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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS,

Pounded by private subscription, in 1861.

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No. //, ¥7/

ts

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

PAND SHELES @#
TAS: MANS A.

WALLIAM fF PETIERD.

(Read before the Royal Society of Tasmania, Nov.
rath, 1878, with Additions to April roth, 1879.)

Dusmania s
PRINTED AT THE “LAUNCESTON EXAMINER” OFFICE.
? 1879.

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A MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND SHELLS OF TASMANIA.

By W. F. PETTERD.

Since the publication of Dr. Cox’s “ Monograph of Australian Land
Shells,” in which 21 species are enumerated and described as’ peculiar to
this island, our knowledge has been much augmented, principally by Mr.
Brazier, who has described in the proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London a considerable number of species that I have from time to time
discovered. More recently Mr. Legrand published a small work entitled
“ Collections for a Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells.” This em_
braced not only what had been previously done, but also enumerated a
large number of unrecorded forms that had been sent to Dr. Cox and
Mr. Brazier by Mr. Legrand and myself, and were therein described by
these well-known conchologists. Further observations show that much
confusion has occurred by the slight variations in form and colouration,
in more or less favorable localities from which the specimens were col-
lected, being recorded as distinct species. I am now enabled to show
that in a great number of instances many of these variations are not of
a constant specific character, and this has necessitated a considerable
reduction in the number of the so-called species. I have, therefore,
undertaken this paper to enable those interested in Conchology to satis-
factorily identify specimens, to point out the variations from the typical
form, to prevent a still further accumulation of synonymy, and to show
that many species heretofore considered as restricted in habitat to certain
localities have a much wider distribution than has been recorded. I also

ai. INTRODUCTION.

describe several new species, but I have been careful not to name a shell
unless it presented constant characters by which its specific distinction
is well marked, and by which it may be recognised by conchologists. I.
consider the correcting of one error far more praiseworthy than the
creating of many new species without good reason and careful investiga-
tion. I quite agree with the learned botanist Sir J. D. Hooker, that
the naturalist “ who has the true interests of science at heart, not only
feels that the thrusting of an uncalled-for synonym into the nomenclature
of science is an exposure of his own ignorance, and deserves censure ; but
that a wider range of knowledge and a greater depth of study are
required to prove these dissimilar forms to be identical, which any
superficial observer can separate by words and a name.”

Although several of our land shells, principally the larger forms,
have no allied representatives in Australia, the great bulk are closely
analogous to those recorded from the mainland. The following are common
to both :—Helix Morti ; H. Apert, variety; H. ruga; H. pictilis; H,
Stanleyensis ; H. Hobarti ; H. Legrandi; H. Otwayensis ; Vitrina Ver-
reauxt, and probably Succinea Australis. At the present time very little is
known of the land shells of Victoria, principally owing to the paucity of
investigators in this branch of natural history in that colony; but I have
little doubt but that in course of time it will be shown that our land
molluscan fauna does not differ to any material extent from that of the
mainland. Some few have a more or less close resemblance to those of
New Zealand, but they are so few as to be scarcely noticeable, and
there is a wide difference between the great majority of the forms. With
the exception of eight or nine species, the land shells of this island are
small and insignificant, but many are prettily coloured, and under the
microscope beautifully sculptured with more or less prominent strie.
A large number are restricted in habitat, so far as at present known, to
small areas, and with but very few exceptions are anything but plentiful
individually, and difficult to find, as the great majority live in the moist
densely timbered gullies and ravines. Very few are arboreées in habit.

The genera Pupa, Pupina, Helicina, Tornatellina are totally fed
although well represented in Eastern Australia, and the first is well

INTRODUCTION. lil.

represented in South Australia by several fine forms. The present
synopsis contains a complete list of all the species of terrestrial mollusca
known to exist in the island, with the exception of the Limacide. There,
however, yet remains a considerable portion that has not been examined,
and although the number of species may be further augmented, I do not
anticipate any material deviation from the forms herein recorded; that is,
those that may be hereafter discovered will be species closely allied to
those already known. The range of many will probably be found to be
even more extended, and in the observation ot the habits and charac-
teristics of the animals there yet remains a vast and almost untouched
field of research. From the western portion information is more par-
ticularly wanted, for there comparatively little has been done. The
extreme north and south have, I may say, been thoroughly examined ;
so that I do not think the central portion will add many to this list,
although its examination would increase our knowledge of the distribu-
tion, which to the truly scientific conchologist is of as much, if not more,
importance than the mere accumulation of numbers ; the tendency, I
regret to say, of the majority of observers is to look upon trivial variation
as of specific importance, and quite overlook the higher aim of the mor®
philosophic naturalist. The total number herein recorded indigenous to,
and introduced into, the island is 79 species, belonging to the following
genera :—Helix, 68 ; Bulimus, 2; Vitrina, 3 (?) ; Suecinea, 2 (possibly
4) ; Truncatella, 4 (?). But this number will, in all probability, require
still further reduction, for the following are of doubtful specific distinc
tion:—Du Cani, positura, Stephens, plecus, Langleyana, questiosa,
tranquilla, Spicerit, and Vitrina fumosa. ‘Two species, H. bisulcata and
H. subangulata, both large and conspicuous forms, are recorded as from
Van Diemen’s Land, but I have not met with either, and I believe they
still remain unique in the British Museum collection, and two are
introduced European forms—H. cellaria and H. Pulchella.

Of the total number (79) Dr. Cox has described 26; Brazier, 14 ;
Woods, 4; Beddome, 3 ; Pfeiffer, 6 ; myself, 17 ; and the remainder by
Reeve, Tate, Johnson, Leach, Ferussac, and Kiister. The number ot
species that may be considered as generally distributed over the island is
20, of which number 10 extend in range to the mainland of Australia ;

iv. INTRODUCTION.

the habitat of two is as yet unknown, and the remainder are, as far as
yet known, confined to small areas as noted in the context. Several
eminent conchologists have divided the Helicide into numerous sub-.
genera, but I have refrained from adopting any system of sub-division,
and simply give the various species, so far as practicable, as they are
related to each other. I have not given all the references to the
numerous scientific works in which many of the species are mentioned,
but I think sufficient are given for all practical purposes. I have pre-
ferred to copy verbatim the descriptions and measurements of the
Species enumerated in Dr. Cox’s “Monograph of Australian Land
Shells,” and the same with respect to those in Mr. Legrand’s book,
adding my own observations as to the distribution and variation
of the species. My friend, Mr. R. M. Johnston, has suggested a table
showing their distribution over the island, and at my request has drawn
up the one appended, which I. think will be found very useful. In
collating this monograph, I am much indebted to Professors Tate and
Hutton, and Messrs. Legrand, Brazier, Kershaw, R. M. Johnston,
A. Simson, and C. E. Beddome, for much valuable information
and kindly help. Were it not for the ready assistance of these
friends my efforts would have been poor indeed ; as it is, I have
no doubt some errors have occurred, but I hope the matter will be
still further investigated, much more knowledge gained, and my errors
corrected. My labour has been one of love, and as it is I offer it to my
friends and all interested in the development of conchology, hoping they
will overlook its many shortcomings.

The measurements of the new species are given in French

millimetres.

Brisbane-street,

Launceston, Tasmania, ° .

April 10th, 1879.

LN ERE x.

HELIX—

Allporti, Legrand - -

Atkinsoni, Cox - - -
austrinus 5, * - °
Agnewi a
alexandre , - °- °
ammonitoides, Brazier -
architectonica. a
assimilis -

antialba, Beddome. -
Bassi, Brazier - - -
Barrenensis, Petterd -

bisuleata;, Pfr. = =
bombycina ,, -
Bischoffensis, Paes
cellaria, Miiller - - -
ezsus, Cac => <1" <0" =
cepta Re al al =
camille , - - °°
Collisi, Brazier - + -
Curagoz _s,, - -
Dyeri, Petterd - - =
Daveyensis, Cox - + -
direlicta ,, = = =

dispar, Brazier - - -
dubitans, Cox - - -
Diemenensis,, - - -
Du Cani A ee
FRISCTOUME, 3 = =
fusco-radiata, Cox - -
Fordei, Brazier - - -
Floodi us Sie:
Furneauxensis, Petterd
Gouldi, Cox - - - =
Gann, Brazier - - -
Gadensis, Beddome - -
Hamiltoni, Cox -

Hobarti ie ae aa
heliee ee, on
Halli mie dee

Hookeriana, Fokuston -

eee eee
SPEcIES. | HELIX—
- - 16 Henryana, Petterd -
=) =,-90 Irvine, Cox + +
- - 16 Fuliformis , - + *
- - Sf Jungermanniz, Petterd
- - 68 Kingstonensis, Cox =
- - 56 Kingi, Brazier + -
- = 52 Kershawi, Petterd -
mis =a 52 jlampra, Pfr. - - -
ai) G5 Launcestonensis, Reeve
- - 56 Legrandi, Cox - -
= =) 156 iamproides ,, =<
- - 2 limula Pe - -
“res 5 Langleyana, Brazier
= 62 Luckmani fe
- - 67 Lottah, Petterd - -
Pf ms BY Margatensis, Cox -
- - 10 nredianus wees
-. = 36 marchianze oe. =
- - 29 mixta am
“= 35 minima e
dee | OF Morti .
- - 36 mimosa, Petterd - -
- = 44 MacDonaldi, Cox -
- - 54 Milligani, Brazier -
SRS a Midsoni -
- - 36 Mathinna, Petterd :
= me BE Nelsonensis, Brazier
- - 64 neglecta 5
=) =) 97 Onslowt os
- - 16 Officeri, Cox + - -
- + 10 occultus ei See!
+ =i. SE Otwayensis, Petterd
a) AG parvissima, Cox - -
- + §2 positura x
- - 43 plexus a. ae =
ee O Pascoei, Brazier - «+
a at) OF Peroni . .
- + 16 Petterdi ce -
a =) 32 Petterdi, Cox + +
- - 60 pietilis, Tate - - =

SPECIES,

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V1. INDEX.
ee

HELIX— Species. | HELIX— SPECIES.
pulchella, Miiller - - - - 68 wigens, Cor - - += + += = 56
muestiosa, “Cox = - = = ~~ 97 Vitrinaformis, Cor - - + + 19
Ramsgatensis , - - - - + 38 Wellingtonensis ,, - - - 36
ruga a het os ae Wynyardensis, Poe - ee
rotella, Riasiey Se tim = GR Weldii, Tenison-Woods - = 35
Ricez eh yh ae
Roblini, Petterd - = ~~~ +. 58 | BULIMUS—

VOSACEE BO oe rae ee |

Sineiairi, wey. = ee te = OG Dufresni, Leach - - - = = 1
' subangulata ,, ot SS Sa MT 3 Tasmanicus, Pfr. - - - -

similis, Oox - - - > + 44

sitiens “3 Seidl eee ee SUCCINEA—

spectra . = oe et hte ;

Stephensi ,, - - - - - I0 Australis, Fér 7 ~ i= = =) (=e

Sydneyensis,; - > * > 7 + 67 Legrandi, Cow + - Si ae

scrupulus ,, =F tepals: LO Queenboroughensis, Petterd + 2

spoliata Suet (aie Aye 12 Tamarensis 4 = ae

subrngosa, «Brazier =.= =>. 53

stellata Ee wh sianioe: aa | VL BIN A

spicen, Petterd.\ (+ -{)7)> =. 34 ;

Stanleyensis ,, eC fumosa, Tenison-Woods - += 3

Savési 3 APTS Mit Milligani, Pfr.. « <=) = 5

Tasmaniz, Cox po 4 Fag Verreauxi, Pfr. > = \5-> “7a

trajectura ,, ah ieiai ins US

tranquilla ,, - = © 327 | TRUNCATELLA—

Thompsoni ,, whens y FOGG

tabesces - at TSrtger ato marginata, Kiister - - + + 3

Trucanini, Petterd - + + * 25 scalarina, Cor. << = = ist =e

Tamarensis __,, a seamen N= 4 (AR Tasmanica, Zenison-Woods + 2

wetanda, Cone. = 2 4" 5 5 micra a oe

L/-

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS.

BRB ECR 45S

Sub-Kingdom IT—MOLLUSCA,

Class IT.—GASTEROPODA.

Order II.—PULMONI¥FERA.

THs order embraces all the land snails and other Mollusca which breathe
air. They are normal gasteropods, having a broad foot, and usually a
large spiral shell ; their breathing organ is the simplest form of lung,
and is like the brgnchial chamber of the sea snails, but lined with a net-
work of respiratory vessels. One large division of the land snails is
furnished with an operculated shell ; the rest are inoperculate, and some-
times shell-less.— Woodward's Manual.

Section AA—INOPERCULATA. Section B.X—-OPERCULATA.

Section A.—INOPERCULATA.

Famity—HELICIDA.

Shell external, usually well developed, and containing the entire
animal ; aperture closed by an epiphragm during hybernation.

Animal with a short retractile head, with four cylindrical retractile
tentacles, the upper pair longest, and bearing eye-specks at their sum-
mits. Body spiral, distinct from the foot; respiratory orifice on the
right side, beneath the margin of the shell ; reproductive orifice near the
base of the right ocular tentacle ; mouth armed with a horny, dentated,
crescent-shaped upper mandible ; lingual membrane oblong; central teeth
inconspicuous ; laterals numerous, similar.

bo

A MONOGRAPH OF

Genus—HELIX (Linneus ).

Shell umbilicated, perforated or imperforate, discoidal, globosely-
depressed, or conoidal ; aperture transverse, oblique, lunar, or roundish ;
margins distinct, remote, or united by callus.

Animal with a long foot, pointed behind ; lingual teeth usually in
straight rows, edge teeth dentated.

Distribution. —W orld-wide : ranging northward as far as the limit
of trees, and southward to Tierra del Fuego, but most abundant by far
in warm and humid climates—( Woodward). Some thousands of species
have been described, and about 270 are recorded from Australia.

1.—HELIx ( ) LAUNCESTONENSIS— Reeve.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 31, pl. xiii., fig. 11.
Reeve, Conc. Icon., sp. 968.

Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 31, pl. VII., fig. 4, 4a.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 8.

Shell umbilicated, conoid, solid, opaque, not shining, finely granu-
lated, and closely covered above with wrinkled and granular elevated
ridges, spiral lines of various sizes, variegated with yellowish green and
black ; spire broadly conical, rather obtuse ; whorls 5, very slightly
convex, slowly increasing, last acutely keeled, suddenly descending in
front ; base convex, very smooth, shining deep black, with a very nar-
row yellow line under the periphery (sometimes wanting), and a broad
bright yellow band beneath ; umbilicus rather large, perspective ; aper-
ture very oblique, lunately elliptical ; peristome somewhat simple ; mar-
gins converging, right slightly curved, then a strong sinuation in front,
columellar margin slightly curved, moderately thickened, and slightly
reflected. 3

Diameter, greatest 1-30, least 1-20 ; height, 0-65 of an inch,

Habitat.—North-east angle of the island, in the dense brushes on

the ground, among decaying vegetable debris, and under
logs. °

The largest, most conspicuous, and at the same time most interesting
of our Helices, from the fact of there not existing in Australia, or, in
short, any part of the world, another species with anything like resem-
blance to it. It scarcely ever varies from its normal character. It has
not been found in any other portion of the island but that above-men-
tioned, although the same circumstances exist favourable to its life.
Almost invariably associated with it are Bulimus Dufresni and Helix
lampra. JI have never collected it in open, dry, forest country, but
only in the dense fern-tree and myrtle scrubs.

The animal is of a rich chocolate brown colour. Lingual mem-
brane comparatively small, rectangular, 8 mil. long by 2 broad; 170
rows of 50°50 teeth, minute, bluntly rounded, slightly diminishing in
size towards the margin, arranged in regular straight rows, like tesselated
pavement.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 3

2.—HELIx ( ) BIsuLcATA—DPfr.

Pfr., Pro. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 135.
Reeve, Conc. Icon., sp. 969.

Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 32, pl. ix., fig. 19.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 1.

Shell widely umbilicated, convexly depressed, spirally and very
minutely obliquely wrinkle-striated, shining, tawny chestnut; spire
shortly conoidly-conyex, slightly obtuse at the apex; suture impressed ;
whorls 64, slightly convex, last much wider ; periphery obsoletely angular,
not descending in front; base flat, sub-compressed about the umbilicus,
on both sides impressedly furrowed in the middle ; aperture small,
slightly oblique, sub-triangularly lunate ; peristome rather simple, mar-
gins scarcely converging, right straight, sloping, basal slightly arched,
somewhat thickened.

