Sey: Pe NAL ae Rat a hy Pubs tit rn MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS (ORDER TUBINARES) BY F. DU CANE GODMAN D.C.L. F.R.S. PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ETC. ETC. WITH HAND-COLOURED PLATES BY J. G. KEULEMANS IN FIVE PARTS PART III. 9 ‘WITHERBY & CO. 826 HIGH HOLBORN LONDON SEPTEMBER = 1908. PUBLISHERS’ NOTE. The Publishers much regret the unavoidable delay, occasioned by the serious illness of the Author, which has occurred in the issuing of this Part. Every effort is being made to recover the time thus lost, and it is hoped that the remaining Parts of the Work will be published with due regularity. daay yaeye “SNSMHNIO SONISOTd SOE em 51. PRIOFINUS CINEREUS (Gm.). (GREAT GREY SHEARWATER.) (PuatE 41.) Cinereous Petrel, Latham, Gen. Syn., III., Pt. IL, pp. 395, 405 (1785). Procellaria cinerea, Gm., Syst. Nat., I, p. 563 (1788); Lath., Ind. Orn., IL, p. 824 (1790) ; Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 305 (1873). Procellaria melanura, Bonn., Enc. Meéth., I., p. 79 (1790). Puffinus cinereus, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XIII, p. 227 (1826); Lawrence in Baird’s Birds N. Amer., p. 835 (1858); A. O. U. Checklist, N. Amer. Birds, 2nd Ed., p. 33 (1895). Procellaria hesitata (nec Kuhl), Forster, Descr. An., Ed. Licht., p. 208 (1844); Gould, Birds Austr., VII., Pl. 47 (1848). Priofinus cinereus, Jacq. et Pucher., Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., IIT., p. 145 (1853); Elliot, New and Unfig. Birds N. Amer., II., Pl. 60, Fig. 2 (1868); Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 34 (1870); Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer., p. 375 (1884) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 390 (1896). Adamastor typus, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 187 (1855). Puffinus kuhlii (nec Boie), Cass., Pr. Acad. Philad., 1862, p. 327. Procellaria adamastor, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 23 (1863). Adamastor cinereus, Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1864, pp. 119, 142; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., IT., p. 446 (1865) ; Salvin, Voy. “ Challenger,” Zool., IT., p. 143 (1881) ; Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd Kd., II., p. 241 (1888). 4istrelaia hesitata (nec Kuhl), Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 352. Priofinus melanurus, Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, p. 330 (1872); Ridgway, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, p. 209 (1880). : Schistaceo-cinereus, pileo vix saturatiore: remigibus et rectricibus nigricantibus : facie laterali et colli lateribus cinereis: genis et corpore subtus toto pure albis: sub- caudalibus, subalaribus, et axillaribus saturate cinereis. I nAvE followed Salvin (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 390) in adopting the name of Priofinus cinereus for this species. Although the original description given by Latham 155 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. does not altogether agree with the bird, it is now so universally recognised under this name that it is not desirable to change it. The synonymy, however, as given by Salvin (i.c.), requires some revision. He omits the earlier references to Latham’s “ Glacial Petrel” (Procellaria gelida of Gmelin), and, owing to a lapsus calami, repeats some of the references already recorded under the heading of Puffinus kuhli (Cat., p. 375). To the latter species belongs the “ Puffin cendré”’ of Brisson’s ‘“‘ Ornithologie” (VI., p. 134, Pl. XII., Fig. 1). Buffon’s “ Petrel cendré” is the common Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). D’Aubenton’s “ Puffin” is Puffinus kuhli, as already recorded by Salvin (t.c., p. 375). All the above-mentioned references must be eliminated from the synonymy of Priofinus cinereus. Latham’s description of his “ Cinereous Petrel” in his “General Synopsis” (III., Pt. IT., p. 405) is as follows :—“‘ Size of the Fulmar: length, 20} inches. All the upper- parts of the plumage dark ash-colour ; crown of the head and forehead, palest ; beneath, from chin to vent, white; tail, rounded in shape, black; the under-part of the feathers, pale ash-colour ; bill yellowish, with black sutures; legs bluish, webs pale yellow; toes and claws pale; irides, ash-colour.” This description accords best with the species now known as Priofinus cinereus, but is not altogether accurate, as the colour of the head and forehead can scarcely be said to be paler than the back, for they are, in reality, somewhat darker. The colour of the bill and feet are correctly described. In the “Supplement ” to the “‘ General Synopsis ” (II., p. 335, 1802), Latham again describes a “Cinereous Petrel,” but I do not consider this to be identical with his “ Cinereous Petrel” of 1785. It is said to come from Port Jackson, and to be “ wholly dusky-black ; but the sides of the head, the neck, and all beneath are ash-colour; the bill and legs dull yellow.” He further remarks :—‘“In a specimen of this we observed the whole of the under-parts, from the breast to the vent, occupied by an ash-coloured down.” This individual must have been a young bird, and therefore not Priofinus cinereus, which does not breed in Australian waters. The original type of Latham’s “ Cinereous Petrel,”’ though said by him to be in the British Museum, and doubtless one of the Petrels brought back by Captain Cook, is no longer there, but it may well have been the original of Forster’s Drawing (No. 92), from which Latham apparently derived the colour of the bill and feet. There is another supposed species, the “‘ Glacial Petrel’? of Latham, or Procellaria gelida of Gmelin, which has been separated by such good authorities as Professor Elliot Coues and Professor Robert Ridgway under the name of Priofinus, or Adamastor, gelidus (Gm.). Salvin, however, failed to see any difference between the Pacific and Atlantic specimens of Priofinus, and recognised but a single species, in which conclusion I agree. Although it is evident that Salvin intended to unite Priofinus gelidus with P. cinereus, he has accidentally omitted to record the earlier references to the “ Glacial Petrel” in his synonymy of P. cinereus in the “ Catalogue of Birds.” I have not 156 PRIOFINUS CINEREUS. included them in the list given above, as I do not consider the two birds to be identical. Latham’s description of his “‘ Glacial Petrel”’ is as follows :—“ Length, 19 inches ; bill, 12 ; tube which covers the nostrils on the top of upper mandible, and end of lower, black; the edges of both are of the same colour; the top of the head, taking in the eyes, and the hind-part of the neck to the shoulders, pale bluish ash-colour ; the rest of the upper-parts dusky black; chin, fore part of neck, and breast, white; from thence to the vent, pale ash-colour; legs and webs blue, claws black, sole of foot white. Inhabits the Antarctic Circle, with many other species, chiefly found among the ice’ (Latham, Gen. Syn., III., Pt. II., p. 399). On this description Gmelin founded his name of Procellaria gelida (Syst. Nat., I., p- 564), which was admitted by Latham (Ind. Orn., II., p. 822). The late Professor Elliot Coues in his “Monograph of the Petrels”’ (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1864, pp. 119, 142) recognised two species of Priofinus, or, as he then called the genus, Adamastor. One he identified as P. cinereus (Gm.) and the second, from the Antarctic Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, he called P. gelidus (Gm.). To the latter, it should be noted, he added as a synonym Procellaria flavirostris of Gould, a species which is now generally recognised to be a race of P. kuhli. The Priofinus gelidus of Professor Coues is said to have the under-surface of the wings white, whereas P. cinereus has grey axillaries and under wing-coverts. No example of Priofinus that I have examined has white on the upper tail-coverts, but this is a well-marked feature of Puffinus kuhli, and in this species also the axillaries and under wing-coverts are white. The question with regard to P. flavirostris of Gould could have been settled, did we but know where his type was to be found. Mr. Witmer Stone has very kindly made a search for it among the Petrels of the Gould Collection in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, and he informs me that no specimen labelled P. flavirostris was ever received from Mr. Gould. This is probably due to the fact that the species was described from the Cape seas, and might not have been considered by Gould as belonging to his Australian Collection, which passed into the hands of the Academy. Dr. Robert Ridgway, in his “Manual of North American Birds” (2nd Ed., p- 58, 1896), also separated the two species of Priofinus with the following characters :— “ P. cinereus.—Above ashy-grey, more or less tinged with brown, darker on the top of the head, quills, and tail-feathers; lower parts white, except the under wing- coverts and tail-coverts, which are deep smoky-greyish; bill, light yellowish, with deep black culmen and nasal tubes, the side of the Jower mandible also mostly black ; wing, 12.25-13.50 inches ; culmen, 1.75-1.85 ; depth of bill in front of nostril, .50-.55 ; tarsus, 2.25-2.30; middle toe, with claw, 2.90.” “ P. gelidus.—Above brown, the upper tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail blackish ; lower parts white, including the under wing-coverts and tail-coverts ; 157 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. bill yellowish, passing into dusky at tip; wing, 15 inches; tarsus, 2.35 ; middle toe and claw, 3.15.” In the “ Checklist of North American Birds” (2nd ed., p. 33) the Californian specimen referred to by Lawrence in the “ Birds of North America” (1858, p. 835) is recorded as Puffinus cinereus, and not P. gelidus. Professor Giglioli, who has written an instructive memoir on the geographical distribution of Petrels, the result of personal observation during the voyage of the ** Magenta,” states that, in his opinion, examples of Priofinus from the Pacific have a somewhat larger and stouter bill, both mandibles verging on bluish-grey, with the apex light horn-colour, and with a black groove. The upper-parts of the head, and the under tail-coverts, are more dusky. Priofinus cinereus is a bird of the Southern Oceans, where it enjoys a very widely extended range. Most of the specimens examined by me have been from the Cape seas; others were procured by Mr. T. Parkin in Lat. 39° 51’ 8., Long. 8° 49’ KE. (Bull. B. O. C., X., p. evi.). The late Nikolai Hanson met with the species in Lat. 39° 55’ and 42° 23’ S.; Long. 3° 16’ and 20° 32’ E.; in October, 1898 (Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “‘ Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 142), and the Earl of Crawford obtained it in Lat. 35° 20’ S.; Long. 9° 43’ E. A single example was also procured by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition near the island of Ascension, which is at present the most northerly occurrence recorded. Further specimens were observed by the naturalists on board the “ Scotia ’’ between Lat. 60° S. and Gough Island (Eagle Clarke, Jbis, 1907, p. 329), by Dr. A. B. Meyer in Lat. 38° S., Long. 12° W., not far from Tristan da Cunha (Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 391), and by the late Commander Sperling in the Mozambique Channel (Ibis, 1868, p. 293). The species was also obtained by Macgillivray during the voyage of the “ Rattlesnake ”’ in the South Indian Ocean in Lat. 37°S., Long. 534° E., in April, 1847 ; and again in Lat. 354° S., Long. 85° E., on the 2nd of July in the same year (Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 391). Professor Giglioli records P. cinereus during the voyage of the “ Magenta” to the north-east of Amsterdam Island, between Lat. 42°51’ S., Long. 10° 15’ E., and Lat. 27° 49’ S., Long. 96° 32’ E., on the voyage from Batavia to Melbourne, and in Bass’s Straits ; also in the Bay of Pefias, in Western Patagonia, as well as in the Straits of Magellan. Gould mentions the bird between Lat. 30° and 55° S., Long. 36° 30’ to 154° W. Hutton reports it as plentiful off the coast of New Zealand, but Buller never saw an example, and none of the museums in the island possessed specimens, when he wrote. The late Captain Fairchild procured this Petrel between Wellington and the Chatham Islands (Buller, Suppl. Birds N.Z., I., p. 106). Layard mentions it off New Caledonia, and on the homeward voyage of the “ Discovery ”’ it was seen in Lat. 58° S., Long. 160° E. Darwin obtained P. cinereus near Tierra del Fuego, Chiloe, Callao Bay in 158 PRIOFINUS CINEREUS. Peru, and the mouth of the Plate River. It is believed to breed in September on Kerguelen Island, the authority being Lieut. R. Harris, R.N., who was wrecked there in 1832. The Great Grey Shearwater, or Black-tailed Petrel, as it is called by the American naturalists, is of large size, and differs in its habits from many of the true Shearwaters. Professor Giglioli says that it can be distinguished, even at a long distance, by its more dipping flight, which Mr. Robert Hall compares with the wheeling motions of an Albatros. Darwin relates his experience of this Shearwater when on the “ Beagle,” and says that it frequented the retired inland Sounds in very large flocks, although occasionally two or three might be seen out at sea. He writes :—“‘I do not think I ever saw so many birds of any sort together, as I once saw of these Petrels behind the island of Chiloe. Hundreds of thousands flew in an irregular line for several hours in one direction. When part of the flock settled on the water, the surface was blackened; and a cackling noise proceeded from them as of human beings talking in the distance. At this time the water was in parts coloured by clouds of small crustacea. . . . At Port Famine, every morning and evening, a long band of these birds continued to fly with extreme rapidity up and down the central parts of the channel, close to the surface of the water. Their flight was direct and vigorous, and they seldom glided with extended wings in graceful curves, like most other members of this family. Occasionally they settled for a short time on the water ; and they thus remained at rest during nearly the whole of the middle of the day. When flying backwards and forwards at a distance from the shore, they evidently were fishing, but it was rare to see them seize any prey. They were very wary, and seldom approached within gunshot of a boat or of a ship ; a disposition strikingly different from that of most of the other species. The stomach of one, killed near Port Famine, contained seven prawn-like crabs, and a small fish. In another, killed off the Plata, there was the beak of a small cuttle-fish. I observed that these birds, when only slightly winged, were incapable of diving.” That they are able to dive, however, is proved by the observations of Dr. E. A. Wilson, who says that they “drop suddenly beneath the surface of the water, with their wings spread, to seize some scrap of food. They unhesitatingly go completely under, and reappear with their wings still spread.” Sir Walter Buller also confirms this diving habit. . Adult. General colour above ashy-grey, with obsolete margins of hoary-grey to the feathers of the upper-surface, these margins whiter on the scapulars, which are a little more dusky than the back; wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater series darker brown, with hoary-grey margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky-brown, shaded with ashy-grey ; innermost secondaries browner, like the scapulars, and, like the latter, narrowly fringed with whitish ; tail-feathers black, ashy- grey on the inner webs; crown of head dusky-black, greyer towards the nape, the 159 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. hind-neck and sides of neck being slaty-grey ; the upper part of the back ashy-grey, mottled with concealed white bases to the feathers ; lores and sides of face dusky black, washed with ashy-grey; fore-part of cheeks browner; hind cheeks and entire under-surface of body pure white, the sides of the body mostly ashy-brown ; under tail- coverts ashy-brown, those near the vent for the most part white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts ashy-brown, the central coverts rather more hoary in appearance, many of the coverts being edged with ashy-grey ; quills dark brown below, ashy-grey on the inner webs ; “ bill perfectly black on the ridge, changing to horn-colour on the hook, and having a black line down the middle of the lower mandible, widening out on meeting the unguis, which is dull horn-colour ; legs and feet greyish flesh-colour, shaded with slaty-grey on the heel and on the outer side of the tarsus and toes; interdigital webs yellowish, with grey edges”’ (Buller, Suppl. Birds New Zeal., I., p. 106). Total length about 19.5 inches; culmen, 2.0; wing, 13.1; tail, 4.3; tarsus, 2.3; middle toe and claw, 3.2. The colour of the soft parts varies to a considerable extent. The late Nikolai Hanson states that specimens obtained by him in October, in the Cape seas, had the “pill horn-colour, yellowish on the upper mandible from the nostrils to the tip; feet, including the webs, grey; iris dark brown” (Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “ Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 142, 1902). Professor Giglioli (Fawn. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 34) gives the following notes made on specimens procured in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, during the voyage of the “‘ Magenta” by the late Dr. De Filippi :—‘‘ Maxilla of the palest green, almost white, the nasal tubes and culmen black; mandible pale horn- colour, with a black line near the edge, widening at the base of the bill and near the culmen, the nail horn-colour ; feet, pale bluish, the toes underneath, and the interdigital membrane, dusky on the margin ; iris grey.” Dr. E. A. Wilson gives the soft parts as follows :—“ Iris dark brown; upper bill dark greyish horn-colour, the latericorn pale and yellowish, and in some birds, even bright yellow, the mandible greyish-horn at the tip, but otherwise pale yellow, both on the cutting edge and on the sides, a darker line dividing these parts ; legs and toes grey, or fleshy-grey, the webs fleshy-pink, or even red by transmitted light, but otherwise grey or fleshy-grey ; claws blackish horn-colour ; inside of mouth fleshy-red, the palate, fauces, and tongue abundantly supplied with sharp horny papille.” Darwin says that “ half of the lower mandible and the legs were blackish ; the web between the inner toes, with the exception of the margin, was reddish-lilac-purple, the rest being blackish.” The specimen described above was obtained in the South Atlantic by Mr. H. King, and was given to us by the late Howard Saunders. The bird figured is the one procured by Dr. A. B. Meyer in the South Atlantic. Both were in our own collection, and are now in the British Museum. 160 en VWOLLOLWNY VYOLOSSY I y HL ney Sa mea a a ie Se 52. THALASSGICA ANTARCTICA (Gm.). (ANTARCTIC FULMAR.) (PLATE 42.) Antarctic Peterel, Cook, Second Voyage, I., p. 257; Forster, Voy. L., p. 108 (1777) ; id., Icon. ined., 95; Lath., Gen. Syn., III., Pt. I1., p. 400 (1785). Le Petrel Antarctique ou Damier brun, Buff., Hist. Nat. Ois., IX., p. 151 (1783). Procellaria antarctica, Gm., Syst. Nat., I., p. 565 (1788); Lath., Ind. Orn., II., p. 822 (1790) ; Reichenow, Deutsche Sitidpolar Exped., [X., Zool., I., p. 554 (1908). Daption antarcticum, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XIITI., p. 242 (1826). Thalasseca antarctica, Reichenb., Syst. Av., p. IV. (1852); Bp., Consp. Av., IL, p- 192 (1855); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 31, 192; Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 229 (1888) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 392 (1896); Saunders, Antarctic Man., Birds, pp. 229, 236 (1901); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. “Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 143 (1902); Wilson, Nat. Antarctic Exped. Zool., II., Aves, p. 82 (1906) ; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 169, 1907, p. 334. Fulmarus antarcticus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 105 (1871); Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 58 (1887). Priocella antarctica, Sharpe, Voy. “ Erebus and Terror,’ I., Birds, App., p. 37, Pl. XX XIII. (1875). Acipetes antarctica, W. A. Forbes, Rep. Voy. “Challenger,” Zool., IV., Pt. XI., p- 59 (1882). Brunnea, vix cinereo adumbrata: supracaudalibus externis et rectricibus albis, his nigro fasciatim terminatis: tectricibus alarum dorso concoloribus, majoribus pure albis, remigibus primariis nigris, intus albis: facie laterali cum colli pectorisque lateribus et gutture toto, brunneis: corpore reliquo subtus pure albo: tectricibus alarum albis, marginalibus brunneis. Tuis very distinct species was first discovered by Captain Cook, and is mentioned by Forster, in his account of the second voyage of the celebrated navigator, as a new Petrel 161 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. found within the Antarctic Circle, of a brown colour, with a white belly and rump, and a large white spot on the wings, which he called the “ Antarctic Petrel.”” Many of these birds were subsequently seen and shot, but unfortunately none fell into the ship. The naturalists on board the “ Erebus” and “Terror” obtained specimens in Lat. 77° 40’ S., Long. 179° E.; the bird was also encountered by the “ Discovery ” in November, 1901, in Lat. 61° 46’ S., Long. 140° E., and again at Cape Adare in January, 1902. The “ Southern Cross’ Expedition likewise met with it immediately on entering the Pack Ice, but it disappeared when the ship was fast in the pack. It was observed again on the northward voyage in Lat. 65° 33’ S., Long 165° 48’ E. During a hurricane in February, 1899, Nikolai Hanson mentions having seen a large number of a brown-backed Petrel off South Victoria Land (Rep. Voy. “ Southern Cross,” p. 93), but its farthest record south was by the “ Discovery” in Lat. 78° 8. Observations of this Petrel were made by the “ Belgica”? Expedition, and examples of both sexes were obtained by the ‘“‘ Challenger” on the ice barrier in June, 1874 (Salvin, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 737). The Scottish Antarctic Expedition noted only a few specimens at the South Orkney Islands, but, it was thought by members of the expedition that P. antarctica might breed on the east side of the Ferguslie Penin- sula, on Laurie Island, together with the Cape and Snowy Petrels (Hagle Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 169). Numbers were seen at Saddle Island, March, 1903, and between Lat. 60° and 72° S., and Long. 16° and 44° W., and not less than twenty specimens were shot on March 14th at Coats Land in Lat. 74° 8., when the “‘ Scotia”? was locked in the ice. Previously to this, thousands were seen in company with McCormick’s Skuas, Giant and Snowy Petrels, and Arctic Terns, but the bird was not observed on this occasion farther north than Lat. 68° 26’ S., Long. 16° 11’ W. The course of the “ Magenta” seems to have been northward of the range of Thalasseca antarctica, which is not mentioned by Professor Giglioli in his account of the birds observed during that celebrated voyage, though specimens were procured by Zelebor, on the “Novara,” to the south of Cape Horn (Pelz., Reis. Novara, Vog., p. 47). The British Museum contains an example from Cape Horn, formerly in our collection, and Dr. Wilson, of the “‘ Discovery,” noticed 7’. antarctica in the Pacific, soon after leaving New Zealand and until within four days of his arrival off Cape Horn (Wilson, Nat. Antarctic Exped., I1., p. 83). Beyond the usual observations connected with the distribution of the Antarctic Petrel, no notes of any consequence have been published as regards its habits, from which we may gather that they do not differ from those of other Fulmars and Shearwaters. The birds may be seen congregating in numbers, Hanson having noticed as many as a hundred together, while Mr. Bruce, on the “Scotia,” speaks of flocks of thousands. Mr. Borchgrevinck states that when approaching Cape Adare, in South Victoria Land, during gales the birds swept low over the land like a cloud; few 162 THALASS@CA ANTARCTICA. were observed in the summer, but in the autumn they sailed about in the air at a great height. No authentic eggs of the species are known, nor has the nesting place been discovered. Mr. Borchgrevinck believes that South Victoria Land and Geikie Land were likely spots, while Dr. Wilson thinks that the newly-discovered Scott Island, or the Balleny Islands, may be the breeding places of this Fulmar. According to the naturalists of the “ Scotia” it was also probably nesting on the South Orkney Islands. Aduli male. General colour above sooty-black, with a slight ashy shade, the feathers of the back having obsolete ashy margins; hind-neck and mantle somewhat mottled with white or light-brown bases to the feathers; wing-coverts like the back, the median series tipped with ashy-white; the greater coverts pure white; primary- coverts black; quills black, white on the inner web for nearly its entire length, the secondaries white at the base of both inner and outer webs, the black being gradually reduced to a terminal mark on the inner secondaries, and disappearing towards the long innermost secondaries, which are entirely pure white; shafts of the first four primaries white ; rump and upper tail-coverts like the back, but many of the latter mottled with white bases to the feathers, some of the lateral ones being white with a blackish tip; head uniform sooty-black, as also the sides of the face ; lores more ashy ; eyelid white above and below; under-surface of body pure white, with a patch of sooty-brown feathers on each side of the fore-neck ; the throat light sooty-brown, with white bases to the feathers, producing a mottled appearance; axillaries and under wing-coverts pure white, with a broad black bar round the bend of the wings, extending down to the lower primary-coverts ; quills white below, with a blackish tip, the black increasing in extent towards the secondaries; “ bill blackish; legs, feet, and interdigital webs bluish-grey; claws blackish; iris dark brown” (E. A. Wilson). Total length about 16 inches; culmen, 1.5; wing, 11.3; tail, 4.4; tarsus, 1.75; middle toe and claw, 2.45. Dr. Pirie states that in specimens obtained by the “ Scotia ”’ the tarsus and outer toe were greyish, the other toes and the webs paler and washed with yellow (Hagle Clarke, Ibis, 1907, p. 335). Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length about 15 inches; culmen, 1.5: wing, 12; tail, 4.5; tarsus, 1.7; middle toe and claw, 2.2. The only difference in plumage that I can discover in a series is that some birds are much paler brown than others. This is explained by Dr. E. A. Wilson in his notes on the species in the “‘ National Antarctic Expedition” (Vol. II., Aves, p. 83). The wear and tear of plumage is a peculiar feature in Antarctic birds, and 7’. antarctica proves no exception to this rule. Dr. Wilson points out that a freshly moulted bird has its head, back, and wings of a deep chocolate brown, with pure white on the wing- and tail-coverts; but, when the nesting season is over and the summer 163 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. sun has done its work, the rich brown fades and a pale buff colour takes its place. During the autumn moult in January and February, the birds assume a mottled plumage, and the dark feathers gradually emerge from the faded ones. For further notes on this subject see Mr. Eagle Clarke’s paper on the birds of the Scottish Expedition (Ibis, 1907, p. 334). The male described was procured by Dr. E. A. Wilson off the Balleny Islands on the 2nd of March, 1904, and the female off Cape Adare on the 11th of January, 1902, during the voyage of the “ Discovery.” The figure is drawn from the specimen in our collection from Cape Horn (sp. a of Salvin’s Catalogue of Birds) which is in freshly moulted plumage. 164 FOREN TIC ‘S GMO TY LOW AES) WE WElOOliehel 538. PRIOCELLA GLACIALOIDES (Smith). (SILVERY-GREY FULMAR.) (PLATE 43.) Procellaria glacialis (nec Linn.) Forster, Icon. ined., 91; id., Descr. Anim., p. 25 (1844) ; Walker, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 378. Fulmar Peirel, var. A., Lath., Gen. Syn., III., Pt. 2, p. 405 (1785). Procellaria glacialis, var. B., Gm., Syst. Nat., I., p. 563 (1788). Fulmarus antarcticus (nec Gm.) Steph., in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XIII., p. 236 (1826). Procellaria tenuirostris (nec Temm.) Audub., Orn. Biogr., V., p. 333 (1839). Procellaria glacialoides, Smith, Ml. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, Pl. 51 (1840); Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 301 (1873). Priocella garnotit, Hombr. and Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud., III., p. 148, Pl. 32, figs. 43-46 (1853). Procellaria garnoti, Gray, Gen. Birds, TII., p. 648 (1844). Thalassoica glacialoides, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 191 (1856) ; Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., IT., p. 228 (1888). Thalassoica glacialoides a polaris, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 192 (1855). Thalassoica glacialoides B tenuirostris, Bp., t.c., p. 192 (1855). Thalassoica tenuirostris, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856); Sharpe, Phil. Trans., Vol. 168, p. 123 (1879). Thalassoica polaris, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Procellaria smithi, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 22 (1863). Fulmarus glacialoides, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 105 (1871). Fulmarus tenuirostris, Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, p. 328 (1872). Priocella tenuirostris, Ridgway, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., IIT., p. 209 (1880). Priocella glacialoides, Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer., Il., p. 373 (1884); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 393 (1896); Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “Southern Cross,” p. 145 (1902); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 170; 1907, p. 335; Wilson, Nat. Antarctic Exped., I]., Birds, p. 84 (1907); Reichenow, Deutsche Siidpolar Exped., IX., Zool, pp. 480, 552 (1908). Claré cinerea: cauda cinerea: remigibus nigris, primariis intus albis: secundariis cinereis dorso concoloribus: pileo antico albo, postice cinereo: genis et corpore subtus 165 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. pure albo, hypochondriis imis cinereis: subalaribus et axillaribus albis, his terminaliter cinereo lavatis. Tuis graceful Fulmar, which, in its silvery-grey plumage, so much resembles the Fulmar of the northern hemisphere, is widely distributed over the southern oceans, and the following extract from Professor Reichenow’s recently published memoir on the birds obtained by the German Antarctic Expedition, under the leadership of Dr. E. von Drygalski, records the geographical distribution of the species (Deutsche Siidpolar Exped., 1X., Zool., 1., p. 553) :—“* South Georgia, nesting; South Shetland Islands, Feb. ; Joinville Island, Dec. ; Paulet Island, Aug. ; Louis Philippe Land, Dec., breeding (Andersson, Wiss. Hrgebn. Schwed. Siidpolar Exped., V., Lief. 2, p. 43, 1905); South Orkney Islands, Nov., March; Weddell Sea, 71° 22’ S., March (Scottish Antarctic Exped.) ; Bouvet Island, Nov.; Kerguelen Island, May (McCormick); Edge of the Pack Ice, below 64° 14’ S. Lat., and 55° E. Long., in Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land (Van- hoffen) ; Ross Sea (Wilson) ; Pack Ice below 63° 3’ S. Lat., and 161° 42’ E. Long., Dec., Feb. (Hanson); 66° S. Lat., Feb. (Voyage of the “Challenger’’); 70° 40’ S. Lat., 102° W. Long., March (Belgian Antarctic Exped.); Palmerston Archipelago, Feb. (French Antarctic Exped.). It will be seen from the above list of localities that the species is found in the neighbourhood of the Antarctic Pack Ice from August to March, and I am of Dr. Wilson’s opinion that it is a migratory bird, as it has been observed in the southern seas during the summer months, December, January, and February, while its furthest northern records occur during the southern winter, when it retires to the open sea. Dr. Wilson observed it in June and July, and saw a few examples the day before entering the Pack Ice in Lat. 59° 18’ S., Long. 138° 2’ E., while it gradually increased in numbers as a northerly course was taken to the Macquarie Islands, as far as Lat. 57° 25’ 8., Long. 151° 45’ E., but from January, 1902, to February, 1904, none were seen. The birds were not observed near the coast of Victoria Land during the winter spent by the “ Discovery” in McMurdo Sound, but they again became abundant towards the Balleny Islands, about Lat. 67° S., again disappearing on crossing the Antarctic Circle. Dr. Wilson considered the above-named islands a likely breeding- place, as large numbers were seen there, and he believes that they may be found nesting on Scott Island, in Ross’ Sea. It will therefore be noticed that P. glacialoides does not habitually frequent the ice, but keeps almost entirely to the open ocean. Dr. Wilson says that on the voyage from New Zealand to Cape Horn, in a higher latitude than is usually taken, the species was met with on June 19th, and two days later Thalasseca antarctica followed the ship, and remained with it till within a few days of Cape Horn, while P. glacialoides accompanied the expedition in considerable numbers through the Straits of Magellan to Port Stanley, in the Falkland Islands, which was reached on July 22nd. During the whole of this time no ice was sighted. 166 PRIOCELLA GLACIALOIDES. Gould, who gives a beautiful figure of this Fulmar in his “ Birds of Australia,” frequently saw P. glacialoides off the Cape of Good Hope, and also between Sydney and Cape Horn (Handb. Birds of Australia, II., p. 458). Three examples from the islands to the south of New Zealand are in the Rothschild Collection, and Sir W. Buller also procured specimens from Otago and Nelson, while Mr. Sandager met with it on the beach at Moeraki, on October Ist (Buller, Suppl. Birds New Zeal., I., p. 108). The species is recorded from the coasts of southern Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, and Western Australia (Campbell, Nests and Eggs of Austr. Birds, I1., p. 897, 1901; Hall, Key Birds of Austr., p. 93, 1899). The British Museum possesses specimens from Kerguelen and Valparaiso, while Professor Giglioli, during the voyage of the “ Magenta,” records it from Callao in Peru, in August 1867, the birds following the ship all down the coast of Chili to Cape Tres Montes, in Patagonia ; it was also seen in the Channel between Wellington Island and Western Patagonia. Professor Ridgway informs us that this Petrel extends northward on the Pacific coast of America to the Columbia River, and a skeleton, supposed to be of this species, was picked up at Catalina Island by Dr. Cooper. I have also recorded it in the ** Biologia,’ from Mazatlan. The original specimen of P. glacialoides was obtained off the Cape of Good Hope by Sir Andrew Smith, and Mr. W. L. Sclater traces it as far north in the Atlantic as St. Helena. Although so much has been written concerning the distribution of Priocella, very little has been made known with regard to its habits, which probably resemble those of other Fulmars. It is said to fly higher above the water, and to rest more frequently than the smaller species. It feeds on dead animal matter, when it can be procured, and Dr. Townsend found in the stomach of a bird that he examined, some oil and the remains of a cuttle-fish. Adult male. General colour above pearly-grey, the wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing darker grey; primary-coverts blackish, washed externally with pearly- grey; quills blackish, white for the greater part of the inner web of the primaries, which are also shaded with ashy-grey; secondaries pearly-grey, white on the inner web, the innermost secondaries entirely pearly-grey, a few of them having a blackish mark near the end; tail-feathers pearly-grey ; head entirely white, slightly shaded with pearly-grey on the nape and hind-neck, and on the ear-coverts ; lores, cheeks, and entire under-surface of body pure white, with a pearly-grey shade on the lower flanks ; axillaries pure white, the longest ones with a pearly-grey tip; under wing- coverts also pure white, mottled round the bend of the wing with ashy-grey; quills sooty-brown below, white for the greater part of the inner web. Total length about 18 inches ; culmen, 1.8; wing, 13.0; tail, 4.6; tarsus, 1.95; middle toe and claw, 2.6. Dr. Pirie, who was on the “ Scotia,’ has made a coloured drawing of the soft parts of this Fulmar, as follows :—‘ Maxilla and mandible tipped with black, the middle 167 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. portion of the bill pale flesh-coloured, and the base and nares light cobalt-blue. The feet are pale flesh-colour, the webs washed with yellow, and the claws black. The iris is dark brown, and the pupil blue-black’? (Eagle Clarke, bis, 1907, p. 336). These colours are more or less confirmed by other observers. The description is taken from a male bird from Valparaiso, obtained by Admiral Markham. The bird figured in the plate is a specimen from Mazatlan, both being in our own collection. 168 ag t vie neh eae NINOW SNANOVeVN tii 54. MAJAQUEUS AQUINOCTIALIS (Linz). (WHITE-CHINNED BLACK FULMAR.) (PLATE 44.) The Great Black Peteril, Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, II., p. 89, Pl. 89 (1747). Le Puffin du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Brisson, Orn., VI., p. 137 (1760). Procellaria jfuliginosa (nec Gm.) Solander, MSS.; Parkinson, Icon. ined., No. 19; Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., L, p. 232 (1876). Procellaria equinoctialis, Linn., Syst. Nat., I., p. 213 (1766). Petrel-Puffin brun, Buff., Hist. Nat. Ois., X., p. 163 (1786). Black Petrel, Lath., Gen. Syn., IIT., Pt. 2, p. 398 (1785). Puffinus equinoctialis, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XIII., p. 229 (1826). Procellaria nigra, Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 26 (1844). Procellaria conspicillata, Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII., p. 362 (1844); id., Birds Austr., Fol. vii., Pl. 46 (1848); Reichenow, Deutsche Sidpolar Exped. Vog., p. 482, Fig. 16 (1908). Majaqueus conspicillatus, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 200 (1856); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1864, pp. 118, 142; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., I1., p. 445 (1865) ; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 36 (1870). Majaqueus cequinoctialis, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 200 (1856); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1864, pp. 118, 142; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 35 (1870) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans., Vol. 168, p. 119 (1879); Moseley, Notes Nat. “ Challenger,” pp. 137, 208, 254 (1879); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p- 395 (1896); Mathews, Handl. Birds Austr., p. 17 (1908). Puffinus conspicillatus, Pelz., Reis. Novara Vég., p. 143 (1865). Fulmarus equinoctialis, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 108 (1871). Fulmarus conspicillatus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 108 (1871). Niger: mento et gula summa, genisque rarius, puré albis. THE first description of this species, familiarly known to sailors as the “Cape Hen,” was published by George Edwards in 1747. His figure fairly represents the bird, but gives no indication of the white chin, which is a marked characteristic. 