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Cru3lacea

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF GREAT BRITAIN.

PALAEONTOLOGY.

^-v

MONOGRAPH

ON

The Higher Crustacea

OF

The Carboniferous Rooks of Scotland.

b. n. peach, ll.d, f.r.s., a.r.s.m.,

Formerly District Geologist of H.M. Geological Survey in Scotlccnd.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OK THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY.

G L A S G O W :

PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE

By JAS. HEDDERWICK & SONS Ltd.,

At " The Citizen " Press, St. Vincent Place.

And to be purchased from

W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2 St. Andrew Square, Edinuurgh ;

E. STANFORD, 12, 13. aud 14 Long Acre, London;

HODGES, FIGGIS <fe CO., Ltd., Grafton Street, Dublin;

From iiiiy Agent, for tlie sale of Oidiiance Survey Maps; or through nuy Bookseller from the

Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton.

19 0 8.
PBIGH FOUR H HILLINGS.

[Issued October 28, 1908.

/

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF GREAT BRITAIN.

PALAEONTOLOGY.

MONOGRAPH

ON

The Higher Crustacea

OF

The Carboniferous Rocks of Scotland.

BV

B. N. PEACH. LL.D. F.R.8., A.E.S..AI..

Formerlij District Geologist of H.M. (reological Survey in Scotland.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TREASURY.

G L A 8 G O \V :

PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE

By JAS. HEDDERWICK .t SONS Ltd.,

At " The Citizen ' Pkess, St. Vixcest Place.

And to be purchased from

W. k A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2 St. Andrew Square, EniNBUKcii ;

E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14 Lo.nh; Acre, Londox ;

HODGES, FIGGIS &, CO., Ltd., Grafton Street, Dublin;

From iiny Agent, for the s:ile of Ordnance Survey Map.s ; or througli any Book-'^elkr from tlio

Ordnance Survey Office, Southanijiton.

19 0 8.

PBR'E FOUR SHILLINGS.

INTRODUCTION.

In the year 1880/ while aftiiig as Palaiontologist to the Scottish branch of
the Geological Survey, I described several species of the higher Crustacea from the
Carboniferous Rocks of Scotland, in a memoir communicated to the Royal Society of
Edinburgh, by the permission of Sir A. C. Raiiisay, then Director-General of the
Survey. Again, in 1 882,' his successor. Sir Archibald Geikie, sanctioned a further
contribution to that Society upon the additional remains of higher Crustacea that
had been brought to light in the interval from the same rocks. From that time,
up to the date of my retirement in 1905, fresh material steadily accumulated till
the collection of the Scottish branch of the Survey ' became unrivalled in the amount
aiid variety of the remains of the higher Crustacea from the Carboniferous Rocks.
Although acting as Paleontologist and taking a special interest in these treasures, I
was unable to give the necessary time to the description of the new materials owing
to more pressing duties connected with field work ; but I devoted occasional intervals
to drawing and studying some of the specimens. My retirement has given me
ample leisure for the work, and by the kindness of my old friend and colleague,
Dr. Home, the Assistant to the Director in Scotland, and of Dr. Teall, the present
Director of the Geological Survey, I have had the great good fortune to be allowed
to pursue this research.

From an examination of the specimen.s collected since 1882, many of which are
in excellent preservation, it became evident that the classification of the forms already
described, not only by myself but by other investigators, was defective and often
erroneous, and that the materials for correctina^ these mistakes were to be found in the
collection of the Geological Survey. Nearly all the remains of the higher Crustacea
from the Carboniferous Rocks were formerly classed with the raacrurous Decapods,
but the preliminary study of the fossils as they accumulated led me to the belief
that they have closer affinities with the Schizopods. The publication in 1885 of the
report by G. 0. Sars, ou the Schizopoda obtained by the Challenger Expedition, was

1 Tnius. Roy. Soc. of Ediii., vol. .x.k.k, p. Ts. (1882).
^ IhU., p. 511. (18^s:{),

4 Introduction.

of special interest to me, as it proved that iwy conclusion was based upon sound
evidence. Eecent " finds "' of almost perfectly preserved Lophogastrids from the Car-
boniferous Rocks exposed on the GuUane Shore, East Lothian, by Mr. Macconochie,
have placed this correlation beyond all doubt.

Another advance of marked significance, in the interval referred to, was the
discovery of a living representative of a family of fossil Crustacea which occurs in the
Scottish Carboniferous Rocks. It was found in a fresh-water lake high up on Mount
Wellington in Tasmania, and was fully described by W. T. Caiman, B.Sc.,^ before the
Royal Society of Edinburgii in 189G, his description being published in the Transactions
of that Societ}- of the following year.

In dealing with the classification of fossil Crustacea, one is met at the very outset
with difficulties, owing to the imperfectly preserved material available, that do not
occur to the carciuologist who deals with living forms. One must therefore base the
classification upon characters that are fairly shown upon the parts that fossilise most
readily — a method which is far from satisfactory. It is therefore most gratifying to
be able to work with such splendidly preserved material as is afibrded by the remains
of the Lophogastrid genus Tealliocaris, obtained !)}• ]\Ir. Macconochie froni the Car-
boniferous Rocks of the GuUane Shore, and the nearly equally well preserved Euphausiid
remains of AidJiracophausia from the Cementstone Group of Duns, Berwickshire. In
the former case, such delicate structures as eiUs and Ijreeding lamella^ and in the
latter, such organs as the I'ow of luminous globules on the trunk and tail and the
coupling hooks on the male sexual organs, are well shown.

The classification here followed is chiefly based upon that adopted by G. 0. Sars
in his Report on the Schizopoda of the Challenger Expedition. The Schizopoda are
arranged in two great groups, viz.: — (I.) The Mysid Group, including the families
Lophogastrida3, Perimecturidaj, Anaspidaj, and Mj'sidaj. (II.) The
Euphausiid Group has only one family, Euphausiida;.

The Lophogastridse are regarded as the culmination of the Mysid Group and
as having reached their fullest development in late Palaeozoic time, when they evidently
took the place now occupied by the macrurous and anomurous Decapods. At that time
they assumed several forms to suit environment, l)ut they underwent no further develop-
ment. The recent Lophogastrids are looked upon as having been preserved through
having migrated to the deep sea, and, like survivors of ancient families, were evidently
not the most specialised members.

The Perimecturidaj are considered to have branched off from the Mysid stem

' Trans. Koy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxviii., page 787.

Introduction. 5

together with the Lophogastridfe, and appear to have been still undergoing development
in Carboniferous time. Indeed, it is highly probable that some member of the family
gave rise to the Squillid stock during, or soon after, the Carboniferous period, after
which they became extinct.

The Anaspida3 are also regarded as having Ijranched off from the common
Mysid stem along with the two former families, and to have retained more primitive
characters than the others. They also seem to have reached their maximum
development during late Palaeozoic time. One branch of them, by retaining their
larval eyes, prol)ably gave rise to the modern Isopods and Amphipods by a very easy
transmutation, and seem to have been ousted bj^ their more advanced descendants, their
sole known survivor having taken to a fresh-water habitat in Tasmania, a country
that has long been isolated and rendered comparatively free from severe competition.

The Mysidaj appear to have been even more highly specialised in Carboniferous
than in modern times. The structure of the existing members of the family seems to
have been simplified chieHy through degeneration.

The Euphausiida2 seem to have been evolved from a Nebalid stock and to have
reached their full development in Carboniferous time, taking the place then that is
now occupied by our prawns and shrimps. The survivors have migrated to the open
sea, where the struoyle for existence is not so severe as alono- the shore. It is from the
Euphausiid stock that the Decapods have evidently arisen, and the evidence supplied
by the Scottish Carboniferous Eocks seems to favour the opinion that the branching
off had not even begun in the Carboniferous period.

The following Table shows the genera and species grouped under the various
families already enumerated. Of the 34 species of fossil Schizopods, no fewer than 29
are represented in the Collection of the Geological Survey, while, of the remaining five
species, three are represented in the Natural Histor}' Collection of the Royal Scottish
Museum, Edinburgh : —

[SCHE.ME.

Introduction.
SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION.

Sub-
Order.

Group.

Family.

Genus.

Species and Variety.

Page.

r

loudonensis sp. noc.
woodwaidi (N. Ether, jun.)

„ var.

9
18

22

Tealliocaris ^

etheridgei (Peach)

,, var. hxta (Peach)
robusta sp. nov.

„ var. nov.
tarrasiana sp. nov.

22
23
24
25
26

I

forniosa Peach

27

/■

Lophogastridse -^

Pseudo-Galathea ■

macconochiei (E. Ether, jun.)

rotunda Peach
ornatissima Peach

28
28
29

AuthrapaL-emon •

russellianus (Salter)

„ var. spinulosus
var. nov.

30
36

I

Pygocephahis

cooperi Huxley

37

r

parki (Peach)

„ var duplicicarinatus

40

Group I. -^
The Mysid
Group

Perimecturidw <(

Perimecturus •■(

1

var. nov.
stocki sp. nov.
elegans sp. nov.
communis s]>. nov.
ensifer sp. nov.

41
42
44
47
49

V

pattoni sj). nov.

51

Schizopoda ■<

Anaspida? j

Palseocaris

scotica Peach
landsboroughi sp. nov.

54
55

^.

My.sida-

Palsemysis <

dunlopi sp. nov.
couttsi sp. nov.
tenuis sp. nov.

57
59
60

.

i

sp.

dunsiaiia sp. nov.

60
61

f

Anthracophausia ■

„ var. ohes;i rar. nov.

66

traquairi (Peach)

67

Group II.

The I
Euphausiid
Group

Eujihausiidw ■*■

social is Salter ,
rhodesi sp. nov.
magna sp. nov.
couttsi sp. nov.

69
73
75
76

V

'^

I

Crangopsis <(

robusta sp. nov.
minuta sp. nov.
eskdalensis (Peach)
elegans (Peach)
hastata sp. nov.

78
80
80
81

82

I

huxleyi (U. Woodui.)

82

Introduction. 7

As the terminoIo2fv relating" to this branch of research has undergone considerable
modification since the pubhcation of ray previous papers in the Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, the following table has been prepared to show the
equivalent technical terms, those used in the earlier papers being placed in brackets
after the terms adopted in the present memoir.

Great Divisions of Body.

Trunk, including Head (Cephalo-thorax).
Tail, including Telson (Abdomen).

Larger Structures of Trunk.

Carapace. — Hostruni ; cervical fold ; gastric region ; side wings and lappets ; orbital,
antennal, and brauchiostegal spines.

Trunk Segments (Thoracic segments). — Last seven segments of trunk with tergites
and sternites.

Larger Structures of Tail.
Tail Segments (Al)dominal Segments).— Epimera (Pleura) ; telson.

Appendages of Trunk.

Sensory and Head Organs. — Eye with pedicle (stalk), ()(;ular papilla, and cornea
(visual part). Antennule with peduncle (propodite) and flagella (lashes or
sette). Antenna with basal portion, basal scale, peduncle of flagellum
(propodite), flagellum (lash).

Organs of the Mouth. — Epistome or lip. Mandible with body supplied with cutting
and molar parts, palp. 1st and 2nd MaxilltB with basal and masticatory parts,
palp and exognath. Maxillipede with basal part and palp and exopod.

TrunL- Lim/is, or Legs (Thoracic limbs). — Seven pairs oi' limljs or legs with
endopodites, exopodites, epipodites, gills ; breeding lamellae in females ;
in males, (Opening of genital organs. In females, brood pouches and
ovisacs.

Introduction.

Appendages of Tail.

Tail Limbs (Abdominal Appendages). — Five pairs of Pleopods in females all
constructed alike with basal joint (propodite) and two swimming plates or
lashes (endopodite, exopodite) ; pleopods of first two pairs in males, modified
for sexual purposes, tip of first pair supplied with " coupling hooks " for
hanging spermatophores on females. Uropods or last tail limb (abdominal
appendages) with basal joint (propodite) and supporting two plates (endopodite
and exopodite), inner and outer branches making, together with telson and its
appendages, tail fan (tail flap or tail)

DESCRIPTION OF GEXERA AND SPECIES.

Order PODOPHTIIALMIA .

Sub-Order SCHIZOPOD A .

Family LOPHOGASTRID.E.

Genus TEALLIOGARIS gen. nov.

Generic Characters. — Body moderately long and slightly applanated. Integuments
generally firm and chitinous and only slightly pitted or grained with a slight wrinkling.
Carapace large, nearty half the length of the body, and only loosely covering the seven
trunk segments, and externally more or less provided with longitudinal keels. Rostrum
spear-shaped, three-edged, and denticulated. Hinder part of carapace never produced
into backwardly-directed spines. Caudal segments moderately wide with moderately
large single lobed epimera. Eye well developed, large, and with papilla issuing from
the pedicle. Antenuular peduncle moderately long and slender, the ilagella being short
and of nearly equal length. Antennal scale caridean in construction and the Hagellum
very niuch longer and more massive than the outer flagellum of the antennule. First
pair of legs much more massive than the succeeding ones, which are slender and nearly
uniform. Branchins given off from the bases of all the seven pairs of legs, with lobate
sternal branches. Telson large and constricted near tip, with a lobate flattened termina-
tion, and set on each side by a small articulated plate-like accessory swimmeret.
Uropoda caridean in structure, and not as long as the telson.

The name of the genus is designed to show regard for my old chiel', the Director
of the Geological Survey, I>r. J. J. H. Teall, whose name I have associated with the
Greek word for shrimp to distinguish it from the recent genus of sea anemones named
J'ealia.

TeALLIuCAIUS LOUDONEXyiS sp. uov. i'l. I., ligs. 1-7.

As the collection contains better preserved specimens of this form than of anv
other of the genus, it may be as well to describe the species in considerable detail, since

10 Description of Genera and Species.

it affords the best evidence that the group to which it belongs finds its place in the
Lophogastridaj of G. 0. Sars, a family considered by him to be at the head of the great
sub- order Schizopoda. Of the four genera described by Sars^ as constituting the family,
the forms about to be described are most nearly allied to Gnathophausia, which they
closely resemble, though they differ from it in many important particulars.

Specific Characters. — Integuments nearly smooth or onlj- slightly pitted. Body
more elongated than in the other species of the genus and not so much flattened. The
median longitudinal keel does not reach the posterior margin of the carapace, and none
of the keels are denticulated or crenulated. The tail is almost free from longitudinal
keels.

General Description. — The general length of the body from the tip of the rostrum
to the end of the telson is, on an average, about 30-32 mm. The form is elongated and
moderately slender, but not so much so as in Gnatliophausia, the females being slightlj'
more robust than the males. The body is somewhat applanated, which causes it to be
fossilised so as to be generally seen back upward. The integuments are strong and
chitinous, though thin and ornamented in their thicker parts with a minute pitting and
slight wrinkling, and also with broad marginal bands and pronounced longitudinal
keels. In most of the specimens the chitinous nature of the test is disguised by its
being calcified or phosphatised and sometimes filled in with galena. The calcification
may have begun during life. The other processes seem to have taken place during
decay and fossilisation. In some specimens green nodular grains are found which
suggest the presence of glauconite. This filling in of the test is not altogether a
disadvantage, as it has helped to keep some of the organs from being flattened out, and
when it is partial, as it sometimes is, it allows of some of the organs being seen through
parts of the test which have not been thus affected, so that one is often able to study
the sternal arrangements, through the almost transparent carapace, which otherwise
would be hidden by it.

The trunk, which makes up half the length of the body, if we consider the eyes to
be dorsal structures and not modified limbs, is built Tip of thirteen segments each
bearing a pair of bi-ramose limbs. The first six are more or less confluent and are in
more or less vital attachment with the carapace, their limbs being spe(^ially modified to
perform tlie function of sensory and mouth organs. The remaining seven trunk
segments, although more or less fused together, are well marked off from each other by
strong infolds of the test on the sternal parts, thus forming a ver}- rudimentary
endophragmal system, while the dorsal part of each segment is quite covered in. but

G. O. Sars. " Report on the Schizopoda," Results of Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873-76.

Descriiotion of Genera and Species. 1 1

there is no direct attachment to the carapace. Tlie hist trunk segment is not so firmly
attached as the rest, and appears to have been slightly movable. Each of these
segments bears a pair of similarly constructed biramose limbs identical in structure
and function with those of Gnatho/ihausia and bearing similar gills (fig. 7*), and, in the
case of the females, similar breeding lamellaj (fig. -6). The bases of the limbs are set
wide apart, thus necessitating the wide sternal plates so characteristic of this group of
Schizopods (figs. L 3, 5, 7^). Each plate has depressions for holding the sternal
branches of the gills which pass inwards from the l;ase of the limbs, but do not meet at
the mid-line. A raised triangular area is therefore left with its base abutting on the
strengthened anterior margin and its apex in the mid-line near the posterior margin.
A median conical boss, hollow within, rises upon this triangular area,' the whole
structure doubtless affording attachment for strong muscles. So firm are these sternal
plates and arches that they invariably show up through the carapace in flattened
specimens in such a manner as to suggest that they were more strongly constructed
than the dorsal parts and the carapace combined. In the males, the external genital
openings are situated on the sternal part of the last trunk segment, upon papillae
which rise out of crateriform pits just behind the insertion of the base of the limbs (fig.
7*).

The carapace (fig. 2), whicli is subquadrate in form, broader behind than in front,
with rounded off postero-lateral angles and hollowed out posterior margin, is well arched
and covers the backs and sides of all the trunk segments except the dorsal portion of
the last one, and is, as already stated, in vital attachment with the anterior ones, but is
only loosely folded back over the last seven or eight, and forms with its side lappets a
protective covering for the upwardly-directed branches of the gills, as in Gnatliophausia.
It is divided into two unequally sized areas by a distinct cervical fold whicli begins
at the lateral margins near the antero-lateral angles, and, passing inwards and Ijackwai'ds,
becomes V-shaped. The carapace is strengthened by seven longitudinal keels in addition
to its thickened lateral and posterior margins. The medi;in or ridge keel is Hanked on
each side by a nearly parallel dorso-lateral keel, while tlie four remaining keels, two on
each side, are placed not far above the lateral margins, the whole arrangement being
almost a counterpart of wliat takes place in Gnathopluitisia. All the keels are inter-
ru])te'd by the cervical fold, and some are not carried forward on to tlie area in I'mnt

'Since writing the aliovc, 1 li:ivc' had tlir cipportunity of e.xaniining n ivniarkalily well preserved
specimen liehjnging to !Mr. J. Bowie, showing the ventral aspei-t, wliieli leaves little doubt in my mind that
these conical hollow busses held Unninous organs like those found in a similar position on the tail segments
of the recent Nicliphanes, witli w hich I have compared them.

12 Description of Genera and Species.

of it. None of them have been observed to be serrated or crenulated. The smaller area
in front of the cervical fold shows an arched gastric portion surmounted by the median
keel, which is continued forward into a slender rostrum about one-tliird of the length of
the trunk. The rostrum is further strengthened by two flanking keels, and has at least
one spine on each side of the median terminal one. The lateral angles made by the
confluence of the rostrum with the anterior margin of the carapace are well rounded off
to form orbits, and there is a supra-orbital spine marking the termination of that part of
the dorso-lateral keel lying in front of the fold. This keel is also placed upon an
embossed eminence. Chiefly owing to the crushing and crowding of the parts during
fossilisation, no evidence has been obtained as to whether there is an antennal spine,
though certain indications seem to suggest its presence. The edges of the carapace in
the space between the position of the antennal spine and the fold seem to be puffed out,
and as seen from beneath, as in iig. 5, M. 482 P,* form a little recess within,
similar to that seen in Gnathophausia, and doubtless for the same purpose, viz., to
hold the peculiar exognathite of the second maxilla, remains of which are preserved in
specimen M. 4807^ (fig. 7*).

In the larger area behind the cervical fold the median keel occurs near the
anterior end, only being most pronounced just behind the fold and dying down rapidly
when traced backwards, and disappearing altogether before one-third of the distance to
the posterior margin is reached. There is no appearance of either the keel or a median
spine at the posterior margin. The dor.so-lateral keels are most pronounced in front
just behind the fold, and can be traced right back to the posterior margin. The two
lateral keels on each side begin at the fold and, diverging gently for a time, converge
towards the rounded-off posterolateral angles of the carapace. Behind the cervical
fold the carapace is edged with a handsome fluted band which passes round the back-
wardly-directed, rounded lappets and the concave posterior margin. So deeply cut out
is this posterior part of the carapace that while the posterior angles lap over the epimera
of the first tail segment, the whole breadth of the last trunk segment is left bare in the
mid-line of the back. As stated alcove, no trace of median backwardly-directed spine
has been observed.

The tail (figs. 1, H, 4, 5), which is about the same length as the trunk, is well arched
and almost cylindrical, but tapering backwards, and is constructed, like that of the true
caridea, of six segments forming complete rings with epimera, and a seventh terminal
one or telson in which the anus is situated (figs. 3, 4, 5), and which has therefore a
right to be considered a true segment and not a medial appendage. According to this

* Geological Survey registration number.

Description of Genera and Species. 13

view, the segiueius entering the tail, counting baclcwards from the lirst ov antennule-
bearing segment, number from 14 to 20 consecutively. The first segment is very short.
There is a sudden increase in the length of the second, and from thence there is a
gradual increase of each segment in succession up to and including the anterior part of
the sixth, where there is a sudden expansion accompanied by an applanation of the
segment for the attachment of the tail fan. To allow of the folding of the tail, all these
segments are well facetted on the anterior margins of the back and sides above the
pivots which are placed at the bases of the epimera. For the same reason the sternites
become very short in the mid-line (fig. 3), M. 4848*^, while the epimera themselves
generally overlap each other in turn from before backwards, the anterior margin of
each being facetted for the purpose (figs. 3, 4). The outcome of this arrangement is
that when the tail is extended it lies much in the same straight line with the trunk,
and when flexed it rolls up so that the posterior end (jf the animal makes a complete
semicircle.

The portions of the dorsal plates exposed when the tail is extended are bordered
along their anterior margins, and there are sometimes traces of a median longitudinal
keel upon the anterior parts of the third and sixth segments l^y the border giving off a
backward projection in the mid-line.

The epimera are well developed (figs. 3, 4) and consist of only one lappet on each
side, in this respect differing from those of Gnathophausia and resembling those of
Lophogaster and Ceratolepis. They are directed downwards and backwards and end in
blunt points. 'I'hose of the first tail segment are, as already stated, overlapped by side
lappets of the carapace and are comparatively small. Their posterior margins overlap
on to the epimera of the succeeding segments, which are much larger. As alreadj-
stated, this order of overlap is maintained up to the sixth tail segment, the epimera at
the same time becoming in turn less deep but more bent backwards. The epimera of
the sixth segment are not carried so far back as the rest, and only extend to where tlie
tail begins to expand. There is no evidence that the epimera on the two sides of this
segment are confluent at their base, as in Gnathophausia, but it is difficult to obtain
specimens which show the ventral aspect, and owing to the flattening which takes place
towards the back end of this segment it seldom becomes fossilised sideways. The evidemie
obtainable is rather against the view of their he'uvj, confluent. Tlie telson is elongated
and somewiiat heart- or shield-shaped. Viewed from above (figs. 1, 3), it is tumid
towards the base and expands slightly for a short distance from the articulation, then
it flattens and tapers, at first gradually, and then more rapidly, till at about three-
fourths of its length it becomes suddenly constricted, after which it once more expands

14 Description of Genera and Si^ecies.

into an elongated tlattened plate, which is somewhat indented in the mid-line, and is
corrugated radially and set with strong bristles round its hinder margin. The anterior
part of the telson, at a short distance from the articulation, developes a median furrow
which divides the tumid portion into two areas and is carried back to the constricted part.
From behind each tumid area there is continued a ridge surmounted by a keel which,
diminishing as it passes backwards, terminates at the angle made by the constriction.
The external edge (fig. 3) of this part of the telson is fringed with strong and longish,
even-sized bristles which show no tendency to have recurring finer and stronger
filaments, as in Gnathophausia. Several specimens (figs. 1, 3, 5) show that flattened lobes
fringed with setaj were articulated with the telson at its constriction, which evidently
assisted in forming the tail fan, like those shown in the American Anthrajmhvmov
gracilis^ of Meek and Worthen. With the exceptions above mentioned, the telson of
this species is constructed on almost identical lines with that of Gnathophausia. The
terminal lobe appears to be a feature of the ancient Lophogastrids as it occurs in other
genera, as will be shown in the sequel.

The eye (figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, 7a) is large and nearly always directed outwards. The
stalk is very narrow at the base, and after an articulation it suddenly expands into a
cup-shaped pedicle, the margin of which is always undulating and so often notched at
the same place in different individuals when crushed that the cornea appears to have
been slightly pear-shaped or lobed. In a great manj' specimens there has been observed
a projection proceeding from the outside of the pedicle on the side of the eye next the
rostrum. In fact, it is invariably to be observed if the eye is sufficiently well preserved
the right way up to show it. There can be no doubt that it represents the ocular
papilla, the relic of a temporary functional larval eye such as appears in Gna.tho]>hausia
and other Schizopods In the present species it is moderately large compared with the
size of the eye. and is bent round and directed forwards (figs. 4, 7^^). The antennules (figs.
1, 3, 4, 5) consist of a massive elongated three-jointed peduncle measuring over 5 mm.,
the last joint of which is ridged along its inner margin and well set with settv, and
extends beyond the tip of the rostrum. This joint gives offtwo stout, but comparatively
short, fiagella a little longer than the peduncles, the inner flagellum being somewhat the
stouter and longer, in this respect differing widely from the recent Lophogastrids in whicli
this branch of the antennules is more massive than the fiagellum of the antenna. The
specimens are not sufficiently well preserved to show whether the peculiar scale-like
sensory organ that is found between the bases of the fiagella occurs in this species or
not. In nine cases out of ten the terminal joint of the propodite is pre.ssed against the

'0('ol. Svirv. Illinois Report, 1S66, vol. 1, \\. 407, pi. .\.\xii, fig. 4 a.b.c.

Description of Genera itnd SiMcies. 15

setigerous tip of the basal scale of the antenna so as to render the recognition of such
an organ impossible, even though it were present.

The antenna; are usually preserved in such a way that the basal joints are concealed.
The opening of the green gland has, therefore, not been observed. The basal scale is
long (5 mm.) and extends beyond the peduncle of the antennules, and is constructed
like that of an ordinary caridean. Its outer thickened border ends in a spine, and the
terminal lobe which is attached by a transverse suture is radially corrugated and set
with a fine fringe of setaj. The inner edtre is also thin and corrugated and frinsied with
setEe. The peduncle of the Hagellum is composed of three joints, and the last is usually
bent off at about one-third of the length of the basal scale. The lash is massive and long,
over two-thirds the length of the body. In the specimen M. 8-i''', from which fig. 1 is
taken, the length of the body is o2 nnn.; that of the lash measured along its curve is 25
mm.