Diameter, greatest 1:14, least 0°98 ; height, 0:50 of an inch.

Habitat.—Tasmania. Gunn.

Reeve remarks that it is Solariwm shaped, the apex tinged with
red, and that the lip is simple, peculiarly wart-toothed within, along the
ridge formed by the impressed groove.

The only specimen known is in the British Museum, and up to the
present time all endeavours to re-discover it have utterly failed. The
shell has much the general facies of some of our larger species, particu-
larly with H. Lawncestonensis and H. Sinciairi, and I have no doubt but
that it will yet be found to exist in this island, although some collectors
are inclined to think that a mistake has been made by Pfeiffer in the
habitat as given. The shell has a great resemblance to the larger speci-
mens of H. Lamproides, so much so, that for a considerable time I con-
sidered the two species identical.

3.—HELIX ( ) LAMPROIDES—C'ox.

Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Mon. 1868, p. 28, pl. x, fig. 13.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 7.
Shell umbilicated, convexly-depressed, thin, closely and irregularly
striately ribbed, above scarcely shining, below more so, horny-reddish,
paler beneath ; spire small, slightly convex ; whorls 4, quickly increasing,
last not descending, depressed above, beneath convex, bluntly angular ;
aperture oblique, lunately-rounded ; peristome simple, thin, margins con-
verging, right straight, angular in front; columellar margin arched,
neither dilated nor reflexed.
Diameter, greatest 0°57, least 0:50; height, 0-22 of an inch.
Habitat—Table Cape, Circular Head, and Duck River.

The measurements of Cox are of immature, or at least stunted,
specimens from the vicinity of Circular Head. At the Duck River, in

4 A MONOGRAPH OF

the dense fern-tree scrubs, it reaches fully double that size, probably
owing to the moisture being more favourable to its life and development
than the dryer locality where the typical specimens were got. I col-
lected it under logs and on the ground in the decaying moist vegetable
debris in company with H. lampra and Vitrina fumosa. For some time
I thought it the long lost H. bisulcata, or that that shell was a mal-
formed specimen ; but careful comparison with drawings taken from the
vone. Icon., kindly sent me by Mr. Legrand, has convinced me that the
two are very distinct. The present species is so totally different from
described forms that it cannot well be mistaken for any other. The
nearest to it in general appearance is H. lampra and H. ruga, from both
of which it differs in being bluntly angular at the periphery and also in
general colouration. The large specimens mentioned have somewhat the
appearance of H. bisuleata, which still seems to be intermediate in form
between it anc H. Lauwncestonensis.

Legrand gives North-West Bay as a habitat, but I feel confident that
it is an error, for so far as my observations have gone it is a peculiarly
North-Western species, and is in fact restricted to the localities given
above. Measurement of largest specimen in my collection is as follows :

Diameter, greatest 29, least 25 ; height, 17 mil.

2. aL EUEK ( +) LaAMPRA—P/*.

Pfr., Reeve, Conc. Icon, sp. 1295,

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 53.

Cox, Mon. 1868, p. 28, pl. x, fig. 9.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 6.

Shell umbilicated, convexly-depressed, thin, horny, translucent,
very glossy, with fine arcuate rib-like strie, from dark green to deep
greenish chestnut; spire small, convex, obtuse ; whorls 4, quickly in-
creasing, last depressed, expanded outwardly, not descending in front ;
base smoother, bright greenish-yellow ; umbilicus about 1-5th of the
diameter ; aperture lunately oval, nearly diagonal; peristome simple,
thin, straight ; margins converging ; columellar margin very slightly re-
flected above.

Variety a.—Pale greenish-yellow colour throughout.

Variety 6.—F latter than the ordinary form, with the spire scarcely
produced.

Diameter, greatest 0:90, least 0°70 ; height 0°30 of an inch.

Habitat.—Upper St. Patrick’s River, Ringarooma, Blue Tier, Duck
River, Ben Lomond, Launceston; in short, the whole
extent of the Northern Coast, where there is a dense
vegetation and a moist soil.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 5

A highly polished and beautitul species, one of the finest and most
distinct of our numerous Helices, of such constant character that it is
scarcely possible for it to be mistaken for any other species, although
small specimens have much the appearance of the larger varieties of H.
ruga (Cox). Specimens from the vicinity of Launceston, where it is very
common, show greater flatness of spire than the generality of those
collected by me in Ringarooma and to the west; a pale yellowish-green
variety is also more often to be met with. In habit it is a moist-loving
species, generally confined to the dense scrub, yet I have found many
specimens (rather small) on the dry slopes of the hills around Laun-
ceston, and Mr. R. M. Johnston has collected it on the dry exposed
slopes of Ben Lomond. Its lingual membrane is large, 14 mil. in length
by 3 in width, rounded at one end and pointed at the other, with about
75 rows of 37°37 teeth, arranged in slightly-curved angular rows ; each
tooth is slenderly acuminate, slightly curved toward the apex, and fur- —
nished with a rounded projection on the middle of the posterior side.

This shell seems to represent H. stranget (Pfr.) of Australia, from
which it is nevertheless very distinct. It has not been observed in the
southern portion of the island.

| 5.— HEL Ix ( ) Srnctarri—P/r.

Zeit-schrift fiir Malac., 1854, p. 154.

Reeve, Cone. Icon., sp. 1444.

Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 32, pl. vii., fig. 3, 3a. 30.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 12, pl.i., fig. 9, pl. ii., fig. 14.
H. bombycina—Pfr.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 54.

Reeve, Conc. Icon., sp. 1314,

Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 20, pl. x, fig. 2.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 2.
H. dubitans—Coz.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 29, pl. ii., fig. 7.
Hf. vexanda—Cozx.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 43.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, thin, translucent, occasionally shining,
very regularly and very closely rather prominently ribbed, horny yel-
lowish, with many interrupted spiral reddish bands; spire flattened ;
whorls 4, flatly convex, quickly increasing, last large, depressed, convex
externally, much deflected in front ; base smoother and more glossy ;
umbilicus widely funnel-shaped, nearly equalling half of the diameter ;
aperture diagonal, ovately-lunar ; peristome simple, thin, regular, mar-
gins approximating, columellar margin scarcely dilated or reflected.

Variety a.—Dull, dark chestnut colour, the HZ. dubitans (Cow).

6 A MONOGRAPH OF

Variety 6.—Yellow-brown colour above, chestnut below, the H.
vexanda (Cox).

Variety c.—Bright greenish-yellow throughout.

Variety d.—Dark greenish aspect, and rounder whorls ; striated as
typical. Habitat—Macquarie Harbour.

Diameter, greatest 0°70, least 0°60 ; height, 0°25 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Wellington, Huon River, Recherche Bay, Port
Davey, Macquarie Harbour, Black River, Rocky Cape,
River Leven, George’s Bay, Chudleigh, Middlesex Plains.

A very variable species, as far as colour and the dispersion of
the markings, occasionally very dark with a bronzed lustre, and often
met with of a general bright yellow, brown, or even greenish colour,
with little and sometimes no markings perceptible. Specimens from
Macquarie Harbor have a greenish aspect, and show greater roundness
of body whorl, and little, if any, deflection in front, are darker in
appearance than those from the south and north and more shining below.
It is a moist-loving species, only to be obtained in dense places among
decaying leaves that so thickly cover the ground in such places, and
under the decaying logs, and sometimes nestling under stones. At one
time it was considered peculiar to the southern portion of the island, but
more extended research has shown that it has a much wider distribution,
although it cannot be said to be generally dispersed, for up to the present
time it has not been obtained in the dense scrubs of the north-east.
There it seems to be replaced by H. Lawncestonensis ; nevertheless it may
yet be discovered in that, to all appearance, congenial locality. Legrand,
with truth, remarks—“ There is no doubt that the two species,” referring
to H. Sinclairi and H. bombycina, “are identical, as they run so gradually
into each other that it is impossible to say where Stnclairi ends and
bombycina begins.” On Mount Wellington it may be often met with
at an altitude of over 3000 feet, but more abundantly in the dense
gullies that converge from that mountain. It may be easily recognised
Enna fH. ruga, its nearest ally, by its striated base, larger size, coloumshians
and deflection of the upper portion of the aperture ; in the latter respect
it resembles H. Lawncestonensis, although very different in all other res-
pects. Lingual teeth large, aculiate, curved, with an indistinct lump in
the middle on the posterior side, arranged in angular rows as in H.
lampra and H. ruga. The lingual membrane in all these species is
large and comparatively wide, and greatly resembles that of Z'estacella
haliotoides, as figured in Woodward’s “Manual of the Mollusca,” page
298.

The specimens described by Dr. Cox, under the names of dubitans
and vewanda, are but varieties of colouration, and have no constant
specific character of reliable nature.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 7

6.—HELIX ( ) RUGA—Coz.
Legrand, Col for Mon., sp. 24, pl.i., fig. 5.
H, Margatensis—Coz.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 54.

Shell with a large perspective umbilicus, equalling one quarter of
the diameter of the shell ; depressed, rather thin, horny yellow or some-
times dark olive, shining below ; whorls 44, quickly increasing, regularly
striated above with coarse rib-like strie ; smooth below, last whorl much
dilated and slightly depressed near the mouth, which is ovately lunate ;
peristome thin and simple, with approximating margins; columellar
margin not dilated.

Variety a.—Paler, greenish-yellow.
Variety 6.—Dark, brownish-red.

Diameter, greatest 0:37, least 0°31 ; height, 0-12 of an inch.

Habitat.—Foot of Mount Wellington, Mount Nelson, Prosser’s
Plains, Sorell, Circular Head, River Leven, Quamby
Bluff, Launceston, East Coast, Recherche Bay, Emu
Bay, Flinders Island, and also Victoria, Australia.

The above is the description verbatim of the typical form from near
Hobart Town ; but as may be imagined from a shell having such a wide
range, in fact almost general distribution over the island, the variations
caused by more or less congenial situations are very great. It has, how-
ever, several common characters that are constant, and by which it may
be easily known—notably its smooth base, which is invariably much
more polished than the upper surface ; its depressed form, and the regu-
larly coarsely striated upper portion of the shell. It varies in colour
from light yellowish-green to a dark rusty-brown, and is often striated
irregularly with a darker shade. Jn size it also varies: many of those
collected by me around Launceston are fully as large as the next
species (?), H. guestiosa. It is generally found in dry localities, and but
seldom met with in moist situations. It may be distinguished from H.
Sinclairt by its want of the peculiar markings of that species, and the
scarcely perceptible deflection in the upper portion of the aperture, a
character so persistent in H. Sinclairi, and from H. Stephensi and allies,
by its thicker texture and sculpture generally. There are several allied
forms in Australia, and specimens from the Dandenong Range, Victoria,
are identical with those from the northern portion of this island. The
examples from Flinders Island, Bass Straits, are small, not quite so
high as the typical, and of a pale greenish-yellow colour throughout ; they
were found on the sand dunes in company with Vitrina Verreauai and a
variety of H. Macdonaldi. The specimen named by Cox as H. Mar-
gatensis is but a pale variety. The arrangement of the teeth on the
lingual membrane resembles that of H. dampra and H. Sinclairi.

8 A MONOGRAPH OF

7.—HELIx ( ) QUzASTIOSA—Com.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 54.

Shell with a large open umbilicus; thin, depressed, dull above,
shining below, yellow-brown above, gradually shading off to yellow
below ; whorls 45 to 5, convex, rapidly increasing in size, the last
dilated outwardly, not descending in front; apex scarcely raised ;
aperture elongately ovately-lunar ; margins simple, approached,
columellar margin slightly dilated. ‘

Diameter, greatest 0°55, least 0°40; height 0°22 of an inch.
Habitat.—Oatlands.

I have not seen the typical specimens. It may be but an extreme
variation of H. ruga.

8.—HELIx ( ) Wynyarvensis. N. Sp.

Shell with a narrow but deep umbilicus, convexly depressed, rather
thick, reddish-brown above and yellowish-white beneath, dull, covered
with a thin epidermis; striated with prominent rounded riblets above
and below, the interstices with much finer strize and decussate; spire
small, only very slightly elevated ; whorls 54, moderately convex, suture
impressed, last large and inflated; aperture Juuately-ovate ; peristome
thin, margins approximating, right somewhat depressed ; columellar
margin a little expanded. _

Diameter, greatest 11, least 9 ; height, 4 mil.
Hatbitat.—Table Cape and Circular Head.

A shell with much the general appearance of H. Stephensi and #.
Hamiltoni, but the prominent close-set riblets and the distinct difference
in the colouration of the upper and lower surface at once separate it
from either of its allies. In the latter respect it resembles H. lampra,
but the likeness goes no further as far as that shell is concerned. I col-
lected it in the dense scrub under decaying timber. I regret that I am
under the necessity of describing the present shell from dead specimens.
When living the bi-coloured character is much more definitely shown
than in the specimens before me. I am much adverse to the formation of
new species on trifling differences, but in the present instance the varia-
tion from the ordinary colouration of H. Stephensi, H. Hamilton, and
H. plexus is so constant, and the regular rounded riblets form such a
decided and conspicuous difference, that I think I am justified in
describing the shell as a new and unrecorded species, more particularly
as the characters given are invariably constant, without the least
deviation from the type.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 9

9,.—HE ix ( ) Hamittoni—Coz.

Cox, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Mon., 1868, p. 32, pl. vii., fig. 2-2a.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 4.

Shell umbilicated, sub-discoid, convexly depressed, thin, very closely
and sub-arcuately ribbed, interstices with extremely fine thread-like
lines, crossed by extremely minute spiral ones, giving the shell, under
the lens, a linearly granular appearance, not shining, pale reddish horny ;
spire small, scarcely projecting, sometimes flat, suture impressed ;
whorls 5, rapidly increasing, flatly convex, last somewhat inflated,
roundly convex, not descending in front, moderately flattened at the
mouth above; base with the strize smaller; umbilicus perspective,
nearly equalling one-fifth of the diameter; aperture diagonal, lunately-
oval; peristome simple, thin, straight, margins approaching ; columellar
margin above moderately dilated and reflected.

Diameter, greatest 0°70, least 0:50 ; height 0:20 of an inch.

Habitat.—Macquarie Harbor, Port Davey, Black River, Circular
Head, on the ground in moist places, among accumulations
of decaying herbage, and under fallen trees,

Specimens from the last-mentioned locality are much larger than
those from either Port Davey or Macquarie Harbour, the margin of the
aperture is also a little expanded. I have but little doubt but that it
will be eventually shown that the present form with H. Stephensi, H.
pleaus, H. Langleyana, H. Kingi, H. Du Cani, and H. Savést are but
variations of one generally distributed form reaching a degree of develop-
ment according to the influence of local circumstances, and that the
differences are simply varietal and not specific.

10.—HE rx ( ) STePHENsI—Coz.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 6, pl. ii., fig. 6.

HA. Pascoei—Brazier.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 65.
en 4 F Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872.
AH. Milligani— Brazier.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 69.
i Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872.
H. Floodi—Brazier.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 70.
Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872.
H. scrupulus—Cox.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 76,

H. cepta—Cox.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 41, pl. ii., fig. 2,

Shell with a deep, open, rather narrow, umbilicus; depressly-
orbicular, thin, transparent, of a dull brown-yellow colour; spire scarcely
c

10 A MONOGRAPH OF

elevated ; whorls 5, the last rather inflated, not descending ; coarsely and
widely transversely striated throughout with rib-like striz. the interstices
being again finely striated ; aperture oblique, almost round; peristome
simple, not reflected ; columellar margin dilated.

Diameter, greatest 0°31, least 0-25 ; height, 0:12 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Wellington, Brown’s River to Recherche Bay,
Circular Head to Tamar River, around Launceston, Chudleigh, Mount
Bischoff, Macquarie Harbour (2).

