aE ay ty Say 1S ney” 5 fe Mig eS pee | Sees seek es, Ca ne Wilham Healey Dall » Division of Mollusks Sectional Library eb ae I afi SU ale 737% Z / he i =f an i] ty i, aoe 2 aS = 2 Bigs ae L98 His 22 Api cy Ve a~ “eld Numeer I, JuLy, Sas A MONOGR A al : OF THE . Division of Mollusis é AND OTHER FRESH-WATER UNIVALVE SHELLS OF | NORTH AMERICA. BY 8S. STEHMAN HALDEMAN, MEMBER OF THE PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. CONTENTS. Conrad, Timothy Dietz, A. R. Frazer, John F. Giller, John U. Green, Prof. J., MW. D. Gross, George Hacker, W. P. Hembel, William Lea, Isaac Maberry, Thomas C. Mayland, Jacob, jr. Moore, Carlton R. Platt, Franklin R. Poulson, Charles A. Taylor, Amos Wagner, Wm. Wistar, Richard Adams, Prof. C. B., Middlebury College, Vt. Dodge, Rev. N., Cedar Hill, Pa. Ward, C. J, M. D., Roscoe, Ohio. q Genus PALUDINA, Lamarck. Pirate 1.—F ie. 1. Testa conoidea: apertura integra, ovata: anfractibus con- vexis: marginibus connexis, acutis: operculum corneum. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. Hexvix, Linnzvus, Guerin, Ditiwin. Turpso. Buccinum. Vivipara. CYCLOSTOMA. NERITA, MUtiER, ScHROTER. Buiimus, (Burrnvs,) Porrer. Paxvupina, Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vol. viii. p. 509. a Sowrrszy. Genera of Shells. Cuvier. An. du Mus., vol. xi. p. 170—Memoires pour servir & L’Histoire et & L’Anatomie des Mollusques. Anno 1817. DESCRIPTION. Anima with the head short and truncated, extending a little beyond the shell: rostrum very small: mouth terminal, furnished with two lateral jaws: tentacles slender and subulate, the eyes situated upon an enlargement of their Fl 2 PALUDINA. external base: the foot is a thin broad lingui- form disk, longer than the shell, much extended anteriorly, and bearing an opercle upon its upper posterior surface: mantle simple. Suet conoid, whirls convex, modifying the spiral cavity: aperture ovate or subrotund, widest anteriorly, the margins united, sharp, and never reflected: aperture closed with a thin corneous opercle, of which the lines of increase are generally concentric. Exampte. Paludina decisa.* OBSERVATIONS. “The name of the genus was adopted by Lamarck, from Bruguiére, but Montfort applied to it the name of Viviparus, which is retained by Blainville in his plate, though in the text he adopts that of Paludina.”—Say. As Lamarck was the first to perceive and define the natural limits of the genus, as characterized by him, he must be cited as authority for it. * This species is chosen as an example of the genus, because the accompanying description of the animal has been drawn principally from it. This mode will be pursued with the subsequent genera, when reference to the entire animals of typical species cannot be made. PALUDINA. 3 The animals of this genus are of sluggish habits; they feed upon living or decayed vege- table matter, and respire water, in which they live entirely, generally preferring a bottom of soft mud, upon which they are well adapted for progression, on account of the great extent and flexibility of the foot. Its extension in front prevents them from taking food, except when at rest. ‘They prefer nearly stagnant waters, or rivers with sluggish currents. The Paludine are viviparous, depositing the young in the spring, which have lain in the ovaries during the winter. The sexes are said to be distinct. The genus is here restricted by the omission of the small oviparous species,* with subspiral opercles, and the foot short anteriorly. The shells of some species make so near an approach to those of certain Ampullariz, that it is difficult to distinguish them. In this case, an aperture narrowed posteriorly, and a length- ened spire, will generally indicate the genus Paludina sufficiently for ordinary purposes. * As P. lustrica, Say, which is the type of a new genus, (Amnicoxa, Gould and Hal.) suggested by Dr. Gould. PALUDINA DECISA, Say. Priate 1. P. testa ventricoso-conica, tenui, pallidé virente, levi- gata: spira elongata, apice obtusa: anfractibus valdé con- vexis: apertura subovata, posticé angulata: sutura valde impressa. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. Lister, Conch., pl. cxxvil. fig. 27. Cochlea virginiana é flavo viridescens, non fasciata. Petiver, Gazophyl., pl. evi. fig. 18. P. pecisa, Say. Nich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) art. Conch., pl. ii. fig. 6. Anno 1818.—Am. Conch., pl. x. fig. 1. CuemntiTz, vol. ix., pl. exxxii. fig. 1184.7? Vatenciennes. Receuil d’Obs. de Zool., par Humb. et Bonpl., vol. ii. p. 253. P. limosa, Say. P. corNeEA, ? VAL. op. cit. Desnaves in Lam., vol. viii. p. 516, an P. ponderosa junior ? P. HETEROSTROPHA, Kirtianpd. Ohio Geol. Rep., p. 200. DESCRIPTION. Anmat light cream-yellow, or bluish, marked with numerous orange spots upon the head, tentacles, and foot; the under surface of the PALUDINA DECISA. 5 last more finely dotted: tentacles dark above; eyes black and conspicuous: foot translucent, very large anteriorly, ending square, but slightly emarginate in the centre: rostrum small, and scarcely projected beyond the edge of the shell. The centre of the under surface of the foot is marked with light reticulated lines, which are radiated towards the edges. SHELL thin, subconic, and polished, with six convex whirls: spire lengthened, having the apex rounded: aperture wide and pyriform; labrum meeting the body whirl at an angle: suture deep: lines of growth very fine: spiral striee minute or obsolete. Cotor of the shell bright green, or yellowish- green; inside bluish-white. GerocraruicaL Distrisution. The streams of New Jersey, the Delaware, Schuylkill, and rarely, the Susquehanna. Common throughout New England, Dr. A. A. Gould. Ohio, J. G. Anthony. “The species is very common in various parts of the Union,’—Say. Dr. Wm. Blanding has given me specimens which he collected from the Mississippi in Iowa Terri- tory, and from Fox river, between Galena and Chicago. It occurs in the Nolachucky and 6 PALUDINA DECISA. Tennessee rivers, on the south shore of Lake Michigan, and Mr. R. C. Taylor brought speci- mens from the “Four Lakes” of the North-west Territory. OBSERVATIONS. The quite young have a very low spire, a globular form, and the aperture very wide, nearly equalling half the entire lower surface in area. The soft parts are semitransparent, without any orange spots. The young are ex- cluded in March, when the shells are 0.14 or 0.15 of an inch in length, composed of rather less than three entire whirls. In autumn, pre- vious to the sinking of the animals into the mud to hybernate, the ovaries of the female (extending within the apex of the shell) will be found to contain many young, apparently in as perfect a state as when excluded in the spring. Dr. Gould (MS.) states that the shell is bristled with filaments, which are visible when in the water; particularly upon half grown indi- viduals. Deshayes does not admit this species in his edition of Lamarck, but places the name (with a question) among the synonyms of P. ponde- PALUDINA DECISA. re rosa. It must be confessed that the two are nearly allied, but I think it would be immature to unite them until a complete series of the shells of both could be shown, which would indicate the passage of the adult of one into that of the other species. P. decisa has a thinner shell and narrower aperture; nor are the lines of growth so suddenly recurvent as in P. ponderosa. The young have a near resem- blance, but the larger the decisa grows the less is the resemblance apparent. Valenciennes cites Say’s description of P. limosa (Journal of the Academy, vol. i. p. 125) for this species; and, leaving size out of the - question, descriptions of the two shells would very nearly correspond. M. Valenciennes’ spe- cimens are about an inch in length, the true limosa being no longer than 0.15 of an inch. This species has been found heterostrophe in Ohio, the Delaware, and in Vermont; and upon this variety Professor Kirtland has found- ed his species. REFERENCE To Puate 1. Fig. 1 represents an animal from the Susquehanna, where the shells are shorter than usual. Fig. 2 is taken 8 PALUDINA SUBCARINATA, from a Schuylkill shell, of which a represents the opercle. Fig. 3 is from a Massachusetts specimen. Fig. 4 is from a reversed Ohio specimen in the cabinet of Mr. Lea. Figs. 5 and 6 represent the young of different ages. PALUDINA SUBCARINATA, Say. PLaTE 2. P. testa elongata, tenui, apicé acutissima, (interdum erosa,) pallidé fusco-virente: anfractibus quinis vel senis, valdé convexis, transversim striata: sutura valdé impressa: apertura ovata, posticé rotundata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. SUBCARINATA, Say. Nich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.) art. Conch., pl. i. fig. 7. P. CARINATA, VauEN. Rec. d’Obs. de Zool., par Humb. et Bonpl. DESCRIPTION. Anmau with the foot translucent, the sides parallel, the front truncated, and the posterior extremity obtusely rounded. The general co- lour is dark grey, dotted with light orange. SHELL conoid, elongated, thin and translu- PALUDINA SUBCARINATA. 9 cent, with from four to six ventricose volutions, which are covered with numerous fine trans- verse elevated striz: apex pointed: suture deeply impressed and canaliculate: aperture regularly ovate, rounded posteriorly: peristome entire. The later additions of the opercle are concen- tric, whilst the centre is subspiral. Coror of the outside very light brownish- green; inside bluish-white. GrocrapnicaL Disrrisution. Found in the Delaware, Schuylkill, and Susquehanna rivers: near Cincinnati, Ohio, J. G. Anthony. OBSERVATIONS. This species is closely allied to the preced- ing, both in external form and general habits, so that the natural history of one is that of the other. The shell may be distinguished from that of P. decisa by the subrotund aperture, pointed apex, elevated striz, and dull exterior. Those inhabiting running waters have the shell thick and opaque, with the apex eroded. The orange spots upon the animal are lighter and smaller than in the preceding species. The young, when first excluded throughout the spring and summer, are spirally striated, F 2 10 PALUDINA INTEGRA. and have less than three complete whirls. The shell is more lengthened and much less ventri- cose than the young of P. decisa. REFERENCE TO PLaTE 2. Figs. 1 and 2 represent a very large individual, of which la is the opercle. Figs. 3 and 4 are views of a more characteristic specimen. Fig. 5 is the very young. PALUDINA INTEGRA, Say. PLATE 3. P. testa elongata, fusca vel olivacea: anfractibus quinis vel senis, convexis: sutura valdé impressa: apertura inte- gra, posticé obtusa vel rotundata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. inTEGRA, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii. p. 174. DESCRIPTION. “SuEtt olivaceous, pale, conic: whirls six, wrinkled across: spire rather elongated, entire at the apex: suture profoundly indented: aper- ture sub-ovate, less than half the length of the shell.”—Say. PALUDINA INTEGRA. ll “Inhabits the waters of the Missouri. “Length 1-4 of an inch. [1.4 in.? or 14 in.?] “Very much resembles P. decisa; the spire, however, is more elongated, and never trun- cated at the apex, but always acute.”—Say. GrocrapnicaL Distrisution. Inhabits the Santee canal, South Carolina, (fig. 3,) T. A. Conrad: Ohio, (figs. 1, 2,) J. G. Anthony: the Mississippi, in Iowa Territory, (fig. 4,) Dr. W. Blanding. OBSERVATIONS. I have made use of Say’s description and remarks, as this is a species ? about which there is some uncertainty. ‘The shells here figured are generally received as P. integra, although every one must have remarked the discrepancy between their size and that given above. Mr. Say’s time, however, was too valuable to be spent in searching for large specimens; we accordingly find that he described his Paludina subcarinata from a specimen having three whirls; and figured Melania virginica from one with but five; whilst good specimens of both shells have just twice the number of whirls given. It is possible that the size, as given in 12 PALUDINA INTEGRA. the original description, is a typographical error. This may be a variety of P. decisa; but as the characters appear to be constant, it may stand as a species until a more extended exa- mination of specimens can be made. Deshayes has truly remarked, that specific distinctions exist, not so much in the distinctness, as in the permanency of the characters; and that it is sometimes necessary to make extensive com- parisons before just decisions can be made.