The epistome or anterior lip (figs. 3, 7'^) is three-lobed and galeate.

The mandible is made up of the usual body or palp. The body is large, but owing
to the specimens being usually crushed, the details of the molar portions and cutting
edges are obscured, although they are shown in figs. 1, 3, and 7\ The palp (figs. 1, 3)
is pediform, and (Consists of three joints, and is often well preserved owing to
its position.

The hypostome or posterior lip (figs. 3, 7a) is moderately large and bilobed.

The maxilla3 consist of the usual two pairs. The first pair are probably constructed
as in GnatJiophausia, for an organ with a similarly ciliated palp is found loo.se in specimen
M. 4807"^ (fig. 7*). The opposite corresponding one is also displaced and lies a little in
advance and on the other side. These have evidently been Ijroken away and displaced,
as all the organs in advance of the second maxilla." manifestly are. If these displaced
organs represent the first maxillae, then they are much more strongly set with blunt
bristles or teeth along the outer edges of the masticating loljes than those of Gnatho-
■phausia. The second pair of maxilla; are nmch as they are in Gnathophansia. The
two- or three-jointed palp is even more ])ediform than in that genus. Traces of the
peculiar reniform ciliated exognathite also occur in this wonderful specimen
M. 4807''' (fig. 7-^). Taken in consideration with the emarginated recess already
mentioned as occurring in tlie anterior ])art of the carapace, as six )wn in specimen M. 4821*^
(fig. 5), a strong link in the chain of evidence is added to coiniect up these ancient f<irms
with the recent Lophogastridie. The peculiar luminous organ wliicli accompanies this
set of appendages u\'(Tniithophii)ma has not been observed.

The endopodite of the maxillipede is of the same general tumid form as in Gnatlto-

16 Description of Genera and Species.

phausia, and consists of five joints set witli stronp' settxj and curved inwards in the same
manner ; but in the present species the limb is relatively larger and longer than in the
recent genus. The base of the limb is obscure, and the connection of the limb with
the peculiar epipodite also cannot be observed. A structure which is probably
the extremity of the epipodite is seen in the specimen from which fig. T" is
taken. It is acutely triangular and pitted in a manner like that organ in
Gnathophausia.

The maxillipedes are followed by seven pairs of limbs corresponding to the trunk
segments from 6-13 inclusive. All these limbs are constructed on the same principle and,
with only some slight modifications, the same parts enter into each. The endopodites
are all pediform, and consist of seven joints. As in Gnathophausia, the anterior limbs
are stouter than the hinder ones, and there is along with this a difference in the propor-
tional length of the component joints. As in Gnathophausia, they are laterally compressed
and set along their inferior edges with setix;. In the first pair, which are the most massive,
the inferior edge is closely and evenly set with strong setas, whereas in the hinder ones,
to judge from the pits out of which they spring, they seem to have been arranged in
tufts. The terminal joints appear to have been in all cases spatulate, and no terminal
claw has been observed. The structure and arrangement of the endopodites of all these
limbs seems to fit them better to form a great straining apparatus for the entrapping
of minute organisms rather than for crawling or swimming. The limbs all flex
in such a manner as to suggest that they are intended to bring the objects of their
capture within reach of the palps of the mouth organs which, in the recent Lopho-
gastrids, are abundantly set with sensory hairs.

The exopodites which spring from the base of each liml) consist of a strong, very
muscular basal joint surmounted by a powei-ful many -jointed swimming lash fringed with
setffi on each side, the comparative length of the two branches of each limb varying from
2-1 or 3-2, the endopodite being in every case the longer.

Only the sternal branches of the gills have been observed, the trunk arteries of
which appear to be given off from the leases of the legs (fig. 7^). To judge from the
imperfectly preserved specimens at command, where the blood vessels are either collapsed
or split up the middle, the arrangement of the branches and lobules is more like that which
tak(!s place in Eucop>ia than in Gnathophausia, and this is borne out by the more perfectly
preserved gills in the very nearly allied Tealliocaris icoodwardi (pi. ii.,^fig. 4*). In the
females the bases of the limbs give off breeding lamella? (figs. 4, 6), and it is probable that
all the seven pairs were supplied with them. They are even better displayed in specimens
of the closely-related T. woodwardi (pi. ii., figs. 1, 3, 3*) in the form of a series of over-

Description of Genera and Speciea. 1 7

lapping plates with rounded ends and finely ciliated borders. They are very delicate in
texture, and are usually much wrinkled in their fossilised condition. The external
openings of the genital organs in the male, as already stated, open on a ])apilla situated
on the sternal part of the last trunk segment at the base of the limbs (fig. 7'^). The
<-audal limbs (figs. 4, 7^^) on the first five tail segments in both sexes are in the form of
powerful natatory organs each having a very strong muscular base and terminating
in spatulate many-jointed blades set along their edges with strong seta;. As in
Gnathopluiusia, these are all uniform, and none of them are specially modified for
sexual purposes, although the manner in which the first jjair are applied to the sterna
of the trunk in fig. 1^ suggests that they may have assisted in directing the male
products to reach the marsupium of the females, as spermatophores are not in use in
this group of Schizopods, The uropods on the sixth tail segment are flattened out in
the usual manner to act along with the telson as a caudal fan (figs. 1, 3. 4, 5). They
consist of a very short and fhittened basal part and two terminal plates, and are
<[uite caridean in structurt\ Tlie outer plate is strengthened on its outer margin and
terminates in a decided spine, the inner part being more web-like and corrugated and
edged with setaj. A transverse suture crosses the plate from the base of the spine,
separating it from the terminal lobe, wliich is fringed along its outer margin
by strong seta3. When the terminal lobe is broken off, as in fig. 1, the
margin of the suture is seen to l)e ciliated with fine seta;. The inner plate is
tongue-shaped, keeled near its mid-line, and fringed with setre on both sides as well as
round its apex. Both plates seem to be of about the same length, and do not extend
backwards as far as the tip of the telson.

The appendages of the telson, as already stated, consist of flattened lobes fringed
with seta3 which are articulated with the telson at the constriction in front of the
terminal lol)e, and seem to Ije characteristic of .several of the genera entering' into the
family.

The .specific name is derived from tiie ancient district of Loudonia. Haddingtonshire,
being still known as Eastlothian.

Localit'i/. — All the specimens of this genus are from dark calcareous shales exposed
on the seashore near Gullane, Haddingtonshire.

Honzon. — Wardie Shales, Oil Shale Group, (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone
Series.

Collector. — A. i\Iacconochie.

18

Description of Genera and Species.

Tealliocaris wooDWARDi (R. Etlieridge, jun.). PI. II., figs. 1-6.

1877.'^ Anthrapalcemonf woodwardi R. Etheridge, Jan., Quart. Jourii. Geol. Soc,

vol. xxxiii., p. 863, pi. xxvii.
1879. Anthrapalcemon woodwardi, R. Etlieridge, jun.. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,

vol. XXXV., p. 468, pi. xxiii., figs. 4-9.

Among the material obtained from Gullane by Mr. Macconochie from which T.
loudonensis is described, there are a few well-preserved specimens belonging to this
present form which show that this species is closely allied to T. loudonensis, and there-
fore is not a macrurous Decapod, but like it belongs to the Lophogastridte. The study
of the new specimens naturally led to a re-examination of those used by Mr. Robert
Etheridge, jun., for his description of the species. This latter material forms part of the
Geological Survey Collection, and the recent examination has necessitated some addition
to the description given by my old colleague.

Specific Cliaraciers. — Smaller form than T. loudonensis, relatively wider carapace
and thinner tail. Integuments slightly pitted or wrinkled. The longitudinal keels are

Fig. 1.- — Restoration oi Tealliocaris woodwardi, mag. 4 diameters.

not crenulated. and all reach the posterior margin of carapace. Three of the keels, the
median and two lateral ones, are continued as longitudinal ridges on all the tail
.segments, and the last segment and the telson are considerably ornamented.

General Description. — Tliis is one of the most beautiful species of this group, and

DescripUoib of Genera (ind Species. 1 '^

approaches most nearly in form and characters to tlie recent Gnatlioplutusia. It is
about the smallest species of the genus, averaging about 15-20 mm.; but full grown
specimens, as shown by the well-developed breeding lamellje, are found even smaller. In
form it greatly resembles T. loudonensis, but is somewhat shorter in proportion, and
proportionately wider across the carapace and narrower across the sixth tail segment.
The wide carapace generally causes the form to be fossilised so as to be seen back up.

The carapace behaves to the trunk segments as in Gnathophausia and in the former
species, that is, it only loosely covers the last seven trunk segments, and when in place
leaves the dorsal part of the last segment quite bare. It is ornamented with all the
seven longitudinal keels in addition to the thickened marginal bands. All the keels are
interrupted at the well-marked cervical groove. The median keel is continued into the
rostrum, which is long and is flanked by side keels and ends in spines as in
T. loudonensis. The dorso-lateral keel is also continued in front of the interrupting
fold and ends anteriorly in a supra-orbital spine. The dorsal integuments of the trunk
segments, with the exception of the last, are quite thin and almost membranaceous. The
last segment forms a complete ring, and seems to have been more loosely attached than
the others. The sternites of the seven leg-bearing trunk segments are strongly built
and the first is narrow and wedge-shaped, the others becoming in turn wider and wider,
the whole forming the wide sternum so characteristic of the Schizopoda, and especial!}-
of this group. In their form and arrangement these sternal plates are individually
almost the counterpart of the corresponding structures in T. loudonensis, and. as in that
species, the sternal arrangements are usually to be seen through the carapace.^

The tail is shorter in proportion to the trunk than in the type species. The
individual segments bear much the same jjroportion to each other as in it ; but the
transverse strengthening bands are more pronounced, and there are longitudinal keels
on each segment in continuation of the line of the median and dorso-lateral keels of the
carapace. In the hinder segments of the tail the panel-like spaces enclo.sed within the
areas bounded by the smooth transverse bands and the longitudinal keels are somewhat
embossed, the integuments are pitted and wrinkled into a sort of pattern (figs. 1, 2) ; but
this is not carried to such an extent as in some other forms belonging to the group.

The eye is larger in proportion than in the former species, and, as the stalk is short,
the taper is necessarily very rapid. The visual [jortion or cornea is large, and was
probably pear-shaped. A comparatively large ocular papilla has been observed in
several specimens (figs. 4. (i) to proceed from the pedicle on its inner aspect. The

' Similar bos-ses occur on the sternites of this species and those fouml on T. loudonensis, and doubtless
li:id :i similar function, viz.. that of iioldin;,' luminous org.-xns.

20 Description of Genera and Species.

antennules show the same massive peduncle extending beyond the tip of the rostrum and
the basal scale of the antenna, and terminating in two short many-jointed lashes of
nearly equal length. The antennal scale is a little more expanded and shorter in
proportion than in the type species, and, like it, the antennal lash, to judge from the
portions preserved (figs. 3, 5), was massive and long compared with those of the anten-
nule, in tills respect differing widely from the recent Lophogastrids. The mandibles are
usually too much crushed to be studied, but their position is generally well shown in
consequence. The palp, which often extends into the surrounding sediment, is often
seen in specimens fossilised sideways to be three-jointed and pediform. The maxilUt
have not been seen in a fit state of preservation for study. Of the maxillipedes, only
wliat are probably the detached endopodites have been observed (fig. 1), i\I. 4816^, the
three last joints of which are similar to those of the type species. Of the seven pairs of legs,
the endopodites have all been observed. They are much as in the type species, but are all
proportionately shorter and thicker. The exopodites, as in the former species, have the
strong muscular basal joint, and terminate in strong ciliated many -jointed swimming
lashes (figs. 1, 4). The epipodites consist, in the females, of breeding lamellaa attached
to the bases of the last seven trunk limbs. These are membraneous, round
tipped, and edged with ciliated borders, and so large in flattened-out specimens that they
often project beyond the edges of the carapace as imbricating finely-corrugated plates
(figs. 3, 3"^), M. 4844^. The gills (figs. 3, o^, 4) are as in the former species. These are
seen to be constructed on the same principle as in Gnathophausia (fig. 4^), M. 4246'',
the branch arteries ending in lobulated blood sinuses, but the branch arteries do not
seem to be given off at such regular intervals as in that form, and thus in some
respects resemble those of the nearly allied Eucopia australis Dana, as figured by
G. 0. Sars in his monograph on the Schizopoda of the Challenger Expedition.

The caudal limbs (figs. 3, 5) are constructed as in T. loudonensis, and were appar-
ently spatulate in their terminal swimmerets. The uropods of the sixth tail segment
are like those of the former species, but a little broader in proportion. The telson
differs considerably from T. loudonensis in having a median crest extending back to near
the constriction. It has also side keels or crests ending at the articulations of the two
accessory flattened swimmerets with which, like the former species, it was supplied. It
also ends in a fimbriated mesial lobe notched at the end, and set along its posterior
border by strong setaj or spines.

Remarks. — It may l)e as well to make some further remarks about the specimens.
Fig. 1 shows one of the best preserved specimens from GuUane shore, magnified 6
diameters. It is fossilised with its back up, but it is fortunate that the carapace is

Description oj Genera and Species. 21

sufficiently transparent to allow of the sternal organs and limbs to be seen through it,
so that one can make out the palps of the mandibles, the wide sternal arches, the
endopodites and exopodites of the limbs, as well as the breeding lamellaj, from which it
is evident that it represents a full-grown female. Figs. 3, 3*, are also from GuUane,
and represent another adult female. Fig. 2 is from a specimen M. 4249" from
Tweeden Burn, near New Castleton, Eoxburghshire. It is one of those figured by R.
Etheridge, jun., for hi.s description of the species.' It shows the longitudinal keels on
the carapace and the continuation of some of these as ridges on the tail better than
the Gullane specimens. It also shows the nature of what was doubtfully considered to
be the remains of a large chelate liml) of a Decapod. The massive first leg on the right
side is seen to be overlaid by the antennal scale and a broken part of a carapace of a
small specimen of the same species. There can be no doubt of the Schizopod nature of
the specimen, as the broken lashes of some of the exopodites are seen emerging from
beneath the edge of the carapace on both sides of the carapace. Fig. 5, M. 4249", is
also one of those figured by R. Etheridge,- and occurs on the same slab with figs. 2, 6.
This is evidently a male, and shows that they were of slightly more slender form than
the females. It shows the antenimles and antenna;, the large eyes with the ocular papilla,
the curved rostrum, and longitudinal keels of the carapace interrupted by the cervical
fold. The palps of the mandibles and several of the trunk limbs, with both endopodites
and exopodites, are also well shown, as well as the details of the tail segments with the
longitudinal ridges, also the pleopods with spatulate termination, and the nature and
arrangement of the uropods. The telson with its central crest which, seen edgeways, is
shown to be slightly crenulated, is also seen to l)e supplied with accessory swimmerets
and to be fringed along its edge with an evenly set row of setaj. This is altogether
one of the most elegant and best preserved specimens in the collection. Another speci-
men from Tweeden Burn figured by E. Etheridge^ is represented in fig. 4 to show the
exopodites of the seven trunk limbs on the left side free from the edge of the carapace,
their Ijases being traceable inside it, the bases of the corresponding limbs of the
right side being shown within the edge of the carapace on the other side of the wide
sternites. The exopodites of some of the limbs, as well as several of the breeding
lamelhe, are seen on the left side. The chief point of interest, however, is that the
sternal branches of several of the gills are well displayed on the right side. The more
intimate structure of one of these is shown raaunified 20 diameters in fig. 4\

' Quart. Jouni. Gool. Soc, 1879, vol. xxxv., pi. xxiii., tig. 4.
- Loc. cit., fig. 6.
3 LciC. rit., tig. 9.

-^2 Description oj Genera and Species.

What appears to be a young specimen of this species, as it is one of several sucli
minute forms tliat occur on the same slab as figs. 2, 5, and was also figured by
Etheridge,' is shown magnified 15 diameters in fig. 6, M. 4249''. The carapace is larger
in proportion to the tail than in the adults. The eyes are particularly large and the ocular
papilla very distinct. The keels on both the carapace and tail are very marked, and
on the portions visible the characteristic features of the present species are quite
apparent. The limbs, however, are all hidden.

Locality. — Shore near GuUane, Haddingtonshire, and Tweenden -Burn, near New
Castleton, Roxburghshire.

Horizon. — Oil Shale Group, and Cementstone Group, Scottish Calciferous Sandstone
Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Tealliocaris woodwardi, var. PI. II., figs. 7-9. -»

Specimens of a well-marked elongated variety occasionally occur. Fig. 7,
R. 1709, represents the back view of the trunk and part of the tail of one specimen,
natural size. Fig. 8, R. 1717, shows the same view of both trunk and tail of
another specimen, somewhat enlarged. The carapace shows the characteristic longi-
tudinal keels all reaching the posterior margin. The eyes, as well as the antennular and
antennal system, are also well seen. The tail shows the median ridge upon all its
segments, and the telson, its terminal lobe and accessory swimmerets.

Locality. — Chattlehope, Rede Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Cementstone Group (Tuedian), Scottish Calciferous Sandstone Series ;
English Carboniferous Limestone.

Collector. — J. Rhodes.

Tealliocaris ETHERinoEi (Peach). PI. III., figs. 1, 2.

1882. Anthrapalcemon etheridgei B. N. Peach, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxx.,
. p. 76, pi. viii., figs. 3-3g.

The collection contains a large number of specimens of this well-marked species in
addition to those figured by me for the original description. The light shed upon this
form from the study of the well-preserved specimens of the species already described
makes it plain that the present form is another species of the same genus, and that I

'Quart. Journ. Geol. 8oc., 1879, vol. xxxv., pi. xxiii., fig. 7.

Description of Genera and Species. 23

was quite wrong in assigning it and nearly allied forms to the inacrurous Decapods.
The wide sternal arches so characteristic of this group of Schizopods are almost in-
variably shown in the compressed specimens, as in fig. 1, which is a reproduction from
the original drawing for fig. 3b of plate viii. of vol. xxx. of the Transactions of the
Koyal Society of Edinburgh. It also shows the characteristic telson of this group.
Fiy. 2, also a reproduction of fig. 3 of the original description, shows the longitudinal
keels on the carapaces plac^ed as in (riiathophausia. The chief points in which this
species differs from those just described are its much greater size, which averages
from 30-40 nnii. in length, the nature of its integuments, which have a distinct
grained pattern upon all the dor.sal parts where friction does not come into play, and
in having serrations on the median longitudinal keel, both in front of and behind the
cervical fold and on the edsies of the rostrum. From T. loudonensis it differs in having
the median keel of the carapace carried right back to the posterior margin, while it
differs from T. woodwardi in the tail having a trace of the median longitudinal keel
only upon one of its segments, wliile, in the latter form, three distinct keels are found
on the tail segment.s.

Locality. — Eiver Esk, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — Scorpion-bed, Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A Macconochie.

Tealliocauis etiieiudgei, var. i-ata Peach. PI. III., figs. 3, 4.

1883. AnthrapalcBmon etheridgii, var. latus B. N. Peach, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,
vol. XXX., p. .513, pi. xxviii., figs. 4-4b.

Remarks. — This variety is in all otlier respects like T. et/ieridi/ei except that it is
shorter and broader in its proportions. Its breadth compared witli its length is as 1 to
2-|-, when in the latter it is as 1 to 3. The carapace is broader than long, while that of 7".
etheridgei is the reverse.

This form occurs in the Scorpion-bed at Langholm along with 7'. etheridgei in about
the proportion of one of the former to one hundred of the latter.

Locality. — Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. ^lacconochie.

24 Descriptio7i of Genera and Species.

Tkalliocaris robusta sp. nov. PI. III., figs. 5-8.

Specific Characters. — Strong robust form. Length, 30-40 nnn. Integuments firm
and ornamanted with pits, and granulated. The seven keels of the carapace crenulated.
No ocular spine, but a blunt one at the anterior angle of carapace. A slight peak
backwards in the mid-line of the posterior margin of the carapace suggestive of a
median spine. Longitudinal ridges of tlie tail very marked and sharp and crenulated
on the hindermost segment and telson.

General Description. — This species strongly resembles T. wood war cii,es\)eclall\ in the
distribution of its longitudinal keels on the carapace and the longitudinal ridges on the
tail, but differs from it in its much greater size and more robust proportions. It is
altogether more strongly built and its integuments are more embossed and its longitudinal
keels and transverse bands deeper and broader, and the keels are distinctly crenulated
alono- their crests. A cast of the interior of the carapace is illustrated by fig. 5, M. 2752"^,
which, though it has been torn in two before being embedded, shows its characters well,
viz., its great width compared with the length, the seven crenulated longitudinal keels
behind the well-marked cervical fold, the blunt inwardly-directed spines at the antero-
lateral angles, the absence of an ocular spine, the rostrum, relatively wider at base than in
the already described species, but surmounted by the sharp crest of the ridge keel, and the
backward peak in the mid-line of the posterior margin. All these features are also shown
in fi"'. 6, which is a drawing of the inside of the carapace, the peak in the mid-line of the
posterior margin being even more suggestive of a blunt spine than in the former one.
The tail segments and part of the telson flanked by the uropods are shown in fig. 8
enlarged about 3 diameters. The details are much like those of T. iroodwardi, but
with every structure exaggerated. The strong transverse bands, rising abrupt!}' from the
rollino- facets to ensure locking of the tail joints when that organ was extended, the strong
and backvrardly-set epimera, and the median and lateral keels, as well as the embossed
panel-like compartments confined within these structures, are all suggestive of great
muscular power. A view of the underside of part of the trunk and tail is afforded by
the specimen shown in fig. 7. At the anterior end two joints of the peduncle of the
ri^'ht antennule are seen partly covered by portions of the antennal scale, as well as the
peduncle and part of the massive antennal lash. The broad sternum, narrowing in front
and showing parts of at least seven segments, is well displayed with the bases of four of the
limbs still articulated with it on the right side of the animal, and one on the left. The
terminal joints of two of the exopodites and the'basal joint and lash of one of the exopo-

Description of Genera and Species. 25

dites are seen just beyond the riyht margin of the carapace. The sternite of the first
tail segment indicates that the bases of the pleopods were not placed so far apart as
those of the adjacent trunk limbs.

Locality. — Whiteadder Water, near Duns, Berwickshire.

Horizon. — Cementstone Group (Tuedian), Scottish Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Tealliocaris kobusta, var. nov. PI. III. fii^s. 9-12.

Specimens of a smaller and more slender form, that may be considered as a variety
of this species, were once suljmitted to me for description by the late Mr. Coutts of
Glasgow. At his death they were acquired by the Royal Scottish ]\[useum, Edinburgh,
and now form part of that collection in Edinburgh.

General Description. — The inside view of the carapace of one of the specimens is
shown, natural size, in fig. 10, the outside of the right half, also natural size, in
fig. 11. From these, it is apparent that it agrees with the carapace of the parent species
in the arrangement of the longitudinal keels, in the blunt spine at the antero-lateral
angles, and in the backwardly-directed peak in the mid-line of the posterior margin.
On the other hand, it differs from it in general form, being narrower and longer
proportionately, in the keels and lateral margins being either smooth or only so slightly
crenulated that this feature has escaped detection, in its narrower rostrum, and in
being more hollowed out behind. The carapace exhibits the same tendency to split
along the mid-line as that of T. rolnista, and, like it, to show its interior aspect. This
latter point is worthy of notice, for it is evidently owing to the very prominent keels
and the rough pitted integuments of the dorsal side giving it a greater hold of the
embedding rock than the smooth inner side, tliat, when the rock is split open, the break
takes place along the inner side of the fossil.

Part of the carapace and the greater part of the tail are shown natural size in fig. 9,
and the last segment and tail fan, magnified four diameters, in fig. 12. These all agree
with generally corresponding parts in the parent form, but the proportions are slightly
different. The nature of the ornamentation of the embossed parts of the test is the
.same ; but the crenulations on the crests of the ridges are either absent or inconspicuous
in the present form. It is perhap.s worth observing that the telson shows the
characteristic terminal lobe and the accessory swimmerets, broken away in specimens
of T. rolnista.

Remurks. — Tlie specimens from which the characters of this variety have been

D

"26 Description of Genera and Species.

made out are from a higher horizon of the Lower Carl^oiiiferous Eocks than those in
which the remains of T. robusta were obtained. It is probable that when better
preserved specimens of both forms are available they may be seen to belong to distinct
species. In the meantime the evidence is not sufficient to show that such is the case.

Locality. — Calderwood Cementstone Quarry, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire.

Horizon. — Lower Limestone Group, Scottish Carboniferous Limestone Series.

Collector. — Andrew Patton.

Tealliocakis taruasiana sp. nov. PI. III., figs. 13-16.

Specific Characters. — Small form averaging 20 mm., with smooth integumenis and
without longitudinal keels on the area of the cara])aee behind the cervical fold, and only
showing traces of ridge keels near the extremities of the body.

General Description. — This species is characterised by its very delicate and smooth
integuments and its generally slender and elegant form.

The carapace has a distinct V-shaped cervical fold. The rostrum appears to be
shorter in proportion than in any other species of the geims. There are traces of the
median keel on the rostrum and the gastric protuberance behind it ; but it does not
reach the cervical fold. As usual, the broad sternites of the last seven trunk
segments are generally shown through the overlying carapace in compressed specimens,
the form being usually so fossilised as to show back up, from which it may be inferred
that it was somewhat applanated. The eyes are moderately larg^. The antennules
show the usual three-jointed peduncle and the two short terminal lashes, the external
one beinsj somewhat the lontjer and more massive. The basal scale of the antenna is
largely developed and extends beyond the carapace as far as the end of the
antennular peduncle. The peduncle of the antenna is (comparatively short, so that
the lash usually appears to be bent oft' at about two-thirds of the length of the
scale. The palp of the mandible is visible in one specimen (fig. 13), M. SISS'^, but its
character is not apparent. The exopodites of seven slender long-jointed legs are
shown outside the margin of the carapace on the left side of the creature, and
several of them with the proximal joints can be traced within the carapace, but the
exopodites, if preserved, do not show without. Some of the joints of limbs are also
shown on the right side.

The tail is constructed much as in T. loudonensis, but with only the transverse
strengthening bands and no ridge keel to any of the six segments. That keel occurs,
however, on the telson, which is constricted at the usual place and bears accessory

Descripdou of (jenern and Species. 27

swimmerets. The uropods are largely developed and are of the u^ual carideau character
(fig. 14), M. 3181''. All attempt to make a i-estoratiou is given in fig. 16, the only
structures not exhibited by the fossils figured behig the exopodites of the seven trunk legs,
some of which, however, have been observed in specimens in the collection that are not
figured. Breeding lamelte have also been observed in specimens from another locality.'