Somewhat variable, both in size, colouration, and even sculpture,
although as a rule the same general aspect is present. In colour
it varies from a greenish white to dark brown, and even occa-
sionally assumes a bronzed appearance ; the sculpture is more or less
prominent in picked specimens, but all have a granular, decussate
sculpture, with distant prominent strie. Specimens collected on the
densely-timbered banks of the Leven River are fully twice the size of
the typical from Mount Wellington, and on this account Dr. Cox has
formed them into a distinct species under the name of Du Cani. This 1
retain for future observation, although I have but little doubt it is but a
local variation in size ; other slight variations have occasioned the for-
mation of the following—Milligani, scrupulus, and Floodi; the spire is
occasionally a little more elevated or depressed than in normal examples,
and in a specimen collected at the foot of Mount Wellingcon the shell
was flat with the suture much indented. This Mr. Brazier has named
Pascoet. I have united these so-called species, after the examination of
some hundreds of specimens from numerous localities, which clearly
show they are variations of one form, and, as before remarked, it is
quite possible that the preceding, present, and five following species are
but extreme variations of one generally distributed form. The specimens

named by Dr. Cox as cepta are but young individuals, wanting the
development of the last whorl.

11.—HE ix ( ) Du Cant.—Coz.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 56.

Shell widely umbilicated, convexly depressed, transversely, finely,
obliquely, granularly striated, and longitudinally regularly striated with
slightly waved striz, thin, transparent, pale yellow-brown; whorls 6,
rounded ; suture deep ; spire slightly raised ; peristome simple, thin,
straight, margins approached ; columellar margin not dilated or reflexed.

Diameter, greatest 0°78, least 0-62 ; height, 0-50 of an inch.

Habitat.—North-west Coast, from Tamar Heads to Table Cape.

I found this species (?) in considerable numbers under decaying
masses of vegetation in the thick, almost impenetrable undergrowth on
the banks of the Leven River, in company with gigantic specimens of

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 1]

Bulimus Dufresni, and another variety of Helix, which stands to H.
Kingi (Brazxer) as the present form does to H. Stephensi (Cox): it is,
in fact, but a very large variety of that species. I have carefully ex-
amined a large numter of specimens, and find they exactly agree in form
and structure to the typical form from Mount Wellington ; the only
difference is the great size of Du Cant. I retain it as a species until I
have an opportunity of comparing the animal, and examining the
lingual membrane. Mr. Legrand and Mr. Stephens consider that
it should rank as a distinct species. The latter gentleman obtained the
type specimen from Mr. Gould, formerly Government Geologist, who
first met with it at the Leven River.

12.—HExix ( ) PLEXUS—Cow.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 28, pl. i., fig. 10.
H. Irvine—Coz.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 71.
H, spoliata—Cox.

Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 75.

Shell turbinately-globose, deeply, openly, and rather narrowly
umbilicated, thin, dull, pale horny-brown ; sculptured with rather
irregular, prominent, arcuate ribs, widely separate, the interstices of
which are finely striated transversely ; whorls 5, apex raised, last whorl
reflexed for a short distance in front; base convex, less prominently
ribbed and striated than above; peristome simple, aperture oblique,
ovately-rounded ; margins approached, columellar margin a little dilated
at its insertion ; margins joined by a rather thick callus.

Diameter, greatest 0°24, least 0°19 ; height, 0-20 of an inch.

Habitat.—Rivers Piper, Forth, and Leven, Circular Head, Table

Cape, Ben Lomond, and Distillery Creek (near Laun-
ceston).

Subject to the same variation in size, colour, and to a certain extent
shape, as H. Stephensi (Cox), from which it is doubtfully distinct. I
retain the species for shells in which the sculpture is more prominent
above than below, in short often entirely wanting at the base, and that
portion polished to a more perceptible extent than the upper surface. I
have only met with it on the Northern Coast, where it is widely scat-
tered, as may be noticed by the list of localities given in the habitat
above, Lingual membrane 24 mil. long by 1 broad, teeth arranged in
regular, straight rows, 140 rows of 70-70.

c2

12 A MONOGRAPH OF

13.—HELIx ( ) Savesr. N. Sp.

Shell umbilicated, depressed, very thin ; shining, borny-yellow’
occasionally almost white; prominently, obliquely ribbed throughout,
ribs occasionally somewhat moniliform ; interstices with fine strie and
decussate, the latter more perceptible on the upper whorls than in the
last ; spire flattened, small, apex projecting, whorls 5} to 6, flatly-
convex ; suture impressed, very rapidly increasing in size, last large,
not descending in front ; periphery rounded ; base sculptured as above,
but becoming finer as it approaches and enters the umbilicus, which is
moderately open and funnel shaped; aperture diagonal, ovately-lunar ;
peristome simple, thin, margins approximating and joined by a thin,
shining, smooth callus ; columellar margin a little dilated.

Diameter, greatest 11, least 9; height, 5 mil.

Habitat.—Table Cape.

I collected this species in the dense forest at Table Cape with H.
Wynyardensis, from which it differs in its paler colour, coarse sculpture, -
height, and thin texture. It may be but an extreme variation of H.
Stephensi, but the characters enumerated in the diagnosis are invariably
constant, and seem sufficient to apply a name to the shell.

Described from a specimen in the collection of, and kindly lent to me
by Mr. J. Brazier, to whom I am much indebted for assistance in col-
lecting material for this paper. Named at Mr. Brazier’s request after
M. Savés, a French collector.

14.—HELIXx ( ) Kine1—Brazier.
Brazier, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 52.

Shell umbilicated, convexly depressed, rather thin ; very closely and
irregularly finely striated and decussate; not shining, brown, horny ;
spire conoidly-convex, obtuse at the apex, impressed at the suture ;
whorls 54, slightly convex, last large, depressed in front, somewhat angled
at the periphery, base rounded and marked with decussating strie ;
umbilicus deep, sub-compressed ; aperture slightly oblique, lunately-
oval ; peristome simple, margins approximating, columellar margin
expanded and reflected.

Diameter, greatest 0°37, least 0°29; height, 0:30 of an inch.

Habitat.—Ringarooma, Ben Lomond, River Leven, Circular Head,

Emu Bay.

Specimens that I have collected at the River Leven are at least three
times as large as the type from Ringarooma, but the same in every other
respect. It approaches H. Hamiltoni (Cox), but may be known by its
battered-like, rough look, the height of spire, and the form of the aper-
ture. It is not at all abundant, and is as often found in dry open places
as in the dense moist forest. .

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS, | ia

15.— HE Ix ( ) LaneLeyvana—Brazier.
Brazier, Pro, Linnean Soc., N.S. W., 1876, p. 18.

Shell largely umbilicated, discoid, thin ; very finely and obliquely
sculptured ; not shining, pale horn-brown; spire depressed ; suture
channelled ; whorls 33 (?), the three upper ones with the sculpture much
rougher, the last large and roundly convex ; aperture oblique, lunately-
ovate ; peristome simple, acute, margins distant ; columellar margin
slightly reflected at the edge of the umbilicus.

Diameter, greatest 43, least 34; height, 2 lines.
Habitat.—Macquarie Harbour, West Coast.

I regret I have not now a specimen of this shell, but I think it is
questionable if it is any more than a variety of H. Hamiltoni or
HI. Stephenst, both of which vary so much as to render it very doubtful
whether they are even distinct in the true sense of the word. I, how-
ever, place it in the list for future investigation.

16. HEtrx ( ) Forpe1i— Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 53.

H. tabescens—C ox.

Hi. Petterdi—Cox.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 77.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 18, pl. i., fig. 2.

A. Allporti—Legrand.
H. Austrinus—Cox.

H. Medianus—Cozx.
Hi, helice—Cox.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 22, pl. 1, fig. 3.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 19, pl. 1, fig. 3.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 20.

Shell perforated, convexly depressed, thin ; closely, finely, obliquely,
irregularly striated ; horny-brown to horny-green ; whorls 5, convex,
rapidly increasing, last the largest ; keeled at the periphery, grooved at
the suture ; spire slightly raised, acute ; base convex, moderately
smooth ; aperture oblique, lunately rounded ; peristome simple, margins
distant, the columellar margin dilated and reflected, almost covering the
small perforation.

Diameter, greatest 0°30, least 0°22 ; height, 0:16 of an inch.

Habitat.—Recherche Bay, South Cape, Mount Wellington, Long

Bay, Southport, Mount Bischoff (Johnston), Victoria.

Variety a.—Dark chestnut, obsoletely keeled at periphery ; the H.

Allporti—Legrand.
Variety b.—Light olive-green colour ; the H. austrinus—Cox.

14 A MONOGRAPH OF

Variety c.—Shell large, last whorl conspicuously keeled, reddish-
brown ; the AH. medianus—Cox.

Diameter, greatest 0:41, least 0°35 ; height, 0-20 of an inch.
Habitat.—Recherche Bay.

Variety d.—Same as typical in size, colouration, and form ; but the ~
irregular rugose striation is much more prominent, and becomes at the
angular portion of the body-whorl very irregularly-distant lamelle. This
variety may be termed H. M‘Coyt.

Habitat.— Dandenong Range, Victoria.

A somewhat variable species within certain limits, but not so much
so as would be imagined by the long synonomy. The specimens named
helice by Cox are immature shells, wanting the last whorl, and the
tabescens a trifle flatter than usual. Mr. Brazier remarks—“ This species
approaches in miniature Helicarion sophie (Gaskoin) trom Lord Howe’s
Island.” Judging from the number of specimens that I have seen, it is
equally abundant at the extreme south of the island as H. Stanleyensis
is at Circular Head ; both species are found in company with H. cesus.
On Mount Wellington I have often got it among decaying leaves in
damp places, and occasionally under logs and stones. At Mount Bischoff
one specimen was got by. Mr. Johnston under a log. Heretofore it had
been looked upon as a strictly southern species, although I have long
known of it existing in Victoria. The nearest described form from
Australia is H. radians (Pfr.), said to have been got at Port Jackson,
New South Wales, but unknown to collectors there. The variety
Allport: was described by Dr. Cox as H. Petterdi, but Mr. Legrand sub-
stituted that name for H. Allporti, which I retain for that variety.

17.—HE Ix ( ) TRANQUILLA—Cox.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 37, pl. ii., fig. 3.

Shell deeply and narrowly umbilicated, depressly globose, thin,
transparent, pale greenish yellow brown, coarsely striated with lines of
growth ; spire raised, sub-conoid ; whorls 54, gradually increasing in
size, distended, last gently descending in front; aperture diagonal,
ovately Junar ; peristome simple, not thickened, regular ; margins ap-
proximating ; columellar margin dilated and reflected.

Diameter, greatest 0:35, least 0°28 ; height, 0-24 of an inch.
Habitat.—Port Davey.

Described from an unique specimen, which is probably but an ex-
treme example of the light coloured variety of H. Yordet.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 15

18.—HE Ix ( ) TRAJECTURA—Cox.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 36, pl. ii., fig. 6.

H. mixta—Cox.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 38, pl. ii., fig. 11.

Shel! with a deep, narrow, half-covered umbilicus, conoid, thin,
transparent, pale brown, not shining, irregularly coarsely striated with
lines of growth ; spire conical ; whorls 53, the last disproportionately
large and sub-carinated ; aperture large, slightly angled, oblique,
lunately oval ; peristome simple, straight, margins approached ; colu-
mellar margin widely dilated and reflexed, half covering the umbilicus.

Diameter, greatest 0:32, least 0:26 ; height, 0-20 of an inch.

Habitat.—Port Davey.

There can be no reasonable doubt but that the two species created
by Dr. Cox are but slight variations of one form, more especially as
they were collected at the same locality, the similarity of the description
in Legrand’s “ Col. for Mon.” are very perceptible, and the figures almost
identical. Very closely allied to the preceding.

19.—HELIx ( ) VITRINAFORMIS—C'0x.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 58.

Shell imperforate, flatly depressed ; yellow brown, thin, horny,
translucent ; irregularly streaked with lines of growth longitudinally ;
shining; very finely striated with waved striz, above and below ;
whorls 43, rapidly increasing in size, flat above, last much dilated, not
descending in front ; spire not raised ; peristome straight, simple, thin ;
aperture proportionately very large, lunately rounded ; columellar mar-
gin expanded and impressed covering the umbilicus.

Diameter, greatest 0°38, least 0°28 ; height, 0°78 of an inch.

Habitat.—Springs, Mount Wellington, and foot of La Perouse
mountain.

Legrand remarks of this—‘ An interesting species, easily recog-
nised by the fine longitudinal striz and Vitrina-like form. Until the
animal has been seen, it is impossible to determine the section.” I col-
lected the type specimen in company with H. Fordei (Brazier ), to which
shell it has a resemblance. The nearest to it in Australia is H. Fern-
shawensis mihi, from Victoria, from which it mostly differs in its more
depressed form.

16 A MONOGRAPH OF

20.—HELIx ( ) posITuRA—Cozw.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 42, pl. ii., fig 10.

Shell very narrowly umbilicated, conoidly depressed, thin; of a dull
chestnut-brown colour, with strongly marked but widely separated costce,
more prominent above than below; whorls 4, gradually increasing in
size, last expanded, sub-carinated, not depressed in front ; aperture
slightly angled, lunately-rounded , peristome simple, thin ; margins
approached, columellar margin dilated and reflected over the umbilicus.

Diameter, greatest 0:25, least 0°18 ; height, 0-12 of aninch.
Habitat.—Recherche Bay. :

A small sub-carinated shell, with prominent striz. I have examined
the type and other specimens, and I am convinced that it is but a young
meadianus or Allportt, wanting the last whorl, in which the striz is more
than usually prominent, which is often the case, as also in the typical
HI, Fordei. Retained for further investigation.

21.—HE Ix) ) casus—Con.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 21, pl. i., fig. 4.
HZ, occultus—Cox.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 23.

Shell deeply, openly, rather narrowly umbilicated, globosely-
depressed ; spire rather raised; thin, light, reddish-brown; whorls 5,
much rounded, the last slightly depressed in front; base convex, exca-
vated round the umbilicus; surface slightly irregular with lines of
growth ; aperture almost round ; peristome simple, not thickened ;
margins approximating ; columellar margin very slightly dilated.

Diameter, greatest 0:18, least 0-05 ; height, 0:10 of an inch.

Habitat.—Recherche Bay, near Southport Lagoon, Table Cape,
islands in Bass Straits, Circular Head.

The shells described as H. occultus are the young immature specimens.
At Circular Head it is extremely abundant, gregarious among the rocks
surrounding the ‘“ Nut” to the seaward, with H. Stanleyensis and some
other small forms. It is somewhat remarkable that it has been col-
lected at the two extremes ofthe island ; at Recherche Bay it was found
associated with H. Allporti, and equally as profuse as at its northern
habitats. So far it has been observed only near the sea, so that it
may be considered peculiar to the coast. At Table Cape I observed
large numbers of dead bleached specimens, scattered about on the cliffs
with its usual northern associates and Succinea Australis.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. Ti

22.—HELIX ( ) PicTILIs— Tate.

Pro, Linnzan Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. ii., page 290.

Shell umbilicated, globosely-conical, keeled, thin ; ornamented with
distant, strong, unequal, regular curved ribs, the interstices crossed by
minute and close raised lines, which produce in certain positions a satiny
lustre, coloured above with light chestnut and pale brown or colourless
segments ; spire broadly conical, obtuse ; whorls 5, flattish, the last

angulated, the carina denticulated ; base slightly sloping, finely ribbed,

coloured as above; aperture angular, broadly-lunate ; peristome thin,
simple ; columellar slightly reflected ; umbilicus small.

Diameter, 0°15 and 0°14 of an inch ; height, 0°125.
Habitat.—‘ Among herbage on the slopes of the Cape Northumber-

land cliffs, South Australia ; also fossilized in the same .
rocks, whick are indu1ated blown sands of Pleistocene .

age, numerous examples.” Furneaux Group, Bass
Straits (recent and fossilized) ; Circular Head to Emu
Bay.

Prof. Tate remarks—“ This species closely resembles HZ. penolensis,

(Cox), but differs particularly in its coarser ribbing, in its colouration,
and by the presence of transverse striz.” In the Furneaux Group it is

fossilized with another species of Helix, apparently H. Tattiiegtensnsts. Vast Leeme.

numbers of dead specimens were collected on the sand dunes in company
with H. Barrenensis, mihi, and H. Furneauxensis, mihi, but no search was
made among the vegetation for living examples. It is closely allied to
H. cesus (Cox), so much so that many specimens show a gradual
assimilation to that species ; in fact it may be but an extreme variation,
although I consider it distinct. The peculiar satiny appearance
is noticeable in several of our Helices, and is very conspicuous in ZH.
Legrandt and H. limula, although they are very different from the
species in question. It is interesting to discover a species of such an
extended range,'more especially as it is found on both the mainland of
Australia and on the islands in Bass Straits, in both a living and
fossilized condition. Typical specimens kindly sent me by Professor R.
Tate are exactly the same as those collected at Circular Head and Emu

Bay.