169 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Edwards believed that his specimen came from the Cape seas, and Brisson, without seeing it, described the bird as “‘ Le Puffin du Cap de Bonne Espérance.” On these two descriptions and upon Edwards’ figure, Linnzus founded his name of Procellaria cequinoctialis, which has since been the recognised designation of the Black Fulmar of the Cape seas. The white on the chin proves, however, to be a variable character, for, after examining the large series in the British Museum I find that the amount of white, though varying among individuals, increases with the eastward distribution of the species, till, in Australian specimens, not only do white chins and cheeks frequently exist, but in some specimens two white bands are likewise found on the head. This latter form has been named M. conspicillatus by Gould, who gives a beautiful figure in his “‘ Birds of Australia.” Although at first sight this would seem to be a distinct species, further examination proves that the Australian birds also vary to a considerable extent, and as intermediate forms exist, neither Salvin nor I have been able to separate them, although they have been considered to be distinct by such good authorities as Professor Giglioli, Dr. Elliot Coues, and Dr. Reichenow. Among the records of the occurrence of this species in the Cape seas, we have one of John Macgillivray, who met with it on the voyage of the “ Rattlesnake,”’ in Simon’s Bay, in March, 1847. Dr. E. A. Wilson, during the voyage of the “ Discovery,” noticed this Fulmar in Lat. 38°S., Long 1° E. (Nat. Antarctic Exped., I1., Aves, p. 86), and he also records it from False Bay. Layard says that it is resident in Table Bay, leaving only to breed in the southern spring of the year (Sharpe, ed. Layard, Birds S. Africa, p. 766). It is also said to occur to the northward of the Cape on both east and west coasts. Dr. Wilson further states that MW. cequinoctialis was abundant in the South Atlantic Ocean, and from October onwards it accompanied the ship until November 9th, when it disappeared in Lat. 52° S., Long. 120° E. The Karl of Crawford, in the “ Venus,” met with the species in Lat. 34° 39’ S., Long. 8° 51’ E., in September and October, 1874. The late Nikolai Hanson obtained a specimen in Lat. 42° 23’ S., Long. 20° 32’ E. (Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “ Southern Cross,” p. 146), and again in Lat. 44° 23’ S., Long. 72° 5’ E. Giglioli records it from Lat. 42° 55’ S., Long. 36° 31’ E., to Lat. 35° 1’ S., Long. 85° E. An example was procured by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition at Gough Island, and further specimens obtained in these seas are in the British Museum. Gould, who mentions considerable numbers in the neighbourhood of Tristan da Cunha (Handbook Birds Austr., U1., p. 446), noticed this bird in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans, but states that it was most plentiful between the 25th and 50th degrees of South Latitude, and especially about the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam, and from thence to Tasmania. Mr. A. J. Campbell confirms this statement as regards Tasmania, and mentions WM. equinoctialis as an inhabitant also of the seas of New South Wales (Nests and Hggs Austr. Birds, I1., p. 897). 170 MAJAQUEUS AQUINOCTIALIS. Although this species does not occur in New Zealand waters, it has been found in the Auckland Isles, from whence Buller obtained several examples (Suppl. Birds New Zealand, I., p. 109). Professor Giglioli, who recognised M. conspicillatus as a distinct form, first saw it in September, 1867, in Lat. 35° S., Long 89° 41’ W., when it accompanied the ““ Magenta” till within sight of Valparaiso, and in the following November the same species was observed at Cape Stokes, in Patagonia, and was found abundant in the neighbourhood of the Falkland Isles, and to the north of Lat. 45° 8S. As regards the white chin-spot, specimens from the southern coasts of South America closely resemble those from the Cape in that particular. I have examined three examples in the British Museum, two collected by Dr. Coppinger at Valparaiso, and one from Coquimbo, in Chile, obtained by Admiral Markham. None of these have any white on the cheeks or crown of the head. Some birds from Kerguelen Island have the white chin-spot extended across the middle of the cheeks, but the markings are not symmetrical, and in one female, obtained by the “ Challenger ’’ Expedition, the white is extended and forms an irregular spot on the left cheek, while the right cheek is, with the exception of two white feathers, entirely black. According to Professor Giglioli, M. wquinoctialis may be recognised, even at a distance, from M. conspicillatus, by its beautiful pale yellow bill and slightly smaller size; it lacks the white bands on the head which are a characteristic, though not always a constant, feature of WM. conspicillatus. He considers the latter to be a larger bird, with blackish instead of yellow tips to the mandibles, and with white bands across the head. As admitted by Professor Giglioli, the white markings on the head of WM. conspicillatus are not constant, and, after comparing the large series at my disposal, I do not find the evidence as to the larger size of the Australian birds reliable, as in the true M. equinoctialis the wing varies from 14.2 (Cape seas) to 15.6 inches (Valparaiso), whereas the examples of the so-called M. conspicillatus in the British Museum are decidedly smaller, having a wing of only 14 to 14.4 inches. Birds from the Cape seas have a large white chin-spot, the white frequently extending to the cheeks, a little in front of the level of the eye, and sometimes to the base of the lower mandible. This marking on the cheek is not a constant character, and is not even always symmetrical, the white being often more developed on one side than on the other, as shown in a specimen obtained by the Earl of Crawford in Lat. 34° 39’ S., Long. 8° 51’ E., which has the white chin, and a small patch on the left cheek below the eye, but no white on the right cheek. Examples procured in the South Indian Ocean are identical with those from the Cape, although one individual obtained by Nikolai Hanson, in Lat. 44° 23’ S., Long. 72° 5 E., has a white chin-spot, and only a single white 171 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. feather on either cheek, while another captured at the same time has no white feathers on the cheeks. A female from Auckland resembles the birds from Chile; and one from Tasmania is also similar, neither having any white on the cheeks. In Australian birds there is a band of white across the crown, varying in width, which in one specimen is almost united to a similar band extending along the cheeks behind the ear-coverts, nearly joining on the occiput. Another example has a narrow white band across the crown, and a few white spots on the face, not forming any distinct band. A third specimen, presented to the British Museum by Sir George Grey, has a white chin, but the base is black; the forepart of the cheeks is black also, the rest of the cheeks white, forming a wide band, as far as the sides of the occiput. Across the crown is a broad band of white with a white patch on the lores. The white on the sides of the face is not symmetrical. The colour of the bill apparently varies considerably, and, according to Professor Giglioli, is a strong character for the separation of M. q@guinoctialis from WM. conspicillatus, but from the dried specimens in the British Museum I have been unable to find any confirmatory evidence. Mr. M. J. Nicoll states that in a specimen from Table Bay the bill was “ greenish- yellow, and with black streaks on both mandibles, the tarsi and toes black, with a whity-brown patch on each web.” In the Gough Island example, the naturalists of the “‘ Scotia’ record the following colours :—“ Yellowish bill, with the basal part of the culminicorn, the margins contiguous to the latericorn, and its tip black; the distal plate and the narrow median plate of the mandible, black.” Gould mentions the Australian form, M. conspicillatus, as having the nostrils and sides of the mandibles yellowish horn-colour ; culmen, tips of both mandibles, and a groove running along the lower mandible, black; feet, black. An Auckland Island specimen, procured by Mr. Bethune, had the “ bill, when fresh, with the upper mandibles and the tubes blue, the culmen and unguis black, and the lower edge of the lower mandible flesh-coloured’”’ (Buller, Suppl. Birds New Zealand, p. 110). It will be seen that there is a marked difference, as here recorded, in the colour of the bill of specimens from various localities, but to what it is due I am unable to say. The flight of M@. wquinoctialis much resembles that of the Albatros, and the birds may be seen for hours at a time following the wake of a ship with their apparently motionless wings outstretched, occasionally wheeling to pick up the refuse on the surface of the water. The natural food consists of mollusca, crustacea, seaweed, and cuttlefish, the beaks and remains of which are frequently found in the stomach. The “Cape Hen,” like other Petrels, has a strong musky odour, which remains permanently in the dried skins. 172 MAJAQUEUS AIQUINOCTIALIS. Among the best-known breeding places are the Auckland Isles, the Crozets, and Kerguelen Island. In the latter place Mr. Eaton found M. equinoctialis in holes, similar to those of a rabbit, on the sloping sides of a hill, frequently containing an inch or two of water at the entrance. The nesting-chamber is spherical in shape and rather large; the nest itself is composed of mud and pieces of plants arranged in the form of an inverted saucer, three or four inches high, slightly hollowed out on the top, a space being left between its base and the sides of the chamber. A single smooth white egg is laid, nearly equally pointed at both ends, and measuring about 3.2 by 2.1 inches. Both sexes take part in the incubation, the males by day and the females by night. During the period previous to nesting, the birds make an extraordinary cackling noise in their burrows at night, and the sound of approaching footsteps or other disturbance will cause them to renew it during the daytime. When dug out from their nest, if handled, the birds utter a high-pitched cry, and frequently inflict a severe wound with their beak and claws. They make no attempt to fly, unless chased, but after waddling about, return to the burrow and commence scratching away the obstruction at the entrance which has blocked it, taking but little notice of strangers so long as they remain quiet. Adult. General colour above and below sooty-brown, a little lighter on the under-surface; quills and tail-feathers blacker; a triangular spot of white on the chin. Total length about 22 inches; culmen, 2.1; wing, 14.2; tail, 4.5; tarsus, 2.35; middle toe and claw, 3.1. The bird described is in our collection from the Cape of Good Hope, that figured is from Valparaiso, obtained by Dr. Coppinger. 173 55. MAJAQUEUS PARKINSONI (Gray). (PARKINSON’S BLACK FULMAR.) (PLATE 45.) Procellaria equinoctialis, partim, Gray, List Anseres, etc., Brit. Mus., p. 160 (1844, nec Linn.). Procellaria parkinsoni, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 245; Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 302 (1873). Majaqueus parkinsoni, Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, p. 192; Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 242 (1888) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 397, Pl. V. (1896). Puffinus parkinsoni, Pelz., Reis. Novara, Zool., I., Vég., p. 144 (1869). Fulmarus parkinson, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 108 (1871). M. cequinoctiali similis, sed valde minor, et albedine gulari vel faciali nulla distinguendus. GrRAy’s type of Procellaria parkinsoni was presented to the British Museum by Miss Rachel Stone, who gave many specimens to that institution at a time when it possessed but a poor collection of New Zealand birds. The species is distinguished from M. equinoctialis by its smaller size and entirely black colour, the white on the chin, or sides of the face, being absent. The late G. R. Gray recognised the difference, and bestowed on the Majaqueus from New Zealand the name of M. parkinsoni, in honour of Sydney Parkinson, who accompanied Sir Joseph Banks on Captain Cook’s first voyage round the world, and who died during the expedition (Sharpe’s History of the Collections in the British Museum, II., Birds, p. 173). _ Although M. parkinsoni is generally known as an inhabitant of New Zealand seas, it extends its range to Australian waters, where Mr. A. J. Campbell records it from Tasmania and New South Wales. The late Sir W. Buller gives a very complete account of this Fulmar in New Zealand, from which I have made the following extract :— This species, which appears to be peculiar to New Zealand seas, is by no means uncommon in the Hauraki Gulf, resorting to the Little Barrier and adjacent islands 174 tl SOANOVPVIN MAJAQUEUS PARKINSONTI. to breed. It is diurnal in its habits, hunting in the open sea like an Albatros. The stomachs of several which were examined contained blubber-like matter, and the sharp-pointed beak of some cephalopod. It breeds in communities, often resorting for that purpose to the tops of low mountains far removed from the sea. The Maoris soon discover these breeding-places, and not only collect the young, but capture large numbers of the old birds by lighting fires on calm nights, and thus decoying them to their destruction. M. parkinsoni is also said to breed on the coast ranges north of Manukau, and on the Cape Colville peninsula, and on many of the islands off the eastern shore. Mr. Reischek found it nesting under the root of a tree, near the top of Waikomiti Hill, fully twelve miles from the sea; he likewise met with it on the Little Barrier, principally on the tops of the hills about the centre of the island, generally in natural cavities adapted to the wants of the bird. When not breeding, two were often associated in the same hole, but when the nest contained an egg, the female only remained in charge. In the month of November he saw the old birds cleaning out and adapting the hole selected, and collecting dry leaves and pieces of moss to form a nest, which is usually placed in a depression at the end of the cavity. These breeding-holes are generally from one to two feet deep. At the end is the nest-chamber, measuring about two feet in extent, and about half that in width. The birds breed at the end of November, and the young are hatched at the end of December or beginning of January. Except in the breeding season, when they may be seen about the island in the early morning and late in the evening, these birds are only met with far out at sea, and at about a hundred miles from land great numbers are sometimes met with at one time. Salvin’s description of the species is as follows (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p- 397) :—* Very similar to M. equinoctialis, but smaller; the bill not nearly so stout, and the entire plumage, including the chin, sooty black. Total length about 18 inches; wing, 13.2; central rectrices, 4.3; lateral ones, 3.6; tarsus, 2.2; middle and outer toes, 2.65; inner toe, 2.1.” The description and figure are taken from the type-specimen in the British Museum. 175 56. CEASTRELATA MACROPTERA (Smith), (LONG-WINGED FULMAR.) (PLATE 46.) Procellaria fuliginosa (nec Gm.) Kuhl, Beitr., p. 142, Fig. 6 (1820); Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., I., p. 238 (1876). Procellaria macroptera, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Birds, Pl. 52 (1840). Procellaria atlantica, Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII., p. 362 (1844). Puffinus pacificus, Gray, Gen. Birds, III., p. 647 (1844). Pierodroma fuliginosa (nec Gm.) Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Pierodroma ailantica, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 191 (1855); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., II., p. 449 (1865). Pterodroma macroptera, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 191 (1855); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., IT., p. 449 (1865) ; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 39 (1870). Aistrelata fuliginosa (nec Gm.) Coues, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, pp. 157, 171; Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 221 (1888). Aistrelata macroptera, Coues, t.c., pp. 155, 171; Sharpe, ed. Layard’s Birds 8. Africa, p. 766 (1884). Astrelata gouldi, Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 351. Procellaria gouldi, Hutton, Cat. Birds New Zeal., p. 47 (1871); Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 308 (1873). Fulmarus atlanticus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871). Fulmarus macropterus, Gray, t.c., p. 107 (1871). Aistrelata atlantica, Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 66 (1887). Majaqueus gouldi, Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 245 (1888). (Gstrelata fuliginosa (nec Gm.) Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 360. @strelata macroptera, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 399 (1896) ; Mathews, Handl. Birds Austr., p. 17 (1908). Omnino fuliginoso-brunnea, vix griseo adumbrata: fronte, facie laterali et gula schistaceo lavatis: primariis intus basin versus griseo-fuliginosis. In arranging the species of the genus Wstrelata, Salvin divided them, according to 176 7 1? a reyes CESTRELATA MACROPTERA. the aspect of the quill-lining, into two main sections. Those that had the outer primary dark below form one division, while those which had more or less white towards the base of the inner web are relegated to another. Thus Cstrelata macroptera and Ai. aterrima are placed in the first section, at a distance from @. solanderi, which is also a sooty-brown Fulmar. Professor Reichenow has recently published a revision of the southern species of @strelata (Deutsche Siidpolar Exped., 1X., Zool., 1., pp. 483-486), in which he places @. macroptera in close juxtaposition to 4. solanderi and #. brevirostris, considering the dark character of the plumage to be of more importance than the greater or lesser amount of white on the inner surface of the first primary, and I agree with him that @. macroptera and G. solanderi are very closely allied. The species was first described by Sir Andrew Smith from the Cape seas, where he believed it to be a rare bird, but I have been unable to discover his typical specimen in the British Museum. Gould, writing in 1844, considered that there were two forms of these sooty-brown Fulmars, and described one as Procellaria atlantica, stating that it frequented both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and might be observed by every passing ship between our shores and the Cape of Good Hope. Of his other species, he relates that it was a fairly abundant bird in the Tasmanian seas, differing from P. atlantica in its larger size, longer wings, and greyer face, and therefore apparently identical with P. macroptera of Smith (Handb. Birds Austr., II., p. 449). Captain Hutton points out that the bird which Sir A. Smith named P. macroptera had, according to that author, no grey on the face, but a white circle round the eye and reddish- brown legs and feet, in both of which points it differed from Gould’s bird. The grey face which Gould insisted upon is of no value as a character, and I have no doubt that Giglioli and Salvin were quite right in recognising only one species. I imagine that the grey tint on the face and throat in this bird is a sign of adult plumage, and it is quite certain that it fades and bleaches, for in one specimen in the British Museum from the South Atlantic (Gould) the throat is whitish. The range of the Long-winged Fulmar is very extensive, as may be gathered from the record of Professor Giglioli, when naturalist on board the “ Magenta” (Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 39). The species was first seen near the Crozet Islands (Lat. 38° 22’ S., Long. 47° 42’ E.), and it followed the ship till nearing 8. W. Australia, and thence through Bass’s Straits to Port Jackson, as well as in the Pacific from the New Zealand seas to the neighbourhood of Valparaiso. Mr. A. J. Campbell confirms its appearance in the seas of New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, and in the Southern Ocean (Nests and Eggs Austr. Birds, I1., p. 902). The following notes are compiled from Buller’s “‘ Birds of New Zealand ”’ (2nd ed., IIL., p. 245), and from Mr. Campbell’s account of its incubation. Among the breeding places in New Zealand is one sixty miles inland from Opotiki ; likewise the island of Karewa, in the Bay of Plenty; Whale Island; the islands in the Hauraki Gulf; and on the coast of Manukau. . macropiera breeds plentifully on the 177 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Little Barrier, usually seeking holes at the base of the cliff near the sea, though the nests near Opotiki prove that sea cliffs are not indispensable. The birds breed in companies, sometimes four or five pairs occupying the same cavern, though each nest is placed at the end of a separate burrow, some three or four feet in length, and terminating in an oval chamber considerably smaller than that formed by Majaqueus parkinsoni. Numbers of the birds may be seen swarming about the cliffs after sunset, uttering their cry of ‘‘ Ohi, Ohi,” but always circling in the air before they enter the burrows, which, during the night, they frequently leave and return to again. The female performs the duty of incubation, while the male wanders about ; but, when the young bird is hatched, she remains with it a few days, and after that both parents go out to sea before sunrise, and remain absent till sunset, when they again circle round the burrow and call to the young bird, who replies before they enter. The ceremony of feeding is made to the accompaniment of a whimpering noise. The eggs are much sought after for the purposes of food, and dogs are employed to hunt out the nests. According to some authorities, the dogs are severely punished by the birds, while others say that, unless taken hold of, the latter retire to the furthest corner of the burrow. The single white egg, varying from 2.6 inches by 1.75 inches to 2.75 inches by 1.95 inches, is placed on a small heap of dry leaves, but very little care is bestowed on the nest itself. Adult male. General colour above sooty-brown, with a grey shading on the back, which is much clearer on the sides of the face, forehead, and throat; quills and tail-feathers black, the primaries dull ashy at the base of the inner web, not forming a white base; the base of the body-feathers evidently white; “bill and feet black” (Buller). Total length about 15 inches; culmen, 1.35; wing, 11.6; tail, 4.6; tarsus, 1.65; middle toe and claw, 2.25. The late Sir Walter Buller describes the nestling as being “covered with dingy slaty-grey down, the black feathers first appearing on the head, and in four or five parallel series on the cheeks. The down is long, thick, and fluffy, especially on the under-parts, and the bill and feet are perfectly black.” He adds: “There is a full- grown fledgling in the Auckland Museum, in which the plumage is as in the adult, but with long thick down of a sooty-grey colour still adhering to the breast, and some paler-coloured down on the throat.” The specimen described and figured was obtained by Gould in Lat. 31° 45’ S., Long. 5° 43’ W.; it was formerly in our collection, and is now in the British Museum. As pointed out by Professor Giglioli (/.c.) the bill varies considerably in size. 178 duit qteyUuPyy i VW Vines YY iA all We VY | VW u ] 4 tal Il Ss "HO “UA, 99" {=p SUETUS|NS\y, AD “Ha? Bp apaay | mS RY aa (Sr fe) op 57. (ESTRELATA ATERRIMA (Bp.). (MASCARENE BLACK FULMAR.) (PLATE 47.) Pierodroma aterrima, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 191 (1855); id., Comptes Rend., XLIL., p- 768 (1856). Procellaria aterrima, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas., VI., Procell., p. 9 (1863); id. & Pollen, Faun. Madag., Ois., p. 144 (1868); Hartl., Vég. Madag., p. 375 (1877). 4istrelata aterrima, Coues, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, pp. 158, 171. Gstrelata aterrima, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 401 (1896); Reichenow, Deutsche Siidpol. Exped., IX., Zool., I., p. 485 (1908). @. macropiere similis, sed multo minor, et tarso (in exuvie) flavicante, minimé nigro. Tuts small race of @. macroptera, distinguished by the yellowish colour of the tarsi and basal half of the toes, is apparently confined to the seas around the Mascarene Islands. It was originally described by Bonaparte from the island of Bourbon, or Réunion, and specimens from this locality are in the Leyden and Paris Museums. The only other example that I know of, came from the St. Denys Museum, in Mauritius, and was given in exchange to Professor Alfred Newton, by whom it was bequeathed to the University Museum of Cambridge. Grandidier and Milne-Edwards believed that @. aterrima was to be found in the seas off Madagascar; but its occurrence in West Africa, as stated by Bonaparte, must be a mistake (Hartlaub, Vig. Madag., p. 375). In Réunion this Fulmar is known by the name of Fouquet, but, though occurring in considerable numbers, it is difficult to obtain, as during the day it frequents holes and crevices in the rocks, only leaving them between sunset and sunrise in search of food at sea. The Creoles informed Dr. Pollen that the birds cannot see at all in the light, and that the glare of a fire, placed close to the nesting-hole, will so confuse them that they may be easily captured when they emerge at night-time from their retreat. Bonaparte, in describing the species, states that the feet are “half black and white,” and the bill intensely black. Schlegel speaks of the Leyden Museum specimen 179 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. as having the feet “yellow, passing into black on the anterior portions of the toes with their membranes”; while, according to Coues, the tarsi are “ light-coloured, passing into black on the terminal portion of the toes.” The figure in the Plate is taken from the specimen in the Cambridge Museum, kindly lent me by Professor Harmer. It should be noted that this example exhibits an extraordinary number of filo-plumes on the head, neck, and mantle. Total length about 13.5 inches ; culmen, 1.15; wing, 10.0; tarsi, 1.5; middle toe and claw, 1.8. 180 i M O a a ql rT Vi YW aS le ea ZO) Ut q2 rr SUPUTS|Ney gr “APMIS NAP (CE (AY TE 58. CESTRELATA LESSONI (Garnoi). (WHITE-HEADED FULMAR.) (PLATE 48.) Procellaria vagabunda, Solander MSS.; teste Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p- 401 (1896). Procellaria lessoni, Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., VII., p. 54, Pl. 4 (1826); Gould, Birds Austr., Fol. VII., Pl. 49 (1848); Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 303, Pl. 29, fig. 2 (1873). Puffinus sericeus, Less., Man. d’Orn., II., p. 402 (1828) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 374. Procellaria leucocephala, Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Licht., p. 206 (1844). Puffinus lessoni, Reichenb., Syst. Av. Natatores, Pl. 20, fig. 339 (1850). ' Aistrelaia leucocephala, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 189 (1855); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., IT., p. 451 (1865). Adamastor sericeus, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 188 (1855). Cstrelata lessoni, Cass., Pr. Acad. Philad., 1862, p. 327; Sharpe, Phil. Trans., CLXVIII., p. 126 (1879) ; Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., IT., p. 219 (1888) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 401 (1896) ; Grant, Ibis, 1905, p. 554. Aistrelata lessoni, Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 142, 170; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 40 (1870). Fulmarus lessoni, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). Primariis intus cineraceis: subtus pure alba : capite undique albo, plaga anteoculari nigra. THe White-headed Fulmar was described from the neighbourhood of the Falkland Islands by Dr. Garnot, one of the naturalists on board the “ Coquille.” In his paper on the birds of these islands he gives a full description of the species, which he named after his friend Lesson, who was also a member of the same celebrated expedition. The figure which accompanies his description is not quite accurate, but it leaves no doubt as to the identity of the species. Since the visit of the “Coquille” to the Falkland Islands, I cannot find any record of the occurrence of @. lessoni in the seas of eastern South America, nor has it 181 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. apparently been noticed by any of the recent South Polar expeditions in South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, or the region visited by the “ Scotia.” . lessont is, however, met with in the Cape seas, and a female presented to the British Museum by Sir George Grey was obtained in Lat. 36° 39’ S., Long. 10° 3’ E. (spec. 7. of Salvin’s Catalogue of Birds, XXV., p. 402). Professor Giglioli observed the species on March 12th, 1866, in Lat. 42° 55’ S., Long. 36° 31’ K., and on the 15th of the same month in Lat. 43° 05’ S., Long. 42° 04’ E. (Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 40). The late Captain Hutton noticed it in Lat. 43° 14’ S., Long. 102° 41’ E., and thence to New Zealand (Ibis, 1867, p. 188), where Buller says it was very scarce, as he only once obtained an example, which was found in a dying state in the surf near Kaipara Head. Another was procured on Antipodes Island by the Earl of Ranfurly, by whom it was presented to the British Museum. Gould mentions this Fulmar during his voyages, but beyond recording the capture of a single individual between Hobart Town and Sydney, he does not give any precise localities. Specimens were obtained during the voyage of the “ Rattlesnake,” below south-western Australia, in Lat. 402° S., Long. 1254° E. (spec. g. h. of Salvin’s Catalogue of Birds, XXV., p. 402). In the South Pacific Ocean, Macgillivray, on the ‘“ Rattlesnake,’ obtained this bird in Lat. 44° S., Long. 110$° W. Professor Giglioli says that, on the voyage of the “‘ Magenta”’ across the Pacific, he first observed it in Lat. 38° 36’ S., Long. 164° 46’ W., on June 9th, 1867, and it followed the ship intermittently up to the 24th of that month, to Lat. 39° 38’ S., Long. 125° 58’ W., on which day some eight or nine specimens were captured. The bird was noticed up to July 28th (Lat. 37° 37’ S., Long. 108° 01’ W.), and on the journey from Callao to Valparaiso in Lat. 37° 09’ S., Long. 79° 23’ W. (Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 40). Very little has been recorded of the habits of this Fulmar, but the Rev. A. E. Eaton, who found it breeding on Kerguelen Island, states that it flew about at night uttering unearthly shrieks. It nests in a short dry burrow about the size of a rabbit’s hole, which is usually excavated in the Azorella. The entrance is frequently strewn with the green shoots of Ac@na, and the passage terminates in a large chamber, in which there is no real nest, and if a hand be incautiously introduced to feel for the single egg, it is severely bitten by the old bird. The breeding places were found from the sea-shore to an altitude of 300 feet, and also on the landward side of a hill, near a fresh-water lake. Adult male. General colour above light ashy-grey, with hoary-grey margins to the feathers; the longer scapulars and the wing-coverts and inner secondaries darker than the back, inclining to slaty-black, with obsolete margins of ashy; quills blackish, washed with grey, and more or less ashy-brown on the whole of the inner web; lower rump and upper tail-coverts pearly-grey, lighter than the back, with distinct white edges to the feathers; centre tail-feathers ashy-grey, white near the ends; remainder for the most part white, either entirely ashy-grey 182 CESTRELATA LESSONI. along the outer web, or mottled with ashy vermiculations, mostly confined to the latter; head white, shading off into light ashy-grey on the hind-neck and sides of neck, these parts varied with dusky-grey cross-lines, imparting a waved appearance ; fore-part of crown and lores pure white ; a patch of black in front of the eye, encircling the latter, and extending a little beyond it; cheeks and sides of face white, mottled with a few blackish and ashy-grey crossbars ; entire under-surface of body pure white, including the under tail-coverts; sides of fore-neck and chest light ashy-grey, not extending across the latter; sides of neck mottled with cross-lines of dull ashy ; sides of body faintly streaked with ashy-grey shaft-lines; under wing-coverts dark ashy- brown, with hoary whitish margins, the feathers round the edge of the wing rather darker, but not forming a conspicuous black band ; axillaries ashy-grey, white for the basal half, the smaller ones white, freckled with ashy-grey towards the ends; quills dusky-brown below, grey along the inner web, which is edged with hoary white; the secondaries entirely ashy-grey below; “bill black; tarsi and half the toes and webs fleshy-white; tips of toes and their webs black; iris black” (J. Gould). Professor Giglioli states that the bill is black, the tarsi and basal half of the feet are flesh-colour, the remainder black; the iris brown. The specimen mentioned above from Antipodes Island (January 13th, 1906) had the “‘iris black ; legs and feet flesh-colour, the terminal half of the outside web black.” Dr. Kidder gives the colours as follows :—“ Tarsus and foot fleshy-pink, black along the upper-surface of the digits, and on the web near the claw ; irides very dark brown.” Sir Walter Buller says that the colour of the tarsus and a portion of the feet are “ dull yellow; the outer toe of each foot and a diagonal patch across the webs black.” Total length about 18 inches; culmen, 1.55; wing, 12.0; tail, 5.8; tarsus, 1.7; middle toe and claw, 2.5. The specimen described is in the Rothschild Collection, and was obtained on Kerguelen Island, on January 10th, 1898. The bird figured is from the Antarctic seas, and is now in the British Museum. 183 59. CESTRELATA HAMSITATA (Kuhl). (CAPPED FULMAR.) (PLATE 49.) Procellaria hasitata, Kuhl, Beitr., p. 142 (1820); Temm., Pl. Col., Pl. 416 (1826). Procellaria hesitata, Yarr., Brit. Birds, Suppl., p. 63 (1845); Newton, Zool., 1852, p. 3691; id., Ibis, 1859, p. 372. Procellaria diabolica, Lafr., Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 168; Lawr., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., L., p. 451 (1878). Procellaria meridionalis, Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., IV., p. 475 (1848), V., p. 220 (1852) ; id. in Baird, Cass. and Lawr., Birds N. Amer., p. 827 (1860). Procellaria rubritarsi, Gould, Zool., 1852, p. 3692. Puffinus hasitata, Reichenb., Syst. Av. Natatores, Pl. 12, fig. 336 (1850). Aistrelata diabolica, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 189 (1855). Aistrelata hesitata, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 1389, 170. Fulmarus meridionalis, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Gistrelata hesitata, Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277; Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds., IV., p. 8 (1884) ; id., Man. Brit. Birds, p. 713 (1889) ; Baird, Brewer and Ridgw., Water-Birds N. Amer., II., p. 394 (1884) ; Feilden, Tr. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Hist. Soc., V., p. 24 (1890). Fulmarus hesitatus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). Diablotin, Lawr., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, p. 68 (1878); id., Auk., 1891, p. 61. Aistrelata sp. Lawr., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., L., p. 488 (1878). Supra fumoso-brunnea: supracaudalibus albis: pileo nigro: collo postico albo: corpore toto subtus albo. ALTHOUGH we have several accounts of the nesting of @. hesitata in the West Indies in former days, there is no recent record of its breeding there, but, as occasional specimens may still be met with, it is probable that Guadeloupe and Dominica are still nesting haunts. During the winter months it wanders northwards, and eleven specimens have been recorded by Professor J. A. Allen from North America (Auk, 1904, p. 383, Pl. 22). 184 AM aye WF lh AIST etA Tel Noll YT feel lS) it) CGESTRELATA HASITATA. Occasionally, however, it extends its range to Europe, as is proved by the capture of a bird at Swaffham, Norfolk, in April, 1850. There is also a specimen in the Boulogne Museum, said to have been shot near the town, but its history is not considered authentic (Saunders’ Manual, 2nd ed., p. 745). A supposed example, reported to have been killed in the county of Zips, in Hungary, is in the museum at Buda-Pest, but on being submitted to Dr. Sharpe for examination, was pronounced to be G. incerta (Bull. B. O. C., VIII., p. xxvi., 1899). Colonel H. W. Feilden, in the ‘“ Transactions”? of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society (Vol. V., pp. 24-39, 1890), relates that specimens were sent by L’Herminier from Guadeloupe to the Paris Museum, and three to Baron de Lafresnaye, one of these last being subsequently received in exchange by the University Museum at Cambridge. Professor Newton was therefore able to identify the species as Procellaria diabolica, or “‘ Le Diablotin,” as it was named by L’Herminier. Pere du Tertre, who wrote a book on the Natural History of the West Indian Islands (Paris, 1666-1671), thus called the bird in consequence of its ugliness. G. hesitaia is described as a very rare bird, nocturnal in its habits, and frequenting rabbit-like burrows, in which the eggs are laid. The old birds, when leaving the nest at night, utter a mournful cry as they go out to sea. The flesh was much prized as an article of food, and the native hunters have been known to return with a dozen or more birds hung round their necks. In 1696 Pére Labat landed in Guadeloupe, and shortly after his arrival he accompanied four black hunters to the breeding-places of the “ Diablotin,’” which he also mentions as occurring in Dominica. The “ Diable” arrived in the month of September in Guadeloupe, where the birds occupied their burrows in pairs till the end of November, when they all disappeared, and were not seen again until about the middle of January. Only a single male or female remained in the holes till the month of March, when the female was found with “two” nestlings, covered with a thick yellow down, and resembling little balls of fat. The young birds are able to fly at the end of May, when they disappear, and are not seen again till September, at which season they return with great regularity. Colonel Feilden records a third visit to the “‘ Soufriére”” of Guadeloupe by Sieur Froger, who published an account of his voyage to the Antilles and South America, at Amsterdam in 1715. He relates that the negroes procured specimens of the “Diablotin” for food, and how they suffered from the cold of the high mountains. The late G. N. Lawrence requested his friend Mr. Colardeau to see if the “ Diablotin ” still inhabited the island of Guadeloupe, and learned that though it was still believed to exist, the old hunting parties with dogs and negroes were things of the past. In 1791 Mr. Thomas Atwood wrote a history of the island of Dominica, and compared the “ Diablotin” to an Owl from its nocturnal habits and its Owl-like 185 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. cry. Mr. F. A. Ober, an enthusiastic American naturalist, made a special expedition to the highlands of that island to search for the nesting-places, but was unsuccessful. The next attempt was made by Colonel Feilden himself, with Admiral Markham and other friends, and accompanied by some negroes who had actually taken the birds in former years. They ascended the Morne au Diable in Dominica, but, though the burrows under the roots of trees still remained, no traces of the bird could be found. Writing in 1906, Mr. W. Hyatt Verrill, in his pamphlet entitled “* Addition to the Avifauna of Dominica,” says that @. hesitata is a rare species near the coast, but not uncommon on the fishing grounds, and in Martinique and Guadeloupe Channels. One specimen was captured on board a steamer on September 12th, 1904. An example in the British Museum, the type of Gould’s Procellaria rubritarsi, is said to have come from Hayti. The species is apparently not yet extinct, as wandering individuals continue to be captured in northern latitudes, but it is doubtless doomed to speedy destruction in those islands where the Mongoose and Opossum have been introduced. Adult. General colour above dark brown, the feathers with obsolete margins of lighter brown, the longer scapulars and the upper wing-coverts rather blacker than the back, with scarcely perceptible lighter brown edges to the feathers: quills black, the primaries ashy-brown on the inner webs, with the base inclining to white, the inner secondaries rather browner ; rump and basal upper tail-coverts black ; lateral upper tail- coverts at the base of the tail, and all the long coverts of this series white ; tail-feathers black, white at the base, especially on the inner web ; crown of head black, forming a cap; forehead and lores white, the centre of the former black, mottled with white edges to the feathers ; sides of face white, the feathers in front of the eye black, and spotted with black below the latter; cheeks and sides of neck pure white, extending in a broad white collar round the hind-neck, which has a few brown-tipped feathers in the centre ; entire under-surface of body pure white, including the under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts black, forming a broad band round the whole of the bend of the wing, the median and greater coverts pure white; axillaries white; under-surface of the quills black, grey on the inner webs, which have white bases. Total length about 14.5 inches; culmen, 1.25; wing, 11.4; tail, 5.0; tarsus, 1.5; middle toe and claw, 2.0. The description and figure are taken from the specimen in the British Museum. It was originally presented to the Zoological Society by Mr. J. Hearne, and is believed to have come from Hayti. 