pe ete a pr ote 9 byrne” eee brio “Sn tiw det a or Oo Ort wtindie i Te ti otra ee a toh nant easel ee ee eal Gated tre a ad et eo ae afte en ee = thay oe li Fn a Pret fi eos Mth att O ee S— Ba genre oe ee > pate Me Gl Bane Get pent 2 ee thet a lad ene Geta e pe tl 8 6-H Cote oe ee ae a te ~ ee eatett er tt et, a wr $eP oO wwe A entertain eh et aoe CFS S 3 ay + Me . a 5 ° i by aft , ~~ es Sie OF ‘NORTH AMERICA. | . | PART IV. | ; — f ' PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | et rr a > ve 7 : e | : BY tee | R. OSTEN SACKEN. | . | } | WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. . JANUARY, 1869, - oe woe } BL Ae Dale Net ear Sik ale IEE a ace SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 219 MONOGRAPHS OF THE mee aR A OF NORTH AMERICA. PART IV. E ‘N ¥ ¢ PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION y BY We. OSTHN SA Gun. wri WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. JANUARY, 1869. ADVERTISEMENT. THE present publication is the fourth part of a work on the Diptera of North America. Jt has been prepared at the request of the Smithsonian Institution by Baron R. Osten Sacken, and is based almost exclusively on his own collections. Parts I and II of the series were written by Dr. H. Loew, of Meseritz, Prussia, principally from the examination of specimens furnished by Baron Osten Sacken. Part III, also by Dr. Loew, is in ‘an advanced state of preparation. The work is published in successive monographs of families and genera, when sufficient material is on hand for illustrating particular groups, without reference to systematic sequence. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Wasuincton, December, 1868. PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER. PREFACE. Avd See wy Svoyeparvery rtavdiexas trv mepi ray arimorépwv’ Cau Ertc- cxediv. Ev mace yap rors pvorxars tvects re Savmactov’ xav xagamep “Hpaxdetzos Aéyetas mpos Tovs Sévovs einecy rovs PBovdowévovs evrvyerv aVTG, GL Enevdy mpoorovres eldov avrov Sepomevoy mpds TQ inv@ Eornoow (éxéreve Yap adTovs ELorévon SappovvTas elvar yap xoL evTavea S20vs), Ovtw xai xpos cay Syrnow mepi Exdorov rv Cawv mpoorévae Set py Svowmovpevor 5 vy Anacuw ovTOS TUVOS PYOLXOD xaU xAAOD. (Wherefore we ought not childishly to neglect the study even of the most despised animals, for in all natural objects there lies something marvellous. And as it is related of Heraclitus that certain strangers who -. came to visit him, when they found him warming himself at the kitchen- fire, stopped short—he bade them enter without fear, for there also were the gods: so we ought to enter without false shame in the examination of all living beings, for in all of them resides something of nature and beauty.) ARISTOTELES, de partibus animalium, I, 5. The present volume contains the first part of a monograph of the North American Tipulide, that is, the Tipulide brevipalpi, the Cylindrotomina, and Ptychopterina. The Tipulide longi- palpi are reserved for another volume. The ground covered in this monograph is the same as that of my former essay: New genera and species of the North American Tipulide with short palpi, with an attempt at a new classification of the tribe (in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, 1859), that is, it embraces all the known North American species,’ at the exclusion of those from the West ' The described species belong to the Atlantic States of the Union; only two Californian species have been added. ( iii) iv PREFACE. Indies and Mexico. But if, instead of the sixty pages which the above-mentioned essay contains, the present volume fills nearly three hundred and sixty, this is owing partly to the increase of materials at my disposal, partly to the much greater development which I have given to the paragraphs concerning the classifica- tion. When, in 1859, I adopted an entirely new distribution of the Tipulidx, I considered it as only provisional, because it was based exclusively on North American species. Since then, how- ever, it has proved available in a more general application, and has been introduced by Dr. Schiner in the European fauna. I have therefore deemed it necessary to explain my views on that distribution with more accuracy, and have treated the classifica- tion with almost as much detail as if I was writing, not a faunistic, but, a general monograph of the family. I only regret that my opportunities for studying the Huropean fauna have been so limited. . . - 220 Gen. XXI. Gnopuomyia 172 17. brevifurca O. S. 59. 221 1. luctuosa O. S. % a) Lie Le, altima OS. 8. Oo 222 2. tristissima 0. S.%.9. 175 A. -apwilima Os Sok. O 8 223 20. fuscovaria O. 8.5.9. 225 Gen. XXII. Psmoconopa . 176 21. rufibasis 0.8.5.9 . 225- 22. munda, n. sp. %.9 . 226 Gen. XXIII. GoniomyiaA —ws176 23. montana O. S..%.Q9 . 227 manca, 0. sp. % .« a Sls 24. cubitalis, n. sp. §-9. 229 . sulphurella 0. S. %.Q 180 25. quadrata O..S. $.9 . 230 HO on SL 26. lenta 0. S. 5.9 sh aol HOt LBL 182} Gen. XXIX. Unomorboa . 232 i. pilosella, 0. Sis) Gus 238 1 2. cognatella O. S. % 3. subcinerea O. S. % 4. blanda 0. S. $.?2 Gen. XXIV. Empepa . «Leo 1. stigmatica,n.sp. 5 . 184] Gen. XXX. Tricnocera . 233 en ee 5G a Srcrioy V. ANISOMERINA . 238 Gen. XXXI. AnisomErRA «289 Gen. XXVI. Cuapura. alec 1. megacera 0. S. $3.9 . 243 1. flavoferrugineaO. S.%.9 188 2. indivisa O.S. 5.9 . 189| Gen. XXXII. Cuaponrprs . 244 Gen. XXXIII. Ertocera ae Section IV. LIMNOPHILINA. 190 . spinosa 0. S. %.9 252 Gen. XXVII. Epippracma . 193 . longicornis Walk. %.9 253 1 2 1. fascipennis Say, %.Q. 194 3. wilsonii, n. sp. % AS 2. solatrix 0. S.%.9 . 195 4. fuliginosa O. S. $3.9. 255 Gen. XXVIII. Livnopuina . a4 Gen. XXXIV. PenrHoprera 256 1. macrocera Say, %.9 . 204 1. albitarsis, n. sp. §.9. 257 2. unica, n. sp. 9 . ~ 205 3. fasciolata O. S. % - 206 4s photon) ah Heh © 207 | Section VI. AMALOPINA . 259 5. tenuicornis,n. sp. %.2 208 Gen. XXXV. AMmALopris - 260 6. niveitarsis, n. sp. 4.2 209 1. inconstans 0.S.%.9. 266 7. tenuipes Say, %.Q9 . 210 2. auripennis 0. S. % . 268 8. recondita,n.sp. %.Q9. 212. 3. calear 0. S. 5.9 . 268 9. imbecilla O. S. 4.9 . 213 4. hyperborea 0. S. 5% . 269 10. toxoneura 0. S. 5.9. 213) 5. vernalis 0. S.%.9 . 270 .aredlata, 0,.S8.'5.9 . 214 | . adusta 0. S.%-Q . 215) Gen. XXXVI. Peprera =. 271 . luteipennis 0. S. .9 217) Lyalhivitia Walk. %.9 . 273 pal fal fod wonwo PAGE | Gen. XXXVII. Una 274 1. elegans, n. sp. 9 o 216 2. paupera O. S. 4.9 277 Gen. XXXVIII. Dicranora. 278 | 1. rivularis 0..S. 4.9 281 2. eucera, 0. sp. 3 . : 281 | Gen. XXXIX. PuecrRomyia. 282! 1. modesta,n.sp. 4.9 . 284 Gen. XL. RHAPHIDOLABIS 284 | 1. tenuipes, n..sp. .O .. 287 2. flaveola, n. sp. 4.9 288 | Sect. VII. CYLINDROTOMINA 289 Gen. XLI. CytinpRoTomA 296 1. americana O. S. % 299 2. nodicornis 0.8. %.Q@. 301 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Gen. XLII. Triogma . 1. exsculpta O. S. 9 Gen. XLIII. PaHAaLAcRocERA . 1. tipulina O. S. 4% Sect. VIII. PTYCHOPTERINA Gen. XLIV. PrycHopTERa 1. rufocineta O.S.u or Gen. XLV. BirracoMoRPHA . 1. clavipes Mab. 5.9 Gen. XLVI. PRoToPLasa le Sitch Oise . APPENDIX I. Species described by previous authors and not contained in the present Monograph ° Say, Journal of the Academy of Nat. Sciences in Philad. Limnobia humeralis Say, Long’s Expedition, ete. ; Appendix . : : Ptychoptera 4-fasciata Trichocera scutellata Wiedemann’s Aussereuropdische Zweifliigelige Insecten Limnobia gracilis A. Fitch, Winter Insects of East- ern New York Trichocera brumalis Macquart, Dipteres Exotiques, etc. Limnophila carbonaria 321 321 321 dal 322 322 322 323 323 323 323 Walker, List of Specimens of the British Museum, ete. Ptychoptera metallica Chionea aspera Scita . Trichocera bimacula gracilis . . Walker, Diptera Saundersiana . Limnobia turpis biterminata ignobilis . 2 Zetterstedt, Diptera Scandina- vice, ete. Erioptera fascipennis Westwood, London and Edin- burgh Philos. Magaz. Gynoplistia annulata Xi TABLE OF CONTENTS. APPENDIX II. On the genera of Tipulide brevipalpi not indigenous in Europe or in the United States Peripheroptera Schiner Gynoplistia Westw. . Cerozodia Westw. . Cloniophora Schin. . Paratropeza Schin. . EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES INDEX 5 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS Ctedonia Philippi Polymoria Philippi Lachnocera Philippi Polymera Wied. PAGE 330 330 PAGE 333 334 334 335 337 B41 345 cg walkie tee ial fits DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. PART {v. G ON THE NORTH AMERICAN TIPULIDE. (Part First.) INTROD EC TION. 1. Characters of the family. Tue Tipulide belong in the number of those large families of Diptera, the limits of which are equally well defined on all sides. In the Dolichopodidx and Asilidx we have instances of families of the same kind, and the words of Mr. Loew about the latter “that not a single dipteron has yet been found, the posi- tion of which as belonging or not belonging to this family is questionable’”—these words may, with almost equal propriety, be applied to the Tipulide. The presence of a transverse V-shaped sich across the meso- notum, would alone be sufficient to distinguish the Tipulide from the neighboring families. The completeness of the venation and the structure of the ovipositor of the female are of equally general application. Through the whole family, and all the modifications in the other organs notwithstanding, the venation is arranged according to the same plan, the characteristic features of which are, the great length of the two basal cells, the development of the auxiliary vein, and the presence, in the majority of cases, of a discal cell. The veins, in their last subdivisions along the margin of the wing, are from ten to twelve in number (if Clado- 1 May, 1868. CL) 2 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Lv: lipes and Toxorrhina (Tab. I, f. 6) have only nine veins, the obliteration of a vein is in both cases evident). The Culicide and Psychodide come next to the Tipulidz with regard to the completeness of the venation ; but they have no discal cell; among all the other Diptera nemocera, this cell occurs only in Rhyphus. The size and structure of the ovipositor, with its two pairs of long, horny, pointed valves, is common, with very rare exceptions, to all the Tipulidex (the ovipositor of the other Diptera nemocera generally consists of two hardly projecting inconspicuous valvules). The only genera exceptional in this respect are Cryptolabis and Bittacomorpha; their ovipositors do not show any horny append- ages.t These three leading characters of the Tipultde—thoracic suture, venation, and the structure of the ovipositor—sufficiently isolate this family among the other Diptera nemocera; but we render the contrast still more striking, if we direct our attention to the different parts of the organization of the Tipulidz, and compare them with the corresponding parts in other families. Thus the eyes here are rounded or oval, and never excised on the inside (reni- form or lunate), like those of most Culicide, Chironomide, Psychodide, Simulide, and some Mycetophilide. The ocelli are, with rare exceptions (T’richocera and perhaps Pedicia), wanting, or, at least, imperceptible; and this character the Tipu- lide share with the Culicide, Chironomide, Psychodide, Simu- lide, and a part of the Cecidomyidex. 'The joints of the antennal flagellum are, with rare exceptions, well marked in their divisions, the shape of the whole antenna being in most cases setaceous, that is, gradually attenuated towards the tip. The joints are never absolutely cylindrical, as in some Cecidomyizx (Asphon- dylia, Spaniocera), or of the compressed disciform shape, so common among the Mycetophilide; only Rhipidia has them pedicelled (a character common among the Cecidomyizx). The antennal joints are in most cases verticillate (a character very rare among the Mycetophilidx); never bushy (a character of general occurrence among the males of the Chironomide and Culicide). With regard to the number of antennal joints, the Tipulide do not differ much from the other Nemocera; the ' Thave neglected the opportunities I have had to examine the ovipositor of Bittacomorpha on fresh specimens; in dry ones, I perceive only a pair of short, coriaceous appendages. INTRODUCTION. 3 great majority of them have 2+ 11, 2412 or 2414 joints; the great majority of the MDycetophilide have 2+ 14, the Culicide 2+ 12, the Chironomide from 2+ 10 to 2418 (in the niale sex; much less in the female) ; the Cecidomyidex 2 + 12, or double this number, 2 + 24. The feet of the Tipulidx are comparatively much longer than those of the other families of Diptera nemocera (except perhaps the Blepharoceridx) ; but the coxz are never so long as in the Mycetophilide, the femora never dentate, as in Ceratopogon ; the tibie, although often spurred at the tip, are never beset with spines, as in the majority of the Mycetophilide. The ungues have sometimes teeth on the under side, like those of some Chironomide and Mycetophilide ; empodia are often distinct, but pulvilli, like those of Bibio, have not been observed. In size, the majority of the Tipulide are considerably larger than the other Diptera nemocera, and the contrast in this respect is very striking. Among the families usually placed in the vicinity of the Tipu- lidx, the Blepharoceride alone may have a claim to a distant relationship with them. In the structure of the incomplete thoracic suture of Blepharocera, I perceive, if I am not mistaken, an approach to the Ptychopterina; but as my knowledge of the Blepharoceridz is confined to a single species, I would not insist upon this relationship. The Blepharoceride have three ocelli and a peculiar venation; the inner horny parts of the mouth of Blepharocera are much more developed than those of the Tipu- lidx ; and the eyes are divided by a distinct cross-line into two portions, one with large, the other with small facets; a character which I have never observed among the Tipulidz. The connection between the Psychodide and the Hriopterina is of a very obscure kind, and unless further developed by obser- vation, cannot have any scientific value. The position of the genus Chionea among the Tipulide, is determined chiefly by the structure of its ovipositor, the want of — a thoracic suture notwithstanding. Moreover, the relationship of Chionea to Trimicra is evident. The case of Dixa, likewise deprived of a thoracic suture, is more doubtful. This genus has been referred to the Myceto- philide by Meigen and Zetterstedt; to the Tipulide by Macquart and Westwood ; Rondani connects it with Trichocera, 4 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. and Haliday places it provisionally, together with Orphnephila, in an artificial group, Heteroclite. Dixa has no thoracic suture ; the ovipositor of the female, according to Mr. Haliday, is different from that of the Tipulide, consisting of two short, broad, round lamels ; the presence of only six longitudinal veins, the shortness of theauxiliary vein, the absence of both subcostal and marginal cross-veins, the peculiar course of the first longitudinal vein, the constant absence of the discal cell, etc., constitute a type of venation which separates Dixa from all the known Tipulide and shows some points of analogy with Ptychoptera only. The rather extraordinary larva of Dixa (described by Steger) is one ground more for separating this genus from the Tipulidz. Alto- gether, I incline to the opinion of Mr. Haliday in leaving Diza, temporarily at least, in an isolated position. oil 2. On the larve of the Tipulide. During the larva stage, the species of this family are as well marked among the Diptera, as in the perfect stage of their existence. At the same time, they exhibit a remarkable con- formity in the more important parts of their organization, all the differences in the external conditions of their life notwithstanding. About a dozen more or less complete descriptions of such larve have been given by former authors,t and I have had occasion myself to examine several larve of Limnobia, Tipula, Pachyr- rhina, and Ctenophora. The following account is based upon these data (some more details concerning all the known larvee of this family will be given under the head of the respective genera) :— The principal character, distinguishing these larve from those ! Perris, Ann. Soc. Entom. de Fr. 1849, p. 331, Tab. VII, f. 4 (Ula pilosa) ; the same, 1. c. 1847, p. 37, Tab. I, f. 3 (Trichocera) ; the same, 1. c. 1849, p. 331, Tab. VI, f. 5 (Limnophila dispar) ; Chionea by Brauer (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. 1854); Cylindrotoma in Schellenberg, Genres de Mouches Dipt., and in Zeller, Isis, 1842, p. 808; Phalacrocera in Degeer; Ptychoptera in Réaumur and Lyonnet; Ctenophora in Fischer, Oryctogr. du Gouvt. de Moscou, Bouché, etc.; Tipula in Réaumur, Degeer, Bouché, etc. Besides the detailed descriptions, numerous short notices about single larve are scattered in the different authors. I cannot refrain from noticing here, that what Mr. Heeger describes as the larva of Limnobia platyptera Macq. (Sitzungsber. der Wien. Acad. Vol. XI, 1853) is a Myceto- philideous larva, probably Bolitophila. INTRODUCTION. 5 of the neighboring families is, that as far as known they are metapneustic, that is, they have a single pair of spiracles at the anal end of the body. ‘The genus Trichocera, anomalous in many respects, is the only one, provided Mr. Perris’ statements are correct, which has two pairs of spiracles, a thoracic and an anal one. A second characteristic peculiarity of these larve is the structure of the mentum, which consists of a horny plate, pointed in front, and with several more or less deep indentations on both sides of this central point. I found this organ in all the larve which I have dissected; it is entirely different from the corresponding organ in the larvee of the Mycetophilide (compare my description of these in the Proc. Hntom. Soc. Phil. 1862, p. 151, Fab: I). The head of the larva is comparatively large, imbedded nearly up to the mouth in the first thoracic segment; it consists of a horny shell, open on the under side and in front; the parts of the mouth are inserted in the latter opening. The comparatively large labrum, lapping over the mouth when it is in motion, has a rather complicated structure, partly horny, partly fleshy, vary- ing in the different genera; often, for instance in 7ipula, with bristles and microscopic hairs in front. The mandibles are horny, very strong (not flat, as in the Mycetophilidx), generally bifid at the tip and often with several indentations on the inner side. The maxille are likewise large and stout; more or less fleshy on the inside, but strengthened on the outside by horny plates ; they have a short palpus on the outside and the usual lobe, coriaceous, often provided with an entanglement of hairs and bristles, on the inside. The mentum, already alluded to above, is a horny lamel of variable structure ; in 7ipula and Ctenophora I have found it triangular in front, the sloping sides bearing several small inden- tations; in a larva of Zimnobia this organ had five large teeth in front. Under the mentum, inside of the buccal cavity, I have perceived in the larve of Tipula and Ctenophora another smaller, rounded, horny lamel, with indentations on its anterior side. The plane of this second lamel is parallel to that of the first, and it may be seen moving up and down, when the mouth is in motion, The antenne, placed on the sides of the mouth, consist of a rounded, fleshy basal piece, and a cylindrical, horny shaft, ending in one or several stout bristles. 6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. The body of the larve is grub-like, of a uniform grayish, brownish, or whitish color. It consists of twelve segments (counting the anal segment among them). ‘The nature of the outer integuments depends on the mode of life of the larva. The larve of Ctenophora, living in wood, have a soft, white, smooth skin, similar to that of the larve of longicorn beetles or of the Aszlidz, living in similar conditions. The larve of Tipula, living in the soil, or the larve of those species of Ctenophora which are found in wood so far decomposed as to be like soil or vegetable mould, have a much tougher skin, and are covered with a microscopic, appressed pubescence. This toughness, as well as some stiff bristles, scattered over the surface of the skin, is probably useful in burrowing. ‘Thus the larva of Trichocera, digging in vegetable mould or in fungi, is covered, according to Perris, with microscopic erect bristles; the larva of Ula, living in fungi, has, according to the same author, still longer bristles. The larve living in water (as some Limnobina) are soft and slimy, of a dirty greenish color, and with a peculiar clothing of appressed microscopic hairs, not unlike those of the. larvee of Stratiomyia. The most anomalous of all the Tipulideous larve are those of the Cylindrotomina. That of the Cylindrotoma dis- tinctissima lives upon the leaves of plants, as Anemone, Viola, Stellaria, almost like a caterpillar; it is green, with a crest along the back, consisting of a row of fleshy processes. The larva of Cylindrotoma (Phalacrocera) replicata, according to Degeer, lives in the water, on water-plants, and is distinguished by numerous filaments, which, although resembling spines, are flexible and hollow on the inside. Degeer took them for organs of respiration. The organs of locomotion of the larve generally consist in transverse swellings on the under side of the body provided with exceedingly minute, stiff bristles. Sometimes these swellings run round the whole body ; in such a case, their dorsal portion is less developed than the ventral. The anal end of the body is truncate, and the two spiracles are placed upon the truncature. The margins of the latter are for the most part provided with fleshy retractile processes of various size and shape, usually four, some- times sixor more. The truncature can be contracted at the will of the larva, and then the fleshy processes are shortened and the spiracles are inclosed in the cavity thus formed at the end of tke INTRODUCTION. 7 body. The fleshy processes are sometimes, especially in the Tipulide, strengthened on the inner side by small horny plates, sometimes they are replaced by horny, pointed processes (I have found a larva of this kind, belonging to Zipula or Pachyrrhina). The larve of some Clenophorz (as C. airaia, nigricornis, etc., belonging to the subgenus Xiphura Brullé), have no processes at all round the truncature. In the aquatic larvee of Ptychoptera, a long tube at the end of the body, serves for breathing, for which purpose it is raised to the surface of the water. On the under side of the last segment is the anal opening. Immediately in front of the anus, on the under side of the body, some larve, belonging probably to the genus Zipula, have a certain number of soft, digitiform, retractile processes, varying in size, shape, andnumber. (The usual shape is figured in Réaumur, IV, Tab. XIV, f. 10, where there are six large processes; but sometimes they are much smaller.) I do not know the use of these singular organs. The pupe of the Tipulide are extricate, like those of nearly all the Diptera orthorapha. The thorax usually bears two horn- like processes, varying in length and structure. They represent the thoracic spiracles. In Ptychoptera one of these processes acquires a great length, in order to allow the pupa to breathe under water. The abdominal segments of the pupa are provided with transverse rows of hairs, bristles or spines, which enable the pupa to extricate itself from its place of concealment, pre- paratory to the escape of the perfect insect.. These processes are usually more numerous and stronger in the genera Tipula, Cienophora, etc., than among the brevipalpous Tipulide. 38. Historical account of the classification of the Tipulide. The word Zipula was used by the Latin classics to designate some long-legged insect, running over the surface of the water, perhaps Hydrometra. I have not been able to ascertain when and where this word was first applied to the crane-flies ;t but it i The quotations from Plautus, Varro and Festus about Tipula or Tippulla, are to be found in all Latin dictionaries. Aldrovandi, whose work, De Animalibus Insectis, appeared in 1602, reproduces these quotations (p. 708), ‘and describes as Tipulz two water insects; one of them is Ranatra, which is also figured ; the other is apparently Hydrometra. Moufet (Insect. Théatr. 