Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. a a MONTANA FOREST RESOURCE AND INDUSTRY STATISTICS ; : Paul D. Kemp s" MB. Dickerman Maye jget = Noten = : Pak Mountain PUR REPAATWENt oF scmcie, .- | Forest © Range CULTURE | i , J Experiment Station Missoula Montana George M-Jemison, Director UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE STATION PAPER NO. 25 OCTOBER, 1950 Prepared by the Division of Forest Economics M. B. Dickerman, Division Chief P. D. Kemp was in charge of the inventory phase and S. B. Hutchison, analysis and reports. T. L. Finch, M. E. Hobe, W. C. Hodge, B. M. Huey, M. E. Metcalf, REA IBS Pissot, and J. H. Wikstrom - field and office staff. In addition to the present staff listed above, many others worked from time to time on the Forest Survey in Montana. These includes: M.Bradner, G.M.DeJarnette, and R.K.Winters = supervision. D. L. Axlund, C. W. Brown, F. B. Casler, R. L. Conn, L. E. DeGroote, W. W. Engign, W. R. Fallis, A. A. Flint, J. L. Frykman, , M. C. Galbraith, H. B. Hawk, V.H Hedman, J. N. Hessel, J. M. Honeywell, W.H. Tbenthal, R. Jacobsen, O. B. Johnson, H. S. Mosebrook, J. A. Nash, B. W. Newton, Jo P. Oliver, W. B. Peterson, P. N. Pratt, I. C. Puphal, A. N. Quam, M. S. Reed, W. L. Royer, E. G. Rutquist, R. R. Schulz, R. J. Smith, F. R. Waylet, W. H. Welton, and Le. W. Zach - field and office. Acknowledgement is also made of the assistance of person- nel of Work Project Administration official projects O.P. 501-2-96, 701-13-17, and 01-2-91-158. MONTANA FOREST RESOURCE AND INDUSTRY STATISTICS By Paul D. Kemp and M.B.Dickerman ClOyN SL Hr NILES The forest survey in Montana. MYO) OH METIOW SOAS WWII o od Oot Orion 9)! 6.9 6 5.5, 0 0 5 Epiira lela SP tray Dies CHmmnmmem mom atite Arey ia? Pam ovo, 6.) os Sat cist Wak Pap itbetumny lose Potmal mot Mell Wo Comparison of 1949 and earlier estimates. Tables . Forest area and timber volume estimates. Montana, 1918-1949 Land area by major classes of forest land. Montana, 1949. . » Commercial forest land area by ices class by stand- Silve) GILES 5 lWornseine, ISAS 6 6 6 6 ic See Volume of live saw ‘psoas and primary apron cuag soe on commercial forest land by stand-size class. Montana, 1949 Volume of live saw timber and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by ownership class. Montana, 1949 Volume of live saw timber and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by species. Montana, 1949 .... .o All-timber volume on commercial forest land by kind of iMENneImIEL | hleroneyael JUN) GG 6 Net growth and moraine mortality of ere saw 7 amber andl primary growing stock on commercial forest land by species group. Montana, 1949. : Average annual commecein: drain of live sereudndaer olen and primary growing stock on commercial forest land ae Species group. Montana, 1939-1948 .... . 6 : Average annual commodity production by timber mmoduere in cubic volume and in standard units. Montana, 1939-1948. . Area of commercial forest land by generalized forest wes and stand-size classes. Montana, 1949. . : Live all-timber volume on commercial forest land oy rien of growing stock, species group, tree-size class, and class of metericile Montana, 1949. : Volume of live saw timber on commercial forest Lael ba diameter class groups by species. Montana, 1949 ..... Net growth, normal mortality, and commodity drain on primary growing stock on commercial forest land by tree- size class. Montana, 1949. . As Area by major classes of forest land ha ouieisstntlya slassee. Montana, 1949. aren Page 16 17, 18 W) 20 21 22 23 erbiskoay v APE SY five A 2 Ua Ra 1 A ee eres ae? ey a pote Jemet. P ? 7 vies. ; Biers ig, VD SE Sa Die eka te ee Bee : ARS - Pare “4 t¢2Le Gélogsrem Te sh inl Feeiad te rr ae mari hes Ay Oph. Saad BATS ete ‘ AyOse Ghee ye SP gale et Namelaesg vaa Hye fp sae SV a anti elo eip Xo ty i d rar MP tN nite | Pee vf eoloase tle “List deewlei asin Ve Tete mee pene sei NeeTOvK See Cot LAO ate. 25 a Se Ree, net ee ; et, OFS os TAA acbian PF raad ay aS 3 YO (al Cap ees aE Orme Se a ae eae Soe Pha Wr} . ee ie nif 900 Cor err (eLioy a sone: Citak. EM ee! Te aay | Ky fa! PPS “At. newt: Pie io ie wr ri r ta aya’ te nied e, Didi create a i js ne") “igi: he emuctow “rhe | tah fe heey, Ses rg, BLAg a~woT? geet Cle ean Vaeee pi erodes ey eee A A «eae tis eog fe = ‘ a ey) rEaeO? Sate eres its, tig ks seh yee hie Ze: ‘ome bs eV aootiel f hiaa ee ae Spee ame piaepe a re) ey. WO A aeeinys oee Pa Bi err | ‘ parthat, certs: | arte? Nd Lg) Ret 2 qulipett a? HOaie elon Ra, ah ee COD 4 arigdagll nwa”. af eee “pt Rea daa ney te ising: i: . ee :. 7 +2 + Tables IWS), 17. ILE), 19. AOe ZAWs 22. 23. Forest Forest land area by counties. ... So G0 Timber volume on commercial forest Leni pe aguamtbales : Annual lumber production. Montana. : Lumber production and number of active Sarena "1921- 1948. Lumber production and number of active sawmills by mill- Srezier CUass. LOLS HMOUII i Bie nite ured ha heey teh. Gay ee Annual pole production. Montana, 1937, 1946-1949 . Annual production of Christmas trees, cross ties, shingles, and lath. 1925-1949 . wee BS by nk ie Distribution of Montana lumber sidyanentte 1924-1945. survey method. Accuracy of estimates IDNeSBAaL aloo LS Us ats, 1. me he Lee mi 8 ee sto ieROncsbmSUIvieV=repOnus Lor MOntanan me. stl sitet cl os tela aes THE FOREST SURVEY IN MONTANA In 1928 Congress authorized and directed the Secretary of agriculture to under- take a comprehensive survey of the timber supplies of the United States. Responsibility for this survey was as- Signed to the Forest Service and in turn to its various regional forest experi- ment stations. The Northern Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station in 1934 initiated the forest survey in Montana. PERCENT OF AREA FORESTED 0- 10% l= 30% RRQ 31 or more From 1934 on, until interrupted by World War II, the survey program at this station concentrated its main effort in the heavily forested counties west of the Continental Divide. As the data were compiled, statistical reports 1/ were published for each county in the Western Unit. In addition to the statistical data, the survey in the Western Unit included the preparation of detailed cover-type maps. In the Eastern Unit, that part of the State east of the Continental Divide, field work was completed in four counties (Cascade, Chouteau, Fergus, and Judith Basin) before the survey was terminated because of the War. Statistical reports for these counties, except Cascade, were released in 1943. Cascade County was covered in a report issued in 1948. Following World War II the forest survey was reactivated in the Eastern Unit. Because of the limited funds available for completing the work in the State, the survey method was streamlined to sample for area, volume, growth, and noncommodity drain. Field work was. resumed in 1947 and completed in the fall of 1949. In this period some 8 million acres of forest land in 43 counties were sampled. Since the sampling was not intensive enough to give detailed, reli- able statistics by counties, the findings were summarized by groups of counties. Four county groups were delineated: Northern (19 counties), Southern (15 counties), South Central (9 counties), and Central (4 counties). Separate statistical reports were released for the first three of these county groups. Thus, in 1950 we have for the first time a detailed, systematic summary of Montana's timber resource. This statistical report brings together these basic data. It contains inventory date on the area of forest land, the timber volume, the current annual net growth, the average annual commodity drain, and forest industry production. A comprehensive analysis of the statistical data is being made and will be published in bulletin form. 1/ A list of reports published by the forest survey for Montana is given on page 48. a ae a Pi! ie a a ay nar. mi gee xt McCONE A wvenux ae L ONE ELLOWST A | ROSEBUD | LEGEND S FIR () spruce -FiR OSA PINE HARDWOODS, SHOWN DIAGRAMMATICALLY PINE CONIFEROUS