186 Co yap SAEUIATNSY HL STN OIVINVG Vin THe Ss: ® dun aiequepy oy a8 60. CESTRELATA JAMAICENSIS (Bancr.). (BLUE-MOUNTAIN FULMAR.) (PLatTE 50.) The larger dark Petterill, or Shearwater, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 482 (1789). Procellaria jamaicensis, Bancroft, Zool. Journ., V., p. 81 (1829). . Blue-Mountain Duck, Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, p. 437 (1847). Pterodroma caribbea, Carte, P. Z.8., 1866, p. 93, Pl. X. Aistrelata (Pterodroma) caribbea, Giglioli and Salvad., Ibis, 1869, p. 66. Fulmarus caribbeus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871). 4istrelata caribbea, Scl. and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 149 (1873); Rothschild, Extinct Birds, p. 157, Pl. 37 (1907). Gstrelata jamaicensis, A. and EK. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 117; D. Morris, Nature, XXV., p. 151 (1881); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 403 (1896). Aistrelata jamaicensis, Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 66 (1887). Nigricanti-brunnea, vix griseo adumbrata: alis caudaque nigris: supracaudalibus et rectricibus basaliter albis: corpore subtus fuliginoso-brunneis, subcaudalibus pallidioribus: subalaribus nigricantibus. THE species which we now know as @. jamaicensis was first observed by Dr. Patrick Browne in 1789, who speaks of his “larger dark Petterill,’’ and describes it as “ Sterna 2, major, fusca, humile volans,” plentiful and somewhat smaller than a pigeon, of a dark blackish colour, and flying so close to the water that it is frequently hidden between the waves. Dr. Bancroft, writing in 1829 to the Editors of the “ Zoological Journal,” informs them that he is sending the skin of a Petrel which had been hunted by a dog from a hole in the summit of the Blue Mountains. Some numbers were to be met with, but they were difficult to obtain, as the burrows were only found in the crevices of almost inaccessible mountains. The birds probably resort there during the breeding season, as they only fly about in the evening, when it is supposed that they go out to sea. Dr. Bancroft further states that, as the species had not been observed elsewhere, “‘ it might, if new, be called Procellaria jamaicensis.” 187 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. There cannot be the smallest doubt that the Petrel secured by Bancroft was Gstrelata jamaicensis, as understood at the present day, and he doubtless intended that the Editors of the “ Zoological Journal” should publish a description of it under his proposed name of Procellaria jamaicensis. Unfortunately, however, the Editors contented themselves with publishing the notes only, in which there is no exact description or diagnosis of the bird which Bancroft had forwarded to them. There is, however, no question that, in the strict letter of the law, Bancroft’s name of P. jamaicensis becomes a nomen nudum, and that of Pterodroma caribbea of Dr. Carte should be adopted, as it is accompanied by a description and figure of the species. Salvin used Bancroft’s name because it had been widely applied, and there can be no doubt as to the identity of the bird he wrote about. The Blue-Mountain Fulmar, or “ Duck,” as it is sometimes called, is generally supposed to be confined to the island of Jamaica, but in a pamphlet published by Mr. A. Hyatt Verrill, in 1906, entitled “‘ Addition to the Avifauna of Dominica,” he states that it is not uncommon, and breeds at La Birne, Pointe Guignarde and Lance Bateaux, as well as at Morne Rouge and Scott’s Head. The musky odour of these birds is very pronounced in the vicinity of the cliffs, where they nest in crevices. Mr. Verrill observed a number of large Petrels, or Petrel-like birds, in the vicinity of Charlotteville and Roseau, but never managed to shoot one, as they only appeared after dark. A comparison of the Dominica birds, recorded by Mr. Verrill as @. jamaicensis, with typical birds from Jamaica, is decidedly necessary, as the species is believed to be nearly extinct in the latter island, and its breeding in Dominica would be an interesting and welcome fact. Dr. Carte, in describing his Pierodroma caribbea in 1866, quotes some notes from Mr.. W. T. March :— “Tt is a night-bird, living in burrows in the marly clefts of the mountains at the east and north-east end of the island. The burrows form a gallery six to ten feet long, terminating in a chamber sufficiently commodious to accommodate the pair; from this they sally forth at night, flying over the sea in search of food (fishes), returning before dawn. It is often seen on moonlight nights, and at sunrise, running about the neighbourhood of its domicile, and sometimes crossing the road, regardless of the labourers going to their work. I know nothing of its nidification.” The above particulars have been corroborated by Mr. Gosse, who obtained his information from Mr. Hill. This Fulmar is also mentioned by Sir Daniel Morris as having been found in holes under trees, or in burrows in the cinchona plantations, and in the unfrequented woods in the Blue Mountains, at elevations of from 6,000 to 7,000 feet ; but though a careful search had been made, and a reward offered for them, for the last two years, neither nests nor eggs had been found. Colonel Feilden made a special visit to the mountains for it, in company with natives who were acquainted with the bird, but discovered 188 CGSTRELATA JAMAICENSIS. only their disused burrows ; and I myself made inquiries when in Jamaica a few years ago, and was informed that the bird no longer existed in the island, having been exterminated by the Mongoose. Aduli. General colour above sooty-brown, with a grey shade caused by the dark slaty margins to the feathers; the longer scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries sooty-brown, with a faint edging of grey to the secondaries and greater wing-coverts ; primaries black, with a slight shading of grey, the inner webs for the most part ashy- brown; upper tail-coverts light ashy-grey, with white bases, the centre ones blackish, forming a patch, the longer coverts white, with an ashy tinge; tail-feathers blackish- brown ; crown of head like the back, but slightly darker, with a shade of grey on the forehead and sides of face; under-surface of body entirely dull ashy-brown, the chin and upper-throat decidedly grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts hoary-grey, the longer ones with dusky tips; under wing-coverts blackish-brown, with a slight grey shade; quills blackish below, ashy-grey on the inner webs, and on the lower surface of the secondaries; bill and feet entirely black (in skin). Total length about 15 inches; culmen, 1.15; wing, 10.6; tail, 5.0; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe and claw, 2.05. The two other specimens in the British Museum are browner than the one described. Some of the long upper tail-coverts are ashy-grey or creamy-white. The bird figured is from a cinchona plantation in Jamaica, and was given to us by Professor Newton: the one described was obtained by Mr. Hill, and is in our collection. 189 61. CESTRELATA ROSTRATA (Peale). (PEALE’S FULMAR.) (PLatE 51.) Procellaria rostrata, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., pp. 296, 338, Pl. 82 (1844) ; Cass., U.S. Expl. Exped., pp. 412, 451, Pl. 41 (1858). Procellaria desolata (nec Gm.) Jacq. et Pucher., Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., IIT., p. 138. Thalassidroma rostrata, Hartl., J. f. O., 1854, p. 169. Atstrelata rostrata, var. a, Bp., Consp. Av., IL., p. 189 (1855); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 144, 170. Aistrelata desolata, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 189 (1855). Rhantistes rostrata, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Procellaria (Aistrelata) rostrata, Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 56 (1859). Fulmarus rostratus, Gray, Hand]. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). (strellata rostrata, E. L. and L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 264. strelata rostrata, Wiglesw., Abhandl. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 6, p. 82 (1891) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 404 (1896). Subtus alba: pileo, dorso, et supracaudalibus concoloribus: subalaribus saturate brunneis: gutture et prepectore dorso concoloribus: rostro crasso. THIS species was described by the late Titian Peale from examples obtained by him during the U. S. Exploring Expedition, at Tahiti, in the Society Islands. Mr. Wiglesworth (Aves Polyn., p. 82) identifies the Procellaria desolata of Jacquinot and Pucheran with @. rostrata (Peale), and if this surmise be correct, the Caroline Islands must be included as within its range. Mr. E. L. Layard and his son Leopold made excellent collections of the birds of New Caledonia, and record {@. rostrata as the commonest Petrel of the seas in that vicinity, but they seem never to have obtained any adult birds, though they sent several specimens of the nestlings to England. Two of these nestlings are in the British Museum, and though Salvin (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 405) says that their determination is quite uncertain, I am inclined to think that they have been rightly referred to @. rostrata, although, until adult specimens have been procured from New Caledonia, it will be impossible to 190 s € : out C(ESTRELATA ROSTRATA. speak with certainty. Both the nestlings in the British Museum have white under- parts, and the bill is somewhat stout. According to Messrs. Layard, the bird breeds on the small rocky islands, and they also believe that it nests in the mountains of the interior. Several nestlings, in various stages of plumage, were received by them from a small island off “‘ Ueu,”’ which is separated from the main island by the celebrated Wodin Passage, and forms the southernmost end of New Caledonia (Ibis, 1882, p. 538). Layard further mentions that he obtained from Pere Montrouzier nine young birds in the downy stage, which he describes as being white below and grey above, where the feathers were beginning to show. Bill, legs, and feet black, the webs between the toes, buff. These nestlings were sent on April llth, 1877, and on September 20th the same correspondent forwarded an older bird, with the primaries just showing. This latter was sooty-grey, including the throat and chest, the rest of the under-parts white. Bill black, the tip of the lower mandible white; feet and legs pale flesh-colour, with a black patch commencing half-way up the outside edge of the tarsus and extending downwards, over the joint, to the centre and exterior toes as far as the first joint, then across the whole foot, including the web (lbis, 1882, p. 539). Wiglesworth has included the islands of Aneiteum in the New Hebrides among the habitats of this species, on the authority of Macgillivray (cf. Abhandl. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 6, p. 82). He quotes a reference to Macgillivray’s paper in the * Zoologist ” for 1860 (p. 7133), but, on referring to it, I cannot find any mention of . rostrata. On the island of Tahiti these birds were found by Peale breeding in holes, at an elevation of some 6,000 feet, during the month of October. They were nocturnal in their habits, and but few were seen abroad during daylight ; about sunset they sallied forth, and went out to sea in search of food for their young, the food being rarely found near the coast. The egg, according to the Messrs. Layard, is naturally white, but is frequently more or less stained with the yellow clay of the hole in which it islaid. Axis, 2.0 inches ; diam., 1.6 (Ibis, 1882, p. 539). Peale’s description is as follows :—“‘ Head, neck, back, wings, and tail, sepia-brown, lightest on the throat and breast; lower part of the breast, belly, and vent, white ; wings darker than the back; quills sooty; tail cuneate; upper tail-coverts brown, lower coverts white, tipped with pale brown; bill deeply furrowed, very strong and black ; irides brown; feet pale flesh-colour beneath, and on the inner side, but margined with black ; toes and connecting membrane black, excepting a small flesh-coloured spot at the base of the inner membrane. Total length, 16 inches.” Salvin’s description of the species is copied from that of Professor Coues. His diagnosis in the “Catalogue of Birds” is as follows :—“ Quill-lining dark; under- surface white ; crown and upper tail-coverts dark, like the back; under wing-coverts 191 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. dark, as also the throat and fore-neck; general colour of upper surface rich sooty- brown.” I am unable to state the origin of the specimen here figured, as Salvin left no memoranda on the subject. There are no adult birds in any museum in this country, so that it is probable that the Plate was drawn from an example lent by the Paris Museum, or from the actual type in the U. 8. National Museum. From both these institutions many valuable specimens of Petrels were lent for the purposes of the present work. 192 " UAT qe"]=P SUPTUA|NAYy "fy" (~ chub REGIE Ie STuLSOdiAdvd Viv lTHals 62. CESTRELATA PARVIROSTRIS (Peale). (PHGENIX ISLANDS FULMAR.) (PLATE 52.) Procellaria parvirostris, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., VIII., pp. 298, 338, Pl. 41 (1848) ; Cass., U. S. Expl. Exped., pp. 411, 451 (1858). Rhantistes parvirosiris, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). 4Aisirelata parvirostris, Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, p. 146. Fulmarus parvirostris, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). strelata parvirostris, Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 224 (1888); Lister, P. Z.8., 1891, p. 295; Wiglesw., Abhandl. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 6, p- 82 (1891); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 405 (1896). 2. rostrate similis, sed minor, rostro debiliore. It has been difficult for me to define the characters which separate @. parvirostris from . rostrata. Two specimens of the former in the British Museum from the Phenix Islands do not agree with the Plates published by Peale in 1848, and by Cassin in 1858. I possess one of the original copies of the 1848 edition of the United States Exploring Expedition, which is an extremely rare book, as the bulk of the edition was destroyed by fire—hence the re-publication of the work by Cassin in 1858. In my copy of the 1848 edition, and in the 1858 edition in the British Museum, the colour of the figures of @. rostrata and @. parvirostris has faded into a brown tint, whereas the species are described by Peale as “ dark fuliginous,” and the general aspect of @. parvirostris is certainly blackish. Salvin, in his “‘ Key to the Species of Estrelata”’ (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV.., p- 398), separates the two on the score of size only, @. rosirata having a wing of 11 inches, and @. parvirostris a wing of 10.5 inches. This is a difference of small moment in the family of Petrels, and the female of @. parvirostris from Canton Island in the British Museum has a wing of 10.8 inches in length, thus nearly equalling that of @. rostrata. The specimens at my disposition are not enough for me to determine the differential characters of the two species, but it is difficult to believe that they can be held 193 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. distinct on such a trifling difference in the length of wing above recorded, and I should not be surprised if they are ultimately found to be identical. Peale discovered @. parvirostris on Puka Puka, 7.e., Honden, or Dog Island, in the Low or Paumotu Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, and it was also met with on Christmas Island by Mr. Streets (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1877, No. 7, p. 30), who found it breeding there in January. The nests are placed on the ground under low bushes, being merely a hole scooped out for the egg, which is large, rotund-elliptical, with a smooth, white, and translucent shell. The birds are such close sitters that nothing will induce them to leave their eggs, and if removed from their nests they instantly returned to their duty (Streets, /.c.). Adult male. General colour above black, with concealed greyish-white bases to the feathers ; wings and tail black, like the back; crown of head, sides of face, throat and fore-neck, black; base of the feathers of the throat white, affording a mottled appearance ; remainder of under-surface of body pure white, the sides of the breast and flanks black; thighs and under tail-coverts white, some of the outer coverts mottled with dark slaty-grey on the outer webs; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, as also the under aspect of the quills, the inner webs being slightly more ashy, with white at the base, the primaries also edged with white along the inner web; “pill black; feet white, with black webs; iris brown” (J. J. Lister). Total length about 12.5 inches; culmen, 1.15; wing, 10.4; tail, 4.1; tarsus, 1.3; middle toe and claw, 1.7. Aduli female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length about 12.5 inches; culmen, 1.1; wing, 10.9; tail, 4.35; tarsus, 1.3; middle toe and claw, 1.8. The descriptions of the male and female have been taken from a pair of birds obtained by Mr. J. J. Lister on Canton Island. It was probably from one of these individuals that Salvin had the Plate prepared. It should be noticed that, in the male from the Phoenix Islands, numerous white filoplumes are visible on the nape, hind-neck, and sides of neck. 194 vA = hi ' + Bee Eek acy eed r i a es > Ay OTE ip Re os i i- es i se VISE ONT VV SES Sa “yt 72 PP suPueTsy “) isi 63. CISTRELATA INCERTA, Schlegel. (SCHLEGEL’S FULMAR.) (PLatE 53.) 4isirelata inexpectata (nec Forster), Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 189 (1855). Procellaria incerta, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 9 (1863). 4istrelata incerta, Coues, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, pp. 147, 170; Giglioli and Salvad., Ibis, 1869, p. 66; Gigl., Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 41 (1870). Gistrelata hesitata (nec Kuhl), Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 202. Cistrelata incerta, Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II, p. 220 (1888); Wiglesw., Abhandl. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 6, p. 82 (1891); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 405 (1896) ; Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C., VIII., p. 25 (1899). Brunnea, facie laterali, gutture et przpectore cinerascentioribus, his albo basaliter variegatis: corpore reliquo subtus albo: subcaudalibus brunneis, basin versus albis: subalaribus et axillaribus saturaté brunneis. BonaPaRTE identified this species with the Procellaria inexpectata of Forster (Descr. Anim., p. 204), but, if the latter should ever be properly determined, it would probably prove to be the @strelata gularis of Peale (cf. Sharpe, Hist. Coll. Brit. Mus., II., p. 187). Schlegel’s name of P. incerta is the first to be accompanied by a proper description, and must therefore be applied. ; This Fulmar has been principally obtained in the Cape Seas, but has a wide range in the southern oceans, as may be seen from the following statement. A specimen in the British Museum, presented by Mr. W. J. Brown, was procured in Lat. 36° §., Long. 10° E., on August 25th, 1888. Dr. A. B. Meyer obtained another on September 8th in Lat. 39° S., Long. 9° E. (Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p- 406), and Mr. T. Parkin met with @. incerta in Lat. 39° 51’ S., Long. 8° 49’ E., on December 2nd, 1890 (Bull. B. O. C., X., p. evi., 1900). During the voyage of the “ Magenta ” Professor Giglioli observed this species from the Straits of Magellan to Montevideo, from December 12th to 15th, 1867, and again it occurred in Lat. 30° 36’ S., Long. 45° 14’ W. On April 8th it was once more encountered in the South Indian Ocean in Lat. 33° 06’ S., Long. 91° 04’ E., and on the 10th of the same month in Lat. 28° 44’ S., Long. 95° 52’ E. 195 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Buller records @. incerta as an inhabitant of the New Zealand Seas, but does not consider it more plentiful than its ally, @. lessont (Birds New Zealand, 2nd ed., IL., p- 220, 1888). In the Leyden Museum is a specimen said by Schlegel to have come from Australian waters; it was obtained from the Maison Verreaux in 1863, and a young bird in down received at the same time was said to be from New Caledonia. I am inclined to doubt the correctness of the latter identification. As is the case of other Petrels, @. incerta occasionally wanders far northward, since a specimen was obtained in 1870, near the village of Zolinki, in the county of Zips, in North Hungary. This bird, which is now in the Hungarian National Museum at Budapest, was identified by Von Pelzeln as an immature (Mstrelata hesitata, as recorded by Mr. Eagle Clarke (Ibis, 1884, p. 202). Dr. Von Madarasz, however, very kindly sent the specimen to England, and Dr. Bowdler Sharpe identified it as undoubtedly @. incerta. No notes on the habits of Schlegel’s Fulmar have been published, in fact, very little is known about the species, and it is by no means unlikely that @. incerta may be only the dark phase of @. lessoni. I consider this to be a more probable solution than that it should be the young of /. lessoni, as the late Professor Elliot Coues once suggested (Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, p. 147). In addition to the similarity in dimensions, (Z. incerta has the blackish mark in front of and round the eye, which is such a conspicuous feature in @, lessoni, and this tends to confirm my belief that it is the brown phase of the last-named bird. Adult. General colour above brown, with a slight shade of ashy ; scapulars rather darker and more blackish-brown towards their ends ; wing-coverts rather darker brown than the back, the greater series washed with ashy-grey externally ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, the primaries ashy on their inner webs, the secondaries dark brown, like the scapulars; crown of head, sides of face and cheeks brown like the back, with a blackish shade extending from the fore-part of the eye over the ear-coverts ; throat and fore-neck brown, the former mottled with white bases to the feathers, and rather paler and more ashy-brown; remainder of under-surface from the fore-neck downwards pure white, the sides of the body very slightly washed with ashy-brown ; under tail-coverts brown, with white bases, the central ones for the most part white, with brown centres towards the ends of the feathers; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown; quills dusky-brown below, more ashy along the inner web. Total length about 18 inches ; culmen, 1.6; wing, 12.7; tail, 5.3; tarsus, 1.7; middle toe and claw, 2.4. The specimen described and figured is an adult bird obtained by Dr. A. B. Meyer in the Cape Seas, formerly in our collection, and now in the British Museum. 196 mer TIX TY TATTOO IT STD TOW WoL, Leb Stalls SO) BL PEP SEMIS) P 64. CASTRELATA MOLLIS (Gould). (SOFT-PLUMAGED FULMAR.) (PLATE 54.) Procellaria mollis, Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 363 (1844); id., Birds Austr., VII., Pl. 50 (1848). Zistrelata mollis, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 190 (1855); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 150, 170; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., I1., p. 453 (1865); Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 42 (1870). Rhantistes mollis, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Fulmarus mollis, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871). (strelata mollis, Salvin, Ibis, 1877, p. 480; id., Voy. “‘ Challenger,” Zool., II., p. 144 (1881); Sharpe, Phil. Trans., Vol. 168, p. 128 (1879); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 406, pt. (1896). Supra cinerea: fronte et facie laterali albis, fusco maculatis: plumis circum-ocularibus et regione parotica nigris: subtus alba, prepectore plus minusve cinerascente : subalaribus et axillaribus cinerascenti-fuscis. GouLp described this species as very abundant between Lat. 20° and 40°S., and from Long. 175° E.—22° W., and it appears to be plentifully distributed in the Cape Seas and the South Indian Ocean. It is more numerous in the Atlantic than in the Pacific, but although he did not observe it within sight of Australia, Gould had no doubt that the bird occurred there, as he saw many examples off the islands of Amsterdam and St. Paul (Handb. Birds Austr., I1., p. 453), where a specimen was obtained during the voyage of the “‘ Novara ’”’ (Pelzeln, Reis. Novara, Zool., I., Vig., p. 146, 1865). . mollis was observed by Mr. M. J. Nicoll, the naturalist on board the “‘ Valhalla,” when off Tristan da Cunha (Ibis, 1906, p. 674), and the “Challenger”? Expedition procured two specimens on Nightingale Island on October 17th, 1873 (Spec. e. 7. of Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 407). Hutton states that the species does not occur on Prince Edward Island, nor on Kerguelen (Jbis, 1865, p. 287). A specimen in the 197 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. British Museum is, however, believed to have been obtained there by the Antarctic Expedition in 1844, and Mr. Robert Hall says that, although he collected no examples on Kerguelen, @. mollis was often observed following the brig (Ibis, 1900, p. 24). Dr. Husker, on the voyage of the “ Gazelle,” procured a young female from the above- mentioned island, and a female from Lat. 32°11’ S., Long. 59° 41’ E., as well as an adult male from Lat. 33° 26’ S., Long. 79° 42’ E. (J. f. O., 1876, p. 329). Two specimens from Lat. 29° 45’ S., Long. 15° 3’ W., were captured by Gould. They are the original types, and were obtained to the westward of the Cape of Good Hope. The species has been recorded by Vanhdffen, during the voyage of the German Deep-Sea Expedition, from Lat. 44° S., Long 12° E. (J. f. O., 1901, p. 320), and Nikolai Hanson obtained a specimen in Lat. 42° 23’ S8., Long. 20° 32’ E., on October 24th, 1898 (Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “ Southern Cross,” p. 147, 1902). The Earl of Crawford met with it in Lat. 37° 59’ S., Long. 29° 18’ E. (Spec. g of Salvin’s Cat. Birds, XXV., p. 407), and Mr. T. Parkin in Lat. 39° 51’ S., Long. 8° 49’ E. (Bull. B. O. C., X., p. cevi.). The British Museum contains a specimen procured by Macgillivray in Lat. 34° 43’ S., Long. 4° 0’ W., on February 24th. Hutton observed (. mollis during a voyage from London to New Zealand in 1866, on April 5th, in Lat. 34° 11’ S., Long. 22° 52’ W., from which time it was common every day until May 10th, in Lat. 40° 20’S., Long. 63°30’ E. It then disappeared until May 17th, in Lat. 39° 38’ S., Long. 85° 36’ E., when one bird was seen for three days, taking its final departure on May 20th in Lat. 42° 23’ S., Long. 97° 40’ E. It was most numerous between Lat. 35° 40’ S., Long. 4° 28’ W., and Lat. 39° 30’ S., Long. 25° E. (Ibis, 1867, p. 188). Professor Giglioli, on the “‘ Magenta,” mentions the species as having been seen on February 25th, 1866, in the South Atlantic Ocean (Lat. 42° 47’ S., Long. 3° 26’ E.), where it was abundant. It accompanied the ship from this date to March 20th (Lat. 40° 42’ S., Long. 53° 20’ E.), and again during the passage from Batavia to Melbourne till May 4th, when the entrance to Port Phillip was reached (Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 42). Buller says that there is a series of this species in the Auckland Museum from Sunday Island, in the Kermadecs, two of the specimens being in a dark stage of plumage (Birds New Zeal., Suppl., I., p. 112, 1905). I have, however, never seen an example from these islands: the Rothschild Museum does not contain one, nor did the Earl of Ranfurly send any to the British Museum. A large number of these Fulmars were observed off Gough Island by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition, and Mr. Eagle Clarke writes (Ibis, 1905, p. 262) :—“ This is probably the ‘ Paddy Unker’ of Comer’s visit, when one egg was procured (Verrill, Tr. Conn. Acad., IX., p. 449).” Messrs. E. L. and L. C. Layard state that the birds, which may be heard calling 198 CESTRELATA MOLLIS. overhead at night, and are never seen during the day, breed in burrows in great numbers about the summit of Mont Mou, in New Caledonia. The eggs in February were almost ready for hatching, and were of a dirty white stained with red earth, slightly pointed at one end, not oval; axis, 2.1 inches, diam., 1.6 (Ibis, 1882, p. 539). . mollis is said by nearly all the naturalists who have observed it to be very rapid in its flight, which is peculiar from the singular manner in which the bird holds its wings, somewhat bent back like those of a Sandpiper; it generally flies at some height above the water. In the stomach of several specimens examined by Giglioli many beaks of cephalopods were found. Adult female. General colour above slaty-grey, with lighter and nearly imperceptible margins of pale ash-colour; longer scapulars, and the wing-coverts more of a blackish-brown, the greater wing-coverts and scapulars shaded with ashy-grey, and having narrow, and more or less obsolete, fringes of hoary-white ; quills blackish-brown, ashy for the greater part of the inner web, the secondaries blackish-brown, externally shaded with ashy-grey like the greater coverts, and, like the latter, fringed with hoary-white ; lower back and rump a little more dusky than the rest of the back; upper tail-coverts and tail ashy-grey, dusky-brown on the inner webs of some of the rectrices, the three outer tail-feathers mostly white on their inner webs, and vermiculated with ashy-grey ; crown of head browner and darker than the back, with a shade of ashy-grey ; base of forehead slightly mottled with white ; lores, sides of face, and cheeks white, sparsely spotted with dusky grey tips to the feathers ; ear-coverts dusky-brown like the head, the feathers round the eye and a patch below the latter, black, extending over the fore-part of the ear-coverts; throat and entire under-surface of body, pure white; sides of fore-neck uniform ashy-grey like the sides of the neck; the lower throat and centre of upper fore-neck barred with wavy lines of dark ashy-grey, forming a broken and not very distinct collar ; on the sides of the body a few similar wavy bars of ashy-grey, sometimes taking the form of arrow-head markings ; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts dark slaty-brown with white margins, the marginal coverts darker and blacker; axillaries dark slate-colour, with distinct terminal fringes of white, the bases white, and some axillaries white, freckled all over with slaty-grey ; quills blackish below, the inner webs slaty-grey almost for their entire length, the primaries edged internally with white, the secondaries entirely slaty-grey below; “bill black; feet livid flesh-colour, with a brown spot on the membrane; iris dull chestnut-brown” (MSS. note on specimen). Total length about 12.5 inches; culmen, 1.0; wing 8.8; tail, 3.7; tarsus, 1.3; middle toe and claw, 1.75. According to Giglioli, the bill is black, the tarsus and the basal third of the feet flesh-colour, the remainder black ; the iris brown. (, mollis shows considerable variation in the amount of grey which forms the 199 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. collar on the fore-neck, some of the birds having this band very distinct, while in others it is all but absent. One specimen in the British Museum is totally grey underneath, excepting for a little white on the throat (spec. k of the Catalogue of Birds): this is the dark phase of the species. Another bird (spec. n of the Catalogue of Birds) is entirely white on the under-surface from the chin to the under tail-coverts, and between this and the grey phase exists every variation in the amount of grey mottling on the fore-neck, the chest, and sides of the body. The description is taken from a female bird in typical plumage from Lat. 37° 14’ S., Long. 10° 5’ W., in the Rothschild Collection. The specimen figured is from the South Atlantic Ocean (spec. a of the Catalogue of Birds) from our collection. 200 65. CESTRELATA FEA, Salvadori. (FEA’S FULMAR.) Procellaria mollis (nec Gould) Harcourt, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (2) XV., p. 438 (1855). Gstrelata mollis (nec Gould) Dalgleish, Ibis, 1890, p. 386; Hartwig, J. f. O., 1893, p. 11; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 406, pt. (1896); Dresser, Birds Eur. Suppl., p. 411, Pl. 721, pt. (1896). Gstrelata fee, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2), XX., p. 305 (1899) ; id., Ibis, 1900, p. 302, 1904, p. 166; Jourdain, Bull. B. O. C., XIX., p. 37 (1907). G. molli similis, sed gastro puré albo, prepectore minime cinereo vermiculato. Tue Fulmar of Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands has been generally identified with . mollis (Gould), but, in 1900, Count Salvadori pointed out that the bird from these islands in the North Atlantic was distinct from that of the southern oceans. Having received specimens from the Cape Verde Islands from the well-known traveller, Signor Leonardo Fea, Count Salvadori described this Fulmar as Wsétrelata few, and stated that it was somewhat larger than @. mollis, that the under-surface was entirely white, without a grey band across the fore-neck, and that the flanks were more mottled with grey. Although supposed to be confined to the Cape Verdes and Madeira, it is not improbable that @. fee will yet be found in the Canaries, for, being nocturnal in habits, it easily escapes observation. From an examination of the specimens in the Rothschild Collection and in the British Museum, I consider that Count Salvadori was justified in separating the Fulmar of the North Atlantic from @. mollis, since the geographical distribution of the species is very different, @. mollis not crossing the Equator, and being only found as far north as the 20th or 30th parallel (Ibis, 1900, p. 302). I have not seen any specimens from the Cape Verde Islands, but the Madeira birds have no sign of a grey chest-band, and are pure white below, from the chin to the under tail-coverts. The series before me does not confirm the larger size of @. fee, which has a wing measuring from 9.6 to 9.8 inches, whereas the examples of @. mollis vary from 9.5 to 10.5 inches. No distinction between the two forms exists with regard to the grey mottling of the sides of the body, but, as a rule, the bill is more slender in G. fee. 201 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Signor Fea met with the species on Sao Nicolao, in the Cape Verde Archipelago where it was called ‘‘Gon-gon” by the natives. Lieutenant Boyd Alexander failed to observe it during his expedition to these islands, but several specimens were obtained by Padre Ernesto Schmitz in Madeira, where a small colony was found nesting in holes at an elevation of 3,000 feet, the nests being lined with coarse grass and feathers from the birds’ own breasts. It has been recorded by Mr. J. J. Dalgleish (Ibis, 1890, p. 386; id., Pr. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., X1., p. 27, 1899), and Dr. Hartwig (Ornis, VII., pp. 182, 187, 1891) from Porto Santo, Deserta Grande, Ilho do Baixo, and Iho de Cal. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain says that the eggs obtained by Padre Schmitz differ considerably in size from those of other species which breed at Madeira, and approach most closely those of Puffinus anglorum, from which, however, they can be at once distinguished by their much lighter weight (Bull. B. O. C., X1X., pp. 37, 38, 1907). Adult. General colour above dull slate-grey, the feathers slightly blackish at the ends ; the scapulars decidedly blacker ; upper wing-coverts blackish, more or less washed with grey; primary-coverts and quills blackish, slightly washed with grey, the primaries ashy on the inner webs, the inner secondaries blackish-brown, with indistinct dusky cross-bars; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers light slaty-grey; the middle of the rump blackish, the sides slaty-grey ; the lateral tail-feathers for the most part white, the two outermost freckled with ashy-grey on the outer web, the third rectrix ashy-grey along the outer web, and slightly vermiculated with grey on the inner web, the fourth rectrix ashy-grey, and having the inner web minutely freckled with white, the central rectrices entirely ashy-grey; crown of head and sides of head a little darker and more dusky than the back, and only slightly washed with grey; forehead and lores white, with a few blackish spots on the former; feathers in front of the eye black, overspreading the ear-coverts ; cheeks white, with a few frecklings of ashy-grey, where they adjoin the ear-coverts; entire under-surface of body pure white, with no freckled collar across the fore-neck; sides of chest uniform ashy-brown, accompanied by a few frecklings of the same, these being more distinct on the sides of the body; under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts black, the central median and greater coverts slaty-grey, as also the inner webs of the primary-coverts ; the basal axillaries white, the longer ones slaty-grey slightly mottled with white; quills dusky below, ashy-grey along the inner webs. Total length about 14 inches; culmen, 1.0; wing, 10.0; tail, 4.15; tarsus, 1.25; middle toe and claw, 1.6. The amount of ashy frecklings on the sides of the body varies considerably, being sometimes very fine and scarcely distinguishable, whereas it occasionally takes the form of coarse dusky-grey frecklings and vermiculations. The specimen described is a female from Sio Antonio, Madeira, obtained by Padre Schmitz on June 12th, 1906, and now in the Rothschild Collection. 