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INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. DOCCLXXX. THE OOLITIC ASTEROIDEA AND OPHIUROIDEA. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The Monograph on the Oolitic Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea will be found in the volumes of the Paleeontographical Society for the years 1861, 1864, and 1880. Caneel theTitle-pages affixed to the separate parts for the years 1861 and 1864, and substitute that provided in the volume forthe year 1880. ! { { i \ ORDER OF BINDING AND DATES OF PUBLICATION. PAGES PLATES ISSUED IN VOL. FOR YEAR PUBLISHED i—iv — 1880 May, 1880 1—130 I—X, Xa, XI, XII 1861 May, 1863 131—154 XII—XVIII 1864 April, 1866 155—203 XIX—XXI 1880 May, 1880 2 al x ax — NG MONOGRAPH 1Q| 104 v ON THE \ r) \ ' ¢ ea a NVR coe BRITISH FOSSIL ECHINODERMATA OF THE OOLITIC FORMATIONS. BY THOMAS WRIGHT, M.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., VICE- PRESIDENT OF THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SCIENCES OF LIEGE ; THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF NEUCHATEL ; VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE COTTESWOLD NATURALISTS? FIELD CLUB; CONSULTING SURGEON TO THE CHELTENHAM HOSPITAL; AND MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH TO THE URBAN SANITARY DISTRICTS OF CHELTENHAM, CHARLTON KINGS, AND LECKHAMPTON. VOLUME II.—THE ASTEROIDEA AND OPHIUROIDEA. SMITHSON), N “ah gonian tn gt ity Lis \ ZA2B35q PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1863—1880. JUL 18 1996 LIBRARIES PRINTED BY J, E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. INTRODUCTION. In bringing my Monograph on the Asturorpra and Opnivrorpea to a close a few words of explanation appear to be necessary in order to avoid any misconception as to the cause that has occasioned delay in the completion of the work. When I had assembled for the first time all the materials I had collected for the volume I found, much to my regret, that the specimens were fewer and more frag- mentary than I anticipated, and that it was impossible to carry out the description of the families in a manner similar to the one I had adopted in the Ecuinorpra. I therefore determined to figure and describe all the species that I had collected and wait for the discovery of others in public and private collections which I had not at that period been able to inspect. The part containing the AstgrorpxEa appeared in 1868, and the part on the OpnruroreEa in 1866. Since then I have made diligent search among all collections that were likely to contain Jurassic Echinoderms, and after many a hunt I have only succeeded in obtaining two additional species from these sources, and finding a much better specimen of an important Yorkshire species, Astropecten reclus, of which I have given a good figure. In the usual progress of discovery by waiting patiently for new things sometimes a few specimens are met with, and I am happy to say that my patience has been rewarded. Among the GontasTerIp& a very fine specimen of Ste//aster was collected by my friend Samuel Sharp, Esq., F.G.S., from the ironstone beds of Inferior Oolite near Northampton, certainly one of the finest fossil Star-fishes which the Inferior Oolite has hitherto yielded up. An allied species was soon afterwards discovered in the “ Calcaire a Entroques,” a bed of the same age, at Macon (France). il INTRODUCTION. Among the family URastertpa& a small specimen belonging to the genus Uraster has been found in the Forest Marble of Wilts, of which I have given figures. The Opururorga have been quite as scarce as the true Star-fishes. The “ Avicula ” Upper Trias, at Hildesheim, were found to contain specimens of contorta beds, Ophiolepis Damesii, Wr., a species which I first described from specimens sent for my determination from the Berlin Museum by Dr. Dames. ‘These notes were subse- quently translated and inserted in ‘ Der Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesell- schaft,’ Jahrgang, 1874, with an excellent figure of the species. A few months later the same Brittle-Star was collected from the black shales belonging to the Bone-bed series at Westbury-on-Severn, and soon afterwards similar black shales above the Bone-bed near Leicester yielded remains of the same species. After my additional plate had been printed, and the last sheet of this volume been twice revised, I received, on the 3rd inst., from my friend Professor Buckman, F.G.S., of Bradford Abbas, for description in the ‘ Proceedings of the Dorset Naturalist Field Club,’ a specimen which he had collected from the Calciferous Grit at Sandsfoot Castle, near Weymouth. This appears to me to be a new Ophiurella from our Corallian strata, and I have had it drawn on wood and inserted in its natural place in the text. I have grouped the AsteRompEa into four families—I. Urasturipz; II. Tropt- pastrerip#; IJ. Gontasterip#; and IV. Astropectinip#. Of these, Urasterips# and T'ropipastERID#& (not defined in the text) may receive the following diagnosis :— The Urastrripa, Wright, have a stellate, five-rayed body ; the rays are round or angular and abundantly covered with spines. The ambulacral areas are lanceolate and bordered by several rows of spines, and the upper surface of the disk and rays provided with short, blunt, and thorn-like spines ; in some species they are sparsely distributed in single rows, or in others closely set together in a linear arrangement on the disk rays. The interspinous tegumentary is naked and perforated with pores for respiration ; there are four rows of pores for the passage of the tubular feet, so that the pores have a quadriserial arrangement in the avenues. The pedicellaria are supported upon soft stems, and the opening of the vent is dorsal and excentral. This family ranges from the Lias seas down into those of our own time, with so little variation in anatomical INTRODUCTION. ill ‘structure that the closest scrutiny only detects the slightest specific modification between the Urasters of the Lias and those from our shores. The Tropipastreripa, Wright, have a stellate body with short rays and variable as to numbers. The upper surface is covered with solitary or fasciculated spines, arranged in regular order. ‘he ambulacral areas are bordered by fasciculi of spines disposed in rows more or less numerous. ‘There are two rows of pores for the passage of the tubular feet, by which they are distinguished from the URasrerip4, in which they are quadriserial. The vent is dorsal and excentral in the So/asfers. This family ranges from the Lias seas to those of our day. ‘The Tropidasters lived in the bias period, and the Solasters have lived on from the Lower Jurassic times into the present time. The AsTrrorpEa are very well represented by eight genera, and twenty-three species in English Jurassic strata, and the anatomy of these skeletons has been fairly made out in these native fossil forms. The OpuvrorpEa are grouped into two families, the OpHiuRID# and AsTEROPHYDIZ. The Orsivripz contain five genera that have representatives in our Jurassic strata. The structure of the body-disk in this family is so delicate and fragile, and consequently more or less injured or utterly destroyed in the fossil state, that its structure is made out with great difficulty, and often with much uncertainty. Should better specimens be discovered hereafter with their anatomical characters better preserved, then our errors, if any, can be corrected. With the materials at my disposal I have been scrupulously careful, with the aid of the lens and the microscope, to submit all these parts to a most minute inspection ; still we cannot revive traces of organic structure when they are hopelessly effaced, therefore some of my diagnoses of genera and species are neither as complete or precise as I should have wished them to be from causes which I was unable to control. My most kind and considerate friend, our worthy secretary, the Rev. Thos. Wiltshire, F.G.S., knowing how much my time is occupied with public duties, has generously prepared a summary and analysis of the families and genera of the Ecurnorpga, ASTEROIDEA, and OpnivuroipEa, described in the two volumes of the ‘ Oolitic Echino- dermata.’ ‘This important addition to my work will be very useful to students, as it IV INTRODUCTION. brings together in a condensed form the heads of information dispersed through the two volumes. ‘The nomenclature of the text has been preserved, and the range of the species in time carefully noted. My friend has hkewise added—/irst, a tabular list of the genera, with their ranges in geological time; secondly, a list of the genera and species described in Volumes I and IT; and ¢hirdly, an Index to Volume II. I have no doubt these valuable additions to the practical worth of the volumes will be as much appreciated by my readers as they are by their author, who tenders his very best thanks and warmest acknowledgments to his old and much valued friend for this kind and unsolicited contribution to his work, THOMAS WRIGHT, M.D., F.R.S. 4, Sv. Marearer’s TrErrace, CHELTENHAM; 15th March, 1880. PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVIL. MDCCCLXII, A MONOGRAPH ON THE BRITISH FOSSIL ECHINODERMATA FROM THE OOLITIC FORMATIONS. BY THOMAS WRIGHT, M.D., F.R.S.E., .F.G.S., CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SCIENCES OF LIEGE, {ND SENIOR SURGEON TO THE CHELTENHAM HOSPITAL. VOLUME SECOND. PART FIRST. ON THE ASTEROIDEA. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1862. - _ - , : —_ : . : / a ‘ . 3, E. ADLARD, PRINTER, A MONOGRAPH ON THE FOSSIL ECHINODERMATA OF THE OOLITIC FORMATIONS. THE ASTEROIDEA. Tue true star-fishes forming the order AstrrormeEa have in general a depressed stelliform body, which sometimes assumes a polygonal or pentagonal figure. From the central disc five or more hollow rays proceed, containing prolongations of the internal organs (Pl. I, fig. 1). The entire upper surface is covered with a coriaceous integument, in which a series of calcareous picces, often supporting spines, tubercles, and pedicellarie, are developed (fig. 2, a). In the centre of the under surface is the mouth-opening, from whence radiate to the extremities of the rays as many ambulacra as there are lobes; in these, the tubular retractile feet are arranged in two or four rows; and the margins of the rays in many genera are bordered by well-developed spinigerous plates. (PI. I, fig. 2, 4.) The skeleton of the AsTEROIDEA is a very complicated framework. It is composed of a great number of little bones or ossicula, articulated together in such a manner as to combine strength with flexibility. The ossicles vary in form and number in different parts of the skeleton; they have a persistent arrangement in the various genera, so that the ossicula of a star-fish afford us good evidence of the rank of its owner among the radiata, as the bones of a reptile or a mammal do amongst the vertebrata. The comparative anatomy of the skeleton of the AsrrroipEa has not yet been worked out in | 1 2 ASTEROIDEA. many genera, but we recommend the study of Tiedemann,’ Meckel,’ Sharpey,? and Miiller’s* works on the anatomy of some common species, as examples of what may be achieved in other groups, if correct observation and like diligence be brought to the task. As the skeleton of the AsrrrorpEa is that part of their bodies which is most frequently preserved in a fossil state, it is necessary that we should be well acquainted with the structure and relations of its different com- ponent parts. If, for example, we remove from the common star-fish, Uraster rubens, Lin., the integument and spines from the upper surface of the disc and rays, and afterwards the viscera enclosed therein, the Section of a ray of Uraster rubens showing the structure of the ambulacral portion of the Saran pemeuigot Ue culcarequs'cesicula, skeleton will be well exposed. It is seen to consist of a central rmg surrounding the mouth-opening, composed of ten larger and five smaller pieces firmly united together by ligaments; the ten larger pieces are disposed in pairs opposite the base of each ray, and the five smaller pieces occupy the interbrachial angles ; the ten elements of the oral ring are perforated, for the passage of soft tubular organs... Each ray is composed of a considerable number of small bones or ossicles, which form rings, as seen in fig. 1, representing the section of a ray of Uraster rubens, Lin. These bony circles succeed each other from the base to the apex, each segment being a repetition in form and position of all the others ; the size of the rings, however, diminishing gradually from the base to the apex. The ossicles at the under part of the ray (a) are symmetrical, and articulated together in such a manner as to permit of considerable motion ; their upper surface forms the floor of the cavity, in which prolongations of the digestive and other vital organs are contained (c) ; the under surface of the ossicles forms the ambulacral valley through which the tubular suckers pass. In fig. 1 @ the two long femur-like bones at the bottom of the ring project obliquely upwards and inwards, and join each other in the median line; they are articulated at the base with other ossicula, which I shall presently describe. To the lateral parts of this central framework another series (6 6) of larger ossicles are joined, which rise nearly parallel to each other like ribs encir- cling a thorax; they are connected by transverse osseous bars, and the whole is enveloped in the tegumentary membrane which encloses the upper portion of the rays. | The ossicula are lined internally by a white, tough, fibrous membrane, which extends to the sides and floor of the ray, unites the ossicles together, and contributes to form 1 Tiedemann, ‘Anatomie der Rohrenholothurie des pomeranzenfarbigen Seesterns und Steinigels, Landshut, 1816, folio. 