23.—HELIx ( ) JUNGERMANNIZ. N. Sp.

Shell small, with a narrow, steep umbilicus ; thin ; obliquely,
strongly, and irregularly striated with lines of growth, and ver y in-
distinct traces of spiral lines’; brown, shining with a bronze-like lustre ;
spire moderately -elevated, apex often coroded ; whorls 43, much

D

P7219

18 A MONOGRAPH OF

rounded, last somewhat depressed ; aperture roundly-lunate, peristome
simple ; margins approaching, joined by a thin callus ; columellar
margin faintly dilated.

Diameter, greatest 3, least 2; height, 14 mil.
Habitat.—Cataract, near Launceston.

Obtained in considerable numkers on the rocks, gregarious under
masses of Jungermannia. It has a close relation to H. sitiens and H,
Luckmam, but may be known from the first by the want of the regular,
prominent riblets ; and from the latter by its bronze-like general aspect,
and by not having the segments of colour generally present as in that
species. Jt is much larger, differently sculptured, and less globose than
H. Trucaninie. In habit they are all much the same. Hitherto I have
only collected it at the locality indicated, where it can always be got by
turning over the thick entangled masses of moss that form sucha thick
carpet on the rocks a short distance above the water. It is very
probable that the present, with H. sitiens, H. Luckmani, and H.
Trucanint, are but variations of one species; the characters given are,
however, so constant that I prefer, for the present, to retain them as
distinct. :

24,—HE LIX ( ) sITIENS—Coz.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 60.

Shell rather largely and openly umbilicated, depressed ; dusky-
brown, ornamented above and below with broad light-red rays; trans-
versely striated with oblique, transverse, rather prominent riblets, at
regular intervals ; spire elevated ; whorls rounded, gradually increasing
in size, last whorl considerably depressed ; aperture sub-lunately
rounded ; peristome simple, blunt; margins closely approached ;
columellar margin straight, not dilated.

Diameter, greatest 0-10, least 0-08 ; height, 0°05 of an inch.

Habitat.—Near Hobart Town waterworks, Mount Nelson, Knock-
lofty, Queenborough (C. E. Beddome).

On Knocklofty I have collected it in numbers, principally crawling
on the exposed surface of blocks of rock on the slopes of the hill, and
more sparingly under them, with H. Morti and H. Hobarti. To the last
it has a close resemblance, and principally differs from it by its larger
size, narrow umbilicus, sculpture generally, and by the rays of colour.
From H. Iuckmani it may be known by the riblets and depression in
the last whorl. In habit they much resemble each other.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 19

25.—HELIX ( ) Trucanini. N. Sp.

Shell perforated, depressly-convex ; of a deep, rich brown, shining ;
obliquely striate throughout, with lines of growth, many of which are
distantly, irregularly prominent, crossed by fine, minute spiral strie,
giving the shell, under the lens, a granular appearance ; whorls 4, convex,
impressed at the suture ; apex obtuse and rounded, descending very
little in front ; periphery rounded ; base convex, sculptured the same as
upper portion; perforation small and deep; mouth lunately-rounded,
lip thin, acute, margins distant, joined by a thin, smooth, polished
callus ; columellar margin dilated, almost concealing the perforation.

Diameter, greatest 24, least 2; height, 1} mil.

Habitat—Near First Basin, Launceston ; among moss on the

branches and trunks of trees, aiso more sparingly on rocks
overgrown by mosses.

Although allied to H. Luckmani (Brazier) and H. jungermanie, mihi,
it is nevertheless distinct, and may be separated by its smaller size,
different colour, and by the umbilicus, which is very small and almost
concealed.

It is of gregarious habit, and nestles in the masses of moss over-
growing trees and rocks, more especially is it plentiful on the former in
company with H. mimosa, meha.

26.—HELIXx ( ) Luckmani—Brazier.
Pro. Royal Soc. Tas., 1876.
HI. neglecta—Br.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 660.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp., 47.

Shell umbilicated, depressly convex, thin ; obliquely, faintly, and
irregularly striated ; whorls regularly marked above with alternate
light-red and brown segments; whorls 43, convex, excavated at the
suture, the last not descending in front ; base convex, brown ; umbilicus
deep ; aperture roundly-lunate ; lip thin, acute ; margins nearly
approximating ; columellar margin not reflected.

Diameter, greatest 0:13, least 0:11; height 0:08 of an inch.

Habitat.—Knocklofty, Mount Nelson, foot of Mount Wellington,
Distillery Creek, and Cataract (near Launceston).

Differs from all others by its dingy appearance, and the segments of
colour on the upper surface are very characteristic. In form it is allied
to H. sitiens and H. Jungermannie, but their respective specific differences
are so constant that no confusion need occur in the identification,
Heretofore this shell was supposed to be confined to the southern por-
tion of the island, but I have recently found it in great profusion in the
vicinity of Launceston, where it. is more especially plentiful among
mosses on the rocks around the First Basin, and also near the Waverley
Woollen Mill at Distillery Creek.

D2

20 A MONOGRAPH OF

27.—HELIX ( ) Hoparti—Coz.

Mon., 1868, p. 22.
Legrand, Gol, for Mon., sp. 5.

Shell openly and deeply umbilicated, depressed ; dusky-brown ;
closely and regularly transversely-ribbed ; spire only slightly elevated,
principally produced by the depression of the last whorl; whorls 42,
rounded ; base convex, with a funnel shaped umbilicus ; aperture almost
round ; peristome simple ; margins closely approximating : ; no evertion
of the columellar margin.

Diameter, greatest 0°12, least 0°09 ; height, 0:05 of an inch.

Habitat.—The Domain, Hobart Town ; Mount Nelson, Procter’s
Road, and about Launceston ; Melbourne, Victoria ; Cape
Northumberland, South Australia (Tate),

In dry places under and attached to stones. The colouration of the
figures in Cox’s Monograph is not correct ; the red and brown segments
were taken from the H. Luckmani of Brazier, which had apparently, up
to that time, been confounded with the present species, and to which it
is closely allied, although i can be easily separated by attending to the
description. It closely resembles a little shell that is common about
Melbourne, Victoria.

The specimens from Cape Northumberland Prof. Tate has named
HT. arenicola.

28.—HELIX ( ) Morti—Cozw.

Catal. of Aus. Land Shells, 1864, p. 22.
Mon., 1868, p. 21, pl. xi., fig. 13.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 17.

Shell rather widely and deeply umbilicated, depressly-convex,
irregularly transversely ribbed, the interstices being decussately-
punctately striate ; slightly shining, translucent, horny-brown ; whorls
3 to 34, moderately convex, the last rounded, not descending ; ;. Spire
slightly elevated, obtuse ; aperture roundly- Junate ; margin approaching ;
peristome simple ; the columellar border slightly everted.

Diameter, greatest 0:08, least 0°07 ; height, 0:04 of an inch.

Habitat.—New South Wales, South and West Australia, Mount
Wellington, near Launceston, the Domain (Hobart Town),
Mount Nelson, Emu Bay, and Torquay.

Cox remarks of this species—“The lips are sometimes faintly
joined by a callus, and the shell exhibits variation in the distinctness of
its arched ribs, which are sometimes obsolete.” I have not had an
opportunity of examining authentic Australian specimens, those col-
lected in this island and what I have always considered the typical form
of this species vary gradually, on the one hand to Cox’s Hobarti, and on

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 21

the other hand become perfectly flat with a sharp carination at the
periphery ; the prominence of the ribs and their number also vary
equally as much as the contour of the shell. I, therefore, think there
can be but little doubt but that this species with H. Hobart: belongs to
one very variable form. However, as I have not typical specimens
from New South Wales, I think it as well to retain the species for
further examination.

29.—HE.Ix ( ) Cottisi— Brazier.
Pro. Royal Soc. Tas., 1876.

H. minima—Coz.
Mon., 1868, p. 10, pl. xii., fig. 8.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 10.

Shell broadly umbilicated ; discoid ; shining, yellowish-horny ;
very finely striated above, smooth at the base; whorls 5, regularly
increasing, convex, narrow, last whorl a little descending in front ;
suture strongly impressed ; spire flat ; excavated round the umbilicus ;
mouth lunately-rounded, lip simple, thin; not reflected at the
columellar.

Diameter, greatest 0:07, least 0:06; height 0-03 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Wellington.

I have not seen this species ; it appears to differ from all the other
minute forms by the smooth base and finely striated upper surface.

30.—HELIX ( ) Henryana. N., Sp.

Shell minute, openly, deeply umbilicated, discoidal; light brown,
very highly polished, with very faint traces of lines of growth; whorls
34, convex, regularly increasing in size; suture impressed; spire
slightly elevated ; aperture lunate ; columellar margin not dilated.

Diameter, greatest 14, least 1 ; height, # mil.

Habitat.—Domain, Hobart Town; Clarence Plains (J. A. Petterd).

Of this minute shell I have only seen four specimens ; they were
found by my brother at the localities indicated. Although approaching
H. Furneauxensis mihi and H. Halli (Cox), it may be easily known by
its depressed form and shining smooth surface.

31.—HELIx ( ) Furneavxensis. N. Sp.

Shell minute, narrowly umbilicate, conoid; shining, horny, under
the lens finely irregularly striated; whorls 43, rounded; suture 1m-

22 A MONOGRAPH OF

pressed ; spire a little elevated, obtuse at the apex; aperture almost
circular ; margins closely approaching; peristome simple; columellar
margin faintly dilated.

Diameter, greatest 2; height 1 mil.

Habitat.—Furneaux Group and Waterhouse Island, Bass Straits,
Circular Head, Emu Bay, Torquay.

At the first locality it was gathered in depressions on the sand dunes
with H. Barrenensis and H. pictilis. A minute species with some re-
semblance to H. Halli, but from which it differs by its larger size, less
elevated spire, and more open umbilicus. It has a close resemblance
to the preceding, but is not nearly so highly polished, has a larger
number of whorls, and the lines of growth are much more apparent
under the lens.

32.—HELIx ( ) Haxui1.—Cozw.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 34, pl. ii., fig. 9.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, conoid, thin, pale yellowish-brown ;
very finely striated; whorls 4} to 5, regularly increasing in size,
rounded ; suture deeply impressed ; spire conically elevated ; aperture
Junately-oval ; peristome simple, thin ; columellar margin expanded at
the base.

Diameter, greatest 0-06, least 0-05 ; height 0-04 of an inch.

Habitat.—Brown’s River, Waterworks and Domain, near Hobart

Town ; Distillery Creek and Cataract, near Launceston ;
Gad’s Hill, Middlesex Plains, near Valentine’s Peak,
Mount Bischoff, Torquay.

This little species comes near H. microcosmos (Cox), from which it
principally differs in colour and height. Its nearest analogue in this
island is the sinistral H. Weldi, but it, of course, can never be mistaken
for that species.

33.—HELIX ( ) PARVISSIMA—Coz.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 39, pl. ii., fig. 1.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, turbinately-globose, transparent, thin ;
pale yellow-brown, smooth, shining ; spire obtusely-conical ; whorls 54,
convex, gradually increasing in size, last not descending in front ;
aperture irregularly lunate ; peristome simple, thin; columellar margin
not expanded.

Diameter, greatest 0:05, least 0:04 ; height 0-06 of an inch.

Habitat.—Brown’s River, Mount Nelson, Waterworks, near Hobart
Town ; Distillery Creek, near Launceston ; Mount
Bischoff, Surrey Hills, Middlesex Plains.

Somewhat resembling the last, but more conical and smooth,

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 93

34,—HELIX ( ) Spicerr. N. Sp.

Shell perforate, turbinately-globose, thin, yellow-brown, shining ;
above obliquely striate and conspicuously decussate, base of body whorl
almost smooth and much more shining than upper surface ; whorls 5,
convex, gradually increasing in size ; spire obtusely-conical, last slightly
angled, not descending in front ; aperture irregularly-lunate ; peristome
thin ; margins distant, joined by a thin but distinct callus; columellar
margin slightly expanded.

Diameter, greatest 1}; height, 14 mil.

Habitat—New Norfolk, Torquay, Mount Bischoff, Middlesex

Plains, Launceston.

Of the same form as the preceding, but is conspicuously decussate,
more especially on the upper portion of the shell; nevertheless I think
it may prove but a variety in this particular character, for upon ex-
amination of a large series of the two in question and H. Halk, I am
inclined to think them all of one species. This is quite different from
any recorded Australian form, and is the nearest in form found in this

island to the genus Pupa.

35.—HELIX ( ) Wetp11—Tenison- Woods.
Pro. Royal Soc., Tasmania, 1876.

Shell minute, sinistral, narrowly umbilicate, turbinately discoid,
rather thin, shining, with close small longitudinal strie, which are only
visible under the lens; pale yellowish hern, and of uniform colour,
translucent ; spire slightly conical; apex a little prominent, obtuse ;
suture validly impressed ; whorls 6$, convex, gradually increasing ; em-
bryonal whorls 14, whitish ; last whorl rounded and somewhat flattened,
of uniform colour ; peristome simple, acute, horny ; aperture roundly
lunate ; margins of the peristome separated from the umbilicus to half
the height of the last whorl ; columellar short.

Diameter, greatest 14; height, 14 mil.
Hahitat.—Stanley, Circular Head.

Collected on the surface of blocks of rock that are overgrown by a
thick mass of entangled vegetation, in company with H.-cesus and H.
Stanleyensis..

From the fact of this minute species being constantly reversed it
cannot be mistaken for any other of our minute Helices. In general
form and colour the nearest to it is H. Halli and H. parvissima, ex-
cepting, of course, the sinistral convolution. The only other reversed
Australasian species is H. Mage (Lambert ), from New Caledonia, but that
shell is in other respects widely distinct. It appears to be strictly con-
fined to the habitat given, where it is anything but rare. The reversed
form is constant, and I did not meet with a single abnormal specimen,

D4 A MONOGRAPH OF

36,—HELIX ( ) Dremenensis—Coz.

Mon., 1868, p. 20, pl. vii., fig. 6, 6a.
Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 3.

H. Wellingtonensis—Cox.
Mon., 1868, p. 29, pl. vii, fig 5, 5a.
Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867

, Legrand’s Col. for Mon. sp. 15.
H. Daveyensis—Cox

; ; Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 35.
H. Atkinsoni—Coz.

: Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 62.
H. Thompsoni— Cox.

; Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 73.
H. Camille—Cox.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 74.

Shell umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, sub-discoid, thin, with thread-
like riblets radiating sub-arcuately, frequently extending even to its
umbilicus, scarcely shining, varying in colour from glassy white to dirty
yellow, and more or less rayed with chestnut ; spire small, a little ele-
vated, sometimes flat ; whorls 5 to 53, slowly increasing, moderately
convex, last more convex, not descending in front; umbilicus perspec-
tive, equalling one-third of the diameter, steep, and often angled at its
opening ; aperture moderately oblique, lunate ; peristome simple, thin,
straight ; margins approaching ; columellar margin neither dilated nor
reflexed. |

Diameter, greatest 0°27, least 0°23 ; height, 0-14 of an inch.
Variety a.—Chestnut colour throughout, the H. Daveyensis—Cox.

Variety 6.—Glassy-white throughout, the H. Wellingtonensis—Cox.
Variety c.—Pure white, without rays of colour.

Habitat.—Widely distributed, also islands in Bass Straits.

I have no hesitation in uniting the six species (?) that Dr. Cox has
formed of this somewhat varying shell, whose principal differences were
that they came from various parts of the colony. The specimens named
respectively Daveyensis and Wellingtonensis are but variations in colour ;
that named Atkinsoni stunted in growth ; but the difference separating
those named Zhompsoni anc camille from the typical form is totally
beyond my comprehension. I have examined some thousands of speci-
mens from all parts of the island, and also from the majority of the
islands in Bass Straits, and I am thoroughly convinced that they are
but very slight variations of one common form generally distributed ; in
fact, from those I have collected around Launceston it is possible to
assign picked specimens to any of the species (?), and find intermediate
variations one to another. The number of species might be extended ad
libitum if such slight variations in colour or form are to be considered ot
specific value. The radiate bands of chestnut are as often absent as

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 25

present, and in size it varies according to the more or less favourable
nature of the locality. The largest specimens that I have seen came
from Flinder’s Island ; those got at Corra Linn are also very fine, much
more so than any I have seen in the southern portion of the island.