WOODLAND NONCOMMERCIAL FOREST LAND OLE PINE NON FOREST ED LAND SOLID COLOR- OVER 50% FORESTED CROSS HATCHED — 25% TO 49% FORESTED STIPPLED-5%TO 24% FORESTED == | 106° 105° Agriculture ~ Missoula ~\ os, ‘ it i 1 1 AY . | = ! ° f ~ . y ( 1 ' a ‘ ‘ jl . if f ‘ . N | “ {, t ; - . \ f J \ " ; bd = * y i ; a ‘ i ” 2) ; i i T x Bt ‘ ‘ } 7 i : I i ; g : y ‘ ' ¥ ¥ 7 oS q ii % ' im ieee . { , ca pty i ui mH Ni 4 LIBERTY GOLDEN VALLEY Vz J ' BILLINGS g 4 | te | —— CARBON YELLOWS NATIONAL K MAJOR FOREST TYPES MONTANA PHILLIPS F | | + 1 Grey j GARFIELD ~ = SR. NZ? i) Se Glasgow “Xk. b) VALLEY rorT PECKY? RESERVOIR \ \| DANIELS | | SHERIDAN \ McCONE / J WIBAUX od fi O\ ws A Nios City |= ye ee d's = OF | ‘ FALLON \ qs CUSTER = | CARTER ER 5 4 Lap powpeR Al Y Va LEGEND SPRUCE -FIR HARDWOODS; L FOREST LAND sta. | i) [EG coniFerous WOODLAND sae NONCOMMERCIA: | NON FOREST \ | | | | | Se SHOWN DIAG RAMMATICALLY 1950 | LODGEPOLE PINE | 20.10 ~~. Sele a _40 Miles TL} RESERVED LAND SOLID COLOR- OVER 50% FORESTED <= CROSS HATCHED ~ 25% TO 49% FORESTED STIPPLED- 5% TO 24% FORESTED 1 I =) 106° 105° ‘Agriculture saasoul FINDINGS IN BRIKF 1. Land area *FOREST Of the 93.6 million acres of land in Montana about one fourth is forest. The total forest area is 22,359,000 acres. (See walls 2.) 2. Occurrence of forest land To study the forest situation, the State was divided into is: Pees two units: Western, west of 7 WESTERN the Continental Divide, and Hastern, east of the Divide. The Western Unit has 58 per- cent of the forest in the State and the Eastern 42 per- cent. (See table 2.) 3. Classes of forest land~ The 22.4 million acres of forest ea a “e land in Montana is classified as peels sae : follows: Commercial 71 percent, noncommercial 18, and reserved ll. (For definitions of these classes see page 42.) , \\ NON- GOMMERGIAL MONTANA COLORADO. ARIZONA NUMBERS INDICATE BILLIONS OF BOARD FEET NEW MEXICO - NEVADA- UTAH aN oun BIATE SH AIc\PAE N FEDERAL | E DOUGLAS FIR WESTERN LARCH PONDEROSA PINE ENGELMANN SPRUCE NUMBERS INDICATE POD GEROTEREINE BILLIONS OF BOARD FEET OTHER SOFTWOODS 3.2 HARDWOODS 07 4. Saw-timber volume in Rocky Mountain states Of the § Rocky Mountain states Montana ranks second in the volume of standing saw timber. Nationally, Montana ranks fifth in volume of timber, but in terms of lumber production it was eighteenth in 1947. Ninety-nine percent of the volume is in softwoods and nearly three fourths is in the Western Unit. Ownership of saw timber Federal ownership predominates. Sixty-five percent of all the saw timber in the State is on federal land, 30 percent on private industrial and farm holdings, and 5 percent in state and county ownership. The Forest Service manages 91 percent of the federal timber; the Indian Service, Bureau of Land Management, and other federal agencies the rest. Species distribution of saw- timber volume Just about 50 percent of the saw timber is of two species: Douglas-fir and western larch. On a cubic-foot basis lodge- pole pine ranks second because of the large number of small size trees. Ponderosa pine, although making up less than one fifth of the volume, makes up about two fifths of the lumber cut. "hee all cS, ee ae PONDEROSA PINE : Wj Wy ENGELMANN SPRUCE DOUGLAS -FIR LODGEPOLE PINE | WU. HBB 1.0" -209" 08H YZ] 2.0" DBH & LARGER 7. Size-class distribution of saw—timber trees The timber in Montana is small. Fifty-three per- cent of the total saw— timber volume is in the small size class (11.0" to 20.9"). Marked dif- ferences occur between species. At one extreme is western larch with 28 percent in the small size class and at the other extreme is lodgepole pine with 99 percent of the volume in the small size class. 8. For all species combined the net growth exceeds the commodity drain in both board-foot and cubic-foot volume. The situation, however, is reversed for ponderosa pine where the annual drain in board—foot volume exceeds the net growth by about 78 million board feet. For the other species the favorable growth/drain relationship indicates the feasibility of increased industrial activity. GROSS GROWTH ALL TIMBER Million cubic feet COMMODITY “DRAIN SAW TIMBER Million board feet 9. From some 13 million board feet in 1869 lumber production in-~ ereased to 598 million in 1948. (See table 18.) 600 y} “ 500 i-- eis 7/7. Y//. oT = — Yy py / yy, UY Yl > 7. wean LUMBER PRODUCTION SELECTED YEARS 1869-1948 as auvea SORA? 10. The lumber production pattern is changing. Small mills are cutting more of the total output, large mills less. NAO c NS LIM SINEMA WON \ << \\ WSS WX \\\ SN WS \ XK AAV . SSN L&ye eal MILES. ve a RR & = than ligt mi li \ _ Leith ppb bfsfy = a _ Ua 11. Montana is its own best customer for lumber. The middlewest states are the main market outside of the State. From 1938 to 1945 the percent of shipments to the middlewest increased. 7 PERCENT OF TO le L PRODUCTION N \\\ NS ZA a---- = 2s — TESS Yj MONTANA PERCENT OF LUMBER SHIPMENTS (0) : ; 1924 YEAR 1936 1938 1945 =6= COMPARISON OF 1949 AND BARLIER ESTIMATES At least six different estimates have been published of Montana's timber resource in the past. (Table 1) Differences between the 1949 and earlier estimates are accounted for by (1) the sampling errors of the portion of the statistics derived by sampling 2/, (2) technique errors, (3) variations in definitions, inclusiveness, and standards of measurement, and (4) actual change. Of these, only the sampling errors are definitive. Analysis of sample variations indicate that, on the basis of odds of 2 out of 3, the sampling errors of the portion of the 1949 estimates derived by sampling lie between limits as follow: Total forest land * 146 thousand acres, commercial forest land £ 152 thousand acres, other forest land * 63 thousand acres, and commercial saw-timber volume = 1,397 million board feet. Noncompensating technique errors such as misclassifica- tion and imperfect tree-volume tables affect both the sampling and complete survey statistics. The apparent increase in total forest and commercial forest land can be at least partially accounted for by changes in definition and inclusiveness. Prior to the completion of the systematic survey in 1949 only extensive estimates were available for the area east of the Continental Divide. Hardwood areas and volumes were disregarded entirely prior to 1938. Until recently, too, with little prospect for development and use, a considerably larger portion of the total forest land area in eastern Montana was considered noncommercial. Volume estimates of 1918 and 1923 include all forest land as in- dicated in table 1; whereas later estimates are for commercial for- ests only. Part, and perhaps all, of the apparent difference be- tween the 1945 and 1949 estimates may be accounted for by variations in minimum standards. The 1949 board-foot estimates include the saw-timber volume of trees of all species 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. The 1945 estimates included only pines and hardwoods to this diameter, the minimum diameter of other species being 13.0 inches d.b.h. The minimum standards for saw-timber trees were not defined for estimates prior to 1945. For the foregoing reasons a comparison of the 1949 and previous estimates provides no definite indication of quantitive changes or trends in either direction. However, there have been changes in the character and distribution of the timber volume. The propor- tion of the volume in prized species such as ponderosa and white pines is diminishing and the volume of these and other species is becoming less concentrated in large blocks. 2/ Approximately one third of the forest area was derived by sampl- ing, the remaining two thirds from complete surveys. * Poe ch eres - hte \ i) ’ el Table 1. Forest area and timber volume estimates. Montana, 1918-1949 : Forest land area Pate Commercial * Other 1/' Total eee -—---- Million feet, ----- Thousand acres—- - - —- - = board measure 1918 2/ = se Es ue 58,000 1920 3/ 13,926 25 be ea es 1925 h/ 14,696 5,926 20,622 us 50,009 1932 5/ 14,865 5,821 20,686 49,796 a 1938 6/ 14,613 6,074 20,687 49,793 Eu 1945 7/ 14,758 9,480 MP BRISA ue 1949 WO 6,603 ean ON) 55,960 == Ay Includes lands listed as noncommercial and reserved in table 2. 