2 Meckel, ‘ System der vegleichenden Anatomie,’ Band ii, p. 19. 3 *Cyclopzedia of Anatomy and Physiology,’ Art. Echinodermata, from which figs. 1 and 2 are copied. 4 Joh. Miller tiber den Bau der Echinodermen. 1854. 4to. STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON. 3 the compact, flexible mechanism so admirably exhibited in the arms of many species. Fig. 2 represents the lateral view of part of a ray of Uraster rubens, Lin., and exhnbits the net-like arrangement of the ossicles on the sides and upper surface; this reticulate structure forms the inter-ambulacral portion of the skeleton. The test of the Ecutnoipgea is formed of fambulacral and inter-ambulacral areas, and a similar arrangement of the ossicula may be observed in the skeleton of the AstnroipEa ; the centrum of the disc or oral ring in the AstErIApD# is the homologue of the centrum and auricular arches in the test of the Ecu1nip#, to which the muscles of the jaws are attached ; petiontate srantenereer nectar the centrum in both orders therefore forms the arch to which on the sides and upper surface of the ossicles of the rays in the star-fishes, and on which the *""” Cintas plates in the sea-urchins, are supported. The arches forming the central part of the base of the rays are the homologues of the ambulacral areas in the Ecu1nipa#; they are composed of two central, oblong principal pieces (fig. 1 a) united at the median line, and two smaller transverse pieces on which they rest, having two smaller inferior pieces external to the preceding ; these six elements enter into the composition of a single segment of the ambulacral area. In a specimen of Uraster rubens, prepared as already described, for the purpose of displaying the skeleton, I have counted 140 ambulacral arches in each ray, which multiplied by 6 for the six elements in each arch, 140 x 6 = 840 ossicles in one ray; this multiplied by 5 for the five rays, 840 X 5 = 4200, is the number of ossicles in the ambulacral portions of the skeleton of this specimen, exclusive of the elements of the centrum. The ossicles forming the lateral and upper portions of the ray are the homologues of the inter-ambulacral areas in the Ecurnorpua (fig. 2). The number of separate pieces entering into the composition of this part of the skeleton is very great, arising from the smallness of the bones, and the diverse forms of their reticulate arrangement in the different genera, to form a structure at once resistant and flexible, and adapted to the habits of the organism (fig. 2); the inter-ambulacral areas of the Asrer1ap# are for this reason very unlike the homologous portion of the test in the Ecuinipa, where these areas consist of two columns of broad spinigerous plates, between which the narrow ambulacra are placed. In the Astrrrapa, on the contrary, the ossicular elements of the inter-ambulacra, besides their locomotive functions, have assigned to them the formation of the sides and roof of the hollow cylin- drical arms (fig. 1c). The structure of the rays varies so much in the different genera of this order, that any general description would necessitate the enumeration of so many exceptions to the common plan of organization, that I prefer pointing out the differences which several of the genera exhibit, rather than attempt to give a general outline of the entire group. 4 ASTEROIDEA. In the genus Uraster (Pl. I, fig. 2 a, 6) the rays are long, and the ossicula on each side of the ambulacral valley support many rows of spines; the ossicles on the sides and upper surface of the ray form a hollow cavity for lodging the viscera (fig. 1 ¢) ; and the numerous small bones entering into this net-like structure support blunt or pointed spines (fig. 2 a), the integument between the osseous pieces is naked, and perforated by pores which communicate with the interior. Numerous pincers-like pedicellariz, supported on soft stems, encircle the basis of the spines, or are distributed amongst them, whilst others are disposed at the angles of the rays. All the Urasters possess an excentral anal opening. In Plate I, fig. 2 a, I have figured a portion of the upper surface of a ray of Uraster tenuispinus, M. and T., which shows the recurved spines raised upon the inter-ambulacral ossicles, and the naked integument between the spines perforated with respiratory pores. Pl. I, fig. 2 4, is the under surface of the same ray; four rows of tubular sucking-feet occupy the ambulacral valley, which is frmged with two rows of small spines arranged in an oblique comb-like order; external to these other rows of larger spines arm the lateral parts of the ray. PI. I, fig. 3, represents a portion of the ambulacral skeleton, and shows the spaces for the passage of the tubular retractile feet. The Astropectens have a stellate body, flattened on both sides, and furnished with two rows of tubular feet; in the ambulacral valleys, the rays are narrow and elongated, and their sides are bordered with two rows of large, regular, marginal plates (fig. 3). The ventral marginal plates carry long moveable spines, and the dorsal series in general are covered with granules more or less developed, which sometimes likewise carry spines. On the upper surface of the ray the inter-marginal space is thickly set with bunches of pazilla, and the under surface is crowded with regular rows of short spines. All these parts are well seen iz sc¢u in the section of a ray of the common Butthorn (Astro- pecten aurantiacus, Lin.) If the ray is laid open along the middle of the upper surface, and the dorsal integument and marginal plates are folded over into a horizontal position, the homology of the different parts of the ray, with the ambulacra and inter-ambu- lacra of the Lehinide becomes evident. The annexed figures of the upper and under surfaces of a ray of Astro- pecten polyacanthus, M. and 'l., shows the general structure of this part in the genus Astropecten. The ambulacral areas have Portion of a ray of Astropecten polyacanthus, M.andT. A, under two rows of tubular retractile feet ; the surface; B, the upper surface of the ray. : valley is bounded by two rows of short, stout spines, arranged in groups by the side of the suckers, each of the lower marginal plates is armed with four long, recurved, tooth-like spines (fig. 34), and other shorter spines cover the plates at their base ; the upper marginal ossicles likewise support long, stout, STRUCTURE OF THE RAYS. 5 recurved spines, and the entire upper surface of the ray is crowded with stellate paxil, (fig. 3 B.) In the Solasters, the disc is large; the rays, from twelve to fifteen in number, are short, about half the length of the diameter of the body. In the common Sun-star, Solaster papposa, Lin., one of the most common and handsome of British star- fishes, the structure is well exposed ; fig. 4 B exhibits the upper surface, and fig. 4 A the under surface of this species. The disc is large and flat, one half the diameter of the body; the rays, in general twelve in number, are round ; Portion of a ray of Solaster papposa, Linn. A, the under; and short, their length being about B, the upper surface. one half the diameter of the disc. The entire upper surface is covered with tubercles, those on the disc are scattered over its surface, whilst they are arranged in regular rows on the rays. Hach of these tubercles bears a bundle of long, spiculiform, striated spines, fig. 4 B having from eighteen to twenty grouped in each fasciculus. In the rays there are in general five or six rows of spiniferous tubercles, those on the borders being the largest. ‘The integument between the tubercles is naked, and perforated with many tentacule-pores (fig. 4B); there are no pedicellariz, and the vent is central; the madreporiform plate is excentral, and its surface is covered with fine radiating lamell@. The under surface of the rays (fig. 4 4) are narrowly lanceolate, the avenues have two rows of suckers, and the ambulacral plates support longitudinal bundles of spines, four or five in each fasciculus. External to these are regular, transverse rows of spines, supported on transverse ridges, eight or ten in each row. “The third series forms a bordering to the arms, and consists of sets of from eighteen to twenty long, fasciculated spines, placed on broad, compressed, articulated bases. The mouth is protected by a beautiful and peculiar mechanism. The angles formed by the joined origins of the rays each bear an ovate sub-triangular plate, grooved down the centre, and carrying two semicircles of long tapering spines, which project in a comb-like manner over the mouth.”? In the structure of the rays, the genus Péeraster resembles some remarkable fossil species. The tegumentary membrane on the convex upper surface is furnished with rows of short spines (fig. 5 B); the under surface has a biserial arrangement of tubular suckers in the ambu- lacra, and their margins are provided with numerous transverse fasciculi of spines, five or six in number, the spines of each fasciculus are connected together by a thin membrane, and ! Forbes, ‘ British Star-fishes,’ p. 113. 6 ASTEROIDEA. form a series of fan-like structures (fig. 5 4); the borders of the rays are likewise armed with long spines, extended transversely from Fie. 5. the sides. ‘lhese spines are connected by a fold of tegument, and united to- gether like the ray-bones in the fin of a fish. Fig. 5, from Miller and Troschel,* who described this genus, from the North Sea, shows the regular disposition of these fan-like fasciculi of spines at the borders of the am- bulacral valley, and the long transverse spines at the margin of the rays, both classes of spines being in this genus connected together by prolongations of the common tegumentary membrane. A portion of a ray of Pteraster militaris, M. and T, 4, the under; B, the upper surface. In Luidia, the body is stellate; the rays are long, flat, and narrow, with a single row of ventral marginal plates supporting long spines; the upper surface of the ray is closely set with paxillee (fig.6 J); the ambulacral valleys are nar- row (fig. 6 B), the suckers bise- rial, and two sets of spines oc- cupy the under side of the ray. The long, recurved spines on the margin of the rays, Fic. 6. Portion of a ray of Luidia Senegalensis, M. and T. A, the upper; B, the under surface. with the paxillee covering their upper surface, ally this genus to Astropecten. The toughness of the body and arms, in some star-fishes, is not more re- markable than their fragility in others; and the difficulty attending the capturing of an entire specimen of Zwidza, from its voluntary destructiveness, has been so graphically recorded by my lamented colleague, that I cannot do better than quote his account. “It is the wonderful power which Lwcdia possesses, not merely of casting away its arms entire, but of breaking them voluntarily into little pieces with great rapidity, which approximates it to the Ophiwre. This faculty renders the preservation of a perfect specimen a very difficult matter. The first time I ever took one of these creatures, ] succeeded in getting it into the boat entire. Never having seen one before, and quite unconscious of its suicidal powers, I spread it out on a rowing-bench, the better to admire its form and colours. On attempting to remove it for preservation, to my horror and disappointment, I found only an assemblage of rejected members. My conservative endeavours were all neutralised by its destructive exertions, and it is now badly represented in my cabinet by an armless disc and a discless arm. Next time I went to dredge on the same spot, 1 Miller and Troschel, ‘System der Asteriden,’ p. 128. STRUCTURE OF THE RAYS. 7 determined not to be cheated out of a specimen in such a way a second time, I brought with me a bucket of cold fresh water, to which article star-fishes have a great antipathy. As I expected, a Zwidia came up in the dredge,—a most gorgeous specimen. As it does not generally break up before it is raised above the surface of the sea, cautiously and anxiously I sunk my bucket to a level with the dredge’s mouth, and proceeded in the most gentle manner to introduce Luidia to the purer element. Whether the cold air was too much for him, or the sight of the bucket too terrific, I know not; but in a moment he proceeded to dissolve his corporation, and at every mesh of the dredge his fragments were seen escaping. In despair, I grasped at the largest, and brought up the extremity of an arm, with its terminating eye, the spinous eyelid of which opened and closed with something exceedingly like a wink of derision.”