* REFERENCE TO PLATE 3. Figs. 2 and 3 represent a very large individual; 1 is the usual size and appearance; 4, a strongly marked variety; 5, the young; and a, an opercle. * His words are—‘‘il faut, pour éviter une autre source d’erreurs, avoir & sa disposition une collection trés con- sidérable par le nombre des espéces et celui des individus appartenant 4 chacune d’elles, la valeur d’un caractére spécifique résidant plut6t dans sa constance, malgré sa faiblesse, que dans sa grandeur, et cette constance ne peut étre constatée que par l’examen d’un grand nombre d’indi- vidus provenant de localités diverses.”—Lam. An. sans Vert., tom. vii. p. 329. Anno 1836. 13 PALUDINA PONDEROSA, Say. PuaTe 4. P. testa ponderosa, subconicA, levigata; striis transversis minutissimé corrugatis: apice obtusa: anfractibus convexis: suturaé valdé impressa: lineis longitudinalibus recurvatis: apertura ovato-oblonga. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. ponpEROSA, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., vol. ii. p. 173. 5 » Amer. Conchology, pl. 30, fig. 1. Sowrrsy’s Genera of Shells, fig. 2. Desuayes’ Lamarck, vol. viii. p. 516. DESCRIPTION. SHELL ponderous, subconic, and_ polished, having from six to seven complete whirls: spire lengthened: suture deeply impressed, and ca- naliculate: aperture oblong ovate, narrowed and rounded posteriorly: labium thickened, and conspicuous: lines of growth undeviating until near their anterior extremity, where they are recurvent; labrum much advanced at this part: surface with very fine transverse wavy strie, 14 PALUDINA PONDEROSA. and occasionally banded with colors a little lighter or darker than that of the general sur- face: opercle thin, oblong ovate, with the lines of growth concentric. Cotor of the shell light green (when young) to dark olivaceous externally, and bluish-white within. Variety A. The shell does not exceed an inch in length; the transverse wavy strie are obsolete; the spire is low, and truncate-eroded, and the labium very much thickened posteriorly. Specimens were given to me by Mr. Conrad, who found:them in the Alabama river. GrocrapuicaL Distrisution. This, the larg- est of our species, inhabits the Wabash, Ohio, and other western rivers. “Paludina ponderosa seems a common inhabitant of all the rivers of the west, from the northern districts of Indiana and Illinois, to the waters of the Tennessee valley.”—Conrad, New Fresh Water Shells, pale: OBSERVATIONS. Deshayes thinks this species might as well be placed in the genus Ampullaria, whilst Say believed it to be allied to Melania. “On pour- PALUDINA GENICULA. 15 rait aussi bien placer cette coquille parmi les Ampullaires que parmi les Paludines, son ou- verture se trouvant plus allongée et plus étroite que dans la plupart des espéces de ce dernier genre.”—Deshayes. I regret that I am unable to give a figure, or at least a description of the animal, of this fine species. REFERENCE TO PuatTE 4. The inferior surface of two shells, an opercle, and the very young are represented. The specimens figured are not of the largest size. PALUDINA GENICULA, Conrad. Prats 5. P. testa subovalis, spira elongata: anfractibus quaternis scalariformis, posticé angulatis. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. GENICULA, Con. N. F. w. Shells, p. 48, pl. 8, fig. 3. DESCRIPTION. SHELL suboval, composed of four scalariform whirls, which are angulated posteriorly: spire 16 PALUDINA GENICULA. elevated, diminishing rapidly: apex obtuse: lines of growth fine and distinctly marked: surface polished: aperture more than half the length of the shell. ‘The opercle has the lines of accre- tion concentric. Cotor of the shell greenish; aperture bluish. OBSERVATIONS. A single shell of this species was found by Mr. Conrad in Flint river, Georgia. ‘This unique specimen is now in the cabinet of Mr. Poulson. REFERENCE TO PuiaTeE 5. Figures 1 and 2 are views of the upper and lower sur- faces of the shell, of which a represents the opercle. The latter, it will be observed, had been broken, and was sub- sequently repaired by the animal. Miss Helen E. Lawson delet col P DECISA, Say. Plate 1. ar A.Lawson Sc. ay, (! “aH en | ve : fi ausiye nl, tue TAM Plate 2 1a 5 P SUBCARINATA, Say. Mins Helen E.Lawvon del etcol. ar ALawson Sc Plate 3. P INTEGRA, Say. Mise Helen E. Lawson del et col Oscar aes vet Sie Nah eta oe NAN Plate 4 P.PONDEROSA, Say. Plate 5 P GENICULA, Conrad. 8 Helen E.Lawson del.et col Oscar A. Lawson S Peristome continuous: foot large, oblong. Opercles subspiral: inhabit rapid streams: Oviparous. Inhabit quiet waters: oper- cles mostly concentric. Peristome not entire, foot oval ‘youopngy ‘opus[s pue Suoy wasysoi :A[LOLLajUL PayLo} Oo} “UIWILLY [eIoURIG [LUIE}XO UL YIM [LUTUY *Apavo [eIYyouLAG aS.e] AIOA & YIM [eUMIUR :eUTpNeg 0} parfye Ajavou 19a ‘asoqoys [eyg ‘iwospy = *Shored IATA :[[ews AIOA UINIySOI ‘[[oYs oy) YeeU -2q payeaouod pray :uotNowos0] Ioj paydepe [jam ‘asie] AIAA 400, ywndhj-qny *sauo}s Jopun ‘s10jRA\ SutuunI syiqeyur fayeulciewa yooy ‘pasodxe peoy feulpnyeg ul se [[aYyg ‘DUoIMIDAT *SIU0}S 0} payoryye ‘raze prides AOA syiqeyur ¢Aiejuepas [ewe :sulpjoy 10; poydepe ‘[yeus ArOA 400.7 *eso[nouy JO vrurypayyy ajquiaser 0} pasoddns [euluy ‘yojou Joajue ue YIM T]EYS yondhy, *1ayeaM Sutuuns syiqeyuy 480] Surpjoy pure uoy -Oul090] Jo siamod oy} Sutin ‘ozs wNIpaul Jo yoo; ‘Suoy WHnYsoY VALVATIVA VIAVTTIOdNY *VNIGO'TVd “VTIOOINNY “VSO'TOONV iSISCONV'TAW “‘VINV'TUW ‘SAPDIUUWLT SULYIDIAQLIIN 44 IY) fO SkaJaDADY aargauysigy ay? fo 9QOZL CIRCULAR. d It is intended that this work shall embrace all our species hitherto described by American and European authors; and as the geographical distribution is a matter of great importance, and one which has not been sufficiently noted, the author will be greatly indebted to those who take an interest in this sub- ject, if they will forward him catalogues of the species, or specimens of the univalve shells found im the streams with which they may be acquainted. Descriptions of the animals and their habits would also be very useful; and for any assistance given, acknowledgements will be made. The soft parts or ‘‘animal” of Jo spzvosa, Lea, or a description, would be a desideratum. Communications may be addressed to the author, at Marietta or Columbia, Pennsylvania, or to the care of Mr. Dozson, Philadelphia. CHARACTERS OF NEW MOLLUSCA AND PARASITIC ANIMALS. Anculosa littorina. A. testa solida, conica, olivacea; lineis transversis cincté: anfractibus qua- ternis planulatis: apice erosa: sutura vix excavata: apertura subrotundata, superné angulata. P Has. Holston river, Virginia. Length, 3 inch. Cerithium (Potamis) Californicum. Testa solida, turrita, rufescente: anfractibus novenis convexis; costulis ]on- gitudinalibus; lineis transversis costulas decussantibus: sutura impressa: aper- tura rhomboidea, purpurea; labro crasso. Has. California, in brackish water.—Mr. Nuttall. Length, 1 inch. 4 Cyclas elevata. Shell orbicular, cardinal tooth prominent, lamellar teeth thick: beaks ele- vated. Color brownish-olive. Length 0.55, height 0.50 in. Has. Near New Orleans. Hirudo (Clepsina) scabra. : Head distinct, pointed, provided with a sucker and two eyes: body with about four longitudinal rows of equidistant points or spines; a large posterior sucker. Color light brown. Length?in. °* Found upon Planorbis bicarinatus. Cercaria hyalocauda. Body dark brown or blackish, about as long as the tail: tail transparent, tapering, and suddenly diminished at its junction with the body. Just visible to the naked eye. Parasitic upon Physa heterostropha. ~ Genus Discus. PS 2 ing . . . . I propose to establish a genus under this title, for the reception of Planorbis armigerus, Say. Its characters are the same as in Planorbis; with the addi- tion of the teeth, situated within the aperture of the shell. ZOOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS. BY “Ss. Ss. HALDEMAN, Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. No. 1.—F es. 1842. ON SOME AMERICAN SPECIES OF HYDRACHNIDZ. —— — ———E—EEOEOEOEOOEOOOOOeeee PHILADELPHIA: ISSUED BY THE AUTHOR. E. G. Dorsey, Printer, Library Street. ye ly MO nN bs dt 4 7) Alex? Lawson fe Bud 3 An account of some hitherto unnoticed species of the genus Hypracuna, Miiller. Genus? Untonicora.* [Fam. Hypracunip#.] Corpus oviforme, pedibus inzequalibus: palpi conici, inflexo-arcuati, et articulati; apicibus acutis. (PI. 1.) 1... . ovformis. (Fig. 1-5.) Margins and legs pale ochraceous, upper surface black, with a white or yellowish central, longitudinal line, which bifurcates anteriorly. Hab. Unio radia- tus, Gmelin. 2... . lactea. (Fig. 6-8.) Like the pre- ceding, but with the white of the upper surface - much more extensively spread, and the black replaced by dark brown. The posterior ex- tremity is slightly produced. Hab. Unio cariosa, and Anodon cataractus, Say. Perhaps a variety of the preceding. * This name may be preferred by some in an ab- breviated form, as Unicola. 1 2 3... . personata. (Fig. 10.) Colors as in number 1, with the white portion of the upper surface narrowing posteriorly. Hab. Unio cylindricus, Say; of the Ohio. 4... . humerosa. (Fig. 11.) Elongated, sides subparallel, with a projection anteriorly: colors as in number 2. Hab. Unio 'cylindricus? Say. Dd. . +. symmetrica. Anterior half white, posterior half black; divided longitudinally by a rather broad black line anteriorly, and a narrow white one posteriorly: anal region white. 6... . proxima. Posterior three-fourths of the body black, divided by an irregular white line, which bifurcates anteriorly: a black spot between the eyes, extending backwards, and much the widest posteriorly, wherein it differs from number 1, and resembles number 3. Hab. Unio radiatus, Gmelin. 7... . dugubris. Dark, with a narrow white dorsal line, terminated by a crescent anteriorly. 3 Var. a. White line obsolete. Hab. Unio sub- tentus, Say; Clinch river, Tennessee. 8... . unicolor. Very dark, rather larger than any of the preceding. Hab. Alasmodon rugosus, in Clinch river; and Unio verrucosus in the Holston, Tennessee. 9... . reticulata. (Fig. 9.) Inferior surface ~ spotted with white, and reticulated with brown. Hab. Unio viridis, Raf. The foregoing animals, without exception, are found upon, or between the branchia, or between the branchie and the body, of the Unionide. They appear to delight in living under cover; as, although they do not pene- trate into the substance of the mollusca upon which they are parasitic, they will penetrate into the interior of the detached pieces given them for food, when kept in vessels for obser- vation. Their usual size is represented by the small outline beside fig. 1. The surface is smooth; the legs transparent, bristled, and ter- minated by hooks; the anterior pair shortest and thickest, and the posterior pair longest. 4 They are formed for creeping, and not for swimming; the body is but little heavier than water; and, unless they are placed upon a rough surface, they can scarcely progress, as the motion of the feet tends to throw them from the bottom. In a glass vessel, whether they are upon the bottom, or falling through the water, they appear to be quite helpless. All the tarsi are cleft, each toe (phalanz, Burm.) being furnished with a perfectly retrac- tile, bifid unguis, a secondary claw arising from the concavity of the primary one, and lying in the same plane with it, as in some coleopterous genera. Fig. 5a represents one of the two claws extended, and 50 half retracted. The foot is very sparsely bristled, or not at all. The species, except 3,’ 7, 8, are from the Susquehanna. I have referred them to a new genus, only provisionally; as | cannot learn to what genus Hydrachne grossipes et longipes, Miller, (with which they appear to be con- generic,) are referred by modern authors. The palpi, fig. 3, 4a (except the point of 4») attachment 6, which is slender) have a thick base, whence they taper to a point, and a very few bristles appear upon the surface. They are almost invariably curved downwards, and appear to be used to draw the surface of the mullusc to the mouth c, and retain it there. This action of the palpi would draw the body forwards, but the claws of the posterior pair of legs (which are seldom used in locomotion) act in a contrary direction. The ‘eyes’ are black points situated beneath the integuments, and they are probably insensible to light. They are frequently drawn forward to a distance rather less than their diameter, when they return to their usual position. They are very hardy, and will live two weeks in vessels without food. ‘They do not appear to suffer from cold, as they are pretty active in water a few degrees above the freezing point; and I have found them moving about in a Unio, the outside layer of which was frozen. Nevertheless, they become torpid instantly, if placed in freezing water, and the torpidity re- mains but a short time, if the temperature be gradually raised. 