1634), under the name of Tipula, likewise means Hydrometra (p. 169); but in bar a 8 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Ly. was used in this sense some time before Linné introduced the name in his zoological system. His two genera, Culew and Tipula, embrace the whole of the present Diptera nemocera, but, in his arrangement, they were not placed alongside of each other. Culex, on account of its long proboscis, was put in the same group with Empis, Conops, etc. Fabricius, in his earlier works (Syst. Entomol. 1774), followed Linné in adopting these two genera and locating them on account of the structure of their proboscis. Latreille, in 1802 (Hist. Natur. des Crustacés et des Insectes, Vol. III), introduced the name Tipulariz for the division which he afterwards called Diptera nemocera, and which he distin- guished on account of the structure of the antenne. The genera admitted by him at that time, besides Culex and Tipula, were Ceroplatus, Bibio, Simulium, Scatopse. While Fabricius tried to found his arrangement upon the structure of the mouth, Latreille upon the structure of the antenne, the comparative length of the feet and also the structure of the mouth, Meigen struck in the right direction by showing the importance of the venation. This character enabled him to establish at once a series of genera, which have been retained since. He did it first in an essay (Versuch einer neuen Gat- tungseintheilung der europ. zweifligl. Insecten, in Illiger’s Magazin, etc., II, p. 259, 1803), and a year later in his first independent work (Klassification und Beschreibung der europ. zweifl. Insecten, 1804). Without introducing any family divi- sions, these works give a series of definitions of genera. The following genera belonging to our family of Tipulide are men- tioned in this way by Meigen: Trichocera, Hrioptera, Limonia, Tipula, Nephrotoma, Pltychoptera, Ctenophora. Except Tipula, all of them were new. The fourteenth volume of Latreille’s Hist. Natur. des Crusiacés et des Ins., containing the Diptera (the third volume, mentioned another chapter (p. 70) he mentions the word Tipula among the Latin names commonly applied to crane-flies. In 1722 Frisch (Beschr. v. allerl. Ths. in Deutschl. part IV, p. 24), speaking of the crane-flies, says: “ Flies which are called Tipulce by the naturalists who have written before me.’’ Réau- mur (about 1735) also calls them “tipules.”? Linné quotes Frisch and probably borrows the name from him. It is not impossible that Aldro- vandi’s figure of Ranatra has been mistaken for a crane-fly (Tipula), by one of the subsequent authors. INTRODUCTION. 9 above, gave only the general classification), appeared a few months after Meigen’s work. Although acquainted with Meigen’s labors, Latreille does not adopt his new genera, except Limonia. The subdivision of Latreille’s Tipularie (afterwards called Diptera nemocera) is rather confused, but the character derived from the length of the last joint of the palpi, which became so im- portant soon after, is introduced here. The genera with an elongated last joint of the palpi are: Z%pula (corresponding to the present genus Ctenophora), Tanyptera (for Ctenophora atrata Fabr.), and Tychoptera (containing species of the genus Tipula and Ptychoptera). The genera with a short last joint of the palpi are Limonia, Molobrus (Sciara), and Oligotropha (Cecidomyia). In Latreille’s next work— Genera crustaceorum et Insectorum, Vol. IV, 1809-—a considerable progress is apparent. Here for the first time, the family Z¢pulide in our sense is distinguished as a separate tribe Tipularie terricole, co-ordinate to the Tipularie aquatice (Culex, Chironomus), fungivore and florales. The Tipularie terricolx, characterized by the struc- ture of their antennez, the absence of ocelli and the length of their feet, are divided into two groups, according to the length of the last joint of the palpi. The group with an elongated joint is composed of the genera Cienophora, Pedicia, Tipula, Nephro- toma, Ptychoptera; the group with a short joint, of Zimonia and Hexatoma (now Anisomera). Limonia which, in the sense of the author, includes 7richocera and Hrioptera, is further sub- divided in four sections, based upon the structure of the antenne and the venation. Among the genera Pedicia and Hexatoma are new. | . The name Diptera nemocera has been proposed for the first time by Latreille in 1817, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire d’ Histoire naturelle, in the articles Diptéres and E’ntfomologie. Fabricius’s principal work on Diptera, published in the mean time—Systema Antliatorum, 1805—did not add anything of im- portance to the knowledge of the distribution of the Tipulide. In Meigen’s great work—Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Luropiischen zweifligligen Insecten—the first volume of which, containing the Tipulide, appeared in 1818, the Diptera nemocera were called Tipulariz (Miicken), and subdivided in the sections: culiciformes (now Culicide and Chironomide), 10 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Ly. gallicole (now Cecidomyide), noctueformes (Psychodide), ros- trate (Tipulide), fungicole (Mycetophilide), lugubri (genus Sciara), latipennes (Simulide), muscxformes (Bibionide and Rhyphide). The Zipularie rostrate (our Tipulide) were defined thus: “Eyes rounded, separated by the front above; no ocelli ; head prolonged in a snout; palpi incurved; thorax with a ented transverse suture in the middle; aioe with eight segments; tibiz more or less spurred.” The following genera were added to those adopted in the ‘ Klassification,” ete. : Rhipidia, Nematocera, Anisomera. The name Limonia (from Acar, Meadow), as objectionable on account of a foreign idea which might be connected with it, was changed in Limnobia. Hexatoma Latr., was changed in Nematocera, rather arbitrarily, the only reason for this change being that Meigen himself wanted to use the name Hexatoma for one of his genera. Limnobia was defined in the following manner :— “‘ Antennee setaceous, 15-17 jointed; first joint cylindrical, the second cyathiform, the following elongated or globular. Palpi inecurved, cylindrical, four jointed; the joints of equal length. No ocelli. Wings (generally) incumbent in a parallel position to each other; veins glabrous.” The definition of Z%pula differs only in the statement about the structure and the number of joints of the antenne (thirteen) ; the prolonged last joint of the palpi and the divaricate wings. In the sixth volume of the same work (1830) the genera Glochina, Rhamphidia, Synvplecta, and Dolichopeza were added. The latter genus, however, had been originally proposed by. Curtis (British Eniomology, I, 62) in 1825. In reviewing the first steps taken in the classification of the Tipulide, we cannot but notice the contrast between the talents of Latreille and Meigen. The correct definition of all the large subdivisions, as the separation of the Diptera nemocera, the recognition of the Zipulidx as a family, and the subdivision of this family in longipalpi and brevipalpi are due to Latreille. But the adoption of all the leading genera is the work of Meigen. Contemporaneously with Meigen’s work, Wiedemaun’s Diptera Exotica (1821) and Aussereuropaeische Zweifliigelige Insecten INTRODUCTION. 11 (1828-30) appeared. They did not introduce any change in the classification, but added two new genera to the system,: Polymera and Megistocera. Macquart, in both*of his works ee du Nord de la France, 1825, and Hist. Nat. des Ins. Diptéres, Vol. I, 1834), retains Latreille’s designations: Diptera nemocera and Tipu- lariz terricole. To the latter family, in the last of the two works, he adds the genus Dixa, placed by Meigen among the Tip. fungicole. He also follows Latreille in subdividing the Tip. terricole in the longipalpt (genera: Ptychoptera, Cteno- phora, Tipula, Pachyrrhina, Nephrotoma, Pedicia) and brevi- palpi (Ozodicera, Rhipidia, Rhamphidia, Idioptera, Limnophila, Limnobia, Cylindrotoma, Symplecta, Hrioptera, Polymera, Me- gistocera, Trichocera, Dolichopeza, Dixa, Anisomera, Chionea). Among these genera Ozodicera, Idioptera, Pachyrrhina, Limno- phila, and Cylindrotoma were new. Chionea had been described, in 1816, by Dalman, and correctly referred to the Tipulide. The principal innovation of Macquart was the introduction of the genera Pachyrrhina and Limnophila, which broke up Meigen’s large genera Tipula and Limnobia. The most important publications on the Diptera in general, since Macquart’s last quoted works, are Zetterstedt’s, Walker’s, and Rondani’s. Zetterstedt (fauna Lapponica, 1840, and Diptera Scandinavie, tenth volume, 1851) introduced several new genera, but did not improve the distribution of the family of Tipulidx. The subdivision into longipalpi and brevipalpi was entirely abandoned by him, and the genera belonging to these two . groups were arranged promiscuously. The genus Chionea forms a separate family for itself, between which and the Tipulide the Mycetophilidex are inserted. Zetterstedt’s new genera are Psilo- conopa, Dicranota, Tricyphona, all of which had been originally adopted in his earlier work in 1840. Walker (Insecta Britannica, Diptera, Vol. III, 1856) adopts, in the main, Meigen’s distribution of the Tipulidx.. Macquart’s genera Limnophila and Pachyrrhina are introduced as subgenera. only. The genera Geranomyia and Ula, originally proposed by Mr. Haliday, in 1833 (Zntomol. Magaz. Vol. 1), are introduced here, and the genus Amalopis is suggested by the same author in a note (Addenda, p. xv), but not introduced in the body of the work. 12 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. Mr. Rondani, in his Prodromus awit dai Ttalice, Volk (1856), proposed the following distribution :—t Fam. XXV. Tipulida. 3 I. Stirps Limnobiina. A. Eleven or twelve longitudinal veins reach the margin. 1. Hrioptera (type: LE. obscura M.; therefore syn. Molophilus).—2. Chemalida, n. g. (type: Erioptera tenioncta M.).—8. Ilisomyia, n. g. (type: L. nubipennis, n. sp.).—4. Ilisophila, n. g. (type: Erioptera lutea M.).—5. Ormosia, n. g. (type: Erioptera nodulosa Macq., which, in my distribution, would be a Rhypholophus).— 6. Spyloptera, n. g. (type: S. meridionalis, n. sp.; also a Rhi ypho- lophus, according to Dr. Schiner).—7. Limnea, n. g. (type: Eri- optera flavescens Lin.)—8. Symplecta.—9. Rhamphidia.—10. Oylin- drotoma.—11. Taphrosa, n. g. (syn. Goniomyia).—12. Orosmyay n. g. (type: O. apenna, n. sp.).—13. Ilisia, n. g. (type: Lrioptera maculata M.).—14. Eleophila, n. g. (type: Ephelia marmorata Hgg.).—15. Limnophila.—16. Bophrosia, n. g. (syn. Tricyphona). —17. Trichocera.—18. Idioptera.—19. Ula. Ak Only ten longitudinal veins reach the posterior margin. 20. Dolichopeza.— 21. Anisomera. —22. Nematocera.—23. Dixa.—24. Pelosia, n. g. (type: P. albifrons, n. sp.).—25. Glochina (type: G. sericea M.).—26. Taphrophila, n. g. (type: Dicranomyia inusta M.).—27. Limnomyza, n. g. (type: Simnobia tripunctata M.).—28. Limnobia (type: L. chorea M.).—29. Rhipidia. II. Stirps Zipulina. 1. Ceroctena (syy Dictenidia Brullé).—2. Xiphura.—3. Ctenophora.— 4. Ctenocer.a, n. g. (type: Ptychoptera pectinata Macq.).—5. Ptychoptera.—6. Pedicia.—7. Nephrotoma.—8. Alophroida, n. g. (type: A. cinerea, n. sp.).—9. Pachyrrhina.—10. Tipula.—ll. Pterelachisus. Fam. XXVI. Chioneide. Fam. XXVII. Orphnephilide. Fam. XXVIII. Berteide. Fam. XXIX. Asthenide. ° Fam. XXX. Rhyphide. It is unnecessary to enter into a detailed criticism of this 1 Thave seen Mr. Rondani’s first volume only, containing the general synopsis of all the families of Diptera, and it is from this volume that the extract which I give is reproduced; I do not know whether the volume containing the T7pulide has appeared at this date or not. INTRODUCTION. 13 distribution, as its comparison with the one adopted in this volume can be easily effected. As early as 1854 (Stettiner Entomol. Z. p. 203), I had suggested that the proper way to subdivide the genus Limnobia Meigen, would be, to base this subdivision on the number of the sub- marginal cells, instead of the posterior cells (as Macquart has done it). At the same time, I observed that a division estab- lished upon this character, would be very well supported by characters taken from the structure of the forceps of the male. In 1859 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philad. p. 197) I carried out these suggestions, by applying them to the North American fauna. The distribution of the Zipulide brevipalpi into six groups, proposed by me, was based upon a combination of cha- racters, taken from the number of submarginal cells, the number of antennal joints, the presence or absence of spurs at the tip of the tibiz, and the position of the subcostal cross-vein. This - distribution required the adoption of a considerable number of new genera. In 1864, Dr. Schiner, in his work Fauna Austriaca, Diptera, adapted my distribution to the European fauna. As the present volume contains the development of the same distribution, the necessary details about it will be given at the proper places below (compare also the § 5 of this Introduction). In the same year, Mr. Lioy arranged the Tipulide (his family Rostrattiti) into four subfamilies: Paludicolint (our Ptychop- terina), Lignicolint (genus Ctenophora), Terricolini (our Tipu- lina), Zimnocolint (embracing all our Tipulide brevipalpi). He proposed several genera, which I will mention in the list given below. I conclude this review of the progress of the classification of the Tipulide with a list, in chronological order, of all the generic and subgeneric names, which have been proposed in this family, whether finally adopted or not. Further historical details about the Tipulide will be given under the heads of the different genera. / Tipula Linné, Animalia per Sueciam observ. 1736. Trichocera Meigen, Illiger’s Magaz. 1803 (Limnophilina). Erioptera Meig. l. c. (Eriopterina). Limonia Meig. 1. c. (changed afterwards in Limnobia). Nephrotoma Meig. 1. c. (Tipulina). 14 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. Ptychoptera Meig. 1. c. (Ptychopterina). Ctenophora Meig..1. c. (Ctenophorina). Tanyptera Latreille, Hist. Natur. des Crust. et des Insectes, Vol. XIV 1804 (syn. Ctenophora). Tychoptera Latr. l. c. (syn. Tipula and Ptychoptera). Pedicia Latr. Genera, etc. Vol. IV, 1809 (Amalopina). Elexatoma Latr. l. c. (syn. Anisomera). Chionea Dalman, Kon. Veténsk. Akad. Handl. 1816 (Eriopterina). Limnobia Meig. System. Beschr. Vol. I, 1818. Nematocera Meig. 1. c. (Syn. Antsomera). Anisomera Meig. l. c. (Anisomerina). Rhipidia Meig. 1. ¢. (Limnobina). Gonomyia Megerle in Meigen, 1. c. 1818 (now Goniomyia, Eriopterina). Polymera Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. 1821 (Amalopina’?). Megistocera Wied. l. c. (originally Mekistocera). Helobia (syn. Symplecta). St. Fargeau, Encycl. Méthod. 3 Megarhina (changed afterwards in Helius). Insectes, 1825, Vol. X, p. Helius (syn. Rhamphidia). 585 et Index. Dolichopeza Curtis, Brit. Entomol. 62, 1825 (Tipulina). Glochina Meig. System. Beschr. etc. 1830, Vol. VI (Limnobina). Rhamphidia Meig. 1. c. (Limnobina anomala). Symplecta Meig. l. c. (Eriopterina). Leptorhina Steph. Catal. Brit. Ins. 1829 (syn. Rhamphidia Meig.). Dicranomyia Steph. 1. c. (Limnobina). Xiphura Brullé, Ann. Soc. Entom. de Fr. I, p. 205, 1832 (Ctenophorina). Dictenidia Brullé, 1. c. IH, p. 402, 1833 (Ctenophorina). Molophilus Curtis, British Entomology, 444, 1833 (Eriopterina). Geranomyia Haliday, Entomol. Magaz. Vol. I, 1833 (Limnobina). Ula Halid. 1. c. (Amalopina). Limnophila Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt. 1834, Vol. I. Pachyrrhina Macq. 1. c. (Tipulina). Ozodicera Macq. ]. c. (Tipulina). Idioptera Macq. 1. ¢. (Limnophilina). Cylindrotoma Macq. 1. c. (Cylindrotomina). Aporosa Macq. Webb et Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, 1835 (syn. Geranomyia Hal.). Limnobiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Entom. de Fr. IV, p. 683, 1835 (Limnobina and Rhamphidina). Caloptera Guérin in Westw. 1. c. (changed afterwards in Evanioptera, Anisomerina). Anoplistes Westw. Zool. Journ. V, p. 446, Tab. XXII, f. 10-13, 1835 (Limnophilina). Gynoplistia Westw. (same as preceding; only name modified) Lond. and Edinb. Philos. Magaz. VI, p. 280, 1835. Ptilogyna Westw. Zool. Journ. 1. c. Tab. XXII, f. 14,15; Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1. c. (Ctenophorina). INTRODUCTION. ‘ 15 Ozocera Westw. Zool. Journ. 1. c. (changed afterwards in Cerozodia). Cerozodia Westw. Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1. c. (Limnophilina). Hemicteina Westw. Zool. Journ. 1. c. (Ctenophorina, syn. Ozodicera Macq.). Bittacomorpha Westw. Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Magaz. VI, p. 281, 1835 (Ptychopterina). Peronecera Curtis, Brit. Entomol. 589, 1836 (Anisomerina). Evanioptera Guérin, Voy. de la Coquille, Zoologie, Texte I, 2, p. 287, Tab. XX, f. 2. The text was published in 1838; the plates, upon which the genus was called Caloptera, in 1830 (Anisomerina). Leptotarsus Guérin, |. c. (Tipulina). Ctenogyna Macq. Diptéres Exotiques, Vol. I, p. 42, 1838 (Ctenophorina). Eriocera Macq. 1. c. (Anisomerina). Psiloconopa Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapponica, 1840 (Eriopterina). Dicranota Zett. 1. c. (Amalopina). Tricyphona Zett. 1. c. (Amalopina, syn. Amalopis). Pterelachisus Rond. Guérin, Magaz. de Zool. 1842, No. 106 (Tipulina). Prionocera Loew, Stettiner Entom. Zeitung, 1844, p. 170 (Tipulina, syn. Stygeropis). Styringomyia Loew, Dipterol. Beitr. I, p. 6, 1845 (Limnobina anomala). Apeilesis Macq. 1. c. ler Supplemt. 1846 (Tipulina). Cheilotrichia Rossi, Systemat. Verz. Oester. Zweifl. p. 12, 1848 (Eriop- terina). ; Pterocosmus Walker, List of the Dipt. Brit. Mus. I, p. 78, 1848 (Aniso- merina). Trichoneura, Calobamon, Haploneura, Tanymera, Tanys- phyra, Ataracta, Allarithmia; Loew, Uber d. Bernstein und die Bernstein fauna, 1850. (These genera are named, but not described. ) Toxorrhina Loew, Linnza Entomologica, V, p. 400, 1851 (Rhamphidina). Macrochile Loew, 1. c. p. 402 (Ptychopterina). Chemalida, Ilisomyia, Ilisophila, Ormosia, Spyloptera, Limnea, Tlisia (all Eriopterina) ; Rondani, Prodr. Dipterol. Ital. I (1856).! Taphrosa (syn. Goniomyia), Rondani, l. ¢. Orosmyia Pelosia Elcophila Rondani, 1. c. (syn. Ephelia Schin. ; Limnophilina). Taphrophila, Limnomyza, Rondani, 1. c. (Limnobina). Bophrosia Rondani, l. c. (syn. Zricyphona). Ceroctena Rondani, |. c. (syn. Dictenidia Brullé ; Ctenophora M.). Ctenoceria Rondani, |. c. (Ptychopterina). | Rondani, 1. c. (location unknown to me). 1 All the new genera of Mr. Rondani’s, mentioned by name in the first volume of his Prodromus, are not fully characterized ; in most cases only the type of the genus is named. 16 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Ly. Alophroida Rondani, 1. c. (Tipulina ?). Amalopis Haliday, Walker’s Ins. Brit. Dipt. III, p. xv, 1856 (Amalopina). Oligomera Doleschall, Naturk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Indie, Vol. XIV, p. , 11, Tab. VII, f. 3, 1857 (Anisomerina). Dicranoptycha. ] Antocha. Limnobina Hlephantomyia. | - anomala. Teucholabis. Gnophomyia. Crypielabis. I Enione mae: O. Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. eae ka ae Phila, 1859 Lasiomastix. Epiphragma. | Subgenera of Dactylolabis. Limnophila. Dicranophragma. J Arrhenica. _ Anisomerina. Protoplasa. Ptychopterina. Physecrania Bigot, Ann. Soc. Entom. de Fr. 1859, p. 123, Tab. III, f. 1 (Anisomerina). Bertea Rondani, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Natur. Milano, II, p. 56, with fig. 1869 (location uncertain). Rhypholophus Kolenati, Wiener Entom. Monatschr. IV, with fig. 1860 (Eriopterina). Crunobia Kolenati, 1. c. (Amalopina). Trimicra O. Sacken, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1861, p. 290 (Eriopterina). Penthoptera (Anisomerina). Dasyptera (Eriopterina). : AY ; : ee ee eb enna), Schiner, Wiener Entom. Monatschr. Hehe ehienppiilina).) Vol. VII, 1863, and Dipt. Austriaca, Poecilostola (Limnophilina). Vol. Il, 1864 o 5) e Elliptera (Limnobina anomala). Triogma (Cylindrotomina). Phalacrocera (Cylindrotomina). Holorusia Loew, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Vol. VII, 1863 (Tipulina). Stygeropis Loew, 1. c. (Tipulina). Platytoma Lioy, Atti Inst. Ven. 3d series, Vol. IX, X, 1864 (Hriopterina). Macroptera Lioy, 1. c. (Amalopina, syn. Ula). Anomaloptera Lioy, 1. c. (Tipulina). Dicera Lioy, |. c. (Ctenophorina). } Plettusa (Limnobina, syn. Geranomyia). Ctedonia (Limnophilina). Philippi, Verh. Zool. Bot. Polymoria (Limnophilina ?). Gesellsch. in Wien, 1865, # Idioneura (Eriopterina, syn. Symplecta). | P 595 sqq. (with figures). Lachnocera (Hriopterina ?). J Tanyderus Philippi, 1. c. p. 780, Tab. XXIX, f. 57 (Ptychopterina). Cladolipes Loew, Zeitschr. fir Gesammte Naturw. 1865, p. 895 (Aniso- merina). INTRODUCTION. ih Discobola O. Sacken, Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila. 1865 (Limnobina, sya. Trochobola). Paratropeza (L. anomala). | Schiner, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. in Cloniophora (Limnophilina). Wien. 1866 Peripheroptera (Limnobina). Thaumastoptera Mik, Verh. Z. B. G., etc., 1866 (Limnobina anomala). Macrothorax Jen. Schr. d. Senkenb. Ges. (Tipulina). Rhicnoptila Now. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1867, p. 337 (Limno- philina). Trochobola (Limnobina). | Orimarga (Limnobina anomala). Atarba (id.). Sigmatomera (Eriopterina). Empeda (id.). Mesocyphona. Acyphona. i Subgenera of Erionterina. Hoplolabis. Ulomorpha (Limnophilina). Plectromyia. Rhaphidolabis. — Genera and subgenera adopted in the present volume. | | t Amalopina. | 4. Division of the TIPULID& info LONGIPALPI and BREVIPALPI. Some Tipulide have the last joint of the palpi much longer than the three preceding taken together, whiplash-shaped, almost reaching the fore coxe in the living insect. Others have this last joint hardly longer, or even shorter, than the two pre- ceding taken together, cylindrical or subcylindrical and not whiplash-shaped. If we exclude the small and anomalous groups of the Ptychopterina and the Cylindrotomina, this division of the Tipulide in longipalpr and brevipalpi will, upon examina- tion, prove natural enough, and supported by a considerable number of subsidiary characters. Among the brevipalpi the genus Pedicia is the only one which has the last joint of the palpi rather long (nearly once and a half the length of the three preceding joints taken together), and this induced Latreille, when he established this genus, to place it among the longipalpi. In all other respects, the position of Pedicia among the brevi- palpi? is not in the least doubtful. Besides the structure of the palpi, the following are the charac- ters which may be used as tests for determining the relationship of doubtful forms with either of the two divisions. Some of these characters, perhaps all, may not be of universal! occurrence 9 May, 1868. +e 18 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. in the groups in which they prevail; but their importance arises from their characterizing the great majority of the species :— 1. In the 7. longipalpi, the auxiliary vein ends in the first longitudinal vein, being incurved towards it; beyond the humeral cross-vein there is no other cross-vein connecting the auxiliary vein with the costa or with the first longitudinal vein. In the T. brevipalpi the auxiliary vein, as a rule, ends in the costa, and is connected by a cross-vein with the first longitudinal vein. 2. The structure of the cells in the vicinity of the stigma is tetally different in the two divisions. The first longitudinal vein in the T. longipalpi-is usually incurved towards the second vein and attenuated in a peculiar manner before ending in it; an oblique cross-vein connects the first vein, a short distance back of the tip, with the costa; this cross-vein, together with the anterior branch of the second vein, form near the anterior margin a small, trapezoidal cell, very characteristic of the 7. longipalpt (it is wanting, however, in Dolichopeza and some related species). In the Z. brevipalpi the first longitudinal vein ends in the costa, and the cross-vein, at its tip or some distance before it, connects it with the second longitudinal vein ; no structure like the trapezoidal cell is apparent. 