* The Goniasteride have pentagonal bodies, flattened on both sides; the margin is bounded by two rows of large marginal plates, larger than those on other parts of the disc, and both entering into the formation of the border (figs. 7 ¢); their surface is variously covered with granules, spines, or pedicellariz, and they are often encircled by granules. The upper surface of the disc and rays, within the marginal plates, is composed of small, flat, hexagonal, pentagonal, or tetragonal ossicula (fig. 8 A), anda like armature covers the under sur- face ; the ambulacral avenues are bordered by a series of square ossicula, which are often marked with parallel grooves for lodging the spines (fig. 8 2). ‘Towards the extremities of the rays (fig. 7 d), the dorsal border- plates are variously modified for lodging and protecting the eyes. Fig. 7, after Miiller, represents Astrogoniwm cuspidatum, M. and 'T.., laid open from above to show, a, the ambulacral plates; 4, the inner surface of the inter-ambulacral plates; c, the upper border-plate ; and d, the terminal plate, modified to protect the eye. Fig. 8 shows the upper and under surfaces of a small Astrogonium in Fie, 8 the British Museum Collection; 4 is the upper surface, exhibiting the Astrogonium cuspidatum, M. and T. large superior border-plates, enclosing the small polygonal discal plates with their granular circles, which occupy the whole intra-marginal upper sur- face; B shows the base, with the large inferior border-plates, and the 1 Forbes, ‘ British Star- fishes,’ p. 138. 8 _ ASTEROIDEA. tesselated inter-ambulacral plates forming the floor of the rays, with the narrow ambulacral ossicles and the stellate mouth-opening. Fie. 9. In Astrogonium magnificum, M. and T., the superior border- plates are encircled two thirds by rows of granules; and the upper surface of the arm is covered with large circular or oblong plates, smooth and convex on their upper surface, and each surrounded by a complete circle of granules. This structure is exhibited in the annexed figure 9, from Miiller and Troschel. WH OW Upper suites of a ray of Astrogonium magnificum, M.and T. In the genus Sfellaster, the upper and under sides of the pentagonal body are flat, and surrounded by two rows of large marginal plates, both of which enter into the formation of the high border ; each of the lower - marginal plates carries, near the outer side, a flat, moveable spine (fig. 10); and several granules are scattered over the surface. The ambu- lacra are narrow, and the suckers biserial; both sides of the. intra-marginal. disc are covered with granulated plates, on which numerous pedicellariz are fixed. Fig. 10, which exhibits the under surface of one of the rays in Stellaster Childreni, Gray, illustrates the characters of this genus. Under surface of a ray of Stellaster Childreni, Gray. In Ophidiaster the rays are long, cylindrical, or conical; the osseous framework of each consists of a series of ossicula of two or three different forms ; in this section of a ray (fig. 11) there are seven rhomboidal ossicula, of which three belong to the upper surface, and two to each of the sides; eight oblong ossicula (a) unite the rhom- boidal pieces (4) together, two uniting the rhomboidal ossicles of the upper surface of the ray with each other, two linking the superior lateral with the surface plates, two connecting the pairs of lateral rhombs of each side (4), and two articulating the inferior laterals with the small, round ossicles which link the inter-ambulacral plates (a) with the long femur-like ambulacral ossicula projecting upwards into the interior of the arm (fig. 11a). In this transverse section of a ray of an Ophidiaster we find nineteen ossicula, of which four or six belong to the ambulacral area, and the others to the inter-ambulacral portion. If the ossicula of an arm, therefore, were folded down, and extended outwards, the six ambulacra would form the centre, and the other plates on each side would represent the two halves of the adjoining inter-ambulacral areas. Section of a ray of Ophidiaster, with the inter-ambulacral plates. STRUCTURE OF THE RAYS. 9 In Arthraster the number of the ossicula is less, and their arrangement different, than in Ophidiaster. This genus, which is cretaceous and extinct, has, according to Forbes, only seven ossicula in the framework of the ray, as shown in the transverse section, fig. 12 a, ex- ee clusive of the ambulacral bones, which are unknown. GV as) y These plates are articulated together in such a a) manner as to form a compact armature sur- (\ I )) SS : , ca SS rounding the arms (fig. 12 a), like the plates and Sa b sutures in the test of Lchinide, of which they Section of a ray of Arthraster, with the side plates. are the homologues. All the seven ossicles are similar in form, each consisting of a transversely oblong, expanded, linear base, terminating in an acute angle at each end (fig. 12 4), and bearing along the centre a crest- like ridge with steep sides. The central ossicle is the largest, and this Forbes regarded as the equivalent of all the ossicles in the upper surface of the arm of Ophidiaster (fig. 11), whilst the others may be considered as the homologues of the lateral and ventral plates, with their connecting ossicula.’ The genus Oreaster comprises a group of pentagonal star-fishes, which have the under surface flat, and the upper surface more or less elevated; large tubercles or globular calcareous spines occupy various parts of the dorsal surface (fig. 13) ; the skeleton is formed of large plates, mostly of an irregular polygonal shape, which are disposed on the ridges of the arms in a more or less squamated order; the margins of the rays are surrounded by two rows of granulated plates, which overlap each other, the dorsal border- plate alone forming the margin, and the ventral border-plate lying on the under surface. There are two rows of tubular feet in each avenue, and a sub- central vent on the dorsal surface, which is elevated and sub-pyramidal (fig. 14). ‘The interior of the test is strengthened by calcareous pillars, as in the Clypeasters among the Ecuinipz. ‘The valve-like pedicellarize are all sessile. Upper surface of Oreaster turritus, Linck. 1 «Memoirs of the Geological Survey,’ vol. ii, part 2, p. 467. See also Dixon’s ‘Geology and Fossils of Sussex,’ p. 336, pl. 23, fig. 1. 10 ASTEROIDEA. On the Homology of the Skeleton in the Asteriade. Although the homology of the skeleton of the Asteriade has long engaged the atten- tion of naturalists, still upon this subject much diversity of opinion prevails, scarcely two of the classical authors holding the same views as to the relation existing between the test of a sea-urchin and the skeleton of a star-fish. Under these circumstances, I purpose giving copious extracts from the works of Delle Chiaje, De Blainville, Miller and Troschel, Agassiz, Miiller, and Huxley, with the view of placing this interesting subject fairly before the reader. Osseous System. The inferior part of the rays in the Asterie@ (says Delle Chiaje),’ or the whole of the rays in the Ophiure, is composed of a series of fragmentary and semicircular bones, almost similar to the vertebra, the disposition of which deserves a special study (Cuvier, ‘Rég. Anim.,’ tom. iv, p. 9). The bones placed around the mouth are five in number ; each of these is composed of four articulated parts ; that is, two at the upper end, connected by useful teeth and corresponding ligaments, rounded at. the bottom, and spinous; each of them, besides, is composed of as many (four) cylindrical, lateral bones, joined with the branches of the other four great vertebree. Thus for each ray there is a series quite decreasing, and each of them is made of two denticulated pieces, provided with ligaments, which have a hole underneath for the passage of the vertebral artery, and besides, of two faces connected with another spinous egg- shaped piece, which shuts the aperture in each ray; to these are fastened the feet, and in its inside are sometimes found two small annelides, one of which appears to me to be the same as the one described, although roughly, by the illustrious Baster (Opusce. subsec., tom. iv, fig. 9). Some other imbricated spines, more or less short, are turned towards the sides of the ray, which at the lateral undermost part terminates in a long articulated spine, near which is found the hole for the passage of sea water, and by another smaller one lodged within the apex. Between this and the vertebra a long piece, according to the amplitude of the ray, articulates itself transversely. As in Astropecten arantiacus, the vertebra are suffi- ciently large, so the ampullz of the radial arteries fill up the entire space; whilst in Echinaster echinophora the vertebree being smaller, the ampulle fill up the space alter- nately. The uppermost portion of the ray is found likewise to be formed of a chain of osseous pieces, which are sometimes long and sometimes short. The same conformation is observable in Uraster rubens. Besides the file of vertebrae in the rays of Asferias eaigua, we notice between each of them many small cuneiform, imbricated bones, formed in the shape of as many triangles ' Memorie sulla storia e notomia Degli Animali senza Vertebre, vol. ii, p. 289. I am indebted to my friend, M. Ronna, for this translation from Delle Chiaje. HOMOLOGY OF THE SKELETON. 1] as there are spaces in each ray: in the angle at the vertex of this the osseous column is fastened to the superior integument, which appears to be perforated. The texture of Asterias rosacea is likewise entirely osseous. The rays in the Ophiure have compressed vertebra, orbicular, without any per- foration, and with articular faces, as well as two furrows, one upwards and the other downwards. In the neighbourhood of the mouth, where they get larger, they support the two branches, of which the denticulated jaw is composed towards its end, and in 4. cordifera (Ophiolepis ciliata) towards its basis. On the sides of the radii in A. ophiura (Ophiolepis scolopendrica) is noticed a couple of lamellated bones which are connected with the radii and with the epidermis: in case of this epidermis being deficient, as in 4. cordifera (Ophiolepis ciliata), these scaly bones are connected with its osseous and imbricated crust. Echinaster echinophora as, moreover, many small bones, still smaller in Uraster rubens, which are articulated with the very small bones constituting the superior surface of the body. ‘They correspond likewise with the axis of the moveable tubercles, acumi- nated in L. echinophora, rounded in Asterias Savaresi, and surrounded by the epidermis ; from these shoot out several muscular fibres, directed towards the respective osseous pedicellarize, which, when looked upon through a magnifying lens, appear either to have an acuminated shape, or to be compressed and entirely rounded like the bill of a goose. Each pedicellaria is composed of two osseous, articulated pieces, fixed on a common basis of the same description. They enjoy the faculty of adhering to adjacent bodies, and keeping closely adhesive. The small osseous chalices (or paxillae) of Astropecten arantiacus, A. bispinosa, &c., are differently constituted. Each of these is a cylinder fastened at the bottom by means of strong muscular bands, the fibres of which have several intervening holes; it ends at the top in a convex shape by many cylindrical pieces, distributed according to a double series, with internal articulations, and provided in the middle with a conical piece, excepting in A. arantiacus alone. It would be useless to enter into further minute details, which may be more easily traced out by an inspection of the purposely drawn-out figures in the tables. De Blainville’ says, the star-fishes have still a particular disposition of the external envelope, the dermis is more distinct than in the urchins; we see better that solid and calcareous parts are developed in its interior. These parts form spines or scales more or less immoveable, and which present dispositions proper to each of the groups of this order. In the Asterias, properly so called, that is to say, in the species in which the body is not provided with appendages, but which are divided more or less deeply into rays hollowed out inferiorly by a groove which extends throughout their entire length; the superior parts have the skin sometimes soft, and oftener solidified by a greater or less number of irregular pieces arranged in a reticulate manner. They are sometimes almost smooth, but in general are bristled with tubercles of 1 De Blainville, ‘Organisation des Animaux,’ p. 213. 