2/ Fifth Biennial Report of the State Forester Montana, 1917-18, p.1l. 3/ U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1928. Statistical Bulletin No. 21. American Forests and Forest Products, 324 pp., (Capper report data). 4/ Montana State University, School of Forestry, in cooperation with the U. S. Forest Service. Montana Forest and Timber Handbook, 1926. 5, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1, 1931. Basic data for Senate Doc. 12, 73rd Congress, 1st Session (Cope- land report). 6/ Congress of the U. S. Joint Committee on Forestry, 1941. Senate Doc. 32, 77th Congress, lst Session (J.C.C.). . 7/ U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1948. Basic Forest Statistics for Misc. Publ. No. 668, Forests and National Prosperity, 99 pp. i STANDARD TABLES Tables 2 through 10 will be found in all Forest Survey state or subregional reports in order that readers may combine or compare the data with Similar data for several such areas. Table 2. Land area by major classes of forest land, Montana, 1949 8 Land area Class of land : Western : Eastern : Total : Montana : Montana : vw |------— = Thousand acres= - = - - - = Forest land Commercial 8,909 6,847 15,756 Noncommercial 2,512 1,564 4,076 Reserved Commercial 603 467 1,070 Noncommercial 995 462 1,457 Total forest land 13,019 9,340 22,359 Nonforest land 1/ 2 959 68,324 71 283 Total land 15,978 77,664 93 642 1/ Includes 171,689 acres of water according to Survey standards of area classification but defined by the Bureau of Census as land. O= G4 809 Tg2‘OT 999 v6S T86‘°8 TB40L aT 09 69S 6ST 08 O06 :pue[TPOOM %: 2 peyo04SUON:-sUT[pseg: SSBTO OZTS-pue4ys YVNV.LNOW Sly c 8s YOS 082 Se 26 Uta Tt eS 69 06S‘T uplaes goo 9 906‘T Ted GST ‘T Te S028 Tos‘? 96¢ Tvs 4799'S eTod 669 GS 969‘T =r coc T Eos cas TS¢ Ora’s 6ST 09S aee‘s 7aoqury: -meg 498.9 es0'2 8eS Tes*t 9¢ oT 96S‘F 690 pyle S16 ‘Ss TeqoL 9S6 Ss 8T gas aT 9g 6 O6T >PUB[LPOOM 8: $s peyoo4YSUON:-SUTTpees: SSBTO OZTs—puejysS VNVINON NYLSVa BSS OOT os 49 90% UtTdes PLE 426 94g eS9 oT 8 97o'2 £08 StT 866‘T 6G6 T SLY 96T 446 osP‘T T6 Ov 6te‘T Gren -meg 606°8 9c¢ 664°2 SIT 896 °T ve Tes 62 6¢ -- v7 7d Gz9'c 612 LAT 8 oes TI 890s 002 SPUETPOOM BR: :pex004SuUON: -SuTT pees: SSBTO OZTS-pueys VNVINOWN NYSLSEM TB4OL pce T Ele ve 67 ETT Fides 666 2 OLS 646 e2e'T 900 aot T ges 9S S OT OsT 4Te gce*t o062'2 6 8v 96 VSS 999°T sTo‘2 Taoquyy: eT0d : _meg eo 00 oe sdtysieumo [Te [e4Oo, e,eATId [Te4oL Ieq,O pue TeTI4snpuL warez eVeATdd Tedtotunm pue A,uno0g9 0484S Terepes [e401 req40 uetpul qsedoJ [BUOTZeEN poseucl ZO poeuMmo sseTo dtyszeumo 6P6T Bue{UOR °SSELO eztS—-pue4s Tyszeumo Aq vere pue{t jsetoy TeToreumi0g ° g eTqQRL -ll-= Table 4. Volume of live saw timber and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by stand-size class. Montana, 1949 Volume Live saw timber :__Primary growing stock Stand-size class ,Western : Eastern: ocean: Western : EZastern : Toba : Montana : Montana :; : Montana : Montana : Million board feet International 1/4" rule Million cubic feet Saw-timber stands 34,763 Nal as vi 46,105 Op (5 Bi ethd 10, 560 Pole-timber stands 4,292 4,520 8,812 IL SEN) 2,948 4,947 Seedling-sapling stands 596 “5 671 428 78 506 Nonstocked and woodland areas 38 33h 372 18 150 168 Total all stands 39,689 16,271 _ 55,960 9,160 7,021 16,181 1S Table 5. Volume cf live saw timber and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by ownership class. Montana, 1949 Volume Guneeshiaecla : Live saw timber : Primary growing stock pamiaee SS ;Western :hastern : Total : Western: Zastern: Total :Montana :Montana : ~°¥@ -Montana:Nontana: “07? killion board feet International 1/4" rule Million cubic feet Federally owned or managed National forest ZMAO55) WAL KS BB} Whi Ih GO, 5507/5) 9,979 Indian 1,961 252 pA} 399 116 Biles Other ATL (2 TJS) 126 281 407 Total Federal AO ABE Bon 50 5 h9) Haley Mo,Qoul State 2,416 255 Zaoui 575 9g. 67h County and municipal 95 21 114 26 9 35 Private Farm 1,460 Lael 2), 3)ShIL 463 710 eS Industrial and other 11,631 Lowa, aS. S102 2,667 (Bu Bn VS Total private 13.000, 8,512 16,695 9.080 Tbh 1,572 Total all owmerships _ 39,689 16,271 55,960 _9,160 7,021 16,181 Hq sBLOTVEIROS 1 ae we ht a ole By Table 6. Volume of live saw timber and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by species. Montana, 1949 Volume Species : Live saw timber : _Primary growing stock :Western : Eastern : Total: Western : Eastern : Total :Montana ;: Montana : : Montana : Montana : Million board feet International 1/4" rule Million cubic feet Softwoods Western white pine 1,119 = 5 day) BY ae 25 Ponderosa pine 9,328 iL Gril 10,969 eis 650 2,231 Western larch 11,760 (1/) 11,760 2,408 -- 2,408 Douglas-fir 8,978 6,381 De, Bol 2,095 4,692 Grand fir B98 == 35} 165 -- 165 Alpine fir S55} 2 610 88 169 257 Western redcedar 356 -- 356 120 -- 120 Western hemlock I ae 171 56 -- 56 Engelmann spruce Aya bh 2499 65.953 826 565 1,391 Lodgepole pine 2,496 4451 6,947 DH 3,080 4,077 White bark and limber pine 124 504 628 34 261 295 Juniper -- -- -- at 3 Cceeey Total softwoods Sez WD (333 p20 9,110 6,823 ILD 955) Hardwoods Aspen 2 14 16 aja 65 76 Cottonwood 155) 522 677 39 127 166 Birch (1/) = (1/) (1/) = (1/) Box elder == aE i -- Ab iL Green ash -- ale 1 -- 5 5 Willow -- (af) (1/) ~~ (1/) (1/) alm = (1/) (1/) = Gy Oy) Total hardwoods Se 538 695 50 198 248 Total all species 39,689 Wo 27Al. 55,960 9,160 W024 16,181 1/ Less than 0.5 MM feet. aes Table 7. All-timber volume on commercial forest land by kind of material. Montana, 1949 ° Volume Kind of material : Western ‘ Eastern Total Montana : Montana Oue ------ Million cubic feet- - - - = Live all timber Primary growing stock 9,160 7,021 NG ESie Secondary growing stock 144 114 258 Total 9,304 todd 16,439 Salvable dead all timber 119 1423 542 Total all timber 9,423 Uo DRS 16,981 =15= Table 8. Net growth and normal mortality of live saw timber and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by species group. Montana, 1949 Live saw-timber volume : Primary growing stock Species group : Current: Gurrent: Current; Current : annual net : annual normal : annual net : annual normal 8 growth : mortality =: growth : mortality - - -Million board feet- -- - -Million cubic feet- - Softwoods Western Montana 34h 176 96 29 Eastern Montana 24h 67 ie iBT 20 Total 588 243 233 49 Hardwoods Western Montana 2 (1/) a (1/) Eastern Montana 16 Gi) 7 ik Total 18 1/ 8 aL All species Western Montana 346 176 97 29 Eastern Montana 260 67 1A4 Zl Total 606 243 2h1 50 1/ Less than 0.5 MM feet. -16- Table 9. Average annual commodity drain of live saw-timber volume and primary growing stock on commercial forest land by species group. Montana, 1939-1948 : Live saw-timber volume ; Primary growing stock Species group . “Cutting: Logging: Commodity: Cutting: Logging: commodity drain : waste: drain l/; drain: waste: drain dl - -Million board feet- - - -Million cubic feet- - Softwoods Western Montana 4,0. 35 475 69 ila 80 Eastern Montana 26 1 ill 8 1 9 Total 166 36 502 ei iid 89 Hardwoods Western Montana 4 -- 4 a} = i Kastern Montana 21 aL 22 4 — L Total 25 1 26 D) = B All species Western Montana Lhd 35 479 70 a) 81 Eastern Montana L7 2 L9 NZ a: 13 Total 491 SM 528 82 WA oh 1/ Total of cutting drain and logging and milling waste. 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Net growth, normal mortality, and commodity drain on primary growing stock on commercial forest land by tree=-size class. Montana, 1949 ‘Current annual’ Current annual © Current annual eeeae > crass net growth ‘normal mortality ‘commodity drain -------- Million cubic feet- ------- Saw-timber trees Western Montana 52 26 78 Hastern Montana h2 14 9 Total ok, A) 87 Pole=-timber trees Western Montana 45 3 3 Hastern Montana 102 a 4 Total _ 147 10 “i All species Western Montana 97 29 81 Eastern Montana hh 21 3} Total — 2h1 50 ou, 2) pantera iia ce 6S€° 22 L2s°e@ 8 69L0°7 §6—9SL°ST O€"6 626 79S¢°T L78°9 6TO°ET €EE'S 4h LOv zwse°y gece -- GLT €60°% Sole 8S8°c aL 16% 067% 1E9 -- CALI teS Tees GL7°e -- €It egese 46S ST -- €9 Tes*‘T tee Ts SS 9 GL TH cS S 9€ Ov 859 -- 0S 809 eLT -- OT Z9T 9847 Lg2*9T esu*z €19°€ tTezsot 668°9 626 HLE‘t 96557 gsge*6 759° T 116 rAS) 9°79 626 9¢7 TE 69% €eL AWA —— STI 65 L¢~7 == €% 412 GLY €26 ‘€T 60S*T €€7S€ Te6Se E€ELSs €0S LTE‘T €165€ O61‘8 -Soioe puesnoyl— 965°T 216°% 606°8 tL ZEST 66452 "WL e8T 896 °T == 0S TEs = T 6€ - ov 9th "25*T 6€2°% $z9°s STS 82 LLT == G6 ose 900‘T 91t*e 890s sdtysteuMo TT® Te4OL eyeatid [eqo], 198440 pus [eT14snpul WB] @4eATIg Tedtotung pue 44un09 @7e4s [elepey TezOL 10440 ueTpul qseiloy [euoTzeN peseuem 10 peumo AT [e1epeg > [BTIIEM s Te TOIeW: s-WOOUON: WOO : VNV.LNOW Te 40], * pearesoy 3 T@TOJ1oM : TeTO1eU: 2-uIOOUON? —-WOD : TeqVOL * poaresoy VNVINOW NYALSVa ° Teo] *paaresoy 2 [Te ToOtoul: Te Foleuw 3-WOOUON: —WO0D VNV.LNOW NUALSHM ; sseTo dtysioumQ 676T “BsueqUuOW “SesseTO dtyssseumo Aq pueT ysez1oy jo sesseTo uofeu Aq eeuy °GT 9TARL 0 OY q County Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis & Clark Lewis & Clark Liberty Lincoln McCone fadison Meagher * State: | unit | i/ ee ee © 86 88 ee SHB M Se Fee ese Fees ee ee e080 ee 0 ee ©e8© ee @0@ ee 88 ee BeBe Bf ee shee * Commercial 862,997 1 eSD 80,872 TOS TCC 86,793 56,527 231,323 51,037 25,092 3,193 Forest land : Noncommercial: :and reserved: NIN 8 103,524 : (SEE 378 341,040 1,610,082 528,651 69,611 120,519 19,921 648,574 USES) 8 427,083 211,045 Ab, 879 231,,281 590,409 2,809 1,845,865 : 635 104,695 1,5 361 ee 08 08 e006 ce ee@ ee UM oae1 8 22,381 6,528 16,260 98,796 84,568 8,521 1,160 23,898 50,147 58,188 1,294,644 22h, ,401 289 ,306 14,342 157,320 : 92,735 84,865 CALS 159,123 281,029 : 2, 76k 422,811 201 ,032 52,941 =2)\= 1,060,554 201,566 Table 16. Forest land area by counties 87,400 : aus AOEY/ TE e 185,589 : 56,527 312,891 59,558 25,092 : Soll)5) 8 (oie) - 1277122 : 129 ,520 378 By) nese) oe 2,904,726 : 753,052 69,611 399.825 34,263 805,894 7,929 4.79,,818 295,910 536,616 393,404 eyes DOME ee 80 © © © 80 ee 08 0 2,268,676 ;: 3,555,840 3,221,120 2,730,880 795 5520 1,324,800 Percent of stotal land area in sforest land 2,120,320 : 1,701,120 : 2,508,800 : 2,409,600 : 923,520: 1,509,120 : 263,480 208,840 : 1,045,120 2,720,000 3,313,280 1,610,880 : 3,067,520 : 1,903,360 : 7535920 : 1,098,880 : 1,884,160 1,056,640 1,203, 200 960,000 443,350 1,782,570 933,760 2,377, 600 1,688,320 2,259,200 1,506,560 ee ©8 ©8@ 00 ee ee ee ese ee Percent—— nN ® ¢ © OwnnWW OO ° we aa) OCH NRHN FWWALO e 0 Wwornn — oO ° © Ls) eo ~} oo For o NO ADO OL LE Www OW -3 - Own Lf OoOwnrlwod WE FH db e Cy Ww O ° County Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Rocsevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone Yellowstone Park Eastern Unit Western Unit Total ee e808 €0@ © e0@ 68 ee © ee of 80 eo» 80 ee ee re eo SHOES Ae ee we eal Ea oe ce ea) Table 16. 00 60 ©8 © ©8 00 ce c0 ee co o& eo ce dw oO» we UW WN Ne) WES) Se) eo 80 ©8 © ©6@ © 0@ © 88 © 08 ef 88 C8 80 98 00 c@8 88 ce 002 ce © oe ee 2 IB 750 502 +: 13,282 2h, 418 14,300 25,256 5 436 58,412 eo 88 ee e080 6,847,664 : 2,492,604 : 8,908,838 Bb "109 946: 113,018,784 15,978,160 6,602 550 : 22 359 052 R 139,980: : 139,980 P40. 268 :__172,100 5 77, 66h,020 93,642,180 : Forest land area by counties (Cont. :Percent of Forest land Total Boral’ cen : Noncommercials Tand ¢ area in sandreserved: Total Bree sforest land ----- Acres- - ---------— --FPercent—- : 220,706 ; 760,150 U2E257/ 20 8 Oo : ZTOMCOT Msn MUS rOl O21 si) MNOS 5COme 87.0 R = 3 Area sreling sky AOOlKO 9 20 ep 8 SOU vhs 8 ODE. LOSI 2 SO ms 42.0 : - : 22,668 1,064,960 : Zoal. : ZS) 8 29,098 : BE BOS 960 : : 0.9 : NON IO 71,064 LAOS SAO) 9 6.8 3 2 egins 198,930 a, O25 400% Jae : L209) vs 960,763 : 1,495,680 $ 6462 R = : plies Is dHOS 540) 0 0.2 : 691,669 : 1,235,825 1525 TOOMs 81.0 : = : Seis) ¢ iN ASYAL ASO) § O44 : - ¢ 765 1,526, 400 : Ot, QR 661 : 152,602 3,220,480 : [et : 346,787 : 1,455,481 : 1,799,040: 80.9 : er ee SSIS) 1,088,000 : : eal, 8 WG 405 02 HOD Oo 9S PB sei) g hire 7 Q Ze Oms ZI 592 222 ONS Shot] $ 98,084 : DPB RON 3) ILO CEO) 9 US) 3} : 96,339 : Zee) isis) R alsalfeal hii) 3 22.8 Q Uns SSO, g 235,826 1,468,160 : TYO SL : = ¢ NB 2o2 1,257,600 -: dLeJl : a 24,418 629,760 : 39 : - : a3 00 By 2S HOO: O.4 : 28,593 : 53,349 912,000 : 5 09 3 S48 55436 568,960 : re : 175 58,587 : 1,686,400 3.5 ee 0@ ce ee 81.3 12.0 Sila co 88 682 C8 &8 23.9 1/ W designates counties west of the Continental Divide, and E, 2/ Less than 0.05 percent. is east of the Divide. ime sin nit n spy Til Table 17, Timber volume on commercial forest land by counties Rage *oLave.: Live ; Live ac aie unit 1/: saw timber 2/ : all timber 3/ M board feet M cubic feet Beaverhead ie eae Po I) MS: : 1,288,148 Big Horn Sige br aii A), Beed : (PLAS Sve Blaine RE wee 60,835 : 26,570 Broadwater 2 E 8 28) 5B) : 201,274 Carbon ilo, avis fuwes NO}/ onl : 73,058 Carter Diet ica Tego |e 33,338 Cascade sins etn ce SoD : 86,884 Chouteau a ee (yes 22,372 : 9,390 Custer Sh mgt od 26,693 : 11,146 Daniels See iron gis 42 : 233, Dawson a ae eee 6,032 : 3,369 Deer Lodge Sy) meV) iags Lb, , 360 : 21,200 Deer Lodge se 1S) Voge 115,149 : 87,678 Fallon 2° ME os 664, : 183 Fergus Su igi gus 225,326 : 85,695 Flathead Tey abages 8,843,064 : 1,382,200 Gallatin Ry jaja 2.3518 088 : 952,423 Garfield BR 21,463 : lis cy Glacier Stee Ee gs 49,720 : 20,027 Golden Valley seria wks 16,508 : 9,239 Granite SW ws TB 28 25 : 418,800 Hill ee as Gneuy os 3,728 Jefferson en a (CUR Sh : 475 ,308 Judith Basin oo van Dans 323 , 380 : ZOR DS Lake at) Vigne (base 2,406,135 : 537,400 Lewis & Clark 2 me ge 604,764 : 157,700 Lewis & Clark Team ae 1,462,369 : 595,730 Liberty Shee aie hs By DAO) : 1,859 Lincoln Pi an Ra Halsey hy : 2,543,000 McCone mye ile 3 3,494 : 774 Madison ese mel ea dal 1,360,846 : 580,579 Meagher gle ede 1,630,647 : 673,614 =96— org Eezorronmog_ a eng 191 - bserts. ao ‘ o- ar. ’ al f ‘ AA “ : 4 « ve : 4 (OX, ip ok 3 \ + ; a ‘ yoLllL , < oe Ps 3 i Aes , = yf « or a 4 vi t im: . a $ ' : * ‘ rs Ay ’ o bi - 2 HES,0 gs One » TO ry ry ; : ya gpk | ‘ al, : 4 ul e : \s Ae Uke Wy e | J Bi oe ale r ‘ i ei t 3 Wy t pee of ‘ ar j ; i eh f A | : a a ar ‘ 7 * ft 4 { fi fs » a * * £ i" AW yr a! an } ay * 0 @ 4 ) : a : . 1 a ; aaa fi { 7 itd ae mh H ‘ : “ na , F . i * ih fy wae | e Fi Sr dhe o CaN yah WP es ody, ¥ a4 ienieibekiaiie FY aise isaaahite se aens oyna ymhwr samen ames tee vee IP re iN I ea re Teen ; ; 5 Table 17. Timber volume on commercial forest land by counties (Cont. | : State ;: Live 5 Live County. sunit 1/: saw timber 2/_; all timber 3/ M board feet M cubic feet Mineral Sai) cule ts ES) 5 S98) : 510,900 Missoula > Wo: HSTOLBCLO|e | Ge 1,160,500 | Musselshell Sey cana up eyey 0 105,713 Park gee a 2,363,149 : 760,760 | Petroleum Sa mii ete 5,941 : Sy oH/ Phillips : BK : Bil e2 16 361 Pondera cy oa AS) S Ing) Assent Powder River ome w us 209 ,038 : 78,816 | Powell 2 PW es 1,366,749 : 404,800 | Prairie Seems ales NL SSB) : 2,644 Ravalli So W : 2,213,928 : 487,400 Richland Su aut as 29 , 848 : Oy (ley, Roosevelt So we MOR Cos 1021 : Bil Rosebud geuanisia’ Ms 119,066 : 50,682 Sanders Sees Nayar 4,963,049 : A OOO Sheridan Terese 67 : 98 Silver Bow Sra Wins ais 63,685 : 32,700 Silver Bow Sb a rity was [hs\oy fal} : Tel ovliy/ Stillwater Surtees tor ae 122,606 : 70 , 94k Sweetgrass ne chomleen 564,161 : 209,085 Teton cal aie teers 201 ,076 : 18, LS) Toole Scan Enea 6,494, :; 3,466 Treasure a ye WS HZ 5 iscoe Valley SEGUE has 45,849 : TIE Xo/ Wheatland oe SGU A es 37,509 : 20,799 Wibaux Ce Mg aichalane 903 : SL Yellowstone cae) Sia 62,215 : 23);982 Eastern unit : 16,270,925 : Po ih Sosvh western unit : : 39), 6885102 : 9/303),600 Total 55 959,687 16,438,234 1l/ W designates counties west of the Continental Divide, and E, east of the Divide. 2/ Trees 11.0 inches and larger in diameter as measured by International 1/4" rule. 3/ The volume, excluding bark, of sound trees and the sound volume of cull trees from 1-foot stunp to a 4.0-inch minimum top diameter in- cluding the sound volume of limbwood for hardwood species to a 4.0- inch minimum top diameter. none Bien tf oe i te ote ve £ oe EyiMine ie 20 2 Se st ae emcee anni tye re nomad rvansiage npercniasialans mtlooippdipihia cain aeaeiisinaniicampna ts : me ae Te Bi ; redintt wae pote wee in ne Te pn hr a A aN A NY a ae ee ee yt MEN NIG Oe 99) bysod M. 8) 28 ee ee. ee ok ta at oe 2s. 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Table 20. Lumber production and number of active sawmills by mill-size class 1/- 1945-1947 ve Size-class production Horall josereteoren ela 2/ : Deer ae class: : 1945: 1946 : 1947 : 1945: 1946: 1947 eooeoaes Thousand feet, board measure- - - - - - © 1 through 49 iL, ee 2,332 799 On lOlaeneO la 50 " 199 6,482 IS) SY) 14,716 oh A) BG lb 200 Ww 499 11,048 20,548 20,725 38 65 65 2 500 i 999 14,315 25,692 33,703 22 36 16 3a 1,000 " 2,999 Pps 71,931 85 5453 31 13 48 3b 3,000 " 4,999 39 5943 50,950 67,845 10 14 18 rh 5 000 W Do9X? 52,268 70,024, 735655 8 10 11 5 10,000 UW Uh) eeiloy/ == 2025063 i 0 1 6 15,000 " 24,999 XX == = 7 O = 7 25,000 W 49,999 =o seiliZe) xx 0) i aL, 8 50,000 " over a 0.2 xx xx 2 2 2 Total SVR) IANS GD Ina) 25s) Honk KO? ay, Data from Bureau of Census releases. 2/ To avoid disclosing operations of individual establishments, production is ~ omitted in certain size classes. The omission is indicated by "xx" and the production is combined with the size class above which is underscored. =30= ——————————— Table 21. Annual pole production. Montana, 1937, 1946-1949 Species , By 2 NG ky 8 Ag ROG Lodgepole pine Sah Aare Ayu” WA 7OS 7A ,Os Western redcedar 24,425 8,769 16,984 cul 15,408 Western larch == 26,476 32,704 29,695 32,546 Douglas-fir 1,608 -- 5,905 4,615 os) Miscellaneous -- 200 == -- oo Total 29 Climo Ol 2 22 Ame OOS Ome 2 We cley ale Table 22. Annual production of Christmas trees cross ties, shingles, and lath - 1925-1949 Year oe ; moe ae Shingles Lath No. of trees No. of pieces, No. of squares M pieces 1925 3: - : 1,225,000 : BRS : 32,209 1926 : - : - : 481 : 32,306 USA 8 - : 1,054,796 : 300 19g AL9 1928 : - : IS) ALD) : 252 15,416 UZ) 8 - : 915 ,895 : 210 a7 003 NOB ORNs - : 824,515 : 666 14,488 ISVs g - 3 613,143 § 385 6,741 1932 ; - : 670,000 : 4,7 4,362 1933: _ : 525,000: 4,30 7, hL9 OBL: - 3 - ¢ 750 8,705 IS), 8 = . - : Ib SeHf/ 10,416 1936 : 1,242,500 : = : 6,111 13,481 1937 : 1,534,500 : - : 3,366 16,869 1938 3: 1,676,000 : 554,540 : Dee 11,856 UBS) -g 1,967,350 : = : 10,608 250 1940 3: X35, 3'510) : 1,237,668 : UZ SA sb (le) 1941 3: 3,082,650 : 1,398,968 $ 12,410 11,466 1942 : 2,203,750 $ 2919), 9S $ 9,491 11,691 1943 3,102,480 2 2,239 , 58h ¢ 3,081 8,024 Ah 3: Pa 5 YAO : 2,090,428 : 425 7,300 LSE 6 2,723,500 2 I BOZN236 : aeOZH 2,680 1946 : 3,299 ,400 : 1,008,619 : 1,942 Dy steul MOET G 2,515,640 : 3304555 A =- - 1948 : 3,098,886 : = : = - NO AIE = 13),250,950 : - : - - Dash indicates data are not available for these years. 1/ Production of sawed cross ties is included in total volume of lumber pro- duction, table aoe 1 A Distribution of Montana lumber shipvments - 1924-1945 Table 23. Area State 1924, OBO / pe 1938127 IES) By/ ---e--¢- Thousand feet, board measure=- —- —- - = Montana : Montana A UU AZ ig Use) 9/2, aLeV (ows) 192,934 West : Arizona : - : - - 61 : California ° 69 : - 5 575 : Colorado HORS 62) Vs 3,044 1,780 3,947 : Idaho 2.090): | 35971 1,703 3,886 : Nevada - : =- = AS) : New Mexico - $ - : = : 119 : Oregon - 63: = 2 = : Utah 2,166 OS Sin: DASE 8 7,580 : Washington 5 6S 8. | BORIL ¢ 122 1,843 : Wyoming SOSA wee aS eon Subtotal : : Za O22 is WaSise g AL OTL & 23 428 Middle west : Illinois RA Bo TOs) 8 sores § — WhSS72 9g) Ah. CBO : Indiana : 745 857 : G46 a: Seen : Iowa A LB RY RIL 8 IAB BeBe > Kansas 5 BLES 381: 64,7 2,361 : Michigan Ro LAAT) Srl ome Daley 8 soe : Minnesota BB pOnS) LOD Ons SSO G7 Zo) alhsho) : Missouri : 4,866 Sills 2 2.956) |: Saal : Nebraska 10,309 Bx 8 1,698 4,880 : North Dakota 5,282 13,205: 2,040 : 10,000 : Ohio SeSIRO NS 3,048 : 3,686 DOPD : South Dakota $ 3,569 949 : LCA 8 2,801 : Wisconsin Be bb AS pete : 3,278 : 11,758 Subtotal ; 3 : 141,464 78,122 : Bo SYR loys /A7/ Northeast : Connecticut : 7,061 Be cious 2,079) 1,109 : Delaware : - 178 : SI) G - : Maine : 69 90 : 178 3: 904 : Maryland & D.Ce: 48 3 548 : 627s 299 : Massachusetts WAG Xo Aver? § 720 3 476 : New Hampshire 3: 192 : 103 : Zi vs 61 : New Jersey : > 8 Bos Syyfesik ¢ 1,615 : New York $ 10,905 9,210 SEO as: 4, 704 : Pennsylvania 1390: 6,828 : Da (sis 8 dala Sisi0) : Rhode Island : 263 3: PASI B 148 3 167 : Vermont 3 165 : 109 : 105 : 3h : West Virginia ; Ny OSmmE: 123 MS uans 155 Subtotal ; Bo Blonde Gt eb oih Go Belew 6 21,054 =33= Table 23. Distribution of Montana lumber shipments (Cont. Area 3 State o Wge, 8 IDB / ® GES B/S GINS sy ----- Thousand feet, board measure= - —- = = South : Alabama 3 - 2 20 3: 26 3: 20 : Arkansas 8 = : = : = : = : Florida : - : = : = : 48 : Georgia $ - : = © = : = : Kentucky : - : - Sr ae 304 : Louisiana : - 2 =e: & : a : Mississippi : - Q as - : 103 : North Carolina ;: - $ = limais 26 : = : Oklahoma : iWh5 g 49: Be 8 25i ¢ South Carolina ¢: - 2 = : - : ~= : Tennessee : PIG) 9 (35) 2 WA 2 29 : Texas : = : 2S § 9 3: 687 : Virginia : 250: 63: 429 3 2 Subtotal : : 1B 182 : 576: 2.614 Total : : : : : domestic : : 319,087 : 289,896: 224,878 : 356,487 Exports : : - : aves iy 8 990 Total : 9 SIO) sy 8 2a) Io 8 22h BI 98 S577 1/ U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Lumber Distribution and Consumption for 1936, by Reynolds and Pierson, 1938, table 5, page 19. 2/ U.S.D.A. Misc. Publication 413, table 12, page 26. 3/ U.S.D.A., Forest Service, Distribution of Lumber from Sawmills in Western States, 1945, by Gordon D. Merrick. October 1947. Table III. =3i,= FOREST SURVEY METHOD AREA Forest area estimates for land west of the Continental Divide, for four counties east of the Divide, and for reserved land were determined by a complete survey. All other sections of the State were sampled for forest area or were eliminated as nonforest zone. Large blocks of nonforest were eliminated by the use of aerial | photographs and field examination. } Giecsion land : Complete : Sampling tpjiminated’ Total $ surve 3 surve td : Forest land Commercial 9,882 5 87h maha wis a56 Noncommercial 2,629 1,447 —— 4,076 Reserved BRO == -- Brey Total forest land 15,038 eget ae 22,359 Nonforest land LO 230 10,828 50,225 71,283 Total land 25 ,268 18,149 50,225 93,642 For land covered by the. complete survey, the area was classified and determined as follows: Using intensive private and public timber cruises, county land records, cutting and fire records, and aerial photographs, preliminary. cover classifications were made in the office. Subsequently the office determinations were checked and supplemented by field examination. Cover types were delineated on base maps and symbols were used to designate for each type the tree species composition, stand condition, stocking, site, and age classes. From maps the area of the various cover classes within each ownership was calculated by the use of zylonite shields lined in 10-acre subdivisions or by planimeter. The area data were tabulated by Land Office sections and summarized by counties. The area sampled was classified into three categories (1) portions inside national forest boundaries, (2) portions outside national forest boundaries for which aerial photographs were available, and (3) portions outside national forest boundaries either not covered by aerial photographs or where photo costs were prohibitive. The area sample for category 1 consisted of four-section blocks ap icu (2560 acres) spaced at four-mile intervals; for categories 2 and 3 one-section blocks (640 acres) spaced at seven-mile intervals for category 2 and ten-mile intervals for category 3. The sum of these area blocks constituted the sample. Each block was