3. The structure of the discal cell and the direction of the veins surrounding it is different in the two divisions. In the 7. longipalpt, the vein separating the two last posterior cells (the posterior intercalary vein of Mr. Loew; compare Monogr. of N. A. Diptera, I, p. xxiv, fig. 3, v) issues very near the inner end of the discal cell, usually from the angle, between this cell and the great cross-vein; this, in most cases, gives the cell a pentagonal shape, unless, as for instance in the genus Pachyr- rhina, the vein has no contact at all with the cell, and has the appearance of the direct prolongation of the fourth longitudinal vein; in such cases the discal cell is a parallelogram. In the T. brevipalpi the posterior intercalary vein issues from the latter end of the discal cell, and its origin is quite distant from the great cross-vein, which is usually near the inner end of the discal cell. The Amalopina show some approach to the 7. longipalpi in the position of the intercalary vein and in the shape of the discal cell; still the origin of the intercalary vein in the Amalopina is usually rather distant from the great cross-vein. Amalopis vernalis O. §., is the only species which, in this INTRODUCTION. 19 respect, is like the TZ. longipalpt; the intercalary vein of this species issues from the angle between the cross-vein and the discal cell, at the inner end of the latter. 4. Inthe TZ. longipalpi a distinct fold generally runs across the wing from the inner end of the stigma, over the discal cell, to the penultimate posterior cell; it is usually marked by a paler coloring of the membrane of the wing and by a discoloration of the wing-veins ; it is more or less distinct in the different genera. In the 7. brevipalpi this fold is not apparent, and a slight trace of it may sometimes be observed in the partial discoloration of the veins at the inner ends of the discal and of the penultimate posterior cells. 5. The 7. longipalpi usually keep the wings divaricate in repose, while the Z. brevipalpi fold them over the abdomen. Pedicia, which reminds us of the longipalpi by the length of the last joint of the palpi, also keeps the wings divaricate in repose. 6. The restrum of the 7. longipalpi is usually more prolonged and its upper part projects in the shape of a point (nasus), clothed with hair; a very marked character, seldom wanting among the 7. longipalpi, and not observed among the TZ. brevi- palpi. 4. The antenne of the normal types of 7. longipalpi are 13- jointed; those ot the 7. brevipalpt are from 14 to 16-jointed ; exceptions are comparatively rare. The structure of the joints of the flagellum, common among the 7. longipalpi, is different from that of the majority of the T. brevipalpi. 8. The male genitals of the 7. longipalpi are of a more com- plicated structure and more voluminous than the simple forceps of the 7. brevipalpi; still, in this respect, intermediate forms occur. 9. The size of the 7. longipalpi is generally considerably larger ; their feet and especially the tarsi, are longer. The Ptychopterina, as I have said above, areean anomalous group, which does not well fit in either of the two principal divisions of the Tipulide. Their palpi are long; but this length depends on the elongation of alt the joints and not of the last s joint in particular; this applies especially to the genera Proto- . plasa O. S. and Tanyderus Philippi. The auxiliary vein in Bittacomorpha and Ptychopiera ends in the costa, and there is no cross-vein connecting it with the first longitudinal vein ; in 20 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Vic Protoplasa and Tanyderus, this cross-vein exists, and its position is altogether as in the 7. brevipalpi. The rest of the venation of the Piychopterina is peculiar and distinguished by the absence of the sixth longitudinal vein; still this venation is more like that of some 7. brevipalpi, than of any TJ. longipalpi; there is hardly any vestige of a fold across the wing. The general appear- ance and the coloring of the body and of the wings are much more like the 7. brevipalpi ; the structure of the antenne and the number of their joints also remind us of them. The elongated epistoma, however, in Bittacomorpha and Ptychoptera, shows something of the nasus peculiar to the TZ. longipalpz; it is not apparent in Protoplasa. The Ptychopterina keep the wings divaricate in repose (I do not know whether this applies equally to Protoplasa). In the Cylindrotomina, the course of the auxiliary and first longitudinal veins strongly remind us of the 7. longipalpi ; the T. brevipalpt with a single submarginal cell, as far as known, never have spurs at the tip of the tibie, whereas the Cylindrotomina partake of both of these characters at the same time; the 7. brevipalpi with a single submarginal cell always have only four posterior cells, Cylindrotoma distinctissima and C. americana have a single submarginal cell and five posterior cells. At the same time, the number of the antennal joints of the Cylindrotomina (16), the position of the posterior intercalary vein and the struc- ture of the palpi, are characters belonging to the 7. brevipalpi. The Cylindrotomina, except in the above quoted instance, have four posterior cells, a character of common occurrence among the T. brevipalpi, and, as far as I know, not observed yet among the 7. longipalpi. (Compare, for more detail, the chapter on the Cylindrotomina. ) | Thus, if we adopt the division into 7. longipalpi and T. brevi- palpi, it will be necessary to form a third group which will be artificial and contain the intermediate and anomalous forms.* 1 It was with this intention that I introduced in the first volume of the present series (Monographs, etc., Vol. I, p. 11) the group Ptychopterina, co- ordinate with the 7. longipalpi and brevipalpi (following Mr. Loew’s prece- dence, I then called them Tipulina and Limnobina). With the Cylindrotomina I was hardly acquainted at that time, as I had found on this continent only a single doubtful specimen. It may not be amiss to notice here, that the two last lines of the above quoted page contain a lapsus calami, which INTRODUCTION. 21 But as the Tipulide are divided now into a larger number of natural groups or sections, the subdivision into 7. longipalpi and — brevipalpi has lost somewhat of its importance. These names are, nevertheless, very convenient terms for designating the two large groups of which the family is composed; and they are the more convenient in the present publication, as the two parts of which it is intended to consist will nearly coincide with these groups. 5. Distribution of the TIPULIDA BREVIPALPI in sections. The bulk of the 7. brevipalpi is represented in the genus Limnobia Meigen, which contains the most heterogeneous ele- ments. Several attempts have been made to subdivide it into sections, or to break it up altogether; but strange enough, all these attempts were based upon secondary characters, whereas the number of submarginal cells was either entirely overlooked, or applied to the distinction of subordinate groups only. Thus, both Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand. X, 1851) and Walker (Ins. Brit., Diptera, III, 1856) use for their primary subdivision of Zimnobia, the presence or absence of the discal cell; and next to this, the number of posterior cells. The consequence is, that one of Prof. Zetterstedt’s ultimate subdivisions contains the following species in the same order as they are given here: ZL. didyma M. (a Dicranomyia; section Limnobina; one submarginal cell); L. pilipes F. (Trimicra; section Hriopterina; two submarginal cells); L. replicata L. (Phalacrocera ; section Cylindrotomina) ; L. trisuleata Schum. (Triogma; section Cylindrotomina); L. tristis Schum. (Dicranomyia ; one submarginal cell); LZ. fusces- cens Schum. (Dicranoptycha ; section Limnobina anomala ; one submarginal cell) ; L. murina Zett. and hyalinata Zett. (probably Dicranomyte ; one submarginal cell); L. pilicornis Zett. (pro- bably Ulomorpha; section Limnophilina; two submarginal cells); Z. pilosa Schum. (Ula; section Amalopina; two sub- marginal cells); L. ciliaris Schum. (£rioptera ; two submarginal cells); Z. lugubris Zett. (perhaps a- Psiloconopa? section Eriopterina ; two submarginal cells); LZ. morio F. (Dicrano- requires correction; in the penultimate line, read jirst instead of second ; in the last line read auziliary, instead of first longitudinal, 2 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. mya ; one submarginal cell); 7 gracilis Zett. (probably Gonio- myia; section Hriopterina; ts o submarginal cells). Among fourteen species, six different sections of the Tipulidz and at least ten genera are represented ! Earlier than Zetterstedt and Walker, Macquart had divided Limnobia Meig. in two genera: Limnobia, with four posterior cells, and Limnophila, with five. If Mr. Zetterstedt did not seem to attach any importance to the number of submarginal cells, except as a specific distinction, Macquart is somewhat in advance of this author; he uses this character, but without recognizing yet its full importance. His genus Limnobia is sub- divided into two groups, the first of which, with a single submar- ginal cell, answers to our genera Dicranomyia and Limnobia ; the second, with two submarginal cells, contains the species: JL. sylvatica M. (a Limnophila, with four posterior cells); L. pla- typtera Macq. (the same); ZL. diana Macq. (an Hriocera), etc. The presence or absence of a discal cell is, in most cases, a character of a very secondary value, often unreliable even for the distinction of species. The presence of a fifth posterior cell is not always indicative of a corresponding modification in the other organs. Closely allied species, in the genera Hriocera and Penthoptera for instance, have a different number of posterior cells. The number of submarginal cells is a character of a much higher value, and can be applied with advantage to the whole group of Tipulide brevipalpt, and not to the genus Limnobia Meigen, only. But, used alone, it does not overcome the prin- cipal difficulty, which consists in eliminating from the genus Limnobia, in Meigen’s sense, all the foreign elements which it contains. In order to attain this end, we have to use several other characters. In the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Phila- delphia, 1859, I have proposed a distribution, based upon the number of submarginal cells, the presence or absence of spurs at the tip of the tibiw, the presence or absence of empodia, the structure of the ungues, the number of antennal joints, and the position of the subcostal cross-vein. The scheme of this distribu- tion, which is retained in the present volume, is the following :—t Instead of the names ending in formes, which I applied to the sections in 1859 (Limnobiaformes, Erioptereformes, etc.), I adopt here the more convenient termination in zma. The name of the sixth section, Pedicie- Jformia, is changed in Amalopina. INTRODUCTION. 23 I. A single submarginal cell. 2. Or Antenne 14-jointed. Antenne 16-jointed. Sect. I. Limnobina. Sect. Il. Limnobina anomala. II. Two submarginal cells. No spurs at the tip of the tibiz. Tibiz with spurs. ua Sect. II]. Hriopterina. o Ti EON Auxiliary cross-vein posterior Auxiliary cross-vein anterior to the origin of the second vein. ’ to the origin of the second vein. —_—_—— Antenne 16-jointed. Antenne 6 or 10-jointed. Sect. VI. Amalopina. Sect. 1V. Limnophilina. Sect. V. Anisomerina. Besides the leading characters, mentioned in the table, almost all the sections have some other characters peculiar to them, as may be seen in the following definitions :— I. Limnobina. One submarginal cell; four posterior cells. Normal num- ber of antennal joints! fourteen (sometimes apparently 15). Eyes glabrous. Tibiz without spurs at the tip; ungues with more or less distinct teeth on the under side; empodia indistinct or none. Il. Limnobina anomala (artificial group). One submarginal cell (none in Toxorrhina). Normal number of antennal joints sixteen. Ill. Eriopterina. Twosubmarginal cells ; four posterior cells (five cells in Cladura only); discal cell sometimes closed, but very often open. Normal number of antennal joints siztecn. Eyes glabrous. Tibie without spurs at the tip; empodia distinct ; ungues smooth on the under side. IVY. Limnophilina. Two submarginal cells; usually five, seldom four posterior cells ; discal cell generally present ; subcostal cross-vein posterior to the origin of the second longitudinal vein, usually closely approximated to the tip of the auxiliary vein (considerably distant in Trichocera only). Eyes glabrous (pubescent in Trichocera). Normal number of antennal joints sixteen. Tibie with spurs at the tip; empodia distinct; ungues smooth. V. Anisomerina. Two submarginal cells (only one in Cladolipes) ; three, four, or five posterior cells; discal cell closed or open; subcostal ! Each one of the sections has a number of antennal joints, which is the normal number of this section. If a genus or species belonging to it have a smaller number, it can usually be shown that this number is due to the coalescence of some joints. This is for instance the case with Elephantomyia and Yoxorrhina (compare these genera). Occasionally a larger number of joints is met with, as in the genus Nephrotoma, among the Tipulide longipalpi; or among some foreign genera of Limnophilina; but these are exceptions. | 94 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART ly. cross-vein near the tip of the auxiliary vein, posterior to the origin of the second vein. Eyes glabrous. The normal number of the antennal joints is six in the male and not more than ten in the female. Tibix with spurs at the tip; empodia distinct ; ungues generally smooth. VI. Amalopina. Two submarginal cells; discal cell closed or open ; subcostal cross-vein far removed from the tip of the auxiliary vein, an- terior to the origin of the second longitudinal vein. Tibie with spurs at the tip; empodia distinct. Eyes pubescent; front usually with a more or less distinct gibbosity. Normal number of antennal joints sixteen (seldom 17), or thirteen. The second of these groups is called artificial, because it is destined to receive all the genera with a single submarginal cell which, at the same time, have sixteen-jointed antenne. All such genera are so very peculiar in their characters, that it is natural enough to isolate them from the first section; but with all that, most of these genera do not show any relationship to each other and their juxtaposition is therefore artificial. The connecting links between them may not have been yet discovered, or they may have been lost in the course of geological ages; nevertheless, the adoption of this artificial group will be found of . great advantage in the system. If it should be proved that one of these genera is related to some genus of another section, it will have to be removed to that section. Thus, in the genus Cladolipes Loew, closely related to Anisomera, one of the branches of the second vein has disappeared, and hence the genus hag only a single submarginal cell. Nevertheless, as the natural relationship of this genus is evident, we place it among the genera with two submarginal cells. The aim of all classification is to increase our knowledge of the structure of organic beings by illustrating their natural relationship. If the natural relation- ship of some organic form be obscure, we may, for the sake of convenience, locate it provisionally on account of some artificial character ; but this provisional state has to cease, as soon as the true relationship is found out. In this sense, the location of several of the genera of the second group may be only provisional and connecting links between them and the other sections may yet be discovered. The other sections, as far as known, have very well marked INTRODUCTION. 95 limits, and there are but very few forms of transition from the one to the other. The Hriopterina, through the entire disappearance of the short anterior branch of the second vein in Goniomyia, may show a leaning towards the group of Limnobina anomala; on the other side, some genera of Hriopterina may come very near those Limnophilina which, with only four posterior cells, combine ex- ceedingly small, almost obsolete, spurs at the tip of the tibia. These connections are as yet very obscure, and we have to wait for further discoveries. Another question which may be natu- rally raised here is, whether Cladura, which alone among the Eriopterina has five posterior cells, is not rather to be considered as a genus of Limnophilina, the tibial spurs of which have be- come obsolete. A more detailed study of the organization of Cladura will have to show on which side its relationship is the strongest. The Anisomerina, especially the genus Hriocera, are closely related to the Limnophilina ; but the number of antennal joints establishes a distinct limit between the two sections. Intermediate forms are, as yet, unknown, although they may be in existence. Trichocera, the only genus among the Limno- philina, which has pubescent eyes and the subcostal cross-vein far remote from the tip of the auxiliary vein, shows, in this respect, a leaning towards the Amalopina; in other respects, : however, its relationship to the Limnophilina is manifestly stronger. The more characters peculiar to each one of the sections we accumulate, the stronger we render the basis upon which the classification is established and easier the solution we prepare for all future doubtful cases. In this respect, a great deal yet re- mains to be done. The progress of this study depends very much on the observation of fresh specimens, and these cannot always be had when wanted. Thus very good characters may be derived from the comparison of the size and structure of the different parts of the thorax and of the abdomen; especially of the seg- ments of the latter preceding the forceps. But these parts are subject to shrinkage in drying, and in this state it is easy to take an erroneous view of them. It is for this reason that I have abstained from entering upon their detailed description. The structure of the other soft parts of the body, as the palpi, the 26 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. forceps, and in many cases the antenne, has been noted down by me, almost invariably from living or fresh specimens. At the end of the Tipulidz brevipalpi I place the two sections which I consider as intermediate between them and the 7’ longi- palpt (compare above, p. 19): the Cylindrotomina and Ptychop- terina :— Sect. VII. Cylindrotomina. One submarginal cell; first longitudinal vein incurved at the tip towards the second, instead of ending in the costa (exception: Phalacrocera replicata Lin., where the first vein takes the usual course) ; four or five posterior cells ; a discal cell; the auxiliary vein is abruptly interrupted before the stigma, without ending either in the costa, or in the first longitudinal vein. Eyes glabrous. Normal num- ber of antennal joints sixteen. Tibis with spurs at the tip. Empodia distinct. Structure of the forceps and the ovipositor peculiar and characteristic. Sect. VIII. Ptychopterina. Only a single longitudinal vein posterior to the fifth vein; twosubmarginal cells. Labium largely developed ; palpi long. Tuibize with spurs at the tip. After having given an account of the distribution into sections, I have to add a few words on the genera. I am opposed to a . too great multiplication of the genera, and I believe that as the contrast between large and small groups exists in nature, it should also be brought before the eye in the classification. In the genus Hrioptera, for instance, the relationship of the groups which compose it is a much more striking feature than the characters which separate these groups, If we set up the groups as genera, with only three or four species in each, the difference between the large group, now called Hrioptera, and smaller groups, such for instance as the genera Gnophomyia, Trimicra, and all the genera of the group Limnobina anomala, this differ- ence, so strongly marked in nature, would remain unexpressed in the system. Subdivisions of the larger genera should of course be carefully marked, but less strongly than the intervals between the small genera, and in such cases a subgeneric subdivision may be useful. This is the course which I have followed. 6. General remarks on the structure of the TIPULIDH BREVIPALPI. In this paragraph I do not intend to undertake a general com- parative description of the external structure of the Zp. brevi- INTRODUCTION. oT palpt. My purpose is, to give a review of those characters only, which have been used in the classification, and to furnish some explanations necessary for the better understanding of the present monograph. The organs of the mouth of the T7p. brevipalpi afford com- paratively few characters for the classification. The prolongation of the head in front, called the rostrum (compare Monographs, etc., Vol. I, p. xiii) is generally shorter here than in the Zp. longipalpi ; it is considerably prolonged in the genera Rham- phidia, Toxorrhina, and EHlephantomyia, and then bears the palpi at its tip, The outer envelope of the rostrum has some- times the shape of a short tube ripped open on the under side ; often, however, it is hardly tubular at all, but has rather the appearance of a labrum, and is either short and stout, or long, narrow, and linear (Geranomyia). Whenever I wanted to desig- nate this outer envelope of the rostrum separately, as an inde- pendent organ, I have called it epistoma. The proboscis consists chiefly of the under lip, with its suctorial flabs; it projects more or less beyond the epistoma; the flabs are usually somewhat pubescent, linear in the Limnobina, more stout and fleshy in the Limnophilina, Amalopina, etc. ; (in Geranomyia the under lip is very much prolonged and bilobed, the lobes being likewise long and linear). The palpi incurved backwards, when at rest, are four-jointed; a fifth joint, sometimes perceptible at their basis, probably represents a rudimental maxilla; Mr. Westwood (Introd. etc. II, p. 525), who makes this suggestion, adds, that the texture of this fifth joint is different from that of the other four. The last joint of the palpi is usually longer than the preceding, some- what linear; but, except in some rare cases, as in Pedicia, it is never very long. Immediately under the part which I call the epistoma, is a linear, pointed organ, called the tongue; it is espe- cially long in Geranomyia. Meigen (Vol. VI, p. 281), in dissect- ing the mouth of Glochina, also mentions a pair of horny, linear, pointed maxille. A comparative study of the parts of the mouth of the Tipulidz is yet to be made. The eyes are oblong or rounded, separated above by a front which is more or less broad in different genera, but not percep- tibly broader in one sex than in the other. On the under side of the head, the eyes are usually more approximate, often almost contiguous. There is no striking difference in the size of the 28 | DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. facets of the upper and of the lower part of the eyes, nor a dis- tinct dividing line between them. The eyes are glabrous, except in the Amalopina and in the genus Tirichocera, where they are pubescent. Ocelli are wanting, except in Trichocera, where they are distinctly perceptible; Pedicia also shows some traces of them. The antenne are composed of a cylindrical, elongated first joint; a short, cyathiform or rounded second joint, and from 12 to 14 joints ‘of the flagellum. The Anisomerina have an abnormal number of joints (from 6 to 10); and in some foreign genera, the number of the joints is larger (compare G'ynoplistia, Cerozodia, Ctedonia, etc.). The usual measure of the antenne is, that when bent backwards, they nearly reach the root of the wings; they are much shorter than this in the genus Amalopis. The male sex in the Anisomerina, especially in some American species of Hriocera, has enormously prolonged filiform antennz, sometimes three or four times the length of the body. Some Limnophile, also Cylindrotoma, have the antenne of the male considerably longer than those of the female and pubescent on their whole length; usually, however, this difference in length between the sexes is much less perceptible. The male has often, on the under side of the three or four basal joints of the flagellum, a dense, short pubescence, which is much less perceptible in the female ; in some cases this pubescence extends on both sides of the whole antenna. It is worthy of notice that when the antenne of the male are long and pubescent, the first basal joint is very apt to be shorter than usual; this is the case for instance with Zimno- phila tenuipes, Cylindrotoma americana, Ula, ete. Pectinate antenne occur only in RAipidia among the native species, but several foreign Limnophilina have them also. The feet are long and slender, more or less pubescent; the presence or absence of spurs at the tip of the tibie, of empodia, and of teeth on the under side of the ungues constitute the basis of the principal subdivisions of the 7. brevipalp?, and will be sufficiently noticed below. The spurs, whenever present, are two 1 In the genus Blepharocera (fam. Blepharoceride, Monogr. Vol. I, p. 8) the eyes are divided in two portions, the upper one with large, the lower one with small facets; the upper portion is comparatively smaller in the male than in the female; in life, these portions differ in their color; the upper one, in B. capitata Lw., is reddish-green, the lower one purple. INTRODUCTION. 