near Algiers . Dr. J. Anderson.
31. (J (Chrysolam-

prus algirus,

Eitz.) . . Algeria.

32-33, 34. g, ¥

and yg. . . Tlemsen, Prov. Gran . . . . Dr. J. Anderson.
35-37. S and yg. . „ ^, .... Lord Rothschild

and Dr. E. Hartert.
38-43. <7, 9 and

yg., types of v.

tanyitana . . Tangier M. H. Vaucher.

44-49. S. ? and

yg- • . . „

50-51. (J and yg. . „

(Lataste Coll.).
52-60. S, 9 and

y?- • • . Iniintaniout, foot of Atlas of Morocco . Hr. Eiggenbach.

La cert idle.

390

61-70. <J, ? and

yg. . . . Fenzou, Atlas of Morocco . . . Hr. Eiggenbach.

71. Hgi\ . . Seksawa, ,, ... „

72. Yg. . . . Tauiarutli Valley, Atlas of Morocco,

1500 m

Lacerta atlantica, Peters & Doria.

1. $, one of the

types Arrecife, Lanzarote, Canary Ids.

2. Hgr.,

3-11. (?,?andyg. Haria Valley, Lanzarote

. Lanzarote ....

12-15. <?,

'+

16-19. 4

20. Yg. .

21. Yg. .

Marquis G. Doria.

(Lataste Coll.).

D. A. Eannerman,

Esq.
Dr. Eicliter.

E. G. B. Meade-
Waldo, Esq.

P. B. Webb, Esq.
E. :Mac Andrew, Esq.

Lacerta qalloti, D. & B.
1,2. (? and yg. . Teneriffe

3-31. $, ?andyg.

32. ^ . . . Santa Crnz, Teneriffe
33-34. (?, 9 . . Canary Ids. .
35-3(). ? and hgr. ,,

37-38. 9 and hgr.,
types of Zootoca
derbiana

39. Yg. .

40. Yg. .

— ?

_ ?

. H.M.S. "Challen-
ger."
. D. A. Bannerman,

Esq.
. M. J. Nieoll, Esq.
. M. G. de South off.
. M. Verneaii

(Lataste Coll.).

Lord Der1iy.

P. 15. Webb, Esq.

E. MacAndrew, Esq.

Lacerta stehlini, Schenkel.

1-3. ,^, ? . . Gran Canaria

4-7. <J , V and yg.

8-9. Yg.
10. Yg. .

Vienna Museum.
Hon. C. Baring and

W. E. Ogilvie

Grant, Esq.
Dr. J. G. Fischer.
Prof. Poulton.

Lacerta simonyi, Stclv.

1 , 2. <J , !^ . . Eoques del Zalmor, near Hierro,

Canary Ids Canon Tristram.

ii'sf of the Specimens in ihe British Museum.

391

1- ?

2. 2 .

3-6. S , ? and yc

8-12. S, ^ .
13-14. <?, V

15-1(5. <?, ?
i;

18.

+
? .

19.

$ ■

20.

? .

21.

n
+

22.

,? .

23.

? •

24.

(? .

25-28.
29-30.
31-33.

and

34-35. i, ?
36. ^ .

37-40. <?, ?

41. ? .

42. ? .

43. ^ .

44-46. +' and j'g.

47. <? .

48. (? .

49-51. J and ligr,

52. Hgr.

53-56. S ■'iiii^l lit?i'-

57-58. c?, ? .

59-62. ?

63. <? .

64. ? .

Lacert.\ vivipara, Jac(
Sweden

Jutland

Scotland ....

Lhanbryde, Morayshire
W. Ross-shire

Donglas, Isle of Man
Rhyl, Flintshire .
Levishain, Yorkshire

Thetford, Norfolk .
Eastbourne, Sussex
Limpsfield, Surrey

Shcii-e Common, near Guildford
Hindhead, -Surrej' .
Near Petersfield, Hampshire
Ringwood, „

. Bloxworth, „

Bournemoutli, „

Poole Heath, Dorset slii re
Corfe Castle, „

Fowey, Cornwall .

Co. Meath
. Leggs, Co. Farmanagh .
. Graigue, Co. Kilkenuj' .

Near St. Malo

La Ferte-Mace, Orne

Bondy, near Paris .

Rambouillet, near Paris
St. Quentin, Aisne
Aube ....

Mont Dore ...
La Bourboule, I'uy-de-D6me
Foret de Lente, Drome .
Mt. Belladone, Isere

. C. J. A. Thuden,

Esq.
. Christiania

Museum.
. Dr. Johnston.
. Dr.T. B.Henderson.
. W. Taylor, Esq.
. W. Eagle Clarke,

Esq.
. R. Soathem, Esq.
. H. E. Forrest, Esq.
. Bro. Philip Wid-

dowson.
. LordAValshingham.
. T. Hopley, Esq.
. G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
. W. J. Lnnn, Esq.
. E. Britten, Esq.
. Mrs. Mowatt.
. F. Bond, Esq.
. A. Lover idge, Esq.
. G. A. Boulengei-,

Esq.
. "W. Thompson, Esq.
. E. R. Banks, Esq.
. G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
. Field Office.
. MajorH. Trevelj'an.
. Capt. Barrett

Hamilton.
. G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
. M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.
. M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
. M. E. Simon
. M. F. Lataste „
. M. Collin de Plancy
(Lata.ste Coll.).
. M. P. Lataste „
. M. G. F. de Witte.
. Prof. L. Leger.

392

Larertichv.

65 m. ? . . Lirann, Cantal

67-09. (? . . Bordeaux

70. Yg. . . . Lnchon, Pyrenees .

71. ? . . . Lac d'Oo, Hantes-Pyrenees

72-76. ? and yg-.

77-78. ?

79-88, 89-95. J,

? and yg. .
96. V • . .

97-10.'?. c7. ? and

Ki-i-lll. (J, 9

112-113. S, +
114-117. ? .

1 1 8-125. (? , ? and

ys- ■

126. c? . ■
127-128. (? .
129. <? .
130-132. (? , 9 and

133-136. (?, ?
137-139. J, ?
140-14-6. ? andycf.
147-148. (? .

149. <? .
150-151. ,?, ?
152. 9 .
153-154. (? .
155. 9 .
156-157. c?, +

158. (? .

159. 9 .

160. t? .
161-164. (?, ?

165-166. ¥ .
167-169. <?, ?

Osten.l ....

Heyst, Belgium

Near Brussels
Bero^en-op-Zoom, Holland

Boussers, Vaud, Switzerland
Hollstei"-, Baden .

Saxtvny . . . . .
Berlin

M. E. Simon

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste „
M. A. Dollfus.
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.

. Prof. E. Blanchard
(Lataste Coll.).

. W. Morton, Esq.
. G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.
. M. G. de Soiitlioff.
. G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.

Sclineeherg, Lower Austria . . . Hr. F. Henkel.
Unterberg, near Pernitz, Lower Austria Dr. F. Werner.
St. Peter, near Grafenshrunn, Carniola Hr. F. Henkel.
Borgo, S. Tyrol Florence Museum.

1-4. e, ?

Bozau, Transylvania .... Prof. L. von Mehely.

Brosteni, Carpathians of Eoumania . M. A. Montandon.

Sinaia, „

Dambovita, „

Russian Lapland ....

Salowitzki Id., White Sea

Esthonia

Petrograd .....
Moscow ......

Uralsk

Kirghiz Steppes ....
Padun, R. Angara ....
Stanowyi Mts., E. Siberia
Nicolawsk, Amoor ....
Near Korsakoff, Sachalieu Id.

Sachalien Id. . ....

Lacerta derjugini, Nik.

Mechelripsch, Gov. Tchernomorskaja,

Transcaaicasia M. Nesterov.

Petrograd Museum

(Lataste Coll.).
Petrograd Museum.

Moscow Univerisity.
Petrograd Museum.

M. P. Anderson,

Esq.
Peti'ograd Museum.
Prof. S. Hatta.

o.

<?

6.

?

7.

?

8.

c?

i/s/ o/"/7/f Spechneni^ in the Brifish Mnspnm.

. Lagodechi, N. Kahlctio, Transcaucasia M. L Lantz
• lasotchka, near Sukliuni, Transcau-

casia, 400 m.
. Borjom, Gov. Tiflis ...

. Bakuriani, near Rorjom, 1200 m.

OQO

Laceeta praticola, Erersiii.
1-3.^ S and liyr. . Sukhnni Kale, Transcaucasia
'l-I-'. ,?,?and.vg. Comana Forest, Ylasca district, Ro

mania ...
13,14-15. J, V . Herkulesbad, Tran.s.ylvania

Lacerta taurica, Pall.
Forma typira.
+ • • . Crimea ...

and yo-. . Bakal, Crimea . . \
and hg'r. . Se)5astoi>ol
. Roumania

-3. 5
-5. ?
• S
-11.

hgr.

s

14.

t?
21.
23.
33.
35.
37.

(7,

S, ?

<?. ?
c?, ?

ancl

. Cerna Voda, Dobrud.ia, Roumania

. Gi'eei,

. Bazias, Roumania

. Rntsliuk, Bulgaria

. Constantinople.

. Kalaniaria, Salonica

. Tzabadka, Hungary

. Budapest

. Bndaijest-Frauzstadt

. Rakos, near Budape.st

Var. lONiCA, Lehrs.

^"^- <?' ? • • Tyrins to Mykeua, Morea
3-6. c? , ? and yg. L. Stymplialos,

"-10. (?, -^

11. c? .

12-13. S, o

14-15. <?, 9

16-17. 3, ^

18-19. ?

20-33. J, 9

Nision, Mesenia,

Cephalonia

Hagios Gerasimos, Cephalonia
Argostoli, Cephalonia .
Corfu .

. Petrograd Museum,
i-

. M. .-v. Montandon.

. Prof. L. von Meliely.

. Petrogi-ad Museum.
. L. E. Adams, Esq.
. Petrograd Museum.
. Dr. F. \V,.rner.

. M. A. Montandon.

. Piof. L. von Mehely.
Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. Kowatchefif.

Zoological Society.
Prof. L. von Mehely.
M. G. de Southoff.
Dr. P. Lehrs.
Prof. L. von Mehely.

• Dr. R, Ebner.
Norman Douglass,

Esq.
Hr. M. Holtz.
Hr. L. Midler.
Dr. F. Werner.
Hr. L. Midler.

E. Frett, Esq.

Lacerta peloponnesiaca, Bibr.
!--• (?, ? . . Morea ....
3-4. <? , ? . . Taygetos, Morea . . '

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
(Lataste Coll.).

894

Lacerfi(l8?

5-6. (? , 9 . . Olyinpia, Morea

7-8. <?,?..

i>. J . . . Myken.a,

10. J . . . Tyrins,

n. (J . . . Kalaiiiata, ,,

12-13. c?, ? ■

14-18. S, ? '^"'l

yo-. . . . L. Styiiiiihalos, Morea .

19-20. i, ?

Greece

Hr. L. Miiller.
Dr. K. Ebner.

Hr. L. Miiller.
M. O. de Southoff.

Norman Douglass,

Esq.
Zoological Society.

Lacerta muralis, Laur.

Forma typica.

1. y . . . Jersey ......

2-6. cj, <? and yo-. Great Cliansey Isle, Normandy

7-10. <?, ?

11-10. s, ?

17. c? .

18-21. S> ?

22-23. 3, ?

24-27. ?

Near St. Malo

St. Lunaire, Ille-et-Vilaine

. Dinan, CAtes-du-Nord .

. Pempet Isle, Glenan Ids., Brittany

28-31. $ and yg. . Tour.s ....

32-41. c?, 9 • • St. Epain, Indro-et-Loire

42-44. (7 , ? . . Oleron Id.

45-48. 9 and yg. . Cap Ferret, near Arcaehon

49. S ■ • -St. Sever, Landes .

G. Hornell, Esq.
M. H. Gadeavi de

Kerville.
G. A. Koulengei',

Esq.
E. G. Bonlenger,

Esq.
J. H. Pollen, Esq.
E. Britten, Esq.
Prof. A. Giard.

,, (Lataste
Coll.).
M. P. Chalianaud.

Prof. Cnenot.
M. Dubalen

(Lataste Coll.).

50-66. t?, ? and

yg. . . . Bordeaux

67. S ■ • ■ Aehard, near Bordeaux .

68. (J . . . Talais, Gironde

69-77. S, ? .and

yg. . . . Eanx-Bonnes, Pyrenees

78-84. <?,?..

85. ?

86. S

87. ?

Aspin, near Pic du Midi, 1545 m.
Paris . . ...

M. F. Lataste, „
E. Britten, Esq.
M . P. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. Kopperliorn

(Lataste Coll.).
M. Collin de Plancy

(Lataste Coll.).

List of the Specimens in ilie British Museum
88-92. (?, ? . . Houion, Fontainelileau .
93-95. t?, + anclyy. Odilienberg-, near Strasburg, 2680 f

395

96-97. <?, $ .
98-99. Ys. .

. Montpellier .
. Near Narbonne

M. E. Taton.

(Lataste Coll.).
G. A. Houleng-or,

Esq.
Prof. Duboseq.
M. E. Simon

(Lataste Coll.).
Prof. Yays.siere.
M. M. Mourguo.
Dr. P. Lehrs.

100-109. Jandyg. Marseilles

110-111. <? . . Kiou Isle, near Marseilles

112-115. (?, 5 . Villefranche-snr-Mer

116-124. J', 9 . Valdebloro, Alpes-Maritimes, 2000 ni. . M. P. Chabanaud.

125-134. (?, ? . Near Dinant, Belgium .... G. A. Bovilenger,

Esq
135. (J . . . Maredsous, near Dinant . . . Rev. B. Lebbe.
136-145. <J , V' and

146. 9 .
147-148. (J, ?

149-152. (7, 9
153-154. (? .

155-157. (?, ¥
158,159-161. J,
162. S ■
163-164. J .

Dent'e, ,,

Lower Ahr, Ehineland
Heidelberu'

. M. A. Van Delft.
. W. F. Kirby, Esq.
... Dr. J. de Bedriaga
(Lataste Coll.).
. Binningen, near Basle .... Dr. J. Roux.
. Close to Bies Glacier, near Randa,

Valais, 6500 f C. R. Bonleng-er,

Esq.
. Baden, near Vienna .... Dr. F. Werner.
? Vcislau, ,, .... ,,

. Meisenb.acli, near Vienna ...
. St. Peter, near Grafensbruun, Carniola Ilr. F. Henkel.

165-166. (J andy.g- Barcelona

O. Thomas and R. I.

Poeock, Esqrs.
M. G. de Southoff.
E. Britten, Esq.

167-172. c?, ? . „

173-182. J, ? . Hernani, Guipuzcoa

183. (J , tyj)e of var.

rasquiiuli . . La Deva, Arnao ..... Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

184. cj . . . E. Biu-bia at Ariadapedra, Leon . . E. Britten, Esq.

185-196. c?. 2 • Corvmna M. V. L. Seoane.

197-216, 217-229.

J , 'f and yg. . Silos, Burgos Rev. S. Gonzales.

230-243. (J , ? and

yg. . . . Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos . . „

244-248. (7, ? . Saragos.sa M. G. de Southoff.

249-268. cJ, 9 and

yg. . . . Lozoya Valley, near Madrid, 1000-

1500 m M. de la E.scalera.

269-272. (? , 9 . Bozen, S. Tyrol Hr. A. Mulser.

273-277. (?, ? and

yg. . . . Domodossola, Piedmont . . . Turin Museum.
278. (7 . . . Lanzo Vallej', „ ... „

279-289. ^,9 . Tiirin

290-294. ^,9 . Genoa Dr. R. Gestro.

396

LarerticLv.

295. 9 .
296-297. <?,
298-299 J
30(1. Hgr.
:;oi. ? .

302. S ■

303. (? .
30+. ? .
305-310. (7, ¥

311-313. <7 andy<
314-316. <?, ?

317. c? •

318. ? .

319. Yg.
320-321. (? .

322. ,? .

323. <? .

324. <? .
325-326. <?, ?

327. (? .

328. J .
329-330. <?, ?

1. S

Portofino, near Eapallo
Ferreira, Apennines
Fli irence .

Brozzi, neai- Florence
Axxtrodoeo, Abruzzi
Pietrocaniela-Casale, Abriizzi
Yillalaga-Auversa, ,,

Montreale, Abruzzi, S. of Gran Sasso

2900 f

Boseo d'Unibra, Monte Garo-ano

Bosnia .....

Travnik, Bosnia

Livno, „ ...

Korito, Herzegovina, 1000 m.

Teteven, Bulgaria .

Panagiurista, ,, . . .

Eutshuk, ,, . . .

Bazias, Eouniaiiia .

Herkulesbad, „ .

L. Styniphalos, Morea .

Pentelicon, near Athens
, (?) Crete ....

Var. piUMANA, Weru.
Gorizia .....

2-4. ? an<i h

gr. .

Karst

5-6. <?, ;

Trieste

7-9. (? and

yg--.

types

Fiume

10-12. <?,

?

Zee Isle, near Veglia ....

13. cJ .

Cherso Id., Istria

14. ? .

•

Lussin Id., „

15-18. <?,

+

Zara, Dalniatia .....

19-26. <?,

n
+

27-29. c?.

o
+

Solta Id., Dahnatia ....

30. J .

Brazza Id., ., ....

31-32. S>

n
+

Lesina Id., „ . . . .

33-34. ¥

Curzola Id., „ ....

35. S .

Scoglio Supetar, Dalniatia .

36-38. c?

> V

and

yg- ■

Bosnia .......

39-41. S,

?

Capljina, Herzegovina . . . .

42-43. (?,

+

Biikovici, „ . . . .

44-45. S

+

Brestica, „ . . . .

46-48, 49-

50.

J

Trebinje, „ < • • '

Turin Museum.
Prof. G. B. Howes.
Florence Museum.
M. G. de Southoff.
Dr. A. Banchi.
Dr. R. Ehner.

M. G. de Soiithoff.
Prof. O. Neumann.
Hr. C. Floericke.
Dr. F. Werner.

Prof. Kovatclieff.

Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. von Mehely.
Norman Douglass,

Esq.
Dr. R. Ebner.
Miss D. Bate.

Dr. E. Sehreiber
(Lataste Coll.).

Dr. F. Werner.

M. G. de Southoff.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. E. Sehreiber

(Lataste Coll.).
M. Spada-Novak.
M. G. de Southoff.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. R. Ebner.

Dr. F. Werner.

Hr. C. Floericke.
M. Trebitzky.
Dr. F. Werner.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.
Var. LissANA, VVern.

397

1-3. S, ^, types . Lissa Id., Dalmati.-i,

4-5, 6-15. c? . + . „

16- (? . . . Glavati, Lagosta Id., Dalnmtia

1-3. S, ?, types
4-5. (? .
6-9. S, ?
10-13. ^
14-15. S
16- S .

17. (? , type of var.

galvagnii .

Var. MELisELLENsis, Brauii.
Melisello Id., near Lis.sa.

Dr. F. Werner.
M. G. de Southoff.
Dr. F. Werner.

. Dr.F. Steindachner.
. Dr. F. Werner.
. M. Spada- Novak.
. Prof. Kolonibatovic.
. Hr. L. Miiller.
. Dr. E. Sclireiber

(Lataste Coll.).

Scoglio Kaniik, W. of St. Andrea, near

Lissa

Var. SERPA, Kaf.

1-11- S, ?
12-14. S, ¥
15. (? .

1-2. S . .

3. ? .

■1. V . .

5-9. (?, 9 .
10-25. (?, ^' and

26-28. ^, V

29. c? .

30 34. S, '^

35-37. (?, ?

38. V . . .

39- (? . type of var.
livornensis .

10. <? . . .

41-42. <?, ¥
43-46. (J, 9
47-50,51-52. (J, y
53-55. <?, 9
56. ? .
57-58. <J
59. J .

. Monte Cuecio, near Palermo
. Bosco di Marineo, Palermo
Palermo ....

Var. cAMPESTKis, De Betta.
. Verona ■...,.

Venice ......

Lido, near Venice ....

Treviso .

Turin
Bologna .

Viareggio, near Pisa
Florence

Calambrone, Livorno

Ancona .

Perngia .

L. Trasimene, Perugia

Castelfranco, Ostia

Rome

Autrodoco, Abrnzzi

Auversa, „

Alfedena, ,

Dr. F. Werner.