12 ASTEROIDEA. different sizes, disposed more or less irregularly, and which furnish excellent specific characters. The lateral and inferior parts are, on the contrary, sustained by a greater number of pieces, much more regularly disposed. They acquire sometimes a very great deve- lopment, as in the Asterias tessellata, Lamk.; they appear to me always to form three series, one superior, the second altogether lateral, and the other inferior. It is these which unite with the series of pieces I call ambulacral, because it is between them that the tubular feet escape, as in the sea-urchins. The last two series of lateral pieces carry moveable spines; they are still the analogues of the inter-ambulacral areas of the sea-urchins ; these spines vary, nevertheless, both as regards their figure and the number of rows which they form; they are always very singular for their resemblance to a grain ofcorn. As to the ambulacral pieces, they are very regular, very symmetrical, and they re- semble in the median line of the inferior part of each ray a kind of spine, which sustains it, and which permits movements between its numerous articulations, as in a species of vertebral column. Miller and Troschel,* in their ‘System der Asteriden,’ state, that the Asteriade are Echinodermata of a stellate, or polygonal, mostly of a pentagonal form. In addition to the tegumentary skeleton, they possess an internal skeleton, which is wanting in all the others. This consists of as many rows of pieces moveably articulated together, as there are lobes in the body, and which always proceed from the circumference of the mouth, and from the under side of the rays. In the Hisinger, ‘ Lethea Suecica,’ t. Ixxxix, t. 26, fig. 6. Hall, ‘ Paleontology of New York,’ vol. i, t. 29, fig. 5. 3 Troost, ‘Transact. Geological Soc. Pennsylvania,’ vol. i, p. 232, t. 10, fig. 9. 4 Locke, ‘Proc. Ac. N. 8S. Phil.,’ vol. iit. . > Miiller, ‘ Verh. Naturh. ver. fiir Rheinl, und Westphl. Jahrg.,’ xii, 1855. 6 Thorent, ‘Mémoires Soc. Geol. de France,’ tome ili, tab. 22, fig. 7. to CLASSIFICATION. 37 in his memoir on the Paleozoic Asteriadee figured as Uras/er, some ot which are now grouped in the genus Palaaster. M. Goldfuss' has figured as and the sub-kingdom radiata supplies additional proofs of the same organic law. As the Oolitic Asteriade will be figured and described in detail in this monograph, it is only necessary to state here that nearly all the species belong to the genera Uvasfer, Astropecten, Luidia, Plumaster, and Goniaster. he fossil species all appertain to extinct forms, but the genera to which they belong are nearly all living in our present seas. The Cretaceous Asteriadee, which have already been beautifully figured in Dixon’s ‘Geology of Sussex,’ will form the subject of a future monograph, to succeed the Cretaceous Echinidee now in course of publication. ‘These interesting star-fishes of the Chalk period range themselves for the most part in the genera Oveaster, Goniodiscus, Astroyoniuim, Stellaster, and Arthraster. The Tertiary formations have hitherto yielded very few species of Asrrriapa®. ‘Those from the English tertiaries, representing Astropecten and Gonzaster, have been figured by Professor Edward Forbes,’ in his Radiaria of the London Clay; and the specimens from the Vienna basin, likewise belonging to the genera Astropecten and Goniaster, have been figured and described by Dr. Camil Heller in his paper “ iiber neue fossile Stelliriden,”” CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASTERIAD A. The numerous forms presented by the animals of this division early induced Llhwyd and Petiver to give generic names, as Asferiscus and Echinaster, to certain of the group. The first systematic monograph which appeared was published by J. Hf. Linck* of Leipsic; this work was illustrated by forty-two well-executed plates, representing the leading forms known to him. This author divided the Star-fishes (As/erzas, Linn.) into two sections, I. Srenmis rissis.—II. Svenits mntrGRis, characterised by the presence or absence of ambulacra on the underside of the rays. In the first section, which ! Goldfuss, ‘Petrefacta Germaniz,’ Band i, p. 208, t. 63, fig. 3. Palzeontographical Society Volume for 1852. ‘ Akademie der Wissenschaften,’ Band xxviii des Jahrgunges 1855, Wien. wo is) 4 «De Stellis Marinis liber singularis. Tabularum aenearum figuras,’ Lepsic, 1733. 38 ASTEROIDEA. corresponds with our order Asteroidea, Linck proposed seven well established genera, as Pentagonaster, Pentaceros, Astropecten, Paluipes, Stella coriacea, Sol marinus, Pentadac- lylosaster, which have fornied the basis of subsequent classifications. The “Class 1. Stellarum pauciorum quam quinque radiorum,”’ comprising Zrisactis and Tetractis, included forms which were either varieties or malformations of other species; and “Class III. Stellas marinas in plures quam quinque radios fissas,” comprising Hevactin, Heptactin, Octactis, Enneactin, Decactis, Dodecactis, and Triskaidecactis, ave in part included in the Sun-stars of modern authors. De Blaimville* divided the Asteriadze into six sections; these nearly correspond with Linck’s divisions, which were based on the form of body. A. Species with a pentagonal body, and few or no lobes at the circumference, the angles being fissured (Lus OREILLERS, Aslerias discoidea, Lamk.). lncy. Méthod. Pl. 97, fig. 3. Asterias granularis, Linn, Linck, Stellis Marinis, tab. xin, fig. 3. B. Species pentagonal, body thin and membranous (Les PaALMAstERIES = PALMipEs, Linck). Palmipes membranaceus, Retz. Forbes, Star-fishes p. 116. P. rosaceus, Lamk. Ene. Méth., Pl. 99, fig. 2. c. Species five-lobed, and not articulated at the circumference ; ex. Aslerias minuta, Linn. Enc. Méth., Pl. 100, fig. 1—38. Pentaceros gibbus plicatus, Linck, Stellis Marinis, t. 3, No. 20. p. Species pentagonal, more or less lobed and articulated at the circumference (Lus SCATASTERIES ; ou PLATASTERIES). Examples, Pentagonaster semilunatus, Linck, Stell. Mar. t. 23, fig. 37. Gontaster equestris, Gmelin, Forbes, Brit. Star- fishes, p. 125. S| x. Species deeply divided into five rays. * Rays triangular, depressed, and articulated at the borders (Astropecten, Linck ; Crenaster, Luid.) ; examples, Astropecten aurantiacus, Liu. Forbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 130. Linck, Stell. Mar. t. 5 and 6. ** Rays triangular, short, and rounded above; example, Uraster rubens, Linn. Forbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 83. Uraster glacialis, Linn.; Forbes, Brit. Star- fishes, p. 78. *** Rays long, narrow, and often contracted at their origin. Linckia variolata, Agass. Linck, Stell. Mar. tab. i, fig. 1, tab. vii, fig. 10. J y. Species which have more than five or six rays (Les Sonasrerrs). Solaster papposa Linn. Forbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 112, Stell. Mar., tab. xvi, No. 28, tab. xxxil, No. 52. Lwidia fragillissima, Yorbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 135. ‘ «Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles,’ art. ‘‘Zoophyte,”’ p. 216, 1830. CLASSIFICATION. 39 Nardo’ proposed to divide the Kuropean star-fishes into five genera, several of which correspond with the Linckian genera: Ist. Srennarra = Astroprcren, Linck (includes 4. aurantiaca, A. calcitrapa), nd. STRLLONIA = Srevia-cortacea, Linck (A. rubens, A. glacialis). 3rd. Asrrrina = Penracrros, Linck (4. eaigua, A. minuta). Ath. ANsERopoDA = Paumirgs, Linck (4. membranacea, A. rosacea). Sth. Linckta = Prnrapactytosaster, Linck (A. levigata, A. variolosa). Professor Agassiz,” in his arrangement of the Echinodermata, proposed a division of the Asteriadz into nine genera, in which he substituted new names for Nardo’s genera, and added others for extra European and extinct species. his arrangement is irrespec- tive of the number of the rays. 1. Asrerias, Ag. (= Astropecten, Linck; Crenaster, Luid.; Pentasterie, Blainv. : Stellaria, Nardo.) The body stellate, the upper surface tesselate, and the rays depressed ; the margin bordered with two rows of large plates, carrying small spines. ‘T'ypes of this genus, 4. awrantiaca, A. calcitrapa. 2. Catasrer, Ag.—This genus differs from the preceding in having the inner cavity circumscribed by plates disposed as in the Hchinide, and having in the anal area an ambulacral star. Type, C. Coulonz, Ag. 8. Gonrastur, Ag. (== Pentagonaster, Linck ; Pentaceros, Linck ; Scvtastéric, Blainv. ‘The body pentagonal, margin bordered by a double series of large plates which support spines and granules, upper surface nodulated. Types, 4. fesse/lata, Lamk.; 4. equestris, Linn. 4. Qpuipraster, Ag.—Rays long, cylindrical, or conical, covered with fine, close-sct granules, ambulacral area very narrow. ‘Type, Asterias ophidiana, Lamk. Or Lincxia, Nardo (= Pentadactylosaster, Linck). Body stellate ; rays elongated, covered with tubercules, showing the porous integument in the intertubercular spaces. Type, 4. variolata, Lamk. ; Linck, Stel. Mar., tab. viii, fig. 10. 6. Srrnionta, Nardo (= Séella coriacea, Linck ; Pentastérics in part and NSolasteries, Blainy.) ‘The body stellate and covered with spines more or less prominent. ‘Types, 4. rubens, Linn.; A. glacialis, Linn.; A. endeca, Linn., Linck, tab. xv, fig. 1; A. papposa, Linn., Linck, tab. xvii, No. 28; 4. helianthus, Lamk.; Ene. Méth., Pl. 108. 1 ¢«Naturforscher,’ 1833. ‘Isis,’ 1834. 2 ¢Mémoires Soc. Sciences Naturelles de Neufchatel,’ tom. i, p. 190, 1836. 40 ASTEROIDEA. 7. Astprina, Nardo (= Asferiscus, Luid.; Pentaceros, Linck). Body pentagonal, covered with pectinated scales, upper surface convex and inflated, under surface with deep, narrow, ambulacral areas. ‘Type, 4. mcnuta, Blainv., Linck, tab. iii, No. 20. 8. Pavmipxs, Linck (= Pa/mastérie, Blainv.; Anseropoda, Nardo). Body pentagonal, much depressed, thin and membranous at the border. Type, 4. membranacea, Retz., Linck, tab. i, fig. 2. 9, Cuncrra, Ag. (= Oreiller, Blainv.) Body discoidal, pentagonal, fissured at the angles ; the tegumentary membrane covered with granules. Type, 4. discotdea, Lawk. ; Eneyel. Méthod., Pl. xcvii—xcix. Dr. J. E. Gray published! a synopsis of the genera and species of Star-fishes in the collection of the British Museum and Zoological Society. The order AstrRorpEA, or class Hyvosroma, of the author was thus subdivided : Snov. 1.—Ambulacra with four rows of feet ; dorsal wart simple. Family 1.—Asteriav.4, including two genera. 1. Asrertas.—Skeleton netted with a single mobile spine at each anastomosis of the ossicula; body covered with more or less prominent, elongated, mobile spines. Type, Astertas glaciahs, Linck, Stel. Mar. t. 38°39. 2. Tonta, Gr.—Skeleton netted with a series of crowded, small, blunt, mobile spines on the sides of each ossiculum ; ambulacra bordered with a crowded series of subulate spines, and without any triangular pierced pieces within. Zoxia Atlantica, Gr. Srcr. 2.—Ambulacra with two rows of feet. Family 2.—AstROPECTINIDE. Back flattish, netted with numerous tubercles, crowned with radiating spines at the tip, called paxillee. 1. Navricra, Gr.—Ambulacral spines broad and ciliated ; two series of tesserae between the angles of the arms and the mouth beneath. Asiatic. V. pulchella, Gr., Seba. i,t. 8,02. 7. ‘ «Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. vi, pp. 175 and 275, 1841. CLASSIFICATION. A] . Asrropecren, Linck.—Ambulacral spines simple, linear, without any tesserae between the marginal tubercles near the mouth and angles of the arms. A. corniculatus, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 27 and 386. Lurpra, Forb.—Margin of the flat rays erect; dorsal surface crowded with regular paxille. ZL. fragillissima, Forbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 135. Peranaster, Gr.—Margin of the rays shelving; dorsal surface with equal paxilla placed in Jongitudinal and transverse series. Asiatic, P. Hardwickii, Gr., Brit. Mus. ] dD 2 5) . SouastER, Forb.—Rays many, with two series of broad spines bearing tubercles near the ambulacra. S. papposa, Forb., Brit. Star-fishes, p. 112. Henricra, Gr.—Rays five , rounded, tapering, with rounded tubercles near the ambu- lacra ; the dorsal wart obscure, concealed by spines. 4. oculata, Penn. Family 3.—PENTACEROTIDA. The body supported by roundish or elongated pieces, covered with a smooth or granular skin, pierced with minute pores between the tubercles. bo Go Or Cuucita, Ag.—Type, Asterias Schmideliana, Retz., Naturforscher., xvi, t. 1. Prnraceros, Linck.—Body convex above, margin with two rows of large spine- bearing tesserae. P. gibdus, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 23, fig. 36. SreLLaster, Gr.—Body depressed, covered with large, flat, regular six-sided piates ; margin with two rows of large tesserae; the lower rows with a series of compressed mobile spines. S. Childrent, Gr., fig. 10. Compronia, Gr.—Body depressed, spinose? dorsal and oral disc covered with very small, flat plates; marginal ossicula large, without any mobile spines. C. elegans, Dixons, Fossils of Sussex, t. 22, fig. 9. Gymnasteria, Gr.—T'ype, G. spinosa, Gr., Brit. Mus. . Pauiia, Gr.— Body five-rayed, formed of flat, granulated, spine-bearing, irregular ossicula on the disc and margin, without any two-lipped pores. P. horrida, Gr., Brit. Mus. ; . Ranpasia, Gr.—Body pentagonal, with a tubercular skin above, and large granular plates beneath and on the margin, without any two-lipped slits, but with one or 6 42 ASTEROIDEA. two small pores near the oral angle beneath, where the tubercles are rubbed off. Allied to Culetta. R. Luzonica, Gr., Brit. Mus. $. Anruunra, Gr.—Body five-rayed, chaffy, with immersed, elongated tubercle-bearing ossicula; margin with regular rows of large tesserae ; both surfaces (especially the under) scattered with large two-lipped pores. 4. Chinensis, Gr., Brit. Mus. 9. Hosta, Gr.—Body five-rayed, formed of distinct, hexangular, nearly equal, slightly tubercular ossicula; back with small, and under surface with larger, two-lipped slits. & flavescens, Gr. 10. Hippasterta, Gr.—Body four or five sided, formed of roundish ossicula, with a large, truncated, central tubercle; upper and under surfaces with two-lipped pores. HH. Europea, Gr., var. of Goniaster equestris, Gmel. 11. Cattiaster, Gr.—Body five-rayed, with flat immersed ossicula, armed with flat- based, deciduous, conical spines, and without any two-lipped slits on either surface. C. Childrent, Gr. 12. Gontaster, Ag.—Ossicula flat, the dorsal ossicula granulated and armed with deciduous, flat-based spines ; both surfaces destitute of two-lipped pores. Gondaster cuspidatus, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 21 and 238, fig. 37. 13. Penraconaster, Linck.—Body formed of convex, smooth, and spineless ossicula ; ossicles of the under side with a sunk, central line, a central perforation and a small pit at each end. Marginal ossicula near the tips of the rays very large and swollen. P. pulchellus, Gr. 14. 'fosta, Gr.—Body convex, formed of smooth, spineless ossicnla; dorsal and ventral ossicula entire, subequal, without any impressed line ; marginal ossicula two-rowed, with a small intermediate one near each tip ; dorsal wart triangular. 7: Australis, Gr. 15. Ecuinastrer, Pet.—Body star-like, granulated, depressed; back rather convex, with a circle of ten to fifteen conical warts! Ambulacral spines small, placed in groups, with a single continuous row of large slender spines near them. Spines very long, covered with a granular skin, and having generally a second articulation about one third the length of the base. &. Hl/isii, Solander and Ellis., Zooph., t. 60—62. * 16. Orntea, Gr.—Skin smooth, polished; ambulacra with two very close series of filiform spines. O. spinosa, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 4, fig. 17. CLASSIFICATION. 43 17. Merropira, Gr.—Slightly granular; rays slender, with large single pores and small scattered spines on the back; smooth, and formed of regular, flat ossicula on the sides. JZ. subulata, Gr. 18. Ruopia, Gr.—Sfellonia, Ag. Ambulacral spines long, with several series of larger spines near them. 2. sevosita, Retz. 19. Ferpina, Gr.—Body flat; rays broad, convex and warty above, flat and uniform beneath ; ambulacral spines short, united at the base. / flavescens, Leach. 20. Dacrynosaster, Gr.—Rays cylindrical, nearly smooth, formed of regular oblong ossicula, each furnished with a central group of unequal, short, mobile tubercles ; one dorsal wart. D. cylindricus, Lamk. 21. Tamaria, Gr.—Rays cylindrical, formed of seven series of granular, convex, roundish ossicula, each of the upper ones with three or four unequal, and the lower ones with a central, short, blunt spine. 7" fusca, Gr. 22. Cristina, Gr.—Rays cylindrical, nearly smooth, formed of rows of three-lobed flat ossicula, each furnished with a central, mobile spine; one or two oblong dorsal warts. C. Columbie, Gr. 23. Opuipiastrr, Ag.—Rays cylindrical, elongate, uniformly granular all over, without any spines; back with a small central group of larger tubercles ; dorsal wart concave, with radiating or twisting grooves. O. aurantius. 24. Lincxia, Nardo.—JZ. typus, Nar.; P. miliaris, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 28, fig. 47. 25. Fromia, Gr.—Rays from five to eight, flat, triangular, formed of flat-topped, granular tubercles. /. millepora, Lam., Seba. Thesaur., t. 8, 7. a. 0. 26. Gomornia, Gr.—Rays elongate, cylindrical, tapering, with a terminal tubercle ; back with large rounded tubercles ; back of the rays with a series of large, conical, convex, tubercular spines; the spines near the ambulacra small, crowded. G. Lgyptiaca, Gr. 27. Narpoa, Gr.—Rays cylindrical, spineless, formed of large, granular, convex ossicula. P. variolatus, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 8, fig. 10. 28. Narciss1a, Gr.—Body pyramidal, thin, coriaceous, uniformly granular; rays tapering, elongate, triangular at the base, formed of thin, flattened ossicula. N. Teneriffe, Gr. 44 ASTEROIDEA. 29, Necrria, Gr.—Body rather pyramidal, coriaceous, scattered with truncated warts, granular at the top; rays roundish, produced, edged with two series of flat, granular warts on each side, beneath largely granular. JV. oculifera, Lamk. 30. Nepanruta, Gr.—Body small, flat; rays very long, cylindrical, tapering, not margined, formed, above and below, of many regular longitudinal and transverse series of flat-topped tubercles, furnished at the top with a series of elongate, spine-like granulations. JV. ¢esse//ata, Gr., Brit. Mus. 31. Mitinropia, Gr.—Rays cylindrical, elongate, spinulose; skeleton netted with small, scattered, rugose spines, and a series of large, clavate, spinulose spines, regularly articulated to a broad, expanded base on the sides of the arms. P. reticulatus, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 6, figs. 10 and 16. 32. Untopuora, Gr.—Body rather depressed; rays broad, blunt ; skeleton formed of a series of transverse, oblong ossicula, each bearing a large, unequal-sized, sub- globular, articulated spine, placed in a longitudinal series ; dorsal wart convex, complhicated. U. globifera, Gr. Family 4.—ASTERINIDA. Body discoidal or pyramidal, sharp-edged; skeleton formed of fiattish, imbricate plates ; dorsal wart single, rarely double. 1. Patmirrs, Linck.—Body flat, thin, nearly membranous, margin radiately striated ; the dorsal ossicula with a radiating tuft, and the oral ones with a transverse line of many thin mobile spines; ambulacral spines in oblique, rounded groups. P. membranaceus, Linck., Stel. Mar., t. 1, fig. 2. 2. Porania, Gr.—Body pyramidal, thick, five-rayed; skin above and below varnished, spineless ; dorsal ossicula irregular; margin with two series of large ossicula, the lower ones produced, sharp-edged, and each furnished on the edge with a series of mobile spines. Goniaster Templetoni, Yorbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 122. 3. Astertna, Nardo.—Body rather pyramidal, five-rayed; the back convex; the oral surface flat; the ossicula of each surface furnished with one or more mobile, tapering spines; the margin sharp-edged, each of the ossicula with a marginal series of spines; ambulacral spines placed in groups of four or five. Asterina gibbosa, Penn., Forbes, Brit. Star-fishes, p. 119. CLASSIFICATION. 45 A. Patrrta, Gr.—Body pyramidal, coriaceous, five-rayed ; ossicula of the oral surface with uniform radiating groups of small spines; those of the dorsal surface of two kinds, the one crescent-shaped, with series of small bundles of spines, the others bearing irregular round bundles of spines between them. P. coccinea, Gr. 5, Socomra, Gr—Body depressed; rays elongate, formed of imbricate plates; the margins broad, the upper and lower series of ossicles separated by a groove. S. paradoxa, Gr. Miller and Troschel proposed a new classification of fifty-five species of Asteriade contained in the Berlin Museum,’ this was afterwards amended by the introduction of other genera; these memoirs formed the Prodrome of their ‘System der Asteriden,’ * which now constitutes a standard work upon the Astertapa. As this important monograph is not much known in England, no apology is necessary for giving the following translation of the synopsis of the families and genera contained therein. SUMMARY OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE ASTERIAD AL. First Faminy. Four rows of tentacula in the ambulacral avenues. With a vent. 1 Genus.—Astreracantuion, M. and T. = Stellonia, Nardo; Uraster, Ag. Rays long, many rows of spines near the ambulacral areas on the under side ; the whole of the upper surface of the body and rays covered with blunt or pointed spines, either scattered singly or grouped toge- Fria. 20. ther into tufts, and arranged more or less regularly in rows. The imtegument be- tween the spines naked, showing the basis of the spines. In the naked skin many tentacule-pores. Pincers-like pedi- cellaria, supported on soft stems, either encircling the basis of the spines or Portion of a ray of Astropecten polyacanthus, M. and T. 4, under scattered between them, or both; some surface; B, the upper surface of the ray. likewise on the borders of the avenues. Vent subcentral. 1 «Monatsbericht der Konig. Akad. der Wissenschaft,’ Monat, April, 1840. ? «System der Asteriden mit Zwolf Kupfertafeln, Braunschweig,’ 1842. 46 ASTEROIDEA. Seconp FamMILy. _ Two rows of tentacula in the ambulacral avenues. With a vent. 2 Genus.—Ecuinaster, M. and T. = Pentadactylosaster, Linck. Rays long, conical, or cylindrical ; the skin supported on a network of calcareous pieces, from which longer or shorter spines proceed, sometimes alone or set close together. Skin between the spines naked, with many tentacule-pores. Vent subcentral. 3. Genus.—SouLAstER, Forbes. Body stellate, multiradiate; rays moderately long, and covered with fas- ciculated spines; skin between the spines naked, with many pores; no pedicellarize ; vent central. Portion of a ray of Solaster papposa, Linn.* 4, the under; B, tbe upper surfacc. 4. Genus —Cuartasrer, M. and T. Rays narrow and elongated, covered with plates which carry on their summits fascicu- lated spines, single pores between the plates; vent subcentral. 5. Genus.—Opuiptaster, Agass. = Linckia, Nardo (pars). Fie. 22. Rays cylindrical or conical, everywhere covered with granular \ ae plates; many pores between the plates, which are hkewise surround- ff AS ed by granules; no pedicellariz ; c a b : vent central. Section of a ray of Ophidiaster, with the inter-ambulacral plates. 6. Genus.—Scyraster, M. and T. = Pentadaciylosaster, Linck. ; Zinckia, Nardo. Rays elongated ; body stellate, everywhere covered with granular plates, which are arranged on the margins in two rows ; the space between the plates likewise granulated. The pores between the plates single. No pedicellarize ; vent subcentral. CLASSIFICATION. 47 7. Genus.—Cuncita, Agass. Body pentagonal, with a thick, blunt border, which forms a very high side-area, with- out plates at the margin. Body covered with granules, and fissured at the angles ; valve- like and pincers-like pedicellariz ; vent subcentral. 8. Genus.—Asrrriscus, Luid. = Asterina, Nardo; Palmipes, Linck. Body pentagonal, with short rays ; under surface flat, upper surface more or less inflated or completely depressed, thin and membranous at the border, without plates. Ossicula on the under side covered with small, pointed, or blunt, or cylindrical spines, which stand either simply on each plate, or comb-like in rows. The plates on the upper surface covered with similar processes, either comb-like or fasciculated ; single pores between the plates of the upper surface of the disc and of the rays. ‘The pores cease, sooner or later, near the margin ; vent subcentral. 9. Genus.—Prmrasrer, M. and 'T. In form it resembles the genus 10 0 c. A coarse, brown, ferruginons rock, composed of large oolitic grains; it is readily disin- tegrated by the frost, and is of little economical value. About ...................0..0.02.. 20 0 The Cephalopoda-bed (Zone of Ammonites Jurensis). p. A brown marly rock, full of small dark oolitic grains of the hydrate of iron, which are strewed in profusion in a calcareous paste. About ..............0...ccceee cet eee net eee een ens 2 0 em ACEI BEAN OL yell OwIstsH Crs cane rer: Gn cnce dwn sc datas ruiieaar states Sbetencctanene- =: OPHIODERMA. | 141 Dimensions.—Disk, one inch and three tenths in diameter; arms, four and a half inches in length. Description.—A_ very imperfect figure of this Ophiura, under the name Asferzas spherulata, was first given by Young and Bird in their ‘Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast. Professor John Phillips etched a good outline of it in his ‘ Geology of Yorkshire,’ and named it in that work, without, however, giving any description thereof. Mr. Charlesworth, in the ‘London Geological Journal, 1847, published a beautiful drawing of the fine specimen contained in the museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and this fossil the council of that institution kindly communicated to me for Pl. XVI, fig. 4, of this work. Although this Ophiura is not uncommon in collections of Yorkshire fossils, still it is rare to find good specimens in which the details of its structure are well preserved. The disk is flat, circular, or subpentagonal; the radial plates, forming pairs, are placed so far apart that the ten plates are nearly equidistant from each other (Pl. XVI, fig. 4). In this specimen the other parts of the disk are not preserved; in another the body is partly entire (fig. 3, z), and shows a series of small transverse plates extending between each pair of radial plates towards the centre of the disk. The arms are long, smooth, and nearly cylindrical; they are three and a half times as long as the diameter of the disk, and taper gently from the base to the apex; their upper or dorsal surface is covered with transverse plates, nearly four times as wide as they are deep (fig. 4); the ventral plates are deeper in proportion to their width, as shown in specimen (fig. 2); the lateral plates are large and imbricated, as seen in a ray from Dr. Bowerbank’s specimen (fig. 3, 6), magnified two and a half diameters. In this fossil the free outer margin of the plates is slightly pectinated, and so fine are the spines that they are only visible when magnified several diameters. In a specimen now before me, showing the base, I find the buccal plates are each composed of four pieces; one central element, which is the largest, is situated nearest the mouth, it has a square form rounded at the oral edge ; two lateral pieces are placed on each side of the central element, and one triangular plate at the outer part of the centrum, having its base applied to the central plate, and its apex directed outwards towards the interbuccal spaces. The under surface of the disk, seen between this triangular portion of the buccal plates and the border, is clothed with small close-set imbricated scales. The buccal fissures are very narrow, but their structure is not, for anatomical description, sufficiently exposed. Affinities and Differences.—In its general characters this species resembles Ophioderma Gaveyi, Wr. ‘The disk, however, is proportionately smaller, and the rays are stronger and rounder; the dorsal and ventral plates of the arms are likewise longer transversely, and shorter; the lateral plates are less developed than the homologous parts in Opiio- derma Gaveyt. 11 13 LIASSIC OPHIURID AL. Section of the Marlstone at Rockchff, near Stacthes. LITHOLOGY. Jet Rock. Lower part of the Upper Lias. Mar.stone Beps. Total thickness of the series . subdivided into— Main Ironstone Banps. Connected blocks of hard ironstone, a foot and upwards in thickness, with thin seams of intervening shale. Sandy shale. Iron dogger. Sandy shale. Iron dogger. Sandy shale. Iron dogger. Sandy shale. Tron dogger. Shaley sandstone. Alternations of calcareous sandstone and sandy shale, generally one sandstone bed alternating with a similar bed; the seams covered with fossils. Shaley marlstone. Shaley sandstone, gradually partaking of the nature of Lower Lias shale. Lower Lirias SHaAtLe. Thickness above the level of the sea . THICK- NESS. Feet. 160 or 10 15 18 10 40 20 150 (See p. 143.) Oxrcanic REMAINS. Saurians, Fish, Cephalopoda. Terebratula trilineata, Y. and B. = T. punctata, Sow. ; very abundant. | | Ammonites Clevelandicus, Y.and B. = A. margaritatus, Montf. ——— Am. margaritatus = A. vittatus, Y. and B. Belemnites paxillosus, Schloth., Pholadomya obliquata, Phil., Modiola scalprum, Sow., Lima Hermanni, Voltz., Ophioderma Milleri, Phil., Ophioderma carinata, Wr., Ammonites capricornus, Sch. = A. macu- latus, Y., Avicula inequivalvis, Sow., Pecten equivalvis, Sow. Ammonites maculatus, Cardium proximum, Hunt. Avicula cygnipes, Phil., Cardium trunca- tum, Phil., Rhynchonella tetrahedra, Sow., R. acuta, Sow. OPHIODERMA. 143 Locality and Stratigraphical Position—Ophioderma Milleri, Phil., is found m the same stratigraphical horizon in Yorkshire as Ophioderma Gaveyi occupies in the Middle Lias of Gloucestershire. The presence of Ammonites capricornus, Schloth. (Am. maculatus, Young and Bird), and < ||5-6)leacl| | ecalieeze] Faced OxsS4P>aslf 2M igeel| oss lors ae x » 14. Holectyphus, Desor ............ Bese | | es |<: |Prees| errs Slots ferme |< |e » 15. Pygaster, Agassiz.................. pial cael celles |ea4 | aol eral 4 lteeel eral f-6 (Pe .| Xx » 16. Hyboclypus, Agassiz ............ sre (Mee lied ell ec | eae esl] cel eee Efe .| X », 17. Galeropygus, Cotteau ............ fe ale eallleses| saul ete (eere| eel es [ace ees OS .| Xx », 18. Collyrites, Delue .................. ipl eealless less lens il veale Ban | nor|| on », 19. Echinobrissus, Breynius ......... sobs lbaelesitox SESS | eel xen | eles », 20. Clypeus, Klein ...............00000. Ee [Melee Xaleeee lee aaalecll o< Sco » 21. Pygurus, d’Orbigny............... ee [Peele |< | XIE A llenal| 4 |S » II. Astrrorpna, Wright. Genus 22. Uraster, Agassiz .................. aera eee ey ea |e lead calllaee- tena lonallasll » 23. Tropidaster, Forbes .....,....0.... re eel eee eral ees kell ees lense Coes lara (eeeeall ees lite oer | » 24. Solaster, Forbes .................. ee eee |eraleme (eon ere eae ees lend| acl x » 25. Goniaster, Agassiz ............... Bel ee |(oal gel a0) acre eel 4 cel laced [2-4] sae ered », 26. Stellaster, Gray ............00.00. oe ala free lea elem alegllraleseallinesl Wal iceamtl peel Spaced « MNNGLAS, HO7DE8..oehiayaccscaessecd se 2 /Eeaee | teelltora| ec Rte le [creel rae Rae | ene (et |v [io », 28. Plumaster, Wright ............... BeaN ae | cafe ore] eet eos faets [Bel era te ioeeeileae alles Para », 29. Astropecten, Luick ............... sga| aeelleeel feel [225 [ocelot >< [lacollanalll >< tamales Heol [Sx » III. OpnivroiwEa, Wright. Genus 30. Ophioderma, Miiller & Troschel. |...|...]...|...]---|..4[o [fof fees feefeedeed x » 931. Ophiolepis, Maller Se Proschete \ioi\cij0Wcdlesdlesc|cclbes\eoaleseloan| cco lens] Olen OSS » 32. Acroura, Agassiz ...............0.. Fe | scel cell ete ee toed ee llesell es alltel |eoee| secalll eel oa Bell » 33. Amphiura, Forbes ............... Ue Neess|ttoas Wal 0 4 -eOplimmella, Agassi oc. ucysasenece |See|ica|so, Michelini, Wright, Vol.1 . : : : : . . 369 >» Muelleri, Wright, Vol.1 . ‘ : : : : ee -6i7/ > Plotii, Klein, Vol. 1 : : ; ; ; ; 361, 466 », Timosus, Agassiz, Vol. 1 ‘ : ; : : j . 881 a subulatus, Young and Bird, Vol. 1 : 2 : : i 5 are CoOLLYRITES bicordata, Leske, Vol. 1 . : F ; : : 5 lle Bs ovalis, Leske, Vol. 1 : : : : : F . oll3 . ringens, Agassiz, Vol. 1 . ; : : : : . 3809 Diptociparts Desori, Wright, Vol. 1 : : ; ; : 5 OO ep Wrightii, Desor, Vol. 1 : : : ; : 58, 452 Ecuinosrissus Brodiei, Wright, Vol. 1 : : : : ; 5 OS 5 clunicularis, Lihwyd, Vol.1 . : ; : : . oz . dimidiatus, Phillips, Vol. 1 : : ; : , . 350 a Griesbachii, Wright, Vol. 1 : ‘ : : 5 . 840 ry orbicularis, Phillips, Vol. 1 : : : , ‘ » 734i a quadratus, Wright, Vol. 1 ; ; : 3 : » 044 5 scutatus, Lamarck, Vol. 1 : : ‘ ; E . 346 “ Woodwardii, Wright, Vol.1 . : : : 2 oon GaLERoPyYGus agariciformis, Forbes, Vol. 1 : . ; : : . 465 Guyprticus hieroglyphicus, Goldfuss, Vol.I. : ‘ : : 186 GonrasTER Hamptonensis, Wright, Vol. 1 é é L : ; - 109 rm obtusus, Wright, Vol. 11 . : : : ; é . ~ 108 Hemiciparis Bravenderi, Wright, Vol. 1 : : ; j ; . 84 sy Brillensis, Wright, Vol. 1 : ‘ : : : . 453; Ph confluens, McCoy, Vol. 1 (? an Acrosalenia) : . : 92 5 Davidsoni, Wright, Vol. 1 : 3 . : ; . 96 . granulosa, Wright, Vol. 1 ; : : ; : . Wel 3 Icaunensis, Cotteau, Vol. 1 : : : . ; oO 5, intermedia, Fleming, Vol. 1 : : : s i . 92 - Luciensis, d’ Orbigny, Vol. 1 , : 5 : : : ie4s a minor, Agassiz, Vol. 1 . : : ; : ; a foil) > Purbeckensis, Forbes, Vol. 1 : : : : c . 98 oe pustulosa, Agassiz, Vol. 1 : ; : : ; : we OF OOLITIC ECHINODERMATA. 193 PAGE Hemiciparis Ramsayii, Wright, Vol. 1 ; ; : : : . 88 - Stokesii, Wright, Vol. 1 , ; : : - - 75 . stramonium, Agassiz (? English species), Vol. 1 : : : . 100 me Wrightii, Desor, Vol. 1 : : : : é . 88 Hemripeptna Bakeri, Wright, Vol. 1 . : ? : ; : . 149 45 Bechei, Broderip, Vol. 1 . : 7 , : . 144 fe Bonei, Wright, Vol. 1 . : : : : : . 155 A Bowerbankii, Wright, Vol. 1 ; . E : ; . 145 . corallina, Wright, Vol. 1 : : : , : . 163 3 Cunningtoni, Wright, Vol. 1 : ; . . : . 167 3 Davidsoni, Wright, Vol. 1 ; : : . : . 156 5 Etheridgii, Wright, Vol. 1 ; : : : : . 148 A Jardinii, Wright, Vol. 1. ? : : ; ; . 146 y Marchamensis, Wright, Vol.1_ . ‘ : ‘ ‘ . 161 3 microgramma, Wright, Vol. 1 : ‘ : : : . 159 eS Morrisii, Wright, Vol. 1 ; ; , , : . 166 a perforata, Wright, Vol. 1 ; 5 5 : ; . i Fs tetragramma, Wright, Vol. 1 ; : : : ' . 152 35 Tomesii, Wright, Vol. 1 . : : : : : . 457 e tuberculosa, Wright, Vol. 1 : : ‘ : 5 . 164 Be Waterhousei, Wright, Vol. 1 , ; : ‘ ; . 154 A Woodwardi, Wright, Vol. 1 ; : : : ; . 158 Heterocrprats Wickensis, Wright, Vol. 1 ; ; 3 : : . 456 Ho.ectyrvs depressus, Leske, Vol. 1 . : , f : 2 . 260 s hemisphericus, Agassiz, Vol. 1. : F : : . 264 ee oblongus, Wright, Vol. 1 : : : . - 267 Hysoctypus agariformis, Forbes, Vol. 1 . é : : : . 292 s e 4 » see Galeropygus agariciformis. 3 caudatus, Wright, Vol. 1 : : : : : . 296 Py} gibberulus, Agassiz, Vol. 1 : ‘ : : : . 298 ° ovalis, Wright, Vol.1 . : : : : E . 3801 5 stellatus, Desor, Vol. 1 . ; : : : . . 303 Lurp1a Murchisoni, Williamson, Vol. 11 . : ; ; 3 yi Maenotta Forbesii, Wright, Vol. 1. ; : : : : . 191 OPHIODERMA carinata, Wright, Vol. 11 : t : 3 : . 148 - Egertoni, Broderip, Vol. 11 : : : ; : - 143 a Gaveyi, Wright, Vol. 11 : ‘ , 5 ‘ . 147 § Milleri, Phillips, Vol. 11 : , : : : . 140 c tenuibrachiata, Forbes, Vol. 11. ; . ‘ ‘ . 146 OrnioLeris Damesii, Wright (Upper Trias), Vol. 11 : : : s . I6l Fi Leckenbyil, Wright, Vol. 11 : : é : : - 160 Py; Murravii, Forbes, Vol. 11 ; : : 5 : . Il es Ramsayi, Wright, Vol. 11 : : 5 : : . 150 OPHIURELLA Griesbachii, Wright, Vol. 11 : : : : : . 154 3 nereida, Wright, Vol. 11 : : : : , . 156 Pepina rotata, Wright, Vol. 1 2 F : : : ‘ 173 » Smithii, Fordes, Vol. 1 : , r : ; : 176, 459 194. INDEX TO THE BRITISH OOLITIC ECHINODERMATA. PLUMASTER ophiuroides, Wright, Vol. 11 Potycyenus Deslongchampsii, Wright, Vol. 1 s Normannus, Desor, Vol. 1 Psrupop1apEMA, Bailyi, Wright, Vol. 1 oe Bakeriz, Woodward, Vol. 1 é depressum, Agassiz, Vol. 1 3 hemisphericum, Agassiz, Vol. 1 * homostigma, Agassiz, Vol. 1 2 lobatum, Wright, Vol. 1 - mamillanum, Roemer, Vol. 1 ee Mooreii, Wright, Vol. 1 re Parkinsoni, Desor, Vol. 1 55 pentagonum, McCoy, Vol. 1 “s radiatum, Wright, Vol. 1 * vagans, Phillips, Vol. 1 re versipora, Phillips, Vol. 1 PyGasTER conoideus, Wright, Vol. 1 . . macrostoma, Wright, Vol. 1 na Morrisii, Wright, Vol. 1 es semisulcatus, Phillips, Vol. 1 5 umbrella, 4gassiz, Vol. 1 Pyeurus costatus, Wright, Vol. 1 . ; s5 Blumenbachii, Koch §& Dunker, Vol. 1 . Hausmanni, Koch & Dunker, Vol. 1 3 Michelini, Cotteau, Vol. 1 3 pentagonalis, Phillips, Vol. 1 % Phillipsi, Wright, Vol. 1 RaBDOCIDARIS maxima, Minster, Vol. 1 " Moraldina, Cotteau, Vol. 1 SoxasteR Moretonis, Forbes, Vol. 11 . Srevuaster Sharpi, Wright, Vol. 11 . STOMECHINUS bigranularis, Lamarck, Vol. 1 Dy germinans, Phillips, Vol. 1 - gyratus, Agassiz, Vol. 1 a intermedius, Agassiz, Vol. 1 i microcyphus, Wright, Vol. 1 5 nudus, Wright, Vol. 1 . TROPIDASTER pectinatus, Forbes, Vol. 11 UrastER carinatus, Wright, Vol. 11 5, Gaveyi, Forbes, Vol. 11 5 spiniger, Wright, Vol. 11 PAGE 275, 405, 112 199 197 120 121 112 127 118 456 133: 110 114 115 131 123. 124 278: 463 280: 463 282: 397 400: 467 392 395 403, 55: o4 104 165 210 204 215 208 213 217 102 on 100 166 INDEX TO VOLUME II. THE ASTEROIDEA AND OPHIUROIDEA. PAGE Ammonitic Divisions of THE Liss aNp oF THE INFERIOR OOLITE :— *; Murchisonz (Inf. Oolite) . . . : ~ 95 Jurensis (Upper Lias) 5 . . - 89 communis 3 s . 5 - . 86 spinatus (Middle Lias) . 85 margaritatus ,, ; 5 : : c . 82 capricornus _,, : 5 . : : - 7 Ibex 3 ; : C 2 : . 79 Zones of Ammonites J Jamesoni - : A : : : . 18 raricostatus (Lower Lias ° : : , ane oxynotus 3 ° : ‘ 5 - 74 obtusus $5 : 2 : : . 72 Turneri 33 : , : : - 70 Bucklandi Bh : ¢ ; : . 64 angulatus - : A ; F . 63 L planorbis FP ° : 5 : es mos CLASSIFICATION OF THE ASTEROIDEA AND OPHIUROIDEA By AUTHORS :— Agassiz . : A c : . . é a od Baster . : : ° c ; : . 21 De Blainville a : : - : : . - 3s Delle Chiaje ; : : 5 : ° : . 10 Forbes. * : : ; 3 < . 21, 133 Gray : ¢ o : . . . : . 40 Huxley . é ‘ ; : : . . . 15 Janus Plancus : ‘ : : : : 4 Linck. : : : 5 : . . - 37 Miiller and Troschel : : ‘ . ‘ ‘ « Ad Nardo_ . ‘ d : “ ‘ ; . 39 Tiedemann e : ; 5 ° é : a Pil Wright . ‘ : : ; ii, 11, 1—9, 138, 139 26 196 INDEX TO VOLUME II. CLASSIFICATION in general of the Asteroidea Ophiuroidea ” ” Comparison of Echinoidea with Asteroidea Correlation of the Lias beds of France, Germany, and England Genera of the Asteroidea from the Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic strata History of the Asteroidea “ Ophiuroidea Horizons of Jurassic genera of Asteroidea Astropectea, Linck, from Calcareous Grit Kelloway Rock Cornbrash Forest Marble 9 Stonesfield Slate Inferior Oolite Middle Lias Goniaster, Agassiz be) ” Luidia, Forbes Plumaster, Wright Solaster, Forbes Stellaster, Gray Tropidaster, Forbes Uraster, Agassiz 3 a2. Acroura, Agassiz, Ophioderma, Muller § Troschel, Ophiolepis, Ophiurella, Agassiz 2? +? Horizons of Jurassic genera of Ophiuroidea ” Horizons of Jurassic species of ASTEROIDEA Great Oolite Inferior Oolite Middle Lias ) Great Oolite Inferior Oolite Middle Lias Forest Marble Middle Lias from Middle Lias Inferior Oolite Middle Lias Lower Lias Upper Trias Calcareous Grit Forest Marble and Great Oolite Kelloway Rock Cornbrash Forest Marble Great Oolite Stonesfield Slate . Inferior Oolite Middle Lias from Calcareous Grit . PAGE 37—50 138, 139 3, 9, 10—22 53 37 37—50 132 100—130 129, 164 125, 127 164, 165 121—123 116, 118, 121 114, 115 113 109 108 111 : + Ie ; . 