In the “ Pro. Zool. Soc. for 1870,” Mr. Brazier alters the name of
the specimens called by Cox Atkinsoni to Midsont, as the former is
pre-occupied by Theobald.

It prefers, densely wooded situations, living among decaying tim-
ber and leaves on the ground ; and is not only abundant from the high
mountain ranges to within a short distance above the tidal influence,
but has also been obtained in a fossilised condition, with H. pictilis, in
rocks of Pleistocene age at the Furneaux Group, Bass Straits.

37.—HELIx ( ) MARCHIANE—Cox.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 25, pl. i., fig. 7.
Hf, fusco-radiata—Cox.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 61, pl. ii., fig. 2.

Shell discoid, broadly and perspectively umbilicated, thin, trans-
lucent, glossy, pale horny-yellow, irregularly finely striated throughout,
very faintly marked with irregular transverse horn streaks; whorls 44
to 5, convex, very gradually increasing in size ; spire flat ; suture wide,
and rather deeply impressed, last whorl scarcely descending in front ;
aperture oval ; peristome simple, thin ; margins approaching ; columellar
margin not dilated or reflected.

Variety a.—Obsoletely rayed with chestnut.
Diameter, greatest 0:19, least 0°16 ; height, 0-08 of an inch.

Habitat.—Recherche Bay, Brown’s River, Springs (Mount Wel-

lington), Ben Lomond, Corra Linn (near Launceston),
Chudleigh.

This is a very distinct species, distinguished from H. Diemenensis
by its glassy appearance, lines of growth, and much smaller size. On
Mount Wellington it is very rare, and only met with at an altitude of
about 2500 feet. On Ben Lomond it was got on the slopes in company
with H. lampra and H. Kingi, two species confined to the north. At
‘Corra Linn Mr. Johnston found specimens of a rather large size, many of
which were obsoletely rayed with numerous narrow bands of chestnut
colour.

The specimens described under the name of H. fusco-radiata (Cox)
are but the young of this species.

E

26 A MONOGRAPH OF

38.—HELIX ( ) curAgoa—Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., species 48.

H. Ramsgatensis—Cozx.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., species 38, pl. i, fig. 13.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, very closely and
finely plicately ribbed, interstices smooth, white, not shining; spire
depressed ; suture rather deep ; whorls 44, rapidly increasing, convex,
last large, rounded, not descending in front, base ribbed, same as upper
surface ; umbilicus perspective ; aperture oblique, roundly-lunate ;
peristome simple, thin, acute ; columellar margin slightly reflected.

Diameter, greatest 0°25, least 0°20; height, 0-13 of an inch.
Habitat.—Mount Wellington, Recherche Bay, Mount Nelson (}).

A very distinct species, easily distinguished by its small sunken
spire, dull appearance, and somewhat distant plicate riblets. It varies
in colour from reddish-horn to white. It is represented in the northern
portion of the island by H. Mathinn&(mihi), to which it is closely allied
but yet distinct, as may be seen by the description.

39.—HELIX ( ) Matuinnz. N. Sp.

Shell steeply, somewhat narrowly, umbilicated ; depressed, covered
with very prominent ribs, which are irregularly plicately fringed, widely
apart, and often faintly irregular in deposition and becoming almost
obsolete at the apex ; shining, horny, almost waxy appearance ;
interstices and ribs again striated parallel with the ribs, and also faintly
transversely, giving an irregular crenated appearance to the base of the
ribs ; spire depressed ; suture deep ; whorls 4 to 44, rapidly increasing,
convex, last rounded, not descending in front, base sculptured as upper
surface and descending into the deep umbilicus, which is rounded at the
bottom , intercostal spaces of base conspicuously decussate; aperture
roundly-lunate ; peristome acute ; columellar margin not reflected.

Diameter, greatest 63, least 53 ; height 22 mil.
Habitat.—Near First Basin, Launceston.

The most beautifully sculptured of our known Helices, and one that
cannot well be mistaken for any other. The nearest to it is H.
Curagoe (Brazier ), but it differs from that species by its more elaborate
ornamentation. Up to the present I have collected it only in a gully
at. the locality mentioned, where it is very rare, hiding under large
stones in a thick jungle.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 27

40.—HELIx ( ) Legranpi—Coz.

Mon., 1868, p. 23, pl. xii., fig. 7.
4 ; Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 9.
H. Riceti— Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870.
\ ; Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 49,
H. Onslowi— Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 46.

Shell openly umbilicated, depressly-obicular ; rather irregularly,
closely, and sharply striated ; reddish-brown ; spire flat, but not
excavated in the centre ; suture impressed ; whorls 44, flattened and
slanting towards the suture, last tumid, not descending in front ;
umbilicus widely open, freely exposing the whorls; aperture round,
lips simple, thia ; margins closely approaching ; columellar margin not
reflected at the base.

Variety a.— White, occasionally pale yellow.

Diameter, greatest 0°13, least 0:12 ; height 0-07 of an inch.

Habitat.—Widely distributed : Mount Wellington, Launceston,
Ringarooma, Circular Head ; also Victoria ().

Very much resembling H. tuloidea (Forbes), so widely dispersed
through Eastern Australia ; it may be but a variety of that species.
Around Launceston it is very common, and is more often to be got on
the exposed slopes of hills under stones and logs ; those found where there
is a dense moist herbage are generally paler in colour than the typical
form ; hence Mr. Brazier has named a variety of this description as
Hi. Kicei, and another specimen from Mount Wellington the same gen-
tleman has named H. Onsiowi, principally because the epidermis was
clearly shown. A species so generally distributed, as may be expected,
varies a little from what may be looked upon as the normal and typical
appearance. Some I have collected on the shaded banks of Rocher’s
Creek are paler in colour, and have distinct coloured lines of growth.
Almost all the specimens I have seen, some hundreds, are more or less
decussate in the interstices—a character not noticed by Cox in his
description, and the umbilicus is scarcely ever so open as to freely expose
the whorls. It may be known by its orbicularly-depressed form and
striated surface. I have no doubt about the identification, as both Mr.

Brazier and Mr. Legrand have kindly sent me typical specimens got
from Dr. Cox.

41,—HE Ix ( ) LIMULA—Cox.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., species 72.
Shell perforate, thin, orbicularly-depressed, of a light brown
metallic colour, discoid ; thin, closely, and finely striately ribbed above
and below ; whorls 5, very gradually increasing in size, flat, last not
2E

28 A MONOGRAPH OF

depressed in front ; spire not raised ; suture large, base rounded ;
umbilicus not open ; peristome simple, thin; aperture ovately lunate ;.
margins slightly approached; columellar margin triangularly dilated,

concealing the minute umbilicus. .

Variety a.—-White.
Diameter, greatest 0°13, least 0°11; height, 0:5 of an inch.

Habitat.—Piper River ; South Road, Circular Head; Blue Tier
(Simson), Duck River, Chudleigh, Gad’s Hill, and about
Launceston.

Totally different from any other, and easily recognised by its closed
umbilicus and silky appearance. Of rare occurrence in thick, densely
timbered places, generally on the ground, but I have met with many
specimens deeply buried in decaying trees. Cox remarks concerning it
—‘ This species is closely allied to some of the more finely sculptured
and light coloured varieties of H. sericatula (Pfr.) so abundant in New
South Wales.” I have a small species from Cape Otway, Victoria (H.
Oiwayensis, mihi), with much of its general appearance but smaller, paler
colour, and differing in sculpture. It has the general appearance of the
last species, but may be at once recognised by glancing at the under
surface, when the difference in the umbilicus will beat once seen.

42.—HELIx ( ) Kersnawi. N. Sp.

Shell small, with a deep open umbilicus, depressed, thin, shining,
brown ; often marked with dark, nearly black, lines of growth, finely
striated throughout with raised riblets the interstices of which are
strongly decussated ; spire faintly sunk, or quite flat; suture much
impressed ; whorls 44, rather convex, last rounded, descending slightly
in front and flattened above ; aperture triangularly-ovate ; margins
distant, basal a little everted, joined by a very thin polished callus.

Diameter, greatest 3, least 24 ; height, 14 mil.

Habitat.—Distillery Creek and Cataract, near Launceston ; Corra
Linn, River Mersey.

Variety a.—With black lines of growth. . Habitat.—Cataract,
Launceston.

Variety 6.—Spire a trifle elevate, umbilicus not nearly so open.
Habitat.—Circular Head, Table Cape, Mount Bischoff.

I have collected a considerable number of this species on the banks

of Distillery Creek, under the herbage that covers the large boulders
and rocks. In form and sculpture it is constant, and also in general

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS, 29

colouration, although occasionally specimens are to be met with
on the Cataract Hill with irregular black lines of growth. It is a much
flatter shell than H. Legrandi, and has a more open umbilicus, and is
also very different in habit. H. Legrandi is rarely, if ever, found in
greater numbers than three or four together, nestling under logs and
stones in dry situations ; whereas the present species is almost invariably
found gregarious in large numbers, generally in company with H.

LIuckmant and H. Hobartv.

43.—HELIX ( & ) WaveNsis—C. LH. Beddome.
Pro. R.S.T., April, 1879.

Shell with a large perspective umbilicus equalling one-quarter of
its diameter, depressed, thin, horny-yellow ; whorls 33, slowly increasing,
regularly finely striated above and below ; suture deep ; margins distant,
joined by a very thin, smooth callus; mouth ovately-lunate ; margins.
simple.

Diameter, greatest 2, least 1? ; height ? mil.

Halhitat.—Gad’s Hill to Mount Bischoff, found in and under
decayed timber.

This is one of the four novelties discovered by Messrs. Beddome,
Johnston, and Atkinson during a recent collecting trip to the North-
West Coast. This speciesis not unlike H. Kershawi (mihi), but is of a
paler colour, the spire is never submerged, and the sculpture is very
different.

Under the microscope, I find the nucleus (14 whorls) is spirally
’ striate, and the interstices obsoletely, transversely striate.

44,—HELIXx ( ) STELLATA—Brazver.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870, page 662.

A. similis—Cox.
Mon., 1868, p. 123, pl. xii., fig. 12.

H. derelicta—Cou.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 11.

Shell deeply and perspectively umbilicated, discoid ; spire depressed,
chestnut-brown, not shining, regularly and finely ribbed on the upper
and under surface ; whorls 44, rounded, last whorl descending a little in
front ; suture deep and narrow ; peristome simple, thin ; aperture
round ; margins closely approximating ; columellar margin not reflected
at the base.

30 A MONOGRAPH OF

Diameter, greatest 0:08, least 0-07 ; height, 0-04 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Wellingtor, Hobart Town waterworks, about
Launceston, Circular Head, Mersey river; delights in
moist situations, among decaying timber and under
stones.

A minute, depressed, finely sculptured form, resembles H. Kershawi
and H. Gadensis but smaller than either, and the sculpture altogether
much finer and more compact. If my identification of the shell is cor-
rect, the figure in Cox’s Monograph is anything but good.

45.—HELIXx ( ) Tamarensis. N. Sp.

Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, rusty-brown, indistinctly rayed
with darker shade, dull; irregularly, somewhat closely striated with
rounded and slightly waved striz, interstices with very fine striz ; spire
flat ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, last rounded, a little
descending, base convex, ornamented with striations the same as upper
surface ; umbilicus large and very open, somewhat shallow and flat at
the bottom ; aperture ovately-lunate, slightly flattened above ; margins
approaching ; peristome simple, acute.

Diameter, greatest 6, least 5; height, 2 mil.

Habitat.—Rifle butts, near Launceston, in great numbers at the
roots of brier bushes (R. M. Johnston).

Closely allied to H. Legrandi (Cox) and H. Stanleyensis (mihi ), but
differs principally from either in its very open umbilicus and the
colouration. It is individually one of the most abundant species I have
met with in this island; it may literally be collected by thousands at
the locality given, but, strange to say, I have not met with it elsewhere.
It is so different from any described species that I do not think it a local
variation.

I at first named it H. rosacew, but as there is H. rosacea (Mill. ) I
have altered it to that given above.

46.—HEtix ( ) OrFIcERI—Cox.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., species 57.

Shell deeply, openly, but narrowly umbilicated ; depressed, discoid,
yellow-brown, very closely and finely striately-ribbed, irregularly and
indistinctly rayed with brown; whorls 5, convex, last not descending in
front ; spire almost flat ; suture impressed ; base rounded. and excavated.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 31

round the umbilicus ; aperture lunately-rounded ; peristome simple,
thin ; margins much approached ; columellar margin broadly and
triangularly dilated above.

Diameter, greatest 0°17, least 0:14 ; height, 0:10 of an inch.

Habitat.—North-West Bay, near the Great Lake, George’s Bay
(East Coast).

If I have identified this species correctly, it comes between H.
Diemenensis and H. Stanleyensis ; it is much smaller than the
former, with much the appearance of the latter. The specimen in my
collection has 53 to 6 whorls, and is obsoletely, minutely decussate
throughout, in other respects agreeing with the description of Dr. Cox
as given above.

47.—HELIx ( ) Tasmanla—Coz.
Mon., 1868, p. 22, pl. xii., fig. 4.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 14.
Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, each whorl regularly marked
above with alternate dark chestnut and light segments, regularly and
strongly ribbed, thin ; spire slightly raised ; whorls 5, flattened toward
the suture, the last descending a little in front, base convex ; umbilicus
deeply funnel-shaped ; aperture roundly-dilated, lip simple, sharp ;
margins closely approaching ; columellar margin not dilated at its base.

Diameter, greatest 0°13, least 0-11 ; height 0:07 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Wellington, Brown’s River, North-West Bay,
George’s Bay, Recherche Bay, Ringarooma (2).

A pretty little form of constant character, generally found in rather
dry situations under stones. In form and sculpture much resembling
H. subrugosa (Brazier), and in colouration to the next.

48.—HELIX ( ) MacDonatp1—Coz.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 32, pl. 1, fig. 4.

H. Juliformis—Cox (name pre-occupied).
H. Gowldi—Cox (ditto).
H, Kingstonensis—Cow.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 40, pl. ii., fig. 5.

Shell with an open funnel-shaped umbilicus, broadly discoid, yellow,
marked at regular intervals with broad transverse chestnut markings ;
spire flattened, very finely, closely striated with capillary riblets ; whorls

32 A MONOGRAPH OF

5, flatly slanting from the centre to the suture above and below, giving
a crenated appearance at the periphery of each whorl, Jast not descending
in front ; peristome simple; aperture almost round ; columellar margin
not dilated.

Variety a.—Pure white, without markings.

Habitat.—Mount Wellington, Brown’s River, Snug River, Laun-
ceston, Chudleigh, Mount Bischoff, near Valentine’s Peak.

Somewhat resembling the preceding, but flatter, and with a wider
umbilicus ; the riblets are also much mcre compact and close. A.
Stanleyensis (mihi) may be but a larger and more coarsely sculptured
variety, but I have not met with intermediate forms. The embryonal
whorls are smooth or with very fine spiral threads. A pure white
variety is occasionally met with ; this Dr. Cox has named 4.
Kingstonensis. 1 have examined the type specimen in the Museum
of the Royal Society of Tasmania, and fail to discern any difference
from the usual form, except colouration, although the figures in
Legrand’s book represent a totally different shell ; there it is shown
with much more coarse striz, the umbilicus angled at its opening, and
the aperture of a different form. The figures are more like ZH.
architectonica (Brazier ).

49,.—HELIXx ( ) —Taylor.
Quarterly Jour. Con., 1879.
H, Stanleyensis—miht. N. Sp.

Shell with an open umbilicus, in which the whorls are freely
exposed, broadly-discoidal ; yellowish, occasionally white, marked very
irregularly with dashes and waved streaks of reddish-chestnut, marking
often quite absent; spire very faintly elevated, finely, rather closely
striated with waved riblets above and below, interstices under the lens
decussate, extending over the riblets ; whorls 44, prominently rounded,
last scarcely descending in front; peristome acute; aperture almost
round ; margins closely approaching, not dilated.