Localities. — Near the foot of Tarras Water, Langholm, Dumfriesshire, and White-
adder Water, f of a mile below Allanton, Berwickshire.

Horizon. — Cementstone Group, Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

TeALLIOCAKIS FORMOSA (Peacli). PI. III., figs. 17, IS.

1882. Anthrapalmmvn fonnosa B. N. Beach, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.. vol. xxx.,
pt. i., p. 8:-'), pi. viii., fig. 8; pt. ii., 1883, p. 512, pi. xxviii. figs. 3-3b.

Remarks. — There are several specimens of this form in the collection. As no new
point has been established with regard to this species, two of the figures are reproduced
from the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, where the description of the
species was published. One of these (fig. 17) shows the carapace and the other (fig.
18) shows the tail with its terminal fimbriated lobe so characteristic of this group of
Lophogastrids.

The only form that this might be confounded with is T. tarrasiana, but the
present is a much larger form and more elongated relatively in the tail.

Locality. — Glencarthohn, Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Ilorizoti. — Scorpion bed, Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Jlacconochie.

Gemis PSEUDO-GALATHEA Peach, 1883.

1883. Pseudo-Galatheo B. N. Peacii, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. x.\.\.. p. .")13.

Remarks. — A further study of the specimens belonging to this genus, in the light
of G. O. Sars' Report on the Schizopoda l)rought home by the Challenger, convinced
me man)' years ago that they ought to be classed with Tiophogastrid Schizopods rather
than with macrurous Decapods, among which I arranged tliem in my original descrip-
tion pu'olished in the Transactions of the Roj'al Society of Edinl)urgh.

' SiK-cimen M. 27t9*' ((ic(il(ii.nc;d Survey regi.'^Uixfion iiuiiiljer)

28 Description of (jrenera and Species.

Pseudo-Galathea maccoxochjei (E. Etheridge, jun.). PI. Ill, figs. 19-22.

1879. Anthrapalceynon macconochii E. Etheridge, jun., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
vol. XXXV., p. 471, pi. xxiii., fig. 10.

1882. Anthrapalcemou. macconochii Peach, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxx.,
p. 82, pi. viii., figs. 6-6d.

Remai'hs. — Several specimens of this well-marked species occur in the collection
besides those used by E. Etheridge and myself for the original descriptions. The
carapace (fig. 20)^ with its longitudinal keels and postero-lateral angles produced into
long spines, but more especially the ridge running along behind the cervical fold and
connecting the dorso-lateral and lateral keels, strikingly remind one of similar arrange-
ments in some species of the recent genus Gnafhophausia Willemoes-Suhm, as figured
and described by G. 0. Sars. Fig. 19- also shows the relation of the carapace to the
tail. Fig. 22^ shows the anterior sensory organs considerably enlarged, the large short
stalked eyes, and the outer branch of the antennule which is the larger, but puny
compared with the lash of the antenna, in this respect being like TeaUiocaris and difier-
ing widely from the described modern genera. Fig. 21* shows the tail fan with the
characteristic terminal lobe and accessory swimmerets. This combination of characters
leaves little or no doubt as to the affinities of this species and genus.

Pseudo-Galathea rotunda B. N. Peach. PI. III., figs. 23, 24.

1883, Pseudo-Galathea rotunda B. N. Peach, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edm., vol. xxx.,
p. 514, pi. xxviii., figs. 6, 6a.

Remarks. — A specimen occurs among the collection which evidently belongs to
this species, although it is even shorter and rounder than those figured. It is figured
here (fig. 23), as it throws additional light on the genus. The eyes, antennules and
antenna are much as in Ps. macconochiei. The present specimen, however, shows the
broad sternites of the trunk so characteristic of this group of Schizopods, and also the
proximal joints of at least six of the trunk legs, all of the uniform type and all on the

' Reproduced from the Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1882, vol. xxs., pi. viii., fig. 6b.
^ Loc. cit., fig 6.
' Loc. cit., fig. 6c.
* Loc. cit., fig. 6a.

Descrijjtion of Genera and Species. '-9

one side. The extremely shortened tail is also well displayed, and the component parts
of the tail fan. The telson is so wide compared with its length that there is no
appearance of a constriction, but nevertheless it ends with a fimbriated band wliich
doubtless represents the terminal fimbriated lobe in the more elonp^ated forms.

Locality. — Chattlehope, Eede Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — J. Rhodes.

Pseudo-Galathea orxatissima B. N. Peach. PI. Ill, figs. 25-29.

1882. Anthrapalcemon ornatissimus B. N. Peach, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxx.,
pt. i., p. 83, pi. viii., fig. 7.

1883. Pseudo-Galathea ornatissima, B. N. Peach, Ibid., pt. ii., p. 515, pi.
xxviii., figs. 7-7b.

Remarks. — Additional information has been obtained with regard to this species.
Figs. 25, 26, natural size, show the relation of the carapace to the tail. They also show
the great contrast between the llagella of the antenme and those of the antennules, the
wide sternites showing up through the crushed carapace, the tail segments, and the tail
fan. The tip of the telson in the present form appears to be bordered by a fimbriated
band which is not divided off from the rest of the telson by a constriction, as in Ps.
macconochiei. Figs. 25-27 show some of the details of the tail segments, and that the
central ridge keel is continued through these as a ridge. In addition to showing the
tail with its central ridsje keel, fig. 25 exhibits the bases of several of the limbs on
the left side and fragments of several others on the right side. In fig. 28 the tail fan
of another specimen is shown enlarged two diameters. A restoration of this .species
drawn by me twenty years ago is shown in fig. 29.

Localities. — Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire, and Coomsdon Burn, Rede
Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Scorpion-bed and Cementstone Group (Tuedian), Scottish Calciferous
Sandstone Series, and English Carboniferous Limestone.

Collectors. — A. Macconochie and J. Rhodes.

Genus ANTHRAPAL^ExMON J. W. Sailer, 1861.

ISGl. Aiithrapala'mon J. W. ^Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 529.

Remarks. — It is proposed here to restrict this generic name to such applanated
forms as the type species Anthrapakemon grossarti J. W. Salter, having expanded

30 Description of Genera and Species.

carapaces, with the uiarked serrate median longitudinal keel interrupted only at the
cervical fold and produced in front into the long rostrum, serrated lateral keels, and
embossed areas of the carapace studded with short conical spines. The known species
that would come under this genus are therefore : —

1. Anthrapakcinon ijrossarti Salter.

2. .4. dubius (Prestwicli).^ [Apus.]

3. A. russellianus (Salter). \_Pakmcarabus.']

Anthrapal^mon russellianus (J. W. Salter). PI. lY., figs. 1-6.

1863. Pakrocaralnis nissellianus J. W. Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix.,

p. 520, figs. 1, 2.
1867. Anthrapakemon russellianus H. Woodward, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glas., vol. ii.,

p. 240, pi. iii., fig. 7.

Since Salter gave his description of this beautiful species in 1861 and again in
1863, a great deal of new material has been accumulating which enables organs and
structures to be examined that were not preserved in the specimens available at that
time. This is chiefly owing to the careful and discriminating collecting of Mr. E.
Dunlop, who generously presented specimens of this form to the Geological Survey
Collection. Under his guidance Mr. Tait has been enabled to add a further suite of
specimens to the Survey Collection, so that with this material, aided by specimens
kindly lent by Mr. Dunlop for the purpose, several points in the morphology of this
species can now be cleared up which have a wide bearing upon the relationship, not
only of the present species but of a whole group of kindred forms, to the recent
Schizopod family Lophogastridae.

General Descriptiini. — The integuments are relatively thin, though firm and
chitinous, the prevailing ornamentation being in the form of short, strong conical
spines. The body is short and applanated. and the carapace is much wider than the
general axis of the body. The general form of the creature is shown in fig. 6, drawn
natural size, from a specimen belonging to Mr. E. Dunlop. The tail is somewhat
displaced, the first two segments being driven in and hidden under the carapace,
whereas during life a portion of the dorsal part of the last trunk segment would be
visible when the animal was thus viewed from above. As a consequence of the

^ Apus diihiiis Pre.stvvicli, (fmin Milne Edwards' note) in Tran.'i. Geol. Soc, 2nfl .ser.. vol. v.. pi. 41, fiir. '.'.

1840.

Dcsvrljitinii, uj (renera find Sj^ecies. ^M

applanatiuii the remains are seldom fossilised sideways, and, owinii to the verj- prii-klj-
back and the prominent ridue keel which cause it to take a strong hold of the
embedding sediments, the fossil (^ften splits so as to show the ventral side. When the
splitting takes place along the back, the tips of the spines and the crests of the keels
remain embedded in the counterpart, and thus the test seems to be perforated by
iiniumerable more or less nearly circular holes, and the serration of the crests is not
apparent. The points of the spines on the carapace are all directed forward. This is most
apparent in the serrations of the lateral keels, which are really oidy flattened spines.
The spines found on the posterior segments of the tail and the tail fan are all directed
backwards, showing that the animal kept its powerful tail in reserve for darting
suddenly backwards, as in the recent Macrura. The carapace (fig. 1) T. 2763", as seen
flattened, is subquadrate, a little longer than broad, with somewhat bulging sides. The
anterior margin is slightly coi^vex and is produced into a long pointed and serrated
rostrum, while the posterior margin is slightly concave. The antero-lateral angles are
each marked by a strong, forwardly-directed, tiattened spine. The apparent lateral
margins are serrated by a series of smaller spines back to the postero-lateral angles, the
posterior margin here making nearly a right angle with the sides and being edged by a
double smooth band, with a deep median groove somewhat like an ogee moulding.
There is good reason to consider that what appears as the lateral margin in the fossils
is not the true edge of the carapace. Ijut merely a serrated, strongly-developed, short
longitudinal keel, and that the true edge bordered by the usual plain band, folded
inwards during the life of the animal, became crushed under the carapace on being
embedded. An indication of this is shown in the specimen from which fig. 1 was
taken, where part of the test is seen to pass inwards for a short distance from the
posterior angles, and this is of common occurrence in the fossils. The infold of the
carapace is even better shown in fig. 2, T. 27(;(3", which is a view from beneath of a
specimen preserved back down. On the left side of the animal (the right haiid of the
beholder) a pellicle of sediment is seen to be interposed between the broken limbs and the
underside of the carapace. That it is the underside is shown by the spines which stud
its back, showing as retreating fuiuiel-shaped hollows ; but there is a belt of test just
within the serrated margin studded with smaller spines which stand out towards the
observer showing that it is the outside aspect of the carapace. It is therefore highly
probable that the doublure may account for the earlier figures of this form and of
kindred species, showing the serrations along the anterior part of the lateral margins
only. Fig. 4, T. 2753'", takeii from a specimen in the Geological Survey collection, illus-
trates this point and shows how this could easily happen. On the left side, the carapace

32 Description of Genera and Si^ecies.

is bounded by the serrated edge of the keel, while the doublure is folded inwards. On
the right side, however, the serrated edge of the keel only forms the boundary of the
anterior half, while the doul)lure makes up the other, the spines of the keel there
being shown end on and with their tips broken off as usual. Another point is well
illustrated in this specimen, viz., that many of the spines on the embossed part of the
carapace are not broken, and are seen to be directed forwards. There is a well-
marked V-shaped cervical fold passing inwards and backwards from near the base
of the antero-lateral spines to the mid-line of the back a little more than one-third of
the length of the carapace, measured from the base of the rostrum. The area in front
of the fold is raised into a median elongated gastric mound which is surmounted by
part of the sharp serrated ridge keel which is produced forward into the rostrum,
but when traced backwards, dies down ere the cervical fold is reached. The rostrum
is further strengthened by serrated lateral keels one on each side. Rows of strong
spines ari,se out of the grooves produced by the keels of the rostrum. On each side of
the central or gastric mound there is a depression with two dimples on its floor, beyond
which there arise mounds on each side surmounted by short serrated keels set
obliquely, so that if produced they would meet near the tip of the rostrum. They die
down, on the one hand, ere reaching the marginal band, so that there is no supra-
orbital spine, and on the other, in front of the cervical fold. The embossed areas in
front of the fold are irregularly studded with longer and smaller conical spines bent
forwards near their tips. The test along the floor of the cervical fold is almost free
from spines except where it merges into the lateral border. The area behind the fold
is divided along its whole length by a very sharp serrated ridge keel which merges
behind into the thickened posterior margin. On each side of this keel there are highly
embossed areas or panels extending to within a short distance of the serrated margins,
where the test is thickly studded with larger and smaller short conical spines directed
outwards and forwards. There is, therefore, a space near the serrated margins free
from spines or with only very fine ones. The sides of the ridge keel are also free
from spines. It may be, therefore, that the marginal bare space may represent the
upper edge of a lateral keel. The serrated margin may thus be the homologue of
one of the lateral longitudinal keels in Gnathophausia which often bears a flattened
spine, the " branchiostegal " spine of G. 0. Sars. If this be the case, then there is a
doublure in those species of Gnathophausia in which the keel bearing this spine is
developed, and such carapaces would fossilise similarly to those of our species.

The sternites of the last seven segments (fig. 2) T. 2766"^, form a wide sternum,
narrow in front and increasing in breadth backwards, rapidly at first, and then more

Descnption of Genera and Species. -^3

gradually. They are all more or less welded together ; but the division lines are
still very distinct and the test at these parts appears to be folded well inwards to give
lateral rigidity, and there is an arching of each segment so as to produce a sort of
interrupted blunt median crest. The arrangement is almost identical with what takes
place in ry(joceplialus cooperi, as described by Huxley/ and which is so characteristic of
this group of Schizopods (pi. iv., figs. S, 9)". That these sternites were only imperfectly
soldered together is shown by some of them being displaced. This specimen (fig. 2) also
helps to show that the carapace was quite free from these segments and only loosely
covered them, for the long axis of the sternum does not agree in direction with that
of the carapace. Another point is illustrated by this specimen, and by fig. 3, viz.,
that the carapace nuist have extended laterallv far bevond the bodv walls of these
segments.

The tail is flattened and shorter than the carapace, and the first segment appears
to have almost touched the carapace in the mid-line of the back, as shown in fig. 3, so
that only a very sliglit part of the last trunk segment could be exposed. The first tail
segment is nearly as wide as the posterior part of the carapace, and the epimera seem
to have been small. Part of the second tail segment is also shown in this figure, and
reveals the width of its sternite between the bases of the pleopods. In this specimen
the other segments are shown edgeways, so that the natural arch of the back and the
epimera are thus prol^ably indicated. The dorsal aspect of the last four tail segments
is shown in fig. 5, as well as the telson and the left pair of uroj)ods. The segments
are all much alike, very wide compared with their length, with wide-apart pivots and
well facetted anterior margins for rolling, with a smooth area in front arid an embossed
band behind set with backwardly-directed flattened spines, and with widely spread, sharp,
triangular-shaped epimera. Each segment has also a narrow smooth band along its
posterior margin. There are also two rows of short transverse kej-hole-like slits bordered
by a smooth flattened edging, two placed on each segment in advance of the pivots,
and also upon the telson behind, the rows gently converging backwards as if the general
axis of the tail were also narrowing in tliat direction, although this is barely appareiu
to judge by the epimera. There is a trace of a median ridge or longitudinal keel upon
all the four segments, which reappears in tlie telson and its terminal lobe. The telson
is triangular or leaf-shaped, with its broad base articulated with the sixth segment.
Its sides are produced into denticulated lobes, and it terminates in a central heart-shaped
lobide which appears as if it were articulated with it. The telson is ornamented with a

' Quart. Jouiii. Geol. Soc, IS.JT, vol. xiii., p. 363, [il. xiii., ligs. 1-3.
- Reproduced from liiixley'.-i ori<;iiial figures for couipari.son.

34 Description oj Genera and Species.

similar sculpture to that found on the embossed portions of the tergites of the tail seg-
ments, and also with the transverse slits. It appears to have supported accessory
swimmerets articulated with it near the base of the terminal lobule.

The eyes are very large, and were evidently placed on very short stalks (figs. 2, 3, 6),
but they are too much crushed to show whether there was any ocular papilla. The
antennules (figs. 3, 6) are supported upon large three-jointed peduncles which extend
beyond the antennal scale, but not so far as the tip of the rostrum. The basal joints
are elongated and hollowed out for the eyes to move freely, as in the recent Lophogastrids
and Euphausiids with large eyes. The mid-joint is nearly quadrate in shape when
flattened out, and not short and swollen as in Gnathophausia. It is ornamented with a
longitudinal spinose ridge set obliquely inwards, is fringed on its inner margin with
sette, and terminates on its inner side in a spur. The terminal joint is a little longer
than broad, bears a median ridge, and gives ofl'two moderately long many -jointed lashes,
the first joints of which are elongated and leaf-like. The external branch is the stouter
and longer of the two ; but there is not the marked difference between them that occurs
in their modern congeners. The antenna (figs. 3, 6) is altogether more massive than in
G7iathophausia. There is a short stout scale toothed on its outer margin, constructed as
in the true caridea. It does not reach beyond the base of the lash. The basal joint of
the peduncle has not been observed. The second joint is tumid and tuberculated, and
the third joint is more elongated and the articulation between the two joints has great
play. The terminal lash is very massive and longer than the carapace, and circular in
section as shown on the right side of fig. 3, while that of the left side is evidently flattened
through being crushed. The mandibles are verj' strongly developed and the body is
tumid, but the details of the biting and molar portions are not easily made out (figs. 2, 3).
The palp is three-jointed and pediform, as seen in fig. 3, the right one being attached to
the body and the left one seen outside the left antero-lateral spine. The maxillaa are
seen displaced in fig. 2, but not in a fit state for study. The biting edge of the first
maxilla is the only structure that can be made out with any approach to certainty.
Three of the flattened tumid joints of the endopodite of the maxillipedes ai-e seen pressed
on to the body of the mandible in fig. 2. This part of the limb seems to have been
much as in Gnathophausia. The legs on the seven last trunk segments appear to be con-
structed and arranged on a similar plan to that in Tealliocaris. Six of the endopodites are
seen in regular succession, not much displaced (fig. 3), all lying within the margin of the
carapace. The specimen, fig. 3, which belongs to Mr E. Dunlop is fossilised partly in iron
pyrites and shows a back presentation in which a large part of the carapace has split
away with the counterpart, and so allows the limbs and many of the ventrally situated

Description of Genera and Species. 35

organs to be studied. The endopodites are all much laterally compressed and set along
their edges with more or less regularly placed bristles and with tufts arranged in lines
alons their sides. As in Tealliocaris, the first of these legs is more massive than the
succeeding ones. The leys become longer and larger in succession, the penultimate
joint being the longest and the terminal joint spatulate and with no terminal claw.
The backward flexing of the limb occurs at the articulation between the second and
third joints from the tip. The actual basal joints have not been observed ia this specimen.
Fragments of the exopodites of five of these limbs are seen, and also that of the seventh
limb. One of these, probably the fifth, shows the usual muscular basal joint and part
ot the manj' -jointed swimming lash, which is particularly strong. The others are
represented by portions of the lash. These cannot be far out of place relatively to their
respective endopodites, for the gills are found interposed between these two structures.
A seventh leg is probably hidden under the portion of the carapace which has not been
removed, for a lash and a gill are seen placed relatively to one another outside the fragment
of carapace as if this were the case. The gills appear to be lobulated as in TeaUiocaris.
An exopodite, probably belonging to the right side, is seen projecting from the right
postero-lateral angle of the carapace. Fragments of the seven endopodites and their
corresponding exopodites are shown on the left side of the body in fig. 2 with a pellicle
of shale separating them from the carapace. Six flattened quadrate-shaped plates
intervene between these undoubted limbs and tlie wide sternal plates. The anterior
margin of each plate overlaps on to the plate in front in turn, and the plates are arranged
so as to appear to be placed opposite the interstices between the margins of the sternites.
The plates, moreover, seem to l)e hollow or made up of two layers of the test, which is
delicate and thin and much pitted. These are, in all probabilit}-, identical structures to
those which Huxley in his figures of Pygocephalus cooperi^ (figs. 8, 9) has interpreted
as the coxal or Ijasal joints of the limbs, but the mode of their occurrence in the present
species is more suggestive of their being of the nature of epipodites like the plates found
in the recent Anaspides described by Caiman" (pl. viii., fig. 11). Although not described,
there are small structures similarly placed in TeaUiocaris.^ Small epipodites furnished
with sensory hairs are also found on the basal joints of the limbs in Gnathophausia.*
Caiman tlnnks that the plates in Anaspides function as gills, as they easily could in such

' Loc. cit., pl. xiii., figs. 1, 2, ."5.

- Caiman, Tians. Roy. 8oc., Eiliii., 1897, vol. .x.xxviii., p. 787., pl. xxxviii., fig. 1.
'Pl. i., tig. 7a.

HI. O. Sar.s, "Report on tlu' Scliizopoda." Results of Voyage of H.M.S. Cliallenger 1873-1S76., pl.
viii., tigs. 9, 10.

36 Descrij)tion of (xenera and Sj^ecies.

a small form. Epipodites in GnatlaipliaaMa are set with sensory hairs, and appear to
function as gill cleaners. The function of the present plates, whether they be the
expanded basal joints of the legs or epipodites, appears to be protective to the gills,
lobules and filaments of which are shown in tlie areas between the margins of the plates
and the divisions between the sternites (fig. 2). The natural inference is that they may
be breeding lamelte^ ; but the two organs placed at the posterior margin of the
seventh sternite suggest that the remains are those of a male.

Only the uropods of the sixth tail segment have been observed (fig. 5). They con-
sist of a flattened, short triangular-shaped propodite, with the characteristic ornamentation
, and median crest. The exopodite is broad, flattened, and leaf-like. It is strengthened
along its outer side in the usual manner, and appears to have supported a row of spines
and bristles and to have terminated in the usual spine. The inner side is more web-like
and set with setse. There is the usual terminal lobe separated by the transverse suture,
and this is fringed along its outer margin by setaj. The endopodite is also very broad,
subquadrate, and leaf-like. Its outer margin is minutely serrated, and its posterior outer
angle is a sharp point. Its posterior margin forms a sigmoid curve, and is fringed with
setEe.

Zot'ato?/.— Greengairs, 3^ miles N.N.E. from Airdrie, Lanarkshire.

Horizon. — Soft band ironstone. Lower Coal Measures, " Lanarkian."

Collectors. — E. Dunlop and D. Tait.

Anthrapal^mon russellianus, var. spinulosus var. nov. PL IV., fig. 7.

There appears to be a considerable amount of variation in the carapaces of this
species, especially in the number and size of the spines with which the embossed portions
are studded and also in the number of the sen-ations alono- the edge of the
lateral keels.

General Description. — There is, however, a form which recurs that is altogether
more deUcately constructed and in which the proportions are somewhat diSerent from
the central species, and which may, when more is known of the animal to which it
belongs, eventually entitle it to specific rank. Fig. 7, T. 2768", shows such a carapace
flattened out in the manner in which the fossil is usually found. The rostrum is more
slender than in the parent species, the anterior margin between the rostrum and the
antero-lateral spnie is wider, the spine itself is smaller, and the serrations on the edge

' Tliis inference receives strong support from the description of breeding lamella; upon Pygocephalus
cooperi Huxley, by Dr. Henry Woodward, while this monograph was in slip proof. See Geol. Mag. Dec. v.,

vol. iv., 1907, pp. 400-407, pi. xviii., and text figures.

Description oj Genera and Species. 37

of the lateral keel more numerous. The spines on the back of the carapace are also
less in size and more thickly clustered. The test, too, is quite thin and much
wrinkled, the wrinkles winding in and out round the bases of the spines. For this
recurring form the varietal name is proposed to distinguish it from the more sturdy
parent form with the more formidable spines.

Locality and horizon. — Same as above.

Collector.— I). Tait.

Remarks. — Before leaving the genus Anthrapalcenion it may be as well to (consider,
in the first case, the relationship of A. rus.sellianus to the other species of the genus, and
afterwards, of the genus to allied forms. To judge of .4. grossarti Salter, as originally
figured by hira^ and afterwards by Dr. Henry Woodward,' it bears a close resemblance
to A. russellianus, having the same general short flattened form, especially of carapace,
with the same serrated lateral keels and antero-lateral spines ; but the serrated ridge
keel extending into the long rostrum and interrupted at the cervical fold does not
reach the posterior margin, and the fold does not seem to be so pronounced. In the
tail, the six segments appear to be like those of the latter species, only there seems to
be a difference in the nature and distribution of the ornamentation. The tip of the telson
and of the uropods in .1. ijrossarti are broken off, but to judge from the portions left
the lateral margins of the telson are smooth, while those oi A. russeUiamis are lobated and
serrated. The general form and arrangement of the uropods is much alike in both.
There is a strong general resemblance between the carapace of .1. russelianus and that
of A. dubius Prestwich [_Apus\ There is a similar denticulated rostrum. The ridge
keel, interrupted at the cervical fold, is continued back to the posterior margin, and
there are embossed areas set with blunt spines. There are similar serrated marginal
keels, but there is not the same pronounced spine at the antero-lateral angles in
.4. dubias as in .1. russellianus.

To judge from the arrangement of the sternal plates and the limbs and tail fan of
Pyijocejilialus cooperi Huxley (pi. iv., figs. 8, 9), as figured by hinv' and afterwards by
Dr. H. Woodward,^ there is a close relationship between that form and the members of
the present geims. There is the same applanated and shortened form, with the body axis
very much narrower than the carapace, as shown in all the figures, for there can be no
doubt that Huxley was correct in his conjecture expressed in the last paragraph on

'Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 18G1, vol. .xvii., p. .531, lii,'s. 1-4.
-Ti-an.'i. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 1867, vol. ii., \\ 'I'.M. |>1. iii., figs. .5-6.
'Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1857, p. .'iO'J, pi. xiii., figs. 1-3.
* Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 1867, vol. ii., pi. iii., figs. 1-2.

38 Description of Genera and Species.

p. 367^ of his description that "the narrow longitudinal plates are the edges of a short
carapace " which shows a corresponding doublure, but is not serrated along its outer
margin as it would be if it belonged to a member of the present genus. The tail, as
shown by Woodward (pi. iv., fig. 10), is very much like those of A. grossarti and
A. russellianus. The telson appears to have been constricted and to have expanded
again near its tip, and its margin seems to have been denticulated and lobulated, and
the uropods similarly broadened. The arch of the tail segments and the form of the
epiniera are all much as they are in Anthrapalcevion. There can be little doubt that the
Pygocephalus of Huxley ought to take a place in the Schizopod family Lophogastridse,
and it shows how acute were the perceptions of Huxley that he compared his forms with
the recent Mysids, as he was not then aquainted with the structure of the recent Lopho-
ijaster, which was only described in the previous year by M. Sars" and was for long after
the only known member of the group. Since then, other genera have been discovered
and described and are now ranged under the family of the Lophogastridte, by G. 0. Sars,
the distinguished son of a distinguished father. Pygocephalus huxleyi H. Woodward,
at first placed under this genus by Huxley^ and afterwards described under the specific
name by Dr Henry Woodward,* who, however, was doubtful of its generic relationship,
if one can judge from the figures, is manifestly not a Lophogastrid, but belongs to the
Schizopod family of the Euphausiida3, and, as will appear in the sequel, is probably a
species of the genus Crangopsis [Palceocrangon'\ of J. W. Salter (pi. xi., fig. 8). The
tail of a form, however, probably nearly allied to Pygocephalus cooperi, was described by
Dr. Henry Woodward under the name of Necroscilla icilsoni,^ who considered that it had
affinities with the Squillids. The specimen figured represents the last five tail segments
and the tail fan enlarged 3 diameters. There is the same flattened, though perhaps
slightly more elongated form, as in Pygocephalus, the telson is serrated or lobulated and
carries two heart-shaped plates articulated with it in the position usually taken up by the
accessory swimmerets that were so common in these Carboniferous Lophogastrids. The
test is smooth as in Pygocephalus. The specimen is from the Coal Measures of Derbyshire.
It is perhaps a coincidence ; but it may be of zonal value, viz., that all the specimens of
Anthrapakcmon, as now restricted, and Pygocephalus, are from the Coal Measures, the
only shortened flattened form known from the Lower Carboniferous strata being Pseudo-

' Quart. Jouin. Geol. Soc, 1857.

- Forhand. Skand. Natiiif., Mode i., Christiania, 1856, p. 160.

'Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1862, vol. xviii., p. 421 (woodcut).

'Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 1867, vol. ii., pp. 243-245, pi. iii., fig. 3 and woodcuts 1 and 2.

° Quart. .Toiun. Geo!. Soc , 1879, vol. xxxv., p. 549, pi. xxvi., fig. 3.

Description of Genera and Species. 39

Galathea. It might be argued that the Coal Measures form inhabited I'resh water, while
the Lower Carboniferous forms were marine ; but the fact that Anthrapalcemon qrossarti
is found associated with such marine forms as Lingula and Conularia has been long
known.'

Family PEKIMECTURID^.

Remarks. — This family is made to include the members of a group of Mysidian
Schizopods, believed to be intermediate between the Lophogastridaj and the Anaspida^,
conspicuous on account of the massive character of their tails in which they simulate
the modern Squillids.

Genus PEPJMECTURUS gen. nov.

Generic Characters. — Large forms with elongated and slightly applanated bodies;
integuments firm and smooth, or only slightly granulated. Trunk shorter than tail :
last seven trunk segments free, or only slightly attached, forming complete rings and
bearing massive limbs ; and in the females brood pouches on the hindmost segment.
Carapace with movable rostrum and with or without longitudinal keels, not
directly attached to last seven trunk segments, but covering them loosely and leaving
visible portions of the last two in the emargination of its posterior border. Tail very
largelj' developed ; segments well formed with overlapping epimera, well facetted for
rolling, and usually strengthened with transverse bars and often with longitudinal keel
and spines. Telson cordate and ending in strong hastate median spine. External branch
of uropods greatly developed and strengthened on outer side by blade-like keel set along
its outer edge with a row of articulated spines.

Remarks. — The characteristic feature of the genus is the enormous develop-
ment of the tail. The flattened body of the relatively shorter and broader species
usually causes their members to be fossilised so as to expose the dorsal parts
only, so that the sterna and ventral organs are usually hidden, as the integuments are
too firm to allow them to show through. Fortunatelj-, however, these animals
shared, with Mysis (pi. vi., fig. 8) and other recent and pateozoic Schizopods, in tlie
habit, on dying, of flexing the body at the articulation in front of the la.st seven trunk
segments till the axis of the head organs and the carapace made a considerable angle
with that of the trunk segments (pi. vi, figs. 2, 4, 5). At the same time, the limbs are
all folded forwards close under the trunk, the distal joints of the legs being flexed back

' J. W. Salter, Quart. Jomn. Ceol. Soc, 1861, vol. .wii., p. 530.

40 Description of Genera and Species.

tight upon the middle joints. The tail is at the same time gentl}- Hexed, so that in spile
of the applanation the dead animal comes to rest on its side and the fossil ones
become thus embedded, and it is in this position that the more elongated of the fossil
forms are found. The arrangement for the overlapping of the epimera is so complete
that the curves formed by their edges, when the tail is thus flexed, remind one of those
made by the adjustable iris diaphragm of some optical instruments.

To such large forms some special breathing organs would be a necessity, and from
certain indications, seen in some of the forms, they appear to have been podobranchiate
like their congeners the Lophogastrids and Anaspidians. The females appear to have
borne brood pouches on the last trunk segment.

All the remains belonging to this genus have been found associated with those of
marine or rather estuarine forms of animal life, mingled with land plants and with such
air-breathers as scorpions and gaily worms, showhig conclusively that they were not
deep-water forms.

Perimecturus PAiiKi (B. N. Peach). PL V., figs. 1-5.

1882. Anthrapakemon parki B. N. Peach, Trans. Pioy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxx,
p. 78, pi. ix., figs. 4-4g.

General Remarks. — This species was originally described by me under the belief
that it was the remains of a macrurous Decopod, a position rxO longer tenable. Viewed
iu the light obtained from the .study of the recent Lophogastridse and Anaspides, which
was not then possible, and from the study of the well preserved remains of TealUocaris
and Anthrap>alcemon afforded by the present Survey collection, it can no longer reman i
in the genus Anthrapalamon., nor can it be looked upon as a Lophogastrid, but must
take its place beside the other well marked species of the present genus. A consider-
able amount of new material is now available, making it necessary that some additions
to the original descriptions should be here given. Fig. 1 shows one of the largest
specimens yet obtained, natural size, which is over 150 mm., or about (i inches long.
The massive tail characteristic of the genus, with the almost parallel sides equally so of
the species, are well seen, as well as the details of the tail fan. The new features afforded
by the present specimen are that the last five or six trunk segments are complete rings
with closed-in dorsal parts, and that they are free and only loosely attached, so that
tlie word " Endophragmal " system, used in the orignal description of the species, is
quite a misnomer. The size and form of this tail, with its pecular telson, uropods, and
the free trunk segments, are strongly suggestive of affinities with the S(|uillids (pi. vii..

Description, of Genera and Species. 41

lig. ()), l)ut this undoubted likeness is only seeniiug, and no more indicates close
relationsliip than does the likeness <.)i Anthrapakemon io (Talathea. It more probably
points to the two forms having to assume a certain shape to suit similar conditions of
environment. The specimen also shows that this form was supplied with forwardly-
directed massive legs with one of the joints much longer than the rest and bent
upwards or forwards. These are too much crowded together and too imperfect for their
exact character to be made out ; but they are sufficient to show that tliey are similar to
the limbs found in other species of the genus. Fig. 2, also natural size, shows,
better than has yet been seen, the details of the tail fan of a still larger individual than
that just described. Fig. 5, natural size, shows better than in the former specimen the
nature of the long joint of the leg with a short joint interposed between it and part of
another where the limb flexes sharply and folds upon itself as in the recent Anaspides
and other species of this genus. It also shows the movable leaf-like rostrum, the
longitudinal keels on tlu' carapace, and the suggestion of a l)ackwardly-directed spine in
the mid-line of its posterior margin. This point, however, was well shown in the
original figured specimen. In the original description it was left doubtful as to there
being an antennal scale. Fig. 3, also natural size, shows not only the movable rostrum,
the stalked eyes, the antenuule ; but sets to rest this doubt, as it shows a short, broad
leaf-shaped pointed scale furnished with an external spine. Fig. <i is from a well-
preserved specimen not wholly flattened. This shows a point that was missed in the,
original description, or rather shows that a misstatement was then made, viz., '• that
none of the ridge keels are continued on to it," referring to the area of the carapace
in front of the cervical fold. Traces of two short remains of lateral keels occur in the
area in front of the fold in places where they are usually found in Anthrapakvmon and
Tealliucaris, and which often end in the oi'bital spine. This small but well-preserved
individual helps to show how variable the form is in the present species, the
carapace here being broader than long, and the tail is also remarkabl}- broad for its
length, especiall}- when compared with fig. I. This feature of variability of proportion
is well exemplified in the figures which accompanied the original descri[)ti()n.

t

Perimectuiu .s I'AKKi, var. DurMCK'AuiN.vTLs var. now I'l. \'.. lig. C.

General Descrijition. — Figure (i is drawn natural size from a specimen [)re-
served in an ironstone nodule which has evidently formed not long after the
embedding of the remains. ;ind has thus prevented them from being crushed and

' Trans. Koy. 8oc. Eilili., 188'2, vol. .x.x.v.. jil. i.\.

42 Description of Genera and Species.

flattened like those found in shale. The specimen shows that the animal, as might have
been expected, was naturally applanated, for it is nearly always found back up. This
specimen also helps to show not only the variation in the proportions of the individuals
that have been included in the species, as the individual is very broad for its length,
but also that it is accompanied in this case by a duplication of the median longitudinal
keel upon the tail segments. This seems to have come about rather by the suppression
of the central ridge keel and the accentuation of two lines of the small buttresses that
supplanted the transverse band behind the rolling facet which strengthens the anterior
part of each of the tergites. In this specimen the lateral keels are continued down the
tail as two lines of backwardly-directed spines. Another part shown in this figure is the
peak in the mid-line of the posterior margin of the carapace suggestive of a rudi-
mentary spine in continuation of the ridge keel. All these points are strongly
suggestive of affinities with Tealliocaris and Gnathophausia. Fig. 4d, of the original
description of the species, has also the double ridge^ on the tail, but its proportions are
much more slender than the form shown in fig. 6, although it was a larger individual.
Locality. — All the specimens of this species have been obtained from the celebrated
scorpion bed, exposed in the Eiver Esk at Glencartholm, near Langliolm,
Dumfriesshire.
Horizon. — The exact horizon of this bed is above the " Fell Sandstones," which are
supposed to 1)6 represented in the Forth basin by the Granton and Craigleith
Sandstones. The scorpion bed, according to this correlation, would therefore
be somewhere about the horizon of the Wardie Shales, near the base of the
Oil-shale bearing Group of the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Scotland.
Collectors. — Mr. A. Macconochie, and a few hy the late Mr. T. Stock.

Perimecturus stocki sp. nov. PI. Yl., fig. 1.

Specific Characters.— Ijav'^e form with longitudinally keeled tail tapering gently to
source of the uropods. Outer branch of uropods with enormously developed blade-like
external keeled part extending beyond the tip of the telson. and furnished with a row
of articulated spines on outer margin.

General Descriptuni. — The integument is thin, smooth and shining, and not much
calcified, though evidenth' strong. Only a portion of the trunk is preserved, so that the
eyes, the antennular and antennary systems are unknown. The carapace is also frag-
mentary, none of its borders have been preserved, and there is no means of telling .

' Traii.s. Roy. Soc. Eilin., 1882, vol. x.xx., pi. ix., fig. 4d.

Description of Genera and Species. 43

whether it was suppUed with longitiuliual keels. There is a depression in the place
where the cervical fold ought to occur, judging by the position of the depression caused
by the crushing in of the body of the mandible. At least four of the last trunk
segments are visible. The sternites of these are strong and wide, with central raised
triangular area with wide base resting on anterior margin, as in TeaUiocaris and
Anthrapahemon, the divisions l^etween the segments being well marked and bordered by
thickened margins. From these segments the limbs, the bases of which must have been
wide apart, are all torn off. A confused mass of organs all scpieezed up together is seen
in front of the first visil)le sternite; among this, four joints of a very massive limb can be
traced The tip joint is spatulated, pointed, and short, and has a strengthening keel.
This is succeeded b}' a short joint at the two articulations of which the limb is flexed
back upon itself. The third joint from the tip is longer than the other two combined,
and is laterally flattened and strengthened Ijv longitudinal keels and gently curved
upwards ; this long joint is articulated to another joint, making an elbow with it and
flexing forwards upon it. A portion of this last joint only is shown. This limb appears
to be lying upon another and exactly similar one. As already stated, the position of the
body of the mandible is indicated by the crushing in of the carapace. To judge from
the position of the mandiljle, the limbs described and the mass of deljris of other limbs
and trunk organs seen, must be displaced and lying free from their original attachments.
The tail is massive and long and tapers gently towards the sixtli caudal segment. The
individual segments increase slightly in length in turn, the sixtli being somewhat the
longest. Lateral longitudinal keels appear upon several of the segmients, and it is
natural to infer that there was a median keel upon these segments also, although the
mid-line of the back is ccmcealed. All the segments are supplied with well formed
subquadrate epimeral lappets rounded in front and pointed behind, with strong
.strengthening bands along their anterior and lower margins, ending in a spine near the
posterior angles. The epimera of the sixth segment are shorter and smaller than the
others. The sternites of the tail segments are very massive and strong. The anterior
strengthening band of each passes straight across from side to side, but the posterior
margin is deeply hollowed out to allow ibr rolling. The triangular areas thus formed
are perforated with very large pear-shaped hollows for the articulation of the bases of
the pleopods, wliich must have been very massive and powerful. The sternite of the
sixth segment seems to have been wide and smooth and with two tumid areas behind
the lateral angles. It is evident that the l)ases of the epimera on tliis segment were not
confluent as in (riKit/iop/Kiiisia.

The telson seen from beneath is cordate and ends in ilie usual hastate spine. Ai

44 Description oj Genera mtd Species.

the base of the spine there is articulated with tlie telson a spinous process which is
evidently the keel of an accessory swinimeret. The cordate portion of the telson
appears to have had a depressioTi down the centre flanked by two tumid sides.
Unfortunately the crack already mentioned traveres it along the mid-line, so that the
position of the anal opening is not known. The uropods have a very short basal joint.
The external branch shows the enormously developed blade-like portion extending far
beyond the tip of the telson, the outer edge showing the articulations for the row of
spines, and the portion of the web usually wanting in the corresponding portions of
P. parki filled in. The internal branch is only represented by portions of the median
strengthening keel, insignificant as compared with the outer Ijranch, and which doubt-
less supported a fringed web.

Remarks. — Only one specimen is known of this handsome form, the portion of
which preserved measures nearly 100 mm. (about 4 inches), and when complete the
creature was manifestly still larger. Owing to its length and to its body being sUghtly
curved at death, as already explained, the anterior part of its body is fossilised sideways,
exhibiting the folded massive limbs, but owing to the enormous widely expanded
uropods, the tail fan is exposed with the underside upwards, the intermediate segments
adjusting themselves to allow of this twist. This is mainly l^rought about in the free
trunk segments, as the tail segments seem to be too completely locked by their articular
facets and pivots and by the overlapping of the epimera to allow of much lateral play.
Unfortunately a cra<^k runs ol)liquely through the specimen from the telson to the
region of the middle of the back of the trunk, and along this line some of the test has
broken away.

The present species is distinguished from P. parki ])y the tapering tail and the
enormous external branches of the uropods.

The species is named after the late Mr. Thomas Stock, the finder, who at one time
was secretary to the Edinburgh Geological Society.

Locality. — Wardie shore, Granton, Midlothian.

Horizon. — Wardie Shales, (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — T. Slock.

Pekimectukus elegans sp. nov. PI. VI., figs. 2-6.

Specific Characters. — Small elongate forms measuring from .50-70 nun. Integu-
ments thin and smooth. Carapace longer than broad and faintly keeled in anterior
part of mid-line and behind the cervical fold with the dorso-lateral and lateral keels.

Description of (fenera unci Species. 45

Movable rostrum with wide base becoming suddenly constricted and ending in a
keeled bayonet-shaped bent down point ; posterior margin deejily concave. Tail long
and tapering, with traces of median and lateral keels in the form of a backwardly-
directed spine which increases in length of base on each succeeding segment. Telson
narrow and shield-shaped, with prominent central keel and long hastate median spine.
Uropods as in P. stocki, but external brancli not so long proportionatelv. Members
differ slightly in proportions.

General Description. — As will be seen at a glance from the figures given of this
species, it had the liabit of preparing for interment as already described, so that it almost
invariably gives a side presentment with the carapace and head organs bent over so as
to expose the tergites of the trunk segment. In fig. 4, where the carapace is tilted
rather further than usual, all the seven last trunk segments are seen. These decrease
in size from behind forwards. The carapace is usually shown doubled together, and is
seen to be a little more elongated and more deeply cut out at the back than in
the type species. A trace of the median keel is seen in some specimens (fig. o) in
front of the cervical fold, but there is no means of knowing whether it appeared
in the area behhid. The lateral and dorso-lateral keels are faintly indicated
in fig. 2. Figs. 2, 3, and 5 show the rostrum. In the case of fig. 3 it is bent relatively
to the long axis of the carapace, showing it to be moveable, and iii fig. 2 it is seen to be
actually oat of place. Two small knobs are often seen, one at each of the angles of the
base, and the rostrum is I)ent down towards the tip. The tail is constructed as in the type
species, but the last four segments show three rows of spines corresponding to the median
and lateral keels. A trace of the media!i one is shown in fig, 2 on the second tail segment
as a protuberance near the posterior margin. It is more pronounced on the succeeding
segment, becoming a veritable keel on the fifth or sixth segments. The lateral keel
spines do not reach so far l^ack as the median ones. The segments are all supplied
with the usual large epimeral lappets, which are directed downwards and are almost
square, witii rounded angles in front and pointed behind. Tlie lappets are each bounded
on their anterior and inferior margins by a thickened band, terminating in a
spine, the spine ending in front of the posterior angle and nearer to it in each succeed-
ing segment. The epimera overlap each other from before backwards, and ei-en
when the tail is extended to tlie full are not (juite free from (»ach other, thus
adding greatly to the strength of the tail and forming a complete protection to the
pleopods. So much so is this the case tliat the pleopods are .seldom visible. The
telson is amitely heart-shaped, or rather shield-shaped, and narrow compared with
other species, and ends in a spear-shaped spine which is in direct continuation

46 Description of Genera and Species.

of the median keel. The other keels form the raised sides and end at the sudden
constriction at the base of the median spine. Articulated to this constricted
posterior part (fig. 6) are seen two spines, one on each side, which are doubtless the
keels of accessory swimmerets.

The eyes have not been with certainty observed owing to the peculiar mode of
fossilization already described, causing the front of the carapace to be hidden among
the doubled up limbs. A suggestion of their presence is shown in fig. 5 and also in fig.
2*, which is an enlarged drawing in outline of some of the structures seen in specimens,
of which fig. 2 is natural size. The last two joints of the peduncles of each of the
antennules are also shown somewhat displaced. The terminal joints in each case bear
the usual two lashes, the external one being somewhat the larger and longer, though they
are both small compared with the lashes of the antennas. The position of the body of
the mandible is almost invariably shown by a collapsed area near the antero-lateral
border of the carapace, showing that the head organs are in direct connection with the
carapace. In fig. 2**^ a three-jointed limb-like organ is seen to pass forwards from the
collapsed body of the mandible, but it appears to be too massive to be the palp of that
organ. It is more probably three joints of one of the more anterior of the legs, or possibly
the maxillepede. The same enlarged figure shows the nature of some of the endopodites
of the appendages of some of the last seven trunk segments, which are very massive and
laterally compressed. The tip joints are spatulated; the succeeding joint is short and
subquadrate; the third joint is long and bent upwards and strengthened by longitudinal
lateral keels. The articulations of these joints flex backwards. Succeeding the long
thin joint there is a fourth which is short and subquadrate; the articulation between the
third and fourth joints flexes forwards. The limbs cannot be traced any further inwards
with certainty. The long so-called thin joint ui all probability corresponds with the
iscliiopodite, in which case this limb would flex in the same manner as in xVnaspides (pi.
viii., fig. 11). Short fragments of many -jointed exopodites are to be made out among the
broken-up debris of limbs. What appear to be gill filaments can also be seen at the junc-
tion of the sternites with the tergal portions of some of the trunk segments, and an organ
lying detached is highly suggestive of a brood pouch. Fig. 4 shows what appear to be
the basal joints of six of the exopodites on one side, still attached to their respective
segments, and a seventh that has broken away. The endopodites are all flexed in the usual
way and crowded and crushed upon each other. Figs. 2'^ and 5 show what are probably
the eyes in place, the crushed mandibles, and the folded legs, flexed in the usual manner
and crushed up together. Of the tail appendages, only the uropods have been observed.
These are very much as in /*. stocki, only the basal joint appears to be proportionately

Description of Genera and Species. 47

longer and the exterior branch relatively shorter and narrower. The internal branch is
represented by its central keel only, which is narrow and short. Fig. 6 shows the tail fan
spread. In Fig. 6 the telson is wanting, and the two external branches of the viropods
are pressed against one another.

Remarks. — The only form that this species could be confounded with is P. stocki;
hut it is easily distinguished from that species by smaller size and relatively more
slender proportions, and the more elongated form of telson and relatively shorter uropods.
The disposition of the spines and keels on the tail sufficiently marks it off from the other
species.

Locality. — Eiver Esk, Glencartholm, near Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — Scorpion bed, (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Pekimectukcs communis sp. nov. PI. VII., figs, l-.x

S/ii'cifii- Characters. — Body elongated, 70-100 mm. (3-4 ins.); slightly applanated;
carapace longer than broad and without keels behind the cervical fold which crosses
the ba(;k about halfway between anterior and posterior margins. Tail long, massive,
tapering, and without keels, but with small median spines near posterior margins of last
two segments. External branch of uropods oidy a little longer than the hastate telson.

General Description. — This handsome form has the lial)it of arranging for its
obsequies common to the members of the genus, so that, being elongated and not much
applanated, it is usually seen in side view and with the carapace tilted up and doubled
together. As shown in fig. 4, natural size, the trunk makes up about one-third of the
length, the other two-thirds being formed b}- the massive elongated tail. This is one of
the very few specimens in which the carapace is in its natural position, and. looked
upon sideways and slightly from above, the body is seen to be fusiform and lish-like,
.'ittaiiiing its greatest breadth and depth at about tlie second or third tail segment and
tapering more backwards than forwards. The carapace is of the usual sub([uadrate
form, a little longer than broad, with rounded posterior angles and emarginate posterior
border. Its only ornament is the thickened margin. The cervical fold divides it into
two nearly equal areas. No longitudinal keels have been observed behind the fold, and
it is doubtful whether the fold of test that is found in front of it on the crest of the
gastric portion represents a keel or is only an accidental wrinkle of the test. The rostrum
is either divided off by a suture or is articulated with the carapace. It is Inroad at the
base, suddenly narrowing, and continued as a blade-shaped downward-curved spine. Two

48 Description of Genera and Species.

keels having their origin in two knobs pass forward from near tlie base line convergently
to the tip. The seven last trunk segments form complete rings as in the other species, and
are either loose or only imperfectly fused together, their lines of demarcation being
perfectly distinct. In fig. 5, where the carapace is tilted up in the manner already
described, and especially where, in addition, it is partially removed as in fig. 1, these are
seen to decrease rapidly in size when followed forwards from the hindmost one, which
can be seen from fig. 4 to have been usually left bare or onlj' covered l)y the posterior
lappets of the carapace.

The tail is seen to be massive and muscular, with each segment well facetted for
rolling, and supplied with the usual large subquadrate epimera with rounded anterior
angles, almost straight external margins and pointed posterior angles, each fitting on to
and overlapping its successor in the most perfect manner, reminding one very forcibly of
the similarly ftjrmed tail segments of the recent Squillid, Gonudactylus chiragra Latreille,
a drawing of which, natural size, for comparison, is shown in pi. vii., fig. 6. A small spine
is seen on the mid-line near the posterior margin on the last two tail segments in fig. 1 and
on the last tail segment in fig. ."). These seem to be representative of the median keel seen
in P. parki and other forms. The sternites belonging to these six segments are seen in
fig. 3, natural size, to be very strongly constructed, with the usual straight articulation in
front in the first five segments and deeply emarginate posteriorly, and perforated with
large pear-shaped articulations for the attachment of the basal joints of the ])leopods.
pi. vii., fig. 7, also natural size, is the tail of Gonodactylus chiragra drawn in the same
position for comparison. In the sixth segment the articulations for the uiopods are
carried backwards and outwards to the posterior angles, so that the sternite forms a
floor across the greater part of the underside within the epimera. The telson, best pre-
served in figs. 3-5, is seen to be shield-shaped and elongated, with median crest and
long hastate spine behind the articulations of the accessory swimmerets. The outer
edge of the telson was evidently set with a row of setaj or short spines, as the articula-
tions for them have been observed in specimens from which fig. 5 is taken. The
telson was supplied with articulated spines at the constrictions, which are evidentlv
the keels of swimmerets.

The eyes are stalked and moderately large, and were in life probably partially
covered by the expanded portion of the rostrum (figs. 1-4). The peduncle of the
antennules is short, and does not reach to the tip of the rostrum (fig. 4). The
antennual scale is short, leaf-like, and pointed (fig. 4) as in P. jmrki, and the Hagellum
more massive and longer than either of those of the antennules. The large body of the
mandible is shown as usual by the collapse of the overlying carapace, but the palp has

Description of Genera and Species. 49

never been recognised owing to the habit so often referred to, and for the same reason
the maxillas and maxilHpedes have not been recognised. The endopodites of the legs
are all thrown forward and huddled together. The details of each appear to be much
as in the other species, for the long upwardly-curved massive joint is conspicuous in all
the specimens. In fig. 1 a fifth joint from the tip is seen in addition to the other four
observed. This shows that the fourth is short, and that at the articulation with the fifth
the limb flexes forward. Figs. 1, 2, and 5 all show a row of short joints, in which the test
is not as dense as in the legs, which are directed downwards and slightly backwards, and
which overlap the shorter proximal joints of the legs. They strongly suggest that they
are the basal joints of the exopodites, and in fig. 5 there are structures folded upwards
and forwards suggestive of their terminal swimming lashes. In fig. 1 the bases of
these joints are obscured by fimbriated bunches which are strongly suggestive of gills.

The pleopods (figs. 1 and 2) have massive basal joints which extend beyond the
edges of the epimera, and support leaf-shaped jointed swimmerets. There is no
evidence to show whether the first two pairs of pleopods were modified in their inner
branches for sexual purposes. Such evidence as the imperfectly preserved pleopods
afford is rather against the presumption that anything like the tufts of filamentous
gills that occur in the Squillids could be present without being observed ; but the
evidence either for or against it is not of much value. The uropods, constituted very
much as in the two former species, are shorter relatively to the telson than in either
of them. The basal joint is longer proportionately than in P. stocki and shorter than
in r. elegans.

Locality. — Eiver Esk, Glencartholm, near Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — Scorpion bed. (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collectors. — A. Macconochie and T. Stock.

Perimecturus ensifer sp. nov. PL VIL, figs. 8-14.

In the collection of the Scottish branch of the Geological Survey there are the
remains of crustaceans belonging to this group which were obtained by Mr.
Macconochie from the Cementstone group of the Calciferous Sandstone Series of
Liddesdale, a somewhat lower horizon than the Eskdale scorpion bed. Some of these
specimens were figured and described by Robert Etheridge, junior, in 1879,' and doubt-
fully referred to the Phyllocarid genus DitJiyrocaris. The whole construction of the
tail, with its epimera, telson, and urojwds, shows that the form belongs to the present

' U. Etheiiilge, Juii., Quart. Journ. Geol. Sop., vol. x.xxv., p. 404, pi. xxiii.

50 Descrijytion of Genera and Species.

group. This is now made certain by obtaining a specimen showing the carapace (fig.
8) and another, fig. 10, which shows the stalked eye, the antennules and antennas,
which, though now detached, evidently belong to the same individual as the tail. The
specimens are much more fragmentary than those- usually found in the scorpion bed,
doubtless pointing to longer exposure before becoming embedded.

Speci/ie Characters. — Moderately large forms with plain unkeeled carapace. Long,
slightly tapering tails with median spine on last three segments. Telson long and
narrow, with median longitudinal embossed sword-shaped area continuous with the
hastate elongated spine. The external branch of the uropods about same length as telson.

General Description. — The carapace is of the usual form, but somewhat narrower
anteriorly than posteriorly, and a little broader than long, without keels and with only
the thickened border. There is a distinct cervical fold. The rostrum is leaf-shaped
and jjrobably movable. The sternites of the last trunk segment are wide; those in front
become narrower and narrower in rotation. The last trunk segment is seen (fig. 9)
to have parted from its fellow in front, and to be still attached to the tail, showing that
it was either quite free or incompletely fused to the other trunk segments. The tail is
elongated, but is not twice the length of the carapace. It has but slight taper, and is
constructed on the usual lines of the members of the genus. The epimera are very
strongly developed and are almost square. As usual, they are margined along their
anterior and part of their inferior edges by the usual thickened band, ending in the
backwardly-directed spine (fig. 12), and are well facetted for rolling. Tlie last three
segments have a backwardly-directed spine in the mid-line of the back near their
posterior margin. On the fourth segment the spine is little more than suggested. On
the fifth it is more pronounced, and on the sixth it becomes still more elongated. The
under view of the tail is shown in fig. 8, where the creature is fossilised lying on its
back. The square epimera are doubled down and partly conceal the sternites, which
are seen to be strong and massive, and with their centre somewhat embossed or keeled
and the triangular side portions pierced for the articulation of the pleopods. The fifth
segment is slightly displaced. The sixth segment shows the track of the gut, which is
evidently distended. The telson is, however, the organ which distinguishes this species.
It is of the usual heart or shield shape, and constricted at about half its length for the
articulation of the swimmerets, beyond which it is produced into the usual terminal
spine ; but in this species the spine is seen to be the extension beyond the body of tlie
telson of an embossed median area like the xyphium of the old leaf-shaped cut and
thrust sword, the manubrium being broken off. It is this likeness to a sword that has
suggested the name.

Description of Genera and Species. 51

Localities. — Liddel Water, New Castleton, and Glencartliolm, Langholm.
Horizon. — Cementstone group, Calciferous Sandstone Series.
Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Perimectukus pattoni sp. nov. PL VI., fig. 9.

1888. Pakesquilla j)attoni Peach, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. viii, p. 173.
Nomen nudum.

Specific Characters. — Length of specimen, 35 mm. Liteguments thin, smooth, and
unornamented. Form moderately long, stout, and applanated, and with only slight
taper of tail. Trunk measuring nearly one half of the length of the body. Epimera of
tail segments comparatively small. Body of t.elson comparatively short.

General Description. — The integuments are so thin that the tail, except in the
firmer parts, is much wrinkled. The trunk, which measures nearly half the length of
the body, is seen to be curved upwards in the present specimen, carrying the carapace
with it. Tliis bend does not take place at the articulation in front of the last seven
segments as in the other cases where the carapace and head organs are bent down ; but
four of the seven segments share in the bend. The carapace seems to have been of the
usual form and without keels, but it is thin, and, being compressed against the under-
lying organs and having accidental wrinkles in addition, it is not easy to decipher. If
it possessed a rostrum it was probably detached before fossilisation, or else it is folded
down so as to be concealed ; for although a portion of the carapace has been broken
away, yet the position of the body of the mandible allows of the orientating of head parts
sufficiently to show where they might be expected to be seen were they present and
still attached. The last seven trunk segments forni complete rings as in the other
species, and the bend of the body already mentioned affords additional evidence of their
being comparatively free. The last two of these show plainly that the lappets of the
carapace overlapped their sides, only leaving the backs bare. The tail is particularly
massive and with little taper, forming as usual the greater part of the body. The first
six segments composing it increase slightly in length in backward succession. They are
all provided with epimera, which appear to be less deep than those *of the already
described species, and of slightly different form, being more rounded oil" at the anterior
angles and having hollowed out instead of straight inferior margins. They are
strengthened along the anterior and inferior margins Ijy the usual thicbmed band
ending in a spine, but there does not seem to be the same complete overlap on to each
other as in the other species, when the tail is fully extended as it is in the present case.

52 Description of Genera and Sj^ecies.

There are no longitudinal keels, and there appear to be no spines even upon the hind-
most segments ; but this is difficult to say with certainty on account of the wrinkled
character of the test. The telson, to judge from the part preserved, is of the usual
type, but the cordate body of it appears to be shorter relatively to the terminal spine
than in the other described species. The spine is continuous with a raised or embossed
ridge on the body, and moderately large accessory flattened swimmerets are articulated
with the body at the base of the spine.

Neither the eyes and antennules, nor the antenna have been observed, as the
specimen is evidently broken away where they might be expected to occur. The
position of the body of the mandible is shown in the usual manner by the collapsed
carapace. The maxill£e and the maxillipedes are unknown. The massive legs are
folded up and huddled together, and closely pressed to the sternum as usual,
thus following the upward bend of this part of the trunk. They are seen to flex
at articulations corresponding with those in other species, the proximal joints flexing
forwards and the distal ones in the opposite direction. The long joint is comparatively
longer and straighter than in the other forms. What appears to be the tip of the
exopodites is seen bending backwards and upwards from the elbow-joints of the
folded-up endopodites. A point of the greatest morphological interest, however, is that,
articulated with the sternites of the two last trunk segments, there are large bag-like
structures identical in character with the marsupium of certain Mysid forms. In
their compressed state they appear as leaf-shaped plates, each with narrow articulations,
suddenly expanding beyond the articulation, with concave margin on one side and
convex on the other, the two sides slightly converging and meeting in a rounded tip.
A sht or invagination proceeding from about the mid-line of the plate, a little below the
point of articulation, traverses the rest of the plate with nearly the same curve as the
concave margin, but converging gently with it, and meets it near the beginning of the
rounding of the tip. This slit does not expose the underlying shaly matrix, and is
therefore either an invagination of the exposed side of the plate or else the plate is
double, which probably is the case. A detached organ of similar character, but of
somewhat more elongated form, is seen to occur among the disjecta membra of
one of the specimens of P. elegans (fig. 2^^), and shown on figs. 2 and 2^ There can
remain little doubt, therefore, that these forms are correctly placed among the opossum-
shrimps.

Remarks. — This specific name is given to associate this form with that of the late
Mr. Andrew Patton, Manager of the Calderwood Cement Works, East Kilbride, Lanark-
shire, to whom we are indebted for collecting not only this most interesting crustacean,
but also other arthropods new to science.

Description of Genera and Species. 53

Locality. — Cementstone Quarry, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire.

Horizon. — Lower Limestones, (Scottish) Carboniferous Limestone Series.

Collector. — -Mr. Andrew Patton.

Systematic Position of the Perimecturiihe. — Whatever may be the ultimate system-
atic position assigned to the forms included in this family as the result of future
discoveries, there can be no doubt as to their forming a closely-connected natural group.
The size and form of their tails and tail fans, coupled with the fact that many of the
trunk segments are complete rings and comparatively free from each other, as well as
being only loosely covered by the carapace or left bare, and also the movable leaf-shaped
rostrum, naturally suggests affinities with the Squillids. These characters, however,
are shared by the modern Anaspides, the Lophogastrids, and one may also add to
these the Mysids. The occurrence of what are evidently breeding lamellte or brood
pouches in some of the species, the exopodites on the trunk legs, the wide sternites of
the trunk segments, the mode of flexing the trunk limbs, and the habit of bending
down the heads and carapace on dying, show conclusively that they are Schizopods.
The correspondence in number and position of the longitudinal keels both on the
carapace and the tail, in the present forms, with those on the modern Gnathophausia
and Tealliocaris and other Palasozoic genera, as well as in the Mezozoic Tropifer,^
appears to be more than a coincidence arising from similarity of environment, and more
probably points to community of descent. It is unfortunate that the state of pre-
servation does not allow of any definite knowledge of the nature and position of the
special breathing organs that must have been a necessity to such large and muscular
organisms. Such fragmentary evidence as is forthcoming is in favour of their having
been developed from the free trunk segments, and that they were probably podobran-
chiate. Nothing resembling the gill tufts of the Squillids has been found near tlie
bases of the pleopods. The view taken by the present writer is that, while they are
well within the Schizopod sub-order, they may be looked on as having taken on
Squillid characters, and may even have been the early progenitors of the Squillid stock.

Family ANASPII).a<:.

Remarks. — This family was erected by G. M. Thomson, of Dunediii, New Zealand,
in 1894 to include rhe recent Anaspides tasmanioi Thomson, still living in tlie

' CJould, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1857, vol. xiii., p. 360, figs. 1-.3.

54 ' Description of Genera and Species.

mountain lakes of Tasmania.' It was subsequently more fully described by W. T.
Caiman,- who showed its affinities to the Palaeozoic genera Acanthotelson Meek and
Worthen, Gampso7iyx Jordan and v. Meyer, and Palaocaris Meek and Worthen. The
members of this family evidently belong to the great Mysid branch of the Schizopoda,
but are evidently more nearly allied to the family of the Lophogastrida? than to that of
the Mysidaj. Both the Anaspidai and the Lophogastridaj seem to have branched off
from the great Mysid stem together, but to have afterwards developed along different
lines. One point of difference especially interesting to the describer of the fossil forms
is that in the former family the carapace has not grown backwards so as to cover any
of the last seven trunk segments (hence the present name), while in the latter it has done
so, and in one genus, Charalaspis, it even overlaps well on to the tail segments, although
in no case is it in direct fusion with any of them, but only covers them loosely. As
Thomson's name is based on the study of the living animal, it is here adopted in
preference to that of Gampsonychidce of Packard, based upon the study of imperfectly
preserved fossils. Anaspides must be looked upon as a surviving remnant of an old
family in which many extinct forms were much more specialised than the survivor.

Genus PAL^OCAEIS Meek and Worthen, 1868.

1868. Palceocaris. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, p. 48.

Palaocaris scotica B. N. Peach. PL VIIL, figs. 1-5.

1882. Palaocaris scoticus B. N. Peach, Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxx., p. 85,
pi. X., figs. 10-lOh.

There are many specimens belonging to this species in the collection of the Scottish
branch of the Geological Surve}-, besides those which furnished the material for the
description of the species. In that description I expressed the opinion that it was to
be looked upon as a lowly Schizopod, and a further study of the old material in the
light of Sars' Eepoi't on the Challenger Schizopods still further confirmed me in that
belief Since then the living Anaspides was discovered, and its description by W. T.
Caiman^ throws a flood of light upon the present genus and its allies, and makes the
belief a certainty.

General Description. — ^The chief new structural points observed during the present

' Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2), vol. vi., p. 3.

° Trans. Roy. >Soc. Edin., 1896, vol. xxsviii., p. 787.

■'' W. T. Caiman. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1896, vol. xx.xviii., p. 787.

Description of Genera and Species. 55

study of the fossils are illustrated in fi^. 4, which represents the trunk and tail segments
of a very small specimen magnified about ten diameters. It shows plainly that the tail
and trunk were well marked off from each other, and that there was more play at the
articulation of the two than at any of those separating any other two segments of either
trunk or tail. It also shows the well-marked epimera upon the tail segments and also
the swollen pleura of the trunk segments similar to what takes place in Anaspides.
Only six trunk segments are seen to intervene between the division and the posterior
edge of the carapac(3. From the last one of these on the left side there projects the
portion of a cylindrical limb showing three joints, and reminding one also of the endo-
podites of the living form. On the same side of the body, two segments in advance of
that already mentioned, a structure is seen projecting beyond the segment which may
be the joint of an endopodite ; but it is even more like the basal joint of an exopodite
without the terminal swimming lash. Some detached fragments of limbs are shown
lying a little outside the posterolateral edge of the carapace. One of these shows the
last two joints of an endopodite constructed like those joints in the Lophogastrids.

Remarks. — Notwithstanding the fact that there are only six trunk segments
uncovered by the carapace in this form, and that a seventh was shown to be partially
covered by the carapace in a specimen described by me in the original paper before the
Eoyal Society of Edinburgh, I still retain this form within the genus till further
evidence is forthcoming. This remark applies equallj' to the following species.

Locality .—^wev Esk, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Paljeocaris landsborougiii sp. nov. PI. VIIL, figs. 8-10.

SjJecijic Characters. — Comparatively large form. Carapace subquadrate, a little
longer than broad, with rounded posterior angles and slightly hoUowed out posterior
margin ; rostrum short and expanded at the base to form part of the eye-orbit ; trunk
and tail segments with median dorsal keel ; sixth tail segment long and much con-
stricted ; telson subquadrate or slightly shield-shaped ; uropods caridean in structure
and only a little longer than the telson.

General Description. — Body 40-50 mm. long, fiattened so that it fossilises back
upward. The integument is thin and ^v^•inkled.

As in P. scotira, the carapace only covers the front portion of the trunk, leaving
six distinct segments bare. The carapace is subquadrate, a little longer than broad,
and slightly narrower in front than behind. It is produced into a distinct though

56 Description of Genera and Species.

short rostrum which is expanded towards its base and hollowed out to form part of the
eye orbit. There is a distinct gastric prominence passing inwards from the base of
the rostrum, which is surmounted for a short distance by the crestal ridge of the
rostrum. Two deep almost semicircular depressions pass in from the lateral line on
each side, but do not meet in the mid-line. They may be the beginning of a cervical
fold or they may represent the collapsed bodies of the mandibles. Near the posterior
margin a transverse line crosses the carapace, which seems to indicate the presence of a
distinct segment showing through, owing to compression.

The posterior angles of the carapace are rounded off and the posterior margin is
slightly hollowed out. Behind the margin of the carapace six free trunk segments
succeed each other. These are all constructed alike, as far as can be seen from above.
They are all slightly tumid, with a central dorsal crest and a depression marking off the
pleural portions from the tergites.

The tail consists of the usual six segments and the telson. The anterior segments
are distinctly wider than those of the trunk ; like them they are tumid and have a
median dorsal keel, but they are supplied with distinct epimera, which are pointed and
are directed backwards. The tail narrows at the fifth segment, and is much constricted
about the middle of the sixth segment, which is appreciably longer than any of the
other segments, and is crossed b}' a distinct sulcus at the constriction. The central
ridge is continued through these segments. The telson is subquadrate, with nearly
parallel or only gently converging sides. It is divided into two areas, a front tumid
shield-shaped area and a posterior flattened area. The posterior margin of this
flattened portion gives off a process in the mid-line, and the margin on each side of
its base appears as if thickened for the articulation of accessory swimmerets.

The eye is large and stalked, and appears to have been partially covered by the.
expanded base of the rostrum. The antennules have a three-jointed peduncle
surmounted by two flagella, the external one being the thicker and longer, but how
much so is not evident, as the exterior branch is broken. The antenna has a broad
basal scale, caridean in structure. The flagellum is more massive than the external
flagellum of the anteniuiles, and was probably much longer. As it bends off at right
angles and skirts the anterior margin of the scale, it is presumed that the peduncle of
the flagellum is the same length as the scale.

The appendages of the sixth tail segment only are exposed. They consist of the usual
basal joint, which is moderately long and gives off the two usual plates. The exterior
one with its strengthening keel was evidently traversed by the usual transverse suture,
and the end lobe has l)een broken awav; the internal liranch, therefore, is seen to extend

Description of Genera and Species. 57

beyond it, and both were evidently extended beyond tlie telson when the tail fan was
not spread out as it is on the specimen. Fig. 8 shows the only specimen known,
natural size, which is not compressed. Fig. 9 shows the cast of the counterpart,
and fig. 10 is an attempt to restore the parts exhibited in the fossil.

Remarks. — This species has been named after the Eev. David Landsborough, of
Kilmarnock, a keen naturalist, who first brought the specimen to my notice.

Locality. — Kilmaurs, near Kilmarnock, /Ayrshire.

Horizon. — Lower Coal Measures.

Family MYSID.^.

Remcirl's. — In the collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland there are very
numerous specimens of the tails of higher Crustacea, about the systematic position of
which there has been considerable difficulty, although the presumption was that they
probably belonged to some members of the family Mysidaj. Last year, however, Mr.
Tait, collecting under the guidance of Mr. Eobert Dunlop, obtained from the Soft Band
Ironstone of Airdrie specimens of tails like those about which there remained a doubt,
and in which the auditory organ situated on the inner branch of the uropods is distinctly
visible. On the strength of this evidence these tails are now with some degree of
confidence assigned to the above family.

Genus PAL^IMYSIS gen. nov.

Generic Characters — Integuments chitinous, thin, and smooth. Trunks unkown ;
tails long and fusiform, and segments supplied with well-developed epimera and weU-
developed pleopods. External branch of uropods much longer than the forked telson ;
internal branch of uropods short, so that the tail fan is deeply forked.

Remarks. — It is almost certain that the above characters are so general that it
will yet be found, when better preserved material turns up, that our genus will include
the species of several genera. It is, therefore, only proposed provisionally to bring
together a group of tails in which there is a great similarity in form and construction.

Pal.t-:.mysis t)uxlopi sp. nov. PL VIIL, figs. 12-14.

Specijic Characters. — Tail fusiform, tapering from second segment ; first five
segments with well-marked obtusely-pointed epimera ; sixth segment longer and
narrower than the rest. Telson shorter than uropods, grooved down the middle line,
forked, bearing accessorv swimmerets at the two extremities, and set with a row of

58 Description of Genera and Species.

bristles along each external margin. External branch of uropods large and blade-like,
and much longer than the internal branch, which is thin and delicate.

General Description. — The integuments are tliin. The trunk is unknown.

The tail measures 25-30 mm., and is long and sub-cylindrical and fusiform,
tapering backwards from the second segment, which is the largest, to the spring of the
basal joints of the uropods on the sixth segment, which is nearly double the length of
any of the others. The first five segments bear well-marked epimera, which are
obtusely pointed, those of the first segment being considerably shorter than those of
the succeeding one and overlapping on to it. Those of the other segments overlap
each other in order backwards. There are distinct pivots at the bases of the epimera,
and the segments are well supplied with smooth facets for rolling. The epimera of the
sixth segment are small and only found on the anterior part.

The telson is much shorter than the external branch of the uropods. It is tumid
at the base and flattened behind. A median groove commencing in the tumid portion
is extended into the flattened termination, causing the tail to be distinctly forked.
The two ridges left by this furrow are each traversed by a longitudinal groove, which
has a gentle curve outwards and terminates on the exterior margin. The two raised
areas are prolonged beyond these grooves and terminate abruptly, forming an
articulation for two flattened plates which act as swimmerets. The lateral margins of
the telson are set with an- even row of strong bristles, and the flattened plates and the
fork are fringed with setaj.

The appendages of the tail (figs. 12, 13) on the first five segments appear to be
constructed with very strong muscular basal joints, and to have terminated in at least
one branch constructed as a many-jointed swimmeret, but the terminal portions are
not sufficiently well preserved to determine whether the inner branch of the anterior
pleopods was modified for sexual purposes, or whether they bore the rudimentary
gills like those of the males in some of the recent forms ; but the general character of
the remains preserved suggests that these pleopods were probably like those of the
males in the recent Siriella and Amblyops. The uropods have a flattened subquadrate
basal joint, the inner part of which is overlapped by the bulge of the telson when the
tail fan is not spread. The external swimmeret is much elongated and blade-like, and
tapers to a sharp point, having an elegant double curve, first outwards and then
inwards as the tip is approached. It is strengthened exteriorly and traversed
throughout the greater part of its length by a double fluting. Its inner edge is thin
and fimbriated. It therefore bears a stroncr resemblence to an Eastern stabbinw-knife.
It was evidently set with strong seta3 along its inner margin. There appears to have

Descrij)tion of Genera and Species. 59

been no provision for articulated spines along its outer margin. The inner branch is
much smaller and of more delicate construction. Near its base, which is slightly
swollen, there is an oval ring within which there is a smooth saucer-like depression, in
the centre of which there rises an inner, much smaller oval ring, or rather flat boss.
As the structure has been found occupying this position in all the tails examined and
on both sides of the telson, there is left no room for doubt as to its representing the
auditory organ similarly situated in the tails of the receiit Mysid«. The portion of
the uropod which projects beyond this organ is weak and tliiu, linguate in form, and
set round with fine setai, and does not extend beyond the end of the telson. The
whole tail fan when expanded is deeply forked or swallow-tailed. The species is
named after Mr. Robert Dunlop, to whom I feel deeply indebted for haviTig placed his
collection of tails at m}' disposal for study.

Locality. — Greengairs, 3|- miles N.N.E. from Airdrie, Lanarkshire.

Horizon. — Soft Band Ironstone, Lower Coal Measures, '• Lanarkian."

Collectors. — E. Dunlop and D. Tait.

Pal^emysis couttsi sp. nov. PI. VIIL, figs. 16-19.

Specific Characters. — Only the last few tail segments known ; sixth segment
relatively longer and narrower than in P. dunlopi ; telson relatively shorter and more
deeply notched ; the blade-like external branch of the uropods relatively longer than
the internal one, so that the tail fan is deeply swallow-tailed when expanded.

General Description. — This name is proposed for a species which, to judge from
the last segment and the attached tail fan shown natural size, is seen to be nearly
allied to P. dunlopi just described. From that form it differs in its much greater size
and more elongated and elegant proportions, especially of the last tail segment. The
telson is relatively shorter and more deeply forked, and the external branch of the
uropod, which is of the same blade-like character, is relatively much longer than the
telson, and the inner branch is also longer than the telson. The auditory organs have
not been observed, although they no douljt occur.

Remarks. — The specimens from which the drawings were made were submitted to
me by the late Mr. Coutts of Glasgow. They are now in the Natural History
Collection of the Eoyal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. By the kind permission of Dr.
Dobbie, the Director, I now make use of my drawings for this description.

Locality. — Cementstone Quarry, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire.

Horizon. — Lower Limestones, Scottish Carboniferous Limestone Series.

Collector. — And. Patton.

60 Description of Genera and Species.

Paljemysis tenuis sp. nov. PL VIII., figs. 20-24.

Specific Characters. — Smaller, more delicate form, with relatively less taper in tail
and with less difference between the length of the uropods and the deeply-forked
telson than in the type species P. dunlopi.

General Description. — This name is proposed for a small form the tails of which
occur in great profusion in certain layers of the " Scorpion-bed " exposed in the Eiver
Esk, Glencartholm, near Langholm. The integuments are so thin and delicate that the
fossils can only be seen when the slabs are held in a certain light, hence the name.
FifTures drawn natural size show the nature of these tails and the relative proportions of
their parts; only in one case, fig. 23, has anything approaching what might be construed
as a trunk organ been seen. In that figure, what is probably a very short carapace
is seen doubled together, and the remains of what may have been one of the limbs.
As can be seen, there is a difference in the proportion of some of the forms, some being
much more slender than others, but this may only indicate sex. They all agree in
having the sixth tail segment more elongated than the rest, in having a very short
forked telson with a marked median line, whether ridge or depression is not certain,
and terminating in accessory swimmerets. The external branch of the uropods is long
and blade-shaped, and the inner branch short, weak, and Unguate. Fig. 24 shows one
of the specimens enlarged. Fig. 15 is drawn from a recent My sis from Granton, for
comparison.

Loccdity. — Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Pal^emysis sp. PI. VIII. , fig. 25.

Yet another portion of a tail evidently belonging to species of this group occurs
in the collection made by Mr. Macconochie from the Langholm Scorpion-bed. It is
shown in fig. 25, natural size.

Family EUPHAUSIID^.

In the collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland there are a great many
specimens of fossil Crustacea from the Carboniferous Rocks which must be placed witliin
this family. In these forms all the legs are distinctly developed as in the modern genus
Bentheuphausia of G. 0. Sars.

Descrij^tion of Genera and Sj^ecies. (il

Genus ANTHEACOPHAUSIA gen. nov.

Generic Characters. — Elongated, laterally-compres.sed, prawn-like forms, with thin
smooth chitinous integuments generally fossilising sideways. Carapace less than one-
third the length of the body, loosely attached and leaving bases of limbs and tergites
of last trunk segment bare, produced in front into a carinate rostrum, and with only
slight trace of cervical fold ; peduncle of antennules long and massive, with last two
joints extending beyond the rostrum ; antenna with basal scale and with flagellum longer
than those of antennule. Seven pairs of legs all constructed alike and generally
diminishing in size from before backwards. Tail segments with deep epimera all directed
downwards and backwards ; first two pairs of appendages of tail in the males very
massive and specially modified for sexual purposes, one branch of the first pair being
furnished with coupling hooks. Luminous globules present on trunk and tail. Telson
nearly as long as the uropods, and furnished near its end with two articulated plates,
one on each side.

Remarks. — The present genus is constructed to hold a set of fossil forms with a
distinct falciform rostrum distinguishing the members from those of the alread}' made
genus Crango'psis [Pakpocratigon'] of Salter, in which the rostrum is either inconspicuous
or entirely absent. In the best-preserved specimens of some of the species of the genus
the small globular light-producing organs are preserved. This fact, coupled with their
being found in the Carboniferous rocks, has suggested the name, which also serves to show
their relation to living forms.

Anthracophausia dunsiana sp. nov. PI. IX., figs. 1-10.

Specific Characters. — Average size 30^0 mm. ; general form elongated ; carapace
moderately long ; rostrum moderately lomj, keeled, and falciform.

Fig. 2. — Restoration oi Anthracophausia dunsiana, mag. 2 diameters.

General Description. — The form of the body is elongated, laterally-compressed, and
prawn-like, and admits of a considerable amount of variation above what may be ascribed
to state of preservation, the males bein<r invariablv more elonLvated in form and

62 Description of Genera and Species.

proportionately in their rostra than the females. The integuments are very thin, smooth,
and unornamented beyond the usual band bordering the thickened margins and
strengthening keels of the web-like organs and the rostrum. The test, which is chitinous,
is often filled in with radiating calcareous plates which at times destroy the texture.

The trunk, including the rostrum, makes up about one-third the length of the
body. The carapace, seen sideways, as it is usually preserved, is roughly triangular, being
much wider behind and produced into a sharp triangular rostrum in front, surmounted
bj' a sharp keel which is continued inwards on to the gastric region of the carapace.
There is a small orbital spine and a distinct antennal spine at the antero-lateral angle.
There is a slightly-marked cervical fold, but it is often masked by the collapsing of the
hodj of the mandible ; the lateral wings or lappets of the carapace are bordered by a
narrow double band which is continued round the well-rounded postero-lateral angles,
and deeply re-entrant posterior margin. The carapace is only attached to the first few
segments, and loosely covers the others, so that in most of the fossils it is usually found
somewhat displaced relatively to those segments and their attached organs (figs. 2-4),
but is not so much so as in the case of the fossil Lophogastrids and the long-tailed
Squillid-like forms already described. The deep emargination behind leaves the dorsal
part of the last trunk segment bare, while at the same time the side wings lap well back
on to the epimera of the first tail segment (figs. 3, 4). They also appear to have extended
rather further down the sides than in the modern pelagic foi-ms of Euphausiidse, The
trunk segments, with perhaps the exception of the last, are soldered together, the latter
alone forming a complete ring, all the others being deficient dorsally where covered by
tlie carapace, while the sternal parts are strongly developed, so that the segments appear
sideways as a series of wedges set at a considerable angle to the axis of the body, the
angle becoming more and more acute in the more anteriorly-placed segments (fig. 1).
The tail, which is made up of the usual six segments and telson, is slightly fusiform,
attaining its greatest depth about the second or third segment and tapering gently back-
wards to the base of the tail fan, each segment becoming in succession slightly longer
than its predecessor, there being a sudden accession in the sixth segment, which is nearly
double the length of the preceding one. As the third segment is considerably longer
measured along the mid-line of the back than at the fulcra, the tail, when extended, has
a natural arch at the third segment (figs. 1, 2). All the tail segments are well facetted
and pivotted for rolling, and supplied with epimera which are deep and all overlap each
other in regular backward order. Those of the first segment are considerably shorter
than those of the second, and are overlapped in front by the hind lappets of the carapace ;
those of the second are larger and deeper than the succeeding ones, and are not so much

Description of Genera and Species. 63

bent backwards; their front margins l)ulge somewhat in front of the pivot. The
succeeding ones are each in turn less deep and more directed backwards. Those of the
sixth segment are small and do not extend to the posterior margin. All have a thickened
band or facet where overlapped.

The telson, which does not extend to the tip of the external branch of the uropods.
is heart-shaped, with a tumid base and applanated posterior region, which is fluted by a
raesian depression flanked with carinated ridges and ends in a median elongation, and is
probably supplied with a pair of narrow articulated plates or accessory swimmerets at
the base of the terminal lobe, like those of the modern Euphausiids (figs. 5, 8).

The eye is large, and is usually seen in a crushed state lodged in its socket near
the inner angle of the rostrum. The antennular peduncle is enormously developed,
strongly resembling those of the modern congeners of the species. The proximal joint
is the largest and is flattened and hollowed out, and bent up near the base to form, with
the anterior margin of the carapace and the wings of the rostrum, a very efficient
protecting socket for the eye. Beyond the hollow for the eye the joint becomes nearly
cj'lindrical and extends to near the tip of the rostrum. The middle joint is much
shorter than the former one, and is oblong when flattened and traversed by a longi-
tudinal ridge. The distal joint is the shortest and is contracted along the mid-line,
and supports two short flagella ; but it has not been observed which of the two is the
longer. The antennal system is more like that of the true Caridea. Only the joint of
the peduncle bearing the basal scale has been observed. The scale is of the ordinary
caridean type, with an external strengthened part ending in a tooth or spine, the inner
being fimbriated and set with setaj. Along the edge there is a transverse suture and a
terminal fimbriated lobe fringed with setaj, the end of the scale extending to the tip of
the rostrum. The peduncle of the lash is three-jointed, the proximal joint being
narrow and wedge-shaped. The other two are elongated and of about equal length,
but do not extend as far as the tip of the scale. The flagellum is much more massive
than those of the antennules, and also much longer ; but the exact length has not been
made out, as they are generally insufficiently preserved. The body of the mandible is
large and set at an acute angle to the axis of the body. Its presence is nearly always
conspicuously shown by its collapse; but the details of the cutting and molar parts
have not Ijeen observed. The palp is long and slender and three-jointed, and is well
seen in fig. 8 as it lies outside the body and free from the other members. The first or
proximal joint is as long as the other two combined. The maxilla3 are unobserved
The maxillipede, known only by its endopodite, is the most massive limb of the trunk
(figs. 1, 2, 3). Four of its joints are often exposed; the tip joint is heart-shaped or

64 Description of Genera and Species.

spatulated, and flexes backwards with the next joint, wliich is subquadrate in form,
flattened laterally, and with a strengthening keel. This joint also flexes back upon a
long joint, longer than the two combined. This joint is laterally compressed and has a
longitudinal strengthening keel. It is bent upwards and flexes forwards upon the fourth
observed joint, making a sort of elbow with it. This joint is short and flexes forwards
upon a fifth short joint of similar character seen in fig. 3. The whole construction of
this limb reminds one powerfully of the limbs in the family of the Perimecturidffi,
already described, and looks more like a raptorial limb than a gnathopod. The nature
of tlie exopod of this limb has not been observed. The legs consist of seven pairs, all
constructed much alike, but diminishing in size in backward succession as seen in fig. 1.
The limbs are slender and arranged so that all the proximal joints of each leg flex
forward ; the distal joints flex backwards at the same relative joints in each leg. The
tip joints are short and somewhat pointed, and flex back upon a longer joint, this in
turn flexing also back upon a short joint which flexes back upon a long upturned one.
The three combined joints are about equal in length to this long one. The long joint
flexes forward on a short joint, making an "elbow," and this joint in turn flexes for-
wards upon a second short one; but the limb can be traced no further, owing to the
swollen bases of the exopodite hiding what is probably the coxal joint. These limbs
are pitted along their margin for seta3, and there can be no doubt that they agree in
almost every respect with the more anterior limbs in Euphausia, but, unlike that genus,
all the seven pairs of limbs are alike except in size. All are supplied with exopodites,
the muscular basal joints of which are generally visible; but whether they ended in
swimming plates or lashes has not been determined. No breeding lamellaa or brood
pouch have been observed in the females, nor have gills with certainty been
recognised ; but the small round luminous organ has been observed on the last body
segment in several specimens (figs. 1, 2, 5). The most notable character about the
appendages of the tail is the enormous development of the limbs on the first two tail
segments in the males, which are even more massive relatively to the size of the form
and to the other pleopods than in the recent members of the family. The first pair are
especially massive (figs. 1, 4), and consist of a strong, forward-curved, basal joint, to
which is articulated a second joint which is either bifid or nearly so, and gives two
branches. The inner branch terminates in a scoop-shaped plate, from the inside of
which project coupling hooks. Two of these are shown projecting beyond the doubled
up plate in fig. 1, a further magnified part in fig. 1^. The details of the arrangement
of hooks have not been made out from the available material, but sufl^cient can be seen
to show that these ancient forms had the same habit as their recent congeners of

Descrijition of Genera and Species. 65

hooking spermatophores upon the females. The external branch appears to be in the
form of an ordinary swimming plate. The pleopods of the second segment, although
not quite so massive as those of the first, are very large and long, and appear to be
even more complex. Each has a basal joint to which is articulated a second joint,
which in turn supports two moderately long branches of two or three joints each, the
details of which have not been ascertained (fig. 4). They appear to be more limb-like
and primitive than the terminations of the first pair, and still more so than the corres-
ponding parts of the recent Euphausiids, but unfortunately their state of preservation is
not such as to allow of their structure being made out with certainty. (There appeal
to be other differences between the males and females than that of the pleopods, for the
females seem to be as a general rule shorter and more stoutly built than the males). The
pleopods of the third segment have much less massive basal joints, and appear to
terminate in the ordinary applanated jointed swimmerets (fig. 1). Those of the fourth
and fifth tail segments have not been observed, but they were presumably of the type
of the pleopods of the third. Small round-shaped bodies have been observed on the
sternites of the first four tail segments between the insertion of the bases of the pleopods
in exactly the same position in which the luminous organs occur in the modern Xicti-
phanes of our own sea lochs (figs. I, 2). One of these organs is shown magnified
in fig. 1*. The uropods are well developed and almost carideau in construction. They
consist of the ordinary basal joint attached to the sixth tail segment to allow the
uropods to act with the telson and its appendages as a tail f:in. The external branch
of the uropod has the usual thickened outer margin terminating in a spine. The inner
part is, as usual, more web-like, and there is the familiar transverse suture with the
terminal lobe frinifed with setie. The internal branch is the ordinary linyuate form with
the median strengthening keel, and is a little longer than the telson, while the external
branch is slightly longer still. Fig. 9 shows an enlarged restoration of this tail fan, and
fig. IC), also enlarged, is that of the recent Enphausia pellucida Dana, lor comparison.

In many of the specimens the course of the gut, distended with food, is distinctly
traceable through the whole of the tail segments, as seen magnified in figs. 1, (i, and in
fig. 8, also magnified, the position of the anal opening is shown in a sulcus situated in
the hollow joint behind the tumid base. It also shows the terminal lobe of the telson
and the articulations for its accessory swimmerets.

Remarks. — The distention ol' the gut with food found in many of the specimens
from this locality appears to point to some external catastrophe or to epidemic disease
being the cause of death — -probably the former, as the remains of shoals of nearly
complete individuals are found in certain layers. The shales in which they lie

66 Description of Genera and Species.

embedded are near the base of the Cementstone Group (Tuedian) of the Merse of
Berwicksliire, and not far above the horizon of the Kelso Volcanic Plateau. The
Langholm scorpion-bed, which has yielded such a large suite of well preserved
Schizopods and other crustaceans, often with the gut distended, is interbedded in a
volcanic series at a higher horizon in the Calciferous Sandstone Series, while the bed
of shale at GuUane, on the shores of the Firth of Forth in Haddingtonshire, on a
corresponding horizon and connected with the great volcanic plateau of the Garleton
Hills, has yielded an abundance of almost perfectly-preserved specimens of the genus
Tealliocaris. Beds of fine ash are intercalated in the Wardie Shales at about the same
horizon. In all these cases the beds that have yielded the crustaceans in shoals in the
same layer have also yielded whole fishes often in great abundance. It looks as if
the constant association of these beds, richly charged with nearly perfect remains of
such fragile creatures, with volcanic conditions, were more than a coincidence, and
that the waters were periodically poisoned by volcanic gases, so that both the crusta-
ceans and their natural enemies the fishes met a common fate ; otherwise it is difficult
to conceive that the fishes would not have preyed upon the dead Ijefore their entomb-
ment. The attitudes assumed in dying by some of the fishes and the Crustacea have
already suggested the same idea.

The specific name is derived from Duns, Berwickshire, near which the fossils
were obtained.

Locality. — Whiteadder Water, near Duns, Berwickshire.

Horizon. — Near base of Cementstone Group (" Tuedian "), (Scottish) Calciferous
Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Anthracophausia dunsiana, var. obesa var. nov. PI. IX., figs. 11-15.

Remarks. — Among the numerous remains of this species from this locality there
is a considerable range in form. As has been already stated, the females are more
massively built than the males, but there is a greater variation than can be accounted
for by sex. For instance, fig. 11 is undoubtedly that of a male in which not only is
the body altogether stouter, but there is a considerable difference in the proportions of
the carapace, which is shorter and much deeper in proportion to its length. The
rostrum is also shorter and more curved, and the peduncles of the autennte seem to be
much more massive. Fig. 12 shows what is probably a female of this variety in which
the luminous organs on the tail segments are indicated through the integuments.

Description of Genera and Species. 67

Specimens agreeing in most respects with the present variety are not uncommon in
the Langholm scorpion-bed, but they are very poorly preserved. None of the
elongated forms, however, occur among them. It is therefore possible that the
Langholm form may represent a separate species, especially as the Langholm scorpion-
bed occupies a much higher horizon than that from which the parent species was
unearthed, the interval that separates them probably representing a long lapse of
time. For lack of better-preserved specimens, they are provisionally placed under
this variety.

Locality. — Same as last ; also Scorpion-bed, Glencartholm, near Langholm.

Horizon. — Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Antiiracoi'Iiausia TRAQUAiai (B. N. Peach). PL X., figs. 1-5.

1882. AnthrapaUemon traquah-ii B. N. Peach, Trans. Koy. Soc. Edin., vol.
XXX., p. 80, pi. X., figs. 5a-5e.

Remarks. — After the publication of the description of tlie present species in 188"2,
and immediately following upon the publication of the lieport on the Challenger
Schizopods by G. O. Sars, the well-preserved specimens of the type species of this
genus were discovered by Mr. Macconochie. On studying them, it became apparent to
me that I had made a great mistake in my original description of the present species,
and that I had figured two quite different types of Scliizopods under the name of
Antlirapalcemon tra(piairii. Fig. 5 ot my origmal description belongs to a member
of the newly-erected family of tlie Perimecturidir,, while all the other figures represent
a large species of the present Euphausiid genus, for whicli 1 retain the specific name.
It therefore becomes necessary to give a general description of the species, although
very little fresh material has been collected.

General Descri/iflon. — The body is large, measuring 80-1(10 mm. in length, and
correspondingly stout ; it is laterally flattened, prawn-like, and fossilises sideways The
test is thin and smooth.

The trunk, counting from the tip <.>( the long carapace, is nearly half the length of
the body. The carapace, seen sideways, is short, triangular, and nearly equilateral, and
produced into a rostrum as long as any side of the triangle. The rostrum is narrow
and straight at first, and then bends downwards near its anterior end. It is of bayonet-
form, having a decided crestal keel as well as lateral ones. There appears to be both

68 Description of Genera ami Species.

an orbital and an antennal spine. The postero-lateral angles are rounded oil. The
posterior margin is only slightly hollowed out, nevertheless it does not cover the dorsal
part of the last trunk segment. There is only a slight indication of a cervical fold,
and the only ornament is the narrow double border to the side lappets and the
posterior margin. The trunk segments are incomplete along the back, and, seen
sideways, they appear as wedges as in the former species. This is well shown in fig. 3,
where the carapace is broken away.

The tail is incomplete and onl}' part of its six segments preserved, but it is
remarkably prawn-like, especially when seen in relief as in the specimen shown
in fig. 3. The first segment is short and deep, with deep narrow epimera pointed
downwards and l^ackwards, which are evidenth' overlapped by the posterior wings of
the carapace when the tail is folded up. The second segment is larger than the first,
and is provided with similar pointed epimera. and there is not so great a disparitj- in
size between those of the two segments as usual. The tliird segment is longer along
the line of the back than the second, and seen sideways is more wedge-shaped than it,
indicating that there was the same habit of arching the back as in AntJirarophausia
dunsiana. The epimera are also pointed and directed backwards. The next three
segments are incomplete, but sufiicient is shown to see that they diminish rapidly in
depth successively, showing that there was considerable taper of the tail. Sufiicient of
the epimera of the fourth and fifth segment are preserved to show that they were deep
and pointed and set backwards like the preceding ones. There appears to have been
a ridge along the back of the sixth segment. The only ornament on the segments are
slight transverse bands on the anterior parts of the tergites and the thickened facets on
the anterior edge of the epimera, which all overlap each other in the usual manner.

The appendages of the trunk are not well preserved. The eye is of moderate size,
short stalked, and placed as in the former species. The peduncle of the antennule
seems to be about the same length as the rostrum, and gives off two lashes, but their
relative length has not been observed. The antenna has the basal scale of the same
caridean type as in the former species. The fiagellum is massive, and the peduncles
shorter than the scale. The bodies of the mandibles are preserved in situ in the
specimen that fig. 3 is taken from. The specimen is preserved uncompressed in a
calcareous nodule. The bodies are tumid and massive, but the molar and biting parts
are not exposed. The long basal joint of the palp of the mandible is seen outside the
form, and appears to be much as in the other species.

The maxilte have not been observed, but two joints of the massive eudopodite of
the maxillipede are seen in fig. 3. The long joint of the limb is massive, carinated

Ih'srriptiiin of Genera and Species. 69

longitudinally, and set with a row oi' bristles along its posterior margin. Portions of
several legs, all directed forwards, are visible, showing both endopodites and exopodites,
but their lunnber cannot be computed, as those of both sides of the body seem to be
huddled up together. In the type specimens, the figures of which (figs. 1, 2) are
reproduced from the original ones, the dorsal portions of several endopodites are shown
which are constructed, not as in the true carideans, as was at first erroneously supposed,
but as in Euphausia, and flex backwards at the articulations corresponding with those
in the legs of that geims. A whole row of what are most probably the exopodites is
shown in fig. 2, and one of the fragments lying Ijehind the undoubted legs is evidently a
portion of the swimming plate or lash of such an exopodite. No breeding lamella; have
been observed, I)ut f(jrtunatel}' a portion of the gill has been detected, which is shown
magnified in fig. 5, a reproduction of the figure in the original description, and which
agrees in structure with the simple branching gills in the Euphausiidtu. Its position,
in the specimen, just behind tlie rounded posterolateral angle of the carapace, indicates
that it is a Ijranch of the gill of the last pair of trunk limbs, which in Euphausia is
identical in structure with that figured by me in 1882, when the description was first
given by me before the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh. Beside that figure I have placed
for comparison a tracing of one of the figures, after G. 0. Sars, of the magnified 'nil-
branches from the corresponding last pair of trunk limbs of the recent Euphausia
pellucida Dana (fig. 6).

Locality. — River Esk, Glencartholm, near Langholm, DinntViesshire.

Horizon. — Scorpion-bed, Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A . Macconochie.

(ienus CRANGurSIS J. W. Salter, 18))8.

1861. Uronectes J. W. Salter, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. .xxii., p. 394.

1861. Pala'ocrangon J. W. Salter, Quart. Jouz'n. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii, p. 531, fig. 8.

1863. Cramjopsis J. W. Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix., p. SO.

Crangopsis .soctALis J. W. Salter. PI. X., figs. 7-11.

1861. Uronectes socialis J. W. Salter, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. x.xii.. p. 3'J4.
1861. PalcBOcrangon socialis J. W. Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, }>. ool, fig. 8.
1863. Crangopsis socialis J. W. Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xix., p. 80.
Fresh light has been thrown on this species from the study of new material
obtained from the original locality at Ardross, on the Fife shore, by Mr. Wm. Anderson.

70 Description of Genera and Species.

late Government Geologist for Natal, and generousl}' presented by him to the Scottish
Survey Collection.

General Description. — As in the other members of this family, the integuments are
thin and smooth and the form of the body is long and laterally compressed, fusiform,
and shrimp-like, so that it is generally found fossilised sideways. Although the test is
thin, it is not quite so much so as in Anthracojihausia, and the limbs are also somewhat
more massive.

Seen in lateral aspect, the carapace is small and triangular and deeply emarginate
behind, so that while the rounded postero-lateral parts act as lappets on the epimera of
the first tail segment, the back of the last trunk segment is left bare. It is only slightly
produced into a very short blunt rostrum in front, and there are blunt protuberances
representing the orbital spines and at the autero-lateral angles. There is only a faint
suggestion of a cervical fold; the carapace, owing to its thinness, becomes wrinkled and
conforms to the shape of the harder internal parts when the specimen is compressed, as
it is usually found. Fortunately, there is a certain amount of calcareous matter in the
embedding rock, so that it appears to have set early after deposition, and .some of the
organs are preserved uncrushed. As in the other members of the family, the carapace
is only in vital attachment with the segments bearing the head and mouth organs, and
merely covers the other trunk segments loosely. The sole ornament is a narrow band
round the side wings and posterior margin. These limb-bearing trunk segments,
except the last one, are all incompletely covered in and soldered together, and, as seen
laterally, are wedge-shaped, but are not set at so acute an angle to the general axis of
the body as in Anthracophaima. The last trunk segment is comparatively free, and is
completely covered in by strong test dorsally. The sternal parts of this segment are
wide, and the articulation for the insertion of the limbs large, and far apart as seen in
fig. 9, the original of which, as if in illustration of the statement made above, has
parted from its fellows while it is still attached to its tail.

As seen in the above ligure, the tail is massive, long, muscular, and fusiform,
attaining its greatest depth al)out the second segment and tapering thence evenly to the
base of the tail fan, the individual segments becoming increasingly long in backward
succession All are supplied with epimera, which are rounded on the first four seg-
ments. Those of the iirst segment are comparatively small, and, as already stated, are
overlapped by the side wings of the carapace and from behind Ijy the anterior margins
of the epimera of the second tail segment. These latter are large and rounded, and
produced both forwards and slightly backwards, so that their posterior margins overlap
on to the succeeding epimera. The epimera ol' the third segment are not so large as

Description of Genera and Species. 71

tliose of tlie second, and overlap on to those of the succeeding segment, and this order is
carried out in backward succession, the epimera at the same time becoming smaller.
Those of the fifth segment are bluntly pointed and directed backwards. Those of the
sixth trunk segment are quite small and do not continue back to the posterior margin.
The ventral parts of these segments are very firmly constructed, and the attachment for
the pleopods large and somewhat far asunder. The last segment is closed in (piite
across the ventral part.

The telson is small and much shorter than the fiauking uropods. It is tumid
towards the base, flattened out behind, and divided by a median groove. Wliether it is.
forked at the end or liad a median terminal lobe there is no means of deciding from the
specimens at command. It is probable that this projection existed, as it does in so
many of its fossil and recent congeners. Articulations for the attachment of the small
swimming plates are seen in specimen from which fig. 9 was taken. The position of the
anal opening is also well seen placed just behind the swollen part of the telson.

The appendages of the trunk are well preserved in two of the si)ecimens. The eye
is large and the stalk very short, for the crushed cornea is usually to l^e found at the
very front margin of the carapace. From the large area covered by the crushed cornea
it may have been reniform, but there is not sufficient evidence to prove the point. The
peduncles of the antennules are exceedingly large and massive, as they are in all the
species of this genus, and are nearly as long as the carapace. The base of the proximal
joint is hollowed out to receive the large eye, beyond wliich it becomes
cylindrical, though it appears to ])e traversed longitudinally by ridges which wei'e
probably ciliated. The other two joints are short in (;omi)arison to the first, the
terminal one being the shortest. The flagella are both very puny compared with the
propodite, and were probably both short, though they are broken in the sipecimen that
exhibits them. The antenna has the usual scale set upon a basal joint, the only part
of the peduncle seen outside the carapace. The scale is caridean in structure, with the
marginal thickening and spine, and with the terminal lobe set round its iimer side and
tip with seta3. It extends to just beyond the end of the first joint of the peduncle of
the anteimules. The peduncle of the Hagellum of the antenna is long and slender,
and extends beyond the tip of the scale. The tiagellum is comparatively slender and
only slightly more massive than the flagella of the antenimle. The position of the
body of the mandible is indicated as usual crushed up through the carapace. It is
evidently set at a greater angle to the long axis of the body than in Anthracophausia,
though considerably ofl" the vertical, as might he expected when the shortness of the
trunk is considered.

72 Description of Genera and Species.

What looks like the palp of the raaxillipede is shown in fig. 8, where an organ with
one longish massive joint with a thin continuation made up of several joints is visible.
Were it not that the base of this organ is too large, it might be the palj) of the second
maxilla. It may not be that of the mandible, as it seems to arise considerably
behind the body of that organ. It is just possible that it is the displaced exopodite of
one of the legs.

The legs all seem to be constructed alike. The endopodites are all ver}- massive
and long and laterally compressed, with a longitudinal crest, and set along their
posterior edges with a row of sette. The tip joint is spatulate and short, and flexes
backwards on the next joint, which is also short, ])Ut longer than the tip joint. It also
flexes back upon a third joint, which is long. The length of leg may be guessed by the
fact that the articulation between the second and third joint reaches as far forward as
the tip of the proximal joint of the antennule. The legs become slightly shorter in
backward succession, but even that of the seventh trunk segment is of the same type
as the others. The exopodites of these limbs are seen in fig. 7 to be of the usual type,
viz., with a thickened fleshy base and ending in a many-jointed plate or lash. Frag-
mentary structures resembling l)roken gills are seen near the base of the last trunk limb
in fig. 8.

The appendages of the tail are only moderately well preserved. Those of the two
first segments of a male are seen in fig. 9 to consist of a very massive basal joint. The
second joint is not very well preserved, but to judge from what is shown, it was modified
in the usual way for coupling the spermatophores on to the females. The pleopods of the
second tail segment are modified similarly to those seen in Ant/wacophausia. There is the
same long basal joint followed by a second longish joint which supported a much thinner
cylindrical branch, one joint of which is seen in fig. 7. Fig. 8 is apparently that of a
female ; all the tail limbs seen folded up together are supplied with swimming plates only.
The basal joints of all these limbs are seen to be rather massive. The uropods of the
sixth segment are long and slender, as seen in fig. K). The basal joint is somewhat
long, and the external branch long and blade-like with longitudinal strenthening keel,
and this extends considerably beyond the tip of the telson. The inner bi-anch has not
been observed, and was probably shorter and of the usual linguate form. Fig. II is an
attempt to reconstruct a male of this form twice the natural size.

Locality. — Ardross Shore, near St. Monans, East Fife.

Horizon. Abden Limestone, near top of (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — Wm. Anderson.

Description of Genera and Species. 73

Crangopsis rhodesi sp. nov. PI. XI., figs. 11-14.

Specific Characters. — Small slender form a little over 1»» mm. in length. Carapace
long and narrow, deeply emarginate behind and with a broad band bordering its side
wings and the posterior margin. Epiraera of tail segments obtusely pointed and directed
backwards. The epimera of the second tail segment do not overlap on to those of the
first. Peduncle of antennules long and slender.

General Description. — This is an elegant shrimp-like form with elongated bod\',
laterally compressed, and fossilising sideways. The integuments are thin and smooth,
but usually much wrinkled in the fossil state.

In the trunk, the loosely attached carapace is narrow and elongated, measuring
considerably more than one-third of the length of the body. There is only a very slight
peak in front corresponding to the rostrum, but there appears to be a slight crestal
keel, and a blunt projection in the place of the orbital spine and one also at the
antero-lateral angle. The wings are extended far back, the postero-lateral angles being
well rounded, and the carapace is usually deeply emarginated behind. The wings and
the posterior margin are bordered by a characteristic, somewhat broad, double border
which serves to distinguish fragments of the carapace of this species from some of the
others. Owing to the length of the trunk the segments composing it are set at a
somewhat more acute angle to the axis of the body thati in any other species of the
genus.

The tail is of the usual fusiform shape, being deepest about the second segment and
tapering gently backwards. The segments increase in length in order backwards, and
the last segment is nearly double as long as ain' of the others. They are aU supplied
with deep epiraera with l)lunt pointed ends directed slightlj' backwards. Those of the
first segment are well overlapped by the wings of the carapace. Those of the second
segment are the deepest and longest, but they do not overlap on to the posterior margin
of the epimera of the first segment as in the case of several species of the genus. The
epimera of each segment only overlap on to those of the succeeding segment in rotation
backwards. They also diminisli in depth in succession from the second segment, and
are only slightly represented on the sixth segment.

The telson is comparatively short, is grooved down the mid-line, and produced
into a terminal lobe bej'ond its constricted part, where the two small accessory plates
or swimmerets are articulated with it. It differs from that of C. socialis in liaving its
antero-lateral angles ornamented with a thickened band ending in a backwardly-directed
spine on each side at about one-third of the distance from the base to the tip (fig. 12).

7-4 Description of Genera and Species.

The eye is relatively smaller than in C. s'ocialis, but evidently placed in the same
relative position beneath the pent-house formed by the blunt rostral protuberance and
the fold of the test representing the orbital spine.

The antennules have a long peduncle as shown in fig. 1 1 , but not so long relatively
to the carapace as in the type species. It may be as well to mention here that the
shale in which the fossils are embedded has been subjected to some sort of interstitial
movement of its particles, so that the forms which are orientated with the longer
axes more or less conforming with the direction of movement are abnormally
elongated, and those that lie athwart that direction are equally abnormally broadened.
A mean has therefore to be struck between the two in studying the proportions.
In the form that lies across the direction, the length of the peduncle of the anten-
nule is not affected. Notwithstanding its abnormal broadening it is not so massive
as that of the type species. The basal joint is much the longest. The second joint
is longer relatively to the basal joint than in the former species; the top joint is also
elongated and supports two llagella of about equal length and about half the length of
the peduncle. Of the antennary system the distal joint of the basal part is longish and
extends well in front of the carapace. The scale is long and comparatively narrow and
caridean in construction, with strengthening keel and spine, and extending to beyond
the end of the second joint of the antennular peduncle. The peduncle of the flagellum
is not so long as the scale, and the flagellum is moderately slender, and longer than those
of the antennule. The body of the mandible is seen to be in place in fig. 1 1 by the bulge
it makes beneath the carapace and not by being crushed in. The palp is seen in the
same figure between the basal scale and the crushed limb, but its details are not suffi-
ciently well preserved. The maxillas are unknown. The maxillipedes and legs are seen
all crushed up together. The exopods of at least seven legs are shown. The
endopodites must have been long, especially those of the last trunk segments. The
distal joint of none is exhibited, as all the limbs are obliquely truncated in the one
specimen. The other specimen shows the bases of seven or eight limbs on the one side,
the other joints being removed. The most interesting structures preserved in this pa;rt
of the trunk are the brood pouches with enclosed eggs or larvae as shown in the
broadened specimen in "fig. 11. These occur just beneath the posterior lappet of the
carapace and behind the base of the forwardlj^ directed legs of tiie last trunk segment ;
but the carapace is somewhat displaced relatively to the tail, while the tail itself is
broken and pushed forward upon itself. The brood pouches, notwithstanding, are in
their proper relative position where they might be expected to occur. They are placed
relatively where the egg-sacs of the recent Nictiphanes are found. If they represent

Description of Genera and Species. 75

those structures they are spht up and their contents are partly scattered. Egg-sacs with
ova are shown in another species of this genus (pi. xii., fig. 8.)

The pleopods of the second tail segment are shown in fig. 11, and seem to be of the
ordinary construction. The uropods are considerably longer than the telson, and are
quite shrimp-like in construction.

Fig. 13 is the restored tail magnified, and fig. 14 is an attempt at a restoration of
this beautiful opossum shrimp a little over three times the natural size.

Remarks. — Although the specimens were not found in Scotland they form part oi'
the Jermyn Street collection, and have been made use of in the present memoir. They
were collected by Mr. John Rhodes, whose name I wish to associate with this elegant
species.

Locality. — Chattlehope, Eede Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Cementstone Group (Tuediau), (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series ;
(English) Carboniferous Limestone.

Collector. — -J. Ehodes.

Crangopsis magna sp. nov. PI. XL. fig. 15.

General Description. — The remains, as may be seen from the specimen, are those
of a male. To judge from the portion of the carapace preserved, which shows only the
hinder end of the wing or side lappet, it must have been shorter and deeper in propor-
tion than in C. rhodesi, and also differed from it in having only a comparatively narrow
plain bordering band.

The tail is constructed almost identically as in C. rhodesi, Inil is more massive
relatively to its length. The epimera are deep, narrow, and pointed backwards, and those
of the second segment are not carried forward on to those of the first. The telson is
much as in C. rhodesi, and similarly ornamented along its antero-lateral parts, but appears
to be shorter relatively to the uropods than in that form.

None of the appendages of the trunk have been observed, and, except the uropods,
the only tail appendages are the enormously developed pleopods of the first and second
segment, which show that the specimen is a male. Only the basal joint of the first pair
are seen, but thev are long and massive. Three joints of one of the second pair are shown.

Remarks. — This name is proposed for a large form which must have measured 45-
50 mm. at least. It belongs to the same group of species as C. rhodesi and C. coutisl
in the arrangement of the epimera of its tail segments, and might almost be considered a
variety of the former, IVom which, however, it differs in proportions as well as in size.

76 Description of Genera and Species.

Several fragments of the form occur in the collection, all from the same locality, but fig.
15 represents in natural size the least incomplete specimen, though some of the fragments
show that members of the species must have attained a still larger size.

Locality, — Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire.

Horizon. — Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

Crangopsis couttsi sp. nov. PI. XII., figs. 1-7.

Specific Characters. — Moderately large shrimp-like forms, 30-50 mm. Carapace
more than one- third of length of body, deeply emarginate behind, and with rounded
lappets edged with double marginal band, produced slightly in front into a short and
broad triangular keeled rostral protuberance marked off" by a depression bridged by the
keel, which extends back over part of the gastric region ; only faint trace of a cervical
fold. Antennular peduncle long and massive. Epimera of tail segments blunth' pointed
and directed slightly backwards ; those of second segment do not overlap forwards on
to those of the first. Telsoii nearly as long as the uropods, and embossed with two
heart-shaped keeled areas, one on each side of the median depression.

General Description. — This is a moderately stout, shrimp-like form, with laterally
compressed body so that it fossilises sideways, and its thin integuments are generally
much wrinkled.

The trunk, which makes up more than one-third of the body length, is evidently
constructed much on the lines of the previously-described species, though somewhat
shorter and stouter in its proportions. The carapace is of the usual form, and seen side-
ways it is almost rhomboidal, being a little deeper behind than in front. It has rounded
posterior angles, and is moderately deeply cut out along the back, leaving bare the last
trunk segment in the mid-line. It is edged along the sides and behind by a double
thickened band. In front, it is produced into a wide triangular protuberance in place
of a rostrum, and has wide and short orbital and antennal spines. The rostral triangle
is surmounted by a distinct central keel, which, extending back and bridging a depression,
is carried for a short distance on to the jrastric region of the carapace, where it dies down.
The tail is of the usual fusiform shape and somewhat stoutly built. It attains its greatest
depth about the second or third segment, and the segments increase in length while
they decrease in depth successively backwards, the sixth segment being the longest,
narrowest, and shallowest. All are supplied with epimera, which are deep and dn-ected
downwards and backwards and terminate in' rounded narrow points. The epimera of

Descriptian of Genei'a and Species. 77

the first segment ai-e comparatively small, and are overlapped onh' 1jy the postero-lateral
extension of the carapace, while they in turn overlap on to the epimera of the second
segment. Those of the second segment are the largest and deepest of all, and in turn
overlap on to those of the third, and this order is maintained by all the others
in succession, the epimera at the same time decreasing in depth iu the same order. The
segments are well facetted along the anterior part of the tergites for rolling, and along
the antero-lateral sides of the epimera to allow of overlapping.

The telson has the usual tumid basal part in front, is applanated behind, divided
down the median line by the usual broad groove, and terminates in a small pointed lobe.
On each side of the central groove a narrow fluted and keeled heart-shaped area in bas
relief extends from near the anterior margin back so far that the pointed end terminates
at the base of the median lobe, where it forms the articulation for the accessory
swimmerets. These are moderately large, linguiform, and have a median strengthening
keel They are curved gently outwards, the margins being set with seta3.

The appendages of the trunk that have been observed are as follows : — -The eye is
large and short-stalked, and is usually found crushed lying partly overlapped by the
broad wings of the .short rostral protuberance (fig. 5). The antemnilar peduncle is
extremely massive. The long proximal joint is hollowed out and flattened for the eye,
and then becomes cylindrical, but bears a slightly crenulated ridge, which was probably
ciliated. The mid-joint is subquadrate as seen crushed, and the terminal joints still
smaller and narrower, and gives off two flagella of nearly equal length, the external one
being somewhat the more massive of the two. Two joints of the base of the antenna
are shown in fig. 2, the carapace being broken away. The proximal joint is long and
massive, but as only the upper side is exposed there is no opportunity of observing
whether it is pierced for the opening of the " green gland." The second joint is smaller
and bears the scale, which is lonij- and of the usual construction, with strengthening
keel spine. It extends to the end of the second joint of the autennular peduncle. The
peduncle of the flagellum is slender and long-jointed, and about as long as the scale.
The flagellum has not been observed. Only the bases of the trunk limbs have been
observed. Seven of these are shown in fig. 1 .

Of the appendages of the tail, only the pleopods of the first two segments and the
uropods have been observed. The pleopods of the first and sei-ond segment (fig. 1) are
fortunately those of the male, which are of the usual massive type and evidently modified
for sexual purposes, but the details of their distal joints is not shown. The basal joints,
however, are particularly massive and muscular. The uropods are of the usual type
and call for no special notice, except that they extend a little beyond the tip of the tel-
son, as seen in figs. 3 and -i.

78 Description of Genera and Species.

Remarks. — The specimens that were used by me for the above description and
figures were collected by the late Mr. Andrew Patton, the manager of the Calderwood
Cement Works, east of Kilbride, in Lanarkshire, and formed part of the collection of
the late Mr. James Coutts, of Glasgow, who kindly let me have the use of them for study,
and after whom I propose to name the species. At Mr. Coutts' death some of them
were acquired by the Royal Scottish Museum and are in that collection, and others were
bought by the late Dr. Hunter, Selkirk, whose collection was willed to the Museum of
Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. They are embedded in a fine calcareous shale, and are in a very
good state of preservation. An attempt at restoration of the parts observed, magnified
about two diameters, is given in fig. 7.

Locality. — Cementstone Quarry, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire.

Horizon. — Lower Limestones, (Scottish) Carboniferous Limestone Series.

Collector. — ^ Andrew Patton.

Crangcipsis robusta sp. nov. PI. XIL, figs. 8-12.

Specific Characters. — Small, stoutly-built, shrimp-like form 15-20 mm. in length.
Carapace less than one-third of the length of body ; not much hollowed out behind, and
with either no rostrum or only a very inconspicuous one. Epimera of first tail segments
larger than usual, and only partly overlapped by the wings of the carapace, and with
posterior margins overlapping on to epimera of second segment. Telson much shorter
than uropods.

General Description. — This is another shrimp-like organism, laterally flattened, and
fossilising sideways. It is small, measuring from 15-20 mm., and that this is the size
of adults is shown by one of the specimens carrying an ovisac distended with ova (fig. 8).
The carapace, seen doubled and in side view, is of the usual triangular or roughly rhom-
boidal shape, being much deeper behind than before. It is short and plain, and with only
the narrow thickened border for ornament. No rostrum has been observed, although there
is the projection formed of a flap over the eyes, which are moderately large. As seen in
fig. 1, the last body segment forms a complete ring, and the penultimate segment retains
a portion of its dorsal covering.

The tail is of the usual fusiform shape and tapers back from the second joint. The
last segment is markedly the longest. All the segments are strong and well put together,
being well facetted for rolling and provided with epimera, which are not so deep
proportionately as in most of the other species. As already mentioned, those of the first
segment are larger than usual, being rounded and produced forward in front as well as

Description of Genera and Species. 79

backward (fig. 11). They are only slightly overlapped by the wings of the carapace.
Their posterior margins overlap on to the epimera of the second tail segment, which are
directed slightly backwards and end in rounded backwardly-directed points, as do those
of each succeeding segment, becoming smaller and smaller successively, each being
overlapped by its predecessor.

The telson is of the usual type, tumid and broad at base and flattening and tapering
backwards, divided into two raised areas by a central groove, and ending in a pointed
lobe flanked by small accessory swimmerets. Its details, taken from several specimens,
some of them not figured, are shown magnified in fig. 10. The eyes are moderately large
and placed close up to the edge of the carapace. The antennular peduncles are long
and not so massive relatively as in some of the other species. They are constructed of
the usual three joints, and end in two moderately long flagella. The antennal scale is
of the usual type and nearly as long as the propodite of the antennule. The peduncle
of the antenna is not quite so long as the scale.

What appears to be the palp of the mandible is seen in one of the specimens pressed
up against the base of the antenna. The bases only of the trunk limbs are shown, but
in one specimen (fig. 8) an ovisac distended with either large ova or larva; is seen under-
lying the last two trunk segments. In this specimen the pleopods of the first four tail seg-
ments are also shown, and consist of the usual basal joint, which extends to beyond the
tips of the epimera, and the two terminal swinnning plates. The uropods are of the usual
type, and call for no further remark than that they extend considerably bej'ond the tip of
the telson. The tail fan is therefore a somewhat elegant object, as in shown in fig 10.

Remarks. — This pretty form occurs in great abundance, and sometimes several mav
be seen on the same slab. As will be observed from figs. 8 and 9, which are natural size,
the course of the distended gut is seen very prominently. This is the general rule with
these fossils at the locality where they were found. Fig. 8 shows one adult female with
brood sack attached which also has the gut distended with food; this looks as if she
were in a good enough state of health when she met her death, and that she did not
lie long exposed before being embedded. A point, favouring the theory of wholesale
destruction at one and the same time, is that the remains seem to be phosphatized, as
also are the well-preserved specimens of Tealliocaris at Gullane. According to Sir John
Murray, phosphatic nodules are forming on the Aghullas Banks, where wholesale
destruction of fish and other forms of life often occurs through slight i^hiftin" of the
cold currents on to areas usually occupied by warmer water.

In fig. 12 a magnified restoration of the parts observed of tliis C(jmpact form is given.

Locality. — Coomsdon Burn, Kede Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — J. llhodes.

80 Description of Genera and Species.

Crangopsis minuta sp. nov. PI. XL, figs. 16-18.

Specific Characters. — Very small form, resembling the last species, but only 5-8 mm.
long ; carapace more than one-third the length of body ; telson very short, not half the
length of that of the uropods.

General Description. — This small form resembles C. robusta in many respects, but
is altogether more slender in its build. Its carapace is longer ai^d narrower relatively
to the rest of its body. The tail is constructed in the usual manner, and each segment
bears epimera. The sixth tail segment is especially long and narrow. The telson is also
constructed after the manner of the preceding form, but is much smaller relatively to
the uropods.

The eyes are large and conspicuous, and are usually found at the edge of the carapace,
wliich is without any conspicuous rostrum, while a fold is usually seen just behind the
eye. This should not be confounded with the cervical one. The antennule is,
as usual, largely developed and conspicuous ; there is the usual massive peduncle in
three joints, the proximal joint being longer than the other two combined. The
peduncle ends in two short Hagella. The antennal scale is rather broader and not so
long relatively as in the former species. The flagellum of the antenna has not been
observed, neither have any of the other appendages of the trunk.

In the appendages of the tail there seems to be the usual difference in the pleopods
of the first two segments in the different sexes. Fig. 16 shows what is evidently a male,
and fig. 17 a female. In the former case the basal joints of the first two pairs are much
larger than the others, while in the latter case those of the second tail segment are not
so appreciably larger than the three succeeding ones. The uropods are of the usual
type, but, as already stated, they extend far beyond the tip of the telson (fig. IS).

Locality. — Coomsdon Burn, Eede Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — J. Rhodes.

Crangopsis eskdalensis (B. N. Peach). PI. XL, figs. 1-7.

1882. Palaeocrangon eskdalensis B. N. Peach. Trans. Eoy. Soc. Edin., vol.
XXX., p. 84, pi. viii., figs. 9-9i.

Remarks. — There are a great many specimens of this form in the collection of the
Geological Survey of Scotland collected by Mr. Macconochie, some slabs being crowded
with them, but there are not any in better state of preservation than those raade use of for

Description of Genera and Species. 81

the original description. These, however, looked at in the light obtained from the study
of the well-preserved specimens of C socialis from Ardross, show that such organs as are
preserved are more similar to those of the Euphausiidas than to the corresponding organs in
the macrurous Decapods to which I originally assigned the form. By permission of the
Council of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh, some of the original figures of the species are
here reproduced. In figs 2, 8, .'> the massive nature of the peduncles of the antennules
is more in keeping with those of the Euphausiidas than those of any Decmpod. The
antennary system is of the ordinary caridean type, and thus is of no avail as evidence.
In fig. 2 the portion of the limb there shown flexes as in the Euphausiids, and is either
the palp of the maxillipede or one of the limbs of the last seven trunk segments. But
it is in the pleopods of the first two tail segments in the male form represented in figs. 2
and 3 that the Euphausiid character is most observable. Fig. (i is evidently one of the first
pair peculiarly modified for coupling spermatophores on to the females, and it was a
mistake to compare it with its homologue in Astacus. The telson is also quite
Euphausiid in construction. The most pronounced specific character is shown by very
much eidarged epimera of the second tail segment, which overlap those both in front
and behind, and further on to the former. LoeaJity. — LauG'holm, Dumfriesshire.

Cu.-VN-(;i.i'si.s KLEGAXs (15. X. Peach). PI. XL, figs. 9, lU.

1883. PaUvocrani/on ele^ians (H. X. Peach). Trans. Eoy. Soc. Hdiii., vol. xxx, p.
515, pi. xxviii., figs. 8, 8a.

Remarks. — There ai'e several specimens belonging to this gracefid little form in the
collection. The best preserved are from the Whiteadder Water at Pathhead Mill, near
Duns, in Herwictkshire, where they lie eiUombed in shoals. They also occur sparingly
along with C. eskda/ensis in the Scorpion-bed of Langholm, in l)umfries.shire, at a some-
what higher horizon. Among the material from Duns are several specimens showing
the massive iieduncle of the anlemiules so characteristic of the Euphausiida' [ivj^. lO).
Li the nature of the e[)imei-a (fig. !)) this tbrm stands inlei-niediate between the two
groups into which this geiuis naturally divides itself.

Locality.- — Whiteadder Water, Pathhead Mill, near Duns.

Uorizon. — Near base of (Tuedian) Cemeiustone Group, Scottish Calciferous Sand-
stone Series.

Collector. — A. Macconochie.

' Pe.icli, Trans. Roj/. Soc. h'diii., 188'2, vol. xs.x., p. 85.

82 Description of Genera <xiid Species.

Crangopsis ilastata sp. nov. PI. XL, figs. 19, 20.

Remarks. — Among the material obtained by Mr. Ehodes from the Cementstone
Group of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Eedesdale, Northumberland, there are the
tail fans of what appears to be a species in which the telson, while having a strong
general likeness to those of the present genus, and more particularly to those of the
second group into which it is divisible, differs considerably from any as yet described.
The difference is one of degree and not of kind, for it consists chiefly in the greater
elongation of the terminal lobe, which is produced into a spear-shaped protuberance as
long as the body of the telson. Accompanying this strengthening, the accessory swim-
merets are longer than usual, and this general lengthening is also shared by the lu-opods,
especially in their terminal branches. Should further search result in the finding of
more complete individuals, they will in all probability be classed witli the meml)ers of
the second group, wherever that may be placed.

The specific name is suggested from the shape of the projection of the telson.
Fig. 19 shows the tail fan from alcove. Fig. 20 is from a specimen seen sideways and
from beneath ; both magnified about 4 diameters.

Locality. — Chattlehope, Eede Water, Northumberland.

Horizon. — Cementstone Group (Tuedian), (Scottish) Calciferous Sandstone Series.

Collector. — J. Ehodes.

The species of the genus Crumjopsis as constituted in this memoir naturally fall
into two groups, viz. : —

I. Those in which the epimera of the second tail segment are large and rounded,

and overlap on to the epimera of the segments both in front and
behind it, including the following species: — (1) Cramjopsis socialis Salter
(type) ; (2) C. eskdalensis (Peach) ; (3) C. huxleyi (H. Woodward) ; (4)
C. clegans (^Peach).

II. Those in which the epimera oi the second segment are more or less pointed

and only overlap backwards on to those ot the succeeding segment, includ-
ing the species (5) C. couttsi Peach ; (B) C. rhodesi Peach ; (7) C. magna
Peach; (8) (\ robusta Peach; (9) C. minuta Peach; and probably (10)
C. hdstata. Peach.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.*

PLATE I.

Figs. 1-7a. Tealliocaiis loiuloaensis .sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . P^ge 9.

1. Seen from above, mag. 3 diam. The carajiace has broken away, exposing tlie inteiioi-

of the sternal region and showing the gills at the bases of the limbs: e. eye, a.
antennules, an. antenn<e, s. basal scale, m.m. molar part of mandible, m.p. mandibular
palp, e]}is. espistome. Locality, Gullane Shore, Haddingtonshire. M. 84^^.

2. Mag. about 2 diam. Same locality. M. 4866'''.

3. Seen from beneath, mag. 3 diam.: /iij. hypostome, other lettering as in fig. 1. Same

locality. M. 4848'''.

4. Mag. 3 diam. : o.p. ocular papilla, pi. pleopods, a.o. anal opening. >Shows also the sternites

of the trunk and tail. Same locality. M. 48.52"^.

5. Seen from beneath, mag. 3 diam., to show emargination of carajiace in front of cervical

groove for reception of epignathite on 2nd maxilla. Same locality. M. 4821^.

6. Mag. over 3 diam., to sliow breeding lamelhe. Same locality. M. 77''.

7. Mag. 3 diam., showing sternal part of trunk and appendages of head and tiunk. Same

locality. M. 4807"^.

7a. Same, mag. over 9 diam. : e. eye, o.j/. ocular papilla, a. antennules, an. antenna;, s. ba.sal
scale, epis. epistome, met. metastome, »».;j. mandiVmlai- palp, max. I. first maxilhv, ma.r. II.
second maxillas, ma. maxillipedes, en. endopodites of the seven trunk limbs, ex.
exopodites of same, m.ij. openings of male genital organs, p.l. I. pleopods of fir.st tail
segment. The sternal branches of the gills and a peculiar epipodite are shown on the
last seven trunk segments .at the bases of the limbs.

* The registration numbers of the specimens eoUected by t lie (ieological Survey are given immediately after
the explanation of the figures.

PLATE I

ap

6.

.-m^

1

-r^-Mj.

epis.

au

an

v. -^ ~.

ntp-

!l4

.OT«rff

}A

^ 3.

B.N. Peach, del

\es.

lA^'

pi/.

m »

PLATE II.

Figs. 1-6. Tealliocaris looodwardi {R. Etheridge, iun.) .. .. .. .. .. Page 18

1 . Mag. 6 diam. Shows dor.sal aispect, but integuuient so transparent as to allow sternal organs

to be seen : e. eye, a. antennules, an. antennte, s. basal scale, ni.p. mandibular palp,
en. endopodites, ex. exopodites of legs. h.l. breeding lamella'. Shows tail with median
and side keels, telson with terminal lobe and accessor}' swimmerets. Locality, OuUane
Shore, Haddingtonshire. M. 4816"^^.

2. Mag. 8 diam. Dorsal view of specimen showing keels on carapace and tail, the eyes,

antennvdes and antennw, the endopodites and exopodites of legs. This specimen was
figured by R. Etheridge, jun., Quart. Joiirn. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv., pi. xxiii., fig. 4.
The broken cai-apace of smaller specimen seen near the fi-ont of the right side was
doubtfully considered to represent part of a chelate limb of the larger individual.
Localitv. Tweeden Burn, near junction with Liddel Water, New Castleton, Roxburgh-
shire. "M. 4249'.

3. Mag. nearlv 3 diam., showing lireeding lamella;. Localitv, GuUane Sliore, Haddington-

shire. M. 4844"-.

3a. Same, mag. over 9 diam. Shows appendages of first four segments, the wide sternum made
up of the seven last trunk segments, both branches of several limbs on both .sides with
their gills, and the breeding lamella?.

4. Mag. over 4 diam. Shows l)oth trunk and tail appendages well, especially the endopodites of

seven last trunk limbs of left side, all made on same type, as well as the exopodites of
some of them and breeding lamella:-, and also the sternal brandies of the gills, the
pleopods, and the accessory swimmerets on telson. This specimen was also figured by
R. Etheridge, jun. {Jon. cit.. fig. 9). Same locality as fig. 2. M. 4246''.

4a. Mag. 20 diam. Sternal bi'anch of gill of fifth right leg. Same specimen as fig. 4.

5. Mag. over 4 diam. More slender form, supposed to be a male, also figured by R. Etlieridge,

jun. ijoc. cit., fig. 6). Shows head organs well, the ocular papilla, both branches of trunk
limbs, the pleopods, the telson with the .accessory swimmerets, and the uropods. Same
locality as fig. 2. M. 4249'''.

6. Maj;. 15 diam. Young form ; shows arrangement of keels excellently. Also figured by

R. Etheridge. jun. (loc. cit., fig. 7). Same locality and .s.ame slab as figs. 2 and 5.
M. 4249".

Figs. 7-9. TeaUioctiris woodwardi (Etheridge), var. . . . . . . . . . . Pi^ge 22.

7. Nat. size. Showing elongated form of carapace. Locality, Chattlehope, Rede Water,

Northumberland. K. 1709.

8. Slightly mag. Same locality. R. 1717.

9. Tail fan of another specimen from the same locality, a little more highly magnified. R. H574.

PLATE 2

N.,

-^ S.

~l

^-;

a

^: .'\

"=^

.>r a

hi

|K'/Vf^

B.N, Peach, del

PLATE III.

Figs. 1, 2. Tecdliocaris etheridgei (Peach) Page 22

1. Mag. 2 diam. Reproiluced from Trans. Roy. >Suc. Edin.. vol. xxx., pi. viii., fig. 3b.

Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfi-ies.shire. M. 780'^'.

2. Mag. 2 diam. Reproduced from loc. cil., fig. 3. Same locality. M. L384' .

Figs. 3, 4. Tealliocaris etheridgei, var. lata Peach . . . . . . . . . . Page 23.

3. Nat. size. Reproduced from he. cif., pi. xxviii., fig. 4. Same locality. M. SOSG*^'.

4. Nat. size. Reproduced from loc. cit., pi. xxviii., fig. 4b. M. 2643<^.

Figs. 5-8. Tealliocaris robtcsta sp. iiov. . . . . Pasre 24.

5. Mag. nearly 3 diam. Carapace (outside). Locality, AUanton Bridge, Whiteadder Water.

Berwickshire. M. 2752'--.
f). Mag. 2 diam. Carapace (inside). Same locality. M. 274i"'-.

7. Mag. 2 diam. Seen from beneath, showing sternites with attachment of limbs: a.

antennular peduncle, aji. antenna, s. basal scale, en,, endopodite of trunk limb, ex.
exopodite of same. Locality, Broomhouse, Duns, Berwickshire. M. 974"^.

8. Mag. 3 diam. Back view of tail. Locality, Allanton Bridge. Whiteadder Water.

Berwickshire. M. 2739'--.

Figs. 9-12. Tealliocaris robusta, var. nov. . . . . Page 25.

9. Coutts Collection. Nat. size. Showing parts of trunk and tail. Locality. East Kilbride,
Lanarkshire.

10. Coutts Collection. Nat. size. Under.side of carapace. Same locality.

11. „ „ Nat. size. Outside of cai'a pace. Same locality.

12. ,, „ Mag. about 4 diam. Tail fan. Same locality.

Figs. 13-16. l^ealliocaris tarrasiana sp. nov. . . . . . . . . Page 26.

13. Mag. 2 diam. Trunk with appendages : a. antennules, «.»(. antenna, s. basal .scale, e. eye,

en. endopodites of seven trunk limbs of left side. Locality, Tarras Water, neai-
Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 3158'^.

14. Mag. 2 diam. Trunk and tail ; lettering as above. Same locality. M. 3181''.

15. Trunk and tail. Same locality. M. 3422'^.

16. Mag. 3 di.am. Re.storation.

Figs. 17, 18. Tealliocaris formosa (Peach) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 27.

17. Nat. size. Parts of trunk and tail. Reproduced from I'raiis. Ii'oi/. Soc. Edin., 1883, vol,

XXX., pi. xxviii., fig. 3. Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfrie.sshire. M. 2508*".

18. Nat. .size. Part of tail. Loc. rit., fig. 3b. Same locality. M. 2259'.

Figs. 19-22. Pseudo-Galatkea macconochiei {R. 'Ethevidge, }m\.) . . .. .. Page 28.

19. Nat. size. Trunk and tail. Reproduced from Trans. Roij. -Soc. Edin., 1882, vol. xxx..

pi. viii., fig. 6. Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 2492''.

20. Nat. size Carapace. Lor. cit., fig. 61>. Locality, Tweeden Burn, New C,a.stleton, Rox-

burghshire. M. 4300'-.

21. Tail of fig. 19, magnified. IjOC. cit., fig. 6d.

22. Head organs of fig. 19, magnified from counterpart. Loc. cit., fig. 6c.

Figs. 23, 24. Pseudo-Galathea rotunda Peach . . . . Page 28.

23. Nat. size. Seen from above. Shows sensory org.ms of head, wide sternites of trunk,

with seven limbs attached on right side. Locality, Coom.sdou Burn, Rede W.atei',
Northumberland. R. 1513.

24. Mag. 4 diam. Shows trunk .and tail, carap.ace with longitudinal keels, tail and tail fan.

Same locality.

Figs. 25-29. Pseudo-Galathea ornatissinia Peach Page 29.

25. Nat. size. Shows part of trunk and tail, eyes, antenna', base of limbs on left side.

Locality, Coomsdon Burn, Rede Water, Northumberland. R. 1702.

26. Nat. size. Trunk and tail, seen from beneath. Shows antennules, antenna, eyes, wide

sternites of trunk, tail segments, and details of tail fan. Same locality. R. 1670.

27. Nat. size. Tail segments and tail fan. Same locality. R. 1671.

28. M.ag. 2 diam. Details of tail fan. Same locality. R. 1518.

29. Restoi.ation.

PLATE 3

B. N.Peach, del

PLATE IV.

Figs. 1-6. Aidhrapaldmion russeUianits (Snlter) . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 30.

1. Mag. 3 fliam. Carapace seen from above. Locality, Greentjairs, 34 niile.s N.N.E. of

Airdrie, Lanarkshire. T. 2763'^.

2. Mag. 3 diam. Underside of trunk .showing wide .sternites, with row of phites {phi.) .-md

gilLs ((/) on left side (right hand of observer), beyond which are seen fragments of both
branches of seven limbs : an. antenna, e. eye, ^n.p. niandibul.ar palp, ni. body of mandible,
m^. molar edge of mandible, via. maxilte, max.p. palp of ma.xillipede, m.g. ? p.ipillae
upon which the male genital organs open, d. donl)lure of cai'apace. Same locality.
T. 2766".

3 Presented to Survey Collection by R. Dunlop. Mag. 2 diam. Trunk and part of tail seen
fi'om above. The specimen is partly pre.served in iron pyrites, and the carapace has
broken away with the counterpart revealing the ventrally-placed organs, which are
domewhat displaced : e. eyes, a. antennules, an. antenna;, s. basal scale, m. mandible,
m.]). mandibular palp, c. carapace, en. endopodites of ti'unk limbs, ex. exopodites of same,
;/. gills. The backs of the anterioidy [ilaced tail segments ai'e seen, and where thev are
broken away the wide sternites of one segment with the articulations for tlie pleopods
can be seen. The tail is folded up, and this reveals the natural arching of the body
where the segments lie at i-iglit angles to the bedding planes of the shaly ironstone.
Same locality.

4. A little over nat. size. Cai-apace foLled together. Shows the serrated side-keels, the

doublure {d.), and the short conical forwnrdlv-directed spines on sides of carapace.
Same locality. T. 2753''.

5. Presented to Survey Collection by Pi. Dunlop. .Mag. 3 diam. Part of tail and tail fan :

t.l. terminal lobe, a.s. acces.sory swimmerets. Same locality.

6. Dunlop Coll. Nat. size. Sketch of specimen belonging to Mr. R. Dunlop, .showing the

trunk and tail. The i)osition of the sense organs of head is well seen. The tail is
.slightly displaced or driven in, but the tail fan is well shown. Same locality.

Fig. 7. Anthrapali'inon russeUiauus, var. spinidosiis var. nov. Mag. Ij diam. Carapace seen from
above. Same locality. T. 2768" ' Page 36.

Figs. 8-10. Pi/yocepludiis cooperi Hu-xley . . . . . . . . Pages 33, 37.

8. Mag. 1| iliam. Reproduction of Huxley's original figure from (Juart. Journ. Geol. aSoc,
1857, vol. xiii., pi. xiii., fig. lb, p. 367, for comparison with figs. 2 and 3 (above), and
with plates i., ii., and iii.

S. Mag. li diam. Reproduction of Huxley's figure, loc. cit.. fig. 3, for comparison.*

10. Nat. size. Reproduction of figure by H. Woodward of Scottish specimen from Kilmaur.s,
Ayrshire, taken from Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 1867, p. 234, pi. iii., fig. 2, for com-
parison.

* Figs. 8 and 9 are drawn of the same size as Huxley's original figures, and are tlierefore magnified lA diameters,
not '2 diameters as shown in present plate.

PLATE 4-.

V

E.N. Peach, del

PLATE V.

Figs. 1-5. Ferimecturus parki (Peacli) . . . . Page 40.

1. Nat. size. Shows part of trunk and tail of one of the largest .specimens. Locality, Glen-

cartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 789^'.

2. Nat. size. Almost complete tail fan of very large individual. Same locality. M. 3091^'.

3. Nat. size. Part of trunk and tail of moderately large individual, showing movable rostrum,

eye, the .antennules. antennte with basal scale. Same locality. M. 2180".

4. Nat. size. Head and tiunk of small specimen pai-tly preserveil in relief. Shows details of

keels on carapace and tail and nature of tail fan. Same locality. M. 1564'^.

5. Nat. size. Part of trunk and tail. Shows some of the trunk limbs. Same locality.

M. 2825".

Fig. 6. Perimecturiis parki, var. duplicicarinatus var. nov. Nat. size. Trunk and tail preserved in
relief, showing double row of keels down the middle of the tail. Same locality.
S. 3. ,. Page 41.

PLATE 5.

■J'^V \

/'•

^J

,Q 4.

/

)-'//t

B.N.Peach df]

PLATE \'l.

Fig. 1. Perimecturus stocki >i\). nov. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. l^^ge 42.

1. Geol. Surv. Coll., acijuireJ. Nat. size. Part of trunk and tail, showing trunk segments
with broad stern ites, trunk limbs, three-quarter view of under .side of tail showing
stei'nites with large openings for articulation of pleopods, tail fan with verj' massive
outer branch of uropods. Locality, Grauton Shore, Midlothian. S. 23.

Figs. 2-6. Feririwcturiis elegans sp. nov. . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . Page 44.

2. Nat. size. Trunk and tail in usual attitude, showing displaced carapace exposing trunk

segments, displaced head and trunk organs, tail with three I'ows of spines in place of
keels. Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 697' .

2a. Part of tig. 2, mag., showing displaced head and trunk organs : a. antennules, an.. .-intenusB,
e. eye, r. rosti'um, m.p. ? mandibular palp, nid. endopodites of trunk limbs,
ex. exopodites of same, ;/. gills, h.p. brood-pouch.

3. Nat. size. Trunk and tail of small individual in usual attitude. S1k)ws movable rostrum,

trunk limlis, epimera of tail segments. Same locality. M. 2S04''.

4. Mag. 2 diam. Trunk and part of tail, usual attitude. Shows displaced caraj)ace exposing

the trunk .segments, displaced limbs. Same locality. M. 702''.

5. Nat. .size. Trunk and part of tail, u.sual attitude ; movable rostrum, trunk limbs, and di.stri-

bution of spines on tail. Same locality. M.775'.

6. Nat. size. Tail with two trunk segments attached, and tail fan expanded. Same locality.

M. 2615''.

Fi"-. 8. Recent Mysi-^^, mag. 3 diam., to show attitude assumed on dying, to compare with plates v..
vi vii especially pi. vi., figs. 1-5. Locality, Firth of Forth, Granton, Midlotiiian.
■' ■ ' Page 39.

Fig. i). Perimecturus /MUoni sp. nov. Coutts Collection. Nat. size. Parts of trunk and tail.
Shows brood-pouches. Locality, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire. .. .. Page 51.

PLATE 6

■^h*\'M:

.,^^

B N.Peach, del

PLATE VII.

Fig.s. 1-5. Periinecfurus cotii/)imnis isp. iiov. . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 47.

1 . Nat. size. Trunk and tail in usual attitude, exposing trunk segments. Show.s movable

rostrum, eye, tiunk segments, trunk limbs folded up and slightly clenched (compare
with recent Anaspides, pi. viii., fig. 11), tail segments and pleopods. Locality, Glen-
cartholm, Langholm, Dumfries.shire. M. HIT'".

2. Nat. size. Part of tail and trunk in usual attitude. Same locality. M. CDS'-.

3. Nat. size. Under viow of tail .showing the epimeia, the sternites pierced for articulation

of pleopods, expanded tail fan, telson with accessory swimmerets. Same locality.
M. SSll":'.

4. Nearly complete small indi\"idual, showing both trunk and tail in side view, with carapace

in place exposing the terga of last two trunk segments in mid -line of back. Shows
rosti'um, eye, antennules, antenna with scale, trunk limbs tightly clenched and doubled
up in usual attitude, massive t.ail with characteristic overlapj)ing epimera, and tail fan.
Same locality. M. 2739^^.

-5. Nat. size. Trunk and tail in usual attitude, displaced carapace with movable rostrum,
exposed trunk segments, trunk limbs clenched and folded up foi-ward, tail segments
with characteristic epimera, and telson with accessory swimmerets. Same locality.
M. 696''.

Fig. G. Recent squillid, Gonodcwti/lus chiragra Latreille, for comparison (nat. size) . . Page 48.

Fig. 6a. P>roken-ofl" raptorial limb of fig. 6.

Fig. 7. Tail of fig. fi drawn in same attitude as fig. 3 foi' comparison.

Figs. 8-14. Perimecturas ensifer sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 49.

8. Nat. size. Trunk and tail of -small specimen seen from beneath. Shows carapace with leaf-

like rostrum, sternites of trunk and tail, epimera of tail segments, and expanded tail fan.
Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 41.5''.

9. Nat. size. Tail and tail fan. Figured liy E. Etheridge, jun., as Dithyrocaris s)!. ind.,

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1879, vol. xxxv.. pi. xxiii., fig. 2. Loeality, Liddel Water,
half-.a-mile below New C'astleton, Roxburghshire. M. 4260'-.

10. Nat. size. Tail and tail fan in side view, detached sense organs of head, eyes, antenuular

peduncle, antenna, and .scale. Same locality. M. 4882*''.

11. N.at. .size. Part iif tail and fan of larger individual. S.ame locality. M. 42G7".

12. Nat. size. Part of tail with telson .showing characteristic urnnnient. Figured by K.

Etheridge, jun., foe. cii., fig. 3. Same locality. M. 4265''.

13. Telson of another individual, seen from beneath. Shows accessory swimmerets, two on one

.side. Same locality. M. 4883'\

14. Part of fig. 13 enlarged.

PLATE 7

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PLATE VIII.

Figs. ] -5. Palteocans scotica Peach . . . . . . . . . , . . Page 54.

1. Mag. 2.^ diam. Reproduction of original figure from Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1882, vol.

XXX., pi. X., fig. 10. Localit}', Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfiie-sshire. M. 3349'^.

2. Mag. 3 diam. Pieproduction of figure, loc. cit., fig. 10. Same locality. M. 1542*^.

3. Mag. 5 diam. Reproduction of figure, loc. cit.. fig. 10a. Same locality. M. 1347*^.

4. Mag. 10 diani. To show difierence between trunk and tail segments ; also shows fragments

of trunk limbs. Same localit}-. M. 1346''.

5. Restoration of tail fan. Reproduction of figure, loc. cit., fig. lOh.

Figs. 6 and 7. Paln-ocaris ti/pns Meek and Worthen.

6. Reproduction of figure by Meek and Worthen, from Mem. Geol. Survey of Illinois, I'.S'.A.,

vol. ii., pi. xxxii., for comparison.

7. Repi-oduction of restoration of tail fan by i\Ieek and Worthen, loc. cit.

Figs. 8-10. I'aliiocaris laudshoroiiglii sp. nov. . . . . . . . . , . . . Page 55.

8. Nat. size. Trunk an<l tail showing head appendages and tail fan. Locality, Kilmaurs,

Ayi'shire. (Specimen presented.)

9. Counterpai't of fig. 8.

10. Re.storation of parts seen, magnified.

Fig. 11. Anasjndes tasmanvf G. M. Thom.son . . . . . - . . . . . . Page 53.

11. Reproduction of Caiman's figure of the recent Anaspides from Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin.,

1897, vol. xxxviii., pi. i., fig. 1, for comparison.

Figs. 12-14. Palivinysis danlopi sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 57.

12. Mag. 3 diam. Tail and tail fan. Locality, Greengairs, 3i miles N.N.E. from Airdrie,

Lanarkshire. T. 2769'''.

1 3. Mag. 3 diam. Tail and tail fan showing auditory oi-gans on uropods. Same locality.

T. 2767''.

14. Mag. 4 diam. Tail fan showing auditoiy organs on ui'opods. Same locality. Pi-esented

b)' R. Dunlop.

Fig. 15. Magnified tail fan of recent Jlysi-i for comparison.

Figs. 16-19. Palainysis coitttsi .sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . Page 59.

16. Coutts Coll. Nat. size. Tail fan. Locality, Cementstone Quarr}', East Kilbride, Lanark-

shire.

17. „ „ Nat. size. Tail fan. Same locality.

18. „ „ Nat. .size. Tail fan. Same locality.

19. Restoration of tail fan.

Figs. 20-24. Pala-mysis tenuis sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 60.

20. Nat. size. Tail fan. Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 648''.

21. Nat. size. Tail fan. Same locality. M. 2780''.

22. Nat. size. Tail and tail fan. Same locality. M. 3234'=.

23. Nat. size. Carapace and tail. Same locality. M. 1412*^.

24. Restored tail fan, slightly magnifieil.

Fig. 25. Pald'tnysis sp. ind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pi>ge 60.

25. Part of tail and fan. Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm. M. 2390'^'.

PLATE 8

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PLATE IX.

Figs. 1-10. Anthracophausia dii.tisiana Hp. nov. .. .. .. .. . .' .. Page 61.

1. Mag. 3 diam. Trunk and tail of adult male: e. eye, a. antennnle, an. antenna", s. ba.sal

scale, ?nax. maxillipede, e»d. en'lopodites of seven pairs of trunk limbs, I. e.e* luminous
bodies, 1, 2. pleopods of first and second pairs, <ja. gut. Locality, Whiteaddei Water,
near Dims, Berwickshire. M. 860°.

1a. Luminous body on trunk of fig. 1, enlarged.

1b. Tip of male pleopod of fir.st pair, with coupling hooks, further magnified from fig. 1.

2. Mag. 3 diam. Trunk and tail of fem.ale ; lettering as in fig 1. Same locality. M. 847°.

3. Mag. 3 diam. Trunk and jiart of tail of adult male. Shows head organs: m.p. mandi-

buliir palp., til. body of mandible : other lettering as in fig. 1. Same locality. M. 3494*^.

4. Mag. 3 diam. Adult male : lettering as above. Same locality. M. 801°.

5. Mag. 3 diam. Tail : a.s. accessory swimmerets on telson ; lettering as above. Same

locality. M. 86.5".

6. Mag 3 diam. Trunk and tail, back view. Shows course of gut. Same locality. M. 685°.

7. Magnified head organs seen from beneath. Shows V)asal joints of antenna. M. 741°.

8. Mag. 3 diam. Tail seen from beneath Shows portion of anus. M. 868".

9. Restoration of tail fan, magnified.

10. Mag. 2 diam. Carapace and head organs. Locality, Glencartholm, Langhohn. M. 2262''.
Figs. ll-l;"). Aiithracophausia dunsiana, var. ohesa vai-. nov. . . . . . . . . Pi>ge 66.

11. Mag. 3 diam. Adult male, showing pleopods of first and .second pair ; lettering as above.

Locality, Whiteadder Water, Duns, Berwickshire. M. 3514''.

12. Mag. 2 diam. Trunk and I ail of female, showing liead organs. Locality, Glencartholm,

Langholm, Dumfries.sliire. M. 2280''.

13. Mag. 2 diam. Carapace of female. Same locality. 2714'^.

14. Mag. 3 diam. Car.apace and head organs. Same locality. M. 2256' .

15. Mag. o diam. Tail fan and la.st segment. Same locality. M. 2614' .

16. Tail fan of I'ecent Kupliausia pellucida Dana, after G. 0. Sars, for ccmiparison.

* Owing to a mistake, the huainous organs on tlie tail of fig. 1 are lettered r in.stead of /.

PLATE 9.

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PLATE X.

Figs. 1-5. Authracophaasia iraquairi (Peach) . . . . . . . . . . . . Page G7.

1. Nat. size. Eeproduction of original figui-e fi-ora Trans. Itoi/. Sor. Edin., 1882, vol. xxx.,

pi. X., fig. 5a. Locality, Glencartholm, Langholm. Dunifries.shire. M. 694^.

2. Nat. size. Repi'oduction of fig. 5b, loc. cit. Same locality. M. 941''.

3. Nat. size. Trunk and tail of (?) female presei'ved in relief : r. i-ostrum, s. Ijasal scale of

antenna, m. mandible, en. endopodites of trunk limbs, e.c. exopodites of same : 1-5. basal
joints of pleopods. Same locality. M. 2582''.

4. Nat. size. Counterpart of fig. 3.

5. Branch of gill of tig. 1, magnified.

Fig. 6. Branch of gill of recent Euphausia pellucida Dana, magnified, aftei- G. 0. Sars, for com-
paiison. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . Page 69.

Figs. 7-11. C'ranyopsis socicdis Salter .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 69.

7. Presented to the Survey Collection by Wm. Ander.son. Mag. 3 diam. Trunk and pait

of tail of (?) female : e. eye, a. antennules, an. antennie, s. basal scale, era. endopodites
of trunk limbs; 1-5. pleopods of tail segments. Locality, Ardross Shore, near St.
Monans, East Fife.

8. Presented by Wm. Anderson. Mag. 3 diam. Trunk .and tail of another (i) female;

(/'. ? gills ; other lettering as above. Same locality.

9. Pre.sented by Wm. Anderson. Mag. 3 diam. Tail of male showing underside: 1.

pleopods of first pair. 2. jileopods of second pair, aiiu. anus. Same locality.

10. Presented by Wm. Anderson. Mag. 3 diam. Part of tail and fan, Same locality.

11. Restoration of male. Masjnified about 2 diam.

PLATE 10.

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PLATE XI.

Figs. 1 -7. Craiigopsis esMalensis (Peach) . . . . . . . . . . Page SO.

1. Nat. size. Trunk and tail. Show:; characteristic epimeron of second tail .segment.

Reproduction of original figure from Traii^. Roy. Soc. Edin.. 1882, vol. xxs., pi. viii.,
fig. 9. Locality. Glen&irtholm, Langholm, Dumfriesshire. M. 284'^'.

2. Nat. size. Trunk and tail of male. Reproduction of fig. 9c, loc. cit. Same locality'.

M. 285' .

3. Nat, size. Male. Shows ant«nnu!e,s. ba.^al scale of antenna, mandibular palp, pleopods of

first and second pair. Reproduction of fig. 9b, loc. cit. Same locality. M. 425' .

4. Nat. .size. Tail fan. Reproduction of fig. 9h, loc. cit. Same locality. M. 664*^.

5. Nat. size. Trunk and tail, showing ev-e, antennule.s, antenna ami scale, and characteristic

epimeron of second tail segment. Reproduction of fig. 9.a. loc. cit. Same loealitv,
M. 77'-.

6. Magnified. Pleopod of first pair of male (fig. 3). Reproduction of fig. 9f, loc. cit.

7. Restoration of tail fan. Reproduction of fig. 9k, loc. cit.

Fig. 8. Cra?igopsi.< huxleyi (H. Woodward) . . . . . . . . . . Pages 38, 82.

8. Reproduction of H. Woodward's figure of Pi/gocephahts huxleyi. from Trans. Geol. Soc.

Glasgow. 1867, vol. ii., p. 245, fig. 2.

Figs. 9, 10. Grangopsis elegans (Peach) . . Page 81.

9. Nat. size. Trunk and tail. Reproduced from Trans. Boy. .^oc. Edin., 1883, vol. xxs.,
pi. xs:\-iii., fig. 8. Locality, Glencartholm, Tiangholm. M. 3340''.

10. Mag. 4 diam. Trunk and tail, showing antennule and tail fan. Locality, Whiteadder
Water, Duns, Berwickshire. M. 963"^'.

Figs. 11-14. Crrnvgopsis rhodesi sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 73.

11. Mag. 3 diam. Two specimen,*. One, a female, .shows eyes, antennules, antenna and

scale, endopodites and exopodites of trunk limbs, brood sacs. The other, probably a
male, shows head organs and tail fan. Locality, Chattlehope, Redesdale, Northuniljer
land. Counterpart of R. 1681.

12. Telson, magnified. Same locality.

13. Magnified restoration of tail fan.

14. Magnified restoration.

Fig. 15. Grangopsis magna sp. nov. . . . . . . . . Page 75.

15. Nat. size. Part of trunk and tail of male. Shows modified pleopods of first and .second

pair. Glencartholm, Langholm, Dumfries-^hire, M. 2245^.

Figs. 16-18. Grangopsis minttta sp. uoY. .. .. .. .. .. Page 80.

16. Mag. 3 diam. Shows head organs and tail fan. Locality, Coosmdon Burn, Rede

Water, Northumberland.

17. Mag. 3 diam. Trunk and tail. Same locality.

18. Mag, 9 diam. Tail fan.

Figs. 19, 20. Graitgopsis hast-ita .sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . Page 82.

19. Mag. 4 diam. Tail fan, seen from above. Locality, Chattlehope, Rede Water,

Northumberland .

20. Mag. 4 diam. Tail fan, seen from side and beneath. Locality, Chattlehope, Rede

Water, Northumbeiland.

PLATE II.

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PLATE XII.

Figs. i-7. Crangopsis couttsi sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 76.

1. Coutts Collection. Nat. size. Trunk and tail of male, showing head organs .and modified

pleopods of first and second pair. Locality, (Jementstone Quari'v, East Kilbride,
Lanarkshire.

2. (Joutts Coll. Nat. size. Trunk and tail. Same locality.

.3. Coutts Coll. Nat. size. Trunk and tail. Shows the nature of the epimera of tail
segments. Same locality.

4. Coutts Coll. Nat. size. Trunk and tail. Shows head organs and tail fan. Same locality.

o. CJoutts Coll. M.agnified front of carapace, eyes, antennular j)eduucle, and ba.sal scale of
antenna. Same locality.

6. Tail fan of fig. 4, magnified.

7. Restoration of m.ale, magnified about 2 diam.

Figs. S-12. Crani/opsis robusfa sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . Page 7S.

8. N.at. size. Trunk and tail of .adult female, with ovisac with ova. Locality, Coomsdon

Burn, a half-mile above junction with Rede Water, Northumberland.

9. Nat. size. Two specimens, ^showing trunks and tails. Same loaxlity.
10. Tail fan, magnified. Same locality.

IL First tail segment, magnified to show forwardly-direeled epimeron. Same locality.
12. Restoration, masnified.

PLATE 12

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