wee) RY AEN Reet rs ‘ aN ” de eth hv “i «| rela ay * Ary a.) Nk ASE sy wae Sake be acy ees Se ia Bite K HALOS A AeA Caixa nnuat : se ni its tat Wie PaO COON : 4 Hes yey Gh Mt Has Arava s) On eel aw aty \. RENN SAMEEREN "\ “ (RAK) +4 s+ “ i * iS ot Soe Ih wate whit ee S Latins! ae cK Oa DR He IS eae FAS tt Ne) tA Wie RTC 54 nt Can) SARE eK) ite ue ‘ann wu OAR! a ANE fry Aerie Rar Denna HS a he Hy rt y ae (She UY Lc ie ine sia Hoe “ Te aes \ ” egg) Nb 8) aN % seat ao Woy! roi Le i cy ; ROR ENA it einai a yo Nj HAGA CI ah Van oa) ene Sea i VAIO WEAN A, Ai : ee, i Re eA A ie iy , POS Weer hie: ‘ ra any beheaThe Sh fi} i ot wi ah yea tt , } PROD if At i i f aay rite » eine Leary i Ons At) Ds RHA pa aia i ue ney MOU) i wee ake SND a we" cea ae ea et ae i . PRD Ni Weve as ini ne : Ot, aig Gh ve HRN us Rit es isi Nicer Actes noe ss NAG ¢ ae e Payee }, din } vee ‘ Hatt ene RB Stas ao He ‘ ft) ayn CA: PRTC Se OND a Bt aaah AaRHICNY Peau “A PENS ek hee an Pd " gwen): Au Putney ¥ uh ee ane LN Nis \ i nie } Rote aan Fu'atanit We) ; { aa ee At vn spe yk st i Ne Hos te ae Hane inbins bie ee ey Li me it rinks SER aRERcTa At ae 0) yy aaa ans si " Rees One Wide Hl ic} ORR en sine Usk tits LA, Cy 44. i) WRECK Praan AAA Arts ‘At AAS AA A Ae MASH Ai Division of Mollusks Sectional Library uci nae A i i Mi i hi nie wy | wn : 7 : | MONOGRAPH — e Ve a GE THe Tae ae " ‘LAND & FRESHWATER - ‘MOLLUSCA — OF THE Set es BRITISH ISLES, yy “ Se! - - : ry - ; $ " te ave ? >. : i f ¥ be 3 wha r fc . > % ~ ro Y z Ee “ ay - i + re : i ee, ahs = é : ( me ; Za 5 ry f hie . S i m v5 <) i é ‘ j af 43 ia on eg: x ba e es a a ” i be ve Mood art 22 oP 1-68, su ae i, ii, bh and v.), Price-7/6. Rete A “NOTICE. HE great depletion’ of our trained ‘and abpabigneedt staff by the voluntary and forcible enlistment of our:men to carry | on the present unhappy war, has militated. against the issue of the present Part; and it is feared that as. there. are still few... z: orno apparent, signs of an. early peace, the. calls for more, and. more men for war purposes will become still. more severe, and insistent, and business. be still, further: injured ; every) - effort,’ however, will. be made to ssecure” the: publication of ) Part, XXI at thy, earliest porints date. i . At the wish of many. Subscribers, tite ‘Plates with: not. in. future: be pasted in, but will be loose, so that. they can bee ’ readily inserted in their proper position by the Eines without: risk of injury. retinas yes, a: + Great care should, beerereey be’ taken of ‘them, as, they.” - cannot, be replaced, and ‘their Dr eRanice ‘in every. Part: ‘sent out is assured ny double checking. © sea , ja a eli Se Rats “LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS - Continued from Part 21) aaa : ‘Chbterfionte Sica, “Godalming > ; HRN een To: : National Museum: of Wales, Cardiff : Dr. W. B ForleD Dirt Re is University Gollege of North Wales, Bangor, ee : Elliott, W. Tl.) D.DiS:, FLZ.S., Arden Grange, Tpicuef tho ak Fyre, Miss, Maitland’s Cottage, Ipplepeni’ Newton Abbot. Nhe Fysher, Greevz, Chapel-Allerton Parvice, Leéds, RSS ea aaa Hadden, Norman G., St. Audrey's, Priory Road, “Malvern. areas ial Langmead, I. Bryan, Uplands, Honor Oak: Road, Forest Hill; ‘S$. Bay keys Quick, Capt. H.-B.;, R-A.M.0.T, Opthalmic Centre, Oswestry, ee Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Stationérs Hall Court; BC. (3 additional capes: ’ Wintle, Di W..J., 28, Vintent Square, Westminster, Sy Ce ; - Withell, W., 2, Regent ann eee Park nesta Toads MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF THE BRITISH ISLES Puoytum MOLLUSCA Cuvier. Crass GASTROPODA Cuvier. SusB-Ciass ANIJISOPLEURA Lankester OrpeER EUTHYNEURA Lankester. Sus-Orpver STYLOMMATOPHORA A. Schmidt. FAMILY HELICID# Linneé. GENUS HYGROMTA Risso. (Trichia, Hartmann; Fruticicola, Held ; Capillaria, Honigmann; Bradybana, Beck). Antoine A660 HE term /Hygromia (vypés, moist or damp) aptly designates the present genus, which is especially characteristic of the Western Pals- arctic region, and, as is clearly indicated by the character of their shells, are typically shade- loving or woodland species. ‘his mode of life induces a feeble calcification of the shell with a consequent diminution or even atrophy of the apertural rib and the development of a dull and thick epidermis with a tendency to become closely beset with numerous projecting hairs or bristles, all peculiarities characteristic of a moist and umbrageous environment. Occasionally the shells bear a somewhat opaque white peripheral zone, an atavic evi- dence of some former scheme of ornamentation, and that this peculiarity is vestigial is rendered probable by the retention of this calcified zone and perceptible remnants of the concomitant spiral banding by many species belonging to very diverse genera, a circumstance which ‘indubitably points to their community of descent from some ancestral banded for m, it being quite improbable that such a number of species belonging to so many distinct groups should simultaneously evolve nascent banding so exactly uniform in character and position. A section, under the name Lewcozone, was established by Dr. Westerlund to emphasize this character. The group was established by Prof. Antoine Risso, of Nice, the celebrated Italian naturalist, with whom the genus is here associated. 30/8/15 2 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. INTERNALLY, the ANIMAL displays the same general arrangements of organic structure as the typical //elices, a relationship shown also by the disposition of the retractor muscle of the right tentacle, which passes in its course between the male and female organs, this entanglement being indicative of a funda- mental unity of plan, probably dating far back in the history of the group, and differentiating it from the genus //elicella and its allies. Fic. 2.—Terminal portion of the right tentacular retractors in //edzx, showing their entanglement with the Characteristic features of the genus are the absence of the diverticulum or auxiliary —_- Reproductive organs, x 3, ne e ; 7 oe g.o. genital orifice; 0. retractor branch of the spermatheca, the frequent .¢°ij:,¢°ommatophore; /.s. penis- doubling of the dart-sacs, or stylophores, the sheath; 4. lower tentacular retrac- » tors; 7. vagina. presence of accessory sacs, and the separa- : tion of the mucus glands from their close association with the dart sacs . . 5 . by their elevation on the vagina, though some members of the group have lost one or more of these organs by degeneration. fo) fo) The SHELL is usually somewhat thin, and only slightly calcified, of an uniformly horny or dull brownish colour, and often hispid, all peculiarities distinguishing species affecting a damp and shady habitat ; the aperture is slightly expanded and strengthened internally by a submarginal rib, which is most prominent basally, where denticular thickenings are some- times developed. The saw is pyenognathous and crescentic in shape, with numerous slightly divergent riblets on its anterior surface, which faintly denticulate the cutting margin, and are apparently due to overfoldings of the sub- stance of the jaw. The RADULA, as customary in the /elicidw, possesses numerous teeth, arranged in three longitudinal series, which comprise a median symmet- rical tooth, an asymmetrical bidentate lateral group, and a marginal series, which may become tridentate or quadridentate by the splitting of the ectocone of the lateral series. A close convergence of external characters, due to similarity of habit and mode of life, has led to great confusion and frequent incorrect appre- ciation of the status of various members referred to this group, and also a lamentable lack of uiiformity in their identification between the British and Continental authors, partially ascribable to deficient knowledge of the internal organization of the animals. I have, therefore, carefully given the names used by the authors them- selves for such records as I have ventured to quote, and I hope that the present work will clear up the confusion that still exists on this subject, by giving accurate figures and descriptions of the morphology and organization of the various species found in this country. Dr. Pilsbry states that the genus as understood by him is not well represented in the fossil state, although certain forms are known as far back as the Oligocene in Central Europe. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 3 Hygromia striolata (C. Pfeiffer). 1678 Cochlea dilute rufescens aut subalbida sinu ad umbilicum exiguo circinato, ister, Anim\ Anels ps las plsits, ty 12! 1742 Cochlea terrestris depressa & wmbilicata mellei coloris, labio candido repando, sinu ad umbilicum exiguo circinato, Gualt., Coneh., pl. 3, f. m. 1778 Cochlea rufescens DaCosta, Brit. Conch., p. 80, pl. Le 1 (8 1803 Helix rufescens Mont., Test. Brit., ii., p. 420, pl. 25, f. 2. 1813. — altenana Giiertn., Syst. d. Wett., p. 27. 1820) — montana, circinata, and celata Studer, Syst. Verz., p. 12. 1828 — striolata C. Pfeiffer, Naturg., iii., p. 28, pl. 6, f. 8. 1841 — sufina Parreyss in L. Pfeiffer, Symb., i., p. 39. 1842. — parreyssii Fitz. in L, Pfeitter, Symb., ii., p. 93. 1842. — tomentosa Adams in L. Pfeiffer, Symb., ii., p. 105. 1855 — Helix (Zenobia) rufescens Moq.-Tan., Hist. Moll.,ii., p.296, pl. xvi., ff.18,19. 1837 Bradybena rufescens, cwlata, and circinata Beck, Ind. Moll., po 1837 Fruticicola circinata Held, Isis, p. 914. 1852 Teba rufescens Leach, Syn., p. 70. " 1858 Hygromia rufescens Adams, Genera of Moll., p. 215. ISTORY.—"This species was first noticed in 1674 4) by our famous countryman, Dr. Martin Lister, who applied to it the cumbrous polynomial de- signations usual at that period. In 1777 Pen- _ nant apphed the name of /leliz rufescens to what he erroneously believed was Lister’s species, and this name was universally adopted. Though this species has been considered as identical with Heliv glabella of Draparnaud, I am unable, judging from the original description and figure, to accept that view, and it is certainly not the Helia glabella of Moquin-Tandon if his figure and description of its organs are reliable. Herr Clessin refers to this species Helix phoro- cheta of Bourguignat and the Helix submontana of Mabille, and it is also considered to be in part the Helix turtorum of Gmelin. Dupuy on p. 195 of his great. work by Puc AZ oversight refers H/. subrufescens Miller to this species, while at p. 180 he correctly gives it as a synonym of AZ. fusca. Mr. Edgar A. Smith, L.8.0., to whom we have pleasure in dedicating this species, not only as an appreciation of his great and continuous services to conchology generally, but also because it is to him we are indebted for conclu- sively showing from an examination of Pennant’s type of Helix rufescens that it is not the species to which “@ that name has been so long applied, but is an Fic. 4.—H. rufescens : a ph Pennant (after Pennant). immature stage of Helicigona arbustorum. In 1905 I had the opportunity of myself examining Pennant’s Zoology, and then noted the improbability of his figure representing the Hygromia rufescens of authors, and remarked that the figure rather recalled an immature Helix aspersu. 4 HYGROMIA STRIOLATA. After careful investigation, I have adopted the name Helix striolata of C. Pfeiffer for this species as the oldest which can be satisfactorily deter- mined by the original evidence. All anterior names—cltenuna, montana, circinuta, glubella, ete.—are subject to the gravest objections by the various authors who have treated of the species and differently apply the names. Diagnosis.—'l'he differences of //ygromia striolata from the closely- allied H/. hispida are really more testaceological than anatomical. he sHELL differs in its larger size, less compact and more depressed shape, and the absence of epidermal hairs in the adult. ‘he whorls are also usually angulate at the periphery, especially in the immature stage. INTERNALLY, the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM has not yet been shown to offer any constant difference from that of //. hispida, but the mandible in the specimens examined shows fewer riblets, while the teeth of the radula are noticeably laterally compressed and more elongate than in that species. Description of Animal.—The ANIMAL, though very variable in its pigmentation, usually has the BoDy of an ashy-grey, and is strongly and closely tuberculate, the summits of the tubercles appearing paler owing to an aggregation of minute whitish specks ; the DORSAL GROOVES are well marked and enclose a row of closely-arranged oblong tubercles ; the LATERAL GROOYES are also clearly defined ; MANTLE greyish. In the less-deeply pigmented animals the tentacular RETRACTORS show through the skin as broad blackish bands, extending from the tentacles along each side of the body. OMMATOPHORES long and not very slender, but finely granulate, with oval tips, eye specks black ; lower tentacles very short. Foor whitish-grey, somewhat short, blunt in front, and obtusely-pointed behind. Description of Shell.—'The SHELL is composed of 6-7 whorls, of a subglobosely depressed shape, perceptibly keeled or angulated at the periphery, which is some- times encircled by a pale peripheral zone, with an obtusely convex spire and channeled suture, especially in the earlier stages of growth ; the COLOUR is usually rufous- brown or a dusky-yellowish with darker shades or mottlings, somewhat irregularly striate, and usually destitute when adult of the periostracal hairs, which are frequently distinctly perceptible in the young stage, and may sometimes persist in the adult; the APEX is glossy, with delicate spiral seulpture. APERTURE obliquely lunate, and inflected ; Lip thin, and slightly expanded, with a milk-white submarginal RIB, which is most strongly developed basally, and differs from that of the true or typical Helices in being com- — _ E'G. 5.—Young shell of /. striolata are : .* : < 5, Grange, Mr. F. Booth, showing the paratively distant from the mouth margin at jicid epidermis (from photograph by the suture, though close toit basally. UMBILICUS Mr. W. Bagshaw). distinet and open, but not wide. Diam. 12 mill. ; alt. 7) mill. Average weight of British adult shells, 1 grain. The EPIPHRAGM is thin, vitreous, and nearly flush with the aperture of the shell. INTERNALLY, the NERVE-RING is fairly compact, the central opening small, but the fusion of the VISCERAL GANGLIA is not quite complete, and the position of the pleural centres is frequently shown by faint traces of their demareation. The paired PEDAL or locomotory ganglia are also compact, and show the OrocystTs on mete: Fic. 7. the posterior outside corners ; the LIVER or ic: G6 eruesiie’ Ok Dipeponti abate digestive gland is of a dark olive-brown to show the arrangement of the supra- and sub- colour, and the hepatic artery is of an — csophageal ganglia, highly magnified. inconspicuous greyish-white, while the Fic. 7.—Lower aspect of the subcesophageal KIDNEY or renal organ is of the usual ganglia, showing the otocysts, highly magnified. elongately triangular shape, and of a buff colour with dusky streaks. HYGROMIA STRIOLATA, +) The MUSCULAR SYSTEM shows a broad undivided muscle to the BUCCAL BULB; the TENTACULAR RETRACTOR divides near tle common base of attacliment to the columella into two broad muscular straps, the retractors of the right and left tentacles, each of which a little beyond the half-way divide into slips for the upper and lower tentacles of their respective sides, and also each give off a broad slip, which becomes split up into strands to the anterior part of the foot. BirGe Se Fic. 9. Fic. 10. Fic. 8.—Retractors of //ygvomla striolata, showing the columellar, the buccal, the tentacular and anterior pedal muscles, highly magnified (after a dissection and drawing by Miss M. V. Lebour). Fic. 9.—Alimentary system of //ygromia striolata, showing also its relationship with the heart and the kidney, x 3. 6. buccal bulb; 6.d. bile ducts 3 cv. crop; /. heart ; %. kidney 3 s.g. salivary glands ; st. stomach. Fic. 10.—Reproductive organs of Hygromia stviolata, x 3. ag. albumen gland ; d.s. dart sacs ; ef. epiphallus ; 7. flagellum 3 7z.g2. mucus glands ; of. ovo- testis 5 ow. oviduct ; p- penis-sheath a) el penial retractor; sf. spermatheca. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS display an elongate OVOTESTIS, with a much con- voluted duet; the VESICULA SEMINALIS or claw is unusually well developed, and shows clearly as a doubled channel, it is lanceolate, and sometimes bilobed at its extremity ; the ALBUMEN GLAND narrowly linguiform and amber coloured, palest on the concave face; the PROSTATE or sperm-duct is thick and creamy-buff in colour ; and the OvIDUCT has the usual sacculations ; the FREE OVIDUCT or vagina gives off the thick, white, and very elongate SPERMATHECA DUCT, the oval terminal VESICLE being of a pinkish-cream or ochreous tint, with anastomosing brown aN mm | 0 + \ ¥ 7% |} ‘ 1y } \ “a Fic. 12. Fic. 13. Bic. 14° Fic. 11.—Distal part of the reproductive organs of H/ygromia striolata, showing the natural position of spermatheca and convolutions of hermaphrodite duct (greatly enlarged). Fic. 12.—Vesicula seminalis or claw of H/ygromia striolata (greatly enlarged). Fic. 13,—Bilaterally paired dart sacs and mucus glands of //ygromia striolata, X 3. v. vagina and dart sacs; v.g2. vaginal glands; /.s. penis sheath. Fic. 14.—Penis-sheath of //ygromia striolata, laid open to show the intromittent organ, x 12. ?. intromittent organ; #.s. penis sheath; ~. retractor; v.d. vas deferens. streaks, and attached to the middle of oviduct. The stout and rigid MUCUS- GLANDS are usually eight in number, and arranged in pairs ; they are about 3 mill. long, somewhat irregularly digitate, with usually a noticeable constriction near the centre; they are occasionally bifid and even trifid at the extremities, and show 6 HYGROMIA STRIOLATA. opaque white or buff cores, while each digitation is joined to the oviduet by a short slender stalk. The PENIS-SHEATH is very stout and white in colour, but distinetly constricted at its junetion with the ATRIUM, where it is smeared and spotted with brown; the distal end is continued as a tapering and twisted EPIPHALLUS, to which is aflixed a broad RETRACTOR MUSCLE, and the terminal FLAGELLUM is also well developed. The STYLOPHORES or true dart-sacs are two in number, of a semi-transparent white or yellowish-white colour, finely spotted with brown, and are placed on opposite sides of the vagina, each asso- ciated with a smaller, more opaque, and empty superimposed auxiliary sac or lobe of similar external aspect. The GYPSOBELA or twin love-darts are more than a millimetre in length, and Fic. 15. Fic. 16. usually slightly curved, but sometimes Fic. 15.—Gypsobela or Love-darts of Hygro- are perfectly straight, with a tapering, mia striolata, X 20, Fic. 16.—Apex of the Love-dart of //. str7o- fata, to show the initiation or incipient forma- tion of the lateral blades (greatly enlarged). round and smooth hollow shaft, and a relatively large and expanded base of attachment, which shows obscure traces of an annulus, and also a noticeable tendency to develop a pair of longitudinal blades at the apex. The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM is on the general Helicidian plan; the SALIVARY GLANDS are long and narrow, of a slaty-grey colour, with darker ducts, but in comparison with Helix aspersa, differ in surrounding the middle of the cesophagus, and not clasping the crop; the GiSOPHAGUS also is longer in proportion, and leads to the voluminous light brown or buff coloured Crop, which, as is usual, merges into the STOMACH, Whose position is often displayed by a more pronounced disten- sion, and by the place of entry of the bile ducts; the GUT is of the ordinary trio- dromous character, but the yellowish-white intestinal flexures contrast strongly with the dark coloured LIVER, and are more distant from the posterior end of the stomach than in that species. The JAW or mandible is crescentie in shape and of the aulacognathous or pyeno- gnathous type, and amber in colour, bearing on its anterior surface a broad and flat central and vertical rib, which perceptibly projects beyond the general outline, and numerous delicate lateral ribbings which only slightly crenulate the cutting margin; the line of attachment of the mandible to the buccal cavity is shown by the stronger and thicker medial region, FiG.17 Pe zt ’ : 1G. 17.—Mandible or Jaw of which appears as a darker area extending across the 77, s#;zo/ata, greatly enlarged mandible parallel to the cutting margin and as a (from a micro-photograph by posterior extension. Mr. W. Bagshaw). The RADULA is of the usual oblong form, and in the specimen figured possesses about 104 longitudinal rows of teeth, with a maximum of 67 teeth in a transverse row, each row being constituted by a somewhat long, narrow, and tricuspidate central tooth bearing a long and powerful median cutting-point or mesocone and two insignificant subsidiary eutting-points or ectocones placed far back at the shoulder of the tooth ; the laterals are uniformly bidentate and conspicuously larger than the median row; the mesocone also is larger and stronger, the endocone or J Fic. 18.—Representative denticles from half-a-transverse row of teeth of the radula of Wygromia striolata, from Kilmanock, Wexford, collected by Major Barrett-Hamilton (from a highly magnified micro-photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw of a preparation by Mr. J. W. Neville). inner cutting-point becomes entirely lost or suppressed, but the ectocone or outer entting-point 1s retained and gradually increases in size and strength as the teeth recede from the centre; about the twentieth row the splitting of the ectocone HYGROMIA STRIOLATA. 7 signalizes the commencement of the marginal series, the teeth diminishing rapidly in size and more or less generally becoming tricuspidate or even occasionally show four cutting points. The formula of a specimen from Wexford, prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville, is a2 4p 20 4 20 te x 104 — 6,968 teeth. Reproduction and Development.—No observations have been made of the amatory preludes or the conjugation of this species, but the season probably begins in the early spring, and is continued throughout the summer months, while egg deposition has been actually noted to take place from July to October. The eggs have been described as opal- escent-white, and globular in form, about 14 mill. in diameter, and 40 to 50 in number; they usually hatch in from 20 to 25 days, and attain full erowth during the following season. In July, 1883, the late Mr. Chas. Bg ie Ashford dissected a specimen in a 7dr ps S TO Ze ; which the oviduct was crowded with a id —)y— eggs, seventeen being counted, occu- wd A a ? pying the ducts from the albumen Vie gland downwards. ‘I'he eggs travers- ing the oviduct were all transparent and colourless, but after passing Vet Fic. 19. Fic. 20. between the openings of the mucus glands and dart sacs, each egg be- came enclosed in a white calcareous Fic. 19.—Section through oviduct showing the descent of the eggs after passing the albumen gland (enlarged). Fic. 20.—Section through the free oviduct show- ing the passage of the eggs between the dart sacs and digitate glands, the place of acquirement of the calcareous investment of the ova (enlarged). shell, demonstrating that these or- gans, so rich in calcic substances, function in forming the hard enveloping shell. The young of this species, as stated by Montagu, is frequently covered with short hairs, which are seldom spread over the whole shell. In this hispid immature state it is, according to L. Pfeiffer, the Helia tomentosa of Adams. his hispid character, however, becomes lost before the shells are half grown, but their sockets are often perceptible with a good lens, while the nucleus is said to show delicate spiral striation, and Dr. Jeffreys has noted that at Clifden, Galway, shells have been found in which this spiral sculpture is continued on the shells to maturity. In the autumn months the young shells are more scansorial than in later life, and may often be brought down in showers by beating ivy, etc., grow- ing on old walls and other places. Before maturity, the animal may construct, from time to time, one or more calcareous submarginal ribs to the aperture, and these premature ribs or thickenings, due to interruptions of growth, frequently persist and are visible through the substance of the shell as broad transverse whitish streaks. Food and Habits. — The food of this species has not yet been thoroughly and systematically noted, but it is well known as one of the pests of a garden, and its fondness for Arabis albida, violet leaves, prim- roses, and the petals of the cultivated poppies has been recorded, while its predilection for strawberry beds has led to its being called the ‘strawberry snail”; the underside of the leaves of buttercups (tanwnculus) is also a favourite resort and probably of food in certain districts. Though stated to be especially characteristic of the nettles and brambles on the outskirts of somewhat damp oak-birch woods, it displays by its 8 HYGROMIA STRIOLATA. abundance a decided preference for chalk or limestone ground, where it is generally plentiful; it is less so on sand, and especially on clay. — It is very fond of damp places, osier-beds, and ivy-covered walls or hedges, and is also found plentifully in gardens and in hedge-rows, amongst nettles, ete. On the sea-coast the largest shells often live or are found on bramble and sea-cabbage. Though usually geophilous in habit, it has been known to ascend trees and hedgerows to a good height, and to remain for hours adherent to the upper twigs, and even to wstivate on the boles of trees fuliy exposed to the sun’s rays. It also tends to inhabit more open country than, judging by its hirsute immature shells, was apparently the case at some former period, and is undergoing modification in adaptation thereto. It is nocturnal or crepuscular in habit, seldom stirring from its place of concealment during the day, unless in very moist and showery weather, but hiding in the crevices, or crawling beneath stones, heaps of rubbish, ete. It is a fairly active species, carrying its shell inclined to the right side and towards the front when crawling, and ranges to an altitude of about 4,000 feet in the Alps. Like //elix cantiana, it voids when irritated or roughly handled a quantity of limpid tasteless fluid, but this feature is not so marked a characteristic as in Helicella virgata and its alles. Though AZ. striolata begins to retire for hibernation when the tempera- ture sinks to about 38 deg. Fahrenheit, often as early as October, yet it breaks its hibernation in the damp and milder days of winter, and wanders about and feeds when the temperature reaches 40 deg. Fahrenheit. The cireulation of this species shows considerable power, as at 31 deg. Fahrenheit it shows five or six heart contractions per minute, all very full and deliberate and not weak and feeble as in certain other species. The vertical lines connect the corresponding points of temperature and pulse rate. 6 65" a 2 60° 3] 557 7 53° 324 3 —}50" ES == ee se | OE = S=== =" eS | 40 22S) Ss Se SSS Ss SS SS em sy it et Se | 3 SS SS = SS SS SSS Se x = — === = = SS SS SS ro) es Ge GE oe ee Ge es ees ee * 30 . ors 7 === a 2S 2a 2a = SSS SS SS SS SS SS ie ee | ——_ Oo oS 3 — _— os it 1s probably more widely known throughout « at? the continent than the typical H. hispida, of pic. a4. Hettx sericea Drap. which it isa thinner, more globose, more hispid, natural size and enlarged (after and more narrowly perforate form. It has been ?**P""72"® and still is a source of much confusion to systematists, Dr. Jeffreys at one time even considering it as synonymous with the differently organised HT. granulata Alder. 9/9/16 C 34 HYGROMIA HISPIDA. In the British Isles it is well diffused over England, Wales, and Ireland, and extends over the southern half of Scotland, but is quite unknown beyond, except that Mr. A. W. Stelfox has reported his discovery of the species at Stromness in the Orkney Islands. Its occurrence there may be regarded as correlated with its presence in Iceland and the Faroes. : NS ain s 72 ens ss, J Fie. 42.—Geographical Distribution of Hygromia hispida (Linné). BBR Recorded Distribution GERMANY. H. hispida las been recorded under that name from Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, 3randenburg, Bremen, Darmstadt, Franconia, Gotha, Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Holstein, Lippe-Detmold, Lorraine, Liineberg, Lusatia, Magdeburg, Mecklenburg, Merseburg, Nassau, Oldenburg, Osnabruck, East, West, and Rhenish Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Pyrmont, Reuss, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Suabia, Thuringia, ayer, Westphalia, Wurtemburg, and the Islands of Heligoland, Usedom, and ugen. NETHERLANDS. Holland—Known from Friesland, Gelderstein, North and South Holland, Lim- burg, Utrecht, and Zealand. Belgium — Throughout the kingdom, and records are known for Antwerp, Brabant, Flanders West, Hainault, Liége, Limburg, Luxemburg, Namur, and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. | Probable Range FRANCE. _ As H. hispida it has been generally spoken of as inhabiting all or almost all France, and has been specially noted from Ain, Aisne, Allier, Alpes Maritimes, Ardennes, Ardeche, Ariége, Aube, Aude, Auvergne, Aveyron, Basses Alpes, Basses Pyrénées, Bouches-du-Rhéne, Calvados, Champagne Meridionale, Charente Inféri- eure, Cantal, Cote d’Or, Cétes-du-Nord, Dréme, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Haute Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Herault, Ille-et-Vilaine, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Istre, Jura, Landes, Loire Inferiéure, Loiret, Lorraine, Lozere, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Morbihan, Meuse, Moselle, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Orne, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Doéme, Pyrénées Orientales, Rhone, Sadne-et-Loire, Sarthe, Savoy, Seine, Seine Inférieure, Seine- et Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Somme, Var, Vaucluse, Véndee, Vienne, Vosges, Yonne, and the Island of Corsica. LPATGY: Recorded by Prof. Lessona from Piedmont; by Adami and Pini from Lombardy ; by Strobel from the north slope of the Appenines in Emilia; it is also reported from Venetia and the province of Catangaro, Calabria, by Mr. G. K. Gude, though not included by Marchioness Paulucci in her Malacological Fauna of Calabria; and specimens labelled ‘‘Sicily” are in the University Museum, Manchester. HYGROMIA HISPIDA. 35 SPAIN. Confined to the north of the country, and recorded from Catalonia, Galicia, and Aragon, by Prof. Hidalgo. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Distributed throughout the empire, being recorded from Austria, Bohemia, Bosnia, Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Illyria, Moravia, Silesia, Slavonia, Styria, Tyrol, Transylvania, and Vorarlberg. SWITZERLAND. Probably found throughout the country, and has been recorded for Appenzell, Aargau, Basel, Berne, Geneva, Grisons, Lucerne, Neuchatel, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gall, Uri, Valais, and Vaud. BALKAN PENINSULA. Roumania—Recorded from Brostheni in Moldavia by Clessin. Servia—Recorded by Moellendorff from Kosljanske Stene. SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Very common in places, as about Christiania, Christiansand, and Bergen, but not extending beyond 634 deg. north lat. Sweden—Common in the southern provinces, but not extending beyond 60 deg. north lat. It is recorded from Christianstad, Malmohus, Goteborg, and found also in Jénkoping, Smaland, Varmland, Blekinge, Nerike, Uplandia, Westergotland, Westmanland, ete., also on the Islands of Gothland and Oland. Denmark—Found throughout the kingdom, and also in the Faroes, the Isle of Bornholm, and Iceland. RUSSIA. Probably dispersed over the western, southern, and central parts, extending to 62 deg. north latitude, and has been specifically recorded from Archangel, St. Petersburg, Caucasus, Courland, Esthland, Finland, Kaluga, Kharkov, Kursk, Lithuania, Livland, Moscow, Nijni-novgorod, Perm, Podolia, Poland, Smolensk, Taurida, Tchernigov, Vladimir, Volhynia, and Tiflis in Transcaucasia. SIBERIAN SUB-REGION. Siberia—Recorded by Middendorff from Beresov, Tobolsk ; and Barnaul, Tomsk ; by Maack from Irkutsk; by Gerstfeldt from the Issuri valley; by Mr. G. K. Gude from the Altai Mountains and Aral region ; and by Dr. Germain from the Amur. ASIA MINOR. Armenia—Recorded by Dr. C. A. Westerlund as having been found in Armenia. NORTH AFRICA. Algeria—M. Bourguignat records it as rare under stones at foot of trees near Mostaghanem. ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—Recorded by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys on the authority of Gerstfeldt. Madeira—Erroneously given by Dr. Jeffreys as Madeiran, owing to his mis- apprehension of Lowe’s Index. Canary Isles—Found at Las Palmas, Gran Canary, by Capt. W. J. Farrer. NEARCTIC REGION. Canada—Recorded by Dr. Pilsbry from Montreal, province of Quebec, and from Halifax, Nova Scotia. United States—Mr. J. H. Thomson recorded receiving specimens from near Gay Head, on the Island of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, which differed only from European specimens in being ‘‘ thinner and lighter.” ORIENTAL REGION. Kashmir—Godwin-Austen found fossil shells in an alluvial deposit of probably interglacial age near the Indus river, at Kuardo, in Skardo. 36 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Hygromia revelata (Michaud). 1831 Helix (Helicella) revelata Michaud, Compl., p. 27, pl. 15, ff. 6-8. 1839 — _ subvirescens Bellamy, Nat. Hist. South Devon, p. 418, pl. 18. 1840 — (Hygromanes) revelata Gray’s Turton’s Manual, p. 142, pl. 11, f. 133. 1841 — subviridis Bellamy, British Association Report. 1855 — _ occidentalis Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll., p. 221, & pl. 17, f. 10-13, not Reeluz. 1889 — (Zenobia) revelata Paetel, Catal., p. 177. 1890 — (Trichia) revelata Westerlund, Catal. Reg. Palearct., p. 23. 1906 — (Capillifera) revelata Honigmann, Beitr. zur Moll., p. 190. 1837 Helicella revelata Beck, Index Moll., p. 7. 1858 Hygromia revelata H. and A. Adams, Gen. of Moll., p. 215. 1860 Fruticicola (Eulota) occidentalis von Martens, Albers, Heliceen, p. 103. ISTORY.— Hygromia revelata (reveluta, dis- covered) was first noticed with certainty by Lieut. André Louis Gaspard Michaud, who in his Supplement to the work of Draparnaud described and figured the species, which is here associated with its distinguished author. The Helix revelata previously mentioned by Férussac, was apparently neither described nor figured and according to Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys was based upon specimens of Helia granulata from Angersand Paris; while Mabille was of opinion that Férussac’s Helix revelata was probably a young Helix incarnata or H. strigella, but M. Michaud was a contemporary of Baron Férussac, and believed the species of Férussac to be iden- tical with his own. Moquin-T'andon regarded his Helix occtdent- alis to be that of Recluz and conequently the same as H. ponentina of Morelet, as Recluz never described his species, the name being simply one he suggested to supersede that of ponentina, on the ground that Morelet’s name did not conform to the accepted rules of nomenclature. Moquin-T'andon also believed his species to be identical with Helix revelata Michaud, but he regarded the H. revelata of Férussac and Bourguignat as distinct therefrom. Dr. L. Germain on the contrary considers the Helix revelata of Férussac and Bourguignat as quite identical with H. occidentalis of Moquin-Tandon but as specifically different from both the true occidentalis Recluz, and the Helix revelata Michaud, referring the latter species to 1. montivaga Westld. a globose shell with a white peripheral zone bordered on each side with brown. Dr. Germain and other French authors do not, however, appear to be well acquainted with H.montivaga, as they ascribe that name to a different form which may well be the Helix revelata as usually understood. Abbé Dupuy who examined many Portuguese specimens of //. ponentina received from M. Morelet, is emphatic that they are identical with French specimens of Helix occidentalis and M. Morelet himself had not the least doubt that his Helix ponentina was quite the same as Helix revelata Fer. HYGROMIA REVELATA. onl The description of H. occidentalis given by Dr. L. Pfeiffer and based on specimens in the Cuming collection would seem to refer to H. ponentina as described by Morelet or may be allied to or identical with Helix montivaga Westl., to which the H. lisbonensis Pfr. probably also conforms. A study of the original figures and description of Helia ponentina Morelet leads, however, to the view that possibly two species are confused together, the one to which the figures and the greater part of the description applies being evidently not the British HZ. revelata, but a globose spirally-banded shell with a thick, white and reflected lip, closely related to H. montivaga, a species described by Dr. Westerlund from specimens he found intermixed with a number of shells sent to him as H. ponentina by M. Morelet. I therefore separate Helix ponentina Morelet, H. occidentalis Recluz, and HH. lisbonensis Pfr. from Hygromia revelata, but tentatively admit H. occidentalis Moq., pending confirmation or otherwise of the published anatomical differences. In 1827 Capt. Thomas Brown in his Illustrations of British Conch- ology described a Vitrina mem- s branacea based upon specimens Fic. 41.—Helix fusca Mont., figured as Helix found on the Lomond Hills, Fife- = 7©”¢/4¢# by Capt. Brown (after Brown). shire, and which in the later editions of his work he regarded as identical with H. revelata, but authors now more correctly refer it to H. fusca. he honour of adding this species to the British fauna has been very generally accorded to Prof. E. Forbes, who found specimens on the Island of Guernsey, but that honour probably really belongs to Mr. J. C. Bellamy, who found specimens at Mevagissey, in Cornwall, and published under the name of Helix subvirescens a description and figure in 1839, and mentions that a Mr. Colley had previously found two dead shells, which he had referred to Helia subrufescens, a synonym of H. fusca Montagu. Diagnosis.— Hygromia revelata differs from H. hispida in its smaller size, more globose shape, greenish colour, rounder mouth, and the number and length of the periostracal hairs. From H. fusca it is separated by its smaller shell, the distinctly hairy investment, and the much more open umbilicus. INTERNALLY, it 1s separated from H. hispida by the vestigial dart sacs, the swollen vagina, and the enlarged median part of the penis sheath. H. fusca differs by having only a single dart sac and accessory gland, by the long whip-like flagellum, and by the very elongate spermatheca. Original Description.— Helix (Helicella) revelata De Feér., Prod. page 44, no. 273. Coquille: Orbiculaire, presque globuleuse, légerement striée, perforée, trés-mince et légére, diaphane, luisante, d’un vert-pale, hispide, poils rares, courts et jetés irréguligremente sur l’épiderme ; cinq tours convexes, le dernier plus grand relativement aux autres; ouver- ture ronde ; péristome simple et tran- CS) (y chant; sommet mameloné. Hauteur 13 X €& ane pees: ES 2 He te ¢ Fic. 45.—H. revelata Mich. (after Michaud). Cette coquille trés-voisine de helix sericea ‘2 Drap. s’en distingue par sa taille plus petite, Pouverture de son ombilic qui est plus large, par sa couleur plus fonecée, son ouverture plus arrondie. Notre espéce est plus transparente, sa spire est moins élevée et sa suture plus profonde ; la dis- position, le nombre et la longueur de ses poils sert surtout a faire reconnaitre Pespece de Draparnaud. Habite : (les environs de Paris et d’Angers, De Férussac). Les valons des Alpes. Elle est rare (Mon Cabinet).—MiIcHAuUD, Complement, 1831, p. 27. 38 HYGROMIA REVELATA. Description.—The ANIMAL of a Guernsey specimen had a pale translucent yellowish-grey BODY, becoming darker grey above, the dorsum sparsely covered with irregularly shaped TUBERCLES, which become more rounded on the sides, giving the surface a granular appearance and showing in some lights faint longi- tudinal lineation, but the transverse furrows described by Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys were not detected, while the RETRACTORS are perceptible through the skin as dark subdorsal bands on each side of the body; the DORSAL GROOVES not distinct and enclosing a row of ill defined elongated tubercles; OMMATOPHORES rather thick, moderately long, and elongately bulbous at the end, of a translucent grey, and finely granulated ; the LOWER TENTACLES are only one-fifth the length of the upper pair, and somewhat enlarged basally. MANTLE yellowish-brown or whitish, faintly marbled or spotted with brown. SHELL subglobose in shape, very thin and translucid, usually slightly glossy, of a pale olive-green or greenish-umber colour, with a thick transversely wrinkled EPIDERMIS somewhat puckered at the sutures with somewhat irregular and more delicate intermediate strive ; the spiral sculpture is microscopic and formed by a close and beautiful series of distinctly incised striations, which gradually become abruptly undulate towards the umbilical region; and the whole surface is also beset with distantly rooted and erect or somewhat bent whitish hairs arranged in a forwardly directed, sinuously oblique series which cross the lines of growth ; WHORLS 4-44 in number, convex and swollen; SPIRE slightly raised, SUTURE deep; MOUTH ample, broadly semi-lunar, expanded and forming nearly four-fifths of a circle ; PERISTOME scarcely inflected above, slightly thickened and darkly margined, somewhat dilated basally and partially reflected around the narrow UMBILICUS. Diam., 7 mill. ; alt., 43 mill. Fic. 46. Fic. 47. Fic. 48. Fic. 46.—Periostracum of Hygromia revelata, showing arrangement of the hairs on its surface, after a drawing by Mr. G. Sherriff Tye (highly magnified). Fic. 47.—Periostracal hairs from the shell of Hygromia revelata, after a drawing by Mr. G. Sherriff Tye (greatly enlarged). Fic. 48.—Periostracal hairs from the shell of Hygvomia revelata, from Guernsey, from a micro- photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw, x 59d. INTERIORLY, specimens from Guernsey showed a cream-coloured RENAL ORGAN and a dusky-brown LIVER or digestive gland, with an indistinct leaden-blue HEPATIC ARTERY. The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM possesses a very elongate GSOPHAGUS and relatively small and compact SALIVARY GLANDS with long slender ducts, showing a notable difference from those of the immature H. occidentalis from Tangiers, which display larger and less compact glands and quite short ducts, differences, however, which may be due to age or may be indicative of deeper divergence. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS show a creamy-white OVOTESTIS, & HERMAPHRODITE DUCT convolute and thickened below; ALBUMEN GLAND yellowish-white or ochreous- grey; OVIDUCT white and semi-transparent; SPERM—DUCT or prostate granulate and of a cream-white colour but variable in its width as in H.granulata; SPERMATHECA oval or pyriform, white when immature, flesh coloured when adult, the slender stem or duct as long as the oviduct, is thickened below, and originates just above the vaginal mucus glands; VAGINA broad, narrowing below, and in its natural position doubled upon itself; vaginal MUCUS GLANDS are nearly a millimetre in length, one on each side, both deeply divided sometimes quite to the base into two opaque cream-coloured branches ; the STYLOPHORES or dart-sacs are quite vestigial, and represented by two mere nipples when immature, but which are distinctly bifid when mature ; PENIS-SHEATH very narrow at the base, broadly swollen above; the EPIPHALLUS is somewhat fusiform ; the FLAGELLUM short, thick, subulate ; ‘the HYGROMIA REVELATA. 39 RETRACTOR MUSCLE is attached to the epiphallus; VAS DEFERENS slender, but thickened at its junction with the penis-sheath. When immature the dart-sacs are Fic. 49. Fic. 50. Fic. 52. Fic. 49.—Proximal part of Alimentary system of Hygvomia revelata, from Guernsey, collected by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, showing position and character of salivary glands and their ducts. 6. buccal bulb; cv. crop; s.g. salivary glands. Fic. 50.—Reproductive system of Hygromia revelata, from Guernsey. a.g. albumen gland; d.s. vestigial stylophores and accessory sacs; /7. flagellum ; #.g7. mucus glands ; o¢. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; ef. epiphallus; #. penis-sheath; 7. penial retractor ; s.d. sperm duct or prostate; wv. vagina. Fic. 51.—Enlargement of distal part of vagina, mucus glands and dart sacs of Hygromia revelata from Guernsey, to more clearly show their peculiarities. Fic. 52.—Penis-sheath and its accessories of Hygromia revelata, from Guernsey. fi. flagellum ; Z.s. penis-sheath ; v.d. vas deferens. scarcely perceptible, and the mucus-glands are shorter. The JAW or mandible is about three-fourths of a millimetre in width; narrow, slightly arcuate, thin, of a fawn or amber colour, except along the cutting edge and the thickened trans- verse ribs, which are of a blackish brown; there are about twelve fairly distinct transverse or vertical ribs, which extend across the anterior surface, and denticu- late the upper and lower margins, and in the specimen examined appear to be arranged in three groups of Fic. 53.—Jaw of H. revelata about four ribs each, the central group forming an from Penzance, x30, from micro- obscurely defined median projection. photo. by Mr. W. Bagshaw. The RADULA is of the usual type, and about 14 millimetres long and _ three- fourths of a millimetre wide, with about 92 sinuately transverse rows of teeth, with a maximum of about 39 teeth in a row, each row being composed of a symmetrical tricuspidate somewhat quadrate median tooth, bearing a stout median cutting point or mesocone and two distinct side cusps or ectocones ; this central tooth is flanked on each side by about twelve laterals, which are unequally bifid, the endocone being suppressed ; the marginals or outer teeth are the outer series, and are usually about seven in number at each side, they are tridentate in plan, the endocone becoming prominent as an obliquely projecting cutting point; as the margin is more closely approached the ectocone may be duplicate, and the teeth become quadrifid, before reverting to the simple unicuspid type of the outermost row. “Wold Sally) hy Fic. 54.—Representative teeth from the radula of Hygromia revelata, Penzance, Cornwall, from a highly-magnified micro-photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw. The formula of a specimen from Guernsey collected by Mr. Tomlin is sat + ote + sic x 92 = 3,588 teeth. 40 HYGROMIA REVELATA. Reproduction and Development.—Nothing is known of the details of the congress of this species; it is, however, believed to become adult in the autumn, when reproduction takes place, Dr. Brooksbank remarking that in its favourite haunts in West Cornwall the eggs are so abundant in late autumn as to betray the whereabouts of the snail. Food and Habits.—WH. revelatu, according to the experience of Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, is best collected in dry weather, when it may be found at the foot of stones and rocks which are closely edged with short thick grass. After rain it becomes very active, and may be found dotted over the grass and herbage, but is then very difficult to detect. It is most frequently found near the roots and beneath the foliage of nettles and plants of a tufted and recumbent character, beneath or amongst stones on the tops of cliffs or open downs, but sometimes clustered beneath the shade of the spreading branches of Gorse ( Ulex europeus). It is gregarious, and more especially congregates in hollows on slopes where small pieces of disintegrated rock have slipped from above and become piled together. It shows, according to Mr. Tomlin, a great partiality for a small fragrant wild thyme which abounds on the cliffs. Mr. Rimmer especially remarked that its favourite food was the leaves and roots of the sorrel (Aumewx ace- toselluw), about whose roots it congregates in its native resorts, and that in captivity it devoured that plant with apparent relish. Mr. Sikes in Seilly always found it at the roots of small dandelions (Taraxacum officinale). In this country it appears to be restricted to the vicinity of the sea, which does not appear to be the case in less vigorous regions, where /. occidentalis may be found far from maritime influences in pine woods, at the foot of old oaks, etc., often buried more or less deeply in the earth, but especially on waste land beneath tufts of Artemisia campestris. In winter and during persistent dry weather it is said to bury itself rather deeply in the earth, and in winter forms a protective epiphragm, which is thick, opaque, and white, and sunk somewhat within the aperture; but for summer estivation this protective device is usually, though not invariably, thin, glistening, and iridescent, with a small opaque spot, or, according to Dr. Jeffreys, a small round hole opposite the respiratory orifice. At such times it must be looked for by pulling up tufts of grass and turning over large stones which are sunk in the ground, or by searching among the roots of furze bushes or other shrubs. Geological Distribution.—Recorded by Mr. A. W. Stelfox in a some- what ancient Holocene deposit at Whitesand Bay, Cornwall. Variation.—The known variation of this species is very restricted, although several assumed species have been established which differ but slightly from the type. Profs. Hidalgo and Pilsbry regard as varieties the Helia coimbricensis and H. nevesiana Silva. Prof. Hidalgo also adds the H. martigenopsis of Servain from Lisbon and Mirando de Ebro, Helix venetorum, Helix villula, and Helix platylusia Bourguignat ; whilst Prof. Pilsbry adds. 1. martigena Fér. ; but some of these, as H. martigena Fér., are probably more closely allied to H. montivaga or H. ponentina. Prate III. i NR OCOOODN MNLANW— Distribution of Hygromia vevelata (Mich.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA 41 Cornwall W. 42 Cornwall E, 43 Devon 8. 44 Devon N. 45 Somerset 8. 46 Somerset N. CHANNEL 47 Wilts N 48 Wilts 8. 49 Dorset 50 Isle of Wight 51 Hants 8. 52 Hants N. Sussex W. 53 Sussex E. 54 THAMES 55 Kent E. 56 Kent W. 57 Surrey Essex 8. 58 Essex N. 59 Herts. 60 Middlesex Berks. 61 Oxford 62 Bucks. 63 ANGLIA 64 Suffolk E. 65 Suffolk W. Norfolk E. 66 Norfolk W. 67 Cambridge 68 Bedford Hunts. 69 Northampton SEVERN 70 Gloucester E. 71 Gloucester W. Monmouth Hereford Worceste Warwick Stafford Salop r SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon Denbigh Flint Anglesey TRENT Lincoln 8. Lincoln N. Leic. & Rutld. Notts. Derby MERSEY Cheshire Lancashire 8. Lan'shire Mid HUMBER S.E. York N.E. York S.W. York Mid W, York N.W. York TYNE Durham Northumb. 8. Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and J., Lanes. Cumberland Tsle of Man Probable Range. N Recorded Distribution. Bee Distribution verified by the Author. Geological Distribution. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 SCOTLAND. WwW. LOWLANDS Dumfries Kirkeudbright Wigtown Ayr Renfrew Lanark E. LOWLANDS Peebles Selkirk Roxburgh 3erwicl Haddington Edinburgh Linlithgow E. HIGHLANDS Kife & Kinross Stirling Pth. S. & Clin, Mid Perth Perth N. Forfar Kineardine 95 94 95 96 W. HIGHLANDS 97 98 99 100 101 102 13 104 N. HIGHLANDS 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 2 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER Derry 122 Louth Antrim 123 Meath Down 124 Iublin Armagh 125 Kildare Monaghan 126 Wieklow Tyrone 27 Wexford Donegal 128 Carlow Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny Cavan 130 Queen’s Co, 131 King’s Co 132 Westmeath 133 Longford FE. HIGHLANDS Aberdeen N. Banff Elgin Kasterness Westerness Main Argyle Dumbarton Clyde Isles Cantire Ebudes 8. Ebudes Mid Ebudes N. Ross W Ross E. Sutherland E SutherlandW. Caithness NORTH ISLES Hebrides Orkneys CONNAUGHT Roscommon Leitrim Sligo Mayo EK. Mayo W. Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare Limerick | Tipperary N. | Tipperary S. Waterford | Cork N. Cork 8. HYGROMIA REVELATA. 4] I have, however, carefully collected such information as was available, and whether some of the more distinct forms may eventually be justly separated from /. revelata remains to be confirmed by demonstration of structural differences, but the testaceological divergences between the various forms seem to be usually slight. A variety from Oporto, named by Silva var. major, is described as a darker coloured form, with the last whorl somewhat more deflected, and having a diameter of 74 mill. and an altitude of 44 mill., but these dimen- sions do not apparently differ from the size of the type. VARIATIONS OF SHELL. Var. ptilota Bourguignat. Helix ptilota Bourg., Mal. Bretagne, 1860, p. 59. SHELL described by M. Bourguignat as small, and depressed in shape, equally convex above and below, thin, translucent, and of a pale, dull greenish- brown colour; apex smooth, of a rich black, without striations or hairs, rather strongly striate, and beset with numerous small and rigid white hairs, which are Coe 2) Cx) arranged in series in an inverse direction to the lines oe es of growth, which is incorrectly averred not to be the Fic. 55.—Helix ptilota Bourg., ease in H. occidentalis, in which also the hairs are — natural size and enlarged (after stated to be longer and more irregularly distributed. Bontetena): Whorls 4, rapidly increasing in size; suture deep; last whorl more dilated and slightly deflected at the mouth, which is roundly lunate; peristome simple and direct, but slightly reflected round the small and narrow umbilicus. Diam., 54 mill. ; alt., 4 mill. France—Rather rare in the hedges bordering the road between Vannes and Auray, about three kilometres from the former place, in the department of Morbihan. Var. coimbricensis Silva. Helix coimbrvicensis Silva, Journ. Soc. Math., Phys., e Nat., Lisboa, 1887. SHELL globosely depressed, with a blunt spire, thin, greenish horn colour, slightly striated, and beset with very short whitish hairs. Whorls 33, convex, rapidly increasing in size, the last very large and convex, and gradually descending in front. Aperture rounded, somewhat obliquely oblong. Peristome simple. Umbilicus perforate, and more or less covered by the reflection of the pillar lip. Diam., 6 mill. ; alt., 4 mill. Portugal—Coimbra and Bussaco, province of Beira (Westl., Binnence. , 1889, p. 61). Var. nevesiana Silva. Helix nevesiana Silva, Journ. Soc. Math., Phys., e Nat., Lisboa, 1887, p.1. SHELL depressed and umbilicated, opaque yellowish olive, with diffuse wrinkled striation, and irregularly covered with short hairs. Whorls 4, convex, rather quickly but irregularly increasing, the last large, very convex beneath, rapidly descending in front and deflected at the aperture; suture very deep. Aperture obliquely rounded and enlarged, but narrow interiorly. Peristome simple and direct, reflected only above, margins closely convergent. Diam., 6} mill. ; alt., 4 mill. J Portugal—Sernache das Alhos, Beira (Westl., Binnenc., 1889, p. 62). Var. platylasia Bourguignat. Helix platylasia (Bourg.) Silva, Journ. Conch. Math., Phys., e Nat., Lisboa, 1887. p. 5. SHELL very depressed and almost flat, but quite convex beneath, yellowish or greenish horn coloured, beset with small whitish and mostly recumbent hairs. Whorls increasing regularly in size, the last not expanded, but gradually descend- ing and strongly deflected at the aperture, which is oblique and moderately rounded with approximating margins. Umbilicus more open than in var. willula. Portugal and Algeria—(Westl., Binnenc., 1889, p. 62). 42 HYGROMIA REVELATA. Var. occidentalis Moquin-Tandon. Helix occidentalis Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 221, and pl. 17, f. 10-13, not of Recluz. The shell as described by Moquin-Tandon differs little from our British revelata, and the divergence shown by the anatomical drawings here reproduced may be due to the less rigorously precise methods formerly in vogue, and cannot be cleared up until the anatomy of the various forms has been carefully studied. Original Description.—‘‘ COQUILLE subglobuleuse, assez convexe en dessus et en dessous, & stries longitudinales demi-effacées, fines, inégales ; mince, fragile, couverte de poils courts un peu roides, peu luisante, transparente, d’un corné fauve légere- ment verditre. SPIRE composée de 445 tours assez convexes, croissant rapidement ; le dernier un peu grand, non caréné ; SUTURE profonde. SOMMET obtus. OMBILIC eo 8? @ Fic. 56. Fic. 57. Fic. 56.—Hedix occidentalis Moquin-Tandon (after Moquin-Tandon). Fic. 57.—Helix occidentalis, Coimbra, photographed from specimens collected by Prof. Nobre. petit. OUVERTURE oblique, ronde, un peu échancrée par l’avant-dernier tour. PERISTOME interrompu, subréfléchi, avec un bourrelet interieur plus ou moins épais, blane, & bords trés rapprochés, tres convergents; le columellaire trés arqué, réflechi sur ’ombilic. Hauteur 4-6 mill. ; diam. 5°5—8 mill.”—MoqQuiN-TANDON, op. cit. The strize of the shell are further noted as ‘‘ obliques et onduleuses, Poils long de 0.75 mill., gréles, pointus, legerement courbes, un peu transparents, cadues.” The ANIMAL as described by Moquin-Tandon does not differ appreciably from the preceding account of the animal of Hygromia revelata. The animals of the two immature shells sent in Nov. 1887 by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby from Tangiers, had black and dusky bodies, with paler patches and marblings ; the fore-mantle was yellowish-white, with a few scattered black specks, rest of mantle silvery-white also speckled with black ; foot whitish; kidney whitish; liver or digestive-gland dark sepia-brown. The ALIMENTARY CANAL of the immature Helix occidentalis from Tangiers differs from that of adult H. revelata from Guernsey in the comparatively greater development of the salivary glands and the shortness of their ducts, the Guernsey shells having small, compact, secretory masses and very elongated ducts. fl 40 vd, p-S Mi U Fic. 58. Fic. 59. Fic. 60. Fic. 61. Fic. 58.—Alimentary Canal of very immature example of Hedix occidentalis, from Tangiers. Fic. 59.—Proximal portion of Reproductive system of A. occidentalis (after Moquin-Tandon). Fic. 60.—Penis-sheath and accessories of H. occidentalis, from Tangiers (greatly enlarged). fi. flagellum ; .s. penis-sheath; ». retractor ; v.d. vas deferens. Fic. 61.—Heart and Kidney or Renal organ of H. occidentalis, Tangiers (greatly enlarged). The REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM of H. occidentalis as figured by Moquin-Tandon shows certain differences which if confirmed would probably justify its separation from H. revelata. The MUCUS-GLANDS are described as reduced to two nipples cleft at their summits and in comparison with those of H. revelata are figured shorter, thicker, and much more fused together, while there are no traces whatever of the dart-saes, ete., which are so perceptible in our species. The PENIS-SHEATH is quite in harmony with that of H. revelata, but the FLAGELLUM which in our species is short, thick, and subulate, is figured by Moquin-Tandon as somewhat regularly cylindrical, and described as short and slightly subulate, continuing the contracted distal end of the penis-sheath by a somewhat shorter appendix. The penis-sheath and appendages of the immature specimens sent from Tangiers by Mr. Ponsonby are almost identical with those of H. revelata. HYGROMIA REVELATA. 43 The MANDIBLE of H. occidentalis is figured by Moquin-Tandon and described as three-fourths of a millimetre in width, strongly arcuate, yellowish, extremities slightly dilated and very blunt, with a dozen feebly indicated, flat, and somewhat unequal ribs, which bluntly denticulate the concave margin. PD Fic. 62. Fic. 63. Fic. 62.—Jaw of Helix occidentalis Moquin-Tandon, highly magnified (after Moquin-Tandon). Fic. 63.—Jaw of an immature Hedix occidentalis from Tangiers, from a highly-magnitied micro- photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw. The mandible from one of the immature Tangiers specimens is comparatively narrow, and shows twenty or more or less indistinctly defined ribs, which are grouped in assemblages of two, three or more ribs, and somewhat irregularly crenu- late the cutting margin, but show indications of a blunt median rostrum or beak. The RADULA of the immature Tangiers specimen shows a smaller and slenderer form of tooth than the British form, and the marginal teeth are less pectinate, a circumstance which, combined with the immaturity of the animal, does not tend to confirm the identity of the two forms. The count of the teeth is also somewhat different, showing 77 rows and 43 teeth in a row in the widest part. aby Cia Fic. 64.—Representative teeth from the radula of an immature shell of 1. occidentalis, Tangiers, after a highly magnified micro-photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw. Habits and Habitats.—According to Moquin-Tandon, H. occidentalis is a very slow, sluggish, yet very sensitive animal, living mainly at the foot of trees and beneath bushes. Prof. Nobre remarks that it is rather common amongst plants by walls and on sandy soils, but is difficult to find when adhering to old walls; it, however, fre- quents damp as well as dry ground, as beneath stones on river banks; it is also found by the shore on walls or in rock-erevices, often in company with Clausilie and Pupe as at Viano, Foz, and Boa Nova near Lec¢a. Geographical Distribution.—This form, according to M. Bourguignat, is especially abundant in all countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean from Portugal, Spain, and France, to England. He also cites it for the centre of France, around Angers and Paris, and extends its range to Switzerland, Lombardy and the valleys of the Tyrol, as well as noting its reported occurrences in Algeria. Var. venetorum Bourguignat. Helix venetorum Bourg. ap. Locard, Cat. Gén. Faune Frang., 1882. SHELL depressed, and covered with very short hairs, which are quickly shed. Whorls flattened, but turgid at the sutures, the last long and descending very low. Aperture oblique, with approximating margins. Umbilicus perforate. Diam., 8 mill. ; alt., 5 mill. France—(Westerlund, Binnen-Conchylien, 1889, p. 62). Portugal— Povoa de Varzin, Minho (Westl., Binnene., 1889, p. 62). Var. villula Bourguignat. Helix villula Bourg. ap. Locard, Cat. Gén. Faune Frang., 1882. SHELL depressed and almost flat, densely covered with oblique rows of very long hairs. _Whorls convex, very rapidly increasing in size, the last somewhat dilated and gradually descending in front. Aperture relatively very ample. Peris- tome with margins somewhat convergent and reflected basally around the somewhat open umbilicus. Diameter attaining to 8 mill. France and Portugal—(Westl., Binnenc., 1889, p. 62). 44 HYGROMIA REVELATA. Geographical Distribution.—Under the names of H. revelatu and H. occidentalis this species has been reported from almost the entire extent of the European Atlantic littoral, to which regions it was formerly. believed to be restricted, but it has now been reported from other and inland districts, and, according to Mr. Gude, its known range, which was formerly the fifth parallel of east longitude is now extended to the fifteenth degree. It has, however, been also recorded not only from Central but from Eastern Europe, and if these occurrences prove trustworthy they will strengthen the grounds of belief in the decadent character of the species and in the evidences of its expulsion from the chief evolutionary area. M. Michand cites the Alpine valleys as habitats, while M. Bourguignat gives its range as central France, Switzerland, Lombardy, and the 'T'yrol. Dr. Kobelt believes it to be a southern and comparatively modern species, as no traces of it have ever been found in pre-glacial deposits. Fria. 65.—Geographical Distribution of //. reveluta + H. occidentalis Moq. Probable Range WHEM Recorded Distribution ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—In Guernsey it is locally plentiful on the downs of the south coast, and south of Doyle’s Monument. Mr. Tomlin records that it extends to the Gouffre, and occurs over the flat ground near Cobo. It was found at St. Peter’s Port by Mr. Dodd; and at Moulin Huet by Mr. E. Collier. Numerous specimens collected on the adjacent island of Lihou by Dr. Lukis are in the British Museum. In Jersey Mr. Benson in 1847 recorded it from the downs on the cliff near Rozel harbour; Mr. Dodd found it on the walls of Port Regent; and Mr. F. H. Sikes at Corbiére, Plémont, and La More on the west coast and in July 1905 on Green Island. In Sark it is locally plentiful on the south downs. Mr. Sikes found specimens in Creux Valley, July 1905; and Mr. Wyndham at Dixeart Bay in June 1904. In Herm Messrs. Cooke and Gwatkin record it as local but abundant. In Alderney Mr. Tomlin records it as rather common on the cliffs. Cornwall W.—The southern coast of this extreme westerly section of England would seem to be the present metropolis of the species in this country. Mr. W. P. Cocks in 1846 found specimens on the Pendennis peninsula and at Falmouth. Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin reported its presence in Sept. 1884 at the Lands End, at Kynance Cove, and the Lizard. Mr. J. P. Johnson discovered it on rock ledges ‘‘ high up” on St. Michael’s Mount; Rev. Canon Horsley found it at Gwithian, near Portleven, in August 1900. Mr. C. E. Wright collected it in January 1905 from the moss- covered granite walls by Williams’ farm, Rosekestal; and Messrs. Wright and HYGROMIA REVELATA. 45 Adams.,along the wall on the cliff-top between St. Leven and Portheurno. Mr. A. P. Gardiner reports its occurrence at Sennen. Mr. H. C. Huggins discovered it at Portheurnow; and Dr. Brooksbank found it plentifully at Marazion, Rosemullion Goldswithney, Mousehole, and Nanjizal Bay in Oct. and Nov. 1910. ; Scilly Islands—Mr. F. H. Sikes records it from Tresco, Tean, and St. Mary’s. Cornwall E.—The known localities in this district are not numerous, though the species was first discovered in the British Isles with its limits. Mr. J. C. Bellamy in Oct. 1839 having found specimens near Mevagissey, though examples had _ previ- ously been collected by a Mr. Colley, who, however, regarded them as H. fusca. It has also been collected by Mr. John H. Adams at Lemain near Looe ; reported by Mr. C. Ashford as common in Sept. 1870 beneath furze-bushes on Rame Head near Plymouth and has been found in Whitesand Bay by several observers. On the north coast it was first found in 1887 by the Rev. A. H. Cooke and the late Mr. S. J. da Costa, at Newquay, on the downs above the cliffs near the sea: and Mr. Howard Fox has found a single shell at St. Columb Minor. ; Devon S.— Mr. G. C. Bignell found this species commonly in places about Stonehouse and Plymouth in and before 1876. Mr. G. D. H. Carpenter discovered it on Bolt Tail Cliffs near Kingsbridge ; Mr. Fenn at Toreross; Mr. George Sich at Brixham; and Mr. Hanley at Torquay. Specimens are in the Exeter Museum collected at Dawlish by the late Mr. E. Parfitt, who also found it at Axminster. Devon N.—Discovered on Lundy Island by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, who found it abundantly on the grassy slopes of the granite cliffs in April 1906. Somerset N.—One specimen reported as found Aug. 1883 on the cliffs near Lady Bay, Clevedon, by Miss Jessie Hele. Notts.—Mr. E. J. Lowe recorded finding three specimens of this species in Sept. 1851 among moss and fallen leaves under an oak tree at Stanton-on-the- Wolds. SCOTLAND. Fife—Capt. Brown recorded that in 1827 he described as Vitrina membranacea specimens of this species from the Lomond Hills, but these are evidently H. fusca. FRANCE. Apparently chiefly in the western region, and has been recorded from Basses Pyrénées—Reported from St. Jean-de-Luz by Mr. G. K. Gude. Charente Inférieure—M. Granger quotes it as most common in the littoral reoion Comm. Caziot gives St. Nazaire. ote Cotes-du-Nord—Reported from Dinan by Mr. G. K. Gude. Deux Sevres—Recorded by Drouet from Niort. Gironde—Dr. Gassies says it is dispersed over the department, but searcely common, and mentions Arcachon, La Teste, La Hume, Facture, Mios, Salles Audenge, Ares, Lége, Piquey, ete., as localities. Dr. Scharff also discovered it at Branne on the River Dordogne. Indre-et-Loire—Recorded for the department by Michaud and others. Ille-et-Vilaine—As H. occidentalis M. Bourguignat reports it from the sandhills of Cancale, and as well distributed in Brittany. Isére—Rare in the Alpine Valleys (Gras, Moll. Isere, 1840, p. 32). Landes—As JH. occidentalis recorded by Moquin-Tandon from Mont-de-Marsan. Loire Inférieure—M. Dautzenberg quotes H. revelata as present in the Cailliaud Collection in Nantes Museum under the name of H. ponentina; the localities named by Cailliaud under that name are Nantes, Croisic, Pornic, Nozay, Derval, ete. As H. occidentalis M. Bourguignat reports it as common on the coast at St.-Nazaire. Lot-et-Garonne—Mogquin-Tandon records it as H. occidentalis from St. Julien- de-Fargues ; and M. Fagot records H. revelata from Nerac. Maine-et-Loire—Reported on the authority of Baron Férussac from Angers by M. Michaud, who later recorded it from Baupréau; Abbe Ravain from the Forest of Combrée ; Abbe Bardin from Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire ; and M. Servain from Petit-Puy near Saumur. Morbihan —M. Taslé reports its presence at Vannes, Quiberon, Roche-Bernard Ploermel, and Belle-ile; and M. Bourguignat records H. ptilota from near Vannes. Pas-de-Calais—Recorded for the department by Comm. Caziot. Seine—Reported by M. Michaud from Paris on the authority of Baron Férussac. Vendée—Cited by M. Letourneaux in 1869 from Fontenay-le-Comte. ETAL. Lombardy—M, Bourguignat gives Lombardy as a locality for H. occidentalis. 46 HYGROMIA REVELATA. SPAIN. Andalusia—M. Pallary alludes to the specimens from the south of Spain as being a trifle larger than Moroccan shells. Asturias—Recorded by Dr. P. Fischer from Asturias and reported from Picos de Europa by Prof. Hidalgo. ; Galicia— Recorded by Mr. McAndrew and confirmed by Prof. Hidalgo from Vigo; and by Zapater and Macho as rare about Villagarcia and Santiago. Navarre —Recorded as H. occidentalis by Martorelli and Paz. PORTUGAL. Beira—Prof. Nobre records Helix occidentalis from Aveiro, Azurara, Buarcos, Bussaco, Cabo Mondego, Coimbra, Condeixa, Figueira, Fonte da Vinha, Granja, Serra do Pilar, Soure, Valongo, and Vila Nova de Gaia, also from Pinheiro da Bemposta on the authority of Ribeiro. Alemtejo—It is quoted for Estreméz by Prof. Hidalgo; and as H. occidentalis from Evora and Castelo de Vide by Prof. Nobre. Estremadura —Prof. Nobre records H. occidentalis from Algés, Bemfica, Caldas da Reinha, Cintra, Colores, Leiria, Lisbon, Marvila, Serra da Arrabida, Setubal, and Soure. Dr. G. Servain cites the alluvium of the Tagus; Furtado gives Sabugo; de Sousa records Alfeite, and specimens from Serra de Monsanto and Calhariz are in the Museum Boeage ; and Mr. Ponsonby found it in open fields about Lisbon. Minho —Recorded by Prof. Hidalgo from Leca da Palmeira ; as H. occidentalis from mossy garden walls in a shady lane on the banks of the It. Douro near Oporto by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, and by Prof. Nobre from Valenca, and Viana do Castelo. Tras os Montes—Recorded as 1H. occidentalis yy Prof. Nobre from Macedo de Cavaleiros, Mirandela. SWITZERLAND. M. Bourguignat cites this country as an undoubted location for H. occidentalis. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Tyrol-—Dr. Jeffreys, on the authority of Strobel, quotes the Lower Tyrol as a locality, and Paetel cites the Tyrol. Lower Austria—Dr. von Martens quotes Parreyss’ record of Klosternenberg. RUSSIA. Kiev—Dr. Westerlund records that specimens exist in St. Petersburg Museum, collected at Kiev in 1849. NORTH AFRICA. Morocco—Djebel Kébir, near Tangiers, found by M. Vaucher. Mr. J. H. Ponsonby has also collected H. occidentalis only under stones on the open scrubby downs near Tangiers. Algeria—Recorded as H. occidentalis by M. Debeaux from beneath stones in the forest of Boghar, and along the roads to Milianah ; and M. Lallemant found a single specimen among Cistus on the dry slopes at Agha near Algiers. Portrait and Autograph of M. Arthur Morelet, the author of ‘‘ Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de Portugal,” wherein is described and figured Helix fonentina, which hitherto has been regarded as a synonym or variety of A. revelata. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSGA. AT Sus-GENuS Zenobia Gray. Hygromia fusca (Montagu). 1803 Helix fusca Montagu, Test. Brit., 1i., p. 424, pl. 13, f. 1. 1821 — (Zenobia) corrugata Gray, Med. Repos., vol. xv., p. 229. 1823 — swbrufescens Miller, Ann. of Philos., vii., p. 379. 1888 — _ revelata Bouchard-Chantereaux, Moll. Pas de Calais, p. 44. 1850 — (Hygromia) fusca Pfeiffer, Verz., p. 127. 1855 — (Zenobia) fusca Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., ii., p. 212, pl. xv., ff. 33-36. 1906 = — (Capillifera) fusca Honigmann, Beitr. zur Moll., p. 190. 1906 — (Trichia) fusca Westerlund, Catal. reg. Paleearet., p. 27. 1843 Zonites fuscus Macgill, Moll. Aberdeen, p. 93. 1855 — (Conulus) fusca Adams, Gen. Moll., p. 116. ISTORY.— Hygromia fusca( fusca, brown ) was added to science and to the British list in 1803 by the famous British zoologist, Colonel George Montagu, with whom the species is herewith associated, and it is with especial pleasure that I am able to give the accompanying authentic portrait and auto- graph, for which privilege I am indebted to the sympathetic interest of Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, the courteous and learned secretary of the Linnean Society. This species would seem to be little known on the continent, possibly on account of its being overlooked and neglected as the young stage of some of the larger Helices. The sub-genus Zenobia is a group insti- tuted by Dr. J. E. Gray in 1821 for H. fusca and other species, but has been widened and altered by later authors to include other species in its scope. It has been defined as shell conoid, with a perforate umbilicus, and a thin and simple apertural margin, to which should be added to ensure more stability to the group, the more striking features of the internal organs, as the presence of a four- bladed dart—recalling that of Helix pomatia—a single dart sac with a small accessory gland, and well-developed mucus glands. Dr. Grateloup described a shell as H. aguitanica which he was inclined, and probably correctly, to regard as a variety of 1. fusca. It was characterized by its greenish-amber colour, and was thin, trans- lucent, and glossy ; whorls were five in number; mouth semilunar; lip simple, sharp, and fragile. Diam., 8 mill. ; alt., 5 mill. Abundant in autumn in gardens and woods, Mont-de-Marsan and Agen. Diagnosis.—H. fusca differs from H. revelata with which it is most likely to be confounded by its larger size, more depressed spire, and the absence of the greenish shade which is so marked a feature in that species. INTERNALLY, it is easily separated by the presence of a well developed dart-sac and accessory gland, by the characteristic love-dart, by the peculiar and almost filiform spermatheca, and the long and delicate flagellum. 48 HYGROMIA FUSCA. Description—ANIMAL elongate and varying in colour between a vinous-yellow and blackish or greenish-grey, but darkest anteriorly, and there is no trace of facial rooves ; the BODY is more or less tubereulate ; the DORSAL FURROWS are fairly distinet: OMMATOPHORES long and slender; LOWER TENTACLES blunt and short; there are dark subdorsal lines, one on each side the body, which run to near the tips of the tentacles, and are due to the TENTACULAR RETRACTORS being perceptible through the semi-transparent tissues; the MANTLE is marbled or speckled with white and brown. When crawling, the PULMONARY RETICULUM is clearly visible through the pellucid shell and tissues, and extends backwards about half-a-whorl from the APERTURE up to the long and narrow yellowish RENAL ORGAN ; the HEART, which is closely adjacent, clearly displays its responsive pulsations. Beyond the renal organ, the MANTLE is black, finely speckled with yellowish or greyish, the spots increasing in number until the general effect towards the apex of the shell becomes reversed, and shows as yellowish-grey with black spots. The margin of the aper- ture usually shows a black patch extending along and near to the suture. SHELL subglobose, subconical above, convex beneath; WHORLS 44 to 5 gradually enlarging in size, the last whorl ample and subangulate at the periphery, suture distinct but not deep ; shell substance very thin, fragile, and of a deep transparent amber colour, but exceedingly glossy ; trausverse STRLZ irregularly plicate or corrugate with intermediate finer growth lines; spiral striz ill-defined and slight, but most perceptible in the umbilical region ; APERTURE obliquely and broadly lunate, outer lip sharp and thin, abruptly inflected above and much reflected basally, partially concealing the very minute umbilical perforation. Diam., 9 mill. ; alt., 55 mill. EPIPHRAGM extremely thin and vitreous. Dr. J. E. Gray describes the hairy investment as so fine and deciduous that the surface is frequently supposed to be without hair. Reeve describes the shell as “minutely hairy,” and the late Mr. G. Sherriff Tye has stated that the hairs are thickly clustered on the surface of the shell, are very short and bent towards the aperture, but are only perceptible under a high magnifying power. PAT ARR BAA \\ —i Wee i fy i \ \ Wa ) aR \\ AN b s ‘ . \ IB | a \ \ VARESE OSA Fic. 68. Fic. 69. Fic. 68.—Hair-like sculpture of the shell surface of Hygromia fusca, after a micro-photograph . by Mr. W. Bagshaw. Fic. 69.—Hairs from surface of the shell of Hygromta fusca (highly magnified), after a drawing by the late Mr. G. Sherriff Tye. A careful examination of the shell surface with a l-inch objective shows that the appearance of crowded hairs referred to by Mr. Tye is possibly due to the minute sculpture which, however, lies parallel to and not at right-angles with the growth lines as described by him, and are probably the fine strive referred to by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys as found on immature shells and which he compared to ‘‘hair-cloth.” INTERIORLY, the GSOPHAGUS and STOMACH are greyish-white ; the LIVER or digestive gland dark brown, sometimes flecked with whitish, the hepatic artery not conspicuous, and the intestinal fold whitish ; the KIDNEY or renal organ is almost sagittiform in shape, of a salmon colour, speckled with yellowish-white, and the HEART has the junction of the auricle and ventricle almost filiform. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS show a large and white OVOTESTIS, which has its upper side partly imbedded in the brown or russet liver ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is dusky-white or cream colour spotted with brown; the ALBUMEN GLAND is of a very pale greenish-yellow ; the OvIDUCT ochreous-grey ; the PROSTATE or sperm- duct whitish-buff of a granular aspect, and externally wider than the oviduct in parts; SPERMATHECA narrow, digitate, or lanceolate, of a whitish colour dashed with bluish, and borne on a long and slender stem; PENIS-SHEATH short and HYGROMIA FUSCA. 49 obovate, abruptly flexed and bluish-white in colour, with longitudinal white streaks at the narrowing distal end; EPIPHALLUS long, of an uniform thickness and furnished with a retractor about midway of its course; the FLAGELLUM is long and filiform. Fic. 70. Fic. 71. Hic: 725 BIGs ics Fic. 70.—Dart-sac of Hygromia fusca (showing position of the dart within the sac), accessory sac and digitate mucus glands, greatly enlarged. Fic. 71.—Reproductive organs of Hygromia fusca, greatly enlarged. d.s. dart-sac and accessory gland; 77. flagellum ; 77.¢7. mucus-glands ; ov. oviduct; #.s. penis- sheath ; 7. penial retractor; sf. spermatheca; sf.d. sperm duct. Fic. 72.—Gypsobelum or Love-dart of Hygvomeia fusca, with mid-section of stem, x 12. Fic. 73.—Ovotestis imbedded in the digestive gland of an immature H. fusca, greatly enlarged. The vaginal MUCUS GLANDS are three or four mill. in length, and bluish-white in colour, subulately vermiform and irregularly tumid; they are usually seven to nine in number, though somewhat variable in this respect, as by bifurcation there may be as many as twelve or even more terminations. DART-SAC pearly-white, elongately ovate, and fairly bulky, combined with a smaller accessory glandular sac or lobe, which rises a little higher, and fused to the vagina on almost the total length of the gland ; the outer sac contains and secretes the dart. The DART occupies the large outer sac or lobe, is of a subulate shape, about two mill. long, very sharply pointed, the shaft gracefully bent, with four equidistant longitudinal blunt-edged blades, which arise from the expanded base, and gradu- ally diminish towards the apex, quite reminiscent of that of Helix pomatia ; the swollen base oceupies about one-fourth of the total length of the dart and expands somewhat abruptly from the gently tapering shaft; there is no annulus, but there are usually one or more horizontal encircling grooves. The JAW is about three-quarters of a millimetre from side to side, of a fawn or deep amber colour, darker in the central area and towards the cutting-edge, of a ecrescentie shape, with bluntly rounded ends, with twenty to twenty-eight not very prom- inent ribs which crenulate the cutting margin. Moquin-Tandon describes the jaw as possessing fifteen wy q fine closely-set indentations on the concave cutting mar- Fic. 74.— Jaw of H. fusca, gin, and figures it as very broad, with a very wide and (Montagu) highly magnified, obtuse but quite perceptible median rostrum or beak. from Scarbro’, Yorks. The RADULA is of the usual oblong shape, and composed of 95 transverse rows of teeth, with a maximum of about 53 teeth in a row, each row formed by a median Fic. 75.—Radula of Hygromia fusca collected at Huddersfield by Mr. Lister Peace, from a highly magnified micro-photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw of a preparation by Rey. Prof. Gwatkin. 9/9/16 D 50 HYGROMIA FUSCA. tricuspidate tooth, with a strong central cone, and quite small ectocones; the laterals are about 14 in number, and also tricuspidate, the ectocones being well developed, but the endocones are very feebly represented and gradually diminish in size; the marginals are more or less quadrate in shape, and characterized more especially by the splitting of the mesocones, by a very decided overlapping of their lateral margins and in a lesser degree by the division of the sinaller ectocones. The formula of a Huddersfield specimen collected by Mr. Lister Peace and the radula prepared by Rev. Prof Gwatkin is 22 41441414412 x 95 — 5,035 teeth. Reproduction and Development.—No observation appears to have been made of the sexual congress of this species, except by Capt. Farrer, who, on Noy. 11th, 1905, observed individuals in conjugation at Bassen- thwaite ; but the function probably takes place from August till towards the end of the year. The eggs are laid shortly after the congress, and are from 30-50 in number, 1 to 13 mill. in diameter, and globular in form, with a thin, transparent, and opalescent envelope; they hatch in about twenty days, the young becoming adult during the following season. Habits and Habitat.— Hygromia fusca is found fairly commonly in districts where it occurs, living upon the sedges bordering the streams in moist or damp woods, and is a habitual climber, especially in the early autumn months, ascending the alder, beech, poplar, hazel, osier, juniper, mountain-ash, and other trees, feeding upon the leaves and clinging to their undersides. It also frequents many plants, especially the great hairy woodrush (Luzula sylvatica), the meadow sweet (Spera@a ulmaria), cam- pion (Lychnis dioica), dog mercury (Mercurialis perennis), Iris, Equisetum, nettles, sedges, ferns, brambles, ete., and is easily collected by shaking shrubs or the lower branches of trees over an umbrella. In France, at Mont-de-Marsan, it abounds on the bindweed in the hedges, as well as on the osiers and the marsh-reed. It is a very hardy species, and in late autumn and winter is remarkably active and more geophilous in habit, living amongst the decayed leaves and herbage. Though evidently feeding on a great variety of plants, Capt. Farrer finds that in the Lake district its favourite food is wild carrot (Daucus carota). M. St. Simon has recorded that he had observed 85 pulsations per minute of the heart of this species, but gives no details of the conditions under which the observation took place. Mr. Masefield has noticed its marvellous protective resemblance to the decaying seed capsule of the campion (Lychnis dioica), the thin shell being the exact colour of the capsule when wet, and the base being of a pale yellow colour exactly resembles a portion of the viscera of the snail as seen through the shell. Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the usual Helicidian enemies, Mr. Evans has observed that the bank vole (Hvotomys glareolus) seems particularly fond of this species, as he has found an abundance of broken shells at the entrance of their burrows. Geological Distribution.—Recorded by Dr. Jeffreys as fossil in our Upper Tertiary formation; by Prof. Morris as found in the Mammaliferous Crag, at Stutton, Suffolk ; and by M. Laville, in France, from the gravels of Joinville-le-Pont, department of the Seine. . Variation.—Only two forms of 1. fusca have as yet been distinguished, as it 1s not a species which lends itself to a splitting-up into many forms. HYGROMIA FUSGA. dl Abbé Dupuy has observed that this species is more especially maritime in habit, and remarked that the finest specimens are always found in the vicinity of the coast, the shells gradually becoming smaller and rarer in proportion as the inhabited district is removed from maritime influence. The var. alba alluded to in the Journal of Conchology, vol. ix., p. 110, as found at Worth Wood, Ramsor, Staffs., would appear to be an error, but it may be remarked that Colonel Montagu alludes to a “beautifully white and pellucid shell,” sent to him from Scotland by Mr. H. Boys, ‘in every respect like H. fusca except in colour,” though Dr. Jeffreys, who made a special examination of the type shells in Montagu’s collection now preserved in the Exeter Museum, states that the Scotch specimen above mentioned is really referable to the species now known as H. cartusiana. Var. vitrea Farrer, Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 157, Jan. 1896. SHELL pale glassy-green, animal pure white except the tentacular retractors. Only as yet recorded from few localities. ENGLAND. York N.E.—Forge Valley, Scarborough (J. A. Hargreaves, J. of C., xii., p. 302). Northumb. S.—Cockshot Hill, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, Aug. 1883 ! H. Richardson. Cumberland—Not uncommon with the type form, Park Woods, Bassenthwaite (Farrer, l.c.). IRELAND. Wicklow—Abundant with type, Powerscourt demesne, Enniskerry, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Kerry—Abundant with type on ‘‘flags” near Aghadoe, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs and Adams, Irish Nat., 1898, p. 262). Fic. 76.—Geographical Distribution of Hygromia fusca (Montagu). Probable Range bee Recorded Distribution Geographical Distribution.—Hygromia fusca, as far as at present recorded, is quite occidental in its range, and is scarcely known from Eastern Europe or elsewhere, probably passed over as the immature state of some of the larger species, so that this apparently limited distribution may be due in some measure to oversight and misapprehension. This is a striking example of a recessive or retreating species, the recorded and also the verified occurrences showing its apparent absence from the south-eastern counties of England, and its increasing abundance as it recedes from the probable point of entry of superior life. In the north of Scotland it is the most generally distributed of the Hygromie. oe HYGROMIA FUSCA. In the British Isles, its distribution is distinctly western and northern, being commonly found over the greater parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, extending as far north as Sutherlandshire. In England, it appears to be quite absent from East Anglia, and rare for some distance adjacent to that area. On the Continent, it is only recorded for Belgium, the North and West of France, Spain and Portugal, although Dr. Jeffreys recorded it from Transylvania, but not as a result of his own observations, but on the authority of Bielz. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Tabulated for Belgium by Dr. Hermann Jordan. FRANCE. In this country H. fusca has a southern range, and seems in a large measure submaritime in its resorts. It is known from Basses Pyrénées—Found at Salies-de-Bearn in 1903 by Mr. Hugh Watson. Calvados—Said by M.del’Ho6pital to be somewhat rare about Caen, Colombieres, Fouguerolles, forét de Cerisy, ete. Cotes-du-Nord—Recorded for the department by Mabille. Eure—Found in a beech wood at Evreux in April 1912 by Mr. F. H. Sikes. Gers—Abbé Dupuy and others cite the environs of Auch. Gironde—Reported by M. Fagot. Ille-et-Vilaine—Recorded by M. Desmars. Landes—Recorded by Abbé Dupuy from Dax and Mont-de-Marsan. Loire Inférieure—M. Calliaud reports it as common in the copses near Nantes ; in Brillant Wood on the road to Paris; and at Sautron; and Dr. Jeffreys found it at Etretat in the autumn of 1856. Lot-et-Garonne—Reported by M. Fagot from Nérac. Nord—Recorded for the department by M. Noreuet. Orne—Quoted by M. Letacq from the marsh at Radon, ete., in the forest of Eecouvres, the marshes of Fontenay-les-Sonvets, and the forests of St. Ortave and Ferté-Macé, ete. Pas-de-Calais—Commion about Boulogne-sur-Mer, according to M. Bouechard- Chantereaux, who recorded it as H. revelata. Sarthe—Cited by Letacq for the wood of Noé-de-Gesne, Arconnay ; the wood at Champ-Charlot, near Bourg-le-Roi, ete. Langlois cites the wood of Perrochell, ete. Somme— Recorded by M. Norguet as living on Populus canadensis at Abbeville. Vendée—M. Letourneaux reports it as rare at Vouvant, Fontenay-le-Comte. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. M. Fagot reports it as Pyrenean and also as a species of the Spanish littoral, which is also found in Portugal, but this is not confirmed by any other writer. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Recorded by Bielz from Transylvania. Autograph of Dr. Joh. Christ. Albers, the distinguished German conchologist, and author of ‘Die Heliceen” and other meritorious works on land and freshwater mollusca. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 53 Helicodonta obvoluta (Miiller). 1767 La Veloutée a bouche triangulare Geoffroy, Coquilles de Paris, p. 46, no. 12. 1774 Helix obvoluta Miiller, Verm. Hist., pt. 2, p. 27, no. 229. 1788 — holosericea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i., p. 3641, no. 186. 1792 — _ trigonophora Lamarck, Journ. Hist. Nat., li., pl. 42; f. 2; p. 349. 1792 — bilabiata Olivi, Zool. Adriatic, p. 177. 1801 Planorbis obvolutus Poiret, Coq. de l’ Aisne, p. 89. 1819 Helicodonta obvolutwm Férussac, Tabl. Syst., p. 38, pl. 51, f. 4, no. 107. 1833 Vrigonostoma obvoluta Fitzinger, Syst. Verz. Oesterr., p. 98. 1837 Vortex obvoluta Beck, Ind. Moll., p. 29. 1837 Gonostoma obvoluta Held, Isis, p. 915. 1842 Polygyra obvoluta Gray, Fig. Moll. Anim., pl. 290, f. 13. 1844 Huphemia obvoluta Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak., v., p. 74. 1858 Anchistoma obvolutum Adams, Genera Recent Moll., p. 207. ISTORY.— Helicodonta obvoluta (ob- voluta, rolled up), belongs to the sub- genus FHfelicodonta of Férussac, which is wholly or partially equivalent to Chilodon and Helicodon Ehrenb., Drepanostoma Porro, Contorta Muhlf., Caracollina Beck, and other groups cited in the synonymy. With this interesting species I feel great pleasure in associating my esteemed and valued friend, Prof. A. E. Boycott, F.R.S., who has given special attention to this species and authoritatively elucidated many doubt- ful and important points of its structure, and to whom many of the special illustrations and much of their descriptive matter is due. Helicodontu, which Dr. Scharff regards as originating in the Lusitanian region, is a croup of Mediterranean species in ‘which the shell is characterized by an angulate or rhombic aperture and a depressed spire, and an animal allied in organization to Helicigona and apparently linking together that group and Hygromia ; its relationship with the higher groups is shown by the position of the right tentacular retractor which passes between the ¢ and @ organs, as in the true or typical Helices, and its affinity with Helicigonw is evidenced by the paired mucus glands and lanceolate love-dart, which, although wholly or partially lost by degenera- tion in the present species, are still possessed by some of the less dominant Helicodonts, which are now chiefly restricted to the lofty moun- tain ranges of Central Europe. This very remarkable phenomenon of the total atrophy of the dart and the partial loss of its accessories by the present species though still retained by //. holoserica, its less dominant and probably more ancient congener, lead us to place less implicit faith im the presence of any par- ticular organ or in any specific detail of the internal bodily structure— save of the sensory or nervous system—as irrefragable evidence of 54 HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. superiority in dominating power of any species and show that the facts of geographical distribution as proof of dominance must always receive the consideration due to their undeniable importance. Dr. Germain regards as the ancestral form the H. bernardi Michaud, a much smaller shell, of about 5 mill. in diameter, with a more vertical aperture, which replaces H/. obvoluta in the diluvial clays of Combe-de- Clary, near Hauterive, Dréme. It was first discovered in this country in Ditcham Wood, Hampshire, and added to the British lst in 1831, by Dr. Lindsay, in a communication to the Linnean Society. Diagnosis.—H. obvoluta cannot be confused with any other British species, the depressed and somewhat concave spire, and the more or less distinct indications of the apertural denticles preclude possibility of error. INTERNALLY, the differences from other British species are equally striking, the degree of degeneracy exhibited by the organs assumed to represent the mucus-glands and dart-sac being amply sufficient to satis- factorily determine the species. Description—The ANIMAL is slender, of a dark leaden-grey colour, with large and moderately distinct rugze, which do not present any readily perceptible arrange- ment ; DORSAL GROOVES distinct, and enclosing a single row of ELONGATE TUBERCLES; there is no trace of facial furrows, and a mere indication of LATERAL GROOVES shown by the paler colouring of the area beneath their position, the tubercles of this paler portion appear of a darker grey against the pale ground colour; the TAIL is narrow and pointed, and does not extend beyond the margin of the shell; MANTLE pale greyish, speckled with a darker shade ; OMMATOPHORES long and slender, semitransparent, and showing the dark RETRACTORS throughout their length, and giving a darker shade to each side of the back; the MUCUS is colourless and thin, but not very plentiful. The shell is carried almost horizon- tally, and slightly inclined to the right. SHELL discoidal in shape, flat or slightly coneave above, convex beneath ; WHORLS 64, increasing slowly in size and deflected at the aperture when adult, laterally compressed, but bluntly angu- —— late above, near the suture, which is ° thus deeply channeled ; EPIDERMIS thick, opaque warm-brown in colour, bearing obliquely undulate striz and beset by a number of smooth, stiff, caducous and slender whitish hairs, furnished with several knobbed exerescences along their length, sometimes bent at the tip, or even almost prone and usually inclined to be recurved or directed in the opposite direction to those of H. hispida; they are arranged in oblique rows, which run in an almost opposite direction to the lines of growth, and are borne upon indistinct protuberances, which are said to be arranged somewhat quincunxially, but do not all support f hairs. APERTURE small and obliquely triangular, } ; if inflected above ; OUTER LIP very thick, reflected, i and obscurely toothed within on the basal and { t i palatal margins, of a purplish colour, which, how- P } ever, is very fugitive and quickly fades on the i a6 1 death of the animal; there is also a distinet con- ' \ \ \ striction or groove behind the lip, especially deeply A a \ A Fic.79— Helicodonta obvoluta (Miill.)after Sandberger. sunk behind the palatal tooth-like thickening. The UMBILICUS is openly convoluted, almost tubular, and exposing all the internal spire. Diam., 12 mill. ; alt. 5 mill. Fic. 80.—Periostracal hairs from the umbilical region of H. obvoluta, from a highly magnified drawing by the late Mr. G. Sherriff Tye. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are, according to Moquin-Tandon, thick and white and aggregated in a trilobed form; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is thick and some- what convolute, but attenuate at each extremity ; the ALBUMEN GLAND is small, thin, of a yellowish colour, irregularly lobulated and curiously bent over at the tip; HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 55 the VESICULA SEMINALIS is rather large, the bulb white, and the stalk red with pigment evidently resident in the epithelium ; and André says the pedicle shows a longitudinal furrow similar to that shown in a grain of wheat, and the free extremity there is a slightly trilobed glandular body, connected by an excessively thin pedicle from one of the lateral lobes. The FREE OVIDUCT is curiously slender and long, and bears high up the small oval SPERMATHECA on a long and slender Fic. 81. Fic. 82. Fic. 83. Fic. 84. Fic. 81.—Reproductive system of Hledicodonta obvoluta (after a greatly enlarged dissection and sketch by Prof. Boycott). a.g. albumen gland ; d.s. vestigial dart-sac ; #7.¢2. vestigial mucus-gland ; of. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; pr. prostate; f.s. penis-sheath; 7. penial retractor; sf. spermatheca ; v. vagina or free-oviduct ; v.s. vesicula seminalis. Fic. 82.—Proximal portion of sexual system of Hedicodonta obvoluta (after Moquin-Tandon), showing the approximate natural positions of the various parts. Fic. 83.—Cephalic retractors (after a greatly enlarged dissection and sketch by Prof. Boycott). 4.r. buccal retractor; #.7. penial retractor; ~.7. rectal retractor; ¢.7. retractor of ommatophores, the adjoining muscles arising from the same stem serve the lower tentacle and lip of their respective sides. Fic. 84.—Alimentary system of Hedicodonta obvoluta (after a greatly enlarged dissection and sketch by Prof. Boycott). 6.6. buccal bulb; c. crop; ~ rectum; s.gé. salivary glands; s¢. stomach. stem ; immediately beneath if is an elongate thin walled blind vermiform sac, slightly swollen at end, destitute of muscle-fibres, and fairly full of amorphous white flocculent particles, but there are no large calcareous cells, such as are often found in the genital passages ; this is probably a MUCUS-GLAND. eee Seen rams. aaete ay 1G. 85. Fic. 86. Fic. 87. Fic. 85.—Section through assumed vestigial mucus-gland of Hedicodonta obvoluta, highly magnified (after a drawing by Prof. Boycott). Fic. 86.—Section through the assumed vestigial dart-sac of Helicodonta obvoluta, highly magnified (after a drawing by Prof. Boycott). Fic. 87.—Vesicula seminalis of Hedicodonta obvoluta with adjacent parts (after a greatly enlarged dissection and sketch by Prof. Boycott). a.g. albumen gland ; 4.d. hermaphrodite duct ; ov.sf. ovispermatoduct ; v.s. vesicula seminalis. Another, but much shorter ececum, quite different in structure, is attached to and opens into the mucus-gland before merging into the free oviduct, which is probably a vestigial DART-SAC, which has, however, now lost all traces of the crys- talline love-dart it formerly possessed, but still retains the thicker walls and a fairly 56 HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. abundant muscular coat, but no caleareous cells were detected ; the VAS DEFERENS is slender and generally shows an abrupt and very persistent sigmoid flexure, which is basally attached to the columellar muscle, before entering the penis-sheath ; the RETRACTOR is attached to the vas deferens, which thickens before joining to the penis-sheath, and though showing differences of size, ete., there are no apparent differences of structure, and therefore probably there is no epiphallus ; the PENIS- SHEATH is singularly voluminous, thick, but attenuate above, the vas deferens entering terminally. In the natural position when the animal is extended, the free oviduct from its commencement to the opening of the dart sac is bent in a sigmoid flexure, the spermatheca duct arising from its highest point ; the spermatheca, as is usual, lies against the oviduct, and the mucus gland is twisted round the S bend. The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM shows an excessively long GSOPHAGUS, with thick and bulky whitish salivary glands; the csophagus gradually merges into the CROP, which is apparently merely an expansion of it, and combined with the sroMACH, whose pyloric end is abruptly bent ; the GUT is of the usual triodromous character, the middle tract being somewhat capacious, and the rectal tract long and slender. The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS show an elongate central stem, attenuate at its insertion on the columella of the shell, and near the base giving off a muscular strand to the rectum, as well as the penial retractor, which arises from a point about one-third of the length from the distal end, agreeing in this arrangement with the primitive Australian genus Panda. The two tentacular muscles are given off almost subterminally, they are powerful muscular bands, and each divides to serve the ommatophore, tentacle, and lip of their respective sides ; the BUCCAL RETRACTOR is formed by the continuation of the main muscle, and just before reaching the buccal bulb it divides, each branch again bifureating before attach- ment thereto. The MANDIBLE or jaw is about one mill. from end to end, flatly crescentic in shape, and bluntly rounded extremities, of an amber colour, of rather delicate consistency, with thickened and darker areas most distinct medially and towards the ends, and showing one central and several longitud- inally parallel paler lines; there are a somewhat vati- able number of broad, flat, rather indistinet vertical Fic. 88.— Jaw of 1. obvo/uta ribs, which slightly crenulate the lower or cutting (Miil.) (highly magnified) after margin, but do not extend quite across the jaw. amu Poomees by Mr. W. 3agshaw. The RADULA is of the usual oblong shape, and consists of from about 145 to 170 transverse rows of teeth, each row consisting of 71 to 91 teeth, and constituted by a median unicuspid tooth, about 13 or 14 unicuspid laterals, and about 28 bicuspid and tricuspid marginals, which at the extreme margins degenerate into simple chitinous bars. COA GiP aie =e Fic. 89. — Representative teeth from the radula of H. odvo/uta (Mill.), from Ditcham Wood, Hampshire, after a highly magnified drawing by Prof. Boycott. The formula of a Ditcham specimen, according to Prof. Boycott, is app esp setts 4 dy ders 4 dors + 25 x 160 = 14,240 teeth. 3 Reproduction and Development. — Few observations have been made upon the sexual congress of this species, but Mr. L. Dawes, who has carefully studied this species in confinement, found a pair in the act of conjugation in the early morning of June 27th, 1912; the animals were facing each other, but not in actual contact, except by their intromittent organs, which were united together over the heads of the snails ; he also verified that oviposition takes place from May to the end of June, the eggs being white and laid in clusters varying in numbers from 8-20, and Puate IV. a NOR OCOOON ONLOwo Distribution of Hygromia fusca ( In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA Cornwall W. Cornwall E. Devon 8. Devon N. Somerset S. Somerset N. CHANNEL Wilts N Wilts 8. Dorset Isle of Wight Hants 8. Hants N. Sussex W. Sussex E. THAMES Kent E. Kent W. Surrey Essex 8. Essex N. Herts. Middlesex Berks. Oxford Bueks, ANGLIA Suffolk E. Suffolk W. Norfolk E. Norfolk W. Cambridge Bedford Hunts. Northampton SEVERN Gloucester E. Gloucester \W, Monmouth Hereford Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop 41 42 43 44 45 46 SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon Denbigh Flint Anglesey TRENT Lineoln §. Lineoln N. Leic. & Rutld. Notts. Derby MERSEY Cheshire Lancashire 8. l.an’shire Mid HUMBER S.E. York N.E. York S.W. York Mid W, York N.W. York TYNE Durham Northumb. 8. Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and L. Lanes Cumberland Isle of Man Probable Range. \JRecorded Distribution, GHP Distribution verified by the Author. FEE] Geological Distribution. of the British Isles. ag ¢ 72 121 gu) Montaecu SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS Dumfries Kirkeudbright Wigtown Ayr Renfrew Lanark E. LOWLANDS Peebles Selkirk Roxburgh Berwick Haddington Edinburgh Linlithgow E. HIGHLANDS Fife & Kinross Stirling Pth. S$. & Clkn. Mid Perth Perth N. Forfar 1 Kineardine 2 Aberdeen 8. & ad E. HIGHLANDS 953 Aberdeen N. 94 Banff 95 Elgin 96 Easterness W. HIGHLANDS 97 Westerness 98 Main Argyle 99 Dumbarton 100 Clyde Isles 101 Cantire 102 Ebudes 8. 103 Ebudes Mid 104 Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 106 Ross E, 107 Sutherland E 108 SutherlandW, 109 Caithness NORTH ISLES 110 Hebrides 111 Orkneys 112 Shetlands IRELAND, ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co. 132 Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 155 Leitrim 136 Sligo 137 Mayo KE. 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare limerick Tipperary N Tipperary S. Waterford Cork N. Cork 8. Kerry HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 54 slightly adherent to each other, though separable by the slightest touch ; that they hatch in about a month; and that all the young hatched in captivity after June died, while those hatched earlier in the year and kept under identical conditions survived, full growth being attained in October and November of the following year. Mr. H. Beeston, from a long acquaintance with the species m its native habitat, thinks that oviposition is continued all through the summer months, as he finds shells in all stages of growth quite late in the autumn and even in their winter quarters when they had only attained about one- third of their normal size, and believes that the eggs are deposited singly or at most two or three together, so that the young unlike those of many other species are not naturally gregarious ; Mr. A.W. Stelfox, however, has recorded the finding on May 17th, 1908, of a nest of about a dozen newly- hatched young under a fallen log in the woods on Duncton Beacon. Mr. Beeston also states that the individuals hatched in spring became adult in October or November, those hatching later attaining full growth in spring after hibernation. Dr. Gassies records that in France accouplement takes place from May to July, and that the oviposition of about a score very small eggs follows a few days after mating. he eggs are agglutinated together by a colourless mucus; the young emerge in about twenty days; they are when young intensely hirsute with stiff velvety pile, and become adult at the end of November. Food.—In captivity Miss Hele found the favourite food to be dock (Rumex obtusifolius), but they also fed upon plaintain (Plantago major), dandelion (Leontodon taraxacum), and cabbage (Brassica oleraced). Mr. L. Dawes, who has had considerable experience in rearing this species, found the animals to eat lettuce (Lactuca sativa) greedily, but they also freely feed upon fungi, preferring a thick leathery fungus grow- ing on old logs (Lenzites betulina), and especially a small, soft and watery cup-shaped kind; they also devour very rotten beech wood, or the minute growths thereon. The late Mr. W. Jeffery kept this species in confinement, supplying them with decayed wood, leaves, and damp moss, on which they appeared to thrive ; he was of opinion that when at liberty the food was principally lichens from the stems of trees, and rotten wood. Mr. Beeston, who has studied this species for twenty years, is strongly of opinion that naturally it does not usually feed on the living leaves of trees or plants, but regards minute lichens, mycetozoa, and fungi as their staple food, to which in dry, hot summer days he adds the damp and dead decaying beech leaves. He also has often observed them collected together devouring the plasmodium of certain species of the Mycetozoa found upon decaying timber lying in contact with fallen leaves or the bare ground, and he especially remarks on their preference for putrifying and deliquescent fungi, particularly Boletus edulis; in such situations specimens may always be found if inhabiting the vicinity. The mycelium of fungi is probably also fed upon. Habits. —H. obvoluta is said to be rather active, and secretes a good deal of clear slime, and is not easy to find, except when out feeding after rain, or in the evening. In showery weather it may ascend high up the beech trees. In dry weather it retires into the hollows of old decaying 58 HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. beech stumps, and other hiding places, protected from the wet. Rev.W. A. Shaw says it only seems to come out on very wet days, when it crawls under logs, ete. ; at other times it is concealed amongst the “caked beech leaves or amongst stones.” Mr. L. Dawes has observed that in captivity they seem to avoid the light, and after feeding conceal themselves beneath the leaves, and do not emerge from their shelter even at mght during strong northerly winds. They are quite timid, and retreat instantly within the shell when touched. Locard says they live in small colonies and are rather common in shady places at different altitudes, but generally at more than 1,000 feet elevation, though it is recorded as having been found at an altitude exceeding 5,000 feet in the Tyrol. Dr. Lindsay, in recording its occurrence in this country, affirmed its presence only on the north slope of the South Downs, a belief which has in a great measure persisted to the present time; but Mr. Beeston declares that individuals are actually more plentiful and finer on the southern slope. This species is characteristic of the mountain regions of Central Europe, extending to the Pyrenees, and according to Calcara is found in Sicily ; and though in this country practically confined to the calcareous hills of the South Downs is, in other countries, not restricted to any particular geological formation, or to any special environment. ‘he species still lurks in the recesses of the primeval woodland tracts on the slopes of the downs and in ancient parks, often associated with Clausilia rolphii and C. laminata var. albina, and dead shells are found in spots where repeated search has failed to yield the living animal. Mr. Clement Reid remarks that it is really abundant in all suitable localities in Sussex as far east as the river Arun, usually occurring on a dry calcareous shady soil with a steep slope, and that its rarity is due to the scarcity of ancient woodlands, as it is quite absent from the extensive beech-woods planted a century ago. H. obvoluta is essentially a geophilous and somewhat gregarious species, seldom climbing trees except during showery weather, which is the only time when it comes out freely in the daytime from its retreats amidst the aggregated beech leaves and other places, and crawls freely about. In dry weather it hides within the hollows and crevices of decaying stumps, and usually in places sheltered from excessive wet. The method of locomotion is often very peculiar; the whole length of the foot not being applied closely to the surface traversed, but touching in three or four places only, the points of contact changing. In this mode of progress the animal raises the fore-part of its body and applies the most anterior part to the surface, forming an arch, which gradually passes by undulatory motion down the body, by the gradual affixing of the fore-part of the foot and a corresponding raising of the hind-part of the arch; the arch thus travels from the head to the tail, the tail being then lifted up and put down as the arch travels down to it. Hibernation and Astivation.—It is commonly reported to hiber- nate for a long period, commencing as early as September, but this may be based upon a misconception, as each time the mollusk withdraws within its shell, after feeding, etc., it always secretes the cretaceous epiphragm, which hermetically seals up the mouth, and this everyday occurrence has been adduced as proof of the mollusk being actually in winter quarters. HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 59 Mr. Beeston remarks that it is apparently a hardy species, and can with- stand a certain amount of cold. ‘The adults tend to be gregarious, and gather together in close proximity im autumn and winter, before retiring to their winter quarters in November or December, according to the rigour of the season, though reappearing in any milder intervals that may occur, the favourite place being heaps of dead leaves and especially the under- ground crevices amongst the dead and decaying roots of the moss-covered stumps of beech trees, burrowing in such places often to a considerable depth, and not secreting the usual epiphragm, which is always present when hibernation takes place amongst the leaves above the ground. On finally reappearing in the moist days of early spring, the snails climb a few feet up the beech trunks, probably to feed upon the small, soft, succulent lichens which grow in that position. The EPIPHRAGM is thick, white, and calcareous, slightly sunk within the aperture, and therefore reproducing the somewhat trifoliate shape of the aperture, as well as showing one or even two externally concentric lines of growth or secretion. HH. obvolutu, unlike the generality of Helices, does not appress and attach the aperture of the shell to the surface upon which it is resting by means of the epiphragm, but very frequently, before sealing up the aperture, secretes in addition to the epiphragm, a filament of mucus rich in lime which emanates from the basal margin of the aperture and is affixed to the surface upon which the creature is resting; this fila- ment varies in size, and may be 5 mill. in length; the attachment to the object rested upon is almost linearly arcuate in shape; it has also a broad basis of attachment to the lower lip, and is quite capable of sus- taining the animal and its shell. This habit, which resembles that of certain Clausiliw and several operculate species, is interesting, and would also serve to explain the “ball” of AH. obvoluta said to have been once found hibernating socially and “stuck together” in a cluster. It is recorded as hibernating at the base of hazel trees, and in hedge banks, amongst dead leaves, and in other convenient places. It is not a close hibernant, but reappears and feeds in any milder intervals. Geological Distribution.—The former wider range of H. obvoluta in this country is attested by its occurrence in the fossil state in the Pleisto- cene gravels of the Cam, in which neighbourhood it is quite unknown in the living state. Though the genus existed in the Miocene age, the earliest record of the present species is from the Pliocene deposits of Italy, but it has not yet been detected below those of Pleistocene age in other countries. In Quaternary deposits it is known from many places in Central Europe, North Italy, Switzerland, South Germany, the Danubian Valley, ete. Upper PLIOCENE.—In Italy, it is recorded by Prof. Sandberger from Castellar- quato near Piacenza, Tuscany. PLEISTOCENE.—In England, Mrs. MeKenny Hughes records the finding of one adult and one immature shell in the gravels of Granchester near Cambridge, the specimens being deposited in the Woodwardian Museum. In Germany, Dr. Beettger records it as present in the old alluvium of Frankfort, Nassau; Dr. Hocken from diluvial sands and ecaleareous tufa near Bruhoden, Gotha; Dr. von Ihering from diluvial tufa at Ober-Zaunsbach and Streitberg, Franconia ; and by Herr Clessin from the tufa of Regensburg. In France, Comm. Caziot records its presence in the Alpes Maritimes, in the clays of Villefranche-sur-Mer ; in the tufa of Montigny near Vernon ; and in the recent stalagmitic deposit near Vence; Maury and Caziot found it in the tufa of Mantega and Magnan; and Mr. G. Neville from the zone of Helix paretiana in the 60 HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. deposits of Roquebrune, and from the bone breccia of Menton. M. Laville records it from the gravels of Joinville-le-Pont, Seine. H. Cardot from the Ardennes at Montey-Notre-Dame ; from the section exposed in the railway cutting at Hirson near Wasigny Station, and in a caleareous tufa deposit on the outskirts of the wood of Neudan. Dr. Germain records it from the tufa of Baume d’Hostun, and Buisse, Istre; of Presle, Aisne; and of St. Pierre-les-Elbceuf, Seine Inférieure; from the loess about Lyons, St. Fons, and Irigny, as well as from the marls of Gerland, Rhone. In Belgium, it is recorded by Locard from the Upper Pleistocene of Hainault. In Switzerland, it is reported by Dr. Sterki from Caverne near Thagugen, Canton Schaffhausen. In Italy, it is present in the glacial clays of Piedmont, according to Pollonera ; in the “terra rossa’”’ of Monte Pisano, according to Locard ; Dr. Pantanelli records it from the post-Pliocene travertin of Siena, Tuscany ; and Signor Valentini from the similar deposit at Aseoli-Piceno, Marches. LOWER PLEISTOCENE.—In Germany, Prof. Sandberger has recorded it as small and very rare in the sands of Mosbach, Baden. Mip. PLEISTOCENE.—In Germany, Sandberger quotes it from calcareous tufa at Cannstadt, Wurtemburg, Burgtonna, and Weimar, Thuringia. In France, Loeard records it from the tufa of Celle-sous-Moret, Seine-et-Marne. Upper PLEISTOCENE.—In Germany, Sandberger states its occurrence in the tufa at Weimar, Burgtonna, and Muhlhausen, Thuringia, and Canth in Silesia. HoLoceNngE.—In England, Rev. W. A. Shaw found specimens thrown up by the moles from a Holocene deposit two to three feet below the surface on the open treeless down, the nearest trees being the ancient Yews at Kingley Vale near Chichester. In Germany, Prof. Cockerell reports specimens in the museum of Basel from glacial diluvium of Roman age at Kiffis, Lower Alsace. In Belgium, Gregoire cites it from the “‘tourbe” of Uccle-lez-Bruxelles, Brabant. In France, M. Dollfus records it as common in a deposit of Roman age exposed during an excavation at Lyons-la-Forét, Eure. The species does not now inhabit the neighbourhood. In Sweden, Dr. Westerlund records it from a submarine peat-bed at Ystad, Malmohus ; and Odhner from calcareous tufa at Skultorp, Westergétland. In Denmark, Dr. Johannsen records it from the freshwater limestone at Free Harbour, Copenhagen; Steenberg from deposits at Korsér, Zealand; and Nordmann from those at Stovaflejringer near Oxnebjerg, Isle of Funen. Variation.—In the gloomy mountain forests of Switzerland it has been observed by Dr. Hartmann that the shell becomes paler, thinner, and more transparent. The H. obvoluta var. bosniaca Boettger and A. obvoluta var. edentula Westl. seem equally referable to the typical form as understood on the continent and as figured herein after Prof. Sandberger. The British specimens incline more or less distinctly to the toothed form, var. dentatu, but this peculiarity is not often strongly developed. Var. albina ‘l'aylor, var. nov. SHELL white. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany —Recorded as numerous at Polesina, Franconia, by Clessin, who also records colonies all albine found on heaps of loose stones in the ‘ Muschelkalk’ region near Ochsenfurt, Bavaria; and Gysser records it from Carlsruhe, Baden. Belgium—One specimen found in June 1872 at Hastiére, Namur, by M. van den Broeck apparently links the present form with the var. pallida, the shell being quite transparent, the peristome of brilliant porcelain-white, and the hairs quite colourless. The mollusk was not albine, but very pale. France —Recorded from Alsace by Prof. von Martens on the authority of Dr. Muhlenbeck. HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 61 Var. pallida Moquin-'andon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, i1., p. 114. SHELL thinner, more transparent, and of yellowish-rufous colour, with a more velvety surface. The shells from Provence described by Dupuy as thinner, nearly pellucid, and of a velvety aspect, owing to the more numerous and more recumbent hairs, would appear to belong to this variety, and are probably the form he discriminated as var. pyrencica. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Rather common in Haute Loire according to Pascal; Locard cites it as rare about Lyons, Rhone, and as rather rare at Haut-Bugey, Hauteville, Ain. Var. dentata Clessin, Exc. Moll. Fauna, 1884, p. 133. Helix blanci Pollonera, Atti Soc. Italiana Sc. Nat.. 1884. Helix spinelliana Pollonera, Agg. Mal. terr. del. Piemonte, 1886. The apertural projections more distinet and prominent. The sub-var. blanei, of which H. spinelliana is asynonym, ‘‘differs from typical obvoluta in the more distinctly trilobed aperture, which is more outwardly prolonged at its lower external angle, by the basal margin being more strongly calcified interi- orly and nearly concave exteriorly, and also by the deeper external depressions at the termination of the last whorl corresponding to the two apertural teeth.” The most striking peculiarity is perhaps the somewhat rectangular callosity or denticle on the convex inner basal margin. Fic. 90. Fic. 91. Fic. 90.—H. obvoluta sub-var. d/anci Pollonera, from Bassano, Venetia, slightly reduced. Fic. 91.—H. odvoluta var. dentata Held, from Weimar (after Sandberger). ENGLAND. Hants. S.—Var. dentata, Ditcham Wood near Petersfield (C. S. Coles). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—Recorded from Nassau and Pappenheim, Wurzburg, and Eichstadt, Bavaria, by Kobelt and Sandberger ; by Boettger from Clauswald and the ruins of Bodenlaube, Kissingen, Franconia ; and by Sandberger from the Suabian Alps. Sandberger records and figures it from Weimar in calcareous tufa of Upper Pleistocene age. Italy—Prof. Pollonera reports sub-var. b/anci, Piedmont ; Bassano and Schio, Venetia; and Arona, Lombardy. Austro-Hungary—Luttach, Tyrol (in Coll. Sikes, Brit. Mus.). The sub-var. blanci, Carniola (Prof. Pollonera). Var. major Locard, Moll. Ain, 1881, p. 35. SHELL larger. The var. Major s.s. is described as ‘‘ shell of large size and of a paler colour.” - oe ENGLAND. Hants. S.—Mr. H. Beeston has found a specimen in Ditcham Wood, 14 mill. in diameter. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Locard records this variety as rather common at Miribel, Ain; and Wattebled from Bois de Ternant and Bois St. Jean-de-Beeuf, Cote d’Or. M. Charpentier has observed that the shells from Provence attain a larger size than those living in the north. Switzerland—Specimens 13 mill. in diameter from Balstal, Canton Basel, are recorded by Bollinger. Var. parvula Hartmann, Gaster. Schweiz., 1840, p. 16. Helix obvoluta var. minor Locard, Moll. Ain, 1881, p. 35, SHELL smaller; 8 mill. in diameter and 4 mill. in altitude. The sub-var. minor Locard is described as ‘‘shell small, less than 10 mill. diam., of a darker colour, with close and rather long hairs,” The sub-var. minor of Caziot as 10 mill. in diameter and 4# mill. in altitude, 62 HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. Dr. Hartmann states that in Sturm’s Fauna he named the dwarf form Helix parvula, but apparently did not deseribe it. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—Dr. Hartmann records his var. parvula from Neuwied, Rhenish Prussia; and Dr. Sandberger records ‘‘small” specimens as very rare in the Lower Pleistocene sands of Mosbach, Baden. Belgium—Extremely small shells recorded by Roffizen from Dinant, Namur. France—Recorded by Locard from the mountains of Parves near Belley, Ain ; by Wattebled from Bois de Ternant and Bois St. Jean-de-Boeuf, Cote d’Or ; and by Comm. Caziot from the Alpes Maritimes at the Col des Quatre Chemins near Nice, from beneath pine trees at Cannes, and on the road to Pegomas. Switzerland—Dr. Hartmann has found his var. parvula at St. Gallen and St. Gallencappel ; Bollinger recorded specimens 9 mill. in diameter from Atlschwiler Wald, Canton Basel ; Prof. Studer discovered it near Berne, and Comm. Caziot records specimens from the same place 9 mill. in diameter and 44 mill. in altitude. Monstr. sinistrorsum Adams, Manual of British Shells, 1896, p. 59. SHELL reversed. The only known shell, which is now in the collection of Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, was purchased many years ago by Mr. W. H. Heathcote, of Preston, at a sale of shells at Messrs. Stevens’ Auction Rooms, London. The shell is not quite mature, has about 54 whorls, and has not formed the adult aperture. It is stated to have been found in Ditcham Wood, Hampshire. Moustr. sealare Grateloup, Cat., p. 54, 1855. Whorls more or less dislocated. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Recorded from North France by Dr. Grateloup. Fic. 92.—Geographical Distribution of Helicodonta obvoluta (Miill.). Probable Range eat Recorded Distribution Geographical Distribution. — Dispersed throughout Middle and Southern Europe, in moist and cool places, and usually though not invari- ably in mountain regions, but is most plentiful in the south, but according to Comm. Caziot never found in the immediate vicinity of the sea. In England it oceurs only on the South Downs of Sussex and Hampshire, and is apparently curiously restricted to an area about forty miles in length and six miles in width. It has also been recorded from Kent, but this record appears to have been due to error or oversight. HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. 63 Hants. S.—First recorded as a British species in 1831 by Dr. James Lindsay who during May 1830 found specimens in Ditcham Wood near Buriton, where it is still fairly common. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys has, however, placed on record that he had previously received a specimen from Mr. G. B. Sowerby, collected at the same place. Miscombe Hangar near Harting, C. E. Wright. Crabbe Wood, Winchester, Sept. 1885 ! Thomas Rogers. Hants. N.—Alresford, in woods (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858, p. 12). Ashford wood, and Steep near Petersfield, March 1886, Chas. Ashford. Rather common at Stonor Hill (Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., 1862, p. 230). Liss, Feb. 1899, C. Stanley B. Cox. Sussex W.—William Wood, Up Park, Rey. W. A. Shaw. Up Park, the wooded margins of Charlton Forest, Graffham and Singleton, 1886, W. Jeffery. Copse, quarter of a mile north of Pen Hill, Elsted, Clement Reid. Common at Rook Clift, Treyford, and thereabouts, chiefly in beech woods, and especially near water, Clement Reid and G. Gordon. Didling Hangar; wood below the east end of Bepton Down ; Bignor Hill; Glatting Hangar; Farm Wood, Sutton ; Graffham and East Lavington on searp at parish boundary ; on scarp at Woolavington Down ; Barlavington Hangar; the hazel-copse, Winden Wood near West Dean, and Fryar Hangar, Duncton, Clement Reid. The wooded slopes of Duncton Beacon, Apr. 1908; and on a damp overgrown road-side bank at Bignor near Amberley, remote from the natural scrub of the downs, May 1908, A. W. Stelfox. Lavington near Petworth, June 1893, A. G. Stubbs. Hangar south-east of Heyshott Farm, Aug. 1906, E. W. Swanton. Phyllis Wood near Buriton, Mr. Houseman. On the southern escarpment of the South Downs, Mr. W. Jeffrey recorded it from Woodend and Kingley Vale near Chichester, but the Rev. W. A. Shaw believes that only dead shells were found, and that they were probably fossil and washed from the Post Pliocene deposits of the neighbourhood in which H. obvoluta is found. On the east side of the Arun, Mr. W. Borrer is recorded as having found it at Spring Head near Storrington. Surrey—Several dead shells were found from time to time by the late Mr. 8. J. da Costa in widely separated spots in the beech woods of Norbury Park near Box Hill, and as the Dorking line of Downs is quite distinct from the Buriton-Duncton range, its occurrence there in a living state would be interesting. The Druids’ Grove, Dorking, where other dead specimens were found by Mr. Kenneth McKean, is really a part of Norbury Park, but consists mostly of yew trees. GERMANY. Distributed mainly in the west and south of the empire, and specially noted as existing in Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Bremen, Coburg, Darmstadt, Franconia, Gotha, Hanover, Holstein, Hesse-Cassel, Lauenberg, Lippe, Lorraine, Magdeburg, Merseburg, Nassau, Pyrmont, Reuss, Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Suabia, ‘Thuringia, Weimar, Westphalia, and Wurtemburg. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Probably found throughout the country, and has been reported from Brabant, Hainault, Liege, Limburg, Namur, Luxemburg, and Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. FRANCE. Especially common in the north, central, and eastern regions, and reported from the following provinces and departments :—Ain, Aisne, Agenais, Alpes Maritimes, Allier, Ardennes, Ariége, Aube, Aude, Basses Alpes, Basses Pyrénées, Calvados, Charente Inférieure, Cote d’Or, Drome, Champagne Meéridionale, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Haute Marne, Haute Savoie, Hautes Pyrénées, Ille-et-Vilaine, Isere, Jura, Landes, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Lozere, Meuse, Maine-et-Loire, Moselle, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Provence, Pyrénées Orientales, Puy-de-Déme, Rhone, Saone-et-Loire, Sarthe, Savoy, Seine, Seine-et-Marne, Seine- et-Oise, Seine Inférieure, Somme, Var, Vaucluse, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges and Youne. ITALY. Distributed throughout the peninsula, but chiefly restricted to the southern slope of the Alps, and to the upper zone of the Appenines ; and found in Abruzzi, Calabria, Campania, Emilia, Liguria, Lombardy, Marches, Piedmont, Romana, Tuscany, Umbria, Venetia, and the Island of Sicily. 64 HELICODONTA OBVOLUTA. IBERIAN PENINSULA. Spain—Recorded by Fagot, Graells, and also by Zulueta from Catalonia. Portugal—Comm. Caziot records it as indicated for Portugal in Musée Martorell, but remarks that the record may be erroneous; it is, however, also given as Portu- guese by Locard, Sandberger, and others. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Ranging through the empire and existing in Upper and Lower Austria, Bohemia, Bosnia, Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, Dalmatia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Moravia, Transylvania, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg. SWITZERLAND. Probably ranging over the whole country, but actually known from Aargau, Appenzell, Basel, Berne, Geneva, Grisons, Lucerne, Netichatel, Schaffhausen, St. Gall, Schwyz, Solothurn, Ticino, Unterwalden, Uri, Valais, Vaud, and Zurich. DENMARK. Reported by Dr. Westerlund from the Island of Aer6. Beech Hangar, in Ditcham Wood, near Ditcham House, on the south slope of South Downs, Hants., a rich locality for H. cdvoluta. The photo. shows Mr. H. Beeston, who has so thoroughly studied this species, holding a dead fallen heech branch on which are several //. obvoluta. oe 3 se, 2 apacninceny work Me aie ‘its’ fauna,” 7 eee: * opinions ot ininent ‘Beientitc men, u et From PROF. _SPIRIDON BRUSINA, idole of Agram, author of | pete cy Nate ced % numerous. conchological works. pee : Zagreb-Agram, Crt i “lcTheugh tind first pon a af eee Maricecaph is : worthy of all the praise that. @an: ‘be bestowed upon it, yet thé parts’ that have since’ appeared, devoted to thes " consideration. of the ‘species; call forth a still ‘greater admiration, . 4 The coloured plates ‘andthe pictures: ‘in the text’ are Hosiiquedeable they are.) truly works of art; and no other ig a in isis world can eg of ROT “ “From DR G. AGARDE WESTERLUND, the Eminent ‘Siveuieh Naturalist. p WS er Bhey cid - Ronneby,’ Sweden. HN « Te: nn Sick dies: of malacological Weta tires ‘the Méndgtaph is: quite unique, ‘and ‘stands alone in the wealth’and variety of its contents, the richness of it$-illustras , ‘tion, and admirable, atrangement, as well as in, tite sl FRPP and the’ conservative Be 5 Bais ‘critical acumen, evinced in.the text. eee oy It, i phdned,. a feohd Scientific monument for its. author and for ne seer seg 1 eo Prom The Rt. | Hot. ‘The ‘LORD’ MAYOR. OF THE CITY. OF LEEDS. ate i (JAMES E, BEDFORD, j.P5, F. G.S. Yes! Ba RH ied “@Youit: Monograph iS a monument of patient* work’ ‘and doiieu-spatient in its: . elaboration of detai » illustrations” ‘reflect supreme credit on yourself and upon the city, : PCE ae Allow. ‘mé We aed as my personal jecichantnas a of Out: life’ $ work,’ Baa Cate Nes “From R. De DARBISHIRE, B.A.; E.G.S. je : Si OVietoria Park, Manchester, ‘all on ‘their bela level. af hows, of ‘ | Prom DR. R BOOG : Wuactspn, cao D., ER. S, etc.,. author of. psy the Mollusca’ of the « Challenger’ Expedition. Pe hy Ge From yoaquim, GONZALEZ HIDALGO, Professor ‘of Malacology. 4 YH eR Agee gt ‘University of Madrid, RS We eee: Mouser ath et ‘phieeleaats omiad with great care, ‘and embracing’ ‘every. “aspect ‘of the su ject. . The ‘illustrations, printing, and paper are: all elise tater ae is ae book ei jgtesnis s said erate and will panna Lipa) me ia lake wroriein. ya erat) a Beit an Heeb . COL: ane oa. ‘GODWIN-AUSTEN, F: R S. author of ie Penns | the ‘eLand Shells’ of India,’*: ete: ae he receipt “at your: last: ‘part impels me to write to say how much. is fapereciate yale yas your’ splendid work; and’ how beautifully ‘and thoroughly you haye\ entered into every on “detail, of, ‘tet Anasomy, ae $6 is. anges details Daa are $0: Bess ail wer in classification.” 7 ak: ¢ ; if fans | Prom PH. DAUTZENBERG, ‘Pati Co-Editor of the ee > Be Journal de ‘Conchyliologie, Paris. . % SAR Ker y t xf oe iia x “From. SAMUEL woop GEISER, Uaiwershyh Fayers bb wals Ry eRe: i Pecbitk -mé\ to express. “my appreciation of your; Monograph. « ‘The. wonlk: a scene to sme. monumental, and the text shows a ‘combination of extensive and: exact. learning, with a keen. sense. of discrimination: ;. : ct is” a amine of Beoupete - Fagomieall peg sological and { evologieal.” ‘ : penetrative, in its. determination’ of subtle differences, and its © a om ee & really” sapgifcet pice of work, in es in Scien and in a and =i s “The Accival of the Jast part of your intensely interesting: work tempts me ‘to. an Ener antiats be on rans magnificent, Shania ai ss “Your PRE E | is’ a really remarkable work of quite — ability.” ‘ay aoe Ppa “MONOGRAPH OF ‘THE LAND & FRESHWATER | -MOLLUSCA . OF THE be BRITISH ISLES. 4 Jonn W. TAYLOR, M.Sc. SMITASONIAN INSTITUTION Relea 25 B.S 4 bet: 5 3 (wp. 65-112 ; sand pls. Vi; -Vil., Viil., and ay Price 7/6. Published October. 10, 1917. Rie +l Nine SMX Woe } ake i Ny AYLOR BROS., PUBLISHERS, SOVEREIGN STREET, LEEDS, PLAINS, IK. Theba cartusiana var. fasciata X Syracuse, Marguis Monterosato. Theba cantiana var. albocincta. Osgodby, Vorks., W. Nelson. T. cantiana var. brunnea v.nov. X }. Goole, W. IWest. Ashfordia granulata (Alder Ashley Down, Bristol, Miss F. M. He 1 r ae Theba cantiana var. da campi X 4 Sandown, [sle of Wight, ].W. Wood. Wea iavaly J40NGO! ASIEV AOU IQICA Hygromta umbrosa (Partsch) x 4. Margate, East Kent, J. C. Dacie. Theba cartustana (Miller) x 4. Needham Market, Suffolk, A. Mayfield. Theba cartusiana var. alimonis Theba cartusiana var. casta X }. Rome, Signor Statuti. Como, Marquis Monuterosato. Theba cantiana (Montagu) x 4 Boston Spa, Vorkshire. form of H. striolata, and as such exhibited them at a meeting of the London branch of the Conchological Society ; the members present were, however, so much impressed with the peculiarities presented by the shells that Mr. Dacie was requested to send them to me for examination. Se ee On communicating my opinion of its identity to Mr. Dacie, he paid a special visit to the spot, at the earliest possible moment, to endeavour to obtain living examples for the examination of the animal and its internal organization ; but in this, owing perhaps to the lateness of the season and possibly not very favourable weather, he was unsuccessful. A prior record exists of its discovery in a fossil state in the Pleistocene deposits within the Ightham fissure, West Kent, but this record was made in error. This species is stated to be H. rugosiuscula of Sabatier, not Michaud, and was, according to Dr. Pfeiffer, regarded as H. concinnu var. a of Jeffreys by Beck. In referring this species to the sub-genus 7iichia Hartm., I have in the absence of practically all knowledge of its internal structure, adopted the classification approved by Prof. v. Martens and other esteemed authorities. Diagnosis.—H. umbrosa may be distinguished from H. striolata, with which it is most likely to be confounded, by its thin semi-translucent shell, granulate sculpture, wide umbilicus, and very oblique aperture, with reflected and practically approximating margins, ee 20/7/17 E 66 HYGROMIA UMBROSA. INTERNALLY, little is known of its structure, but while H/. striolata always possesses a pair of gypsobela or love-darts, the present species has never more than one, which is described as straight and pointed, of a conical shape, and longer than that of Hulota fruticum. Description of Animal.—Bielz describes the ANIMAL as yellowish-grey, with darker HEAD and DORSUM; MANTLE beset with black spots. Description of Shell.—SHELL depressed, spire only slightly elevated; WHORLS 53, slowly increasing in size, the last gradually but considerably deflected as it approaches the aperture, and thus bringing about an approximation of the mouth margins; greenish, corneous, or reddish in colour, thin shelled and translucent, Fic. 95. Fic. 96. Fic. 95.—Hygromia umbrosa Partsch, x 2. Margate, Kent, Mr. J. C. Dacie. Fic. 96.—Highly magnified shell sculpture of 7. «sbrosa, from photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw. with a blunt though perceptible carination, and showing a fine, rounded striation. It is also delicately but distinetly granulate in interrupted, wavy, oblique series, which are directed in an opposite direction to and cross the lines of growth, while Merkel says it is sparingly clothed with delicate hairs. APERTURE very oblique, with expanded margins, and sometimes showing a delicate and slender submarginal rip. UMBILICUS very wide and deep. Diam., 11 mill. ; alt., 5 mill. Geological Distribution — Hygromia umbrosa has not yet been found in any deposit older than Pleistocene. PLEISTOCENE.—In the British Isles, Messrs. Kennard and Woodward have recorded that Mr. W. J. L. Abbott found four specimens, two of which were imma- ture, in the celebrated fissure at Ightham, Kent, but the record was afterwards found to be erroneous. In Germany, Prof. Sandberger has recorded its presence in the Mid-Pleistocene tufa deposits of Weimar, and the valley loess of Leuben near Lommatzsch, and tobschutz near Dresden, Saxony, also in tufa at Weimar, from which latter place |e also records it from Upper Pleistocene deposits. Variation.—Rossmiassler has named a var. minor of this species, and I have distinguished by the name rubra the “beautiful reddish variety ” described by Dr. L. Pfeiffer. [ have also followed Dr. Westerlund in regarding several species described by Dr. Servain as probably local forms of H. uwmbrosa. Dr. Slavik remarks that Bohemian specimens are smaller than those from more southerly countries. F VARIATION IN FORM OF SHELL. Var. aporata (Bouguignat ms. 1879) Servain. Helix aporata Servain, Ann. Malac., 1884, vol. i., p. 356. SHELL more narrowly umbilicated, spire more depressed, whorls somewhat more rapidly increasing, the last comparatively large, aperture almost spherical, abruptly and strikingly deflected, and the margins very convergent. Diam., 12-13 mill. ; alt., 64 mill. Dr. Servain states this form was originally sent to M. Bourguignat from Agram, ~ Croatia, as H. erjaveci. Austro-Hungary—Agram, Croatia, and Serajevo, Bosnia (Westerlund, l.c. ). HYGROMIA UMBROSA. 67 Var. cecoscia (Bourguignat ms. 1879) Servain. Helix wcoscia Servain, Ann. Malac., 1884, vol. i., p. 39. Umbilicus very wide and funnel-shaped, whorls small, cylindrical, and almost subearinate ; aperture small, almost circular, margins almost continuous, thin, and expanded. According to Dr. Servain, the Croatian specimens have been erroneously referred to H. erjaveci, and the Polish shells to H. striolata by various observers. Austro-Hungary—Agram, Croatia (Servain, l.c.). Russia—Ojcow, Poland (Westerlund, Palzearct Moll., 1889, p. 44). Var. umbrosella (Jousseaume ms. 1883) Servain. Helix umbrosella Servain, Ann. Malac., 1884, vol. i., p. 358. SHELL more depressed, umbilicus wider, aperture less oblique, less deflected, but relatively larger, and its margins stronger and more expanded. This form was discovered in 1883 by Dr. Jousseaume, who provisionally gave it in ms. the name it now bears. Austro-Hungary—Banks of the river Salzach, Salzburg (Servain, l.c.). Var. amela (Bourguignat ms. 1879) Servain. Helix amela Servain, Ann. Malac., 1884, vol. i., p. 360. SHELL more depressed but scarcely so large as var. @coscia, uinbilicus excessively dilated (4 mill. wide), whorls 6, subangular, very small and vermiform, slowly increasing in size and compactly coiled, the last not large, with a very slight deflec- tion at the aperture, which is of an oblong shape with a thin peristome uniformly expanded and almost continuous. This is said to be an extreme form of the var. @coscia, and is remarkable for its very narrow and closely coiled vermiform whorls. Austro-Hungary—Carniola (Westerlund, I.c.). VARIATION IN SIZE OF SHELL. Var. sciraia (Bourguignat ms. 1879) Servain. Helix sctrvaia Servain, Ann. Malac., 1884, vol. i., p. 339. SHELL larger than H. wmbrosa, with a more open umbilicus, and whorls more rapidly increasing in size, and remarkable for the slow and gradual deflection of the last whorl, the deflection originating half-a-whorl from the aperture, which is almost circular, the peristome is direct, and only slightly reflected basally. The shell figured as H. umbrosa by Rossmiissler in his Iconographie, fig. 424, to a certain extent represents this form in its size and contour. Austro-Hungary—Croatia. Var. minor Rossmiassler. SHELL smaller, paler, with a narrow umbilicus. This, according to Prof. Brusina, is the most common form in Croatia; it is smaller than the type, darker in colour, with a less reflected peristome, and said to serve as a passage to H. hispida. The var. minor Brusina, according to Dr. Servain, does not, however, appertain to H. umbrosa, but to the group of H. circinnata, and is the Helix mabara of Bourguignat. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Austro-Hungary—Recorded by Gallenstein as plentiful in the garden of the Benedictine College, Klagenfurt, Carinthia; by Prof. Brusina from Styria, and from the banks of the Save and Una, Croatia ; and by Rossmassler from Tharand, Saxony, and from Gunzberg, Suabia. VARIATION IN COLOUR OF SHELL, Var. rubra T'aylor var. nov. SHELL of a ‘‘ beautiful reddish ”’ colour. Austro-Hungary—Recorded by Dr. L. Pfeiffer from the Monchberg, Salzburg. 68 HYGROMIA UMBROSA. Geographical Distribution.—H. wmbrosa is another illustration of the expulsion of a subdominant or weaker species from an active evolu- tionary area, its present known range partially encircling the Germanic area, within which it is practically confined to the montane regions. In the elevated wooded region of Lauban, Silesia, it has been observed to frequent Geranium robertianum. H. umbrosa is not known in France, Scandinavia, Italy, or the Iberian Peninsula, but it is possible this may arise from oversight. BRITISH ISLES. Kent E.—Discovered associated with H. striolata in Sept. 1914 on the outskirts of Margate, near the depot for the town’s refuse, by Mr. J. C. Dacie. It was previ- ously erroneously recorded in the fossil state from the [ghtham fissure, West Kent. . t S a Q = Fia. 97.—Geographical Distribution of Hygromia umbrosa (Partsch). Probable Range WRB Recorded Distribution GERMANY. Distributed in the alps of South and Mid Germany, over the elevated plateaus of Bavaria and Suabia, the upper drainage system of the Elbe in Saxony, and the Harz Mountains, and has been recorded from Baden, Bavaria, Lusatia, Merseburg, Posen, Reuss, Saxony, Silesia, Suabia, Thuringia, Wurtemburg, and Dantzig, West Prussia. ; AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Herr Clessin describes H. wmbrosa as inhabiting the whole region, and it is stated to inhabit the entire range of the Austrian Alps, the Erzegebirge, the Iserge- birge, the Bohmerwald, the Upper Elbe region of Bohemia, the Danubian valley from Regensburg to Belgrade, and the valley of the Save. The following countries are specifically recorded as inhabited by this species : Austria, Bohemia, Bosnia, Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Moravia, Salzburg, Servia, Slavonia, Styria, Transylvania, and the Tyrol. SWITZERLAND. Herr Clessin records that this species is found throughout the country. DENMARK. Zealand—Recorded by Dr. Mérch from a garden at Bisserup, Holsteinborg ; and Herr Steenberg mentions a single fine example (14 mill. x 7 mill.), larger than the German shells, found amongst H. strigella at Bisserup Haven by Pastor Jacobsen. RUSSTA. Poland—Recorded from Ojcow by Dr. Westerlund. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 69 GENUS ASHFORDIA Taylor (nov. gen.). }EREWITH a new genus is instituted for the } reception of the Helix granulata of Alder, whose internal structure is so strikingly different from that of Hygromia that they cannot logically be grouped together, although the shells are so similar in their general aspect. The name Ash/ordia is here proposed to emphasize the peculiarities presented by the typical species and also to honour and perpetuate the memory of the late Mr. Charles Ashford, of Christchurch, the well-known and skilful malacological anatomist, who first demon- strated the distinctive character of its organization. The very close convergence in external aspect of Ashfordia and certain species of Hygromia, due to their adoption of a similar mode of life, has hitherto led to their being universally but incorrectly associated together, a proceeding which their divergent organization clearly forbids. ‘Nhe ANIMAL, which offers no special features, is pale and translucent, faintly granulate, and besprinkled with minute opaque-whitish dots. The SHELL of Ashfordia is characteristically globose, of a thin, somewhat translucent, and feebly calcified texture, showing no trace of the paler peripheral zone occasionally present in Hygromia, and the whole surface is beset with numerous long, erect, and persistent whitish hairs arising from a bulbous base and arranged in oblique rows which cross the lines of growth ; the umbilicus is very narrow, and partially overshadowed by the reflection of the columellar mar gin ; and the peristome is thin and simple, with a weakly developed white submarginal rib. INTERNALLY, this genus is broadly separated from Hygromia and the typical /elices generally by the right tentacular retractor having its course quite to the left of the genitalia and free from entanglement with them. The genitalia are reduced by atrophy to an almost primitive simplicity, the dart sacs, mucus glands, etc., which undoubtedly were formerly pos- sessed, having become lost by degeneration ; the penis-sheath is short and bulky, possibly harbouring a fleshy egersidium or excitatory organ, and is prolonged into an epiphallus, terminated by a short flagellum. The Jaw is very broad and deeply lunate, divided into two distinct areas, the broad upper part being colourless and translucent, while the hardened chitinous, and amber-coloured lower area is comparatively narrow, tapering off at the ends; there are numerous slight, flat, outwardly convex divergent ribs, which extend quite across the jaw and slightly crenulate the margins, with occasionally a median projection on the cutting-edge. ‘The RADULA as exemplified in the type species is quite distinctive in character from Hygromia, and remarkable for the feebly developed ecto- cones of the median series and for the strong bifid mesocone and the bi- and tri-furcation of the ectocones of the marginal teeth. The geographical range and the species which may be ultimately allo- cated to this group are alike still problematical, as it is not certainly known to occur outside the British Isles, and additions to the group awaits careful anatomical study of the probably allied continental species. 70 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, Ashfordia granulata (Alder). 1830 Helix granulata Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, vol. i., p. 39. 1833 — globularis, Jeffreys, Linnean Trans., vol. xvi., p. 507. 1803. — hispida Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 423, PE eae 1862 — sericea Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. i., - 202, ple xing 1852 Teba hispida Leach, Syn. Moll., p. 98. ISTORY.—-A. granulata (granum, a grain) has ever been and still is misunderstood by conti- nental conchologists owing to the prevailing ignorance of its structure and the similarity of its shell to that of other not closely allied species, with which it has been so frequently confused, that its distribution is still quite uncertain, and though doubtless inhabiting the European continent, we have few or no really certain grounds for saying that it is found elsewhere than in the United Kingdom, though there are many more or less unreliable records of its occurrence in other lands. This species is associated with Dr. William ‘Turton, author of the “Manual of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Islands,’ and other important Te works, by whom it was detected, differentiated, and provisionally named prior to its discovery by Mr. Alder. The portrait of Dr. Turton, herewith given from the title-page of the “ Conchological Dictionary,” is in the form of an orna- ment constituted by two facial profiles, a right and a left, placed vis @ vis and separated by a dark background, which represents a classical vase, whose two sides form the facial outlines of Dr. Turton. his species, so very distinct anatomically, was first noticed in 1803 by the famous Colonel Montagu, who, however, confused it with the Helix hispida linné. It was next observed by Dr. Turton, who recognized its distinguishing characters, and applied to it the ms. name of gr anulata to express its most striking peculiarity. Later it was independently dis- covered near Newcastle by Mr. Joshua Alder, and described by him in 1830 as Helix granuluta, the name suggested to him by Dr. Turton. In 1833 Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys proposed to rename the species Helix globu- laris on the ground that Alder’s name was not an appropriate one, as it expressed an imperfect appearance of the shell, an objection which Mr. Alder sufficiently refuted. ‘he present species has also from time to time been regarded by various continental and British conchologists as synonymous with Helia hispida L., H. sericea Miill., H. sericea Drap., H. albula Studer, H. piligera Ziegl., H. rubiginosa Schmidt, ete., but it is very probable that all these are incorrect and unwarranted associations. ‘he species is here removed from close association with 1. hispida and the Hygromie generally on account of its internal organization being in such a different and much more degenerate or secondarily simplified stage of development, and the right tentacular retractor being free from entangle- ment with the genital complex, that they cannot consistently be closely” associated or classified together, and I have, therefore, adopted the generic name Ashfordia to better “emphasize the differences it presents. ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. rel Diagnosis.—This species may be distinguished from H. hispida, which testaceologically it most closely resembles, by its more distinctly globose form, its thinner substance, whiter colour, minute umbilicus, and the hairy investment being chiefly formed by long straight hairs. INTERNALLY, it differs from that species and its allies by the secondary simplification the reproductive system has undergone, evidenced by the total absence, probably by degeneration, of many of its accessory organs, as dart sacs, mucus glands, ete., which are so characteristic of the Hygromiw and the typical Helices generally. Description.—The ANIMAL varies slightly in colour, but is usually whitish and translucent, though yellowish anteriorly, and becoming greyer towards the head, the foot yellowish, the whole body is indistinctly granular and besprinkled with small opaque-white specks ; OMMATOPHORES not very slender, of a somewhat translucent iron-grey, through which the blackish RETRACTORS are clearly visible, and their continuation being also perceptible for some distance on each side of the dorsum ; EYE-SPECKS black ; MANTLE pale with black marblings and fleckings. The SHELL is very globose, spire well produced, greyish or yellowish-white in colour, and subhyaline, sometimes slightly tinged with rufous near the aperture, extremely thin yet firm in substance, beset with erect and persistent whitish hairs, arising from minute bulbous or tubercular bases, which impart a granular aspect like shagreen to the shell surface, and when the hairs become lost the position being indi- cated by their empty sockets ; the LINES OF GROWTH are very fine, with stil] more delicate intermediate STRLE, cal while faint traces of a spiral Fic. 101. Fic. 102. striation are occasionally per- Fic. 100.—Frontal aspect of A. granu/ata, x 2, near Bristol, ceptible under high magnifi- Miss F. M. Hele. cation; WHORLS 54 to 6, very Fic. 101.—Basal aspect of A. gvanulata, x2, Mostyn, Flint, convex; and slowly increas- Ge pees ee meee of body-whorl of A. granulata inginsize; APERTURE lunate, foep areca nd 2 “nos : , (from a highly magnified photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw). and in fully adult shells with a thin internal submarginal rib ; LIP thin, scarcely deflected above and very feebly reflected, but clearly perceptible around the UMBILICUS, which is very narrowly perforate. EPIPHRAGM very thin, transparent, and iridescent in summer, becoming more calcified and opaque in winter. Diam., 7} mill. ; alt., 5 mill. Average weight of adult shells about {ths grain. When containing the animal the underside of the shell is usually uniformly yellowish, though sparse blackish marblings are occasionally present, but along the periphery of the last whorl the elongate and very pale linguiform RENAL ORGAN is clearly visible; its base adjoins the shell aperture, and is defined by a black patch. The upper side shows a pale nucleus, usually destitute of hairs, the following 3 or 34 whorls show a whitish ground colour irregularly spotted and flecked with black and brown, which become most dense as they approach the apex or nucleus. INTERNALLY, the right TENTACULAR RETRACTOR lies entirely to the left of and is not entangled with the sexual apparatus as in the typical Helices ; the HEART shows a transparent yellowish-grey auricle, and an opaque whitish-grey ventricle ; and the hepatic artery is quite indistinct. The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM shows a long and narrow SOPHAGUS, but the slender ducts of the SALIVARY GLANDS are of moderate length, the lobulate secretory sections being closely appressed to the oesophagus and to the proximal portions of the crop; the somewhat voluminous STOMACH and CROP are apparently continuous without any obvious division and brown in colour, the intestinal fold is olive-green, the rectum leaden-grey, and the hepatic section quite pale, showing conspicuously against the very dark olive-brown LIVER. ie ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS consist of a somewhat compact and narrowly tri- angular OVOTESTIS which is constituted by an aggregation of whitish CCA ; the HERMAPHRODITE-DUCT becomes much convoluted as it approaches the distinct VESICULA SEMINALIS ; the ALBUMEN GLAND is of the usual linguiform shape; the OVIDUCT is very sacculate ; the SPERM-DUCT or prostate is conspicuously broad, and composed of loose, short, opaque white rods ; the SPERMATHECA is large and somewhat triangulate, supported by a stoutish stem about half the length of the oviduet ; the VAGINA, though somewhat dilated, shows no traces of the dart-saes 2 < a No 7) ° Ce SS 2... SRS 2 a.) SP FRI CEC Es > , a a] (3 Fic. 105. Fic. 103. Fic. 104. Fic. 103.—Stomach, crop, cesophagus, and salivary glands of A. gvanu/ata Alder, greatly enlarged. cr. crop; @. cesophagus; s.g/. salivary glands; st. stomach. Fic. 104.—Sexual organs of A. granulata Alder, x 3. a.g. albumen gland; ef. epiphallus with retractor; /7. flagellum; of. ovotestis; ov. oviduct; p. penis sheath; s.d. sperm duct ; sf. spermatheca. Fic. 105.—Enlarged distal end of oviduct in A. gvanulata Alder. alb.gi. albumen gland ; 4.d. hermaphrodite duct; ov. oviduct ; s.¢. sperm duct ; v.s. vesiculaseminalis. and mucus-glands which at one time were probably present ; the PENIS-SHEATH is very tumid and abruptly dilated at its junction with the ATRIUM, its distal end is longitudinally striped with opaque-white lines, and separated from the proximal moiety by a slight constriction, the tumidity of the organ suggests the possibility of the presence therein of a sarcobelum or excitatory organ ; the EPIPHALLUS is fairly long and cylindrical, the PENIAL RETRACTOR being aftixed near its proximal end ; the FLAGELLUM resembles a short spike. The RADULA is of the usual oblong shape, about 2 mill. long and ? mill. wide, with an average of 120 sinuate, transverse rows of teeth, each row composed of the usual three series, the median, the lateral, and marginal areas. The median Fic. 106.— Representative teeth from half a transverse row of the radula of Ash/fordia egranulata (Alder) from Radlett, Herts., photographed by Mr. W. Bagshaw, from a preparation by Rey. E. W. Bowell (highly magnified). row is characterised by a somewhat quadrate base, possessing a moderately deve- loped mesocone, with a feeble and insignificant ectocone at each side; the laterals are about ten in number, and show a mesocone which increase in size and strength and whose ectocone also increases in size as the teeth recede from the centre, while the endocone is only indicated ; the marginals are about fifteen in number, and are 17 Surrey Pirate VI. Distribution of Ashfordia granulata (Alder) In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA Cornwall W. Cornwall E. Devon 8. Devon N. Somerset 8. Somerset N. CHANNEL Wilts N Wilts S. Dorset Isle of Wight coon OOPOwe 11 Hants §. sex E. THAMES Kent E. Kent W. 18 Essex 8. Essex N. Herts. 21 Middlesex 2 Berks. Oxtord 24 Bueks. ANGLIA Suffolk E. Suffolk W. Norfolk E. Norfolk W. Cambridge Bedford 31 Hunts. Northampton SEVERN Gloucester E. 34 Gloucester W. Monmouth Hereford Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop Probable Range. Recorded Distribution. eee Distribution verified by Sn 41 42 43 44 45 46 SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon Denbigh Flint Anglesey TRENT Lincoln §. Lincoln N. Leic. & Rutla Notts. Derby MERSEY Cheshire Lancashire 8. lLan’shire Mid HUMBER S.E. York N.E. York S.W. York Mid W, York N.W. York TYNE Durham Northumb. 8. Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and [.. lanes Cumberland Tsle of Man of the British Isles. vw the Author. Geological Distribution. 119 120 121 SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS Dumfries Kirkeudbright Wigtown Ayr Renfrew Lanark E. LOWLANDS Peebles Selkirk Roxburgh Berwick Haddington Edinburgh Linlithgow E. HIGHLANDS Fife & Kinross Stirling Pth. 8. &Clkn. Mid Perth Perth N. Forfar Kineardine E. HIGHLANDS 93 Aberdeen N. 94 Banff 95 Elgin 96 Easterness W. HIGHLANDS 97 Westerness 98 Main Argyle 99 Dumbarton 100 Clyde Isles 101 Cantire 102 Ebudes §. 103 Ebudes Mid 104 Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 106 Ross E. 107 Sutherland E. 108 SutherlandW. 109 Caithness NORTH ISLES 110 Hebrides 111 Orkneys 2 Aberdeen 8, 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER Derry 122 Louth Antrim 123 Meath Down 124 Dublin Armagh 125 Kildare Monaghan 126 Wicklow - Tyrone 127 Wexford Donegal 128 Carlow Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny Cavan 130 (Jueen’s Co. King’s Co Westmeath Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon Leitrim Sligo Mayo EK. Mayo W. Galway W. Galway KH. MUNSTER Clare 2 Jiimeriek 5 Tipperary N: Tipperary S. 5 Waterford Cork N. Cork 8. 148 Kerry ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. 73 generally trifid, due to the splitting of the mesocone, but as the edge of the mem- brane is approached the ectocone is also split into two or even three subsidiary points. The formula of a specimen from Radlett, Herts., collected and prepared by the Rey. E. W. Bowell, and puoieraye) by Mr. W. Bagshaw, is pe449 +} + 79 + 3 15 yx [2X0 = 6,120 teeth. The JAW or mandible is eae cane broad, and deeply arcuate in shape, with bluntly taper- ing ends, and occasionally showing a rounded median rostration on the lower margin; it is of a colourless appearance, and apparently of some- what cartilaginous consistency, except along the cutting margin, which is of an amber colour, indicative of the greater chitinization, strength and hardness of that part; there are twenty or Fic. 107.—Mandibleof A. gvanulata, more flat, outwardly convex, divergent ribs, crea, enlarged (from a photograph by . E . ree Ne oo. r. W. Bagshaw of a preparation by which extend quite across the jaw and slightly — Rey. E,W. Bowell). crenulate or undulate the lower margin. Reproduction and Development.—Nothing appears to be known respecting the amours of this species, excepting that the seminal element is transferred by means of a closely serrate sperma- tophore during congress; its presence in the sperma- theca being indicated by the distortion of the sac, caused by the gradual hardening of the capreolus. ‘The eggs have been observed to be deposited dur- ing the months of October and November ; they are globular in shape, slightly more than a milli- metre in diameter, and at first of a slightly trans- parent white, but on exposure to the air become 4. 19g tread of sperma: opaque white, one portion showing of a whiter hue tophore of 4. gvanuata, than the rest of the shell ; the envelope also becomes — t@ken from the spermatheca s = shortly after pairing, greatly brittle, and cracks and breaks like the egg of a fowl. — enlarged. ‘The winter is probably passed through in the egg state, the hatching taking place in the early spring, the creatures mostly attaining full growth in the late autumn months. After the deposition of the eggs it is probable that the adult animals die during the succeeding winter, a fate also shared by those individuals which have not attained maturity, as few or no mature shells can be found during the spring months. Food and Habits.—4A. granulata appears to be a hardy species, and unusually active in the colder days of the late autumn when the tempera- ture ranges between 30°—40° Fahr., and also appears in the milder intervals in winter. After continued moderate frost and in severe weather it buries itself temporarily beneath matted herbage and similarly sheltered positions, finding this a sufficient protection against 2° or 3° of frost. The epiphragm, which is usually thin and delicate, becomes more opaque under these conditions. Its characteristic habitat is stated to be the margins of ash-woods, especially if close by a low ash or hazel copse; in such places it is found, according to Messrs. Kendall and Dean, in large colonies on the silverweed (Potentilla anserina) and other plants. It clings very loosely to the leaf or branch on which it may be crawling, falling instantly to the earth or amongst the ground herbage at the slightest touch or at the first indication of danger. 74 ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. In other localities it is plentiful on or among Hguisetum fluviatile, Eupatorium cannabinum, dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis), ete. ; while nettle (Urtica dicica), common alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum), colts- foot (Tussilugo furfura), bramble (Rubus sp.), bedstraw (Galium uparine), butter-bur ( Petasites vulgaris), and other plants have been observed to be preferred in special districts; and even waste paper and rusty iron are attractive and resorted to. It is occasionally so abundant that it actually swarms and thousands of individuals may be congregated within a very limited area, and every plant, stem, or leaf of ivy and other vegetation be so crowded that they are com- pelled to crawl upon and over each other when changing their location. A. granuluta prefers the damp or boggy ground by or near the margins of ponds, streams, ditches, rivers, etc., and in such situations may often be found plentifully on the grass and rushes, or under and amongst the dead leaves of Phrugmites and other rank herbage. The circulation of this species would appear to have an average pulse- rate in summer of about 40 contractions per minute when the animal is in repose, increasing to 50—55 per minute when crawling, but occasionally this acceleration may become much more pronounced. During very hot weather the pulsations may rise even in repose to 64 contractions per minute, while the lowest winter rate observed by Mr. Ashford was 9 contractions per minute at a temperature of 28° Fahr. Dr. Gain who kept many specimens in captivity found that although none of the foods offered were ravenously devoured, yet the foliage of the potato, dandelion (Turavucum officinale), groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), lettuce (Lactuca sutiva), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), elm (Ulmus eam- pestris) and scarlet runner bean were freely eaten, while withered red clover (Trifolium pratense) was also readily devoured, and Persicaria, white turnip, and cooked potato were taken less willingly, but cornbine, speedwell (Veronica officinalis), white dead-nettle (Lamium album), creeping loose- strife, caper spurge, beet, and Boletus edulis were only nibbled after several days starvation. In a state of nature Mr. G. R. Tate records that about Alnwick it feeds principally on HLyuisetum telmuteia; while Mr. Step states that in Cornwall it had a weakness for the harts’ tongue (Scolopendrium vulgare). Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to being liable to be picked up and devoured by the more indiscriminate enemies of molluscan life, it has been noted as fed upon by mice, numerous gnawed shells of this species being found in their runs at Oreston, near Plymouth, by Mr. L. BE. Adams. A little Acarid, probably Philodromus limacum, was observed infesting a specimen collected at Killarney by Dr. R. F. Scharff. Geological Distribution.—A. granuluta is recorded by Dr. Jeffreys as occurring in the ‘“ Upper Tertiaries” of this country, but I have not hitherto found this confirmed by any other author. Owing to the misconception of this species being so general on the con- tinent, there are no reliable records available for other countries. PLEISTOCENE.—In North Essex, Messrs. Kennard and Woodward have recorded it from Copford. HoLocEeNE.—In West Cornwall, Messrs. Kennard and Warren record it from Holocene sand and other situations on the summit of Towan Head near Newquay ; and Mr. J. P. Johnson from Riviere Towans near Camborne. ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. cis In West Sussex, it has been found by the Rev. W. A. Shaw in a deposit near West Stoke, Chichester. In South Essex, it is recorded by Messrs. Kennard and Woodward from the alluvial shell marl of the River Lea, Walthamstow. In North Essex, it is recorded as H. sericea Miill. from the shell marl at Fel- stead by Mr. J. French; and by Mr. R. Miller Christy as rare in alluvial shell marl and black earth and peat on the banks of the River Camm, Chignal St. James. In Oxford, it is recorded by Messrs. Kennard and Warren from a deposit on the banks of the Thames at Clifton-Hampden. In Yorkshire, Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson has found it sparingly in the alluvial earth of the Ribble Valley at Great Mitton. Variation.—A. granulatw does not exhibit a great range of variation ; many varieties have, however, been attributed to this species which in all probability belong to Hygromia hispida and its related forms, with which the present species has been so long confounded and with which it has no very intimate structural relationship. It is curious to note that the specimens from the Isle of Skye in the north of Scotland are much more depressed in shape than southern shells, approaching in this respect Hygromia hispida which it apparently to some extent repiaces in the north of Scotland. In South Wales, on the North Cliff, Tenby, the shells are stated to be very thin and only sparingly hirsute; while those from the Land’s End in the extreme west of Cornwall are remarkable for being often found in a soft and collapsible state, doubtless an effect of the absence of limestone in that region. VARIATION IN FORM OF SHELL. Var. carinata 'T'aylor. Helix sericea var. carinata Taylor, Journ. ATU of Conch., vol. iv., p. 31, 1883. & SHELL sharply angulated at the periphery. B77) Aperture, diam. 4 mill. ; alt. 23 mill. ENGLAND. Surrey — Aimshouse road, Haslemere, Chas. Pannell, Journal of Conchology, vol. x., p. 173. York Mid W.—Banks of the River Wharfe, near Addingham (Taylor, |}.c.). Fic. 109.— A. eranulata var. carinata Taylor, x 3, Addingham near Ilkley, Yorks. VARIATION OF SUBSTANCE OF SHELL. Var. cornea Jeffreys. Helix sericea var. cornea Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., 1862, vol. i., p. 202. SHELL horn colour, very thin, glossy, and semi-transparent, the labial rib per- ceptible on the outside. On St. Mary’s, and other of the Scilly Isles, this variety grows to a good size, and is the prevalent form there, the extreme tenuity of the shells being probably due to the islets being entirely granitic, while at the Land’s End, West Cornwall, where the geological formation is granite and shale, the tenuity is so extraordinary that the shells living there are quite soft and collapsible and little more than a chitinous film. Dr. T. Scott has observed that at Tarbert the var. cornea was found indifferently under stones, or on grass, nettles, cow parsnip (Heracleum sphondylium), and beaked parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris). ENGLAND AND WALES. Scilly Isles—St. Mary’s, Tresco, and other islets, July 1875! W. H. Hatcher. Cornwall W.— Abundant, St. Ives, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason. Newquay! Truro ! and Falmouth ! J. H. James, 1888. Land’s End, C. E. Wright. Devon S.—Paignton, Aug. 1884 ! Sydney C. Cockerell. Torquay, scarce, Aug. 1888 ! Loftus St. George Byne. Devon N.—Combe Martin, E. Collier, 1886. Dorset—Lulworth (Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. i., L-c.). Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1883, Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Swarraton, Jan. 1886! Rev. W. L. W. Eyre. 76 ASHFORDIA GRANULATA. Suffolk W.—On the banks of the River Lark, Mildenhall ! A. Mayfield. Norfolk E.—Costessey Common (Pearce and Mayfield, J. of C., vol. vii., p. 396). Carmarthen—Common under moss in damp places on the sandhills, Laugharne, Sept. 1883! C. Jefferys. Pembroke—Castle Cliff, Tenby, moderately plentiful under herbage, Sept. 1872, G. Sherriff Tye, J. of Conch., vol. i., p. 30. Carnarvon—lIn profusion on the cliffs quite down to the edge of the sea, Nevin, Aug. 1910, F. H. Sikes. York S.W.—Canal banks between Keighley and Silsden, Oct. 1912 ! F. Booth. York Mid W.—Hackfall, March 1880 ! Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Abundant and fine amongst grass in pasture near Eggerslack Wood, Grange; also at Meathop on long grass and Meadow- sweet, J. Wilfrid Jackson. : SCOTLAND. Main Argyle— With type about Oban; very large on the Island of Lismore, Aug. 1893 (Standen and Hardy, J. of Conch., vol. vii., p. 271). Cantire—Old Castle of Tarbert, April 1886 ! T. Scott. Ebudes N.—Broadford and elsewhere in the Isle of Skye, Aug. 1910! F. Booth. VARIATION IN COLOUR OF SHELL. Var. albida 'T'ye. Helix sericea var. albida Tye, Quart. Journ. of Conch., vol. i., p. 30, 1874. SHELL milk-white. It is worthy of remark that the known range of this beautiful albine form is strictly western in England and Wales, and no reliable record is yet known from any other district. ; ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall—Mr. Tye records a specimen from Cornwall. Pembroke—Not very common, Narberth road, Tenby (Tye, l.c.). Denbigh—Gloddaeth Woods, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Anglesea—Beaumaris, with type, Sept. 1881 ! L. E. Adams. Geographical Distribution.— 4A. granulata is a very widely diffused but somewhat sporadic species in this country. In Cornwall and Devon and other western districts A. granulata is frequently the commonest and most plentiful species. According to our present knowledge, it ranges from Elgin and Skye in the north to the Channel Isles and Scilly Isles in the south, Formerly this species was believed to be an absentee from the Channel Isles, but according to Mr. Rimmer it is plentiful in Guernsey, and Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin has reported its occurrence in the Island of Sark. Probably it will eventually be found on the other islands also. It is also found in Ireland, but its recorded distribution there is even more scattered and disconnected, but it would appear to be most widely distributed and common in the south-western region. On the Continent, though recorded as inhabiting nearly all Europe, and specitically alluded to under its proper appellation or under that of one or other of its erroneously assumed synonyms, as a denizen of Germany, France, Belgium, Austro-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Russia, Caucasus, and Algeria, extending in Asia to Irkutsk and the River Amur, yet it is more than probable that these records refer chiefly to H. sericea of Draparnaud, or to the various other species with which A. granulata has been so very generally confused, but as reliable figures and description of the shell and the internal organization of the animal are now available, it is hoped that a knowledge of its peculiarities will become more widely diffused and its true range quickly established. MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 77 GENUS THEBA Risso. (Teba, Leach; Zenobia, Gray; Carthusiana, Kobelt ; Euomphalia, Westerlund). HE genus Theba has been adopted for the reception of Helix cantianu and H. curtusiana, and though these are the only constituent species found in the British Isles, many others occur in the Mediterranean region. ‘The names 7Theba and Tebu are doubtless essen- tially the same, although Comm. Caziot regards Leach’s name as meaning a hill, and that of Risso as having a different signifies ition, yet the close association between Risso and Leach justifies the view, that in spite of the probably accidental orthographical difference, both names have the same significance and are presumably based upon the name of the ancient city of Thebes, which is rendered the more probable from the predilection of Dr. Leach for geographical, eastern, or biblical L Moetvond) names, with no necessary connection with the ee objects to which the names were applied, as has been so clearly demonstrated by the Rev. G. A. F. Knight, and we have in further corroboration Dr. Jeffreys’ authority for the statement that Risso did obtain the name Theba from Dr. Leach’s ms. With the present group I associate the late Dr. S. P. Woodward, one of the most eminent of British conchologists, aud author of the classical work “A Manual of Recent and Fossil Mollusea,” a work which was and is held in such high appreciation by the scientific world that it has run through several editions, and been translated into other languages, as well as formed the basis upon which similar works have been issued in France and elsewhere. In the domain of philosophical thought, he was, perhaps, the first or one of the first to suggest the probability of the existence of one chief evolutionary centre “from which the first and greatest types of life have emanated.” The genus 7Theba has a smooth, narrowly umbilicate and whitish shell, often faintly translucent, with faint sculpturing or delicate spiral lineation, and often exhibiting a pale supra-peripheral zone, analogous to and prob- ably homologous with that of other Helicidians, and indicating their descent from a distinctly banded, far distant, but common progenitor. INTERIORLY, the 'l'hebz possess a slightly arcuate and narrow jaw, with numerous flattened ribs, and with or without a slight medial rostration. The genitalia show the most striking peculiarities ; the penis-sheath is short and tumid, with a long, tapering epiphallus, a short flagellum, and no retractor ; the dart and dart-sacs have undergone more or less degenera- tion, and in some cases their original form has become lost, and their functions have become transferred to the new organs into which they have become modified. As in Ashfordia the right tentacular retractor is free from entanglement with the genitalia, and the seminal products are trans- ferred by means of an elongate and serrate spermatophore. The group is widely distributed in Europe and the near Kast, and is somewhat improbably assumed by M. Fagot to have arisen in the 'Tauric region, and to only live within maritime influence. 78 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Theba cantiana (Montagu). 1801 Helix carthusiana Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll., no. 29, p 86. 1803. — cantiana Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 422, and Suppl., p. 145, pl. 28, f. 1. 1803. — pallida Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v., pl. elvii., f. 2. 1840 — (Hygromanes) cantiana Gray’s Turton’s Manual, p. 144, pl. iii, f. 26. 1848 — galloprovincialis Dupuy, Hist. Moll., p. 204, pl. 9, f. 5. 1855 = — (Zenobia) cantiana Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., p. 201, pl. xvii., ff. 9-13. 1861 - dacampi Villa, a ics Sinom. Moll. PDE: 1872 ancone Issel, App. ¢ ‘atal. Pisa, p. 8. 1826 Theba carthusiana Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Meril., vol. iv., p. 74 1826 -— charpentieri Risso, loc. cit. 1826 — cemenelea Risso, loc. cit. 1826 rubella Risso, loe. cit. 1831 Teba cantiana Leach, Syn. Moll., p. 94. 1837 Fruticicola carthusiana Held, Isis, p. 914. 1837 Bradybena cantiana Beck, Ind. Moll., p 1878 Hulota cantiana Pauluecci, Matériaux Faune Mal. Ital. ISTORY. — Theba cantiana would appear to have been first observed by Dr. Martin Lister and cited by him in 1678 as a large variety of Helix rufescens, or as a distinct species found in Kent. In 18OL Draparnaud detected the species in the south of France, and described it under the name of AHe/ix carthusiuna, mistaking it for Miiller’s species of the same name ; afterwards in 1805 it was figured and fully described in his ‘‘ Histoire.” In 1803 our own countryman Colonel Montagu again brought the species forward, figuring and deseribing it under the name of Helia cantiana, by which appellation it is now generally known. With the present species I associate the late Archidiaconus Adolf Sehmidt, of 4 Aschersleben, the venerable conchologist A we ae Le and malacological anatomist, who was the e ~ first to describe and carefully figure the organization of “ Helix galloprovincialis,” Dupuy, the south European form of Theba cantiana. He was also in his time the universally acknowledged authority upon the ditheult genus Clausilia, upon which group he wrote several valuable monographs. ‘he portrait, for which I am indebted to Herr Paul Hesse, of Venice, represents the distinguished scientist in the eighty-fifth year of his age. Dr. Kobelt was decidedly of ee that H. galloprovincialis of Dupuy and H. cantiana of Montagu were two well marked species, but the figure of the internal organs given by A Schmidt of a South European example quite coincides with that of British specimens of the typical form. Helix iadolw Bourguignat and the Corsican Helix ousterea, monerebia, and gaudefroyi of Mabille have all been regarded as synonyms by authors of repute, while Dr. Kobelt has remarked that /Z. /requens Mouss., H. ancone Issel, and H. dirphica Blane are scarcely to be distinguished from THEBA CANTIANA. 19 the true and characteristic cuwntiwna, but the anatomy of the H. dirphica, as shown by Herr Paul Hesse, shows divergences. Kickx and Van Beneden have, according to M. Colbeau, apparently con- fused this species with the H. carthusianella of Draparnaud. Diagnosis.—Theba cantiana has its greatest affinity with 7. cartu- siana, which in this country is always so considerably smaller that size alone is a sufficiently distinguishing character. From Hygromia striolata, with which it is sometimes confused, it differs in its larger and more globose form, its narrower umbilicus, more delicate striation, and the absence of the subearinate periphery. INTERNALLY, 7. cantianw is sharply separated from its congener by the long and filiform sarcobelum, or excitatory organ, which has now lost all semblance of the stylophore and accessory sac, from which it has been evolved, and both of which, though in outward aspect only, still exist in T. cartusiana. From H/. striolata it is at once separated by the absence of twin-darts and dart-sacs, which are such striking objects in that species. Original Description of H. carthusiana Drap. Animal a peu pres comme le précédent [H. carthusianella Drap. }. Coquille aussi semblable a la précédente, solide quoique mince, transparente, blanchatre, irrégulierement chag- rinée; mais elle est plus bombée et moins aplatie. On ne voit guere la ligne dorsale blanchatre. L’ouverture est semilunaire, moins allongeée et plus arrondie. L’om- bilic est un peu plus ouvert. Le bord columellaire est un bourrelet de la méme couleur au dedans, et une bande lactée au-deliors. Habite dans les champs. DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Nat. Terr. et Fluv. France, 1805, p. 102, pl. vi., f. 33. Fic. 112.—/H. carthus- tana (after Draparnaud). Description.—SHELL globosely depressed, rather thin and translucent, slightly glossy, and of a creamy-whitish colour, usually with a rufous flush on the under- side of the shell and on the upper side towards the aperture; the same colouring is also often present at the termination of the periodic growths, and renders per- ceptible a supra-peripheral whitish zone, while in addition there is a broad whitish zone margining the suture of the body-whorl, and perceptible only on the rufous tinted portions ; the SCULPTURE is composed of irregular trans- verse STRIZ with variably shaped malleations on the last whorl, while the upper whorls show a number of punctate depressions only perceptible under a lens, and possibly the vestiges of the short and somewhat recurved whitish hairs | present in young and adolescent shells, but which disappear In the adult. WHORLS 6-64, convex, increasing gradually in size, spire slightly raised, suture distinct ; APERTURE slightly oblique, and elliptically lunate, margined externally by a narrow brownish-grey area, beyond which and parallel to it is a pale reddish-yellow cinc- ture almost two millimetres broad, which limits the duller rufous colouring char- acterizing the termination of the whorl. Internally, the aperture is furnished with a distinct white submarginal RIB, which is most prominent on the outer lip, and blends with the dilated COLUMELLAR MARGIN; the palatal margin is thin, slightly reflected, and of a rufous shade, sharply defining the white rib, which is similarly margined at the inner side also. UMBILICUS small and narrow, and partially concealed by the reflected lip. Diam., 18 mill; alt., 10 mill. Average weight of shell, 4:2 grains. Fic. 113.—//. cantiana Mont. (after Dupuy). ANIMAL with a comparatively elongate body, truncate in front, pointed and flat- tened behind, and the tail extending almost to the outer margin of the shell when crawling; dull pale brownish dorsally, becoming paler and greyer as it recedes from the head ; the general tint is darker at the sides, although the tubercles are more closely sprinkled at their apices with minute whitish specks. The whole Bopy is 80 THEBA CANTIANA. tuberculate, and there are three longitudinal dorsal rows of oblong shape; the LATERAL GROOVES are only faintly indicated, and no facial grooves are perceptible ; the MANTLE is deep grey, with paler veinings and specks, the margin of the pulmonary orifice dark grey ; the OMMATOPHORES are dully hyaline, closely covered with minute black specks, giving them a greyish-black tint ; they are widely divergent, and when fully extended are long, slender, and tapering, fairly bulbous at the apex, with black eye-specks ; the LOWER TENTACLES are somewhat bulbous at the end, about one-third the length of the upper pair, but more hyaline and transparent, apparently owing to the fewer and paler spots upon them ; the FOOT-SOLE is faintly trifasciate, due to the darker margins, when crawling the foot-fringe is distinetly separated by a groove and by its darker tint, due to the absence of the whitish spots present on the body generally ; when not fully extended the foot is very sprawling ; the locomotory slime is thin and colourless, though occasionally tinged with yellow. EPIPHRAGM is basally almost flush with the margin of the aperture, but on the upper margin is fixed inside the apertural rib ; the summer epiphragm is a trans- parent film, with a somewhat opaque and whitish appearance in parts owing to delicate cretaceous particles being dispersed within or over its surface in an arbor- escent manner ; the winter epiphragm is more calcareous, opaque, and solid. INTERNALLY, the cream coloured KIDNEY or renal organ is very long, broadly triangular above, narrow and tapering below; as seen through the shell in life it joins the light patch so conspicuous on the under- side of the body-whorl, but the russet-coloured arbor- escent veinings apparently spread over its outer sur- Hic. 114. —"Heart andeivenal face belong to the mantle membrane and not to the — organ of 7’/eba cantiana Mont. kidney itself. greatly enlarged. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are chiefly remarkable for the apparent total loss of the dart-sae and its accessory gland and for the presence of an elongate C&CUM opening into the atrium, which is probably evaginated prior to pairing, and acts as an egersidium or excitatory organ, and thus usurping the chief function of the lost dart. The OVOTESTIS is composed of yellowish-white follicles in isolated groups and unilaterally arranged ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is distally straight and slender, becoming thick, white, and sinuate as it approaches the vesicula-seminalis ; the ov. F : ue \ a dy Ingl : (= | (Za lif? sb i fl : as Ce = = pe if fe / ; i . o/ Ls Fic. 115. Fic. 116. Fic. 115.—Reproductive organs of 7heba cantiana Mont., xX 3. a.g. albumen gland ; d. degenerate dart-sac or sarcobelum ; ef. epiphallus. Fic. 116.—Proximal end of the reproductive organs of 7. cantiana, more highly magnified. Ai. flagellum; .g2. mucus glands; ov. oviduct; f.s. penis sheath; sé. degenerate dart-sac, sarcobelum or excitatory organ ; sf.d. sperm duct; sf. spermatheca; v.d. vas deferens. ALBUMEN GLAND is elongately linguiform, and terminally narrow, of a clear yellow or pale amber, occasionally tinged with greenish, of a gelatinous consistency, and indistinetly lobular; the OvipUCT is greenish-grey, closely sacculate, and some- times forming a sort of ruffle at the base of the albumen gland ; the PROSTATE or sperm-duct is of an opaque cream colour, or light ochreous, well defined, and some- what broad below; PENIS-SHEATH tumid, of a whitish colour, tinged in places CON MoPOnwoe 10 Piate VII. Distribution of Theba cantiana (M ont.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles PENINSULA Cornwall W, Cornwall E. Devon 8. Devon N. Somerset 8. Somerset N. CHANNEL Wilts N Wilts 8, Dorset Isle of Wight Hants 8. Hants N. Sussex W. Sussex E. THAMES Kent E. Kent W. Surrey Essex 8. Essex N. Herts. Middlesex Berks. Oxford 3ueks, ANGLIA Suffolk E. Sutfolk W. Norfolk E. Norfolk W. Cambridge Bedford Hunts. Northampton SEVERN Gloucester E. Gloucester W. Monmouth Hereford Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop 41 42 43 69 70 71 SOUTH WALES Glamorgan Brecon Radnor Carmarthen Pembroke Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth Carnarvon Denbigh Flint Anglesey TRENT Lincoln §, Lincoln N, Leic. & Rutld Notts. Derby MERSEY Cheshire Lancashire 8. Lan’shire Mid HUMBER E. York W. York id W, York N.W. York TYNE Durham Northumb. §. Cheviotland LAKES Westmorland and I, Lanes Cumberland Tsle of Man Probable Range. Recorded Distribution. Distribution verified by the Author. of the British Isles. H2 Go Ci « 3? Geological Distribution. SCOTLAND. W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 72 Dumfries 95 Aberdeen N, 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Banff 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 75 Ayr 96 Easterness 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 77 Lanark 97 Westerness E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes §. 82 Haddington 103 Ebudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N. 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 85 life & Kinross 106 Ross B. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland &. 87 Pth.8.&Clkn. 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kineardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8, 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 (Jueen’s Co, King’s Co. 2 Westmeath Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon Leitrim Sligo Mayo EK. Mayo W. Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare Limeriek 5 Tipperary N. Tipperary §. 5 Waterford Cork N. Cork 8. 148 Kerry THEBA CANTIANA. 81 with fawn, and longitudinally streaked with white, due to the foldings of the inner wall being visible through the investing tissues ; the EPIPHALLUS is long, tapering, and naturally somewhat twisted at its origin, and is terminated by a short and abruptly flexed FLAGELLUM ; there is no penial retractor muscle. SPERMATHECA very large, subtriangular, and whitish-grey, its stem pearly-white, with frequently a double inflation ; a vaginal MUCUS GLAND is present at each side of the vagina, each with three to five vermiform, semitransparent opaline branches, resulting from two repeated bifureations; near the external aperture and opposite the penial opening there is a slender and tapering CCUM, 20 or more millimetres in length; this is probably an egersidium or excitatory organ, and represents and replaces the function of the lost dart; it is of an opaline azure colour at the slightly swollen end, the rest of the organ being pinkish-grey and minutely spotted. Moquin-Tandon is quite misleading in his description of the anatomy of this species, as he states that it does not possess any mucus vesicles ; but in British specimens there are two well-developed bundles, and Herr P. Hesse and A. Schmidt concur in attributing similar organs to continental specimens. Moquin-Tandon would also seem to be quite unaware of the presence of the conspicuous blind ezecum opening into the vestibule, which is here assumed to be a modified vestige of the dart-sac formerly present. The ALIMENTARY ORGANS are of the usual character, and present a whitish or yellowish G@sOPHAGUS, which shows a series of longitudinal white streaks due to the foldings of the inner walls being visible through the investing membrane ; the SALIVARY GLANDS are 6-8 mill. long, slender and whitish, fused together in their upper half, the ducts being about equal in length to the gland itself ; the STOMACH is thin and capacious, of a dusky-grey colour, and elbowed at the further extremity, where it receives the two biliary ducts, which also bind the stomach to the diges- tive gland; the INTESTINAL CANAL is of the usual triodromous character, and of a dull green, usually paler than the ordinarily dark greenish-sepia of the liver; on leaving the stomach the first intestinal tract takes a downward course and is fixed to the integument, beneath the kidney, it then returns beneath the head of the kidney towards the stomach, before reaching which organ it again flexes and passes through the liver and gradually narrows to the anal opening. The JAW or mandible is only slightly crescentic in shape, and quite narrow, with bluntly-rounded ends, of a deep brown colour, especially at the thickened cutting-edge, be- coming of an amber tint towards the thinner upper margin, and bears on its anterior sur- face eighteen or more somewhat irregularly distributed flat ribs, which are narrowest and most crowded in the centre and widest to- wards the extremities, where they are some- Fic. Bicalew of eae cantions Mout what convergent in an upward direction ; the EL re. De Mr. J een Sp lower or cutting margin is feebly denticulate or undulate by the projection of the flattened ribs, and the centre shows a feebly indicated, blunt, median rostrum. The RADULA is oblong in shape, about 44 mill. long and 2 mill. broad, and composed on the average of about 135 curved transverse rows of teeth, each row containing about 83 teeth, constituted by a median row of tricuspidate teeth, characterized by a long and powerful mesocone, whose cutting-point extends beyond | at KEOORGQ Fic. 118.—Representative teeth from half a transverse row of the radula of 7heba cantiana (Mont.), photographed by Mr. W. Bagshaw from a preparation by the late Mr. J. W. Neville (highly magnified). the basal-plate, and with a fairly developed ectocone on each side. The admedians or laterals are about fifteen in number, bicuspidate in character, possessing a strong and stout mesocone, and an ectocone which, as is usual, tends to become more developed as the teeth recede from the centre. The marginals are about 31/8/17 Bi 82 THEBA CANTIANA. twenty-six in number, and somewhat unstable and irregular in general form and in the number and arrangement of the pectinations. The formula of a specimen from Walmer, Kent, collected by Mr. W. Whitwell in 1887, and photographed by Mr. W. Bagshaw, from a preparation by the late Mr. J. W. Neville, is 26 41541415426 x 135 = 11,205 teeth. Reproduction and Development.—7heba cantiana has been noted in congress in most of the months from May to September, the seminal element being transferred by means of a spermatophore, which is closely Fic. 119. Fic. 120. Fic. 121. Fic. 122. Fic. 119.—Young shell of 7eba cantiana, showing its hispid character, Collingham, Mr. G. Fysher (from a magnified photograph by Mr. W. Bagshaw). Fic. 120.—Spermatheca of 7heba cantiana of normal aspect (greatly enlarged). Fic. 121.—Spermatheca as distorted by the contained rigid capreolus (greatly enlarged). Fic. 122.—Spermatophore removed from the spermatheca after conjugation (greatly enlarged). serrate along one side, and whose presence in the spermatheca of the partner snail is shown by the curious twisted appearance it assumes, caused by the rigid, corkscrew-shaped spermatophore, but no further details have been placed on record, though it is probable that the Fic. 123. Fic. 124. Fic. 125. Fic. 126. The Appendix, degenerate Dart-sac or ccecal excitatory organ of Theba cantiana, showing its quiescent form, and some of the changes occurring during sexual activity, greatly enlarged (slightly modified after Prof. Boycott). Fic. 123.—Ccecal diverticulum, or appendix, in its normal aspect when quiescent; with enlarged transverse sections, showing the lumen. Fic. 124.—Ccecum during or after conjugation and during the process of its withdrawal after eversion; and Fic. 125, a hypothetical longitudinal section thereof. Fic. 126.—The contracted coecum, also showing hypothetically the method of withdrawal in the earlier stages of its reinvagination ; with F, a transverse section through the central area, in which the dark portions represent the muscular walls of the organ; the inner and outermost spaces indicate its lumen, while the narrow intermediate space is connected and continuous with the body cavity. elongate vestige of the dart-sac is everted and used as an excitatory organ prior to pairing taking place, an act which may occur even before full growth is attained, the incomplete aperture of the shell being frequently THEBA CANTIANA. 83 broken in the act; the probability of this eversion of the elongated ccecum or vestigial dart-sac as an excitatory organ prior to conjugation is shown by the researches of Prof. Boycott, who has demonstrated that during con- gress this organ still continues wholly or partially invaginated. The eggs are deposited in clusters in damp spots from May to October ; they are sixty to ninety in number, about 14 mill. in diameter, of an opaline white, and globular in shape, enclosed in a shining and semitrans- parent envelope, speckled with very minute opaque points of mineral matter, which increase as the envelope dries ; the eggs within an hour or two gradu- ally becoming brittle and white. ‘They hatch in about a fortnight; those hatching in the spring and summer seem to hibernate when half to three- quarters grown; the hibernation though varying according to severity or mildness of the season, usually continues from late November to March ; at these times the shell is buried in the ground, with the mouth upwards, closed by an epiphragm and level with the surface ; after hibernation the immature individuals commence almost at once to enlarge their shells, and many may be seen as early as the end of April with five to six millimetres of new shell growth, and practically full grown except for their peristome, the later hatched individuals maturing later. Many hibernate through a second winter. ‘The young are quite hispid, the hairs being whitish and bent or incurved,as in Hygromia, but this investment gradually becomes lost. Food and Habits.—Theba cantiana in this country is found chiefly in hedges and banks, often abundantly on nettles and other plants in wet or damp places ; it is also frequently found on the sandhills near the sea- shore, apparently preferring the stunted grass and herbage of such places to the more rank and luxuriant vegetation of the richer soils, but it is also found in its dwarf form to exist at 6,000 ft. altitude at San Pellegrino, Italy. During the day it can be frequently seen attached to the twigs and leafage of the vegetation and fully exposed ; and when roughly handled has the habit, shared with //. strio/atu and a few other species, of ejecting one or more drops of a clear tasteless Huid, like water. It is a very active and sensitive species, and on moist days and after rains crawls energetically about, carrying its shell in an inclined position and secreting a clear slime, and travelling 75 millimetres or more per minute on a horizontal surface, or at the rate of a mile in about 14 days and 16 hours, a speed scarcely exceeded by even Helix aspersa. The circulation of the blood is also active, and, as is usual, is much more vigorous in the young than in the adult. In the month of July respiration occurred from two to six times per minute, while the average number of heart pulsations of half-grown animals was 56 per minute, though adults beat only 44 per minute at the same time and place. When extending themselves from the shells the contractions increased to 69 per minute in the immature shells and to 53 in the adults; and when placed on the warm hand the pulsations rose to 106, and in one case to 120, per minute in the young, and to 77 in mature shells. Mr. George Roberts has actually watched this species feeding upon the growing blades of grass, and Mr. Ashford has noted it similarly occupied on dead grass beneath bramble brushes. The Rev. Ashington Bullen has recorded that at Reigate the species preferred nettles and dock, but that at Dover it haunted bramble bushes in April and May; while Vernon Wollaston states that their carnivorous predilection was shown by the fact 84 THEBA CANTIANA. that four specimens of the present species and half-a-dozen individuals of smaller species devoured three dozen coleoptera of half-a-dozen different species, which were confined together in the same receptacle ; the natural food, as verified by examination of the stomach contents of several indi- viduals, by Mr. Ashford was shown to be decaying grass and leaves. Dr. Gain, who has kept numerous specimens in captivity, records that they are shy feeders, and very discriminating or fastidious, as of 95 different kinds of food they left 54 absolutely untouched, and only one, the foliage of the swede (Brassica rutabaga DC.) was devoured with avidity ; 13 kinds were, however, freely eaten, these were turnip foliage and turnip root (Brassica rapa Linné), radish foliage, pea, scarlet runner bean, apple, Boletus edulis, Agaricus campestris, sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum), lime tree (Tilia europa), and marsh willowherb (Apilobium palustre) ; the remaining 27 were all more or less distasteful. Economic Uses.— According to Dr. Brumati, this species 1s regarded as comestible, and eaten in the district around Montfalcone, Goritz. Parasites and Enemies.—'l'his species was formerly believed to be almost immune from destruction by birds, but its remains have been found, sometimes numerously around ‘thrush stones” in Kent, Sussex, Hertford- shire, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire by several reliable observers. Mice also prey upon it in Northamptonshire, according to the observa- tions of Mr. C. E. Wright. The glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca) is also recorded by Mr.W. J. Lucas as noticed devouring this species at Oxshott, Surrey. Protective Resemblance. — Mr. H. Crowther has described and commented upon the protection accorded to this species by its general resemblance to the fungus-infested leaves of the coltsfoot (Tussilago Jarfara), stating that the brown blotched, grey shell has a remarkable similarity to the autumnal patches of the invading fungoid growths on the pale green fading leaves. Geological Distribution.—7\ cantiuna has not as yet been reported from any deposit older than the Pleistocene, and although Mr. B. B. Woodward has published his opinion that this species is in all probability a post-Roman introduction to this country, and does not occur in any of our British deposits, even in those of most recent date, such views are now demonstrated to be unsound. It is on record from the gravels of Barnwell and Grantchester, near Cambridge, but Mrs. McKenny Hughes and Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin after careful investigation have affirmed that the record is erroneous and should be attributed to Hulota fruticum. PLEISTOCENE. —In France, H. galloprovincialis is recorded by M. Locard from the Upper Pleistocene deposits of the valley of the Somme, as well as from the osseous breccias of Corsica. In Italy, Dr. Pantanelli recorded ‘‘ Helix cantiana” in the ‘‘ Post Pliocene Travertin,” at Colle, near Siena, Tuscany. In Algeria, a possible form of this speeies, described as Helix subcantiana, is mentioned by Bourguignat as common in the Pleistocene caleareous deposits at the Cap de Garde, near Bone. It is said to be very similar in form, character, and aspect to Theba cantiana, but to differ in its much wider umbilicus, THEBA CANTIANA. 85 HOoLocENE.—In Dorset, it is recorded from the tufaceous deposit at Blashenwell, Isle of Purbeck, by Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell. In Kent, it is recorded from the post-Roman deposits, Buckland. Dover, by the Rev. R. A, Bullen ; and from alluvium in Erith Marshes by Mr. B. B. Woodward. In Surrey, it has been found in the upper two feet of deposit at Horseshoe Quarry, Reigate, by the Rev. R. A. Bullen and Mr. L. E. Adams. In Essex, it was found in shell-marl at Felstead, by Mr. J. French ; and also recorded from sand and shell-marl in the excavations for the reservoirs of the East London Waterworks, Walthamstow, by Messrs. Kennard and Woodward. In Herts., it was collected from the subsoil of a tumulus at Highly Hill, Ashwell, by Mr. H. G. Fordham. In Suffolk, it was recorded by the Geological Survey, from the railway cutting and bricky ard west of Sudbury. In York 8.E., it was found by Mr. Mortimer in a ‘‘barrow” of Bronze age, at Birdsall Brow, Drittield. Variation.—Though this species has so small a range of observed variation, it has been split up into a number of varieties and species, most of which differ from the type form in only a very slight degree. These named forms are about fifty in number, and their allocation has been attempted where any really definite character could be detected. Much confusion and uncertainty, however, exists, not only as to the status but as to the aftinities of many of the modifications, some believing certain forms are worthy of specific rank, while others refer them to the present species, or even to 7. cartustuna, as insignificant varieties. Though the variations in form are comparatively slight and infrequent, those of colour depend upon the presence, distribution, and intensity of the rufous-brown pigmentation, and of the presence or absence of the pale peripheral zone ; these traces of banding, which are probably vestigial and evidences of a former scheme of coloration are explained by the presence of the white supra-peripheral zone, only evident in the rufous-tinted shells, and which probably at one time formed the division between the upper and lower group of bands. The var. gaudefroyi, a native of St. Florent, Corsica, an insular region, practically at the extreme limit of the specific southern range, retains, according to the available description, the hispid periostracum in adult life, a peculiarity which may be explained by the Corsican form being an earlier or more primitive form of the species, which also probably ‘still inhabits more umbrageous surroundings than their continental relatives. The hispid epidermis in the more evolutionary active countries 1s now entirely restricted to the juvenile stage, and becomes totally lost before maturity. ‘This change is probably due to the adoption of a more open and exposed environment gradually diminishing the formerly existent epidermal outgrowths, and may be reminiscent of the remote period, when the country was more densely afforested than is now the case. In the Mediterranean region the general aspect of the shells as com- pared with North European specimens is to present a glossier and more finely striate surface, usually of a white or whitish colour with a stronger labial rib. The north European area of distribution, which includes England, North France, Holland, Belgium, and North Germany, produces a ruder and stronger race, which seems at the present day almost or completely severed from geographical continuity with the whiter and smoother Southern or Mediterranean group. 86 THEBA CANTIANA. VARIATIONS OF FORM OF SHELL. Var. pyramidata Colb., Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1867, p.Ixxxvi. & 1868, pl.11. Helix abchaia Mabille, Guide de Natural, 1880. Helix cantiana var. elevata Williams, Conchologist, vol. i., p. 16, 1891. SHELL of a somewhat pyramidal form. The sub-var. elevata is smaller than the type, with the spire distinctly elevated above the body-whorl ; suture deep. Diam., 12 mill. ; alt., 8°5 mill. The sub-var. abehaia has a conically-elevated spire, body whorl tumid and large, indistinetly angulate, and of a horn colour. Diam., 16 Pmill.; alt. 9 mill. Fic iat) canteeee ENGLAND. pyramidata Colbeau (after bourne, collected — Colbeav- Kent W. by Mr. J. R. Longhurst (Williams, l.c.). Kent E.—Var. pyramidata, Maidstone, collected by Mr. H. Lamb. Northampton—Var. pyramidata, Towcester, 1893, found by Mr. L. E. Adams. Lincoln N.—Var. pyramidata, Bardney, Dee. 1905, J. F. Musham. York Mid W.—Var. pyramidata, Boston Spa, found by Mr. J. Emmet. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium—Var. pyramidata, Ostend, West Flanders (Colbean, l.c.). France—Grasse, Alpes Maritimes, 1904, Hugh Watson. Italy —Sub-var. abchaia Mabille is recorded from Bastia, Corsica, by Westerlund. Var. da campi Villa. Helix da campi Villa, Catal. Sinom. Moll., 1861, p. 7. Theba cantiana var. depressa Taylor in sched. Helix cantiana v. campanica Paulucci, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1881, vii., p. 87, pl. 2, f. 1. Helix sobara (Bourg.), Mabille, Bull. Sine Philom., Paris, 1881. Helix apuanica Mabille, Bull. ’Soc. Philom., Paris, 1881. Helix ardesa (Bourg.), Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philom., Paris, 1881. The var. da campi is a larger, depressed form, usually white in colour. The sub-var. eampaniea is described as more widely umbilicated, spire more depressed, body whorl widened. , aoe Fic. 128.—Helix campanica The sub-var. depressa ISPaVeLy; similar, but of Paulucci, slightly reduced (after typical colouring. Paulucci). The sub-var. sobara is depressed, very little swollen, and moderately umbili- cated, of a whitish colour, but tinged beneath with yellowish, diam., 19-20 mill. Its depressed spire probably most closely allies it with the var. da campi. The sub-var. ardesa is depressed in shape and very slightly swollen, of a whitish colour, tinged with a rosy shade and microscopically striate. Diam. 18; alt., 16 mill. The sub-var. apuaniea is depressed and very slightly swollen, of a dull-yellowish horn colour, the last whorl rapidly increasing in size, but not deflected. Diam., 17- 18 mill. ; alt. 8-9 mill. Signor Tommasi records that at Castellgoffredo and other places in Lombardy H. da campi is often found paired with H. galloprovincialis, but prefers moderately moist grassy fields and shady positions. He also transplanted young H. gallopro- vincialis into moist and shady meadows, and after some years found that the shells had become smaller and moderately transparent, and presented the characters of H. da campi Villa. ENGLAND. Lincoln S.—Sub-var. depressa, Boultham, Nov. 1905! J. F. Musham. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—A mutation of Helix d’anconw with an almost flat spire and the last whorl undeflected is recorded by Comm. Caziot from the spring at Mourailles near Nice, Alpes Maritimes. Italy—Var. da campi, Mantua and shores of Lake Como, Lombardy, and from Verona, Venetia, by Dr. E. von Martens; also from the Parmese Appenines, Emilia, by Strobel. THEBA CANTIANA. 87 Sub-vars. ardesa, sobara and apuanica cited from the Apuan Alps by Westerlund. Sub-var. campanica recorded from Monte Cassino, 8. Maria di Monte-Leuce, Pontecorvo in Terra di Lavoro, and Defensa del Matese, Abruzzi, by Marchioness Paulucci ; also reported from the environs of Rome by Statuti. Var. cemenelea Risso. Theba cemenelea Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 1826, vol. iv., pp. 75 and 168. Helix carthusiana Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll., 1801. : - Helix galloprovincialis Dupuy, Hist. Moll., 1848, vol. ii., p. 204, pl. ix., f. 0. Helix ancone Issel, App. Cat. Moll. Pisa, 1872, p. 63. } Eulota cantiana var. cemenelea Paulucci, Matériaux, Mal. Italie, 1878. Helix ousterea Mabille, Guide de Natural, 1880. The name cemenelea of Risso must have precedence, being anterior to that of Dupuy’s galloprovincialis with which it is generally regarded as identical. In any event Dupuy’s name is inadmissible, on account of the name having been used by Matheron in 1842 to distinguish a quite different fossil species. This is the form described by Draparnaud as Helix carthusiana and also named by Risso Theba cemenelea, a name derived from the locality Cemeleum (now Cimiez) where it was first noticed by him. According to Nevill, it especially frequents the subalpine regions of the Alpes Maritimes. Prof. von Martens has remarked that this is the subglobose, more inflated form, of finer texture, whitish colour, and partially concealed umbilicus, which is gener- ally distributed along the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea from South France to Southern Italy. Fic. 129. Fic. 130. Bie. 13. Fic. 129.—Helix cemenelea Risso, Alpes Maritimes, slightly reduced (after Caziot). Fic. 130.—Helix ancone Issel, Alpes Maritimes, slightly reduced (after Caziot). Fic. 131.—Helix spallanzani Stef. = Helix cemenelea var. isseli Vagli, Tuscany, slightly reduced (after de Stefani). The var. eemenelea is somewhat depressly globose, whitish or yellowish-white in colour, finely striate, and more narrowly umbilicate. The Corsican Helix ousterea Mabille is apparently slightly different from the var. cemenelea, shown chiefly in a scarcely perceptible angulation of the periphery. Thesub-var. galloprovincialis is described as more globose than T. cantiana, with a more elevated spire and finer strize and sculpturing, the umbilicus narrower and _ parti- ally concealed by the columellar lip. The sub-var. galloprovincialis ; Mogq.-Tand. has the Body: whorl Besar eke depressed, the strive finer and more Fic. 132.—Basal aspect ; and Fic. Ae ene aspect regular, the umbilicus narrower, of Helix galloprovincialis Dupuy (after Dupuy). and the peristome white interiorly and reddish exteriorly. The sub-var. aneonee is described as depressly globose, uniformly yellowish- white or whitish, closely and finely striate, and with numerous shallow malleations and close, short, and spiral microscopic lineation, especially on the upper side, very narrowly umbilicate, and also partially covered by the reflection of the basal margin. Diam., 12-14 mill. ; alt., 8-11 mill. The Helix cemenelea var. isseli Stef. from the Apuan Alps, Tuscany, has been renamed Helix spallanzani Stef. because the name isseli had already been used for another species of Helix. ENGLAND. Kent E.—Sub-var. galloprovincialis Dupuy, Sarre, Isle of Thanet, April 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Var. cemenelew is reported from the Alpes Maritimes by Nevill and Caziot ; from the Bouches-du-Rhéne and Vaucluse by Coutagne ; Basses Alpes by Caziot; Herault by Paladilhe ; and from Ajaccio, Bastia, Corte, and St. Florent, Corsica, by Dr. Scharff.» ; 58 THEBA CANTIANA. Sub-var. galloprovincialis is recorded from Bouches-du-Rhéne, Herault, Var, Languedoc, and from Bastia and Bonifacio in Corsica by Moquin-Tandon. Sub-var. ancone is recorded by Caziot from Vaucluse and the Alpes Maritimes; by Bérenguier from the Var; and by Westerlund from the Island of Elba. Italy—Var. cemenelea is recorded from Liguria at Cimiez, near Nice, by Risso and von Martens ; from Avezzano and Carsoli, Abruzzi, and from the Republic of San Marino by Paulucci; by Lessona from numerous localities in Piedmont; by Picaglia from Bologna, Modena, ete., in Emilia; by Statuti from Terracina and Frosinone in Romano; from the Apuan Alps, Mount Argentaro, and the islands, Tuseany, by Paulucci. Sub-var. galloprovincialis is recorded from Nervi near Genoa, Liguria; and also from Tivoli near Rome, July 1888 ! by E. von Martens; from the Valley of the Po, at Turin and elsewhere, Piedmont; the shores of Lake Maggiore, ete., Lombardy ; and the province of Emilia, by Strobel. Sub-var. ancone is recorded from Central Italy; and on the authority of Issel, Villa, and others, from the Island of Sardinia by Paulueci; by Pollonera from Pied- mont; by Stefani and others from Bologna, Modena, ete., in Emilia; Mount Verna and other places in Tuscany ; and by Westerlund from Liguria. The Helix ancone var. marchetti Stefani (Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1883), and the Helix ancone var. simplicita Parreyss are apparently insignificant varieties, which- are recorded from Mid-Italy and Italy respectively by Dr. Westerlund. Austro-Hungary—Recorded from the Trentino, Tyrol. VARIATIONS OF SUBSTANCE AND PERIOSTRACUM OF SHELL. Var. tenuis ‘l'aylor, var. nov. ; SHELL extremely thin, delicate, and semitransparent ; average weight of the type specimens from Kirkby Wiske being 1°86 grains. This variety is the probable antithesis of the var. solidula of Westerlund, but of which the description is not available. ENGLAND. Lincoln N.—Very common in one spot at Scunthorpe on blown sand, and the Frodingham iron beds, Aug. 1900, Rev. E. A. Woodruffe- Peacock. York N.W.—Found at Kirkby Wiske in the Vale of Mowbray, July 31, 1917! by Mr. W. D. Roebuck, the specimens in coloring are the sub-var. rubescens Moq. Var. gaudefroyi Mabille, Guide de Natural, 1880. Helix cemenelea var. gaudefroyt Westerlund, Faune Palzarct., 1889, p. 80. SHELL depressed, whorls convexly rounded, whitish-horny in colour, beset with fine but deciduous seale-like hairs, periphery indistinctly angulate, and umbilicus almost hidden by the reflected lip. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Corsica—St. Florent (Westerlund, 1.c.). - = = VARIATIONS IN SIZE OF SHELL. Var. major ‘T'aylor, var. nov. Helix cantianiformis (Bourg.) Ancey, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, 1884. SHELL larger, not less than 20 mill. diam. _ The sub-var. eantianiformis is described as 20 mill. in diameter and 123 mill. in altitude. Typically it is rosy-red or violet at the aperture, and brownish basally, and the body-whorl peripherally expanded. _ This variety was recorded without name or localities by Mr. Sherriff Tye in 1878 in the Midland Naturalist. ENGLAND. Kent E.—Sub-var. cantianiformis, Folkestone (West., Moll. Palzarct, 1889, p. 78). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—Sub-var. cantianiforniis, Ellenserdamm, Oldenburg (Westerlund, l.c.). Belgium—Specimiens of large size recorded from Blankenberghe, West Flanders, by M. le Hon. France—Var. major, 22 mill. in diameter, recorded by Gourdon, from Brame- vaque, Hautes Pyrénées. Sub-var. cantianifornis, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais (Westerlund, l.c.). Italy—Specimens 21 mill. in diameter recorded from Vagli, Tambura and Pania, Tuscany, by Stefani; and from Spoleto, Umbria, by Pantanelli. THEBA CANTIANA. 89 Var. minor Moquin-T'andon. Helix (Zenobia) cantiana vy. ntinor Moq., Hist. Moll. Fr., 1859, i1., p. 202, pl. xiv., f. 13. Helix cantiana var. minor Westerlund, Moll. Extramar., 1878, p. 48. Helix d’ancone var. ntinor Nevill, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880. Helix ancone var. minor Westerlund, Moll. Palzarct., 1889, p. 79. Helix cemenelea var. minor Westerlund, Moll. Palzarct., 1889, p. 79. Helix cemenelea var. minov Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 86. Helix carfanensis var. minor Stef., Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1883, Helix cantiana var. nana Fenn, Nature Notes, 1890. The var. minor Mogq.-Tand., s.s., is deseribed as resembling the var. galloprovincialis Dupuy, but much smaller in size, and is figured as 12 mill. in diameter and 8 mill. in altitude. The sub-var. minor Westl. has a subovate aperture, and is 15 mill. in diameter and 10 mill. Fic. 134.—Theba cantiana v. in altitude. ‘ ¢ i in : 4 ; minor Moq., Yardley Hastings, The H. ceemenelea var. minor Westl. is deseribed as © slightly enlarged, R. Rogers. 14 mill. in diameter and 10 mill. in altitude. The #. cemenelea var. minor Caziot has a diameter of 105 mill. and an altitude of 83 mill. The H. aneonse var. minor Westl. is ascribed a diameter of 11 mill. and an altitude of 75 mill. The H. d’aneone var. minor of Nevill is 11¢ mill. in diameter and 7} mill. in altitude, and is regarded by its author as possibly the Helix delacourti Mabille, which, however, according to Comm. Caziot, is a somewhat larger though similarly proportioned shell. ENGLAND. F1G.135.—//.galloprovincialis small var. (after Dupuy). Somerset N.—IXeynshain, Nov. 1887 ! Miss F. M. Hele. Kent E.—Common. Dover, Aug. 1888! Canon J. W. Horsley. Middlesex—Sub-var. nana, Spring Grove, Isleworth. Bucks.—Ivinghoe, Sept. 1907 ! C. Oldham. Suffolk E.—Walberswick, 1886 ! G. 'T. Rope. Norfolk E.—Lonegstratton, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. Northampton— Yardiey-Hastings, Aug. 1885 ! hk. Rogers. Gloucester W.—Hortfield and Stapleton, Aug. 1887, Miss F. M. Hele. York S.E.— Kirkham Abbey, 1891, L. E. Adams. Hunmanby Sands, Filey, Sept. 1909! W. E. Brady. York S.W.—Notton, near Barnsley, July 1907, W. E. Brady. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—H. anconw var. minor from the littoral zone, Alpes Maritimes (Nevill, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1880). According to Comm. Caziot, this variety is found at Roque- brune, and a still smaller form at Mont Alban, Alpes Maritimes. Italy—Var. minor Moq.-Tand., Valleys of the Tidone, Trebbia, and Secchia, Tuscany (Strobel, Bull. Soc. Mal., 1877, p. 88). Sub-var. cemenelea-minor Strobel is recorded from Modena, Parma, ete., Emilia, by Picaglia. Sub-var. carfanensis-minor is recorded at an elevation of 6,000 feet from San Pellegrino, Emilia. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF SHELL. Var. alba Colbeau, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., vol. 1., p. 33, 1865. Helix iadola (Bourg.) in Mace’s Excurs. Malac., 1876. Helix ancone var. carfanensis Stefani, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1883. _ Helix cantiana var. albida Vaylor, Journ. of Conch., vol. iv., p. 39, 1883. The var. alba is described as shell entirely white. me The sub-var. earfanensis is described by Westerlund € , aN as wholly opaque or almost hyaline white. Diam., 15 — ill. ; alt. ill. = 1 earl : : F p Fic. 136.— Helix carfanensis The sub-var. albida Taylor is described as shell Stef., Vagli, Tuscany, slightly entirely opaque-white. reduced (after de Stefani). The sub-var. iadola differs from the sub-var. anconee in its milk-white colour, in the progressive increase of the whorls in size, and less oblique aperture. Diam., 14 mill. ; alt., 10 mill. 90 THEBA CANTIANA. ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon S.—Sparingly in a hedge, Topsham, and near Countess Wear Bridge, E. D. Marquand. Between Exeter and Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Somerset N.—Sub-var. a/bida, Bitton near Bath ! and gorge of the Avon, Clifton! Miss F. M. Hele. Isle of Wight—Interior of island (Lecomte, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1869, p. Ixiv.). Hants. S.—Mudeford, 1885 ! Charles Ashford. Sussex W.—Brighton and Worthing, A. F. Griffiths. Sussex E.—Lewes, Oct. 1895! T. 8. Hillman; and on the east of Brighton ! F. R. Fitzgerald. Kent W.—St. Mary Cray, Nov. 1887, 8S. C. Cockerell. Charing and Woolwich, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. Ightham, Oct. 1905, F. H. Sikes. Kent E.-—Folkestone, Sept. 1887, J. Madison. Ebbsfleet, Nov. 1887, S. C. Cockerell. Dover, Aug. 1888 ! Rev. Canon Horsley. Sub-var. a/bida, Throwley, Selling, Ospringe, and Faversham, Nov. 1887, Miss E. B. Fairbrass. Maidstone, Aug. 1891, Messrs. Elgar and Lamb. Aylesford and Margate, Oct. 1909, F. H. Sikes. Surrey—Caterham, 1879 ! Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Epsom Downs, 1882, B. M. Oakeshott. Warlingham, Dec. 1884 ! 'T. D. A. Cockerell. Essex N.—Not uncommon, Chignal St. James, Aug. 1883! R. Miller Christy. Near Walton-on-the-Naze, Sept. 1886! W. Whitwell. Not uncommon about Col- chester, Ang. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. Herts.—St. Albans, July 1883! and in the old moats of the fortifications, Verulam, Sept. 1883 ! J. Hopkinson. Hitchin, Sept. 1885 ! R. D. Darbishire. Sandridge, A. F. Griffiths. Middlesex— Near Hampstead Heath, May 1889, J. W. Williams. Berks.—Sub-var. a/bida, Reading, May 1885 ! C. G. Barrett. Bucks.— Olney, March 1893, L. E. Adams. Ivinghoe, Sept. 1907 ! C. Oldham. Amersham, March 1905, F. H. Sikes. Oxford—Watlington, 1853, Rev. Canon A. M. Norman. Suffolk E.-—Sub-var. al/bida, River Alde, Snape! G. T. Rope. Felixstowe, Dec. 1904! F. H. Sikes. Suffolk W.—Chelsworth, G. T. Rope. Sudbury, Sept. 1905, E. Ransom. Norfolk E.—Long Stratton, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. Cambridge—Cambridge, A. F. Griffiths. | Wicken Fen, Dec. 1887; and very common on the Gogmagog Hills, Oct. 1887 ! J. R. le B. Tomlin. Bedford— Dallow lane, Luton, May 1889 ! J. Saunders. Huntingdon—Sub-var. a/bida, Abbott’s Ripton, 1899, Rev. R. A. Bullen. Northampton—Kingscliffe, 1883 ! C. T. Musson. Gloucester W.—Horfield and Stapleton, Oct. 1887, Miss F. M. Hele. Worcester—Evesham, July 1882, J. Madison. Warwick— Henley-in-Arden, Sept. 1882, J. Madison. Glamorgan—St. Fagans and Cardiff, March 1887, F. W. Wotton. Killay near Swansea, H. R. Wakefield. Lincoln S.—Bourn, Aug. 1888 |! H. Wallis Kew; a specimen from Carlby in Grantham Museum. Lincoln N.—Cadney near Brigg, Oct. 1896 ! Rev. E. A. Woodrutfe- Peacock. Notts. —Staunton-on-the. Wolds, June 1886 ! C. T. Musson. York S.E.—Allerthorpe and Hedon, Tom Petch. Dunnington near York, R. Miller Christy. Newsholme, July 1886, J. Beanland. Bridlington, June 1903 ! and Hunmanby near Filey, Sept. 1909 ! W. E. Brady. York Mid W.—Parlington Park, Aug. 1908 ! W. Harrison Hutton. Boston Spa, July 1880 ! CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium—Var. a/ba, West Flanders and Antwerp (Colbeau, op. cit., p. 39). Zealand, on the banks of the Selzaete (Van den Broeck, Bull. Mal. Soe. Belg., vol. Vi-,p- xiv.) France—Sub-var. iado/a is recorded from the Abbey of St. Pons, Nice, and from Santa Clara, near Saorge, Alpes Maritimes, by Comm. Caziot. Italy—Sub-var. carfanensis, San Pellegrino, Apuan Alps, Emilia, at about 6,000 feet altitude, and from the Appenines of Tuscany, by L. Picaglia and Stefani. THEBA CANTIANA. 91 Var. rubella Risso. Theba rubella Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 1826, vol. iv., p. 75. Theba charpentieri Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 1826, vol. iv., p. 76. Helix (Theba) cantiana var. rubescens Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 202. Helix cantiana var. semirufa Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859, p. 8. Helix riparia Blanc in sched., Westerlund, Moll. Palzarct., 1889, p. 80. Helix putotiana Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 89, pl. 4, f. 6. Helix cantiana var. carnea Pfeiffer, Monog. Helic. Viv. , 1883, vol. iii., p. 118. Helix rubella var. faliconensis Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 87, pl. iv., f. 5: The var. rubella is somewhat reddish in colour, paling towards the apex. The sub-var. rubeseens resembles the sub-var. galloprovincialis, but has the last whorl reddish. The sub-var. semirufa has the last whorl reddish. The sub-var. eharpentieri is described as a dirty-white or horny cinereous variety of Theba rubella. The sub-var. faliconensis differs from var. rwbel/a in its less convex and almost subcarinate body-whorl and slightly conoid spire. The sub-var. putotiana (the Helix putotiana and Helix putoni of Caziot, and not Helix putonii or putotiana aseribed to Clessin, which is probably a Hygromia), is depressly globose, of a pale reddish-horn colour, with a very oblique aperture. Diam. 13 mill. ; alt. 8 mill. The sub-var. riparia is globose, reddish horny-yellow, the last whorl entirely reddish, with whitish suture. Diam., 20-22 mill. ; alt., 14-16 mill. The Italian author, Dr. Picaglia, unites the var. da Brae with the var. rubella. Though the allocation of 7. rubella and 7. charpenticri to the present species is probably” correct, that course is not universally approved by scientists, some prefer- ing to give them specific rank, while others include them as forms of T. cartusiana. ENGLAND AND WALES. Somerset N.—Bitton near Bath, June 1877 ! Miss Hele. Hants S.—Near Cosham, Aug. 1905, F. H. Sikes. Horndean, on the chalk, Sept. 1883 ! J. Madison. Mudeford, 1885 ! C. Ashford. Isle of Wight —Brading, 1888! T. F. Burrows. Sub-var. charpentier?, Sandown ! J. W. Wood. Sussex E.—Near Lewes, J. H. A. Jenner. Ore near Hastings, A. J. Alletsee. Guestling, E. W. Swanton. Kent E.—Throwley near Faversham, July 1885 ! Miss Fairbrass. Near Dover, Aug. 1888 ! Rev. J. W. Horsley. Sub-var. semirufa, Folkestone, Mrs. Fitzgerald. Surrey—Grayswood, E. W. Swanton. Haslemere, C. Pannell. Herts.—Hitchin, Aug. 1883! Hugh Richardson. Otterspool Wood, Watford, Aug. 1883 ! John Hopkinson. Hertford, Aug. 1889 ! A. G. Stubbs. Essex N.—Walton-on-the-Naze, Sept. 1886! W. Whitwell. Colchester, Aug. 1890 ! Lionel E. Adams. Near Sudbury, Sept. 1905, E. Ransom. Cambridge—Gog-Magog Hills, Cambridge, Oct. 1887 ! J. R. le B. Tomlin. Suffolk E.—Banks of River Alde, Snape, Aug. 1905, G. T. Rope. Worcester—Evesham, Oct. 1883 ! J. Madison. Lincoln N.—Common at Scunthorpe, July 1890, Rev. E. A. Woodruffe- Peacock. Bardney, Dec. 1905, J. F. Musham. York S.E.—Newsholme near Wressle, George Roberts. Springwell lane near Edlington, Oct. 1891 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York N.E.—Hunmanby sands near Filey, Sept. 1909 ! W. E. Brady. York N.W.—Studley near Ripon, 1884 ! J. Ingleby. York Mid W.—Collingham, July 1915 ! G. Fysher. Durham—Bellingham, 1884, Baker Hudson. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Recorded for South France by Dr. Westerlund; by Locard from the Rhone valley near Lyons; and by Comm. Caziot from between Fontan and the frontier, Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. charpentier7, recorded from the Alpes-Maritimes by Bourguignat. Sub-var. faliconensis is recorded from the north-west of the vale of Falicon, Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. putotiana is recorded from Lyons and the Alpes Maritimes by Caziot. oO bo THEBA CANTIANA. Holland—Sub-var. rubescens Moq., very common by the Selzaete, Zealand ; also in weedy ditches at Canisvliet near Westdorp ; and commonly at Sluys-Kill. Belgium—Sub-var. semirufa, Antwerp (Colbeau, 1.c.). Italy —Near Nice, Liguria; also at Siena, Tuseany ; and Salerno, Campania, Dr. E. von Martens. It is also recorded from near Pergola in the Marches ; from Umbria at Avellana, from the Abruzzi at Monte-Corvo, and Santa-Maria-di-Monte- Lence, Terra-di-Lavoro, by the Marchioness Pauluecci; by Statuti as not rare at Monticelliand Terracina in Romana; from Bologna and Reggio, Emilia, by Picaglia; and by Stabile and others for Piedmont. Sub-var. ardesa is recorded from the Apuan Alps by Westerlund, Sub-var. riparia, San Germano, Campania (Westerlund, l.c.). Asia Minor—Sub-var. carnea Pfr.= Helix transmutata Parreyss, Asia Minor (L. Vfeiffer, l.c.). Var. albocincta Cockerell. Helix orsinii Tiberi, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1869, p. 66. Helix Euomphatia orsinii Picaglia, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1893, p. 14. Helix cantiana var. réddingensis Schlesch, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1907, p. 116. SHELL with a white peripheral zone. This is probably an atavie or paleeogeniec form, which oceurs sporadically and may be expected to occur most plentifully towards the limits of its range or in the less desirable and isolated localities. The sub-var. orsinii is fulvous, with a peripheral and also a sutural whitish zone, though other characters are in- FG.137.— 7. cantianavar. volved in the deseription, which would include the shell aa re Ossedby in other categories. Diam., 15-20 mill. ; alt., 8$-114 mill. OE ane ae eae The sub-var. roddingensis is described as white, with reddish mouth, usually with a peripheral whitish zone extending over more than half of the last whorl. : ENGLAND. Wilts. S.—Shalbourne, June 1915! C. P. Hurst. Surrey—Ewell, June 1904, T. D. A. Cockerell. Chalk-pit, Leatherhead, G, D. H. Carpenter. ‘Tooting Common, April 1895, C. 8. Coles. Bucks. —Ivinghoe, Sept. 1907 ! C. Oldham. Northampton—Yardley-Hastings, Aug. 1885! R. Rogers. Lincoln N.—Bardney, Dec. 1905! J. F. Musham. York S.E.—Lund near Osgodby, June 1890 ! W. Nelson. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany —Sub-var. réddingensis, Rédding, Schleswig, with type (Schlesch, 1.c.). France—M. Poiret records this form from the Somme ; and Lieut. Cribb in Sept. 1916 found this variety in the vicinity of the lagoon Calais, Pas-de-Calais. Italy—Sub-var. orsinii is recorded from the Ascoli-Piceno, Abruzzi, by Masearini; by Statuti from Sezze, Romana ; and from Modena, ete., Emilia, by Picaglia. MONSTROSITY. Monstr. sinistrorsum 'l'aylor, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1909, vol. vi., p. 33. SHELL reversed or sinistrally coiled. ENGLAND. Wilts.—Found in Wiltshire by Mr. Rippon of Norwood, and presented to me by Miss F. M. Hele. Rev. Canon Horsley also possesses a similar specimen from the same county, received from Mr. 8. C. Cockerell, and probably the specimen which Mr. Rippon had kept in his own collection. Fic. 198. 7 care Dorset—Mr. G. K. Gude also possesses a specimen ob- — monst. sinistrorsum. tained in 1895 through a dealer and labelled Dorset. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium—M. Nyst has found at Antwerp a sinistral shell of this species (Colbeau, Ann. Mal. Belg., 1865, vol. i., p. 39). THEBA CANTIANA. 93 Geographical Distribution.— Theba cantiana is apparently quite unknown in Scotland, Ireland, and on the western coast of England, as a result of natural diffusion. In England its range is exceedingly compact, and embraces every county and vice-county on the eastern and southern coasts from South Northumberland to South Devon, also occupying the neighbouring inland counties, without a single detached outher throughout its whole range. : yn APTS Fic. 139.—Geographical Distribution of Theba cantiana (Mont.). Probable Range PM Recorded Distribution Although many attempts have been made with varying success to establish this species in localities where it was not previously known to exist, both within and beyond its known range, its natural distribution has not been very materially interfered with in England. The attempts to found local colonies by Prof. Boycott in Herefordshire, and by Mr. J. C. Blackshaw near Wolverhampton, would seem to have been more or less successful, while many others, like Mr. Swanton’s effort to establish a colony in Somerset, were failures. It was also introduced into Cumberland, where it was not previously known to exist, by Capt. Farrer, in Aug. 1894, who liberated a number of specimens near Bassenthwaite, which largely increased in numbers the following year and seemed likely to spread. Its presence along the banks of the Tees and Tyne and elsewhere in Northumberland and Durham has been very generally attributed to its inadvertent introduction with ballast by the “colliers” trading from the ports on those rivers, but no evidence has been adduced, beyond the shells being found plentifully on the ballast-hills of the river-banks. In Wales it is known from Glamorganshire, where it is locally common. In Scotland this species is naturally quite unknown, but specimens from England were introduced in 1888 into his garden at Brora, Kast Sutherland, by Mr. W. Baillie, which have apparently prospered, as in 1895 Mr. Baillie reported that owing to their increasing abundance he had been compelled to remove hundreds of specimens to other places, 94 THEBA CANTIANA. In Ireland it was recorded in 1819 by ‘Turton in his Conchological Dictionary as found in “ woods and hedges, especially in... . Cork”: but no confirmation of this statement has been made. In Sept. 1901, however, Mr. R. A. Phillips, of Ashburton, Cork, placed nineteen full grown 7. cuntiuna from Knowle, near Bristol, on a grassy bank by ‘Tivoli Railway Station, near Cork, which now appear to have established themselves there, as Mr. Phillips reported in 1911 that adults and young were quite numerous. Dr. Turton in his Catalogue of Irish Shells also states that 7. cantiana was found in ‘hedges and box-borders about Dublin”; and in 1889 I received from Colonel Dawson some undoubted specimens of 7. cantina said to have been collected by his son in a particular spot in Stillorgan Park; but Dr. Scharff and others have assiduously and closely investigated the precise locality indicated by Colonel Dawson, as well as the park generally, without finding a trace of the species, and believe that this reported occurrence must be due to some error. On the Continent its distribution as far as at present reliably ascer- tained is more erratic, but its recorded range is somewhat unreliable, owing to the true limits of this species being as yet not authoritatively defined. The Helix carthusiana Drap. is usually regarded as synonymic with or a variety of the present species, but others regard it as merely a larger form of Theba cartusiuna, or as a distinct species to which various names have been applied ; but no evidence has been adduced of any differences in internal structure in justification of its separation from 7. cantiana, though Moquin-T'andon’s figure of the internal organs must not be overlooked, although its correctness has never been confirmed. GERMANY. Oldenburg—Found along the north-west coast of Germany, between the River Elbe and the River Ems, especially about Eckwarden, Seefeld, and Ellenserdamm in the Bay of Jahde. It is also recorded from the banks of the Lower Weser by Kohlmann. Holstein —Recorded from the neighbourhood of Hamburg by Prof. Weldon. Schleswig—Sub-var. réddingensis recorded by Schlesch from Rédding. NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Only authoritatively recorded from West Flanders at Bruges, Ostend, Nieuport, Heyst, and Blankenberghe. East Flanders: A dead shell only has as yet been found in the Polders, Assenede. Antwerp: At Malines, Santvliet, Willebroeck, and the banks of the Escaut. Especially fine specimens have been found in the area at Antwerp between the gates of Berchem and St. Georges. 3rabant ; It is reported from Wechter and from Brussels. M. Colbeau thinks the latter locality erroneous, and states that he endeavoured to introduce the species in Brussels, but that the shells dwindled in size and the colony died out in two or three years time. Holland—In Zealand it is common by the Selzaete; in the Polders of Canisvliet near Westdorp, and common at Sluys-kill. South Holland: Reported by M. M. Sechepmann. North Holland; Collected by Mr. F. H. Sikes at Koog on the Island of Texel in Apr. 1913; and also enumerated by M. M. Schepmann as inhabiting the province. SWITZERLAND. Vaud—H. cantiana var. rubella reported from Lausanne by Miss Hele, THEBA CANTIANA. 95 FRANCE. This species is recorded by Moquin-Tandon as inhabiting northern and central France, while Reeve states that it inhabits chiefly the central and southern depart- ments. As H. cantiana, H. carthusiana Drap., or other of its different names, it has, however, been reported by various observers from Alpes Maritimes, Basses Alpes, Basses Pyrénees, Bouches-du-Rhéne, Calvados, Dréome, Gard, Haute Garonne, Herault, Languedoc, Isere, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Rhone, Somme, Var, Vaucluse, Vienne, Vosges, and the Istand of Corsica. PAR Ys The typical 7. cantiana is, according to Prof. Pollonera, doubtfully present in Italy or Sicily, but in the various varietal or subspecifie forms it is widely distributed and actually Recorded from numerous localities by many observers in Abruzzi, Campania, Emilia, Liguria, Lombardy, Marches, Piedmont, Tuscany, Umbria, Venetia, and the Island of Sicily. H. orsini Porro recorded from bushy ground Sezze, Romana, by Statuti; and by Valentini from Macera della Morte, near the summit of Pizzo-di-Siva, Marches. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Carinthia—H. carthusiana Drap. (Nachbl. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., vol. i., p. 58). Carniola—Reported from Carniola by Clessin, who, however, doubts the record. H. carthusiana Drap. is, however, also catalogued from Wippacher Thal., ete., in the same region, by Herr F. J. Schmidt. Istria— Common in the fields, Monfalecone (Brumati, Catal. Monf., 1838, p. 26). Goritz—Goritz, Miss F. M. Hele. Dalmatia—Recorded by Schréckinger-Neudenberg. BALKAN PENINSULA. Greece—Var. messenica Blane (Faune Mal. Gréce, 1879, p. 41), which may possibly be a form of this species, is recorded from Kalamata in Messinia by Blane; from near Athens, from Parnassus in Phocis, from Patras, and from the Ossaspitze in Thessaly, by Dr. O. Béttger; reported by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin from Olympia, Delphi, Corinth, Sphacteria, and Ithome ; and from the Sporades. Roumelia—Recorded by Mr. G. K. Gude. IBERIAN PENINSULA. Spain—Graells cites Helix carthusiana Drap. as common throughout all Spain ; and Prof. Hidalgo also lists H. cantiana as an inhabitant of the country ; but M. Morelet states that its existence is doubtful. Portugal—Lovell Reeve (British Mollusks, 1863, p. 67), noted H. cantiana as Portuguese on the authority of M. Morelet’s record of a larger and opal white variety of Helix carthusianella found only about Oporto. M. Morelet informed me in 1887 that Reeve was in error in attributing this larger variety to H. cantiana, the species being as stated H. carthusianella. RUSSIA. Taurida—H. galloprovincialis var. recorded from Sebastopol by Dr. Kobelt. ASIA MINOR. Brussa—Prof. von Martens records H. cantiana from Kumkale, collected by Herr Virchow. Palestine— Dr. Bittger records the var. /angi from Haiffa. NEARCTIC REGION. CANADA. Quebec—Discovered by Mr. F. R. Latchford on the upper slopes of the cliff upon which the citadel of Quebee stands, and recorded in the American Naturalist for Nov. 1885; this occurrence was confirmed by Mr. Hanham, who found it common on the cliff bordering the ‘‘ Plains of Abraham,” and extending to the citadel, but not noticed in the city (Nautilus, Jan. 1897). Ontario—Reported from Hamilton by Mr. G. K. Gude. 96 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Theba cartusiana (Miiller). 1767 La Chartreuse, Geottroy, Traite des Coq., p. 32. 1774 Helix cartusiana Miiller, Verm. Hist., vol. ii., p. 15, no. 214. 1780 — _ nitida Chemn., Conch. Cah., vol. ix., pt. 2, p. 103, pl. 127, ff. 1130-1. 1792 — arenaria Olivi, Zool. Adriat., p. 178. 1805 — carthusianella Drap., Hist. Moll., p. 101, pl. vi., ff. 31-2. 1820 — gqypsii Ferussac, Journ. Phys., vol. xe., p. 300. 1821 — (Zenobia) bimarginata Gray, Med. Repos., vol. xv., p. 239. 1833, — rufilabris Jetfreys, Linn. Trans., vol. xvi., p. 509. 1833) — gibbsii Leach in Brown’s III. Coneh., p. 11, pl. i., f. 18. 1841 — gilvina Ziegler ex Lud. Pfeiff. Symb., 1., p. 60. 887 — (Carthusiana) carthusiana Vryon, Man. Conch., vol. iii., p. 195, pl. 44. LSSO sarriensis Bourg. in Servain, Moll. Esp., p. 52. 1826 Theba carthusianella Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer., vol. iv., p. 75, no. 167. 1833 Monacha carthusianella Fitz., Syst. Verz. Oesterr., p. 95. 1837 Fruticicola carthusianella Held, Isis, p. 914. 1837 Bradybena carthusiana Beek, Index Moll., p. 19. 1852. Teba carthusianella Leach, Syn., p. 69. 1858 Hygronua carthusiana Adams, Genera Moll., p. 214. 