Diameter, greatest 6, least 5 ; height, 2} mil.
Variety a.—White, without markings.

Habitat.—Circular Head, Table Cape, Emu Bay, Torquay, Laun-
ceston, Mount Wellington, islands in Bass Straits, and
Fernshaw (Victoria).

A very pretty species, having a close resemblance to H. MacDonaldi
anda remote one to H. Tasmanie and H. Tamarensis. To the former it is
so closely allied that it may be but a large variety ; from the two latter it
may be distinguished by attending to the diagnosis. At Circular Head

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 33

it is in great abundance on the rocks around the “ Nut,” gregarious
under entangled masses of plants in company with H. cesus, H. Weldii,
and H. pictilis. So plentiful is it that thousands can be literally scraped
together from the surface of a single block of rock, on lifting the
accumulated mass of plants and leaves. JI have not seen any other
species in such great numbers as the present and its companion JZ,
cesus. There is a New Zealand shell having some resemblance to it,
but quite specifically distinct. The nearest Australian that I am
acquainted with is H. Murrayana, but that species differs in several
respects.

Around Launceston and Hobart Town it is smaller and more
sparingly met with, although it is anything but rare. In this species
the embryonal whorls are striated as the rest of the shell, not smooth as
in H. MacDonaldi.

50.—HELIX ( k ) mimosa. N. Sp.

Shell small, discoid, openly umbilicated, reddish-brown, irregularly
rayed and blotched with pure white, which markings are more conspicuous
above than below; regularly, closely striated throughout with slightly
waved, thread-like strie; spire flat ; suture impressed ; whorls 44,
convex, apical, smooth, the last narrow, rounded, not descending, below
striated as above and descending into. the deep, open, perspective
umbilicus ; aperture lunate ; margins approximating ; columellar margin
neither dilated nor reflected.

Diameter, greatest 2, least 17; height, 1 mil.

Habitat.—First Basin; near Launceston, among mosses on the
branches and trunks of trees ; Chudleigh, Gad’s Hill.

A prettily marked flat species of very constant and distinct
character. In form it resembles H. Belli (Cox) from New South Wales.
but the colouration separates it from that, and in fact all its congeners.

It is very rare, and requires careful looking for among the thick
mosses.

51.—HELIX ( ) PerrerDi— Brazier.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 67.
Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872,
H. Agnewi—Cox.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 27, pl. i, fig. 8
Shell widely umbilicated, depressly-circular, thin, dull brown, very
minutely striated throughout with lines of growth, having a silky
appearance ; spire moderately elevated; suture very much impressed ;
F

$4 A MONOGRAPH OF

whorls 5, rather convex, last not descending, roundly convex ; umbilicus
nearly perspective, about one-third of the diameter ; aperture oblique,
roundly-lunate ; peristome straight, simple, acute ; margins distant.
Variety a.—Pure white.
Diameter, greatest 2, least 1#; height, 1 line.

Habitat.—Huon Road, and i lower portion of om Wellington,
on the ground i in damp places. m2

Brazier remarks of this species—“ There is a pure white variety of
H. Petterdi that may be distinguished as H. Peroni.” In form
resembling H. Stanletjensis (mihi), but differs in the want of the rays of
colour so persistent in that species, in the striz being extremely fine,
almost smooth towards the apex, and in the umbilicus being more open.
Tt also approaches H. Tamarensis (mihi) and H. architectonica (Brazier ),
but is nevertheless easily separated from all. Its most important
character i is ee Boe eueuess of ihe fea s san strie. —

52,—HELIx ( ) ARCHITECTONICA— Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 64.

HA. Gunni— Brazier.

Coat ; Pro. Royal Soc., Tas., 1876.
HZ, assimilis—Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 66.
1. spectra—Cox.

Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 55.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, depressly-orbicular, thin, glassy,
shining, regularly and closely arcuately ribbed, the interstices with very
fine striz ; spire rather elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, mode-
rately convex, descending a little in front; base convex, sculptured
same as upper surface ; umbilicus wide, rather narrow at the bottom ;
aperture nearly vertical, roundly-lunate ; peristome simple, thin, acute ;
margins approximating.

Variety a.—Shell discoidal, spire not raised, strie somewhat wider
apart.

Habitat.—Foot of Mount hip a Recherche Bay (Legrand

Col.), Myrtle Bank (R. M. Johnston).

This species differs from H. Petterdi (Brazier), its nearest ally in
form, by its coarser ribs and sculptured interstices. It also resembles
H. Stanleyensis (mihi); the principal difference is the want of the
strong decussation so persistent in that species. I think, however, it
may be but a variety, although the colouration is so totally different.
It is not gregarious like that species, and is never found associated with
it. IT have not a typical H. assimilis or H. spectra, but the descriptions

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 35

are so much alike, and the specimens of H. architectonica in my collection
show so much tendency to vary within a certain limit, that I have no
hesitation in uniting under one specific head the three so-called species
given in Legrand’s work as distinct. The variety was collected at the
last locality given.

53.—HELIX ( ) susRUGosA—Brazier.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 68.
Pro. Zool. Soc., 1872.

Shell rather widely umbilicated, somewhat depressly-orbicular, thin,
shining, reddish-horny, subrugosely and obliquely striated, interstices
with strize much finer ; spire elevated very little ; suture channelled or
excavated ; whorls 53, moderately convex, last flattened above the
periphery in form of a furrow in front, the furrow is distinctly seen ;
umbilicus wide at top, equalling three-quarters of the diameter ; base
with strie same as upper surface ; aperture nearly diagonal, sub-
triangularly ovate; peristome simple; margins distant, sloping, and
expanded, basal slightly thickened and reflected.

Variety a.—Pure white.
Diameter, greatest 17, least 14; height, 1 line.

Habitat.—Near Hobart Town, Mount Wellington, Chudleigh, Blue
Tiers Simfson), Myrtle Bank (R. M. Johnston),

“ Of this beautiful species I received two specimens from Mr. W.
F. Petterd, collected by him near Hobart Town ; it may be distinguished
from any other known species by the bold projecting out of the ribs, by
the interstices being of finer sculpture, and the depressed and furrowed
appearance of the last whorl just above the periphery.”— Brazier.

Very distinct. The sculpture represents H. Mathinne (mihi) in
miniature by its widely separated bold striz and striated interstices.
The depression of the last whorl near the aperture is very characteristic,
and renders the shell of easy recognition, for a similar feature has not
been noticed in any other of our many minute forms. The strize vary
somewhat in prominence and compactness, so much so that Mr. Beddome,
at one time, thought it would be advisable to create a new species for the
specimens from the Blue Tier under the name of ZH. Kennarie, but after
careful examination with a large series of examples 1 am confident that
it is but an individual variation.

54,—HELIx ( ) DispAR—Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 661.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 45.

Shell umbilicated, depressly-convex, arcuately, coarsely, and sharply
ribbed, interstices with very fine radiating strie, bright reddish-horny ;
spire conoidly obtuse ; suture depressed ; whorls 5 to 54, convex, last

F 2

‘

36 . A MONOGRAPH OF

rounded, not descending ; base convex with radiating strie descending
into the deep umbilicus ; interior of the aperture with a little oblong,
white, prominent callus tooth nearly at the base ; aperture vertical,
semi-lunar ; peristome simple, acute ; margins joined by a thin callus (in
some specimens it is very prominent) ; basal margin not reflected.

Variety a.—Pure white.
Diameter, greatest 0°13, least 0-11 ; height, 0-11 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Wellington, Mount Bischoff, Chudleigh, Gad’s
Hill, Middlesex Plains.

I first obtained this remarkable little shell at the Springs,
Mount Wellington, and for years afterwards could not find a
specimen, although I searched for it repeatedly ; but during an
excursion recently I again got it in some numbers in a deep
gully about midway between the Huon road and the Springs.
It seems to be very local. The toothed aperture at once isolates
it from the rest of our Helices; it is, in fact, a character not
hitherto observed in any of the vast number of described Australian
terrestrial shells, or [ may say Australasian (perhaps with the exception
of H. bisulcata said to be from this island). This, curious feature of the
species is invariably present, but is more prominent in fully mature
individuals ; in other respects it presents no great deviation from the
usual faces of our minute Helices, and it is closely allied in form to H.
rotella and H. architectonica.

55.—HELIx ( ) ROTELLA—Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 51.

Shell with a small deep umbilicus, orbicularly depressed, rather
thin, shining, closely and finely striated, interstices decussated, rusty
brown ; spire slightly raised; suture deep; whorls 44, convex, last
rounded, not descending in front, base convex, closely and finely striated,
excavated round the umbilicus ; aperture roundly-lunate; peristome
simple, acute ; margins distant, the basal slightly reflexed ; columellar
margin not reflected.

Diameter, greatest 0:19, least 0°15 ; height, 0°10 of an inch.
Habitat.—Mount Wellington. ;

A pretty little species, easily separated. Although somewhat
resembling H. dispar, it also approaches H. Legrandi.

It is rare, only to be got high up the mountain at an elevation of
about 3000 feet. I have not found it at any other locality, and it is
apparently confined to Mount Wellington, but it is quite possible that
it may exist on many of our mountains of a high altitude that have not
been examined for land shells.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 37

56.—HELIx ( ) Basst-—Brazier.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1871.

| A. ammonitoides—Brazier.
Pro. Zool. Soc., p. 661, 1870.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 50.

H. vigens—Cox.
Legrand, Col for Mon., sp. 40, pl. ii., fig. 5.

Shell umbilicated, flatly discoid, not shining, finely and prominently,
irregularly ribbed, the interstices with very fine strie, white beneath a
thin brown epidermis ; spire flat ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 33,
very regularly increasing, last rounded above and below ; base convex,
with strie the same as on upper surface; umbilicus large, with the
bottom flat, not very deep ; aperture oblique, roundly-lunate ; peristome
simple, the thin epidermis covering it ; margins approximating.

Diameter, greatest 0°11, least 0°10; height, 0-05 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Nelson; Domain, Hobart Town (a single
specimen).

Although resembling many of our minute shells, a close examina-
tion proves it to be distinct from all ; it may be known by its flat form,
white colour, thin epidermis, coarse striz, and very shallow umbilicus.
It is of exceptional occurrence, and, so far as 1 am aware, confined to
the southern portion of the island.

57.—HELIx ( ) Lotran. N. Sp.

Shell openly umbilicated, depressed, discoid, translucent, thin,
white, scarcely shining, regularly rather coarsely ribbed throughout,
interstices with extremely fine strie; spire flat; suture moderately
impressed ; whorls 44, slightly convex, apical (24) quite smooth, last
rounded, not descending in front, below with strie as above running
into the somewhat shallow, open umbilicus, which is flattened at the
bottom ; aperture lunate ; peristome simple, thin.

Diameter, greatest 23, least 2; height, 1 mil.

Habitat.—Cataract Hill, near Launceston, on the under surface of
large boulders.

A pure white species allied to H. Roblini (mihi), but that species is
finely striated throughout, and its umbilicus is not nearly so open. To
H. Bassi (Brazier) it is so closely related that it may possibly be but a
variety, but it is much smaller, has a much less shallow umbilicus, and
the riblets are coarser than in its larger congener. I therefore pro-
visionally describe it. All three are of the same habit, found on the
ander surface of boulders, generally in rather dry situations, and all are
extremely rare.

38 A MONOGRAPH OF

58.—HELIXx ( +) Rosin. N. Sp.

Shell small, deeply and narrowly umbilicate, discoid, pure white,
finely, very closely and regularly striated above and below, striae —
abruptly terminating at the apical whorls (1$ to 2), which are dis-
tinctly spirally striate ; spire flat; whorls 43, slowly increasing in size,
last rounded ; suture deeply excavate; aperture roundly lunate, not
descending in front; margins distant, joined by an extremely thin
deposit of callus ; columellar not dilated:

Diameter, greatest 23, least 2; height 1 mil.
Habitat.—Distillery Creek, near Launceston.

Of very rare occurrence, attached to the under surface of stones in
moist places. Easily known by the sudden termination of the fine striz
on the embryonal whorls, where it is replaced by minute spiral lines.
It is much more minutely sculptured than the two preceding.

59.—HELIX ( ) Barrenensis. N. Sp.

Shell small, bi-concave, discoid, thin, regularly, somewhat closely
ribbed, and under the lens strongly decussate, embryonal whorl smooth,
horny-brown ; spire much submerged gradually ; whorls 54, last
rounded, base with ribs as above ; umbilicus widely open, shallow, freely
exposing the whorls ; aperture vertical, semi-lunar, faintly flattened
above ; peristome simple.

Diameter, greatest 2, least 17; height 1 mil.

Habitat.—Furneaux Group, Bass Straits (R. M. Johnston) ; Emu
Bay (?)—a single specimen.

On the islands comprised in the Furneaux Group it is invariably
found gregarious, gathered together in shallow depressions on the sand
dunes with H. Furneauxensis and H. pictilis.

Very closely allied to H. lirata (Cox) from New South Wales, but
differing in the riblets being more numerous, greater number of whorls,
and the spire showing greater submergence.

60.—HELIx ( ) Hooxeriana—fh. M. Johnston.
Pro. R.S.T., April, 1879.

Shell minute, planorbiform, bi-concave, somewhet openly, per-
spectively umbilicated ; whorls 43, obliquely, arcuately striate, com-
pressed, with alternate bands of red and brown, preceding whorls sunk
in and closely embraced by the last, the base being rather more deeply
submerged and the upper surface shallower and more openly perspective ;

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 39

aperture almost linear-lunate ; labrum thin, obliquely produced towards
periphery and slightly inflated, forming a narrow groove at the suture ;
angle of periphery faintly dilated into an obsolete keel.

Diameter, maj. 1:25 mil, min. 1°15 mil. ; height, 0°3 mil.

Habitat.—Inyforth Creek, Surrey Hills, on trunks of dead trees,

under moss, and in the deep shade of myrtle and sassafras
foliaze—Fagus Cunninghami and Atherosperma moschata.
Rare.

Only four specimens of this unique little shell obtained. It
approaches H. Barrenensis (Petterd) in size and form, and H. Luckmant
(Brazier) in colouring and sculpture. The colouration also approaches
H. mimosa.

61.—HELIX ( ) OTWAYENSIS—mhi.
Quarterly Jour. Con., 1879,

Shell small, imperforate, thin, orbicularly-depressed, pale chestnut
colour, finely, closely ribbed throughout, interstices minutely decussate ;
spire almost flat, apex smooth ; whorls 54, convex; suture much im-
pressed ; last whorl rounded, base convex, strie as above; aperture
ovately-lunate ; margins distant, joined by a thin, shining callus ;
columellar margin slightly thickened, peristome simple.

Diameter, greatest 2, least 14; height, 1 mil.
Habitat.—Cape Otway scrubs, Victoria, Australia.

Variety a.—Alpina~-—Exactly same as typical specimens from Vic-
toria, but much larger.

Habitat.—Surrey Hills.

A pretty little shell allied to H. sericatula from New South Wales
and H. limula. ‘‘Two specimens obtained among the collection made
by T. R. Atkinson and myself in the vicinity of Surrey Hills, nearly
2000 feet above the sea level. It is nearly twice the size of its Victorian
representative, and the sculpture is proportionately coarser. On this
account, and as it is new to Tasmania, I propose alpina as the name of
the variety. This adds another to the number of species common to
Victoria and Tasmania, and will be interesting to those who are investi-
gating the distribution of our island fauna” (&. M. Johnston).

62.—HELIx ( ) Biscnorrensis—C. H. Beddome.
Pro. B.S.T., April, 1879.
Shell imperforate, flatly globose, whitish brown, very finely striated,

the striz being crossed with very fine lines, giving the shell a granulated
appearance ; spire roundly depressed; whorls 64, slowly increasing,

A

| . : :
pressive >the shell is globose, with a somewhat flattened base. The

40 A MONOGRAPH OF

rounded, descending ; suture impressed ; aperture semi-lunar ; peristome

slightly thickened and reflected ; columellar smooth.
Diameter, greatest 24, least 2; height 2 mil.
Habitat.—Gad’s Hill and Mount Bischoff, found under timber.

Closely allied to preceding, but more conical, and the granu-
lated strie is of a much finer texture. In form it is not unlike a
minute Streptaxis.

