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MONOCJTJAFH OF THE

OKAPI

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8iR E. EAY LANKESTEPv, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.,

IKlNoIiAUY FKI,l,<i\V 01'' EXKTHU COJ.LKGK, OXKOIIli ; .MEMlllJi'; ]>K 1,'lNHTITr'i' VF. FIIANCK (aSSOCIE ETRANGEIi

UK l/ArAM'MIK DES SCIKNCES); EMERITUS I'|;o|.m;SSI>|; iiF /,(Ii)L(1iIV 1\ INIVEltSlTV Crir.LEGE, LONDON;

I.ATK mUECTOU OF 'I'HE NATl'ltAL IIIS'I'OKV DKI'AUTMENTS OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM;

I.ATIC I'RESIDEN'J' OF THE lllMTISir ASSOt'IATIOX FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCK ;

I.ATE FUM.ERIAN PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE ROYAL INS'l'lTUTION

OF GREAT DRITAIN; LATE LINACRE PliOFESSOR OP COMPARATIVE

ANATDMV AXIi FELLOW OF MKRTOX COLLEGE, OXFORD.

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(OP 48 TLATES)

iMPir.ED wnir u'iie assistancf of

AV. (i. mDKWOOl). 1).S(

LONDON :

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

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1910.

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PRE FACE.

Tlic preparation of tlic ' JMoiiograpli of tlic Okaiii,' on wliicli 8ir Kay liaiike.ster was engaged wlien lu' I'eliicil tVoni the I)ii'eet()rslii|) of tlic Xatuial History Departments of the Britisli Mnsenni, lias taken longer than was ex|)eete(l. As the lithographic plates Avere printed off and the bloeks originally intended for nse as text-fignrcs were made two years ago, it was suggested that all the illustrations should be published forthwith in the form of an Atlas of Plates without waiting for the text. Sir Ray Lankester concurred cordially in this proposal, and the plates have accordingly been arranged for publication liy Dr. W. (x. Ridewood, who has also wi'itten ajipropriate legends.

The material on which the Atlas is based consists in the first place of the series of skins, skulls and other l)ones in the British Museum, and in the second place of specimens which have been lent for the purpose of illustration and of photographs given by museums or private owners. Special thanks are due to Sir 11. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., the late Mr. Boyd Alexander and Major Powell-Cotton for the presentation of specimens of the Okapi, and to the lion. Walter Rothschild, Mr. Rowland Ward, Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, and the directors of numerous foreign museums for the loan of specimefis or for the gift of photographs. The figures which it has thus l)een ])0ssible to put together in Plates 1 and "1\) — l(i illustrate the variability of the skin-markings, while those of skulls shown in I'lates 2 — 18 constitute an important contribution to the discus.sion of the problem as to the existence of two races of Okapi, with '• broad " and " narrow " skulls respectively.

It is doubtful whether the Atlas will be followed by a volume of text at a later date. The necessity for publishing the text is less great than it was when the work was originall_y ])rojected, in consequence of the appearance of Fraipont's large monograph in P.I07, of the paper by M. de Rothschild and 11. Xeuville in the ])resent year, and of other publications on the same subject. It is lio])ed, however, that the illuf tiatitiis will sjitak fcr thtm^elvcs, and that they will be of service as a contrilnition to om- knowledge of the rare animal which forms the subject of this Monograph.

SIDNEY ¥. HARMER,

Kwinr of Zimln.jij.

British Museum (Natural History), May, 1910.

NOTE AS TO THI-: OCCURRENCE AND THE ARSENCE OF OSSICONES IN SPECIMENS OF OK.VPI, AND AS TO liROAD AND NARROW SKEERS.

TllK fact that vc'i'v small, apparently j-oiuig, " ossicoiu's," destined to develop to full size and to become ankylosed to the skull, liave been found in a full-sized specimen of Okapi (Skull C, figured in Tlute 4, fig. ], and Plate 8, fig. 1) makes it uncertain whether the pi'esence of these structures can Ije rightly regarded as a character of the male, or that their absence is to be held us a character of tlie female. The large skull C (Rowland Ward's specimen purchased ])y the British Museum) is not that of an adult, although probabl}^ fidl-gi-own. In this specimen, as in Sir Harry Johnston's large specimen (Skull A), and in Mr. Boyd Alexander's (Skull D),the three deciduous molars of the u[iper jaw ai'e still in use. The three individuals were approximately of the same age and sub-adult. In A there is no roughness (though there is a " va.sculari.sed " patch as stated in my original description of it) on the frontal bone corresponding to the attachment of an ossiconi', and hence I concluded (when describing it ten years ago), in view of its large size, -that this individual was permanently hornless. But it is necessary to mention here that the taxidermist, who mounted the skin belonging to this skull for the British Museum, found a small fibrous body on each side in the integument of the head corre- sponding in position to the ossicones, and I do not doubt (now that the small bony ossicones of Skidl C, found in the same position, have become known to me) that these little lumps in the sj)ecimen A wei-e commencing ossicones. Unfortunately they were not preserved. In A\^ird's specimen (Skull C) the skull is as free from any rough growth, indicating the attachment of the ossicuue on either side, as it is in Sir Harry Johnston's specimen (^SkuU A). On the other hand, the skull (D) of ]\lr. Boyd Alexander's specimen has a roughly marked area on each frontal bone and two faii'ly large but inunature ossicones, which, though separate, fit on to the roughened patches. I have had, it therefore a|)[)ears, no Okapi skull in my hands which was devoid of ossicones or detached connnencements of them, and yet was adult or sub-adult. On the other hand, M. Fraipont has recorded at least one such specimen, and this (No. IH'J) was trans- mitted to the Tervueren Museum as that of a female (Plate IG, fig. K). Though it may very possibly be the case that the adult female Okapi has no ossicones, I think that it must be regarded as still a doui)tful (juestion as to whether this is the case. Full-grown skulls without ossicones may develop these structures later. The rare absence of ossicones in a truly adult specimen may be due, not to sex, but to individual variation. In marked contrast to the Okapi, the Giraffe is born with the ossicones in a soft uucalcitied condition