29 in number on each tibia, and occur on all the three pairs of tibie ; I have not observed a single case of spurs occurring on one or two pairs of tibis only.t The last tarsal joints show a sexual character, the very general occurrence of which has, I believe, not been observed before: in the male, the interval between the last and the penultimate joint is excised on the under side, which enables this joint to be bent under the preceding (a similar structure in a Tipula is figured by Westwood in Walker’s Jns. Brit. Dipt. Tab. XXVIII, fig. 5d). In such cases the last joint itself is modified in its structure, generally more elongated, slender, somewhat curved, and beset with bristles on the under side. This structure prevails through nearly all the genera, although it is sometimes wanting in single species of a genus in which it otherwise prevails. The prothorax (collare) varies in breadth and the remaining parts of the thorax in shape. These modifications, although mentioned in the descriptions, have not served to establish any important subdivisions. On the front part of the mesonotum there is often a pair of black dots, one on each side, immedi- ately back of the humerus; sometimes they assume the appear- ance of small pits, with a brown or black, shining bottom. Ido not know what they are; they may have some connection with the prothoracic spiracle, which is not far from them, immediately below. There is no vestige of them in some species and genera (for instance in Pedicia and Amalopis). In other cases, they are quite conspicuous, as in the group of Limnophile, represented by ZL. lutetpennis. These latter species have, besides the pits, two closely approximated shining dots, black or brown, near the point of contact of the intermediate thoracic stripe with the collare. The abdomen is nine-jointed ; the eighth joint is often narrow ; the ninth usually consists of an upper half segment and of the genitals. The external sexual apparatus of the male consists of a forceps, by means of which the end of the female abdomen is seized from below, a little before the ovipositor, in such a manner, that the latter organ is stretched out on the upper part of the abdomen of the male. This done, the male with a second, inner, clutching apparatus seizes the orifice of the inner genital 1 Atarba may, perhaps, form an exception; compare this genus. 30 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. organs of the female and adjusts thereon for copulation. The structure of this outer forceps offers many modifications and is for this reason very useful in the classification. The usual structure of the outer forceps is, that it consists of two, generally subcylindrical basal pieces, to each of which two elongated, pointed, movable appendages are fastened (compare Tab. IV, f. 28, 24, 25,29). The two pairs of these appendages are not of the same consistency, the outer one being generally horny, the inner one often of a less hard texture. The modifica- tions, however, of this primitive type are numerous. Sometimes the two appendages on the same side are soldered together, so as to represent a kind of horny hook (Tab. III, fig. 6, 7; Tab. IV, fig. 11, 16). Im the genus Dicranomyia the forceps is represented by a pair of movable fleshy lobes, with horny, beak- shaped projections on the inside (Tab. III, fig. 3, 5). Among the Hriopterina the structure of the forceps is often complicated and subject to considerable modifications (T. IV, f. 14, 15, 17-20). The outer forceps. as far as I have been able to observe, is put in motion by a kind of horny frame, fastened to its basis on the inside and communicating with the proper muscles; this frame expands and contracts by means of a hinge in its middle (compare Tab. IV, fig. 29, and 29a, the forceps of Hriocera spinosa and the explanation, appended to the figure ; I have observed a some- what similar structure in Dicranoptycha sobrina). This inner frame is also connected with the inner clutching apparatus, the structure of which has not been used, however, for descriptive purposes. Among the Zimnobina, a single, immovable, styliform organ is visible immediately below the forceps; I have called it the style ; this organ is not perceptible in most of the other sec- tions. It is replaced, however, by a slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, which is entirely concealed when the forceps is closed, and projected when it is open; I have called it aculeus. Among the Cylindrotomina, the aculeus has the shape of a lamel, more or less trifid at the tip. (For more details on the structure of the forceps, compare the explanation of Plates III and IV.) A more detailed study of the structure of the male genitals and also of the shape of the abdominal segments immediately pre- ceding the forceps, would undoubtedly afford very valuable characters for the discovery of links of relationship otherwise INTRODUCTION. 3l latent. But this study is difficult, because it can give positive results only when pursued upon fresh specimens. The female ovipositor consists of two pairs of horny valves, usually attenuated and pointed at the tip. Their length and shape afford occasionally useful characters. The most important and at the same time the most tangible of all the characters used for the classification of the Tipulide are afforded by the wings and their venation. The shape of the wings, their breadth in comparison to their length, the shape of their anal angle, etc., deserve to be noted. Their membrane, when examined under a strong magnifying power, will always appear pubescent (the wing of Antocha appeared pubescent under a power of 150); nevertheless in describing a wing, we call it glabrous, when the pubescence is not discernible to the naked eye nor to a lens of low power, and however indefinite the limit between a pubescent and a glabrous wing, in our sense, may seem, the practical application of these terms is hardly ever doubtful. In the same way, the wing-veins are always pubescent; but we eall them so only when the pubescence is long enough to be striking under an ordinary entomological lens; otherwise we consider them as glabrous. The terminology of the venation used by me is, in the main, that of Mr. Loew, as explained in the first volume of these Monographs (pp. xv—xxiv). In some respects, however, it had to be modified, in order to be rendered applicable to the Tipulidx. The principal difficulty lies in the name to be given to what I will call below the great cross-vein and to the portion of the fifth longitudinal vein, beyond this cross-vein. If the diagram below is compared to the three diagrams given on page xxiv of the first volume of the Monographs, it will be easily perceived that the portion of the fifth vein, lying beyond the cross-vein in the Tipulidz, corres- ponds to the posterior basal transverse vein of the wing of Ortalis (Monogr. I, p. xxiv, fig. 1,q). The great cross-vein of the Tipu- lide, if traced back to the wing of Ortalis, would be found to | form a part of the fifth longitudinal vein (I. c. fig. 1, ggg). The course of the fifth longitudinal vein of Ortalis, if traced out upon the wing of a Tipulid, would be found to run along the great 1 The term venation, used by English authors, is certainly preferable to neuration, which has been used in the first volumes of these Monographs. 32 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. cross-vein, then along the discal cell, between the two intercalary veins, to the posterior margin (see 1. c. fig. 3, the wing of Hmpis, which in this respect resembles that of the Tipulide, and com- pare it to the wing of Ortalis and to the diagram which I give below). Thus, if we force upon the Z%pulide the terminology introduced originally for the families of Diptera with a less de- veloped venation, we meet with inextricable difficulties. But there is no more reason for doing this than for following the opposite course, adopting a terminology for the Tipulide first and forcing it afterwards upon the Muscide. It is perfectly arbitrary at which end of the system of Diptera we begin to trace out thé homologies of the venation. This study of the homologies has two distinct aims in view: the scientific aim of showing that the ground-plan of the venation is the same in all the families of the order; and the practical aim of adopting a terminology for descriptive purposes. We cannot carry out a terminology on solely theoretical grounds; we will have to vary the details of it according to the peculiarities of structure occur- ring in different families, the main plan remaining the same. This is done in all the departments of zoology, and I do not see why the venation of the Diptera should be treated differently. In accordance with these views, I call fifth longitudinal vein the whole vein immediately following the second basal cell and the last of the posterior cells; I call great cross-vein (in contra- distinction from the posterior cross-vein of the Muscide) the cross-vein connecting the fifth vein with the vein preceding it. The fourth vein, I look upon as including the discal cell between its two main branches.’ The posterior of these branches is almost always forked (the posterior branch of this fork corresponds to Mr. Loew’s posterior intercalary vein, v, in the wing of Empis, Monogr. I, p. xxiv, fig. 3); and the cross-vein, connecting this fork with the anterior branch, closes the discal cell; hence, when the discal cell is open, through the disappearance of this cross- vein it coalesces with the second posterior cell (as in Tab. I, fig. 1), or with the ¢hard, when there are five posterior cells (as in Tab. II, fig. 17). Such is the case with the majority of the genera which have the discal cell open, as Orimarga, Empeda, Crypto- labis, Hrioptera (subgenera: Hrioptera and DMolophilus), Plec- 1 In this I follow Dr. Schiner’s views. INTRODUCTION. 33 | tromyia, Dicranota, and Rhaphidolabis. In those genera where the discal cell is open in some species only, or in some specimens of certain species, the same rule prevails; it coalesces with the second posterior cell, when there are four such cells, and with the third, when there are five (compare the genus Dicranomyia). Cases, where the anterior branch of the fourth vein is forked and the posterior not; in other words, where, with four posterior cells, the discal cell coalesces with the third posterior cell (as in Tab. I, fig. 15); such cases are rare, and occur more commonly only in the section Hriopterina (compare the general remarks on this section); outside of it, the genera Thauwmastoptera and Elliptera (Tab. I, fig. 10) only possess this character. In Dic- ranomyia pubipennis O. 8., also, when the discal cell is open, it coalesces with the third posterior cell; a singular exception from among all the Dicranomyiz. Outside of the Tipulide brevipalpt, this structure may be observed in Ptychoptera (Tab. II, fig. 19). The occurrence of five posterior cells, without any fork on the posterior branch of the fourth vein, can take place only when the anterior branch of this vein has a double fork. This is the case with Dolichopeza; but I have not met with any instance of this kind among the Tipulide brevipalpi, except in the Limnophilina. It is worthy of notice, that in this section where the discal cell is, as a rulé, always closed, whenever an abnormal specimen is met with, where this cell is open, the branching of the fourth vein is very apt to appear like that of Dolichopeza. ‘The fork of the anterior branch of the fourth vein is formed by the insertion of the vein which Mr. Loew calls the anterior inter- calary vein (u in Monogr. I, p. xxiv, fig. 3). It is the addition of this vein which raises the number of posterior cells to five. The small cross-vein usually forms the inner end of the first posterior cell. In some rare cases the inner end of the sub- marginal cell is in immediate contact with the discal cell (as in the wing of Triogma, Tab. I, fig. 7), and in such cases there is, of course, no small cross-vein. This structure characterizes the genera Triogma and Paratropeza Schiner ; it also occurs in most specimens of the North American Cylindrotoma nodicornis and adventitiously in the genus Rhamphidia. I call prefurca (a term which has been used by Mr. Haliday in Walker’s Ins. Brit. Dipt. III, p. 304) the portion of the second J June, 1868. o4 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. vein between its origin and the emission of the thira longitudinal vein. The petiole of the first submarginal cell is the portion of the second longitudinal vein between the tip of the prefurca and the inner end of that cell. In order to describe the relative position of the tips of the veins and of cross-veins, I have used the term opposite ; two points are opposite each other when, pro- jected on the longitudinal axis of the wing, they appear equi- distant from its basis. The following diagram explains the other terms, which have been used by me:— _ - Diagram of a wing with two submarginal and five posterior cells (Cladura indivisa). Cells. 1. Costal. 5. Second submarginal. 14. Anal. 2. Subcostal. 6-10. First to fifth posterior. 15. Axillary. 3. Marginal. 11. Diseal. 16. Spurious. 12. First basal. 13. Second basal. 3*. Inner marginal. 4, First submarginal.* Veins. bl. Auxiliary. dqrst. Fourth longitudinal. em. First longitudinal. hno. Second longitudinal. hi. Preefurea. km. Anterior branch of the second 1, vein. k o, Posterior branch of the second 1, vein. ik. Petiole of the first submarginal cell. ip. Third longitudinal. qr. Fork of its anterior branch; the posterior branch of this fork, ending inv, is Mr. Loew’s an- terior intercalary vein. st. Fork of the posterior branch of the fourth vein; the branch of this fork, ending in @, is Mr. Loew’s posterior inter- calary vein. eu. Fifth longitudinal. Jf v. Sixth longitudinal. g w. Seventh longitudinal. 1 In my paper: Description of some new Genera and Species of North American Limnobina, Proc. Phil. Entom. Soc. 1865, p. 225, I have called — this cell the second marginal ; the proper term, however, in accordance with the terminology originally adopted by Macquart, is first submarginal. INTRODUCTION. Pan, Cross-veins. zx. Humeral. «*, Small, or anterior cross-vein. xx. Subcostal. x**, Great cross-vein. aux, Marginal, Other terms which have been used. When the veins between the end of the prefurca (7) and the great cross-vein are more or less in a line, I designate them by the collective term central cross-veins. Veins or cross-veins not found in the ordinary venation and therefore not separately named, have been called supernumerary, when they are of constant occurrence and distinguish a genus or a species; adventitious, when their occurrence is accidental in abnormal specimens only. 7. Comparison of the North American and of the European TirpuLIp& of the eight sections described in this volume. The knowledge of both faunas is far from perfect, and in this country, as well as in Europe, almost every year brings with it the discovery of some of the more rare and more interesting forms. Only the general features of these faunas can therefore be compared with a certain degree of confidence, and our state- ments with regard to the details, the numerical proportions of the species, and the comparison of the smaller genera must, in a certain measure, be considered as only provisional. What strikes us most, when we compare the number of Euro- pean and North American species in the eight sections of the Tipulide described in the present volume, is the remarkable agreement, in this respect, between the two faunas. The com- parison of the number of species occurring in Germany (according to Dr. Schiner’s enumeration), with those of the Atlantic slope of this continent (as far as represented in my collection) stands thus :— Large Groups. N. Am. | Germ. Small Groups. N. Am. | Germ. famnobina “4°. 35 31 Limnobina anomala 10 5 Eriopterina . . .| 35 34 | Anisomerina. . . 6 5 Limnophiling . .| 34 | 35 | Amalopina . . .| 13 14 Cylindrotomina. . 4 4 Ptychopterina . . 3 5 GAs mon fe, Le, || EOC Total fl 36 33 species. | Species. species. | species. 36 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv., Sum total of the eight. first sections of the Tipulide (that is, the 7. brevipalpi, including the Cylindrotomina and Ptychop- terina) for North America 140, for Germany. 133 species. The number of species described in Zetterstedt’s Diptera Scandinavie, embracing Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, is nearly equal to the total for Germany. The total number of the species of 7. brevipalpi in Europe, according to Schiner’s Catalogus Dipterorum Hurope, is 240, but a proper synonymy would very considerably reduce this number. The striking features of the above given table are: 1. That each of the three large groups is represented by nearly the same number of species in both countries; 2. That the number of species in each of the three large groups is nearly equal to the number of species of the other two large groups, and nearly equal to the number of species in the five small groups taken together ; in other words, that both in North America and in Germany, the number of species in each of the large groups is about one-quarter of the whole number; 3. That the number of species of the small groups is somewhat larger in North America than in Germany. If we extend this comparison to the genera, we will find that the large genera are represented by nearly the same number of species in North America and in Germany (Dicra- momyia 19 and 15, Limnobia 9 and 12, Hrioptera 15 and 15, fihypholophus 7 and 6, Limnophila 27 and 29). Among the smaller genera, some are common to North Ame- rica and to Europe (we need not confine ourselves to the German fauna here), and others peculiar, as far as known, to one of the two continents. The N. A. genera peculiar to the American continent are :— Llephantomyia (1 sp.), Toxorrhina (2 sp.), Teucholabis (1 sp.), Eriocera (4 sp.), Cladura (2 sp.), Atarba (1 sp.), Cryptolabis (1 sp.), Plectromyia (1 sp.), Rhaphidolabis (2 sp.), Bittaco- morpha (1 sp.), Protoplasa (1 sp.). Gnophomyia (2 sp.) is re- presented in Europe by Pstloconopa (8 or more species). The following genera have been found as yet only in Hurope :— Elliptera (2 sp.), Orimarga (2 or 3 sp.), Thaumastoptera — (1 sp.), and Cladolipes (1 sp.). | Common to both continents are: Geranomyia (2 Hur., 3 N. Am. sp.); Lrochobola (2 Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Rhipidia (2 Eur., INTRODUCTION. ay 3. N. Am. sp.); Rhamphidia (2 Hur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Dicranop- tycha (2 Bur., 3 N. Am. sp.); Antocha (1 Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Trimicra (2 or 8? Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Symplecta (3 Hur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Goniomyia (5 or 6 Eur., 4 N. Am. sp:) ; Hmpeda (4 Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Chionea (2 Hur., 2 N. Am. sp.); Hpi- phragma (1 Eur., 2 N. Am. sp.); Zrichocera (5 Hur., 4 or 5 N. Am. sp.); Anisomera (8 Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Penthoptera (2 Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Amalopis (about 8 or 9 Hur., 5 N. Am. sp.) ; Dicranota (about 5 Eur., 2. N. Am. sp.) ; Pedicia (1 Kur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Ula (2 Eur., 2 N. Am. sp.); Cylindrotoma (2 Eur., 2 N. Am. sp.); Zriogma (1 Eur., 1 N. Am. sp.) ; Phala- crocera (1 Kur., 1 N. Am. sp.); Péychoptera (5 Hur., 3 N. Am. sp.). The comparison of the smaller genera again discloses a re- markable agreement in the number of species; the differences, where they occur, are in most cases in favor of the European fauna, and are probably due, in a great measure (for instance in the genus Anisomera), to the imperfect knowledge of the North American fauna. I have shown the points of agreement between the two faunas. The statement of the differences requires much more caution, as the incomplete knowledge of the North American fauna is here to be especially taken into account. It is almost certain that some of the genera, enumerated above as peculiar to America, will never be found in Hurope (for instance Toxorrhina, Elephanto- myia, Hriocera); on the other hand, it is far from certain that the genera hitherto found in Europe only, may not yet be discovered on the American continent (as Orimarga, and Elliptera). As far as my knowledge goes, the difference between the two faunas may be expressed in the following terms: Whenever the North American fauna differs from the European in the occurrence of a peculiar generic form, or in a marked prevalence of another, this difference is due, either to an admixture of South American forms, or of forms peculiar to the amber fauna. If we look over the North America genera, not occurring in Europe, we find that, among those genera, Zoxorrhina is a South American and West Indian form; Hlephantomyia occurs in amber; Hriocere with short antenne are abundant in South America; those with long antenne in the male sex have been found in amber. Protoplasa is represented by Tanyderus in 38 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. . [PART Iv. South America and by Macrochile in amber. Teucholabis, and some allied, and as yet undescribed forms, are well represented in South America and Mexico; Gnophomyia likewise. Geranomyia is represented in Europe by two rare species; it is common in North America, and still more abundantly represented in South America. Those North American species of Hpi- phragma and Rhipidia, which are not represented by analogous forms in Europe, are South American forms. Some species, characteristic of North America, as Limnophila (Lasiomastix) macrocera Say, Limnophila tenuipes Say, and some other species with long antenne in the male sex, are repre- sented quite abundantly by analogous forms in amber; one of them, Limnophila longicornis Loew, seems to be closely allied to L. macrocera Say. It would be interesting to push the comparison of the two faunas still farther, and, by taking up the genera singly, to com- pare the North American and the European species, so as to arrive at some results as to analogies or differences in their structure, coloring, or size. From want of materials for such a task, my remarks will be very fragmentary. In this family, as in most of the other families of Diptera, there is a certain number of species, which are apparently common to Europe and to North America. I say apparently, because with such species one is never sure whether the comparison of a larger number of specimens would not disclose a constant difference. And as every kind of difference, even if constant, does not neces- sarily constitute a specific character, cases of this kind are often doubtful, and their decision more or less arbitrary. My opportunities for comparing specimens having been small, it is with such reservations that I have to introduce the list of identical or analogous species of both continents. The following species, as far as ascertained, seem to be common to Europe and to North America: Dicranomyia liberta O. &., D. longipennis Schum. (syn. D. immemor O. 8.), Rhipidia macu- lata Meig., Symplecta punctipennis Meig., Antocha opalizans O. 8. The identity of the following species is less certain, their re- semblance, however, very great: Dicranomyia morio Fab. and morioides O. §., Trochobola annulata Lin. and JT. argus Say; Ephelia (an unnamed European species in my collection, perhaps INTRODUCTION. 