The term “ flatly globose,” used by Mr. Beddome, is scarcely ex-

callus joining the margins of the aperture is also peculiar: it is smooth,
shining, dark, conspicuous, arcuately produced beyond the overhanging
lip, and reflexed over the perforation in the shallow cavity of the base.
The last whorl does noé descend in front in the specimens examined

‘by me. The nucleus, of two turns, is spay striate.

63.—HELIx ( ) Dverr. N. Sa. Y tant G, hg
Shell small, imperforate, depressedly discoid, thin, very highly ©
polished, finely irregularly striated with lines of growth above and be-
low, glassy yellow, with irregular, more or less distinct, rays of reddish
chestnut ; spire depressed, small ; whorls 34, flatly slanting outwards,
last whorl much distended, not descending in front ; suture faintly im-
pressed ; aperture lunately-ovate ; margins faintly approaching, joined
by a rather thick deposit of callus ; columellar margin dilated, entirely
covering the perforation.
Diameter, greatest 34, least 25 ; height, 14 mil.
Habitat.—In the thick mass of vegetation growing on the banks of
Distillery Creek, near Launceston ; Corra Linn, Leven
River, North Coast (one specimen), Chudleigh, Middlesex
Plains, Mount Bischoff.

Under the lens a very pretty glossy species, that cannot possibly be
mistaken for any other. Its nearest ally is H. Nelsonensis, from which
it differs in being imperforate, and more often rayed with chestnut mark-
ings. It is, like the great majority of land shells, a moist-loving species,
and is very rarely met with.

I have named it in honour of my friend Mr. B. Dyer, a great lover
of shells.

64,—HELIx ( ) NE sonensis—Brazer.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 664.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 44,

H. fulgetrum—Cox.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 31, pl.i., fig. 11.
Shell umbilicated, depressed, discoid, very thin, obliquely and finely
striated, glossy, rich tawny yellow ; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse ;

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 41

whorls 3}, last increasing, convex, slightly depressed above at the mouth,
inflated outwardly, slightly descending in front, base convex, faintly
marked with indistinct strize of a reddish-horn colour: umbilicus mode-
rately large ; aperture nearly diagonal, almost ovately-lunate ; peristome
simple, thin ; margins approximating, right flexuous, basal slightly re-
flected at the columellar.

Variety a.—Striated with red or chestnut.
Variety 6.—Shell exactly double the dimensions of typical.
Diameter, greatest 0°15, least 0°11 ; height, 0°06 of an inch.

Habitat.—Mount Nelson, Recherche Bay, Port Davey, Brown’s
River; Distillery Creek and Cataract, near Launceston ;
River Leven, Blue Tier (A. Simson), Chudleigh, Gad’s
Hill, Middlesex Plains, Lake Lea, Surrey Hills, Mount
Bischoff.

A glassy, highly polished little shell, and on that account not to be
gasily mistaken for any other species. Generally of a clear yellowish-
ereen colour, although it is often met with more or less rayed with
ehestnut and red. Southern specimens are in general smaller than those
I have collected in the vicinity of Launceston. In general aspect it
comes near H. Dyeri (mihi), but that shell is not umbilicated, therefore
it cnanot be well mistaken for it. Allied to H. splendidula ( Pfr.) from
New South Wales and southern Queensland, and northern examples,
from their large size, have very much the aspect of that species. This
is one of several instances of the larger size or greater development of
many of our land shells in the north to what they normally attain in the
south. Several other instances could be cited, more especially H. Stephensi,

! eteagimensss.
Al. ruga, and H. Dieynenepyesrts

65.— HELix ( ) ANTIALBA—C. £. Beddome.
Pro. R.9.T., April, 1879.

Sheli umbilicated, concave on both sides, thin, covered with thread-
like riblets, not shining, white to brown ; spire deeply concave, nearly
meeting the umbilicus ; whorls 64, slowly increasing, convex, last
younded, higher than broad, below ribbed as above ; umbilicus perspec-
tive, deep, about one-third of the diameter of shell ; aperture semi-lunar ;
peristome simple ; columellar margin smooth and shining.

Variety a.—Brown.
Diameter, greatest 24, least 2 ; height, 1 mil.

Habitat.—Gad’s Hill and Mount Bischoff, found in and under
G

42 A MONOGRAPH OF

decayed timber. At the latter locality the brown speci
mens were got.

This is a very interesting nautiliform, bi-concave species; it is one
of the most peculiar of our smaller forms. It resembles, in miniature,
Diplomphalus Magei (Lambert) from New Caledonia. Pure white
specimens are quite as often found as the brown. The riblets and
interstices are obsoletely, transversely striate under the microscope, and
the nucleus flat, smooth, and shining.

66.—HELIXx ( ) SUBANGULATA—P?/*.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 53.

Mon. Hel. Viv., vol. iv.

Reeve, Conc. Icon., sp. 1301.

Cox, Mon., 1863, p. 12, pl. 1x., fig. 6.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 13.

Shell umbilicated, convexly-depressed, rather solid, finely striated,
scarcely shining, waxy, ornamented with a narrow chestnut band near
the suture and two broader ones (three in Reeve’s fig.) beneath the peri-
phery ; spire short, convex, obtuse ; whorls 44, slightly convex,
gradually increasing, last not descending ; periphery slightly angled, base
rather flat; aperture oblique, of a rounded-squarish form ; peristome
simple, straight, with margin nearly parallel, the columellar’ being
expanded near the umbilicus, which is of a moderate size and open.

Diameter, greatest 0°64, least 0:50 ; height, 0-45 of an inch.
Habitat.—Van Diemen’s Land ( Pfeiffer ).

This shell is quite unknown to Tasmanian or Australian collectors,
and so far as present investigation has gone nothing bearing even a
remote resemblance to it has been discovered in this island, although it
would be rash or premature to definitely state that it does not exist, for
there are still many parts as yet quite unexplored, or at least unvisited
by recent investigators. In some respects it has a remote resemblance
to the young stage of the common and generally dispersed Lulimus
Dufresni, although I do not for a moment suppose it to be an immature
specimen of that species. It may, however, yet be re-discovered,
although I have great doubts, and rather think that some error has been
made in the habitat as recorded by Pfeiffer.

In markings it has some resemblance to H. conscendens (Cox) from
New South Wales, and to H. fucata (Pfr.) from Queensland, but both
these species are imperforate and globosely-conical.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 43

INTRODUCED SPECIES,

67.—HELIXx ( ) CELLARIA—Miiller,
A. Sydneyensis-—Cox.

Mon. 1868, p. 9, pl. Ix, fig. 16, and pl. xvi, fig. 3, 3a.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 63.

A depressed, transparent, highly polished shell of a yellowish colour.
It is a well-known abundant European species, and a great wanderer ; it
has become acclimatised in many widely distant parts of the world.
Mr. J. 5. Gibbons states (Quarterly Journal of Conchology, August
1878) that it is thoroughly settled in St. Helena, Madeira, and the Cape
of Good Hope: in the latter place it appears to have become wonder-
fully prolific, for he states—“I never saw H. aspersa so abundant as
near Cape Town, while Z. cellariws occurs literally in hundreds in the
space of a few square feet near a watertall.”

I have collected it abundantly in Launceston and Hobart Town in
cellars, yards, and such like places. In Sydney, New South Wales, it
is also very plentiful, and I have received large numbers from Auckland,
New Zealand, so that we may look upon it as thoroughly settled in
Australia.

Mr. C, E. Beddome informs me that he recently placed some living
specimens of the well-known garden snail of Europe, Helix aspersa, in a
gully on his property in Queenborough. So that, possibly, in a few years
we will have it as plentiful about Hobart Town as it has become in the
vicinity of Melbourne, Victoria. Ifa desirable acquisition or not I am
not prepared to say. I may state that in Victoria Buliius acutus and a
small Planorbis have secome acclimatised. In all probability the land
snails were introduced in mould with plants, but it is difficult to account
for the introduction of a fluviatile species, as in the case of the Planorbis.

68.—-HELIXx ( ) PULCHELLA—Miiller.

H. Alexandre— Cox.

Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 61, pl. vi., fig. 1.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 16.

A minute neat shell of almost smooth texture and beautifully clear
white, with a thickened peristome. Introduced from Europe, where it
is very abundant and widely dispersed, into Sydney, N.S.W., and Hobart
Town. At the latter it has become plentiful in and about gardens, and
may be frequently met with in flower-pots, generally in considerable
quantity. This pretty little species is pre-eminently a wanderer, for it
is not only found throughout the whole extent of the European Conti-
nent but is also plentiful in Northern Asia, Madeira, &c.; it also,

G2

44 A MONOGRAPH OF

according to Mr. Hemphill (Quarterly Journal of Conchology, February
1876), has been obtained in various parts of Northern America, and
that investigator obtained it quite abundantly at the White Pine
mining district of Nevada, at an elevation of 8000 feet. It is an open |
question as to whether it has been introduced into that country, or is
indigenous. Mr. Brazier infurms me that he found it at Norfolk Island
in 1865 in great plenty, under stones and loose wood in the old Gaol
yard, and conjectures that it and others that have become so thoroughly
acclimatised throughout Australasia, were in all probability introduced
in cases with plants.

Another European species has been introduced into New South
Wales; it is the Helix mtada (Miller )—Cox, Mon, 1868—and also
Bulimus junceus (Gld.) from the New Hebrides. It is well to note
these alien acquisitions to our terrestrial mollusca, as in course of time
they may modify or supersede the indigenous forms. I may state that
two of the most abundant freshwater shells in this island are introduced
European species, viz., Limncea peregra (L. Hobarjensis—T enison-Woods )
and Limncea stagnalis (L. Tasmanicus—Tenisoré Woods ). tye f]-

Genus—BULIMUS—( Scopoli. )

Shell oblong or turreted ; aperture with the longitudinal margins
unequal, toothless or dentate ; columellar entire, revolute externally, or
nearly simple ; peristome simple or expanded.

Animal like Helix.

Bulumi are found in most parts of the world, the largest and most
beautifully coloured in the tropics. There are nineteen species
enumerated as Australian.

1.—Bu.imus ( ) Durresni—Leach.

Mis. Zoo., p. 153, pl. cxx.
Wood, Index Testa. , Hanley, 1856. pl. vu, fig. 28.
Cone. Tcon., Reeve, sp. g.
Chenu, Manual Con., vol. 1, p. 438, fig. 3224.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., ce

Helixn— Dufresni.

Fer. Hist., pl. cxrit., fig. 1-3.

Shell imperforate, ovately oblong, rather solid, shining and almost
smooth, although marked with longitudinal, irregular, rugose lines of
growth, and faintly granulate all over, dark maroon- -brown, encircled by
a narrow dark-brown, almost black, spiral band, flanked by much paler
ones ; spire obtuse ; eee crenulated below ; whorls 5, slightly convex ;
aperture oval, very slightly oblique, pale violet-brown within ; peristome

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS, 45

simple, moderately thickened, rounded at the edge; right and basal
margins regularly and moderately acute ; columellar margin partially
twisted in the centre, and above slightly expanded and adherent.

Length 50, breadth 26 ; length of aperture 23, width 12 mil.

Habitat.— Mount Wellington (part), Blue Tier, banks of Rivers Leven
and Forth, Scottsdale, Mount Arthur, vicinity of Circular
Head ; in moist, densely-timbered scrubs.

I have taken the largest specimens as the typical of the species.
The measurements given are but approximate, for it is often met with
of somewhat greater development, and again gradually merges into
variety @.

Variety a.—Shell ovately globose, colouring and markings as above,
occasionally with a greenish appearance pervading the shell ; spire short ;
often with a more or less distinct sinus near the suture.

Length 33, breadth 21 ; length of aperture 17, width 9 mil.

Habitat.—Ringarooma, Macquarie Harbour, Port Davey, Table
Cape.

For figures of this form see Pro. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 3, pl. vii,

figs. 4 and 6a. The latter is but a very immature specimen, not nearly

full-grown, as are some of the other specimens figured on the same plate.

Variety 6.—Shell narrowly ovate, rather attenuated toward the
apex ; colour variable—greenish-yellow to dark brown—with more or
less intense longitudinal markings of a paler colour, encircled by two
greenish-yellow bands, bordering one of dark maroon-brown, beneath
spiral bands generally of a darker shade than the rest of the shell,
gradually fading to yellowish-green at the base.

Approximate measurements—length 32, breadth 15; length of
aperture 13, width 8 mil.

Habitat.—Widely distributed. .

The most abundant and variable form of the shell

Variety c.—Shell ovate, thin, attenuate towards apex, which is
somewhat acute ; pale yellowish-brown, one band of same colour beneath
a zone of dark brown, beneath band dark brown to base, suture crenu-
lated with yellow.

Length 25, breadth 13 ; length of aperture 12, width 8 mil.
Habitat.—Swansea, East Coast (Legrand ).

A thin, pale variation of peculiar markings.

46 A MONOGRAPH OF

Variety d.—Shell narrowly-ovate, thin, attenuate towards apex ;
pale greenish-yellow throughout, zoned by two bands, the upper and
widest intense dark brown, lower of much paler tint.

Length — ; breadth — ; length of aperture — ; width — mil.
Habitat. ae of baeae Hill, near Launceston.
This pale-green form is found in dry situations, and is very rare.

Variety e.—Shell ovately globose, rather thin, finely granulate
throughout, spire short, rather acute ; greenish-brown shading to
greenish-yellow toward the base, zoned with three (3) wide, intensely
dark, almost black, bands.

Length 25, breadth 15 ; length of aperture 13, width 8 mil.
Habitat.—Pattersonia, near Launceston.

By far the most elegant variety that I have hitherto met with; the
three dark zones are very conspicuous.

Variety #—Shell ovate, zoned as preceding, but covered more or
less, sometimes almost entirely, with a yellow, golden periostrica.

Length 25, breadth 13 ; length of aperture 11, width 7 mil.
Habitat.— Rocher’s Creek, George Town road.

A curious variation, only collected at the above locality. All the
specimens have the golden periostrica, in many cases totally obliterating
the general colouration of the shell.

This is the most abundant land shell.in the island, and at the same
time subject to the greatest amount of variation both as regards
colouration, size, and even form, according to the more or !ess favourable
location for its development. I have enumerated most of the con-
spicuous variations that I have met with, but almost all intermediate
grades are to be obtained, although varieties d. and e. are very distinct
from the others. It adapts itself to all circumstances, and is apparently
as much at home on dry rocky hills as on the moist banks of the
streams, or in the dense fern-tree and myrtle scrubs. In dry situations
it is stunted in growth, and is then generally more highly-coloured and
attractive in appearance, although under all circumstances it is a fine
and conspicuous species, and always the first to attract attention. The
Rev. Mr. Woods says (Pro. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., vol. iii., page 89)—“I
have seen «a. shell of a pink-white with only one deep purple-brown
narrow band: no other band or colour.” Specimens of this colouration
I have often met with, but invariably dead specimens that have been
long exposed to atmospheric influences. Mr. Legraud notes a black
variety: this I certainly have never seen. The egg is hard-shelled and
white ; when the young first issues from it, the shell is sub-orbicular in
form, and of pale colour and brittle texture. The arrangement of the

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 47

teeth on the lingual membrane is of the ordinary Bulimi type and
character. Mr. Legrand remarks—‘“ This species has been found
fossilized in the tertiary formation of the North Coast.” In this I feel
confident there is an error, for in the tertiary formation at Table Cape
only marine species of shells have hitherto been met with, nor is it likely
it will be met with in these beds.

In this case, as in some others, I have not given a list of all the
works in which this and the other species are referred to, but I think
quite enough are mentioned for all practical purposes.

The nearest Australian approach in form to this species is Bulimus
indutus, and in colouration B. Angasianus, but both are, however, very
distinct ; in fact it is so totally different that no other form can possibly
be confounded with it.

2.—BuLImMus ( ) TASMANICUS - -Pfr.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1851, p. 260.
Cox, Mon. 1868, p. 72, pl. x11, fig. 1.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 2.

Shell imperforate, conically-ovate, rather solid (sometimes very light
and thin), translucent, with little lustre, flatly and rather coarsely
longitudinally striated, whitish, originally covered with a reddish-brown
epidermis, often remaining as long close streaks along the lines of
growth, but frequently entirely absent, when the surface may have a
dull chalky appearance ; spire reddish, and papillary at the apex ; whorls
5, slightly convex, last nearly thrice the length of the spire, rounded at
the base ; aperture very slightly oblique, of a rather lengthened oval ;
pale yellow within ; peristome simple, straight, thin ; columellar margin
very slightly rolled back.