projecting- more than an inch from the liead. The very hite appearance of the os.sicones in the Okapi is a generic character, and possibly applies to the female as well as the male. At present we do not really know any characters indicating the sex of skins or skulls of Okapi. Of the series of skulls measured by me, five are markedly broader than the rest, giving, as explained in the diagrams, the indices 198-9 (C, Ward's B. M.), 197-7 (J, Johnston's smaller), 190-4 (0, Genoa), 189 (A, Johnston's larger), 189 (B, Powell-Cotton private collection). The rest range from 17' to ]5(). It seemed to me at one time that possibly a difference of sex might go with the difference in breadth of skull, but I have not been able to bring any evidence in favour of that hypothesis, and, moreover, though the relation given in ray measurements is a simple statement of fact, I am not satisfied with it as a correct expression of the character of the skull which suggests the term " Ijroadness." Any measurement of the proportion of l)readth to length in Okapi skulls is complicated l)y the variation in the proportionate length of the premaxilkB, the nasals, the frontals, and the occipital region of the skull. Another character which differs iu the skidls studied by me is the form of the orbital margin, which in some cases tends to be somewhat quadrangular, whilst in others it is more nearly circular. For illusti-ations of this structure and of the prgeorbital tubercle, Avhich varies also iu form and prominence, reference should be made to Plates 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

The asynnnetry of the skull of Okapi, especially in regard to the size and the direction of the axes of the ossicones, is noteworthy. Sometimes the right and sometimes the left ossicone is the longer (compare Plate 2 with Plate 5).

It appears that not only in the striping of the skin, but in regard to many osteo- logical featin-es such as l)readth of skull, proportions of cranial bones, exact form of sutures, size of tympanic bulla, size and skewness of ossicones, early or later development of the latter, and as to many features in the proportions of the "apophyses" or processes of the vertebrae (see Plates 23 — 28), there is a very large range of variation in Okapis, no two specimens being closely alike. The range of variation is indicated in the illustrative figures contained in this atlas, and seems to me remarkable. At the same time I nuist emphasise the fact that I have not been able to find any records of the presence or absence of such variations in a series of specimens of any other wild mammal occurring in a. limited area such as that inhabited Ijy the Okapi, and I am unable to say (without further examination of series of the kind — not easily to be brought together — say, of a species of Antelope, or of Ij<is or other such Pecoriiie genus) that Okajii is really excep- tional in the amount of individual variation which specimens of it present.

E. RAY LANKBSTER.

July, lltlO.

LISr OF TlIK PLA'rKS.

Information couccniiiig tlic Skulls A — ^P is given in the Explan;ition of Plates PI — 17, in tlie pages

preceding Plate P3.

I'l.ATE 1. — Coloured (i^-iiPi's of the bandolit'rs of (Jlcapi skin sent to Ur. P. L. Sclator by Sir Harry Johnston in 1!)()1) (tho two co-typos of Ei[iiun (.'') Johiintdiii, Sclater, now in the British Museum), and of tlio hind quarters of the mounteil specimens in the I'l-ilish Museum ]iresented respectively by Sir liaiM'v -bilinslon and Major Powell Cotton.

l^i.A'i'K 2. — Coloured figures of thi> liorns (ossiconos) of Okapiskidl in the Museum d'ilistoirc Naturelle, Paris. (This skull is that denoted Skull P in the list preceding Plate 13.) a, in fig. 2, the line of erosion of the extremity of the ossicone; b, tlu' hard white extremity of the ossicono that protrudes through the skin. These figures were prepared in Paris for Sir Ray Lankesler under the kind supervision of Prof. Edmond Perrier.

Pr,.\TE 3. — Dorsal views of Skulls A. and 15. Skull A is that jireseiited to the Pritish Museum by Sir Harry Johnston ; the preniaxilUc are wanting in the actual specimen and are drawn of a pale tint, as also in Plate 4, fig. 1, and in Plate 8. Skull B is that purchased by the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton.

Pi.AiK 4. — Dorsal views of Skulls C and D, and figures of ossicones of Skull C. In figs, la, lb, and 1 e the ossicones are drawn of tho natural size, not half natural size as stated on the plate. Skull C is that purchased b_y the British Museum of Mr. Rowland Ward; Skull D is that ])resented to the British Museum l)y the late i\Ir. Boyd Alexander.

Plate 5. — Dorsal views of Skulls D and E. Skull D is that ])resonted to the British Museum by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander; Skull E is that in Major Powell-Cotton's private collection.

Plate 0. — Palatal views of Skulls D and E. Skull D is that presented to the British Museum by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander; Skull E is that in Major Powell-Cotton's private collection.

Plate 7. — I'alatal views of Skulls ¥ and B. Skull F is that in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's museum at Tring; Skull 1> is that purchased by the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton.

Plaib 8. — Side views of Skulls C and A. Skull C is that purchased by the British Museum of j\lr. Rowland ^Vard ; Skull A is that presented to the British Museum by Sir Harry Johnston. a, in fig. 1, the rudimentary ossicone in position. Compare with tigs, la, lb, and Ic in Plate 4.

Plate 9. — Side view of Skull B, and figures of ossicones and teeth of the same. Skull B is that purchased by the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton.

Plate 10. — Side view of Skull E, and figures of teeth of the same, and of the prteorbital tubercle of Skulls B, D, and P. Skull E is that in Major Powell-Cotton's private collection; Skull B is that purchased by the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton; Skull D is that presented to the British Museum by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander, x, in tig. I, the hard white tip of the ossicone which jjrotrudes through the skin. Compare with /< in Plate 'J, tig. 2.

LIST OF THE PLATES (confinued).

Plate 11. — Side view of Skull D, and figures of ossieone and teeth of the same. Skull D is that presented to the British Museum by the late Mr. Boj-d Alexander. In fig. 4 the letter c has been placed too much to the right; the canine is the left-hand tooth of the three.

Plate 12. — Side and dorsal views of Skull G. Skull G is that in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

Plates 13 — 17. — Dorsal views of Skulls A — P. For explanation see the pages preceding Plate 13.

Plate 18. — Dorsal view of Skull B with ossicones in position — in Plate 3, fig. 2, the skull is drawn with the ossicones removed — and sagittal section of the same. Skull B is tliat purchased by the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton.

Plate 19. — Line diagrams showing the angles between certain bones in skulls of the Ox, Elk, Okapi, Elephant, and Man.

Plates 20 — 22. — The last three cervical and first two dorsal vertebrie of Okapi (Plate 20), Giraffe (Plate 21), Ox and Camel (Plate 22).

Plates 23—28. — The last cervical and first dorsal vertebra? of the Okajii skeleton in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's museum at Tring compared with those of the skeleton in the British Museum purchased of Major Powell-Cotton.

Pi.A'I'ES 29—40. — Leg stripes of the Okapi. For explanation see the pagf> preceding Plate 29.

Plates 41, 42. — Bandoliers of Okapi skin, lent by Major Powell-Cotton.

Plate 43. — Bandoliers of Okapi skin, lent by Major Powell-Cotton; and head of the Okapi presented to the British Museum by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander.

Plate 44. — Side views of the mounted specimens of Oka])i in the British Museum presented respectively by Sir Harry Johnston and the late Mr. Boyd Alexander.

Plate 45. — Side views of the mounted specimen of Okapi in the British Museum presented by Major Powell-Cotton, and that in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

Pr.ATE 4G. — Photograph of a living Okapi calf, and side view of the mounted specimen of Okapi in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's museum at Tring.

Plate 47. — Tails of Okiipi.

Plate 48. — Diagrams showing the slope of the hair on the head of the Okapi.

Monograph of OKAPI. Plate 1.

COLOUR OF THE OKAPI.

Fl;i. 1. Sir Harri/ Johnston's specimen. Fig. 2. Major Powell-Cotton's specin Fif/s. 3 and t. Bandoliers sent bj/ Sir Harri/ Johnston in 1900,

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PLATE 3.

Skull A.

Skull B.

Both Figures reduced to half the natural size.

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Fig. I. Skull A. Sir Harry Jolinstoii's specimen, presented to B.M. Fig. 2. Skull B. Major Pour/l Cotton's specimen pureliascd witli skeleton by B.M.

PLATE 4.

Skull C.

Skull D.

Fig. I.

Fig. I c. All the figures reduced to half of the natural size.

Fig. I. Skull C. Mr. Rowland Ward's Specimen, purchased by

Fig. la, b, c. Top, lateral and basal view of the pair of rudimentary

Fig. 2. Skull D. Mr. Boyd Alexatider's specimen presented to i

B. M. ossicones. 3. M.

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PLATE 5.

Skull E.

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Fig. I. Skull D. bis. Mr. Boyd Alexander's specimen ivith llw Iwni-anics in position. Fig. 2. Skull E. Major Powell Cotton's second specimen (in his private collection).

PLATE 6.

Skull D.

Skull E.

Both figures- are reduced to half the natural size.

Fig. I. Skull D. Mr. Boyd Alexander's specimen presented to the B.M.

Fig. 2. Skull E. Major Powell Cotton's second specimen in his private collection.

la) The abnormal posterior molar of the right side.

PLATE 7.

Skull F.

Skull B.

Both the figures are reduced to half the natural size.

Fig. I.

Fig. I. Skull F. Hon. Walter Rothschild's specimen. Fig. 2. Skull B. Major Powell Cotton's specimen purchased by the B.M.

PLATE 8.

Skull C. i^kk a

Both the figures are reduced to two-fifths of the natural size.

Skull A.

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PLATE 12.

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Skull G, ill the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Fig. 7. Left side view. Fig. 2. Dorsal view. Two-fifths natural size. From photographs supplied by Mr. Eagle Clarke.

Explanation of PLATES 13-17.

PLATES 1:^-17.

Tlie fitiiiros in Tlatos 1 :' — 17 show the dorsal views of fiftc^en skulls of tlie Okapi in the Uritisli ]\rnseiiin, the ^Museums of Edinbnvgh, Tervneren, Itonie, ^Madrid, Genoa, and I'ai'is, and the private collections of Major Powell-Cotton and tlie Jlon. Walter Rothschild, drawn mainly from ]ihotoo'vaphs taken with a telephoto lens, with th(> hasicranial axis of the sknll set normally to the line drawn from the centre of the sknll to the centre of the lens.

With a view to facihtatinti- a compaiison of the l(>n^-th of the nasal region of the various skulls with the postoi'bital breadth, for the purpose of deciding whether two tyjies of skull, "broad" and "narrow," can be distinguished, dotted lines have been drawn in the figures to explain the method of ol)taining the ratios mentioned in the legends Ijeneath the figiu'cs. The distance MN is the distance from the front of the suture between the nasal and premaxillary bones to the outei' end of the suture between the nasal and fi'ontal bones, that is, to the foremost ]ioint of the frontal l)one. This distance gives a fair indication of the length of the facial parts of the skull. The distance from the front of the premaxillai'y bones would possibly have been a better criterion, l)nt the selection of the above measurement was largely determined by the al)sence of the ])remaxilla' in some of the skulls. The distance EE is the maxiunim width of the skull in the region of the postorbital arch. This gives a fair indication of the breadth of the skull as a whole. The ratio EE (or MM) to MN gives roughly the breadth of the skull in terms of the length of the facial parts. Thus, in skull C the ratio EE (or MM) to MN is ]'.)S-0 : 100, in skull B it is 17;!-:'> : KM); so that C is a relatively broader skull than B.

The fifteen Okapi skulls specially studied are for convenience di>noted by the letters A — P. The particulars of these, so far as concerns the illustrations ])ulilislied in this Atlas, are as follows : —

Pr,ATE 13.

Skull A.— In the British Museum; Reg. No., 1.8.9.51; presented by Sir Harry Johnston in 1901. Sex doubtful: when first described supposed to be female because of absence of ossicones, soft rudiments of which were, however, present ; young, about two thirds groAvn. Localitj- : Semliki Forest, near Lake Albert Edward. The skull is figured by E. Ray Lankester, 'Trans. Zool. Soc.,' 1902, vol. xvi, plates xxxi and xxxii, and ])p. 281 and 290. Figured also in Plates 3 and 8 of this Atlas. This skull, with the corresponding skin (see Plate 44, fig. 1), is the type of Ohaphi rril-i^sniii, Lankester ('Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,' ser. 7, x, 59, November, 1902, p. 417).

Skull B. — In the British ^Muscnim ; Reg. No., (1. 12. 27.1 ; part of a com|ilete skeleton

]n;rcliased of Major Powell-Cotton in 1906. Definitely stated by Major Powell-Cotton to be male, not qnite adult. Locality : Ituri Forest, Makala. This skull is figured also in Plates 3, 7, 9, and 18. The right ossicone is figured l)y E. Ray Laukester, ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1907, plate vii. The skin corresponding with this skull is that shown in Plate 4.5, fig. 1.

Skull C— In the British Museum; Reg. No., 7.12.25.1 ; purchased of Mr. Rowland Ward in 1907. Young ; sex doubtful; the skin is mounted as though male; see Plate 32, fig. 1. Locality; Ituri Forest. This skull is also figured in Plates -t and 8. The ossicone is figured l)y E. Ray Lankester, 'Proc. Zool. Hoc.,' 1907, p. 128.

Plate 14.

Skull D. — In the British Museum; Reg. No., 7.7.8.2G4; presented by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander in 1907. Young male; the body was examined by Mr. Boyd Alexander (see 'From the Niger to the Nile,' ii, London, 1907, p. 2G4). Locality : Welle River, near the northern border of the Congo Free State. This skull is figured also in Plates 4, 5, G, and 11. The ossicone is figured by E. Ray Lankester, ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1907, p. 134. The skin corresponding with this skull is that figured in Plate 44, fig. 2.

Skull E. — In Major Powell-Cotton's private collection. Adult male. Taken alive in a pit between the 20th and 30th of September, 190G, at two hours' march from the chief Akurupi's village of Maliangi, on the north side of the River Lindi, and opposite to the post of Makala. This skull is figured also in Plates 5, G, and 10.

Skull F. — In the Hon. Walter Rotlischild's museum at Tring. Young, sex doubtful. Locality: unknown. The skull is part of a nearly complete skeleton. Figured also in Plate 7. The skin corresponding Avitli this skull is that figured in Plate 40, fig. 2.

Plate 15.

Skull G. — In the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. The skin is mounted as though the animal were male ; the sex, however, is doubtful ; adult. Locality : Ituri Forest. The skull is also figured in Plate 1 2. A small figure of the skull is published in R. Lydekker's ' The Game Animals of Africa,' 1908, p. 379, fig. 79. The ossicone is figured by E. Ray Lankester, ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1907, p. 131, and plate vi. The skin corresponding Avith this skull is that figured in Plate 45, fig. 2.

Skull H.— In the British Museum; Reg. No., 7.12.25.2; a cast purchased of Mr. Rowland Ward in 1907; the actual skull went to America. Supposed to be male, but sex doubtful ; adult. Locality : doubtful. The ossicone of this skull is figured by E. Ray Lankester, 'Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1907, plate vi, figs. 9—12.

Skull J.— In the British Museum; Reg. No., 1.8.9.52: presented by Sir Harry Johnston in 1901. Sex doubtful; young. Locality: Semliki Forest, near Uganda frontier, 4000 ft. This is the smaller of the two skulls presented by Sir Harry Johnston, the other being Skull A. It is figured by E. Ray Lankester, ' Trans. Zool. Soc.,' 1902, vol. xvi, plates xxxi and xxxii.

Pi.ATi.; ](•-.

Skull K.— Til tliL' 'rcrNiRTi'ii Museum (Muse'e du Congo), Belgium; the skull of a

complete skeleton, No. 489. Said to l)e female, adult. Locality : Ituri Forest. This

skull is figured by C. I. Forsyth Major, ' Proc Zool. Soc.,' 1902, vol. ii, p. :54'J, text-fig.

63, and by J. Fi'ai|iout, ' Aiiuales du Alusee du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1907,

plates V and vii. The ligure of Skull K in Plate 16 is from Forsyth Major's figure.

Although obtained at the same time as skin No. 488, now at Rome (see Plato 33, fig. 1),

the skeleton No. 489 is apparently frtun a different animal (see Fraipont, p. II, paragi'. 5).

Skull L.— In the British Museum; Reg. No., 7.12.26.1 ; a cast of a skull in the

Tervueren Museum (Musee du ('ongo), Belgium; the skull of a complete skeleton,

No. 480. Said to be male, adult. Locality : Mundalah, on the road from ]\Iawaml)i to

Beni. The skull is figured by C. I. Forsyth Major, ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1902, vol. ii,

p. 73, text-fig. 7, and p. 343, text-fig. 64 ; by E. Ray Lankester, ' Trans. Zool. Soc.,'

vol. xvi, 1902, p. 304, text-fig. 15; and by J. Fraipont, ' Annales du Musee du Congo,

Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1907, jjlates iii, iv, and vi, and text-fig. 46 on page 40 his.

A figure of the extremity of the ossicone is given by E. Ray Lankester, ' Proc. Zool.

Soc.,' 1907, p. 126, text-fig. 49. Skull L is the type of Oka [tin Uehrechfsi, Major. The

distinctive characters of the species are given in ' La Belgique Coloniale,' Ann. viii.

No. 4-5, November 9th, 1902, p. 633 ; but the figure of the skull in the ' Proc. Zool. Soc.,'

1902, vol. ii, p. 73, illustrating remarks made by Dr. Forsyth Major at the Society's

meeting on June 3rd, lil02, and published in October, 1902, bears the name Okapin

lielrechtsi, Maj., and stands as the basis of the species. The skin mentioned l)y Dr.

Forsj'tli Major on the same occasion is now mounted in the Stockholm Museum. The

right fore and hind legs of this are shown in Plate 39, fig. 1.

Skull M. — In the Zoological Museum of the University of Rome. Sex doubtful, adult. Locality : Ituri Forest. The skull of a complete skeleton described and figured by A. Carruccio, 'Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital.,' ser. 2, vol. iv, 1903, pp. 1—20 and 101—116, and vol. vi, 190-5, pp. 177 — 190. The skeleton is apparently not that of the same animal as the skin mounted at Rome, of which the legs are figured in Plate 33, fig. 1. Accord- ing to J. Fraipont ('Annales du Musoe dn Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, "Okapia," 1907, ]). 14, paragr. 5 and 6) the skin given to the King of Italy is No. 488 and the skeleton No. 500. The figure of Skull M in Plate 16 is fi'om a photograph supplied by the LFniversity of Rome.

Pl.ATK 17.

Skull N. — In the ]\Iadrid ^luseum; the skull of a complete skeleton, apparently the skeleton corresponding with the skin No. 536 mounted in the Tervueren Museum, of which the legs are figured in Plate 37, fig. 2. See J. Fraipont, 'Annates du Musee du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1907, p. 14, parag. 10. Skull N is without horns, and clearly does not correspond with the horned skin mounted in the Madrid Museum (skin No. 705a of J. Fraipont, p. 14, fig. 7), of which the legs are figured in Plate 34, fig.

2, and Plate oo, fig. o of tliis Atlas. The figure of Skull N in Plate 17 is from a plioto- grapli supplied l)y the Madrid Museum.

Sknll 0. — In the Genoa Museum. From a photograph supplied l>y the Genoa ^Museum. Skull 0 is -without horns, and is evidently not the skull of the same animal as the skin mounted in the Genoa Museum, of which the legs are figured in Plate Si, fig. 1.

Skull P. — In the Paris Museum (Museum d'Histoire Naturelle). The skull of a com- plete skeleton. From a photograph supplied by the Paris Museum. The ossicones are figured in Plate 2. The skull is figured by M. de Rothschild and H. Xeuville, 'Ann. Sci. Xat., Zool.,' vol. X, Nos. 1 and 2, ISJOO, pp. J.-), 22, and 29. Apparently this is not the skull corresponding with the mounted skin in the Paris Museum, of which the legs are figured in Plate 3o, fig. 1 ; for although in the paper by Rothschild and Xeuville the skeleton and skin are regarded as from the same animal (p. 2, " Un seul si)ecinu'n d'Anatomie comparee "), Fraipont states that the skeleton (Xo. oUl) corresponding with the Paris skin (Xo. oUo) went to Stockholm, and that the skin (No. 531<) corresponding with the Paris skeleton (No. o'o'j) is at Tervueren (' Aunales du Musee du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1007, p. 14', ])aragr. 7 and '.•). In this case Skidl P corresponds with the legs figured in Plate o8, fia". 2.

Eleven of the above fifteen skulls Avere examined at the British Museum (Natural History), and the relative ages of these may be approximately determined by the following particulars of the dentition and sutures. J is clearly the youngest of the series; the deciduous luolars are only moderately worn, and the third true molar has not 3'et developed. F is somewhat older than J ; the thi'ee deciduous molars are in use, the third molar is present, but has not yet cut the gum. (' is older still; the three deciduous molars are in use, the third molar has cut the gum and is slightly worn. A and D are almost of the same age as (', l»ut a little older; the third molar shows rather more signs of wear. The three deciduous molars are still in use in both. In the extent of wear of the hindermost molar tooth in the lower jaw, and in the fact that the left permanent canine is already in use, D would appear to be slightly older than A ; but in I) the third deciduous incisor has not l)een shed, whereas in A it has, and the ])Osterior or fifth cusp of the third molar in the lower jaw is not so freely exposed as in A.

])i the following skulls there are no milk teeth remaining. B is a little older than A and I), and E, G, H, K and L are the oldest of the series, and hardly distinguishable the one from tiie other as regards age. In B the horns or ossicones are not yet ankylosed to the skull, and the i)arieto-frontal suture is very distinct. In E, G, H and L the ossi- cones are fused on, and the i)arieto-frontal suture is obliterated. In K there are no ossi- cones, and the pai-ieto-frontal suture is ol)literated. In E and 11 the lachrymo-malar and fronto-malar sutures persist; in K the lachrymo-malar suture is present, but not the fronto-malar ; in G and L both have disappeared.

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Fig. 2. Skull B ; the skull of the skeleton purchased by the British Museum of Major Poicell-Cotton. Sagittal section, one-third natural si~e.

f.b., frontal boss upon ivhich the ussicone fits ; f.n., fronto-nasal suture; AB, a line drawn through the basicranial axis ; CD, a line drawn along the palate, from the under side of the preina.xilla to the under side of the back of the cranium.

Explanation of PLATE 19.

PLATE 19.

A series of diagrams showing the angles between the frontal, parietal, and supra- occipital bones, the basicranial axis, and the row of maxilljyy teeth in the Ox, Elk, Okapi, Elephant, and Man. The diagrams ai'e based n])nn the inner view of the right half of sagittally bisected skulls, and the thick lines are drawn straight fi'om point to point, disregarding any curve of the bones that may occur between the points. The basicranial axis is set horizontally in each diagram.

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anterior face.

anterior face

Pint Dorsal Voichya of Okapi, slightly tilted down so us to shoia more clearly the zygapopJtysial facets, anterior vicic.

A . — From skeleton in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's museum at Tring. B. — From skeleton purchased by the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton, a, lateral zy^^apophysial facet ; b, transverse process ; x, median zvgapophysial facet, almost

wanting in A .

PLATE 20.

post

ant.

First Dorsal ]'ertcbra of Okapi, right side. A. — Frtvn skeleton in the Hon. Walter Rothschild's mnscum at Tring. B. — From skeleton purchased liy the British Museum of Major Powell-Cotton, a, anterior zygapophysis ; b, transverse process.

Explanation of PLATES 29-40.

PLATES 29-40.

The figures in Plates 29 — 40 have been prepared with a view to facilitating a comparative study of the leg-stripes of the Okapis mounted in the various museums of Europe. In some cases, as, for instance, in the specimen presented to the British Museum by Sir Harry Johnston (Plate 29), each leg of the animal is shown in three views, making twelve figures in all. The serpience of the figures is the same in each set of six, and where it has not l)een possible to ol)tain any particular views of the legs, spaces are left in the series, as, for instance, in Plate 39.

Plates 29 — 31. — Three specimens at the British Museum.

Plate 32. — Two specimens mounted l)y Mv. Rowland Ward.

Plate 33. — Specimens at Rome and Edinburgh.

Plate 34. — Specimens at Genoa and Madrid.

Plate 35.— Specimens at Paris, Tervueren, and jMadrid.

Plate 36. — Living Okapi calf.

Plate 37. — Two specimens at Tervueren.

Plate 38.— Specimens at Lisbon and Tervueren.

Plate 39. — Specimens at Stockholm and Antwei'p.

Plate 40. — Specimens at Tring and Carlsruhe.

PLATE 29.

Right Hind-leg Right H;nd-le9 Left Hind-leg Right Tore teg Right Tore- leg Left Fore- leg

Outside view. Front view. Inside view. Outside view Front view Back view.

Fii;. 7. Specimen in the British Miiscnin {Xntiiral History) presented by Sir Harry Johnston. For the hind leg see also Plate I, fii(- 1 . The skull of this animal is that denoted A in Plates 3, S and 13.

Left Hind-leg Left Mind-leg Right hind-leg Left Fore-leg Left Fore-leg Right Fore-leg

Outside view. Front view. Inside 8c Back view. Outside view. Front view. Back view.

Fig. 2. Same specimen as above. For a figure of the vjhole animal see Plate 44, fig. I .

PLATE 30.

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Riglit Mind-leg Left Hind-leg Right Fore leg Right Fore -leg Left Fore -leg

Front view. Inside & Sack view. Outside view. Front view. Back view

Fig. 1. Specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) presented by Major Powell-Cotton. For the hind leg see also Plate 1 , fig. 2. The skull of this animal is that denoted B in Plates 3, 7, 9, 13 and 18.

Left Hmd-leg Outside view.

Left Mind-leg Right Hind-leg

Front view. Inside view.

Left Fore-leg Left Fcre-ieg Right Fore-leg

Outside view. Front view. Back view.

Fig. 2. Same specimen as above. Fur a figure of the Xi.'huU animal sec Plate 43, fig. I.

PLATE 31.

nd-le9 ^^^^ Hind-leg R.9ht Fore-leg RigKt Fore-leg Left Fore-leg

view. Inside view. Outside view. Front view. Back view.

Fig. 1. Specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) presented by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander. For a figure of the u'hole animal see Plate 44, fig. 2. The skull of this animal is that denoted D in Plates 4, 5, C, 11 and 14.

Left Mind-leg Outside view.

LeftHlnd-leq Right Hind-leg Left Fore-leg Left Fore-leg

Front view. Inside &. Back view. Outsde view. Front view.

Fig. 2. Same specimen as above.

PLATE 32.

Right Hind-leg Right Mind-leg Le/tHind-leg Right Fore-leg Right Fore-ltJ

Outside view. front view. Inside view. Outside view. Frcnt view.

Fig. 1 . Spccinicn nioimted by Mr. Rowland Ward, London (No. 1 Specimen), and now in America. Sex doubtful; the animal is mounted as though male. From photographs supplied by Mr. Rowland Ward. The skull of this animal is that denoted C in Plates 4, S and 13.

Right Hind-leq Outside view.

I

i

Right Hind-leg Le/t Mind-leg Right Fore-leg Right Fore-leg Lejt Fore-leg

Front view. Inside view. Outside view. Front view. Back view.

Fig. 2. Another specimen mounted by Mr. Rowland Ward, London (No. 3 Specimen). From photographs supplied by Mr. Rowland Ward.

PLATE 33.

Left Mind-leg Outside view.

Left Fore-leq Front view.

Fig. 1. Specimen in the Museum of the University oj Rome ; from photographs supplied by the University of Rome. A figure of the whole animal is given by f. Fraipont ( 'Annates du Musce du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia;' 1907, p. 14, fig. 6, No. 488), and an earlier one by A. Carruccio ('Boll. Soc. Zool. liaL," ser. 2, vol. iv, 1903 ; the plate is apparently published in tlie third part of Itis paper in vol. vi, 1903). Skull M in Plate 16 is not the skull of this animal nee Fraipont, />. 14. pars. 5 and 6).

Left Foreleg Le/t Fore-leg

Outside view. Front view.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh; from photographs supplied by Mr. 11'. Eagle Clarke. Sex doubtful ; the animal is mounted as though male. For a figure of the whole animal see Plate 45, fig. 2. The skull of this animal is that denoted G in Plates 12 and 15.

PLATE 34.

0lts.de view.

Front y

Left Hind-lej R.^^r^t Fore-leg Right Foro-lej LeI't Tore-leg

Inside view Outctde vic\% Three-^uarier-front view. Back view.

Fig. 1. Specimen in the Genoa Miisenm (Museo Civicu di Stoi-ia Nalitnile); /nmi photographs supplied by tlie Genua Museum. A figure of the 'tcholc animal is given by J. I'raipont ('Annales du Miiscc du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1907, p. 75, fig. 9; the specimen is uteniinned in paragraph 25 on page 15). Skull O in Plate 17 is hornless, and is evidently not the skull of this animal.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Madrid Muscnin ; front photographs supplied by the Madrid Museum. Half-grown, reputed male ; No. 705a of J. Fraipont. A figure of the whole animal is given by f. Fraipont ('Annales du Musee du Congo, Zool.,' scr. 2, vol. i, " Okapia,'' 1907, p. 14, fig. 7 ). For a back view see Plate 35, fig. 3. Skull N in Plate 17 is hornless, and is evidently not the skull of this animal.

PLATE 35.

Right Hindleg Right Hind-leg U_fC HIndleg Right Fore-leg Right Fore-leg Lejc Fcrc-leg Outside view. Front view. Inside view. Outside view. Front view. Back view.

rig. I. Specimen in the Paris Miiscinii (Miiscitni d'Histoire Natuycllc) ; fi-oin photot^^raphs supplied by the Paris Museum ; adult, said to be male, No. 503 of J. Fraipont. A fii^ure of the whole animal is given by J. Fraipont {' Annates du Musee du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, "Okapia," 1907, p. 13, fig. 5). A front view is given by M. de Rothschild and H. Neuville ('Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.,' ser. 9, vol. x, No. 1, 1909 [February, 1910], p. 6, fig. 1). Skull P in Plates 2 and 17 is not the skull of this animal (sec Fraipont, b. 14, paragr. 7 and 9).

Bight Hind-leg Outside view.

}-'ig. 2. Specimen in the Tervnercn Museum (Musee du Congo),

Belgium; very young, No. 706; figures copied from J . Fraipont ('Annates

du Musee du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1907, p. 31, fig. 41, and p. 26, fig. 29 .

Fig. 3. Specimen in the Madrid Museum; hind view ; from f. Fraipont ('Annates du Musee du Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, "Okapia," 1907, p. 30, fig. 38).

PLATE 36.

Fig. I. Specimen of a living Okapi calf, one month old: from a phologniph taken by Monsieur Ribotti at Bambili and sent to Sir Ray Lankester by the Marquis Giacomo Doria, of the Genoa Museum. For a figure of the whole animal see Plate 46,

Right Hind-leg Outside view.

Fig. 2. Same specimen as above.

AOLARD & SON.

PLATE 37.

Right Hind-leg Outside view.

Right Tore-leg Right fore-leg Outside view. Front view.

Fig. I. Specimen in the Tcrvucren Museum (Musee du Congo), Belgium ; young, said to be female; Xo. 541 ; figures copied from J. Fraipont ('Annales du Musee du Congo, Zool.; ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 7007, p. lH,fig. 11, and p. 23, fig. 28).

•

Right fore-leg Right Fore-leg Outside view. Front view.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Tervueren Museum ( Musee du Congo), Belgium; old, said to be female; No. 536 ; figures copied from J. Fraipont ('Annales du Musee du Congo, Zool.; ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 1907, p. 23, fig. 22, and p. 24, fig. 25). The skull of this animal is that denoted X in Plate 17 (see Fraipont, p. 14, paragr. 10).

PLATE 38.

/

Left Hind-leg Outside view.

Fig. 1 Specimen in the Lisbon Museum; adult, said to be female, Xo.484oj J. Fraipont; figures copied from J. Fraipont ('Annales du Musce du Congo, Zool.,' scr. 2, vol. i, "Okapia," 1907, p. 12, fig. 4).

'f 1

LefcHind-leg Outside view.

Left Fore-leg Left Fore-leg Outside vievf. Front view.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Tervueren Museum (Mus.'c du Congo), Belgium ; adult, said to be male, No. 534 ; figures copied Jroni J. Fraipont ('Annales du Musce du Congo, ZooL; ser. 2, vol. i, " Okapia," 7907, p. 17, fig. 10, and p. 23, fig. 26). The skull (f this animal is that denoted P in Plate 17.

PLATE 39.

Right Tore-leg Outside view.

Fig. 1. Specimen in the Stockholm Museum ; half-i(nnvn, said to be male, No. 479 of J. Fraipont ; figures copied from J. Fraipoui ('Annales du Miisce du Congo, Zoo!.,' ser.2, vol.i, " Okapia," 1907, p. 11, fig. 3). This skin is the paratypc of Okapia liebrechtsi, Major, described in ' La Belgique Coloniale,' viii. No. 45, November 9th, 1902, p. 533, but mentioned in ' Proc. Zool. Soc," 1902, ii, p. 73, published in October, 1902. Dr. Forsyth Major at the time considered the sex to be female. The type specimen of the species is the skull of an older Okapi, No. 480 of Frapiont. Sec remarks on Skull L in the pages preceding Plate 13.

Right Hind-leg Outside view.

1

i

Right Foreleg Right Fore-leg Outside view. Front view.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Anticerp Museum (Socicte Royale de Zoologic) ; adult, said to be male, No. 532 of J. Fraipont; figures copied from J. Fraipont ('Annales du Muscc du Congo, Zool.,' scr. 2, vol. t, " Okapia," 1907, p. 15, fig. 8, and p. 24, fig. 24). A figure of this specimen was published in 1904 by L. F. de Panic ('Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. Malacol. Belg.,' 1904, p. clxiv). The corresponding skeleton is

mounted in the Anticerp Museum, and is figured by Fraipont (I.e., plate xvi).

PLATE 40.

Fig. 1. Specimen in the Hon. Walter Rothscliild's museiun at Tring ; from a photograph supplied by Mr. Rothschild. For a figure of the zchole animal see Plate 46, fig. 2. The skull of this specimen is that denoted F in Plates 7 and 14.

Left Hind-leg Le/t Hind-leg

Outside view. Front view.

Lejt Foreleg Lejt Fore -leg Outside view. Front view.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Museum of Carlsruhe, Baden ; from photographs supplied by tlie Carlsruhe Mnseu)n.

Explanation of PLATKS 41, 42, and 43 (fig. 1).

PLATES 41, 42, AND 43 (f.g. i).

A series of thirty-three bandoliers cut by natives from Okapi skin, chiefly from the striped region of the hind leg. Lent by Major Powell-Cotton. [A pair of similar bandoliers sent by Sir Han-y Johnston to Dr. P. L. Sclater in 1900, and fignred by him in the 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' 1901, i, p. 51, are reproduced in colour in Plate 1. These bandoliers are the two co-types of Equitn (?) johiistoni, Sclater, a name subsequently altered to Ohnpia juhnstvid by Lankester (' Proc. Zool. Soc.,' 1901, ii,

p. 281).]

The rule to the left of the figures is marked in inches and feet on the left-hand edge

and in centimetres on the right.