202 Oe . . Br Uae FA art? Se hace — i oer ete TAME pp En Swiso) “ny ep SuEEIEYT S'S dat qreuu GG divtd SHYVNIENL 66, GESTRELATA MAGENTA, Gigl. and Salvad. (GIGLIOL?S FULMAR.) (PLATE 55.) 4istrelata magente, Giglioli and Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., XI., p. 451 (1868); iid., Ibis, 1869, pp. 61, 66; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 41 (1870); id., Viagg. “‘ Magenta,’ pp. 843, 884 (1875); Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 64 (1887). Gistrelata magente, Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., I., p. 251, Pl. 30 (1876); id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 407 (1896). @. molli similis, sed supra nigricans et fascia frontali nulla distinguenda. I HAVE not seen an example of . magente, but the typical specimen was lent by Count Salvadori in 1876 to Salvin, who figured it in Rowley’s “Ornithological Miscellany,” and at the same time the accompanying Plate was drawn for this work. Salvin does not appear to have made any description of this specimen, but simply reproduced the original of Professor Giglioli and Count Salvadori. I am not aware that any second example of @. magente has been obtained, and, judging from the published figures and the description, I am inclined to agree with Salvin that its place is near @. mollis. Such, however, was not the opinion of the describers, who compared it with @. rostrata, Peale, and said that it had “a robust bill, as in that species, although not so high at the base, being broader than high. The frontal feathers advance abruptly as far as the base of the nasal tubes. It differs also in the darker and blacker colour of the upper-parts, the edges of each feather in certain lights being distinctly lighter and wanting that sepia-brown tint so characteristic of @. rostrata (cf. Cassin, Orn. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 412, Pl. 41). Our species, besides, has a white throat, and the forehead washed with silky white, which extends laterally and posteriorly as far as over the eyes; this is an important diagnostic character. Besides the last feature, it differs from P. incerta of Schlegel in its much darker upper-parts, its well-marked jugular band, its white under tail-coverts, and its smaller dimensions” (Giglioli and Salvadori, [bis, 1869, p. 62). 203 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. The authors do not state whether they compared the type of @. magente with a specimen of @. rostrata of Peale. (C. magenta is described as “intense fusco-nigra,” and Peale’s species is said by him to be “ capite, collo, corporeque supra fuliginosis,” which is scarcely intended to be “ sepia-brown,” as the birds appear now in the Plates of Peale’s original work of 1848, and Cassin’s reproduction of the same in 1858. In both these editions the figures of @. rostrata and . parvirostris have faded to a sepia-brown colour, but in recent specimens of the latter species, the upper-surface is nearly black, and doubtless the same would be the case with @. rostrata. Salvin, when figuring the type in the “ Ornithological Miscellany,” considered it nearly related to @. mollis, and wrote :—“* Beside the dimensions, are to be noticed the dark under-surface of the wings and the uniform dark colour of the primaries below. The light lateral margin to the frontal feathers forms, too, the superciliary mark.” This is not well illustrated in Salvin’s Plate in the “ Miscellany,” nor in that accom- panying the present “ Monograph,” drawn by Keulemans at the same time, and from the same specimen. Professor Giglioli records the species on three separate occasions in the Pacific Ocean, during the voyage of the ‘“‘ Magenta,” firstly, on July 22nd, 1867, in Lat. 39° 38’ S., Long. 125° 58’ W.; and again on the 2nd and 3rd of August in Lat. 32° 23’ S., Long. 92° 39’ W. ; it was last seen on the 31st of the same month in Lat. 26° 07’ S., Long. 88° 50’ W. It was always a rare bird, solitary in its habits, and having a more rapid flight than any of its congeners (Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 41). The following is a translation of the original description :-— Above intense dusky-black, the feathers under certain lights with paler margins ; the wings, tail, sides of body, under wing-coverts, and a jugular band, dusky-black ; the region in front of the eye deeper in tint; forehead pervaded with a silky white colour, almost silvery, more conspicuous laterally; throat, breast, and abdomen white ; lateral under tail-coverts tinged with ashy, the shafts dusky at the tip; bill black ; feet flesh-colour ; toes and webs black, except the basal part, which is of the same colour as the tarsus; iris brown (Giglioli and Salvadori, /.c.). Salvin gives the following measurements :—Total length about 14 inches; bill from front, 1.25; from gape, 1.85; wing, 12.0; tail, 5.0; tarsus, 1.6; middle toe and claw, 2.2. 204 4 th 67. CGESTRELATA WORTHENI, Rothschild. (WORTHEN’S FULMAR.) @strelata wortheni, Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C., XIL, p. 62 (1902). istrelata wortheni, Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., [X., p. 414 (1902). . magente similis, sed minor, nigricantior: fronte et loris schistaceo-nigris distinguenda. THE type of this species was obtained by Mr. R. W. Beck on January 2nd, 1901, in the Pacific Ocean, not far from the Galapagos Islands. It was afterwards described by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, who sent the specimen to the Turin Museum, where Count Salvadori compared it with the type of (. magente, to which it is doubtless closely allied. In their paper on the “ Birds of the Galapagos Islands,” the Hon. Walter Rothschild and Dr. Hartert point to the following differences:—The general colour of (. wortheni above is darker, somewhat blacker than in @. magente. The dimensions are less, and the bill smaller and weaker, and the primaries narrower than in the type of @. magente (Nov. Zool., IX., p. 414). The authors also give comparative measurements, but these do not entirely agree with my own computation, and I think that there must be a mistake as regards the length of the wing. Adult female (type).—General colour above black, with obsolete dusky margins to the feathers, all of which have white bases; wing-coverts black, the greater coverts ashy-brown externally; quills black, ashy-brown on the inner webs; tail black ; crown of head black, the forehead and lores with an obsolete shading of grey ; lores, sides of face and cheeks, black, with a narrow line of white skirting the upper and lower eyelids; base of chin black; throat white, slightly spotted with dusky tips to some of the feathers; across the lower throat and fore-neck a broad band of black, shading into ashy-grey ; remainder of under-surface of body white; a patch of black on the sides of the breast, and another on the lower flanks; under tail-coverts white, the long lateral ones ashy-brown either towards the ends, or along the greater part of the outer web, which, with the inner web, is occasionally marked inside and out with bars of the same colour ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black ; the primary-coverts 205 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. and primaries also black, with concealed white bases, the primaries edged with white along the inner web; bill entirely black; tarsus and basal half of toes flesh-colour ; tarsus dusky at base ; distal half of toes and outside of outer toe blackish. Total length about 12.5 inches; culmen, 1.05; wing, 11.0; tail, 4.5; tarsus, 1.35; middle toe and claw, 1.75. My description is taken from the type in the Rothschild Collection. 206 — _— +) a a dtr JAIPUR} 7 Wh Ih eS) USA) WHOL ley a Re mili SI Oh UA ep SueUispay oO OC EWiwta “ GimPSALF INT @&I PM) 7 68. CESTRELATA PHAXOPYGIA, Salvin. (DARK-RUMPED FULMAR.) (Piate 56.) Procellaria alba (nec Gm.) Bloxam in Byron’s Voyage, p. 252 (1826); Dole, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIT., p. 308 (1869); id., Hawaiian Almanac, 1879, p. 55. Procellaria (4éstrelata) alba (nec Gm.) Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Isl. Pacif. Oc., p. 56 (1859). strelaia pheopygia, Salvin, Tr. Z. S., [X., p. 507, Pl. 88, fig. 1 (1876); id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 407 (1896) ; Wilson and Evans, Av. Haw., p. 213, Pl. 63 (1894). Estrelata sandwichensis, Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer., IT., p. 395 (1884). 4istrelaia sandwichensis, Ridgway, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX., p. 95 (1886), XI., p. 104 (1888). Histrelata pheopygia, Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 65 (1887); id., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., XITX., p. 648 (1897); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., VI., p. 198 (1899); Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian Group, p. 12 (1901). 4istrelata pheopygia sandwichensis, Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, III., p. 289 (1900). Media: ala 11.9-12.0: subtus alba: noteo nigricante, fronte lata lorisque albis: subalaribus albis, marginalibus laté nigris: remigibus infra nigris, pogonio interno basaliter albo. THE single example from the Sandwich Islands which I have been able to examine, was presented by the Museum of Christiania to the British Museum, and was obtained by Mr. Knudsen near Hawaii. It was originally described by Professor Ridgway in 1884 as @. sandwichensis, but after referring the type to Salvin, they both came to the conclusion that the Sandwich Island bird was identical with @. pheopygia of the Galapagos (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI., p. 104, 1888), and with this I agree. Although there is no specific difference between birds from the two localities, there is some variation in the marking of the axillaries, which are occasionally suffused with dark 207 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. slate-colour, like that found on the sides of the breast at the base of the axillaries, while in other individuals there is a patch of slaty-black near the thighs. These markings, however, vary greatly in extent, and apparently gradually disappear on the axillaries, which become entirely white. G. pheopygia was described by Salvin from Chatham Island in the Galapagos Archipelago. Two specimens were procured by Captain Kellett and Lieutenant Wood during the voyage of the “ Pandora,”’ which they presented to the British Museum. The Webster-Harris Expedition to the Galapagos furnished examples from the following islands, Albemarle, Wenman, Indefatigable, Barrington, and Charles (Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., VI., p. 198). Professor Ridgway likewise records the capture of the species in the Galapagos Archipelago in July and August, 1891 (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., XTX., p. 648). Mr. Rothschild has recently referred the Fulmar of Laysan to @. sandwichensis, but having examined the series of skins in his museum I find that they cannot be separated from @. pheopygia of the Galapagos. Adult. General colour above dusky-brown, slightly varied with grey on the back and scapulars, which are ashy-grey on the margins of the feathers; wing-coverts dusky-brown, without grey edgings ; quills blackish, the secondaries tinged with grey on their outer webs, the primaries exhibiting some white towards the base of the inner web, and showing a narrow white margin for nearly the whole length ; lower back and rump dusky-brown, like the back, slightly tinged with grey on the margins of the feathers ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers dusky-brown, with white bases; head a little darker than the back, but not forming a distinct cap; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts black; forehead, lores and cheeks pure white, mottled with small black spots, where the black and white join; sides of neck black, and similarly freckled and mottled with black spots and bars ; throat and under-surface of body pure white, with a few small streaks and arrow-head marks of ashy-grey on the sides of the body; the sides of the upper breast ashy-brown; under wing-coverts white, with a broad blackish-brown band round the edge of the wing, somewhat relieved by whitish edges to the feathers ; axillaries white, with a dusky bar near the end of the feathers; quills dusky-brown below, with a considerable amount of white on the inner webs of the primaries ; “bill black; feet light bluish flesh-colour ; lower portion of about half the webs and toes black, this colour extending along the outer toe and one fourth of an inch up the tarsus; iris brown” (Webster-Harris). Total length 16.3 inches; culmen, 1.3; wing, 11.9; tail, 5.5; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe and claw, 2.0. The specimen described and figured is Salvin’s typical example in the British Museum. 208 eS ot eee “ee ® fie TUBINARE SS PuaArn Si 69. GEISTRELATA BREVIPES, Peale. (WHITE-THROATED FULMAR.) (PLATE 57.) Procellaria brevipes, Peale, U. 8. Expl. Exped., VIII., pp. 294, 337, Pl. 80 (1848). Procellaria torquaia, Macgill., Zool., XVIII., p. 7132 (1860). Procellaria cookii (nec Gray) Cass., U. S. Expl. Exped., VIII., pp. 414, 451 (1858). Procellaria desolata (nec Gm.) Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 13 (1863). Aistrelata cooki (nec Gray) Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, p. 152. Aistrelaia desolata (nec Gm.) Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, p. 155; Gigl. and Salvad., Ibis, 1869, p. 66. Fulmarus aneiteimensis, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871, nom. nud.). Gstrelata leucoptera (nec Gould) Salvin, Ibis, 1876, p. 393; Finsch, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 16; Salvad., Orn. Papuasia, III., p. 466 (1882). Aistrelaia leucoptera (nec Gould) Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 65 (1887). Gistrelata torquata, Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 359, 1891, p. 411, Pl. 9; Harting, Zool., 1890, p. 454. Aistrelata brevipes, Stejneger, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI., p. 617 (1893). Gstrelata brevipes, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 408 (1896); Sharpe, Handb. Brit. Birds, IV., p. 173, Pl. CLIT. (1897). Minor: subtus alba, interdum grisescens: gutture tamen semper albo: subalaribus mediis albis, tectricibus marginalibus nigris, fasciam latam nigram quasi formantibus : primariis infra cinerascenti-brunneis, intus minimé albis: pileo nigricante. PEALE procured this species during the U.S. Exploring Expedition, on March 21st, 1839, in Lat. 68° S., Long. 95° W. Some years later Macgillivray obtained several specimens on the island of Aneiteum, in the New Hebrides. Some of these he forwarded to England with the name aneiteimensis attached, which title was published by G. R. Gray in his “ Handlist of Birds.” As however no description accompanied this title, it became a nomen nudum, and is not available. In 1860 Macgillivray himself published a good description of the species (Zool., XVIII., p. 7132), and named it Procellaria torquata, but recently the bird has been found to be identical with @. brevipes (Peale). 209 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Macgillivray (i.c.) says that it is not confined to Aneiteum, as he saw it on various occasions off the coasts of Tanna and Erromango, and was assured by one of the natives of the former island that it bred about twelve miles to the south of Port Resolution. . brevipes is also found in the Fiji Islands, some examples having been obtained in the hills of Viti Levu by the late Dr. Kleinschmidt in May, 1878. There are specimens in our own collection and that of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. In the Leyden Museum is an example, formerly in the Bullock Collection, said to have come from the Antarctic Seas; a second from Aneiteum, where it is called ““Katébu ” by the natives, evidently obtained by Macgillivray; and a third from Ternate, in the Moluccas, procured by Dr. Bernstein. Dr. Otto Finsch has also recorded the species from Duke of York Island (P. Z. S., 1879, p. 16). In 1893 Dr. Stejneger recorded a specimen from the Province of Mutsu, in the Japanese island of Hondo, another in the Leyden Museum, said to have been obtained in the seas of Kamtschatka (Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, V1., Procell., p. 13), was identified by Schlegel as @. desolata (Gm.), which is generally admitted to be a Prion. Hence the range of the species has been given by some authors as extending to the Island of Desolation, or Kerguelen, but of this there is no confirmation. A wonderful instance of the wandering habits of these small Fulmars is seen in the case of the example of @. brevipes, shot in the British Islands between Borth and Aberystwith, in the winter of 1899. This specimen is now in the British Museum, to which it was presented by Mr. Willis Bund, K.C. Peale says that the flight of @. brevipes is swift, wild, and irregular; and that the bird evinced no partiality for the vicinity of the ship, which was lying-to in a dense fog, a time when Petrels usually congregated to glean the offal thrown overboard. Adult male. General colour above dark ashy-grey, the feathers dusky, with broad grey margins, which incline to hoary-grey on the actual edges; the longer scapulars blackish; on the rump a patch of black feathers; wing-coverts black, the greater series externally ashy-grey, with white fringes; bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills black, the inner webs of the primaries ashy-brown, the secondaries externally ashy-grey, and white towards the base of the inner web; long upper tail-coverts ashy-grey, the basal coverts black like the rump-patch; crown of head and nape slightly blacker than the back; forehead white, with a few small black spots; lores and cheeks white ; feathers below and around the eye, and ear-coverts, black ; throat and under-surface of body white, with a patch of dark ashy-grey on the sides of the chest, of the same colour as the sides of the neck; the centre of the fore-neck and breast minutely freckled with ashy-grey, which is less marked on the sides of the body and flanks ; axillaries white, with a little ashy-grey freckling on some of the feathers ; under wing-coverts white with more or less freckling of ashy-grey, but the marginal coverts black, with white fringes; quills dusky-brown below, ashy-brown on the inner webs, which have white margins; “bill black; feet pale flesh-colour, the toes black at their 210 CSTRELATA BREVIPES. ends ; iris brown” (Peale). Total length about 10.5 inches ; culmen, 0.9; wing, 8.5; tail, 3.8; tarsus, 0.95; middle toe and claw, 1.15. In the specimen from Ternate, according to Dr. Bernstein, the feet were ** yellowish-white, but two-thirds of the anterior part of the toes with the membrane were blackish.” I have but little doubt that the colour of the feet varies with age and season. . brevipes has a dark phase, like so many of the Fulmars, and this was first noticed by Macgillivray, who pointed out that some specimens were white below, with a broken grey collar on the chest, whereas others were grey from the chest downwards, the throat alone being white. He attributed these differences to age, but Salvin (Zb¢s, 1891, p. 413) has shown that this is not the case, as young birds of many Petrels, still carrying remains of nestling-down, have the plumage of the adults. The description is taken from an adult male, obtained by Kleinschmidt in the interior of Viti Levu, in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild. The figures have been drawn from two examples in our collection, from Aneiteum, procured by Macgillivray ; they show both light and dark phases. 211 70. GESTRELATA HYPOLEUCA, Salvin. (BONIN ISLANDS FULMAR.) (PLATE 58.) Gstrelata hypoleuca, Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 359; Seebohm, P.Z.S., 1889, p. 586; id., Ibis, 1890, p. 105; id., Birds Japan. Emp., p. 269 (1890); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 409 (1896); Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, pt. 1, p- 49, Pl. 30 (1893). Aistrelata hypoleuca, Stejn., Pr. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XVI., p. 617 (1893). Minor: subtus puré alba: subalaribus schistaceo-nigris, centralibus tantum albis: tectricibus inferioribus primariorum quoque schistaceis, minimé albis: primariis intus, basin versus, schistaceo-brunneis, haud albis. Tuts is another of the smaller species of Fulmar, allied to @. mollis and @. brevipes, but differing from the former in its smaller size, slenderer bill, and white axillaries, as well as in the larger amount of white on the under wing-coverts; in @. mollis the latter are entirely dark, as also are the longer axillaries, while in @. hypoleuca the under-surface is white, without any of the grey which is seen on the chest of G. mollis and @. brevipes. From the latter @. hypoleuca is distinguished by the lesser amount of white on the under wing-coverts, and the ashy-grey colour of the lower primary-coverts, these being pure white in @. brevipes. It was first described by Salvin from a specimen in the British Museum, procured by Mr. H. J. Snow in Krusenstern Island, in the Marshall group (Ibis, 1888, p. 359). (#. hypoleuca was afterwards met with by the late P. A. Holst in the island of Nakandoshima, one of the Parry group of the Bonin Islands, and has since been recorded by Dr. Stejneger from the Province of Mino, in the island of Hondo (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI., p. 617). In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild there are some specimens from the Liu Kiu Islands. According to Mr. Walter K. Fisher, @. hypoleuca breeds in the island of Laysan, and may be found nesting in burrows throughout the area covered with tall grass and deep sand, as far as the edge of the open plain, where the nests are replaced by those of Puffinus cuneatus, which form a smaller ring within 212 CGESTRELATA HYPOLEUCA. a huge colony of @strelata, encircling the central lagoon. Nothing further is recorded of its habits. Adult male. General colour above dark ashy-grey, with indistinct margins of hoary-grey, the long scapulars blackish towards their ends; feathers of the mantle and crown of head slightly browner than the back, and having white bases, producing a mottled appearance; wing-coverts black, slightly washed with ashy-grey, more distinct on the greater series, all the greater coverts having white fringes ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries ashy-brown on the inner web, the secondaries dark ashy-grey, white towards the base of the inner web ; tail-feathers ashy-brown, blackish towards the ends; crown of head _ blackish- brown, the forepart mottled with black centres and white fringes to the feathers ; lores and base of forehead white, with a few black spots, which also occur on the forepart of the cheeks; sides of face and ear-coverts black, with a small streak of white above and below the eye, which is otherwise entirely surrounded with black ; cheeks and entire under-surface of body pure white, including the tail-coverts ; axillaries pure white; under wing-coverts for the most part black, but with the inner, median, and the whole of the greater series of coverts, white, forming a patch across the middle of the lower coverts; some of the outer greater coverts ashy towards their ends; under primary-coverts and quills below blackish, ashy-brown on the inner webs, with narrow hoary-grey edges, the secondaries with white bases to the inner webs; “bill black; tarsi bluish pink; iris dark brown, the pupil blue” (P. A. Holst). Total length about 10.5 inches; culmen, 0.9; wing, 8.75; tail, 4.15; tarsus, 1.1; middle toe and claw, 1.35. The figure in the Plate is drawn from the type-specimen in the British Museum, and the bird described is in the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, and came from the Liu Kiu Islands. 213 71. GESTRELATA NIGRIPENNIS, Rothschild. (KERMADEC FULMAR.) (PLATE 59.) Gstrelata cooki (nec Gray) Cheeseman, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., X XIII., p. 224 (1891). strelata nigripennis, Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C., L, p. lvii. (1893); id., Ibis, 1893, p- 571; Hutton, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 750; Buller, Tr. New Zeal. Inst., XXVIL., p. 123 (1895); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 409 (1896); Buller, Birds New Zealand, Suppl., I., p. 113 (1905). Minor: ala 8-7: subalaribus albis, extus nigro fasciatis: pileo et dorso cinereis concoloribus. . nigripennis was first described by the Hon. Walter Rothschild from a bird in his large series from the Kermadec Islands. It belongs to the smaller species of the genus Gstrelata, and is allied to 4. cooki and @. defilippiana, but differs in having a short, stout and wide bill, and in the almost total absence of white on the inner webs of the outer primaries beneath, the under wing-coverts, with the exception of rather a wide margin, being white, as well as the axillaries. Its habitat, so far as we know, is confined to the Kermadec Archipelago, where it is not uncommon ; but as the bird only arrives there in November and leave in April, it is probable that it will be found elsewhere. (H. nigripennis was met with on Curtis Island by the Earl of Ranfurly (cf. Ogilvie- Grant, Ibis, 1905, p. 555), and is known to breed on Meyer Island, and more sparingly on Sunday Island, in company with Puffinus assimilis. The single egg is laid in a burrow, sometimes extending over a yard in length. Those obtained by Mr. Bell measured 2 inches in length by 1.5 in breadth. Adult. General colour above light ashy-grey, the feathers obsoletely fringed with hoary-white, these margins being scarcely perceptible ; the scapulars rather darker than the back, the longer ones being blacker, slightly washed with ashy-grey ; on the lower rump a patch of blackish feathers, the median basal upper tail-coverts also blackish ; remainder of upper tail-coverts light ashy-grey, with obsolete white margins; wing- coverts black, the greater series slaty-grey, with narrow white fringes; quills black, white for the greater part of the inner web, the secondaries externally slaty-grey, with 214 SINN Ge TaOIN CESTRELATA NIGRIPENNIS. white fringes; tail-feathers slaty-grey, blackish-brown at the ends, and on the inner web, the outer feather for the most part white on the inner web, which is blackish-brown towards the tip, the outer web entirely mottled with slaty-grey; crown of head slightly darker ashy-grey than the back, the feathers with obsolete white fringes ; forehead and feathers over the eye white, the latter with black centres producing a spotted appearance, the adjoining portions of the crown being similarly spotted ; lores and cheeks pure white; sides of face white, spotted with black below the eye, which is enclosed in a patch of black ; under-surface of body pure white, including the under tail-coverts ; the sides of the neck mottled with bars of light ashy-grey, continued on to the sides of the breast in frecklings and vermiculations of the same colour; axillaries white ; under wing-coverts white, including the under primary-coverts, some of them edged with black, as also a few of the outermost of the greater series; marginal under wing-coverts black, extending round the edge of the wings; quills black below, white towards the base of the inner web. Total length about 12.0 inches; culmen, 1.0; wing, 8.7; tail, 3.8; tarsus, 1.1; middle toe and claw, 1.5. The description is taken from one of the typical specimens in the Rothschild Collection. 72, CiSTRELATA BREVIROSTRIS (Less). (KERGUELEN FULMAR.) (PLATE 60.) Procellaria lugens, Parkinson, Icon. ined., Nos. 21, 22; Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., I., p. 235 (1876). Procellaria grisea (nec Gm.) Kuhl, Beitr., Zool., p. 144, fig. 9 (1820); Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 12 (1863). Procellaria brevirostris, Lesson, Traité d’Orn., p. 611 (1831); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus., p. 163 (1844). Pterodroma macroptera (nec Smith) Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 191 (1855). Rhantistes unicolor, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Aistrelata grisea (nec Gm.) Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 148, 170. Fulmarus griseus (nec Gm.) Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871). Aistrelata kidderi, Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 2, p. 28 (1875) ; Kidder, op. cit., No. 3, p. 15 (1876). Procellaria mollis (nec Gould) Cab. and Reichen., J. f. O., 1876, p. 329. Gstrelata brevirostris, Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misce., I., p. 235 (1876); id., P. Z. S., 1878, p. 738; id., Rep. Voy. “ Challenger,” Zool., II., p. 145 (1881) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans., Vol. 168, p. 124 (1879); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p- 409 (1896) ; Hall, Ibis, 1900, p. 24; Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “‘ Southern Cross,” p- 148 (1902); Vanhoffen, J. f. O. 1905, p. 505; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1907, p. 337. Aistrelata brevirostris, Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 66 (1887); Reichenow, Deutsche Siidpolar Exped., 1901-1903, Bd. IX., Zool., I., p. 555 (1908). Omnino schistaceo-grisea: primariis intus cineraceis, minime albis: subalaribus et axillaribus schistaceis, illis albido marginatis: rostro valde compresso. Tuis Fulmar is recognised by its entirely slaty-grey plumage and compressed bill. The axillaries and under wing-coverts are also slaty-grey, with whitish edges to the feathers, the lower primary-coverts and inner webs of the quills being paler grey, but without white. 216 CSTRELATA BREVIROSTRIS. Dr. Kidder, the naturalist of the U. S. Transit of Venus Expedition, met with this species breeding during the month of October on Kerguelen Island, which appears to be its headquarters (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 3, p. 15), and the Rev. A. E. Eaton found it nesting in November and December, but less plentifully than @. lessoni, at Observatory Bay, which was the station of the British Expedition. Dr. Vanhoffen, during the voyage of the “‘ Gauss,” states that it was observed as far south as 59° on the way from Kerguelen to Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land, and on the northward voyage in Lat. 57° S., or about 200 nautical miles south of Heard Island. Mr. Eagle Clarke (Ibis, 1907, p. 337) records its occurrence in the Antarctic Ocean, where it was discovered for the first time by the Scottish Expedition on March 20th, 1904. It occurred in Lat. 69° 33’ S., Long. 15° 19’ W., during the northward voyage from Coats Land towards Gough Island, and it was likewise observed till March 25th, when it was last seen in Lat. 65° 58’ S., Long. 11° 24’ W. The British Museum contains a specimen from Tristan da Cunha, given by Captain Carmichael (Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 410). Nikolai Hanson, during the voyage of the “‘ Southern Cross,” procured a single example on October 24th, 1898, in Lat. 42° 23’ S., Long. 20° 32’ E. (Sharpe, Rep. Voy. ““ Southern Cross,” p. 148). Mr. Robert Hall relates that he found a burrow on January 25th, in Greenland Harbour, Kerguelen Island, which branched out in different directions at the end of a long tunnel. One end contained a Majaqueus equinoctialis, the other terminated in a dome-shaped cavity, in which was found a Kerguelen Fulmar, both birds being without eggs. In another district the nests were placed in the vicinity of lakes, and the holes were excavated in clay soil. During the early part of the breeding season these holes were flooded with water, which might be seen trickling out, giving the appearance of a deserted burrow, but later the ground dried up. According to the Rev. A. E. Eaton, the nest is composed of damp and decayed vegetable matter, comprising sprigs of Acwna and Azorella, tufts of Festuca erecta, etc. It is two or three inches in height, and slightly concave. The first nest was found on November 8th, and the embryo was tolerably advanced in growth. In January, in a branch of a Majaqueus burrow was a nestling, which seemed to be the young of @. brevirostris ; the Majaqueus egg was in the chamber of the main burrow, to which there was only one entrance (Sharpe, Phil. Trans., Vol. 168, p. 125). Adult. General colour above dull slaty-grey, most of the feathers with hoary- grey bases ; wing-coverts greyish-black, with slaty-grey margins to the feathers, imparting a general slaty-grey appearance to the wing-coverts, the median and greater series clearer slaty-grey on their edges; quills blackish, shaded externally with ashy- grey, the inner web inclining to ashy-brown ; tail-feathers slaty-black ; crown of head like the back, scarcely a shade darker, but not so distinctly washed with grey; sides of face and ear-coverts dull slaty-grey, with a blackish shade before the eye; entire under-surface of body slaty-grey, slightly paler and more lavender-grey on the lores, 217 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. cheeks, and throat ; under tail-coverts slaty-grey ; under wing-coverts dull slate-colour, with blackish shafts and hoary margins to the feathers; primary-coverts and quills below slaty-grey ; axillaries slaty-grey, with narrow white fringes at the tips; “bill black; feet purplish-grey ; claws black; iris dark brown, with a blue-black pupil” (Dr. Pirie). Total length about 13.0 inches ; culmen, 1.0; wing, 10.1; tail, 3.6; tarsus, 1.4; middle toe and claw, 1.8. Nikolai Hanson recorded the following colours for the species :—“ Bill grey; feet and webs black; iris dark brown.” ‘The nestling is clothed in sooty-brown down, and the underlying plumage is similar to that of the adult bird. The specimen described was obtained by the Antarctic Expedition in Kerguelen Island, and the bird figured is from Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, procured by Dr. McCormick, and formerly in our collection. | 7 a7 if a’ EyUEH “TSONYW LOS VV Lares BO Et eTsp suemansy gin , “—— 73. CESTRELATA SOLANDRI (Gould). (SOLANDER’S FULMAR.) (PLATE 61.) Procellaria melanopus, Natterer (nec Gm.) teste Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., II., p- 450 (1865). Procellaria solandri, Gould, P. Z. S., 1844, p. 57; id., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XTII., p- 363 (1844). Cookilaria solandri, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 190 (1855). Pierodroma solandri, Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., IT., p. 450 (1865). 4istrelata solandri, Coues, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1866, pp. 148, 170; Gigl. and Salvad., Ibis, 1869, p.66 ; Reichenow, Deutsche Stidpolar Exped., IX., Zool., L, p- 485 (1908). Fulmarus solandri, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871). Gstrelata solandri, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 410 (1896). strelata solanderi, Mathews, Handl. Birds Austral., p. 17 (1908). Major: omnino fuliginoso-brunneus, gastrei plumis basaliter albis: primariis intus basin versus albis. A SINGLE specimen, the type of his Pterodroma solandri, was procured by Gould in Bass’s Straits on March 13th, 1839, and is now in the British Museum. It was not figured in his great work on the “ Birds of Australia,”’ but is included in his later “ Handbook.” This is a large, dark-plumaged species, resembling @. macroptera, but much exceeding it in size of bill and length of wing and the base of the inner web of the primaries is white. As only one specimen of @. solandri has been obtained, I am inclined to think that it may be a dark phase of some other species, but to which it belongs it is at present difficult to determine. Possibly it is a dusky form of @. lessonz, for the dimensions are nearly the same, but the dark tarsi and feet do not coincide with the light colours of the latter bird. I have, therefore, figured and described the type- specimen, and must leave the identification of the species to future ornithologists. Gould says that he showed the typical example of @. solandri to the celebrated 219 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Johann Natterer, of Vienna, who was disposed to identify it with Procellaria melanopus of Solander, but with this conclusion Gould did not agree, and named the species after Solander himself. Gould further considered that it was not a fully mature bird, but in my opinion it is perfectly adult, as, indeed, it was so considered by Salvin. Adult male. General colour above black, slightly shaded with grey, less distinctly on the head, which is darker than the back, where the feathers are dull slaty-grey with blackish edges, becoming less distinct on the lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts; marginal and outer median wing-coverts dull slaty-grey, with dusky edges towards the tips and along their outer webs ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts, black, brown on the inner web, and white towards the base; tail-feathers blackish, slightly tinged with ashy-grey ; sides of face and cheeks dark brown, with a white streak below the eye; the base of the forehead, lores and cheeks white, mottled with brown spots; under-surface of body dusky brown, strongly shaded with slaty- grey, slightly mottled with white spots on the throat, and with larger ones on the breast, mostly concealed ; under wing-coverts blackish, the axillaries like the breast, but of a more ashy-brown ; quills dusky below, with the base of the inner webs of the primaries and primary-coverts white; “bill, tarsi, toes, and membranes black ” (J. Gould). Total length about 18 inches; culmen, 1.55; wing, 11.8; tail, 5.4; tarsus, 1.2; middle toe and claw, 2.4. The description and figure are taken from the typical specimen in the British Museum. 