Prof. O. Neumann.
Hr. L. Miiller.
Count M.G. Peracca.

. Sig. E. De Betta

(Lata.ste Coll.).
. Dr. F. Werner.
. M. Sedillot (Lataste
Coll.).

. Sig. Scarpa (lataste
Coll.).

. Turin Mu.seum.
. Prof. J. J. Biancuni.
. M. G. de Southoff.
. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
. Florence Museum.
. M. G. de Southoff.

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
. Count M.G. Peracca.

Dr. L. W. Sambon.
Dr. F. Werner.
Dr. E. Ebner.

398

LacertidpB.

60. S ■

61. S .

62. ■} .
63-64.. <?

65. S .

66. ? .
67-70. (?, V'
71-76. (?, V
77-7S. S
79-82. (?, ¥

Assergi, Abrnzzi
Elba

Corsica .
Trieste .

Pola. Istria .
Liissin Id., Istria
Sanseg'o Id., „
Zara, Dalinatia

VaV. ALBIVENTRIS, Bp.

1,2-3. (?, ■+'

■1-5, (?, +

6-11. S > V !i"dyy

r-'-i6. (?, +'

17-20. H-r. .

21. V • • •

22-23. c?, V

2-i. ¥ • • ■

25-27. c?, V

28. (? , type of va.r.

latastii
29-30. (? , V , types

of var. lalastii .

31-35. (?, V

36-37. (?

38-40. c?, +

4.1. c? .

42. V •

43. ¥ . type of 7>
faraglionensis

44. <?,

45. (? (var.

cxrulaa)

46-19. c?, + >.
50-52. (?, V
53-56. (J, V '"1*1

yg- •

Koiue

Naples

PoiDpeii

Iscliia Id.,
Veiidotena Id.
San ytefano Id.

Ponza Id.

Vivara Id.
Procida Id. .
Casamicciola Id.
Capri

Faragiioiie Kock, near Capri

Dr. E,. Ebner.
W. C. Trevclyan,

Esq.
M. A. Dollfus.
G. A. Boiilenger,

Esq.
Dr. F. Werner.

M. Spada-Novak.
M. G. de South off.

W. C. Trevelyan,
Esq.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga
(Lataste Coll.).

Florence Museum.

E. Noble Smith,

Esq.

M. G. de Southoff.

Florence Museum.

M. G. de Southoff.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

(Lataste Coll.).
Florence Museum.
F. Eobin, Esq.

Reggio, Calabria
Lecce, Otranto

Dr. J. de Bedriaga

(Lataste Coll.).

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

(Lataste Coll.).

Sir E. Kay

Lankester.
Hr. A. Mulser.
Florence Museum.

M. G. de Southoff.

List of the Sjieciineiis in the British Museum . 399

. Prof. O. Xeuinann.

57-66. (? , i' . Monte Gargiino

67-85. ^, V and

yg. . . . S. Nicola, Teriniti Ids. .

b6. ^ . . . Arbe Id., Istria

87-88. ^ . . Zai-a, Dalniatia

89-91. (? . . Cazza Id., near Lissa
92-95, 96-104. g,

'+ and yg. . . Scoglio Susac, near Lissa

105. (J . . . Pelagosa Grande, near Lissa
106-109. S , + and

yg- •

. JI. G. de Southoff.
. Dv. h\ Werner.
. M. Spada-Novak.
. Prof. Kolonibatovic.

. M. G. de Soutlioff.
. Prof. Kolonibatovic.

. Dr. F. Werner.

Var. ERHAKDI,

Bedr.

1. s

. Petali, Euboja

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga

2-3. S,

+

. Delos, Cyelades

. Dr. K. Ebner.

4. <?

. 'I'enos, „

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

5-6. S,

+

. Mykenos, „

. llr. L. MilUer.

7. <?

. Syra, „

»

8-14. (? , V , types

of var. naxensis . Naxos, Cyclades
15-18. c?) ? . Santorin, „

19-21. (J, V and

bgr. . . . „

22-23. (? , type:i of

var. milcnsis . Milos, „

24-25. c? , ? , types

of var. nigro-

galaris . . Erimoiuilo, „

. Dr. ¥. Werner.
. Hr. L. Miiller.

. Dr. K. Ebner.

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

. Dr. F. Werner.

Var. yuADRiLiNEATA, Gray.
1 • (?) type of var.

Corsica . . Orezza, Corsica ....
2-5. (?, V • • Corte, „ ....

6-8. c?, V . . „ „ ....

9-15. (J , + and

yg. . . . Ajaccio Basle Museum.

16-17. J, V . Corsica M. A. Dollfus.

18-37. (?, '+' and

yg. . . . Latsorbe, Urzulei-Ogliastra Mts., Sar-

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
. Florence Museum.
. Dr. Forsyth Major.

dinia, 39 )0 f

38-44. <?,'+' . Fhimini di Quarto, Sardinia

45-48. <?, V • Lanusei, Sardinia . . . .

49-54. <?, ¥ and

yg ' „ . . . .

55. '^ . . . Ghilazzo, ,, . . . .

56-57. S and yg. . Cagliari

58-60. <?, ? . „

61-65. (?,'+' . Carloforte, S. Pietro Id., Sardinia
66-68. V , tyjjes . Sardinia

. Sig. G. Meloni.

. Count M.G.Peracca.

. Hr. L Miiller.

. M. G. de Southoff.
. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
. Florence Museum.
. CountM.G.Peracca.
. M. G. do Southoff.
. Eev. W. Hennah.

400

Lacertidpe.

Var. Fii,FOLENSis, Bedr.

1-3. <?, 9 . . Malta
4-7. S ami yg. .

8-9. <?...„ . .

10-23. (?, V and

yi?- . . . „ . .

24. c? . . . „

25-28. (J, V . „

29-31. ¥ ai'i^ yy- . „ . •

32. (? . . . „

33-34. i . . Biretzbriya, Malta . . . .

35-45. <?, V' ^11*^^

yg. . . . KocKy island near mouth of St. Paul's

Bay, Malta

40 47. (J , types . Filfola Koek, near Malta

48-58. c?, ? • » » . . .

59-72. S. 4 ■ „ >. . . .

73-76. J, V • .> ., . . .

77. +' . . . Linosa ......

78-84. S, ''4 ■ ■ -

85-87. cT, '+'

88-115. g, V and

yg-. . . . Lampione Id., near Linosa .

J. Ritchie, Esq.
A. A. Tollemache,

Esq.
Florence Museum.

Capt. H. Lynes.
Mrs. F. H. Pollen.
Mr. M. G. Despott.
J. L. Clarke, Esq.
Bryan Hook, Esq.
M. CI. de Southoff.

Capt. H. Lynes.
A. A. Tollemache,

Esq.
Norman Douglass,

Esq.
Mr. M. G. Despott.
M. G. de Southoff.
Florence Museum.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
M. G. de Southoff.

1-3. J, ? .
4-5. ¥ and yg

Var. LiLFOKDi, Gthr.
. Mahon, Minorca

f. c? > type of var.

balearica . . INIinorca .
7-8. J . . .1. del Key, Minorca
9-12. S, 4 ■

13-l(i. cJ, V > tyi^es I. del Ayre, Minorca

17-19. S, 4

24-30. ^, V

31-34. J, V

35 38. S , ?
39-40. S, 9

I. La Guardia, Majorca .

41-43. (?, ¥ • I- Clolomer,

44. <? , type of var.

gigliolii . . I. Dragoneras,

M. J. Ferrer.
Prof. Braun

(Lataste Coll.).

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
M. J. Ferrer.
Prof. Braun

(Lataste Coll.).
Lord Lilford.
M. J. Ferrer.
M. G. de Southoff.
Prof. Braun

(Lataste Coll.).
Prof. E. Bosca.

(Lataste Coll ).
M. G, de Southoff.

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.
45. (J , type of var.

401

girjliolii

46. <? .
47-89. t?, ? .

I. Dragoneras, Majorca .
I. Cabrera, S. of Majorca

Var. PITYDSENSIS, BosCii.

1-8. (? , ? , types . Iviza, Baleares
9-18. t?, ? and

.yg:-. types . . „

19-21. c?, ?, types „
22-29. (?, $ . . „

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
(Lataste Coll.).
. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
. M. G. de Southoff.

Prof. E. Boscil.

Prof. E. Bosca.
(Madrid Mviseum).
Prof. E. Bosca

(Lataste Coll.).
M. G. de Southoff.

V'AY. BEUEGGEMANNI, Becll".

1-13.

c?, ? .

. Genoa ......

. Dr. K. Gestro.

14-16.

^,? ■

. Sestra Ponente, near Genoa .

. Turin Museum.

17-18.

<?, ? •

. Eapallo ......

. Dr.W.Wolterstorff

19-22.

<?, ? •

. Portofino, near Rapallo

. Turin Musevxni.

23. <?

type .

. Spezia

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

24-29.

S, ?

and

yg-

. Lerici, near Spezia

. Bryan Hook, Esq.

30-31.

c? •

. Bologna

. Dr. F.Werner.

32. (?

. Near Florence ....

. M. G. de Southoff.

33. <J

...

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

34-39.

<?, ?■

. Bagni di Eipoli, near Florence

. Dr. A. Banchi.

40-12.

<? ■

. Tuscany

. Zoological Society.

Var. NIGEIVENTRIS, Bp.

1- (?) type of var.

flaviimdata . Rome

2-8. <?, ? . . „
9-17. t?, ?andyg.

18. <? .

19. ? .
20-39. (?, ?

40. S ■

41. <? .

1.

c?

2-

9. <?,

? ■

10

-14

15

-18

19-

-21

VOL.

II.

Campagna near Rome .

Castelfranco, Ostia

Ariccia, near Albano

S. Stefano Id., near Naples .

Italy.

Var. INSULANICA, Bedr
Pianosa Id., near Elba .

Scarpa Id., near Pianosa
Scuola Id., „

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Rev. G. Fournier.
Prof. D. Vinci-

guerra.
Prof. R. Collett.
Dr. L. W. Sambon.
M. G. de Southoff.

Prof. L. Camerano.
Count M.G. Peracca.
M. G. de Southoff.

26

402

Lacertidie.

VaV. TILIGUERTA, Gill.

1-10. S, ?

and yg.

Giglio Id., Tuscan Archipelago

. .Marquis G. Doria.

11. Yg

„ ,,

. Florence Museum.

12-13.

<?

Gianutri Id., „

„

14-19.

(?.

? •

Cagliari ....

„

20. <7

A-sseniini, near Cagliari

. Count M .Or. Peracca.

21-25.

S,

? .

S. Sardinia ....

),

26-27.

C?

Sardinia ....

. Dr. F. Werner.

28-29.

S,

? .

Carloforte, S. Pietro Id., S.^
Sardinia ....

T. of

. M. G. de Southoff.

30-32.

S

and yg.

Messina .....

. Florence Museum.

33-37.

S,

? .

,,.....

. Count M.G. Peracca.

38-42.

S,

? ■

Tarmina ....

. Prof. 0. Neumann.

43. S

Catania

. Florence Museum.

44-51.

S,

? •

......

. Count M.G. Peracca

52-54.

$,

? •

Granimichele, Prov. Catania

. M. G. de Southoff.

55. 3

Syracuse ....

. Florence Museum.

56-59.

S,

? •

Modica

„

60-61.

S,

? ■

Palermo ....

. Dr. F. Werner.

62-63.

s.

? ■

Monte Cuccio, near Palermo .

. Prof. 0. Neumann.

64. ?

Marettimo, Egades Ids.

. M. G. de Southoff.

65. ?

Stromboli, Lipari Ids. .

. Florence Museum.

66-67.

?

and hgr

„ „

. Dr. E. Ebner.

68-74.

<?,

?■

Salina, „

. M. G. de Southoff.

75-77.

s,

?■

Lipari Ids. ....

. Florence Museum.

78-80.

s.

9 •

Kamma, Pantellaria Id.

. Dr. J. de liedriaga.

81-84.

<?

? •

„ „

. M. G. de Southoff.

85. ?

Binisaida, Minorca

. Hr. L. Miiller.

86. <?

Marcadal, „

. M. G. de Sovithoff.

Var. BEDRiAG^, Garner.

1-2. (J, $, types . Bastelica, Corsica Dr. J. de Hedriaga.

3. (7 . . Tinozzo, ...... Florence Museum.

4-7. (? , ? . . Vizzavona, , M. G. de Southoff.

8-9. (J and hgr. . Corsica . . . . . . . G. A. Boulenger,

Esq.

10. c? • • • „ Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

11-16. ^', ? . . „ .

(Lataste Coll.).
Var. SARDOA, Peracca.

1-3. 9 • • • Mt. Gennargentu, Sardinia . . . Sig. G. Meloni.

1-3. <?, types
4-19. <?, ? andyg.,
types .

Var. LiOLEPis, Blgr.
Valencia, Spain ..... Lord Lilford.

Prof. E. ]5oscii.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum
20-29. (J, $, types Valencia, Spain ....

403

30-34. S, 9 and
yg., types .

35-42. ^, '^ and
yg-., types .

43-45. (?, ? .

Prof. E. Bosca
(Madrid Museum).

Prof. E. Bosca

(LatasteColl.).

Foyos, near Valencia

. Prof. E. Bosca

(Madrid Mviseum).
Seville Prof. Calderon.

Vav. HispANiCA, Stdr.
1-2. Yg. . Almeria, Spain ...

3. Hgr. . . . Spain ....

. Senckenberg

Museum.
. Madrid Museum.

1-6. <? , $ , types
7. (? . .

Var. VAUCHERi, Blgr.
Tang-ier M. H. Vauclier.

. Salir, Algarve, Portugal

Var. BOCAGii, Seoane.

1. ?,type .
2-5. <?,<,?. .

6-11. tJ, ? and
hgr. .

13-17. <J, 9 and

hgr. .
18-20. <? and hgr.

21-24, 25-30. <?,

9 and hgr.
31-35. c?, ? .
36-37. <?
38-39. (J
40-42. <J, !? and

yg- •

43-50. (?, ?

51-52. (J and hgr.

53. ? . . .
54-55. 9 and yg. .
56-60. <?, 9 and

yg- •

61-64. c? and yg.
65-68, 69-71. ^,

? • ■ ■

Corunna
(jralicia, Spain

Dr. H. Gadow.

M. V. L. Seoane.
Miss Bucks.

M. V. L. Seoane
(Lataste Coll.).

Isla Major, Sisargas Ids., N.W. Spain . W. C. Tait, Esq.

Tviy, Pontevedra Prof. E. Boscil

(Lataste Coll.).

Cacabelos, Leon E. Britten, Esq.

Sierra de Pico, Burbia, Leon . . Dr. H. Gadow.

Ariadapedra, „ „ .

Villa Franca, ,, „ .

Escorial, Madrid .

Lozoya Valley, near Madrid,

1500 m

Ciudad Real ....

1000-

Los Morismos, Andalucia
Oporto ....

Coimbra

Murca, Tras os Montes .

Serra de Gerez

E. Britten, Esq.

. Madrid Museum.

. M. de la Escalera.
. Prof. E. Bosca

(Lataste Coll.).
. Dr. H. Gadow.

. Dr. J. A. Henriques.
. Dr. H. Gadow.

4U4

Lacertidis.

72. Yo-.

73-75. s, ?
76-89. c?, ¥ i

90-100. (?, !^
101-105. (J, V
106. ? .

107-108. <?, ¥

109. c? .

110. ? .
111-112. (?

113. $ .

114. Yo-.

Cintra
Near Lisbon

ind

. Tamarutli Valley, Atlas of Morocco
. Fenzou, Atlas of Morocco
. TIemsen, Prov. Oraii

. Sersou Plateau, Prov. Oraii .

. Daya, Prov. Oran ....
. Eorfa des Beni Salam, near Aiimale

Chabet el Akra, Setif .
. Tebesa, Prov. Constantino
. Madeira (?)

Col. Yerbviry.
Dr. H. O. Forbes.

Hr. Kiggenbach.

Dr. J. Anderson.
Lord Bothscliild.
and Dr. E. Hartert.
M. Maupas (Lataste
Coll.).
M. E. Simon „
M. F. Lataste „

P. B. Webb, Esq.

Var. MONTICOLA, BlgT.

1. $ , type . . Spain

2. ? , „ . . Serra Estrella ....
3-4. $ . . . Sierra de Pico, Burbia .

Var. BEEViCEPS, Blgr.

1. (?,type . . Italy?

2. ? . . . Babaplanina, Herzegovina, 4550 f.

Var. HOEVATHi, Meliely.

1- c? J type . . Jasenak, Croatia ....
2-3. ¥ . . . „ „ ....

4. ¥ • • • Kapela Range, Croatia .

Madrid Museum.
Dr. H. Gadow.

Prof. F. S. Monti-

celli.
Dr. F. Werner.

Prof. L. von Mchely.
Dr. F. Werner.

Var. CAUCAsicA, Meliely.

1. (? . . . Armenia .....

2-3. S ■ • . Mt. Fatguss, Vladikaukas, Caucasus
4. ^ . . . Dagliestan, Caucasus

Petrograd Museum.
Dr. G. Eadde.

1-

5. c?

, ? •

6-

7- ?

and y

8.

<?

9.

V

10

?

11

-12.

c?, ?

13

?

.

Var. CHALYBDEA, EicllAV.

lelenovka, L. Gokclia .
Kavkaz, „ ...

Near Borjom, Gov. Tiflis
Caucasus .....

Van, Kurdistan
Mesopotamia ....
Bithynian Olympus, 4850 f. .

Petrograd Museum.
Dr. V. Vavra.
M. L. Lantz.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga

(Lataste Coll.).
Lyons Museum.

Dr. F. Werner.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

405

1- <? .
2. <?
3- ? .

4-5. Hgr.

6-8. S, 9
9-10. 3, ^
11. ? .

Var. SAxicoLA, Eversni.
Crimea .
S. Coast of Crimea
Belaja E., affluent of Kuban K., Cau

casus .
Kuban R., Caucasus

Sliuska, E. Karaliao-li, Caucasus
Tativ,

Migri-Gerusi, Zangesur District, Cau-
casus . . . _
Borjom, Gov. Tifiis
Iasotchka,near Suklnim, Transcaucasia

12-14. J, V . .

15- c? .

16-20. g, ^ and

yg'- • • • Elisabetlipol, Transcaucasia

21. <?, type of Z
depressa, var
modesta

22. S .

23. ^ .

Petrograd Jfuseum.
Hr. A. Brauner.

Petrograd Museum.

(Lataste Coll.).
Petrograd Museum.

Dr. G. Radde.
M. L. Lantz.

1- ?

1-8. J. '^
9-10. J.

1. 9 , type

2. ? .

Trebizond ? .

Erdschias Dagh, Asia Minor

Cilician Taurus ...

Var. PORTscHiNSKii, Kessl.
Elisabethpol, Transcaucasia .

Var. DEFiLippii, Gamer.
Elburz Mts., Jf. of Teheran .
7000 f.

Var. EUDis, Bedr.

Trebizond ?

Tchorok, Caucasus

Petrograd Museum.

Turin Museum.
Hr. M. Holtz.

Petrograd Museum.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.
R. B. Woosnam, Esq.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Dr. a. Radde.

Lacerta chlorogastee, Blo-r.
1-2. 9 , types . Enzeli, S. Coast of Caspian Sea, Persia R. B. Woosnam, Esq
3-9 c?, 9 types. „ „ ^^ H. N. Eabino, Esq.

10-20.^7,?. .Resht, „ „ C.W.deBois

Maclaren, Esq.
Lacerta jacksonii, Blgr.

. Man Ravine, Brit. E. Africa, 7500 f. . Sir F. J. Jackson.
. Mt. Ruwenzori, 8500 f R.B.Woosnam, Esq

• -^'t- Elgon, 7000 f R. Kemp, Esq.

• Kegamaia, E. Africa . . . H. Turner, Esq.

1- c? , type
2. ? .
3-6. J .

7-8. 3, ?

Lacerta brandti, De Fil.

1-2. (? , 9 . . Rasano, Talisch jjr Leder.

3-5. ^, ? andyg. Salt Lake near Ardebil, Persia . . M. L. Lantz.

406

Lacertidfe.
Lacerta l^vis, Grav.

1. ?,type . . -?

2-4. J, ? • • Damascus

. Dr. J. Anderson.

5-15. S, ? ancl

hgi. .... „ ...

. M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville

16-17. <?, ? . . Sidon ....