39 guttata Macq.) and £. aprilina O. 8., Idioptera pulchella Meig. and J. fasciolata O. 8.; Amalopis tipulina Egger and A. incon- stans O. 8.; Cylindrotoma distinctissima M. and C. americana O. 8S. Judging from the description of Limnobia varinervis Zett., which is an Amalopis, it must be very like A. hyperborea 3. Closely resembling, but certainly different species are Pedicia rivosa L. and P. albivitta Walk., Rhipidia uniseriata Schin. and R. fidelis O. 8., Limnobia annulus Lin. and L. cinctipes Say, etc. An undescribed European Ula is very like U. elegans O. S. The European and North American species of Trichocera are closely alike in appearance, but require comparison. The comparison of the large genera gives occasion to the following remarks :— In the genera Limnobia and Limnophila the species with handsomely pictured wings seem to be more abundant in Europe. The species Limnobia flavipes Meig., sylvicola Schum., nube- culosa M., nigropunctata Schum., and similar ones, have no corresponding representatives in North America. The same remark applies to the subgenus Pecilosiola Schiner (Limno- phila), represented by four species in Germany, and not dis- covered yet in North America. In the genus Hrioptera I am not aware of the occurrence in Europe of the subgenera Mesocyphona O.8. and Acyphona O. 8.; however the European Hriopterz are very imperfectly classified. If my limited knowledge prevents me from pushing very far the comparison of the North American with the European fauna, T have still less means for a comparison with the faunas of the other parts of the world. Almost nothing is known about them ; the scanty facts in our possession will be mentioned, however, in the respective sections and genera. 8. On the species of North American TIPULIDH BREVIPALPI (in- cluding the Cylindrotomina and Ptychopterina), described in © former publications. Forty-four Tipulide coming within the scope of the present volume have been enumerated in my Catalogue of the Described Diptera of North America, Washington, 1858. Omitting two collection-names of Mr. Harris, which had never been published 40 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV, before, and five species from the West Indies and Mexico, thirty- Seven species remain. These are :— 1. Erioptera caliptera Say, described below under the same name. 2. Hrioptera fascipennis Zett.; a Rhypholophus, closely allied to Rk. nubilus, but apparently distinct; unknown to me; its de- scription is reproduced in the Appendiz I. 3. Pedicia albivitia Walk. is described below under the same name. : 4, Limnobia argus Say = Trochobola argus (comp. below). 5. Limnobia badia Walk. =Dicranomyia badia (comp. below). 6. Limnobia biterminata Walker (Dipt. Saund. V, p. 437), according to the author’s description, has two submarginal and five posterior cells; the first submarginal with a very short petiole; the prefurca rectangular near its origin, etc. I know of no species to which this description can be applied ; it suggests LL. lutetpennis, but this species is three lines long, and not six, the antenne are not tawny at the basis, the wings are not “grayish,” but brownish; the second marginal cell has not a short, but a long petiole; the third vein does not form a very obtuse angle near its basis. Moreover there is a contradiction in Mr. Walker’s description; the diagnosis says “‘ abdomen basi fulvum ;” the description on the contrary has: “abdomen tawny at the tip.” This description is reproduced at the end of this volume. 7. Limnobia cana Walk. I have seen the original of this species at the British Museum and took it for Symplecta punctt- pennis. I overlooked at that time Mr. Walker’s statements about the differences between these two species (List, etc. I, p. 49). Nevertheless these statements are not quite clear, and would not influence my opinion in the absence of the original specimen. 8. Limnophila carbonaria Macq. is a species unknown to me, the description of which is reproduced at the end of this volume. 9. Limnobia cinctipes Say is described below under the same name. 10. Limnobia contermina Walk. is probably a variety of Pedicia albivitta (compare this species). 11. Limnobia fascipennis Say = Epiphragma fascipennis. INTRODUCTION. 4] 12. Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. is described below under this name. 13. Limnobia gracilis Wied. is either a Limnophila or an Amalopis, distinguished by its large size (7 lines) and its abdo- men being much longer than the wings. The description of this species is reproduced in the Appendix to this volume. 14. Limnobia humeralis Say; a Limnophila. 1 would in- cline to the opinion of Wiedemann and consider this species as synonymous with L. tenwipes Say, if in a copy of Wiedemann’s work at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia I had not found a marginal note, in Say’s handwriting, positively deny- ing this synonymy. Say describes only a female; the venation is the same as that of ¢enucpes, and altogether the resemblance of the two species must be very great. I reproduce the descrip- tion of LZ. humeralis in the Appendix. 15. Limnobia ignobilis Walk. (Dipt. Sawnd.) has the venation like Meigen, Tab. VI, fig. 5, that is, a single submarginal cell; there is a stump of a vein near the origin of the prefurca. I know of no such species. The description will be reproduced in the Appendix to this volume. _ 16. Limnobia macrocera Say = Limnophila macrocera (comp. below). | 17. Limnobia prominens Walk. is very probably Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. 18. Limnobia rivosa of Fabricius’ Fauna Grenlandica is probably Pedicia albivitta, which is indeed very like the European Pedicta rivosa. 19. Limnobia rostrata Say = Geranomyia rostrata (comp. below). 20. Limnobia simulans Walk. = Dicranomyia defuncta O. 8. I have seen the original at the British Museum, an old and faded specimen. Mr. Walker describes the species as “pale yellow, legs yellow, tips of thighs, of the shanks and of the feet black ;” whereas, in reality, the body is blackish, the legs are dark brown, almost black, with a white band before the tip, ete. 21. Limnobia tenuipes Say = Limnophila tenuipes (comp. below). | 22. Limnobia turpis Walk. (Dipt. Saund.). Venation like Meig. Tab. V, fig. 5, that is, a single submarginal cell and five posterior cells. All the known Limnobiz with a single sub- 42 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. marginal cell have four posterior cells, and there is only one ex- ception to this rule: Cylindrotoma distinctissima and its vicarious North American form—C. Americana; Meigen’s figure represents the wing of the former. Therefore Mr. Walker’s description must either refer to some species entirely unknown to me, or more pro- bably, the statement about its wings being like Meigen, Tab. V, fig. 5, must be erroneous. Moreover, the name Z. turpis cannot be retained, as Mr. Walker himself has described another ZL. turpis in the Insecta Britannica, Diptera, Vol. III, p. 300, in the same year 1856. The description is given in the Appendix to this volume. 23. Limnobiorhynchus canadensis Westw. = Geranomyia canadensis (comp. below), 94. Anisomera longicornis Walk. = Hriocera longicornis (comp. below). 95. Chionea aspera Walk. = Chionea valga Harris (comp. below). 26. Chionea scita Walk.; unknown to me; the description is reproduced in the Appendix. 27. Chionea valga Harris, described below under the same name. Walk, [ The descriptions of these | somewhat doubtful species 4 are reproduced in the Ap- | pendixI ; compare alsothe | genus J'richocera. 32. Trichocera maculipennis Meig.; a Huropean species said to occur in Greenland, according to Steger. 33. Trichocera regelations Lin.; also a Kuropean species, quoted by Otto Fabricius, as occurring in Greenland, which requires confirmation. 34. Gynoplistia annulata Westw. I have seen the original specimen in Mr. Hope’s collection at Oxford, and have never met with any other. Mr. Westwood’s description is reproduced in Appendi« I. 35. Bittacomorpha clavipes is described below under the same name. 36, 37. Ptychoptera metallica Walk. and quadrifasciata Say are unknown to me; their descriptions will be found in the Appendix. 28. Trichocera bimacula 89. Trichocera gracilis Walk. 30. Trichocera brumalis Fitch. 31. Trichocera scutellata Say. INTRODUCTION. " 143 Since the publication of my Catalogue, etc., a Limnobia nigri- cola Walk. has been described in the Trans. Lond. E'ntom. Soc. V, N. S. pt. VII, p. 66. It is apparently my Gnophomyia luctuosa. The result of the foregoing examination is the following :— Omitting the six species of the genus 7’richocera, which requires an entire revision, eleven species, among the thirty-two which have been described, have not been identified; of these six or seven, because they have not been among the number of species which I have had for examination: Limnophila carbonaria Macq. ; Gynoplistia annulata Westw. ; Rhypholophus fascipennis Zett. ; Limnobia gracilis Wied.; Ptychoptera quadrifasciata Say and metallica Walk. ; Chionea scita Waiker may perhaps be added to the number. The four remaining species (Z. humeralis Say, biterminata, ignobilis, and turpis Walker) have not been iden- tified on account of the insufficiency of the descriptions. 44 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE GENERA. {Two longitudinal veins between the fifth vein and the posterior 1 margin. 2 | Only one longitudinal vein between the fifth vein and the posterior - L margin; Tab. I, fig. 19 and 20 (Sect. VIII. Ptychopterina). 45 ( Last joint of the palpi shorter or not much longer than the two pre- ceding joints taken together; the auxiliary vein usually ends in the costa,'and is connected with the first longitudinal vein by a cross-vein. 5) Last joint of the palpi very long, whiplash-shaped, much longer than the three preceding joints taken together; the auxiliary vein ends in the first longitudinal vein ; no cross-vein between it and either of the two veins running alongside of it (Zipulide longipalpi). 3 { A single submarginal cell ;2 Tab. I, fig. 1-13. 4 Two submarginal cells ;3 Tab. I, fig. 14-20, and Tab. II, fig. 1-18. 6 ~- i This table contains all the known European and North American genera of the eight first sections of the Zipulide; the table for the follow- ing sections (Tip. longipalpi) will be appended to the volume treating of them. In using dichotomical tables it should always be remembered that to construct them in such a way as to meet all cases, to include all the anomalous structures, is impossible, and if it were possible, it would be only through the use of anatomical characters, which would defeat the object in view, the facility of determination. Thus, if, in order to accommo- date Chionea, we had abstained from the use of any character connected with the wings, we would perhaps have rendered the table more precise, but certainly less useful. As it is, Chionea, although wingless, is placed among the genera provided with two submarginal cells, where it belongs. These imperfections of the dichotomical tables occur especially in those portions of them which refer to the larger divisions ; as soon as the gencra and species are reached, more precision can be expected, although even there it can never be absolute. 2 Toxorrhina has none at all. 3 Cladolipes has only a single submarginal cell, although it belongs to this division. TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE GENERA. 45 bina). h. eS]. 9 Antenne 16-jointed.! 5 f The first longitudinal vein ends in the costa ; tibie without spurs at the tip (Section Il. Limnobina anomala). 13 Antenne 14- -fsematimes apparently 15-) jointed (Secticn I. Limno- : 5 The first longitudinal vein is usually incurved towards the second and ends in it; tibia always with spurs at the tip (Section VII. Cylindrotomina). 43 { Tibie without spurs at the tip (Section III. Eriopterina). 22 Tibie with spurs at the tip.? 7 fe abeenial cross-vein paanOy to the origin of the second longitudinal 6 vein. 8 "4 | Subcostal cross-vein anterior to the origin of the second longitudinal | vein; Tab. II, fig. 14-18 (Section VI. Amalopina). 38 sf Antenne 16-jointed (Section IV. Limnophilina). 32 Antenne from 6- to 10-jointed (Section V. Anisomerina). 35 Section I. Limnobina. Proboscis longer than the head and thorax taken together. Gen. Il. GERANomYIA. Proboscis not longer Uarthoshead 10 Antenne pectinate or subpectinate. Gen. III. Rurpipia. Antenne of the ordinary structure. it] : fe cross-vein unites the sixth and the Se longitudinal veins. 10 11 Gen. V. TRocHOBOLA. No cross-vein between the sixth and the seventh longitudinal veins. 12 The forceps of the male consists of two movable fleshy lobes; tip of the auxiliary vein usually opposite, or anterior, or only a short distance posterior to the origin of the second vein; marginal cross-vein always at the tip of the first longitudinal vein ; feet slender. Gen. I. Dickanomyta. The forceps of the male consists of two horny hooks; tip of the aux- iliary vein usually far beyond the origin of the second vein; marginal cross-vein sometimes at the tip, but often some distance before the tip of the first longitudinal vein; feet comparatively stout. Gen. IV. Limnosia. ' In Elephantomyia the antenne are 15-,in Yozorrhina 12-jointed; in both cases through the evident coalescence of several joints at the basis of the flagellum; but as both genera have a rostrum which is nearly as long as the body, they will not easily be mistaken. 2 The spurs being sometimes very small, the tibie have to be very closely examined. 46 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. Section II. Limnobina anomala. ( Roteni conspicuously prolonged, at least as long as the head, some- | times nearly as long as the whole body ; no marginal cross-vein > (Subsection Rhamphidina). 14 Rostrum shorter than the head. 16 Wings without submarginal cell; Tab. I, fig. 6. us} Gen. VIII. ToxorRHina. Wings with a submarginal cell. 15 Rostrum not much longer than the head. Gen. VI. RHAMPHIDIA. 15 Best not much shorter than the whole body. Gen. VII. ELEPHANTOMYIA. 16 { Discal cell open. 17 Discal cell closed. 19 f Second basal cell considerably shorter than the first, the great cross- vein being placed about the middle of the wing. 18 174 Second basal cell of about the same length with the first, the great | cross-vein being in its usual position; Tab. I, fig. lu L . Gen. XI. En.iprera. (The discal cell being open, is coalescent with the second posterior cell; Tab. I, fig. 9. Gen. X. ORIMARGA. a The discal cell being euee is coalescent with the third posterior cell. Gen. XV. THAUMASTOPTERA. No vestige of a marginal cross-vein; Tab. I, fig. 13. io} . Gen. XIII. ATARBA. Marginal cross-vein extant (although sometimes weakly marked). 20 ( The first longitudinal vein ends in the costa nearly opposite the inner end of the submarginal cell, or very little beyond it. 21 20; The first longitudinal vein ends in the costa very far beyond the inner | end of ‘the submarginal cell, the distance being about equal to L the breadth of the wing; Tab. I, fig.8. Gen. 1X. DicrAnoprycuHa. (Submarginal cell as long or but little longer than the first posterior | cell: Tab. I, fig. 12 Gen. XIV. TEUCHOLABIS. ae Submarginal cell much longer than the first posterior cell; Tab. I, [ fig. 11. Gen. XII. AnrocHa. Section III. Hriopterina. No wings. Gen. XIX. Curionza. 22) : Wings present. 23 Five posterior cells. Gen. XXVI. CuapuRA. ' Four posterior cells. ‘ 24 The inner marginal cell has the shape of an almost equilateral tri- af angle; Tab. Il, fig. 11. Gen. XXV. CryPronaBIs. The inner marginal cell has the usual elongated shape. 25 TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE GENERA. At f Wings conspicuously hairy on the whole surface or along the 25 | veins. 26 1 Wings not conspicuously hairy on the surface, veins glabrous, or almost so. 27 { Wings conspicuously hairy on the whole surface. Gen. XVI. RuyPHoLOPHUs. ~~ | Wings conspicuously hairy along the veins and not in the cells. { Gen. XVII. Erioprera. f The first submarginal cell is remarkably short, half as long as the second or less; Tab. II, fig. 2, 4, 28 27 The first submarginal cell is much longer than half the length of the second. 29 Marginal cross-vein wanting. Gen. XXIII. Goniomyra. { Marginal cross-vein present. Gen. XXIV. Empzpa. (The distance between the subcostal cross-vein and the tip of the auxiliary vein is more than twice the length of the great 2 | cross-vein. 30 auxiliary vein is moderate or small (usually not. more than the length of the great cross-vein). 31 ( Seventh ile vein straight; Tab. II, fig. 1. | Gen. XVIII. Trrtcra. Seventh ieuetiu dined vein conspicuously bisinuated ; Tab. I, fig. 20. rf Gen. XX. SymMPLEcTA. {ay uniformly black. Gen. XXI. GnoPHoMyIA. | The distance between the subcostal cross-vein and the tip of the 30 314 Body black, scutellum and pleure marked with yellow.! Gen. XXII. Psimoconopa. Section IV. Limnophilina. Wings pubescent. Gen. XXIX. UnomorpHa. Wings glabrous. 33 a ms longitudinal vein very short, abruptly incurved towards the f , L oo 33 anal angle; Tab. II, fig. 13. Gen. XXX. TricHoceRa. The seventh longitudinal vein follows the ordinary course. 34 A supernumerary cross-vein between the auxiliary vein and the costa. Gen. XXVII. EprpHracma. No supernumerary cross-vein between the auxiliary vein and the costa. Gen. XXVIII. Limyopura. 34 Section V. Anisomerina. 35 { Three posterior cells. 36 Four or five posterior cells. 37 ' IT am not sufficiently acquainted with the European genus Psiloconopa to distinguish it from Gnophomyia in a satisfactory manner ; the distinction given here is merely empirical. (Compare their descriptions below.) 48 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. 36 { A single submarginal cell Gen. XXXII. CuaporPess. Two submarginal cells; Tab. II, fig. 12. Gen. XXXI. ANISOMERA. ( The stigma occupies nearly the whole space between the tip of the | auxiliary vein and the marginal cross-vein ; pubescence of the 373 wing-veins hardly perceptible. Gen. XXXIII. Eriocera. The stigma occupies but a small portion of the space between the tip | of the auxiliary vein and the marginal cross-vein; pubescence lL of the wing-veins distinct. Gen. XXXIV. PENTHOPTERA. Section VI. Amalopina. 36 Antenne 16- or 17-jointed. 39 Antenne 13-jointed. 4] 39 Four posterior cells; wings pubescent. Gen. XXXVII. Una. { Five posterior cells; wings glabrous. 40 The small cross-vein is nearly at right angles with the longitudinal [ axis of the wing; last joint of the palpi not longer than the two | preceding joints taken together. - Gen. XXXV. AMALOPIS. 40 The small cross-vein is in a very oblique direction with regard to the longitudinal axis of the wing, and“in one line with the great | cross-vein ; last joint of the palpi longer than the three preceding L joints taken together. Gen. XXXVI. PeEpicra. f Two cross-veins between the first longitudinal vein and the anterior branch of the second vein; Tab. II, fig. 16. J Gen. XXXVIII. Dicranora. | Only one cross-vein between the first longitudinal veix and the an- [ terior branch of the second vein. 42 Four posterior cells; Tab. I, fig. 18. Gen. XXXIX. PLEcTRomyia. ae posterior cells; Tab. II, fig. Wes Gen. XL. RHAPHIDOLABIS. 4l 42 Section VII. Cylindrotomina. Gen. XLII. Triocma. Head smooth. 44 AA { Coloring of a Pachyrhina: yellow and black. Gen. XLI. CYLINDROTOMA. Coloring of aZ%pula: brownish and grayish. Gen. XLII. PHaLacrocura. Head and intervals of the thoracic stripes with dense, deep punctures. 43 Section VIII. Ptychopterina. Gen. XLVI. PROTOPLASA. Second submarginal cell much shorter than the first. 46 Three posterior cells; Tab. II, fig. 20. Gen. XLV. BirracoMorPHA. 464 pada Four posterior cells; Tab. II, fig. 19. Gen. XLIV. PrycHoPrTera. First submarginal cell much shorter than the second. «| | SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE TIPULID. 49 SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE TIPULIDA.' I. TIPULIDA BREVIPALPI. A. A single submarginal cell. 1. Antennz 14-, sometimes apparently 15-jointed. Section I. LIMNOBINA. Gen. I. Dicranomyia. Gen. IV. Limnobia. Gen. Il. Geranmomyia. Gen. V. Trochobola. Gen. III. Rhipidia. Gen. Peripheroptera Schin. (5S. Amer.). 2. Antenne 16-jointed. Section IIL. LIMNOBINA ANOMALA. (Subsection Rhamphidina.) Gen. X. Orimarga. Gen. VI. Rhamphidia. Gen. XI. Elliptera. Gen. VII. Elephantomyia. Gen. XII. Amtocha. Gen. VIII. Toxorrhina. Gen. XIII. Atarba. Gen. XIV. Teucholabis. Gen. IX. Dicranoptycha. Gen. XV. Thaumasteptera. Genera: Styringomyia Loew (in amber and copal) and Paratropeza Schin. (Mexico, 8. America). B. Two submarginal cells. 1. No spurs at the tip of the tibie. Section. II. BRIOPTERINA. Gen. XVI. Rhypholophus. Gen. XXII. Psiloconopa. Gen. XVII. Erioptera. Gen. XXIII. Gomiomyia. Gen. XVIIL. Trimicra. Gen. XXIV. Empeda. Gen. XIX. Chionea. Gen. XXV. Cryptolabis. Gen. XX. Symplecta. Gen. XXVI. Cladura. Gen. XXI. Gnophomyia. Genera. Sigmatomera O. 8S. (Mexico) and (?)Lachnocera Phil. (Chile). ' Besides the European and North American genera, this table mentions the other genera hitherto described; they are printed in italics and not numbered. Most of them I have not examined, and have no opinion about their value. Those, the position of which in the section where they are placed, is doubtful, are marked with a query. 4 June, 1868, 50 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. \ 2. Tibiz# with spurs at the tip. a. Subcostal cross-vein posterior to the origin of the second longitudinal vein. a. Normal number of the antennal joints sixteen. Section IV. LIMNOPHILINA. Gen. XXVII. papi vena Gen. XXIX. ULomorpha. Gen. XXVIII. Limnophila. Gen. XXX. Trichocera. Genera: Gynoplistia Westw. (Australia, America), Cloniophora Schin. (Australia), Cerozodia Westw. (Australia), Ctedonia Phil. (Chile), 2? Polymoria Phil. (Chile). &. Normal number of antennal joints from six to ten. Section V. ANISOMERINA. Gen. XXXI. Amisomera. Gen. XXXII. Hriocera. Gen. XXXII. Cladolipes. Gen. XXXIV. Penthoptera. Genera: Hvanieptera Guér. (S. America), Pterocosmus Walk. (Asia), Oligomera Dolesch. (Java), Physecrania Bigot (Madagascar). NV. B.—All these genera are closely allied to Hrio- cera, some of them probably synonymous with it. b. Subcostal cross-vein anterior to the origin of the second longitudinal vein. Section VI. AMALOPINA. Gen. XXXV. Amatopis. Gen. XXXVIII. Dicranota. Gen. XXXVI. Pedicia. Gen. XXXIX. Plectromyia. Gen. XXXVII. Ula. Gen. XL. Rhaphidolabis. Genus ? Polymera. Il. TIPULIDA INCERTA SEDIS. Section VII. CYLINDROTOMINA. Gen. XLI. Cylindrotoma. Gen. XLIIIl. Phalacrocera. Gen. XLII. Triogma. Section VIII. PTYCHOPTERINA. Gen. XLIV. Ptychoptera. Gen. XLVI. Protoplasa. Gen. XLV. Bittacomorpha. Genus Tanyderus Phil. (Chile). IT. TIPULIDA sONGIPALPI. LIMNOBINA. 