examined in the field and the area classified and mapped by com- mercial character, cover type, stand size, stocking, age, and Site. In the office the area of the cover classes for each sample was determined by dot or square counting. The data were summarized by sample categories and expanded to include the total area sampled. VOLUME For the area covered by complete survey, board-foot estimates for saw-timber trees in saw-timber stands were derived from (1) national forest cruises, (2) other public and private cruises adjusted to a common standard by factors based on check cruises, and (3) ocular estimates made by field men while mapping cover types. Cubic-volume estimates of saw-timber trees in saw- timber stands were calculated from board-foot volumes by the use of ratios based on woods-scale studies. The volume of the pole- tree element in saw-timber stands was derived from mean-acre volumes by types, based on check-cruise tallies. The board- and cubic-foot volume of nonsaw-timber stands was calculated from modified normal yield tables. Yield-table modifications were based on 411 1/4-acre samples measured throughout the nonsaw- timber stands at 2-mile intervals along roads and trails. All board-foot volumes, initially calculated in terms of Scribner Rule, were converted to International 1/4-inch log rule by means of factors derived from mill-scale studies. For the sampled area, total volume was derived from mean-acre volumes and area by sample class, forest type, stand-size, and stocking classes, Mean volumes were based on tree tallies on 2,713 1/5-acre permanent sample plots — a cluster of 2 or 3 plots in each sample-area segment containing commercial forest land, Three-plot clusters were measured in sample class 1 and two=plot clusters in sample classes 2 and 3 (see area discussion). Within a cluster, plots were spaced 5 chains apart, the initial plot being 2 chains in a random direction from the control point of that sample-area segment. Plot centers were staked and referenced to two scribed witness trees to facilitate future location and remeasurement. sabe GROWTH For the area covered by complete survey only net growth was determined. For that purpose the forest area was arbitrarily classified into (1) nongrowing stands in which experience in- dicated that gross growth generally was offset by mortality and (2) growing stands in which gross growth generally exceeded mortality. Category (2) consisted of all uncut stands of ponderosa pine, larch, and Douglas-fir less than about 200 years of age, uncut stands of other species less tnan about 160 years, and partially cut stands of all species regardless of age. Average net growth per acre by type, stand-size, age, stocking, and site classes was derived from modified normal growth tables, Modification of normal tables was based on actual net growth as determined from increment borings and mortality tallies on 375 1/5-acre sample plots covering the range of age, stocking, and site classes within types. Gross and net growthsfor the area sampled were derived from increment borings of sample trees and mortality tallies on each sample plot measured for inventory purposes. ‘Three sample-plot sizes were used to measure growth; 1/500 acre for trees 5.0 inches to 10.9 inches d.b.h., 1/50 acre for trees 11.0 inches to 24.9 inches d.b.h., and 1/5 acre for trees 25.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. Radial growth was determined for the 10-year period preceding the date of field examination. Radial growth was converted to volume growth by subtracting the reconstructed volume of sample trees 10 years ago, taking into account changes in height and bark thickness as well as diameter, from current sample tree volume. for the total growth determination sample trees were divided into two classes (1) ingrowth trees — those that either developed from sapling into pole size or that grew out of pole size into saw-timber size, and (2) main-growth trees — those that remained either of pole size or of saw-timber size during the growth-study decade. Total ingrowth was derived by multiplying the mean ingrowth per acre by the appropriate area by type, stand-size, and stocking classes.) Main growth was calculated from simple growth percents ana total inventory volumes by type, stand- Size, stocking, specves, and diameter classes. ele COMMODITY DRAIN Commodity drain for both sampled and complete survey areas is based chiefly on the reports of producing or consuming industries, with adjustments for waste as determined from woods and mill-scale studies. Approximately 88 percent of the board-foot drain esti- mates were derived from a complete canvass of sawmills, pulpmills, pole manufacturers, railroads, and mines. The remaining portion, consisting chiefly of drain for posts and fuelwood, was derived in part from production and sales reports, and in part from con- sumption ratios and urban and rural population statistics. MORTALITY Mortality in growing stands of the area covered by complete sur- vey was based on a tally of trees judged to have died within the 10-year period of the growth study. Mortality of nongrowing stands was derived by applying the mortality percent of growing stands to the volume of nongrowing stands. Mortality for the sample survey was based on a tally of trees judged to have died during the last half of the growth-study period (5 years) on each 1/5-acre plot sampled for inventory. The five-year mortality was doubled to obtain mortality for the entire growth=study period. ACCURACY OF ESTIMATES AREA In determining the extent of various cover types and stand- condition classes there are two possible sources of error (1) errors in classifying the cover of the field samples and in compiling the field data, and (2) sampling errors. The former result from mistakes of judgment or technique and the complexity of the cover which not infrequently grades from one class into another with no clearly defined boundaries. These errors were minimized by the exercise of care and skill, but it is seldom possible to evaluate them. An effort was made to maintain a high order of accuracy and uniformity of standards in the classification, collection, and compilation of sample data by field checks, by a continuing program of training, and by CWOSS CASOKS, ain Wale Cristallo, Sampling errors (standard errors of estimate), on the other hand, do not involve human errors, but rather are theoretical measures of the reliability of estimates based on the variabil- ity exhibited by sample measurements. They generally vary inversely with the square root of the number of samples and directly with the square root of the unsampled proportion of the total population. Hence, they can be controlled by alter- ing either the number of samples, the size of individual samples, or both. Area estimates for the portion covered by complete survey have no sampling errors. Such technique errors that may have occurred in spite of all reasonable precautionary measures are small or negligible. Analysis of sample variations for the portion covered by sampling indicates that the standard errors of estimate are + 2.0 percent for total, * 2.5 percent for commercial, and + 4.4 percent for noncommercial forest land areas. Accordingly, the probabilities are 2 out of 3 that for the areas sampled the actual total, commercial, and noncommercial forest land areas are, respectively, within + 146,000, * 152,000, and + 63,000 acres of the estimates, if measurements and comput- ing errors introduced no bias. 220) ARP I NE OE EON LOL OE EL PIE LAT eA EI A GIP DIE DO I LN I TE IED INL TILLED LOE IE IE IIE NE ION A RIE ENT AS RE SS SS For the State as a whole, considering sampling and technique errors for the sampled portion and technique errors for the portion covered by complete survey, it is judged that actual areas lie be- tween the following limits: Forest land Million acres Tota: 53) We) 2255 Commercial MAS 7 wee ILS59) Noncommercial and reserved O65 tuo. Oy VOLUME In determining timber volume the possible sources of errors, in addition to those cited under "area" include inaccurate measure- ment of sample plots, tree diameters, tree heights, cull, and bias resulting from the improper construction, selection, and use of tree-volume tables. All reasonable effort: was made to eliminate errors from these sources. Comparison of survey volumes and cutting records indicates that the volume estimates for the area covered by complete survey are slightly low. No allowance has been made for this possible bias. Standard errors of estimate for the portion covered by sampling are * 3.2 percent or = 212 million cubic feet for the primary grow- ing stock estimate, + 9.0 percent or 1 1,397 million board feet for the live saw-timber estimate. For the State as a whole it is judged that the volume estimates lie within the following limits: Primary growing stock 16 to 17 billion cubic feet Live saw timber 55 to 58 billion board feet =/;0= eo ea GROWTH In estimating timber growth the possible sources of error, in addition to those cited under "area" and "volume," include errors in measuring increment cores, in reconstructing tree volumes, and in dating mortality. All practical efforts were made to eliminate errors from these sources. Growth estimates for the portion covered by complete survey are believed to be somewhat low. As mentioned under "methods," the original growth calculation for this portion of the State excluded approximately one third of the commercial area where the stands were in a more or less static condition with regard to volume. It appears now that there may have actually been some net growth in these stands during recent years. For the area sampled, standard errors of net growth are + 8.4 percent or = 11 million cubic feet for primary growing stock, * 15 percent or + 36 million board feet for live saw-—timber trees. Actual growth for the State as a whole is judged to lie between limits as follows Million Gross growth primary growing stock 290 to 320 cu. ft. Net growth primary growing stock 2LOV Gor 2sOncuen titre Gross growth live saw-timber trees SLOmvonGeOnbdearktr Net growth live saw-timber trees COO toNy/OO) babyetite COMMODITY DRAIN Estimates of commodity drain are based chiefly on a complete tabu- lation of production and consumption statistics, adjusted for waste on the basis of woods and mill studies. Only 18 percent of the cubic-foot and 12 percent of the board-foot drain are based on sampling. The translation of production statistics into drain, however, introduces an indeterminable error. The commodity drain estimates for the State as a whole are judged to be between 90 and 100 million cubic feet of primary growing stock and between 520 and 550 million board feet of saw-timber volume. aha DEFINITIONS Following are definitions of terms used in this report: FOREST COVER CLASSES 1. Forest land - Includes (a) lands which are at least 10 percent stocked by trees of any size and capable of producing timber or other wood products, or of exerting an influence on the climate or on the water regime; (b) land from which the trees described in (a) have been removed to less than 10 percent stocking and which have not been developed for other use; and (c) afforested areas. The minimum area for forest land classification was 10 acres with a minimum width of 120 feet. 2. Commercial forest land - Forest land which js,(a) producing, or physically capable of producing, usable crops of wood (usually saw timber), (b) economically available now or prospectively, and (c) not withdrawn from timber utilization. 3. Reserved forest land - Forest land that has been withdrawn from timber utilization through statute, ordinance, or administrative order. a. Reserved commercial forest land - Reserved forest land that otherwise qualifies as commercial forest land. b. Reserved noncommercial forest land - Reserved forest land that otherwise qualifies as noncommercial forest land. FOREST STAND-SIZEe CLASSES / acre, International 1/4-inch log rule. 2. Pole-timber stands - Stands failing to meet the saw-timber stands specification, but at least 10-percent stocked with pole-timber and larger (5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) trees and with at least half the minimum stocking in pole-timber trees. Spe Saw-timber stands - All stands with saw-timber trees of softwoods and/or hardwoods having a minimum volume of 1,500 board feet per WO) Seedling-sapling stands - Forest stands not qualifying as either saw-timber or pole-timber stands, but having at least 10-percent stocking of trees and with at least half the mini- mum stocking in seedlings and saplings. Nonstocked and other areas not elsewhere classified - Areas not qualifying as saw-timber, pole-timber, or seedling- sapling stands. FOREST TYPE CLASSES Douglas-fir - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is Douglas-fir and less than 20 percent is western white pine. Ponderosa pine - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is ponderosa pine and less than 20 percent is western white pine. White pine - Forests in which 20 percent or more of the stand is western white pine. Larch - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is larch and less than 20 percent is western white pine. Hemlock-grand fir - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the volume is grand fir, alpine fir, or western hemlock, singly or in combination, and less than 20 percent is western white pine. Lodgepole pine - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the Stand is lodgepole pine and less than 20 percent is western white pine. Spruce-fir - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is true fir (Abies spp.), Engelmann spruce, Colorado blue spruce, western white spruce, or mountain hemlock, singly or in combina- tion, and western white pine comprises less than 20 percent of the stand. Western redcedar - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is western redcedar and less than 20 percent is white pine. Coniferous woodland - Open scraggly commercial forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is juniper and/or ponderosa pine. Hardwoods - Forests in which 50 percent or more of the stand is hardwood species and less than 20 percent is western white pine. mie Png Ge OWNERSHIP CLASSES National forest ownership - Federal lands which, by executive order or statute, have been designated as national forests, purchase units, or experimental areas or have been placed under the administration of the Forest Service. Indian ownership - Indian tribal lands and trust allotments. Lands held in fee by the federal government but administered and managed for Indian tribal groups, or allotted in trust to individual Indians. Other federal ownership - Lands owned by the federal government not classed as national forest or Indian... State ownership - Lands in state ownership. County and municipal ownership - Lands in county or municipal ownership. Private ownership - Lands in private ownership. Private farm ownership - Private commercial forest land in farms, using as the definition of farm the official definition in the latest Census of Agriculture. “Other private ownership - Commercial forest land in private ownership other than farm. TREE-MERCHANTABILITY CLASSES (LIVE) Sound saw-timber trees - Live white pine saw-timber trees in which the merchantable proportion is 40 percent or more of the total board-foot volume; live saw-timber trees of other species that are at least 50 percent merchantable by board-foot volume. Cull saw—timber trees - Live white pine trees in which the un- merchantable proportion exceeds 60 percent and live trees of other species in which the unsound portion exceeds 50 percent of total board-foot volume. a. Sound cull saw-timber trees - Live trees in which the un- merchantable portion results from defect other than rot; for example, sweep, frost crack, extreme roughness! fre Scar. /eue- Sie b. Rotten cull saw-timber trees - Live trees in which the un- merchantable portion results from decay organisms. Sound pole trees - Live pole trees of all species that are judged to be prospectively merchantable for sawlogs. Cull pole trees - Live pole trees of all species that are judged to be prospectively unmerchantable for sawldgs. a. Sound cull pole trees - Live pole trees judged unmerchantable now or prospectively because of defect other than rot. b. Rotten cullpole trees - Live pole trees judged unmerchantable now or prospectively because of rot. TREE-MERCHANTABILITY CLASSES (DEAD) Sound saw-timber trees - Dead (standing or down) saw-timber trees of all species having a merchantable volume of 50 percent or more of the total board-foot volume. Sound pole trees - Dead (standing or down) pole trees of all species with 50 percent or more of the cubic volume merchantable. TREE-SIZE CLASSES Saw-timber trees - Trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger with one or more merchantable 16-foot sawlog. Pole trees - Trees ranging from 5.0 inches through 10.9 inches d.b.h. and trees over 11.0 inches d.b.h. that do not contain at least one merchantable 16-foot sawlog. Seedling-sapling trees - Trees below 5.0 inches Oloidalaa ah = MISCELLANEOUS DEFINITIONS Primary growing stock - Net volume, in cubic feet, of live saw- timber trees, and live pole-timber trees from stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top (of central stem) inside bark. Secondary growing stock - Net volume in cubic feet of all cull trees from stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top inside bark; and net volume limbs to a 4.0-inch diameter inside bark of all cull and noncull hardwood trees, All-timber volume - The net volume of primary growing stock, secondary growing stock, and the net volume of salvable dead trees. Sawlog portion - The net board-foot volume, as measured by International 1/4-inch log rule, of sound saw-timber trees from stump to a merchantable sawlog top. Tops vary by species and diameter class, ranging from 6.0 inches for small trees up to 22 inches for very large rough trees. Top portion - The net portion of saw-timber trees from the merchantable sawlog top to 4.0 inches inside bark, Live pole-tree volume - The net cubic-foot volume of live pole ‘trees from stump to a 4.0-inch top inside bark. Net board-foot volume - The board-foot volume of the sawlog portion of sound saw-timber trees, as measured by International 1/4-inch log rule, after deduction for all apparent and surmised defect in accordance with standard scaling practice. Net cubic volume - The total cubic volume discounted for un- merchantable material; includes the merchantable portion only of sound, sound cull, and rotten cull saw-timber and pole trees and hardwood limbs larger than a 4.0-inch top diameter. Net growth - The mean periodic increment based on the decade preceding field examination, less the mean periodic mortality for the same period. Gross growth is the increment before allowance for mortality. Bye | | | | | 10. D.B.H. (diameter breast high) - Tree diameter in inches, out- side bark, measured 4-1/2 feet above average ground level. 11. Commodity production - The volume of timber harvested for commodity use as expressed in commercial terms. 12. Commodity drain - The commodity production adjusted for woods and mill waste, etc., to conform with Forest Survey utiliza- tion standards. 13. Control point - Land Office section corners (in unsurveyed areas idealized section corners as indicated on latest base map) used to locate and define the boundaries of sampling strata and sample segments. a7 = Oo Oo aOanNnwnew n | Pook r oO en ee ee a o~W~nAwn FEF WD 20 21 12 13 20 23 25 LIST OF FOREST SURVEY REPORTS FOR MONTANA Forest Survey Statistical Service Series Forest statistics for Lincoln County, 1941 Forest statistics for Flathead County, 1941 Forest statistics for Lake County, 1941 Forest statistics for Sanders County, 1941 Forest statistics for Mineral County, 1941 Forest statistics for Ravalli County, 1941 Highlights Highlights County (west Highlights (west of the Highlights (west of the Highlights Highlights Highlights *Highlights *Highlights *Highlights Highlights of the Missoula County forest situation, 1942 of the forest situation in Lewis and Clark of the Continental Divide), 1942 of the forest situation in Deerlodge County Continental Divide), 1942 of the forest situation in Silver Bow County of the of the of the of the of the of the of the western Montana, Continental Divide), 1942 Powell County forest situation, 1942 Granite County forest situation, 1942 forest forest forest forest forest 1944 Forest Survey Releases *The forest situation in Lincoln County, July 1943 The forest situation in Ravalli County, July 1943 station Papers Forest resource statistics Cascade County, by H.J.Pissot and E. F. Peffer, April 1948 situation situation situation situation situation in western Montana, 1943 in Chouteau County, 1943 in Fergus County, 1943 in Judith Basin County, 1943 on the national forests of Forest resources of Northern Montana, by C. W. Brown and W.C. Hodge, June 1948 Forest resources of Southern Montana, by W. C. Hodge, C. W. Brown, and T. L. Finch, May 1949 Forest resources of South Central Montana, by T. L. Finch, W. C. Hodge, and M. E. Metcalf, April 1950 Montana forest resource and industry statistics, by Paul D. Kemp and M. B. Dickerman, October 1950 # Out of print. -L.8— Loan copies may be obtained upon request. LIST OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS IN THIS SERIES Station Paper _ No. iL * A preliminary study of root diseases in western white pine, by John Ehrlich. Oct. 1939. 2 * Possibilities of partial cutting in young western white pine, by E. F. Rapraeger. Jan. 1940, 3 Blister rust control in the management of western white pine, by Kenneth P. Davis and Virgil D. Moss. June 1940. 4 Possibilities of wood-pulp production in the northern Rocky Mountain region, by E. F. Rapraeger. Mar. 1941. 5) Results to date of studies of the durability of native woods treated and untreated, by C. N. Whitney. Rev. Jan. 1946. 6 Changes in Benewah County forest statistics, by Paul D. Kemp. July 1947. 7 A guide for range reseeding on and near the national forests of Montana, by C. Allan Friedrich. Oct. 1947. 8 Pole blight - a new disease of western white pine, by C. A. Wellner. Nov. 1947. 9 Management practices for Christmas tree production, by Ce. A. Wellner and A. Le. Roe. Nov. 1947. 10 The merits of lodgepole pine poles, by I. Ve. Anderson. Nov. 1947. ital Tables for approximating volume growth of individual trees, by P. D. Kemp and M. E. Metcalf. Mar. 1948. 12 Forest resource statistics, Cascade County, Montana, by He J. Pissot and E. F. Peffer. Apr. 1948. 13 Forest reSources of northern Montana, by C. WW. Brown and W. Ce Hodge. June 1948, 14 List of publications available for distribution or loan, 1910 through 1947. NRM station. June 1948 15 Review of published information on the larch-Douglas fir forest type, by Russell K. LeBarron. Nov. 1948. 16 Development of a blister rust control policy for the national forests in the Inland Empire, by Donald N. Matthews and S. Blair Hutchison. Dec. 1948, * Out of print. Loan copies may be obtained upon request. Station Paper No. ny 18 a, 20 Al 22 23 2h Disintegration of girdled western hemlock and grand fir, by Austin E. Helmers. December 1948. Suggested Montana Douglas-fir Christmas tree standards, by S. Blair Hutchison and Ben M, Huey. January 1949. The possibilities of modifying lightning storms in the Northern Rockies, by Vincent J. Schaefer. January 1949. Forest resources of southern Montana, by W. C. Hodge, Forest resources of Northeast Washington, by Paul D. Kemp and H. J. Pissot. May 1949. Bibliography of ponderosa pine, by A. L. Roe and K. N. Biola | yWikehatelal AUS IE(O)e Forest resources of south central Montana, by T. L. Paneh We (OC .uhodge.| and Mi i." Meteal nt.) \Ajrad mlO5On The cubic foot as a national log-scaling standard, by E. F. Rapraeger. June 1950. Agriculture —Missoula