. Lyons Miiseum.

18-19. <J and ligr. Beyrut ....

. Dr. J. de Bedriaga

(Lataste Coll.)

20-22,23-25. <?, ? Jerusalem

. Canon Tristram.

26. ? . . . Dead Sea

1-2. ^ and yg.,
types .

3-6. (? , ? and hgr.

Lacerta jayakari, Blgr.
Muscat, Arabia ....

Laceeta danfordii, Cxtlir.
Forma fypica.

Surgeon-Major
A. S. G. Jayakar.

1-7. (?, ? and
hgr., types .

Zebil Bulgliar Dagh, Cilician Taurus . C. G. Danford, Esq.

1. c?

1.

type

2-3. <? .
4. 3 .
5-6. <? .
7-9. c?, ?
10-11. c?, ^

Var. ANATOLiCA, Wern.
Near Eski Shehir, C. Asia Minoi-

Var. GE.iECA, Bedr.
Taygetos, Morea .

Kambos, Taygetos

Langliada, ,,
Megali, ,,

Lada, ,,

Lacerta oxycephala, J). & B

1. $ . .

Dalmatia . . . .

2-3. e .

Zara, Dalmatia

4. <? . .

Curzola Id., Dalmatia .

5-7. <?, ? .

,, ,,

8. c? . .

Lissa Id. . . . .

9-10. S-

,,...".

11-12. <?, V-

Gelsa, Lesina Id. .

13. c7 .

Bilak, Herzegovina

Dr. F. Werner.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga
(Lataste Coll.).
Hr. M. Holtz.
Hr. L. Miiller.

Dr. J. de Bedi-iaga.
M. Spada-Novak.
Florence Museum.
Prof. Kolombatovic.
Hr. L. Muller.
M. G. de Southoff.
Hr. L. Muller.

14. c? .

15. ? .
- 16. Yg. .

17-19. <?, '^
20. (? .

21-27. (?, ?

28. 9 .

1 10. <?,

11. ? .

12. c? •

List of the Specimens in the British Museum . W,

. Korito, Herzegovina, 3300 f . . . Dr. F. Werner.

. Trebinje, .....

. Ljubinje,

. Brestica, „ 4000 f,

. Gacko, „ 3000 f. .

. Babaplanina, Herzegovina .

. Cettinje, Montenegro .

M. G. de Southoft'.
Dr. F. Werner.

1. (7, type of r.

punctata . . Madeira .

2-4,5. <?, ? . „ .

6-11. <?, ? . . „ .

12-15. <?, ? . „ .

Lacerta mosorensis, Kolomb.
Biokovo Mt., Dalmatia, 4200 f. .
Dalmatia ......

Copntne Eundine, Montenegro

Laceuta dugesii, M.-Edw.

16-17. S

Prof. Kolombatovic.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Hr. L. Miiller.

Prof. T. Bell.
Capt. Parry.
A. Christy, E.sq.
J. Macgillivray,

Esq.

W. E. Ogilvie

Grant, Esq.
M. J. Nicoll, Esq.

18-24. (7, 9 . „

2.5-32, 33. <?, 9

and hgr. . . ,,

34-37. (?, ? . Funchal M. G. de Southoff.

38-40,41-44. (?,? Paul, 4000-5000 f.

4.5-47. (?, 9

48-50. <7

51-54. (?, ?

55-56. <J

. Great Piton .
. Porto Santo .
. Great Salvage
. Deserta Grande

Hon. C. Baring and
W. E. Ogilvie

Grant, Esq.

57. <? .

58-67. <?, ? and

yg- ■

6S. ? .

69. Tg. .

1. S

2. ? .

3. 2

Bugio, S. Deserta ....
Graciosa, Azores ....
Orotava, Teneriffe ....
Teneriffe.

Lacerta echinata, Cope.
Gold Coast

. Cameroon

. Kribi E., S. Cameroon

. W. E. Ogilvie

Grant, Esq.
. C. F. Blandy, Esq.

. W. E. Ogilvie

Grant, Esq.
. H.M.S. " Challen-
trer."

J. Morrow Camp-
bell, Esq.
D. G. Eiitherford,

Esq.
G. L. Bates, Esq.

408 Laeertidie.

4-7. (7, $ . . Bit y e, S. Cameroon

8. 9 . . . Benito R., Spanish Gviinea .

9. (J . . . Loango ......

\0. S ■ ■ ■ W. Africa.

Lacerta perspicillata, D. & B.
. Sta. Cruz, Oran . . . . .

3-9. S,

10-1-i.
1.5-16.

and yc

(J, ^ . Oran.

9 and ligr. „

17, 18. (?, ? . Algeria.

Algiroides pitzingeri, Wiegm.
1. (J . . . Latsorbe, Urzvxlei-Ogliastre Mts., Sar-
dinia, 1080 m

Sassari, Sardinia . . . . .
Tacqviisara, Sardinia . . . .
Lanusei, „ . . . .

Sardinia ......

2-3. S,

V

4. <?

5. S

6-7. S,

?

8, 9-10.

(?,

?

11. S

12. ?

13. 3 .

14. <? .

1. c?

. Orezza, Corsica

G. L. Bates, Esq.
H. I. Duggan, Esq.

Dr. J. Anderson.
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. Doumergue.
Lord Rothschild and
Dr. E. Hartert.

Sig. G. Meloni.
Florence Museum.
Marquis G. Doria.
M. G. de Southoff.
Baron v. Maltzan.

Turin Museum

(Lataste Coll.).

M. G. Olive

(Lataste Coll.).

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

Algiroiues MOREOTICU.S, Bibv.
L. Stymphalos, N. Morea

2. 3 . . . Ruins of Krami, Cephalonia ,
3-4. (?, $ . . Cephalonia . . . ,
5. (? , type of var.

dorix . . . Zante . . . . .

(Lataste Coll.).

Norman Douglass,

Esq.
Hr. L. Midler.
Dr. F. Werner.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.

1.

3 ■

2-4

, .5-7, 8-

9

10.

c? •

11.

3 ■

12-

14. 3

15.

3 ■

16.

3 ■

17.

3 ■

Algiroides nigropunctatus, D. & B.

. Gorizia Floi-enee Museum.

„ Dr. E. Schreiber

(Lataste Coll.).

Fiume Prof. L. v. Mehely.

Veglia Id., Istria Dr. F. Werner.

Mosor Mt., near Spalato, Dalmatia . Prof. Kolombatovic.

Corfu Sir A. Smith.

R. Frett, Esq.

Dr. F. Werner.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum. 409

18-2]. g, f .Corfu Hr. Kraiise.

22-25. S, ^

Hr. A. Mulser.

Aloiroides africanus, Blgr.

1. <?,type . . Entebbe, Uganda Mr. E. Deo-en

2-11. J, ? . . Madje, Ituri Dr. c.'christy.

12-15. c7, ? . Bitye, S. Cameroon . . G. L. Bates, Esq.

Philochortus spinali,"*, Peters.
1- c? • • • Etigdeia Sogheira, Ada], Eritrea . . Marquis O.

Antinori.
2-9. <?, t^ and yg. Ghiiula, Eritrea Sig. Ragazzi.

Philochortus phillipsii, BIot
1-2. c? and ligr., '^

types . . . Borbera, Sonialiland . . . . E. Lort Phillips,

Esq.
Philochortus neumanni, Matscliie.

1-2. ^ and bgr. . Lahej, near Aden Col. Yerbury.

3-5. (?, ^ andhgr. Wadis below Mt. Manif, North of

I^ahej A. B. Percival, Esq.

Philochortus intermedius, B1<4T.
1-10. <?, ^ and

yg., types . . Wagga, Goolis Mts., Sonialiland, 3000-

•1000 ft G. W. Bury, Esq,

11-29. J, ^ and
yg., types . . Inland of Berbera, Sonialiland, up to

J^OO ft a_ W^Bury, Esq.

30. (?,type . . Berbera, Sonialiland . . . . E. Lort Phillips,

Esq.
Philochortus hardeggeri, Stdr.
1-5. <? , ? and yg. Inland of Berbera, Sonialiland, up to

400 ft G. W. Bury, Esq.

6- c?, typo of La-

tastia degeni . :Mandah, Sonialiland .... Mr. E. Degen.

Latastia johnstonii, Blgr.

1. c?,type . . Masuka Plateau, Nyassaland, 6000-

7000 f Sir H. H. Johnston.

2. (7, type . . NyikaPlateau,Nyassalaud,6000-TOOOf.

3-6. <?, ? . . Morogoro, Tanganyika Territory . . A. Loveridge, Esq.

Latastia burii, Blgr.
1-2. (7 , types . Inland of Berbera, Sonialiland, up to

■400 ft G. W. Bury, Esq.

410

Laccrfidie.

1. ?

Latastia bosc/e, Bedr.
Dolo, Soinaliland .

. Capt. C. Citerni.

Latastia longicaudata, Reuss.

Forma typica.

1-7. t? , ? . . Durrur, N. of Suakiii ....

8-16. (?, ? and

hgr. . . . Suakin .......

17. (J . . . Sinkat, nr. Suakin .

18-19. ? . . Shendi, Egyptian Sudan

Dr. J. Anderson.

. W. P. Lowe, Esq.
. Hon. N. C. Eoths-
child.
20-21. (J, types of

L. samharica . Samhar Coast, Eritrea .... W. T. Hlanford.Esq.

22. ?, type of L.

sturti . . Komayli Pass, Eritrea .... „

23. Hgr. . . Between Berbera and Obbia, Somali-

land Sig. L. B.

Eobecehi.

24. (J . . Katagum, N. Nigeria .... Dr. J. M. Dal/iel.

1. (?,type .
2-4. c7 , ? . types

1. (?, one of the
types of L. dorise

2-4. S

and

ys'->

tliree

of

the

types

of

L.

dorix.

var.

mar-

tensi .

o. <? .

6. Hgr

7. ? .

8-9. ? .

10. 9 .

11. (7 .

12-14, 1

5-19.

'(?-

$ and

yg--

20. (? .

V;ir. ANDERSONii, Blyr.

Sheikh Othman, near Aden .
El Kubar, S.W. Arabia .

Var. REVoiLi, Vaill.
Eugdeia Sogheira, Adal, Eritrea

Keren, Bogos, Eritrea .

Near Abu Ushar, Blue Nile
Joba, Abyssinia
Taddeka Mullka, Abyssinia
S. Abyssinia .
Berbera, Somaliland

. Inland of Berbera

A. B. Percival. Esq.
G-. W. Bury, Esq.

Marquis O. Anti-

nori.

Dr. Heccari.

(Lataste Coll.).
Major S. S. Flower.
Mr. E. Degen.

Mr. P. C. Zaphiro.
E. Lort Phillips,

Esq.

Ct. W. Bury, Esq.
E. Lort Phillijjs,

Esq.

List of the Siiecimens in the British Museum.

411

21-26.

S

yg-

27-28.

(?

29. S

30. Hg

V.

31. c?

32. g

33. ?

34-35.

S

36. Yg

37. Ho

r.

aud

38. ?

. Wagga, Goolis Mts., iieai- Berhera,

3000-4000 f.
. Mandali, Somaliland
. Zaila, ,,

• Liigh,

. Between Shebeli and Jiiba Eiver;

. Takanugu, Coast of B.E. Africa
. Steppes N. of Fuladya, Kenia di

B.E. A

. Njempo Mdogo, B.E. A. .
. Lake Stephanie

. Dodoma, Tanganyika Terr. .

. G. ^^'. Bury. Esq.
. Mr. E. Degen.
. Capt. C. G. Nurse.
. Capt. Bottego.
. Sig. Ferrandi.
. Dr. Donaldson

Smith.
. A. H. Pereival, Esq.

trict.

. Prof. J. W. Gregory.
. S. E. Betton, Esq.
. Dr. Donaldson

Smith.
. A. Loveridgo, Esq.

1. $.

1- S
2-3. S,

4. Yg. .

5. Yu-. .

Latastia c'akinata, Peters.
Berbera, Somaliland . . . .

Latastia cappadocica, Werii.

Adana, Asia Minor
Hassan Gassi, Asia Minor
Kaisarieh, „
Dumbalagh Dagh, Cilician Taurus,
2000 m

E. Lort Phillips,

Esq.

Dr. F. Werner.
Prof. L. von Mehely.
C. G. Danford, Esq.

Dr. F. Werner.

1-9. (?, 4
10-11. H-

ACANTHODACTYLUS VULGAEIS, D. A.' B.

Forma tijinca.
and yg. Valencia, Spain ..... I'rof. E. Bosca.

(Lataste Coll.)

12-13. c?

and yg. .

Dehesa de Albufera, Valencia

. Prof. E. Boscu

(Lataste Coll.)

14, 15-17

S and

YS- ■

Tabernas de Valldigna, Spain

. Lord Lilford.

IS. S ■

Ciudad Eeal, Spain

. Prof. E. Bosca

(Lataste Coll.)

19. S .

Don Benito, Badajos, Spain .

. Prof. E. Bosca

(Lataste Coll.)

20. Yg. .

Abrantes, Portugal

Yar. BELLI, Gray.

. Dr. H. Gadow.

1. <? .

Sebdou, Prov. Oran

. M. Doumergue.

2-3. S ■

Sersoit Plateau, „ . . .

. M. Letourneux

(Lataste Coll.)

412

Lacertidfe.

4. ?

Vied Sedeiir, between Laghonat

and

Djelfa

M.

F. Lataste
(Lataste Coll.).

5-6. Y

?•, types

Algiers.

7-9. ?

and yg-. .

Hussein Dey, near Algiers .

M.

F. Lataste
(Lataste Coll.).

10-13.

? •

Matt'ray, near Bona

M.

F. Lataste
(Lataste Coll.).

14. c?

Setif, Prov. Constantine

M.

F. Lataste
(Lataste Coll.).

15. ?

Bord.i bou Arrerij, Constantine

M.

F. Lataste.

16. 3

Eorfa des Beni Salani, nr. Aumale

,,

17. Hg

V,

Wed (Dkris, nr. Anmale .

(Lataste Coll.).

18, 19.

s, ?

Algeria.
Var. MAURiTANicus, Doumer

gue.

1-2. ?

, types

Oran ......

M.

Douniergue.

3. <?

St. Denis le Sig, near Oran .

M.

F. Lataste
(Lataste Coll.).

4-9. S

, ligr. aiic

y.g--

Sta. Cruz, near Oran

Di

. J. .Anderson.

10 11.

?

Daya, Prov. Oran ....

M.

Doumergue.

12-13.

(?, ¥ •

La Senia, „ ...

,,

14. ?

Kralf'alla, „ ...

,,

15. 3

Guelt-es-Stel, C. Plateaux of Algeria .

Dr

. K. Jordan.

16, 17.

(?.. +' .

^Algeria.

Var. BLANCi, Doumergue.
1-3. S and yg.,

types . . . Tunis ......

4-7. (J, ? . . Nabeul, near Cape Bon, Tunisia .

. M. Doumergue.
. M. M. Blanc.

Var. LINEOMACULATUS, D. it B.

1-5 <J, + . . Tangier M. H.Vaucher.

6-7. Hgr. and yg. ........ ,,

(Lataste Coll.).

8. (J ... „ Mr. L. Fraser.

9. Yg. . . ■■ . „ Prof. G. B. Howes.

10. (J . . . „ . , Brussels Mus.

(Lataste Coll.).
11-22. (J, ^ and

yg. . . . Mogador . . . . . . M. de la Esealera.

23-24. <?,'+• • City of Morocco Hr. Ricliter.

ACANTHODACTTLUS BOUBTI, CliabaU.

1. $ , one of the

types . . . Dahomey . . . . . . M. Bouet.

List of the Si'ecimevs in the British Museum.

ACANTHODACTYLUS TRISTRAMI, Gtlir.

413

1. ¥,type . .Lebanon Canon Tristram.

-• (? • • lietween Kefr Hawar and Artuz,

Lebanon Dr. J. Anderson.

3- ? • • • Between Baalbek and Shtora, Lebanon

4, 5-7. (? , ? . . N.E. Slope of Mt. Hennon, Anti-
Lebanon ....

AcANTHODACTYLUS SAVIGNYI, Aud.

1-13. S, ? and
yg., types of var.
oranensis . . Oran

14-15. $ and yg. . „

M. Douniergue.
Lord Eothschild
audDr. E.Haitert.

AcANTHODACTYLUS PARDALIS, LicM.

Forma typica.

1-9- <? , ? . . Alexandria M. Letournenx

(LatasteColl.).
10-l'L'. (J , ^ . . Marynt district, Egypt
23-26. (?, ? . . Jerusalem . . . . ,
27-28. S ■ ■ Heersheba ....

Dr. J. Anderson.
Canon Tristram.

1. J, type .

2. S > type .

3. Hgr., type.

Var. BEDEiAGiE, Lataste.
. Sersou Plateau, Prov. Oran .

. Batna

4- c? , type . . El Guerah

5-8. (? , 9 , types . „ ...

9-11. cJ, ? . . Setif ....

12-14. S ■ ■ Aures Mts., N. of Biskra

15. (^ . . . Algeria ....

16,17. c?, ? . „

18-19. (J . . Tamesmida, Tunisia

. M. Letournenx

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(LatasteColl.).
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl).
Dr. J. Anderson.
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).

M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).

Var. MACULATUs, Grray.

1. Hgr., type . Tripoli J. Eitchie, Esq.

2. <J '. . . Misixrata, Tripoli Sig. Andreini.

3-7. J, + . . Duirat, S. Tunisia Dr. J. Anderson.

414

Lacertidn'.

8-9

■ c?

10.

<?

11.

c?

12.

'?

13.

(?

14.

Yg

15.

(?

16-

18.

?

19.

<?

1. ? .

2. 3 ■

3. <? .

4. ? .

5-6. (? .

7-11. <?,

?

Cabes, Tunisia

Mettanior, Tunisia

Bir el Ahmar, Tunisia .

S. of (jrafsa, ,,

Susa, Tunisia

El Kreder, Prov. Oran .

Mecheria,
Kralfalla,

Var. LATASTii, BIqt.

12. ? .

13-2-1.. S, ?

25-27. S, '?

28-33. (?, ?

34. <? .

35-37. ?

38. Hgr., type

Z. deserti .

39-45. ?

46-49. <?, ? .

50. <? .

51-52. ?

53-54. <?, ? -

55-57. d'. ? •

Tripoli .....
El Hammam of Tozeur, Tunisia

Feriana, Tunisia .

Wed Sedeur, Algeria

Wed Dermel, ,,

Mzab

Near Biskra ....

Between Biskra and Tugg-urt
Between Biskra and Lagliouat

of

Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
O. V. Aplin, Esq.
Mr. L. Eraser.
M. F. Lataste

(Lata.steColl.).
M. Doumergue.

Oasis of Ngoussa .
Bou Saada

J. Ritchie, Esq.
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(LatasteColl.).
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
W.J. Harding King,
Esq.
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).

Canon Tristram.
M. F. Lataste.

Bou Gruelfaia ....
Between Tilremt and Lagliouat
Lagliouat ....

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).

List of the Specimens in the British Mnsewn. 415

58- ? . . . Ghardaia jj p ^^^^^^_

rn (.9 JO _ , -,,. , (LatasteColl.).

59-(,2. ^,? . . Between INargla and El Golea . . Dr. E. Harterfc.
bd-(j4. ^5? . . Between Wed N^a and El Alia

Var. spiNicAUDA, Douiuergue.
1-11- c?, ?, types. ArbaTahtani,Prov.Oi-an . . . M. Doumergue.

ACANTHODACTYLUS MICROPHOLIS, Blauf.

1-2. ^ ? , types . Mag-as, Baluchistan . . . . w. T. Blanf ord. Esq.
<>. V , type . . Banipiir, „ . .

4- c? " ■ ■ Kigan, Narmashir, S.E. Persia

ACANTHODACTYLUS SCHEEIBERI, BlgT.

Forma typica.

1-16. S, ?, hgr.
and yg. . . Cyprus

17. <?

Var. sYRiAcus, Boettg.
1-2. -4 and hgr. . Beyriit.

3-5. c7, ? . . "„

6"7. (J . . Syria.

Lord Lilford.
Sir <3r. Hampson.

Dr. J. de Bedriaga
(Lataste Coll.).

AcANTHODACTYLUS BOSKIANUS, Daud.

Forma typica.

J\J ■ ■ -^I'li-yut, Egypt Dr. J. Anderson.