51 Section I. LIMNOBINA. One submarginal cell; four posterior cells. “Normal number of antennal joints fourteen (sometimes apparently fifteen). Eyes glabrous. Tibize without spurs at the tip. Ungues with more or less distinct teeth on the under side. Empodia indistinct or none. The group thus characterized is natural and compact. It comprises about one-fourth of the known brevipalpous Tipulide of the United States (85 species among 135), and it seems that in Europe nearly the same proportion obtains (in Austria 31 species among 127, according to Dr. Schiner’s enumeration). The forms of this section, belonging to the temperate regions of Europe and América (and hardly anything is known about the species from warmer climates) afford but little structural diversity and their relationship is so great and evident that one is almost more tempted to unite them all in one genus than to subdivide them in several. - The Limnobina, together with the Limnophilina, constituted the bulk of the genus Limnobia in Meigen’s sense. These two groups also very nearly correspond to the first subdivision of Meigen’s genus by Macquart, in Limnobia Macq. and Limno- phila Macq. ‘Thus, we may look upon these two groups as the representative ones of the brevipalpous Tipulide. It was the great similitude of their outward appearance, more than anything else, which caused the species belonging to them to remain united together in the same genus from Meigen’s time up to that of the latest publications, whereas genera like Rhipidia, Rhamphidia, Erioptera, Anisomera, Pedicia, etc., were singled out and sepa- rated quite early, not on account of any real knowledge of the peculiarities of their organization, but merely on the ground of . some one conspicuous character distinguishing them. And yet, the contrast of characters, presented by the Zimnobina and the Limnophilina is very great and extends to almost every portion o2 of their organization. ing two columns :— Limnobina, Epistoma longer than broad. Flabs of labium linear, narrow. Antenne 14-jointed. One submarginal cell. Auxiliary vein often short, its tip being then anterior to the inner end of the submarginal cell. The great cross-vein is almost always at the inner end of the discal cell, or before it. Four posterior cells. Tibie without spurs at the tip. Ungues dentate on the under side. DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. This contrast is expressed in the follow- Limnophilina. Epistoma generally transverse (broader than long). Flabs of labium broad and fleshy. Antenne 16-jointed. Two submarginal cells. Auxiliary vein generally long, its tip being almost always nearly oppo- site the inner end of the submarginal cell. The great cross-vein is very often opposite the middle of the discal cell. Five (seldom four) posterior cells. Tibiz with spurs. Ungues smooth. Empodia distinct. No horny, immovable style on the under side of the forceps. Empodia indistinct or none. A horny, elongated, immovable style on the under side of the forceps, in the male. Upper valves of the ovipositor often very short (especially in the genus Dicranomyia). Upper valves of the ovipositor generally long. The teeth on the under side of the ungues of the Limnobina seem to be peculiar to this section. They must not be confounded with the more or less square or sharp projection on the under side at the very basis of the ungues, forming a part of the thickening which always exists there. The tooth of the Limnobina, even when single, is distinct from this thickening, and placed before it (outside of the Limnobina, Anitocha is the only genus which seems to have something like this tooth). The style on the under side of the male forceps is also peculiar to this group; I have observed something analogous to it only among the Z%p. anomalz (Dicranoptycha, Antocha). The North American and European Zimnobina, as far as known, may be divided in two natural groups, one of which has, in most cases, a short auxiliary vein, the marginal cross-vein always at the very tip of the first longitudinal vein, and the male forceps formed of two fleshy lobes (Dicranomyia, Rhipidia, Geranomyia); the other group has, with rare exceptions, a long DICRANOMYIA. 5s auxiliary vein, the marginal cross-vein is sometimes at the tip, but more often at some distance from the tip of the first longitudinal vein, and the male forceps consists of two horny hooks (Limnobia, Trochobola). Little is known about the forms of Limnobina peculiar to the tropical regions and foreign to Kurope and North America. The Berlin Museum possesses several species from Mexico and Brazil, with a supernumerary cross-vein in the sub- marginal cell ; the auxiliary cross-vein has its tip nearly opposite the origin of the second longitudinal vein; the ungues have strong and distinct teeth; the wings are spotted. These species will form a distinct genus.t. Another, still more aberrant form from South America, is represented by several species in the same museum. In Mr. Bellardi’s collection, in Turin, I have seen a species from the Philippine Islands, remarkable for its coloring ; it is black, with smoky wings; the thorax is orange red. As far as I can judge from the description of the genus Periphe- roptera Schiner (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. etc. 1866, p. 933, and Reise d. Novara, etc. Diptera, p. 47), it is only a form of Dicranomyia ; the generic character will be found in the Appendix II. Gen. Il. DICRANOMYIA. One submarginal cell; four posterior cells ; discal cell present or absent : marginal cross-vein at the tip of the first longitudinal vein; tip of the auxiliary vein generally opposite or before the origin of the second longi- tudinal vein, seldom beyond it (wings of Dicranomyie, Tab. I, fig. 1, 2,3). Antenne 14-jointed, joints subglobular, elliptical, or short subcylindrical. Proboscis not longer than the head. Feet slender, tibie without spurs at the tip; empodia indistinct or none. The forceps of the male consists of two movable, soft, fleshy, subreniform lobes and a horny style under them (Tab. III, fig. 2, 3, 5). Rostrum subcylindrical, projecting; epistoma longer than broad, narrowed at the sides; the narrow, linear, pubescent flabs of the under lip project more or less beyond it. In D, rostrifera, rostrum and proboscis are nearly as long as the head; usually, however, they are shorter; palpi short. Eyes large, glabrous, front rather narrow. The antenne are comparatively short, as they do not reach the root of the wings, when bent back- wards; the joints of the flagellum are subglobular or elliptical ; ' Limnobia diva Schiner (Reise d. Novara, Diptera, p. 46), from Brazil, is apparently a species of this kind. 54 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. seldom short subcylindrical (as in D. immodesta, gladiator) ; with moderately long, often inconspicuous verticils (in the two species just named, the verticils are somewhat longer than usual). The collar is broad, well developed, triangular at a side-view; with a neck-like prolongation, carrying the head ; thoracic suture well marked. The feet are slender, with a very inconspicuous, almost microscopic pubescence, and, as a general rule, of a uniform coloring. Most of the species have a distinct tooth on the under side of the ungues, near the basis, sometimes followed by a smaller one. In D. defuncta, these teeth are replaced by a few notches on the under side of the ungues. In some species, as in D. heretica, the teeth are very small and difficult to perceive. The venation follows rather closely a certain uniform type, and but few of the characters taken from it can be used for the dis- tinction of the species. The auxiliary vein generally ends in the costa nearly opposite the origin of the second longitudinal vein; in some species it is still shorter and ends before the origin of the second vein (D. rostrifera, brevivena, and floridana), and it is an exception when it reaches considerably beyond the origin of that vein (D. defuncta, pubipennis, rara, globithorax). The distance of the subcostal cross-vein from the tip of the auxiliary vein, which is variable, affords good specific characters. The first longitudinal vein ends in the costa near the posterior end of the stigma, nearly opposite the tip of the fifth longitudinal vein and more or less beyond the inner end of the submarginal cell; often at one-third, at the utmost about the middle of this cell; the marginal cross-vein is close at the tip of the first longi- tudinal vein; in most species, this cross-vein forms a nearly straight line with the tip of the first longitudinal vein; often, however, the upper half of this straight line recedes a little back- wards and in such cases it appears as if the first longitudinal vein was incurved towards the second and ended in it, while the cross- vein in ‘such a case seems to connect the first longitudinal vein with the costa. Such is the case with D. pubipennis (Tab. I, fig. 2) and globithorax ; sometimes this character is not specific, but merely adventitious. The course of the second longitudinal vein varies in the relative length of the two portions of this vein, before and after emitting the third vein. The inner portion or the prefurca is remarkably short in those species which have a very short auxiliary vein (D. rostrifera, brevivena, floridana). DICRANOMYIA. 55 The submarginal cell is always a good deal longer than the first posterior cell; the relative proportion of their length is subject to slight variations. When the discal cell is open, which charac- terizes several species, it coalesces with the second posterior cell, in consequence of the absence of the cross-vein, connecting the two first veins emitted by it towards the margin of the wing. D. pubipennis (Tab. I, fig. 2) is the only exception I know of, to this rule; whenever in this species the discal cell happens to be open, it coalesces with the third posterior cell, because it is the eross-vein connecting the two last veins, emitted by the discal cell, which is wanting. As a rule, the discal cell is open in D. immodesta, gladiator, rostrifera, floridana, longipennis, brevi- ‘vena; it is closed in D. diversa, pudica, halterata, distans, stulta, heretica, liberta, defuncta, rara, humidicola, morioides. Among twenty specimens of D. pubipennis five had the discal cell open; of my two specimens of D. globithorax one has this cell open, the other closed. But even in the species which have the discal cell either open or closed as a rule, occasional exceptions occur ; this character is therefore not an altogether reliable one, and can be established only upon the comparison of a number of specimens. The shape of the discal cell is more or less square; its inner end is either in a line with the small cross-vein, or somewhat arcuated and projecting on the inside beyond this cross-vein. 'The position of the great cross-vein is generally in a line with the inner end of the discal cell; sometimes a little anterior or posterior to this line; it varies in different specimens of the same species. The male forceps consists of a pair of movable, fleshy lobes, oblong, often subreniform, each being armed on the inside with a short, curved horny appendage, somewhat resembling a beak (I call it rostriform appendage); it often bears upon its convex side one or two stiff bristles (see Tab. ITI, fig. 3 and 5, d). To the upper side of each of the lobes, another horny appendage, long, slender, attenuated, curved, is closely applied (falciform appendage); its point of attachment is the basal piece below (fig. 5 and 3, b). The forceps of D. humidicola (fig. 2) and that of D. liberta (fig. 3), with their full, rounded lobes may be con- sidered as typical. Often, these lobes are more slender, sinuated or excised on the inside, such are for instance, those of D. de- functa (fig. 1); or somewhat club-shaped towards the tip, as in D. heretica. Below these lobes, at the end of the body, on the 56 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. under side, is the style (fig. 1 and 5a, e, and fig. 3, 1), a horny projection, characteristic of this group. The European species Dicr. autumnalis and D. stigmatica (placed by Steger in the genus Glochina) show a remarkable modification in the male forceps. In D. stigmatica the fleshy lobes are much larger than usual, and their skin is a delicate whitish membrane (compare the figures given by me in the Steéé. Entomol. Zeitschr. 1854, Tab. I, fig. 5-1); their rostriform appendages are very large, branched, antler-like; below the lobes, there is a second, hairy, coriaceous forceps; below this, a pair of conical processes, clothed with long hair and pointing towards each other; the horny style is between them. D. autum- nalis (1. ¢. fig. 6) has these conical processes largely developed ; in other respects, its forceps has the ordinary structure. The ovipositor of Dicranomyia, among those of the other sections of Tipulide, is remarkable for its smallness. The upper valves are short, narrow, arcuated, pointed; the lower ones are straight. The ovipositor of D. heretica is exceedingly small. The coloring of the body in this genus is rather monotonous and dull; grayish, brownish or ochraceous; without the well- marked stripes, bands, and spots which adorn the body, the feet, and the wings of Limnobia. Among nineteen species of North American Dicranomyix only two, rather abnormal species in more than one respect, have spotted wings (D. defuncta and D. rara); asingle species has them clouded (D. humidicola). In Europe, Dicranomyiz with clouded wings seem to be more numerous. The European D. ornata has handsomely banded wings. However, I am not sufficiently acquainted with the European fauna to make any general statement about the nume- vical proportion between the species with immaculate and those with clouded wings. The habits of the larve are probably aquatic, or subaquatic. I am not aware that any larva of this genus has been described, but I have observed near Washington,’ D. C., a larva, which I have every reason to suppose is that of D. defuncta. It lived upon the wood-work of a mill-dam, with a stream of water con- stantly passing overit. However, Mr. Winnertz reared D. dume- forum from decaying beech stumps (Linnea Entomol. VIII, p. 281). Dicranomyia probably occurs in all parts of the world, DICRANOMYIA. 5Y although it. may be principally at home in the more temperate latitudes. D. vicarians from Aukland and D. morionella from S. America, have been described by Dr. Schiner in the Reise d. Novara, ete., Diptera, p. 46. The Limnobix fumipennis, chorica, egrotans, and gracilis from New Zealand, mentioned in Walker’s List of Dipt. Brit. Mus., are all Dicranomyix. The genus Afaracta, found in amber (Loew, Bernst. u. Bernstein- Jauna) is apparently synonymous with Dicranomyia. This genus is very closely allied to Zimnobia, still the differ- ences between them are numerous. They consist :— 1. In the structure of the body: The feet of Dicranomyia are generally more slender; the ungues have usually but one distinct tooth, whereas in Limnobia there are several; the male forceps in the two genera has a different structure. As to the latter point, however different the two forms may be, I look upon them as modifications of the same plan of structure, the whole difference consisting in the more or less development of the fleshy lobes. If we represent to ourselves the large fleshy lobes of Dicra- nomyra lessened, the rostriform horny appendage, being closely applied to the falciform appendage (marked b on the figures of Tab. III), will form the double horny hook of Limnobia. Inter- mediate forms really occur in some species; the forceps of Tro- chobola, for instance, is one of them. We have already noticed above the contrast in the coloring between the two genera; that of Limnobia being more intense and brilliant, with well-defined stripes, bands, and dots on the body, the wings and the feet. 2. In the mode of life: Most of the larve of Dicranomyia are probably aquatic or subaquatic, whereas those of Limnobia live in wood, fungi, ete. 3. In the venation: The auxiliary vein in Dicranomyia is in most cases shorter; it usually ends in the first longitudinal vein nearly opposite the origin of the second vein or before it. In exceptional cases only (in four North American species among nineteen), this vein is prolonged a considerable distance beyond the origin of the second longitudinal vein. Just the opposite is the case with Limnobia; the auxiliary vein is, almost without exception, prolonged considerably beyond the origin of the second vein. The only exception I know of is the European L. macro- stigma Schum., the auxiliary vein of which is prolonged only a short distance beyond the origin of the second longitudinal vein, 58 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. The relative position of the subcostal cross-vein and of the tip of the auxiliary vein is somewhat different in the majority of the species of both genera. In both of them, the cross-vein is some- times placed at the tip of the auxiliary vein; but whenever it is removed from this tip, it is always situated between the first longitudinal vein and the auxiliary in Dicranomyia; in Lim- nobia, on the contrary, it is very often situated between the auxiliary vein and the costa; in which case, the auxiliary vein ends in the first longitudinal vein, and not in the costa, as usual. This latter structure, as far as I have observed, occurs only in - the genus Limnobia. The relative position of the marginal cross-vein and of the tip of the first longitudinal vein, gives occasion to a somewhat similar observation. In Dicranomyia this cross-vein is always at the tip of the first longitudinal vein (about the peculiar structure, some- times occurring here, compare above, page 54). In Limnobia the marginal cross-vein is often some distance back of this tip, so as to cut the stigma in two, or even to be placed near its inner end. This latter character, as far as my observation goes, may be useful in doubtful cases, as it occurs principally in the less typical Limnobie, some of which, as for instance L. macrostigma, might be mistaken for Dicranomyize. The typical Limnobiz (cinctipes, solitaria, etc.) have the cross-vein close at the tip of the first longitudinal vein, like Dicranomyta. We may also notice here, that the discal cell is often open in the genus Dicranomyia, whereas I know of no such case among the Limnobiz. | In my previous essay on the Tipulide brevipalpi, the genera Rhipidia, Geranomyia, Dicranomyia, and Limnobia have been united as subgeneraof a single genus Limnobia. This was done on the ground that Rhipidia and Geranomyza are much more closely allied to Dicranomyia than the latter is to Limnobia (in the narrower sense). If therefore we leave Limnobia and Dicra- nomyia united, we should not separate Lhipidia and Geranomyia from them. If, on the contrary, we separate Lhipidia and Gera- nomyia from Dicranomyia, we should, a fortiori, separate Dicra- nomyia from Limnobia. This separation has been introduced in the present publication. - The name Dicranomyia (from dcxpovor, fork, and pica, fly) has been first used in J. Stephens’s Catalogue of British Insects, in DICRANOMYIA. 59 1829, for the species D. lutea, inusta, modesta, dumetorum, didyma, ete. In Haliday’s Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood, Devonshire (Entomol. Magaz. I, 147) in 1833, the same generic name is introduced for the species lutea, inusta, modesta, chorea, and oscillans n. sp. This generic name has not been used in the systematic works which have appeared since (Macquart, Walker, and Zetterstedt) until it was reinstated by me in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phila. 1859, as a subgenus of Limnobia. | The genus Glochina, introduced by Meigen in his Vol. VI, p. 280, 1830, for Glochina sericata Meig., has not been sufficiently characterized by him, and has never obtained a definite meaning since. The alleged distinguishing characters are the fourteen- jointed antenne and five-jointed palpi; but it must be borne in mind, that Meigen called the antenne of Zimnobia from 15- to 17-jointed (compare above, page 10), and that, for this reason, fourteen-jointed antenne, which we know now as belonging to the whole section of Limnobina, must have seemed unusual to him. As to the palpi, the fifth basal joint is often visible, and not in Glochina only; as Mr. Westwood suggests ( Westw. Introd. II, p. 525) it probably represents the maxilla. Macquart (Hist. Nat. des Dipt. I, p. 172) rather oddly places ~Glochina among the Tipularie florales of Latreille, between Rhyphus and Simulium, on the ground that “Glochina, together with Culex and Bolitophila, are the only nemocerous diptera hitherto observed which are provided with maxillary sete; they are, moreover, distinguished by five-jointed palpi, the third of which is incrassated, like the second in Rhyphus.” We find Glochina introduced with a query, in Haliday’s Catal. Dipt. Holyw. for D. leucocephala M. (syn. morio Fab.) and dumetorum, as well as in the Synopsis, ete. at the end of West- wood’s Introduction, etc. Vol. II, for the same species. Steger (Kroéjer’s Naturh. Tidskr. Vol. III, 1840) placed three species in it, Gl. stigmatica, autumnalis, and frontalis, which are Dicranomyizx; at the same time, other Dicranomyiz, as modesta, dumetorum, chorea, didyma, are left by him in the genus Zimnobia. Thus it does not appear upon what the claims of the genus, in this author’s sense, are established. Unless the peculiarities in the structure of the male genitals of G. autum- nalis and stigmatica, already alluded to above (p. 56) prove of 60 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. sufficient importance to justify a generic separation of those few species which possess them, the genus Glochina will have to be abandoned. By all means Glochina cannot be maintained as a name of the group now called Dicranomyia. This name, as shown above, has been proposed a year earlier, and was, from the beginning connected with a series of those very species which constitute it now. Table for the determination of the species. Wings remarkably narrow, lanceolate (Tab. I, fig. 1). if 1 longipennis Schum. Wings of the usual shape. 2 { Tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite, or before, or. only a short 2 distance beyond the origin of the second longitudinal vein. 3 l Tip of the auxiliary vein a considerable distance beyond the origin it of the second longitudinal vein. 16 3 { The whole antenne, or at least their basal joints, pale. 4 The whole antennz black or brown. 7 4 Discal cell open. | 5 Discal cell closed. 6 5 { Thorax with a single brown stripe in the middle. 2 immodesta O. S. Thorax with three brown stripes. 3 gladiator O. S. 6 | Flagellum of the antennz and halteres infuscated. 4 diversa O. S. Flagellum and halteres not infuscated. 5 pudica O. S. ( Discal cell (in normal specimens) open; tip of the auxiliary vein considerably anterior to the origin of the second vein; the pre- furca is about equal in length to the distance between the origin of the third vein and the small cross-vein, or even shorter. 8 Discal cell closed ; tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite the origin of the second vein (or, when anterior or posterior, the distance small) ; prefurca distinctly longer than the distance between the origin of the third vein and the small cross-vein. 10 Rostrum and proboscis nearly as long as the head. 6 rostrifera, n. sp. Rostrum and proboscis much shorter than the head. 9 Thorax ochraceous. 7 brevivena, n. sp. Thorax brown. 8 floridana, n. sp. 4 il shining black, pleure with a silvery reflection. | lL 9 10 15 morioides 0. S. Thorax brownish or grayish. 11 Femora with a rather broad pale band at the tip. 14 badia Walk. Femora without such a band. 12 The distance between the tip of the auxiliary vein and the subcostal cross-vein is nearly as long as the stigma. 13 The distance between the tip of the auxiliary vein and the subcostal cross-vein is shorter than half the length of the stigma. 14 11 12 DICRANOMYIA. 61 13 { Halteres unusually long. 13 halterata, nu. sp. Halteres of the ordinary length. 9 distans O. S. The cross-vein separating the discal cell from the first basal cell is arcuated in such a manner, that the inner end of the discal cell is but little more distant from the basis of the wing than the inner end of the submarginal cell. 10 stulta O. S. The cross-vein separating the discal cell from the first basal cell is not conspicuously arcuated and hence, the inner end of the discal cell is distinctly more distant from the basis of the wing than the inner end of the submarginal cell. 15 Thorax gray, with a brown stripe in the middle. 11 liberta O. S. 15 4 Thorax brownish-yellow, with a brown stripe in the middle. | 12 heretica, n. sp. 16 Wings immaculate. ly) Wings spotted with brown. 18 17 Stigma distinct. 16 pubipennis O. S. No vestige of a stigma. 17 globithorax, n. sp. Wings brownish, three or four brown spots along the anterior margin. 18 18 rara, n. sp. Wings with brown dots in all the cells. 19 defuncta O. S. Description of the species. 1. D. lomgipemmis Scuum. % and 9.—Ochracea, thorace rufescente, vittis tribus obscurioribus ; pleuris vitta fusca; alis angustis, immacu- latis, areola discoidali aperta ; costa, venaque longitudinali prima pallide flavis; vena auxiliaris pone initium prefurce perparum extensa. Ochraceous, thorax reddish above, with three darker stripes, pleure with a brown stripe; wings narrow, immaculate; discal cell open; the costa and the first longitudinal veins pale yellow; the auxiliary vein is ex- tended very little beyond the origin of the prefurca (Tab. I, fig. 1). Long. corp. 0.25—0.3. Syn. Limnobia longipennis Scuvum. Beit. etc. 104, 2. Dicranomyia immemor O. SAcKEN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 287. Head brownish, rather elongated, rostrum brown, also some- what prolonged; palpi and antenne brownish; second joint of the latter stout; thorax reddish-yellow above, with three indis- tinct brownish stripes, the intermediate one with a faint yellow line in the middle. Pleure with a brown line, bordered with whitish, running from the humeri towards the basis of the halteres ; the latter have a whitish stem and a brownish knob; abdomen brownish; feet pale yellow, tip of the tibiz and tarsi infuscated ; wings narrow, lanceolate, their basal, narrowed portion rather long, their color is subhyaline; anal angle small, 62 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. hardly projecting; stigma elongated, pale; costa and first longi- tudinal veins pale yellow, the other veins brown; tip of the auxiliary vein very little beyond the origin of the preefurca; sub- costal cross-vein immediately opposite this origin; tip of the first longitudinal vein a little anterior to the middle of the sub- marginal cell; the latter rather long, longer than the first pos- terior cell; the discal cell being open, the first and second posterior cells are of equal length; the third is one-half the length of the second; seventh longitudinal vein somewhat bisinuated. Hab. Trenton Falls, N. Y., where I caught numerous speci- mens on a meadow. In general habitus this species is different from the other Dicranomyie; its very narrow wings with their yellow costal and first longitudinal veins, forming a contrast with the brown color of the other veins, make it easily recognizable. The struc- ture of its male forceps belongs to the same type with those of the other species of the group. I had at first described D. longi- pennis under the name of D. immemor, but recognized afterwards its identity with a species belonging to eastern Europe. 2. D. immodesta 0.8. 4% and 9.—Ochracea, thoracis vitta fusca; antennis fuscis, basi pallidis; alis hyalinis, stigmate pallido, areola discoidali apertaé; vene auxiliaris apex initio prefurce plus minusve oppositus ; venula subcostalis transversa ab auxiliaris apice stigmatis longitudine remota. Ochraceous, thorax with a brown stripe; antenne brown, pale at the base; wings hyaline, stigma pale; discal cell open; the tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca; the subcostal cross- vein is at a distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein, which is about equal to the length of the stigma. Long. corp. 0.25—0.3. Syn. Dicranomyia immodesta O. SAcksEn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 211. Rostrum pale, palpi infuscated ; antenne fuscous, pale at base; verticils rather long; front and vertex infuscated. Thorax ochraceous, paler on the pleure; a dark brown stripe, extending over the collare, in the middle; this stripe is abbreviated behind and does not reach the transverse suture; the lateral stripes are not perceptible; both ends of the scutellum and a stripe in the middle of the metathorax usually infuscated. Knob of the halteres dusky; feet pale tawny, cox and basis of the femora DICRANOMYIA. 63 pale yellow; tips of the tarsi darker. Abdomen infuscated above; forceps pale. Wings nearly hyaline; stigma elliptical, pale; veins pale brownish; tip of the: auxiliary vein nearly opposite or a little before the origin of the prefurca; the sub- costal cross-vein is separated from the tip of the auxiliary vein by a distance at least equal to the length of the stigma, if not longer; the cross-vein, forming the inner end of the discal cell, is straight; discal cell always open. Hab. Washington; Trenton Falls; Maine. When I first described this species I had twenty-five specimens for comparison. J). immodesta is not unlike the European D. modesta, the discal cell of which, however, is closed. & D. gsliadiator 0.8. % and 9.—Ochracea, fuscescens; thoracis vittis tribus fuscis ; antennis fuscis, basi pallidis, alis hyalinis, stigmate infuscato; areola discoidali aperti; vene auxiliaris apex initio pre- furce plus minusve oppositus; venula subcostalis transversa ab auxili- aris apice stigmatis longitudine remota. Brownish-ochraceous ; thorax with three brown stripes; antenne brown, pale at base; wings hyaline, stigma infuscated; discal cell open; the tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca ; subcostal cross-vein removed from the tip of the auxiliary vein at a distance equal to the length of the stigma. Long. corp. 0.25—0.3. Syx. Dicranomyia gladiator O. Sacken, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 212. Rostrum pale ochraceous, front brownish-gray, palpi infuscated, antenne brown, pale at base. Thorax brownish ochraceous, with three distinct brown stripes; the intermediate one extends over the collare ; the lateral ones extend beyond the suture ; scutellum and metathorax brownish in the middle; mesosternum with two large, round brown spots between the fore and middle coxe and several smaller, indistinct spots; halteres pale at base; knob brown; feet brown, cox and base of femora pale; tip of the latter brown. Abdomen brown, posterior margins of the seg- ments and the genitals paler; falciform appendages of the male forceps very large (Tab. III, fig. 4); they are very striking in the living insect, and when their points touch each other, they form a kind of arch or bridge over both lobes. (The name of the insect is derived from these sword-like appendages.) Wings nearly hyaline; stigma elliptical, more or less infuscated ; vena- tion exactly like that of D. ammodesta. 64 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IY. fab. Washington; in June. I found fourteen specimens of this species upon one occasion in Washington. If it was not for the difference in the structure of the male forceps, I would have taken this species for a darker variety of D. immodesta. The venation of both is exactly the same. 4. D. diversa 0. 5. % and 9.—Ochracea, antennis fuscis, basi pallidis ; alis hyalinis, stigmate pallido; areola discoidali claus4 ; venula subcostalis transversa ab auxiliaris apice stigmatis longitudine remota ; venz auxiliaris apex initio prefurce plus minusve oppositus. Ochraceous, antennz brown, pale at the base ; wings hyaline, stigma pale; discal cell closed; subcostal cross-vein removed from the tip of the auxiliary vein at a distance equal to the length of the stigma; the tip of the auxiliary vein is more or less opposite the origin of the prefurca. Long. corp. 0.2—0.25. Syn. Dicranomyia diversa O. SackEn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1859, p. 212. The body is ochraceous; the head above, the halteres and the abdomen are mfuscated; genitals ochraceous. Antenne more or less infuscated, basal joints pale. The tip of the auxiliary vein is more or less opposite the origin of the prefurea; the sub- costal cross-vein is at a considerable distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein, this distance being at least equal to the length of the stigma; the discal cell is closed; the stigma has a slight brownish tinge. Hab. Washington, D. C.; Maryland; in the spring. This species is much smaller than D. ¢mmodesta, and more- over is easily distinguished from it by its closed discal cell; the verticils of its antenne are much shorter. I possess three specimens collected by Mr. R. Kennicott, near Fort: Resolution, H. B. T.; they are very like D. diversa, but have the thorax darker, the feet more brown above, and the halteres paler. They may belong to a different species. 5. D. pudica 0.8. 4% and 9.—Pallide ochracea tota; oculis nigris, tarsorum apicibus fuscis; alis pallide flavescentibus ; venis pallidis ; vene auxiliaris apex initio prefurce parum anterior; venula sub- costalis transversa ab auxiliaris apice parum remota. Altogether pale ochraceous; eyes black; tip of the tarsi fuscous; wings with a pale yellowish tinge; veins pale; the tip of the auxiliary vein DICRANOMYIA. 65 is a short distance anterior to the origin of the prefurca; the subcostal cross-vein is at a short distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein. Long. corp. 0.3—0.35. Syx. Dicranomyia pudica O. Sacxen, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 212. There is not much to add to the diagnosis; the stigma is scarcely apparent; the auxiliary vein joins the costa a little before the origin of the prefurca; the cross-vein is not far from its tip (at a distance shorter than half the ig of the stigma) ; the antenne are yellow. Hab. Illinois (Kennicott). At the time when I prepared the original description of this species, I had two male and four female specimens before me. G6. D. rostrifera,n.sp. % and 9.—Fusca, thoracis vitté obscuriori, rostro et proboscide elongatis, fuscis; antennis nigro-fuscis; vene aux- iliaris apex prefurce initio anterior; prefurcda brevi; cellula discoidali aperta. Brown, the thorax with a darker stripe ; rostrum and proboscis elongated, brown; antenne brown; the tip of the auxiliary vein is anterior to the origin of the prefurca, the latter short; discal cell open. Long. corp. 0.2—0.25. Head, including rostrum, palpi, and antennz fuscous; rostrum and proboscis unusually prolonged, being almost as long as the head. Thorax fuscous, sericeous with yellowish above and with © a dark brown stripe in the middle; sericeous with cinereous on the pleure ; scutellum tawny, metathorax brown. MHalteres with an infuscated knob, stem pale. Abdomen brown; genitals sub- ferruginous. Feet dark tawny, coxe pale. Wings hyaline; stigma short oval, pale; the tip of the auxiliary vein is anterior to the origin of the second longitudinal vein by about half the length of the stigma or more; the subcostal cross-vein is at about an equal distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein; the first longitudinal vein has the marginal cross-vein close by its tip; the preefurca is short, not much longer, if longer at all, than the distance between the origin of the third longitudinal vein and the small cross-vein; discal cell open. Hab. New York; three male, one female specimen. The venation of this species is exactly like that of L. brevivena. I » 5 July, 1868. 66 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. could not very well describe the color of the front which, in all my specimens, is shrunken. %. D. brevivema, n.sp. % and 9.—Ochracea vel fusco-ochracea ; rostro ochraceo ; antennis nigro-fuscis, thorace vittis tribus fuscis ; vene auxiliaris apex prefurce initio anterior; prefurca brevi; cellula dis- coidali plerumque aperta. Ochraceous or brownish-ochraceous ; rostrum ochraceous ; antennze brown- ish-black; thorax with three brown stripes; the tip of the auxiliary vein is anterior to the origin of the prefurca; the latter short; the discal cell in most specimens open. Long. corp. 0.2—0.23. The coloring of the body is either of a light brownish-yellow, or a more ochraceous yellow; head brownish, front infuscated in the middle; rostrum yellow; antenne dark brown. Thorax ochraceous with three brown stripes, the intermediate one broad and distinct, the lateral ones extending backwards beyond the suture are slightly pruinose with grayish; collare brown above, prolonged in a distinct neck; scutellum infuscated at both ends, metathorax brownish, pruinose with grayish; pleuree ochraceous, more brownish posteriorly ; stem of halteres pale at the basis, knob infuscated. Abdomen brownish above, pale below; male genitals ochraceous. Feet dark tawny; coxe and base of the femora pale; tarsi brown towards the tip. Wings almost hya- line, very slightly tinged; stigma pale. The tip of the auxiliary vein is anterior to the origin of the prefurca by about half a length of the stigma; the cross-vein is at about an equal distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein; the first longitudinal vein has the marginal cross-vein by its tip; the prefurca is short, in some specimens shorter than the distance between the origin of the third longitudinal vein and the small cross-vein; in other speci- mens, it is a little longer, The discal cell is usually open; one of my specimens (among ten) has it closed. Hab. New York; also in Washington, D.C. This species can be easily distinguished from the two other species with a short auxiliary vein (floridana and rostrifera) by its yellow rostrum. I have taken, in the marshes on Long Island, near New York, in autumn, several specimens which are somewhat larger and darker in coloring; the thorax is brownish, sericeous with yel- lowish above, and with three dark brown stripes; the abdomen DICRANOMYIA. 67 is not paler on the under side, but uniformly brown; the stigma seems to be slightly longer; otherwise they agree with D. brevi- vena, and I am in doubt about their identity. 8. D. floridama, nu. sp. 4% and 9.—Brunnea, fronte albomicante, rostro brevi, fusco; antennis nigro-fuscis; vene auxiliaris apex pre- furce initio anterior; prefurcd brevi; cellula discoidali aperta. Brown, front with a whitish reflection, rostrum short, brown; antennz brownish-black; the tip of the auxiliary vein is anterior to the origin of the prefurca ; the latter short ; discal cell open. Long. corp. 0.2—0.3. Head including rostrum and palpi brownish, antenne black ; front with a whitish yellow reflection. Ground color of the thorax dark tawny, almost concealed by the three brown stripes; the intermediate one moderately shining, the lateral ones prui- nose with grayish; humeral region finely sericeous with yel- lowish; metathorax brown, sericeous with brownish-yellow; pleurz sericeous with gray. Abdomen brown, genitals sub- ferruginous. Halteres with a fuscous knob. Feet dark tawny, coxe and basis of the femora yellow. Wings somewhat tinged with cinereous; stigma pale; venation like that of D. brevivena and rostrifera, only the distance between the tip of the auxiliary vein and the subcostal cross-vein is nearly equal to the whole length of the stigma. Hab. Florida; two male and three female specimens caught by me in the spring of 1858; a pair of them were in copulation. 9. D. distams 0.8. % and 9.—Brunnea; humeris pleurisque pallidi- oribus ; antennis palpisque nigris ; vene auxiliaris apex initio prefurce plus minusve oppositus; venula transversa subcostalis ab apice vene auxiliaris remota; venula transversa que cellulam discoidalem a cellula basali prima separat, parum arcuata ; ale immaculate; stigmate pallido. Brown, humeri and pleure pale; antenne and palpi black; tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca; subcostal cross-vein at some distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein ; the cross- vein, separating the discal cell from the first basal cell, is very little _arcuated ; wings immaculate; stigma pale. Long. corp. 0.23—0.3. Syn. Dicranomyia distans O. SackeEn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. 1859, p. 211. Palpi and antenne black; joints of the flagellum subglobular ; front and vertex grayish-brown. Thorax dark tawny, sericeous 68 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART TV. with yellowish and with brown stripes; the pleure with a serice- ous, yellowish reflection. Halteres brownish, pale at the root; abdomen brown, genitals paler; feet brownish, coxe paler. Tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca; the subcostal cross-vein is at a distance from the tip of the auxiliary vein which is not much less than the length of the stigma; the cross-vein at the inner.end of the discal cell is but very slightly arcuated ; discal cell closed. , Hab. Florida. This species is very like D. stulta in general appearance, but easily distinguished by the great distance between the subcostal cross-vein and the tip of the -auxiliary vein. I brought six specimens from Florida with me (caught in March, 1858); but I have only two left now. The rostrum seems to be of a pale color; but I cannot perceive it distinctly. 10. D. stulita 0.S. % and 9.—Brunnea, humeris pleurisque pallidi- oribus ; antennis palpisque nigris; venula transversa subcostalis apici vene auxiliaris approximata; venula transversa que cellulam discoi- dalem a cellula basali prima separat, valde arcuata; ale immaculate, stigmate pallido. Brown, humeri and pleure pale; antenne and palpi black; subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the auxiliary vein; the cross-vein separating the discal cell from the first basal celi is strongly arcuated ; wings im- maculate, stigma pale. Long. corp. 0.22—0.3. Syn. Dicranomyia stulta 0. Sacken, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 210. Palpi and antenne black ; joints of the flagellum oblong ; front and vertex grayish. Thorax yellowish tawny; stripes brown, more or less shining, almost confluent; the intermediate one ex- tends over the collare and has sometimes a pale longitudinal line in the middle; the lateral ones are extended beyond the suture; scutellum and metathorax brown; halteres infuscated, pale at the base ; feet brownish, pale at the base. Abdomen brown; forceps of the male but little paler; the rostriform appendage is small and has two erect bristles; ovipositor ferruginous. Wings some- what tinged with grayish, stigma pale gray; the tip of the aux- iliary vein is nearly opposite the origin of the second longitudinal vein; the cross-vein is very near its tip (the distance is slightly DICRANOMYIA. 69 variable) ; the cross-vein separating the discal cell from the first basal cell is more arcuated than usual, and hence the inner end of the discal cell is comparatively but little more distant from the basis of the wing than the inner end of the submarginal cell; discal cell closed. Hab. Trenton Falls, N. Y.; Canada, &c. Observation: The excision between the 4th and 5th joints of the male tarsi is hardly perceptible in this species. il. D. liberta 0.8. 4% and 9.—Grisea, thorace fusco-vittato, palpis et antennis nigris, stigma pallidum, juxta venulam transversam margi- nalem infuscatum. Gray, thorax striped with brown, palpi and antenne black; stigma pale, infuscated along the cross-vein. Long. corp. 0.25—0.35. Syy. Dicranomyia liberta O. Sacxen, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 209. Rostrum and palpi black; front and vertex gray; antenne black, with hairs of moderate length. Thorax gray, almost slate color; a well-defined broad, fuscous intermediate stripe, some- - times with a pale line along its middle ; lateral stripes abbreviated before and extended beyond the suture behind; scutellum slightly tawny on the margins; halteres pale, knobs dusky; feet dark tawny, pale at the base, darker brown towards the tip of the femora; tips of the tibiz and of the tarsi brown. Abdomen blackish-gray ; forceps of the male paler; its structure is like Tab. III, fig. 3. Wings hyaline, faintly tinged with gray; pale at the basis; veins brownish; a faint cloud at the root of the fourth vein; stigma oblong, pale, distinctly clouded along the marginal cross-vein; the tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly opposite the origin of the second vein (sometimes a little before or beyond it); the subcostal cross-vein is not far from its tip ; discal cell closed. In one of the specimens the discal cell is open, on one wing only. In another specimen (a female) the intermediate one of the three veins running from the discal cell to the margin, takes an oblique direction and forms a fork with the anterior one of the _ three veins; this is the case on both wings. Hab. United States ; seems to be common everywhere ; I have collected specimens in Mobile, Ala.; Dalton, Ga. ; Washington, 70 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. D. C.; New York, ete. Wisconsin (Kennicott). The infuscated marginal cross-vein is a very good distinctive character of this species. This species is apparently identical with a European one, a specimen of which is in my possession. J cannot determine the latter with any degree of certainty, but the description of D. tristis Schum. agrees tolerably well with it. 12. D. heeretica, n.sp. % and 9.—Cervina, thorace vitta fusca ; antenne nigre; rostrum ochraceum; palpi fusci; ale cinerascentes, immaculate; prefurce initium apici vene auxiliaris plus minusve oppositum. Drab colored, thorax with a brown stripe; antenne blackish, rostrum yellow, with brown palpi; wings with a grayish tinge, immaculate; the origin of the prefurca is nearly opposite the tip of the auxiliary vein. Long. corp. 0.3—0.35. Head brownish, finely sericeous with yellowish ; rostrum yellow, palpi brown; antennez brownish-black. Thorax brownish, finely sericeous with brownish-yellow; this sericeous dust being the thickest on the sides, leaves a brown stripe in the middle; pleure brownish, or, in some specimens, pale; sericeous with yellowish ; scutellum and metathorax brownish, likewise dusted with whitish- yellow. Stem of halteres pale towards the basis, knob brown; abdomen brown above, venter paler. The forceps of‘the male is rather large and conspicuous even in dry specimens; in fresh ‘specimens the reniform lobes appear somewhat club-shaped at one end, that is, broader at the tip than in the middle ; the upper valves of the ovipositor are remarkable for their extreme small- ness. Coxe and basis of the femora yellowish; feet tawny, tip of the tibie slightly infuscated; tarsi brown towards the tip. Wings (Tab. I, fig. 3) with a slight brownish-gray tinge, veins brown; stigma pale (slightly infuscated along the cross-vein in one of the specimens from Fort Resolution). Tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite the origin of the second vein; subcostal cross-vein removed from this tip at a distance a little less than the length of the great cross-vein ; the marginal cross-vein is near the tip of the first longitudinal vein, and is placed in such a man- ner that it looks as if the first longitudinal vein was incurved towards the-second and connected with the costa by the cross- DICRANOMYIA. Tals vein, the latter being often indistinct; the submarginal cell is about one-third longer than the preefurea (this relation is, how- ever, variable in different specimens); the seventh longitudinal vein is ‘faintly sinuated about the middle; the position of the great cross-vein, as well as the inclination of the vein which closes the discal cell on the inside, are variable. Hab. Environs of New York, on the salt-marshes, common. Fort Resolution, H. B. T. (Kennicott). D. heretica may be easily distinguished from D. liberta by the coloring of the thorax, the shortness of the valves of the ovipositor, the greater distance between the tip of the auxiliary vein and the cross-vein, and, in fresh specimens, by the club-shaped lobes of the male forceps.. The teeth on the under side of the ungues are very small and difficult to perceive. The last tarsal joint is some- what incrassated in the male and the interval between it and the preceding joint is excised. There is a European species, the name of which I do not know, and which closely resembles D. heretica. 13. D. halterata, nu. sp. %.—Fusca; rostrum, palpi et antenne nigra; halteres longiusculi; ale pallide infuscate, immaculate, stig- mate obscuriore; venula transversa subcostalis ab apice vene auxiliaris longitudine stigmatis remota. Brownish ; rostrum, palpi, aud antennz black; halteres rather long ; wings tinged with pale brownish, immaculate, stigma darker; the subcostal cross-vein is removed from the tip of the auxiliary vein at a distance equal to the length of the stigma. Long. corp. 0.3. Head brownish, somewhat sericeous with yellowish ; antennz and palpi black. Thorax dull brown, hardly shining above; humeral region sericeous with yellowish; the usual stripes con- fluent; pleuree brown, sericeous with grayish below thetroot of the wings and that of the halteres; scutellum and metathorax brown, sericeous with gray; halteres comparatively long, infus- cated, their root pale. Abdomen brown, the genitals but little paler. Feet brown, coxe brownish-yellow; tarsi almost black. Wings tinged with pale brownish ; tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca; the’ subcostal cross-vein re- moved back of this tip at a distance nearly equal to the length of the stigma; marginal cross-vein at the tip of the first longi- tudinal vein; discal cell closed. 72 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. Hab. Labrador (Mr. A. 8. Packard, Jr.); four male specimens. This species will be easily distinguished from D. heretica by its brown rostrum, the darker tinge of its wings and of its stigma, by the greater distance between the subcostal cross-vein and the tip of the auxiliary vein; by its unusually long halteres, and in general by its darker coloring. I can perceive a tooth at the basis of the ungues. ‘The excision at the basis of the last tarsal joint of the male is likewise distinct. 7 I possess a male specimen from Canada, the halteres of which are of the same length as those of D. halierata; the venation and coloring of the wings are likewise the same (the stigma is slightly paler); but the thorax is brownish ochraceous, except the space on the back, usually occupied by the stripes, which is brown. Is it not a paler variety of D. halierata ? 14. D. badia Wak. % and 9.—Fusca, abdominis fasciis pallidis ; pedibus fuscis, femorum apice pallido, alis fusco-nebulosis; stigmate subquadrato, fusco. Brown, abdomen with pale bands; feet brown, tip of the femora pale ; wings clouded with brownish; stigma nearly square, brownish. Long. corp. 0.3—0.35. Syn. Limnobia badia WALK., List, etc. I, p. 46. Dicranomyia humidicola O. SackeEn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. 1859, p. 210. Rostrum, palpi, and antenne dark brown; front and vertex grayish-brown. Thorax tawny with more or less confluent brown stripes; a faint yellowish, sericeous reflection in the humeral region; pleure brown, with some paler spots; halteres pale, knob infuscated; cox pale; feet tawny; a pale band at the tip of the femora. Abdomen tawny, with pale bands on the incisures; male forceps like Tab. III, fig. 2; ovipositor of the female ferru- ginous. Wings somewhat tinged with grayish and faintly clouded ' with brownish; a pale brown cloud at the origin of the preefurca; another, rounded one, at the inner end of the submarginal cell ; the cross-veins likewise clouded ; stigma brown, in the shape of an elongated square. ‘Tip of the auxiliary vein generally a little beyond the origin of the preefurca, sometimes nearly opposite it, the cross-vein very near its tip. Hab. Washington, D. C.; Trenton Falls; Connecticut; Canada. DICRANOMYTA. 73 Common in damp, shady situations, especially in hollows, having a spring at the bottom. This species can always be easily recognized by the pale band at the tip of the femora. I have found some specimens near the Sharon Springs, N. Y., without any apparent brown clouds, except the stigma; but this pale: band and the other characters undoubtedly refer it here. 15. D. morioides 0.8. 4 and Q .—Thorace nigro, nitido, pleuris argenteo-micantibus ; alis pallide infuscatis, stigmate fusco. Thorax black, shining; pleure with a silvery reflection; wings somewhat infuscated, stigma brownish. Long. corp. 0.3. Syn. Dicranomyia morio O. Sacken (nec Fab.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 212. Head black, front silvery; palpi and antenne black; the last joint of the former ends in a slender, cylindrical prolongation, which might be taken for a fifteenth joint. Thorax black, shining above, silvery on the pleure ; halteres with a blackish knob; feet pale brown, cox pale. Abdomen brownish, margins of the segments more or less pale. Wings pale brownish, stigma darker brown. Hab. Trenton Falls, N. Y. In 1859 I had identified this species with the Huropean D. morio Fab. Since then I conceived some doubts about this identity (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phila. 1860, p. 17), but I have not had an opportunity as yet, for comparing a series of speci- mens from Europe and from North America. The latter seems to have somewhat darker wings, but by all means the discrepancy is hardly anything more than one of coloring. The peculiar structure of the last antennal joint has already been noticed by Meigen (Vol. VI, p. 274). 16. D. pubipennis 0.8. % and 9.—Obscure brunnea; alis im- maculatis, in regione apicali sparse pubescentibus; stigmate pallide infuscato; vena longitudinali prima in secundam (non in costam) in- curva; vena auxiliari pone prefurce initium extensa. Dark brown; wings immaculate, sparsely pubescent in the apical region; _ stigma pale brownish; the first longitudinal vein is incurved towards the second (and not towards the costa) ; the auxiliary vein is prolonged beyond the origin of the prefurca (Tab. I, fig. 2). Long. corp. 0.35—0.38. Syn. Dicranomyia pubipennis O. Sacken, Proce. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 211. 74 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Iv. Head dark brown, antenne and palpi black. Thorax dark brown, moderately shining and slightly pruinose with grayish above ; stripes not distinct; some parts of the pleure and of the posterior portion of the thorax are reddish or yellowish-brown. Halteres with an infuscated knob; feet dark brown, femora tawny, paler at the basis; coxe brownish-yellow. Abdomen brown; forceps paler; the upper valves of the ovipositor are very narrow, pointed, and nearly straight. Wings (Tab. I, fig. 2) immaculate, somewhat tinged with grayish; stigma elliptical, pale brownish; the apex of the wing is finely and sparsely pubescent; in the marginal cell this pubescence begins a little before the stigma, and it occupies nearly the whole of the sub- marginal, posterior, and discal cells. The tip of the auxiliary vein is about one length of the stigma beyond the origin of the second longitudinal vein ; the subcostal cross-vein is near its tip. The first longitudinal vein ends in the second, forming a regular are of a circle; the cross-vein connects it with the costa. The discal cell of this species is often open (among twenty specimens caught by me in 1859 in the same locality, five had it open), and in such specimens, it is the anterior branch (and not the posterior one as usual) of the fourth longitudinal vein which is forked ; in other words, the discal cell coalesces with the third, and not with the second posterior cell. Hab. Washington, D. C., not rare in April and May; also further north. The pubescence in the apical portion of the wing, as well as the forking of the anterior, instead of the posterior branch of the fourth vein are very good.distinctive characters of this species. 1%. D. globithorax, n.sp. % and 9.—Brunnea, capite antennisque nigro-fuscis, thorace gibbo; alis brevioribus, pallide infuscatis, immacu- latis, stigmatis vestigio nullo; vena longitudinali prima in secundam (non in costam) incurva ; vena auxiliari pone prefurce initium extensa. Brown, head and antenne brownish-black; thorax gibbous, wings rather short, slightly tinged with brownish, without spots; no vestige of a stigma; the first longitudinal vein is curved towards the second (not towards the costa); auxiliary vein prolonged beyond the origin of the prefurca. Long. corp. 0.2—0.22. Head, including the palpi, brownish-black ; joints of the flagel- lum short, subglobular, with a short, scattered pubescence. DICRANOMYIA. 15 Thorax strikingly gibbous, rising abruptly over the head; it is brown, almost opaque above, without distinct stripes; more tawny on the sides and posteriorly; halteres infuscated ; feet brownish; cox and base of the femora pale; abdomen, including the male genitals, fuscous ; ovipositor rather short ; upper valves distinctly curved. Wings comparatively shorter and broader than in the related species, with a slight brownish tinge ; no per- ceptible vestige of a stigma. The first longitudinal vein, instead of ending in the costa, is curved at its tip towards the second longitudinal vein and ends in it; thus the cross-vein is apparently placed between the first longitudinal vein and the costa; the tip _ of the auxiliary vein, with the subcostal cross-vein close by it, is nearly opposite the middle of the prefurca; the submarginal cell is not quite one-third longer than the first posterior; first and second basal cells of equal length. I possess two specimens, a male from the White Mountains and a female from Washington, D. C. This species will be very easily recognized by its gibbous thorax and the total absence of a stigma. One of my specimens has the discal cell closed, the other open; thus I am in doubts, what is the rule and what the exception. 18S. D. rara,n.sp. 9.—Brunnea, capite antennisque nigris; alis apud costam maculis tribus fuscis, quarté ad apicem minore; vena auxiliari pone prefurce initium longe extensa. Brown, head and antenne black; wings with three brown spots near the costa; a fourth, smaller spot near the apex of the wing ; auxiliary vein prolonged far beyond the origin of the prefurca. Long. corp. 0.23. Head, including the rostrum and the palpi, black; antenne black. Thorax pale brownish, with three darker stripes above ; a conspicuous dark brown stripe runs from the collare across the pleure towards the metathorax; brown spots on the sternum, between the fore and the intermediate coxe ; halteres infuscated ; abdomen brown, segments paler at the basis; ovipositor sub- ferruginous; cox and femora pale tawny; the latter with a brown band before the tip ; knees pale; tibiz and tarsi brownish. Wings distinctly infuscated ; a brown spot (sometimes preceded by a pale streak) at the origin of the second vein; a smaller one at the tip of the auxiliary vein; a rounded brown spot, included between two whitish ones, at the tip of the first longitudinal 6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. > vein; a smaller one at the tip of the second longitudinal vein; cross-veins infuscated, as well as the tips of all the other longi- tudinal veins. Subcostal cross-vein at the tip of the auxiliary vein, which is distinctly beyond the middle of the prefurca; marginal cross-vein very near the tip of the first longitudinal vein ; second basal cell a little shorter than the first. Hab. New York; two female specimens. 19. D. defumcta 0.5. 4 and 9.—Fusco-cinerea, thorace vittis tribus nigro-fuscis, intermedia duplice; pedes nigro-fusci, femora apicem versus annulo albido: ale in cellulis omnibus seriatim fusco-maculate et punc-. tate ; vend auxiliari pone prefurce initium modice extensa. Brownish-gray, thorax with three brown stripes, the intermediate double ; feet blackish-brown, femora with a whitish ring towards the apex; wings with brown spots and dots arranged in rows in all the cells; the aux- iliary vein is somewhat prolonged beyond the origin of the prefurea. Long. corp. 0.35—0.4. Syn. Dicranomyia defuncta O. SacKkEN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 213. Head cinereous, front and vertex almost black in the middle; rostrum, palpi, and antenne fuscous; joints of the flagellum sub- globular, with short verticils. Thorax cinereous with three brown stripes, the intermediate one divided in two by a pale longitudinal line; pleure variegated with brown; halteres’ pale with black knobs; coxe cinereous, feet brown, base of the femora tawny ; a very distinct whitish ring at a distance equal to its own width, from the tip of the femora. Abdomen blackish cinereous; posterior margins of the segments paler; genitals pale. Wings with a grayish tinge, spotted with blackish-brown ; subcostal cell infuscated at four intervals; several spots, forming a short trans- verse band, along the central cross-veins; series of small, round dots along the middle of the cells; a larger spot at the tip of the seventh longitudinal vein; stigma square. Hab. Washington, D. C.; Trenton Falls; Maine; Canada. I have often found it alighting on rocks and stones over which a thin sheet of water was running. The forceps of this species (Tab. ITI, fig. 1 and 1a) has more elongated, slender lobes than the typical Dicranomyte ; no rostri- form horny appendage is apparent. The ungues are large and . have several notches on the under side, instead of the teeth, which characterize the Limnobina. 'The excision on the under DICRANOMYIA. Th side at the basis of the last tarsal joint of the male is distinct, although small. The following species from California is not included in the dichotomical table of page 60. 20. D. marmorata 0.8. %4.—Cinereo-fusca, thorace vittis tribus fuscis ; alis cinereo-nebulosis, stigmate quadrangulari, fusco; femorum apicibus infuscatis. Grayish-brown, thorax with three brown stripes; wings clouded with cinereous ; stigma quadrangular, brown; tip of the femora brown. Long. corp. 0.4. Syn. Dicranomyia marmorata QO. SackeEn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1861, p. 288. Rostrum, palpi, and antenne brown; joints of the latter sub- globular, verticils short; front and vertex cinereous, darker in the middle ; thorax cinereous, with three brown stripes ; abdomen brownish cinereous, posterior margins of the segments pale; halteres pale; feet yellowish, tips of femora, of the tibie, and of the tarsi brown; wings subcinereous with some darker clouds and some hyaline bands and spots; a cloud at the origin of the pre- furea, another, round one, at its tip; cross-veins also clouded ; stigma obscure-cinereous, elongated, quadrangular; the hyaline spots are arranged in the following way: a small, rounded one in the anal angle; a band running across the basal portion of the two basal and the anal cells, and ending in the spurious cell near the posterior margin ; a spot near the tip of the seventh longitudinal vein; a large irregular hyaline space in the central portion of the wing, inclosing the stigma and the two clouds of the preefurca, and extending more or less towards the posterior margin, across the discal and the posterior cells; its outline is very indefinite, and it is interrupted by clouded marks along the veins; a small hyaline mark at the tip of the wing, in the submarginal cell. The tip of the auxiliary vein almost corresponds to the origin of the prefurca; the subcostal cross-vein is a short distance before its tip; the discal cell is present (closed), and the great cross-vein corresponds to its base. Hab. California; two male specimens (Mr. A. Agassiz). This species is related to D. humidicola QO. 8. 78 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. Gen. Il. GERANOMYVIA. One submarginal cell; four posterior cells; a discal cell. Antenne 14-jointed, submoniliform ; joints not pedicelled. Rostrum and proboscis prolonged, longer than the head and thorax taken together; the short palpi are inserted about their middle. Feet slender; tibie without spurs at the tip; empodia indistinct or none; ungues with teeth on the under side. The forceps of the male is like that of Dicranomyza, and consists of two fleshy, movable lobes, with horny appendages and a horny style under them. This genus is most closely allied to Dicranomyta, and is dis- tinguished from it only by the enormously developed oral parts. These consist of a very long, subcylindrical epistoma, a still longer lingua, which is slender and pointed, and a labium divided in two branches at the tip, terminated by slender, flattened lobes; these branches are divergent and sometimes curled up in dry specimens. The short palpi (bi-articulate according to Mr. Curtis) are inserted about the middle of the proboscis to the anterior angles of the rostrum. This proboscis is principally used for sucking moisture and flowers. Mr. Haliday (Zntomol. Magaz. I, p. 154) described this genus in 1833, establishing it upon G. wnicolor, a species found on the rocks and shrubs near the sea-shore in England and Ireland. Mr. Curtis (Brit. Hntom. 573, 1835) gave a beautiful plate and a description of this genus, which he very correctly dis- tinguishes from Rhamphidia, by stating that the latter has 16- and not 14-jointed antenne, and a rostrum of a different structure. The structure of the proboscis of Geranomyia, subjected to a careful dissection, is represented on the plate (the figure is repro- duced in Walker’s Ins. Brit. Dipt. III, Tab. XX VII, fig. 6, a, 6). The second species, described by Mr. Curtis (G. maculipennis) was considered by later authors as a variety of G. wnicolor (comp. Walker, |. c. 310). G. unicolor has hitherto been found only in England ; a second European species has been discovered in Austria and also called G. maculipennis (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. tr Wien, 1864). Macquart (Dipt. Exot. I, p. 62, 1838) described the same genus under the new generic name of Aporosa; he introduces two species, one from the Canary Islands, the other from Isle Bourbon. But the American continent seems to be much more abundant in Geranomyiz. Mr. Loew (Linn. Entom. Vol. V, p. 394) pub- GERANOMYIA. 79 lished six species from Brazil, Chile, and the West Indies; Mr. Walker (List, etc. Vol. I), one from Jamaica and (Dipt. Saund. pt. V) one from Brazil; Dr. Philippi (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1865, p. 597, Tab. XXIII, fig. 1) described four species from Chile under the new generie name of Pletiusa ; Mr. Bellardi (Saggio, ete. Appendice, p. 2) one from Mexico. As three species from the United States have been described below, this makes a total of twenty species, only four of which belong to the old world. Macquart’s Aporosa and Philippi’s Plettusa being identical with Geranomyia and posterior to it in point of time, have to be given up as generic names. The name Geranomyia is derived from yépavos, a crane, and poco, & fly. Table for determining the species. 1 { Wings spotted. 1 rostrata Say. Wings not spotted. 2 f The auxiliary vein ends in the costa nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca. 2 diversa O. S. 2! The auxiliary vein ends in the costa far beyond the origin of the 4 prefurca. 3 canadensis Westw. Description of the species. 1. G. rostrata Say. % and 9.—Alis fusco-maculatis et nebulosis. Wings with brown spots and clouds. Long. corp. 0.3. Sxn. Limnobia rostrata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. III, p. 22, 6.— Wien. Auss. Zw. I, p. 35, 20. Geranomyia rostrata O. SAcKEN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. 1859, p. 207. Front and vertex gray; proboscis and antenne black. Thorax grayish, often with a yellowish or brownish tinge; three more or less distinct brown stripes; pleure with a hoary bloom; scutellum and metathorax brownish, with a grayish bloom; halteres with a dark brown knob; feet tawny, tips of the tibie black, sub- clavate in appearance; tips of the tarsi infuscated. Abdomen brown, venter paler. Wings with five brown spots along the anterior margin; the cross-veins and the tips of all the veins along the apex and along the posterior margin are clouded with pale brown. Hab. Washington, D. C.; New York; Massachusetts; Illinois; Canada. I have brought home a specimen from Cuba, which I 80 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. believe to be the same species. It shows some slight differences, the most striking of which is, that the brown spot at the tip of the first longitudinal vein is limited posteriorly by the second longitudinal vein; whereas in my North American specimens, it crosses this vein and invades the inner end of the submarginal cell. 2. G. diversa 0.8. 4% and 9.—Thorace cinereo, vittis tribus obscure fuscis; venz auxiliaris apice prefurce initio plus minusve opposito. Thorax gray, with three dark brown stripes; the tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly opposite the origin of the prefurca. Long. corp. 0.25—0.28. Syn. Geranomyia diver'sa 0. SackeEN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 207. Proboscis, palpi, and antenne black ; front and vertex grayish. Thorax with a grayish bloom above and with three well marked dark brown stripes; pleurz, scutellum and metathorax hoary, their ground color brownish; halteres with a brown knob; feet tawny, coxe and basis of the femora paler. Abdomen brown; male forceps paler. Wings slightly tinged with brownish ; stigma very slightly darker; a slight, hardly perceptible nebulosity at the origin of the prefurca; the marginal cross-vein forms an obtuse angle, sometimes nearly a straight line, with the tip of the first longitudinal vein; the tip of the auxiliary vein is opposite the origin of the preefurca. Hab. Trenton Falls, N. Y. The proboscis of this species is much shorter than that of the two other species. The male of Limnobiorhynchus braziliensis Westw. (Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1835, p. 683) is a Geranomyia, which is not unlike G. diversa; the stripes of the thorax are likewise narrow and dark, and the position of the marginal cross- vein is the same. I have seen the specimen in Mr. Westwood’s collection, without having subjected it to a close comparison with G. diversa, o> G. camademsis Westw. % and 9.—Thorace pallide fusco, vittis tribus obscurioribus ; vena auxiliari pone prefurce initium extens4é. Thorax pale brown, with three darker stripes; auxiliary vein extended beyond the origin of the prefurca. Long. corp. 0.25—0.28. Syn. Limnobiorhynchus canadensis Westw. Ann. Soc. Entom. de Fr. 1835, p. 683. Geranomyia communis O. Sacken, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1859, p. 207. RHIPIDIA. 81 Head tawny, somewhat grayish on the front; antenne blackish, under side of the first joint tawny; proboscis and palpi brown, the former paler at the basis. Thorax brownish, with three more or less dark brown stripes; pleure paler; metathorax brownish, with a hoary bloom; ‘halteres infuscated, pale at the basis; feet tawny, tips of the femora, of the tibiew, and of the tarsi brown. Abdomen brown, posterior margins of the segments paler; venter pale. Wings very slightly tinged; stigma brownish; the tip of the first longitudinal vein is incurved towards the second, the marginal cross-vein being apparently between it and the costa; the tip of the auxiliary vein is nearly opposite the middle of the refurca. Hab. Washington, D. C.; Upper Wisconsin River (Kenni- cott); Illinois (LeBaron). The proboscis of this species is very long, at least once and a half the length of the thorax. I have seen the original specimen of Limnobiorhynchus canadensis Westwood, in the author’s own collection; (compare the genus Toxorrhina. ) Gen. III. RHEIPIDIA. One submarginal cell; four posterior cells; a discal cell. Antenne 14-jointed; bipectinate, pectinate or subpectinate; joints of the flagellum always distinctly pedicelled. Rostrum and proboscis short. Feet slender ; tibiz without spurs at the tip; empodia indistinct or none. The forceps of the male is like that of Dicranomyia and consists of two immovable, fleshy lobes, and a horny style on the under side (Tab. III, fig. 5 and 5a). Fhipidia is principally distinguished from Dicranomyia by the structure of the antenne. ‘This structure is most prominent and peculiar in the male of &. maculata M.; the joints of the flagellum (except the basal and the terminal ones) emit in this species two, rather long, branches. In the two other North American species end in the second European species (2. uniseriata Schin.) the joints of the flagellum bear only a single branch, which is shorter than those of R. maculata. The females of all the species havea moniliform flagellum, that is, the single joimts are separated by distinct pedicels; the joints of the basal half of the flagellum are somewhat projecting on the under side. The auxiliary vein reaches more or less beyond the origin of the second longitudinal vein, and in this respect Rhipidia agrees with those North American Dicranomyiz, which have spotted § July 1868. 82 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. wings (D. rara, defuncta). The subcostal cross-vein in all the species known to me, is close by the tip of the auxiliary vein ; the marginal cross-vein close by the tip of the first longitudinal vein. The slenderness of the feet, the structure of the forceps of the male, etc., remind one of Dicranomyia (compare the forceps of R. maculata, figured by me in Stett. Ent. Z. 1854, Tab. I, fig. 3, and that of &. domestica in the present volume, Tab. ITI, fig. 5, 5a). The genus Rhipidia (from fuis, a fan) was established by Meigen, in 1818, for the only European species at that time known.