104 : 165 : . 102 : . 166 100 —102 140—161 : 153 140, 143, 146, 147, 148 160 151 150 16 156 . 154 100—130 129, 168 125, 127 168 122, 123 104, 109 116, 118, 120, 121 108, 114, 115 100—102, 111—113 BRITISH ASTEROIDEA AND OPHTUROIDEA. Horizons of Jurassic species of Ophiuroidea : Horizons of Paleeozoic Asteroidea : L197 PAGE from Middle Lias Lower Lias 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 151, 153 150 23, 26 . 36 23—36, 169 Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Range of British fossil Echinoidea, Asteroidea, and Ophuiroidea, from the Upper Trias to the Purbeck beds Archaster Arthraster Asterias Astrogonium Astropecten . Clenodiscus . Echinaster Echinus A Luidia , Ophidiaster Ophiolepis Structure of Oreaster Pteraster Scylaster Stellaster Solaster Uraster 189 18 . 9 10—12 7. Gomis 4,13; 17, 18) 22 : ep 8 Ie Tow . 18, 6, 17, eeralowics ‘ . 22 17 18 ees 5, 17, 18 4, 10 17,18, 22 Summary and analysis of the British Jurassic Ecurnorpra, AsTrRoIDEA, and OPHIUROIDEA described in Vols. I and II of the ‘ Oolitic Echinodermata’ Terminology of the Asteroidea : Ambulacral and interambulacral plates Arms Body Dermis Eyes Granules . : Madreporiform body Oral opening Osseous system Ovaries Paxille Pedicellariz Skeleton . : Spines.. : Tegumentary appendages Test Vent 171—187 . 13—=16 110; 125138; 1349135, 137 1, 3—~22, 131, 134, 135 iw 7, 16 ; . Wale 5, 16, 17, 22, 32 132 10—16 131 An: 21k 18 4.5.9) 11, 18211 1, 2, 3, 10 17, 18, 20 1721 ; a; . 4, 5, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22 198 ASTEROIDEA AND OPHIUROIDEA. PAGE Terminology of the Ophiuroidea : Arms. : : ! . ; : 131, 132, 134-137, Body . . . : : : . . 131, 135, 136 Dermis . : ; A ‘ : : ; 131, 135 Maxille . : ° . i : : : . 136 Oral opening 6 . : ; : : : 131, 132 Osseous system , . . : - é : 134—137 Ovaries. : é . . : : c . 131 Spines . : : : : : : : 136, 137 Tegumentary appendages 5 - ; : : : 134— 136 199 INDEX TO THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IN VOLUME II. The Synonyms are Printed in Italics. The letters P.F. following a species denote that the fossil has been found in a Paleozoic formation. ACROURA, Agassiz S5 Brodiei, 7” ce AmpuiurRa, Forbes : ‘ Pratii, Forbes . ANsEROPODA, Nardo ANTHENEA, Gray ApLocoma, Minster Arcuaster, Miller § Troschel ASPIDURA, Agassiz 5 ASTERACANTHION, Miller § Troschel. ASTERIADA, Gray AstTERtIAs, Linné. 5 antiquus, Troost . F.) 5 arenicola, Charlesworth ; see Astropecten Ae Wi ight. 5 constellatus, Thorent (PF) A - Cotteswoldie, Buckman ; see Astropecten Cotteswoldiz. i helianthus, Lamarck ee plate) os obtusus, Goldfuss 5 Rhenanus, Miller (P.F.) . a spherulatus, Young & Bird ;_ see Ophiodenns Milleri, Phillips. Pe tessallatus, Lamarck (Dermis and Tubercles) ASTERINA, Nardo ASTERINIDE, Gray Asteriscus, Luidius Asteronyx, Miller § Troschel ASTEROPHYDIA, Wright Astrropsis, Miller & Troschel Astroconium, Miller & Troschetl : 5 5 see Goniaster, Agassiz. - cuspidatum, Miller § Troschel (Osseous system) _ magnificum, Miller & Troschel (Osseous system) ASTROPECTINIDE, Miller §& Troschel AsTROPECTEN, Linck 3 » (description of) 3 arenicolus, Forbes ; see Astropecten saveroriiis, Wr right. arentiacus, Linné (Section of Ray) 3 3 » (Osseous System) claveeformis, Wright Cotteswoldize, Buckman : sy rr var. Stameoulensie: Wright . es - var. Stonesfieldensis, Wright . PAGE 133, 152, 187 153 133, 134, 136, 158, 187 158 39, 40 42 134 49 133, 134, 136 45,99 . 40, 100—130, 164—168 39, 40 36 36 17 37 36 12 “40, 44 44 . 47 133, 139 139 49 48 7 7. 40, 110, 184 39, 41, 185 50, 113 . 4 10, 11, 22 125 116 118 121 200 INDEX TO FAMILIES, AstropscteEn, Hastingsiz, Forbes - Hooperi, Wright ms Huxleyi, Wright * Leckenbyi, Wright . Orion, Forbes , 7 .; Phillipsii, Forbes : : 3 polyacanthus, Miiller & Troschel (Ray of). a rectus, McCoy : Scarburgensis, Wright Wiltsii, Wright Astropuyton, Linck ASTROPHIURA permira, Sladen Boetztacoma, Salter (P.F.) a vermiformis, Salter (P.F.) CHELASTER, Agassiz CaLLIASTER, Gray CuamtastEr, Miller &f Teaehel Cistina, Gray Compronia, Gray CrenastER, Luidius A : CrossasTER, Miller and Troschel ; see surasnan’ Forbes. Cryprocrinus, Von Buch (Osseous System of) . Crrnopiscus, Miller & Troschel CuLcita, Agassiz DactyLosastER, Gray Ecuinantuvs, Breynius (Osseous rete of) EcHINASTER, Peters 3 Eridanella, Valene. (Masveponifons plates of) 3 solaris, Hillis (Madreporiform plates of) Echino-encrinus, Valborth (Osseous System of) Euryae, Lamarck 5 KuryaLipm®, Miller § Lroschel Ferpina, Gray . Fromia, Gray Gomorntia, Gray GONIASTER, Agassiz : > Hamptonensis, Wright es obtusus, Wright GoNIASTERIDA, Wright Goniopiscus, Miller §& Troschel GORGONOCEPHALUS, Leach . GYMNASTERTA, Gray Henricia, Gray Hyrppasteria, Gray Hosta, Gray Lepipaster, Forbes Pr Grayi, Forbes (P.F.) ETC., PAGE . ; 3 . 113 168 123. 114 ~ 27, 122, 123 : 4 129, 168 115 120 133 163 31 31 39 42 46 43 41 39 15 150 40, 41, 47 43 Be! 42, 46 17 17 15 133 133. 43 43. L948 39, 42, 106, 184 109 108 7, 108, 183. 49, 106, 107 133 4] 4l 42 i : ; ae : f me: . ‘ 2 . Ba REFERRED TO IN Linckia, Nardo . : Lunia, Forbes (Ray of) . 5 ,», (description of genus) » fragillissima, Forbes (Rays of Murchisoni, Williamson é » Senegalensis, Miiller & Troschel (Ray of) Merropira, Gray Mituropia, Gray Narcissta, Gray Narpoa, Gray Navricta, Gray. Necrria, Gray Nepantata, Gray Opnracantua, Miller § Troschel Oputactis, Lithin Opntaracuna, Miller §& Troschel OpHIDIASTER, Agassiz (Madreporiform plate of) he », (Qsseous System of) OentocnEmis, Miiller § Troschel OPHIOCOMA, Agassiz OpnHioctEeN, Lutkin OpniopEermMa, Miller & Troschel VOLUME Il. 3 carinata, Wright BS Egertoni, Broderip : a Gaveyi, Wright : : : se Griesbachii, Wright ; see Ophiurella Griesbachi, Wright. Milleri, Phillips ys tenuibranchiata, Forbes ‘OpuioLeris, Miller § Troschet 5 Damesi, Wright 55 Leckenbyii, Wright 3 Murravii, Forbes " Ramsayi, Wright Opuiomastrix, Miller & Troschel Opuiomyxa, Miller § Troschel Opnionyx, Miller § Troschel OpuioPeEza, Peters OPHIOPHOLIS, Peters OpHIoPLus, Sars. Opuiopsita, Forbes OpuiotHRix, Miller § Troschel Opuiura, Lamarck (Osseous System of) 201 PAGE 39, 43 . 6,50 41, 110, 184 fi 111 50 43 44 43 43 40 44 44 133 134 133, 135, 136 17 13, 39, 43, 46 Vee: 138136 . > 134 133, 134, 140, 186 . 148 148 147 140 146 133, 184, 135, 136, 150, 160, 186 4 Lgertoni, Broderip ; see Ophioderma Beerion a 5 Milleri, Phillips ; see Ophioderma Milleri, Phillips. 5 Murravii, Forbes ; see Ophiolepis Murravii, Forbes. OPHIURELLA, Agassiz - Griesbachii, Wright 161 160 151 . 150 133, 135 133 1338 134 134 134 » 133 138, 135, 136 11, 133 133, 134, 154, 187 14 202 INDEX TO FAMILIES, ETC., PAGE OpuriurELLA, Milleri, Agassiz ; see Ophioderma Milleri, Phillips. a nereida : ; , ; : : : . 156 Orniurnivm, Wright : 4 ; ‘ : : ; 138, 186 Opnivroippa, Wright : : : “ : : 4 131, 138 Orniomyxa, Miller § Troschel ; : ae : : : 133, 135 Orgaster, Muller §& Troschel : : : q , ? areas = turritus, Linck (Upper Surface of) . ; A : : : 9 Oruitia, Gray. : é : : : : : . 42 PaL#aster, Hall é : : : - : 22, 24 oF asperrimus, Salter (P.F. ) é 3 . : . 24 $5 coronella, Salter (P.I.) . c : , b 5 PZ) Bs hirudo, Forbes (P.F.) . : ; 5 : ‘ zo Fr matutinus, Hall (P.F.) . : : ; : : 3 30 3 Niagarensis, Hall (P.F.) ; ‘ : : : 22, 25 3 obtusus, Forbes (P.F.) . , . : 0 : 22, 24 PP Ruthveni, Forbes (P.F.) : A : ; 5 a ao Patmocoma, Salter % : : : : : ; 23, 29, 134 a Colvini, Salter (P.F.). , ‘ : , : - 30 ” cygnipes, Salter (P.F.) . ; ; : : 5 - 30 Pe Marstoni, Salter (P.F.) . : : ; : . § 30 ‘5 Milleri, d’Orbigny ; see Ophioderma Milleri, Phillips. Patmopiscus, Salter : ° S F : : : 23, 35 ss ferox, Salter (P.F) . : ‘ ‘ : : - 35 PatastEerina, M‘Ooy . : i : . ; 23, 26 5 antiqua, Hisinger (P. F. ) : - : é é 26, 36 - primeeva, Forées (P.F.) ; . : , : of 920 - rugosa, Billings (P.F.) ‘ : 5 ‘ A 427, 5 stellata, Billings (P.F.) : : . 5 ; oe Paumires, Linck : ; F : 5 A : 40, 44 Patinia, Gray . : : é : : : : ~ 45 Pavia, Gray. . : é : ; ; : . 41 Precrinura, Forbes ; : : ; 5 ‘ : wilds Pentaceros, Linck - , : $ ; i 39, 41 PENTACEROTIDH, Gray. : : : : : = ak PENTADACTYLOSASTER, Linck, pp. 39, oy see Echinaster and Scytaster. PrentaGonaster, Linck . : A Z : ; ; 39, 42 PETALASTER, Gray : : . : 3 7 . 5 SAD PETRASTER, Billings : : : ‘ . ; : 23, 29 rigidus, Billings (P.F.) . ‘ ; A : : Hoy 4!) PLUMASTER, Wright : : : : : : : 112, 185 5 ophiuroides, Wright é é : ‘ p : . 112 Poranta, Gray . : : : : é : : . 44 Proraster, Forbes A : : : : 23, 31, 134, 136 - leptosoma, Salter (P.F. vu P : ; : ; . 2ao 8 Miltoni, Salter (P.F.) . 5 : ; ; : 5 83 rr Salteri, Sowerby (P.F.) . : : : : Be Ga) . Sedwickii, Forbes (P.F.) . 2 : 5 5 : -f1 8 REFERRED TO IN Preraster, Muller & Troschel $5 militaris, Miller & Troschel (Rays of) Ranpvasia, Gray. a Ruopatocoma, Salter 5 pyrotechnica, Salter . F.) Ruopia, Gray : Scyrastrr, Miller § Tapenet anents System of) Socomia, Gray . Soxtaster, Forbes i Moretonis, Forbes " papposus, Linné (Rays of) : 3 polynemius, Simpson ; see Luidia Murchisoni. STELLARIA, Wardo STELLASTER, Gray : i Berthandi, Wright (ibteign Specs) . Childreni, Gray (Rays of) - Sharp, Wright Sretionia, Nardo STEenasteR, Billings “. pulchellus, Billings (P.F ) Pe Salteri, Billings (P.F.) TA@NnIastER, Billings 55 cylindricus, Billings (P. P. ) - spinosus, Billings (P.F.). Tamania, Gray . Tonia, Gray Tosta, Gray TRICASTER, Agassiz TRICHOTASTER, Wright 55 plumiformis, Wright . F.) TroprpasteR, Forbes . pectinatus, Forbes TROPIDASTERIDD, Wright . UniopHora, Gray Uraster, Agassiz Bs carinatus, Wright 55 Gaveyi, Forbes 33 rubens, Linné (Osseous Seateti of) i os (Section of Rays) i (Tegumentary Appendages) nf spiniger, Wright = tenuispina, Lamarck (Madreporiform Plates) Urasterip©, Wright VOLUME II. 41, 203 PAGE . AT . 6,29 41 31 31 . 43 13, 46 . 4D 46, 104 104 5 39, 113 41, 49, 107, 164, 184 166 8 165 39, 43, 99 4, 23, 28 28 24, 28 24, 34 34 34 43 40 42 es 169 169 102, 183 . 102 iii, 183 . 44 99, 182 101 100 4,11, 14, 15, 16 18, 21, 22 27 2 166 17 ii, 182 & W PLATE I. Uraster Gaveyi, Forbes. From the Middle Lias. Fig. 1 a. Uraster Gaveyt, Ford., p. 100. Under surface, natural size. 6. Plan of the ambulacral plates and their spiny borders. 2 a. Portion of the dorsal surface of a ray of Uraster tenuispinus, M. and T., to show the spines and pores in the tegumentary membrane. 4. Portion of the ventral surface of the same ray, to show the biserial arrangement of the tentacula in the ambulacral valley with the lateral spines bounding the the same. 3. Diagram of the ambulacral plates in Uraster rubens, Lin., for the purpose of com- paring them with the homologous parts in the Fossil species figured in the same plate. Hida ee i W.West imp. et th del C.R.Bone ? . PLATE II. URasTER Carinatus, Wright. From the Maristone. ik Uraster carinatus, Wright, p. 101. Upper surface, natural size. Gonraster Hampronensis, Wright. From the Great Oolite. 2a. Gontastur Hampronensis, Wright, p. 109. Upper surface, natural size. Lateral view of the same specimen, showing the dorsal and ventral marginal plates, natural size. From the Inferior Oolite. GonrasTER optusus, Wright. 3a. GontasteR optusus, Wright, p. 108. Upper surface of a ray, natural size. Under surface of the same ray. c. Lateral view of the same, both natural size. 4 a, 6. Marginal ossicles from an unknown Star-fish, magnified four times. 5 a, b. Ditto ditto magnified four times. 6 a, 6. Ditto «° ditto magnified four times. These ossicles were collected from the Bradford clay. W. West, np. PLATE III. TROPIDASTER PECTINATUS, Forées. From the Middle Lias. Fre. 1. Troprpaster pectinatus, Ford., p. 102. Showing the ventral surface, and a lateral view of the curved rays in small specimens. ew Dorsal surface of two individuals on one slab, natural size. a. Dorsal surface of a ray magnified, to show the arrangement of the middle ridge with its imbricated plates, and the tubercles on the inter-ambulacral portions. 