^-li.. <?, 4 andyg. Alexandria .
12-21. c?, V and

y&' • • • Ranileh, near Alexandria
22-25. S and yg. . Abukir ....
2^27. <J, ?. .Port Said ....'.■ .' M. E. De Betta.

(Lataste Coll.).
Vav. ASPEE, Aucl.

1-2- (?, $ . . Basra, Mesopotamia .... Dr. C. Christy.

^- ? ■ • ■ Neby Musa, Dead Sea . . . . Dr. J. Anderson.

*■ <? • • • Moses WeUs, near Suez

5-6. <? and hgr. . Tor, Sinai ..... . Dr. A. j' Hayes.

7-11. <?, ? . . Wed Hebron, Mt. Sinai.

12. Yg. . . . Gebel Hamniani Farun, Sinaitic

Peninsula G. W. Murray, Esq.

416

Lacertidn'.

13-14. S and hgr.

15. ? . . .

16-21. S, ? antl

yg- •

22-30. S, ? anc^

yg- ■

31. <? .

32. ? .

33. (? .

34. S . . .
35-47. (?, ? and

yg- ■

48-53. S and yg. .

54. ? .

55-58. <?, ? and

yg- •

Sinaitic Peninsula .
Midian, Arabia

Aden

H. C. Hart, Esq.
Sir R. F. Burton.

Col. Yerbury.

Haithalhiui, near Aden ....
Lahej, ,, . . . .

Wadis below Mt. jNIanif, near Aden
Abian Country, S.W. Arabia.
El Kubar, Amiri Country, S.W. Arabia

Hadraniut, S. Arabia ....

Suez .......

Gebel Maryut, N. Egypt

59. Yg. .

60-62. <? and yg. .

63-64. S

65-70. S, ?
71-75. S, ?

yg- •

76. S ■

77. t?. type
insequalis

78-79. S, ?

80-83. (J, ?

84. 3 .

85. S ■
86-97. (?, ?

yg- •

98. ? .

99. S -

100. <? .
101-104. S, ?

105. c?

106. <?

of S.

Cairo

Heliof)olis, near Cairo
Giza, near Cairo
Balat, Libyan Desert

Tel el Amarna

A. B. Percival, Esq.

G. W. Bury, Esq.

Dr. J. Anderson.

Hon. N. C.

Eothschild.

Dr. W. Innes

(Lataste Coll.).
Majors. S. Flower.
Dr. J. Anderson.
"W. J. Harding King,

Esq.
Dr. J. Anderson.

and

Luxor
Assuan

Egypt.

and

Khartum

UlDper Nile

Duem, Egyptian Sudan

107. c? •
108-112. ? andyg.

Suakin .

Erkovit, near Suakin

Annesley Bay, Eritrea

Tunisia .

Duirat, Tunisia

Zarzis, „

Bordj-Bou-Arrerij, Prov. Constantine

Bon Saada .....

A. Paul, Esq.
Major S. S. Flower.
J. Petherick, Esq.
E. M. Hawker, Esq.

113. ?

114-116. (?, ? and

yg- •

Between Biskra and Lagliouat

Laghouat

Dr. J. Anderson.
W. P. Lowe, Esq.
W.T.Blanford,Esq.
Mr. L. Fraser.
Dr. J. Anderson.
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste CoU.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

417

117-119. <J, ?
120, Horr.

Tuggurt
Ghardaia

121. (? . . . S. of Ghardaia ....

122. ? . . . Between "Wed N9a and El Alia .
123-125. <? . . N.E. of El Golea ....
126. t? • • • Between El Golea and Wed Savot
127-128. <? . . N. of El Gnettara ....
129-134. S , ? and

y^. . . . Ain Sefra, Prov. Oran .

135-136. ? and yg. El Kreder, Prov. Oran .

Var. EUPHBATicus, Blgr.
1-S. <?, ? andyg.,

types . . . Ramadieh, Euphrates .

. Dr. J. Anderson.
. M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.
. Dr. E. Hartert.

. LurdRothseliildand

Dr. E. Hartert.
. M. Maury

(Lataste Coll.).

Dr. C. L. Boulenger.

ACANTHODACTYLUS CANTORIS, Grtlu'.

Forma typica.
1-7. <?, ? andyg.,

types . . . Ramnagar, Agra ..... Dr. T. Cantor.

8-12. Tg. . . Hissar T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

13-14. <J . . Kiruru, Punjab Bombay N. H. Soc.

15-24. <?, ? and

yg. . . . Karachi . . . . . . . F. W. To^\nisend,

Esq.
25-27. Tg. .......... Comm. Shopland.

28-29. t? • • Thar District, S. Sind . . . . C. Priestley, Esq

30-39. (?, ? and

yg. . . Sind W. T. Blanford, Esq.

40. ? . . . Omara, Mekran Coast .... W. D. Cumming,

Esq.
. Between Nushki and the Helmand,

41-43. J, 9

44. ? .

Afghanistan
Helmand

Var. BLANFORDii, Blgr.

1-2. c? > V . types . Daslit, Baluchistan

3. ?, „ . Mand,

4. (J, „ • Bam, S. Persia
5-6. t?, ?. „ ■ Jask,

Dr. Aitchison.

W.T. Blanford, Esq.
S. Butcher, Esq.

Var. ARABiCA, Blgr.

1-10. <?, 9 and

yg., types . . Aden

11-12. ^, types . Lahej, near Aden .
VOL. II.

. Col. Yerbui-y.

. A. B. Percival, Esq.

27

418

Lacertidie.

13. <J , type .

14. . . .

15. t?, types.
l(i. Hgr., „ .
17-24. ^, ?, hgi-

and yg., types .

Hills N. of Lahej ....
Wadis below Mt. Manif, N. of Lahej
Abian Hills, near Aden .
Jimil Valley, „ ...

Hadranmt

A. B. Percival, Esq.

Dr. J. Anderson.

ACANTHODACTYLUS SCUTELLATUS, A

Forma typica.

ud.

1-:?. <?

an

d hgr. . Cairo

F. S. Worthington,

Esq.

4-5. 3

, ?

Dr. W. lunes

(Lataste Coll.).

6-15.

<?,

?

and

hgr.

. Giza, near Cairo

Dr. J. Anderson.

16. c?

. Demara, Liljyan Desert

Major S. S. Flower.

17-28.

<?,

?

. Wadi Natron, „ . . .

Hon. N. C.

Kothsehild.

29-30.

Hgr. .

„ j» . . .

M. J. Nicoll, Esq.

31-32.

<?,

?.

. Fayum .......

Dr. J. Anderson.

33. ?

. Egypt.

34-36.

S

• "

M. Letourneu.x

(Lataste Coll.).

37-39.

S,

?

. Wadi Haifa, Nubia . . . .

Dr. J. Anderson.

40-42.

<?,

?

. In Salah, Algerian Sahara .

Dr. E. Hartert.

43. ?

. Moses Wells, Suez . . . .

Dr. J. Anderson.

44-48.

<?,

?

and

hgr.

. Isthmus of Sviez, E. of Canal

J.

49-50.

<?,

?

51-54.

s.

?

. Jaffa.

55-57.

$,

?

. Jerusalem.

Var. LONGiPES, Blgr.

1-3. J

, types

. Wargla, Algerian Sahara

. M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

4. <?,!

type

. Wed N^a to El Alia, Algerian Sahara

. Dr. E. Hartert.

5. <?,

. El Wed, E. of Tuggurt.

W. J. Harding

Vai". AUDOUiNi, Blgr.

1-5. J, '^ . . Wadi Haifa, Nubia
6-10. c?j? andyg. Homs, Tripoli
11-17. cJ, 9 . Duirat, S. Tunisia .

18. t? • • • Wed el Kreil, Tunisia .

Var. AUKEUs, Gtlir.
1-22. <? , ? , types Rio de Oro, Spanish Sahara .

King, Esq.

Dr. J. Anderson.
Capt. A. Andreini.
Dr. J. Anderson.
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

Hr. Rifioenbaeh.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

419

23-27. cJ, 9 and

1. ? , tyije .

2. <? . .
3-5. S, ? .
6-17. ^, ? .

18. c? .

19-20. ? and yg.

21 23. S, ?
24^26.

. Cape Jubi Dr. Richter.

Var. iNORNATUs, Grray.

. J. Ritchie, Esq.

28. ?
29-30.

<?,

?

31-32.
33. 9

?

34^36
37. <?
38-41.
42 55.

?

56. ? .

57. Hgr.

58-61.

S

62 65.

S,

?

66. 5

67. 3

68-77.

s.

?

78-79.

?

Tripoli .

S. of Gafsa, Tunisia

Bou Saada, Algeria

Bled Alimar, Algerian Sahara

Laghouat,, „

Between Tibrenit and Laghouat,
Algerian Sahara . . . .

Tuggnrt, Algerian Sahara

O. V. Aplin, Esq.
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste ColL).
M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).
„ „ ... Dr. J. Anderson.

Mraier, „ . . . M. P. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
Wed N(ja to El Alia, Algerian Sahara . Di-. E. Hartert.
Guerrara, Algerian Sahara ... ,,

Hadjira, „ ... M. F. Lataste

Wargla,

(Lataste Coll.).
. M. V. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).
Between Wargla and El Golea, Al-
gerian Sahara ..... Dr. E. Hartert.

Between El Golea and Fort Miribel,

Algerian Sahara .... „

Biskra ....... Gen. Oudri

(Lataste Coll.).

El Wed, Souf M. Sedillot

(Lataste Coll.).
Ain Sefra, Prov. Oran. .... Lord Rothschild

and Dr. E. Hartert.
„ „ . . . . M. Maury (Lataste

Coll.).

Var. DUMERiLi, M.-Edw.
1-20. (J,9andyg. Trarza Country, Maiiritania . . . M. Audan.
21-25. $, ? and
yg. . . . Dakar, Senegal ..... Bai-on v. Maltzan.

420 Lacertidie.

26. (J . . Leybiir, Senegal M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Ci.>ll.).
27-l\s. Hyr. . . Cape Verd M. Boiicard.

ACANTHODACTYLUS FRASERI, Bit;'!'.

I. c^'.typo . . Zobeya, Shariba, Lower Mesopotamiii, . Capt. F. C. Fraser.

AcANTHODACTYLUS GRANDIS, BlyT.

1-2. (? , types . Near Khan Ayach, between Damasen.s

and Koutaife, Syria . . . . M. H. Gadeaw de

Kerville.
3. '^ , type . . Near Jerud, Syria ,,

Gastropholis vittata, J. G. Fiscb.
1-2. S , types . Zanzibar Dr. J. G. Fischer.

Bedriagaia tropidopholis, Blgr.
1. (J . . . Equateur district, Belgian Congo . Congo Museum.

Poromeea fordii, Hallow.
1-3. (J, ? . . Batanga, S. Cameroon . . . . G. L. Hates, Esq.
4-5. <?, ? . . Forest near Kribi, S. Cameroon .
6-15. (J , ? and yg. Benito E., Spanish Guinea ... „

16. ? . . . Lambarene, Ogowe .... Miss M. Kingsley.

Apeltonotus dorsalis, Stejii.

1. ?, co-type . Isliigaki Id., Loo Choo Archipelago . U.S. National

Museum.

Tachydromus amurensis, Peters.

1-4. J , ? . . Chaborovka, Ussiiri .... Hr. Dorries.

5. ^ . . . Seoul, Corea C. W. Campbell,

Esq.

6. "^ . . . Corea . . . . . . . M. J. Kalinowski.

Tachydromus tachydromoides, Sclileg.

1. ? , one of the

types . . . Kiusiu Leyden Museum.

2-3. (J , 9 . . Nagasaki, Kiusiu Dr. Eichter.

•i-6. (?, 9 andhgr. Takamori, ,, M.P.Anderson,

Esq.

7. J . . . Moje, .,

8-9. ? and yg.,

types of T. holsti Osen Mt., Shimabara, Kiusiu . . Mr. P. A. Hoist.

10-11. (?, ? . Tsushima M.P.Anderson,

Esq.
12-16. (?, ? and

ho-r. . . . Kochi Keu, Shikoku .... „

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

421

17. Yg. .

. Yokohama, Hondo

. Challenger Expedi-
tion.

18-20. ?

• Tokyo,

, Dr. F. Hilgendorf.

21. c? . .

. Shore of L. Hakone, Hondo .

. Dr. J. Anderson.

22. ? .

. Myianoshita, Hondo

,,

23. ? .

. Koyosun, „

„

24-26. ^, 9

. Jajjan

. M. Mellottee

(Lataste Coll.)

Tachydeomus wolteri, J.

G.

Fisch.

1. $ , type .

. Chemulpo, Corea .

. Hr. Wolter.

2. <? . .

. Seoul, „ . . .

3. c? . .

. Kiu Kiang', China .

. A. E. Pratt, Esq.

4- (?) S

. N. China? ....

. Sir E. Belcher.

Tachydromus septentrionalis, Gllir.
1,2. $, ?, types. Ningpo.

3-4. S, ?

5. <?

6. Hgr.

7. Hgr.
S-9. ?

10. ?

11. Yg.
1-'. Yg.

. Snowy Valley, Ningpo .

. Da-laen-sa-en, S.W. of Ningpo

. Nankin ....

. Shanghai

. Chusan Id. .

. Chi Kiang, opposite Chusan

. Da-zeh Valley, Chi Kiang

Id.

13-14. 9 fiuA yg. . Kiu Kiang

15. S ■ ■ ■ Kiu Kiang Mts.

l(!-3l'. S, ? i^iHl

hgr. . . . Mountain N. of Kiu. Kianc

33-37. t? , ? • • Kuatun, N.W. Fokien .

R. Swinhoe, Esq.
J. H. Leach, Esq.
.1. J. Walker, Esq.
R. Swinhoe, Esq.

J. J. Walker, Esq.

P. W. Bassett

Smith, Esq.
. F. W. Styan, Esq.
. C. Maries, Esq.

. A. E. Pratt, Esq.
. J. D. La Touche,

Esq.
Tachydromus formosanus, Blgr.

I. ? , type . . Taiwanfoo, Formosa .... Mr. P. A. Hoist.
2-5. (J , 5 , types . C. Formosa ...... ,.

6-8. ? and hgr. . Punkiho, C. Formosa . . . . Dr. A. Moltrecht.

9.:", ? . . . Tamsui, Formosa J. D. La Touche,

10. S, co-type of Esq.

T. stejnegeri . Taipeh, „ California

Academy.

II. (?, co-type of

T. stejneyeri . Tainan, „ . . .
12. 9 . . . Kanshirei, „ ..

Tachydromus khasiensis, Blgr.
1-5. <J , 9 , types . Khasi hills, Assam T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

Tachydromus smaragdinus, Blgr.
1-11. ^ ,?, types Loo Choo Ids H. Fryer, Esq.

422 Lacertidiv.

Tachydromus sauteri, Van Deiib.
1-2, ^,?, co-types Cochnn, Formosa California Academy.

Tachydromus sexlineatus, Daud.

1. <? . . Amoy, S. China J. D. La Touche,

Esq.
2-0. (? , 9 , types

oiT.meridionalix S.China J. E. Reeves, Esq.

6. <? . . . Mail Son Mts., Tonkin .... Hr. Fruhstorfer.
•7-11. <?, 9 . . Saigon, Cochinchina . . . . M. Holbe (Lataste

Coll.).
15. Yg, . . Bhamo, Upper Burma .... Sig. L. Fea.
16-18. ? . . Eano'oon, Burma,
lil 20. <? , ? . Bangkok, Siam Dr. Malcolm Smith.

21. ? . . Malprit, „

22. (? . . . Jalor, Malay Peninsula .... Dr. N. Annandale

and H. C. Robin-
son, Esq.

23-20,26-28. J,? Great Natuna Id C. Hose, Esq.

29-30. c?, 9 . Mataiig-, Borneo.

31. (J . . . Borneo Leyden Museum.

32-33, (? , ? . „ Sir E. Belcher.

34-35. (?, ? . . Java F. W. Christian,

E.q.

36-37, 38-39. S ■ -

Platyplacopus kuehnei. Van Denb.
1. (J, co-typo . Kanshirei, Formosa .... California Academy.

TrOPIDOSAURA MONTANA, Gia\ .

1-4, S, ?, types of

T. burchelli . Cape Colony Sir A. Smith.

5. ^ . . . Cape Town S. African Museum.

6-7. (J , $ . . Peri Bush, King William's Town . A. W. Stenning,

Ivsq.

PsAMMODROMUs BLANoi, Lataste.

1. (?,type . . Algiers M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

2. 5 , „ . . Lambesa M. F. Lataste

3-5. (? , ? , types . ........

(Lataste Coll.).
Q. ^ . . . „ Dr. F. Werner.

7. ^ . . . Tafient, High Plateaux . . . M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

8. ^ . . . Rorfa des Beni Salam, near Aumale . M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

List of the Specimens in the BrUitih Min'eion

423

9. S .

Oran . . . . .

. Basils Museum.

10. J .

La Senia, Oran

. M. F. La taste

(LatasteColl.).

PSAMMODROMUS HISPANICUS,

Fitz.

1-4. 9 .

Marseilles ....

. Pi-of. A. VayssifTe.

5-12. <?, 9 .

„ ....

. M. M. Blanc

13-14.. 3, 9

(P

(Lataste Coll.) _

CMiereus)

....

. M. M. Blanc

(Lataste Coll.).

15. (7 .

La Craxi, Bouclies-dii-Rlione

. W. E. Clarke, Esq.

Ki. 9 (P.cirt--

•ens'

,, „

,j

17-18. <?, 9

Montpellier ....

. Prof. Duboscq.

19-20. c?, 9

,,

21. 9 . .

Palavas, near Montpellier

. M.T.deRochebrune
(Lataste Coll.).

22-23. $, 9

MacU-id

. Madrid Museum.

24-26. <?, 9

Valencia, SjJain . . . .

. Prof. E. Bosci

(LatasteColl.).

27. (7 (P. einereus)

.. „ . . .

. Prof. E. Bosca

28-31. <?, 9

(P.

(Lataste Coll.).

cinerews)

» „ . . .

. Prof. E. Boscii.

32-33. S, 9

Albufera, near Valencia

. Lord Lilford.

34-35. J, 9

Ciudad Real ....

. Prof. E. Boscii

(Lataste Coll.).

30. 9 .

Seville .....

. Dr. H. Gadow.

37-48. <?, 9

,, .....

. Prof. Calderon.

49-50. 9

Near Lisbon ....

. H. 0. Forbes, Esq.

51. 9 . .

Algarve .....

. Dr. H. Gadow.

PsAMMODROMUS MICRODACTYLUS, Boettt,'.

1. S- one of the

tyjies .

2-3, 4-13. ^,

and yg.
14-15. S, ?

. Morocco

Tangier
Mogador

Senckenberg Mus
(Lataste Coll.).

M. H. Vauclier.
Lient. Quedenfeldt.

1.

<?

-•

c?

3.

Hgr

4-

6.

<?

7.

?

PsAMMODROMUS ALGIRUS, L.
Neftiez, Herault ....

Cap Cerbere, Pyrenees-Orientales

yi. Viguier

(LatasteColl.).
O. Thomas and
R. I. Pocock, Esqrs.

. Barcelona .......

. Villa Franca, Leon . . . . E. Britten, Esq.

. Madrid M. V. L. Seoane.

424

8-9- ^, ? . . Hiielves.

10-11. ? andyg. . Ciudad Eeal

12. ? . . . Seville .

13-1(5. s, ? and

yg. . . . „ .

17-18. (J, 9 . . Algarve.

19-21. J, 9 and

y,?- • . . Tangier .

22 24. ? and yg. .

Lacertidiv.

25-2S. S and ligr. Fenzou, Morocco

29. 3 ■

30. 9 .
31-32. 9

33-35. <?,? .

36-38. (?,? .

39. Hgr.

40. ? . ^

41. 42. cJ,? .

43. 9 .

44. <? .
45-46. <J

Seksawa, „

Rahamna, Atlas of Morocco

Tamaruth Valley, Atlas of Morocco

Oran

. A'ln Sefra, Prov. Oran
. Missergliin, ,,

. Founassa, „

. Algiers.

Conim. H. Lynes.
Prof. E. Bosca

(LatasteColl.).
Dr. H. Gadow.

Prof. Calderon.
Dr. H. Gadow.

M. H. Vaucher.

(Lataste Coll.).
Hr. Riggenbaeh.

Lord Kothsihild
and Dr. E. Haitert.

M. F. Lataste

(LatasteColl.).
M. Maury

(LatasteColl.).

. Haniniau Rliira
. Blida .

47-49. (?, ¥ and

.yg- • • ■ Gnelt-es-Stel, Central Plateaux .

"0. (J . . . Ain Chercliara, Tunisia

51-52. 3 and yg. Am Drahan, „

5:?. $ , type of var.

<lori:e . . . Galitone Id., near Galita Id.

54. ? . . .

ICHNOTROPIS TANGANICANA, Blgr.

1. <?,type . . E. Coast of L. Tanganyika .

M. M. Blanc

(LatasteColl.).
Lord Rothschild
and Dr. E. Hartert.
M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.

Dr. K. Jordan.
M. Letourneux

(Lataste Coll.).
M. H. Gadeau de
Kerville.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga.
Marquis G. Doria

(LatasteColl.).

W. H. Nutt, Esq.

ICHNOTBOPIS BIVITTATA, Bocage.

1-2. J , 9 , types . Duque de Bragan^a, Angola

3-4. 9
5-6. S

Bange Ns-ola,

Prof. Barboza

du Bocage.
Dr. W. J. Ansorge.

List of the Specimens in the Britisk Museum.

42c

"^-S- c? • . Between Benguella and Bilie, Ang-ola . Dr. W. J. Ansoige.

10-18. c?, ? . . Caconda, Angola

19-21. ^ and yg. Cbiyaka district, Angola

IcHNOTRopis CAPENsis, A. Smit-li.

]. c?, bad state,
type of T. dume-

rilii .

, Near Latakoo, Bechuanaland

. Sir A. Smith.

2- Yg. .

. 30 ni. N. of Okwa,

. R. B.Woosuaiii, Esq

3-5 S, ? .

. Mseleni, Znluland .

. Dr. E. Warren.

« 11. S, ? .

. Unifulosi Station, Zuhiland .

. Mr. C. Grant.

12. ? . .

. Viinda, Lower Congo .

. Col. Cabra, Congo
Museum.

ICHNOTROPIS LONGIPES,

Blgr.

1-3. (J, types

. !Mazoe, ]\Iaslionaland

. J. ff. Darling, Esq.

4. c? .

. Bulawayo ....

. Rhodesia Museiim.

IcHNOTROPis SQUAMULOSA, Peters.

1, 2-4. (J and yg

5. (?

6. S
1. Yg.
8 U. S
10. ?

Kalahari ....
Molopo R., Bechuanaland
Kosi Bay, Znluland
Petauke, N.E. Rhodesia
Fort Hill, Nyassaland, 4000 i.

. Sir A. Smith.
. I'. B.Woosnam.Esq.
. Dr. E. Warren.
. S. A. Neave, Esq.
. Sir H. H. Johnston.

L. Nyassa B. Thelwall. Esq.

1-3. J and hgr.
•t ? . .
5-7. Yg. .

8. ? . .

9. ? . .
10-15. Hgr. and yg. Carnatic
16-22. S, ¥ and

yo*. . . . ,,

23. c? . . . Ceylon

CaBRITA LE.SCHENAULTII, M.-Eclw.

. Ganjam, Jeypore Col. Beddome.

. S.E. Berar .

. Godavery Valley .

. Sevagherry

. Foster Hill, Nilgherries

. W.T. Blanford, Esq.
. Col. Beddome.
. W. M. Daly, Esq.
. Col. Beddome.

. W.T. Blanford, Esq.
. Basle Museum.

Cabrita jerdonii, Beddome.
Rajpur, Bengal

\. i . . Rajpur, Bengal W.T. Blanford, Esq.

2-3. g . . . Near Badrachalam, Godavery Valley . „

4-13. J, 9 and

hgr. . . . Godavery Valley

14-17. <7, types . Cuddapah, Madras .... Col. Beddome.

Ophiops jerdonii, Blyth.

1. J . . . Qixetta, Baluchistan

2-7. t? and hgr. Alpine Punjab ....

. Mr. J. A. Murray.
. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

426 Lacertidcki.

S. S ■ ■ ■ Kotree, Sind Mr. J. A. Mixrray.

9-12. 9 , hgr., and

yg. . . . Karachi ....... ,,

13-15. ? and hgr. Cutch Col. Beddome.

16 21. ? and yg. . Rntnan-herry, Bombay .... Mr. J. A. Murray.
22. (J, one of the

types of Calo-

saxira chaperi . Bellary, Madras . . . . . M. Cliaper.
23-42. J, ? and

hgr. . . . Bollary District Col. lieddoiiie.

43-51. c? , ? , hgr.

and j'g. . . Carnatic, Madr.as ..... „

Ophiops beddomii, Jerd.

1. $ , type . . Bruniaghi Try Hills, Wynaad . . T. C. Jerdon. Esq.

2 10. 3', ?, types

of 0. monticola . „ „ . . Col. Beddome.
11-12. t and yg. . S. Canara „

Ophiops occidentalis, Blii'r.

1. (J . . . Kralfalla, Prov. Oran . . . . M. Doumergue.

2. 9 , tyjje . . Fortes de Fer, Algiers . . . . M. F. Lataste.

■i. S ■ ■ ■ „ ,

(Lataste Coll.).

4. (J . type . . Youkous .M. F. Lataste

5 6. (J, ? . . Tafrent

(Lataste Coll.).
7. ? . . . Wed Sedt^ir M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

8-15. (J, ? . . Batna Dr. F. Werner.

16 21. <J, ? . . , M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

22. $ ■ ■ Mnila, near Tunis ..... Marquis G. Doria

(Lataste Coll.).

23. ?,type . . Hadedj des Matniata, Tunisia . M. F. Lataste.

24. $ . . . Tamesmida, Tunisia .... ,.

(Lataste Coll.).
25-26. S , types . Stisa, Tunisia ..... Mr. L. Fraser.
27. ? . . . Feriana, Tunisia M. V. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
28 29. Yg. . . S. Tunisia M. M. Blanc.

Ophiops elegans, Men.

Forma typica.

1-8. ^ , $ . . Angora M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.

List of the Specimen In. the British Museum. 427

. C. G. Danford, Esq.

9 13. (?, ? . . Kaisarieh, Asia Minor .

14. ? . . . Albistan,

15-17. ^, ? . . Giaour Dagli, Asia Miuor

(7,

1. S
•■i- 3
3-5. <?
(i. 2

8. ¥
i)-10,ll

yg-

12 15. <?, ?

1«-18. 3, ?

Itl. ? .

20. S .

21. c? .

22. S .

23. ? .
24-2t>. 9
27-28. Hgr.

yy- •

29-30. ?

Var. EHRENBEBGII, Wiegui.

. Coustantiuople.
. Smyrna.

and

Xantlius, Asia Minor

Meander Valley, Asia Minor

Zebil Bulgar Dagli, Cilician Taurus

Lebanon .....

Bruniana, Lebanon

. Mt. Hernion .
. S. slope of Mt. Henuon .
. Foot of Mt. Tabor .
. Samaria .
. Jerusalem
and

. Galilee . . . .
. Ramadieh, Euphrates .

, F. Holmwood, Esq.
M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.
Marquis G. Doria

(Lataste Coll.).
C. Fellows, Esq.

K. MacAndi-ew, Esq.
C. (i. Danford, Esq.
Dr. J. de Bedriaga

(Lataste Coll.).
M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.
Canon Tristram.
Dr. J. Anderson.

Canon Tristram.
Dr. C. L. Boulentrer.

Var. PER8ICUS, Blyr.

13. (7, ? . . Superghan, N.W. Persia

4. (? . . . Between Superghan and li. Urmi

5-10. $, 9 and

yg. . . . Seir, W. of L. Urmi

11 (J . . . Sujbulak, S. uf L. Urnii

12 14. 9 and yg. . Kirjawa, E. of
15 17. (7, 2 and

yg. . . . Arzu Id., L. Urmi .

1*S. (7 ■ . . Shazalau Id., ,, .

19. ? . . . N. of Ispahan, Persia .

20 21. ? . . 90 m. S. of Ispahan, 7500 f. .

22-24. (7 . 100 m. N.W. of Ispahan, G0( 10 f.

25-29. ij and hgr. Shiraz

30-33. ^, ? . . „

E. T. Giinther, Esq.

W.T.BIanford.Esq.
E. B. Woosuam.

Esq.

Marquis G. Doria.

(Lataste Coll.).

4-28

Lacerfldfe.

35-36. ?

37. ? .

38. ? .

39 4^). $ , ?

41. ? .

. Nii'iz, E. of Sliiraz
. Between Shiraz and Kai'iuan
. Karnian .....
. Kur-i-Hazar, S.E. of Karman
. Persia

. Sharoban, N.E. of Bag-dad

. W.T. Blanford,Esq.

Turin Museum

(Lataste Coll.).
Dr. C. Ij. Boulenger.

Var. MizoLEPis, Stol.

12. Hgr. . . Basra, Mesopotamia

3. ? . . . Amara, „ ...

4-0. Hgr. . . Felujah-Eaniadieli Road, Euphrates

6 11. (J, 9 . . Suk esli Shuyuk, Euphrates

W.T.Blanford,Esq.
Oapt. P. A. Buxton.
Dr. C. L. Boulenger.

1.

<?

2.

?

3.

9

4-

!». <?

?

10

24,

25-

26

28

29.

Hgi

Var. scHLUETERi, Boettg'.

L. Pliiala, under Mt. Hermon
N.E. slope of ,,

Baalbek

Lanarka, Cyprus ....

Cyprus ......

Canon Tristram.
Dr. J. Anderson.

Sir G. Hampson.

Lord Lilford.

13. J
4. c?
5 (i. c?

Ophiops microlepis, Blauf.

Cutch ......

Ajmere, Rajpvitana
Kurlmrbari, Bengal

F. Stoliczka, Esq.
W.T.Blanford,Esq.

1-2. Hg-r. and yg.

types .
3. Tg. .

Eremias nitida, Gtbr.
Foniia tijpica.

W. Afriea.

Nr. Wushishi, Kadune E., N. Nigeria . Dr. E. Neale.

1- 9

1-2. (? , types

3-4. <?, 9 ■
5-18. S,9 andyg.
19-20. 5 and hgr.
21. ? .

Var. GARAMBENSis, Scliuiidt.
Garamba, Uelle, Belgian Congo . . American Museum.

Eremias spekii. (itlir.
E. Africa, between the coast and

Unyamwesi, 5° 7' S. lat.
Lamn, coast of E. Africa
Takanugu, ,,

Tanga, E. Africa .
Taru,

. Capt. Speke.
. Sir F. J. Jackson.
. A. B. Percival, Esq.
. Prof. O. Neumann.
. C. S. Betton, Esq.

Li)it of the SjJecimeng in the Brilish Mn><i

22-31.

^, ? .

Morogoro, E. Africa

A. Loveridge, Esq.

32. ?

Between Sanknrar and Aniarr, N. oi

L. Eudolf ....

Capt. Bottego.

33. <?

S. shore of L. Victoria .

Dr. Emin Pasha.

34. ?

Ndi, Uganda ....

C. S. Betton, Esq.

35. (J

Boran Country, Gallaland .

Dr. Donaldson

Smith

36. '}

W. of Jiiba E.,

37. <?

Dolo, Sonialiland .

Capt. Citerni.

38. J

Lngh, ,, ...

Capt. Bottego.

39. ^

Berbera, ,, ...

E. Lort Phillips.Esq

40-46.

<?, ? ■

Inland of Berhera .

Eremias lugubeis, a.

Smith.

"

1-9.

? and

yg--

t\-pes .

Bechvianaland

Sir A. Smith.

10. <?

Malialapye, Bechuanaland .

G. A. Boulenger,

Esq

11-20.

(?, ?.

Near L. Ngami,

E. B.Woosnam, Esq

2i. Hgr.

Notwanni, nr. Palapye, Limpopo K.

E J. Cuninghame,

Esq

22. ^

S. Africa.

23-26.

<?, ?

and

ligr.

Konondoto, Mossaniedes

Dr. W. J. Ansorge.

27-34.

c?, ?

and

yg.

Ponang Kuma, „

„

35-36.

? and

yg-

Huxe, Benguella .

,j

37-38.

Yg. .

Knangn, Angola . ' .
Eremias mucronata,

Blanf.

"

1. (?

Mt. Sinai.

2. 9

Summit, Red Sea Prov. of Sudan

Major S. S. Flower

3-12.

<?. ? .

Durrur. N. of Suakin

Dr. J. Anderson.

13-22.

<?, ? .

Suakin

,,

23. S,

type .

Anseba Valley, Eritrea .

W.T. Blanf ord. Esq

24. g

Walker's Torrent, „

W. Jesse, Esq.

25-28.

S and

yy--

Eas Beilnl, Assab .

Dr. Eagazzi.

29. rf

Assab .....

Marquis G. Doria
(Lataste Coll.).

30. ?

Djibouti, Obok

Dr. Henri Martin.

31. ?

Oiiok

M. Holbe

(Lataste Coll.).

32-35.

<?, ? •

Mandali, Sonialiland

Mr. E. Degen.

36. ?

Berliora,

E. Lort Phillips, Ksq

37-40.

3> V

and

hgr.

Ne^r Berbera, up tci 100 m. .

G. W. Bury, Esq.

41-44.

(J and

hgr.

Inland of Berbera .

E.LortPhillips,Esq.

45. 9

Goolis Mts., near Berbera

.,

430

LiicciiiJci'.

•i(i-47. 9

48. 2 .

49. (?

1 . <? , type .

2. (? .

3. J .

4 10. S -■ 9 and yg.

Zaila, Soiiialiland Capt. G. E. Nurse.

Biji, ,, Dr. Donaldson

Smith.
Between Lattai'iioh and Alieris, Somali-
land Capt. Bottego.

Eremias smithii', Blyr.

Milmil, Somaliland .... Dr. Donaldson

Smith.
Lugh, „ .... Capt. Bottcgo.

Jifa Uri, inland of Zaila, Somaliland . R. M. Hawker. Esq.
Near Berliera, np to 100 m. . . . G. W. Bixry, Esq.

Eremias erythrosticta, Blgr.
1-3- (?, 2 and yg. Between Berbera and Obbia, Somaliland Sig. L. B. Robecchi.

1-3. (J , ? and yg.

4. <? .

1. Yg., type .

1. s ■

2. 3 .

3-li. S, ?

7-14. <?, ?

15-16. S , ?

17-19. i, ?

and

hgr. .

20. S, type

of S.

pmictata

n. <? .

22-23. ?

24. Hgr.

25-27. 5

28. S ■

29. <? .

30. $ .

31-32. S, ?

33-37. <? , ?

Eremias striata, Peters.
Lngli, Somaliland ....

Eremias guineensis, Blgr.
Brass, mouths of Niger.

Eremias guttulata, Liclit.

Forma fijpicu.
Plain of Suez
Beni Hassan, Egypt
Luxor, Egypt
Ruins of Karnak, Egypt
Euins of Medinet Habu, Eygpt

N. Et)iai, Upper Egypt .

Egypt? .

Assuan .
Wadi Haifa .
Durrur, N. of Suakin
Erkovit Mts., W. of Suakin
Misurata, Tripoli .
Mettamer, Tunisia

38. S

Capt. A. Andreini.
M. K. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

S. Tuniisia M. M. Blauc.

Near Biskra, Algeria . . . . "VV. J. Harding

King, Esq.
Between Biskra and Tuggurt, Algeria Dr. J. Anderson.

Capt. Bottego.
Sig. Ferrandi.

Dr. E. Hartert.

Dr. J. Ander.son.

D. MacAlister, Esq.
Berlin Museum.

Dr. J. Anderson.
Major S. S. Flower.
Dr. J. Anderson.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

431

30. ?

. Tibremt, Algeria

M. F. Lataste.

4^. ?

. Tuggurt, „ . . . .

(Lataste Coll.).

41. S

. Laghouat, „

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste CoU.),

42. ?

. Mecheria, Prov. Oran .

]\r. Doumergue.

43-47.

<?.

?

. Mt. Sinai.

48-49.

J

. El Kubar, S. Arabia

G. W. Bury, Esq.

50. S

. Scliat' Ravine. „ ...

„

51. ?

. Jiniil Valley, ,, . . . .

A. B. Percival, Esq

52. ?

. Abian Hills, E. of Aden, S. Arabia

„

53. 9

. Hadramut, S. Arabia

Dr. J. Anderson.

51-58.

J,

2

. Neby Musa, W. of Dead Sea

„

59. <?

. i5eershel>a ......

Canon Tristram.

60-61.

?

. JeriLsalem .....

„

62. ?

. Askhabad, Transcaspia . . . .

M. C. Eylandt.

63. ^

. Oopet Dagh, near Askhabad .

. M. Nazarov.

64. ,?

. Puli Hatun, Transcaspia

M. C. Eylandt.

65. J

. Near Teheran ....

W.T Blanford.Esq

66. (J

. Ispahan, Persia ....

„

67-68.

2

. to m. S.W. of Ispahan, 6000 f.

R. B. Woosnani, Esq

69. 2

. Karman, S.E. Persia

W.T.Blanford.Esq

70, 71.

?

. Kayin, N.E. of Karman

„

Ti. 2

. Eas Malan, Baluchistan

„

73-74,

75.

<?

and

hgr.

. Gwadar, „

,,

76. S

. Quetta,

Col. StJohn.

77. 2

,, ...

Major C. G. Nurse.

78. 2

. Between (juetta and Nushki, Afghan-
istan

Dr. Aitchison.

79. 2

. Tirphul, Afghanistan .

„

80. $

. Helniand, ,, ...

„

81-82.

2

. Hyderabad, Sind ....

Mr. A. J. Murray.

83. 2

. Sind

Col. Beddome.

84. ?,

type

of £.

loafsoiiaiia

„ ......

„

85-86.

<?

Var. oLiviERi, Aud.

Mr. J. A. Murray.

1. 2

. Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula .

Capt. R. H. S.

Sewell

2. J

. Sinaitic Peninsula . . . .

H. C. Hart, Esq.

3. ?

. Duirat, Tiinisia ....

Dr. J. Anderson.

4. J

. S. of Gafsa, Tvxnisia

0. V. Aplin, Esq.

5. 2

. Cabes, Tunisia

M. F. Lataste.

6-7. <?

, 2

„ . . ...

"

(Lataste Coll.).

4S2

La cert idle.

H. 2

Pliitoiiu of Haskain, Tunisia .

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

9-10. S.

2 .

Matiiiata, Tunisia

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

11. ? .

Zaizis, ......

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

12. S .

Jerba Id., „

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

13. S .

Biskra .......

Gen. Oudri

(Lataste CoU.)

14-15. J

2

Near Biskra ......

H. J. Harding King,
Esq

16-17. 5

Between Biskra and Laghouat

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

18. 2 .

Lagliouat .....

M. F. Lataste.

19. S .

Tug-uurt

Dr. J. Anderson.

20. 5 .

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

21. ? .

Wed Derniel .....

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

22. <? .

N'Gaous

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

23. ^ .

Between El Golea and Fort Miribel

Dr. E. Hartert.

24.. 3 .

Oran ......

W. Powell, Esq.

■Ih. $ .

Lord Eothschild
and Dr. E. Hartert

26-28. J

2

La Senia, Oran

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.)

29-30. S,

2 , types

of i?. guichenoti .

Kralfalla, Prov. Oran .

M. Doiunergue.

31-32. 2

types ot

i7. simoni .

Between jNIoy'ador and City of Morocco

Senckenlierg

Musevim

33-34. J

2

Shiodnia, E. of Mogador

Hr. Riggenbach.

3.5. 2 .

Rio de Oro, Spanish Sahara .

„

1- 2

2. S

3. S

4. 2

1. (?,type .
2-6. S, 2, types

Var. MARTINI, Blgr.

Mt. Sinai.

Durrur, N. of Suakin . . . .
Akik, S. of Suakin . . . .

Sheikh Othnian, near Aden .

Var. LATASTii, Blgr.

Anniale, Algeria . . . . .

Between Wed Okris and Czars, near

Aumale ......

Dr. J. Anderson.
Col. Yerbury.

M. F. Lataste.

(Lataste Coll.).

Li^f of the Si)ecimens in Hie British Mvseiim
7-8. 5, type. . Tiril Ali, near Aumale .
9-10. ? , „ . Beni Mansour, near Anmale .

11-12. 9 , „ . Eorfa des Beni Salam, near Aumale

43^

1- S . type

Var. susANA, Blg-r.
SiTsa, Tunisia

M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).
M. F. Lataste

(Lataste Coll.).

Yar. BALFOURi, Blanf.

1-4. (? , ? , types . Socotra

5-7. <?, ?

8. S .
9-10. J, 9
11-12. i, ?

Hadibxi Plain, Socotra .

. Dahamis,

. Homhil,

. Jena-Agahan,

Eremias adramitana, Blgr.
1-8. (^ , ? , types . Hadramut, S. Arabia ....

Eremias brevirostris, Blauf.

. Kalabagh, Punjab .
. Dasht E., Baluchistan .
. Tumb Id., Persian Gulf
. Near Busliire, Persia
. Jerrahi E., N.W. of Bushire .
. Tel Jebarah, between Basra and
Nasriyeh ....

. Faleya, Euphrates .

. Fehijah-Eamadieh, Euphrates

. Ramadieh

. Jerud Eegion, Syria

Eremias rubropunctata, Licht.

1-2. ,? , ? . . Mt. Sinai.

3. 9 . . . Sinaitic Peninsula . . . . H. C. Hart, Esq.

4. Hgr., type of M.

lichtensteinii . N. Africa ...... Berlin Museum.

5-8. ^, 9 andyg.,
types of S. nehu-

^osa . . . Egypt Sir J. Wilkinson.

9-11. ? . . Moses Wells, Suez .... Dr. J. Anderson.

12-16. ^, $ . Oasis of Khargeh, N. Egypt .

17-23. ^ , ? . Natron Valley, „ . . . Hon. N. C. Eoths-

child.
VOL. ]i. 28

1.

? (type) .

2.

2 .

3-

5. ? (types)

6-

■. J .

8-

LI. S, ? .

12-

-13. c?. ?•

14.

9 •

15.

9 . .

IB-

-17. 9 .

IS.

<? ■

Mr. L. Eraser.

Prof. I. B. Balfour.
Dr. H. O. Forbes

and W. E. Ogilvi©

Grant, Esq.

Dr. J. Anderson.

W.T.Blanford,Esq.
E. B. Woosnam, Esq.

Bombay N.H.

Society.

Dr. C. L. Boulenger.

M. H. Gadeau de

Kerville.

434

Lacertidie.

24r-26. <?, ?

■27-30. S, ?
31, 32-33. 5

34-36. <?, 9

■37. ? .

38-41. ^

42-45. (?, ?

46. ? .

47-48. fj

Kafr Ganuis, N. Eo:ypt
Giz.a, near Cairo
Holuan, ,,

Tel el Aiiiarna, Eg-ypt .
Sorir Ben-.Vfien, Tripoli

Dr. J. Anderson.

. Dr. J. Anderson.
. J. I. S. Whitaker,

Esq.

Between AVed Saret and El Goloa,

Algerian Sahara Dr. E. Hartert.

Between El Golea and Fort Miriliel „

N.E. of El Golea, Algerian Sahara . „

Foggaret es Zona, „ . „

Eremias NAMAQUENSIS, D. ct B.

1-2. <?, ? .

Dainaraland.

3. J .

Ganii.s, D;iniaraland

. E. W. Tucker, Esq

4-7. ^ , ? andyg..

types .

Great Namaqualand

. Sir A. Smith.

8. <? . .

„

9. ^ . .

Wasserfall, Great Naniaqualand .

. Hon.P.A.Metlmen.

10. (? .

Steinkopf, Little Naiiiaqualaud .

. Mr. Schlechter.

11. <? .

Namaqualand ....

. S. African Museum

12. Hgr.

Jamesville, Cajje Colony

. Mrs. Leppan.

13-14. <?, ?

Deelfontein, ,. ...

. Sir A. T. Sloggett.

15. ? . .

Port Elizabeth ....

. F. W. FitzSimons,
Esq.

16-18. (?,?andhgr

E. Districts of Cape Colony .

. J. P. M. Weale, Esq

1.

$ , type

2-

4. ? .

■5.

? .

6-

7. ¥ .

8.

<? •

S.

S ■

10. Hgr.

Eremias undata, A. Smith.

S. Africa liOrd Derby.

Naroej), Little Namaqualand . . Mr. Schlechter.

Between Groeudoorn and Wasserfall,

Great Namaqualand .
Angra Pequena, Great Namaqualand
Nanchas, Damaraland
Maconjo, Benguella
Huxe, „ ...

. Hon. P.A. Methuen.
. Dr. J. G. Fischei'.
. E. W. Tucker, Esq-
. Dr. W. J. Ansorge.

Eremias benguelensis, Bocage.

1-8. (J , ? and yg. Hvixe, Benguella Dr. W. J. Ansorge.

9-15. S , ? and yg. Ponang Kunia, Dongwenna, Benguella „

Eremias lineo-ocellata, D. & B
Forma typica.
1-20. ^ , 2 and yg. S. Africa

21. <?

Sir A. Smith.
Lord Derby.

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

22. 9 .

23. 3 .

24. 9 .

25. (? .
26-28. (J, 9
29-31. ^, ?
32. 9 .
33-35. (J, 9
36. J .
37-39. $, 9

40. ? .
41-42. S, 9

43-46. 9

47-50. (J

51. ? .

52-53. 9

1- <J, type
2. Hffr. „

435

. Ababis, Damaraland
. Naroep, Little Namaqualand
Colesburg, Cajje Province

. Karoo
Kimberley

Enslin, near Kimberley.
Riverton,
Grordonia,
Port Elizabeth

E. W. Tucker, Esq.
Mr. Schlechter.
P. W. FitzSinions,

Esq.
S. African Museum.
J. H. Power, Esq.

. V. M. Leslie, Esq.
. F. W. FitzSimons,

, Natal ^''^•
\T 1 c L-r. \ ^' ' ' ■ ^ African Museum.
Vredefort Eoad, Orange River Colony . Capt Barrett-
Pretoria Hamilton.

Barber ton, Transvaal.
Zoutspanberg, Transvaal

■ W. L. Distant, Esq.
. J. P. Cregoe, Esq.

Var. PULCHELLA, Gray.

S. Africa

3. „ type of E.

annulifera . . Interior of S. Africa

4. (?, type oi E.
pulchra

5. (?, type oi E.

formosa . . W. Coast of S. Africa
6-9. ?, hgr. and

y^- • • • Steinkopf, Little Namaqualand
10- <? • ■ ■ Between Groendoorn and WasserfaU,

Great Namaqualand .
■^^- <? • • ■ Quibis, Great Namaqualand
12-13. (J and hgr. Angra Pequena,

Lord Derby.
Saffron Walden

N H. Soc.

Sir A. Smith.

14. Hgr

15. ? .

16. ? .

17-:^0. 3,
21. c? .

1- ?,type

1 -3. 3 , types
4. ? .
5-6. S .
VOL. II.

. Aus, Namaqualand

. Great Namaqualand.

. Jamesville, Cape Colony

. Deelfonteiu, „

. Eastern districts of Cape Colony

Mr. Schlechter.
. Hon. P.A. Methuen.
. Di-. J. G. Fischer.

. Miss Leppan.

. Sir A. T. Sloggett.

. J. P. M. Weale, Esq.

J. Fenton, Esq.

Eremias aspera, Big.
Mochudi, Bechuanaland

Eremias burchelli, D. & B.

Karoo Flats Sir A. Smith.

Lord Derby.
J. P.M. Weale, Esq.
28^

Eastern districts of Cape Colony

436

Lacertidie.

Eremias capensis, a. Smith.

1- c?,type:-' . .S.Africa Lord Derby.

'■^~^- - • • • K'T'i-oo Sir A. Smith.

4. d", type of E.

laticeps . . Mouth of Orange R

°- ^f?- ■ • • Steinkopf. Little Namaqnaland . . Mr. Schlechter.
6-7. (? , ? . Little Namaqnaland ....

. Angra Pequena, Great Namaqnaland . Dr. J. G. Fischer.

. Port Elizabeth F. W. FitzSimons,

Esq.
. E. districts of Cape Colony . . . J. P. M. Weale, Esq.
. S. Africa.

S- <? .

9. ? .

10-11. <?

12. c? .

Eremias velox, Pall.
Forma fypica.
1-10- (? , ? and yg. European Coast of Caspian Sea .

11. Yg. . .

. Caucasia .....

12. Yg. . .

. Mangischlak .....

13. c? .

. N. Alexandrovsk ....

14. ? .

. Puli Hatun, Transcaspia

15. c? .

. W. Turkestan

16. J .

. Bokhara ....

17-20. 9 and va:. Golodnaja Steppes.

21-24. <?, 9 .

. Tchincheili E., Kara Kum Desert.

25-26. (?, V •

. Upper Hi R

27. ? . .

. Kasalpai Settlement, Lepsa R.

28-31. cT, 9 .

. Tchinas, Syr Daria . . . .

32. ? .

. Arganatinsk

33-34. ^ and yr^

. Khorgos, Tianshan ....

35-36. 9

. Ferghana District ....

37-38. c?,9 .

. Lower Kungess R.

39. <? .

. New Gulran, E. Turkestan .

Var. PERsiCA, Blanf.

1-2. c?. ? . ■

Kirjawa, E. of L. Urmi

3. <? . .

N. Persia

4. ? . .

Ghilan, S. of Eesht ....

5-8. J .

Near Teheran

9-10. (J and ligr.

11-12,13. rj, types

Near Ispahan

14. <? .

20 ni. W. of Ispahan, .5500 f. .

15-16. (J

30 m. N.W. of Ispalian, 5500 f. .

17-19. 9 and yg.

100 m. N.W. of Ispahan, 6000 f. .

20-21. Yg., types.

Between Shiraz and Karman

22. <?, types.

Karman

23-24. ? , types .

Rayin, S.E. of Karman ....

Petrograd Museum

(LatasteColI.).

Petrograd Museum.

Mr. C. Eylandt,
M. Severzow.
Petrograd Museum.

Dr. Aitchison.

R. T. Giinther, Esq,
W.T. Blanford, Esq.

Marquis G. Doria.

(LatasteColI.).
W.T. Blanford, Esq.
R. B.Woosnam, Esq.

W.T. Blanford, Esq.

List of thP Specimen, in the British Museum. 437

25-28. <?, 9 . . Abadeh . ^ ,

• Bombay N. H.

• Nasirabad, Sistan . . p,,, ^ ,, ^7"*^-

. Perso-Baluch. Frontier ' " ' t \'T-^\

29. c? .

30. 9 .

31. <? .

32. Yo-. .
33,34. ?

. Between Quetta and Nu.sliki.
. Baluchistan .

Dr. Aitcliison.
Mr. J. A. Murray.

Eremias fasciata, Blanf.
1-3- <?. ?. types . Saidabad, between Shiraz and Karman,
4-5. S, ?, types . Si!l-Tun, S.W. of Karman '. ' ' ''^•^- ^'''^"^-'1' ^^q-

? 8^ 9 ■ ■ ■ It''^' ^,^^-f -f 1"°^- Frontier . . Sir A. H. McMahon.
^8^?. . . Kharan Baluchistan . . . . Capt. C. Dankes.
y- V . . . Hehnand, Afghanistan .... Dr. Aitchison.

Eremias vermiculata, Blanf.
W . . . Khami Desert, Mongolia . . . P,,ewalski Exped
^- o • • • S5sa-isehu, Chinese Turkestan

Eremias przewalskii, Straiich.

J- ! • • • ^- ^^^^'^^'^ ^^^^'•^' Mongolia . . Przewalski Exped

^- V . . . Tschirgu-Bulyk, „ .

^- ? • • . Khara-Morite,

4-5. Hgr. . . Ordos Desert,

Eremias multiocellata, Gthr.
Forma typica.
1. 9 , type . . Between Same and the Tola R., Gobi

Desert, Mon,golia . . . . j. Brenehley, Esq
2-0. c?, ? . . Tian Shan Mts„ E. Turkestan . . Lord Rothschild
^- ^ ■ ■ ■ Near Ak.su, E. Turkestan . . . StG.Littledale.Esq.

Var. yarkandensis, Blauf.
1-3. J , 9 , types . Yarkand, E. Turkestan .... Yarkand E.xped.
4-5. ^, types . Sarilvol, „ . . . .

6-7. ? , types . San.iu, „ . . . .

8. ? , types . . Kashgar, „ .... Sir D. Forsytli.

9-17. $, 9 andyg. Kashgar Steppes, E. Turkestan . . Mr. K. Aris*.
^8-19. ^ , ? . . „ „ . . Rev. H. Lansdell.

-'^- ? • • • Alashan Desert, Mongolia . . . Przewalski Exped.

(As one of the types of E. huechneri.)

Var. SATURATA, Blauf.
1-3 J, 9, types . Kuenluen Valleys, S. of Yarkand Yarkand Exped,

438

Lacertidee.

Eeemias intermedia, Strauch

1-2. 2

types .
3-5. <?, 9

6. S .

7. S .
8-9 i .

and

. Kizil Kum, AraloCaspian Desert
. Perewalnaja, Transcaspia
. Tedshen, Transcaspia .
. Askhabad, „

. Bal-Kiiju, near Askhabad
10. ,7, type of E.
nigrocellata . Feizabad-Mondechi, E. Pei'sia

Eremias ARGUS, Peters.

Petrograd Museum.
Dr. G. Radde.
Warsaw University.
Dr. G. Radde.

Petrograd Museum.

1. ? . .
2-3. Yg.
4-6. ? and hgr.
7-16. (?, ? .
17-19. <?, ? .
20-22. g, 2 ■
23-24. ?

25. ? .

26. Yg. . .
27-^0. (7, $ and

41-48.

49-53.

J, ?

54-55.

J, ?

56-62.

<?, ?

63. ¥

64-65.

?

1. 9,

type

2. ?

3. Yg

1.

2

2.

?

3.

^

4,

5. ?

6.

?

7-

9. c?

c

10

-11.

S

12

-14.

s

Forma iypica.
Manchuria

Corea ....
N.E. Mongolia
Chih Fing, N.E. Chihili
Wei-Hai-Wei, Shanting
Pekin ....

Chefoo ....

Aisun, 30 m. S. of Chefoo
N. China

Mr. A. Adams.
Mr. J. Kalinowski.
C.W.Campbell, Esq.
A. L, Hall, Esq.
Mr. M. P. Anderson.
E. Swinhoe, Esq.
J. Brenchley, Esq.
Marquis G. Doria.
Dr. S. W. Bushell.

Eev. A. David

(Lataste Coll.).
M. Collin de Plancy

(Lataste Coll.).
E. Swinhoe, Esq.
Mr. M. P. Anderson.

E. Swinhoe, Esq.
Mr. A. Adams.

Var. brenchleyi, Gthr.
Land of Grass, Mongolia

Chikiang-

Pekin

Eremias arguta, Pall.
St. George, Danube Delta .
Odessa ......

. Crimea ......

Astrachan . . . . .

Dongus, near Orenburg

Kirghiz Steppes
Baku

J. Brenchley, Esq.
Dr. J. G. Fischer.
Eev. A. David

(Lataste Coll.).

M. A. Montandon.
Petrograd Museum.

M. Severzov.
Petrograd Museum.

(Lataste Coll.).
Petrograd Museum,

List of the Specimens in the British Museum.

439

15-17. S, ?

18. S ■
19-20. Y^.
21-22. ?

23. Hgr.

24. ^ .

25. ? .

26. J .
27-28. ^ ?
29. Yg. .
30-32. cJ, 9 and

ligi'. .

33. Yg. .

34. <? .
35-39. (? and yjj
40. 9 .
41-43. cJ, V .

■ Baku Petrograd Museum

(Lataste Coll.).
" ....... Dr. Martin.

. Mangisclilak Petrograd Museum.

. Novo Alexandrovsk, near Mangischlak

. Transcaucasia .....

. Alexandrovski Portress, Transcaspia . M. Nazarow.

. Tchinas, Syr Daria .... Petrograd Museum.

. Isbes Khan, N. of Syr Daria.

. L. Alakul Petrograd Museum.

. Emba E. ....

L. Sassyk Kul

Tarbagatai Mts.

L Ourkutsch

Tian Shan Mts., E. Turkestan

Turkestan.

Geogr. Soc. of

Bremen.
Petrograd Museum.

M. P. Nazarow.
Lord Eothscliild.

SCAPTIRA KNOXII, M.-Eclw.

1. (? . . . Cape Town

2. (J . . . Calvinia, Cape Colony .

3-11. (?,'+'• • Port Nolloth, Little Namaqualand
12-14. '_(_' . . Little Namaqualaud
15-18. S , 9, types

oi E.J'ordii . S. Africa .....

19. V , type of E.
fordii . . . „

20. Yg. . . . „

21. <? .

. Mr. De Souza.
. Mr. Leipoldt.
. C. Grant, Esq.
. Dr. L. Peringuoy.

Sir A. Smith.

Sir A. Smith.

ScAPTiRA suBORBiTALis, Peters.
1-3. (J , V and hgr. Little Namaqualand . . . .
4-5. Yg. . . „ . . . .

7-9. J and hgr. . Naroep, Little Namaquahmd;
10-12. 9 and hgr. Steiukoisf,
13. 9 • ■ ■ <^rroendoorn. Great Namaqualand .

14-15. (? . . Aus,

16-19, 20-21. (J, 9 Angra Pequena,

22. 9 . . . S. Africa

23. Yg. . . . „

24-26. <?, 9 .

Mr. Sclilecliter.
Mr. Turle.
Mr. Schlechter.

, Hon. P. A.

Methuen.
Dr. J. G. Fischer.

Lord Derby.
Sir A. Smith.

ScAPTIRA CTENODACTYLA, A. Suiitll.

1-2. (? , 9 > ty^Jes . Great Namaqualand .... Sir A. Smith.
3. (J . . . Little Namaqualand ... — Scully, Esq.

440

Lacertidx.

4-8. ^ , ? . . Port Nolloth, Little Namaqiialand . C. Grant, Esq.

9. 9 . . . Beaufort West Rev. G. H. E. Fisk.

SCAPTIRA CUNEIEOSTRIS, Stvaucll.

1-2. <? . . Damaraland Mr. W. Anderson.

3. (? . . . S. Africa.

SCAPTIRA LINEOLATA, Nik.

1- (?)type . . Feizabad, E. Persia

2. $ . . . Askhabad, Transcasisia .

3. S • • • Balkujer, near Askhabad

4. 9 • ■ • Perewalnaja, Transcaspia

5. (? . . . Tedshen,

Petrogi-ad Museum.
Warsaw Museum.
Dr. G. Eadde.

Warsaw Museum.

ScAPTiRA SCRIPTA, Straiicli.

1-2. ? . . . K. Lepsa, Ala Tan Petrograd Museum.

3. ? . . . Copet Dagli, near Askhabad . . . M. Nazarow.

4. S ■ ■ ■ Baluchistan, near Afghan frontier . Dr. F. P. Maynard.

ScAPTIRA ACUTIROSTRIS, Blgr.

1. Yg., type . . Between Nushki and the Helmaud,

N. Baluchistan Dr. Aitehisou.

ScAPTIRA GRAMMICA, Licllt.

1. ^ . . . R. Hi Petrograd Museum.

2-3. 5" and yg. . I!. Lepsa

4. Hgr. . . . Miclieilovo, Transcaspia . . . Dr. G. Radde.

5. <? . . . Molle Kary, „
(5. (? . . . Lower Morgab, ,,

Macmahonia aporosceles, Ale. &
l-ti. J , types . W. of Robat I

HoLASPis GUENTHEEi, Gray.

1. H:',type .

2-3. (J and hgr. . Sierra Leone

4. ? .

6-S. S, ?

0-13. S,

hgr. .

]4r-15. ?

16. ? .

. Oban, Calabar
. Abo, S. Nigeria
. Efuleu, Cameroon .

and

. Benito R., Spanish Guinea
. Caconda, Benguella
. Zomba, Nyassaland
17- <? ) type of sub-

sp. Isevis . Usambara, E. Africa

Piuu.

. Afghan-Baluch.
Boundary Comm.

Sir A. Smith.
Dr. J. G. Fischer.
P. A. Talbot, Esq.
Dr. W. J. Ansorge.
G. L. Bates, Esq.

Dr. W. J. Ansorge.
Sir H. H. Johnston.

Dr. F. Werner.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Acantliodactyliis
acutirostris (Scaj)liia)
Adolfus .
aJramitana (Ereinias)

PAGE

. II, 37
. II, 368
. I, 338
. II. 271

adi-iatica (Lacerta serpa, var.) I, 200
reneofuscus (Tachydromus sex-

lineatvxs, var.) . . .II, 152
afi-icanus (Algiroides) . I, 348, 351
agilis (Lacerta) I, 39, 90, 127, 163

albiventris (Lacerta mixralis,

var.) I, 109

albiventris (Podarcis inviralis)

I, 163, 199
albolineata (Lacerta agilis,

var.) I, 40

Algira . I, 338, II, 163, 179

algira (Algira) . . . .II, 175
algira (Lacerta) . . .II, 175
algira (Psammuros) . . II, 175

algira (Scincus) . . • II, 175
algira (Tropidosaura) I, 82, II, 175
Algiroides . . . .1, 338

algirus (Clirysolamprus) . I, 108

algirus (Psammodromvis) . II, 175
alleni (Algii-oides) . . .1, 352
altaica (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 55
amm-ensis (Tachydromus) . II, 129

Amystes II, 199

anatolica (Lacerta) . . -I, 310
anchietas (Aporosaura) . . II, 376
anchietae (Pachyrliynchus) . II, 376
andersonii (Latastia longicau-

data, var.) . , . . II, 30
anguiformis (Lacerta) . . 1, 40
annulata (Lacerta agilis, var.) I, 40
anuulifera (Eremias) . . II, 289
Apathya .... II, 14, 16
Apeltonotus . . . .II, 124
Aporosaura . . . -11, 375

PAGE

aporosceles (Macraahouia^ . II, 373

aporosceles (Scaptira) . . II, 373

arabicus (Acantliodactyliis can-
toris, var.) . . . II, 91, 95

arcliipelagica (Lacerta luuralis,

var.) I, 211

\ arenicola (Lacerta) ... I, 40

argiilus (Lacerta) . . .II, 308

argils (Eremias) . . .II, 336

argils (Lacerta serpa, var.) . I, 200
j argus (Podarcis) . . .II, 336

argus (Seps) . . . . 1, 39
I arguta (Eremias) . . .II, 342
I arguta (Lacerta) . . .II, 342
I armeniaca (Lacerta saxicola) . I, 278

asper (Acantliodactyliis boski-
anus, var.)

aspera (Eremias)

aspera (Lacerta)

asperus (Acantliodactyliis )

Asi)idorliinus .

Aspistis ....

atlantica (Lacerta) .

atlanticus (Acantliodactyliis

vulgaris, var.) . . II, 42, 46

atra (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 40

atra (Lacerta oxycepliala, var.) I, 321

atrata (Lacerta muralis)

Atropis

audouini (Acantliodactyliis

scutellatus, var.) . . II, 98, 101

aiirata (Lacerta viridis, var.) . I, 82

aureus (Acantliodactyliis scu-
tellatus, var.) . . II, 98, 103

II, S3, 86

II, 299

11,83

11,83

II, 225

II, 163

I, 111

I, 164
1,28

balearica (Lacerta

var.)
balfouri (Eremias) .

muralis,

I, 225, 228
. II, 266

442

Lacertidas.

balfouri (Eremias guttulata,

var.) II, 266

barbarica (Algira) . . .II, 175
beddomii (Ophiops). . . II, 205
beddomii (Pseudophiops) . II, 205

bedriagse (Acanthodactyhis

pardalis, var.) . . II, 63, 66
bedriag'EB (Eremias) . . .II, 314
bedriagse (Lacerta) . .1, 249, 252
bedriagce (Lacerta mviralis,

var.) I, 249

bedriagae (Lacerta oxycephala,

var.) I, 249

bedriagai (Acanthodactyhis) . II, 63
bedriagai (Nucras delalandii,

var.) I, 13

Bedriagaia . . . . II, 118
belli (Acanthodactylus vul-
garis, var.) . . .II, 41, 45
bellii (Acanthodactylus) . . II, 41
benguelensis (Eremias) . II, 283, 287
bernouUii (Eremias) . . II, 273

Bettaia I, 7

bilineata (Lacerta) . . . I, 65
bilkewitschi (Scajiteira) . . II, 366
bistriata (Lacerta) . . . I, 65
bithynica (Lacerta saxicola) . I, 278
bivittata (Ichnotropis) . . II, 182
blanci (Acanthodactylus) . II, 41
blanci (Acanthodactylus vul-

gai-is, var.) . . .II, 42, 48
blanci (Algira) . . . .II, 164
blanci (Psamniodromus) . . II, 164
blanci (Zerzoumia) . . .II, 164
blanfordii (Acanthodactylus

cantoris, var.) . . II, 91, 94
bocagii (Acanthodactylus vul-
garis, var.) . . . . II, 41
bocagii (Lacerta muralis, var.) 1,262
boettgeri (Lacerta). . . I, 292
boscse (Latastia) . . -11, 22
boschianus (Acanthodactylus). II, 41
boskiana (Lacerta) . . • II, 82
boskianiis (Acanthodactylus) . II, 82
bosnica (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 50
boueti (Acanthodactylus) . II, 55
boulengeri (Algiroides) . . I, 351
boulengeri (Nucias) . . I, 16

PAGE

Boulengeria . . . .II, 225
brachydactyla (Podarces) . II, 324
brandtii (Lacerta) ... I, 299
brenchleyi (Eremias) . . II, 336
brenchleyi (Eremis argus, var.)

II, 336, 339
brenchleyi (Podarces) . . II, 336
brenneri (Boulengerina) . . II, 254
brenneri (Eremias) . II, 244, 251, 234
breviceps (Eremias) . . II, 280

breviceps (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 271

brevirostris (Eremias) . II, 271, 273
brevirostris (Mesalina) . . II, 273
brongniartii (Lacerta) . . I, 163
brueggemanni (Lacerta mura-
lis, var.) . . . . I, 232
brunnea (Cabrita) . . • II, 195
brunneo-viridescens (Lacerta

viridis, var.) ... I, 65

buechneri (Eremias) . II, 327, 331
burchelli (Eremias) . . II, 302

burchelli (Tropidosaura) . II, 160

burii (Latastia) . . .II, 20

Cabrita II, 193

Cabritopsis .... II, 193
Cffirulea (Lacerta muralis) . I, 199
cseruleo-ceerulescens (Lacerta

muralis) . . . I, 199

cseruleo-ocellata (Eremias)

II, 308, 327
caerulescens (Seps) . . . I, 39
caerulescens gallensis (Lacerta

muralis) . . . -I, 199
cserulescens monaconensis (La-
certa muralis) . . .1, 199
csesaris (Lacerta) . . . I, 115
calbia (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 164
Calosavira . . . • II, 193

cameranoi (Lacerta) . . I, 20
campestris (Lacerta muralis,

var.) .... I, 179, 193
campestris (Podarcis muralis,

var.) . . . . . I, 193
cantoris (Acanthodactylus) . II, 91
caisensis (Acanthodactylus) . II, 358
capensis (Algyra) . . .II, 185

Alphabetical Index.

443

PAGE

capensis (Eremias) . . . H, 394
capensis (Ichnotropis) . 11, 182, 183
capensis (Lacerta) . . . u^ 305
capensis (Notopholis) . . II, leo
capensis (Tropidosaura) . . II, 185
cappadocica (Apathya) . . II, 34
cappadocica (Lacerta) . . H, 34.
cappadocica (Latastia) . . II, 34,
carinata (Lacerta) . . I, 345, n, 32
carinata (Latastia) . . .II, .S2
carniolica (Lacerta vivipara,

var.) ....
caiicasica (Lacerta)
caucasica (Lacerta nimali

var.) ....
cazzas (Lacerta serpa, var.)
Centromastix . . . I 28 331
cettii (Lacerta nuiralis, var.) . I, 244
cettii (Lacerta podarcis, var.)
clialybdea (Lacerta)
chalybdea (Lacerta nmralis,

var.)

chalybdea (Lacerta saxicola,

var.)

chalybdea (Nucras) .
chalybdea (Zootoca)
chaperi (Cabrita)
chaperi (Calosaura)
chapini (Ichnotropis)
chersonensis (Lacerta)
chersonensis (Lacerta :i
var.) ....
chinensis (Tachydronius)
chlorogaster (Lacerta) .
cliloronota (Lacerta)
Chondrophiops

chrysochlora (Lacerta nmralis,
var.) .....
chrysogastra (Lacerta) .
cinerea (Lacerta)
cinereo - nigrescens (Lacerta

viridis, var.) . . . I, 65

cinereus (Psammodronuis) . II, 1(38
coccinea (Lacerta) . . .II, 308
colchica (Lacerta agili.s, var.) . I, 55
colchica (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 54
composita (Lacerta) . . I, 281

concolor (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 55

I, 128
I, 275

1,275
I, 200

I, 243

L278

I, 278

. I, 286
. I, 278
. I, 278
. II, 202
. II, 202
. II, 190
. L 51

I, 51, 54
. II, 160
. I, 292
. I, 65
II, 200

I, 219

I, 128

II, 168

PAGE

concolor (Lacerta nmralis) . I, 199

concolor (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 65

Corsica (Lacerta nmralis, var.) I, 215

j crocea (Lacerta) . . .1 128

I crocea (Zootoca) . . .1, 128

j cruenta (Lacerta) . . . H, 308

I cruentatus (Scincus) . . II, 308

I ctenodactylus (Lacerta) . . II, 358

I ctenodactyla (Scaptira) . . II, 358

cuneirostris (Podarces) . . II, 361

cimeirostris (Saurites) . . II, 361

cuneirostris (Scaptira) . . II, 36I

cupreiventris (Podarcis mu-

ralis, var.) . . . . I, 163
cuvieri (Algira) . . . n, 175
cyanotema (Lacerta) . . I, 65

danfoi-di (Zootoca) . . .1, ,309
danfordii (Lacerta) . . .1, 309
defilippii (Lacerta nmralis,

var.) . . . I, 283, 288, 292
defilippii (Lacerta saxicola,

var.) .... I, 283, 288
defiliijpii (Podarcis) . . 1,288

degeni (Latastia) . . .II, 12
delalandii (Bettaia) . . I, 13

delalandii (Lacerta) I, 13, 17

delalandii (Nucras) . . I, 10, 13, 17
depressa (Lacerta)

I, 278, 283, 290, II, 354
depressa (Lacerta niuralis,

var.) .... I, 283, 290
depressa (Podarcis)

I, 282, 286, 288, 290
depressa (Scapteira) . . II, 354
derbiana (Zootoca) . . .1, lis
derjugini (Lacerta) . . I, 142

deserti (Acanthodactylus sav-

ignyi, var.) . . . . II, 69
deserti (Lacerta) . II, 62, 308, 343
deserti (Podarcis) . . .II, 343
deserti (Zootoca) . . .II, 63
dilepis (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 54
doderleini (Lacerta serpa, var.) I, 191
doderleiiiii (Podarcis nmralis,

var.) . . . • . I, 190
doniensis (Lacerta) . . I, 54

doniensis (Lacerta agilis, var.) I, 54

444

La cert idee.

II,

175

,25

,53

II,

125

II,

240

,4D

II,

125

327

98,

105

,97

,97

II,

185

331

168

167

168

254

168

211

doria) (Tropidosaura algiia,
var.) .....

doi'iai (Latastia)

dorsalis (Acanthodactyliis)

dorsalis (Apeltonotus)

dorsalis (Eremias) .

dorsalis (Lacerta agilis, var.) .

dorsalis (Tachydromus) .

diigesii (Lacerta)

dumerili (Acanthodactyliis
sciitellatus, var.) . . II,

dumerilii (Lacerta) .

diimerilii (Meroles)

dumerilii (Tropidosaura)

echinata (Lacerta) .
edwardsiana (Aspisti.s) .
edwardsiana (Lacerta)
edwardsiana (Notopholis)
edwardsii (Eremias)
edwardsii (Psanimodromvis)
ehrenbergii (Amystes)
ehrenbergii (025hiops elegans,

var.) . . . .II, 211, 214
elegans (Lacerta) . . I, 24, 65
elegans (Lacerta miiralis, var.) I, 199
elegans (Niieras tessellata,

var.) I, 24

elegans (Oplnops) . . II, 207, 211
emini (Nncras) . . . I, 10
Eremias . . .II, 179, 22*, 347
eremioides (Lacerta agilis,

var.) . . . I, 55

erliardi (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 211
erythronotus (Lacerta agilis,

var.) ■ . . . . I, 40
erythrosticta (Eremias) . . II, 250
erytlirnra (Lacerta) . . II, 41

erythrurixs (Eremias) . II, 308

euphraticvis (Acanthodactylu.s

boskianus, var.) . . II, 83, 87
europaja (Lacerta) . . I, 40, 54, 65
exigua (Lacerta) . . . I, 54
exigua (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 54
exigua (Nucras) ... I, 54
exigua (Zootoca) . . . I, 54
exiguus ( Acanthodactylus scu-

tellatus, var.) . . 11,98,104

PAGE
faraglionensis (Lacerta) . . I, 199
faraglionensis (Lacerta mura-
lis, var.) . . . I, 199
faraglionensis (Podarcis mvira-

lis, var.) . . . . I, 199
fasciata (Eremias) . . .II, 318
fasciata (Lacerta) . . .1, 163
fasciata (Podarees) . . .II, 318
filfolensis (Lacerta) . . .1, 219
filfolensis (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 219

filfolensis (Podarcis muralis,

var.) . . . . . 1, 219
fitzingeri (Algiroides) . . I, 340
fitzingeri (Lacerta) . . I, 340

fitzingeri (Notopholis) . . I, 340
fiumana (Lacerta) . .1, 180

fiumana (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 179
flavesceus (Lacerta viridis,

var.) I, 65

flaviundata (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 237

flaviventris (Podarcis muralis,

var.) I, 163

fordii (Eremias) . . .II, 350
fordii (Poromera) . . . II, 121
fordii (Tachydi'omus) . . II, 121
formosa (Eremias) . . .II, 289
formosauus (Tachydromus) . II, 141
fraasii (Lacerta) . . .1, 140
fraseri (Acanthodactylus) . 11, 111
fridericianus (Adolfus) . . I, 348
fusca (Lacerta) . . . I, 65
fusca (Lacerta muralis) . . 1, 163,
187, 190, 212, 21.5, 225, 237,
256, 259, 261, 263, 278, 282
fusca (Lacerta viridis, var.) . I, 82

gadovii (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 90
Gallotia . . . I, 28, 109

galloti (Lacerta) . I, 115, 118, 121
galloti (Zootoca) . . I, 111, 118
galvagnii (Lacerta serpa, var.) I, ]87
garambensis (Eremias nitida,

var.) II, 233

Gastropholis . . . . II, 115
genei (Lacerta muralis) . . I, 215
genei (Lacerta podarcis, var.) . I, 215

Alphahetical Index.

PAGE 1
I, 215 j
1.225 !
I, 117 I
II, SOS I
1,275 i

persiji-

I, 310
97, 371
II, 371
II, 371
II, 113
40, 163
II, 363
I, 263
II, 377
I, 128
II, 261

I, 337
II, 256

genei (Lacerta taui-ica)
gig-Iiolii (Lacerta muralis, var.)
gomera; (Lacerta galloti i
gracilis (Aspidorhinus)
gracilis (Lacerta saxicola)
grajca (Lacerta)
grammica (Lacerta), I, 282, II,
grammica (Podarees)
grammica (Seaptira)
grandis (Acanthodaetylus)
grisea (Lacerta agilis) . I,
gruni-grziinailoi (Scapteira)
guadarriana (Lacerta miiralis)
guentheri (Holaspis)
guerin (Zootoca)
guichenoti (Eremias)
guichenoti (Lacerta

cillata, var.) .
guineensis (Eremias)
guttulata (Eremias)

II, 258, 261, 263, 266
guttulata (Lacerta) . . . n^ 353
guttulata (Mesalina) . . n^' 258
Gymnops . . . jjj 20O

hardeggeri (Latastia) . II,
hardeggeri (Pliilocliortus)

haughtoniauus (Tacliydromus

liaugi (Poromera) .

liesperiea (Lacerta muralis,
var.) . . _

lieterolei:)is (Eremias)

liidalgoi (Algiroides)

liieroglyphica (Lacerta) .

hieroglyphica (Lacerta mura-
lis, var.) . . _

liirticauda (Lacerta)

hispanica (Lacerta)

hispanica (Lacerta muralis,
var.)

hispanica (Lacerta oxycephala,
var.)

liispanicus (Psammodromus)
hcehneli (Eremias) .
Holaspis .
liolomelas (Lacerta viridis,

var.)
holsti (Tacliydromus) .

1,208
I, 331
1,259

I, 259

I, 259
n, 167
n, 251
II, 377

liolubi (Eremiasj
liolubi (Nucras)
horvathi (Lacerta) .
horvathi (Lacerta
var. )

muralis.

Ida . . jy

iberica (Lacerta ocellata, var.)
Iclinotropis

imitans (Lacerta fiumana, var.)
immaculata (Lacerta agilis,
var. )

inajqualis (Scapteira)
inoruata (Eremias) .
inornata (Eremias undata,

var.)
inornata (Scapteira)
inornatus (Acanthodaetylus)
inoruatus (Acanthodaetylus
scutellatus, var.) . . n
insulaniea (Lacerta muralis,'

var.)
intermedia (Eremias)
intermedia (Lacerta viridis,

var.)
intermedia (Podarees)
intermedius (Acanthodaetylus

pardalis, var.)
intermedius (Philochortus)
intertexta (Lacerta)
intertexta (Nucras)
ionica (Lacerta)
ionica (Lacerta taurica, var.)
irritans (Podarcis) .
ischlieusis (Lacerta agilis, var. )
istriensis ( Lacerta viridis, var.)

44S

PAGE
1,20

1,20
I, 273

I, 273

37, 225

1,98

II, 179

I, 180

I, 40

11,83

II, 283

II, 283

II, 97
n, 97

98, 104

I, 241
II, 333

I, 65
IL 333

n, 63

11,9

1,17

1,17

I, 152

.1, 154

n, 343

I, 40

I, 65

I, 65
n, 132

jacksonii (Lacerta) . . , j 99"

jacquin (Zootoca) . . j' 228

jamaicensis (Lacerta) . . I 98

japonicus (Tachydromus) . H^ 132

Japonicus (Tachysaurus) . . H^' 132

jayakari (Lacerta) . . _ j' .^^J~

jerdoni (Pseudophiups) . . u[ 201

jerdoni (Tropidosaura) . . n' 201

jerdonii (Cabrita) . . jj' jy-

jerdonii (Ophiops) . . _ jj' 201

johnstonii (Latastia) . . ij^ ^g

446

Lacertidse.

PAGE

jiidaica (Lacerta) . . .1, 302
judaica (Lacerta iiiuralis, var.) I, 302
judaica (Podarcis) . . .1, 302

kessleri (Podarces) . . .II, 324'
khasiensis (Tachydionms) . II, 14-1
kibonotensis (Lacerta jacksoni) I, 295
kirdwelli (Latastia). . . II, 16
knoxii (Eremias) . . II, 350, 353
knoxii (Lacerta) . . .II, 350
knoxii (Scaptira) . . .II, 350
koritana (Lacerta) . . .1, 323
koslowi (Eremias luultiocellata,

var.) II, 327

ksourensis (Acauthodactylus

vulgaris, var.) . . .II, 41
kuehnei (Platyj^lacopixs) . II, 158

kuehnei (Takydi-omus) . . II, 158
kurtuaua (Lacerta ayilis, var.) I, 60

Lacerta . . . I, 7, 28, 37, 338
Isevis (Lacerta) . . .1, 302
lajvis (Holaspis giientheri) . II, 378
lalandii ( Eremias) . . . I, 13
lalaudii (Lacerta) ... I, 13
lalandii (Nucras) . . . I, 13
Lampreremias . . • II, 225, 227
laugi (Lacerta) . . .1, 331
Latastia . . . . II, 1, 1^
latastii (Acantliodactylus par-

dalis, var.) ... II, 63, 69
latastii (Eremias guttulata,

var.) II, 264

latastii (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 190
lateralis (Lacerta) . . .1, 163
laticeps (Eremias) . . .II, 305
laurentii (Lacerta) . . . 1, 40
leiocerca (Scapteira) . . II, 53
lepida (Lacerta) ... I, 98
leschenaultii (Cabrita) . II, 194, 201
lesclienaultii (Calosaura) . II, 195

leschenaultii (Lacerta) . . II, 194
leucosticta (Lacerta) . . II, 343
lichtensteinii (Mesalina). . II, 276
lilfordi (Lacerta) . . I, 22S, 228
lilfordi (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 225
lilfordi (Zootoca) . . I, 219, 225

lineata (Podarcis muralis, var.) I, 215
lineolata (Pseuderemias). . II, 244
lineolata (Scaptira) . . .II, 363
lineomaculatus (Acanthodac-

tylus) 11,41

lineomaculatus (Acanthodac-

tylus vulgaris, var.) . II, 41, 49
lineo-ocellata (Eremias) . . II, 289
liolepis (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 256
lissana (Lacerta fiumana, var.) I, 185
lissana (Lacerta litoralis, var.)

I, 185, 187
lissana (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 185
littoralis (Lacerta) . . .1, 180
littoralis (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 180
livadiaca (Lacerta littoralis,

var.) I, 180

livida (Lacerta) . . . I, 24
livida (Nucras tessellata, var.) I, 24
livorniensis (Lacerta muralis,

var.) . . . . • I, 194
longicauda (Lacerta) . . II, 83
longicaudata (Lacerta) . . II, 25
longicaudata (Latastia) . . II, 25
longipes (Acantliodactylus

scutelJatus, var.) . . II, 98, 100
longipes (Ichnotroisis) . . II, 188
lugubris (Eremias) . II, 235, 239, 244
lugubris (Lacerta) . . .II, 239
lutzei (Gastropliolis) . . II, 116

Macmalionia . . . .II, 373
macrodactj'lus (Ophiops) . II, 211

macrolepidota (Iclinotropis) . II, 185
maculata (Lacerta) . . .1, 163
maculata (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 199

muculata (Lacerta oxycephala,

var.) I, 310

maculata (Lacerta taiTi'ica,

var.) I, 159

maculata (Lacerta viridis,

var.) . . . . . I, 65
maculata (Podarcis muralis,

var.) I, 199

maculata (Scapteira) . . II, 62
maculato-striata (Lacerta mu-
ralis) I, 194

Alphahetical Index.

447

maciilatiis (Acanthodactylus

pardalis, var.) . . II, 63, 68
maculiventi'is (Lacerta miiralis,

var.) I, 164

maderensis (Lacerta) . . I, 327
major (Lacerta) ... I, 83
major (Lacerta vii'idis, var.) I, 77, 82
margaritata (Lacerta) . . 1, 98
martensi (Latastia doriai, var.) II, 25
martini (Eremias) . . .IT, 263
martini (Eremias g-uttnlata,

var.) IT, 263

mauritanicus (Acanthodac-
tylus vulgaris, var.) . II, 41, 47
meizolepis (Gymnops) . . II, 211
meizolepis (Opliiops) . . II, 211
melanota (Lacerta agilis, var.) I, 40
melisellensis (Lacerta) . . I, 187
melisellensis (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 187

melisellensis (Lacerta serj^a,

var.) I, 187

mento-CEerulea (Lacerta viridis,

var.) . . . . . I, 65
meridionalis (Tacliydroraus)

II, 152, 155
Meroles . . .II, 37, 347, 349
merremia (Lacerta) . . I, 163

merremii (Lacerta) . . I, 82, 194
merremii (Lacerta muralis,

var.) ... I, 187, 194, 200
Mesalina . . . .II, 225, 228
microdactyla (Algira) . . II, 173
microdactylus (Psammodro-

mus) . . . . . II, 173
microlepis (Gymnops) . . II, 222
microlepis (Ophiops) . . II, 222
micropliolis (Acanthodactylus)

II, 76, 91
milensis (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 212

mixta (Lacerta) . . .1, 282
mizolepis (Ophiops elegans,

var.) . . . .II, 211, 216
modesta (Lacerta depressa,

var.) I, 283

modesta (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 199

modesta (Lacerta oxycephala,

var.) I, 310

montana (Lacerta) . . .II, 160
montana (Tropidosaura) . . 11, 160
montana (Zootoca) . . .1, 128
monticola (Lacerta) . . I, 268

monticola (Lacerta mui-alis,

var.) I, 268

monticola (Ophiops) . II, 205

moreotica (Lacerta) . . I, 342

moreotica (Notopholis) . . I, 343
moreoticus (Algiroides) . . I, 342
mosorensis (Lacerta) . I, 273, 323
mucronata (Boulengeria) . II, 244
mucronata (Eremias) . . II, 244
mucronatus (Acanthodactylus) II, 244
multifasciata (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 194

multiocellata (Eremias) . . II, 327
multioeellata (Podarces) . II, 327

muralis (Lacerta) . . I, 128, 152,
159, 162, 292, 302
muralis (Podarcis) . . .1, 163
muralis (Seps) . . .1, 162

muralis (Zootoca) . . .1, 163

namaquensis (Eremias) . . II, 280,
283, 287
naxensis (Lacerta muralis,var.) I, 212
neapolitana (Lacerta muralis) I, 152,
179, 187, 190, 194, 199, 208,
212, 215, 219, 237, 241, 244
nebulosa (Scajjteira) . . II, 276
neumanni (Eremias) . . II, 20
nevimanni (Latastia) . . II, 7
neumanni (Philochortus) . II, 7
nigerica (Eremias) . . .II, 231
nigra (Atropis) . . .1, 128

nigra (Lacerta) . . .1, 128
nigra (Lacerta viridis, var.) . I, 65
nigricans (Lacerta agilis, var.) I, 40
nigriventris (Lacerta muralis,

var.) .... I, 232, 237
nigriventris (Podai-cis muralis,

var.) . . . . I, 163, 237
nigrocellata (Eremias) . . II, 333
nigrocellata (Eremias inter-
media, var.) . . . .II, 333

448

Lacerfichv.

nigrogularis (Lacerta muralis,

var.) 1, 212

nigropvinctata (Lacerta) . . I, 345
nigi-opixnctata (Notopholis) . I, 345
nigi'opunetatus (Algiroides) . I, 345
nikolskii (Eremias) . . .II, 315
nilgherrensis (Acanthodacty-

lus) II, 350

nitida (Eremias) . II, 16, 231

nolli (Tropidosaura alg-ira, var . )

II, 175, 177
Notopholis . . 1, 338, II, 163
Nucras I, 7, 28

oecidentalis (Ophiops) . .11,207
oceitana (Lacerta) . . . I, 98
ocellata (Lacerta) . . . 1, 97
ocellata (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 40
ocellata (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 82
ocellata (Nucras tessellata,

var.) I, 17

ocellatiis (Tacliydromus). . II, 152
oeellatxis (Tliimon) . . . I, 98
oedura (Lacerta) . . .1, 128
oertzeni (Lacerta) . . .1, .310
olivacea (Lacerta) . . .1, 243
olivaeea (Lacerta murali.s, var.)

I, 179, 194
olivieri _ (Eremias guttulata,

■var.) II, 261

olivieri (Lacerta) . II, 97, 258, 261

Ophiops II, 199

oranensis (Acanthodactylus

savignyi, var. ) . . . II, 58
orientalis (Lacerta agilis, var.) I, 54
ornata (Nucras tessellata, var.) I, 20
ornata (Teira) . . . I, 24

o.xycephala (Lacerta) . I, 249, 259,
310, 319
oxyrrhina (Eremias inter-
media, var.) . . . . ir, 333
oyensis (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 164

Pachyrhynchus . . .11, 375
pallida (Lacerta vivipara, var.) I, 128
palmffi (Lacerta galloti) . . I, 118
paradoxa (Lacerta) . . . I, 55
pardalis (Acanthodactylus) II, 58, 62

PAGE

pardalis (Eremias) . . II, 258, 261
pardalis (Lacerta) . I, 211, II, 41
pardalis (Mesalina) . . .11, 258
pardalis (Podarces) . .II, 258

pardaloides (Eremias) . . II, 258
pardaloides (Mesalina) . . II, 258
pardus (Lacerta) . . . I, 39
parva (Lacerta) . . .1, 60
pater (Lacerta) . . .1, 103

pater (Lacerta ocellata, var.) . I, 103
pelagosEB (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 199

pelagosse (Lacerta serpa, var.) I, 200
peloponnesiaca (Lacerta) I, 152, 159
peloponnesiaca (Lacertataurica,

var.) I, 159

persica (Eremias) . . .II, 308
persica (Eremias velox, var.)

II, 309,312
persica (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 288
persica (Podarces) . . .II, 309
persica (Scaptira) . . . II, 370
persicus (Ophiops elegans,

var.) .... 11,211,215
perspicillata (Lacerta) . . I, 335
perspicillata (Thetia) . . I, 335
phillijjsii (Latastia) . . II, 5

phillipsii (Philochortus) . II, 5

Philochortus . . . . II, 1
jjityvisensis (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 228

planiceps (Podarces) . . II, 327
Platyplacopus . . . .II, 157
platyura (Lacerta) . . .II, 53
pleskei (Eremias) . . .II, 332
Podarcis . . I, 28, 150, II, 224, 347
podarcis (Lacerta) . . I, 215, 243
pontica (Lacerta praticola) . I, 145

Poromera II, 121

porphyrea (Lacerta) . . I, 163

portschinskii (Lacerta) . . I, 286
portschinskii (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I. 286

portschinskii (Lacerta saxi-

cola, var.) . . . .1, 286
potanini (Eremias arguta, var.) II, 343
prasina (Gastropholis) . . II, 116
praticola (Lacerta) . . .1, 145

Alplwheiical Index.

449

PAGE

1,275
I, 95
II, 324
II, 324
II, 163
II, 163
25, 227
II, 200

praticola (Lacerta muralis)
princeps (Lacerta) .
przewalskii (Eremias)
przewalskii (Podai-ces)
Psammodromus
Psainmiii'os ....
Pseiuleremias . . .II, 2:
Pseiidophiojjs ....
pseudotessellata (Lacei-ta tes-

sellata, var.) . . . . 1, 24
puccina (Lacerta) . . .1, 243
pixlchella (Eremias) . . II, 288

piilchella (Eremias lineoocel-

lata, var.) . . .II, 289, 294
pulclira (Eremias) . . .II, 289
punctata (Algira) . . II, 168, 211

punctata (Lacertai .
punctata (Lacerta viridis, var.)

1,327

,82
I, 327

punctata (Teira)

punctato-f asciata ( Lacerta

muralis) . . .1. 163, 190
punetato-striata (Lacerta mu-
ralis) I, 179

ininctulata (Scapteira) . II, 258

pylzowi (Podarces) . . .II, 320
pyrrhogastra (Zootoca) . . I, 128

quadrifrons (Eremias) .

quadrifrons (Podarces) .

C[uadrilineata (Lacerta mura-
lis, var.) ....

quadrilineata (Zootoca) .

quadrilineatus (Takydromus) .

quadrinasalis (Eremias) .

quadriradiata (Lacerta viridis,
var.)

quinquevittata (Lacerta)

radiata (Lacerta viridis, var.).
rasquinetii (Lacerta muralis,
var.) .....
rathkei (Lacerta taurica, var.)
reweli (Eremias) . .
reticulata (Lacerta).
reticulata (Lacerta muralis)

322
322

215
215
151
234

65

',82

I, 65

I, 163
I, 159
II, 316
1,249
L 199,

reticulata (Lacerta oxycephala

var.) ....
reticulata (Podarces)
reticulata (Scaptira)
revoili (Eremias)
revoili (Latastia lono^icaudata

var.) ....
riveti (Lacerta muralis) .
roborowskii (Eremias velox

var.) ....
ruber (Sei3s)
rubriventris (Podarcis mura

lis) .... I,
rubropunctata (Eremias)
rubropunctata (Lacerta)
rubropunctata (Mesalina)
rudis (Lacerta dei^ressa, var.^
rudis (Lacerta muralis, var.)
rudis (Lacerta saxicola) .
rug-iceps (Eremias) .

1,249
II, 357
II, 357

II, 25

II, 30
I, 164

II, 309
I, 39

163, 190

II, 276

IL 276

IL 276

I, 290

I, 290

L290

II, 235

11,25
II, 25
I, 252
I, 252

1,252

232, 241, 243

samliarica (Lacerta)
sambarica (Lata.stia)
sardoa (Lacerta)
sardoa (Lacerta muralis, var.)
sardoa (Lacerta reticulata,

var.) .....
saturata (Eremias yarkan-

densis, var.) . . .II, 327, 329
Saurites . . . .II, 347, 349
sauteri (Tacliydromus) . . II, 149
savio-ny i ( Acanthodactylus)

II, 41, 57, 62, 78
savignyi (Lacerta) . . .II, 57
saxicola (Lacerta) . I, 275, 278, 282,
286, 290
Scapteira . . . .II, 37, 225, 347
sclilueteri (Ophioi^s) . . II, 211
schlueteri (Opliioi^s elegans,

var.) . . . . II, 211, 217
schreiberi (Acanthodactylus) . II, 78
.sclireiberi (Acanthodactylus

savignyi, var.) . . II, 78, 98
schreiberi (Lacerta) . . I, 90

schreiberi (Lacerta viridis,var.)
.schreibersiana (Lacerta) .
schreibersii (Lacerta)
scripta (Podarces) .

L90

1, 128

1,345

II, 365

450

Lacertidse.

PAGE

scripta (Scaptira) . . II, 363, 363
scutellata (Lacerta) . . II, 97

scvitellatus (Acanthodaetylus) II, 97
senegalensis (Lacerta) . . 1, 98

Seps 1,28

septentrionalis (Tacliydromus)

II, 137, 141
serpa ( Lacerta) . 1,187,190,194,

199, 208, 244
serpa (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 190,

200, 219, 244
sericea (Lacerta) . . I, 40, 65
sericeus (SepsJ . . . I, 64
serripes (Eremias) . . .II, 357
serripes (Scapteira) . . II, 357
sexlineatus ('rachydroimis)

II, 144, 151
sextseniata (Eremias) . . II, 235
sextseniata (Eremias spekii,

var.) • . . . .II, 235
sicula (Lacerta) . I, 65, 191, 243
siculus (Podarcis muralis) . I, 190
siebenrocki (Eremias) . . II, 19
siebenrocki (Latastia) . . II, 19
sikkimensis (Tacliydromus) . II, 152
similis (Lacerta viridis, var.) . I, 65
simoni (Podarces) . . .II, 261
simonyi (Lacerta) . . I, 121, 124
smaragdina (Lacerta) . . I, 65
smaragdinus (Tacliydromus) . II, 146
smithii (Eremias) . . .II, 247
spekii (Eremias) . . • II, 235
spinalis (Lacerta) . . . II, 3
spinalis (Lacerta agilis, var.) . I, 50
spinalis (Latastia) . . . II, 3
spinalis (Philochortus) . . II, 3
spinicatida (Acanthodaetylus

pardalis, var.) . . II, 63, 71
squamulosa (Ichnotropis) . II, 191
stehlini (Lacerta) . . . I, 121
steindachneri (Lacerta mura-
lis) 1,259

stejnegeri (Tacliydromus) . II, 141
stellatus (Seps) . . . T, 39
stenolepis (Lacerta vivipara,

var.) I, 145

stirpium (Lacerta) . . I, 40, 54
strauchi (Eremias) . . .II, 309

strauclii (Eremias velox) . II, 309

striata (Eremias) . . .II, 251
striata (Lacerta muralis, var.) I, 179,
194, 199
striatus (Eremias brenneri,

var.) II, 251

strigata (Lacerta) . . . I, 77
strigata (Lacerta viridis, var.)

I, 77, 88
stuiti (Lacerta) . . .II, 25
subcampestris (Lacerta serpa,

var.) I, 194

stibocellata (Lacerta major,

var.) I, 83

suborbitalis (Eremias) . . II, 354
suborbitalis (Scaptira) . . II, 354
succinea (Nucras) . . . I, 7
susana (Eremias guttulata,

var.) II, 265

sylvicola (Lacerta) . . . I, 54
syriacus (Acanthodaetylus) . II, 79
syriacus ( Acanthodaetylus bos-

kianus, var.) . .II, 78

syriacus ( Acanthodaetylus

schreiberi, var.) . . II, 79, 81

tachydromoides (Lacerta) . II, 132
tachydromoide.s i Tacliydromus) II, 132,
135, 137
Tachydromus . . . .II, 126
Tachysaurus . . . .II, 127
Taenieremias . . .II, 225, 228
teeniolata (Lacerta) . . . I, 24
taeniolata (Nucras tessellata,

var.) . . . . I, 20, 24

tfflniolata (Zootoca) . . . I, 24
Takydromus . . . .II, 126
tanganicana (Ichnotropis) . II, 181
tangitana (Lacerta ocellata,

var.) I, 104

taurica (Lacerta) . . I, 152, 159,

1 90, 282, 286

taurica (Podarcis) . . I, 152, 159

taurica (Zootoca) . . .1, 152

Teira 1,28

tenuis (Lacerta caucasica, var.) I, 283
terrestris (Seps) . . . I, 64
tessellata (Lacerta) . . I, 20, 24

Alphabet iced Index.

451

tessellata (Nucras)
theobaldi (Pseudophiops)
Thetia . . . .
Thimoii . . . .
tigrina (Lacerta)
tigris (Laeerta nmralis) .
tiliguei'ta (Laeerta) .
tiliguerta
var.)

PAGE

I, 10, 17, 20, 2i

. II, 201
I, 28, 335
. 1,28
. ri, 308
. I, 243
I, 193, 243
(Lacerta nmralis,

I, 190, 194., 200, 243
I, 215

iikerewensis (Nucras)
iiudata (Ereiuias)
undata (Lacerta)

vaillauti (Acautliodaotylus) . II, 57
vaillanti (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 65
Talentini (Lacerta muralis,

var.) I, 281

valentini (Lacerta saxicola) . I, 281
variabilis (Eremias) . II, 308, 343

variabilis (Lacerta) . . .II, 342
variabilis (Podarcis) . . II, 343
variolata (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 65
varius (Lacerta) . . I, 65

•varius (Seps) . . . I, 64

tiliguerta (Podarcis)
tingitanus (Acanthodactylus

vulgaris, var.) . . .II, 41
tomasinii (Lacerta) . . .1, 319
transcaspica (Eremias) . . II, 333
transcaspica (Scaptira) . . II, 368
transsylvanica (Lacerta viridis,

var.) I, 40

iirilineata (Lacerta viridis,

var.) 1,82

tristrami (Acanthodactylus) . II, 53
tristrami (Zootooa) . . 11, 53

tropidopliolis (Bedriagaia) . II, 118
Tropidosaura . . II, 160, 163, 179
typus (Tacliydronius) . . II, 152

. I, 10

11, 283, 289

. II, 283

vauclieri (Lacerta nmralis,

var.) I, 261

vauereselli (Lacerta) . . I, 149
velox (Acanthodactylus) . II, 41

velox (Eremias) . .II, 308

velox (Lacerta) . . II, 41, 308
velox (Podarcis) . . II, 308, 309
ventrimaculata (Laeerta viri-
dis, var.) .... I, 90
ventromacvilata (Lacerta mu-
ralis, var.) . . .1, 237
verniiculata (Eremias) . . II, 320
versicolor (Lacerta viridis, var.) I, 65
viridiocellata (Lacerta) . . I, 243
viridiocellata (Lacerta miiralis,

var.) I, 199

viridiocellata (Podarcis mu-
ralis, var.) . . . .1, 243
viridis (Lacerta), I, 40, 51, 54, 64, 97
viridis (Seps) . . . . I, 64
viridissima (Lacerta ocellata.

var.) ....
vittata (Gastroi^holis)
vittata (Lacerta)
vivipara (Lacerta) .
vivij)ara (Zootoea) .
vulgaris (Acantliodactylus)

. I, 103

. II, 116

. II, 308

I, 127, 145

. I, 128

II, 41,

57,63

wachei (Latastia) . . .II, 24
watsonana (Eremias) . II, 258, 273
wolteri (Tachydromus) . . II, 135
woosnami (Lacerta viridis,

var.) I, 88

yarkandensis (Eremias) . . II, 327
yarkandensis (Eremias nmlti-

ocellata, var.) . . .11, 329

Zerzoumia
Zootoea .

. II, 163
I, 7, 28, 126

ADLAKD AND SON AND WEST NEWMAN, LTD., LONDON AND DOKKING.

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