Plate 41.

Fig. 1. —Bandoliers A -H. The collector's labels for A— E read "Congo, Kangi, No. 3, Male, hind leg." F is marked "Congo, Kangi, young, from Kasindi, 18.8.05." G and H, " Congo, Kangi, young, same beast, sent off IG.9.06."

Fig. 2.— Bandoliers I— N. I bears collector's label "Congo, Kangi, No. 5, by Majura" Mawambe-Ansknbe." J, "Fort Portal, 28.10.05, Ouex, 27.12.05, 277, C^ongo, Kangi, No. 5, by Majura."- I and J arrived tied together, with a common label " two bits from same beast, one other bit, label lost." K and L are similarly marked "same beast " ; also M and N. K, " Congo, Kangi, No. 1, female, buttock." L, " Congo, Kangi, No. 1, female, hind leg." M and N, "Congo, Kangi, ]Mawambe-Auskul)e, four bits by Lenda, these two pieces almost fit."

Plate 42.

Fig. 1.— Bandoliers 0— V. 0 and P bear collector's laltel, "Congo, Kangi, from Kasindi, 18.8.06, these two join." Q, R and S, " Congo, Kangi, sent off 16.9.00, probably the same beast." T, U and V, " Congo, Kangi, six of these three bits, one belongs to No. 3, and one to No. 5.

Fig. 2.— Bandoliers W— Cc. AV, X, Y and Cc bear similar lal)els, " Congo, Kangi, No. 3, male, fore-leg," and Aa, " Congo, Kangi, No. 3, male." Attached to W is a label, " Ten pieces of a male Okapi (all same beast). There is one other bit, but label lost. Some of these probably fit together." Although the label is attached to W only, it probably applies also to A, B, C, D, E, X, Y, Aa and Cc, all of which, with W, are )narked " Kangi, No. 3, male " ; possil)ly it applies also to either T, U or V, one of which is said to belong to No. 3. This, of course, makes more than the " ten pieces." Z, " Congo, Kangi, No. 2, female, buttock, no other bit of skin of this beast." Bb, " Congo, Kangi, four bits by Lenda, Mawaml)e-Auskube " ; two other of the "four bits In' Lenda' are evidently M and N^.

Plate 43.

Fig. 1.— Bandoliers Dd— Gg. These bear the name "Powell-Cotton"; and in addition Ee bears the label " Strip from fore-leg." No other particulars are avaiUible.

PLATE 41.

Fig. I. Bandoliers of Okapi skin, lent by Major Powell-Cotton.

/•/-. 2. lJa)ululiiy^ >■/ Ukapi skin, lent by Majvr rowell-Cottou.

PLATE 42.

i

Fig. I. Bandoliers of Okapi skin, lent by Major Pou'cll-Cotton.

Fig. 2. Bandoliers of Okapi skin, lent by Major Powell-Cotton.

PLATE 43.

Fi\s;. 1. Bandoliers of Okapi skin, lent l>y Major Poiccll-Cotton.

Fig. 2. Head of the speeimen in the British Museum (Natural History) presented by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander, 1907. Yoniig male. Locality: Welle River, near the northern border of the Congo Free State. For a side rieic of the u-hole animal see Plate 44, fig. 2.

ADI>RO 4 SON. iMPa

PLATE 44.

Fig. I. Spaiincn iii the ISnlish Musciiin (Xiitiiriil History) pvcscnted by Sir Harry Jnhnsti<n, 1901, iclio obtained it from Lieutenant Eriksson of the Congo Free State Administration. Sub-adult, sex doubtful. Locality : Sendiki Forest, near Lake Albert Edward. A description of this specimen is given in E. Ray Lankester's paper on "Okapia" ('Trans. Zool. Soc.,' 1902, vol. xvi, part vi, pp. 279 — 314). This skin, with the corresponding skull ( Skull A in Plates 3, 8 and 13), is the type of Okapia erikssoni, Lankestcr ('Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,' ser. vii, x, 59, November, 1902, p. 117).

Fig. 2. Specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) presented by the late Mr. Boyd Alexander, 1907. Young male. Locality: Welle River, near the northern border of the Congo Free State. The head of this specimen is shown also in Plate 43, fig. 2. The skull is that denoted D in Plates 4, 5, 6, 11 and 14.

PLATE 45.

Fi}(. /. Specimen in the Brilish Mitsenin (Xaliiral History) presented by Major Poicell-Cotloii, 1906. Yoini!^ male. Locality : Ituri Forest, Makala, East Central Afric.i. From a photograph lent by Major Powell Cotton. The skull of this specimen is that denoted B in Plates 3, 7, 9, 13 and 18 ; the hinder neck vertebra: arc fif^urcd in Plates 20, 23—28.

Fi'T 2. Specimen in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburf^h. Adult, se.x dvulitjui. Locality : Itiiri Forest.'' From a photograph supplied by Mr. ]V. Eagle Clarke. The skull of this specimen is that denoted G in Plates 12 and 13.

PLATE 46.

Fig. 7. riiotograbh of a living Okapi calf, one month old, taken by Monsieur Ribotti, at Bambili on the Welle River, and sent to Sir Ray Lankester by the Marquis Giacomo Doria, of the Genoa Museum. The photo- graph u-as shown at the meeting of the British Association at Leicester on A ugust 5th, 1907, and u-as reproduced in the 'Illustrated London News' in the issue of September 7th, 1907. The photograph is published also in J. FraiponVs monograph (' Annates du Musce dn Congo, Zool.,' ser. 2, vol. i, "Okapia," October, 1V07, p. '^6, fig. 77), where it is stated to have been taken by Monsieur Lamboray at Angu, Riibi.

Fig. 2. Specimen in the Hon. ]\'alter Rothschild's museum at Tring. Young, se.\ doubtful. Laulity unknowii. From a photograph supplied by Mr. Rothschild. The skull of this animal is that denoted F in Plates 7 and 14 : the last cervical and first dorsal vertebra are figured in Plates 23 — 28.

PLATE 47.

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