6. Ventral surface of a ray, and part of the disc, showing the ambulacra and the angle- _ plates. i) . Ambulacral plates, and spiniferous plates bordering the ambulacral avenue, magnified. Q _ Marginal plates, magnified. Madreporiform body, magnified. = 3. A large specimen with smaller attached, both natural size. p J l Ebb \ A y U W.Weet arnp. Jath del et R Box 1a eC PLATE IV. SontasterR Moreronts, Forbes. From the Great Oolite. Fig. 1 a. Souaster Moretonis, Yord., p. 104. Ventral surface, natural size. 6. Ambulacral ossicles, magnified. c. An ambulacral bone, with inter-ambulacral ossicula supporting their combs of long hair-hke spies, magnified. d. Inner or proximal portion on an ambulacrum with its large angle ossicula and spines, magnified. e. Retiform arrangement of the ossicula forming the framework of the disc, magnified. bys gq ‘i i +eth, FFE iz eS Sun ot iii a ES WWest ump. PLATE V. PLuMAsTER opHIUROIDES, Wright. From the Middle Las. Fie. 1 a. PuumMasteR oputuRoibEs, Wright, p. 112. Ventral surface, natural size. /. Ambulacral and inter-ambulacral ossicula, magnified ; the long inter-ambulacral plates with pectinated distal borders supporting rows of spiniferous tubercles. c. A pair of large angle-plates with tubercles on their surface, magnified. Lurp1a Murcuisoni, Williamson. From the Middle Lias. 2. Lurpia Murcutsont, Williamson, p. 111. Ventral surface, natural size. West imp 7 del et Jith C.R. Bone PLATE VI. ASTROPECTEN CorrEswoLDIA, var. STAMFORDENSIS, Wright. From the Stonesfield Slate. Fra. ONG b Aa b . ASTROPECTEN CoTTEswo.Lp14, var. StaMrorDENSIS, Wright, p. 118. Dorsal surface, natural size. ‘lwo marginal plates, with rows of spines at their distal border. . AsTROPECTEN CorreswoLDI®, Buck., p. 116. Small specimen, natural size. . Four marginal plates of this specimen, showing the sculpture on their surface, the distal spmes, and connecting ossicula, magnified. ASTROPECTEN Hastine12, Forbes. From the Maristone. . Astrorecten Hastineta, Pord., p. 113. Dorsal surface, natural size. . Marginal plates and inter-marginal ossicles of the same, magnified. . Astroprcten Hastinera, Mord. Ventral surface of Mr. Leckenby’s specimen, showing the ambulacral avenues, natural size. . Angle-plates, ambulacral avenues, biserial pores, and inter-ambulacral plates of the same, magnified three diameters. he \ Woesk t¢ ve | | |] del. et ‘ith. om yr i Rael . : ; A [one . i nan Fs Mie i 2 r y ' § yan f ' , i " ‘ a me 1 ‘ \ - : . ® = + PLATE VII. AsrropectEeNn Lrecxrnsyt, Wright. From the Inferior Oolite. Fig. la. Asrropscren Lecxensyt, Wright, p. 114. Dorsal surface, natural size. c. Two of the marginal plates, magnified four times, to show the size and arrangement of the tubercles on their surface. 4. Lateral view of the same specimen, showing the thickness of the border and a section of the marginal plates. Astroprcren Scarpurcensis, Wright. 2 a. AstRopECTEN ScaRrBuRGENSIS, Wright, p. 115. Dorsal surface, natural size. 6. Portion of one of the rays, magnified four times. c Two marginal plates, exhibiting the tubercles on their surface. C.R. Bone, del et Lith W. West. irny ae yt eRe or ~ Sp : 7 em ‘ = es , at . - - , A PLATE VIII. Astroprcten Huxunyi, Wright. From the Forest Marble. 1 a. Astroprcten Huxuryi, Wright, p. 123. Ventral surface, natural size. 4. Dorsal surface of the same specimen, with one ray everted, and showing both sides of the same individual at one view. “4 . ‘Two marginal plates, with the combs of spines attached to the small inter-ambulacral bones, magnified four times. d. Another view of the same plates, with the large spines, magnified four times. ASTROPECTEN CoTrESWOLDIA, var. SrONESFIELDENSIS, Wright. From the Stonesfield State. 2. AsTROPECTEN COTTESWOLDLA, var. STONESFILLDENSIS, Wright, p. 121. Dorsal surface, natural size. 3. Ossicula of AsterIAD@, magnified four times. A. Ditto magnified four times. Or Ditto magnified four times. 6. Marginal plates of an Astropecten, magnified four times. ie Ditto ditto magnified four times. 8. Ditto ditto magnified four times. All these separate bones were collected from the Great Oolite. PLVIII - rT, Wns eer ¥ WiWVest Tm C.R.Bone, del. et lith. fe 4. th PLATE IX. ASTROPECTEN CorreswoLDia, Buckman. from the Stonesfield State. AsTROPECTEN CorreswoLp1m, Buck., p. 116. Dorsal surface, natural size. . Disc of this specimen, magnified to show the madreporiform body with its radiating lamin, and the five prominent oblong bodies formed by the upper portions of the ambulacral bones. . Portion of the upper surface of a ray of another specimen, showing the extension of the ambulacral bones throughout the ray. ‘Three marginal ossicula, magnified four times, showing the small granules on their convex surface. . Astroprcten Wirrtsit, Wright, p. 120. Dorsal surface, natural size. . Portion of the disc and ray, showing the madreporiform body and marginal plates of this species, magnified three times. . Astropecten CorreswoLpiaz. Another specimen, with a wider disc. 4. Portion of a ray magnified twice, showing the marginal plates, and the intermarginal C. ossicles. T'wo marginal plates, magnified four times. AsTROPECTEN CorrEswoLpia. Another specimen, dorsal surface, natural size. a y ae Je peer & as ara pomene ss 33 a c an ¢ t i i UG €.R.Bone, del et Lith WWest imp PLATE X. ASTROPECTEN CoTTEswoLDIA, Buck. From the Stonesfield Slate. 1a. AsTRoprcten CorteswoLpim, Buck., p. 116. Ventral surface, natural size. 6. Disc and portion of ray, magnified three times. ce. Portion of the ventral surface of a ray, magnified six times, showing ihe marginal bones with their lateral spines, and the ambulacral avenue. d. Lateral view of a ray, magnified four times, showing the thorn-like spines attached to the distal border of the marginal plates. AstroprecteN Puituresit, Pordes. From the Forest Marble. 2 a. Astroprcten Puiturpsi, Forbes, p. 122. Ventral surface, natural size. 4. Portion of a ray, showing the ambulacral bones, avenue, and tentacule pores, magnified. ; c. One marginal bone magnified. d. Two marginal bones with their border spines, magnified. e. Spine magnified. ASTROPECTEN CoTTESWOLDIA. 3a. Astroprcten Correswotpre. Small specimen, showing details of the dorsal surface of the rays. ). Dorsal surface, showing marginal plates, and the upper portion of the ambulacral wens C Ditto ditto of another ray. d. Ditto ditto of another ray. PIX C.R.Bone, del. et lith W.Wes\, unto Fic. ae) PLATE Xa. Astroprcten Orton, Forées. From the Kelloway Rock. ASTROPECTEN Orton, Forbes, p. 127. Ventral surface, natural size. ASTROPECTEN CLAV&FoRMIS, Wright, p. 125. Ventral surface, natural size; this is a four-rayed variety of the large species, figured in Plate XI. Astroprecten Puiniipsit, Forbes (?). Copy of the figure of an Astropecten found in the Cornbrash, near Yeovil, from the ‘ Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. 1, p. 73, for 1829. LAA. Sete WWest imp CR Bone del et lith PLATE XI. ASTROPECTEN CLAV#FORMIS, Wright. rom the Kelloway Rock. ASTROPECTEN CLAVEFORMIS, Wright, p. 125. Ventral surface, natural size. By Iv PLATE XII. ASTROPECTEN RECTUS, McCoy. Prom the Calcareous Grit. Fic. 1. Asrroprcren ReEcTUS, McCoy, p. 129. Section of the skeleton, natural size. 2 a. Portion of the dorsal surface of a ray enlarged, showing the marginal plates. 6. Portion of the ventral surface of a ray, showing the marginal plates, inter-ambulacral bones, and ambulacral avenue magnified. C.R Bone del. et lith PLATE XIII. The figures in this Plate are copied from Miiller and Troschel’s ‘ System der Asteriden.’ >| Lal Q DROARwW We . OPHIODERMA LONGICAUDA, Linck, sp. p. 135. . OpHIoLEPIs ANNULOSA, Lamarck, sp. p. 135. - ciLiaTa, Retz, sp. p. 135. OpHiocoma DENTATA, Mill. and Trosch. p. 135. . OPHIARACHNA SEPTEMSPINOSA, Kuhl and Hasselt, sp. p. 135. . OPHIOMASTIX ANNULOSA, Lamarck, sp. p. 135. . OPHIOMYXA PENTAGONA, Linck, sp. p. 135. . OpnioTHRIx RamMetsBeRel, Aldll. and Trosch. p. 136. Pl, g B29 S56 wy set 0 we BeO 0.8 wes eRus Rees Pee xe Eh = Ve \ Se wil, SSS can rs io. ene mp T pe N.Hanhart Q Oe Q (3 M C.R.Bone, hth ve Fie. Ii. wo oo 10. PLATE XIV. OpHioLePIs Murravu, Ford. p. 15). a. Natural size. 6. Ray, magnified. . OpHio“eris Murravil, Moré. p. 151. Under surface, copied from the ‘ London | Geological Journal,’ pl. xx, fig. 4. . OpntotePis Ramsayu, Wright. p. 150. a. Rays, magnified. 4. Three rings, greatly enlarged. 4, OPHIURELLA speciosa, Miinster. p. 134. . Acroura prisca, Minster. p. 133. a. Natural size. 6. Portion of a ray, magnified. . AspipuRA Loricata, Goldfuss. p. 133. a. Under surface. 6. Upper surface. Both magnified. . Grocoma Lipanorica, Konig. p. 1384. Under surface, magnified. . Aptocoma Agassizit, Mister. p. 134. Under surface, magnified. . Proraster Sepewick, Morbes. p. 136. Under surface, magnified. AMPHIURA 'TENERA, Liitken. p. 136. a. Under i i surface of disk, magnified. M &N.Hanhart Impt C.R.Bone, ith. PLATE XV. Fic. 1 a. Opnioprrma Gaveri, Wright. p. 147. Upper surface, natural size; this specimen belongs to Dr. Wright’s collection. b. ‘ . Portion of a ray, dorsal surface, mag- nified twice. 2: us As Ditto, with lateral spines, magnified four times. d. 2 - Ditto of terminal part, magnified four times. YN, ey om Disk and dorsal plates, natural size. 3 ; ; Three rings of a ray, magnified six times; this specimen belongs to ‘Dr. Wright’s collection. 4a. OpniopermMa Ecerrtont, Broderip. p. 143. Basal surface, natural size; this specimen is in Dr. Wright's cabinet. b. ey ¥ Under surface of the disk, magnified twice. 5. . 5 _ Portion of a ray, magnified four times. PLXV. “W.Westaimp. CR. Bone del et lith. Fie. PLATE XVI. 1 a. OpnioperMA carinata, Wright. p. 148. Upper surface, natural size; this mw rw specimen belongs to the col- lection of J. Leckenby, Esq., F.G.S. 4 Portion of a ray, magnified four ; times. Mitieri, Phillips. p. 140. Portion of a ray, magnified three times. ¥ Upper surface of the disk, natural size. i A slab of Marlstone, with several speci- mens thereon in high relief, belonging to the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. ‘W.West imp. .Bone del. et. C. PLATE XVII. Fie. 1 a. Opniopirma Gaver, Wright. p. 147. Under surface, natural size ; this specimen belongs to the Museum’ of the Worcestershire Natural History Society. b. AS - Portion of a ray, magnified three diameters. 2 a, OpnioLePis Murravil, Pordes. p. 151. Under surface, natural size, on a slab of Marlstone; this specimen be- longs to Dr. Wright’s collection. b. - A; The same, maguified two diameters. Portion of a ray, magnified four times. A. as é Ditto, magnified four times. 5 a. Acroura Bropirt, Wright. p. 153. Specimen, natural size; this specimen belongs to the collection of the Rev. P. B. Brodie, F.G.S. b. - bb The same, magnified three diameters. ve PL.XVII. a) C.R.Bane del.eb lith. W_West imp a a sce sit, RU 2 PLATE XVIII. TG. J a. Amputura Pratti, Forbes. p. 156. b. 93 9 c. e a d. i - Dh us Under surface, natural size; this speci- men belongs to the British Museum. Portion of a ray, magnified four times. Ditto of the base, magnified four times. Lateral portion, magnified four times. Small specimen coiled up on a slab, natural size. British Museum. 3a. OPHIURELLA GRIESBACHIT, Wright. p.154. Natural size, under surface ; this Mh 9 5 a. OPHIODERMA TENUIBRACHIATA, Forbes. b. 39 +” specimen belongs to Dr. Wright’s collection. The same, magnified three and a half diameters. Portion of a ray, showing spines, magnified six diameters. p- 146. Under surface, natural size, on a slab of Middle Lias sand- stone; this specimen belongs to Dr. Wright’s collection. Portion of a ray, magnified four times. Terminal portion, magnified four times. Bev. if KW aH . C.R.Bone del. et bth. W.West imp Tike) meats © PLATE XIX. Fig. 1 a. Astroprcten ructus, McCoy. Showing the form and structure of the marginal ossicles, a rare occurrence in this species. | Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge. Leckenby collection. iG: — — — Three marginal plates enlarged, showing the socket-like depressions on each alternate plate, and the cellular structure in all. 2. Opnioteris Murravi, Forbes. Marlstone near Staithes, enlarged two diameters. My collection. 3a. — Lecxensyt, Wright. Upper surface, natural size. My collection. 36. — — _ Three ring elements from the upper segment, magnified. 4. — a — Under side of the disk, showing the mouth and origin of the rays magnified. sei ce ian stan CSE Dn my N Henhart i Ae J Bone. del, eb.lath . R C PLATE XX. STELLASTER SHARP, Wright. From the Inferior Oolite. This grand Jurassic Gonzaster was obtained from the Inferior Oolite near North- ampton by my old esteemed friend Samuel Sharp, Esq., F.G.S., in whose collection it was contained when I figured the specimen. It now forms part of the Jurassic Echino- dermata collection from the Inferior Oolite of Northamptonshire in the British Museum. re del et hth vind de> imp PLATE XXI. Fig. 1. Uraster sprnicer, Wright. Under surface (reversed by the artist), magnified two diameters, from the Forest Marble near Road, Wiltshire. My collection. 2. STELLASTER Bertuanpi, Wright. Under surface, natural size. This beautiful form was collected from the “ Calcaire a Entroques,” Inferior Oolite, near Macon, by Professor Berthandi, of Macon, Saone-et-Léire, France. My collection. 3. AsTROPECTEN Hooprri, Wright. The under surface of this Astropecten, which was collected from the Cornbrash at Horsington, Dorset, in 1828. The figure is a copy of a woodcut published in Loudon’s ‘ Magazine,’ vol. ii, p. 73. The specimen cannot be traced, and therefore the original drawing is repro- duced for this work. 4. OpntoLePis Damesi1, Wright. Under surface, magnified two diameters. My collection. 3. — — — Upper surface of another specimen, magnified two diameters. Collected from the Avicula contorta beds at Garden Cliff, near West- bury, on the Severn. The first known ginal specimens were found in the Avicula contorta bed near Hildesheim, N. Ger- many, and the same species has since been found in the same horizon in England at two or three localities. Pl eX Hanhart imp A Gawan del. et ith a es poe . z ; - eos | a, uA eae . 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