220 Hanhart imp GISTRELATA EXTERNA 74. CHSTRELATA EXTERNA, Salvin. (JUAN FERNANDEZ FULMAR.) (PLATE 62.) Gstrelaia externa, Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 373; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 411. Aistrelata externa, Ridgw., Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 68 (1887). Major: ala 11.5 poll.: primariis intus, basin versus, conspicue albis: subalaribus et axillaribus albis: margine alari quoque alba, vix nigro maculata. G. externa is a larger species than @. hypoleuca and its allies, and shows much more white on the under-surface of the quills. Its nearest ally is undoubtedly @. cervicalis, which, though of the same size, differs in several particulars, as will be noticed in my article on that species. Although more than thirty years have elapsed since Salvin described the bird, I am not aware of any other specimens having been procured. The types, consisting of an adult bird and a full-grown nestling, were obtained by Mr. Leybold on the island of Masafuera, in the Juan Fernandez group. Nothing has been recorded of its habits. Adult. General colour above ashy-grey, the feathers being blackish, with broad ashy-grey margins, all the feathers having white bases, which are most distinct on the hind-neck and upper mantle, with dusky tips; wing-coverts black, the greater series externally grey, except at the base, which is white; primaries black, the inner ones dark slaty-grey, with black shafts and tips, all the quills white for the greater part of the inner web ; secondaries slaty-grey, white for the greater part of the inner web, and narrowly fringed with hoary-white like the greater coverts ; innermost secondaries dark brown like the scapulars ; rump and central upper tail-coverts black, the lateral ones white with broad tips of brown or ashy-brown, the longer upper tail-coverts slaty-grey with concealed white bases ; tail-feathers slaty-grey, the inner webs browner, and also the tips, the outer feathers white at the base of the inner web, more extended on the outermost feathers, which are also slightly freckled with grey ; crown of head blackish, tinged with grey; forehead and lores white, with a few blackish spots adjoining the crown ; sides of face white, with a few black spots and streaks ; upper and lower eyelid 221 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. white, feathers in front of and below the eye black, extending over the ear-coverts, which have a few white streaks; cheeks and entire under-surface pure white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; edge of the wing slightly mottled with black spots ; on the lower flanks above the thighs, a patch of feathers with broad black tips; quills blackish below, white for the greater part of the inner webs, which are more or less shaded with grey; bill black; tarsi and base of toes, yellow in skin, the terminal half black. Total length about 15.5 inches; culmen, 1.4; wing, 11.5; tail, 4.7; tarsus, 1.4; middle toe and claw, 1.9. A young bird still more or less covered with long ashy down, but showing feathers beneath it, is somewhat whiter on the under-parts. The plumage of the nestling seems to be very like that of the adult. The description and figure in the Plate are taken from the type-specimen. 222 : f ;. é iS J . € a # 5 we ’ Ma ; : . A : ? , : . 4, Vie X e bs ~ » ah Sy i AG 4 4 = 7 | SS ‘ f = hc) < ead a J oh fe rs 2 es 3 te : + 7 ; * 5 ‘i : = ¥ = ~) e 4 7 ‘< 7 4 . a v 7 ; : ; SLi 1S WW AaL tao) dk W/ UL ebSb JL S)e0) ee tee ee EtG) BLiigL SBR NUNSEALIL 75. CESTRELATA CERVICALIS, Salvin. (SUNDAY-ISLAND FULMAR.) (PLATE 63.) Gstrelata cervicalis, Salvin, Ibis, 1891, p. 192; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 411, Pl. VI. (1896) ; Buller, Birds New Zeal., Suppl. I., p. 114, Pl. IV. (1905). Gstrelata sp. Cheeseman, Tr. New Zeal. Inst., XXIII, p. 224 (1891). G. externe similis, notzeo saturatiore, sed subalaribus marginalibus nigricantibus fasciam nigram formantibus, et rectricibus exterioribus duabus fere albis distinguenda. SaALvIN described @. cervicalis from a specimen obtained in the Kermadec Islands by Captain Carpenter, of the whaling barque “ Costa Rica Packet,” and presented by him to the British Museum. It has since been obtained in the same islands by the Earl of Ranfurly, Mr. Cheeseman, and others, and a considerable series procured by Mr. H. H. Travers is in the Rothschild Collection. Salvin (/.c.) says that the species is most nearly allied to @. pheopygia, but is distinguished by its much stouter bill, white hind-neck, and the more distinct grey margins to the feathers of the back. It is also allied to the section of @strelata, of which @. hesitata is the best-known example, but may be readily distinguished by its larger bill and dark uropygium; it has, however, the nearly pure white hind-neck of G. hesitata, thus differing from @. pheopygia, but agrees, nevertheless, with that bird in having the dark rump. The size of the bill separates @. cervicalis from both those birds. A distinguishing feature of these three forms is the colour of the primaries beneath, which are black over the whole of the exposed portion of the inner webs, and only become white under the larger coverts. Other species of @strelaia allied to @. cervicalis are @. magente and . externa. But, in the former, the forehead is grey to the base of the bill, and the latter has a longer and thinner bill, the exposed portion of the inner webs of the primaries beneath, near the larger coverts, being white. In the “ Catalogue of Birds” Salvin lays stress upon the white base to the inner webs of the outer primaries, the length of the wing, and the dark band round its edge. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, who examined five Kermadec specimens, considers the best 223 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. character for distinction to be the black band round the edge of the wing (Zbis, 1905, p-. 554). Salvin pointed out that the upper-parts of @. cervicalis are much darker than those of @. externa, and this is the case in adult birds, though in our series from the Kermadecs there are some examples, evidently young birds, nearly as light as the type of . externa. There are also two specimens before me, one of each species, with the down still upon them, and in both the feathers on the back and upper wing-coverts are paler and broadly margined with grey; these characters are evidently therefore an indication of youth. i. cervicalis is, so far as is known, confined to the Kermadec Islands. Mr. Cheeseman says (7T'r. New Zeal. Inst., XXIII., pp. 216 and 226) that the bird arrives about the end of September and remains till the end of June, being one of the last Petrels to leave. Its breeding-place is usually near the mountain-top in some dark gully filled with palms and tree-ferns, amongst the roots of which the burrow is generally made. It is nocturnal and solitary in its habits, more than one nest being seldom found in the same locality. An egg sent to the Auckland Museum by Mr. Day measured 2.5 inches in length, and 1.9 inch in breadth, and was pure white. Having examined large series of this species, I consider that @. cervicalis and @. externa must be recognised as distinct, the more so as their habitats are so far apart from each other, and they have not been found in any intervening locality. Compared with @. externa, Zi. cervicalis is darker on the head and back, the tail-feathers are much lighter below, the two outer rectrices being for the most part white, while the marginal under wing-coverts are either entirely black or mottled with black. In our figure of this bird the feathers of the upper-back and the greater series of coverts have been drawn rather too dark, as these parts generally have greyish margins to the feathers, the coverts likewise being fringed with hoary-white. These are characters which obtain in the majority of specimens, and the darker birds, such as the one figured, are by no means so common, but are probably the most fully adult. Adult (type of species). General colour above black, shaded with grey, and having slaty-grey edges to all the feathers of the upper-parts, excepting the scapulars and wing-coverts, which are black; the greater wing-coverts black, shaded with grey, and edged externally with slaty-grey, and with hoary-white near the ends; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the primaries ashy-brown on the inner web, which is white for a considerable distance from the base; secondaries externally slaty-grey, with a narrow fringe of hoary-white, like the greater wing-coverts, the innermost secondaries black like the longer scapulars; lower back and centre of rump black ; sides of rump and upper tail-coverts slaty-grey, with black shaft-lines and paler ashy edges at the end of the feathers ; centre tail-feathers slaty-black, the lateral ones slaty- grey externally, and white on the inner web, which is freckled with grey at the end ; crown of head black, the nape-feathers white with black tips; hind-neck and sides of 224 CESTRELATA CERVICALIS. neck white, with dusky-grey tips, producing a mottled appearance ; forehead and lores pure white, mottled with black centres to the frontal feathers where they adjoin the black crown; sides of face and ear-coverts black, with white bases to the feathers ; cheeks and entire under-surface of body pure white, with a patch of ashy-grey on the sides of the fore-neck, the feathers being white at the base and with an ashy-grey margin, before which is a subterminal blackish shade; axillaries pure white, as well as the greater part of the under wing-coverts, with a broad band of black, or black and white feathers round the edge of the wing; lower primary-coverts nearly all white, the outermost blackish, like the quills below, the inner webs of which are greyish, white towards the base, and fringed with white along the edge; “bill black; tarsi and basal half of toes with their webs flesh-colour, the terminal half and claws black ”’ (Buller). Total length about 16.5 inches; culmen, 1.45; wing, 11.7; tail, 5.2; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe and claw, 2.0. Nestling, with the down still on the back of the head, flanks, and crissum. The colours of the plumage resemble those of the adult, but are lighter. The feathers of the back are more broadly margined with light grey, as also are those of the uropygium. The upper wing-coverts, both greater and median, are margined with grey, and the feathers of the wings and tail are lighter than in the adult. On the other hand, the yellow of the feet and tarsi is much darker (Buller, Birds New Zeal., Suppl., I., p. 114). The description is taken from the typical specimen in the British Museum, and the Plate is drawn from the same bird. 225 76. CESTRELATA NEGLECTA (Schlegel). (PHILLIP’S FULMAR.) (PLATE 64.) ? White-breasted Petrel, Lath., Gen. Syn., III., pt. 2, p. 400 (1785). ? Norfolk Island Petrel, Lath., Gen. Syn., Suppl., II., p. 334 (1802). ? Procellaria alba, Gm., Syst. Nat., I., p. 565 (1788) ; Lath., Ind. Orn., IT., p. 822 (1790). ? Procellaria grisea (nec Gm.) Bonn., Enc. Méth., I., p. 75 (1790). ? Procellaria variegata, Bonn., Ene. Méth., I., p. 78 (1790). Daption album, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XIII., p. 246 (1826). Rhantistes raolensis, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (descr. nulla, ex Gould MSS.). Procellaria phillip, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 246. Procellaria neglecta, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 10 (1863) ; Finsch, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 15. Aistrelata neglecta, Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 147, 170. Procellaria mollis (nec Gould) Finsch, J. f. O., 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 207. Fulmarus albus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). Gistrelata neglecta, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov., XVIII., p. 411 (1882); id., Orn. Papuasia, Iil., p. 465 (1882); Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 224 (1888) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 412 (1896). Gstrelata phillipi, Hutton, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 755. CGistrelata leucophrys, Hutton, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 752, Pl. 63. Gistrelata neglecta, var. Hutton, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 754. Media: ala 11.0-11.2: notzo brunneo, gastreeo griseo, vel albo: primariis intus albis: axillaribus et subalaribus cinerascenti-brunneis. Tuts Fulmar is remarkable for its variable colour, some examples being for the most part white, while others are entirely grey. These two phases of plumage are so unlike each other that the birds might very well be taken for different species. Buller, indeed, at one time thought that the dark birds were the young of the white-headed form, but there can now be no question that they represent a dark phase of plumage, as 226 ‘dtu I ey { 1v H 79 ' HLL MWe 5 aay N Rat ) Bl (ESTRELATA NEGLECTA. seen in other species of Gsirelata. The white phase was described as a distinct species by the late Captain Hutton, under the name of @. leucophrys, but no doubt Salvin was right in referring this bird to G. neglecta. If any further proof of their identity were needed, it is supplied by the notes given by Buller in his ‘‘ Supplement’ (I., p. 115), stating that Mr. Bethune, the engineer on board the “ Hinemoa,” found both light and dark birds breeding together on Sunday Island, in the Kermadecs. The male was the so-called . leucophrys and the female @. neglecta. He also found them paired on other occasions. Buller records that the legs and feet of the dark birds are brownish- black, whereas in the light form the tarsus was yellowish, and the toes “sandalled ” with black. Both light and dark forms have a conspicuous white quill-lining, with the shafts of the primaries also conspicuously white, and this character serves to distinguish Phillip’s Fulmar from its allies. The headquarters of @. neglecta appear to be the Kermadec Islands, where it breeds, extending also across the Pacific to Juan Fernandez, whence we have a specimen collected by Admiral A. H. Markham in March, 1881. It does not, however, appear in Professor Giglioli’s list of the Petrels observed during the voyage of the “ Magenta.” I have examined a large number of specimens in the Rothschild Collection from the Kermadec group, obtained by Mr. Cheeseman and Mr. H. H. Travers, and the British Museum has a considerable series from the same locality, which was visited by the Earl of Ranfurly (cf. Ogilvie-Grant, [bis, 1905, p. 555). The types in the Leyden Museum represent the dark phase, and are also from the Kermadecs, and were received from the Maison Verreaux. Macgillivray procured a number on Raoul Island, where the birds were breeding, and to these the name of . raolensis was given by Gould, but it was not published, though adopted by Bonaparte (Comptes Rend., XLII, 1856, p. 765). Here again no description was given, so that it becomes a nomen nudum. Although the range of this species was supposed to be confined to the Pacific Ocean, we find in the second volume of “British Birds” (p. 14) that Messrs. Robert Newstead and T. A. Coward record a specimen at Tarporley, in Cheshire, on April Ist, 1908, which, though picked up dead under a tree, was in an excellent state of preservation. This bird was afterwards brought to the British Museum, where I had an opportunity of examining it, and found it to be a dark-phased example of @. neglecta. The following descriptions comprise both the dark and the light plumages of the species :— Adult (dark phase: — CH. neglecta, Schl.). General colour above dusky-brown, with a slight ashy shade, produced by the scarcely distinguishable slaty-grey margins to the feathers, the longer scapulars blacker and more resembling the inner secondaries, all the feathers of the upper surface having concealed white bases; wing- 227 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. coverts like the back, and having the same obsolete shade of slaty-grey ; quills blackish- brown, more or less white towards the base; the primaries with white shafts for a great part of their length, especially on the outer feathers, which show a great extent of white along their inner web; tail-feathers blackish, white at the base, like the adjoining upper tail-coverts ; crown of head like the back, showing similar white bases to the feathers, when disturbed ; lores and base of forehead, as well as the sides of the face, dusky-brown, but more distinctly shaded with slaty-grey ; under the eye a line of white; entire under-surface of body brown, washed with slaty-grey, the under tail- coverts blacker, and having white bases like the tail-feathers ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown; quills blackish-brown below, with the inner web white for two-thirds of its length, the secondaries also with concealed white bases; “ bill and legs black” (Buller). Total length about 14.5 inches; culmen, 1.2; wing, 11.0; tail, 4.0; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe and claw, 2.0. Adult (white phase: — @. leucophrys, Hutton). General colour above dark brown, much mottled with white bases to the feathers, which have evident margins of paler ashy-brown; the longer scapulars blackish, like the inner secondaries; wing- coverts dark brown like the back, and having obsolete margins of paler brown; quills blackish, white at the base and for a great extent of the inner webs of the primaries, which have white shafts for a great part of their extent; upper tail-coverts and tail- feathers blackish, with white bases ; crown of head and hind-neck much paler than the back, and more mottled, the feathers having brown centres with blackish shaft-lines and hoary-whitish margins, the fore-part of the crown having a spotted appearance ; base of forehead, lores, feathers over the eye and sides of face, pure white, with a shade of brown in front of the eye and towards the sides of the neck; entire under-surface of body pure white, shaded with ashy-brown on the sides of the neck and chest, the feathers having faint ashy-brown subterminal bands; across the fore-neck a slight indication of brown shading near the ends of the feathers; on the sides of the body a slight shade of brown; under tail-coverts white, either freckled with dark brown towards the ends, or with the terminal third uniform dark brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown, the outer greater-coverts and the primary-coverts white towards the base of the inner web; quills blackish-brown below, white for more than half of the inner webs of the primaries. Total length about 15.5 inches; culmen, 1.25; wing, 11.2; tail, 4.0; tarsus, 1.5; middle toe and claw, 2.2. Between the two phases described above, numbers of intermediates occur. The specimens described are from the Kermadec Islands, obtained by Mr. Dannefaerd, and now in the Rothschild Collection. The figure represents the light phase, and is taken from an example procured by Lieut. Macfarlane in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean. 228 res nal 9 Buia aly INUESHON IE VYNV1 IND OWE NENA Ral es Walle eG diy S30) V7. CGESTRELATA ARMINJONIANA, Gigli. and Salvad. (ARMINJON’S FULMAR.) (PLATE 65.) Procellaria sandaliata, Gray, Gen. Birds, III., p. 648 (1844, ex. Solander MS.: descr. nulla); Salvin, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., I., p. 238 (1876). Khantisies sandaliata, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). Aistrelata arminjoniana, Giglioli and Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., XI., p. 452 (1868) ; iid., Ibis, 1869, pp. 62, 66; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 42 (1870). Gstrelata arminjoniana, Salvin, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., I., pp. 234, 252, Pl. 31 (1876) ; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 413 (1896). Gstrelata mollis (nec Gould), Saunders, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 164. Gstrelata armingoniana, Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 671. Gstrelata wilsoni, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C., XIL, p. 49 (1902); id., Ibis, 1904, p. 216; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 671. White-breasted Petrel, Wilson, Ibis, 1904, p. 212. Primariis externis pogonii interni basin versus albis: corpore subtus albo, interdum brunneo: subalaribus brunneis: fronte brunnea, pileo concolori, minime alba. @. arminjoniana belongs to the group containing @. neglecta and other allied species, which have a white base to the inner web of the first primary. It is distinguished from . heraldica and C. gularis by its dark forehead, in which respect it resembles . trinitatis, but differs in its white under-surface, and in the colour of the feet and toes. THE species was first discovered during the cruise of the “ Magenta,” in January, 1868, in Lat. 28° 56’ S., Long. 36° 24’ W., and was obtained later off the island of South Trinidad, in the Atlantic Ocean, by Professor Giglioli, who, with Count Salvadori, named it after Captain Victor Arminjon, of the Royal Italian Navy, who then commanded the vessel. Although many specimens were shot when the “ Magenta” 229 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. lay becalmed about five miles off the island, only two skins were prepared, as it was then supposed to be a well-known species. Professor Giglioli points out in his essay on the geographical distribution of the vertebrates of the southern ocean, that this species, though bearing some relation to . mollis, is smaller and more slender in appearance, and is without the white forehead. The Earl of Crawford brought back a specimen of this Petrel which was killed with a stick on South Trinidad Island in 1874, and was erroneously ascribed by Howard Saunders to @. mollis. Dr. Wilson, of the “ Discovery,” procured light and dark specimens from the same island in September, 1901, and Dr. Sharpe, believing the latter to be distinct, named it @. wilson (B. O. C., XII, p. 49, 1902). He compared it with MH. arminjoniana, but found it was darker, and had a larger bill. Dr. Wilson mentions that the birds were very abundant, and nested on the island, some having dark breasts, while others were white beneath, but all had pink legs and feet. Mr. Nicoll, who accompanied Lord Crawford on a second visit to South Trinidad Island in 1905, and procured examples of both light and dark birds, throws doubt on their belonging to different species. He thought that the dark birds were immature, but inasmuch as many were breeding, it is evident they were adult. After examining the series in-the British Museum, which contains both forms, I have come to the conclusion, in which Dr. Sharpe agrees, that they belong to the same species, and they must therefore bear the name of @. arminjoniana. The dark form is very similar to @. trinitatis, but the latter may always be distinguished by its black legs and feet ; in G. neglecta the tarsi and base of the webs are yellow. There is a young bird in the downy stage in the British Museum in which white feathers are appearing on the breast, showing that the dark plumage does not indicate an immature bird. According to Dr. Wilson, the nest is only a saucer-like depression placed on a ledge in the soft rock, where the single white egg is deposited. On skinning one of these Fulmars, he observed a capacious hollow in the abdomen sufficiently large to hold the egg, which is as big as that of a fowl :—Axis, 2.4 inches; diam., 1.75. Adult male. General colour above ashy-black, the feathers of the back from the nape downwards mottled with white bases; scapulars and wing-coverts blackish, washed with slaty-grey, the greater coverts for the most part slaty-grey, with dusky margins ; quills dusky-black, ashy-brown for the greater part of the inner web, the secondaries blackish for the greater part, ashy-brown towards the ends of the inner webs, or mottled, with blackish vermiculations, mostly at the end of the outer web ; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish, with a slight ashy shade ; crown of head and sides of face like the back, the feathers below the eye and the ear-coverts slightly mottled with white bases to the feathers; throat white, slightly mottled, with dull ashy bars, 230 CGSTRELATA ARMINJONIANA. with which most of the feathers are tipped ; remainder of under-surface of body white, with a broad collar of ashy-brown across the fore-neck, continued down the sides of the upper breast and sides of the body; on the latter a few bars of ashy-brown, and also a few similar bars below the pre-pectoral collar; on the flanks a few blackish shaft-streaks, causing a streaked appearance; under tail-coverts slaty-black, with white bases and narrow white fringes at the ends, some of the basal coverts white, with a double or single bar of ashy-grey near the end; under wing-coverts dark brown, shaded with ashy, some of the inner median and greater coverts for the most part white ; primary-coverts white at the base; quills dusky-brown below, more ashy on the inner web, which is white towards the base and margins of the primaries, and extends for the greater part of the inner web of the secondaries; “bill black; tarsi and base of toes flesh-colour ; rest of toes, webs, and whole of outer side of outer toe, black” (M. J. Nicoll). Total length about 15.0 inches; culmen, 1.15; wing, 11.6; tail, 4.9; tarsus, 1.35; middle toe and claw, 1.85. Adult female. Similar to the male. Wing, 11.5 inches; culmen, 1.2; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe and claw, 1.95. In both white and grey-breasted phases the soft parts are of the same colour, as follows :—“‘ Bill black; tarsi and base of toes pink, the outer toe and the terminal portion of the other toes and outer part of the webs, black; iris dark brown” (E. A. Wilson). ; The descriptions are taken from a pair of birds procured by Mr. M. J. Nicoll during the cruise of the “ Valhalla.” The Plate is drawn from the typical specimen in the Royal Zoological Museum of Turin. 231 78. GESTRELATA TRINITATIS, Gigl. and Salvad. (SOUTH TRINIDAD FULMAR.) (PLATE 66.) strelata trinitatis, Giglioli and Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., XI., p. 454 (1868) ; iid., Ibis, 1869, pp. 65, 66. Afstrelata (Pterodroma) trinitatis, Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 40 (1870). Gistrelata trinitatis, Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., L., p. 253, Pl. 32 (1876); id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 413 (1896); Wilson, Ibis, 1904, p. 213; Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 215; Nicoll, Bull. B. O. C., XVI., p. 103 (1906) ; id., Ibis, 1906, p. 672. . arminjoniane similis, sed subtus fuliginosa, et pedibus omnino nigris distinguenda. Tuis Fulmar was discovered during the voyage of the “ Magenta,” and found abundantly by Professor Giglioli in January, 1868, in the neighbourhood of South Trinidad Island, where it was also observed by Dr. E. A. Wilson on the “ Discovery,” and Mr. M. J. Nicoll on the “ Valhalla.” The bird is of dull plumage, and was compared by its original describers to 4. macroptera, to which it bears a general resemblance, but differs in having a white base to the inner web of the first primary, and was, on that account, placed by Salvin in a separate section of the genus Wsirelata. It is also allied to @. arminjoniana, but may be distinguished by its entirely black tarsi and toes. Professor Giglioli points out that @. trinitatis is, moreover, a smaller bird than @. macroptera, with wings proportionately longer, and the bill decidedly smaller and weaker, in addition to many other minor points of difference. Dr. Wilson, who visited South Trinidad Island on September 13th, 1901, and obtained eggs, but no young birds, states that @. trinitatis was found breeding in small colonies, apart from, and much higher up on the ledges and cliffs than its white-breasted ally H. arminjoniana. In January, 1905, Mr. Nicoll obtained both young and old birds, but reported that: . trinitatis was not nearly so abundant as @. arminjoniana, and was only met with on the higher parts of the island. 232 duur 9, LVALIN IT A ey eS eae Sw eT) NWA AL eth Ah SS) 3) CESTRELATA TRINITATIS. The nests of both species were simply small saucer-shaped hollows in the over- hanging parts of crumbling rocks. The single egg is white, and measures :—Axis, 2.5 inches; diam., 1.85; which is very large for the size of the bird. Adult male. General colour above sooty-brown, almost black, with white bases to the feathers of the upper-surface; wing-coverts and scapulars, as well as the secondaries, like the back, the primary-coverts and primaries slightly darker, the inner web for the most part ashy-brown ; tail-feathers, sooty-brown ; crown of head, sides of face, throat and entire under-surface of body also sooty-brown, all the feathers with concealed white bases which are most conspicuous on the throat; the feathers of the under-surface obsoletely margined with lighter brown; under tail-coverts slightly blacker than the breast; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown, a little deeper than the brown of the breast ; lower greater-coverts and primary-coverts white, ashy-brown towards the ends; quills dark brown below, the inner webs ashy, white towards the base, and fringed with white along the inner web; “ bill, tarsi and toes black ; iris black ’’ (M. J. Nicoll). Total length about 14.4 inches; culmen, 1.25; wing, 11.1; tail, 4.5; tarsus, 1.4; middle toe and claw, 1.95. Adult female. Does not differ in plumage from the male. Wing, 11.4 inches. A nestling procured by Mr. Nicoll is covered with sooty-grey down. The adult male and female are described from specimens obtained by Mr. Nicoll. The figure in the Plate is drawn from the type-specimen kindly lent to Salvin by the authorities of the Royal Museum of Turin. 233 79. CESTRELATA HERALDICA, Salvin. (CHESTERFIELD ISLANDS FULMAR.) (PLATE 67.) Procellaria leucoptera (nec Gould) Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 12 (1863). Fulmarus philippii (nec Gray, 1862) Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). (Estrelata heraldica, Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 357; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 414 (1896). | Media: ala 11.1: subtus alba, gutture imo, prepectore et hypochondriis fusco- cineraceo fimbriatis: subalaribus nigricanti-brunneis, majoribus albis apicem versus nigricantibus: primariis nigricantibus, intus conspicué albis: fronte nigro maculato. THIs species was described by Salvin from Chesterfield Islands, in the South-western Pacific, to the west of New Caledonia. Besides the type in our collection, which was obtained by Macgillivray, there is another in the British Museum from the same source. @. heraldica is distinguished by the very conspicuous white quill-linings, and the blackish under wing-coverts, the greater series of which are white with ashy-black ends. The lores, cheeks, and under-surface are white, with numerous cross vermicula- tions of a dull ashy colour which are continued on the sides of the body. I have found no other locality for the species beyond Chesterfield Islands, for though Salvin quotes Schlegel’s Procellaria leucoptera from Ternate (Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 12) as this bird, the description does not agree with @. heraldica, and the locality, “ Ternate,”’ seems improbable. Adult (type). General colour above dark brown, washed with slaty-grey, the feathers having obsolete margins of the same colour ; longer scapulars blacker, like the inner secondaries; wing-coverts black, with a shade of slaty-grey on the greater series; primary-coverts and quills blackish, the primaries white internally, the secondaries whitish towards the base; upper tail-coverts black, white for more than the basal half; tail-feathers black, white at the base, and for a little distance up the inner web ; crown of head like the back, slightly mottled with white where the bases 234 Pp seeeay Dy (ESTRELATA HERALDICA. show through, all the feathers having obsolete narrow margins of grey; forehead mottled, with white margins and ashy-grey centres to the feathers ; lores white; sides of face white, mottled with ashy-black, the ear-coverts nearly uniform black; the feathers below the eye spotted with black ; a white line below the eye; cheeks white, with a few ashy-brown bars ; throat and under-surface of body pure white, with an ashy- shade across the fore-neck and sides of neck, the feathers of the latter with hoary- grey margins, those of the lower throat and fore-neck being narrowly barred with ashy-brown, forming a thickly barred collar across the fore-neck; sides of body washed with ashy-grey and more or less barred with dusky-brown; a patch of ashy-brown feathers on the lower flanks above the thigh; under tail-coverts white, with black bars near the ends of the feathers, some of which are freckled along the outer web; axillaries blackish, with white bases; under wing-coverts blackish, with white edges, the greater series and the primary-coverts for the most part white, with dusky-brown ends; quills blackish below, with the basal half of the inner web white ; bill black ; tarsi and toes orange-yellow (in skin), terminal third of toes black. Total length about 14.0 inches; culmen, 1.1; wing, 11.1; tail, 4.4; tarsus, 1.3; middle toe and claw, 1.8. The description and figure are taken from the typical specimen in our collection. 235 80. CESTRELATA GULARIS (Peale). (MOTTLED FULMAR.) (PLATE 68.) Procellaria inexpectata, Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 204 (1844); Hutton, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 753. Procellaria gularis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 299 (1848). Aistrelata gularis, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856) ; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 44 (1870) ; Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 67 (1887). Procellaria mollis (nec Gould) Cass., U. 8. Expl. Exped., p. 410 (1858). Procellaria affinis, Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst., VII., p. 215 (1875). Cistrelata affinis, Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 223, Pl. 41, fig. 1 (1888). (strelata gularis, Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, 2nd ed., p. 780 (1884); Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer., IT., p. 397 (1884); Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 358 ; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 414 (1896) ; Buller, Suppl. Birds New Zeal., [., p. 117 (1905). (strelata inexpectata (Forster) ; Sharpe, Hist. Coll. Brit. Mus., II., p. 187 (1906). Media: ala 9.9-10.0: primariis intus fere omnino albis: subalaribus et tectricibus primariorum inferioribus pure albis, marginalibus nigricantibus fasciam latam formantibus: axillaribus cineraceis, basin versus albis: gutture albo: gastrzo reliquo cinerascente: subalaribus albis. THERE is in the Banksian Collection of Drawings a coloured figure (Pl. 97), by George Forster, of a Fulmar, with the name of Procellaria hesitata affixed to it, apparently in Solander’s handwriting. This drawing has since been identified by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe (l.c.) as Procellaria inexpectata of Forster, who gives a very fair description of the species, and adds “ Fig. pict. G.,” indicating that his son George had drawn the figure. Although this identification had already been hinted at by Captain Hutton (P. Z. S., 1893, p. 753), Salvin did not follow his suggestion, and preferred Peale’s name of gularis, which he considered more certain, and in this I agree. This species was also called @. affinis by Buller, but Salvin, suspecting that it might 236 a. CESTRELATA GULARIS. be @. gularis of Peale, sent a specimen of @. affinis to Mr. Ridgway, who compared it with Peale’s type and found it identical. Peale, in his original description, gives the breast as “‘ plumbeous.” He also says that the “ primaries and spurious wings are nearly black, with brown shafts,” no mention being made of the white on the inner webs of the quills, which is such a conspicuous feature. In the “ Catalogue of Birds” Salvin quoted the description (presumably taken from Peale’s type) given by Mr. Ridgway in his ‘“‘ Manual.’”’ Here we find that the inner webs of the primaries are “abruptly white for at least the inner half, with the shafts of the quills dark brown.” G. gularis is a very appropriate name, for the white throat is a conspicuous feature, standing out in strong relief from the grey under-surface of the bird. In many respects it is allied to @. heraldica, but has more white on the inner webs of the primaries. This character also separates @. gularis from @. mollis, to which it otherwise bears a certain resemblance, particularly in the black in front of, and below, the eye; but it is distinguished from both @. mollis and @. heraldica by its grey breast and abdomen. Peale says this Fulmar was found among icebergs, buffeting the storms and fogs of the Antarctic regions. He saw but few examples, and only obtained a single specimen, on March 21st, while the ship “ Peacock ” was enveloped in a fog, in Lat. 68° S., Long. 95° W. It occurs in the New Zealand seas, and Buller mentions many places whence he had received specimens; among these are the Spencer Mountains in the Province of Canterbury. Mr. Percy Seymour discovered a nesting colony at Preservation Inlet, and, according to Buller, the species has also been found on the Auckland Islands. Adult male. General colour above dark slate-colour, mottled on the back of the head, neck, and mantle with white bases to the feathers ; back and scapulars somewhat lighter slaty-grey, with hoary-white fringes to the feathers, the longer scapulars darker ; centre of the rump and central short upper tail-coverts dark slaty-grey, with blackish margins and shafts; lateral upper tail-coverts light ashy-grey, with white bases ; tail-feathers also ashy-grey, white at the extreme base, the two outer ones grey on the outer webs, the inner webs white, more or less freckled with grey ; wing-coverts slaty- black, including the marginal-coverts, bastard-wing and primary-coverts, the latter slaty-grey on the inner web, and fringed with white, the median-coverts and the greater series lighter and more ashy-grey, with white edges; the greater coverts with concealed white bases; quills slaty-black, the inner primaries rather more ashy, the secondaries light ashy-grey like the greater-coverts, with the base white, extending for a considerable part of the inner web; the secondaries fringed with white, like the greater-coverts; all the primaries white for the greater part of the inner web; head slightly browner than the back; the forehead mottled with black feathers edged with white; lores white, as also a small streak below the eye; 237 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. feathers in front of the eye and round the latter black, extending over the ear-coverts; sides of face blackish, mottled with white; throat and fore-neck pure white, with a slight indication of vermiculated ashy-brown bars, continued on to the breast, which is also white, with ashy-brown tips to the feathers; lower breast and abdomen ashy-brown with white bases to all the feathers; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts white, with a few ashy-brown bars; sides of body for the most part white, but freckled with bars of ashy-brown ; axillaries white, with a few vermiculated bars of ashy-brown near the end, the longer ones white for the basal part, the terminal half ashy-grey, with white ends; under wing-coverts white, the marginal ones slaty-black, the outer greater series mostly white, freckled with black bars; quills ashy-black below, the primary-coverts and the greater part of the inner webs conspicuously white; “bill black; feet dull yellow, the outer toe and interdigital membranes black ” (Buller). Total length about 14.0 inches; culmen, 1.05; wing, 9.9; tail, 4.0; tarsus, 1.35; middle toe and claw, 1.6. Adult female. Like the male. Total length about 14.0; wing, 10.1; tarsus, 1.3 ; middle toe and claw, 1.65. The nestling is covered with sooty-grey down, not perceptibly whiter below. The birds above described were received from Mr. Percy Seymour. The figure is drawn from an example presented by the Hon. Walter Rothschild to the British Museum. 238 81. CESTRELATA FISHERI, Ridgmay. (FISHER’S FULMAR.) Csirelata fisheri, Ridgway, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., V., p. 656 (1883); Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, 2nd ed., p. 780 (1884); Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water- Birds N. Amer., IT., p. 396 (1884) ; Ridgway, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII., p. 18 (1885) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 415 (1896). 