6 The tibia, or antepenultimate articulation of the legs, seems to be the longest, although it does not appear so in all the figures. This has arisen, partly from the foreshortening, and partly from the difficulty of drawing an animal in motion, with the assistance of the micro- scope. I had intended to review the figures, with the animals, before publication; but the season became too far advanced to admit of it. I think I have succeeded in getting the propor- tions very nearly in figure 8, which, with the details, are by myself. The remaining figures are by Miss Lawson. ‘There is a discrepancy between the position of the coxe, in figures 2 and 4 of which the latter is probably nearest the truth. I have seen several other species (as well as several of the allied family Acaride) which I intend to investigate hereafter. ee 4 yaaa yard ie uf iow nigh ‘ TT Vee ll aoe” NuMBER 2, January, 1841. @ A MONOGRAPH ‘ OF THE LIMNIADES OR FRESHWATER UNIVALVE SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY 8. STEHMAN HALDEMAN, MEMBER OF THE PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. _— CONTENTS. PALUDINA VIVIPARA, - —- - - PuaTE 6, “ GEORGIANA, - - - “7. 3 BENGALENSIS, - - - — = CARINATA, - - . 8 se SUBPURPUREA, - — - - ah » CINTERTEXTA, - -— - 10. > SUBGLOBOSA, PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY J. DOBSON, 106 CHESNUT ST. E. G. Dorsey, Printer. MS Price to subscribers, One Dollar a number, of 5 plates; payable on the delivery of each. Single numbers, One Dollar and Twenty-five Cents, SUBSCRIBERS. BaInBRIDGE, Pa, Breneman, John §. Haldeman, Edwin Haldeman, Horace Haldeman, John Haldeman, Mrs. M. A. Boston, Mass. Binney, Amos, Esq. M.D. Emerson, Geo. B. + Esa. 12 a Ss. Gould, Augustus Ne Whittemore, Teds Cincinnati, Ohio. Anthony, John G Buchanan, Robert Foote, John P. Kirtland, Prof. J. P., M@ D. Lea, Thomas G. Cotumeia, Pa. Cooper, Israel Cooper, John Cottrell, J. W. Goheen, Rev. D. Green, Evan Haldeman, C. Haldeman, Peter Houston, J. Fredk., C. E. Lyceum. Markley, Jacob F. Russell, William Shoch, Samuel Harriszure, Pa, Bucher, George H. Bucher, the Hon. J. C. Haldeman, Jacob M. Kingsford, "Mrs. M. Roberts; E. W., M. D. Lancaster, Pa. Atlee, Washington L., M. D. Damant, James Parry, Ely, M. D. Marietta, Pa. Glatz, Jacob, M. D. Grosh, Jacob Reinhardt, J. C. Movwntioy, Pa. Dodge, Rev. N. Heistand, J. D. New York. Cozzens, I. Jay, 0. Gch PHILADELPHIA. Allen, Robert Blanding, William, MZ. D. Conrad, T. A. Dietz, A. R. Frazer, John F, Giller, John U. Green, Prof. J., MZ. D. Gross, George Hacker Wek, Hembel, Wnm., Esq., P. A. N.S. Lea, Isaac Maberry, Thomas C. Markoe, F., jr. Mayland, Jacob, jr. Moore, Carlton R. Nuttall, Thomas, FL. S. Platt, Franklin R. Poulson, Charles A. Tanner, Benjamin Taylor, Amos Wagner, Wm. Wistar, Richard Adams, Prof. C. B., Middlebury College, Vt. Evans, John, Delaware Co., Pa. Mifflin, 8. W., C. £., Hybla, York Co., Pa, Ward, C. J., M. D., Roscoe, Ohio. 17 PALUDINA VIVIPARA, Lin. Prater 6. P. testa ventricosi, subperforata, tenui, subdiaphana, fusco-virente: anfractibus quinis, convexis: spira elongata, apice obtuso: fasciis transversis fusco-rubris: sutura valde impress: apertura rotundata, intus transversim fasciata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. Lister, Conch., pl. cxxvi. fig. 26. Hevix viviparA, Linnzvus, GMEttn, p. 3646, No. 105. NERITA vivipaRA, Mutter. Vermes, p. 182, No. 370. CueEMNITz, vol. ix., pl. cxxxii. fig. 1180, 1181. PALUDINA VIVIPARA, Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vol. viii. p- 511. Say, Nich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) art. Conch., pl. ii. fig. 5. «¢ American Conchology, pl. x. the two side figures. P. LINEATA, VALENCIENNES. Rec. d’Obs. de Zool., etc., par Humboldt et Bonpland, vol. ii. p. 255. DESCRIPTION. SHELL subconic, ventricose, thin, and slightly translucent; with five inflated volutions: there are several reddish bands visible within and F3 18 PALUDINA VIVIPARA. without: spire lengthened, apex scarcely round- ed, suture deeply impressed: aperture sub- rotund. Cotor of the outside greenish, or brown; of the inside, whitish. GrocrarnicaL Disrrizution. Say’s speci- mens were obtained from the St. John’s river in Florida; Mrs. Say has sent me specimens from the Wabash, and Mr. Conrad from near Tuscambia, Alabama; Mr. Anthony has been informed of its existence near St. Louis, Mis- souri, and in Michigan: Valenciennes’ speci- mens are from Lake Erie: Cuba is given as the locality of a specimen in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences. OBSERVATIONS. This is one of the very few species common to Europe and North America. A comparison of the soft parts may be necessary to prove those found on different sides of the Atlantic to be identical; but where there is not a sufficient difference in the shells to establish varieties, it is not probable that the soft parts would pre- sent distinctive specific characters. Deshayes does not cite Say’s figures among PALUDINA VIVIPARA. 19 the great number of synonyms which he has added to those of Lamarck; thinking perhaps that this might be a distinct species. He had access to the American Conchology, as he admits several species from it, and cites a figure from the same plate upon which P. vivipara stands. Being the first Paludina known to naturalists; the fact that it is viviparous attracted early attention, and became the foundation of its specific name. I believe every species of true Paludina will be found to be viviparous (or ovo- viviparous) and know of eight distinct species which are. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6. Fig. la represents the opercle belonging to 1 and 2, (from the Wabash); fig. 6 is the natural size of a young shell taken from the former, which had been dried with the animal enclosed; fig. 5 is a thin light colouréd half- grown shell from Alabama; and figs. 3 and 4a variety with a lengthened spire, copied from Say’s figure, the original specimen being probably from Florida. The shells from the Wabash have a smaller and more circular aperture than those from the South; and the half-grown have a greater resemblance to the adult in form and color. I have cited Linneus as authority for the preceding species, because he was the first to describe it under the 20 PALUDINA VIVIPARA. adopted specific name. The author who institutes and names a species, should always be cited as the earliest authority for it, under whatever genus or other division it may be placed by later systematists. Species are perma- nent, but other divisions must be modified from time to time, as opportunities to gain the requisite information occur; and it appears to be a gross act of injustice to the earlier zoologists, to leave them nothing for their labors, because they could not take advantage of information ac- quired after their time. One author thinks he does ample justice to his predecessor, by citing him among the synonyms; but here he should place his own name, if he thinks it sufficiently important to occupy a place, merely because he has the very trifling merit of placing a well known animal or plant in its appropriate modern genus. In some works, but few synonyms are cited, and in such, the founder of a species might be omitted entirely. It is true, that Linnzeus never described a shell under the name of Paludina; but he specified one as vivipara; and no one would suppose that he formed the genus, should his name be placed after the species, so that there would not be a cause of error. On the contrary, when we find a modern author citing himself incidentally, (for a European bird, for instance,) we might be led to wonder, why a species had remained so long uncharacterized. Thus, besides de- priving us of the power to know whether a species has been long known, or recently described; there is a source of error laid open, which could scarcely exist, if the juster course were pursued. This is subject to no abuses, whilst the self-appropriating system affords every facility for acts of injustice. Unnecessary divisions are made, apparently PALUDINA VIVIPARA. 21 with no other object; and the pretender, who wishes to be cited as the authority for placing certain species in certain genera, has only to prowl over the works of naturalists of high standing, until he finds something which will answer his purpose. ‘Thus he may discover that Paludina dissi- milis is an Anculosa—pretend that the genus Exogyra is untenable, (which will enable him to place Ostrea or Chama before, and his own name after, all the species)—or that of the synonyms Lytta and Cantharis, (the former being pre- ferred by the Germans, the latter by English entomolo- gists,) Say chose the worst for his L. Nuttalli, which can accordingly be changed to Cantharis Nuttalli; or, all the species of Cantharis may be changed back to Lytta, with- out the trouble of going to “the base of the Rocky Moun- tains”’ for species. The various changes in nomenclature can be placed with propriety only in the list of synonyms, and it is giving what is not wanted, to place the name of him who has done the least for a species, after it; instead of his, to whom we owe it; especially when it is mentioned incidentally, without immediate reference to the original synonym. It is better to have a single original authority for a species, cited throughout all works, than to have a different one for every author who chooses to publish upon it. An interme- diate plan might be adopted, which would place “of authors,”’ (Auc.) after species like the above; or to cite the original authority with the later one, thus: Paludina vivi- para, Lin., Lam. I might cite authorities for my own views, but they are divided; the majority perhaps, holding oppo- site opinions; (as many of them are more or less interested 22 PALUDINA VIVIPARA. in the appropriating system;) but injustice should not be sanctioned on any authority. Could the good old Swede have foreseen the havoc destined to be made among his species, he would certainly have placed the founders of the modern credit system among his Damnati. ‘Thus in the dismemberment of the Simiade, not a single genus was left under his appropriate name, Simia; and all the species were transferred, as a matter of course.* The original spirit of all this is a desire to be credited with something, however trifling; and as original research is difficult, some method had to be devised to abstract from the well filled stores of the older authors; and in sucha manner as not to excite suspicion; just as influential crimi- nals who undergo a regular trial, are sometimes set free by a preconcerted “flaw in the indictment.”? ‘The pro- ceedings, in both cases, have an appearance of justice, but nothing more. The original author loses his species, whilst the act of his successor is about as creditable as the productions of those painters who, according to Reynolds, “if they have a history or a family piece to paint, the first thing they do is to look over their common-place book, containing sketches which they have stolen from various pictures; then they search their prints over and pilfer one * It is conceded by all, that the Nerita urcea of Muller, (subse- quently named Ampullaria rugosa by Lamarck,) should be called Ampullaria ureea; and as Lamarck cites Muller’s name as a synonym, no one can claim the discovery of the identity of the two: we accordingly find that no author has ventured to give him- self as authority for the species. PALUDINA GEORGIANA. 23 figure from one print, and another from a second,” which (he might have added) enables them to get their names into the catalogues, whilst not a thought is bestowed on those to whom the originals owe their existence. PALUDINA GEORGIANA, Lea. PuatEe 7.—F ies. 1, 2. P. testa elongata, ventricosa, anfractibus quaternis vel quinis, convexis: suturaé impressaé: apertura rotundata, posticé angulata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P, GeorGIANA, Lea. Transactions of the Am. Phil. Soc., new series, vol. v. p. 116, pl. xix. fig. 85. DESCRIPTION. SHELL elongated, ventricose, thin and smooth; with four or five convex volutions: suture deep, and well marked: aperture nearly round, angu- lated posteriorly. Cotor of the outside green, inside whitish. GrocrapHicaL Distrisution. Found as yet only at Hopeton, near Darien, Georgia.