1912 Aelicella (Nerophila) carthusiana Simroth, Bronn’s Tier-reichs, vol. iii., p. 590. eae ISTORY. — Theba curtusiana was he first noticed by Geoffroy in 1767 under the name of “La Chartreuse.” The binomial //elix cartusiana bestowed by O. F. Miiller in 1774 probably on account of its bemg found in the vicinity of a Carthusian monastery, is the latinized form of Carthusian, and the change to carthusiana made by subsequent writers was due to their impression that the letter 4 had been inad- vertently omitted by him. In 1803 Draparnaud mistaking the //. cantiuna Mont. for H. curtusiana applied to the true cartusiana the name of Helix carthusianella. In 1814 Mr. Gibbs discovered the species in Britain, and sent specimens to Colonel Montagu, who in mss. applied the name Helix gibbsii to them; but it was not pub- , ’ 691 YY lished as a British species until 1820, when Baron Férussac recorded it as British in the Journ. de Physique as Helix gypsii, an evident misapprehension of gibbsi. With the present species [ am happy to associate the late Mr. Richard Rimmer, F.L.8., of Dalawoodie, Dumfries, and am fortunate in being able through the kind interest and sympathy of Miss M. Henriette Rimmer to present the accompanying characteristic portrait. Mr. Rimmer was an accomplished and enthusiastic conchologist, and the author not only of the popular manual “The Land and Freshwater Shells of the British Isles,’ but of several interesting special studies of the same subject, which appeared from time to time in the Journal of Conchology and other scientific magazines. Prats VIII. Distribution of Theba cartusiana (Mull.) In the Counties and Vice-Counties ENGLAND AND WALES. of the British Isles. ag SCOTLAND. Channel Isles eouae WALES a a We Boge SDs nee PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan umfries berdeen N. 1 Cornwall W. 42 Brecon ® 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Banff 2 Cornwall E. 43 Radnor ’ 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 3 Devon 8. 44 Carmarthen 75 Ayr 96 Easterness 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset S. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N. NORTH WALES @ E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle CHANNEL He Monee mers e e ie peepee aa Dare pa Lon Jilts s i ilyd s i Wilts 5 49 Carano Ue ba 80 Roxburel 101 Cantire ae 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh <: 81 Berwick 102 Ebudes §. 10 Isle of Wight 51 Flint os 82 Haddington 163 Ebudes Mid 11 Hants 8. 52 Anglesey 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N. 12 Hants N. TRENT 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 8. E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 14 Sussex EK. 54 Lincoln N. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Ross E. THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland EK. 15 Kent E. 56 Notts. BS 87 Pth.S.&Clkn. 108 SutherlandW. 16 Kent W. 57 Derby 110 ae Mareen 109 Caithness 17 Surrey MERSEY fs erth N. NORTH ISLES 18 Essex 8. 58 Cheshire 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 19 Essex N, 59 LaneashireS. « 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 20 Herts. 60 ILan’shire Mid 92 Aberdeen 8, 112 Shetlands a picayenex a Rae Sai 2 Berks. S.E. York L 23 Oxford e N.E. York Ss IRELAND. 24 Bucks, S.W. York ANGLIA 64 Mid W, York eer es) oe oath ee 25 Suffollc E. 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim 123 Meath 26 Suffoll W. POSE LUNE 115 Down 124 Dublin 27 Norfolk KE. 66 Durham ‘ 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 8 ee ocdie a 68 ea 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 30) Bedfor P EE 119 D lar 31 Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Pouskal ane Ot u agh enny 32 Northampton and L. Lanes 121 Cavan 130 (Queen’s Co SEVERN 70 Cumberland 131 King’s Co. 33 Gloucester EB. 71 Isle of Man 132 Westmeath ee Soeee ee W. 133 Longford onmouth CONNAUGHT 36 Hereford 134 Roscommon 37 Worcester Leitri 7 . 135 Leitrim a NS 136 Sligo DUAITON: 137 Mayo E. 40 Salop 138 Mayo W. 139 Galway W. > | 4 ~ Probable Range. 3S; Le Recorded Distribution. Distribution verified by the Author. Geological Distribution. Galway E. MUNSTER Clare Limerick Tipperary N. Tipperary 8. Waterford Cork N. Cork 8S. 148 Kerry THEBA CARTUSIANA. 97 The long list of synonyms given above on the authority of responsible writers does not exhaust the list, the names H/. gregaria, H. pellucidula, AA. claustralis, and H. lucernalis, all of Ziegler, the H. ‘nnoxia and leptom- phala Locard and many others may be added, all indicating some slight local modification in the shell. Diagnosis.— Theba cartusiana is most closely related to 7. cantiana, but differs in the shell being of smaller size and more opaque when aged ; the spire is more depressed, the apertural rib more developed, and the umbilicus much smaller and more contracted. INTERNALLY, it differs by the much less degenerate stage of the dart-sac and its accessory gland, which in the present species retain the general outward aspect of those organs, while in 7’. cantiana they have dwindled into a long and slender ccecum. Description.—The ANIMAL has a somewhat slender BODY, obtuse in front, narrowly acuminate and somewhat keeled behind, of a yellowish-grey colour, be- coming yellower dorsally, but more translucent and colourless in the rear; the whole upper surface is overspread by somewhat small irregularly-shaped and slightly darker tubercles, many speckled with opaque-white at their summits, which become elongate and sinuate in shape when the animal is fully extended ; the DORSAL GROOVES are indistinct and enclose a longitudinal row of narrow and almost linear tubercles; the remainder of the tubereculation on the anterior end of the body is directed obliquely forward and downward. GENITAL GROOVES almost imperceptible, especially on the left side; FACIAL AREA simply tubercular ; FOOT-MARGIN or fringe narrow with fine blackish-grey lineolation; FOOT-SOLE yellowish-grey, narrowly margined by a darker grey; OMMATOPHORES long and slender, when fully extended finely tuberculate, and showing the dark retractors along the whole length of their upper surface, and continuing for a space along each side of the dorsum; LOWER TENTACLES unusually long, with their dark retractors well marked and deeply pigmented at their apices, and at their bases a muscular divarication is perceptible through the skin ; MANTLE variable in pig- mentation, but usually yellowish, marbled and flecked with black, the margin brown or brownish ; with the RESPIRATORY ORIFICE darkly and broadly defined, especially above. The EPIPHRAGM is usually thick, solid, and of a dull opaque, cretaceous white. The shell when containing the animal is on the upper side of a general pale leaden colour, with a brownish tinge on the uppermost whorls; the basal region is usually whitish, tinged faintly with brownish ; the peripheral region shows very perceptibly the very elongate, pale yellowish RENAL-ORGAN at the commencement of the penultimate whorl, the upper margin of the organ being almost coincident with the point of junction of the upper lip of the aperture with the shell; the vena- tion of the organ 1s quite visible through the shell, as are also the main ramifications of the pulmonary vessels on the body whorl near the aperture. Fic. 141. Fic. 142. Fic. 143. Fic. 144. Fic. 141.—Frontal aspect, natural size; and Fic. 142.—Upper aspect of 7heba carthusianella, enlarged (after Draparnaud). Fic. 143.—Frontal aspect; and Fic. 144.—Upper aspect of 7heba carthusiana, natural size (after Dupuy). SHELL globosely depressed, spire only slightly raised, but more convex basally ; WHORLS 6, rounded but with a slight supra-peripheral angulation ; of an opaque and somewhat opalescent milky-white colour, becoming brownish and more trans- lucent as the aperture is approached, where this colouration is abruptly interrupted by the broad whitish cincture, representing the well-developed and whitish internal submarginal RIB, as seen through the shell substance, the outer apertural margin is brown ; the shell surface is smooth and glossy, with a few subobsolete striz, and also overspread with irregularly reticulate microscopic sculpture, and faint spiral 3/9/17 G 98 THEBA CARTUSIANA. striation. APERTURE broadly lunate, margins rufous brown and slightly expanded, but more dilated basally, and slightly expanded over the narrowly perforate UMBILICUS. Average size of British specimens: Diam., 12 mill.; alt., 7 mill. Average weight of British shells: 1°08 grains. INTERNALLY, the KIDNEY or precordial gland shows as a very elongate and recurved organ, bearing some resemblance to the blade of a seythe; it is of a pale yellowish brown, with its venation quite perceptible through the shell. outa exes [(- ee Fic. 145. Fic. 146. Fic. 145.—Proximal portion of the alimentary canal of 7. carvtusiana, shewing the cesophagus, salivary glands, crop, stomach, and the origin of the gut, x 3. Fic. 146.—Kidney or renal organ, also showing its close association with the heart, x 3. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are chiefly remarkable for the apparent retention of a DART SAC and ACCESSORY GLAND similar to that seen in certain Hygromice, but the dart sac shows no signs of the presence of a dart, though in lieu of that weapon the distal portion of the sac has become elongated into a narrowly cylindrical c#CUM which, probably by eversion, functions as an excitatory organ. The ovo- TESTIS is rather compact with a fairly long HERMAPHRODITE DUCT closely convolute and thickened towards its lower end; the ALBUMEN GLAND is elongately lingui- form, distinctly concave on its inner face, and of a yellowish colour with some- times a greenish tinge; the VESICULA SEMINALIS is elongately ovoid, rugose, and of a glandular character ; the OVIDUCT is of a transparent grey, distinctly saceulate, and the prostate is granulate, of an opaque creamy-white, broad, and conspicuous ; Fic. 147. Fic. 148. Fic. 149. Fic. 147.—Reproductive organs of Theba cartusiana (Miill.), Lewes, X 3, Mr. C. H. Morris. Fic. 148.—Proximal end of the reproductive organs of 7. cartusiana more highly magnified. Fic. 149.—Enlarged portion of distal end of reproductive organs of 7. cartusiana. ag. and a.gi. albumen gland; d. or s¢#. degenerate dart-sac, nascent sarcobelum or excitatory organ ; ef. epiphallus ; 7. flagellum ; 2.¢. hermaphrodite duct ; #z.g¢. mucus-gland ; o/. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; f.s. penis-sheath; s.d. and sf.d. sperm duct; sf. spermatheca; v.d. vas deferens; v.s. vesicula seminalis. the SPERMATHECA is bluntly triangulate, and of an opaque white, with a fairly long and moderately stout stem; the VAGINA or free oviduct is fairly wide ; the VAGINAL MUCUS GLANDS are tinged blue, composed of two groups of simple, bifid, or even trifid ceca, 3-5 mill. long, while immediately beneath them are a degenerat- ing DART-SAC and accessory gland, which except for a digitiform cecal outgrowth from the distal end of the sac, outwardly present the normal aspect, and are very constant in size and shape, but at present no trace of a dart or gypsobelum is detectable, the function of the lost organ being probably now performed by the vermiform distal outgrowth of the dart-sac, which may function as a sarcobelous THEBA CARTUSIANA. 99 egersidium ; the PENIS-SHEATH is oval in shape, with a peculiar twist at the distal end, which is continued as a moderately long and cylindrical epiphallus, and term- inated by a short flagellum ; the VAS DEFERENS is distinetly and strongly dilated at its junction with the distal end of the epiphallus. Moquin-Tandon’s description and figure of these organs differ from those here figured, showing a very long stem to the spermatheca, ‘and only a long vermiform vesicle to represent the devenerate dart-sac, ete., found in English’ specimens, leading to the belief that by some error the organs of the true ‘cartusiana have not been figured or deseribed, but possibly those of 7. cantiana or some allied form, unless the large South European shell should prove to be a distinct intermediate species. The figure of the genitalia reproduced by Simroth (Bronn’s Tier-reich, iii., f. 198) from Sehuberth is also more in accord with that of Moquin-Tandon than with those given herewith, but differ from that author’s and the annexed figures in shewing an excessively elongated free oviduct or vagina between the mucus glands and the assumed excitatory organ. The MANDIBLE or jaw is about 1°5 mill. from side to side, and °36 mill. from the lower or cutting-edge to the upper margin, of an amber colour, but darker brown towards the cutting-edge, somewhat flatly arcuate, with blunt rounded ends, and bearing about eighteen broad, flat and somewhat divergent ribs, Fic. 150.—Jaw of Theba car- fairly regularly disposed over the whole anterior sur- asiane Mull, Lewes Bee . face, and slightly denticulating the lower or cutting SA gh aay, ore margin, but ‘there is no perceptible trace of a median paration by Rev. F.. W. Bowell). rostr ation. The RADULA is of the usual oblong shape, about 3 mill. in length and 1 mill. in width, and resembles that of Zheba cantiana, except that the cusps of the marginal teeth are much more elongate in the present species. The organ is constituted by about 140 transverse rows of teeth, each row composed of about 71 teeth, arranged as usual in three series: the median, the admedian or laterals, and the marginals ; the lateral series blending with the marginal teeth. The median series is formed by a single longitudinal row of tricuspid teeth, each bearing a stout mesocone, RTA ture Fic. 151.—Representative teeth from half a transverse row of the radula of Theba cartusiana (Miill.) collected at Lewes, Sussex, by Mr. C. H. Morris, and photographed by Mr. W. Bagshaw, from a preparation by Rey. E. W. Bowell (highly magnified). with a distinct ectocone at each side; the admedians or laterals are about twelve in number, bicuspid in plan, and larger and stronger than the central row; the marginals are about twenty-three in number and generally bifid, the cusps tome long. and comparatively slender, but towards or at the margin of the membrane the ectocone may become bifid. The formula of an example from Lewes, collected by Mr. C. H. Morris, and photographed ph Mer. W. Bagshaw from a preparation by the Rev. E. W. Bow ell was F424 h4 42435 x 140 = 9,940 teeth. Sane ad Be ciggmente None is known of the amours of this species, or any details of the preliminary coquettings leading up to conjugation, but according to Bouchard-Chantereaux and others the egos are laid in April and 1 May, and specimens were also found in September at Dover by the Rev. Canon Horsley, full of eggs, apparently ripe for exclusion, so that it is probable that egg deposition is continued intermit- tently through the summer and autumn months. The eggs are globular and opaline, with a thin, membranous and slightly nacreous envelope; they are about 14 mill. in diameter, and therefore very large for the size of the animal and almost as large as those of 7. cantiana, 100 THEBA CARTUSIANA. whose bulk is so strikingly greater ; each batch is composed of from 40-80 eggs, which hatch in about a fortnight, and become adult towards the end of their first year. ‘lhe shell when immature is said to be hispid, thin, and transparent, but gradually thickens, becomes more opaque, and the hairy investment lost as growth proceeds, the aperture being completed when full size is attained. Habits and Habitat. — Although Moquin-T'andon describes this species as rather slow, the animals studied by me were very bold, active, and fearless, carrying the shell somewhat inclined when crawling, and capable of travelling two inches in one minute, or at the rate of a mile in about twenty-two days. Though it may occasionally be found on rushes in marshy places, it usually frequents dry and arid, calcareous or sandy ground, clinging to the vegetation or to the grass stems, but at Granville, Manche, it was observed by Mr. F. H. Sikes to have an especial predilection for the dead nettle (Lamium sp.). ‘Though chiefly confined to chalky soil and to the vicinity of the sea in this country, it is by no means restricted thereto in Europe, being found quite in the centre of the continent and on a variety of geological formations and under varied physical conditions, flourishing on dry and arid ground, but also prospering on marshy land ; and living not only on the plains, but ascending the Pyrenees to a height of 3,000 feet, and in the Emilian Appenines may attain an altitude of nearly 3,600 feet. During the day it adheres firmly by means of the epiphragm to the stems of plants and grasses, or other suitable objects, frequently fully exposed to the full influence of the hot summer sun, the closure of the aperture of the shell by the epiphragm preventing the evaporation of the natural moisture and consequent desiccation of the animal. If removed from its position and the epiphragm necessarily broken, the animal promptly emerges from its shell, the hind part of the foot being first extruded with an energetic jerk, quickly followed by the head and body. The heart pulsations would appear to be more active than in Ashfordia granulata, as a specimen in August 1894 showed 56 pulsations per minute at a temperature of 63° Fahr. It appears to dislike strong winds, and this may account for its preference for the hollows of the downs, where it is somewhat sheltered from its violence, which in exposed places probably dislodges the shell from its fixation to the vegetation, and compels resort to concealment, as during high winds no shells are to be found in exposed positions, but on still days and in sheltered spots the animals remain affixed to the vegetation and fully exposed to the sun’s rays. No direct observations on the food of this species have been published, but it is inferred that the plants frequented are probably fed upon. During severe weather the animals bury themselves in the sand or earth, and according to the observations of Mr. Hillman apparently resort to similar protection against drought, as few or none can be found at such times. Enemies.—Retowski has recorded that in the Crimea, Russia, this species is preyed upon by Phosphuga laevigata, a coleopteron of the family Silphide, while Zonites algirus deyours the animal quite to the apex of the shell. THEBA CARTUSIANA. 101 Dr. Germain has also noticed that the animal is endowed with the power of giving off a very pronounced odour of ““mushrooms” when irritated, which may possibly be some protection against certain of its enemies or may have some other signification. Protective Resemblance.—In August 1894, Mr. Lionel E. Adams found at Sandwich, Hast Kent, numerous shells of this species clustered upon the withered stems of the hound’s tongue (Cynoglossum officinale), and so closely resembling in appearance the clusters of burrs or seed cap- sules of the plant that it was really difficult in the sunlight to distinguish one from the other. Geological Distribution.— 7. cartusiuna is not known in deposits older than the Pleistocene ; its remains in England show a diminishing or retreating species, as it is now scarce and local or quite unknown in districts where its remains demonstrate its former existence. PLEISTOCENE.—In France, it is recorded from the Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Somme Valley, and from the bone-breccia of Corsica by M. Locard. It is also recorded by Dr. L. Germain from the loess of the Lyonnais, and of Chartreux, Lyons ; also from similar deposits at Chaux and Collonges, Mont d’Or, Rhone, and at Bublane in the Ain. HOLOCcCENE.—In Sussex W., it has been found by the Rev. W. A. Shaw in post- Pliocene drift thrown up by the moles from a depth of 2-3 feet on the open land on the north side of the South Downs, West Stoke, near Chichester. In Sussex E., it has been recorded from the Neolithic hill-wash, Brighton. In Kent E., it has been recorded from a section disclosed by the cutting of the road under the South Downs, behind Folkestone, and from a deposit at Dover, collected by the Rev. R. A. Bullen. In Kent W., it has been recorded in an early Neolithic internment at Cuxton ; and from Holocene deposits at Otford, Exedown, Greenhithe, and Northfleet. In Essex N., it has been recorded from the railway cutting and brickyard to the west of Sudbury by the Geological Survey; and from shell marl, Bushey Leys, near Felstead, July 1888 ! by Mr. J. French. In Suffolk E., it is recorded from the alluvial beds at Butley by Mr. Alfred Bell. In Glamorgan, two specimens were found during the excavation of a Roman villa at Llantwit-Major (J. Storrie, Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., 1888, vol. xx., p. 59). In Spain, it has been found by the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen in a ten-feet thick deposit near the bridge over the railway, Manresa, “Catalonia ; ; and also collected by him from a hill- wash at Porto-Pi, near Palma, Majorca, Balearic Isles. In Italy, Capt. G. B. Adami has found two specimens in the Lower Post Pliocene peat beds and numerous individuals in the upper layers at Polada, near Lonata, Lombardy ; and Signor Valentini has found it in the ‘“Travertin” ‘of the Tronto Valley, Ascoli- Piceno, Marches. Variation.—The slight local modifications frequently perceptible in the shell have been utilized by authors to split up the present species into 2 considerable number of species and varieties, many of which, as in 7. cantiana, have very small value or importance, and which it is difficult and almost impossible to correctly allocate in appropriate groups, owing to the lack of definite characters in the descriptions, and thus leading to perennial disputes upon the true status of the different forms, which can only be definitely settled by a knowledge of their internal structure. T. cartusiana varies considerably in size, the largest forms being strictly continental in range and usually flatter and paler than the smaller, more globose and deeper coloured British shells, and usually frequent moister and richer feeding grounds than the dwarfer varieties, which are generally believed to be stunted, owing to living upon more arid and less favourable places. 102 THEBA CARTUSIANA. The differences of texture and colour of the shell are exemplified by the specimens from the sandhills of Sandwich, which, as observed by Mr. L. E. Adams, are all thinner and much darker in colour than the individuals living upon the chalk lands. The traces of banding occasionally more or less clearly perceptible in this species are of the same origin and character, and admit of the same explanation as those of Theba cantiana and the Hygromia generally; they are vestiges of an ancient band system, whose pigment has gradually become diffused and confluent, and is now slowly tending to obliteration. The white somewhat calcified supra-peripheral zone is the division between the upper and lower group of bands, such as is now represented by the space between bands 3 and 4 in the Pentatzenia. VARIATIONS IN FORM OF SHELL. tT . : Var. conoidea Branczik. Helix euscepia (Bourg.), Servain, Mal. Lac. Balaton, 1881, p. 32. Helix tnnoxia Bourg. (in Locard), Prodr., 1882, pp. 72 and 316. SHELL with a somewhat raised spire. I have not seen the original description of this variety or its date of publication, but as it is the most suitable name and probably the oldest, I have adopted it. <= The sub-var. rubricollis Km. is of compact shape, Cs with elevated spire, and has rib and lip fawn coloured. The sub-var. euseepia is described as shell conical in shape and very compactly and tightly coiled, usually Fig. 152.—H. rubricoliis Km. of a yellowish tint, with the labial rib of a vinous colour. — Traynik, Bosnia, enlarged one- Diam., 14 mill. ; alt., 10 mill. aD: The sub-var. innoxia has a somewhat conoid spire, the last whorl rounded and scarcely deflected, and aperture almost semicircular. Diam, 15-16 mill. ; alt. 9 mill. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—All the shells found at Preste, Haute Garonne, in Aug. 1878 by Abbe Dupuy belong the variety which is equally globose above and below. Sub-var. innovia is recorded from the vicinity of Cannes and Nice, Alpes Mari- times, by Comm. Caziot, and also from Valence, Dréme. Italy—Sub-var. ewscepia was discovered in Naples by M. Bourguignat in 1859. Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. conoidea, Branezik, Travnik, Bosnia ! F. H. Sikes. Sub-var. ewscepia found on the shores of Lae Balaton, Hungary (Servain, l.c.). Sub-var. rubricollis, Travnik, Bosnia ! (Staudinger and Bang Haas). Var. depressa Pascal, Moll. Haute Loire, 1873, p. 38. Flelix ventiensis (Bourg.) in Fagot, Moll. Quatern., 1879, p. 4. Helix carthusiana var. sarriensis Martorell y Pena, Apunt. arqueol., 1879, p. 78. Helix sarriensis Bourguignat in Servain, Moll. Espagne, 1880, p. 52. Helix cantiana var. almonis Statuti, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1882, vol. viii., p. 31. Helix carthusiana var. ressmanni Clessin, Moll. Oester.-Ungarn., 1887, p. 134. Helix carthusiana var. depressa Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 92, pl. iv., f. 14. The var. depressa Pascal is described as of similar size to type form, but very flat above, and with a somewhat prominent keel. The sub-var. depressa Caziot is described as resembling the type-form, but much more depressed, and not so high = the spire; the mouth is also more compressed and longer. Diam., 12 mill. ; alt., 6 mill. \ Fic. 153. Fic. 154. Fic. 1598. Fic. 153.—Helix cartusiana var. sarriensts, slightly reduced (after Caziot). Fic. 154.—Helix cartusiana var. vessmianni, slightly reduced (after Clessin). Fic. 155.—Helix ventiensis, slightly reduced (after Caziot). The sub-var. rpessmanni is described as shell large, of a yellowish colour, whorls rapidly enlarging, and the last double the breadth of the penultimate, strongly striate, umbilicus more open. Diam., 19 mill. ; alt., 11 mill. THEBA CARTUSIANA. 103 The occurrence of sub-var. ressmanni in Carinthia, Carniola, and Friaul has, according to Herr Clessin, given rise to the statements of the occurrence of 7. can- tiana in those regions, the depressed spire, however, infallibly shows its relationship to be with 7. cartusiana. The sub-var. sarriensis is figured by Comm. Caziot as a depressed form, and may perhaps be suitably placed here. It is said to be identical with the form figured as H. carthusiana by Prof. Hidalgo in his Catal. Ieonogr. Moll. Espagne, ff. 249-251, and is stated by M. Fagot to be the common Spanish form of the species. A subsidiary form of H. sarriensis, which has been distinguished by Caziot as var. siagnensis, is of the same size, but differs by its more open umbilical cleft, its less rounded aperture, and less arcuate columella. The sub-var. ventiensis is more depressed, the whorls increasing irregularly in size, aperture depressly semilunar and arched above. The sub-var. almonis is described as large, very depressed, and smooth, of a somewhat opalescent whitish colour, tinged with reddish towards the aperture, which is well rounded. Diam., 20 mill. ; alt., 10 mill. Sub-var. a/monis was described by Signor Statuti as a form of Theba cantiana Mont., but after a protracted and careful study of authentic specimens received from the author himself, I have removed it from association with that species and placed it with Theba cartusiana. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Var. depressa Pascal, environs of Choisy-le-Roi, and d’Orly, department of the Seine, and Villeneuve St. George’s, etc., Seine-et-Oise (Pascal, l.c.). Sub-var. depressa Caziot is found on the orange trees of the Imperial Park, St. Philippe, near Nice; also in the fields on the banks of the Paillon, to the west of Fonts Jarrier on the road from Esearéne (Caziot, l.c.). Sub-var. savriensis is recorded from the observatory gardens of Mont Gros, and at the foot of hedges on the right bank of the Paillon, near Nice, Alpes Maritimes, by Comm. Caziot, who also records the sub-var. sarriensis-siagnensis Caziot from the alluvium of the Siagne, Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. ventiensis, very common about Nice, ete., Alpes Maritimes, by Caziot. Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. ressmanni is recorded from Carinthia, Carniola, and near Monfaleone, Goritz, by Clessin. Italy—Sub-var. ressmanni is recorded from Friaul, Venetia, by Clessin. Sub-var. almonis lives on the grassy banks of the ditches among the vineyards in the valley of the historical River Almone near Rome (Statuti, l.c.). Spain—Sub-var. sarriensis has been recorded from Barcelona and other places in Catalonia. Asia Minor—Vavr. depressa found at Jaffa, Feb. 1904! by Mr. F. H. Sikes. Var. major Pascal. Heltx carthusianella var. magna Porro, Mal. Comasca, 1838, p. 28. Helix carthusiana var. major Pascal, Moll. Haute Loire, 1873, p. 38. Helix chartusiana var. major Pirona, Moll. Friuli, 1865, p. 7. Helix carthusiana var. major Jenner, Journ. of Conch., 1891, p. 363. Helix carthusiana var. major Westerlund, Fauna Eur. Moll., 1878, fasc. ii., p. 59. Helix claustralis Ziegler in sched., 1889. The sub-var. major Pascal is 19 mill. diameter and 10 mill. altitude. The sub-var. major of Pirona attains 17 mill. diameter. The sub-var. major Jenner is described as 15 mill. diameter. The sub-var. major of Westerlund is 18 mill. diameter and 9 mill. altitude, The var. magna Porro is described as 13 mill. diameter. : The sub-var. elaustralis Zgl. is described by Westerlund as thinner, trans- parent, and whitish in colour, with an obliquely-rounded mouth, and is figured by Rossmiissler as 163 mill. in diameter. ENGLAND. Sussex E.—Sub-var. major Jenner occurs about Lewes, J. H. A. Jenner. Kent E.—Sub-var. major Jenner, Lydden near Dover, 1902, G. K. Gude. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Sub-var. major Pascal is recorded from St. Denis, department of the Seine, by Pascal; and sub-var. major Moquin from Bastia and Fango, Corsica, by Moquin-Tandon. 104 THEBA CARTUSIANA. Italy—Var. magna is described by Porro from examples from Como, Lombardy. Sub-var. major Pirona is recorded by its author from Palma, Porto-gruaro, Isola, S. Andrea, ete., in Venetia. Var. major, Rome, 1877, Mrs. Fitzgerald. Sub-var. claustralis is ascribed to Italy by Rossmiissler. Austro-Hungary—Specimens, 21 mill. in diameter, from Buda-Pesth, Hungary, are in the Sikes’ Collection, now in the British Museum. Sub-var. e/australis is ascribed to Dalmatia by Dr. Paetel. Greece—Sub-var. claustralis is recorded by Dr. Westerlund. Var. parva Porro. Helix carthustanella var. 3 Draparnaud, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 101, pl. vii., f. 3, 4. Hlelix oliviert Michaud, Compl. Drap., 1831, p. 25 (not of Férussac). Flelix carthusiana var. 6 parva Porro, Mal. Comasca, 1838, p. 25. Helix (Zenobia) carthusiana var. minor Mogq., Hist. Moll., 1855, ii., p. 207, pl. xvi. felix chartusiana var. mtnor Pirona, Moll. Friuli, 1868, p. 7. Helix lamalouensits Reynes, Annales de Malacologie, 1870, vol. i., p. 34. Helix carthusiana var. minima and minor Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 132. Helix carthusianella mut. minima Strobel, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1877, vol. iii., p. 89. Helix carthusiana var. arvensis Pini, Atti Soc. Ital., 1879, vol. xxi., p. 10. Helix leptomphala Bourguignat, in Locard, Prodr., 1882. pp. 72 and 316. Helix stagnina Bourguignat, in Locard, Coq. Fr., 1894, p. 108. Helix ventiensis var. minima Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 96, pl. iv., f. 54. Helix innoxta var. minor Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 72. Helix sarriensis var. minor Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 93, pl. iv., f. 22. SHELL smaller, spire more risen, mouth rounder, lip or peristome brown, witha milk-white labial rib, and a corresponding whitish transverse zone outside. H. carthusianella var. 8 Drap., from Cette, Herault, is described as a smaller and slightly flatter variety with a somewhat rounder and less oval mouth and brown peristome, the internal rib and external marginal band to the aperture milk-white. Fic. 156. Fic. 157. Fic. 158. Fic. 159. Fic. 156.—Heli/x cartusiana var. minor, frontal aspect, Lewes, Mr. T. S. Hillman, enlarged one-third. Fic. 157.—Frontal aspect ; and Fic. 158.—Basal aspect of Helix carthusianella var. 3 Drap. (after Draparnaud). Fic. 159.—Helix arvensis Pini, Como, Marquis Monterosato, enlarged one-third. The sub-var. minor Mog. is described as smaller, spire more elevated, and aperture rounded. The sub-var. minor of Westerlund is 7-8 mill. in diameter and 4-5 mill. altitude, and have mostly reddish lips. The sub-var. minor Caziot is figured as 7} mill. in diameter and 44 mill. in altitude by Comm. Caziot, who described it as the precise form named Helix carthusianella by Risso. The sub-var. minor Pirona is 7-9 mill. in diameter. The sub-var. parva Porro s.s., is 10 mill. in diameter and 6 mill. in altitude. The sub-var. leptomphala is smaller and flatter, with the body-whorl slightly developed, and an umbilicus of somewhat ellipsoidal shape. Diam., 73-84 mill. ; alt., 5-6 mill. The sub-var. lamalouensis Reynes is described as being 9 mill. in diameter. The sub-var. stagnina is smaller and flatter, body-whorl subangulate, aperture more oval. Diam., 9 mill. ; alt. 6 mill. . The sub-var. ventiensis-minima Caziot is smaller with flatter whorls, shal- lower sutures, and more elongate aperture. Diam., 7 mill. ; alt. 5 mill. The sub-var. innoxia-minor Caz. is described as 10 mill. diam. and 6 mill. alt. The sub-var. minima Strobel is described as 7 mill. in diameter. The sub-var. arvensis is 8 mill. in diameter ; its larger form taw7rinensis Poll. (Moll. Piemonte, 1885, p. 24) varies between 9 and 11 mill. The sub-var. sarriensis-minor is deseribed as 8 mill. in diam. and 6 mill. in alt. The Helix olivieri Mich., is probably a variety of the present species, which only differs from the var. rwfilabris im possessing a white labial rib; it has been allocated very frequently to the var. rufilabris, but this is shown to be incorrect by THEBA CARTUSIANA. 105 a study of Michaud’s description and his reference to the figure of Draparnaud as representing his species. It is, according to Dr. Gassies, the Helix incolata of Parreyss, which has been regarded as identical with H. onychina Rossm., but he confuses this form with var. rufilabris. Inhabits dry places in the maritime districts, frequenting the thistles and Erynguims growing there. Sussex E.—Lewes, Oct. 1899 ! T. S. Hillman. Kent E.—Chalk hills, Folkestone, Nov. 1899 ! Mrs. Fitzgerald. Dover, Sept. 1913! W. E. Brady. Patrixbourne, a colony exclusively of this variety, averaging 74 mill. in diameter, Lionel E. Adams. ENGLAND. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Alpes Maritimes, Aisne, Basses Alpes, Gard, Gironde, Herault, Morbihan, Seine-et-Oise, and Vendée. Mornex, Upper Savoy ! and Aix-les-Bains, Savoy ! Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Sub-var. minor of Caziot is recorded by Caziot from the left banks of the Var, Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. minima Caziot, Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. stagnina is common amongst the pines at the chateau of Palarea near Nice and in other localities in the Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. leptomphala is common in meadows on the banks of the river Var ; also in pine woods at an altitude of near 2,000 feet on Mont Chauvé and other localities in the Alpes Maritimes. It is recorded by Dr. Westerlund from Toulouse, Haute Garonne, and Nantes, Loire Inferiéure. Sub-var. innoxvia-minor is found at St. Vallier, and in the alluvium of the river Loup, Alpes Maritimes. Sub-var. damalouensis, Lamalou-lés-Bains, Hérault (Reynes, l.c.). Sub-v. sarriensis-minor, alluvium of river Siagne, Alpes Maritimes (Caziot, |.c.). Sub-var. ventienis is recorded from Nice and other places in the Alpes Maritimes by Comm. Caziot. Austro-Hungary—Buda-Pesth, Hungary ! R. D. Darbishire. Helix incolata Parreyss, Transylvania. Italy—Many localities in Emilia, Lombardy, and Venetia. A specimen, 6 mill. diameter, from roadside, near railway station, Erba, near Como, Lombardy, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Sub-var. minor Pirona, Tagliamento, ete., Venetia. Sub-var. minima Strobel is recorded from several localities in Emilia by Strobel. Sub-var. arvensis is recorded from Lombardy at Belgiojosa near Pavia by Pini ; and reported from Como by Marquis Monterosato. From Piedmont Prof. Pollonera records it from near Turin, and the subsidiary form tawrinensis from same province. Asia Minor—Smyrna, specimens 74 mill. diam. collected by Fritsch in 1874. : VARIATIONS [IN COLOUR OF SHELL. Var. lactescens Picard. Helix carthusianella var. 6 lactescens Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 223. Helix carthusiana var. alba Jenner, Journ. of Conch., 1891, vi., p. 363. Helix carthustana var. casta Monterosato mss. The var. laeteseens Picard, is described as SHELL milk-white and trans- parent, aperture of same colour, with a whiter rib. The sub-var. Jactescens of Moquin-Tandon is of a transparent milky-white, without band. The sub-var. alba is described as “‘pure milk-white, mouth and rib white.” The sub-var. easta conforms exactly to the description of Picard. ENGLAND. Sussex E.—Sub-var. a/ba, this beautiful variety was discovered at Ranscombe Brow, near Lewes, in 1889, by Mr. T. S. Hillman, and Mr. J. H. A. Jenner after- wards found specimens in 1890 in a neighbouring locality. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany— Mentioned by Clessin as occurring, but without citing precise locality. France—Var. lactescens described by Picard from specimens found in the depart- ment of the Somme; recorded by Pascal from St. Denis, department of the Seine; by Loecard from Lyons in the department of the Rhéne, and at Miribel and Belley, department of the Ain; and by Dubrueil from Heérault. 106 THEBA CARTUSIANA. Italy —Menaggio and Lecco, Lombardy, but not commonly, Sept. 1886, J. R.le B. Tomlin. Bellagio, Lake Como ! Rey. 8S. Spencer Pearce. Sub-var. casta Monterosato, Como, Lombardy ! Marquis Monterosato. Portugal—The larger opal-white variety recorded by Morelet from Oporto, and referred by Reeveto Helix cantiana, really belongs to this species, as I was assured by M. Morelet himself. Var. lutescens Moquin-'l'andon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, vol. i1., p. 207. The var. luteseens of Moquin-Tandon is described as yellowish. The var. /utescens of Locard is described as shell yellowish, peristome brown interiorly, thin and reflected. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany— Mentioned by Clessin as occurring, but without citing precise locality. France—L’Isle Adam, Seine, and also on the banks of the Marne, Seine et Marne (Paseal, Moll. Haute Loire, 1873, p. 38). Dr. Grateloup records this form as var. 2 from Dax, Landes ; and Dubrueil from Herault. Italy—A_ flaxen-coloured form recorded from S. Ciro, near Palermo, and the Madonie, Sicily, by Benoit. los} Var. fuseceseens Pascal, Moll. Haute Loire, 1873, p. 3 Helix carthusiana var. littoralis Stossich. SHELL entirely brown. The var. littoralis may perhaps be regarded as a some- what paler form of this variety. Fic. 160.—7. cartusiana ENGLAND. var. dzttoralis Stossich, Kent E.—A near approach to this variety was found by AE Te ’ : a Mr. W. E. Brady at Seabrook near Hythe, Sept. 1913 ! osato, enlarged one this CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—L’Isle Adam, Seine (Pascal, |.c.); and Aix-les-Bains, Upper Savoy ! Rev. 8. S. Pearce. Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. littoralis, Monfaleone, Goritz (Marq. Monterosato). Var. eneye Nervain. Helix encye Servain, Mal. Lac. Balaton, 1881, p. 31. The var. eneyee is very globosely swollen, of a subearneous violaceous tint, tending to bluish. Diam., 15 mill. ; alt. 10 inill. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Austro-Hungary—Banks of Lac Balaton between Fiired and the peninsula of Tihany, Hungary. VARIATION IN COLOUR OF.APERTURE. Var. rufilabris Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., 1862, vol. i., p. 193. Helix rufilabris Jeffreys. Linn. Trans., 1830, vol. xvi., p. 509. Helix archimedea Benoit, lil. Test. Estram. Sic., 1859, p. 164. Helix cartusiana var. minor L. Pfr., Monog. Hel. Viv., 1868, vol. v., p. 198. The var. rufilabris Jeffreys is described as shell smaller, with the inside lip and rib of a reddish-brown colour. The sub-var. rufilabris Caziot is small, milk-white in colour, more globose and malleate. The sub-var. rufilabris of Pascal is smaller than the type, very thin, with ‘ puke Fic. 161. Fic. 162. Fic. 163. Fic. 161.—Frontal aspect ; and Fic. 162.—Basal aspect of //. »u/idabris (after Dupuy). Fic. 163.—Dorsal aspect of 7. archimedea, Syracuse, Sicily, Marquis Monterosato, enlarged one-third. a red apertural rib; and the sub-var. rufilabris of Germain is described as a distinet species, differing from 7. cartusiana by its uniformly smaller size, more globose form, more elevated spire, rounder mouth, and larger body whorl, though less THEBA CARTUSIANA. 107 developed in diameter. The animal is also described as differing from 7. cartusiana in being black with a whitish line on the neck, and white or yellowish marblings on the mantle, while in 7. cartusiana the mantle is said to be white with black or more frequently yellow marblings. The sub-var. arehimedea is described as possessing a reddish labial rib. Diam., 13 mill. ;_alt., 103 mull. According to Dumont and Mortillet and others, this is an arid ground variety, differing from 7. cartusiana, which congregates in moister places, by living in dry stony localities or on ground covered with brushwood ; the deficient moisture and warinth imparting to the animal and shell a deeper tint, retarding the development and rendering the shell more globose, with rounder mouth and more elevated spire. ENGLAND. Sussex W.—Common about Littlehampton (Jeffreys, l.c.). Sussex E.—Lewes, abundant, Oct. 1883! T. S. Hillman. Mount Caburn near Lewes, common, Aug. 1883 ! Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Wilmington near Eastbourne, Sept. 1908, W. E. Brady. Ranscombe near Lewes, J. H. A. Jenner. Kent E.—Folkestone, 1882 ! Mrs. Fitzgerald. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—M. Grateloup ascribes it a distribution over almost all France; while M. Germain states that it has been reported from almost every department. I have noted records from Ain, Aude, Alpes Maritimes, Basses Alpes, Basses Pyrénées, Calvados, Champagne Meridionale, Dréme, Gers, HautesPyrénées, Landes, Morbihan, Orne, Oise, Rhone, Seine, Seine-et-Oise, Savoy, and Upper Savoy, Var, Vaucluse, and Yonne. Switzerland—Reported from Vevey, Canton Vaud, by Lieut.-Col. Parry ; and by Dumont and Mortillet for Lausanne and Geneva. Italy—Rare in Piedmont in the alluvium of the River Po near Turin, Prof. Pollonera ; and collected at Menaggio, Lombardy, in Sep. 1886 by J. R. le B. Tomlin. Sub-var. archimedea first found in the ancient Roman Amphitheatre, Syracuse, Sicily ; it is rare in the fields about Palermo and the Madonie (Benoit, op. cit.). Spain—Var. rufilabris recorded from Escalona, ete., Aragon, by Prof. Hidalgo. Var. leucoloma Stabile, Moll. Lugano, 1859, p. 54. Helix carthusiana var. albolabiata Baudon, Moll. Oise, 1862, p. 23. The var. leuecoloma is described as smaller, and with an entirely white peris- tome or lip. The sub-var. lewcoloma Taylor is small, peristome and rib white. The sub-var. albolabiata has the peristome whitish or perfectly white. ENGLAND. Kent E.—Var. leucoloma, Beechborough, near Folkestone ! Mrs. Fitzgerald. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Sub-var. a/bolabiata, rave, Balagny, Oise (Baudon, l.c.). Italy—Var. lewcoloma, Lugano and Castagnola, Lombardy (Stabile, ].e.) ; and Pini records it as rather rare at Varenne and about Lecco in the same province. Stabile also reports it from the Bormida Valley, and Acqui, Piedmont. VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF SHELL. Var. fasciata Westerlund, Faun. Eur. Moll., Prodr., Fasce., 11.., p. 59, 1878. Body whorl with a rufous supra-peripheral spiral band, which is continued on the upper whorls and clearly visible a about the sutural line. (€ \ This variety is an atavic one, and essentially identical ——— with the var. albocincta of T. cantiana; the rufous band : alors ! is the original colour of the bands reduced to its smallest Fic. 164.— 7. cartusiana ens ‘ 3 . ? showing traces of four bands, visible dimensions, and is placed as usual above the pale Grande Chaviveases Rev Suck zonulation, which formerly separated the upper and lower Pearce, enlarged one-third. group of bands. Westerlund gives no locality for this variety, but I have a specimen from Syra- cuse, Sicily, received from the Marquis Monterosato ; and another, rather more sombre in colour, collected at Lewes, Sussex, by Mr. C. H. Morris. ENGLAND. Sussex E,—Lewes, associated with the usual form, Oct. 1916! C. H. Morris. 108 THEBA CARTUSIANA. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—The Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce has an example collected in 1882 at Grande Chartreuse, Isere, which shows slight but distinct trace of spiral bands at the aper- ture which may be regarded as occupying approximately the positions of 2345 in the pentatzeniate formula. Italy—Syracuse, Sicily ! Marquis de Monterosato. Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce has a shell from Erba, Lombardy ! with a well defined band, but occupying a very limited space at the beginning of the penultimate whorl. Var. radiata Westerlund, Fauna Eur. Moll., Prodr., Fasc., ii., 1878, p. 60. Helix diurvna (Bourg.) Locard, Etud. Var. Malac., 1880, vol. i., pl. iii., ff. 11, 12. SHELL porcellanous, with numerous translucent radiate markings; peristome entirely white, with a broad snow-white rib. The sub-var. diurna is described as white, with dark grey flammular markings, of a depressed shape, with an obliquely oblong aperture. “Diam., 113; alt., 7 mill. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Sub-var. diwrna, Lyons, Rhone, Dr. Westerlund. Italy —Viareggio, Tuscany, Marchioness Paulucei. Var. bicolor Pascal, Moll. Haute Loire, 1873, p. 38. SHELL half horn-colour and half milky-white, the shell of usual size, with a red or white internal apertural rib. ENGLAND. Kent E.—Seabrooke, near Hythe, September 1913 ! W. E. Brady. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Fontenay-sous-Bois, Seine-et-Oise (Paseal, l.c.). MONSTROSITIES. Monst. sealare 'l'aylor, nov. monst. SHELL with the whorls more or less dislocated. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Millet has recorded a beautifully scalarid shell, found by the lime-kilns of Angers, department of Maine-et-Loire. Monstr. sinistrorsum Jaudouin (Grateloup, Cat. Moll. Fr., 1855, p. 53). SHELL reversed or sinistrally coiled. Only as yet recorded from Hungary and France. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France— Recorded by Grateloup for Bordeaux, Gironde; and by Moquin-Tandon from the Haute Garonne, and Montpellier, Hérault. Austro-Hungary—Recorded from Buda-Pesth, Hungary, by Julius Hazay. Geographical Distribution.— 7Theba cartusiana though especially southern and western in its distribution is represented in many european countries, but shows many of the characters of a retreating species, being quite absent from north-central Europe, but is found in England, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Russia, Austria, France, Greece, European and Asiatic Turkey, Servia, Albania, Bulgaria, Ronmelia, Roumania, Italy, Spain, Portugal. Switzerland, Egypt, “and Palestine, and from the eastern and western regions of Germany. In the British Isles it is apparently restricted to a stretch of the South Downs, extending from Hampshire to Kent, and is found sporadically in East Anglia in the living state as well as fossil in the Holocene deposits. It formerly existed on the East Moors, near Cardiff, believed to have been imported with ballast, but it has also been found in the fossil state THEBA CARTUSIANA. 109 in deposits of Roman age, exposed during the excavations of a Roman villa at Llantwit Major, near Cardiff, by Mr. Storrie. It has also been reported from the Yorkshire coast by Mr. 'T’. Hagger ; and from near Bath, North Somerset, by Mr. Thos. Rogers and Dr. C. W. Viner, who possessed specimens therefrom. Fic. 165.—Geographical Distribution of Theba cartusiana (Miill.). KV Probable Range Recorded Distribution ENGLAND AND WALES. Somerset N.—Specimens labelled ‘‘ Bath ” existed in the collections of the late Mr. Thomas Rogers of Manchester, and Dr. C. W. Viner of Bath, and records exist of the occurrence of this species near Bristol. Hants S.—On rushes in Farlington Marsh, Sept. 1909 ! and on Portsdown Hill, Oct. 1902, H. Beeston. Sussex W.—In great plenty, but of small size, around Littlehampton (Leach, Synop., 1852, p. 69). The lower part of the northern slope of Amberley Down, T. Godlee. Finden near Worthing, Aug. 1883, A. F. Griffiths. On the sand banks by the River Adur, above Old Shoreham, Aug. 1885, W. Jeffery. Bosham, near the county boundary of Hants, Sept. 1915, Rev. W. A. Shaw. Sussex E.—Particularly abundant on the chalk downs near the coast, Brighton (Merrifield’s Nat. Hist. Brighton, 1860, pp. 158 and 223). Common on the South Downs near Lewes, and about Beachy Head (Harting’s Rambles, 1875, p. 81). Plentiful on the downs at Aldfriston, 1881; at Wannock near Eastbourne ; and near Glynde, 1881, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Blatchington and Seaford, 1860 ! Rev. Canon A. M. Norman. Very abundant on the slopes of Mount Caburn, and on Ranscombe Brow near Lewes, but finest on a railway bank about 1} miles from Beddingham, Aug. 1883! R. Miller Christy. Plentiful about Lewes, Aug. 1883 ! T. S. Hillman. A fine colony on the downs near East Down, Eastbourne, 1900, A. G. Stubbs. Hastings and Malling Marsh near Lewes, Sept. 1885, E. Collier. Wilmington near Eastbourne, Sept. 1908, W. E. Brady. Kent E.—Common on the sandhills about Sandwich, and on the chalk hills about Beechborough, Folkestone, 1876, Mrs. Fitzgerald. East Cliff and behind the castle, Dover, Aug. 1875, L. E. Adams. Plentiful near golf-links, Dover, July 1896 ; on the golf-links, Sandwich, Sept. 1900; the Park, Patrixbourne ; and a large colony by the side of the canal, Hythe, Aug. 1909, C. E. Wright. Deal, Mr. Corrie and H. C. Leslie. Kent W.—A large number of specimens from Sandwich were liberated about Chislehurst, but appear to have gradually died out (T. D. A. Cockerell, Journ. of Conch., 1884, p. 238). 110 THEBA CARTUSIANA. Surrey—Banstead Downs (D. Cooper, Flora Metrop., 1836, p. 122). Kenneth McKean has also recorded in the Transactions of the Croydon Nat. Society that Theba cartusiana has been found on Banstead Downs by H. T. Mennel and others. Middlesex—Recorded in the Flora Metropolitana by D. Cooper for Hampstead Heath. Bucks. — Recorded from near Hartwell House, Aylesbury, Apr. 1852 by E. J. Lowe. Suffolk E.—A single dead but fresh specimen in good condition found at Little Glemham by Mr. G. T. Rope in March 1899. Rather plentiful on a chalky hedge- bank with a south-west exposure near Needham Market, Oct. 1902 ! A. Mayfield. Suffolk W.—A dead shell found at Great Fakenham, Sept. 1908 ! F. H. Sikes ; and another specimen picked up at the same place by Mr. A. Mayfield. Norfolk E.—A fairly fresh dead shell, Long Stratton, Aug. 1890! L. E. Adams. Glamorgan—A colony formerly lived on East Moors, Cardiff, about 1880, but has since disappeared ; the ground is now built over, F. W. Wotton. York S.E.—A specimen found at Hunmanby Gap, Filey, Aug. 1887, T. Hagger. GERMANY. Appears to be restricted, more or less closely, to the vicinity of the western and eastern frontiers, and has only been reported from Alsace, Baden, Lorraine, Nassau, Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Silesia, Suabia, and Westphalia. NETHERLANDS. Holland—Heer Schepmanun reports its discovery in North Holland in 1914. Belgium—Several localities in West Flanders, and also reported from the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg with a doubtful record from Colonstere in the province of Liége. FRANCE. Though reported as found over the whole of France, this statement is not yet supported by actual records of its existence in every department. It has, however, been reported from fifty-eight of the eighty-six departments into which the country has been divided :—From the Agenais, Ain, Aisne, Allier, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Ardennes, Aube, Aude, Aveyron, Basses Pyrénées, Bouches-du-Rhéne, Basses Alpes, Calvados, Champagne Meridionale, Charente Inferieure, Cotes-du-Nord, Céte @Or, Dréme, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Herault, Indre-et-Loire, Isere, Jura, Landes, Loire Inférieure, Lozere, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Morbihan, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Orne, Pyrénées Orientales, Rh6éne, Sadne-et-Loire, Sarthe, Savoy and Upper Savoy, Seine, Seine Inférieure, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Somme, Tarn-et-Garonne, Var, Vaucluse, Vendée, Vienne, Yonne, and the Island of Corsica. IBERIAN PENINSULA. Spain —Recorded by Griiells as inhabiting the whole of Spain, and precise records are available from every province except Leon and Murcia; it has also been detected by Rev. R. A. Bullen in a Holocene deposit at Majorca, Balearic Isles. The var. sarriensis is smaller than the type form, with a rounder and almost oblique aperture; it is said by M. Fagot to be the prevalent Spanish form, and has been definitely reported from Barcelona and other places in Catalonia. Portugal—The typical form and var. minor are recorded by Morelet and Prof. Nobre from Valborn, and the public cemetery and environs of Oporto in the province — of Minho; Prof. Nobre also cites Lisbon and Setubal, Estramadura ; Abrantes in Alemtejo, and near Vila Nova de Gaia in Beira. TTALY. Probably diffused over the whole of Italy, definite records being accessible for Apulia, Abruzzi, Calabria, Campania, Emilia, Liguria, Lombardy, Marches, Pied- mont, Romana, Tuscany, Umbria, Venetia, and the Islands of Sardinia, Sicily, Capri, ete. H. syracusana Bourguignat is only an insignificant variety of 7. cartusiana, and was based on specimens from Syracuse sent to him by Benoit. THEBA CARTUSIANA. Hild SWITZERLAND M. Charpentier records it from hedges and from the banks of Lake Leman in the environs of Geneva, and from Canton Vaud, at Lausanne and Gleérolles, Dr. Bollinger from Orbe, and M. Roffizen from Chillon and Gor ge-du-Chauderon ; Dr. Bollinger also cites it from several localities in Basel, Estav ayer in Canton Fribourg, and Vaumareus in Canton Neuchatel; while Stabile quotes Lugano, Canton Ticino. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Well distributed over the various countries of the empire, being recorded for Austria, Banat, Bosnia, Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, Dalmatia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Herzegovi ina, Illyria, Istria, Moravia, Odenburg, Pesth, Pressburg, Slavonia, Styria, Transylvania, and Tyrol. BALKAN PENINSULA. Greece—Recorded from Thessaly, Epirus, and Peloponesus, and the Islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Eubzea, Crete, ete. ; and as H. olivierii Mich. from Crete, the Sporades, Cyclades, ete. Albania—Recorded from Janina by Herr Clessin ; and Avlona by von Martens. Macedonia—Salonica ! J. A. Hargreaves. Wodena, Dr. R. Sturany. Roumelia—In rejectamenta of the river Maritza at Dorfe Kadikej (P. Hesse, Nachbl., 1914). Servia—Belerade, Dr. Paetel. Roumania —Recorded from Babadagh and Matein in Dobrudscha by Clessin. Bulgaria—Varna (Jickeli, Nachbl., 1874, p. 9). Turkey— Helix frequens is recorded by Dr. Pfeiffer as found throughout Turkey; and also recorded by Clessin. H. syriaca is cited from Derkos near Constantinople by Dr. Sturany. DENMARK. Zealand—The typical form and var. minor of Westerlund are recorded by Mr. Sehlesch as found by Mr. Niels Petersen of Copenhagen in the vicinity of the fortress of Jaegersborg near Copenhagen, but it may be remarked that the accuracy of these records is doubted by many Danish malacologists. RUSSIA. Recorded from Tehernigov, Taurida, and Volhynia; also from the Caucasus and Novorossisk, Kouban Territory, Transcaucasia; the var. frequens from South y> JTEq Russia ; and its subsidiary form obscura from Transcaucasia. SIBERIA. Recorded by Middendorff from Irkutsk ; and by Gude from the Amur Valley. NORTH AFRICA. Egypt—Theba cartusiana, Helwan near Cairo ! Mrs. Longstaff. Helix syriaca, which is probably a variety of 7. cartusiana, is recorded by Pfeiffer for Egypt. Algeria—M. Bourguignat records Helix fradiniana Bourg., which is probably merely a form of the present species ; and Dr. L. Pfeiffer also records Helix syriaca as a denizen. ASIA MINOR. Asiatic Turkey—Trebizond, Erzeroum, and Baibout, in province of Trebizond ; Priene near Smyrna in Adana; and at Brussa. Syria—Recorded from Jaffa, Palestine, by Mr. F. H. Sikes; and as H. frequens by Dy. Pfeiffer from Syria. 112 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. GENUS XEROPHILA Held. (Helicella, Férussac; Helicopsis, Fitzinger; Jacosta, Gray; Trochula, Schliiter ; Turricula, Beck; Cochlicella, Risso, etc.). HE genus Verophila (Enpos, dry : pidew, to love) i is a subdominant group, which in evolutionarily active countries is chiefly restricted to arid ground, but if by accident or design any of its constituent species are transported to primitive and manifestly weaker regions, they may monopolize them, and oust the competing native species. This group is dedicated with the highest respect to Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez Hidalgo, the distinguished Spanish conchologist, and professor of malacology in the University of Madrid, in recognition and appreciation of his great services to science, and the many valuable works he has produced, not only upon the fauna of Spain, but upon the Philippine Islands and other regions. Prof. Pilsbry and others have affirmed the alliance of the present group and Hygromia, as evidenced by their similarly simply -lipped shells, simple form of dart, and the frequent duplication of the dart sac. ‘his opinion is not corroborated by the general character of the shells, which in Hygromiu are usually of an uniformly dull brown and bandless, with a thickened periostracum, while in .Verophila the shells are characterized by their white or whitish calcareous substance and varied dark zonal banding—incontestible evidences of a radically different environment and mode of life. Internally these differences are emphasized in Verophila by the perfect freedom of the reproductive organs from the right tentacular retractor, which in Hygromia passes between the male and female organs, while the stylophores or dart sacs possessed by the typical /ygromiw are paired on each side of the vagina, and each pair arranged as a small inner and a larger outer sac, the outer one only being teliferous; whereas the stylophores of the typical Nerophila itala are of equal size, placed side by side, and develop a pair of slender, curved, and intercrossing darts, with a common lumen. This arrangement in .\. ‘tala suggests that the ancestral form may have possessed a pair of teliferous sacs at each side of the vagina, one set of which has in VY. itala quite disappeared, while the remaining set is at present in process of fusion; further progress in this degeneration i is shown in A. virgata, which has now only a single dart, though its stylophore, by the occasional presence of an apical cleft, indicates that it was probably formerly similar to that of .V. itala; while, according to Moquin-'l'andon, the small and more primitive coast form (CY. virgata var. maritima Drap.) invariably has the stylophore bluntly bilobed. * Opinions of Eminent Scientific anen. ISS PROF. ‘SPIRIDON. BRUSINA, Unies of Agram, author of — ) numerous conchological works. Zagreb-Agram, Croatia, , “Though the first volume of your- Monograph is worthy of all the praise that. ~ can be bestowed upon it, yet the parts that have since. appeared, devoted to the e consideration of the species, call forth a still greater admiration, » ' 3, -“ The coloured plates and the pictures in the text are unsurpassable—they are > truly works of art ; and .no other country in the world can boast of possessing such Saas me nitisens worl: HEDP its fauna.” ee From DR. <2 AGARDH WESTERLUND, the Eminent Swedish Natieetists. < Ronneby, Sweden. -44In the: whole range of odintgienical literature, the Monograph is quite unique, and stands alone in the*wealth and variety of its contents, the richness of its illustra- tion, and admirable arrangement, as. well as in the great ARIAS: and the conservative yet critical acumen evinced in the text. . . eet Ss indeed, a proud scientific monument for its ‘author and for his country.” Lee From The: Rt. Hon. The LORD MAYOR OF THE CITY OF ‘LEEDS Rtn (JAMES E. BEDFORD, J.P., F.G.S.). «Your Monograph is a monument of patient work and acumen—patient in its : - elaboration. of detail, penetrative in its determination of subtle pean and its eek illustrations reflect supreme, credit on yourself and upon the city. TR CIEE Be Allow, me to express my personal obese of your life’ s work,”’ cs oy , mee 0 From R. D. DARBISHIRE, B.A., F.G.S. “sano ee sat beat Victoria Park, Manchester. BS Tet recity magnificent piece of wore: ‘in sa i in Pace ss and in art, and “Sete all on their eee level.” 6 _ From. ‘DR. R. BOOG WATSON, LL.D., F.R.S, etc., author of -. the Mollusca of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition. att peor Monbgraph is a cay. ir nig n work of quite exceptional ability.” From ) JOAQUIN. GONZALEZ HIDALGO, Professor of Malacology. ‘University of Madrid. : : pone ‘Monograph is Spestes.: arranged with great care, and embracing every lee * aspect. of the subject. . The illustrations, printing, and paper are all-superb. It isa peek that honours my HbKary, and. will ery help meé in my work.” “From LT. -COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F, R. S., author of the ‘‘Land Shells. of India,’’ etc. “The receipt of your last part impels me to write to say how much I appreciate " your. splendid work, and how beautifully and thoroughly you have entered into every ~ detail of the. anatomy, and it is these details which are so pepstset, in classification.” From PH. DAUTZENBERG, Paris, Co-Editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris, e “The attival of the last part of yout intensely interesting work tempts: me to” ig PEAS See you on your, magnificent Penlen es IN Hroni ‘SAMUEL wood. GEISER, University, Fayette, lowa: “Permit me to express my appreciation of your Monograph. ‘The work “seems to me ‘monumental, and the text. shows a combination of extensive and exact _ learning, with a _kéen sense of discrimination. Tt is a mine of information—anatomical, Gryliblogscal and ecological. Sy \ SCIENTIFIC WORKS — Te be PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR BROS., SOVEREIGN ST. LEEDS. h; ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF © BRITISH FRESHWATER SHELLS, ae By ARTHUR G. STUBBS. ase . nS Containing life-like and authentic figures of all the British species of Freshwater Shells: with descriptions of the chief characteristics, colouring, habitat, and relative ‘scarcity or abundance of each species, and an enumeration and description. of their varieties. ; PRICE 3/9 POST-FREE. v WILD-BIRD PROTECTION AND NESTING BOXES, — By J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., Vick-PRESIDENT NORTH STAFFs. 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Containing life-like and authentic figures of all the British species of Freshwater Shells with descriptions of the chief characteristics, colouring, habitat, and relative scarcity or abundance of each species, and an enumeration and description of their varieties. PRICE 3/9 POST-FREE. WILD-BIRD PROTECTION AND NESTING BOXES. — By J. R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., VicE-PRESIDENT NortrH Srarrs. NAt. Fietp CLus. Illustrated with NINE COLLOTYPE PLATES and many Engrayings in the text, showing various ~ designs of Bird Brackets, etc., that have actually been used by Wild Birds for Nidification, and a full list © of the Orders made under the ‘‘ Wild Birds’ Protection Acts,” on the application of County Councils, with ~~ the names of the species protected. PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS. ITH the issue of Part 24 we resume the publication 3 Ta North .Grange, Horsforth. USE Pakl. With the respectful compliments of the Author. * fs 4 ee. 1) _— a 7 ATRL LLYAG USGL BLA fs. "4, ia ate A a ;, ~ senate Aa, Wh Leht we! 5 & “maak Whe WM i By ; aa TOA Se cs: i 4 + Lo] ‘3 ‘i * q a mi . en) 7 ' ~ 4 ol » ee ; er. i] 7 " : ree . j sas a =) i - a at ’ a a A an = wa ol et es a es a in a ra 3 en ' << 7 sa ; sd : ee 4 ya \ , ‘ . r] Kod 7 P a? " = - { Ls } Pipa SOE Xerophila ttala (L.) x 14. Royston, Cambridge, Mr. H. G. Fordham. X. ttala vy. alba (Moq.) X 2. X. ttala v. vitrea (Wattebl.) x 2. A. tala v. vitreozonata Taylor X 1. Newquay, Cornwall, Mr. James. Lona, Rev. G. A. F. Knight. Llandudno, Mr. /]. R.le B. Tomlin. XX. ttala var. rubra (Baudon) X 2. A. 7tala var. bicolor (Pascal) x 13. NX. ftala var. lutescens (Moq.) 13. Island of Mull, Mr. A. Somerville. Mont St. Catherine, Rouen. Evington, Leicester, Mr. Quilter. X. ttala v. monozona (Pascal) X 2. X. ttala vy. bizonalis (Pascal) x 1%. NX, ttala v. fasciata (Moq.) X 11. Coleraine, Mr. Lionel E. Adams. Eastbourne, Mr. A. G. Stubbs. Narin, Donegal, Mr. R. J. Welch. X. ttala v. coalita (Pascal) x 2. NX. ttala v. hypozona Taylor x 2. X. ttala v. leucozona (Moq.) x 2. Eastbourne, Mr. A. G. Stubbs. Tenby, Mr. A. G. Stubds. Durness, Mr. A. H. Pawson. X. itala v. lentiginosa (Moq.) X 13. NX. ttala v. instabilis (Jeffreys) < 13. Gt. Blasket, Kerry, Mr. A.W. Stelfox. Tiree Island, Rev. J. E. Somerville. Xerophila neglecta (Drap.) x 2. Luddesdown, West Kent, Mr. A. S. Kennard. J.'W. Taylor, del. ad nat. Taylor Bros., Leeds. GENUS XEROPHILA. 113 The light thrown upon the relationship and affinity of the various forms by the more precise and intimate investigations of the present day, leads us to doubt the truth of the allocation of many species formerly associated together as simple variants of a common specific type, and though conti- nental authors have discriminated between many forms of this and other groups ina much more analytical way than is usual in this country, this action was usually based chiefly or entirely upon shell characters; yet some of their proposed species have already been justified by a demon- stration of certain differences in their organization as compared with that of the species to which they have hitherto been referred. The various species of the group have been carefully studied by the Marquis di Monterosato, who has devised sectional names, variant of Verophila, for the reception of the various types ; thus he proposes .Ve70- laxa for X. ttala and .Y. pamplonensis ; Nerocincta for .V. neglecta ; Neroleuta for \. obvia ; Nerogyra for \. bathyomphala and X. spade : Nerofriga for V. nubigena, ete. ; while Westerlund established a group as Pseudoxerophila for \. instabilis Zieg|. and allied forms, characterized by the shells bearing fine spiral strize and rows of punctiform impressions. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS show a well-developed penis and epiphallus, which is furnished with a strong retractor, and terminated by a short subulate flagellum ; the stylophore may be incompletely bifid, reduced to a simple sac, or in extreme forms entirely lost or modified into an organ of analogous function; the gypsobelum or dart may be paired, single, or even wanting; the mucus glands are 8-25 in number ; and the male element is transferred by means of a long, slender, and serrate spermatophore. The MANDIBLE is wide and arcuate with many more or less prominent, flattened, diverging, transverse ribs, which denticulate the cutting margin. The RADULA is of the usual type, with symmetrically trifid median teeth, asymmetrically bifid laterals, and trifid or quadrifid marginals. The species of this genus are extremely variable and especially numerous in the Mediterranean region, where the species are inextricably interwoven. ‘he genus is, however, quite rare in North Central Europe, where the chief evolutionary area is assumed to have been located. According to Prof. Pilsbry, though the genus has been recorded from the Lower Miocene strata, there are few undoubted representatives before the advent of Pleistocene time. Fic. 167.—Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, in 1898, where Verofhila ftala, NX. virgata, etc., are abundant (photo. by the late Mr. J. Madison, Birmingham). 14/7/21 H 114 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. Xerophila itala (Linné). 1674 Cochlea cinerea, fasciata, Ericetorum Lister, Phil. Trans., vol. ix., p. 99, no. 105, pl. 6, f. 12. 1678 Cochlea cinerea, albiddve, fasciata, Ericetorum Lister, Hist. An. Angl., p. 126, bib: xi. pl. 2d. UT. 1753 Nerita integra, Striata Klein, Method. Ostrac., p. 6, no. 11. 1767 La grand Ruban G ON: C Ue ; 2, Fis! no. 13. 1758 Helix itala Linne, Syst. Nat., X ed., no. 598, p. coe 1777. — albella Pennant, Brit. Zool., lv,, p- 132, pl. 8d, f. 122! 1778 — erica Da Costa, Brit. Coneh., P05; pleat. 8: 1IS91 — Jlampra Westerlund, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., xlii., p. 25. 1826 Helicella ericetorum Hisso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid., iv., p. 7. 1831 Zonites ericetorum Leach, Turton’s Man., p. 101. 1833 Oxychilus ericetorum Fitzinger, Syst. Verz., p. 100. 1837 Xerophila ertceforwn Held, Isis, p. 918. 1SS4 — (Planatella) ericetorum Clessin, Exe. Deutsch Moll., p. 187, £. 110. 1837 Theba ericetorwm Beck, Ind. Moll., p. 13. 1892 Verolara ericetorum Monterosato, Moll. Isole Adj. Sicilia, p. 24. ISTORY.—"This is another species which was first discriminated and named, untor- tunately polynomially, by Dr. Martin Lister, though Linné was the first author to apply binomial designation as was established many years ago by ‘Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, who in his examination of the Linnean Collection, now in the possession of the Iinnean Society of London, detected the distinguishing numerals 598, which is the serial number of this species in the 10th edition of the Systema Nature, inscribed in Linné’s well-known handwriting upon one of the specimens therein, which thus becomes the type of the species. Some confusion arose later in reference to the precise numerals inscribed on the type shell, and conflicting statements were published, but this uncertainty was, we hope, finally set at rest by Mr. Edgar A. Smith. v) 12 There are four specimens of this species in [Ne Ge a - the Linnean Collection, all below the normal size and all very similar in aspect. ‘lhe type specimen is a tetrafasciate shell bearing the numerals 598, and showing the band arrangement — in a faded and faint greyish-fawn colour. I have pee in associating with the present species the late Prof. Ralph ‘late, F.G.8., founder of the Belfast Natural History Field Club, and afterwards p rate sssor of Natural History in the University of Adelaide, South Australia. He was the author of an excellent popular manual on our British land and freshwater mollusca published in 1866, and also prepared the invaluable Appendix to the revised editions of Dr. 8. P. Woodward’s famous classical work, “A Manual of the Mollusca.” Though other names have from time to time been added to the synonyms of this species, it is doubtful how far they can be accepted, as there are so many intermediate linking forms in existence and few or any of the pro- XEROPHILA ITALA. 115 posed synonyms are supported by any information as to the internal structure of the doubtful forms, so that implicit confidence cannot be placed in the accuracy of such references, although the light recently thrown on the relationship of various forms by the more rigidly precise investigations of modern scientists, lead us to doubt the strict identity with the present species of VY. instubtlis, XV. obvia, X. candicans, ete. The Helix ericetorum Nilsson is not our XX, itala, but according to Dr. Gawyn Jeffreys is a very strongly striate shell, allied to our VY. cuperata ; while Prof. von Martens has affirmed that the Swedish shells are identical with VY. striata Schmidt. A specimen named Helix nilssoniana Beck, from Wurzburg, Bavaria, exhibited in November, 1912, at a meeting of the Leeds Conchological Club, on behalf of Mr. J. H. Ponsonby-Fane, was judged by its shell, a very finely but distinctly and regularly striate form of \. virgata or a closely-allied species. The Helix ericetorum Drap. is likewise, judging by the figures, not refer- able to the present species, but appear to represent .V. neglecta, while the figure of his Helia cespitum var. [2 has been considered to be a character- istic representation of .V. 7talw. ‘his confusion as suggested by M. Picard, is probably due to errors of the engraver. Hlelix obvia, Helix instabilis, and H. candicans of Ziegler, and other forms have been described as synonymous with V. éa/a, but sufficient differences have been demonstrated in several of these cases to sustain their specific claims. //. candicans, according to Herr Hesse, is very dis- tinct in structure, and this divergence is especially shown in the love-dart. H. obvia is described as more narrowly umbilicated, and as possessing two long straight darts; while /7. instabilis is made the type of a new sub- genus by Dr. Westerlund on account of the fine spiral strive and rows of punctiform impressions on the shell. Mr. Step (‘Shell Life,” p. 359) expresses his belief in the great proba- bility of this and other unlikely species being evolved from V. virgata. Diagnosis.— Yerophilu itala is well distinguished from the allied species in this country by its subdiscoidal shell, wide umbilicus, and tubular whorls. INTERNALLY, it stands absolutely alone amongst our teliferous British species in possessing paired darts or gypsobela within what is now a practically simple though distally bifid stylophore or dart-sac. Description of Animal.—Scarborough specimens collected by Mr.J. A. Hargreaves in September, 1917, had long, slender, and almost colourless BODIES, but of a slightly darker greyish tint anteriorly ; the whole upper surface was tuberculate, with only slightly perceptible DORSAL GROOVES, which enclosed a longitudinal row of elongate TUBERCLES, but no trace of facial or lateral grooves were detected ; the MANTLE was colourless, with numerous whitish specks ; and the RESPIRATORY ORIFICE was margined above, and on the right side, with white; the FOOT-SOLE was of a pale and uniform yellowish tint, with no perceptible trifasciation, but showing a narrow though indistinct FOOT-FRINGE, which was faintly lineolate; the OMMATOPHORES were slender and elongate, showing through their outer covering the pale grey RETRACTORS; the EYE SPECKS black and dorsally placed on the elongately bulbous extremities; the lower TENTACLES were slender and semi- transparent and the retractors only slightly pigmented. Though the aspect of the animal may usually be as above described, yet the mantle in the albine forms is frequently of a dark leaden hue, of which shade the animal generally partakes, and intermediate forms connecting these extremes may also be found. The presence of manganese in the tissues of mollusks is now being investigated by Prof. Boyeott, who finds that the average quantity of this substance in the tissues of 1. itala to be 0:0007 per cent. of the total weight of the animal, 116 XEROPHILA ITALA. The SHELL is very depressed and almost discoid above, but more convex and bombous below ; of a glossy, semi-opaque cretaceous substance, and of a greyish- white or pale greyish-fawn colour; the WHORLS are six in number, cylindrical and regularly increasing in size, the last somewhat dilated towards the aperture, with usually one broad dark spiral band above the periphery and several more slender ones beneath ; the SCULPTURE is = - somewhat irregular and plicate above, with Fic. 169. Fic. 170. finer intermediate strize and numerous minute oy ee ee irregularly shaped pittings scattered over the Fic. ee Frontal aspect and surface ; the SPIRE is only slightly raised, and s a Mara st ee OF ee ee terminates in a brown and more or less pellucid ‘Tenby, S. Wales, Mic Wee apex ; the APERTURE is oblique, almost cirenlar and slightly expanded ; the OUTER LIP is slightly reflected towards the columella and abruptly inflected above, with a slight internal submarginal rib or thickening ; SUTURE distinct; UMBILICUS very wide and open, exposing all the interior of the spire. Diameter, 17 mill. ; altitude, 8 mill. The INTERNAL STRUCTURE shows a pale buff KIDNEY or renal organ, of a some- what elongate shape, tapering and curved like a broad bladed seythe. _Moquin- Tandon describes this organ, under the name of ‘ glande precordiale,” as of a nearly opaque yellow colour, and elongately twisted like a horizontal @%, while the HEART within the somewhat fusiform PERICARDIUM is appressed to the concave proximal margin; the VENTRICLE is large and of an opaque-grey ; and the AURICLE is noticeably smaller, transparent, and colourless. The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM displays an (ESOPHAGUS which is very long, somewhat twisted, and uniform in thickness, the large yellowish-white SALIVARY GLANDS embracing the anterior third of its course, and discharging their secretion by a pair of short DUCTS; the CROP is voluminous and elongate, and at its distal extremity is abruptly bent back upon itself and continued as the usual three tracts, or Fic. 171. Fic. 172. _ Fic. 171.—Alimentary tract of an adolescent example of \Verxof/i/a ita/a, from Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire ; from a dissection and sketch by Prof. Boycott, x 4. Fic. 172.—Alimentary canal of an apparently abnormal example from Epsom, Surrey; from a dissection and sketch by the late Mr. Charles Ashford, x 4. courses of the gut, the RECTUM in its course passing close to the heart. The digestive gland or liver is usually of a light brown colour, and the hepatic arterial vessels are quite colourless. In Mr. Ashford’s original drawing of his dissection of a specimen of this species from Epsom, the distal extremity of the crop or stomach shows an asymmetrical pair of globose expansions, beyond which the stomach gradually diminishes in amplitude, and passes into the normal gut. XEROPHILA ITALA. ibe . The CEPHALIC MUSCULATURE displays a very wide and strong pharyngeal retractor, the whole breadth of which is attached to the buceal bulb. The tentacular and oral muscles arise from the same root and are fused together for a moiety of their total length, when the stout branch to the ommatophore of each side diverges, the muscle to the right ommatophore being quite free from Fic. 173. Vic. 174. Fic. 173.—Cephalic retractors-of an adolescent specimen of \evopfhila tta/a from Charlton Kings, Gloucester ; from a dissection and sketch as seen from beneath, by Prof. Boycott (greatly enlarged). o. ommatophore retractors; 2. labial retractors ; ¢. anterior tentacular retractors. ‘The retractor of the buccal bulb is the broad central band. Fic. 174.—Kidney and heart of .\. ¢¢a/a, also showing the rectum, etc., as viewed from beneath ; from a dissection and sketch by the late Mr. Charles Ashford (greatly enlarged). the sexual complex; the muscles serving the lower tentacles and the oral area are usually five on each side, and are not perfectly symmetrical, the stout outer- most strand on each side of the body retracts the lower tentacles, while the remaining four are distributed to the lips and mouth-region generally. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS display an elongate white OVOTESTIS; the HERM- APHRODITE DUCT is very sinuons and convoluted; the ALBUMEN GLAND of variable dimensions, according to the season, and separating into lobes after Inaceration in water; the VESICULA SEMINALIS is reniform, of a clear yellow, with fine blackish specks; the OvIDUCT is distinetly and very closely sacculate ; the PROSTATE or sperm duct is comparatively broad; SPERMATHECA irregularly ovoid in shape and greyish-white in colour, borne on a moderately long and slender stem; PENIS-SHEATH short and somewhat clavate, con- tinued as a long, twisted and taper- ing EPIPHALLUS, and terminating in a short subulate FLAGELLUM; the vaginal MUCUS GLANDS are some what irregular in number, and de- seribed by Moquin-Tandon as 4—10 on each side, verticillate, and in- serted very high on the vagina; they are 5 to 8 millimetres long, slightly flexuous, and of a white colour Fic. 175.— Reproductive system of .\. ztada, x 3, Epsom, Surrey. a.g. albumen gland ; d.s. twin stylophores or dart sacs ; ef. epiphallus; fi. flagellum 3 2.27. digi- tate vaginal mucus glands 3 of. ovotestis or hermaphrodite gland with the sinuate herma- phrodite duct ; oz. gland- ular or sacculate oviduct ; p. penis ; s.d. prostate or sperm duct; sf. sperma- theca and its duct; v.d. vas deferens. tinged with greyish, but in British specimens are most usually 4—6 mill. in length, and 7—8 in number on each side. The STYLOPHORES or dart-sacs are formed externally of a pair of similar and simple sacs, whose lower parts are blended and fused to the VAGINA; the free DISTAL ENDS are ovate, bluntly pointed, greyish-yellow in colour, and speckled with brown. The sacs may, however, be unequally developed, and at times one may be more or less atrophied. Internally there is only a single lumen, which is bifid distally, each section or lobe bearing a tubercle resting upon the fundus of the sac, and supporting the base of its dart. The papillary common outlet of the darts may be sometimes perceived through the investing tissues, with the points of the two darts projecting from it. 118 XEROPHILA ITALA. The DARTS or gypsobela are two in number, 4-53 mill. in length, and are com- paratively large for the size of the animal. They have a curved and sometimes a strongly twisted hollow shaft, usually terminating when mature in a compressed LAIN Fic. 176. Bic. Wf. Fic. 178. Enlarged details of the teliferous organs of Verophila itala L. Fic. 176.—Enlarged sectional view of the stylophore, showing the bilobation of the sac, and the darts in siti, x 4. Fic. 177.—More highly enlarged view showing the basal attachment of the dart to the fundus of the sac; from a dissection and sketch, by the late Mr. Charles Ashford. Fic. 178.—Gypsobelum or Love-dart of \. zta/a L., xX 63; after Schuberth. or flattened apex or point, the amount of compression varying, but the lateral edges do not develop into true blades. The base of each dart is without annulus, and no wider than the shaft, and rests upon the tubercle at the distal ends of the bilobed sac. When freshly extracted the shaft is always somewhat transparent, the central cavity being filled with liquid, retaining numerous air bubbles which disappear a few minutes after extraction, after which the darts assume an opaque white aspect. The twin darts are usually but not invariably of equal size and the same degree of curvature, while their concave surfaces always face each other, and their free- pointed ends cross in their natural positions at rest within the sac, and would con- tinue to further diverge on their extrusion. Darts are almost invariably present in adult specimens, leading to the view that the spicula are not invariably lost during the preludes to conjugation, or that other- wise they are speedily renewed. The JAW is quite crescentic in shape, about 15 millimetres from side to side, and half millimetre in altitude; of a somewhat rufous- fawn colour, darkening in the thicker and over- lapping parts, and bearing about eight transverse and somewhat divergent ribs, which are unusually broad and prominent especially medially, and pro- ject beyond the cutting margin, and still more strikingly on the upper border; there are also, some- times, one or more slightly indicated ribs at one or Fie: 179. \andibles oresaenee both extremities of the jaw, and one or more per- _\erofhila itala \.., x 20, Chipstead, ceptible lines or thickenings parallel with the upper Surrey, from a preparation by Dr. and lower margins. EW Bowe: The RADULA is of the usual oblong shape, about 3 millimetres in length and 1 millimetre in breadth, composed of 120 or more transverse rows of somewhat similarly sized teeth, which are slightly convergent to the median line of the radula; each transverse’row of teeth is composed of a central longitudinal row of $< i, = hy YW oe ee ape C ~ us \ —_) Fic. 180.—Representative denticles from the radula of Veropfila ttala Linné, also showing the relative positions of the cutting points of the succeeding row of denticles, from Chipstead Common, Surrey, prepared and micro-photographed by Dr. E. W. Bowell (x 330). c. central or median tooth ; a. admedian or lateral teeth ; #. marginal teeth or uncini. tricuspid teeth, each formed of a strong central cusp, with a supporting ectocone on each side, flanked by about twelve admedian or lateral teeth, which are mostly XEROPHILA ITALA. 119 bicuspid, and constituted by the mesocone and an ectocone; the marginals are about twenty in number, and also mostly bicuspid, but the ectocone gradually increases in Importance as the margin of the lingual membrane is approached until it almost equals the mesocone in size. The formula of the radula of a Chipstead specimen prepared and photographed by Dr. E. W. Bowell is 20 pie pi4+ ir 45% x 120—= 7,800 teeth. Reproduction and Development.—Few observations on the modes of reproduction have been made, but it is probable that the male element is transferred during conjugation by means of a filiform and_ serrate spermatophore. Mr. Stubbs in the latter part of January, 1900, found a large colony on a sheltered sunny bank with a southern aspect, near Hertford, in active movement, and many of them in sexual conjunction, so that it 1s probable that in favourable seasons this act 1s continued more or less intermittently throughout the major portion of the year. The late Dr. IXobelt has affirmed from direct observation in his terrarium that only one love-dart is extruded and used during the amatory preludes leading up to conjugation. M. Bouchard Chantereaux records that .V. ¢ta/a lays its eggs from August to November; they are from 40-60 in number, agglomerated together in small clusters, and are about 12 mill. in diameter, of a spherical shape, and of a dull white colour, due to the numerous crystals of carbonate of lime in the envelope. Egg deposition has been frequently observed in Ireland by Mr. R. A. Phillips, both in the spring and autumn months, who remarks that the animal prepares a nidus by excavating a hole in the ground, about half- inch deep, and buries its body therein when depositing the eggs, which are probably afterwards covered with the earth. The eggs hatch in about three weeks, the young shells being said to be uniformly horn coloured, becoming gradually more opaque and banded as they increase in size, and are adult towards the middle of the following year, the bulk of them usually dying off during their second hibernation. Habits and Habitat.— \Vervphila itala 1s a very sluggish and timid creature, shrinking within its shell at the shghtest alarm. I[t is an emin- ently gregarious species, frequenting thistles, furze-bushes, ete., sunny and exposed grassy moorlands and pastures, or dry slopes and eminences. X. itala is most plentiful on chalk or limestone soils, especially on the dunes, cliffs, and barren slopes of our coasts, but is also found on sandy or clayey soils, as well as in old quarries, broken ground, etc. ‘The shell being more calcareous or more horny in accordance with the nature of the ground. ‘Though frequenting the driest localities, it has the habit, in common with Vheba cantiana and a few other species, of ejecting a comparatively large quantity of apparently pure water when roughly handled, and it is vouched for by Dr. Jeffreys and others that continued rains destroy great numbers of them. It is a subdominant, or is perhaps more correctly described as a con- ditionally dominant, species, which is more or less restricted to compara- tively inhospitable ground, and this apparent subdominancy is displayed at 'l'enby, Pembrokeshire, where Mr. A. G. Stubbs found that .Y. ¢tala was driven off when the occupied ground was invaded by HZ. pisana ; while 120 XEROPHILA ITALA. Mr. Rh. A. Phillips has remarked upon the absence of .Y. ztala from the sandhills at Rush, near Dublin, where Helia pisana is found, though abundant on neighbouring sandhills where //. pisand 1s not present. In Ireland and elsewhere it has been frequently observed in association with A. virgata, but in Northern France its companion on the dunes is said to be Helix nemoralis, and never H. virgutu, which more frequently consorts with /7. hortensis. The shell is usually carried horizontally, but sometimes is borue at an angle of 45 degrees, while at the moment the shell is jerked forward in crawling it may be elevated to an angle of 80 degrees, or even more, as the shell is momentarily nearly vertically poised. It affects exposed places, and is known to ascend beyond 5,500 feet, at which altitude it was found by Dr. Scharff, near Miirren, Canton Berne : in the Pyrénées it is recorded by Dr. Fischer as dwelling in the zone of Helix nemoralis at altitudes between 5,000 and 6,600 feet, but in the Alps it usually lives in altitudes ranging between 4,000 and 5,000 feet or slightly above the zone of cultivation. In the British Isles we have no records for altitudes exceeding the 1,000 feet, at which height it is recorded for Staffordshire. Food.—''he food of this species has not been systematically observed or recorded, but the late Mr. Baillie, of Brora, found that at the Kyle of ‘Tongue, Sutherlandshire, the Lotus was their favourite food ; but during showery weather, in July, 1883, he observed hundreds of them busily feeding on the decaying seaweed a little above high-water mark. Mr. R. Standen, at Whitepark Bay, Ireland, where it is exceedingly abundant, found it in myriads after a damp night feeding on rabbit- droppings with which the scanty herbage of the sandhills is strewed. On the continent, Dr. Hartmann records it as living amongst the Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum). Hibernation and A®stivation.—In the continued dry weather of the summer months, the adults are stated to bury themselves in the earth, but the immature shells may often be found adherent to the vegetation, more especially to the long stems of the Couch Grass (Triticum repens). ‘he summer epiphragm is very thin and more or less creased, transparent, iridescent, and glistening, with a large oval cretaceous spot above the respiratory orifice, but specimens collected by Dr. W. E. Clarke in May, 1889, at Tarascon, Bouches-du-Rhone, all formed a thick opaque-white epiphragm. According to most observers, it usually retires for hibernation in this country about November, varying according to the season, hiding at the roots of grass and other vegetation or becoming ensconced in some suitable crevice or shelter, but this action is not invariable, as it has been found in mid-winter adherent to the stems of thistles and other plants even during periods of keen frost. ‘Ihe epiphragm at these times is usually though not invariably thick, opaque, and white. Parasites and Enemies.—Like other species it is used as food by many birds, mammals, ete. ‘he whimbrel (Vumenius phwopus), the rock dove (Columba livia), the cream coloured courser (Cursorius europeus), and thrushes (7'urdide) eat this species, according to Yarrell and other authors : while field mice feed upon them, according to the observations of Mr. C. E. Wright. XEROPHILA ITALA. 121 In the insect world it is preyed upon by the coleopterous Drilus davescens, and Ocypus oleus ix also accused by M. de Saussaye with de- stroying and feeding upon the species; while Herr von Linstow has described as Cercarue ericetorum, a caudate parasite developed from sporocysts found in this species. A sarcophagous and possibly saprophagous Dipteron, Surcophaga nigri- ventris Meigen, is recorded by Dr. EK. W. Bowell as bred from a number of dead and moribund .V. 7ta/a, collected on the common, by Chipstead Station, Surrey. Dr. Keilin never obtained this parasite from V. ttula at Cambridge, though common there on other species. Protective Resemblance.—'l'he ochreous var. dutescens has been noted by Mr. Davy Dean as almost undistinguishable upon the dried grass amongst which it nay be found, while the ordinary whitish form assimilates closely with the caleareous ground on which it is usually found. Economic Uses.— According to Moquin-l'andon, this species is regarded as edible in France, and he especially mentions its use as food by the people of Avignon, Vaucluse. In the British Isles, as in Sussex, and Bundoran, Donegal, the village children and others gather numbers of this and other species, threading them upon twine, and thus making necklaces and bracelets for their own adornment or for sale to tourists and others. Mr. Swanton believes this use of the shells is a survival of an ancient custom, and speculates whether such bored shells have ever been found on pre-historic sites. Geological Distribution.—Verophila itula is apparently not reli- ably known below the deposits of Pleistocene age. ‘lhe fossilized Irish specimens of this species are stated to present quite a different facies to the shells usually found in this country, the spire being more produced and the spiral banding more distinct and pronounced. ENGLAND. PLEISTOCENE.—In England, it is listed by Mr. W. J. L. Abbott amongst the fossils found in the Iehtham fissure, West Kent. In Kent East, in a pre- Neolithic deposit, Barton Court, Dover, Rev. R. A. Bullen. In South Essex, Mr. B. B. Woodward cites it from Pleistocene river drift at Grays; and Mr, J. P. Johnson records a form intermediate between tfal/a and virgata from Uphall Brickyard, Ilford. In Middlesex, Kennard and Woodward record it as present in the ‘Myles Collection,” at the British Museum, as obtained from the sands exposed by the excavations in St. James Square, London, S.W. In Norfolk W., it is recorded by Kennard and Woodward from the later layers of the Pleistocene or early Holocene deposits at Grimes Graves, near Weeting. In Cambridgeshire, Mrs. McK. Hughes describes it as common in the deposits at Grantchester, Barrington, Bar nwell- Abbey, and Barnwell railway- “sti ution ; and Kennard and Woodward remark that the Barnwell Abbey shells are ‘‘ rather small and are decidedly flat, while those from Barrington are distinctly Niaher in spire.’ FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. In France, it is recorded by M. Locard from deposits of Mid-Pleistocene age at Celle, Seine-et-Marne ; by M. Fagot from the grey clays of the Quaternary period at Hers, Haute Garonne ; by Dr. Germain as rare in loess at Neyron, Ain, as well as in the marls of Mouche and Gerland, Rhone; by Bouillet as common at bottom of the ancient lake of Sarlieve, near Clermont, Puy-de-Dome; by Caziot and Maury from the Pleistocene deposits about Nice, Alpes Maritimes ; ; by Dr. Bouly de Lesdain from the Pleistocene dunes of Ghyvelde, Nord; and M. Locard from the quaternary beds about Lyons, Rhone. In Dalmatia, M. Bourgnignat reports this species as //. culgarissima from the quaternary deposits of Sinj. In Greece, M. Hilber has also recorded the same form from this country. 122 XEROPHILA ITALA. ENGLAND. HoLoceNnrE.—Records for these comparatively modern deposits are morenumerous. In Cornwall W., in blown sands, Towan Head, J. P. Johnson ; and from beneath a lacustrine deposit at Perranzabuloe by the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen. In Dorset, under floor of arena of Roman Amphitheatre, called ** Maumbury Rings,” Dorchester, the specimens generally undersized ! H. St. George Gray. In the Isle of Wicht, from the lacustrine beds at Totlands B Jay (Forbes); and by Bristow from sub-zrial beds, St. Catherine’s Down. In Hants South, it was recorded by J. T. Kemp from tufa on river bank, near Waterworks, Southampton. In Sussex West, it was found by Rev. W. A. Shaw in a deposit at West Stoke. In Sussex East, from chalky rainwash, full of Neolithic flakes, overlying Palzeo- lithie rubble drift, to the east of Brighton, J. P. Johnson, 1900. pepe exposed by cliff wastage at Cow Gap Cliff, Beachy Head, Eastbourne, Rev. S. S. Pearce. In East Kent, it was collected by Rey. R. A. Bullen from a deposit overlying the rubble drift at Barton Court, Buckland, Dover, and from a neighbouring deposit, in which a fragment of a Roman tile w as found. ; In West Kent, it is recorded by A. 8S. Kennard from a rainwash at Darenth, excavated in 1894—5, and as common in an early Neolithic interment at Cuxton. It has also been found at [ghtham, beneath a tamulus in Stanley’s Quarry, and by Mr. F. J. Bennett at Allen’s Farm. In Surrey, in chalk-pit, Woodcote Park, Epsom, July 1916! W. E. Cutler; and from a depth of 3 feet in a holocene deposit, Reigate, Lionel E. Adams. In North Essex, it is recorded by J. French from the shell-marl of Felstead. In South Essex, Dr. H. Woodward, records it from the shell-marl at the execa- vations for the East London Waterworks Reservoirs at Walthamstow ; and it has also been found by Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott in loamy clay at the Tunnel Cement Works, West Thurrock. In Middlesex, it is recorded from Uxbridge by Kennard and Woodward. In Oxford, it is recorded from Caversham by Kennard and Woodward. In North Lincoln, it is recorded by Mr. C.S. Carter as common in a hillwash ina Romano-bBritish excavation in the chalk at Ruekland near Louth. In South-east Yorks., it was found by Mr. Mortimer in Barrow (No. 277) of the Bronze age, in Willie Howe Plantation, Sledmere, the specimens being preserved in the Mortimer Museum, Hull. IRELAND. In Antrim, Mr. R. J. Welch found this species quite common, wacten out by a small stream from an exposed old land surface, now overlaid by about 15 feet of blown sand at the east end of Whitepark Bay. In Donegal, Mr. Welch found . i/a/a commonly in the exposed earthy layers of an old land surface on the dunes at Narin, and also found examples in a vreyish sandy old land surface at Rosapenna, and in the later ‘‘ shell-pockets ” as well as in an old ‘ kitchen-midden ” of uncertain age. The species was also common among some remains of an old land surface at Tranarossan, Rosguill peninsula, while at Carricktin, Mullaghderg and Pollan bay he found it commonly in ‘ shell-pockets,” and less frequently at Bundoran under similar cireumstances. AX. (tala is also common in a deposit exposed in an ancient dune at Horn Head, discovered by Dr. Chaster and Mr. C. E. Wright, while Mr. Welch records it as present in myriads in a rainwash in an old dune on Tramore sandhills. Mr. A. W. Stelfox found it common in a rainwash in the sand dunes at Inishmeane, and also obtained specimens from a deposit of blown-sand and bands of black-earth representing flood deposits at the mouth of the Ray river, Falearragh., In West Mayo, Mr. Welch found two specimens of Verophila itala beneath a deposit of sandy peat in a marsh at Dooaghtry, Achill Island, and Dr. F. Corner found this species on the bed of a dried-up lough in the same island. Mr. Welch has also found examples in a section beneath a ‘‘ kitchen-midden,” exposed along the shore of the harbour on Clare Island. In West Galway is the famous deposit at Dogs’ Bay, Roundstone, discovered by . Glover, of Manchester, and first deseribed by R. D: Darbishire. It is deseribed as an old sward, which showed as a black band in the section of the sand hills, but this is now apparently represented by a grey layer of earthy sand, and A. ifala is common therein. On Inishbofin, it was found in a comparatively recent sand-dune (leposit in course of formation, and also in an earlier layer by Mr. A. W. Stelfox. In Clare, Mr. Welch found specimens of the present species in a rainwash of uncertain age at the Catacomb Caves, Edenvale; and Miss Diana Parkinson has detected it in the comparatively modern crannoge deposit at Clanreen. In Kerry, it is recorded by Mr. Stelfox from a blown-sand deposit by Dingle Harbour, and also in a by no means modern deposit at Ferriter's Cove, Smerwick. XEROPHILA ITALA. 123 FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. In France, M. Dollfuss cites it from deposits of Roman age at Lyons-la-Forét, Eure; and Caziot and Maury from the tufaceous beds exposed in the railway eutting near the Imperial Hotel, Nice, Alpes Maritimes. Variation.—.Verophilu itala is a member of a very difficult and complex group whose component members are so intimately linked together, struc- turally and conchologiecally, that until a thorough examination of the various doubtful forms has been made, it will be quite impossible to accurately determine their precise status. Dumont and Mortillet have observed that the character of the shell varies in harmony with the features of the environment, the shell tending to become uniformly whitish, more calcareous and thicker in substance in arid places, fully exposed to the sun, but when living in shady places the shell tends to become less calcareous and more horny in character with the banding less distinctly marked. Dr. Paul Fischer found that in the voleanic region of Auvergne this species, lke /7elia nemoralis and H. hortensis, is characterized by pellucid and excessively thin shells. The size of shell is very variable, ranging in diameter from about 8 milli- metres to 25 millimetres or even more ; the dwarfing is doubtless largely due to the hardships of their life conditions and the meagreness of the available food supply, while the larger forms are the result of more favour- able conditions of life, though M. Beaudouin has especially remarked that in the Cote d’Or the larger specimens are more particularly found in very arid places, while the smaller forms dwelt among very varied surroundings. The effects of altitude and the modifications of other features of the énvironment upon the shell of -V. itala have also been studied by M. Debeaux, who affirms that in the valley of Baréges, Hautes Pyrénées, where the soil is naturally richer in soluble lime than the higher slopes formed solely of primitive rocks, the shells attain a good size (diam. 18 mill.), but are always thin and fragile, and the bands though present are quite pellucid. On the Pic de Midau, at about 1,400 feet above the valley, the shells diminish in size, attaining only a diameter of 10—12 millimetres, while on the still higher altitudes of 4,800 feet and upwards to 6,000 feet, all traces of banding are lost, the shells are still further dwarfed, only attain- ing a diameter of S—10 millimetres, and are thin and delicate and of an uniform ‘‘ pale white.” The pigmentation of the shell differs in its shade and intensity of the ground colour, from white, through yellowish-fawn to very deep brown ; and Mr. C. E. Wright mentions a very beautiful rosy-pink form, which he found at Roundstone, Galway. The bands also vary from being perfectly transparent through greyish or yellowish to brown, or rose-pink, etc., to almost black. ‘I'he spiral banding generally shows a broad dark band above the periphery and several slender lines beneath, but these vary so much in number and character that scarce two specimens are exactly alike; the bands may also by transverse coalition and disruption present a radiate aspect on the upper side, this, according to Mr. Ashford, being the normal form in King’s Co., Ireland; and Mr. A. W. Stelfox in June 1918 found a similarly marked and almost purely albine variety to be the prevailing form on Great Blasket Island, off the coast of Kerry. The modifications of shape are chiefly those from a flat or greatly depressed spire to an elongate form, with the whorls almost dislocated as in var. disjuncta of Turton. 124 XEROPHILA ITALA. VARIATIONS IN FORM OF SHELL. y sae fe o) Snh Var. charpentieri Moquin-Tl'andon. Helix ericetorum var. charpenticrt Moy.-Vand., Hist. Moll. France, 1835, p. 253. Hleltx ericetorum var. pyramidata Baudon, Moll. Oise, 1862, p. 25. Helix ertcetorum var. instabilis Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.. 1862, vol. i, p. 216. Helix morbihana Bourguignat in Locard’s Prodr., 1882, pp. 97 and 324. Helix evtcetorum var. servierensis Germain, Moll. Maine-et-Loire, 1903, p. 121, pl. 2. Helix ertcetella var. alta Caziot, Moll. Monaco, 1910, p. 277. The var. charpentieri Mog.-Tand. is described as a little less depressed with an umbilicus in conformity. The sub-var. pyramidata Baudon is extremely convex and pyramidal, and tends to become sealariform. Fic. 181. Fic. 182. Fic. 18l. —\. t/ala var. pyvamidata Baudon, near Compiegne, Oise (after Baudon). Fic. 182.—N. ttala var. morbihana Bourguignat, Auxerre, Yonne (after Caziot). The sub-var. morbihana is distinguished from the type by its more conical form, its convex, quite cylindrical whorls, narrower umbilicus, and its dilated, thickened, and yet sharp peristome. ‘The shell is also usually white and somewhat glossy, but is sometimes fasciated. The sub-var. servierensis Germain is more elate, conico-convex above, with narrower umbilicus, finely and regularly striolate. Diam., 11-15 mill. ; alt., S$-11 mill. Fic. 183. Fic. 184. Fic. 180. Fic. 186. Fic. 183, 184.—\V. fta/a var. servicrensits Germain, Beaulieu, Maine-et-Loire, France x 14. Fic. 185, 186.—\. ‘tala var. instabilis Jeffreys, ‘Tiree Island, Rev. J. E. Somerville, x 13. The sub-var. instabilis Jeffreys is described as shell smaller, of a darker colour and sometimes streaked or spotted ; spire more raised ; umbilicus narrower. The sub-var. alta Caziot is not deseribed or figured, the name being probably regarded as descriptive. The variety from Iona, recorded by Dr. Jeffreys as var. instabilis Ziegler, is probably not that form, but until a knowledge of its internal structure is available, had perhaps best be included under this head. Living specimens referred to the var. dvstabilis Jetfr., collected in the Isle of Tiree, by Rev. J. E. Somerville, examined in 1889, did not exsert the body much beyond the shell when crawling, the back and sides were very dark bluish-black, the body tubereles distinct but not crowded, tentacles moderately long and slender, dark grey in shade, becoming paler distally ; foot-sole yellowish, foot fringe with transverse lineations. Possibly it may be shown to be structurally different from V. ‘tala when carefully examined. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. England—Specimens with a more or less elevated spire have been recorded from Winchester, Hampshire ; Eastbourne, East Sussex ; Durdham Downs, Gloucester ; Clevedon, North Somerset ; Porthywaen Quarries, Shropshire ; Skegness, North Lincoln ; Birstwith, Mid-West Yorkshire ; and Kirkmichael, Isle of Man. Scotland—Fife ; Isle of EKigg, North Ebndes ; Killoran Bay, Colonsay, South Kbudes ; Isles of Lona and Tiree, Mid Eludes ; also on Barra and Butt of Lewis, Outer Hebrides ; and sub-var. tnstabilis is cited by Dr. Jeffreys from Mull, and lona, and was found on ‘Tiree Island by Rev. J. E. Somerville. Ireland—Phenix Park and Malahide, eo. Dublin; Clara, Kine’s co. ; Achill Island, West Mayo; Gleninagh, Clare, and Strabally, Kerry. The sub-var. tnstabilis Jetfr. is recorded from Connemara, Galway, by Jeffreys. XEROPHILA ITALA. 125 FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—The var. charpenticri is cited by Moquin-Tandon on the authority of M. Charpentier, from the steep banks of the canal, Toulouse, Hante Garonne ; by M. Henri Cardot as found rarely at Hautrecy, Ardennes ; from St. Jean de Luz, Basses Pyrénées, by Mr. F. H. Sikes ; and by M. Locard from Lyons, Rhone. Sub-var. servierensis recorded as rare on stems of Frenienl/um, Roche-Serviere, Beaulieu, Maine-et-Loire, by Dr. L. Germain. Sub-var. pyranidata is cited from the road between Compiegne and Bienville, department of the Oise, by Dr. Aug. Baudon. Sub-var. alta is described as found to the north of the Nice Observatory, and at Grasse, Alpes Maritimes by Comm. Caziot. Sub-var. morbihana is known from Morbihan ; Comm. Caziot records it from Auxerre in the Yonne; and Dr. L. Germain from Angers, Maine et Loire. Belgium—Var. charpentieri, Rochefort, Namur, recorded by M. J. Colbean. Var. seythropa Westerlund. Helix lampra var. scythropa Westl., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. xlii, p. 26, 1891. This variety shows characters not altogether in harmony with Verophila itala, and may prove to be distinet. It isa much smaller shell, and much more narrowly umbilicated than is usual in .Y. ‘tala; the spire is also more exserted, the whorls 54 in number, and the margins of the aperture much more widely separated. Diam., 10 mill. ; altitude, 6 mill. Fic, 187. Fic. 188. Fic. 189. Fic. 187—189.—\. zta/a var. scythropa Westl. x 1}. Aran Isles, Galway, Sept. 1892, Dr. Scharff (named by Dr. Westerlund). It was described as a variety of Helix lampra, but it is not improbable that the var. scythropa may prove to be a distinct form. + a , IRELAND. Galway W.—Aran Isles ! R. F. Scharf. ; Var. planorbis Picard. Helix ericetorum var. planorbis Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840. p. 239. Helix ericetorum var. § Pfeiffer. Monog. Helic. Vivent, 1848. vol. i, p. 163. Helix virgultorum Bourguignat in Lecard, Prodr., 1882, pp. 97 and 323. The var. planorbis Picard has a shell perfectly ? = flat, like a Planorbis, the apex being only slightly ax. risen, and may be variously banded, the suture fol- ee lows the keel-line almost or quite exactly. ; <4 The sub-var. virgultorum Bourg. is described by Fic. 190.--.Verophila itala var. Comm. Caziot as shell very depressed, with a funnel- — 4/ao0rdvs Picard, : shaped umbiliens, and a narrow cirenlar aperture. My atlingten, Seek Diam., 12-13 mill. ; alt., 6 mill. +S BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. Oxford—The var. planorbis inhabits an elevated pasture, at Howe Combe, Watlington, July 1907 ! A. H. Pawson. Nottingham—Specimens with a flat spire recorded from Winthorpe by the Rev. tevett Sheppard (Linn. Trans., 1825, vol. xiv, p. 160). Pembrokeshire— Pembroke, 1885! Chas. G. Barrett. Cheshire—Chester, 1886! J. R. le B. Tomlin. Fifeshire—Links, Elie, Aug. 1886! 'T. Scott. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—The var. planorbis was described from specimens found in the Somme, and Grainger records a depressed variety (var. subuliraga Mabille) from Bidaseon, Basses Pyrenees. Thesub-var. virgultorwm is recorded by Abbé Letacq from the plain of Alencon, department of the Orne; by Comm. Caziot as found at an altitude of 2,400 feet to the north-west of St. Vallier-de-Thiey, Alpes Maritimes ; and by Dr. L. Germain for Durtal, Maine et Loire. 126 XEROPHILA ITALA. Var. devians Westerlund. Heltx ericetorum var. devians Westerlund, Nachbl. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1875, p. 72. The var. devians has the shell widely umbilicated, the last whorl expanded at the aperture, which bears a strong inner rib. Diam., ie 18 mill.; alt., 8 mill. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. England—Var. devians is recorded by the author as existing in the fasciate form at Clevedon, North Somerset. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—Var. devians is, according to Dr. Westerlund, found at Agen, Lot-et- Garonne, in the unicolorous white form. Germany—The fasciata-minor form is recorded from Saalfield, East Prussia. y 5: VARIATIONS IN SIZE OF SHEEL. Var. minor Picard. Helix ericetorum vay. minor Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 235. Helix ericetorum var. minor Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Vivent, 1848, vol. i, p. 163. Helix ericetovum var. minor Moquin-Yandon, Hist, Moll Fr., 1855, vol. ii, p. 253, Helix ericetorum var. minor Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 59. Hlelix ericetorum var. minor Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. , 1862, vol. i, ae Ale Helix ericetorum var. minor Bourg., Mal. Alger., 1864, vol. i, p. 257, pl. 30. ff. 6— Helix ericetorum var, minor Westerlund, Palaarct. Binnenconch., 1889, p. 338. Helix ericetorum var. intermedia Gassies, Moll. Agenais, 1849, p. a7. Helix ericetorum var. minor Caziot, Moll. Yonne, 1908, p. 215. Helix ericetorum var. minima Kickx, Syn. Moll. Brains 1830. Hlelix ericetorum var. tavdyi Bourg., Cat. gén. Franc., 1882. Helix ericetorum var. minor Germain, Moll. Maine et Loire, 1903, p. 121. The var. minor Picard is deseribed as ‘shell half-size of type form, spire con- vex, and banding somewhat intense”; sub-var. minor Pfeiffer as 11 mill. diam. and 53 mill. alt. ; sub-var. minor Moquin as ‘‘much smaller than type, but of same form” ; sub-var. —a) minor Dum. & Mort. as 8-9 mill. diam. ; sub-var. minor : Bourg. as shell small, usually zoned, diam. 12-14 mill., Fic. 191.—2X. zta/a var. alt. 6-7 mill. ; sub-var. minor Westerlund as 9-11] mill. #07 Picard. diam, and 5-64 mill. alt. ; and sub-var. minor Caziot as iatagaa ches eS having 53 whorls and adiam. of 12 mill. and an alt. of 5 mill. i oe aa The sub-var. minor Germain is half the usual size, thin, yellowish-horn colour, with clear, fawn semi-transparent bands. The sub-var. intermedia Gassies is described as smaller than the type form, the smallest dimensions being given as 7 mill. diameter. The var. intermedia of Dum. et Mortillet (Moll. Savoie, p. 59) is a much larger form, varying from 11-14 mill. in its smallest diameter. Sub-var. minima Kickx, from Brabant, Belgium, is probably the very small form. The sub-var. tardyi Bourguignat is characterized by the expansion of the umbiliens and of the termination of the last whorl. Diam: , Smill.; alt., 33 mill. The Helix ericetella Jousseaume is regarded as a var. minor of (tala by Drs. Baudon and Kobelt, but is considered distinet by M. Loeard and Dr. Germain. M. Locard saying it is distinguished from Y. itala by ‘its more depressed shape, especially towards the last w horl, its thinner shell, more regular coiling, narrower umbilicus, rounder aperture and reflected peristome.” This stunted and dwarfed form, which Moquin-Tandon and Dupuy regard as a northern variety, has been verified from very numerous localities in this country and abroad, and may probably be met with wherever the species is plentiful. The smallest specimens I have seen—about 8 mill. in diameter—were found by the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce at Wheatley, near Oxford, and are probably var. minima Kickx. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. England—This variety has been seen and verified from West Cornwall, Somerset, North Wilts., pmapent Sussex, East Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Berks., Oxford, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Northampton, W ne Gloucester, Warwick, Stafford, Salop, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, pre qeeis Yorkshire, Durham, Westmorland. T he sub-var. miniina has been found at Lewes, East Sussex, by Mr. C. H. Morris, and by the Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce at Wheatley, Oxford. Scotland—Fife, South and Mid Ebudes, and West Sutherland. The sub-var. minima has been found at Durness, Sutherland, by Mr. A. H. Pawson. Ireland—Londonderry, Antrim, West Mayo, West Galway, and North Cork. XEROPHILA ITALA. D7 FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. Germany—RKeported from Nieder Kaufungen near Cassel, by Mr. P. W. Munn; from Nassau by Prof. von Martens; and from the Eifel, South Rhineland, by Dr. Béttger. Belgium—Recorded from Namur at Hastitre by van den Broeck; and by M. Jules Colbeau from Rochefort. i Sub-var. minima is recorded from Biez, Brabant, by M. Colbeau. France—Reported from the Basses Pyrénées at St. Jean de Luz! and Hendaye! by Mr. F. H. Sikes; and from Eau Bonnes! by Dr. Scharff; In the Hautes Pyrénées it is recorded from Mont Péguere, Cauterets, by Dr. P. Fischer ; and from Gayvarnay, at 4,500 feet altitude, by Mr. F. H. Sikes ; from the Céte d’Or at Champdoétre by Capt. Wattebled ; from the Somme, near Amiens, by M. Vaniot ; from Chemilly, Nievre, by M. Breviere ; from Angers, Maine-et-Loire, by Dr. L, Germain ; from the ruins of Vendéme Castle ! and at Bury near Blois ! in Loir-et- Cher, as well as from Indre-et-Loir, at Loches ! and on banks of River Loire at Amboise, by Mr. F. H. Sikes ; from Champigny, St. Maur, ete., in department of the Seine by M. Pascal. It is also recorded from Morbihan by Taslé ; the Oise, by Dr. Bandon ; and by Dumont and Mortillet from Savoy. Sub-var. tardyi Bourg. is recorded only from St. Claude, Jura. Sub-var. ivtermedia Gassies is recorded from the Avenais. Switzerland—Recorded from cantons of Basel, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Uri. Spain—Has occurred at Santander to Lieut.-Col. Parry, and was found by Dr. W. Eagle Clarke in May, 1889, at Canillo, Andorra, at an altitude of 5,700 feet. Algeria—M. Bourguienat records this from Cap de Garde, near Bone. Var. major Moquin-T'andon. Helix ericetorum var. major Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1853, p. 253, Helix ericetorum var. mayor Dumont & Mortillet, Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 59. /lelix ericetorum var. major Bourguignat, Mal. Alger., 1864, p. 257. felix ertcetorum var. mayor Locard, Mal. Lyon, 1877, p. 48. Helix ericetorum var. mtajor Westerlund, Faun. Palzarct., 1889, p. 338. Helix ericetorum var. major Caziot, Moll. Yonne, 1908, p. 216, pl. i, ff. 17, 23. The var. major Moq.-Tand. is described as much larger (25 mill. diam. by 12 mill. alt.) but of type form; the var. major Dum. & Mort. is not less than 18 mill. in diam. ; the var. major Bourgt. is of a dull whitish colour, and is 20 mill. in diam. and 12 mill. in altitude; the var. major Locard is 17 mill. diam. ; the var. major Westerlund is 20-25 mill. ear diam. and 10-12 mill. in altitude ; and the var. major Caziot Ee aa Bae gc Se asf coe ant iG) arc Gk orn laceud Moquin-Tandon. is figured as about 19 mill. diam. and 8 mill. in altitude. Tenby, Mr.W. H. Boland. ENGLAND AND WALES. Sussex W.—Var. major D. & M. is recorded by Mr. W. Jeffery from Adsdean chalk pit and from roadside cuttings, though chalk, at Up Park and Kingly Vale. Sussex E.—Var. major Westl., Eastbourne (20 mill. diam.) J. H. A. Jenner. Kent E.—Dover, C. E. Wright, 1913. Surrey—Woldingham Chalk Downs, in bleakest situations, Kk. Mclean, 1883. Northampton—Var. major Westld., a specimen 22 mill. in diameter from lime- stone quarry, Blisworth, Oct. 27, 1894, L. EK. Adams. Salop—Porthywaen Quarries, 1863, W. Whitwell. Pembroke—VThe Burrows, Tenby ! W. H. Boland. IRELAND. Limerick—Common about Limerick, attaining a diam. of 20 mill., H. Fogerty. Kerry—A specimen (20 mill. in diam.), found at Ardport by Mr. A W. Stelfox. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—The var. major is recorded from the Oise by Dr. Baudon ; by Paseal from Mont Valerién, Seine-et-Oise ; by Locard from the Rhéne at La Caratte near Lyons, also from the Ain at Miribel and Volognat ; by Millet (25 mill. by 12 mill.) from Maine-et-Loire, and referable by their shape to the var. planorbis Picard ; ly Caziot for the department of the Yonne; from Chatillon-sur-Seine, Céte d@’Or, by Beaudouin; and as A. virgultorum var. major from Durtal, Maine et Loire, by Dr. L. Germain. Belgium—Recorded from Chokier by Piré; from Hastiere, Namur (20 mill. diam.) by M. van den Broeck; and from Lombaertzyde, West Flanders (20 mill. diam.) by M. Colbeau. Italy —Specimens, 18-20 mill. diam. recorded from Brescia, Lombardy, by Spinelli. 128 XEROPHILA ITALA. VARIATIONS IN SUBSTANCE OF SHELL. Var. vitrea Dumont & Mortillet. Helix ericetorum vay. vitrea Dum. et Mort., Moll. Savoie, 18357, p. 59. Helix ericetorum var. vitrea Wattebled, Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 325. The var. vitrea Dum. & Mort. is described as white, quite vitreous and transparent ; the var. vitrea of Wattebled is trans- parent and of a whitish colour. SCOTTISH DISTRIBUTION, Ebudes Mid—Thie sub-var. witrea of Wattebled, the Island of lona ! Rev. G. A. Frank Knight. Fic. 193.—\" fta/a var Main Argyll—Roadside, Acheran, Lismore ! A. Somerville. : Soe mt FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. Rey. G. A. F. Knicht. France—Var. rifrea D. & M., banks of River Arve, near 2 Geneva, Savoy, Dum. & Mort., le. ; sub-var. vitrea Wattebled, rare at Champigny, Jura, Wattebled, le. ; and Dr. Debeaux records white and excessively thin shells from Baréges, Hautes Pyrénées. According to Dr, P. Fischer, in the voleanie region of Auvergne, the Y. ita/a and certain other species are remarkable for their pellueid and excessively thin shells. VARIATIONS [IN COLOUR OF SHELE. Var. alba Moquin-'l'andon. Hlelix ertcetorum var, 6 Charpentier, Moll. Suisse, 1837. p. 12, pl. 1. f. 18. Helix ericetorum var. alba Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1833, p. 253. Helix ertcetorum var. concolor Picard, p.p. Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 235. The var. alba Mogq.-Tand. is deseribed as entirely white. The sub-var. econeolor of Picard comprises a totally white form, but also embraces a reddish-white variety, from which I have separated it. The H. ericetorum var. 6 of Charpentier, which he deseribes as “ tota alba,” and as frequent in the neighbourhood of Bex, Switzerland, I have ventured to assume should be referred to var. alba. Though it is by no means certain that any of these authors had the truly albine variety in view when describing this form, yet | have assumed them to have had knowledge of it, and that it was the form indicated. The var. alba of Jeffreys is probably referable in part to the var. concolor D. & M. The true albine variety though uncommon is widely dispersed in this country, and also oceurs on the continent, as has been firmly established by the efforts of Mr. F. H. Sikes and Dr. W. Eagle Clarke, but the foreign records are all more or less uncertain as to their precise nomenclature. Mr. J. G. Milne mentions a small colony of the var. a/ba on Achill Island, near Dugort, in West Mayo, whose range was limited to an area of dry white sand, without noticeable vegetation. Fic, 194.—\.. ‘tala var. alba Moquin- Tandon. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION England and Wales—Its occurrence has been veritied from Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Cambridge, Carmarthen, Cornwall West, Denbigh, Derby, Devon North, Dorset, Durham, Essex North, Gloucester, Hants North, Hereford, Hertford, Kent, Leicester and Rutland, Lincoln North, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Nottingham, Oxford, Pembroke, Radnor, Salop, Somerset North, Suffolk East, Sussex East, Yorkshire, and Isle of Man. Scotland —It has been verified for Mid Ebudes, Fifeshire and West Sutherland. Ireland—It has been found in Londonderry, Antrim, Donegal, Dublin, King’s County, Mayo, Galway, Clare, North Cork, and Kerry. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—Recorded from St. Jean de Luz, Basses Pyrénées ! by Mr. F. H. Sikes; from Grasse, Alpes Maritimes, by Moquin-Tandon; and from the dunes of Dunkirk, Nord, by Dr. Bouly de Lesdain. It is also on reeord from the Gironde, Hautes Pyrénées, Landes, Oise, and Seine. Switzerland — The var. 4 of Charpentier is noted as frequent about Bex, Canton Vand. . Spain—Found by Dr. W. Eagle Clark in May, 1889, at 5,700 feet altitude at Canillo, Republic of Andorra! XEROPHILA ITALA. 129 Var. concolor Dumont & Mortillet. Helix ericetorum var. concolor Picard p.p., Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 238. Helix ericetorum var. concolor Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 59. Helix ericetorum var. bicolor Pascal, p p., Moll. Haute Loire, etc., 1873. p. 41. Helix ericetorum var. albescens Germain, Moll. Maine et Loire, 1903, pp. 121, 122. Helix ericetorum var. alba Jeffreys, British Conch., 1862, p. 217. Helix ericetorum var. bicolor Pascal, p.p. Moll. Haute Loire, etc., 1873, p. 41. Helix lampra Westerlund, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wein, 1891, vol. xiii, p. 25. The var. eoneolor Dum. & Mort. is whitish ; the sub- var. concolor Picard p.p. is reddish-white, and links up with Pascal’s sub-var. bicolor. The var. albeseens Germain is described as shell uni- formly whitish or whitish-grey ; the sub-var. alba Jeffreys Breton ae is described as milk-white. Nea re ala eae l concolor Dum. & Mort. The sub-var. bicolor Pascal p.p., is described as without bands or spots, white aud fulvous, the latter becoming stronger towards the aperture. The var. concolor is probably also the Helix obliterata of Hartmann, and is not uncommon throughout the range of the species. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. Somerset N.—Snb-var. bicolor, Compton-Martin ! W. E. Brady. Kent—Sub-var. bicolor Paseal was found by Mr. R. Cairns in this county. Sussex E.—Sub-var. bicolor Pascal p.p. is recorded from near Lewes and Sea- ford by Mr, J. H. A. Jenner. West Galway—Sub-var. /ampra, Aran Isles! The specimens in my collection, received direct from Dr. Scharff, are referable to the var. albescens of X. itala. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—Sub-var. bicolor is 1ecorded by M. Pascal from Bois de la Bernarde, Haute Loire, and from the Bois de Vincennes, Champigny, Choisy-le-Roi, Auber- villiers, Mont Valerian, ete., in the Seine et Oise. Sub-var. albescens Germain is recorded from Angers, Maine et Loire. Var. lutescens Moquin-'l'andon. Helix ericetorum var. lutescens Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, vol. ii, p. 253. Helix ericetorum var. lutescens Baudon, Moll. Oise, 1862, p. 25. Helix ericetorum var. lutescens Vaniot, Mem. Soc. Linn. Nord., 1883, p. 13. Helix ericetorum var. lutescens Wattebled, Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 325. The var. luteseens Moqnin-Tandon is described as uniformly dusky yellowish ; the sub-var. dutescens Baudon (1862) is of an uniform dull yellow; the sub-var. lutescens Vaniot is yellowish without bands; the sub-var. dutescens Wattebled is uniform yellowish-white. The var. lutescens Bandon (1884) is described as rufous-white, and is not strictly referable to the variety previously described by the author under the same name. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. This variety is a fairly common form in this country wherever the species exists. It is also reported from France and Belgium. Var. rubra Baudon. Helix ericetorum var. rubra Baudon, Moll. Oise, 1862, p. 25. & Helix ericetorum var. ebscura Mog.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, vol. ii, p. 253. The var. rubra Baudon is of an uniformly dark red-brown colour. The sub-var. obscura Mog. would probably be best placed under this form. It is described as dark reddish, with brown banding, and large brown markings. This variety has not been observed as yet in England, but Mr. Stelfox has found a variety with a distinct reddish-purple tinge at Dogs’ Bay, Connemara, Galway. SCOTTISH DISTRIBUTION. Ebudes S.—A sub-var. of an almost uniform medium brownish colour, found by Mr. A. Somerville in the west of the Island of Mull, in August, 1894. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France —Var. rubra, rare on the limestone hill of St. Laurent, Mouy, Oise (Baudon, !.c.), and recorded from Lente in the Dréme by M. Gustav Sayn. Sub-var. obscura is cited from La Bresse and Belley in the Ain, and the environs of Lyons by Locard ; also from Grasse, Alpes Maritimes, by Moquin-Tandon, 10/9/21 I 130 XEROPHILA ITALA. VARIATIONS IN THE BANDING OF THE SHELL. This group is intended to embrace all banded shells of this species, taking cognizance of the modifications in the number, position, pigmentation, degree of development or disintegration of the bands, and their various modes of fusion. Var. fasciata Gassies. ONE BAND ABOVE PERIPHERY, ONE OR MORE BENEATH, Helix ericetorum var. fasciata Gassies, Moll. Agenais, 1849, p. 97. Hlelix ericetorum var. fasctata Baudon, Moll. Oise, 1852, p. 25. Helix ericetorum var. trivialis Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1835, p. 253. Helix ericetorum var. bizonalis Pascal, Moll. Haute-Loire and Paris, 1873, p. 41. Helix ericetorum var. sexfasciata Millet, Fauna, Maine-et-Loire, 1870, p. 26. ‘rWO OR MORE BANDS ABOVE PERIPHERY, ONE OR MORE BENEATH. Helix ericetorum var. fasciata and elegans Moquin-Tandon, loc. cit. BANDS SUPRAPERIPHERAL ONLY. Helix ericetorum var. monozona Moquin-Tandon, loc. cit. BANDS INFRAPERIPHERAL ONLY. Helix itala var. hyfozona Taylor, var. nov. ins ae ; BANDS RADIATE. Helix ericetorum var. lentiginosa Moquin-‘landon, loc. cit. BANDS COALESCENT. Helix ericetorum var. coalita Pascal, loc. cit. Helix ericetorum var. leucozona Moquin-Tandon, loc. cit. BANDS FAINTLY PIGMENTED. Helix ericetorum var. 8 Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, 1805, p. 107. Helix ericetorum var. obliterata Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840, Pp: (230. Helix ericetorum var. deleta Moquin-Tandon, loc. cit. Helix ericetorum var. fasciata Dum. et Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p 59. Helix ericetorum var. albiduda Bourguignat, Mal. Alger., 1864, vol. i, pl. 30, ff. 4—5. Helix ericetorum var. grisescens Colbeau, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1865, vol. i, p. 33. SHELL with one or more spiral bands, which may be distinct, coalesced, or variously broken up. ONE BAND ABOVE PERIPHERY, ONE OR MORE BENEATH. The var. trivialis Moquin-Tandon is described as possessing a single band above the periphery and one or more beneath, and is here regarded as the typical form of the species, The sub-var. bizonalis Pascal has one broad band above the periphery and a second which is narrower and occupies the centre of the last whorl. ; — Fic. 196. Fic. 197. Fic. 196.—X. ztala (L.), Tenby, South Wales, Mr. W. H. Boland. Fic. 197.—X. tala var. bizonalis Pascal, Eastbourne, Mr. A. G. Stubbs, x 1}. Many authors have not described the arrangement of the bands, and they therefore cannot be classified under the most appropriate heading, which is probably that of var. trivialis. The sub-var, fasciata Gassies and the sub-var, sexfasciata Millet are both stated to possess six zonulations, but their arrangement is not indicated. The sub-var. fasciata of Baudon is stated to possess one to four bands, but no further information is available. The sub-var. fasciata Dum. and Mort. is defined as possessing very feebly pig- mented somewhat translucent bands, and will perhaps be most appropriately classified with the sub-var. grisescens Colbeau, and forming a link or passage with the var. cornea Locard. TWO OR MORE BANDS ABOVE PERIPHERY, ONE OR MORE BENEATH. The var. faseiata of Moquin-Tandon is described as possessing many slender brown bands continuous above, and is here accepted as the type of fasciata, as that author was the first to precisely define the band arrangement, which distinguishes this form from var. trivialis. The sub-var. elegans Moquin-Tandon has several narrow bands above the periphery which are alternately continuous lines or composed of spots. XEROPHILA ITALA. all BANDS SUPRAPERIPHERAL ONLY. The var. monozona Pascal has only a single narrow band above the periphery, unicolorous and unbanded below. BANDS INFRAPERIPHERAL ONLY. The var. hypozona Taylor var. nov. has no bands above the periphery, but one or several below. Fic. 198. Fic. 199. Fic. 200. Fic. 198.—X. ¢tala var. fasciata Moquin-Tandon, Narin dunes, Donegal, Mr. R. J. Welch, x 13. Fic. 199.—X. tala var. mionozona Moquin-Tandon, Coleraine, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, x 1}. Fic. 200.—X. itala var. hyfozona Taylor, Tenby, Wales, Mr. A. G. Stubbs, x 1}. BANDS RADIATE. The sub-var. lentiginosa Moquin-Tandon has the deep brown bands broken up into spots and blotches and arranged in a radiate manner. BANDS COALESCENT. The sub-var. eoalita Pascal has broader bands than ordinary which are coalesced at the mouth. The sub-var. leueozona Moquin-Tandon has the shell rufous, the peripheral zone white, and usually many bands beneath. BANDS FAINTLY PIGMENTED. The sub-var. obliterata Picard has the shell whitish, with very pale and scarcely perceptible bands ; it is the var. 8 of Draparnaud. Eire. 205. Fic. 203. Fic. 201.—2X. ztala var. coalita Pascal, Eastbourne, Sussex, Mr. A. G. Stubbs, x 1}. Fic. 202.—X. ttala var. leucozona Moq.-Tand., Durness, Sutherland, 1905, Mr. A. H. Pawson, x 1}. Fic. 203.—X. tala var. albidula, Algeria (after Bourguignat). The sub-var. deleta Moquin-Tandon has pale and somewhat indistinct reddish markings above and brown bands beneath. The sub-var. albidula Bourguignat is faintly banded. The sub-var. griseseens Colbeau, with narrow, faint, ill-defined banding. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The var. trivialis Moq. and the loosely described sub-varieties fasciata of Gassies, Millet, and Baudon are common and widely distributed, as are the forms albidula Bourguignat, grisescens Colb., deleta Moq., obliterata Picard, and fasciata Dum. et Mort. in a much lesser degree. The sub-vars. coalita Pascal and leucozona Moquin-Tandon are local forms, but often plentiful where they are found. The sub-vars. monozona Moq. and bizonalis Pascal are by no means common forms, though on record for Eastbourne, Tenby, Cambridge, and other places in England and Wales as well as for France. The sub-vars. elegans and fasciata of Moquin-Tandon are really quite rare in this country, though the var. fasciata has been found at Newquay, Cornwall, by Mr. J. H. James ; at Gotherington, Gloucestershire, by the late Dr. J. W. Williams; Roundstone, Galway, Ireland, where it was found in Aug. 1889 by Mr. G. W. Mellors ; and also from Dublin, where it was obtained in April 1887, by Dr. Scharff; but in France both forms are recorded from the Ain and the environs of Lyons by Locard. The var. fasciata has also been found near Bordeaux by Dr. Scharff. The sub-var. Aypozona has been collected at Tenby, Pembrokeshire, in Oct. 1890 by Miss F. M. Hele, and in 1895 by Mr. A. G. Stubbs. The sub-var. lentiginosa, Great Blasket Island, Kerry, June 1918! Mr. A. W. Stelfox ; there are also several other records of its occurrence in the British Isles in a more or less characteristic state, but truly distinctive specimens are far from frequent. 132 XEROPHILA ITALA. Var. hyalozonata Cockerell. Helix ericetorum var. hyalozonata Cockerell, Naturalists’ World, Dec. 1885, p. 223. SHELL pure white with translucent bands or markings. This is a local and interesting albine form of the species, but it oceurs more or less sporadically throughout the range of the species, and occasionally occurs within a limited area, associated with virgata and other species sharing the same pecu- liarity, implying that the local influences have probably contributed to its evolution and perpetuation. The var. dentiginosa when in the albine transparently marked form may be known as hyalozonata-lentiginosa. This variety is the common form about Clara, King’s Co., Ireland. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. In England, it has been recorded or is known from West Cornwall, East Sussex, Bueks., Cambridge, Northampton, West Norfolk, South Lincolnshire, Cheshire, Mid-West Yorks., and the Isle of Man. In Scotland, it has been found in Main Argyle, South, Mid, and North Ebudes. In Ireland, itis known from Meath, Dublin, King’s County, Clare, and East and West Galway. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—Collected by Dr. W. Eagle Clarke at Tarascon, Bouches-du-Rhone. Var. cornea Locard. Helix ericetorum var. cornea Locard, Ann. Agr. Lyon, 1879, f. Westerlund. Helix ericetorum var. subpellucida Jenner, Journ. of Conch., 1891, vol. vi, p. 364. Helix ericetorum var. minor Germain, Moll. Maine et Loire, 1903, p. 121. The var. cornea is small and horn-coloured, with four transparent zonules. The sub-var. subpellucida is described as possessing translucent brown banding, through which the body of the animal appears black, and links with var. hyalozonata. It is also the var. subhyalozonata of Wright. The sub-var. minor of Germain is by its other characters referable to the present form. It is described as thin, yellowish-horn tint, with clear fawn-coloured semi- transparent bands, and forms a connecting link with var. dwtescens and var. sub- nellucida Jenner. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. England—Sub-var. subpellucida is recorded by its author from Wilmington Hill, near Lewes, Sussex ; and reported by Mr. E. J. Elliott from Stroud, Gloucester. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—Var. cornea is recorded from Savoy by Westerlund ; and Bourguignat records a small horny variety with four transparent zonules from Aix-les- Bains. The sub-var. minor of Germain is found near Angers, Maine et Loire. MONSTROSITIES. Monst. sinistrorsum Jeffreys. Helix ericetorum var. sinistrorsa Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 216, 1862. SHELL coiled sinistrally. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. Huntingdon—Water Newton, Sept. 1912, a fine adult specimen, the var. Zutescens in colouring (Rev. C. E. Y. Kendall), Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1913, p. 102. Northampton—One specimen, Weldon, 1909, C. E. Wright. York N.E.—A specimen, the var. a/bescens in colouring, found at Scarborough, was in the collection of the late Mr. P. B. Mason. York S.E.—Bridlington (Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 217, 1862). Donegal—Several specimens obtained by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin from Bundoran. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. Europe—There is a specimen in the British Museum labelled ‘‘ Europe.” France—Moquin-Tandon records three specimens: one from Tarbes, Hautes Pyrénées ; one from Ceret, Pyrénées Orientales ; and one from Lapene de Lheris. Belgium—One specimen, the var. grisescens in colouring, collected near Namur in 1865 by M. Jules Colbeau. Austria—One recorded by Rossmassler from the rampart-ditches of Vienna. Bulgaria—One specimen, the var. vulgarissima in form, recorded by M. Mousson from Varna. XEROPHILA ITALA. 1 Bian} Monst. disjuneta Turton. Helix elegans Brown, Wern. Mem., ii, p. 528, pl. 24, f. 9, 1818. Caracolla. elegans Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch., Ist ed., Pl 40, f. 28. Helix disjuncta Turton, ‘Conch. Dict., p. Gis pl. 16, f. oe, 1819. Flelix ericetorum Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. , p- 00, pl. 17, f. 28, 1844. Helix ericetorum var. scalaris Grat. Cat. , p. 7, 1855. SHELL scalariform and of a pyramidal form, The remarkable shell upon which this variety was founded was at first referred to H. arbustorum by Baron Kérussac, which view was to some extent shared by Dr. Turton, but who, however, decided to regard it as a dis- tinct species, though afterwards, in his **Manual,” he referred to it as Helix virgata. Specimens more or less closely resembling the typical shell have been recorded from time to time by various anthors, and have generally P16. 204.—X. zta/a monst. disyuncta Turton, regarded the specimens as most probably referable to the Galdenibaidees Dublin present species. (after Turton). BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. Northampton—Harrington, Ang. 1904, Rev. W. A. Shaw. Cheshire—DBanks of River Dee, C hester, Oct. 1886, J. R. le B. Tomlin. Yorks. S.W.—Sandal Castle Hill, Joseph Hebden. Antrim—Crumlin, Dr. Kinahan (Nat. Hist. Rev., 1854, i, p. 159). Dublin—The original specimen ‘‘ was found in a field beyond Kilmainham Jail, near the pupepilee of Golden Bridge, Dublin, by Mr. Edward Stephens” (Brown, Wern. Mem., 1818, p. 528). Galway East —A pyramidal specimen found at Gort, Oct. 1909! R. A. Phillips. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. France—Vavr. scalaris, Dax, Landes (Grateloup, |.c.). Monst. subsealaris Baudon. Helix ericetorunt var. subscalaris Baudon, J. de Conch., xxiv, p. 254, pl. ix, f. 10, 1884. Helix ericetorum m. subscalare Cockerell, Naturalists’ World, Sept. 1888, p. 79. The m. subsealaris Baudon is deseribed as having the last whorl detached from the rest of the shell. The m. subsealare Cockerell is described as ‘‘ partly subsealariform.” Fic. 20d. Fic. 206. Fic. 203.—H. ericetorum var. subscalaris Baudon, Chateau de Mello, Oise (after Baudon). Fic. 206.—X. t/a/a monst. sudscalaris Baudon, Narrowdale, Derbyshire, J. and W. Hill. BRITISH DISTRIBUTION. Suffolk W.—Specimen in the British Museum, labelled ‘* Bury St. Edmunds ” (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat. World, Sept. 1886, p. 179). Northampton—Harrington, Oct. 1904, Rev. W. A.Shaw. Kettering, C. E. Wright. Derbyshire—Narrowdale, near Hartington, May 1919! J. and W. Hill. Isle of Man—Whitestrand Bay, Peel, Aug. 1892, W. Moss. FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION France—The mm. subscalaris is recorded from Park of Chateau de Mello, Oise, by Dr. Baudon ; by M. Gustav Sayn from Rousset-en-Vercors in the Dréme; and by M. Beaudoin from Chatillon-sur-Seine, Cote d’Or. Geographical Distribution.—YVerophilu itula, which is regarded by Dr. Scharff as originating in the Lusitanian regions of South-west Europe, is, according to our present knowledge, diffused over the greater part of the British Isles, though scarce or apparently absent from large areas in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. X. itala has been recorded as diffused more or less throughout Southern Kurope, but it would appear possible that this may not be so, but that the species is represented in the Iberian peninsula by XY. pamplonensis, etc. ; 134 XEROPHILA ITALA. and in Italy by 1. ammonis, X. apennina, etc. ; while in the East it is replaced by XX. derbentina and other species ; and that all these may be regarded as earlier forms and more primitive in their organization and evolutionary status than the more dominant North Central European species, but these and other doubtful points cannot be finally and quite definitely decided until the internal structure of the various species has been thoroughly studied. It was recorded for the Orkneys by Mr. I. S. Traill in 1830, but its occurrence there has not been confirmed by later writers. On the continent it is said to be very widely diffused, being recorded from France, Belgium, Bohemia, Holland, Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, Roumania, Nervia, Greece, Switzerland, Austro- Hungary, Russia, 'l'ransylvania, and ‘Transcaucasia, but it is rare on the North German plain. The true 1. itala does not appear to occur in Scandinavia, and we have no precise records of its existence in Portugal. In Asia it is recorded from Syria by Férussac, and by Prof. E. Forbes from several points in Pamphylia, Asia Minor. According to Westerlund, it was erroneously recorded by Gebler from Barnaul, Siberia. In Africa, it is recorded for Algeria by Bourguignat and others. In South Australia and New Zealand it is recorded as now locally plentiful, probably introduced amongst seeds, ete., from Europe, although the shells are in my opinion more precisely referable to Y. obvia. ve Fie. 207.—Geographical Distribution of Verophila itala (Linné). Probable Range $MM Recorded Distribution GERMANY. Xerophila itala is found more or less locally almost throughout Germany, but chiefly in the west, including Alsace, Bavaria, Baden, Brandenburg, Cassel, ‘Fran- conia, Hanover, Hesse, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holstein, Kurhessen, “Lippe-Detmold, Lorraine, Luneberg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Osnabruck, Pyrmont, Reuss, East, West, and Rhenish Prussia, Rhineland, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Weimar, Saxony, Silesia, Suabia, Thuringia, Westphalia, W iesbaden, and Wurtemburg. XEROPHILA ITALA. hes: NETHERLANDS. Holland—Reported from Bloemendal, North Holland, by Prof. E. von Martens Belgium—Recorded from Brabant, West Flanders, Hainault, Liége, Limburg, Namur, Luxemburg, and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. FRANCE. X. itala has been recorded from the following departments :—Ain, Agenais, Aisne, Allier, Aquitaine, Ardennes, Ariége, Aube, Aude, Auvergne, Alpes Mari- times, Basses Alpes, Basses Pyrenées, Bouches du Rhone, Brittany, Calvados, Charente Inférieure, Céte d’Or, Champagne Meridionale, Cétes-du-Nord, Dréme, Eure, Finistere, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Haute Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Herault, Ille-de-Vilane, Indre-et-Loire, Isére, Jura, Landes, Loir- et-Cher, Loire Inferieure, Lozére, Lot-et-Garonne, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Morbiban, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Orne, Pas de Calais, Pyrenées Orientales, Provence, Puy-de-Doéme, Rhone, Sarthe, Savoy and Upper Savoy, Sadne-et-Loire, Seine, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Seine Inférieure, Somme, Tarn, Var, Vendée, Vienne, Vaucluse, Vosges, Yonne, and Isle of Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Charpentier states that this species is common throughout Switzerland, and it has been specifically recorded from the cantons of Aargau, Appenzell, Basel, Berne, Geneva, Glarus, Grisons, Lucerne, Neuchatel, St. Gall, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, and Zurich. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. _ Recorded from Austria, Bohemia, Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, Dalmatia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Styria, Transylvania, Tyrol, and Vorarlberg. IBERIAN PENINSULA. Spain—Reported by Prof. Hidalgo and others from various localities in Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Basque Provinces, Catalonia, Galicia, Guipuzcoa and Santander. Portugal—Cited,for Portugal by Prof. von Martens and Dr. Scharff, but without mention of precise localities. RAINY. Only known from the northern provinces and Sicily. The recorded areas are Abruzzi, Einilia, Lombardy, Marches, Piedmont, Rome, Tuscany and Umbria. BALKAN PENINSULA. Roumania—Reported from Bucharest, June 1914, by Mr. L. E. Adams. Bulgaria—Recorded by Kreglinger for this region, and reported by Mr. Adams from Rustchuk and Sophia. The var. vulgarissima is cited from Varna by Jickeli. Greece—The form H. ericetorwm var. greca has been recorded from the Morea at Nauplia, and from Tripolizza to Patras, as well as from Phocis, the Ionian Islands and the Archipelago. Bosnia—Westerlund records the var. ¢rivialis from Serajevo and Zenica. Servia—Reported from Belgrade, June 1914, by Mr. L. E. Adams. Turkey—Cited by Prof. von Martens and Dr. Scharff, but without definite locality records. SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Though a single specimen of this species is in the ‘‘ Sars ’ collection, said to have been found at Bygdo, near Christiania, this, according to Prof. E. von Martens, is not a ‘‘ fresh” shell, but has been made the basis for including it as a Norwegian species, although the occurrence has never been confirmed. Sweden—Though recorded by Nilsson as not uncommon in the Island of Oeland, the form found there is not strictly referable to the present species, but to a species allied to our Helix caperata and named H. nilssoniana by Malm and others. Denmark—