4istrelaia fisheri, Ridgway, Auk, XII., p. 319, Pl. 4 (1895); A. O. U. Checkl. N. Amer. Birds, p. 103 (1886). @. gulari similis, et subtus cinerascens, sed pileo albo, fusco-cinereo maculato: rectricibus duabus externis fere omnino albis, haud extus cineraceis: hypochondriis albis, minime cinereo fasciatis. I HAVE had no opportunity of seeing the only known example of this species, which was procured on June 11th, 1882, by Mr. William J. Fisher, on Kadiak Island, Alaska, and is now in the U. S. National Museum at Washington. There is no account of its habits or nidification. From its grey under-surface, @. fisheri is evidently closely allied to GH. gularis, but although Mr. Ridgway compares it also with @. defilippiana in his paper in the “ Auk,” 1895, p. 321, the under-surface of the body is white in the latter bird, and it has several other distinct characters. In the Plate accompanying the memoir, @. fisheri is depicted as having a white head with dusky-grey spots, which is very different from the uniform dull slate- colour of the head in @. gularis. Salvin has published the following summary of the characters of the two species, sent to him by Mr. Ridgway for the “ Catalogue of Birds ” :— “ H. fisheri differs conspicuously from @. gularis in the very much lighter colour of the upper-parts, the mantle being lighter, not darker, than the No. 7 grey of my ‘Nomenclature of Colours.’ The upper tail-coverts and tail still paler, while the entire nape and pileus are white, the former marked with crescentic bars, and the latter more sparsely with cordate and sagittate spots of slate-colour; the white edgings of the greater wing-coverts and secondaries are much broader, and the inner web of the 239 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. lateral tail-feathers is wholly pure white, the outer web also white, with grey bars. Notwithstanding the much paler coloration of the upper-parts, however, the soft brownish-grey of the under-parts is quite as dark in @. fishert as in @. gularis, and occupies just about the same area; but the well-defined bars on the flanks seen in the latter seem to be quite absent in W@. fisheri.” The following description is copied from that given by Mr. Ridgway in his “‘ Manual,” and was reproduced by Salvin in the “ Catalogue of Birds” (p. 415) :— ““ Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half; wing more than 9 inches. Top of the head white, spotted with greyish. Back and scapulars fine bluish-grey, or plumbeous; lesser wing-coverts slaty-blackish; greater and middle coverts slate-grey, broadly margined with white; tail mostly white, irregularly barred and vermiculated with grey; lores, cheeks, chin, throat, middle of chest, and under tail-coverts immaculate pure white; a blackish spot immediately beneath the eye; sides of the neck and chest densely mottled, and vermiculated with ash-grey and white, but the former prevailing; lower breast, belly, sides and flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feathers all pure white immediately beneath the surface. Wing, 10.15 inches ; tail, 4.0 (graduated for 0.9) ; culmen, 1.0; tarsus, 1.25; middle toe with claw, 1.7.” 240 82. CISTRELATA SCALARIS, Brewster. (SCALED FULMAR.) 4istrelata gularis (nec Peale), Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI., p. 94 (1881). 4istrelata scalaris, Brewster, Auk, III., p. 390 (1886); Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 68 (1887). Gstrelata scalaris, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 416 (1896). (H. fishert similis, sed notei plumis et tectricibus alarum albo terminatis et marginatis distinguenda. THE single known example of this species was procured in April, 1880, at Mount Morris, Livingston Co., New York, and is now in the collection of Mr. William Brewster, who first identified it as @. gularis (Peale), but in 1886 came to the conclusion that it was a distinct species, and named it Wstrelata scalaris. “‘ This Petrel,” writes Mr. Brewster, “ differs from @. fisheri in having a stouter, more strongly-hooked bill, much shorter nasal tubes, less white on the forehead, crown, and wings, the inner two pairs of tail-feathers perfectly plain on both webs, and the outer three pairs with faint sparse mottling on the inner webs only. From both G. fisheri and Gi. gularis it differs in having the feathers of the back, as well as the greater and middle wing-coverts, tipped and edged with white, giving the back a sealed appearance, and on the wings forming distinct bands. Neither @. fisheri nor G. gularis shows any trace of white on the back, and neither has anything approaching well-defined wing-bands. The nostril-tubes in @. scalaris are apparently shorter and more prominent than in @. gularis, their superior outline straighter, the ends more squarely cut off, and less deeply incised. “Despite the wide dissimilarity in colouring, the bird under consideration is clearly more closely related to @. gularis than to any other known species. They may prove to be merely the dark and light extremes of a species subject to dichromatism.”’ The following description of the original specimen was published by Mr. Ridgway in his ““ Manual,” and copied by Salvin in the “‘ Catalogue of Birds ” (p. 416). “Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner half. Wing more than 9 inches. Above, including the whole top of the head, dark bluish-grey, the 241 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. feathers of the back and scapulars broadly bordered terminally with ashy-white, the middle and greater wing-coverts similarly marked; chin, throat, chest, centre of breast, and under tail-coverts, plain white; rest of the lower parts vermiculated and irregularly barred with slaty-grey or plumbeous, this becoming uniform and somewhat darker on the belly ; tail chiefly plain light brownish-grey. Wing, 9.88 inches; tail, 3.95; culmen, 1.03; depth of bill at base, 0.46; tarsus, 1.37; middle toe with claw, 1.7 (Ridgw., Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 68, 1887). 242 i hee a gs Lh a Ger 7 Gaertn ler eae tceee sil ail ee la ea lucia lig ale, apres Ses 2S aR ete siecle =e ; 69 HLW aval ‘ (ee fa 838. GISTRELATA LEUCOPTERA (Gould). . (WHITE-WINGED FULMAR.) (PLATE 69.) Procellaria leucoptera, Gould, P. Z. 8., 1844, p. 57. Procellaria cooki (nec Gray), Gould, Birds Austr., VII., Pl. 51 (1846). Cookilaria leucoptera, Bp., Consp. Av., IT., p. 190 (1855). Rhantistes velox (Solander), Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). 4istrelata leucoptera, Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., IT., p. 454 (1865). strelata leucoptera, Salvin, Ibis, 1876, p. 393, note: Salvad., Orn. Papuasia, ITI. p. 466 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 416 (1896). Minor: ala 8.5-8.65: pileo nigricante: dorso cineraceo: subalaribus et axillaribus et remigibus intus, pure albis. . leucoptera was discovered by Gould on Cabbage Tree Island, at the mouth of Port Stephen Harbour, in New South Wales, and he was informed that it bred in abundance on one of the small islands in the vicinity. Gould frequently saw this bird during his passage from Sydney to Cape Horn, but it was most numerous between the coast of Australia and the northern part of New Zealand, though Sir Walter Buller does not mention it in his “ Birds of New Zealand.’’ Gould describes if as one of the most beautifully formed species of the genus, and says it is easily distinguished by its white abdomen and under wing-coverts, which show to great advantage when the bird is seen on the wing from below; it seldom, however, rises higher than the vane of the ship. The species was not observed in the Pacific by Professor Giglioli during the voyage of the “ Magenta,” but was obtained by Mr. Filhol in the Fiji Islands (Salvin, Ibis, 1876, p. 393, note), and a specimen was procured by Dr. Hiibner on Duke of York Island; Schlegel also identified a Fulmar, captured by Dr. Bernstein at Ternate, as belonging to this species (Mus. Pays-Bas, V1., Procell., p. 13). This Fulmar differs from its allies, @. cooki and @. defilippiana in the black colour of the head and sides of neck, which extends over the mantle and partly down 243 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. the sides of the breast. In the two species above mentioned the head is bluish-grey, like the back. The range of @. leucoptera is given by Mr. A. J. Campbell (Nests and Eggs Austr. Birds, II., p. 907) as the “seas of South Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South and West Australia, and Tasmania.”’ Adult. General colour above dark slaty-grey, the feathers of the back edged with black, and with white bases; head and hind-neck uniform blackish, with obsolete margins of dark slaty-grey; scapulars slaty-grey with black ends; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light slaty-grey, with a patch of black in the centre of the rump and median upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts black, the greater series slaty-grey with white margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills, black, with a slight shade of ashy-grey on the inner primaries, which have a good deal of white on the inner web ; secondaries ashy-grey like the greater coverts, and similarly fringed with hoary-white, the inner webs being also for the most part white; tail- feathers slaty-grey, blackish on the inner web, the two outer feathers having the inner web whitish, freckled with dull ashy dots and vermiculations; forehead white, mottled with black centres; lores and sides of face white, spotted with black before and below the eye, as well as on the hinder cheeks; the feathers immediately surround- ing the eye black, overspreading the ear-coverts ; sides of neck black, as also the sides of the upper breast, which have a slight shade of ashy; under-surface of body white, including the under tail-coverts, with a freckling of grey on the lower flanks; under wing-coverts white, the marginal coverts slaty-black; axillaries white; the lower primary-coverts pure white; quills ashy-brown below, with a good deal of white along the inner web; “ bill black; tarsus and basal half of the interdigital membrane fleshy-white ; remainder of the toes and interdigital membrane black” (J. Gould). Total length about 12.0 inches; culmen, 1.05; wing, 8.65; tail, 3.7; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe and claw, 1.5. The description and figure are taken from one of the type specimens presented to us by Gould, and now in the British Museum. 244 ‘dir gaequey sega OL GL SS ERSIW INES > VE NIN eIGIRP IBLE en Ge V/Aliny? aINGKcI ence) ss Waly alee SEE Sey ye 84. CHSTRELATA DEFILIPPIANA, Gigl. and Salvad. (DEFILIPP’S FULMAR.) (PLATE 70.) Aistrelata defilippiana, Giglioli and Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., XI., p. 455 (1868) ; iid., Ibis, 1869, pp. 63, 66. Aistrelata (Cookilaria) defilippiana, Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 43 (1870). Gsirelata defilippiana, Salvin, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., IL, p. 255, Pl. 33 (1876) ; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 417 (1896). Minor: ala 9.0-9.3: pileo cinereo, dorso concolori: ala subtus fere alba, axillaribus et remigibus intus pure albis: margine alari nigro, fasciam nigram interruptam formante. G. defilippiana is very closely allied to the following species, @. cooki, and may yet prove to be identical with it, in spite of the difference of habitat; they both differ from @. leucoptera and G. longirostris in having the head blue-grey like the back, and in the absence of a black cap. Salvin separates @. defilippiana on the strength of its having a shorter and stouter bill. Dr. Giglioli and Count Salvadori, in their original descriptions, compare this Fulmar with @. gularis, but with this species it has little in common, for the latter is grey below, with a white throat. I have examined several specimens of @. cooki and @. defilippiana, and find them difficult to separate: the latter is perhaps lighter and more pearly-grey above, and appears in the dried skins to have darker feet. The culmen varies in length from 1.0-1.15 inch, and the depth of the bill at the nostrils is 0.3-0.35 inch. The range of this species, as at present known, is confined to the western coast of South America, and that of @. cooki to New Zealand and Australia, and so far neither species has been recorded from the intervening area. . defilippiana was first seen in the wake of the “ Magenta” on August 5th, 1867 ; it followed the ship up to August 10th, in Lat. 18° 4’ S., Long. 79° 35’ W., not far from the Peruvian coast. It reappeared again during the cruise from Callao to Valparaiso 245 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. in September (Gigl. and Salvad., Ibis, 1869, p. 63). Dr. Coppinger met with the species on St. Ambrose Island on July 21st, 1879 (Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 11), and a female was obtained by Admiral Markham off the coast of Chile (Salvin, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 431). Nothing has been recorded of the habits of this bird beyond the statement of Dr. Giglioli that its flight resembled that of a Prion. Adult. General colour above bluish-grey, with narrow hoary-white margins to the feathers; the longer scapulars black towards the ends; wing-coverts black, the greater series slaty-grey on the outer webs; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the last white on the inner webs, the secondaries externally ashy-grey, like the greater coverts, and fringed with white like the latter; the innermost secondaries rather blacker, resembling the longer scapulars; on the centre of the rump a small patch of blackish feathers ; upper tail-coverts bluish-grey, fringed with white at the tips; tail-feathers ashy-brown, the outermost white, freckled with ashy-brown on the inner web, the penultimate white on the outer web, freckled with ashy-brown ; the third feather for the most part ashy-brown, but with a few white frecklings ; crown of head bluish-grey, like the back, and with similar white fringes to the feathers ; forehead and lores pure white, the former slightly spotted posteriorly with blackish bases to the feathers; feathers round the eye blackish, with a narrow streak of white above the latter; sides of face, cheeks, and entire under-surface of body pure white, including the thighs and under tail-coverts; on the sides of the fore-neck a patch of bluish-grey feathers, like the back, and similarly fringed with white; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, excepting for a black band round the entire bend of the wing, broken up here and there with white ; lower primary-coverts pure white; quills blackish below, the inner web white for its inner half to within a short distance of the tip; ‘bill black; tarsi pale blue; toes black, the webs yellow, dusky towards the ends; iris brown” (H. H. Giglioli). Total length about 10.0 inches; culmen, 1.15; wing, 9.0; tail, 3.2; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe and claw, 1.5. Dr. Coppinger describes the tarsi as of a “ lavender-colour.” The dimensions in the series in the British Museum are as follows :— Male. Female. Wing AG a .. 8.85—9.4 A i .. 9.05—9.1 Culmen igs ies aA 1.15 ale zt ee 1.1 Middle toe and claw ae 1.4—1.45 ore ate ibe 1.4—1.45 The description and figure are taken from a specimen in our collection received in exchange from the Turin Museum, and one of the co-types of the species. It is labelled “ Tipo,” and is from Valparaiso. 246 , ‘dunt quequey SUNOS all he SlljualsSLallghS 10) [L BEYaL SiblelyANDESUALE 85. GiISTRELATA COOKI (Gray). (COOK’S FULMAR.) (PLate 71.) Procellaria cookit, Gray, in Dieffenbach’s New Zeal., II., p. 99 (1843); id., Voy. “Erebus and Terror,” I., Birds, p. 17, Pl. 35 (1846); Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 307 (1873). Cookilaria velox, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 190 (1855). Rhaniistes cooki, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLII., p. 768 (1856). 4Aistrelata cooki, Gould, Handb. Birds Austral., IT., p. 456 (1865). Procellaria velox, Pelz., Reis. Novara, Zool., I., Vog., p. 146 (1869). Fulmarus cooki, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 106 (1871). (strelata cooki, Buller, Birds New Zeal., 2nd ed., II., p. 217 (1888) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 417 (1896) ; Mathews, Handl. Birds Austral., p. 17 (1907). Minor: ala 8.75-9.1: rostro tenuiore, culmine 1.0-1.15: pileo cinereo, dorso concolori. Coox’s Fuimar belongs to the group of small species comprising @. leucopiera, G. longirostris, and Gf. defilippiana. The blue-grey head, uniform with the back, proclaims its affinity to the last named species, the other two having black heads. The range of @. cooki is apparently not very extensive, as it is, at present, only known from the New Zealand and Australian Seas. It was described by the late George Robert Gray from New Zealand, and the type specimen is in the British Museum. Sir Walter Buller states that this Fulmar is mainly found in the North Island, at the northern extremity of which it was met with by Mr. Reischek, who likewise records it from the Little Barrier and Larger Chicken Islands, though it was rare in both places. According to Mr. A. J. Campbell (Nests and Eggs Aust. Birds, I1., p. 908), the species is also found in the seas of Queensland and New South Wales. The difference between @. defilippiana and @. cooki has been pointed out under the former species. 247 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. This Fulmar was not known to Buller when he wrote his first edition of the “ Birds of New Zealand,” but after its publication several examples were received by him from the Hauraki Gulf and other localities, though not from the South Island. The following notes on the habits of (@. cooki are taken from the second edition. The dark wings, contrasting with the light plumage of the body, enable these birds to be easily distinguished in flight from all other Petrels; they fly low, sometimes skimming the water with slanting wings, at others touching it with their feet and resting to pick up some small object before again taking wing. Reischek met with it at the northern extremity of the island, on the Little Barrier and Larger Chicken Reefs, but states that it was rare, as during several months’ sojourn he only obtained about a dozen specimens. Some of these he opened, and found that their stomachs contained nothing but small seeds and sea-weed, the oily matter so common in other Petrels being absent. @. cooki deposits a single egg at the end of a long and tortuous burrow, usually in sloping ground. The burrow invariably terminates in two chambers, opposite each other, one occupied by the bird, the other by a Tuatara Lizard (Sphenodon), which has long since disappeared from the mainland. Mr. Reischek says that the lizard guards the burrow, actively defending both the Petrel and the egg; it attacked and fiercely bit his hand when he attempted to interfere with them, so much so, that he found it necessary to remove the lizard before handling the egg or young. This observation is also confirmed by Captain Mair’s experience on Karewa Island, in the Bay of Plenty. The breeding season commences early in October, and the eggs are laid in the beginning of November; they are white and smooth, but not glossy, and measure 1.9 inch in length by 1.5 in breadth. Adult (type of species). General colour above slaty-grey, with indistinct margins of lighter grey, scarcely visible; longer scapulars black, like the inner secondaries ; on the centre of the rump a patch of black feathers, margined with grey ; upper tail-coverts ashy-grey, with lighter grey margins; tail-feathers ashy-brown, slightly blackish towards the ends, and with concealed white bases, the two outermost white, ashy-brown along the outer web, which is slightly freckled towards the end, the third rectrix freckled with ashy-brown and white on both webs, with two-thirds of the outer web ashy-brown ; wing-coverts black, the greater series slightly shaded with ashy ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the latter white on their inner webs; crown of head like the back, the forehead and lores white, as also the sides of the face, mottled with small spots of black on the hinder forehead, below the eye, and on the ear-coverts; above the eye a narrow streak of white; eyelid and feathers in front of the eye black, extending below the eye on to the ear-coverts; cheeks and under-surface of body pure white, the sides of the neck ashy-grey, like the back, extending down on the sides, and breaking up into grey bars on the latter ; the flanks with hair-like shaft-lines; axillaries and under wing-coverts pure white, with a 248 (ESTRELATA COOKI. black band much broken up, extending round the bend of the wing; “bill black; feet pale purplish blue, with the webs a little darker, and yellowish; iris black” (Buller). Total length about 10.5 inches; culmen, 1.1; wing, 9.1; tail, 3.6; tarsus, 1.2; middle toe and claw, 1.6. There seems to be very little variation in colour and markings in the series of @. cooki which I have examined. ~ The bird figured is from New Zealand; the specimen described is the type, and both are now in the British Museum. 249 86. CESTRELATA LONGIROSTRIS, Stejneger. (JAPANESE FULMAR.) Aistrelata leucoptera (nec Gould) Stejneger, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV., p. 490 (1891). Aistrelata longirostris, Stejneger, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI., p. 618 (1893). Cstrelata longirostris, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 418 (1896). . leucoptere similis: pileo nigro: dorso clare cinereo: subalaribus et axillaribus, remigibusque intus, pure albis, fascia subalari marginali interrupta nigra. Tus small Fulmar is allied to @. leucoptera, and resembles it in having a black head, contrasting with the blue-grey back, but the black does not extend over the sides of the neck; the under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the quill-lining, are pure white, with an interrupted marginal band of black. It was originally described by Dr. Stejneger (l.c.) from a specimen obtained in the Province of Mutzu, in the Island of Hondo, and preserved in the Science College Museum of Tokio. He compares it with @. brevipes, but I consider it more closely allied to @. leucoptera, and Salvin, who never saw a specimen and copied Stejneger’s description, also located the species in the same vicinity. I am the more confident that this affinity is correct, having examined two specimens lent me by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, and obtained on the Bonin Islands by Mr. Owston’s collectors. Nothing has been published regarding the habits of this species. Adult. General colour above light bluish-grey, with distinct whitish edges to the feathers ; scapulars slaty-grey, with black tips, the longer scapulars conspicuously black at the ends, and resembling the wing-coverts ; lower back and upper tail-coverts bluish-grey, with a patch of blackish feathers on the rump; the grey upper tail-coverts white at the extreme base and edged with white at the tip; all the lesser and marginal wing-coverts black, the median coverts slaty-grey, with black edges; greater coverts lighter and of a more bluish-grey, with narrow white margins; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills black, the quills ashy-grey on the inner webs, which have a long wedge-shaped white mark; the secondaries bluish-grey, white on the inner webs, and fringed with white at the tips, the innermost secondaries dusky-black ; 250 (ESTRELATA LONGIROSTRIS. tail-feathers brown, more or less ashy towards the base, the lateral ones ashy-grey, somewhat freckled with white, the outermost white, ashy-grey along the outer web; crown of head black, somewhat overspreading the hind-neck, and encircling the eye, and extending along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; forehead white, spotted with black in the centre; lores, and feathers above the fore-part of the eye, sides of face, cheeks, and entire under-surface of body pure white, with a patch of ashy-grey feathers extending over the sides of the fore-neck and chest ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white, with a somewhat broken band round the edge of the wing, composed of black or dark ashy-grey feathers; quills blackish below, slightly more ashy on the inner webs, these being white for more than half their length, thus forming a conspicuous white quill-lining. Total length about 10.5 inches ; culmen, 0.95; wing, 8.1; tail, 3.9; tarsus, 1.1; middle toe and claw, 1.35. The description is taken from one of the specimens in the Rothschild Museum. 251 87. CESTRELATA AXILLARIS, Salvin. (CHATHAM ISLANDS FULMAR.) (PLATE 72.) Gstrelata axillaris, Salvin, Bull. B. O. C., I., p. xxxiii. (1893); id., Ibis, 1893, p. 264 ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 418, Pl. VII. (1896). @. minor: ala, 8.4: supra schistacea, pileo vix saturatiore: subalaribus mediis et majoribus albis, reliquis marginalibus late nigris: axillaribus nigris. Tuts species belongs to the smaller section of the genus @strelata, in which the outer primary shows some white towards the base of the inner web, and the wing does not exceed 8.5 inches in length. From @. cooki and the other allied forms, @. axillaris is distinguished by having the axillaries black. The original specimens of @. azillaris were obtained by the late Mr. Hawkins on the south-east island of the Chatham Group, on May 8th, 1892, and were described by Salvin in 1893, who considered the birds to be somewhat immature. The Hon. Walter Rothschild also possesses several specimens collected by Mr. Dannefaerd on the Chatham Islands, to which the bird is mostly confined. Buller, in his ‘“ Supplement to the Birds of New Zealand,” mentions a specimen which was picked up on the Wairarapa plains (Suppl. Birds New Zealand, I., p. 119). Adult male. General colour above slaty-grey with dusky-blackish margins to the feathers, the longer scapulars more conspicuously black towards their ends ; wing-coverts blackish, washed with ashy-grey, especially on the greater series; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, the latter white for a great part of the inner web, less distinct on the secondaries, which are externally ashy-grey, with hoary-white margins like the greater wing-coverts ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts paler ashy-grey with blackish shaft lines, not distinct on the upper tail-coverts, which have lighter grey margins; tail-feathers slaty-grey, with black shafts, the outer feather slightly mottled with ashy-brown and white frecklings; crown of head slightly darker than the back; forehead white, mottled with black spots in the centre; lores and 252 “(l {qe [Fp ster ihe RAN TT GAN CESTRELATA AXILLARIS. feathers above the fore-part of the eye white, plentifully marked with tiny lines and dots of black; feathers round the eye black, extending along the upper edge of the ear-coverts ; sides of face, cheeks, and entire under-surface of body pure white, with a patch of slaty-grey on the sides of the lower throat and fore-neck extending towards the centre of the latter, but not forming a pectoral band; axillaries black, with white bases and fringes, the smaller ones white with blackish tips; under wing-coverts for the most part black, enclosing a white patch formed by the median and greater coverts, and the primary coverts; quills blackish below, with a large wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner webs of the primaries, forming a continuous patch with the white under wing-coverts; “bill black; feet flesh-colour, toes and webs for the most part black” (Salvin). Total length, 11.5 inches; culmen, 0.95; wing, 8.4; tail, 3.85; tarsus, 1.1; middle toe and claw, 1.5. Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length about 11.0 inches; wing, 8.4. The description is taken from a pair of birds collected by Mr. H. H. Travers in the Chatham Islands, and the figures are drawn from the type specimens in the British Museum. 253 88. PAGODROMA NIVEA (Gm). (SNOWY PETREL.) (PLATE 73.) Snowy Peirel, Forster, Voy. I., p. 96 (1777) ; Lath., Gen. Syn., III., pt. 2, p. 408 (1785). Le Pétrel blanc ou de neige, Buff., Hist. Nat. Ois., X., p. 153 (1786). Procellaria nivea, Gm., Syst. Nat., I., p. 562 (1788); Lath., Index Orn., II., p. 825 (1790) ; Kuhl, Beitr., p. 145 (1820); Peale, U. 8S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 245, Pl. 81 (1848). Daption niveum, Steph., in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XIII., pt. 81, p. 243 (1826). Pagodroma nivea, a. major, Bp., Consp., II., p. 192. Pagodroma nivea, b. minor, Bp., Consp., II., p. 192. Pagodroma nevia, Bp., Comptes Rend., XLIL., p. 768 (1856). Pagodroma nivea, Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 160, 171; Sharpe, Voy. “ Erebus” and “Terror,” I., Birds, App., p. 37, Pl. 34 (1875) ; Salvin, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 737; id., Voy. ‘‘ Challenger,” Zool., II., pt. 8, p. 144 (1881); id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 419 (1896); Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “ Southern Cross,” p. 148 (1902) ; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 170, PL. IIL., fig. 1, Pl. XI., fig. 1, id., 1907, p. 336; Wilson, Nat. Antarct. Exped., Zool., p. 88 (1907) ; Reichenow, Deutsche Stidpolar Exped., Bd., IX., Zool., I., p. 557 (1907). Pagodroma nivea minor, Schl., Mus. Pays-Bas, VI., Procell., p. 16 (1863); Pagenst., J. B. Wiss, Anst. Hamburg, II., p, 21 (1885); Steinen, Intern. Polarf. Deutsche Exped., II., p. 278 (1890). Fulmarus niveus, Gray, Handl. Birds, III., p. 107 (1871). Pagodroma noveegeorgica, Steinen, Intern. Polarf. Deutsche Exped., II., p. 250 (1890). Nivea: statura variabili insignis. THE Snowy Fulmar, or Ice Petrel, is most frequently seen within the limit of the Antarctic Ice Belt, and has a more southern distribution than any other bird, with the exception of the Emperor Penguin. During the southern winter it migrates north- wards, in order to obtain food in the open leads of water, but it is rarely seen at any distance from the Ice Belt. Professor Reichenow has recently given a summary of 254 EY a % GATS WINOMICO Dye aoe) opine af 83 i wrath nea oan Niger Mae BRNO IE PAGODROMA NIVEA. the distribution of the species, as follows :—“‘ South Georgia, breeding (von d. Steinen, Andersson, May to August); South Orkney Islands, November, breeding; Coats Land (Bruce); S. Shetlands, January to March (teste H. Saunders); Cumberland Gulf, May; Uruguay Island, December (eggs); Cockburn and Lockery Islands, breeding; Robertson Island, February (Andersson); Paulet Island, James Ross Island, Louis Philippe Land (Klinckowstrém) ; Cockburn Island, breeding (Ross) ; McMurdo Sound (Wilson); Cape Adare (Hanson); Victoria Land, February (McCormick); Gaussberg, near Bouvet Island, breeding November, December (Vanhoffen) ; Booth Island, October (French Antarctic Expedition).” The above records prove that P. nivea is found throughout the entire area of the Antarctic Continent, as known at present, and that it has been invariably observed in the Pack Ice by all the different exploring expeditions. Nikolai Hanson and H. B. Evans, the naturalists on board the “ Southern Cross,” obtained several specimens in 1898, in Lat. 62° 52’ to 65° 3’ S., and Long. 159° 25’ to 161° 42’ E., and at Cape Adare in South Victoria Land, where numbers were seen flitting about the summits of the most inaccessible cliffs (Sharpe, Rep. Voy. “‘ Southern Cross,” p. 149). The birds accompanied the “ Discovery ” until its winter quarters in McMurdo Sound were reached, but this was so far south that there were only a few stragglers seen, and of these none remained to breed. P. nivea was, however, recorded by the sledge parties on the Ice Barrier some seventy miles to the south of the open water. After leaving Cape Adare and passing south, large flocks of Snowy Petrels flew about the ship, alternating, but not mingling with, flocks of Thalasseca antarctica. The appear- ance of the two species was singularly different, the former flying independently, with their white forms glistening against the blue sky, whilst the latter flew in unison, wheeling and turning like Starlings. Whilst following in the wake of the ship, many birds were captured by hanging lengths of strong thread to the halyards, which, becoming entangled in their wings, made them an easy prey. The Snowy Petrel has been known to range as far north as the Falkland Islands, whence specimens, now in the British Museum, were obtained by the first Antarctic Expedition, and also by Macgillivray during the voyage of the “ Rattlesnake”’ in 1850. Mr. Eagle Clarke (Ibis, 1907, p. 336) gives the extreme southern limit of P. nivea, observed by the Scottish Antarctic Expedition, as from Lat. 59° 44’ to 74° 1’ S., off Coats Land, the uwlitma thule of the voyage; it was abundant in summer on the South Orkney Islands, and by far the most numerous of the few species which remained there during the winter. When in flocks around the ship, which it often followed all day long, it was seen to capture fish, at, or near, the surface of the water. Mr. Eagle Clarke states that during the summer some 20,000 Snowy Petrels were observed in Laurie Island alone, frequenting the precipitous sea cliffs, which form their breeding haunts, while Mr. Bernacchi says that the birds nest high up on the mountain sides of South Victoria Land. Dr. McCormick, of the 255 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. “Erebus” and “ Terror”? Expedition procured this Petrel off Mt. Erebus, in February, 1841, and on the following day at the nearest point they reached to the Magnetic Pole (Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 420). The nest, consisting of a few small stones and a little earth, is placed under rocks, in caves, or the crevices of steep cliffs facing the sea, at altitudes varying from a few feet to several hundred feet above the sea level. The single white egg is laid in December, and young birds have been taken at the end of January. The parents, when approached, do not fly away, but retreat a short distance and defend themselves by ejecting at the intruder, to a distance of from six to eight feet, the oily contents of their stomach. The smell is most offensive, and clings for days to any material with which it comes in contact. Eggs measure: Axis, 2.01—2.38, diam., 1.35—1.67. Both sexes. Snowy-white: “bill black; feet and webs grey; iris dark brown” (Hanson). Male. Total length, 14-16 inches ; culmen, .8—-1.05; wing, 10.1-12; tail, 4.3-5.1 ; tarsus, 1.3—1.5. Female. Total length, 14 inches; culmen, .7-.95; wing, 9.8-11.8; tail, 5.2; tarsus, 1.5. Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, in his report on the collections of the ‘“‘ Southern Cross ” Expedition (p. 149), points out that the extraordinary variation in size exhibited by a series of the Snowy Petrels is not due to a difference of sex, the males measured by him having a wing of 10.1 to 11.8 inches, and the females 9.8 to 11.8 inches. The variation in size of bill, too, is also very marked, and is not a sexual distinction. Several specimens in the British Museum series have the outer web of the first primaries somewhat dusky, especially towards the end of the quill; these are probably young birds. The male and female described were captured in the Pack Ice during the voyage of the “Southern Cross.’”’ The specimen figured is from the Ice Barrier, and was procured by the “ Challenger’ Expedition. 256 Ea} iS) ey wo Ser 5 ares ‘ oe h ( ! \ ; | : 4 “ " = 7 Ms f R j : . i 4 ly ; : | Ik ba ; i | . 4 » wip . | ma} . | ’ : , ‘ | } A Y i | ‘ fi 1 | \ \ | er a " 5 | zy : a = I 1 \ y a | . ‘ i 1 P * 7 , ‘ . ; | hi 4 ‘dum quryue H SUN aS INLOKSE OTS S) ya Ny Teal ‘ eae a2) fete SUE mS e £) { 115. THALASSOGERON SALVINI, Rothschild. (SALVIN’S ALBATROS.) (PLate 100.) Diomedea cauta (nec Gould), Buller, Tr. N. Z. Inst., VI., p. 217 (1878); id., Birds New Zeal., ed. 2, II., p. 203 (1888); Cheeseman, Tr. N. Z. Inst., XXI., p. 125 (1889); Buller, op. cit., XXIV., p. 67 (1892); XXV., p. 76 (1893). Thalassogeron salvini, Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C., L., p. lviii. (1893); id., Ibis, 1893, p- 572; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 450 (1896). Diomedea salvini, Buller, Tr. N. Z. Inst., XXVII,, p. 122 (1895); id., Suppl. Birds New Zeal., I., p. 150, Pl. V., fig. 2 (1905). Diomedee bulleri similis, sed rostro lateraliter cyanescenti-corneo, culmine quoque concolori, minime flavo: mandibula basali haud flavicante: gutture et collo undique claré cinereis, pileo antico albo. T. salvint was considered by Captain Hutton to be merely a variety of J. cautus, but after examining the specimens in the Tring Museum, Salvin unhesitatingly pronounced it to be a distinct species, placing it in close proximity to 7. cautus and T. layardi, both of which it closely resembles, though differing in the colour of the bill. In the white crown and the grey head and neck 7’. salvini much resembles Diomedea bulleri, but the colour of the bill as figured by Buller (Suppl. Birds New Zeal., I., Pl. V., figs. 1, 2) is very different, and D. bulleri is also a smaller bird. Buller relates that according to Mr. Bethune, the engineer of the “‘ Hinemoa,”’ Salvin’s Albatros is found breeding on Bounty Island only, and it was there seen by Captain Hutton in countless numbers at the beginning of August. The nest, in the form of an inverted cone, is composed of grass, seaweed, soil and droppings of the bird, pressed closely together and forming a compact felt-like mass, which becomes solidified by exposure to the sun. The nestling is covered with thick grey down, except on the face, where the down is short and almost white. The egg is said to be rather variable in colour and markings. Both 7’. salvini and T. cautus have a bare membrane down the base of the lower mandible, and the moustachial membrane on the cheek is of a rich orange-yellow; this 351 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. is disclosed when the bird is irritated or excited. The sides of both mandibles are olive-grey changing to dull pinkish-yellow along the rami of the lower mandible, which has its terminal expansion uniform slaty-black, and the culminicorn of a delicate lemon- yellow. The sides of the mouth, both upper and under, are fringed with a yellow membrane, which from the junction of the gape extends upwards and outwards for about an inch. Iris of a lustrous coal-black with white eyelid beneath; legs and feet a greenish-grey, with flesh-coloured webs shaded with brown towards the outer edge. Length, 36 inches; expanse of wing, 7 feet 8 inches; wing, 21; tail, 8.5; tarsus, 3.4; middle toe and claw, 5.5; culmen, 5.3. The description and figure are taken from a specimen in the British Museum presented by the Hon. Walter Rothschild. 352 116. THALASSOGERON LAYARDI, Salvin. (LAYARD’S ALBATROS.) Thalassogeron layardi, Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 450 (1896); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1905, p. 559; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1906, p. 212. T. cauio similis, sed minor: ala 22 poll.: tarso 3.25; digito medio cum ungue 5.05. THE type specimen of Layard’s Albatros was obtained by him in the Cape Seas, and Salvin, who says that it is allied to 7. cautus and T. salvini, has separated it from the former in the 25th volume of “The Catalogue of Birds,” on account of its more slender bill, shorter tarsus and smaller feet, and from the latter by reason of its smaller and slightly narrower bill, shorter tarsus and toes, and also its much whiter head and neck. From a comparison of 7. layardi and T. cautus it will be seen that in colour they are alike, and that the differences of dimension on which Salvin founded his separation are so slight that it is difficult to consider these features of sufficient value. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant (Ibis, 1905, p. 559) pointed out the further resemblance in the white quill lining, and there are three examples under the name of 7. layardi in the Tring Museum which he has compared with the type, and identifies with 7. cautus. I cannot but think it questionable whether, with more material available for comparison, the separation of the two species can be maintained. Gould, when recording the head of an Albatros in Sir William Jardine’s collection from the Cape of Good Hope, identified it with that of his Diomedea cauta from Tasmania, so that the idea that 7’. cauitus ranges from the Australian to the Cape Seas is not altogether new. In addition to the type specimen in the British Museum there is another from Knysna Heads, obtained by J. Marais in August, 1899. The type measures, total length, 39 inches; culmen, 5.4; wing, 22; tail, 8.5; tarsus, 3.25; middle toe and claw, 5.05. 353 117. THALASSOGERON CULMINATUS (Gould). (GREY-HEADED ALBATROS.) (PLatEe 101.) Diomedea chlororhynchos (nec Gm.), Audub., Orn. Biogr. V., p. 326 (1839); Lawr. in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Birds N. Amer., p. 822 (1860). Diomedea culminata, Gould, P.Z.S., 1843, p. 107; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 361 (1844) : id., Birds Austr., VII., Pl. 41 (1848); id., Handb. Birds Austr., IV., p. 436 (1865); Sharpe, Phil. Trans., Vol. 168, p. 147 (1879). Thalassarche culminata, Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 59 (1870). Thalassogeron culminatus, Ridgway in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer., II., p. 358 (1884); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 451 (1896); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. ‘Southern Cross,” p. 162 (1902); Wilson, Nat. Antarctic Exped., II., Aves, pp. 113, 114. Minor: culmine flavo, usque ad frontem basalem producto; mandibula quoque basaliter flava; interscapulio cineraceo, pileo toto clare cinereo; facie guttureque concoloribus. THE Grey-headed Albatros was placed by Salvin in the genus Thalassogeron chiefly on account of its having an intervening space of bare skin between the base of the latericorn and that of the culminicorn, but after examining a long series I find that this membrane varies so much in extent that an almost perfect gradation in this respect is found between Diomedea and Thalassogeron. Nevertheless the osteological differences mentioned by Mr. Pycraft in the Introduction to this Monograph (p. xix) indicate that there is ample reason for the separation of the two genera. T’. culminaius has been compared to Diomedea bulleri, a characteristic Diomedea without any intervening patch of bare skin at the base of the mandible, but besides this difference, the colour of the mantle in 7. culminatus is of a much clearer grey, and the entire crown, sides of the face and throat are of a delicate blue-grey, and no white frontal area is visible. Although resembling TJ’. chlororhynchus in its general features 7. culminatus has a much stouter and deeper bill, a feature which was observed by Gould, and figured, though not quite correctly, by Mr. W. L. Sclater, in the ‘‘ Fauna of South Africa” (Vol. IV., p. 504, fig. 155). It differs, too, in the manner in which the culminicorn reaches the base of the mandible, impinging on the feathers of the forehead, whereas in 304 rly >I eval ESHA, THALASSOGERON CULMINATUS. T. chlororhynchus the bare skin which marks the bill of a Thalassogeron separates the frontal feathers from the culminicorn. This alone is a character sufficient to distinguish T. chlororhynchus from T.. culminatus at all ages. The species is widely distributed in southern waters, especially in the Australasian Seas, whence it ranges throughout the Pacific to South America, extending north to the coast of Oregon ; it is also found in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. According to Mr. W. L. Sclater, this bird, which he calls ‘‘ Gould’s Yellow-nosed Mollymauk,” occurs chiefly between the 30th and 50th parallels of South Latitude, and breeds on the Crozets. Mr. T. Parkin met with it in Lat. 39° 51’ S., Long. 8° 49’ E. (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, X., p. evi., 1900). During the voyage of the ‘Southern Cross’ Nikolai Hanson procured several examples in October and November in Lat. 42° 23’ to 45° 9’ S., Long. 20° 32’ E. to 77°13’ E. Dr. Davidson obtained two immature black-billed specimens, which the late Capt. Hutton stated to be from the Indian Ocean, and identified as T. culminatus (Ibis, 1903, p. 265). Numbers of these birds were observed by Gould during a voyage from Launceston to Adelaide, particularly off Cape Jarvis and Cape Northumberland, and between Sydney and the northern extremity of New Zealand. According to the late Sir Walter Buller and Capt. Hutton, 7’. culminatus, although frequenting these seas, does not breed in New Zealand. A specimen shot on the 22nd October, 1899, about one hundred miles to the south of Campbell Island, was presented to the British Museum by Commander R. F. Ayscough, who says that only two of these birds were seen between Macquarie and Campbell Islands. Dr. E. A. Wilson, the Naturalist of the ‘‘ Discovery,”’ relates (Nat. Antarctic Exped., Aves, p. 114), that 7. culminatus was constantly with the ship during the last ten days of October and throughout the first half of November, 1901 (between Long. 70°—140° K. and Lat. 50°—60° S.). It disappeared on approaching the ice, but when the *‘ Discovery’ again went north it was seen off the Macquarie Islands, and followed the ship thence to New Zealand. In March, 1904, the species was observed as the vessel was proceeding north (Lat.68°S., Long, 140° E.) and continued with it until the Auckland Islands were reached. It was also seen between New Zealand and Cape Horn and in the Atlantic, although absent in the Magellan Straits ; the most northerly examples were encountered in Lat. 45° S., Long. 45° W. Professor Giglioli says that during the voyage of the “Magenta,” 7’. culminatus was found in the Pacific, in the zone traversed by the ship, but was not very numerous. It was seen on the 30th of June, 1867, in Lat. 39° 49’, Long. 167° 59’ E., and up to the 23rd of July, in Lat. 39° 43’S., Long. 124° 54’ W. A specimen obtained by Mr. T. Bridges, near Panama, is in the British Museum ; the habitat “‘ North America”’ is given in the “A. O. U. Checklist,” where the bird is said to be occasionally found off the coast of Oregon. 355 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Dr. Knud Andersen, of Darlmenats, says a specimen was obtained on the ice in the North Atlantic in April 1834, at Fiskumvand, Eker, Norway, about 59° 50'N. Lat., and was sent by Professor W. Boeck to the Christiania Museum, and determined by Professor Collett. It had previously been wrongly identified with 7’. chlororhynchus. Gould relates that the habits and food of this species are similar to those of its congeners. Adult female.—General colour above slaty-brown, the feathers with scarcely perceptible margins of lighter brown, the long scapulars blackish towards the ends ; mantle paler than the back, being light ashy-grey; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; wings darker than the back, with a slaty-gloss, especially on the secondaries, which have the inner, and often the outer webs, for the most part white; the outer primaries with yellowish-white shafts; tail-feathers dull slate-colour, the outer ones blackish on the outer webs, all having white shafts; crown of head, sides of face and throat delicate bluish-grey, paler on the forehead and hind-neck, and thence over the upper mantle; remainder of under- surface, from the lower throat downwards, pure white; axillaries and under wing- coverts pure white, with a broad black band of small coverts round the bend of the wings; quills blackish below, more ashy on the inner webs; “bill black, the culmen yellow with the tip pink; lower half of the under-mandible yellow ochre; feet and legs grey ; webs fleshy pink ; nails yellowish horn colour” (H. A. Wilson). Total length, 28 inches, culmen, 4.25; wing, 18.8; tail, 7.4; tarsus, 3.0; middle toe and claw, 4.75. The colour of the bill and feet is variously given, and the following note of Professor Giglioli describes the bill as “black, the culmen and tip of the upper mandible and the edges of the rami of the lower mandible of a clear yellow, the tarsi and feet of a greyish flesh-colour, the interdigital membranes yellowish ; iris brown.” Mr. Nikolai Hanson’s notes were as follows :—“ Bill black, with a yellow edge above and below, the tip red; feet and webs fleshy-grey; iris light brown.” Commander Ayscough has given the colours as follows :—“ Bill black; feet pale bluish-white ; webs white; joints of toes light blue.” Dr. E. A. Wilson describes a female which he captured on December 29th, 1901, as having “ the bill black; culmen yellow with pink tip ; basal half of lower mandible yellow ochre ; feet and legs grey ; webs fleshy pink ; claws yellowish horn colour.” Gould states that the “ bill is black, with the exception of the culmen and tip, and the lower edge of the basal three-fourths of the under-mandible, which are horn-colour.”’ The description is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, obtained by Dr. E. A. Wilson during the voyage of the “ Discovery ” in Lat. 56°54'S., Long. 17° E. 306 4 ~ Say sey mEH “SNHONAHYOMOTHO NOUHOOSSVIVHL “URL BP SuEUIO NEY | ae eee NY) GOP Sel TS) BES INUUSH Ohh 118. THALASSOGERON CHLORORHYNCHUS (Gm.). (YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROS.) (PLatTE 102.) Yellow-nosed Albatross, Lath., Gen. Syn., III., pt. 2, p. 309, Pl. XCIV. (1785) ; id., Gen. Hist., X., p. 52, Pl. CLXIX. (1824). Diomedea chlororhynchos,+ Gm., Syst. Nat., I., p. 568 (1788); Gould, Birds Austr., VII., Pl. 42 (1844); id., Handb. Birds Austr., IL, p. 437 (1865); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 148, 188; Buller, Birds New Zeal., p. 294 (1873); id., Suppl., L., p. 154 (1905); Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1905, p. 560; Nicoll, t.c., p. 675. Diomedea chrysostoma, Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 24 (1844). Diomedea olivaceorhyncha, Gould, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII., p. 361 (1844). Diomedea olivaceirostris, Bp., Consp. Av., II., p. 185 (1855); Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad., 1866, pp. 186, 188. Thalassarche chlororhynchus, Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 59 (1870); id., Viagg. Magenta, pp. 106, 725 (1871). Diomedea profuga, Gray, Hand-list Birds, III., p. 109 (1871, Solanders MSS. in Mus. Brit.) ; Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., I., p. 238 (1876). Thalassogeron chlororhynchus, Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 53 (1887) ; Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, XXV., p. 451 (1896); Hall, Ibis, 1900, p. 18; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177, 1907, p. 344; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 396; Wilson, Nat. Antarctic Exped., II., Aves, pp. 114, 115. T. culminato similis, sed culminicorne flavo: rostro reliquo nigro: capite fere albo, facie laterali pallide cinereo lavato. THIS species is distinguished by its black bill and light yellow culminicorn. It resembles 7’. culminatus in general appearance, but the bill is more slender, and the culminicorn does not reach to the frontal feathers, as the former is separated at its base by a piece of bare skin ; these characteristics are very well shown in Gould’s figures of the two species in his “ Birds of Australia.” t Written D. chlororhyncha by some authors. 357 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. The yellow culmen of the bill doubtless suggested to Latham the name ‘“ Yellow- nosed Albatros,” by which this bird has since been known to naturalists. The original description was taken from a specimen procured on one of Captain Cook’s voyages, and a pencil drawing of it was made by George Forster, who was the artist accompanying the expedition. The figure is scarcely recognisable, but in the description of the collections made during the voyage, John Reinhold Forster diagnosed this Albatros and gave it the name Diomedea chrysostoma. Forster’s Descriptiones Animalium was not published till 1844, and in most cases his names have been anticipated. He gives the home of D. chrysostoma as ‘‘ Oceano Australi extra tropicum.” From this manuscript Latham evidently derived the habitat of his ‘ Yellow-nosed Albatros,’”’ which he gives as the “Southern seas without the tropics.” The specimen described came from the Cape of Good Hope, and was formerly in the British Museum, but is no longer in existence. T. chlororhynchus is an inhabitant of the South Atlantic, the South Indian and the Australian Oceans. Gould relates that the species came under his observation for the first time on the 24th July, 1838, in Lat. 30° 38’ S., Long. 20° 43’ W., from which period till the ship reached New South Wales scarcely a day passed without its — being seen. Upon some occasions it appeared in considerable numbers, many of the birds being apparently one or two years old, and these were easily distinguished from the adults, especially when flying, by their dark-coloured wings, back and tail, and by the culmen of the bill being less distinctly marked with yellow. Dr. E. A. Wilson, the naturalist on board the “ Discovery,” says that the species was first encountered in the South Indian Ocean on September 22nd, 1901, in Lat. 35° 8., Long. 14° W., and remained with the ship till the 30th of that month ; it reappeared quite close to shore off False Bay on the coast of South Africa, as well as in the neighbourhood of the Agulhas Sandbank, but eastward of this in the southern ocean its place was taken by 7. culminatus, which had not previously been observed. 7’. chlororhynchus appears to frequent different localities varying with the season of the year. Mr. Robert Hall mentions 7. chlororhynchus as frequenting the entrance of Christmas Harbour in Kerguelen Island, but he did not find it breeding. Dr. Filhol says that the species breeds on Campbell Island, but there is some doubt whether he identified the bird accurately (bis, 1903, p. 266). Mr. Nicoll, however, believed, that at the time of the ‘“ Valhalla’s” visit to Tristan da Cunha, the ‘‘ Yellow-nosed Albatros” was nesting on the top of the crater, but the weather was too unfavourable to allow of his reaching its haunts. Adult. Upper-surface dark brown, wings and scapulars a little darker, upper- back tinged with grey ; rump and whole under-surface white; head and neck white, tinged with grey, especially on the sides of the face; an indistinct dark grey mark, 358 THALASSOGERON CHLORORHYNCHUS. inclining to black in some individuals, in front of the eye; tail hoary-grey, shafts white, outer rectrix white next shaft, but becoming darker at its outer end ; bill black, culmen yellow, blood-orange at its tip; a vertical yellow line at the base of the lower mandible, the tip also yellow; legs and toes flesh colour. Total length, about 30 inches; wing, 18.8; culmen, 4.65; tail, 6.6; tarsus, 3.15; middle toe and claw, 4.35. The description and figure are taken from a bird obtained in the Australian Seas, formerly in our collection. 359 119. THALASSOGERON EXIMIUS, Verriil. (GOUGH ISLAND ALBATROS.) Thalassogeron eximius, Verrill, Tr. Connect. Acad. Sci., IX., p. 440, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2 (1895); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 449 (1896); Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1905, p. 265. T. chlororhyncho similis, sed rostro nigro, ad apicem corneo: culmine lete flavo apicem versus aurantiaco, indé rubro. No example of 7. eximius was ever seen by Salvin or myself, and I can therefore only repeat the account given by Mr. Comer, who procured the single specimen known, and add the description of Professor Verrill, who states “‘that the species is similar in plumage to 7’. chlororhynchus, but the lower mandible lacks the transverse yellow bar at the base, and is entirely black, except at the extreme outer end, where it is tipped with horn-colour. The bright-yellow culmen deepens into orange in the middle, and finally into dull red on the unguis, growing paler towards the tip. Sides and back of head pale ash-grey, forehead white. No dark spot behind the eye. Tarsus, tail and two outer toes longer than in 7’. chlororhynchus, and bill somewhat deeper at base. Wing 19°25 inches, tail 8°5, tarsus 3:05-3:07, middle toe and claw 4°32-4'35.” Mr. Comer, who obtained seventy-four eggs, states that this is the only Mollymawk on Gough Island, where it is called the “Bluehead”’ by the sealers. The nests, though smaller, resemble those of Diomedea exulans, and the birds are somewhat solitary in habit, isolating themselves in pairs among the tussocks and brakes, where they commence to lay about September 20th. Dr. Bruce and Mr. Wilton of the Scottish Antarctic Expedition, did not find 7’. eximius on their visit to Gough Island, but as Mr. Wilton records many instances of the occurrence of Diomedea melanophrys, it is possible that this Albatros may have been mistaken for 7. eximius (Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1905, p. 265). 360 a r y fe ; - 0: ib ‘ Py a i) - 2 > Zh : E . ‘ ° _ - ; ; : - r da 59 9 Aquoup, aba LPP PND qa) Bal ST eRebv NICS MIE 120. THALASSOGERON CARTERI, Rothschild. (CARTER’S ALBATROS.) (PLATE 102 A.) Thalassogeron carieri, Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C., XIV., p. 6 (1903); Hall, Key Birds Austr., p. 114 (1901); Carter, Emu, III., p. 208 (1904); Mathews, Handl. Birds Austral., p. 19 (1908). Diomedea carteri, Rothschild, Bull. B. O. C., XV., p. 44 (1905). Thalassogeron, sp. inc., Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1905, p. 265. T. chlororhyncho similis, sed rostro toto nigro: facie laterali et pilei lateribus, collo et interscapulio pure albis, minime cinereo lavatis, pedibusque flavicanti-albis distinguenda. THE type of 7. carteri was procured off the North-West of Australia, near Point Cloates, on May 12th, 1900, and for the loan of which I am indebted to the Hon. Walter Rothschild ; it appears to be in fully adult plumage, but as the entire bill is black it may be found that the bird is not really adult, as the black bill is usually a sign of immaturity. I have compared the type with the series of Albatroses both in the British and Tring Museums, but I can find no species with which to identify T. carteri. It is possible that like some of the true Albatroses, the members of the genus Thalassogeron do not assume their fully adult plumage for two or three years, and that the bill remains black for some time before it becomes parti-coloured. The Hon. Walter Rothschild and Dr. Hartert, in their original description, point out that 7. carteri belongs to the section of Thalassogeron chlororhynchus, from which, however, it differs in having the bill, including the culmen, black, the face and sides of the head white, without the grey tinge exhibited by 7. chlororhynchus ; the feet are yellowish in life and without any blackish colour on the digits and tarsi (Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XV., p. 44). Mr. Eagle Clarke in his paper on the “ Birds of Gough Island,” procured by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, mentions (Ibis, 1905, p. 265) a bird which he was unable to identify with any known species. It was captured on the island by 361 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Dr. Harvie Pirie, where it had alighted on a mass of tussock-grass, from which, though apparently uninjured, it was unable to rise. Mr. Rothschild, to whom he referred it for examination, recognised its resemblance to 7’. carteri, but noticed that it differed in having the toes nearly .75 inch shorter, and also the hind-neck washed with grey like the back, instead of being white (Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, XIV., p. 6). Mr. Eagle Clarke has now kindly lent me this specimen for examination, and I find that the short foot is occasioned by the absence of a phalanx in two of the outer toes on both feet, but in other respects it agrees very well with 7. carterz. There are, how- ever, some minor points worthy of notice, viz. : the extension of the dark colour of the back to the hind-neck as mentioned above, and a slight difference at the base of the culminicorn, there is also a grey tinge on the face and crown; these characters, however, appear to me of trivial importance. I ascribe the absence of a joint in the toes to a malformation or an individual peculiarity, and Iam the more inclined to do so, as the feet look out of proportion to the size of the bird, moreover I am not aware that any other member of the order Tubinares is without the full complement of toe-bones, consequently I place this bird, for the present at all events, under 7’. carterv. Adult male. General colour above blackish, with broad ashy-grey margins to the feathers, becoming greyer on the mantle, wings blackish-brown, rump and upper tail- coverts pure white; tail ashy-grey, dusky towards the ends, shafts white, the outer feathers blackish internally, light ashy-grey externally, dusky towards the end; head and neck as well as the upper mantle white; sides of the face and the whole of the under surface pure white, including the under wing-coverts, which have a broad band of dark brown feathers round the edge of the wing ; quills below blackish, ashy along the inner web. Culmen, 4.2 inches; wing, 17.4; tail, 6.7; tarsus, 2.8 ; middle toe and claw, 3.3. The description and figure are taken from the type. 362 dun eye “YSONIOIING VRLAaVid ~ Uae SUEETRYT CO] @2VIg SHUV NIE OL 121. PHGIBETRIA FULIGINOSA (Gm.). (SOOTY ALBATROS.) (PLaTE 103.) Great Black Petrel, Lath., Gen. Syn., Suppl. II., p. 333 (1801). Diomedea fuliginosa, Gmel., Syst. Nat., 1, p. 568 (1788); Temm., Pl. Col., 469 (1829) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, III., p. 650 (1844); id., Ibis, 1862, p. 247; Gould, Birds Austr., VII., Pl. 44 (1848) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 284, 1867, p. 186; Buller, Birds N. Zeal., p. 296; id., Ed. 2, II., p. 205; Sharpe, Phil. Trans., elxviii., p. 148 (1879). Diomedea spadicea, Less., Man. d’Orn., II., p. 391, (1828). Diomedea fusca, Audub., Orn. Biogr., V., p. 116 (1839). Diomedea palpebrata, Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 55 (1844). Phebetria fuliginosa, Reich., Syst. Av. Longip., p. v. (1852); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr., IT., p. 441 (1865) ; Giglioli, Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 60; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 3, p. 12 (1876); Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XXV., p. 453 (1896); Hall, Ibis, 1900, p. 18; Hutton, Ibis, 1903, p. 82; Buller, Suppl. Birds N. Zeal., I., p. 155; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1905, pp. 267, 560; id., 1906, p. 177; id., 1907, pp. 342, 653. Capite et alis nigricantioribus ; area oculorum alba ; rostro nigro, mandibula inferiore striga flavescente. EARLY writers recognised but a single species of the genus Phebeiria, and Salvin in his Catalogue of the Tubinares in the British Museum followed them in this respect, though he says that there are “individuals with a much greyer abdomen and back, mingled with the ordinary form,” and he adds, “if these birds can be traced to a definite breeding place, where they alone are found, it would be well to assign them specific rank.” It had been previously observed that both dark and light birds were frequently found together, but it was believed that the latter were the young in immature plumage. Neither Gould nor Buller appear to have had any doubt on this point, and the former, who both figures and describes the dark form in his fine work on the “ Birds of Australia,” does not allude to the subject, nor does Buller speak of a paler grey form. 363 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Captain Hutton in his paper on the “ Birds inhabiting the Southern Ocean” (Ibis, 1865, p. 284) notices a pale form, but he, too, was then inclined to believe that they were young birds, though he did not feel confident about it. In 1867, he again, writing in the Ibis, states that while off Tristan da Cunha several examples of P. fuliginosa came round the ship, and more or less continued with it till Lat. 44° 27’ S., Long. 150° 12’ K., was reached. On this occasion, too, he noticed amongst them a very distinct variety, in which the neck, back and body were grey, with a broad black band round the beak, and the horizontal line on the under mandible was less conspicuous ; the bird, however, was of the same size as P. fuliginosa, and he named it var. cornicoides. Captain Hutton’s statements are of considerable value, as he was not only an excellent observer, and made no less than seven voyages to the Cape of Good Hope, but he had the good fortune to obtain valuable information from Mr. Harris, engineer on board H.M.S. “‘ Adventure,” whose ship being wrecked on Kerguelen Island, necessitated a stay there for nearly a year, during which time he made careful notes on the birds of this little visited island. In a letter to Mr. Eagle Clarke, Captain Hutton says that the pale form (P. cornicoides) breeds on the Auckland and Antipodes Islands, and is the common phase in the New Zealand seas, but he does not recollect having seen the sooty-coloured bird there; he adds that P. fuliginosa alone, so far as his information went, nests on Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha, though Mr. Eagle Clarke adds both forms were observed off Gough Island by the Scottish Expedition, but none were obtained (Ibis, 1905, pp. 267, 268). Mr. Comer describes the species which breeds on Gough Island, as having the beak dark, with a yellow stripe on each side; he states that it is common, not breeding in societies, but placing its nest separately on cliffs, or projecting rocks, which are difficult of access. If the above statements are correct we have a distinct breeding place for each form, and they must therefore be considered separate species. Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, writing in the Jbis on the “ Birds of the Weddell and adjacent Seas” (1907, pp. 342, 343), says, that it is a matter of surprise that two such genuinely distinct forms as P. fuliginosa and P. cornicoides should for so long have passed as the same species; he, however, points out the almost impossible task of at present determining accurately their respective distribution, since they have been so confused by observers. The collections made by the “ Scotia”? enabled him to say that all the birds obtained and seen in the far south belonged to Hutton’s species, and it was only when the South Atlantic was approached that Gmelin’s P. fuliginosa appeared. Specimens of both birds were obtained during the voyage, but P. cornicoides alone was procured in the Antarctic Ocean, where it was observed so far south as Lat. 69° 46’. No specimen of P. fuliginosa was either obtained or observed 364 PHG@BETRIA FULIGINOSA. by the expedition beyond 58° S., though it is known to extend rather further. Bernachi asserts that P. cornicoides was occasionally encountered in the pack ice, and this statement is corroborated by other travellers. There are twenty specimens of the “Sooty Albatros” in the British Museum collection, ten of the dark form, and a similar number of the pale bird. In the dark form (P. fuliginosa), the streak occupying the groove in the lower mandible is of a conspicuous straw-colour, whereas in the pale phase (P. cornicoides) the groove is narrower and shorter, and the streak is of a dark colour. On some of the labels it is described as having been blue in life, a colour which would no doubt fade after death. This character, if constant, would be a further indication for the separation of the two forms, but, unfortunately, one of the specimens obtained by the ‘“‘ Southern Cross ”’ Expedition is labelled as having a white mandibular stripe, though in the dry skin the stripe has no appearance of having been of this colour. Dr. Hartert, moreover, informs me that the Tring Museum contains four skins of the pale coloured phase, three of which have a dark stripe, similar to those in the British Museum, but in the fourth, a typical P. cornicoides from the Otago Coast (Buller Coll.), the stripe is as yellow asin P. fuliginosa. Hutton also mentioned that he had a bird of the pale form in which the streak on the under mandible was white, but this statement he afterwards withdrew in a letter to Mr. Eagle Clarke (Ibis, 1905, p. 267). The bills in our ten specimens average slightly larger than those of P. cornicoides, but as all the other measurements are practically the same, I do not attach much importance to this. Mr. Eagle Clarke has lent me coloured drawings of the two species, taken from freshly killed specimens; both have a black bill, but in P. fuliginosa the streak occupying the groove of the lower mandible is of a yellowish straw-colour, while in that of P. cornicoides it is of a delicate pale blue. The evidence on this point is conflicting, and the matter can only be satisfactorily cleared up by careful observations made on the freshly killed birds. Gould says that the P. fuliginosa is one of the commonest Albatroses, and is universally distributed over all the temperate latitudes south of the equator, but as before noticed, he did not recognise a second species, and therefore it is uncertain to which form his remarks refer. He noticed it as far north as Lat. 31° 10’ S., Long. 34° W., and records that it was seen constantly between the island of St. Paul and Tasmania, as well as in the Pacific near Cape Horn, and was still more abundant in the Atlantic in Lat. 41°S., Long. 34° W. According to him the cuneate tail, together with the small and slight legs and delicate structure, indicate that it is the most aerial species of the genus [Diomedea], and that its flight differs materially from that of other Albatroses. The nest is of mud, raised five or six inches from the ground, slightly depressed on the top, and usually placed in cliffs difficult of access; it is also recorded as occasionally breeding in societies. The young bird when half grown is covered with a 365 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. whitish down; when approached closely it makes a strange clattering with its beak, and if touched will eject a deluge of fcetid oily fluid from the nostrils. The egg is oval, usually white, but sometimes marked at the larger end with purplish spots and blotches. Adult. Sooty-brown, inclining to black on the head and sides of the face; a ring of short white feathers, very conspicuous in life, nearly encircles the eye; wings blackish, primaries with white shafts, darker at the tips ; tail also blackish, with white shafts to the feathers, very prominent; under wing-coverts paler than the upper. Bill black, with a horizontal straw-coloured groove on the under mandible, extending from the gape to the unguis. Total length, 29.5 inches; wing, 19.2; culmen, 4.15; tail, 10.2; tarsus, 2.9; middle toe and claw, 4.6. The description and figure are taken from a New Zealand bird formerly in our collection. 366 122. PHCABETRIA CORNICOIDES (Hutton), (HUTTON’S SOOTY ALBATROS.) Albatros with White Eyebrows, Cook, Voy., I., p. 38. Diomedea fuliginosa, var. cornicoides, Hutton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 186, 192. Phebetria cornicoides, Kagle Clarke, Ibis, 1905, pp. 267, 560; 1906, p. 177; 1907, pp. 342, 653. P. fuliginose similis, sed dorso et corpore subtus brunneo-cinereis; mandibule striga cerulea distinguenda. THIS species was first described as a variety of P. fuliginosa by Captain Hutton, with which it had previously been confounded. It may at once be distinguished by its grey-brown back and underside; the groove, too, in the under mandible is smaller and narrower and in most specimens is of a pale blue. The two races have been so confused by most of the early writers that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to decide as to which form their observations refer. This question has, however, been discussed under the preceding species. The bird referred to by Captain Cook, in Lat. 64° 12’ S., Long. 38° 14’ E., is undoubtedly P. cornicoides, as he particularly mentions the grey-brown back, the black head, and the white eyebrows. Though over a large portion of their range the two species are found together, P. cornicoides appears to have a more southern range than its ally, as Mr. Eagle Clarke says that it alone was encountered in the Weddell Sea by the “ Scotia ” Expedition, and it was only on reaching the South Atlantic that P. fuliginosa was seen. Hutton’s “Sooty Albatros”? breeds in the Auckland and Antipodes Islands; its nest and general habits are doubtless similar to those of its ally P. fuliginosa described above. Adult. Similar to P. fuliginosa, but with the mantle and upper back ashy-grey, becoming somewhat darker on the scapulars and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts darker than the back, with a greyish tinge ; head similar to that of P. fuliginosa, but offering a greater contrast to the mantle. Bill black; suture in under mandible pale blue. The description is taken from a specimen obtained by the ‘‘ Southern Cross ” Expedition in Lat. 42° 23’ S., Long. 20° 32’ E., October 24th, 1898. 367 N.B.—The main reference to each species is indicated, both in the English name and the scientific INDEX. name, by the page-number being in italic type. Acipetes, XLIM. antarctica, 161. Adamastor, xii, 157. cinereus, 155. —— flavirostris, 94. — gelidus, 156. sericeus, 181. —— typus, 155. adamastor, Procellaria, 155. adusta, Diomedea, 309. equinoctialis, Fulmarus, 169. 172, 173, 175, 217. ——,, Procellaria, xxxv, 142, 169, 170, 174. ——, Puffinus, 169. ——, var. A, Procellaria, 142. equorea, Procellaria, 53. AXstrelata, XLIV, XLVI. alba, 207. arminjoniana, 229. —— aterrima, 177, 179. —— atlantica, 176. brevipes, 209. — brevirostris, 177, 216. —— bulweri, 257. — caribbea, 187. — cooki, 209, 247. —— defilippiana, 245. — desolata, 190, 209, 293. diabolica, 184. —— externa, 221. —— fisheri, 239. —— fuliginosa, 176. —— gavia, 120. —— gouldi, \76. grisea, 216. —— gularis, 236, 241. —— hesitata, 155, 184. —— hypoleuca, 212. , Majaqueus, xum, 169, 170, 171, Aistrelata incerta, 195. inexpectata, 195. —— jamaicensis, 187. —— kidderi, 216. — lessoni, 181. —— leucocephala, 181. —— leucoptera, 209, 243, 250. longirostris, 250. —— macgillivrayi, 260. —— macroptera, 176. —— magente, 203. —— mollis, 197. —— neglecta, 226. —— parvirostris, 193. —— pheopygia, 207. rostrata, 190. sandwichensis, 207. scalaris, 241. solandert, 177. solandri, 219. sp., 184. trinitatis, 232. — wortheni, 205. ajfinis, Estrelata, 236, 237. ——., Procellaria, 236. alba, A’strelata, 207. ——, Procellaria, 207, 226. Albatros, Black-eyebrowed, 339. ——,, Black-footed, 332. ——, Buller’s, 344. ——, Carter’s, 361. de la Chine, 326. —— du Cap de Bonne Espérance, 309. ——, Gough Island, 360. ——, Grey-headed, 354. ——, Hutton’s Sooty, 367. ——, L’, 309. ——, Layard’s, 353. ——, Laysan, 336. —,, Plate’s, 346. 369 Albatros, Royal, 319. , Salvin’s, 331. ——,, Snowy-winged, 322. ——.,, Sooty, 363, 365. ——.,, Steller’s, 326. ——, Wandering, 309. ——, Waved, 330. —— with White Eyebrows, 367. , Yellow-nosed, 357. Albatross, Chocolate, 309. , The, 309. ——, Wandering, 309. , Yellow-nosed, 357. albatrus, Diomedea, Ut, 142, 326, 327, 332, 333. albigularis, Cymodroma, Xxxviu, 68, 69. , Fregetia, 68. ——., Procellaria, 68. , Thalassidroma, 68, 69. album, Daption, 226. albus, Fulmarus, 226. alle, Mergulus, 301, 305. amaurosoma, Nectris, 145. , Puffinus, 145. aneiteimensis, Futmarus, 209. anglorum, Cymotomus, 104. ——,, Neciris, 104. ——, Puffinus, XXXIX, XL, x11, 92, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 202. , Thalassidroma, 104. anjinho, Bulweria, 22. , Fulmarus, 257. , Procellaria, 257, 258. Another Blue Peterel, 281. Antarctic Fulmar, 167. Peterel, 161. —— Petrel, 162. antarctica, Acipetes, 161. , Priocella, 161, 162. ——, Procellaria, 161. MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. antarctica, Thalasseca, xum1, 161, 162, 163, 166, 255. antarcticum, Daption, 161. antarcticus, Fulmarus, 161, 165. arcticus, Puffinus, 104. Ardenna, Xu. artel, Pachyptila, 297. , Prion, 285, 287, 291, 297, 298. ——.,, Procellaria, 297. , Pseudoprion, 297. armingoniana, Gistrelata, 229. arminjoniana, Aistrelata, 229. , Hstrelata, xtvi, 229, 230, 232. Arminjon’s Fulmar, 229. Ashy Petrel, 29. assimilis, Puffinus, xii, 17, 117, 133, 134, 1386, 138, 139, 140, 214. aterrima, Astrelata, 177, 179. , Estrelata, xuvin, 179. ——.,, Procellaria, 179. ——., Pterodroma, 179. atlantica, Avstrelata, 176. ——.,, Procellaria, 176, 177. , Pterodroma, 176. atlanticus, Fulmarus, 176. auduboni, Puffinus, Xi, 130, 131. Audubon’s Shearwater, 129. auricularis, Puffinus, xu1, 77, 112, 118, 115, 116, 117, 119. australis, Prion, 285, 287. axillaris, @strelata, xtv1, 252. 117, 129, baillont, Puffinus, xu11, 127, 128, 134, 138, 139, 140. Banks’ Blue Petrel, 289. banksi, Pachyptila, 289. , Prion, Li, 282, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298. — , Procellaria, 289. , Pseudoprion, 289. baroli, Puffinus, 107, 108, 126. beali, Oceanodroma, xxxv, 11, 12. Beal’s Storm-Petrel, 17. beldingi, Oceanodroma, xxxv, 9, 12. Belding’s Fork-tailed Petrel, 12. bérard, Procellaria, 299. berardi, Haladroma, 299. , Pelecanoides, 299, 302. Black-bellied Storm-Petrel, 59. -eyebrowed Albatros, 339. —— -footed Albatros, 332. —— Fork-tailed Petrel, 24. —— Fulmar, Mascarene, 179. —— ——,, Parkinson’s, 174. , White-chinned, 169. —— Petrel, 169. —— -tailed Petrel, 159. -vented Shearwater, 109. Bleu Pétrel, 285. Blue Fulmar, Broad-billed, 285. —— -mountain Duck, 187. Fulmar, 187. —— Peterel, 285. , Another, 281. —— Petrel, 263, 281, 282, 286. —— ——.,, Banks’, 289. —— ——,, Dove-like, 293. —— ——,, Short-billed, 297. Bluehead, 360. Bonin Islands Fulmar, 212. borealis, Procellaria, 265. , Puffinus, 94, 96, 98. brachiura, Diomedea, 326. brachyura, Diomedea, 326, 332, 336. brevicauda, Nectris, 149. ——.,, Priofinus, 149. ——.,, Puffinus, 149. brevicaudatus, Puffinus, 149. brevicaudus, Puffinus, 85, 149. brevipes, Aistrelata, 209. ——., strelata, xv, xvi, 209, 210, ZU 2028250: ——.,, Procellaria, 209. brevirostris, Aistrelata, 177, 216. , Estrelata, xuvu, 216, 217. ——.,, Prion, ut, 294, 297, 298 ——., Procellaria, 216 ——, Pseudoprion, 297. Broad-billed Blue Fulmar, 285. Petrel, 285. Brown-banded Petrel, 293, 294. bulleri, Diomedea, tiv, 344, 346, 351, 354. , Puffinus, xu, 81, 82. Buller’s Albatros, 344. Shearwater, 87. bullocki, Procellaria, 8. bulwert, Aistrelata, 257. 370 bulweri, Bulweria, xuvitt, 257, 258, 259, 260. ——, Fulmarus, 257. ——, Mstrelata, 257. ——.,, Procellaria, 257, 258. ——,, Thalassidroma, 257. Bulweria, XXxXIxX, XLVII. —— anjinho, 22. — bulweri, xivi1, 257, 258, 259, 260. columbina, 257. —— macgillivrayi, xiv, 22, 259, 260. Bulwer’s Fulmar, 257. — Petrel, 257. cerulea, Halobena, u, 281, 282, 283, 305. ——.,, Pachyptila, 281. , Procellaria, 281 ceruleus, Fulmarus, 281. , Prion, 281. Cahow, 129, 131, 132. Calopetes capensis, 276. Cape Fulmar, 276, 279. Hen, 169, 172. —— Pigeon, 276, 278. Verde Islands Shearwater, 99. capense, Daption, 276. , Daptium, 276. capensis, Calopetes, 276. , Daption, u, 276, 277, 278. ——, Daptrion, 276. ——, Fulmarus, 276. , Procellaria, 276. Capped Fulmar, 184. caribbea, Aistrelata, 187. , Pterodroma, 187, 188. caribbeus, Fulmarus, 187. carneipes, Nectris, 142. ——, Priofinus, 142. ——, Puffinus, v1, xum, 84, 85, 86, 88, 142, 143. cartert, Diomedea, 361. , Thalassogeron, tv, 361, 362. Carter’s Albatros, 361. castro, Oceanodroma, XXXVI, 16, 17, 18, 62. ——, Thalassidroma, 15. cauta, Diomedea, 346, 348, 351, 353. ——,, Thalassarche, 348. 