—Lea. 24 PALUDINA BENGALENSIS. OBSERVATIONS. This species is most nearly allied to P. decisa, Say; from which it may be distinguish- ed by the subrotund aperture; and from P. vivi- para, by the want of the rufous bands. That it is a distinct species, I have not the least doubt. Iam indebted to Mr. Lea for the use of his original specimen to figure and describe. PALUDINA BENGALENSIS, Lam. Puate 7.—Fies. 3, 4. P. test& conicé, tenui, acuta, pallidé virente, trans- versim fusco-lineaté: apertura subrotundata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. BENGALENSIS, Lam. An. sans vert., vol. vill. p. 513. P. rasciaTé, Bowp. Elem. of Conch., pl. ix. fig. 15.* Desnaves Encyc. Meth. vers, vol. iii. p. 691, No. 3.* ce Voy. aux Ind. par Bel. Zool., p. 419, No. 9, pl. i. figs. 14, 15.* P. ELONGATA, Swainson. Zool. illustr., first series, pl. xcviii. Anno 1821—2. Not the P. elongata of Sowerby. P. MULTILINEATA, Say. Disseminator, Aug. 12th, 1829. p- 245. Mrs. Say’s reprint, p. 21. * Cited by Deshayes. PALUDINA BENGALENSIS. os DESCRIPTION. Suet lengthened, conic, and polished; com- posed of six or seven convex whirls, the sur- face of which is covered with minute transverse wrinkles, and numerous narrow spiral bands: apex pointed; suture deep; lines of accretion very fine; aperture regularly rounded, produced posteriorly. Cotor light green, often passing into brown- ish; the spiral bands are fuscous, and the inside white. - OBSERVATIONS. “Captain Leconte presented me with a shell which, he informed me, he found in the river St. John, Florida. I described it nearly four years since under the name of multilineata; but recently, being about to publish it, on a more attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of the elongata from Calcutta, Ihave concluded that it varies from that specimen only in having the umbilicus a little smaller.” —Say. The shell figured is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, where it was r 4 26 PALUDINA BENGALENSIS. placed by Mrs. Say. There appears to be no reason to doubt the locality of this specimen; at any rate, Say was satisfied upon this point, and I accordingly admit it as indigenous, upon his authority. I have compared the original specimen with shells from Calcutta, and find that it differs as little from them, as they do from each other. It is smaller than the foreign specimens, but I think a larger native shell was mislaid, or placed accidentally among the foreign ones, in the same collection; so that, rather than commit an error, I have chosen the reputed American example for my illustra- tion. If this is not the Bengalensis of La- marck, it must have the name given to it by Say; that of Swainson having been previously given to a fossil species. PALUDINA CARINATA, Vad. Prare 8. P. “testa conoidea, tenui, subdiaphana, viridi; anfrac- tibus quinis, longitudinaliter striatis, et transversim cari- natis.”— Val. PALUDINA CARINATA. pi SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. PALUDINA CARINATA, VALENCIENNES, in Rec. d’Obs. de Zoologie, &c., par Humboldt et Bonpland, vol. ii. p. 252, pl. lvi. fig. 2, a, b. DESCRIPTION. SHELL conoid subdiaphanous and slightly umbilicated; having five convex turns which are longitudinally striated, and _ transversely carinated, with four elevated lines, of which the first and third are larger than the second and fourth: aperture angulated posteriorly, nearly circular, but having the longitudinal greater than the transverse diameter; the peristome is slightly thickened, and the edge is not sharp. Cotor green; with a tinge of brown upon the last whirl; aperture white. GrocrapHicaL Distrisution. Mexico. OBSERVATIONS. This species was discovered by Humboldt in Mexico, and is admitted on the authority of Valenciennes, who wrote the conchological part of the work cited; and from which I have taken the above descriptions, and my plate of the shell. 28 PALUDINA SUBPURPUREA, Say. PLATE 9. P. testa conica, subpurpurea: spira elongata, apice sub- convexo: anfractibus quinis, convexis: sutura impressa: apertura ovato-rotundata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. SUBPURPUREA, Say. Disseminator, vol. ii. p. 245. Mrs. Say’s reprint, p. 21. Am. Conch., pl. xxx. fig. 2. DESCRIPTION. Anima “very pale bluish, with minute yel- low points, particularly on the rostrum, tenta- cula, and prominent respiratory tube, which is as long as the tentacula: eyes on the exterior side of the tentacula,* near the middle of their length: the anterior portion of the foot is very short.”—Say. SHELL ovate-conic, composed of about five * Say followed the foreign authorities in considering this to be the plural form; whereas it is the singular, the plural being ten- tacule. PALUDINA SUBPURPUREA. 29 convex whirls, of which the lines of growth are very fine and oblique: spire lengthened, with the apex scarcely obtuse: suture well marked: aperture ovate-orbicular, widest in the middle; the posterior end of the labrum is much ad- vanced upon the penultimate whirl: a few in- distinct spiral bands are sometimes visible. Cotor. The tint is difficult to define, but would be approached by a dark shade of Syme’s ‘brownish purple red’ mixed with dark ‘broccoli brown;’ the inside being a lighter tint of the same color. GrocrapHicaL Distrisution. Inhabits the Wabash, and some of its branches: Mr. An- thony has received information of its occur- rence near St. Louis, and has sent me a specimen from Wisconsin. OBSERVATIONS. The tubular cylindrical organ supposed by Say to be a respiratory siphon, is probably the outlet of the viscous glands; but I am not now able to refer to Cuvier’s memoir to ascertain the fact. In Paludina decisa it is strongly dotted with orange, and projects forward from the posterior angle of the aperture, at some 30 PALUDINA SUBPURPUREA. distance within the margin, being upon the right side. It will scarcely be confounded with another organ resembling the point of a tenta- cle, situated near the external base of the left tentacle. The foot is described as short in front; but although this is the case (in the genus) when the animal is in a state of repose, it 1s far advanced when in motion; and it is a singular fact that the rostrum of the animal is not advanced at the same time, the latter indeed, being scarcely ever visible. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9. Figures 1 and 2 are taken from an adult specimen in the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences; 3 and 4 represent half-grown shells. ol PALUDINA INTERTEXTA, Say. Pirate 10.—Fies. 1—6. P. testa conicd, tenui, ampullacea, diaphana: apice ob- tuso: striis transversis minutissimé corrugatis: anfractibus quaternis, vel quinis: suturé valdé impress4: apertura posticé rotundata, intus transversim fasciata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. P. INTERTEXTA, Say. Disseminator, vol. ii. p. 244. Mrs. Say’s reprint, p. 20. Amer. Conchology, pl. 30, figs. 3, 4. P. TRANSVERSA, Say. Disseminator, vol. i. p. 215. Mrs. Say’s reprint, p. 20. DESCRIPTION. Suety large, thin, ventricose, and slightly translucent; with about five volutions: suture deep: surface polished: lines of growth unde- viating: spiral marks and lines numerous, and very finely wrinkled: aperture large, ovate, and rounded posteriorly: opercle translucent, with the lines of accretion concentric. Cotor of the shell dark olivaceous, or brown- ish: aperture edged with black, columella white, ae PALUDINA INTERTEXTA. inside reddish, sometimes bluish, and generally banded with reddish: opercle bright claret color. GroerapuicaL Distrisution. Found abun- dantly in the neighborhood of New Orleans: South Carolina is given as the locality of specimens in the Academy’s collection. OBSERVATIONS. The young shell is shorter, more transverse, the aperture proportionally wider, the peristome rarely edged with black; and the anterior por- tion of the labium is often of a bluish tinge. Say’s figure was taken from a shell about the size of my figure 3, which represents a shell differmg considerably from the large one figured; the two agree, however, in the minute- ly corrugated surface, and the transverse in- terior bands. The somewhat lengthened spire, and the want of an umbilic, distinguish this shell from Ampullaria, as characterized by Lamarck; al- though its approach to that genus is sufficient- ly near, to render an examination of the animal necessary, before its proper place can be per- manently determined. “It is remarkable for the numerous obsolete transverse lines; which Plate 6 P VIVIPARA, Lin Plate 1a 3 4 ao 12. R GEORGIANA, Lea. 4. P BENGALENSIS, Lam Miss Helen E. Lawson delet col NIG IDIOT o P 2 CARINATA, Valen. Plate 8 PAILWIDINA. Plate 9. P SUBPURPUREA, Say. tree e Plate 10 5 6 1-6: PF INTERTEXTA, Say 7_8. P SUBGLOBOSA, Say. Miss Helen E Lawson co CORRECTIONS. PAGE. 4, Afterthe references to Say’s works add: Hetrx DissmmLis, Wood’s catalogue, supplement of 1828, Pl. vii. fig. 18. Add New York, Virginia, and North Carolina, to the locali- ties of P. decisa. 8. For striata read striatis. 8. Strike out the reference P. cartnata, &c., and insert: He rx pectsa, Wood’s catalogue sup., pl. vii. fig. 17. 9. Add Tennessee, to the localities. 12. Last line, after ‘5, the young,” add 6, the very young. Melania rufula. Shell lengthened conical, composed of 8 whirls, the 4 anterior of which are convex, and those of the apex flat: ~suture well marked; spire twice the length of the aperture: apex suddenly tapered to a point: aperture ovate elliptic. Length 1 inch. Has. Lake Pepin. Oss. Distinguished from M. simplex by having the peritreme level, and from M. virginica by the flattened apex. Physa fontana. Animal dark fuliginous, foot as long as the shell: shell ovate, translucent, composed of 3 convex turns: apex eroded: suture well marked: labium nearly straight, with a slight fold: color yellowish brown. Length inch. Inhabits cold springs‘in Pennsylvania. Ozs. Closely resembles P. fontinalis of Europe, but the foot is shorter. Physa osculans. Shell oval or lengthened, translucent: whirls 4 or 5, slightly convex: suture well marked: aperture narrow, longer than the spire, with the labium expanded far upon the body whirl: columella thickened. Length 4to 2? inch. Haz. Middle, Eastern and Western States. Oss. This species? bears an equal resem- blance to P. heterostropha and P. gyrina. Ancylus parallelus, Shell brown, low, much appressed, aperture oblong oval, apex subcentral. Length .15 breadth .10 in, Has. Vermont. Prof. Adams. Subgenus Angitrema. Shell spinous, aperture subrhomboidal; - with an anterior sinus. Ex. Melania armigera, Say. Melania costifera. Shell lengthened, composed of 8 slightly con- vex turns, having numerous spiral elevated lines, crossing a series of curved ribs, on all the whirls: spire twice the length of the aper- ture: suture well marked: aperture ovate. Length1 inch. Has. Illinois. Oxs. The aperture is wider than in the allied species, and the cost are better developed. CIRCULAR. It is intended that this work shall embrace all our species hitherto described by American and European authors; and as the geographical distribution is a matter of ‘great importance, and one which has not been sufficiently noted, the author will be greatly indebted to those who take an interest in this sub- ject, if they will forward him catalogues of the species, or specimens of the univalve shells found in the streams with which they may be acquainted. Descriptions of the animals and their habits would also be very useful; and for any assistance given, acknowledgements will be made. : The soft parts or “animal” of Jo sprzvosa, Lea, or a description, would be a desideratum. Communications may be addressed to the author, at Marietta or Columbia, Pennsylvania, or to the care of Mr. Dosson, Philadelphia. The 3d and 4th numbers of this work will most probably be devoted to the genus Limnea, and will contain the following species. Those who are ac- quainted with additional localities, will confer a favour by forwarding them to the author, No. 3.—Limnea catascopium. Haz. The North-west Territory, New York, Massachusetts, the Hndson and Delaware. L. pinguis. The North-west Territory and the Delaware. L. enarginata, The North-west Territory and Maine. L. megasoma, The North-west Territory and Maine. L. rugosa. Mexico. L. jugularis. (Stagnalis?) Lewis’ river, Oregon, and North-west Ter- rilory. L. appressa. Superior, Canandaigua, and Cayuga Lakes; Vermont, Ohio, and Indiana. No. 4.—Limnea elodes. Haz. The North-west Territory, Lake Erie, New York, Eastern Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. L. wmbrosa. Council Bluff; Rainy lake and Seine river of Upper Canada; New England, New York, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. L. refleza. Superior and Erie lakes; Ohio, Indiana? Illinois, New York, and New England. L. attenuata. Near the city of Mexico, L. expansa. Vermont. L. desidiosa. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. L. caperata, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, E. Pennsylvania and Vermont. SN A MONOGRAPH OF THE Ee NEA DES FRESHWATER UNIVALVE SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY 8. STEHMAN HALDEMAN, MEMBER OF THE PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. CONTENTS. LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM, - - . Puate 1, » PINGUIS, - aA a (2 = » ») EMARGINATA, ating te sites ») MEGASOMA, - sie = sa Oe ») RUGOSA, = nmin » », JUGULARIS, - - =~ ate ae ») ~ APPRESSA, - - - aera PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY J. DOBSON, 106 CHESNUT sT.— PARIS: J. B. Baturere Rue De L’acoLe DE MEpIcINE, 17.— LONDON: H. Bamuiére, 219 Recent Street, E. G. Dorsey, Printer. a RN Price to subscribers, $1 a number, of 5 plates, and one sheet of letter- press, payable on the delivery of each. Single numbers, $1 25. Nomser 3. . Juny, 1841, U/) tt CLL , y, SUBSCRIBERS. BaInBriDGE, Pa. Breneman, John S. Haldeman, Edwin, ©. D. Haldeman, Horace Haldeman, John Haldeman, Mrs. M. A. Boston, Mass. Bass, Seth, JZ. D. Binney, Amos, Esq. M. D. Emerson, Geo. B., Esq., P. B.S. Gould, Augustus A., M. D. Parker, Henry T. Whittemore, T. J. Buruincton, Ve. Benedict, Prof. George W. Cuarueston, S.C. Dickson, Prof. Samuel Henry Frost, Prof. Henry R. Holbrook, Prof. J. E. Moultrie, Prof. James Cincinnati, Ohio. Anthony, John G. Buchanan, Robert Foote, John P. Kirtland, Prof. J. P., M. D. Lea, Thomas G. Cotumpia, Pa. Cooper, Israel Cooper, John Cottrell, J. W. Goheen, Rev. D. Green, Evan Haldeman, C. Haldeman, Peter Houston, J. Fredk., C. £. Lyceum. Markley, Jacob F. M‘Farland, Rev. James H. Russell, William ; Shoch, Samuel FRANKFURT aM Mayn. Ruppell, Dr. Edward HarrissurG, Pa. Bucher, George H. Bucher, the Hon. J. C. Haldeman, Jacob M. Kingsford, Mrs. M. Roberts, E. W., M. D. Lancaster, Pa. Atlee, Washington L., JZ D. Damant, James Parry, Ely, M. D. Lonpon, Eng. Sowerby, G. B. : Charlesworth, Edward, F’. G. S. Marietta, Pa. Glatz, Jacob, MW. D. Grosh, Jacob Reinhardt, J. C., M. D. Movnrioy, Pa. Dodge, Rev. N. Heistand, J. D. “New York. Cozzens, I. Jay, J. CSM: D: Trudeau, James, M. D. PHILADELPHIA. Allen, Robert Blanding, William, M. D. Conrad, T. A. Dietz, A. R. Dunn, Nathan Elwyn, A. A., M. D. Frazer, Prof. John F. Giller, John U. Green, Prof. J., M. D. Gross, George Hacker, W. P. Hallowell, E., MZ D. Hembel, Wm., Esq., P. A. N.S. Lea, Isaac Maberry, Thomas C. Markoe, F., jr. Mayland, Jacob, jr. Moore, Carlton R. Morton, Prof. 8. G., M. D. Nuttall, Thomas, F. LZ. 8. Phillips, John 8. Platt, Franklin R. Poulson, Charles A. Tanner, Benjamin Taylor, Amos Townsend, John K. Wagner, Wm. Wistar, Richard Adams, Prof. C. B., Middlebury College, Vt. Evans, John, Delaware Co., Pa. Mifflin, 8S. W., C. #., Hybla, York Co., Pa, Ward, C. J., M. D., Roscoe, Ohio. PENDLETON, Ja. Fussell, Edwin, ©. D. Genus LIMNEA, Lamarck. Prate 1.—F1e. 1. “Testa oblonga, interdtim turrita; spira exserta. Aper- tura integra, longitudinalis. Labrum acutum, inferné ad sinistrum revertens et ascendens, in columellam versus aperturam decurrit, plicamque obliquam mentitur. Oper- culum nullum.”—Lamarck. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. He ix, Linnzxvus. Buccinum, MULter. Buzius, Brouevierss. Lymn#ZA, Lamarcr. An. sans vert., vol. viii. p. 405. Lymn2ZuS, Limnzus, Drar., Turton, Say, &c. LimneEA, Friemine, G. B. Sowersy, Jr., etc. STAGNICOLA, Lracu. Mollusc., p. 141—145. (Gray.) Cuvier. Mem. pour servir. 4 VHist. et a l’Anat. des Mollusques.—Le Régne Animal, Mollusques, p. 71. Sowersy. Genera of Shells. Penny Cyciopmptia, vol. xiii. p. 500. DESCRIPTION. Animat spiral; elongated or subglobular: head depressed on each side; bearing two flat- tened, triangular, elongated tentacles; with the eyes at their anterior internal base: mouth cal 2 LIMNEA. surmounted by a free, thin, and movable ap- pendage: mantle simple: foot thin, oval, not extended anteriorly, and shorter than the shell: pulmonary orifice opening upon the right side, ‘and near it the oviduct, whilst the organ of the deferent canal is situated near the right tenta- cle.’ The sexes are united in the same indi- vidual. Seti thin in texture, oval or elongated, surface smooth; spire exserted, tapering to a point more or less acute: aperture longer than wide, peristome incontinuous, the labrum turn- ing and entering the aperture anteriorly, form- ing a single oblique fold upon the columella. Exampte. Limnea catascopium. OBSERVATIONS. The shell can be most readily distinguished from Physa by being dextral; from Succinea by the fold upon the columella, which is want- ing in the latter genus; and from Amphipeplea by the solider texture and more elongated form of the shell. The ova resemble those of Physa, except that the latter are deposited in a semi- circular, and those of Limnea, in a linear mass. This distinction I have observed in several species, but it may not be universal. LIMNEA. 3 The principal part of their food is contained in the slimy matter which covers sticks and stones beneath the water, and in the mud, which is constantly found in the intestines. Doctor Gould informs me that towards the end of the warm season, he has seen the Limnee eating each other’s shells, and as Mr. Jeffreys has given the same account,* it is most probably correct; although Mr. Gray appears to doubt the fact, because the apex is sometimes deciduous, from a different cause.T The genus Amphipeplea of Nilsson, unites Limnea and Physa by characters common to both, so that its situation is difficult to deter- mine. It has the following characters in com- mon with Limnea. Puysa. Shell dextral. Shell short. Tentacles triangular. A lobed mantle. If the foot is short and oval, I would place it under Limnea; if slender, and extended pos- teriorly, it belongs to Physa, where I place it * Gray’s ed. of Turton’s Manual, p. 231. London, 1840. { To avoid unnecessary repetition under each genus, an expla- nation of this circumstance, as well as of others appertaining equally to all the genera, will be found in the Introduction. 4 LIMNEA. for the present. We know of no American species. Dr. Sharpey suggests that the broad tenta- cles in the genus Limnea may be instrumental in aquatic respiration, as they are provided with cilia;* these, however, are not found upon the tentacles alone, as I have observed them upon the edges of the mantle and foot, and even upon the sole of the latter; moreover, they are not confined to the Limneans; the mantle and foot (but not the tentacles) of Melania, being similarly supplied. I had thought that the long and slender tentacles of Physa might be, in part, organs of scent;} and that the ciliary currents are necessary to make them acquaint- ed with the locality of their food, the aroma of which could not well spread through the quiet waters they inhabit—but the genus Amnicola, which does not generally inhabit stagnant waters, has slender ciliated tentacles also. * Cyclopedia of Anat., art. Crxia, vol. i. p. 621. + Cuvier, Régne Animal Moll., p. 46. + In discussing this question, it should be borne in mind, that the oxygenation of the system through the external surface, has been effected in frogs, which have been confined under water for the purpose of making the experiment. In this case, however, the water may find its way to the lungs. LIMNEA. 5 The tongue of the Limneans is almost con- tinually employed in the apparent office of taking food, as may be readily observed when the animal floats with the foot and mouth up- wards. I have, on such occasions (in Physa heterostropha) observed bits of matter to be swallowed, and have found the water to be full of Volvox globator, and other Protozoa, which are probably brought within reach by the ciliary currents. The following subgenera are indicated without any re- ference to the question of their correctness. ‘The number happens to be five, as in Planorbis and Physa; but in the lower classes, they probably much exceed this number. The number five generally obtains, because, in genera, a greater number of distinct forms would tend to run the sections into each other; and not because Nature calls for a particular number. Still, as strong arguments have been brought forward in support of a quinary arrangement, I think it but fair that naturalists should give it an impartial and unprejudiced examination, in their peculiar depart- ments. Subgenera of Limnea. LimneEA, Lam. Shell lengthened, aperture slightly ex- panded. L. appressa, pl. 5. Rapix, Montrort. Shell short, greatly expanded. R. macrostoma, pl. 11. 6 LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM. 1 LEPTOLIMNEA, Sw. Nearly cylindrical; spire thick, lengthened; aperture small. L. elongata, Sow. gen. fig. 6. Buiimnes, Hat. Shell thick in texture, inflated, lip not expanded. B. megasoma, pl. 3, fig. 1—3. ACELLA, Hat. Shell slender, whirls very oblique, aper- ture expanded. Probably the same as Leptolimnea. A. gracilis, Jay’s catalogue, pl. 1, fig. 10. LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM, Say. Prats 1. L. test& conici, tenui, ochrace4; anfractibus quinis convexis: suturaé excavata, spiraé acuta: ultimo anfractu ventricoso, apertura ovata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. L. cATASCOPIUM, Sav. Nich. Encyc. (Am. ed.) art. Conch., pl. ii. fig. 83—Am. Conchology, pl. lv. fig. 2. L. pineuis? Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii. p. 123. LL. coRNEA, Vat. Rec. d’Obs. de Zoologie, &c., par Humboldt et Bonpland, vol. ii. p. 251. L. Vireinrana’? Lam, vol. viii. p. 411.—Desn. Encye. méth. vers., vol. ii. p. 362, No. 21. L. caTascoPpium, Gouup. Invert. of Mass., 223. LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM. 7 DESCRIPTION. Anmat light or dark yellowish-brown, mi- nutely sprinkled with light yellowish: tentacles short, translucent, and light colored at their anterior base: foot about as long as the aper- ture, rounded posteriorly, with the base very minutely and thickly dotted. SHELL smooth and polished; composed of four or five convex whirls, in which the lines of growth are lightly marked; body whirl large and ventricose: suture well marked; spire shorter than the aperture; tapering to an acute point: aperture ovate: labium concave, with the fold well marked. Variety, L. pincuis. “Shell oval, rather ven- tricose, pale dirty yellowish: whirls nearly four, rapidly diminishing to the apex, which is dull fulvous: suture moderate: spire rather more than half the length of the aperture: aperture large: labrum with the inner submargin a little thickened.”—Say. Cotor of the outside ochre yellow, but fre- quently covered with a coating of black foreign matter: inside sienna yellow. Foreign anatocus. Limnea peregra, Drap. 8 LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM. GrocrapnicaL Distrisution. Inhabits Mas- sachusetts, Earle’s catalogue: New York, near Niagara Falls, Dr. W. Blanding: the Hudson, Dr. Gould: the Northwest Territory, Mr. Tay- lor: from ‘Canada to Saskatchewan:’ and the Delaware. Var. L. prncuis. The Northwest Territory, (fig. 9, Mr. R. C. Taylor,) and the Delaware (fig. 8—10,) and Schuylkill rivers. Mr. Nut- tall has given me specimens from Lewis’ river, Oregon; which, though considerably larger, appear to belong to this variety. OBSERVATIONS. I have thought it best to unite two of Say’s proposed species, for the separation of which I think there are not sufficient grounds. My suite of specimens is not sufficiently extensive to demonstrate the identity of the two; but I think the original shells of my figures 6 and 10—12, have too near a resemblance to allow them to be separated as distinct species. The variety differs in having a shorter spire, and the turns composing it more inflated; whilst the apex is not as much attenuated as in L, catascopium. LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM. 9 The animals of figs. 1 and 6 were taken from the Delaware at Camden, and are thickly covered with Cercaria bilineata, Hald.; a para- site which must be very annoying, when pre- sent in such numbers, as in this instance. “It is with much hesitation that we adopt a new specific name for this shell (L. catas- copium), having always heretofore considered it as the same with L. putris of Europe; as far as we can ascertain, the principal difference appears to be in the more oblique revolution of the whirls in the European species, and the more abrupt termination of the spire.”—Say. The area of the aperture is not as great, nor is the labium as much expanded, as in the analogue. EXPLANATION OF Pirate 1. Figure 1 represents the animal at the moment of open- ing the branchial cavity, to take in a supply of fresh air. Figures 1 to 9 represent different forms of L. catas- copium, as restricted by Say; the specimens being all from the Delaware, except those of 4 and 5; the latter is a profile outline of the left side, showing the depth of the umbilical emargination: 8, 9 show the form of the young: and 10, 11, 12 represent the variety L. pinguis. The foreign analogue of this species is placed under the 72 10 LIMNEA EMARGINATA. subgenus Radix; on which account, a more characteristic species should have been given as the example (as L. jugularis;) but there might be some risk in citing an ani- mal which I never saw, and which might possibly possess anomalous characters. ‘Thus the editors of the current edition of the Régne Animal, instead of following their rule of figuring none but the best known species, have de- parted from it in preferring ‘Cistuda clausa’ (C. Carolina) a land animal, instead of figuring Terrapene Europea, in illustration of the text: “On doit remarquer parmi les tortues d’eau douce, les tortues & boite.”? A little caution, in the study of the Mollusca, cannot be misplaced; when authors like Cuvier and Duvernoy have confounded the Testudinine with the Emyde, by placing too much con- fidence in the character of the shells. LIMNEA EMARGINATA, Say. PLATE 2. L. testi tenui, subdiaphana, anfractibus quaternis vel quinis convexis, ultimo maximo: sutura valdé impressa: apice acuto: crena columellari profundé emarginata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LIMNEUS EMARGINATUS, Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. il. p. 270.—American Conchology, pl. 55, fig. 1. LIMNEA EMARGINATA. Bou DESCRIPTION. SHELL Ovate-conic, thin in texture, translu- cent, and smooth; having the lines of growth very fine: there are five whirls, which are very convex, and are separated by a deep suture: apex, when present, acute: aperture wide, and more than half the entire length: labium turned over, so as to form an umbilic: fold on the columella obsolete: columellar depression deep- ly emarginate. Cotor light ochraceous. GrocrapuicaL Disrrisution. Inhabits “lake Namakin, north of lake Superior”—Say: lakes in the North-west Territory,—Mr. Taylor: and the State of Maine,—Dr. Gould. OBSERVATIONS. “This species is rather larger, and consider- ably wider than L. catascopium; and the emar- gination visible on a profile view of the um- bilical groove, is far more profound.”—Say. Specimens are not common in collections, so that it is difficult to define the limits of the species. Thus figure 1 differs considerably from figure 6, but they both agree in having a 12 LIMNEA EMARGINATA, deep emargination, as exhibited in figures 3 and 7—in wanting the fold upon the columella, and in having umbilics of the same character. Should the latter prove to be a distinct species, I propose to call it L. serrata; its distinguish- ing characters being the elevated lines, and the undulated peritreme. It is probably included by J. D. C. Sowerby among the new species discovered by Dr. Richardson. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. Figures 4 and 5 are copied from an authentic specimen in the Academy’s collection: 1, 2, 3, represent a more elon- gated variety, drawn from an imperfect specimen; and 6, 7, 8, a shell which is more ventricose, and is marked with a few transverse elevated lines upon the body whirl. These two shells, with many other species, were brought from the North-west Territory by Mr. R. C. Taylor, who gave them to Mr. Conrad; to whom I am indebted for the freshwater univalves contained among them. 13 LIMNEA MEGASOMA, Say. PrRarn, 3:—P ie. 1-—3. L. testa maxima, inflata, rufa; spird acuta, non longitudo aperture habente: anfractibus quinis convexis: sutura impressa, apertura subovata; columella alba, profundé plicata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LYMNEUS MEGASOMUS, Say. Long’s Expedition to the source of St. Peter’s river, &c., vol. ii. p- 263, pl. xv. fig. 10. DESCRIPTION. Animat blackish,—Binney. SHELL very large, oval, inflated, and rather solid; composed of five convex whirls: the lines of growth are coarse, crossed by very fine, and almost obsolete, transverse lines: suture deep: spire short, and frequently much eroded, in large shells: aperture oblong ovate, capacious: fold on the columella well marked. Coxor of the shell, yellowish-brown; within, reddish-brown. GrocrapnicaL Distrisution. Found in the North-west Territory, Say: (north latitude 14 LIMNEA MEGASOMA. 48°) and collected by Dr. Binney “in a swamp in front of the town of Burlington, Vermont, very near the shore of Lake Champlain.” OBSERVATIONS. “This remarkably large and fine species was found in Bois blanc Lake, North-west Territory, by Dr. Bigsby, to whom I am indebted for specimens. The color is brownish, sometimes lineated across the body whorl with dull green- ish and pale ochraceous; and the chesnut- brown color of the interior of the shell, com- bined with its large dimensions, distinguish this species from all others yet discovered in this country.”—Say. The shell of this species is rare in collections, and I am indebted to the liberality of Dr. A. Binney of Boston, for the only specimens in his cabinet. The shell reminds one of the young of Plekocheilus undulatus, Guilding. The N. W. Territory must be the original station of this species; whence it has reached a distance of 1,500 miles, with the descending waters. The more rapid current of the Mis- sissippi, and the difference in climate, have doubtless prevented it from establishing itself in the Western States. 15 LIMNEA RUGOSA, Val. Piate 3.—Fic. 4—5. L. “testi. ovato-conica, tenui, alba, tenia fulva obsoleta b b b] ornata; anfractibus rugis plurimis exaratis.”°—Valenc. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LYMNEA RUGOSA, VatENncteNNES. Receuil d’Obs. de Zoologie, etc., par Humboldt et Bonpland, vol. ii. p- 250, pl. lvi. fig. 5, a, b. An. 1833. DESCRIPTION. SHELL ovate-conic, thin, composed of six convex whirls, upon the later ones of which, the lines of accretion are very coarse: aperture elliptic, longer than the spire, columella reflect- ed upon the last whirl, so as to form a small umbilic. Cotor white, with a transverse spiral fulvous band. GeocrapuicaLt Distrisution. Mexico. OBSERVATIONS. This species was discovered by M. Bonpland in Mexico. My figures and description are taken from the work cited. 16 LIMNEA JUGULARIS, Say. Prats 4. L. testi magna, ovato-conic’, levi, tenui, pellucida: spira elongata, attenuata, apice subacuto: anfractibus longitudinaliter minutissimé striatis: ultimo anfractu ven- tricoso: columella profunde plicata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. I. JUGULARIS, Say. Nich. Encyc. Art. Conchology. LI. SPEcCIosuS, RossMAsteER, pl. 2, fig. 50. L. STAGNALIS, Am. Jour. of Sci., vol. xxxi. p. 36. note T. DESCRIPTION. Suey large, thin, ventyicose, smooth, and diaphanous, composed of six slightly convex whirls, of which the lines of growth are very fine: spire contracted and subulate, with the apex pointed: aperture large, inner side sub- rectilinear, outer margin slightly expanded: columella with a deep fold: there is no umbilic, the labium being in close contact with the last whirl. Cotor light ochre yellow. IC MICRY EAN eb LALA 2k « Plate 1. A. N L ey. ( / ei / Resy 8 9 a @ jj } y 3 2 4 A fe \ / \y ' f eo 6 5 7 . 10 it 12 L. CATASCOPIUM, Say. JOIC MTN Te AN. Plate 2 L. BMARGINATA, Say. Mise Helen E Lawson del. et col. Alex Lawson Se i 3 Z MECASOMA, Say 4 -5 L. RUGOSA, Valen, Alex. Lawson Se Plate ¢ 2 5 JOU IG AL. : Plate 4. L. JUGULARIS, Say. Mias Helen B, Lawson delet col. Alex Lawson Sc. IGIUMIN IEA 0 Plate 9. ZL. APPRESSA, Say. Miss Helen E. Lawson del et col ex. Lawson Sc New Species of Shells, published March 13th, 1841, by 8. S. Hatpeman. Paludina rufa. I propose this name for Paludina, PI. 3, fig. 1, of this work. Fig. 4 of the same plate is the P. integra of Say. P. rufa is distinguished by the reddish color and entire apex, but it may be a variety of P. decisa. ; Anculosa fusca. Shell subglobular, spire more than half the leneth of the aperture, with the apex rounded: whirls 8 to 4, slight- ly convex: suture rendered distinct by a slight shoulder on the whirls: body whirl with a slight tendency to obtuse carination: aperture globose-pyriform, rendered obtuse posteriorly by the shght shoulder on the whirls: labium slightly arcuated, and thick in sub- stance: labrum thin and sharp. Color: outside fuscous, livid when worn; labium white; inside with a tinge of pink. Length 3 inch. Has. Oregon, Mr. Nuttall. Oss. Shell not slender like Anc. virens, nor is the aperture round, as in Anc. Nuttaliana. Ancylus (-Velletea) Nuttallit. Shell fuscous, oval, elevated, apex oné-fourth of the entire length from one end. Length 13, breadth 4, height } inch. Haz. Oregon, Mr. Nuttall. Ancylus diaphanus. Shell translucent, very pale, regularly oval, very wide, depressed; apex subcentral. Length 5% inch. Has, Ohio, Mr. Anthony. Limnea ferruginea. Shell slender, thin, conical, and diaphanous: whirls 4, convex: suture deep: aperture oval, about as long as the spire: columella arcuated, with a distinct fold. +inchlong. Has. Oregon, Mr. Nuttall. Oxss. More slender than L, humilis. Physa (Diastropha) integra. Shell oval, composed of 5 very con- vex whirls: apex pointed: suture very deep: aperture oval, wide posteriorly; peritreme continuous; no columellar fold. Color pale, with white varicose bands. $inch long. Has. Indiana, Mrs. Say. Oss. Larger than P. Diastropha distorta, Hal., and not distorted. Melania varicosa, Ward. Shell olivaceous, conical, with 7 convex whirls, flattened at the apex: later whirls marked with thick vari- cose lines: aperture elliptic. Length 2 inch. Haz. Ohio. Obgs, Allied to, but less slender than M. exilis. It may prove to bea variety of M. rufula, Hal. “Bulimus vermetus, Anthony. Shell turriculated, livid brown: whirls5, striated longitudinally: suture deeply indented: apex entire: body whirl a little more than equal to the spire: spire 23 times the length of the aperture: length 3, width 1} lines: aperture obliquely ovate: length of the aperture equal to the width of the body whirl. Has. Ohio near Cincinnati. Oss. Distinguished by its peculiar mouth, which is turned in a regular curve from right to left, con- tracted at the upper angle, and spreading below: the whirlsare also very deeply indented and twisted, as they are in Succinea vermeta.” J.G. Anthony. Melania inflata. Shell conical, with 3 to 4 flat turns: apex trun- cate-eroded: middle of the body whirl slightly carinated: lines of growth undeviating: aperture as long as the spire, very narrow, elliptic, slightly produced, and turned to the left anteriorly. Color ’ brown or green, inside banded with reddish. Length 4inch. Has. Alabama, R., Mr. Conrad. Ops. Allied to M. stygia. Melania curta. Shell short, conical, smooth; spire plane, nearly twice as long as the aperture, which is narrow and quadrate, with a narrow anterior sinus. Color green or chesnuf. Length $ inch. Has. Ohio river. Oss. Resembles M. conica, Sayi, but the whirls increase more rapidly in size. Physa concolor, Shell oval, spire produced, with the apex point- ed: whirls 4, convex: aperture oval, narrow; columellar fold dis- tinct. Color honey-yellow. Length 0.23 in. Haz. Oregon, Mr. Nuttall. Anculosa (Mudatia) affinis. I propose this name for a shell allied to “Paludina dissimilis,” Say; but which differs from it in having a slight tooth upon the columella. Has. Ohio, Mrs, Say. & CIRCULAR. It is intended that this work shall embrace all our species hitherto described by American and European authors; and as the geographical distribution is a matter of great importance, and one which has not been sufficiently noted, the author will be greatly indebted to those who take an interest in this sub- ject, if they will forward him catalogues of the species, or specimens-of the univalve shells found in the streams with which they may be acquainted. Descriptions of the animals and their habits would.also be very useful; and for any assistance given, acknowledgements will be made. Communications may be addressed to the author, at Marietta or Columbia, Pennsylvania, or to the care of Mr. Dozson, Philadelphia. No. 4.—Limnea elodes. Haz. The North-west Territory, Lake Erie, New York, Eastern Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. L. umbrosa. Council Bluff; Rainy lake and Seine river of Upper Canada; _. New England, New York, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. L. refleca. Superior and Erie lakes; Ohio, Indiana? Illinois, New York, and New England. L, attenuata, Wear the city of Mexico. L. expansa. Vermont. L. desidiosa. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. L. caperata. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, E. Pennsylvania and Vermont. CORRECTIONS. Paludina Bengalensis. Add to the synonyms P. vituta, Raf. Atlantic Journal, p. 165. No. 2, p. 21, line 11, for worst read worse. Paludina subpurpurea. Yn some copies the bands are too highly colored. Physa osculans. The U. 8. specimens of this shell will merge into P. heterostropha. One specimen, supposed to be from the West, is in reality from Mexico. This appears distinct, and may retain the name, until I learn more about it. Although the aperture is narrow, some specimens in the Academy’s collection have it very wide. *,* This number has been detained by extensive alterations in the plates, after the engraving had been finished. This explanation is made to allay the fears of those subscribers who may.suppose the work likely to be discontinued: a circumstance of which there is no apparent probability. 4 Noumeser 4, January, 1842, yy A MONOGRAPH OF THE LIMNIADES OR FRESHWATER UNIVALVE SHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY 8S. STEHMAN HALDEMAN, MEMBER OF THE PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. CONTENTS. LIMNEA ELODES, Sie ea UATE, »,» UMBROSA, - - - - SR TE -,, REFLEXA, - Pee ey a wirES: ») ATTENUATA, - ee Apo aaa }) EXPANSA, = - = ») DESIDIOSA, - =a bak sts AO, PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY J. DOBSON, 106 CHESNUT ST.— PARIS: J. B. Battuiire Rue DE L’ECOLE DE MEDICINE, 17,.— LONDON: H. Battulére, 219 Recent Street. E. G. Dorsey, Printer. AMA—$ $ ici Price to subscribers, $1 a number, of 5 plates, and one sheet of letter- press, payable on the delivery ofeach. Single numbers, $1 25. SUBSCRIBERS. BAINBRIDGE, Pa. Breneman, John S. Haldeman, Edwin, 17. D. Haldeman, Horace Haldeman, John Haldeman, Mrs. M.A. Boston, Mass. Bass, Seth, 7. D. Binney, Amos, Esq. M. D. Emerson, Geo. B., Esq., P. B.S. Dz. Gould, Augustus A., M7. Parker, Henry T. Whittemore, T. J. Buruincton, Vt. Benedict, Prof. George W. Cuarueston, S. C. Dickson, Prof, Samuel Henry Frost, Prof. Henry R. Holbrook, Prot debe Moultrie, Prof. James CincInnat, Ohio. Anthony, John G. Buchanan, Robert Foote, John P. Kirtland, Prof..J.P: VD: Lea, Thomas G. CotumsrA, Pa. Cooper, Israel Cooper, John Cottrell, J. W. Goheen, Rev. D. Green, Evan Haldeman, C. Haldeman, Peter Houston, J. Fredk,,,C: E. Lyceum. Markley, Jacob F. M‘Farland, Rev. James H. Russell, William Shoch, Samuel FRANKFURT AM Mayn. Riippell, Dr. Edward HarrisgurG, Pa. Bucher, George H. Bucher, the Hon. URC OP Haldeman, Jacob M. Kingsford, "Mrs. M. Roberts, E, W., M. D. Lancaster, Pa. Atlee, Washington L., M. D. Damant, James Parry, Ely, M. D. ’- Lonpon, Eng. Sowerby, G. B. Charlesworth , Edward, F.. GS. Marietta, Pa, Glatz, Jacob, WZ. D. Grosh, Jacob Reinhardt, J. C., AZ D. Mounrioy, Pa. Dodge, Rev. N. Heistand, JD: New York. Cozzens, I. Jay, J.C., M. D. Trudeau, James, M. D. _ PHILADELPHIA. Allen, Robert Blanding, William, M. D. Conrad, T. A. Dietz, ALR. Dunn, Nathan Elwyn, A. A., M. D. Frazer, Prof. John F. Giller, John U. Green, Prof. J., M. D. Gross, George Hacker, W. P. Hallowell, E., M. D. Hembel, Wm. ,Esq., P, A. N.S. Lea, Isaac Maberry, Thomas C. Markoe, F., jr. Mayland, Jacob, jr. Moore, Carlton R. Morton, Prof. 8. G., M.D. Nuttall, Thomas, FZ. S. Phillips, John 8. Platt, Franklin R. Poulson, Charles A. Tanner, Benjamin Taylor, Amos Townsend, John K. Wagner, Wm. Wistar, Richard Adams, Prof. C. B., Middlebury College, Va: Evans, John, Delaware Co., Pa. Mifflin, S. W., C. #., Hybla, York Co., Pa. Ward, C. J., M. D., Roscoe, Ohio. PENDLETON, Ja. Fussell, Edwin, M. D. LIMNEA JUGULARIS. 17 GrocrapuicaL Disrrisution. Lakes in New York, Michigan, North-west Territory, (fig. 2.) and Lewis’s river, Oregon, (fig. 1.) OBSERVATIONS. The shell of this species bears a very close resemblance to that of L. stagnalis, but may be distinguished by the want of the prominent shoulder to the whirls, which is so conspicuous in that species. A single monstrous individual, presented to Academy’s collection by Mr. Nuttall, has, however, a well developed shoulder. The surface of Stagnalis has a tendency to form facets, which is not the case with Jugu- laris; nor has it the spiral striz quite as evi- dent; a character still better developed in L. appressa. ‘The revolution of the edge of the columella leaves a conical open axis, of about equal size in both species (but narrower in L. appressa) which admits of a view far into the shell. Both species agree remarkably well in the colour, texture, and translucency of the shells. 18 LIMNEA APPRESSA, Say. PLATE 5. L. testa magna, elongata, pallida, tenui, levi, transver- sim minutissimé striata, apice subacuto: anfractibus 6, subconvexis: apertura ovata. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. ILYMNEUS APPRESSUS, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. il. p. 168. L. speciosus, Zrricu., Rossmasster, Iconog., pl. 2, fig. 50. DESCRIPTION. “Sheri elongated ventricose: volutions 6: spire regularly attenuated to an acute tip, rather shorter than the aperture: body whirl dilated, proportionally large: aperture ample, columella with the sinus of the fold profound; callus perfectly appressed upon the shell, to the base.”—Say. Cotor, pale ochraceous, lighter than the pre- ceding species, and frequently stained by a black foreign matter. LIMNEA APPRESSA. 19 GerocrapuicaL Distrizution. From Lake Superior to New England, inclusive. The specimens figured were given to me by Dr. Binney, who procured them at Burlington, Vermont. OBSERVATIONS. Iam not very confident that this is distinct from the preceding species; but admit it, be- cause it is more attenuated, lighter in color, and has the spiral stri better developed. I cited Rossmissler’s figure under the pre- ceding species, on the strength of Gray’s Tur- ton; but I am now able (through the kindness of my friend Dr. Gould) to cite at once from the work itself; which convinces me that Ross- missler had this species in view, as his figure and minute description agree with it in every particular. LIMNEA FRAGILIS, Lin. Prats 6. L. test conica, acuminata, sub-perforata; irregulariter reticulata, et transversim minutissimeé striata: anfractibus 6—7 convexis: sutura impressi. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. HELIX FRAGILIS, Lin. BUCCINUM PALUSTRE, MULLER. LLIMNEUS ELODES, Say. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. ii. p. 169.—American Con- chology, pl. 31, fig. 83, March 1832. L. paLusTRIs, J. D. C. Sowrrsy’s Catalogue of Dr. Richardson’s Shells, No. 32. LIMNZA ELODES, Goutp. Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p- 221, figs. 146, 147. Desuaye’s Lamarck, vol. vill. p. 409. DESCRIPTION. Anmat fuliginous, minutely dotted with wax- yellow: central portion dark above; color near- ly uniform below: foot elliptical, about two- thirds the length of the body whirl when extended: tongue spoon-shaped, mouth mar- gined in front with a black horny plate or tooth.—Gould. LIMNEA FRAGILIS. 21 Srett oblong-conic, slightly umbilicated, composed of six convex whirls, the surface of which is frequently marked with irregular ele- vated reticulations, unconnected with the fine lines of growth, or the very minute spiral lines: suture very distinct, but not deep: aperture generally shorter than the spire, and sometimes having a calcareous rim within the peristome. The characteristic shell has the irregular elevated lines, and convex whirls, as figure 1. The varieties are as follow: A. Smooth, whirls convex, fig. 3. B. Smooth, whirls flattened, figs. 4 and 11. C. Color dark, aperture irregular, fig. 6. D. Color light, aperture margined, fig. 7. E. Aperture simple, color dark brown, fig. 9. The varieties D and E have the minute spiral lines very distinctly marked, but the irregular reticulations are wanting: when these are pre- sent, the surface is divided into series of facets, which have been compared to those upon cut- glass. Cotor various shades of brown and yellow- ish-brown, aperture frequently margined with chesnut. GrocrapuicaL Disrrisution. Found in the 22 LIMNEA FRAGILIS. North-west Territory; Canada, as far north as Great Bear Lake, and Maine: in Massachu- setts, figs. 2, 6, 8, Dr. Gould: New York and Lake Erie, fig. 9: Ohio, figs. 1 and 7: Eastern Pennsylvania, figs. 3, 4, 10, 11, from a spring in Berks county, connected with the Schuylkill. Ihave a specimen 1% inches long, and rather more than half an inch in diameter, from Lewis’ river, Oregon, which I refer to this species, although it is more ventricose than the indi- viduals we are accustomed to see. OBSERVATIONS. I am indebted to Dr. Gould (who has given an interesting account of this species), for the description and drawings of the animal. Figure 5 will give those who are not acquainted with the animals of this family, an idea of the form of the head and tentacles. Say remarks that his eodes “bears the most striking resemblance to L. palustris of Europe, and I am almost inclined to think it a mere variety of that species.” I unite the two, be- cause I am unable to point out any distinguish- ing characters between them. Whether the foreign shells are as variable among themselves LIMNEA FRAGILIS. 23 as ours are, I cannot tell; but I have specimens which, if found here, would be named elodes without hesitation. The respective soft parts may differ; but until such a difference be point- ed out, I cannot but consider the two identical; nor can I admit doubtful species, or those nearly allied to others, upon a mere (so called) specific character, unless a comparative character be given at the same time. Surely it is not unreasonable to demand that enough be given to convey an idea of proposed species, which, in many cases, are difficult to identify, even from figures. Mr. Gray is of opinion that the calcareous rim within the peristome of certain Limnee and Planorbes, is formed when the waters they inhabit are nearly dried up; or in winter, when they are affected by cold—preparatory to the secretion of a diaphragm for their protection at these times.* However this may be, I have never observed the rim in any other of our species, and only in variety D. of this, whose appearance will always distinguish it, even when this character is wanting. This variety has not been hitherto observed east of the Allegany Mountains. * Turton’s Manual, p. 231 and 267. London, 1840. 24 LIMNEA UMBROSA, Say. PLATE 7. L. testa elongata, ventricosa, fusca: spira attenuata, acuta: anfractibus senis, convexiusculis, transversim minu- tissimé striatis: apertura semicirculari; labro repando. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LIMNEUS ELONGATUS, Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii. p. 167. LIMNEUS UMBROSUS, Say. Amer. Conchology, pl. 31. fig. 1. DESCRIPTION. Shell lengthened, ventricose, composed of six slightly convex whirls, of which the anterior one is somewhat inflated: surface covered with numerous minute transverse spiral lines: suture oblique, with little depth, but well marked: spire attenuated, with the apex acute: fold on the columella not well marked: aperture wide, nearly straight on the inside, wide anteriorly; less than half the length of the shell: body whirl above, longer than half the entire length. LIMNEA UMBROSA. 25 Cotor various shades of brown, or reddish- brown; sometimes with light longitudinal lines, as in figue 6: the submargin of the peristome is frequently chesnut. GeocrapuicaL Distrisution. “It inhabits, in considerable numbers, the ponds and tranquil waters of the Missouri, in the vicinity of Council Bluff; and Dr. Bigsby obtained specimens in Rainy lake and Seine river of Upper Canada.” Found in New York, Ohio, Indiana, and Ilh- nois, OBSERVATIONS. This shell is more ventricose than in any of the allied species, and the fold upon the colu- mella is liable to considerable variation, being well marked in some individuals, and nearly obsolete in others. In some shells the apex is much elevated (the shell being in the normal position) because the plane of the aperture forms a large angle with the axis. Figures 2 and 7 represent this character largely de- veloped. The name first given to this species by Say was preoccupied, which led him to redescribe it under the one by which it has since been known. 34 26 LIMNEA REFLEXA, Say. Purate 8. L. testa elongata, tenui, fusc; longitudinaliter striata: apice acuto: anfractibus 7 convexiusculis: suturaé impressé, obliquissima: apertura elongata: lamina columellari crassa et laxa. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LIMNEUS REFLEXUS, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. ii. p- 167.—American Conchology, pl. 31, fig. 2. LIMN#A PALUSTRIS, var. distortus, RossmassteR. Icon., vol. i. p. 97. LYMN#A EXILIS, Lua. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. (new series), vol. v. p. 114, pl. xix. fig. 82. DESCRIPTION. SHELL very long and slender, composed of seven flattened, or slightly convex whirls, with exceedingly minute transverse revolving lines: lines of growth distinct, but sometimes very fine: suture well marked, revolving very obliquely: aperture oblong semicircular; columellar fold slight; labium not quite in contact with the body whirl at any part, particularly anteriorly, where there is a slight umbilical fissure. LIMNEA REFLEXA. Pay Cotor fulvous, or brownish-ochraccous; the inner submargin being frequently highly colored with reddish-brown. Geocraruicat Disrrieution. Found in Supe- rior and Erie Lakes, Say: in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and New York. OBSERVATIONS. This and the preceding species vary consi- derably among themselves; and occasionally approach each other in such a manner, that it is possible they may be but varieties, however characteristic specimens (as figure 1 of the respective plates) may differ. I believe them to be distinct; as, besides the general form, the columellar fold is better marked in L. umbrosa, and the labium is in contact with the preceding whirl. Mr. Lea gives the want of appression in the labium as the distinctive character of his L. exilis; but this character is present in all the specimens figured upon plate 8, except the young, figs. 7, 8. I am indebted to Messrs. Anthony, Conrad, and Olmstead, for placing the specimens figured, in my collection. 28 LIMNEA ATTENUATA, Say. PiaTe 9.—Fies. 1—5. L. test elongata, tenuissima, diaphana, fragili, acuta: anfractibus 7 planulatis: sutura impressa, obliquaé: aper- tur semicirculari; plica columellari impressa. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LIMNEUS ATTENUATUS, Say. Disseminator, p. 244, Aug. 12th, 1829.—Mrs. Say’s reprint, p. 23. DESCRIPTION. SHELL very long and slender, with seven slightly convex whirls, revolving obliquely: suture rather deep: apex suddenly pointed: aperture small and semicircular, sometimes expanded: columellar plait well marked. The young shell does not differ materially from the adult. Cotor wood-brown. GeocrapuicaL Disrrisution. Found by Say in the ditches and ponds about the city of Mexico. LIMNEA EXPANSA. 29 OBSERVATIONS. “This species is more nearly related to L. reflexus, Nob., than to any other known species of North America; but it is only necessary to compare the two, in order to perceive a wide difference between them. The present is smaller and proportionally more slender, and the spire is more attenuated.”—Say. LIMNEA EXPANSA, Hald. Piate 9.—Fics. 6—8. L. testa inflato-conicaé, tenui, brevi, diaphana: apertura lata, labro repando: plic& columellari profunda. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LI. EXPANSA, Harp. In this work, October, 1840. DESCRIPTION. SHELL short, smooth, translucent, and fragile; body whirl inflated: spire as long as the aper- ture, and rapidly attenuated to an acute apex: 30 LIMNEA EXPANSA. whirls five, somewhat flattened: suture shallow, but very distinct, aperture effuse: fold on the columella deep and distinct. Cotor brownish ochre-yellow. GeocrapuicaL Distrisution. Found only in Vermont. OBSERVATIONS. I owe the opportunity to describe this new species to Dr. Gould, who gave me specimens, and the information that they are from Ver- mont. It differs from L. elodes in having a polished surface, expanded aperture, obsolete lines of growth, translucency, and a deeper fold upon the columella. It cannot be con- founded with any other species. 31 LIMNEA DESIDIOSA, Say. Prats 10. L. testa sub-inflata, perforata, tenui, lutea: spira at- tenuata, apice acuto: anfractibus 5 convexis: sutura valdé impressi. SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. LIMNEUS DESIDIOSUS, Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. iil. p» 169.—Am. Conch., pl. 55, fig. 3. L. oprussa?Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. v. p. 123. I. acura, Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., (new series,) vol. v. pl. 19, fig. 81. L. PHILADELPHICA, Lexa. ib. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 32. DESCRIPTION. Animat with the foot as long as the two last whirls: tentacles short, broad, and translucent: color light yellowish-grey, dark upon the mid- dle and light upon the edges: surface minutely dotted with whitish, which forms spots between the eyes. SHELL somewhat inflated, thin in texture, and translucent: lines of accretion rather coarse: surface occasionally broken. by a tendency to 32 LIMNEA DESIDIOSA. form irregular facets: spire about as long as the aperture, and rapidly attenuated to an acute point: there are five convex whirls, sepa- rated by a deep suture: body whirl much the largest: aperture wide, generally obtuse poste- riorly; peristome nearly level: labium thick and not appressed anteriorly: columellar fold slight, or wanting. Cotor light ochraceous, sometimes brownish: polished within; and occasionally white na- creous, or pink, anteriorly. GrocrapuicaL Distrisution. From latitude 35° to 45°, and from New England inclusive to the Mississippi; inhabiting rivulets and small lakes in great abundance. OBSERVATIONS. This species is subject to great variation in the form of the shell, but the animals of the slender and the ventricose varieties cannot be distinguished; and the shells approach each other by insensible gradations, as I have ascertained from the examination of several hundred specimens, many of them whilst living. Those represented by figures 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, are from a pond of spring water twenty feet in JG, 10 WE IN TG AN o Plate 6 L. FRAGILIS,_ win. Miss Helen E.Lawson del et col Aler.Lawson Se L. UMBROSA, Say. Plate 7. ~ if + s ii aes" an 4 sh ne Wd Eto Oe eee LP) FNM Rear eT Tule 4 fy L. REFLEXA, Say. Plate 8 NEDP- Plate 9 4 5 A ‘ie 1_5. L. ATTENUATA, Say. 68. L. EXPANSA,_Hald. Mise Helen E. Lawson del.ct col Mex. Lawnon S IG UMC WY Te A o Plate 10 10 vy 12 L. DESIDIOSA, Say. Miss Helen U.Lawson del. et col Alex Lawson Se PALREL ETP RD 5 I Cap aT ON > A t's \ Ran Fe TN pie 4 a 2 SUBSCRIBERS. Darien, Geo. Troy, N. Y. Couper, Hamilton J., Esq. Gates, Elias. Portiann, Maine. Frankrort, Ky. Michels, J. W., M. D. Fall, Rev. P.S. Neal, John, Esq. BERLIN. Monmovtn, Maine. Royal Library. True, Ne a. Hameure. PROVIDENCE. Perthes & Besser. Rhodes, Robert. New Species of Shells, published October 5, 1841, by S.S. Hatpeman. Anculosa crassa. Shell conical or globose, ponderous whirls 5, flat or slightly convex:. spire exserted: aperture ovate, with a well marked columellar notch: Jabium thick. Color brown. Length 3in. Has. Clinch? R. Tennessee. Differs from A. preerosa by the better developed spire and notch. Melania @qualis. Shell thick, short, conical; with 5 flat whirls, ornamented with longitudinal ribs: texture thin, surface smooth, aperture narrow elliptic, as long as the spire. Color brown. 4 in. long. Has. Nolachucky R. Closely resembles the young of Io spinosa, and differs from the young of Melania nupera as figured by Say, (Am. Conch., pl. 3,) by the want of the concentric elevated lines on the anterior slope. ‘This figure, as I am informed by Mrs. Say, does not represent the young of the principle figures, (Lithasia nupera,) but another species, which if distinct, will retain the name M. nupera, as it appears to bea true Melania. Melunia uncialis. Shell pale olivaceous, turrited, with 8 or 10 slightly convex whirls, the earlier ones of which are strongly cari- nated: lines of growth curved; aperture ovate, with a sinus ante- riorly. 1 inch long. Has. Beaver creek, N. E. Tennessee. Bears a general resemblance to M. Virginica. As far as I can judge from the description, it must be somewhat like M. Warderiana, Lea. Melania symmetrica. Shell olivaceous, turrited, with 8 or 9 con- vex whirls, separated by a deep suture: apex carinated anterior to the middle of the whirls, aperture evate. Length 3 in. Has. Roanoke R., Va. Less ponderous than the preceding species, and distinguished from M. Virginica by the carinated apex. Melania bellacrenata. Shellreddish, subulate, whirls 11, marked with a strong carina, and a crenulated line posterior to it. 4 in. long. Has. Alabama. Differs from M. bella, Con., by having an oval aperture. Limnea vitrea. Shell ovate or conoid, very thin in texture, sur-. face smooth and shining, translucent: whirls 4,convex. 4 in. long. re delicate than L. desidiosa, and more ventricose than L. pal- lida. Published, Dec. 28th, 1841. Amnicola attenuata. Shell very long and slender, with 6 obliquely revolving, very convex turns, separated by a deep suture: aperture small and ovate, with the peritreme level and continuous. Length 2 inch. Has. A spring in Montgomery county, Va. Oss. Very like, but more slender than Cyclostoma lapidaria, which I refer to this genus, as well as C. Cincinnatiensis, Lea; retaining for this species Mr. Anthony’s specific name Sayana. Amnicola pallida. Shell very pale ochraceous, umbilicated, about the size of A. lustrica: aperture oval, with the labium very closely appressed to the body whirl, so as to render the junction nearly invisible. Has. Middlebury, Vermont, Prof. Adams. Amnicola galbana has the same characters as the preceding species, except that the shell is chalky, the labium thicker, and not quite so well appressed, and the spire proportionally longer. Fossil in the tertiary deposit of Sussex county, N. J Amnicola Sayana, Anthony. Shell conic, more lengthened in proportion than the preceding species: diaphanous, umbilicated, aperture suborbieular, with but a small portion of the labium ap- pressed. Rather smaller, and more slender than A. limosa. Melania gracilis, vel pulchella, Anthony. Shell conical, with 5—6 flat whirls; apex truncated, aperture pyriform, texture light, color greenish-brown, with one or two light revolving bands. Has. . Stark county, Ohio. Size of M. proxima, to which it bears some resemblance. Melania approxima. Shell lengthened, conical, tapering gradual- ly to the truncated apex, upper whirls carinated, aperture ovate, tinted with pink; color light brown, with two dark reddish approxi- mate narrow revolving lines. Has. Tennessee. 4% inch long. Melania intersita. Shell conic, plicated, with 4 convex whirls; . aperture elliptical, color olivaceous. Length 3 inch. Haz. Swan creek, Indiana, Mrs. Say. Allied to M. comma. Physa globosa. Shell globose, translucent, spire very short and rounded: aperture very wide, fold well marked: whirls three. Length in. Has. Nolachucky river. Amnicola pallida. Shell with the form and size of A. lustrica, but with a less distinct suture; umbilicated; labium very closely ap- pressed to the body whirl. Has. Middlebury, Vermont, Professor Adams. CORRECTIONS. Add L. sericatus? Zeigler, to the synonyms of L. catascopium. Limnea page 8, for fig. 9 read fig. 11. For Paludina carinata, Val., in number 2, read P. multicarinuata, and let Swainion’s Paludina carinata become P. unicarinata, until ° these authors can determine which has priority. Paludina, p.-22, note, for wrcea read wreeus. CLERC Uden It is intended that this work shall embrace all our species hitherto described by American and European authors; and as the geographi- cal distribution is a matter of great importance, and one which has not been sufficiently noted, the author will be greatly. indebted to those who take an interest in this subject, if they will forward him catalogues of the species, or specimens of the univalve shells found im the streams with which they may be acquainted. Descriptions of the animals and their habits would also be very useful; and, for any assistance given, acknowledgments will be made. Communications may be addressed to the author, at Marietta or Columbia, Pennsylvania, or to the care of Mr. Dozson, Phila. *,* No copies of this work will be issued with uncoloured plates, or with duplicate plates, coloured and uncoloured. \ Nomser 5, Juny, 1842. A MONOGRAPH EM NE AAD ES FRESHWATER UNIVALVE SHELLS NORTH AMERICA. BY S. STEHMAN HALDEMAN, MEMBER OF THE PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. CONTENTS. LIMNEA CAPERATA, Prats 11. LIMNEA VITREA, PuaTe 13. “* SOLIDA,