Variety a.—Longitudinal markings black.

Length 1-10, breadth 0:60 ; length of aperture 0°65, breadth 0-40.

Habitat.—Near the sea, clustering on small trees and shrubs.

Found nearly all round the coast line, generally on sandy ground or
hillocks a little above high-water mark. It is almost invariably in
great profusion, gregarious, and clustering together, more especially on
the boobyallas and stunted wattles; it has been got on the exposed
rocks near the sea on Bruni Island. Specimens kindly given me by my
friend Mr. B. Dyer, and said to have come from Spring Bay, on the East
Coast, are much darker than the ordinary form, the longitudinal
markings being of an intense black, and with a somewhat silky lustre.

It is closely allied to B. Kingi from King George’s Sound, and is, I
believe, of the same peculiar habit. It is the largest of our few arboreal
land mollusca. The fossil B. Gunni, from the travertin near Hotart
Town, is very closely allied, and may, in fact, be the same species a little
modified by time.

48 A MONOGRAPH OF

Genus—SUCCINEA—(Drapernaud.) ,

Shell imperforate, thin, ovate or oblong; spire very sraall ; aper-
ture large, obliquely oval; columellar simple, acute, straight ; peristome
simple, acute, straight. Animal amphibious, large, heliciform ; tentacles —
short and thick, upper ones of even thickness toward the apex, thence
attenuated ; foot broad, lingual teeth like Helix. Succinea putris has
50 rows of 65 teeth each.—TZhomson.

Inhabits damp places, but rarely enters the water. About twelve
known Australian species. All the species are closely allied to each
other, and very possibly the number will require reduction.

1.—SuccinEA LEGRANDI—Coz.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., species 2.

Shell rimate, thin, transparent, smooth, of a dark horny-yellow,
shown with transmitted light; whorls 4, the first three, forming the
apex of the shell, are small and rounded, the last proportionately,
enormously dilated and inflated, forming three-quarters the length of
the shell ; aperture large, oval ; peristome continuous ; margins joined
by a callus; columellar margin dilated and expanded over the
perforation.

Length 0:23, breadth 0- 12 of an inch.
Habitat.—Kangaroo Point, near Hobart Town ; George’s Bay (?).

Allied to S. Hucalyptu, from New South Wales and Southern
Queensland.

2.—SuccINEA AUSTRALIS—SJerussac.

Hist. Moll., pl. x11., fig. 2.
Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 88, pl. xv, fig. 7, 7a.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 1.

Shell ovately-conical, thin, rugosely striated, pellucid, pale horny,
sometimes marked with ater, streaks ; spire oneal acute ; whorls 33,
convex, last forming two-thirds of the length ; columellar sub-callus,
somewhat slightly receding ; aperture acuminately oval, incumbent ;
peristome simple, straight.

Length 0°47, breadth 0°32 ; aperture 0°32 long, 0:20 broad, of an
inch.
Habitat.—Widely dispersed ; also islands in Bass Straits.

When met with it is generally in moist places and in some con-
siderable numbers. It is generally constant in character, although
variations are sometimes met with. A specimen kindly lent me by Mr.
A. Simson, got at George’s Bay, is of a pale horny-green with streaks of
brown. It is perhaps but a variety of the Australian S. strigata (Pfr. ).

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 49

Variety —Queenboroughensis.

Shell ovate, thin, pellucid, very shining, ventricose, rich horny-
brown, with the apex tinged reddish ; spire small ; whorls 34, rounded,
last whorl much inflated ; aperture ovate. )

Length 114, breadth 8 ; aperture, long 7, broad 5 mil.

Habitat.—_Queenborough (C. E. Beddome).

Possibly a distinct species. A specimen from Ringarooma exactly
corresponds in size and form, but is of a greenish-horn colour, with the
apex tinged pink. Closely allied to the Australian S. arborea.

Variety— Tamarensis.

Shell ovately acuminate, very thin, shining, yellow-horn, apex
tinged darker shade, when living thickly encrusted with mud, longitu-
dinally striate ; spire attenuate, acute; whorls 34, flatly convex, last
oblique ; aperture oval ; peristome simple, acute, very thin.

Length 18, breadth 74; aperture, long 8, broad 5 mil.

Halitat.—Tea-tree swamp, bank of Tamar river, near Launceston.

This also is probably a distinct species, but I hesitate ranking it as
such until further observation. Collected on the mud and about the
roots of the Tea-tree. Allied to the European S. Pfeifferi.

Genus—VITRINA—( Drapernaud. )

Shell imperforate, very thin, pellucid, hyaline, depressed ; spire
short; whorls 2 to 3, rapidly enlarging ; aperture large, lunate or
rounded ; columellar margin slightly inflected ; peristome thin, often
membranous.

Animal elongated, too large for complete retraction into the shell ;
mantle produced, transversely rugose, covering the front edge of the last
whorl and part of the spire of the shell, and furnished with a posterior
Jobe on the right side. Mandibles arcuate, rostrate ; lingual teeth (of
type Vitrina Drapernandi), 100 rows of 75 each ; marginal teeth with a
single, long, re-curved apex.— Thomson.

The Australian and Tasmanian belong to the division WHelicarion,
About seventeen Australian species recorded.

1.—VITRINA ( ) VerrEauxi—P/r.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1849, p. 132,

Reeve, Cone. Icon., sp. 21.

Cox, Mon., 1868, p. 83, pl. xiv., fig. 14, 14a.
Legrand, Col. for Mon., sp. 2.

Shell depressly-auriform, thin, diaphanous, slightly shining, smooth
(pale greenish-yellow to deep orange), frequently rugosely striated at the
H

50 A MONOGRAPH OF

suture, faintly elsewhere ; spire nearly flat ; suture impressed, narrowly
marginate ; whorls 3, the last depressed above, produced, rounded at the
periphery and below; aperture diagonal, lunately ovate; peristome
simple, sharp, right margin curved forwards, then gradually rounded to
the columellar, which is (generally) membranous.

Diameter, greatest 0°55, least 0-45; height 0:17; aperture, 0:40
Jong, 0°35 broad of an inch.

Habitat.—Generally distributed ; islands in Bass Straits ; also
Victoria, Australia.

To be met with everywhere, both in dry as well as moist situa-
tions. It varies considerably in size, and specimens from Recherche
Bay approach V. Milliganz in size and colour ( Legrand ).

T have collected it high up Mount Wellington, at an elevation of
over 3000 feet. In Victoria it is abundant, especially in Gipps Land,
and exactly corresponds with specimens from this island.

2.—VITRINA ( ) Mitticani—P/r.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1852, sp. 56.

Reeve, Conc. Icon., sp. 18.

Cox Mon., 1868, p. "82, pl. xIv., fig. 2, 2a.
Legrand’s Col. for Mon., sp. 1.

Shell depressly-ovate, rather solid, polished, very glossy, translucent,
olive black ; spire convex; whorls 3, second convex, last depressly-
rounded ; aperture more oblique than diagonal, lunately rounded-oval,
within coloured as without ; peristome simple ; right margin dilated
forwards, anterior regularly and columellar slightly arched.

Diameter, greatest 0°83, least 0°60; height, 0°35; aperture, 0°45
long, 0°45 broad of an inch. .

Habitat.—Macquarie Harbour.

This is really a beautiful and fine shell, with an extremely highly-
polished lacquered appearance. It is confined to the western portion of
the island. Cox remarks in “ Monograph Australian Land Shells” that
it ‘resembles in a most striking manner very young specimens of Helia
Busbyi of New Zealand.” In Australia the only species with any
resemblance to it is Helix attramentaria (Shuttleworth) from the Dande-
nong Range, Victoria. The likeness is far more noticeable in young
immature specimens of that shell than in fully developed ones; then it
is at once seen that they are very distinct, although of the same colour
and peculiar texture.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 5]

3.—VITRINA ( ) Fumosa—Tenison- Woods.

Pro. Lin. Soc., N.S.W., vol. 111, p. 124, pl. xii., fig. 3, 3a,

Shell umbilicate, turbinately discoid, rather thin, highly polished,
uneven from the lines of growth, intensely smoky, horn color or nearly
black throughout except at the apex, translucent ; spire somewhat
exsert, with the apex very slightly prominent; suture very finely cor-
rugated ; whorls 3}, increasing rapidly, embryonal 14, whitish, last
whorl largely rounded and sloping ; aperture almost orbicular ; peristome
horny, obtuse, incurved, margins disjoined from the umbilicus for about
one-third of the last whorl ; columellar acute, sloping ; umbilicus very
narrow and deep.

Diameter, greatest 22, least 14 ; height, 18 mil.
Habitat.—Duck River, Montagu River, Mount Bischoff.

I discovered this shell in the dense fern-tree scrubs of the Duck
River crawling among the decaying leaves on the ground. The animal
is somewhat active, and of a bright-red colour. It is in all probability
but a variation of the last species, and its perforation still further links
it to Helix attramentaria, the animal of which is also of the same colour.
Professor Ralph Tate is also of the opinion that it is but a variation of
the preceding ; and Professor F. W.-Hutton thinks that both, if to be
looked upon as distinct, should be more properly placed in the genus
Peryphanta. The Helia urnula (Pfr.) from New Zealand exactly
resembles it in form, but the surface of the shell is ot quite a different
structure—that being of a wrinkled, decussate character, whereas the
present is highly polished and only slightly uneven with lines of growth.
Lingual membrane large, teeth of much the same form and arranged on
the same plan as in Helix lampra and allies.

52 A MONOGRAPH OF

Section B—OPERCULATA.
PNEUMONOPOMA.—Prfeiffer.

Terrestrial Mollusca, breathing air by lungs, and furnished with an
operculum attached to the foot of the animal, by which it closes the
aperture of its spiral shell.

Ali the animals of this Order strongly resemble each other in struc-
ture, by which, besides the operculum, they are easily distinguished from
the other terrestrial Mollusca—Limacide, Helicide, &e. The sexes are
strictly distinct, never hermaphrodites, as in the Helices, and the animals
bear two contractile (not retractile) tentacles, at whose posterior or ex-

_ terior bases the eyes are placed. In some the mantle margin is free, by
which character Ferussac distinguished the Helicide from the Turbines ;
in others the mantle is entirely within the shell.

Sus-OrpEer I.—OPISOTHALMIA.—Pfeiffer.

Eyes placed on the upper part of the head, behind the base of the
subulate tentacles ; foot rather short.

Famity I.—ACICULACEA.—Pfeiffer.

Operculum thin, spiral, few whorled.

Genus—TRUNCATELLA.— Risso.

Shell minute, imperforate, turreted, adult always truncated, sub-
cylindrical, smooth or ribbed ; aperture oval or elliptical, entire ; peris-
tome continuous, straight or slightly expanded, simple or duplicate ;
operculum thin, horny, hardly sub-spiral, nucleus basal.

Animal.—Tentacles two, short, triangularly diverging, cylindricaly
obtuse ; eyes centrally behind ; foot short, rounded at each end ; head
proboscidiformed, bi-lobed, by which and the short foot the animal is
enabled to creep.

Found abundantly on the rocks and sea-weeds between tide-marks,
and the dead shells are often washed together in vast quantity. There
are seven described Australian species, three of which are found on the
islands in Bass Straits.

1.—TRUNCATELLA SCALARINA—Co02.

Pro. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 40.
Mon., p. 95, pl. KV; fe, 10, 10a, 100.
Tenison-Woods, Census Marine Sh., Tas., 1877.
Shell imperforate, fusifo.mly turreted, smooth, shining, white ; spire
decollated ; suture constricted; whorls 4 at the least, convex, strongly
longitudinally and regularly ribbed, last equalling in length the three

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 53

preceding ones ; aperture oblique, oblongly-ovate ; peristome continuous,
free, callus, expanded, especially above, exhibiting underneath a bi-
labiated form; right margin curved, rounded below ; superior margin
nearly straight ; operculum (?).

Length, 0:23 ; breadth, 0:11 of an inch.
Habitat.—Port Lincoln, South Australia ; islands in Bass Straits.

Said to occur in a semi-fossil state only in South Australia. On the:
islands in Bass Straits it is very abundant, in company with our other
two (?) species. Neither this, nor either of the other species, has been.
observed on the mainland, and all appear to be confined to the Straits.

2.—TRUNCATELLA TASMANICA—-Z'enison- Woods.

Pro. Royal Soc. Tas., 1875.
Census Tas. Marine Shells, 1877.

Shell decollate, cylindrically turreted, small, thin, shining, pale
fulvous ; whorls 5 (if not decollate), somewhat convex, furnished very
thickly with small subacute plaits (in last whorl 30°35); aperture pyri-
form, angulate and sulcate above ; outer lip bi-marginate, sub-expanded ;.
lip reflected ; peristome continuous.

Long. 7, lat. 3 mil.
Habitat.—Islands in Bass Straits.

This shell has been obtained in great profusion, particularly in the
Furneaux Group. Mr. Woods remarks of it ‘The plaits or ribs on the
shell are very like those on most Scalaria. For my own part I think it
very difficult to distinguish the species from 7’. teres (Pfr.), T. scalarina,
T. Yorkensis, and T. Brazier, the last three of Dr. James Cox.”

Possibly but a variety of the last species.

3.—TRUNCATELLA MARGINATA—A ister.

Mon., p. 12, sp. 8, pl. ii., fig. 24-26.
Cox, Mon., p. 92, pl. xv., fig. 8, 8a 80.
Tenison-Woods, Census Tas. Marine Shells, 1877.

Shell sub-rimate, cylindrical, gradually attenuating upwards, rather
thin, shining, amber colour or pale yellow ; suture margined, furnished
with papille-formed folds; whorls in the adult state 4 to 43, rather
convex, last with folds at the base, very shortly or obsoletely crested ;
aperture vertical, angularly-oval, somewhat broad at the base ; peristome
continuous, thin, rather expanded,

54 A.MONOGRAPH OF

Obs.—Young shell turreted, apex acute; whorls 8, swollen,
ribbed above, last obtusely-angled.

Length 0:25, breadth 0-09 ; aperture about 0-07 of an inch.

Habitat.—Port Lincoln, South Australia ; islands in Bass Straits. —

Obtained in vast quantity at high-water mark with the preceding,
and with it used by the islanders for making necklaces, which are sent
in great numbers to Launceston and Hobart Town for sale. The making
of the necklaces of these shells and a small species of Hlenchus, £.
irisodontes, is one of the principal means of support of the half-caste
aboriginal people living upon the islands in the Straits.

4,—TRUNCATELLA MICRA—Z'enison- Woods.
Pro. Royal Society of Victoria, 1877.

Shell minute, white, translucent, cylindrical ; whorls 4 (decollate),
irregularly costately striate, inflatedly convex; suture impressed ; aper-
ture small, semi-lunar, outer lip reflexed.

Long., 44; lat., 14 mil.

Habitat.—Brighton, Victoria (Kershaw); Furneaux Group, Bass
Straits.

“There are so many 7runcatelle described which run so closely to
each other that I hesitate to add this species. It seems, however, to
differ widely enough from all known to me to warrant my giving it a
name.” — Woods.

The shell corresponding to the above description is very plentiful at
the locality mentioned, but I cannot see any specific difference between
it and the preceding species. The species described are so much alike
that new species should be very cautiously accepted; in fact, I must
admit that I cannot separate them with any satisfaction.

TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS. 55

eb Pir LON Ade NOTES.

Sp. 19.—I am informed by Mr. C. E. Beddome that Pfeiffer, in his
Mon. of the genus Helix, records a species described under this specific
name, as follows—H. Vitrineformis, Mouss (Nanina), Patel Catal., p.
85. In all probability this has priority over the species named by Dr.
Cox. Should such be the case, I propose to term it H. Button. In the
_ “Science Gossip” for March, 1879, Mr. Legrand states that the type
specimens of this species were got by a Mr. Longley. I believe he is
in error.

Sp. 81.—This form has been detected, in a fossilised condition, in
the Helicide sandstone of Barren Island, Bass Straits, by Mr. Johnston.
The specimens differ from the typical in a trifle more elevation of the
spire.

(A Supplement to this List will be published when necessary. )

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