10, 15, cautus, Thalassogeron, Liv, 346, 348, 351, 353. cervicalis, Gstrelata, xLiv, 221, 223, 224. chapmant, Oceanodroma, 32, 33, 34. Chatham Islands Fulmar, 252. Chesterfield Islands Fulmar, 234. chilensis, Nectris, 145. chinensis, Diomedea, 326, 332. chionoptera, Diomedea, tm, 310, 311, 313, 317, 320, 322, 323, 325, 326. chlororhyncha, Diomedea, 357. , Procellaria, 84. chlororhynche, Le Pétrel, 84. chlororhynchos, Diomedea, 354, 357. chlororhynchus, Puffinus, xu, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 149. ——., Thalassarche, 357. ——, Thalassogeron, Liv, 340, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361. — ., Thiellus, 84. Chocolate Albatross, 309. Christmas Island Shearwater, 153. chrysostoma, Diomedea, 357, 358. cinerea, Nectris, 90, 94. , Procellaria, 94, 155. Cinereous Petrel, 155, 156. Puffin, 94. cinereus, Adamastor, 155. , Priofinus, xum, 155, 156, 157, 158. ——., Puffinus, 84, 90, 92, 94, 145, 155, 158 columbina, Bulweria, 257. ——,, Procellaria, 257. —— ., Thalassidroma, 257. columbinus, Puffinus, 257. conspicillaia, Procellaria, 169. conspicillatus, Fulmarus, 169. ——,, Majaqueus, 169, 170, 171, 172. ——., Puffinus, 169. Common Fulmar, 156, 265. cooki, Zistrelata, 209, 247. ——., Cookilaria, 247. ——, Fulmarus, 247. ——, @strelata, xiv, 134, 214, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 252. —., Procellaria, 209, 243,2247. ——., Rhantistes, 247. Cookilaria, xiv. —— defilippiana, 245. — leucoptera, 243. INDEX. Cookilaria solandri, 219. — velox, 247. Cook’s Fulmar, 247. cornicoides, Diomedea, 367. , Phebetria, LV, 364, 365, 367. Coues’s Shearwater, VI. creatopus, Puffinus, VI, xi, xuu, 101, 103. eryptoleucura, Cymochorea, 15. , Oceanodroma, 15. , Procellaria, 15. culminata, Diomedea, 341, 344, 354. , Thalassarche, 354. culminatus, Thalassogeron, Liv, 340, 354, 355, 357, 358. cuneatus, Priofinus, 76. , Puffinus, xt, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 212. curilica, Procellaria, 149. curilicus, Puffinus, 149. cyanopedo, Procellaria, 137. cyanopus, Procellaria, 137. Cymatobulus, XL. Cymochorea, XXXV. cryptoleucura, 15. — homochroa, 29. leucorrhoa, 8. —— markhami, 27. —— melena, 24. —— melania, 24. Cymodroma, XXXVU, XXXVI. —— albigularis, xxxvimm, 68, 69. grallaria, xxxvio, 43, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67. —— melanogaster, xxxvul, 43, 44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67. —— melanoleuca, XX XVII. —— mestissima, Xxxvin, 23, 71. tropica, 60, 61, 62, 68. Cymotomus, XL. — anglorum, 104. dacunhe, Pelecanoides, 304, 305. Damier brun, 161. ' ——, Le, 276. Daption, XLIx, L. —— album, 226. antarcticum, 161. —— capense, 276. —— capensis, L, 276, 277, 278. 371 Daption desolatum, 293. griseum, 145. niveum, 254. Daptium capense, 276. Daptrion capensis, 276. Dark Grey Petrel, 146. -rumped Fulmar, 207. defilippiana, Aistrelata, 245. , Cookilaria, 245. ——.,, Estrelata, xiv, 214, 239, 243, 245, 247. Defilippi’s Fulmar, 245. derogata, Diomedea, 326, 328, 329. desolata, Hstrelata, 190, 209, 293. , Estrelata, 210. —., Procellaria, 190, 209, 293. desolatum, Daption, 293. desolatus, Prion, L, Li, 285, 286, 287,290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298. ——, Pseudoprion, 293. Diable, 185. Diablotin, 130, 184, 185. diabolica, Afstrelata, 184. , Procellaria, 184, 185. dichrous, Puffinus, 126. Diomedea, LIt, Lit, Liv, Ly, 344, 346, 354, 365. — adusta, 309. —— albatrus, tin, 142, 309, 326, 327, 332, 333. — brachiura, 326. — brachyura, 326, 332, 336. —— bulleri, tiv, 344, 346, 351, 354. — carteri, 361. — cauia, 346, 348, 351, 353. chinensis, 326, 332. — chionoptera, tim, 310, 311, 313, 317, 320, 322, 323, 325, 326. chlororhyncha, 357. chlororhynchos, 354, 357. chrysostoma, 357, 358. —— cornicoides, 367. — culminata, 341, 344, 354. derogata, 326, 328, 329. epomophera, 309. —— exhulans, 309. —— exulans, tim, 309, 310, 311, 312, 3138, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 336, 340, 341, 360. MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Diomedea fuliginosa, 367. fusca, 363. gilliana, 339. immutabilis, Liv, 333, 335, 337, 338. trrorata, LIV, 330, 331. —— melanophrys, Li, LI, Liv, 339, 340, 341, 360. nigripes, VI, Liv, 327, 330, 333, 335, 337, 338. — olivaceirostris, 357. —— olivaceorhyncha, 357. —— palpebrata, 363. —— platet, tiv, 346. —— profuga, 357. —— regia, Li, 310, 312, 313, 315, 317, 319, 320, 322, 325, 326. salvini, 351. spadicea, 309, 326, 363. Diomedeide, Li. dispar, Prion, 293. Diving Petrel, 299. —— ——, Garnot’s, 307. —— ——, Kerguelen, 304. Dove-like Blue Petrel, 293. Duck, Blue-mountain, 187. Dusky Petrel, 126. —— Shearwater, 126. 336, 336, 332, edwardsi, Pujfinus, v1, xu1, 99, 100, 101. elegans, Puffinus, xu, 136, 137. Elliot’s Storm-Petrel, 43. epomophera, Diomedea, 309. exhulans, Diomedea, 309. eximius, Thalassogeron, LIv, 360. exsul, Pelecanoides, tu, 300, 302, 304, 305, 307. externa, Aistrelata, 221. , Hstrelata, xiv, 221, 223, 224. exulans, Diomedea, tn, 309, 310, 311, See Sule} Skee eiiby Bile eile 320) (321: 322; 323; 325, 326, 327, 336, 340, 341, 360. faeroensts, Hydrobates, 1. fasciata, Procellaria, 293. fee, @strelata, xuvi, 201. Fea’s Fulmar, 201. fishert, Aistrelata, 239. fisheri, Gistrelata, xuv, 36, 239, 240, 241. Fisher’s Fulmar, 239. flavirostris, Adamastor, 94. , Hstrelata, 94. ——., Procellaria, 94, 157. ——, Puffinus, 94, 95, 96, 97. Fork-tailed Petrel, 8, 38. , Belding’s, 12. —— - —— ——.,, Black, 24. —— - —— — ., Grey, 38. —— - —— —.,, Guadalupe, 18. —— - —— —. Homby’s, 36. —— - —— ——_,, Madeiran, 15. —— - ——— ——.,, Markham’s, 27. —— - —— ——,, Swinhoe’s, 32. - _— ——, Tristram’s, 20. forsteri, Pachyptila, 285. , Prion, 285. ——,, Procellaria, 281, 285. Forster’s Shearwater, 120. Fregata, XXXvm. fregata, Pelagodroma, 53. ——, Procellaria, 53, 65, 66. ——, Thalassidroma, 53. fregatta, Procellaria, 65. Fregetta, XXXv1u. albigularis, 68. grallaria, 65. —— melanogaster, 59. — melanoleuca, XX XVIII. —— mestissima, 71. tropica, 68. fregetta, Thalassidroma, 65. Frigate Petrel, 53. fuliginosa, Histrelata, 176. ——, Diomedea, 363. ——.,, Nectris, 137, 145, 146. ——., Oceanodroma, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. ——.,, Estrelata, 176. ——, Phebetria, tv, 324, 363, 364, 365, 367. —., Procellaria, 20, 146, 169, 176. ——,, Pterodroma, 176. fuliginosus, Nectris, 145. , Puffinus, 145. Fulmar, Antarctic, 161. , Arminjon’s, 229. ——, Blue-mountain, 187. ——, Bonin Islands, 212. 372 Fulmar, Broad-billed Blue, 285. , Bulwer’s, 257. ——., Cape, 276, 279. ——, Capped, 184. ——., Chatham Islands, 252. ——., Chesterfield Islands, 234. ——, Common, 156, 265. —, Cook’s, 247. ——., Dark-rumped, 207. ——., Defilippi’s, 245. ——., Fea’s, 201. ——,, Fisher’s, 239. ——, Giant, 261, 262. ——., Giglioli’s, 203. ——, Japanese, 250. ——, Juan Fernandez, 221. ——, Kerguelen, 216. ——, Kermadec, 27/4. ——, Le, 265. ——, Long-winged, 176. ——, Macgillivray’s, 260. ——, Mascarene Black, 179. ——.,, Mottled, 236. ——.,, Pacific, 270. ——., Parkinson’s Black, 174. ——.,, Peale’s, 190. ——, Petrel, 265. —— ——,, var. A, 165. ——,, Phillip’s, 226. ——., Pheenix Islands, 193. ——., Rodgers’, 273. ——., Sealed, 241. ——,, Schlegel’s, 195. ——,, Silvery-grey, 165. ——,, Snowy, 254. ——.,, Soft-plumaged, 197. ——, Solander’s, 219. ——, South Trinidad, 232. ——, Sunday-Island, 223. ——, The, 265. ——., White-chinned Black, 169. ——, —— -headed, 181. ——, —— -throated, 209. ——, —— -winged, 243. ——,, Worthen’s, 205. Fulmarine, XXXVI, XLVI. Fulmarus, XUrx. —— equinoctialis, 169. —— albus, 226. anestermensis, 209. Fulmarus anjinho, 257. antarcticus, 161, 165. —— atlaniicus, 176. —— bulweri, 257. — ceruleus, 281. —— capensis, 276. —— caribbeus, 187. — conspicillatus, 169. —— cooki, 247. gavia, 120, 129. giganteus, 261. —— glacialis, xurx, 156, 265, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274. —— glacialoides, 165. —— glupischa, L, 270, 271, 272, 274. griseus, 216. — hesitatus, 184. — lessoni, 181. — macgillivrayi, 260. —— macropterus, 176. — meridionalis, 184. minor, 265, 267. —— mollis, 197. niveus, 254. —— pacificus, 270. —— parkinsoni, 174. —— parvirostris, 193. —— philippii, 234. rodgerst, L, 273, 274. rostratus, 190. solandri, 219. tenuirostris, 165. furcata, Oceanodroma, XXXV, XXXVI. 38. , Pachyptila, 38. ——., Procellaria, 38. — , Thalassidroma, 38. fusca, Diomedea, 363. Galapagos Storm-Petrel, 4. gama, Nectris, 84. garnoti, Haladroma, 307. , Pelecanoides, um, 307. ——, Priocella, 165. ——, Procellaria, 165. ——.,, Puffinuria, 307. Garnot’s Diving Petrel, 307. Garrodia, XXXVI, XXXVII. nereis, XXxvu, 50, 51, 54. gavia, Astrelata, 120. ——, Fulmarus, 120. INDEX. gavia, Procellaria, 120, 121. ——.,, Puffinus, xtm, 109, 117, 120, 121, 124, 126, 133, 134. gavius, Puffinus, 120. gelida, Procellaria, 156, 157. gelidus, Adamastor, 156. , Priofinus, 156, 157. , Puffinus, 158. Giant Fulmar, 261, 262. Petrel, 261. gigantea, Ossifraga, 261. , Macronectes, 261. ——, Procellaria, 261. giganteus, Fulmarus, 261. , Macronectes, xu1x, 261, 262. Giglioli’s Fulmar, 203. Shearwater, 136. giliana, Diomedea, 339. glacialis, Fulmarus, xtix, 156, 265, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274. ——,, Procellaria, 165, 265, 270, 271. —, , var. B, 165. glacialoides, Fulmarus, 165. ——., Priocella, xum, 165, 166, 167. ——., Procellaria, 165. —., Thalassoica, 165. Glacial Petrel, 156, 157. Glupisch, 270, 271. glupischa, Fulmarus, t, 270, 271, 272, 274. Glutton, 262. Goney, 314, 336. Gough Island Albatros, 360. gouldi, Aistrelata, 176. ——, Majaqueus, 176. ——., Procellaria, 176. Gould’s Shearwater, 133. Yellow-nosed Mollymauk, 355. gracilis, Oceanites, v1, Xxxvit, 45, 49. , Procellaria, 48. , Thalassidroma, 48. grallaria, Cymodroma, xxxvut, 43, 59, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67. ——, Fregetta, 65. ——, Oceanites, 65. , Procellaria, 59, 65. gravis, Procellaria, 90. , Puffinus, xi, xu1, 90, 91, 92, 95, 146, 147, 148. Great Black Petrel, 169, 363. 373 Great Grey Shearwater, 155, 159. Shearwater, 90. Greater Shearwater, 90. Grey-backed Storm-Petrel, 50. Fork-tailed Petrel, 38. —— -headed Albatros, 354. Petrel, 145, 146. grisea, Aistrelata, 216. , Procellaria, 145, 216, 226. griseum, Daption, 145. griseus, Fulmarus, 216. , Puffinus, VI, x1, 137, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148. Guadalupe Fork-tailed Petrel, 18. gularis, Hstrelata, 236, 241. , Hstrelata, xiv, 195, 229, 237, 239, 240, 241, 245. —, Procellaria, 236. 236, hesitata, Aistrelata, 155, 184. , Gstrelata, xurv, 184, 185, 195, 196, 223. ——.,, Procellaria, 155, 184, 236. hesitatus, Fulmarus, 184. Haladroma, ut. berardi, 299. garnoti, 307. urinatrix, 299, 304. Halobena, xurx, L, 281. — cerulea, L, 251, 282, 283, 305. —— typica, 281. Halocyptena, XXXIV, XXXV. microsoma, XXxv, 6. hasitata, Procellaria, 184. , Puffinus, 184. heraldica, @strelata, xLvu, 237. hiemalis, Procellaria, 265. homochroa, Cymochorea, 29. ——,, Oceanodroma, xxxvi, 25, 29. , Procellaria, 29. hornbyi, Oceanodroma, xXxvi, 36. , Procellaria, 36. ——, Thalassidroma, 36. Hornby’s Fork-tailed Petrel, 36. Hutton’s Sooty Albatros, 367. Hydrobates, XXXIV, XXXV. faeroensis, 1. pelagica, 1. leucorrhoa, 8. 186, 229, 234, MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. hypoleuca, Afstrelata, 212. ——, Hstrelata, xiv, 76, 212, 221. —., Thalassidroma, 53. Ice Petrel, 254. immutabilis, Diomedea, LIv, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338. incerta, Afstrelata, 195. , Mstrelata, xvi, 185, 195, 196. , Procellaria, 195, 203. inexpectata, Afstrelata, 195. , Fstrelata, 236. , Procellaria, 195, 236. irrorata, Diomedea, Liv, 330, 331. jabe-jabe, Thalassidroma, 15. jamaicensis, Aistrelata, 187. ——,, Hstrelata, xuvu, 187, 188. , Procellaria, 187, 188. Japanese Fulmar, 250. Juan Fernandez Fulmar, 221. Kerguelen Diving Petrel, 304. Fulmar, 2/6. Kermadec Fulmar, 274. kidderi, Aistrelata, 216. King of the Gannets, 341. knudsent, Puffinus, 76, 77. keedingt, Oceanodroma, xxxv, 13, 14. Keeding’s Storm Petrel, 13. kuhli, Procellaria, 94. , Puffinus, x1, 90, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108, 140, 155, 156, 157. Kurile Petrel, 142. L’ Albatros, 309. Larger dark Petterill, 187. latirostris, Procellaria, 285. layardi, Thalassogeron, Liv, 348, 351, 353. Layard’s Albatros, 353. Laysan Albatros, 336. leachi, Procellaria, 8. , Thalassidroma, 8. Leach’s Petrel, 8. Least Petrel, 6. lessont, Aistrelata, 181. , Fulmarus, 181. lessoni, Gistrelata, xtiv, 181, 182, 196, 217, 219. ——., Procellaria, 181. , Puffinus, 181. leucocephala, Afstrelata, 181. , Procellaria, 181. leucogaster, Oceanites, 65. , Thalassidroma, 59, 65. leucomela, Nectris, 72. leucomelas, Procellaria, 72. , Puffinus, xu, 72, 73, 74. , Thiellus, 72. leucophrys, Gistrelata, 226, 227, 228. leucoptera, Aistrelata, 209, 243, 250. , Cookilaria, 243. ——, “strelata, xtiv, xiv, 209, 243, 244, 245, 247, 250. —., Procellaria, 72, '73, 234, 243. leucorrhoa, Cymochorea, 8. ——, Hydrobates, 8. ——, Oceanodroma, xxxv, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 34. ——.,, Procellaria, 8. Levantine Shearwater, 107. Vherminiert, Puffinus, 129. lineata, Oceanites, 57. , Pealea, xxxvul, 57. ——., Thalassidroma, 57. longirostris, Aistrelata, 250. ——, Cstrelata, xiv, 245, 247, 250. Long-winged Fulmar, 176. lugens, Procellaria, 216. lugubris, Procellaria, 1, 2. Lupus, 273. macgillivrayi, Aistrelata, 260. — ., Bulweria, xivin, 22, 259, 260. ——, Fulmarus, 260. ——, Procellaria, 257. ——,, Thalassidroma, 260. Macgillivray’s Fulmar, 260. macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, Xxxv1, 18. Macronectes, XLVIII, XLIx, 263. giganteus, XLIx, 261, 262. macroptera, Aistrelata, 176. , Estrelata, xiv, xLvu, 176, 177, 179, 219, 232. ——.,, Procellaria, 176, 177. ——., Pierodroma, 176, 216. macropterus, Fulmarus, 176. 374 macrorhyncha, Nectris, 94. Madeiran Fork-tailed Petrel, 15. Shearwater, 139. magente, Alstrelata, 203. ——,, Msirelata, xvi, 203, 204, 205, 223. magnirostris, Prion, 285. Majaqueus, XXx1x, xLim, 142, 174, 217, 257. —— equinoctialis, xm, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 217. —— conspicillatus, 169, 170, 171, 172. —— gouldi, 176. —— parkinsoni, xutv, 134, 174, 175, 178. sphenurus, 84. major, Procellaria, 90, 91. , Puffinus, 90, 94, 95, 145. Mank’s Shearwater, 104. Man-of-War Bird, 309. Manx Shearwater, 104. marie, Puffinus, 99. marina, Pachyptila, 53. ——, Pelagodroma, xxxvu1, 17, 22, 53, 54, 55, 62, 87. ——.,, Procellaria, 53, 54. ——, Thalassidroma, 53. marinus, Oceanites, 53. markhami, Cymochorea, 27. —, Oceanodroma, xxxvi, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28. Markham’s Fork-tailed Petrel, 27. Mascarene Black Fulmar, 179. Mediterranean Shearwater, 94, 108. melena, Cymochorea, 24. melania, Cymochorea, 24. ——, Oceanodroma, vi, xxxvi, 6, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34. ——.,, Procellaria, 20, 24. , Thalassidroma, 24, 29. melanogaster, Cymodroma, xxxvul, 43, 44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67. —., Fregetta, 59. — , Oceanites, 59, 63. ——, Procellaria, 59. , Thalassidroma, 59. melanoleuca, Cymodroma, XX XVIII. , Fregetta, XXXVI. melanonyx, Procellaria, 1. melanophrys, Diomedea, Lit, LIM, Liv, 336, 339, 340, 341, 360. melanophrys, Thalassarche, 339. melanopus, Procellaria, 219, 220. melanura, Procellaria, 155. melanurus, Priofinus, 155. melitensis, Procellaria, 2. , Thalassidroma, 1. Mergulus alle, 301, 305. meridionalis, Fulmarus, 184. , Procellaria, 184. microsoma, Halocyptena, xxxv, 6. , Procellaria, 6. minor, Fulmarus, 265, 267. , Pagodroma, 254. —, Procellaria, 265. ——,, Puffinus opisthomelas, var., 126. mestissima, Cymodrome, XXXVI, 23, Calle , Fregeita, 71. mollis, Zistrelata, 197. , Fulmarus, 197. ——.,, Estrelata, xuvi1, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 212, 229, 230, 237, 243. ——,, Procellaria, 197, 201, 216, 226, 236. ——, Rhantistes, 197. Mollymauk, Gould’s Yellow-nosed, 355. , Shy, 348. monorhis, Oceanodroma, Xxxvi, 14, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34. ——,, Procellaria, 32. — , Thalassidroma, 32. Mottled Fulmar, 236. Mouton, 261. munda, Nectris, 136, 137. mundus, Puffinus, 136. Mutton Bird, 84, 87, 152. nevia, Pagodroma, 254. natinitatis, Nectris, 153. , Puffinus, xim, 153. Nectris, xu. amaurosoma, 145. —— anglorum, 104. —— brevicauda, 149. —— carnerpes, 142. — chilensis, 145. cinerea, 90, 94. —— fuliginosa, 137, 145, 146. —— fuliginosus, 145. INDEX. Nectris gama, 84. leucomela, 72. —— macrorhyncha, 94. —— munda, 136, 137. —— nativitatis, 153. obscura, 126. —— puffinus, 104. tenuirostris, 149. neglecta, Aistrelata, 226. , Esirelata, xuvi, 226, 227, 229, 230. ——., Procellaria, 226. Nelly, 262. nereis, Garrodia, xxxvu, 50, 51, 54. , Oceanites, 50. ——, Procellaria, 50. ——., Thalassidroma, 50. newelli, Puffinus, xu, 115, 116. nigra, Procellaria, 169. nigripennis, Hstrelata, xuvi, 214. nigripes, Diomedea, v1, Liv, 327, 330, 332, 333, 335, 337, 338. nivea, Pagodroma, xuvin, 254, 255. , Procellaria, 254. nivea minor, Pagodroma, 254. niveum, Daption, 254. niveus, Fulmarus, 254. Norfolk Island Petrel, 226. novegeorgica, Pagodroma, 254. nugax, Procellaria, 133. ——.,, Puffinus, 133. obscura, Nectris, 126. , Procellaria, 126. obscurus, Puffinus, vi, xum, 84, 112, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 1383, 138, 139, 140, 149. oceanica, Oceanites, 22, 143. — , Procellaria, 22, 41, 48, 59. , Thalassidroma, 41. oceanicus, Oceanites, vI, xxxvu, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51. Oceanites, XXXVI, Xxxvu, 43, 46, 67. gracilis, vi, Xxxvu, 48, 49. grallaria, 65. — leucogaster, 65. lineata, 57. —— marinus, 53. —— melanogaster, 59, 63. 375 Oceanites nereis, 50. oceanica, 22, 143. oceanicus, VI, xxxvu, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51. —— segethi, 65. tropica, 59. — wilsoni, vi, 41, 48. Oceanitide, XXXII. Oceanitine, XXXIV, XXXVI. Oceanodroma, XXXIV, Xxxv, 24, 27, 29, 33. — beali, xxxv, 11, 12. —— beldingi, xxxv, 9, 12. —— castro, xxxvi, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 62. —— chapmant, 32, 33, 34. —— cryptoleucura, 15. —— fuliginosa, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. —— furcata, XXXV, XXXVI, 38. —— homochroa, xxxvi, 25, 29. —— hornbyi, xxxv1, 36. — kedingi, xxxv, 13, 14. —— leucorrhoa, xxxv, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 34. —— macrodactyla, xxxv1i, 18. —— markhami, xxxvi, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28. —— melania, v1, xxxvi, 6, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34. —— monorhis, xxxvi, 14, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34. socorroensis, 6, 14, 25, 32, 33, 34. —— townsendi, 24, 32. tristrami, XXXVI, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Cstrelata, xxxXtx, xuiv, 76, 176, 177, 193, 213, 214, 223, 227, 232, 252, 288. —— affinis, 236, 237. armingoniana, 229. arminjoniana, XLVI, 229, 230, 232. aterrima, xLvim, 179. —— axillaris, xtv1, 252. brevipes, XLV, XLVI, 209, 210, 211, 212, 250. brevirostris, xLVu, 216, 217. — bulwert, 257. cervicalis, XLIV, 221, 223, 224. —— cooki, xiv, 134, 214, 243, 245, 247, 248, 249, 252. MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Gstrelata defilippiana, xiv, 214, 239, 243, 245, 247. desolata, 210. — externa, xiv, 221, 223, 224. —— fee, xtvI, 201. —— fisheri, xv, 36, 239, 240, 241. —— flavirostris, 94. —— fuliginosa, 176. —— gularis, xiv, 195, 229, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 245. — hesitata, xutv, 184, 185, 186, 195, 196, 223. —— heraldica, xtvu, 229, 234, 237. —— hypoleuca, xvi, 76, 212, 221. incerta, XLVI, 185, 195, 196. —— inexpectata, 236. —— jamaicensis, xtvu, 187, 188. —— lessoni, xuIv, 181, 182, 196, 217, 219. —— leucophrys, 226, 227, 228. leucoptera, XLIv, XLv, 209, 243, 244, 245, 247, 250. longirostris, XLV, 245, 247, 250. —— macroptera, XLIv, xuvu, 176, 177, 179, 219, 232. —— magente, XLvI, 203, 204, 205, 223. mollis, xtv1, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 212, 229, 230, 237, 243. neglecta, XLVI, 226, 227, 229, 230. nigripennis, XLVI, 214. —— parvirostris, xtv1, 193, 194, 204. —— pheopygia, xvi, 207, 208, 223. —— phillipi, 226. raolensis, 227. —— rostrata, xLv1, 190, 191, 193, 203, 204. sandwichensis, 207, 208. scalaris, xiv, 241. solanderi, 177, 219. —— solandri, xtvu, 219. torquata, 209. trinitatis, XLVU1, 229, 230, 232. —— wilsoni, 229, 230. —— wortheni, xiv1, 205. strellata rostrata, 190. olivaceirostris, Diomedea, 357. olivaceorhyncha, Diomedea, 357. opisthomelas, Puffinus, v1, xut, 109, 110, 112, 113, 120, 126. orientalis, Procellaria, 38. Osprey Petrel, 261. Ossifraga, XLIx, 261. gigantea, 261. ossifraga, Procellaria, 261. Pachyptila, t. ariel, 297. banksi, 289. — cerulea, 281. forsteri, 285. — furcata, 38. —— marina, 53. — turtur, 293. —— vittata, 285, 289. Pacific Fulmar, 270. —— Shearwater, 109. pacifica, Procellaria, 270. pacificus, Fulmarus, 270. , Puffinus, 176. Paddy Unker, 198. Pagodroma, XXXIX, XLVII. nevia, 254. —— nivea, xvi, 254, 255. , var. major, 254. —— nivea minor, 254. —— nivea, var. minor, 254. —— novegeorgica, 254. palpebrata, Diomedea, 363. Pardela, 105. parkinsoni, Fulmarus, 174. , Majaqueus, xtiv, 134, 174, 175, 178. — , Procellaria, 174. ——, Puffinus, 174. Parkinson’s Black Fulmar, 174. parvirostris, Aistrelata, 193. ——, Fulmarus, 193. ——, (sirelata, xvi, 193, 194, 204. ——,, Procellaria, 193. ——,, Rhantistes, 193. Pealea, XXXVI. lineata, xxxvu, 57. Peale’s Fulmar, 190. —— Storm-Petrel, 57. pelagica, Hydrobates, 1. ——, Procellaria, xxxiIv, xxxv, 1, 2, 4, 8,9, 41. , Thalassidroma, 1. Pelagodroma, XXXVI. fregata, 53. 376 Pelagodroma marina, Xxxvu, 17, 22, 53, 54, 55, 62, 87. Pelecanoides, Lt, 283, 300, 302. berardi, 299, 302. —— dacunhe, 304, 305. —— exsul, Lo, 300, 302, 304, 305, 307. —— garnoti, Lu, 307. urinatrix, LI, 62, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307. Pelecanoidide, 11. Persian Shearwater, 124. persicus, Puffinus, xii, 117, 120, 124, 126. Peterel, Blue, 285. , Another Blue, 281. , Antarctic, 161. Peteril, White and Black-spotted, 276. Petrel, Antarctic, 162. Antarctique, Le, 161. ——, Ashy, 29. —., Banks’ Blue, 289. —., Beal’s Storm, /1. ——, Belding’s Fork-tailed, 12. ——,, Blanc et noir, 276. , ou de neige, 254. —, Black, 169. —,, Fork-tailed, 24. ——, —— -bellied Storm, 59. —., -tailed, 159. ——., bleu, 285. ——, Blue, 263, 281, 286. —,, Broad-billed, 285. ——, Brown-banded, 293, 294. ——, Bulwer’s, 257. cendré, Le, 156, 265. — chlororhynche, Le, 84. ——, Cinereous, 155, 156. ——., Dark Grey, 146. — de l‘ile de St. Kilda, 265. ——, Diving, 299. ——, Dove-like Blue, 293. — , Dusky, 126. ——, Elliot’s Storm, 48. ——., Fork-tailed, 8, 38. —., Frigate, 53. ——, Fulmar, 265. ——, ——,, var. A., 165. ——, Garnot’s Diving, 307. ——, Giant, 261. ——, Glacial, 156, 157. Petrel, Great Black, 169, 363. , Grey, 145, 146. : -backed Storm, 50. —, Fork-tailed, 38. ——, Guadalupe Fork-tailed, 18. ——, Hornby’s Fork-tailed, 36. ——., Ice, 254. ——, Kerguelen Diving, 304. ——, Kurile, 142. ——, Leach’s, 8. ——., Least, 6. ——, Madeiran Fork-tailed, 15. —, Markham’s Fork-tailed, 27. ——, Norfolk Island, 226. ——, Osprey, 261. ——, Peale’s Storm, 57. ——., Pintado, 276. —— -Puffin brun, 169. —— —,, Le, 104. gris-blane de Vile St. Kilda, 265. ——, Samoan Storm, 77. ——, Shearwater, 104. —,, , var. A, 90. ——,, Short-billed Blue, 297. ——, Snowy, 254. ——., Sooty, 20, 21. ——, Storm, J, 2. ——,, Stormy, l. ——, Swinhoe’s Fork-tailed, 32. — tacheté, 276. , trés-grand, Le, 261. ——,, Tristram’s Fork-tailed, 20. ——,, Vittated, 285. ——, White-breasted, 226, 229. —, ——- Storm, 65. ——, —— -faced, 90. —, ——-- Storm, 53. —., -chinned Black, 169. ——, —— -throated Storm, 68. ——, Wilson’s, 41. ——, —— Storm, 41. , —— Stormy, 41. Petterill, Larger dark, 187. pheopygia, Aistrelata, 207. ——, (C€strelata, X1vI, 223. philippii, Fulmarus, 234. phillipi, Bstrelata, 226. , Procellaria, 226. 207, 208, INDEX. Phillip’s Fulmar, 226. Phebetria, LM, Lit, Lv, 363. cornicoides, LV, 364, 365, 367. —— fuliginosa, tv, 324, 363, 364, 365, 367. Phoenix Islands Fulmar, 193. Pigeon, Cape, 276, 278. Pink-footed Shearwater, 101, 142. Pintado Petrel, 276. platet, Diomedea, tv, 346. Plate’s Albatros, 346. polaris, Thalassoica, 165. Priamphus, w. Priocella, XXx1x, xm, 167. antarctica, 161, 162. —— garnoti, 165. —— glacialoides, xt, 165, 166, 167. — tenuirostis, 149, 165. © Priofinus, XXX1x, xLm, 156, 157, 158. brevicauda, 149. —— carneipes, 142. cinereus, xuIm, 155, 156, 157, 158. cuneatus, 76. gelidus, 156, 157, 158. —— kuhli, 157. —— melanurus, 155. Prion, XLIx, L, 210, 246, 263, 281, 285, 286, 287, 291, 294, 297. ariel, 285, 287, 291, 297, 298. australis, 285, 287. bankst, Li, 282, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298. brevirostris, LI, 294, 297, 298. — ceruleus, 281. —— desolatus, L, i, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298. dispar, 293. — forsteri, 285. —— magnirostris, 285. rossit, 289. — turtur, 290, 293. —— vittatus, L, LI, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294. Procellaria, XXXII, XXXIV, XXXV. adamastor, 155. — equinoctialis, xxxv, 142, 169, 170, 174. —— ——.,, var. A, 142. 317 Procellaria equorea, 53. affinis, 236. alba, 207, 226. — albigularis, 68. anjinho, 257, 258. antarctica, 161. ariel, 297. aterrima, 179. atlantica, 176, 177. —— banksi, 289. bérard, 299. —— borealis, 265. brevipes, 209. brevirostris, 216. — bullocki, 8. — bulweri, 257, 258. — cerulea, 281. —— capensis, 276. — chlororhyncha, 84. cinerea, 94, 155. —— columbina, 257. —— conspicillata, 169. — cooki, 209, 243, 247. cryptoleucura, 15. curilica, 149. cyanopedo, 137. —— cyanopus, 137. —— desolaia, 190, 209, 293. diabolica, 184, 185. —— fasciata, 293. —— flavirostris, 94, 157. —— forsteri, 281, 285. fregata, 53, 65, 66. fregatta, 65. —— fuliginosa, 20, 146, 169, 176- — furcata, 38. —— garnoti, 165. —— gavia, 120, 121. —— gelida, 156, 157. gigantea, 261. — glacialis, 165, 265, 270. — , var. B, 165. — glacialoides, 165. —— gouldi, 176. gracilis, 48. grallaria, 59, 65. gravis, 90. grisea, 145, 216, 226. —— gularis, 236. —— hesitaia, 155, 184, 236. MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Procellaria hasitata, 184. —— hiemalis, 265. —— homochroa, 29. —— hornbyii, 36. —— incerta, 195, 203. —— inexpectata, 195, 236. —— jamaicensis, 187, 188. —— kuhli, 94. —— latirostris, 285. —— leachi, 8. —— lessoni, 181. —— leucocephala, 181. —— leucomelas, 72, 73. —— leucoptera, 72, 73, 234, 243. leucorrhoa, 8. —— lugens, 216. —— lugubris, 1, 2. —— macgillivrayt, 257. —— macroptera, 176, 177. —— major, 90, 91. —— marina, 53, 54. —— melania, 20, 24. —— melanogastra, 59. —— melanonyz, 1. —— melanopus, 219, 220. —— melanura, 155. —— melitensis, 2. —— meridionalis, 184. —— microsoma, 6. —— minor, 265. —— mollis, 197, 201, 216, 226, 236. —— monorhis, 32. —— neglecta, 226. nereis, 50. —— nigra, 169. —— nivea, 254. —— nugaz, 133. —— obscura, 126. oceanica, 22, 41, 48, 59. —— orientalis, 38. —— ossifraga, 261. pacifica, 270. —— parkinsoni, 174. —— parvirostris, 193. —— pelagica, Xxxiv, xxxv, I, 2, 4, 8, 9, 41. —— phillipii, 226. —— puffinus, 94, 104. —— punciata, 276. rostrata, 190. Procellaria rubritarsi, 184, 186. — sandaliata, 229. —— similis, 281. —— smithi, 165. —— solandri, 219. —— sphenura, 84. —— tenuirostris, 149, 165. —— tethys, Xxxv, 4. —— torquata, 68, 209. —— tridactyla, 299. —— tropica, 59, 68. —— turtur, 293, 294. —— urinatrix, 299. —— vagabunda, 181. —— variegata, 226. velox, 247, 281. vittata, 285. —— wilsoni, 41. yelkouan, 107. Procellariide, xxxiv, 59. Procellariine, xxxiv, 273. profuga, Diomedea, 357. Pseudoprion, L. —— ariel, 297. —— banksi, 289. brevirostris, 297. —— desolatus, 293. —— turtur, 293. Pterodroma, Xutv. —— aterrima, 179. atlantica, 176. —— caribbea, 187, 188. — fuliginosa, 176. —— macroptera, 176, 216. —— solandri, 219. trinitatis, 232. Puffin cendré, Le, 94, 156. ——, Cinereous, 94. —— du Cap de Bonne Espérance, 169. ——., Le, 94, 104. ——, —— Petrel, 104. —— of the Isle of Man, 104. ——, Petrel-, brun, 169. Puffinide, xxxvm. Puffinine, XXXVI, XXXIXx. Puffinuria, Lt. —— garnoti, 307. urinatrix, 299. Puffinus, xxx1x, 72, 82, 89, 91, 104, 127, 137. 378 Puffinus equinoctialis, 169. —— amaurosoma, 145. —— anglorum, XXXIX, XL, x11, 92, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 202. —— arcticus, 104. —— assimilis, x~m, 17, 117, 133, 134, 136, 1388, 139, 140, 214. —— auduboni, x11, 117, 129, 130, 131, 139. —— auricularis, x1, 77, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119. baillont, xtm, 127, 128, 134, 138, 139, 140. baroli, 107, 108, 126. borealis, 94, 96, 98. brevicauda, 149. brevicaudatus, 149. brevicaudus, 85, 149. —— bulleri, xu, 81, 82. —— carneipes, VI, Xi, 84, 85, 86, 88, 142, 143. —— chlororhynchus, xu, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 149. cinereus, 84, 90, 92, 94, 145, 155, 158. —— columbinus, 257. —— conspicillatus, 169. creatopus, VI, XL1, xu, 101, 103. —— cuneatus, xL, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 212. — curilicus, 149. dichrous, 126. edwardsi, v1, XI, 99, 100, 101. elegans, xu, 136, 137. flavirostris, 94, 95, 96, 97. —— fuliginosus, 145. —— gavia, xtm, 109, 117, 120, 121, 124, 126, 133, 134. —— gavius, 120. gelidus, 158. gravis, XL, XLI, 90, 91, 92, 95, 146, 147, 148. griseus, V1, XL, 137, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148. —— hasitata, 184. —— knudseni, 76, 77. —— kuhli, x1, 90, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108, 140, 155, 156, 157. — lessoni, 181. —— Vherminieri, 129. Puffinus leucomelas, xu, 72, 73, 74. —— major, 90, 94, 95, 145. —— marie, 99. —— mundus, 136. —— nativitatis, xt, 153. —— newelli, xu1, 115, 116. —— nugax, 133. obscurus, VI, XL, 84, 112, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139, 140, 149. opisthomelas, V1, XuI, 109, 110, 112, 113, 120, 126. var. minor, 126. —— pacificus, 176. parkinsoni, 174. persicus, XLM, 117, 120, 124, 126. —— puffinus, XxxIx, 104. sericeus, 181. —— sphenurus, xb, 84, 85, 86. —— sp. nov., 136. —— stricklandz, 145, 147. — subalaris, xut, 117, 118, 120. —— tenebrosus, vi, 117. —— tenuitrostris, xL0, 86, 87, 88, 89, 143, 149, 150, 153. tristis, 145. —— yelcuanus, 107. —— yelkouan, 107. yelkouanus, XL, XLI, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 126. — zealandicus, 81. puffinus, Nectris, 104. ——, Procellaria, 94, 104. ——.,, Puffinus, xxxrx, 104. punctata, Procellaria, 276. punctatum, Sphenodon, 134. Quebrantahuessos, 261. raolensis, Gstrelata, 227. , Rhantistes, 226. regia, Diomedea, tm, 310, 312, 313, 315, 317, 319, 320, 322, 325, 326. Rhantistes, XLIx. — cooki, 247. —— mollis, 197. parvirostris, 193. raolensis, 226. sandaliata, 229. rostrata, 190. INDEX. Rhantistes unicolor, 216. velox, 243. Ridgway’s Shearwater, 117. Rodgers’ Fulmar, 273. rodgersi, Fulmarus, L, 271, 273, 274. rostrata, Afstrelata, 190. , Estrelata, xvi, 190, 191, 193, 203, 204. ——., Mstrellata, 190. ——., Procellaria, 190. ——., Rhanitistes, 190. , Thalassidroma, 190. rossit, Prion, 289. rostratus, Fulmarus, 190. Royal Albatros, 319. rubritarst, Procellaria, 184, 186. salvini, Diomedea, 351. , Thalassogeron, tv, 344, 351, 353. Salvin’s Albatros, 351. Shearwater, 76. Samoan Storm-Petrel, 77. sandaliata, Procellaria, 229. , Rhantistes, 229. sandwichensis, Aistrelata, 207. , Estrelata, 207, 208. scalaris, Atstrelata, 241. ——, MHstrelata, xiv, 241. Scaled Fulmar, 241. scapulata, Thalassidroma, 8. Schlegel’s Fulmar, 195. Seal-bird, 150. segethi, Oceanites, 65. —., Thalassidroma, 65. sericeus, Adamastor, 181. , Puffinus, 181. Shearwater, 104, 187. ——, Audubon’s, 129. ——., Black-vented, 109. ——., Buller’s, $1. ——, Cape Verde Islands, 99. ——,, Christmas Island, 153. ——, Coues’s, VI. ——, Dusky, 126. ——, Forster’s, 120. ——., Giglioli’s, 136. ——, Gould’s, 133. ——, Great, 90. —, Grey, 155, 159. ——, Greater, 90. 379 Shearwater, Levantine, 107. , Madeiran, 138. ——, Mank’s, 104. ——, Manx, 104. ——, Mediterranean, 94, 108. ——, Pacific, 109. ——, Persian, 124. — Petrel, 104. —, , var. A., 90. ——., Pink-footed, 101, 742. ——.,, Ridgway’s, 117. ——., Salvin’s, 76. ——,, Short-tailed, 149. —., Sooty, 145. ——., Streaked, 72. ——, Townsend’s, 112. ——,, Ulani, 115. , Wedge-tailed, $4. Short-billed Blue Petrel, 297. -tailed Shearwater, 149. Shy Mollymauk, 348. Silvery-grey Fulmar, 165. similis, Procellaria, 281. smithi, Procellaria, 165. Snowy Fulmar, 254. Petrel, 254. -winged Albatros, 322. socorroensis, Oceanodroma, 6, 14, 25, 32, 33, 34. Soft-plumaged Fulmar, 197. solanderi, Afstrelata, 177. , Gistrelata, 177, 219. Solander’s Fulmar, 219. solandri, Afstrelata, 219. — , Cookilaria, 219. ——, Fulmarus, 219. ——., (sirelata, xuvu, 219. ——, Pterodroma, 219. ——., Procellaria, 219. Sooty Albatros, 363, 365. —— Petrel, 20, 21. — Shearwater, 145. South Trinidad Fulmar, 232. spadicea, Diomedea, 309, 326, 363. sphenura, Procellaria, 84. sphenurus, Majaqueus, 84. , Puffinus, xb, 84, 85, 86. , Thiellus, 84. sp. nov., Puffinus, 136. Stapagardo, 105. MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS. Steller’s Albatros, 326. Stinker, 262. Storm-Petrel, 7, 2. —— - ——, Beal’s, 11. —— - ——, Black-bellied, 59. —— - ——, HElliot’s, 48. —— - ——,, Galapagos, 4. —— - ——, Grey-backed, 50. —— - ——, Keeding’s, 13. —— - ——,, Peale’s, 57. —— - — —, Samoan, 71]. —— - ——, White-breasted, 65 —— - ——, -faced, 53. —— - —, -throated, 68. —— - ——.,, Wilson’s, 41. Stormy Petrel, 1. , Wilson’s, 41. Streaked Shearwater, 72. stricklandi, Puffinus, 145, 147. Sturmofka, 39. subalaris, Puffinus, xu, 117, 118, 120. Sula Konge, 341. Sunday-Island Fulmar, 223. Swinhoe’s Fork-tailed Petrel, 32. Tchaiki, 326. tenebrosus, Pufjinus, v1, 117. tenutrostris, Fulmarus, 166. , Nectris, 149. ——, Priocella, 149, 165. ——.,, Procellaria, 149, 165. ——, Puffinus, xi, 86, 87, 88, 89, 143, 149, 150, 153. ——., Thalassoica, 165. tethys, Procellaria, xxxv, 4. Thalassarche, LX, Liv. — cauta, 348. — chlororhynchus, 357. — culminata, 354. —— melanophrys, 339. Thalassidroma, xxxtv, 1. albigularis, 68, 69. —— anglorum, 104. —— bulweri, 257. — castro, 15. — columbina, 257. fregata, 53. fregetta, 65. furcata, 38. —— gracilis, 48. Thalassidroma hornbyi, 36. hypoleuca, 53. jabe-jabe, 15. —— leachi, 8. —— leucogaster, 59, 65. —— lineata, 57. —— macgillivrayt, 260. —— marina, 53. —— melania, 24, 29. —— melanogaster, 59. —— melitensis, 1. —— monorhis, 32. nereis, 50. oceanica, 41. —— pelagica, 1. rostrata, 190. scapulata, 8. segethi, 65. tropica, 59, 60. —— wilsoni, 41, 48. Thalasseca, XXXIX, XLII. antarctica, xLi1, 161, 162, 163, 166, 255. Thalassogeron, LI, Liv, 344, 354, 355, 361. carteri, LV, 361, 362. cautus, LIV, 35, 346, 348, 351, 353. chlororhynchus, u1v, 340, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361. culminatus, Liv, 340, 354, 355, 357, 358. eximius, LIV, 360. layardi, uv, 348, 351, 353. salvini, LV, 344, 351, 353. ——, sp. inc., 361. Thalassoica glacialoides, 165. polaris, 165. tenuirostris, 165. Thiellus, Xu. —— chlororhynchus, 84. leucomelas, 72. sphenurus, 84. Thyellas, Xu. Thyellodroma, xu. torquata, Gstrelata, 209. ——.,, Procellaria, 68, 209. townsendt, Oceanodroma, 24, 32. Townsend’s Shearwater, 112. Trés-grand Petrel, Le, 261. tridactyla, Procellaria, 299. 380 trinitatis, Astrelata, 232. , Hstrelata, xtvim, 229, 230, 232. ——, Pterodroma, 232. tristis, Puffinus, 145. tristrami, Oceanodroma, xxxvi, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28. Tristram’s Fork-tailed Petrel, 20. tropica, Cymodroma, 60, 61, 62, 68. ——., Fregatta, 68. ——, Oceanites, 59. ——., Procellaria, 59, 68. ——, Thalassidroma, 59, 60. turtur, Pachyptila, 293. , Prion, 290, 293, 294. ——., Procellaria, 293, 294. ——, Pseudoprion, 293. typica, Halobena, 281. typus, Adamastor, 155. Ulani Shearwater, 115. unicolor, Rhantistes, 216. urinatrix, Haladroma, 299, 304. ——, Pelecanoides, tt, 62, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307. ——, Procellaria, 299. ——, Puffinuria, 299. vagabunda, Procellaria, 181. variegata, Procellaria, 226. velox, Cookilaria, 247. ——, Procellaria, 247, 281. ——, Rhantistes, 243. vittata, Pachyptila, 285, 289. ——., Procellaria, 285. Vittated Petrel, 285. vittatus, Prion, L, LI, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294. Vulture of the Seas, 262. Wagellus, XL1x. Wandering Albatros, 309. —— Albatross, 309. Waved Albatros, 330. Wedge-tailed Shearwater, 84. Whale-birds, 283, 286. White and Black-spotted Peteril, 276. —— -breasted Petrel, 226, 229. Storm-Petrel, 65. —— -chinned Black Petrel, 169. —— -faced Petrel, 90. White-faced Storm-Petrel, 53. —— -headed Fulmar, 187. —— -throated Fulmar, 209. Storm-Peirel. 68. —— -winged Fulmar, 243. wilsoni, Oceanites, v1, 41, 48. ——, “sirelata, 229, 230. ——, Procellaria, 41. ——., Thalassidroma, 41, 48. Wilson’s Petrel, 41. INDEX. Wilson’s Storm-Petrel, 47. —— Stormy Petrel. 41. Wind-driver, 108. wortheni, distrelata, 205. Worthen’s Fulmar, 205. yelcuanus, Puffinus, 107. yelkouan, Procellaria, 107. 381 , Estrelata, xuvt, 205. yelkouanus, Puffinus, XL, xL1, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 126. Yel-Kovan, 108. Yellow-nosed Albatros, 357, 358. —— - —— Albatross, 357. —— - —— Mollymauk, Gould’s, 355. Zalias, Xu. Zaprium, L. zealandicus, Puffinus, 81. PART II CONTENTS. 50. PUFFINUS NATIVITATIS . 51. PRIOFINUS CINEREUS . 52. THALASSGICA ANTARCTICA 58. PRIOCELLA GLACIALOIDES AIQUINOCTIALIS 54. MAJAQUEUS 55. MAJAQUEUS 56. CESTRELATA 57. CSTRELATA 58. CESTRELATA 59. CiSTRELATA 60. CSTRELATA 6l. CESTRELATA 62. (ESTRELATA 63. GSTRELATA 64. CESTRELATA 65. CESTRELATA 66. CESTRELATA 67. C&STRELATA 68. CESTRELATA 69. CSTRELATA 70. GSTRELATA 71. GSTRELATA 72, CESTRELATA 73. CSTRELATA CSTRELATA 76, GSTRELATA 71. GSTRELATA 78. GSTRELATA CSTRELATA | PARKINSONI MACROPTERA ATERRIMA . LESSONI. . HASITATA . JAMAICENSIS ROSTRATA * PARVIROSTRIS INCERTA . MOLLIS . PE Ay oe MAGENTA . WORTHENI. PHAOPYGIA BREVIPES . HYPOLEUCA NIGRIPENNIS BREVIROSTRIS SOLANDRI .— EXTERNA . CERVICALIS | NEGLECTA. 9.4 ARMINJONIANA TRINTPATIS: 92.0) i aksy RN onder PAGE 153 155 161 165 169 174 176 179 181 184 187 190 193 195 197 201 208 205 207. 209 212 214 MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS (ORDER TUBINARES) BY F. DU CANE GODMAN D.C.L. F.R.S. PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ETC. ETC. WITH HAND-COLOURED PLATES BY J. G KEULEMANS IN FIVE PARTS PART IV. WITHERBY & CO. 826 HIGH HOLBORN LONDON APRIL 1909. P PART We) CONTENTS GSTRELATA TRINITATIS (continued) CSTRELATA HERALDICA GSTRELATA GULARIS GSTRELATA FISHERI . GSTRELATA SCALARIS . GSTRELATA LEUCOPTERA GESTRELATA DEFILIPPIANA (ESTRELATA COOKI. . CESTRELATA LONGIROSTRIS ESTRELATA AXILLARIS . PAGODROMA NIVEA. . BULWERIA BULWERI . BULWERIA MACGILLIVRAYI 91. MACRONECTES GIGANTEUS 92. FULMARUS GLACIALIS 93. FULMARUS GLUPISCHA 94, FULMARUS RODGERSI 95, DAPTION CAPENSIS . 96. HALOBANA CARULEA PRION VITTATUS PRION BANKS! . . PRION DESOLATUS . MONOGRAPH OF THE PETRELS (ORDER TUBINABRES) BY F. DU CANE GODMAN D.C.L. F.R.S. PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ETC. ETC. WITH HAND-COLOURED PLATES BY J. G KEULEMANS IN FIVE PARTS PART V. WITHERBY & CO. 326 HIGH HOLBORN LONDON MAY 1910. PART V CONTENTS 100. PRION BREVIROSTRIS . 101. PELECANOIDES URINATRIX. 102, PELECANOIDES EXSUL. 103.. PELECANOIDES GARNOTI 104. DIOMEDEA EXULANS 105. DIOMEDEA REGIA . 106. DIOMEDEA CHIONOPTERA 107. DIOMEDEA ALBATRUS . 108. DIOMEDEA IRRORATA . 109. DIOMEDEA NIGRIPES 110. DIOMEDEA IMMUTABILIS 111. DIOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS . 112. DIOMEDEA BULLERI 113. DIOMEDEA PLATEI 114. THALASSOGERON CAUTUS 115. THALASSOGERON SALVINI 116. THALASSOGERON LAYARDI . 117. THALASSOGERON CULMINATUS 118. THALASSOGERON CHLORORHYNCHUS. 119. THALASSOGERON EXIMIUS . 120. THALASSOGERON CARTERI . 121. PH@BETRIA FULIGINOSA 122. PHGIBETRIA CORNICOIDES . INDEX PREFACE . INTRODUCTION SYSTEMATIC POSITION SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES LIST OF PLATES 3 : : CLASSIFICATION ; : 5 i , PAGE 297 299 304 307 309 319 322 326 330 332 336 339 344 346 348 351 353 354 357 360 361 367 369 PLATE 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94, 95 96 oF 98 98a 99 100 101 102 1024 103 "oa a ry Dy. ; (en Sie ea u Po + ee ‘ y ae is se wi : Pn, Bake 5 c , y ern ve [SN ORO elec aaa aS ie a, ie ia) M 7 %. Ae ay f L ae dy ut » thats RO rot: