i

VOLUME V

No. 1

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

The Smyrna fig tree develops best when headed low so that the top shades
the trunk and protects it from the sun. (Photo by Henry Markarian.)

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA

JANUARY, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page

SMYRNA FIG GROWING IN CALIFORNIA Henry Markabian 1

THE NEED OF A STATE-WIDE DRIED APRICOT GROWERS' ASSO-
CIATION Robert E. Harrington 15

SUBTROPICAL FRUITS FOR CALIFORNIA David L. Crawf.ord 20

THE MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY W. P. Kelley 25

GENERAL NOTES—

The Law Governing the Shipment of Plants and Plant Products

BY Parcel Post A. J. Cook 28

Special Potato Convention, Placerville A. J. Cook 29

The Woolly Aphis on Pear A. J. Cook 29

Green Spot of Orange Geo. P. Weldon 30

A Timely Bulletin A. J. Cook 31

Interesting Experiments A. J. Cook 31

THE MEXICAN BEAN WEEVIL Edw. O. Amundsen 33

SOME. NOTES ON THE CATALINA CHERRY MOTH E. J. ^kanigan 35

f

CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES__E. J. Yosler 37
QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for November, 1915 Frederick Maskew 44

1

32%2

■-■■KABT

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.«"»rImcA*

dARDSN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

Vol. V. January, 1916. No. 1

SMYRNA FIG GROWING IN CALIFORNIA.

By Henry Markarian, Fresno, Cal.
SOIL ADAPTED TO FIG CULTURE.

To grow figs suecessfnlly in California one must study the nature of
the soil and the climatic conditions. The best region in which to grow
the Avorld-famed Smyrna and the White Adriatic figs for drying com-
mercially would bo the eastern portion of the San Joaciuin Valley lying
between Merced and Bakersfield, especially the region near the Sierra
foothills. Other sections fairly well adapted to fig culture are in
northern California, the region lying between ]\Iary.sville and Red Bluff
in the Sacramento Valley and in southern California the interior
valleys, Avhere in summer the climate is dry, almost entirely rainless,
free from fogs and excessive dews, and where from June to September
the temperature ranges from 90 to 100 degrees or over in the shade.

A soil that is heav3^ rich, and deep, inclined to be reddish in color,
and with plenty of irrigation water, is desirable. In this kind of soil a
planting distance of 33 by 33 feet to 40 by 40 feet is recommended.
Red soil underlaid by red hardpan from twelve inches to three feet, if
properly blasted, is good. This soil contains an abundance of iron,
lime and potassium, the elements essential to the successful culture of
figs. Although trees take one or two years longer to mature in this kind
of soil, still it will produce clean, white and elegant fruit, with hardly
any that are sour or split. The life of the tree under these favorable
conditions would be almost everlasting; in this kind of soil, plant
30 by 30 feet; but in sandy soil (drift sand), alkali, or in places Avhere
the high-water level is three feet ])elow the surface, it is impossible to
grow fig trees successfull3^ Neither are bottom lands adjoining rivers
suitable, as the figs are inclined to sour and split.

LEVELING THE GROUND AND PLANTING.

For planting the fig tree I would recommend level laud, if possible,
so that during irrigation the water will not form pools and cause stag-
nation. The ground should be leveled into large checks, so that when
irrigating the Avater can lie held back to give an even distribution over
the entire surface of the laud. If it is not level, grade the land simi-
larly to orange orchards and adapt the furrow method of irrigation.
Run several furrows l)etween the rows so that a stream of water can run
down the furrows for two or tlu'ce days each time when irrigating.
This is absolutely necessary for two years after planting, in order to
insure a rapid growth of the trees, which will, no doubt, hasten the trees
into early bearing. The ground should he plowed not less than eight
21019

2 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

inches in depth in order to break thoroughly through the phiw-pan or
erust. After the ground is well pulverized, dig holes a depth of: from
eighteen to twenty inches.

The best time for planting fig trees is in the months of February and
March. When planting, go over your nursery stock and cut the trees
to a uniform length of two feet from the cutting joints. This will
allow the trees to branch or fork twenty inches above the ground, which
is the only proper way. Wax the tips to seal the sap of the trees and
prevent their drying, then plant so that at least three inches of the
cutting joint is down in the soil. It is very important that the fig tree,
when being planted, should not be unduly exposed. When the trees are
taken from the nursery bed, they should be kept in a barrel of water
and taken out one by one in the course of planting, as the trees can not
stand more than ten minutes' exposure to the cold wind or the hot sun.

Fig. 1. — The Smyrna fig tree develops best when headed low so that the top
shades the trunk and protects it from the sun. (Original.)

The fig tree fibers are as fine as hair and can be easily dried up by this
exposure. After planting the tree, water it thoroughly to settle the
earth around the roots and shut out the air, using at least ten gallons of
w'ater to a tree. The same precaution should be taken while the trees
are hilled in the nursery bed. Do not neglect to do this or even wait
until you get ready for irrigation, as many trees have dried up in the
course of three or four weeks without water. Then use either a tree
protector or redwood stakes four feet long to brace the trees. Drive
the stakes on the southwest side and tie the tree to the stake. These
stakes not only brace the trees, but they protect them from the severe
frost and from the hot afternoon sun which usually follows the frost.
I have found from personal experience that in all cases the effect of
injury from frost appears on the southwest side of the trees.

Tin: MONTHLY BULLETIN. 6

IRRIGATION.

After a iHoiitli or si.K weeks iiTii;;ile llie trees or water witli tank
waKon. If irrigation i.s pos.sil)le, run furrows on eaeli side of the row
Ihree feet away, and let the water rim; but care must be taken not to
let the water run into low places and form deep pools, as yonna: trees —
especially tliose planted the first year, can be as easily drowned as dried.
After each irrigation, hoe around the trees as deei)ly as po.ssible and
cultivate deeply from three to four times. The trees should be irrigated
the first year during the months of June, July and August; the

.7 r V - •

r^tr.^/^^'f-*

Fig. 2. — Tree the same age as the one shown in the previous illustration, but
the trunk is half dead from frost and sunburn. (Original.)

second year during July and August, and the years thereafter during
May and July. When the orchard is eight to ten years old irrigation
by flooding, similar to the method used in alfalfa fields or orange
orchards, is recommended. The ground should be thoroughly soaked

each time it is irrigated.

PLANTING.

I should like to warn fig growers that they must be very cautious in
buying trees from nurseries. Insist upon the true "Lob" variety.
This is the real world-famed Smyrna fig of commerce.

The Smyrna — or sometimes so-called Calimyrna — figs have over a
hundred varieties in this State, nearly all of which are seedlings. As
a rule the seedlings are defective in many ways: they may be poor, have
smaller fruit, or be lacking in sugar. A few of the varieties will make
fairly good table figs.

The fig ha.s many peculiarities; one of them is that fig trees grown
from seeds will become two-thirds female, and one-third male. Almost
everv one of the seedlings represents a different kind of tree.
2—21019

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Fig. 3. — One year old Smyrna fig tree before pruning.

(Original.)

Fig. 4. — One j-ear old Smyrna fig tree after pruning
(Original.)

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 5

The Lob-Ine:ir variety was no doubt propagated from the very best
male and female figs by the ancients, and it is doubtful if this variety
can be excelled. Lob-Ingir is the Turkish term used to designate the
symmetrical shape of this luscious fruit, and is derived from a popular
usage of offering fruit, same to be taken at one gulp. The attractive-
ness of the fruit is particularly noteworthy.

PLANTING OF CAPRI TREES.

In growing Smyrna fig trees it is essential to plant from three to five
capri trees to every hundred Smyrna trees, either in a grove by them-
selves, where they will be convenient for close observation, or in a segre-
gated row running through the center of the orchard.

A peculiarity of the fig tree is its method of flowering. Other decid-
uous trees bloom before the fruit appears, after which the foliage and
the fruit grow almost simultaneously. On the fig tree the foliage first
appears, with some scattering fig's, which are called early figs or first
crop, then branches develop from six to ten inches in length, depending
on the age of the tree. This growing period extends from the latter
part of INIarch to the fifteenth of May, at which time the tree ceases to
branch. Then the figs for the first time are plainly apparent on the
tree. Three or four figs appear on the lower part of the branch during
the first week of production, two or three more during the second week,
and finally one or two more figs appear at the end of the branch during
the third Aveek of production. Because the figs do not all mature at the
same time, it is absolutely necessary to have the early, medium and late
varieties of capri.

The selection of capri trees requires careful attention. The follow-
ing facts will give some idea of different varieties : The INIarkarian
No. 2 and Roeding No. 3 ripen very early; the Markarian No. 1 and
pseudocarica ripen fairly early ; the Milco is a late capri, which pro-
longs the caprification season, thereby fertilizing all the remaining figs
on the trees. The pseudocarica has another important feature : the
pollen appears on the Mamme, which fertilizes the first crop of Smyrna
figs ripening in June. Heretofore all the first crop, or the June figs,
went to waste from lack of pollination ; the introduction of pseudocarica,
jiowever, will save the early figs, which can be shipped green and bring
a handsome profit.

It is absolutely necessary to plant 60 per cent of the capri trees into
the early varieties, as this early capri means the pollination of 70 per
cent of the crop. Plant 20 per cent of each of the medium and late
varieties, which together pollenize 30 per cent of the crop. My favorite
capris are Markarian Nos. 1 and 2, Roeding No. 3, the ]Milco, and
pseudocarica. The above are the important varieties, and if desired
other less important ones may be added.

PRUNING SMYRNA FIG TREES.

Although fig trees do not require as much pruning as other deciduous
trees, they should be pruned and shaped up. Allow the trees to branch
into forks when they are from sixteen to twenty inches from the ground,
because if the trunks are allowed to grow more than two feet, the trees
will be liable to bend, will be exposed to frost and sunburn and become

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Fig. 5. — Two year old Smyrna fig tree before pruning.

(Original.)

Fig. G. — Two year old Smyrna fig tree after pruning.
(Original.)

TIIK M()\I'I1I,\' I'.CI.LETIN.

V

^3

v_.<i

Fig. 7. — Three year old Smyrna fig tree before pruning.

(Original.)

' . . ' ■/ V .'

t \

;. .

I ■ .' 1 ■■ 'i ' ■ ■ '

11

m

^^■^SmH

hm

m-

^Km

^K'

- -J^

wie 1

li^^^^^i

^K

i^HHH

^HllBh

^^H^l

^H

i™i«-i«i<SS5Si*

^H

IH

PSffiJMHBwSH

Fig. S. — Three year old Sniyrni lig tree after pruning.
(Original.)

8

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,

stunted. I have seen many fig growers prune their trees high, that they
might drive their teams under the trees and give close cultivation ; but
they ruined their trees. The fig tree must be shaped as nearly like an
umbrella as possible in order to absolutely shade the trunk from frost
and sun on all sides. I have further observed that all the large and
vigorous trees are the trees whose trunl^ are well shaded. When the
trees come into maturity, after the fifth or sixth year, they must be
pruned back so that the lateral branches will become thick and dense.
The foliage thus produced will shade the limbs, which would otherwise
be burned by the sun. This method must be followed every two years
thereafter in order to make new lateral fruit wood and insure large fruit
and a large crop.

CAPRIFICATION.

The Smyrna figs contain nothing but female flowers, and unless they
are pollinated the fruit will not mature ; they will groAv to the size of a
marble and then drop off. A similar principle applies to the caprifigs

Fig. 9. — Ten year old Smyrna fig tree before pruning

(Original.)

containing no insects; the fig grows to three-fourths of its normal size
and drops before maturing. The figs that carry over on the trees until
thej'^ mature are fertile figs. The fig wasp or Blastophaga develops in
the caprifigs, or, in other words, these insects are a part of the tree.
They hatch three times a year — in some varieties four— the generations
being distinguished as follows : Mamme is a Avinter crop, ripening about
the first of April; the Profichi matures in June, and the ^lammone is a
summer crop, maturing in fall. Each of these crops has a mission to
perform. The Mamme propagates or fertilizes the Profichi, producing
from 500 to 2,000 caprifigs to a tree. The Profichi pollinates the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. V

Smyrna fifj, and produces from 5,000 to 15,000 caprififj^s to a tree, some-
times produeinc: more fiizs tlian leaves. It is well to romem])or that the
entire crop of Smyrna fii^s depends on the Profichi. And lastly, the
INTanmione, whose function is to preserve the link of generation, produces
from 100 to 200 capriHgs to a tree.

The Blastophaga do not develop in the Smyrna fig, but are employed
simply as factors for carrying the pollen into the Smyrna fig. The male
hatclies first; he crawls ai)()ut tlie interior of the caprifig, seeking a gall
which contains a female wasp, opens a hole with his powerful mandil)les

^^ ;»'<•, » ,

■r^

Fig. 10. — Ten year old Smyrna fig tree after pruning. (Original.)

in the cortex of the ovary and mating occurs while she is still inside the
gall. The female at once begins to enlarge the hole made by the male
and crawls out of the gall.

When the Profichi crop matures the pollen appears in abundance.
The female wasps emerge from their birthplace — the caprifig — dusted
with the pollen which collects on them Avhile crawling through the
cluster of stamens; immediately they fly away, seeking a new home in
which to lay their eggs for the next generation.

As already stated, the fig tree differs in many respects from all other
deciduous trees. The fig blooms inside when it is the size of a marble
or a little larger, at which time one can get a whiff of perfume-like
fragrance from the tree when passing by. The insects, enticed by this
odor, at once fly toward the fig and alight on the Smyrna fig, seeking for
the orifice or eye, which is closed by overlapping bracts. Sometimes the
overlapping bracts are so tightly closed that the insects are obliged to
cut away with their powerful mandibles to effect an entrance into the
interior, and then they crawl through the orifice of the Smyrna fig,
seeking for a gall flower in which to lay their eggs. In an endeavor to

10

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

find such a place, the insects come into constant contact and friction
with the female flower in the Smyrna fig, and in so doing dispose of the
pollen which they collected; disappointed, they emerge from the fig,
often wingless, and perish.

"While there is an abundance of Profichi for the purpose of pollinating
the Smyrna fig, nature has only provided a few IMammone capris to
connect the generations; but, needless to say, the few insects multiply
into myriads in the following generations.

The female insect is black and has four wings; the male is red and
Avingless. The caprifigs contain from 500 to 3,000 male and female

Fig. 11. — Caprifigs are distributed in the early morning, placing the proper
number in a wire basket suspended from a limb. (Original.)

wasps, one-fourth of which are male and three-fourths female. Of
course, these figures vary in the different species of capri. The Mar-
karian No. 1 contains more insects and pollen than any other capri I
have known. In many of my capris I have counted as many as 3,000
wasps in one fig.

Caprification is very simple and intensely interesting. One need not
be a botanist to do the work. Any ordinary ranch hand in a few days
can acquire sufficient knowledge to perform the operation. After the
Smyrna fig trees reach their maturity, which is the fifth or sixth year,
of course depending largely on the attention and consequent result, the
trees must be caprified to reap the benefits from the orchard, after years
of waiting. The caprification season commences about the tenth of June
and ends about the fifth of July.

To decide whether a caprifig is ripe, cut one open and observe whether
any male insects have emerged. As already .stated, the male comes out
of the galls first. Their presence indicates whether part of the female
insects have migrated or are about to migrate. The practical way of

THE MONTI I LV HULLKTIN.

11

j)ic1<int;' raiirifiirs is to hnvo a man jjo up into the tree willi a laddci'. and
liiidin<4' tlu' sui't ones, wliicli arc ripe, di-op lliciii 1o lln' <:foinid. Capi'i-
figs, like other figs, do not niatnrc all at one time Al'tci- tlio tree has
been gone over, the figs should he picked np from the ground as quickly
as possililo, as thoy sliould not 1)0 exposed very long to the hot sun.

The hi'st time for picking cai)ri(igs is from two o'clock in the aft(;)--
noon until dark. Then, aI)out four o'clock in the morning, distribute
them in the orchard. This work must be completed l)efore the day gets
warm. ])ri()r to nine o'clock, as the insects liegin to come out at about tliis
time and continue to issue for three; houi's after that. Aftci* nine o'clock
they should not be disturbed, as the insects will likely be destroyed. A
peculiar characteristic of the capri is that after twelve o'clock at noon
tli(^ insects cease to issue. This is the reason tliat tlie eaprifigs should lie

Fig. 12. — Figs dry partially on the trees and fall to the ground, from which
they are picked up every few days and taken in lug boxes to tlie drying yard.
(Original.)

picked in the afternoon and distributed early in the morning. The cost
of picking and distributing the eaprifigs in the orchard and into the
baskets, as often as is necessary, will not exceed one dollar per acre.

Oaprifigs are i)laced in wire baskets made with :|-inch wire mesh,
4 inches wide and 10 inches deep, with a hook made from galvanized
wire, which makes it easily removable from the tree. In the fifth year,
when the Smyrna trees liegin to bear profitably, apply five eaprifigs to
each tree once a week for three weeks. As the trees get older, the
number of capri must be increased as follows :

5th jear

Cth year

Tth year

Sth year

9tli year

lOtli year

11th year

12th year

3—21019

of bearing,

distribute I." eaprifigs ;

5 figs

every S days

of l3oarin,ir.

distribute 24 eaprifigs ;

G figs

every 6 days

of bearing,

distribute 50 eaprifigs ;

10 figs

every 5 days

of bearing,

distribute 78 eaprifigs ;

13 figs

every 4 days

of bearing.

distribute 104 eaprifigs ;

13 figs

every 3 days

of bearing,

distribute 120 eaprifigs ;

15 figs

every 3 days

of bearing,

distribute 144 eaprifigs ;

IS figs

every 3 days

of bearing,

distribute 170 eaprifigs ;

22 figs

every 3 days

12 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE SMYRNA FIG SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHER FIGS.

The statemeut is often made that the Adriatic fig is the best variety
to plant, on account of its heavy production and the consequent profit.
I have been asked which variety is the most profitable to plant, and have
replied: "The Smyrna." This question is exactly like asking which
grape makes the best raisin. The answer is, of course, the Muscat,
although the Feher Szagos yield more raisins and consequently bring
more returns per acre. However, when there is a normal Muscat crop,
there is practically no demand for the Feher Szagos and consequently
no price which would pay the grower. The Feher Szagos is in demand
only when there is a shortage of the raisin crop, because it is an inferior
raisin and detracts from the good reputation of the Muscat. This logic
applies to the White Adriatic fig.

The reports current as to the White Adriatic orchards yielding from
three to four tons an acre are for orchards located in exceptionally rich
and heavy soil, such as Rodger's orchard in Merced, McHenry's in
Modesto, and several orchards in the vicinity of Yuba City. It should,
however, be borne in mind that these orchards are twenty-five years old.
At the present time there is no Smyrna fig orchard in existence in Cali-
fornia, excluding Roeding's, which is over twelve j^ears old. And the
erratic information that the production of the White Adriatic fig sur-
passes that of the Smyrna will be dissipated when the Smjania fig
orchards, planted in exceptionally rich and heavy soil, reach the age of
twenty-five years.

I have several reasons for advocating Smyrna fig culture : first, the
superiority of the fruit ; second, the quick maturity of the trees —
Smyrna fig trees mature in six years, White Adriatic in eight years ;
third, the trees show very little or none of the root diseases so common
to Adriatics ; fourth, the trees are well adapted to orchard foriii when
they are planted 30 by 30 feet apart, whereas the Adriatic at this dis-
tance would not be satisfactory ; and furthermore, the tendency of the
Smyrna fig tree roots is to go downward and deeper into the soil, while
those of the Adriatic have a tendency to spread circumferentially in a
shallow depth ; fifth, because it is a fine and luscious fruit, almost free
from souring, and of great nutritive and medicinal value. The Smyrna
fig may be shipped green and find a ready market with every prospect
of good financial returns.

As to the production of the Smyrna fig, it is very hard to give a
definite maximum figure, as there are only a few orchards now in full
bearing in the State, and practically all of these are young orchards.
The most I can do is to give the comparative production of the Smyrna
and the Adriatic in my own orchard. Both varieties have produced
equally heavy crops and both have constantly increased the average pro-
dnction per acre, which at present is over two tons. This amount will
increase as the trees grow older, and will doubtless reach a maximum
production of four to five tons per acre Avlien in full bearing at the age
of fifteen years.

In all my experience in fig culture in California I have never seen a
total failure. We have had severe frosts and early September rain
storms, w^hich lessened the crop one-fifth of its normal production, but
never totally destroyed it. The grower can almost alwa}^ rely on a crop.

THE MONTITI>V l!i;iJ;ETIN.

13

At the age of fifteen veal's the tree is considered to be in its full
bearing stage, wlien planted at a distance of 30 by 30 feet, and the
ajiioiint of caprifigs to be liuiig on the trees will be from 175 to 200.
The above ligurcs are fur a normal sized tree; however, if the trees are
exceptionally large, apply a few more; if smaller than the average,
apply a few less. In other words, apply according to the size of the tree.

^Tany growers have complained that the Smyrna fig does not prfjdnce
as heavily as other figs. 1 have investigated and found that this
shortage in every case is due to lack of sufficient pollination. For
iiislnncc. my trees are now twelve j'ears old, and I have gone over my

Fig. 13. — Figs are dried on trays placed directly in the sun or stacked up one above
the other so that the air can circulate freely between them. (Original.)

orchard eight times during the eaprification season, hanging an average
of 150 caprifigs to each tree, thereby giving my orchard a thorough
eaprification. If your caprifig supply is inadequate for your orchard,
I should advise you to buy a sufficient (piantity to thoroughly supply the
requirements. They cost only $5.00 per thousand, and I assure you it
will not pay to allow your figs to drop off from lack of pollination. I
have investigated the Smyrna figs after pollination and observed no
injury sustained by excessive eaprification.

HARVESTING SMYRNA FIGS.

The Smyrna fig ripens from the fifteenth or twentieth of August until
the first of October. When the figs ripen, they shrivel up and drop
from the trees to the ground. Once a week they are picked up, but into
40- or 50-pound lug boxes and hauled to the drying yard; there they are
spread on trays, stacked and covered and allowed to remain in stacks a

14

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

week or ten days, or until they are clr}-. The figs are then removed from
the trays and washed in a water solution of 5 per cent salt and ^ per
cent lime. If the figs are too dry, allow them to remain in water for
about twent}^ minutes, after which remove and spread them back on the
trays and stack. Let them remain in stack for one week only, in
October. But later in the season spread the trays out in the sun until
they are dry; after that, sort out all defectives and put in sweat boxes
ready for delivery to the packing house. White Adriatics are processed
in a similar way, except that the Adriatics are bleached by sulphur.

The following is the tabular comparison of the distance and increasing
production yearly per acre of Smyrna figs. This table can also be
applied to the White Adriatics, with the exception that the Adriatics
come into maturity two ,years later :

TABLE SHOWING THE PRODUCTION OF SMYRNA FIGS.

Bearing age

Exceptionally

heavy, ricli

soil. Number

of trees per

acre. 27 ;
planted 40 ft.

by 40 ft.

Yiekl. pounds

per acre

Extra heavy,
rich soil.

Number trees

per acre. 40;

planted 33 ft.
by 33 ft.

Yield, pounds
per acre

Very heavy
soil. Number
trees per acre,

48 : planted

30 ft. by 30 ft.

Yield, pounds

per acre

Medium Iieavy
soil. Number
trees per acre,

09 ; planted

25 ft. by 23 ft.

Yield, pounds

per acre

Fifth year

Sixth year

Seventh year

Eighth year

Ninth year

Tenth year

Eleventh year __

Twelfth year

Thirteenth year
Fourteenth year
Fifteenth year _.
Sixteenth year _.
Seventeenth year
Eighteenth year
Nineteenth year
Twentieth year _

283

457

675

918

1,242

1,590

2,000

2,450

2,950

3,450

4,000

4,500 .

4,950

5,350

5,750

6,150

lO.OOOt

420
680
1,000
1,320
1,680
2,040
2,450
2,960
3,600
4,100
4,600
5,000
5,400
8,000t

500
800

1,200
1,600
2,050
2,.500
3,000
3,500
3,900
4,300
4,600
6,000t

725
1,173
1.725
2,208
2,967
3,419
3,735
4,000

*Full bearing, -j-Possibly full bearing.

CONCLUSION.

I am fully convinced, judging from unabated activities shown in the
production of Smyrna figs, that this industry is destined to become one
of the leading fruit industries of California. The Turkish statistics
show that the annual pi'oductiou of Smyrna figs in Meander Valley in
Asia Minor, is over 120,000 camel loads, each camel load averaging 600
pounds, making a total of 72.000,000 pounds. Of this, one-half is
exported to the United States. The total output of figs in California
is about 6,000 tons, 1,000 tons of which are the Smyrna variety, which
indicates that 80 per cent of the figs con.sumed in the United States are
of the Smyrna variet3\ Furthermore, as the indastry grows, there will
])e a con.stant increase in price for the Smyrna variety. Its price per
pound ranges from 5^ to 7 cents at present, Avhereas the Adriatic is
bringing from 84 to 4 cents per pound.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. ]5

THE NEED OF A STATE-WIDE DRIED APRICOT
GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

By Robert E. Harrington, Siml, Ventura County, Cal.

With a very large aereaue of yoiiiifr apricot trees eomin.f? into bearing,
with tlie foreign market for dried apricots seriously injured by the war,
and with many apricot growers selling their product at less than the
cost of production, the future for the dried apricot grower looks very
unpromising, unless he is willing to co-operate with his fellow growers
in the organization of a state-wide dried apricot association.

INCREASED ACREAGE.

According to statistics furnished by the State Commission of Horti-
cultiu-e there Avere -t-ljSSS acres planted to apricots within the State in
1914. Of this number 10,195 acres are under bearing age, 6,859 acres
being in southern California alone. As there is no report of the non-
bearing acreage in Los Angeles County it is quite likely that consider-
able of the nonbearing acreage was not included in these figures. Plant-
ing was very heavy this year, and it is safe to estimate that there are
15,000 acres of nonbearing apricot orchards in the State at the present
time.

FOREIGN MARKET.

Europe used to take about three-fourths of the dried apricots pro-
duced in California, and Germany was the heaviest buyer. Even if the
Avar should end soon, it would be many years before Europe could take
many dried apricots, for they are costly to produce and necessarily sell
for a higher price than other food products, and the warring nations
will be very poor for a long time.

COST OF PRODUCTION.

What does it cost to produce a pound of dried apricots? R. L. Adams,
Professor of Agronomy at the University of C'aliforni.i, after careful
figuring makes the following statement in regard to the cost of produc-
tion of the various dried fruits :

Growers should get the following prices for their crops, if
they are to cover all items entering into a businesslike manage-
ment of their affairs :

Usual crop of Good crop of

5 ton per acre 1 ton per acre

Apricot _ 12* cents 7i cents

I'rune 2* cents 2 cents

Pciich G^ cents 5 cents

Pear Oi cents 5i cents

Prom the above it will be seen that the cost of production is very high
when compared to that of other dried fruits.

16 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The items entering into the cost of production of dried apricots, as
figured out by the writer, are about as follows. Cost of establishing
orchard :

Cost of suitable land with water, per acre : . $200 00

Cost of trees, leveling and planting 30 00

Cost of maintenance for five years 120 00

Total cost per acre at fifth year $350 00

This $350.00 represents the investment per acre and is about what
one would have to pay for a five year old orchard if purchased from
another or established by himself, as shown by the above figures.
Figuring on this $350.00 per acre investment the yearly expense con-
nected with each acre of bearing orchard would be :

Interest on investment (6 per cent on $350.00) $21 00

Cost of management (if $1,200.00 man can manage 100 acres) 12 00
Yearly depreciation (figuring that the life of the orchard will
be twenty years after it begins bearing the cost of main-
tenance for first five years amounting to $120.00 should be
distributed over these twenty years, making the yearly

charge for depreciation $6.00) " G 00

Taxes 3 00

Expense of maintaining orchard $42 00

Pruning (the apricot requires heavy pruning) $12 00

Cultivating and plowing 12 00

Irrigating 10 00

Fertilizing (to maintain the fertility of the land enough fer-
tilizer must be added to replace what is taken off in the

crop and pruning brush) 4 00

Spraying (not necessary every year) 2 00

Total expense for maintenance 40 00

Total expense connected with each acre of orchard each year as

obtained by adding the above is $82 00

The cost of harvesting a ton of dried apricots varies between $50.00
and $65.00 per ton, according to conditions. Figuring on $58.00 per
ton as cost of harvesting and on one ton per acre crop, it would cost
$82.00 plus $58.00, or $140.00, to produce a ton of dried apricots. This
amounts to 7 cents per pound. I think the average crop is not over
three-fourths of a ton and, figuring on this, it would cost $168.00 per ton
or about 8^ cents per pound. If less were spent on care of the orchard,
the crop Avould be less and the cost of production still higher.

From the above it will be seen that most of the dried apricots v/ere
sold this season at less than the cost of production. This is a very
serious condition of affairs, especially Avhen one considers the condition
of the foreign market, the rapid increase in production and the fact
that almost no attempt is being made to increase the consumption of
apricots in the United States. But there is hope.

THE MONTlIIiY BULLETIN. 17

CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING ASSOCIATIONS.

Orowor.s of ollior fi-uits and iml.s liavo p:onc tlii-oush .simihii* oxpo-
rioiK'Os and tlironfyh the foi-niatinn of co-operative marketing as.so<'iations
liave obtained great re.snits.

Every one is familiar witli the great success of the California Fruit
Growers' Exchange, which markets over GO per cent of the oranges pro-
duced in the State. Before the growers organized fruit was rotting
on the ground for want of a market and people were talking over-
production. This year the exchange shipped 24,217 cars of oranges
and 5,565 car.s of lemons, which returned about $19,537,850.00 to the
growers of this State.

Two years ago raisins sold at 2 cents per pound, which was less than
the cost of production. The raisin association started at that time has,
in spite of a tremendous increase in production, raised the price to
about 4 cents paid this year.

The almond growers have had a strong association for some time, and
the peach growers and olive growers have profited by the example and
this year have organized state-wide associations.

The California Walnut GroM'ers' Association is also a fine example of
what growers can do for themselves through co-operation. This associa-
tion has control of about 80 per cent of the walnuts in the State, and
each year sets the price at which walnuts will sell. They wait until the
crop is almost ready to harvest before setting this price, and get very
accurate estimates of the crop here as well as in all other countries
where walnuts are raised. They take into consideration the financial
conditions of the country. They know what it costs to produce a walnut
and what it costs to sell it. Taking all these things into careful con-
sideration, they set a price which will give the growers a fair profit and
yet one that will enable them to sell the nuts promptly.

If the dried apricot growers were as strongly organized they would
have still more control over the market, as apricots are not grown com-
mercially outside of this State. Large cpiantities of walnuts are
imported each year while apricots are exported.

The producer of dried apricots is in virtually the same position as a
manufacturer and should be able to set a price on his product which
will return a profit. No manufacturer would sell his i)roduct without
adding a profit above the cost of production.

WHY PRESENT DRIED APRICOT ASSOCIATIONS ARE NOT MORE

SUCCESSFUL.

The reason that so many dried apricot associations have failed, and
that the present associations are not more successful, is largely because
only small districts have organized and have not been strong enough to
stand the powerful competition of the great packing concerns in the
State, who have been making enormous profit out of the business and
have plenty of capital to exert every known means to put the small
co-operative dried fruit a.'-sociation out of business and keep the business
in their own hands. They have many ways of accomplishing this end,
chief among which is to pay very high prices in territory where as.socia-
tions exist to the growers who are not members of the association. This,
of course, makes short-sighted growers Avithdraw from the association

18 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

and the association does not last long. In this connection allow me to
refer to G. Harold Powell's "Fundamental Principles of Co-operation
in Agriculture," which can be ol)tained free by writing for circular
No. 123 to the University of California, Agricultural Experiment
Station, at Berkeley. Every apricot grower should study this circular
carefully.

Some of the dried fruit associations now in the State — about six of
which handle largely apricots — through careful packing have created a
good demand for their product, but as all of these associations put
together probably do not control over 25 per cent of the crop it will be
easily seen that they have practically no control over prices.

Another great reason why associations have failed is because they
have not been able to make prompt payment to their members for their
fruit. Some arrangement must be made whereby the grower can get
at least 4 or 5 cents per pound for his crop upon delivery to the packing
house before a dried apricot association can hold all of its members,
because most apricot growers are poor and have to borrow money to
meet the heavy expense of harvesting their crops, and can not he made
satisfied to wait several months for their money. This will have to be
accomplished by the apricot association being organized as a capital
stock corporation and owning property so that they will be in a position
where they can borrow money to meet this necessity. This has been
one of the prime causes of failure among present associations. The
raisin growers organized with a large capital and their manager, Mr.
James Madison, attributes much of their success to this point of having
good financial standing. The new peach groAvers' association has
folloAved their example by capitalizing at $1,000,000.00. It is my
opinion that a state-wide dried apricot association should organize with
capital if it is to succeed.

With the walnut growers' association the nonprofit form of corpora-
tion works all right for they sell out their entire crop, usually within
two months from harvest, and are able to make prompt payment to the
growers. Walnuts are largely consumed during the holidays while
dried fruits are eaten more heavily in late spring, and this is the reason
sales are slower on apricots.

SUGGESTION OF BEST PLAN OF ORGANIZATION.

The new apricot association should then be state-wide, and liave not
less than 60 ])er cent of the apricots under its control. Perhaps if
growers could he allowed to sign a preliminary paper which would not
pledge them to become members unless 60 per cent can be obtained a
larger number of members could he secui-ed.

The new association should 1)0 organized with a large capital stock, so
that they can own all of Iheii' own lacking houses, which will give them
good financial standing and enable them to borrow the money necessary
to make a prompt payment to their members. All of the capital stock
should be owned by the growers in proportion to their acreage, and
arrangement should be made so that this stock can never get out of
growers' hands. Perhaps five dollars per acre wouhl be enough to start
with.

THE MONTllLV BULLETIN. 19

Perhaps it would he well to organize in distriets as the olive .^rowers
are doing. The acreage of apricots in the State is scattered abont as
follows, and each section might be considered as a district : Bay region,
17,289 acres; southern California, 16,615 acres; Sacramento Valley,
5.856 acres ; San Joaquin Valley, 2,820 acres.

I believe the southern California district alr(>ady has plans for organi-
zation. Who will undertake the work in the other districts?

WHAT CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED.

One of the most important things to be accomplished is to increase the
consumption of dried apricots, especially in the United States. The
best method of doing this is to xnick the fruit in small one and two
pound, attractive pasteboard cartons, which would take the fruit direct
to the consumer in a clean, sanitary manner and take the Association
hrand with it. This method of packing, together with consistent adver-
tising, would greatly increase the consumption of dried apricots in this
country'. Raisins and figs have been put up this way for many years.
This year even the California Walnut Growers' Association has adopted
a one pound package for its walnuts, mainly as an advertising scheme,
and the results are very satisfactory. Such a method of packing is far
more necessary for dried apricots than for walnuts, for, besides the
advertising feature, it would bring the product in a clean attractive
form and a guaranteed quality to the consumer, whereas, under the
present method of packing in large wooden boxes the dried fruit remains
open in the retail store for weeks, sometimes, and becomes dusty, dried
up and perhaps wormy before it reaches the consumer.

It has been proven by experiments of William B. Parker, published in
bulletin No. 235, United States Department of Agriculture, that dried
apricots may be sterilized and put in moth-proof paper lined cartons and
kept for years Avithout becoming wormy. This method has been used
for cereals for some time. To guarantee their fruit free from worms
would be a great feature for the new association, for nothing can hurt
the sale of fruit more than to have it wormy.

They could save the growers much in the purchase of tray and box
materials, also sulphur.

They could encourage the growing of better fruit in many ways,
especially by inspection and improvement of drying ground methods.

They could handle their own pits at a good profit.

In fact, a state-wide dried apricot as.sociation is a necessity. I think
we all realize this. Who will put his hand to the wheel and' help get it
started? There is no time like the present.

4—21010

20 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SUBTROPICAL FRUITS FOR CALIFORNIA.*

By David L. Crawford, Professor of Botany, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal.

California is sufficiently subtropical to have been for many years
undisputed world leader in the production of citrus fruits, which dis-
tinctly are natives of the tropics and subtropics. And now our attention
is being drawn more and more forcibly toward the production here of
other subtropical and southern fruits. Many of our fruit growers are
sure that some of these newer introductions will, before long, prove to
be more lucrative than the oranges and lemons. The fact is that cer-
tain of these fruits have, during the past few years, been grown so suc-
cessfully in California that the problem is no longer the adaptation of
the crops to this climate and soil, but the marketing of the fruits on a
sufficiently large scale to warrant their being grown extensively.

Of all the vast array of tropical and subtropical fruits which are being
produced in various parts of the world and heralded so widely in the
agricultural press of today, only a few w^ill be worth the effort to make
them a commercial success in this State. Some others can be, and per-
haps are being, grown to a limited extent in restricted areas, or under
special conditions of protection from cold and dryness ; and still others
may be successfully grown but will never command a market which will
pay for the production ; for we must remember that we have at present a
large number of good temperate fruits which supply our needs very
satisfactorily, and a new tropical fruit can not be established com-
mercially unless there is a distinct need for it — either to replace one of
the already established fruits or else to fill a demand never before met
by our northern fruits. A traveler goes through the tropics and eats
many delicious fruits which he never saw before, but he relishes them,
not because they are better than apples and peaches and grapes, but
because they are the only fruits he gets. He comes back to this country
all fired with enthusiasm for introducing these fruits here, but he soon
finds that as long as our people have their apples and peaches and
grapes they do not feel the need for additional southern fruits to replace
the familiar kinds. The converse of this also is true. How much more
does a Mexican relish a good mango or sapote than an imported peach
or pear !

However, there are certain fruits of the tropics which northern people
need. For ages past oranges and lemons have been in wide use by
almost all races of men. Therefore, when it was discovered that they
would grow well in California it was not necessary to create a demand
in the markets, for it already existed. Bananas, also, and pineapples
have for generations been as familiar as apples and melons, for they are
in demand both because they fill a certain need in our diet, and more yet
because they are cheap. Now, it is just so with a few other tropical
fruits, although the American people have not yet recognized this fact.
There are a few fruits, such as the Avocado, which ought to be used in
our diet regularly in addition to our present list of fruits, for they
sui)ply a need not filled adequately l)y our fruits; and there are a few

♦Address before State Fruit Growers' Convention, Palo Alto, Cal., July, 1915.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 21

others, such as the Feijoa, which ought to supplant certain of our
present fruits because the former can ])e produced more cheaply and
l)etter.

It will 1)0 the puri)ose of this paper, Ihen. not to discuss the i)robh'ms
of growing the tropical fruits nor of marketing them, nor the introduc-
tion of new kinds more or less unknown now popularly, but simply to
point out the few^ fruits which, in my estimation, will be a commercial
success in this State; and to urge a greater activity in this industry.

There are two general types of tropical fruits — those that grow only
in humid and warm lowlands and those that grow in the drier and cooler
uplands of the southern countries. Because of the dryness of our
atmosphere it is manifestly unreasonable to even attempt to grow here,
commercially, such fruits of the first class as bananas, pineapples,
papayas and certain sapotes. But of the second class there are several
fruits which not only can be, but have been, grown successfully on a
commercial scale — as successfully, in fact, as in the tropics. We shall
confine our attention, therefore, to these latter and especially to those
which give definite promise of being commercially important in our
horticulture.

THE AVOCADO.

The avocado has come to stay, having already shown its adaptability
to our climate and soils. Avocadoes are a necessary part of the Mexi-
can's diet, just as butter is of ours, and it will be some day a regular
part of ours, also. The problems of making this fruit a commercial
success are several. First, there is the problem of determining what
are the best varieties for this country, both from the standpoint of grow-
ing the fruit and of shipping it to market. This is being solved by wide
trial and general experimenting.

A second problem lies in the securing of good trees to start with, even
granting that we have decided upon the variety we intend to plant.
Nursery trees cost too much and there are too many amateur and inex-
perienced and irresponsible individuals selling them. Growers should
know that very much depends upon the quality and kind of bud used
by the propagator, and they should be careful to buy only from one who
has surely used good buds and good seedlings to put the buds into. We
need a few good responsible nurserymen to propagate many first class
avocado trees, which will have the name and reputation of an upright
firm behind them ; and they must offer these at a low price to increase
the planting and to discourage the small and irresponsible propagator.

There is a third, and surely the largest, problem in the selling of the
fruit and increasing the consumption. On the solving of this problem
hangs the future of the avocado industry in California. The fruit is a
luxury at present — and an exceedingly costly one at that — while it
should be a commodity within the financial reach of the masses. Too
much profit is desired by the grower at the outset and in his short-
sighted greediness he is strangling the industry before it gets a fair
establishment. Good avocadoes can be produced and sold at profit at
5 to 15 cents each, depending on the size of fruit and season of year,
whereas now they are offered at 25 to 75 cents each. In 1912 I saw a
shipment of less than 3,000 fine avocadoes enter San Francisco ; because

22 THE MONTHIiY BULLETIN.

they were offered for sale at 50 to 75 cents each that small number of
fmits actnall}' glutted the market and scarcely half were sold!

We need some Henry Fords in the avocado business to bring the fruit
production and marketing to a sensible basis, whereby the masses can be
enabled to know, and value, and use this most nutritious of all fruits.
"We must have cheaper nursery trees and cheaper fruit on the market,
and then — and not until then — the people Avill use avocadoes and will
buy them as freely as many of our other fruits. It is to ])e hoped that
the new Ahuacate Growers' Association — how much better to have
named it the Avocado Growers' Association — will attack this, their
great&st problem, in some such wa.y as suggested above. The problems
of diseases and insect pests will be plenty, but not so serious as that
immediately before us now — taking the avocado from the luxury list
and making it a necessitv.

THE MANGO.

The mango industry will never be so successful in this State as that
of the avocado, for it is a fruit more closely adapted to the humid tropics
and thus far has not been a marked success here. The treas grow fairly
well here and withstand considerable cold weather, but are not able to
ripen their fruit successfully, becaiLse the warm season is not quite long
enough. Moreover, the fruit can be grown to perfection in nearby
tropical countries and easily shipped into this country in sufficient
quantity to supph' our demand. I have eaten mangoes in California
received from Manila, one mouth in transit !

There is promise of some success in the mango industry here, however,
on another basis. Green mangoes can be made into the finest kind of
sauce, much resembling apple sauce but superior in flavor. A mango
tree is usually fully as prolific as an apple tree, and although it does not
ripen its fruits well the;s^ can be used in this way to good advantage,
even commercially.

Mangoes, however, correspond in the tropics to our peaches and
plums — that is. they fill the same need in diet — and because we are well
supplied with the two latter fruits and need no substitute, and because
the mangoes do not thrive here as well as they should, it is very probable
that this fruit will never be an important one in the horticulture of
California.

THE GUAVA AND FEIJOA.

Next in importance to the avocado come these several closely related
fruits, for they not only are being grown successfully in our State now,
but they fill a ver}^ important need not wholly met by otlier fruits. We
are familiar with the small strawberry guava and the excellent jam and
jelly which is made from it. IMuch more valuable, however, are certain
other species of guavas which yield larger fruit and in greater numbers.
The lemon guava is especially valuable, since the trees become large and
are very productive, while the fruits are as large as small lemons and
very useful in jam and jelly making.

Special emphasis, however, must be given to the feijoa (Feijoa sellotv-
iama), which is a close relative of the guava, has more or le&s the same
flavor and more value as a fruit for commerce. This is a South
American fruit, native to a country very similar in climate to our own.
About twent3"-five years ago a few cuttings were taken to France and

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 23

llu' plaiils llirivod so ^vell tliorc that tliey were (listril)ut('d into soutlieni
Europe and latei- into California and other parts of the southern United
States. The oldest plants here have not been in production long enough
to demonstrate the eomniereial success of this fruit, but several facts
indicate strongly that it will soon become one of our important fruit
crops : first, the fact that the plant thrives Avell in this climate and in
most average soils, and produces abundantly after the age of about six
years; second, the fruit is relatively hard and can .stand shipment to a
consideral)le distance; third, the fruit is very valuable a-s a food when
made into a sauce or jam, being superior to guavas both in flavor and in
having much smaller and therefore less troublesome seeds.

If the feijoa proves to be a complete success so far as the growing and
bearing of fruit is concerned — and it seems to be — it will not be difficult
to establisli it in our markets. We are already familiar with the guavas
and their values, and if fei.joas are placed beside them in the market and
sold as a new and superior type of guava they will very soon win as
much favor as they deserve, and so become established. It will be a
nuich simpler problem than introducing the avocado or mango to an
extensive market in this country.

THE CHAYOTE, OR VEGETABLE PEAR.

Although the chayote is more a vegetable than a fruit, yet it is of sueh
value that it deserves a very prominent place iu a discussion of this sort.
The fruit is about the size and, roughly, the shape of a large pear, and is
solid throughout, with a large fleshy seed in the big end. The flavor
somewhat resembles that of a turnip and is suggestive, also, of a summer
sc^uash, while the flesh is about as solid as that of a turnip. Boiled or
fried it makes a very delicious and nutritious vegetable dish. The
people of the American tropics relish the chayote very greatly and con-
sider it one of the very important crops. But its value to us lies not
only in its flavor and food value, but chiefly in the great productivity
of the plants, whereby it may become one of the most remunerative of
our vegetable crops, as well as one of the best. The plant is a climber,
resembling a muskmelon or squash vine in appearance of foliage. It is
easily grown by planting a whole chayote, big end down or else on its
flat side, so that the fruit is just barely covered with soil. A good
supply of water makes its growth very rapid and extensive. Clieap
trellises of some sort, such as are used for hop plants, are needed for the
vines to climb on. Started in early spring the plant grows very exten-
sively, and in the fall of the year produces from 100 to 200 or more
fruits. An acre of ground planted with chayotes ought to yield more
income than if planted with turnips, even if the former are sold at the
same price as the latter.

This vegetable is so much liked by practically all who have tried it
that I venture to affirm that there would be little risk of loss if a man
were to grow several acres of this crop and ofl:'er them for sale in the
open markets, or by peddlers at a reasonal)ly low price. Properly adver-
tised, they would sell as a novelty at first and then as a staple vegetable
of considerable value. Without doul)t this is one of the most promising
of the subtropical vegetable crops for California, because it has been
deiuonstrated that the plant thrives and produces remarkably well here.
It remains now to establish it as a regular staple vegetable of commerce.

24 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

OTHER FRUITS.

We have considered very briefly a few of the most important of the
tropical fruits for this State, but there are many more which deserve
more than mere mention. Dates are surely a commercial success here
and are destined to a very important place in our horticulture. These
trees are best adapted to regions with a very long, dry and hot summer
season, for they recpiire much heat for ripening their fruit.

The edible passion fruits (Passi/?ora spp.) may become of some impor-
tance in a limited and local way, for in addition to furnishing a pro-
fusion of acid fruits with the flavor of apricots, the vines are very useful
as ornaments. They are good climbers and make an excellent porch or
arbor plant. In tropical countries the fruits are much used for flavor-
ing soft drinks and sherbets and desserts. IMost species of this genus
of plants thrive excellently in this State.

The eherimoya (Ahona cJierimoya) , and several related anonas, grow
well here and fruit moderately well. The eherimoya is a fruit which, in
tlie tropics, thrives to better advantage in the cooler highlands than in
the lowlands, so it is not remarkable that it should do so well here. The
fruit has a very peculiar flavor, by some considered delicious but by
many others quite the contrary. Probably the best place the fruit will
ever have in our commerce will be as an oddity and luxury, to be seen
comparatively rarely on the table of the man of moderate means.

Several sapotes — especially the white variety — give promise of being
about as prominent commercially as the eherimoya. This, also, is a fruit
of peculiar flavor not always relished by an American, but is valuable
as an oddity. The tree of the white sapote, when it is properly shaped
and headed up in its younger stages of growth, makes a first-class orna-
ment for gardens or parks, and for this object it is well worth growing.

The papaya {Carica papaya) is too much a tropical tree to be suc-
cessful here. To fruit well and ripen its fruits properly it requires
tropical w^armth and humidity, and uniformity of temperature not
prevalent in this State. However, as an ornamental plant it is highly
valuable because of its tropical foliage and it luis been found to grow
moderately well in protected places here.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, let me emphasize again the fact that there are two types
of tropical fruits, namely: those that can fill both an important and an
unfilled need in our diet, and those that correspond in the tropical man's
diet to our common northern fruits, such as apples, peaches, plums, etc.
The latter type gives little promise of commercial success here, because
such fruits can not displace our northern fruits ; but the former type
gives much promise of large success as a California industry, provided
the problem of introduction and establishment in the markets is attacked
in the right way. To place these fruits on the market as a luxury at a
high price is a mistake, and if this is continued it will strangle the
coming industry in its infancy.

We need enthusiasm in the spreading of this industry among the fruit
growers of the State, but the enthusiasm must not be misdirected. We
need, most of all, men who have enough foresight to cut off some of their
present gain in order to establish the industrj'^ firmly and widely, and
who will offer good nursery trees reasonably cheap, and good fruit to
the consumer at a reasonably low price — to make these fruits an integral
part of our diet.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 25

THE MAINTENANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY.*

By W. P. Kki.ley, University nf fiilifornia, Citrus Expei'imont Station, Ilivcrsidc, Cal.

I shall oonfino myself to a brief cliscnssion of some of the broader
aspects of the question of soil maintenance, dwellino: on wliat appears to
me to be both essential to a ])erniaiieiit system of afjrienltnre, and timely
at the present stage of agricultural development in California. How-
ever, it is not my purpose to discuss the several details involved in the
maintenance of a given farm. The specific rules for the best manage-
ment of a given tract of land necessarily vary on different farms and can
only be arrived at by actual experience on the farm in (juestion. Tliis
fact, it seems to me, is often not sufficiently recognized, either by the
farmer or many agricultural investigators. One of the commonest
inquiries at the experiment stations has to do with the management and
fertilization of a given soil and crop ; but unfortunately it is seldom that
definite answers can be given, for the reason that all the conditions and
previous history of the soil are seldom given, and also because experi-
mental experience has usuall.y been insufficiently general to warrant
definite conclusions. It is not quite certain, for example, -whether
ammonium sulfate or lime nitrate will always produce better effects, as
an orchard fertilizer, than organic forms of nitrogen, or whether the
extensive use of lime, as it is applied in the east, will or will not be
profitable on many fruit farms of California.

Soil fertility has at different times been variously defined. The sense
in which I shall use the term is that of the crop producing powder ; and I
may state in passing that the crop producing power of a soil is a much
larger question than merely the plant food involved, although the plant
food is an important phase of the question. There are chemical, physical
and biological factors involved, each of which is equally as fundamental
as the plant food itself.

We have heard much during recent years of the abandoned farms of
the east, and it is well known that unless the greatest care be taken, the
time usually comes when the yields go down. The facts that virgin soils
as a rule are fertile and that cultivated lands are likely to become less
productive are generally recognized. Here in California we are culti-
vating a virgin soil, comparatively speaking; but in fruit culture, under
artifical irrigation and perennially growing w'eather, we have a far more
intensive SA^stem and one that certainly makes stronger demands on the
soil than in the culture of field crops in the humid sections of the east.
The methods employed in this State, however, do not differ in principle
from those that have been follow^ed during the earlier years of agricul-
ture in older sections. The common system at the outset everywhere
has been that of the continuous culture of a single crop.

The first essential to soil maintenance is that of maintaining the
organic matter. The humus content of California soils is low and the
nitrogen likewise low. but it is not so much the absolute amounts of
humus in a soil that determine its fertility as the processes involved in
the formation of hunms. Under the climatic conditions prevailing here
it is doubtful whether it will ever be found practicable to increase

♦Address before State Fruit Growers' Convention, Palo Alto, Cal., July, 1915.

26 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

fjreatly the liiimns content. We have found at Riverside, for example,
that the annual application of manure, coupled with plowing under a
leguminous cover crop each year for the past eight years, has not
resulted in any appreciable increase in the humus content of the soil.
Yet it is obvious that the soil is in an improved condition as compared
with the virgin soil alongside, and the trees show excellent vigor and
thrift. Likewise at both the Pennsylvania and Indiana stations the fre-
quent application of barnyard manure for thirty or more years has
resulted in only a small increase in the humus content of the soil. Our
soils would certainly be benefited by a larger humus supply, but the
matter of increasing the actual humus is one of great difficulty and slow-
ness ; so from a practical standpoint it is not to be expected that great
gains in the humus content can be obtained.

In any event, however, humus is the stable residue left behind after
tlie ])acterial decompositions have become arrested. It represents the
more resistant and slowly decomposable organic residue that is formed
from organic matter, cover crops and manure. We are coming to believe
that it is the processes involved in the decomposition of fresh organic
matter, the transitory products that are formed and the physical, chem-
ical and biological effects produced, rather than the humus residue left
behind, that constitute the great value derived from adding organic
matter to soils. As one of the eastern experiment station men recently
expressed the matter, "It is the current of organic matter flowing
through the soil rather than the humus residue formed that constitutes
the chief value of green manuring."

Following this line of reasoning it is easy to see why it is necessary to
make frequent applications of organic matter. As Dean Himt has said,
the chief object in soil management should be to keep the soil virgin. It
is w^ell known that virgin soils generally contain more or less organic
matter in a partially decomposed condition. In the state of nature the
grasses, weeds and leaves fall and become incorporated with the soil,
thus continually adding fresh supplies of organic matter. In its decom-
position the soil is kept in the state we call virgin, and so far as soil
organic matter is concerned the closer we imitate nature b}^ frequent
applications of organic matter, the better.

During recent years much effort and thought have been directed
towards supplying deficiencies of the soil by the use of commercial fer-
tilizers and, to some extent, of cover crops. It is outside my present
])urpose to discuss the wisdom of these practices further than to point
out that cover cropping with a legume is fundamental to soil main-
tenance in fruit culture in California. In the larger aspects of the
question, however, when we consider the soil of the State as a whole, the
systems now being generally employed are only temporary so far as
maintaining the soil is concerned ; fertilizers have played, and certainly
will continue to play, a prominent part; cover cropping and mulching
are likewise valuable, but inherently the great agricultural need of Cali-
foi-nia, both from the standpoint of soil maintenance and economic
stability, is aiversiiicaiion.

At the present time only a small percentage of the arable land of Cali-
fornia is devoted to fruit culture, and the use of organic materials and

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 27

iiiaiinre. each of which is produced on lands not devoted to fruit culture,
iu tlie last analysis, roli.s these lands of fertility to which they arc
entitled. The system reminds us of the experiences of China, where the
upper central tablelands have been largely denuded of vegetation and
depleted of fertility by the leaching and eroding action of the streams
which In-ing down silt and delu'is, depositing it on the lower lands. It
is the lowlands of China ;dong the river l)nsins that are so fertile today,
and not the uplands.

As stated above, this State needs diversification, and this has been the
case at cue time or another in almost every extensive agricultural section
of the world. The fertility of the soils as a whole can not be maintained
without it. Years ago the black prairie soil of Illinois was thought to
be inexhaustible, but the ccntinuous culture of corn reduced the crop
producing powers until today crop rotation is coming to be generally
practiced. Diversification and crop rotation are advantageous not alone
because they contribute towards the distribution of chance and make
stable markets, but because a higher type of soil maintenance is made
possible than under any single crop system. The maintenance of humus
in soils is an extremely difficult matter if the system employed be
divorced from live stock farming. The use of farm manures lies at the
very foundation of permanent soil maintenance, and in the east is con-
sidered a fundamental essential to the upkeep of the soil.

Imagine the security and stability of agriculture that would ensue in
this State if, instead of there being large tracts of land devoted exclu-
sively to grain or fruits, as at present, w^e had a type of mixed farming
in which different crops, including fruits, grains and legumes, with live
stock, were grown on each farm. With such a system the purchase of
manure and straw would become largely unnecessary and the amounts
of manure could be regulated according to the needs.

It has been said that about three generations of farmers are necessary
to the development of a stable agriculture in any community, and it is
certain that the fertility of virgin soils in many sections has been greatly
reduced before a permanent system was evolved. We are likely to
think that in fruit culture, commercial fertilizers can take the place of
organic matter; but I venture to assert that such will hardly be found
to be the case. In fact, there is no extensive area in any portion of the
world on which a single cultivated crop has been produced continually
without a reduction either in the fertility of the soil, or that of other
lands near by. In Hawaii, for instance, the sugar growers thought for
years that their yields could be maintained by fertilization, but the time
has already arrived when the demand for fresh supplies of organic
matter has been so keenly felt that today their greatest problem is con-
cerning this matter. Much of the energy of their staff of scientists is
being devoted to this problem. Their soils, however, contain much
greater quantities of humus than California soils. In spite of this fact,
fresh sui)p]ies greatly increase the yields. i\Iuch of the difficulty met
with in the maintenance of our soils Avould be obviated l)y mixed farm-
ing, and greater economic stability would certainly result.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycologieal
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harry S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under tlie act of July 16, 1894.

The Law Governing the Shipment of Plants and Plant Products by
Parcel Post. — T-vvo of the county horticultural connnissioners have
informed us that postnia.sters in their counties are not vigilant in obey-
ing the law governing the shipment of plants and plant products by
parcel post in forwarding such parcels to in.spection centers, as the law
directs. This new law adds three important functions to the duties of
the county horticultural commissioner. It is necessary for him to
inspect all of these shipments, and he may well act to acquainf the post-
masters that all plants and plant products are to be inspected, and if
the shipment arrives at a point that has not been designated an inspec-
tion center, it must then be sent to the nearest point where an inspector
is located. All the postmasters have been informed regarding the
inspection centers. Again, in case any postmaster is known to be
remiss in his duty, the county horticultural commissioner, indeed, any
person, will be doing the fruit growers and the State a signal service if
such information is sent to Mr. A. M. Dockery, Third Assistant Post-
master General, Washington, D. C. — A. J. C.

Special Potato Convention, Placerville. — The first of the ten special
potato conventions to be held this present winter occurred at Placerville
December 29th. Messrs. Eugene Grugg, author and expert in potato
culture, E. H. Phreaner and A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horti-
culture, addressed the meeting. The attendance was large, and the
interest manifested was most encouraging. It was fortunate that the
first meeting was held in El Dorado County, the home of Mr. Phreaner,
who took the sweep.stakes at the great exposition on his potatoes and
the first prize of $100.00 for the most and best potatoes grown on one
acre this past season. Mr. Phreaner is also one of the four or five
potato growers in the State who have produced certified seed under the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 29

excellent law passed by the recent legislature. It is interesting to know
that five potato growers in El Dorado County have expressed their
intention to grow certified seed the coming season, as many as entered
the list in the whole State this past year. We can only hope tliat at each
meeting as much interest Avill be shown, and that in the season of 1916
there will be tons of certified potato seed instead of bushels, enough to
fill the demand, although we can hardly expect such a result. Certified
seed under the law will not only prove a godsend to the potato industry,
but it will swell the income of the producer, for sound seed has double
or triple the value of that usually sold in the market. No one can
afford to plant diseased potato seed, if sound seed is obtainable, I may
say, at almost any price. — A. J. C.

The Woolly Aphis on Pear. — The avooIIv aphis problem has become
of so mucli importance that we are publishing the following letter sent
to the county horticultural connuissioners for the sake of giving the
matter further publicity :

December 15, 1915.

Dear Sir: Your attention is called to the fact that the woolly or root aphis of
the pear is an extremely destructive pest in many of the better pear growing sections
of the State, having been found plentifully in eleven counties. In several of these
counties it is rated as the worst insect pest that occurs on this fi'uit. It is now
thought to be an entirely different species than the common woolly louse of the
apple, and its habits of attack certainly bear out this contention. It is seldom seen
above the ground on pear trees, while the habit of the apple species is to attack both
root and branches. Inspection to detect its presence on pear must therefore be made
of the root system, and the greatest care is necessary.

As the occurrence of this insect is general, we would urge the most careful inspec-
tion of pear nursery stock, both at points of shipment and delivery within j-our
county, and wish to lay special emphasis upon the necessity for detecting it at the
nttrsery tvhile stock is icing dug, and insisting upon treatment before trees arc
shipped.

Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas in a tight box or house, using 1 ounce of
potassium cyanide, 1 fluid ounce of sulphuric acid and 3 fluid ounces of water to
every 100 cubic feet of space, exposing the trees to the gas for 45 minutes is recom-
mended as an effective treatment which will not injure the trees. Sodium cyanide
may be substituted for the potassium, using 1 ounce to 1* fluid ounces sulphuric acid
and 2 ounces water. Instead of fumigation "Black Leaf 40," 1 part to SOO parts of
water, combined with either whale oil soap, 5 pounds or more to 100 gallons of water,
or 1 per cent distillate emulsion, may be used. This mixture may be applied either
as a spray or dip. If spraj^ed upon the trees a heavy pressure and nozzle giving a
driving spray should be used, and the greatest care would be necessary to treat every
portion of the root system in particular ; and as an additional safeguard the tops
should be sprayed also. If dipping instead of spraying is the method employed, roots
should be immersed long enough to allow liquid to penetrate ; fifteen minutes has
been recommended by some. As this long immersion entails extra work and loss of
time, it is suggested that a heavy sousing be given by violently forcing the roots
through the liquid for a number of times.

The State office has been urged to help with the problem, and fully realizing its
importance is asking your careful attention to the matter discussed in this letter.

Very truly yours,

A. J. Cook,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.

30

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Green Spot of Orange. — In the September, 1915, number of The
IMonthly Bulletin may be found an article by Professor H. S. FaAvcett,
entitled ''Spotting of Citrus Fruits." This article gives the results
of experimental work proving that the oil from the rind coming in
contact with the surface of the fruit produces the characteristic spot-
ting. Recently the subject of spotting has received considerable
attention by growers and packers in the Fair Oaks section, who
noticed a very general injury to oranges picked early in the season,
and there was much speculation as to the cause.

Some experimental work by Mr. E. J. Vosler and the writer gave
exactly the same results as that done by Professor Fawcett. The
accompanying illustration shows the result of placing some oil from

Fig. 14. — Green spot produced on orange by smearing the
oil from the peel of another orange on the surface of the
fruit when green. (Original.)

another orange on the surface of a fruit without bruising in the least.
This orange, after being treated, was placed on a shelf in the labora-
tory and the typical spot developed within twenty-four hours. In
this case there was no moisture present exce])t. that of the ordinary
steam-heated room. A half dozen fruits treated all developed typical
cases.

It is interesting to note that experiments conducted in a grove at
Fair Oaks, to determine the effect of the oil upon oranges before
being i)icked, proved that the same injury would result but not to
quite so severe a degree. Some fruit treated on the south side of a
tree where the oil rapidly evaporated caused no injury, while on the
north side several typical cases resulted.

The fact that injury may occur to fruit on the trees makes it douI)ly
advisable to prune in such a way as to avoid all possible bruising of
the fruit, before picking, from Avinds, etc., for such bruising may
result in the liberation of oil and consequent spotting. — G. P. W.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

31

A Timely Bulletin. — rrofessor II. S. Fawcett has placod us under
renewed obligation to liiin in ])r(>i);ii'injj^ Unlletin No. 2f)2, University
of California. This l)roehure eonipares eitrus troubles — fungoid. l)ac-
terial, pliysiological and insect ravages of citrus trees — in California
with those of Florida, Cuba and Isle of Pines. We are pleased to
note that we are free of many serious ills that our Gulf coast neigh-
bors are called on to fight. No doubt, our efficient (piarantinc service
is largely responsible for this happy riddance. Our strict quarantine
has doubtless s.aved us from stem-end rot, another stage of ]\Ielanose,
which Professor Fawcett declares to be the most common and trouble-
some rot of citrus fruit in Florida next to blue and green mould. In
speaking of eitrus canker the statement is made that it is by far the
worst disease that has ever yet affected the citrus industry. We are
interested to learn that this scourge is bacterial rather than fungous,
as has generally been claimed.

The bulletin contains on the closing pages very instructive tables
comparing insects and diseases on citrus trees in California, Florida,
and Cuba, respectively. We summarize as follows:

CITRUS INSECT PESTS OF CALIFORNIA, FLORIDA, AND CUBA.

Total

number of

insects

reported

Important
insects

Insects
important

at times
or in few
localities

Insects
unimportant

Insects not

known to

occur

California _ _ _ ._

26
34

25

8

i

11
2
5

9

14
6

4

3

10

4

5

6

riorida - _- . _ - . _

3

Cuba

4

Florida pests not found in Cali-
fornia _- _. .

Cuban pests not found in Cali-
fornia -

1

DISEASES OF CITRUS TREES IN CALIFORNIA, FLORIDA, AND CUBA.

Total

number of

diseases

reported

Number of

diseases

found in

Florida and

not In
California

Number of
diseases
found in
Cuba and

not in
Oaliforula

California

29

28
21

Florida -

13

Cuba -- -- -

9

Total diseases not found in California, 22.

These tables emphasize strikingly the need of a Avell equipped and
efficient ciuarantine service. — A. J. C.

Interesting- Experiments. — In Pnlletin No. 273 of the Department
of Agriculture, (m the dispersion of gypsy moth larva? or caterpillars
by wind, some surprising facts are recorded. Tanglefoot traps were

32 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

used in the experiments. In one case 289 freshly hatched caterpillars
were caught on a surface of 977 square feet, the larvte having been
carried by wind from one-eighth of a mile to over one mile. In
another capture 346 caterpillars were caught on the sticky surface
of 1,614 square feet, blown a distance of from one-eighth of a mile
to thirteen and one-half miles.

It will be remembered that similar experiments were tried by
County Commissioner H. P. Stabler, to ascertain the effect of wind
in spreading the wee mites (red spiders). It goes without saying
that we must take account of the action of wind in insect dispersion.
This argues forcibly for community action in fighting our insect pests.
Is not a neglectful neighborhood really a nuisance? — A. J. C.

THE MONTH! J Y BULLETIN.

33

THE MEXICAN BEAN WEEVIL.

By Ei>w. O. Amundsen.

A Mexicuii l)can ]\llo^vll as "Guaiinichile" (pi-oiiimiK-cd wha-moo-
chile), is often found infested by a weevil, Bruchus limhatus. Fig. 15.

The bean is "hot," as indicated by the ending, "ehile. " It is flat,
hard, black and ii'lossy. inoa.siu'es al)ont three-eighths of an ineh in diam-

FiG. 15. — The Mexican bean weevil, Bruchus
limbatus ; a, dorsal view; b, ventral view.
Nine times enlarged. (Original.)

eter, and is rather irregularly shaped (Fig. 16). The bean is com-
pletely enveloped in a yellowish, oily pulp which is eaten raw by the
natives with evident relish. This covering of pulp is shown in Fig. 16.

Fig. 16. — Tlie Guamucliile bean: a, infested beans re-
. moved from tlie pulp ; b, sliowing the oily, yellowisli pulp
whicli envelops the bean. Natural size. (Original.)

The pn1i)-eov(n'od beans are borne in pods, which are four to six inches
long, five to eight beans in a pod. (Fig. 17.)

The weevil, Bruchus limha(us, is found in seeds of other legumes and,
if unchecked, renders tliciii unfit for food or seed. Even though the
weevils are killed, the iMnl)ryo of the seed is in many cases devoured by
the larva and consequently does not germinate.

34

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

LIFE -HISTORY.

The eggs are laid upon the pods while the latter are quite small.
The larv£e, shortly after hatching, bore into the pods and into the beans.
The hole in the growing bean soon closes np with the larva inside and

Fig. 17.

-The pod of the Guamuchile bean.
reduced. (Original.)

Slightly

continuing to feed. Just before going into the pupal stage the larva
eats its way up to the outer membrane of the bean, leaving just a thin
circular pellicle in such shape that the adult can easily push it out when
emerging.

The larva is a white grub, one-fifth of an inch long.

The pupa is that of a typical Bruchid.

CONTROL.

Fumigation with carbon bisulphide is generally recognized as the
best treatment for the infested beans. It seems impossible to prevent
the oviposition of eggs in the pods while in the field. It may be sug-
gested that the following method will help to abate the nuisance : Dis-
infect all beans before planting in a closed container, using one pound
to 1,000 cubic feet of space. Do not seed in soil which had beans on it
the previous year.

Unless the weevils are destroyed very soon after the crop is gathered,
they riddle the beans and finally leave practically nothing but the
covering.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

35

SOME NOTES ON THE CATALINA CHERRY MOTH.

By 10. J. Branigax.

While doing some field work for the State Inseetary in Lo.s Angeles
County last August, I came across some fruit of the Catalina cherry
(Primus integrifoUa) at Sierra Madre, badly infested with the larvae of
a moth very nuieh resembling the codling moth. Adults were reared
and later sent to Dr. A. L. Quaintanee of the Bureau of Entomology in
Washington, who determined them as Mellissopus latiferreana Walsing-
ham.

Tlie adult in size and appearance is very similar to the codling moth.
It differs, however, in color, being a duskj^ terra cotta, while the two
marks on the wings are brown, with bronze reflections.

The eggs resemble those of the codling moth in color, size and general
appearance, and are laid on the fruit.

The larvas are also like those of the codling moth, excepting in color.
They are a very light shade of pink when fully matured, the earlier
stages being a dusk}^ white.

Fig. is. — The adult of the Catalina cherry
nioth, MelUssoi)us latiferreana Wa.lsinsham,
on cheiry. Aliout natural size. (Photo Ijy
Harolfl Compere. )

The insect pupates in the ground just at the siu'face. The cocoon is
made of silk, with an outside coating of pebbles and sand. The pupa
itself is at first a light yellow, but with age turns to a dark brown.
Like the codling moth, this insect passes the winter in the larval stage
within the cocoon.

I collected one cocoon, which contains the small white cocoons of a
Microgasterine parasite. The adults, however, had emerged.

36

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The infestation was very heavy. The larva works both in the meat
of the fruit and within the seed itself, which is comparatively very
large, occupying three-fourths of the inside of the cherry. The cherry

Fig. 19. — The larva of the Catalina cherry
moth in the meat of the cherry, also showing
the pupal skin of this species. About natural
size. (Photo by Harold Compere.)

averages about the size of the cultivated species of cherry. The larva
seems to have a preference for the seed, the shell of which is not very
hard.

The distribution is said to be from Maine to California.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

37

CALENDAR OF INSECT PESTS AND
PLANT DISEASES.

By E. J. VosLER.

[Under the above heading the author aims to give brief, popular descriptions and
methods of controlling insect pests and plant diseases as nearly as possible just prior
to or at the time when the suggestions given should be carried into effect by the
growers.]

The Peach Twig Borer.

The principal liosts of the peach twig borer are tlu; peach, plum,
apricot and the aliiiOTid. The larvas of this insect bore into the young
buds and tender slioots, and later on enter the fruit at the stem end,

^ ^^

Fig. 20. — The peach twig borer. Top:
a, limb showing location of the hibernating
quarters ; b, chimneys thrown up in con-
structing the hibernating quarters, en-
larged ; c, larva in its quarters ; d, larva
enlarged. Bottom : a, young shoot killed
by the larva ; b, larva ; c, pupa ; d, pos-
terior tip of pupa. Lines show natural
sizes. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dept. Agric.)

often completely encircling the pit and rendering the fruit unsalable.
The worm that is found so commonly boring into the hulls of almonds
while still on the tree is the larva of the twig borer.

The larva or worm varies in color from a dusky white to a brown, the
head and the first three segments being of a blackish color. It is about
one-half inch in length when full grown.

38

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The life history of the peach twig borer is in brief as follows : The
insect passes the winter in minute burrows made in the bark and located
principally in the crotches of the limbs. Tiny silken tubes, covered with
chewed bark, project upwards from the burrows, and the extent of the
infestation can be determined by the number of these tubes. In the
early spring the larvae come out to feed on the tender shoots. They
become full grown about May, passing the resting stage in crotches in
the bark. The adults emerge about one week after pupation.

The use of a commercial preparation of lime-sulphur, diluted one
part to ten parts of water, just before the buds are opening, will give

Fig. 21. — Apples disfigrired by the attacks of the
purple apple aphis when the fruit was young.
Tliese were picked at harvest time. Reduced one-
half. (After Essig, Injurious and Beneficial Insects
of Cal. Supplement to the Mo. Bui. Cal. Hort.
Oornm., Vol. IV, No. 4.)

excellent result.s. This solutioii already prepared can be obtained from
the various insecticide dealers. This spray will not only control the
twig borer, but also peaeh leaf curl, and several other diseases.

The Purple and the Green Aphides.

Two important plant lice working upon young apple shoots are the
purple and the green aphides. The young fruits are discolored and the
leaves curled by the attack of these lice. The former species causes the
fruit to assume all sorts of abnormal shapes as well as checking its
growth so that it does not attain to commercial size. The winter is
passed in the egg stage, and eggs being deposited on twigs in the fall.
P. R. Jones,* in a preliminary report on spraying the eggs of these

♦Monthly Bulletin, Cal. Hort. Comm., Vol. 4. No. 1, page 2 0. -

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 39

aphides, recommends spraying the trees, just before the buds start to
show green, with commercial crude oil emulsion, one part to nine parts
of water or one part to ten part^ of water (when the concentrate con-
tains about 85 per cent of crude oil) ; home-made crude oil emulsion
from 10 to 15 jier cent strength, made from a crude oil running from
19 degrees to 23 degrees Baume; connnercial lime-sulphur solution, one
p/art to six parts of water. The distillate oil emulsion, if used, should
be made of heavy distillate, so diluted that the material when sprayed
(111 the trees will run from 7 to 8 per cent oil.

MISCELLANEOUS.
The Potato Eelworm.

About 500 species of plants are known to be subject to the attack of
the eelworm. In this list we find fruit trees, almost all of our vegetables,
clover, alfalfa and many of our common weeds.

The ad\dt female eelworm, which is whitisli or darkish in color, is
flask .shaped, and is about I/2.5 "ich in length. The adult male is spindle
shaped, and is much smaller than the female. The illustration shows
the effect of eelworm attack on potatoes. If a tuber is cut across the
location of the colonies will be visible as small dark spots, just inside the
peel. The surface of a badly infested eelworm potato is uneven or wart-
like. These colonies are seldom more than -| inch under the surface of a
potato. Infested tubers are unfit for seed and should be rigorousl}-
excluded.

No practical means of control are known. Rotation of crops, not
sul)ject to the attack of the eelworm, should be practiced.

PLANT DISEASES.
What Are Fungi?

The organisms known as fungi belong to the lowest forms of plant
life, and among the fungi are some of the most important enemies of
our fruit trees. Examples of destructive fungi are peach blight, peach
leaf curl, potato scab, gummosis of citrus trees, shot-hole fungi, apricot
rust, toadstools, and brown rot of stone fruits.

A fungus consists generally of a mass of branching filaments, Avhich
penetrate the tissues of the host from which it obtains its nourishment.
It may secrete a poisonous substance, which will cause that part of the
host attacked to die, or to become destroyed. From the filaments or
mycelium the reproductive structures are formed at certain times, these
giving off spores which spread the disease to other plants, the cari'ving
agencies being wind, water, animals, etc. It is to kill these spores that
we spray, so that we may check the disease before the spores germinate
and enter the host. Spraying will not be effective after the filaments
liave entered the host.

There are thousands of species of fungi, and their study must neces-
sarity be a big item to the orchardist. He should procure a work on
fungos diseases and become familiar with them in a general way, in
order to treat them intelligently.

40

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Fig. 22. — Potatoes showfng the work of the common nematode or potato eelworm.
The section shows the colonies of tlie eelworms in the tubers. (After Essig, Injurious
and Beneficial Insects of Cal., Supplement to the Mo. Bui. Cal. Hort. Comm., Vol. IV,
No. 4.)

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

41

PLANT DISEASES.
Peach Blight.

A very common destructive disease of the peach and aimoud in Cali-
fornia is the fundus causing the peach biifjht.

The effect of this fungus is to produce a shot-hole effect on the leaves,
to kill the fruit buds, spot the young twigs, to cause the fruit to drop
and, in a general way. to retard the dfivelopmont of the trees. Gunnning
usually a('('()iii[t;inics an attack by this fungus.

Fig. 23. — Germinating spores of the fungus causing the bh^clv rot of the navel
orange. The long tliread-like filament sent out from eacli spore is Icnown as the
mycelium of the fungus. (After Amundsen, Mo. Bui. Cal. Hort. Comm., Vol. 2.)

The second spraying for its control shoidd be applied just before the
buds open in the spring, the first having been made in the fall. Use
lime-sulphur solution, home-made or commercial. Dilute according to
the strength of solution, which can be determined with a Baiune
hydrometer. A table of dilutions may be found on page 557 of the
December IMonthly Bulletin. The ordinary commercial lime-sulphur
runs about 33 degrees Baume, and should be applied, one part to nine
parts of water. The concentrated lime-sulphur can be purchased from
any insecticide dealer. Spraying followed by rain within twenty-four
hours should be repeated. The second spraying will also control peach
twig borer, and leaf curl, another disease of the peach, if properly
applied. Thoroughness in spraying, as well as in other orchard work,
pays well.

42

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Peach Leaf Curl.

Leaf curl is another fungous enemy of the peach. It has a wide dis-
tribution in California.

Duggar* gives the symptoms of leaf curl attack as follows :

' ' The idea generally prevails that the leaf curl occurs only upon
leaves and young branches, but the flowers and young fruit are lilie-
wise subject to attack. Since in the latter case the deformations
are less conspicuous, and dropping of the parts affected is more
prompt, it has often escaped attention. Leaves of the peach

Fig. 24. — Peach tree showing the effecLs of a bad attack of curl leaf. (After
Weeks, Mo. Bui. Cal. Hort. Comm., Vol. I, No. S.)

affected by this fungus may be detected as soon as the leaf Ijuds
have become slightly unfolded. The coloring of the young leaves
is somewhat heightened, and as they unfold a curling and arching
of the blades becomes i:>rominent. The distortion may be confined
to a small area on one leaf as one extreme, or it may occur on all
leaves and petioles, as well as on the young stem which bears these.
As the leaves mature the green or reddish color is lost and the
hj^pertrophied areas l)ecome pale in color. Further changes in the
external appearance have been noted in a gray or mealy appear-
ance of the surface, which occurs as a result of the production of
the fimgus superficially. Later the affected leaves turn brown and
are finally defoliated. When defoliation is extensive the fruit crop

* Fungous diseases of plants.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 43

will either be lost entirely or so stunted as to be of little value.
Under favorable condition.s a new crop of leaves will be promptly
developed, but there is little or no evidence that this second crop of
leaves may be affected even to a very limited extent. Gummy
exudations sometimes appear on the enlarged twigs, particularly
when the enlargement is not terminal. In case the terminal bud is
not affected it may continue to grow later in tlie season, thus leaving
the injured or swollen portion at the base of the new growth. It
was formerly supposed that this fungus was very largely propa-
gated by a perennating mycelium, or by infections resulting during
the summer and persisting in the woody parts until the following
season, but * * * infections must generally occur as the buds
unfold. The percentage resulting from a mycelium remaining alive
in the hypertrophied twigs is very small. The badly affected twig
dies and the mycelium with it. From other affected twigs diseased
leaf buds are seldom produced. ' '

As the fungus works within the tissvies where no fungicide can
destroy it, and as infection in the spring results from the spores which
have been caught in the bud scales, spraying should be performed before
the spores germinate and the filaments of the fungus penetrate the
tissues of the host. This time is just before the opening of the buds
and lime-sulphur solution, one to ten of water, sprayed thoroughly on
the trees, will control it effectively. As stated before, this spraying will
control the brown mite to a certain extent, blight, shot-hole fungus and
twig borer.

Fusarium Wilt of the Potato.

The Fusarium causes a decay of the stems and tubers. The potato
grower can determine whether his potato seed is affected by cutting oft'
the tubers near the stem end. If diseased there will be a brown ring
just inside the peel. Do not plant affected tubers, as there will be much
loss in the yield. Plant clean seed in clean soil. Rotation is important,
as the fungus will live over in the soil. Seed can not be treated for this
disease, so it must be carefully selected.

Potato Scab.

One of the potato diseases which is an important factor in the reduc-
tion of a good crop is the scab fungus. It causes a scabby appearance
on the surface of the tuber, thus injuring the commercial value of the
product, as well as cutting down yield. Soil in which scabby potatoes
have been produced should be planted to some other crop for several
5'ears, as the fungus will live over in the soil and reinfest the tubers,
even if care has been taken to plant disease-free seed. Plant in clean
soil and treat all seed for one hour in a solution made by dissolving
four ounces of corrosive sublimate in thirty gallons of water.

44 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE 2 imk g DIVISION.

Report for the Month of November, 1915.

By Frederick Maskew.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 75

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 3,063

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 231,740

Fumigated 3,601

Refused admittance 175

Contraband destroyed 41

Total parcels horticultural imports for tlie month 235,557

Pests Intercepted.

From Belgium —

Aleyrodes sp. and larvse of Thrips sp. on azaleas.

Coccus hesperidwn, Aspidiotus britannicus and Pseudococcus citrophilus on bays.

From Fiji —

Pseudococcus sp. on cocoanut palms.

From Guatemala —

Cerataphis lataniw. Pseudococcus sp., Diaspis hoisduvalii, Chrysomphalus aonidum
and Coccus Jiesperiduin on orchids.

From Hawaii —

Pseudococcus hromelice and Diaspis bromeliw on pineapples.
Coccus longulus on betel leaves.
Coccid on green cocoanuts.

From Japan —

Chionaspis citri and fungus on pomelocs.
Lepidopterous larvse in chestnuts.
Aphis sp. on potted plant.

From Mexico —

Calandra oryzm and Bruchus sp. in garbanzos.

From Pennsylvania —

Cerataphis latanim on palm.

From Tahiti —

Pseudococcus sp. on pineapples.

Larvse of weevil in sweet potatoes.

Morganella maskelU on oranges.

Aphis sp., Psylla sp., Aspidiotus sp., and Pseudococcus sp. on potted plants

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 45

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships Inspected 34

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 150,279J

Fumigated 2,2715

Refused admittance 10

Contraband destroyed 7

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 152,568

Pests Intercepted.
From Belgium —

Aspidiotus hederw on Kentia palms.

Coccus hesperidum on Dracena palms.

Coccus hesperiduin on Phcenix robelinia.

Hemichionaspis aspidistra on Aspidistra lurida.

Pseudococcus sp., Coccus hesperidtim. Aspidiotus britannicus on bay trees.

Aleyrodes sp., Lepidopterous larvae and cocoons on azaleas.

From Central America —

Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Cuba —

Saissetia hemisphcerica on cycads.

From Holland — •

Lepidosaphes ulmi on Buxus.

From Idaho —

Codling moth larvae on apples.
Rhizoctonia and scab on potatoes.

From Mexico —

Calandra sp. in garbanzos.
Chrysoynphalus sp. on cocoanuts.

From New Jersey —

Chrysomphalus aonidum, Cerataphis lata^tiw, Chrysomphalus scutiformis and
Pseudococcus sp. on orchids.

From New York —

Pscudococctis sp. on Cape jessamine.

From Olnio — -

Aspidiotiis perniciosus on apples.

From San Salvadoi —

Howardia biclavis on Aguacata amis.

From Venezuela —

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi and Diaspis boisduvalii on orchids.

From Washington —

Cydia pomonella on apples.

SAN DIEGO STATION.
Steamship and baggage inspection:

Sliips inspected 23

Fish boats inspected 51

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 39

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 10,232i

Fumigated 2 J

Refused admittance ; 2J

Contraband destroyed 3

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 10,240

46 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Pests Intercepted.
From Iowa —

Crown gall on nursery stock.

From Mexico —

Lepidosaphes beckii and Lepidosaphes gloverii on oranges.
Drosophila sp. in cucumbers.

From New Jersey —

Psendococcus longispinus on ferns.
Parlatoria pergandii on orchids.

EUREKA STATION.
Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 5

Horticultural imports: Plants

20,302

SANTA BARBARA STATION.
Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected l 2

No horticultural imports.

PROGRAM

Forty-eighth CaUfornia State Fruit
Growers' Convention

FORTY EIGHTH CALIFORNIA STATE FRUIT GROWERS'

CONVENTION.

The following is the program for the Forty-eighth California State Fruit
Growers' Convention, to be held at San Bernardino February 18 and 19, 1916, in
conjunction with the National Orange Show and under the auspices of the State
Commission of Horticulture. This will be a special citrus convention and should
be attended by every citrus grower in the State.

There will also be a special meeting for the apple growers at San Bernardino
February 19th. J\Ir. Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy State Commissioner of Horti-
culture,'will have charge of this meeting. The program for this session is appended.

Friday, February 18, 9:30 A. M.

Address of Welcome.

Response. Dr. A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento.

Citrus Culture in Butte County. F. Mason, Oroville.

Citrus Culture in Sacramento County

W. W. HiNSEY, Fairoaks Fruit Company, Fairoaks.

Citrus Culture in Tulare County. Hobart Webster, Porterville.

Discussion of Certain Phases of Pomelo Culture.

A. D. ShamEL, United States Department of Agriculture.

Friday, February 18, 1 :30 P. M.

The Value of a Good Brand. C. C. Chapman, Fullerton.

The Valencia Orange. Byron Clarke, Paradise.

Citrus Culture in Mexico. Professor D. L. Crawford, Pomona College, Claremont.
Why Citrus Growers Should Organize Clubs. V. V. LeRoy, Los Angeles.

Friday, February 18, 7:30 P. M.

Scale Control on Citrus Trees.

Professor H. J. Quayle, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.

Insects Injurious to the Citrus Tree.

E. O. EssiG, University of California, Berkeley.

Bird Friends and Mammal Pests of the Citrus Grower.

H. C. Bryant, State Fish and Game Commission, Berkeley.

Saturday, February 19, 9:30 A. M.

Discussion of the Lemon. Program arranged by Mr. C. C. Teague.

Lessons to be Learned from the Past Year's Experiences in the Lemon Business.

C. C. TeaguE, Limoneira Company, Santa Paula.

Renewing of Old Trees. J. D. CulbErtson, Limoneira Company, Santa Paula.

Discussion led by A. D. ShamEL.

Pruning of Young Lemon Trees. W. H. FlEET, Sespe.

Discussion led by Mr. S. B. Hampton, of Corona.

Sources of Unnecessary Decay. R. L. Wiei.its, Corona.

Discussion led by G. W. Hosford, of San Dimas.

Three

Saturday, February 19, 1:30 P. M.

Program arranged by Dr. H. J. WebbEr.

Formation of Nitrates in the Soil.

Dr. W. p. KeeeEy, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.
Movement of Nitrates in the Soil. I. G. McBeth, Riverside.

Our Present Knowledge of Citrus Fertilization.

Dr. H. J. Webber, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.

Saturday, February 19, 7:30 P. M.

The Eight to One Test for Oranges. (Speaker to be announced.)

Problems in Citrus Culture.

G. Harold PowEee, California Fruit Growers' Exchange, Los Angeles.

Discussion of Rural Credit Systems. ; Colonel Harris Weinstock, State Corn-
Marketing. \ mission Market, San Francisco.

-K -K -K -K -K -K

OFFICERS OF THE CONVENTION.

Dr. a. J. Cook, President. E. J. VoslEr, Secretary.

Railroad Rates.

A fare of one and one-third round trip rate is promised on a certificate plan.
Each person should purchase a ticket to San Bernardino and secure a certificate
from the local ticket agent. This will insure a one-third rate home, provided fifty
people take advantage of this rate. All should go by rail — not by auto — to help
secure these reduced rates.

-K -K -H -k -k -K

PROGRAM.

SPECIAL MEETING FOR APPLE GROWERS TO BE HELD AT
SAN BERNARDINO FEBRUARY 19, 1916.

Saturday, February 19, 9:30 A. M.
Pruning the Apple. J. B. Hundley, Yucaipa.

Spraying with Special Reference to the Codling Moth.

Geo. p. Weldon, Sacramento.

-.r-.- rAiro.i r^ ^■f { IsAAC Ford, Oakglen.

Varieties of Apples for Southern California. } ^, ^ ^ t^

/ K. R. Smoot, Beaumont.

Saturday, February 19, 1:30 P. M.

Cultivation and Cover Crops. W. M. Mertz^ Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside.

Packing and Marketing the Apple Crop.

F. S. Jerome, Watsonville Apple Distributors, Watsonville.

Four

COUHTIES HAVING HORTICULTURAL C0)aaSS10H>mS, WITH THE RESPECTIVS

CITIES IN WHICH THE CUUHSSlOHiKS RESIDE.

County

^r /r../.-.

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Coata

El Dorado

/•reEno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Las Ben

Lob Angeles

Madera

Mendooino

Meroed

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

City
•
Oakland
Oroville
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
Willows
Eiireka
El Centro
Bishop
Bakersf ield
Hanford
Kelseyville
3u3anville
Los Anpeles
iladora
Uklah
."erced
Alturas
Aromas
Napa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

Sac Diego

San Joaquin

San Uateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Cru2

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

City

•
Santa Ana
Bowman
Riverside
Sacramento
Hollister
San Bernardino
San Diego
Stockton ''' '^"^'■"
Redwood City /;i,r,/
Santa Bar bam
San Jose
ffatsonville
Anderson
Yreka
Santa Rosa
Uodesto
Yuba City
Red Bluff
Visalla
Ventura
Woodland
Karysville

i~ar C/iGrUsflf). -5 C

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

K. J. VOSLER Secretary

MIgS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NETWTVIAN _' Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTI, Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKBW Chief Deputy Quarantine Offlce*

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. "WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

o o

"^: •
>

o

Caxifoenia

State Printing Office

1916

VOLUME V

No. 2

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

Young wheat stems showing the effects of the work of the larvjB of the wheat straw

worm. In the middle of tlie stalk is an adult just ready to issue.

(Photo by R. W. Doane.)

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA

FEBRUARY, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page.

THE WILL AND THE WAY Frederick Maskew 47

BLIGHT-RESISTANT ROOTS— THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS

PEAR-BLIGHT CONTROL A. L. Wisker 48

WEED ERADICATION O. W. Newman 53

EELWORM PARASITES OF PLANTS Peter Frandsen GO

GENERAL NOTES—

A Suggestion — Think It Over and Talk About It. ^Frederick Mashcic G4

Concerning the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Frederick Maskew 65

"A Tribute to George Compere Frederick Maskeio 65

COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT—

The Mealy Bug of the Muscat Grape Fred K. Howard 67

THE WHEAT STRAW WORM R. W. Doane 69

THE SOFT BAMBOO SCALE E. O. EssiG 72

QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for December Frederick Maskew 74

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

Vol. V.

February, 1916.

No. 2.

THE WILL AND THE WAY.

By Frederick Maskew.

All members of the Horticultural Quarantine Service of the State of
California have been and are using their best efforts in every direction
to bring about the successful consummation of the legislation now before
congress designed to furnish federal action and federal money for the

Fig. 25. — Florida grapefruit infected with Phomopsis citri, taken
bv the quarantine officers at San Francisco, January 5, 1915. (Photo
by L. A. Whitney.)
215S2

48 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

eradication of Citrus Canker from Florida and other states of the
United States. The writer, who has been active in spreading this prop-
aganda, has predicated his arguments in support of the same on the
perhaps selfish grounds that so long as a case of this disease existed in
the United States it would always remain a source of potential danger
to the present clean citrus orchards of California. In support of this
theory we call the attention to every fruit grower in the State to the
photograph herewith reproduced.

As the illustration clearly portrays, this is a box of Florida gro^^Ti
grapefruit in the original package, and the fruit infected with Plio-
mopsis citri still in the original wrappers. Note the ingenious method
employed to evade the regulations : Wrapped in many folds of brown
paper; placed in a regulation trade apple box; nature of the contents
"Northern Spy" plainly marked on the outside (as provided), and
billed through AYells Fargo Express Company as "one box apples" by
Pearson Ryan and Company, Portland, Oregon, to T. Pearson, San
Francisco.

It would have been unction to our soul, as cpiarantine officers, to have
proceeded to the extreme in this case, but like many others diligent in
the service we have found the law — when you get the Simon-pure
article cold-drawn by a prospective prosecutor — takes cognizance of
many contingencies not apparent to a layman in the original language
of the statute. Hence in this instance we must content ourselves and
the service with giving publicity to those directly concerned in this
deliberate attempt to violate the horticultural quarantine regulations of
the State, and take comfort in the fact that while the will and the way
were present the end as conceived was prevented.

BLIGHT-RESISTANT ROOTS— THE FIRST STEP TOWARD

PEAR-BLIGHT CONTROL.*

By A. L. WiSKERj Grass Valley. California.

California's experience with pear-blight (Bacillus atnylovorus) dur-
ing the past two years has again emphasized the relative inability of
orchardists generally to control this most serious of all diseases to
which the pear is subject, and once more compels attention to the
imperative need of adopting every measure that tends toward its
suppression.

When a single grower suffers a loss of $25,000 from blight in one
season argument is unnecessary to show that the situation is serious —
particularly in view of the fact that California's pear industry, accord-
ing to the last, census, produced more money than that of any other state
in the Union, notwithstanding the fact that her nearest rival. New York,
had 50 per cent more bearing trees, and in total number had just twice
as many as California. Michigan is close behind this state in number
of bearing trees and in total number, but the value of her crop was less

♦Address before State Fruit Growers' Convention, Palo Alto, California, July 28,
1915.

THE -MOXTllLV HLLLETIX.

4'J

than one-third the value of ours. The statistics of the industry for the
three states are as follows:

state

Bcaiing trees

Total number

Bushels. 1910

Value

California

1,410,905
2,141,596
1,136,151

1,808,!J!KS
3,644,251
1,760,082

1,928,097

1,343,089

666,023

$1,660,963

New York

1,418,218

Michigan

535,771

Collectively these states produce nearly half the pears of the entire
nation.

Assuredly these figures warrant the assertion that if it pays to fight
pear blight in any part of the country it will pay doubly well to do so
here, where the industry is more profitable than in either of the other
states where production approaches that of California.

The absolute eradication of pear blight cannot be hoped for, but
blight control is a reasonable and practical expectation. Splendid work
is now being done by scientific and practical investigators in the study
of both preventive and remedial measures. The first named appear to
be of greatest promise and much research work is in progress to discover
and to breed varieties of high quality which shall be strongly blight-
resistant in root, in trunk, and in branch. It is along this line that
eventual deliverance from blight will be found, but some years must
elapse before horticulture can reap the benefit of the work now in hand.
In the meantime blight problems will continue to arise, and it is the
purpose of this paper to deal particularly with our present knowledge
of blight-resistant roots, since the elimination of blight in the under-
ground parts of trees must ever remain the first and most important
step toward pear blight control.

Probably 80 per cent of all pear trees grown in the United States
are either budded or grafted on seedlings of Pyrus communis, the wild
pear of Europe, commonly called by nurserymen the French pear.
This is the ideal root for the nurseryman, since it has perfect affinity
for all the commercial varieties, is satisfactory to ' ' work, ' ' and if prop-
agation is done by budding a high percentage of buds "take" if the
work is properly performed.

However, from the standpoint of the orchardist Pyrus commu)iis has
three serious faults : it root-suckers profusely from plow injuries, is
subject to great injury from the root aphis, and is particularly suscep-
tible to the bacteria of pear blight ; more so, in fact, than any other root
used in pear propagation. For these reasons the securing of a satisfac-
toiy substitute becomes a matter of great importance.

It is known that the pear can be grown on seedlings of the hawthorn
and the mountain ash, yet very few have been thus propagated, and
little is known of the behavior of trees thus produced. However. Dr.
Bailey states that good dwarfs can be grown on the thorn and that there
is reason to believe that some of the thorns will be preferable to quince
stocks for dwarf pears in severe climates, while the mountain ash has
been used where tlie soil is excessively sandy, and is believed to be
fairly resistant to blight.

50 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The pear may also be grown ou apple roots. In such cases the root
is somewhat blight-resistant, but the tree is short-lived and apparently
no advantage is to be found in this direction. No satisfactory pear
orchards have been produced on the apple, although top-worked trees
sometimes bear well for a few years. At Colfax, in this State, such
a tree has borne extra fine fruit for the past five years and is still
thrifty.

The affinity of some varieties of pears for the quince is well known,
and orchards of the dwarf trees thus produced are of commercial im-
portance in some parts of the country. In the production of such trees
the pear is budded on rooted quince cuttings. This root is considerably
more blight-resistant than the French pear, and is probably the best
root to use in rich soil that is excessively moist. While dwarf pears
are not in general favor in California, it is quite probable that under
certain conditions they are much to be preferred to standard trees.
Stephen Harmeling, a successful grower of AVashington, maintains that
under suitable conditions they are more profitable, and it is conceded
that they are infinitely easier to inspect and prune if an outbreak of
blight occurs in the orchard. ^Nlany varieties must be double-worked
wiien grown on quince, thus increasing the cost of trees ; but the fact
that dwarf pears bear young and yield heavily, with an improvement in
quality and shape for certain varieties, and have a measurable degree
of blight-resistance, entitles the quince root to more consideration than
it has yet received in California.

Rooted cuttings of the European-Asiatic hybrid pears, such as
Kieffer, Le Conte, Garber, and Smith, have been used to a limited extent,
but results have been generally negative. Kielfer is the most promising
of those named. Le Conte cuttings were advocated several years since
by a few California horticulturists. Of Le Conte Professor Waite says :
"It was used in general commercial propagation in the southeastern
states. It has not, however, proved particularly suitable. Bartlett
orchards * * * on these rooted cuttings have gone down with the
blight very seriously in Virginia and Maryland." Personally I have
little confidence in rooted cuttings of these hybrids, but think there is a
most hopeful field for experiment in testing rooted cuttings of certain
varieties of European blood that have shown practically complete
immunity to blight.

We have now to consider the root that in the present state of our
knowledge appears to present the greatest combination of advantages
of any of the roots having blight-resistant qualities — the Japan pear,
Pyrus sinensis, the wild pear of Asia. Some nurserymen mistakenly
refer to this root as "blight-proof"; it is not, but it is strongly blight-
resistant. There is no blight-proof root thus far knowTi to horticulture.

The use of this root extends over a relatively short period, and it is a
matter of regret that we have no authoritative literature bearing upon
the subject in a broad way, and no knowledge of any scientific observa-
tions extending over a period sufficient to w^arrant our arriving at
wholly definite conclusions. Because no such analytical study of the
subject is available I have been compelled to weigh the opinions of
numerous observers, both scientific and practical, and to interpret them
in the light of my own personal experience, which in itself is too limited
to allow me to reach positive convictions. On most points the views

'11 IK MONTHLY BULLETIN.

51

of the various scientific observers harmoiii/,(^ and tlio following seem to
be generally accepted as facts :

1. The Japan seedling is of vigorous habit, frequently making more
thrifty growth than the French. (Professor Waite believes the Asiatic
pear and its hybrids make better growth in the east than on the
Pacific Coast.)

2. Japan seedlings in the nursery are much less sub.ject to the leaf-
blight fungus {Entomosporium maculatunt) than French. (Watson,

Fig. 26. — Pear tree treateil for prai- bliKlit. Entire side
of trunk removed. (After Gammon, Mo. Bui. Cal. Hort.
Com.)

the great seedling nurseryman, statas that French seedlings will some-
times be completely defoliated by this disease when adjacent rows of
Japan show no sign of infection and snifer no impairment of vigor.)

52 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

3. Japan roots have but little tendency to sucker. French roots
sucker readily from plow injury, and blight-infection of such suckers
speedily reaches the main roots of the tree.

4. The pear root aphis — the most serious insect enemy of the tree
when oTo\^-n on French roots — does comparatively little injury to the
Japan root.

5. While Japan seedlings vary in their resistance to blight, as do the
French, and show different degrees of resistance in different parts of the
country, their average resistance is much greater than any other root
now in use. This resistance has not been reduced to the terms of a
mathematical ratio, but the difference is so great that it is believed to
afford relative immunity to root blight in Pacific Coast orchards grown
on Japan roots. Their blight-resistant quality is less pronounced in
the New England states, and Professor Waite has observed considerable
blight injury to Japan-root trees in New York. Their behavior in the
south, southeast and southwest has been as satisfactory as on the
Pacific Coast.

6. The Japan root will make vigorous growth with less soil moisture
than the French. It should, therefore, prove particularly valuable in
all irrigated districts — especially throughout the foothill section — and
in all dry soils. Important districts in Nevada and Placer counties
that have to pay high water rates, and certain districts that have no
irrigation facilities, should adopt this root exclusively, since it not only
is adapted to their dryer soils but is strongly resistant to their worst
insect pest — the root louse — which in some localities is more to be feared
than blight. This root is better adapted to dry, warm climates than the
French but its behavior in extremely severe northern climates is yet
to be learned.

The opinions of nurserymen differ widely as to the Japan root,
and after extended correspondence I have concluded that the average
nurseryman has made but little study of the subject. Prejudice, selfish-
ness, and ignorance was reflected in a number of the answers. One
California nurseryman, who had only French root trees to sell, stated
that Japan roots dwarfed the growth — than which no statement could
be farther from the truth.

It is generally believed that the affinity between the Japan root and
some of the European varieties is less pronounced than that of the
French, and some nurserymen claim that not so high a percentage of
buds will "take" on the Japan stock, thus making the tree more expen-
sive to propagate. One Washington nurseryman discarded the root for
this reason, having no other criticism.

It will take several years of experimental work to conclusively deter-
mine these points. In our nursery at Grass Valley we have only worked
Anjou, Bartlett. Comice and Forelle on Japan stocks, but our stand was
satisfactory when the work was carefully done. In our work with the
varieties mentioned it seems that Anjou has not "taken" quite as
readily as the others, but that may be due to some cause not determined.
Where the bud "takes" at all we find the union to be perfect and in
every sense satisfactory. However, a Newcastle nursery is said to have
had difficulty getting a satisfactory union, but that is a point upon
which all nurserymen who replied to the question claim to have had no
difficulty. Mr. Barnieott of Newcastle strongly endorses the Japan root

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 53

after several years' use in his nursery work, but California nurserymen
generally have grown relatively few Japan-root trees.

Oregon nurserymen use Japan roots very largely and this stock is
also in favor in Washington. It has been used for twent^'-eight years
by AV. T. Hood & Co. of Richmond, Virginia. Other prominent nursery-
men who have found the root satisfactory, are Stark Bros., Chase
Nursery Co., Franklin Davis Nursery Co., William P. Stark, Skinner
& Co.. Shenandoah Nurseries, Oregon Nursery Co., Watson & Co., and
Milton Nursery Co.

The Japan root probably has one serious disadvantage — under condi-
tions of excessive soil saturation it may be injured by root rot. If pear
orchards on blight-resistant roots are desired, in such soils it may be
best to grow dwarf pears on quince roots. Notwithstanding this one
disadvantage of Japan, and the fact that it may be a little more expen-
sive to the nurseryman to propagate trees on this root, we have dis-
carded the French root entirely in our nursery and will neither buy,
sell, give away, nor plant in our own orchards, any trees 'on French
roots. We believe the French root must go because of its many evil
qualities. If more complete acquaintance with the Japan root should
prove that it has serious faults, the next step in the direction of blight-
resistant roots will be the propagation of trees on rooted cuttings of
certain varieties of Pynis communis blood that have showTi wonderful
immunity to blight. It will probably take ten years of experiment to
bring about this substitution, but the orchardist of the present may
feel positive assurance that the day of blight-resistant roots is now at
hand, and may at least safeguard his orchard to this extent.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to Dr. Taylor, Professors Waite,
Gould, Lewis, O'Gara, Hedriek and Reimer, all of whom have gener-
ously given information that has been of material assistance in the
preparation of this paper.

WEED ERADICATION.

By O. W. Newman.

The time to plant spring crops has come. Before purchasing seed it
should be thoroughly'- inspected for weed seeds, and tested for germina-
tion. This applies to all seeds. A merchant is just as apt to sell corn
or beans which may be poor in vitality as to sell grain or alfalfa lilled
with weed seeds. Napa and yellow star thistle were introduced in grain
and spread from Napa County over many northern counties.

sow CLEAN SEED.

It will pay to buy the best seed on the market. Seed is not necessarily
a bargain because it is cheap. Have a good representative sample of
the prospective pui'chase tested, by the county horticultural commis-
sioner or the farm adviser.

Rice growers especially should be very careful to sow clean seed.
Experiences of the last few years have proved this at the cost of many
thousands of dollars. Over 2.000 acres of California rice land have
been abandoned because of the water grass, which was introduced in
the rice seed.

54 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Sow Clean Seed. — If we could impress the importance of this phrase
on the farmer and rancher we would add thousands of dollars to the
agricultural income of the State.

The sale of impure seed should be a misdemeanor, punishable by law.
A bill relating to impure seed was introduced at the last two sessions of
the legislature, but from lack of substantial backing it did not pass.
Undoubtedly this same bill will be introduced at the next legislative
session, and we hope that all county horticultural commissioners will
support it.

Sow Clean Seed. — It is the surest means of preventing the spread
of Johnson grass, Canada thistle, morning glory, Eussian thistle,
yellow star thistle, and water grass. It is sound sense, sound business,
and will bring in sound cash. It will reduce the spread of pests we
have, and keep out those we have not.

METHODS OF ERADICATION.

After the weeds are on the land it is important to know how to get
rid of them.

Cultivation. — The first and most important means of eradication of
any weed is cultivation. The first cultivation should come in the fall.
The spring cultivation will then kill many weeds which germinate after
the fall plowing. Cultivation at all times and wherever possible not
only keeps down the weeds, but conserves the moisture by creating a
mulch. Harrow grain after it has become well rooted. This has been
tried repeatedly and found to be very practical. Wheat, barley, oats,
Sudan grass and rye can easily be handled in this way. The weed seeds
being a little sloAver to germinate than the grains, will be in just the
right condition to be killed. Use a spike-toothed harrow with as many
spikes as possible. Harrow corn before it gets too high and go in later
with a hoe and cut out the weeds. The writer has grown corn and
tomatoes Avith weeds and without, and has proved that greater yields
can be had without the weeds. "Weeds take just as much moisture and
nourishment as the commercial crop, and pay nothing.

For the average farmer summer fallowing is not a paying practice.
Of course there may be cases where it is the best thing to do, but in
general summer fallowing is expensive and wasteful of land which
could be growing a crop and accomplish weed killing at the same time.

Pasturing should be practised in place of fallowing. Fields should
be turned into pasture once every four or five years. Several head of
stock on a piece of land will remove all weeds except the grasses, which
are the only plants able to withstand close cropping. The writer has
seen sheep and goats turned into a pasture reduce plant growth to a
mininuun in a very short space of time. Pasturing is also a valuable
phase of a good crop rotation, as it gives the land a rest, adds manure,
and gives renewed vigor to the land. If the farmer is careful to feed
his stock clean grain and clean hay he will not spread weeds through
the manure.

Crop Rotation. — This form of Aveed eradication is most important.
Not only is it a means of eliminating pests, but it is one of the very
finest means of renewing soils Avhich are not producing Avell. Land
Avhich is producing good crops is rarely found infested Avith Aveeds.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 55

Crop rotation is becoming universally recognized as absolutely neces-
sary. The rotations vary with local conditions, but in general a good
rotation should cover at least four years and should provide at least one
tilled crop, one of clover or alfalfa, and others depending on what the
locality produces to best advantage.

For the eradication of special weed pests such as Bermuda grass,
morning glory, yellow star thistle or water grass, crop rotation is
invaluable. To get the best results from land covered with Bermuda
grass or other troublesome grasses, attach a shear to the front of the
plow, which will cut the rootstocks and top of the plant. Plow six to
eight inches deep, turning the earth over clean. After harrowing rake
together and destroy all the rootstocks possible. Sow the field to barley,
rye, or some other thick shade crop. It is the shade, as much as any-
thing else, that keeps the grass down. As soon as the grain is harvested
plow again and seed to vetch or ^Melilotus clover for a winter cover crop.

In case of yellow star thistle the best crops to use are hoe crops. Plant
the land to beets, beans, potatoes, corn or other valuable crops and culti-
vate with a peg-tooth harrow or cultivator as often as possible, going
over the field with a hoe between times.

In all agricultural work, whether it be for weed eradication or other
purposes, the word "thorough" should be the password. Half the
trouble from our insect, fungous, and weed pests could be avoided if
the farmers and orchardists would do their work thoroughly.

ERADICATION OF SPECIAL WEEDS.

Water Grass {Echinochloa crus-galli). — This w^eed infests low
marshy places, frequently becoming a pest in alfalfa fields where the
drainage is not good. It is not apt to be serious when the conditions
for the alfalfa and the stand of alfalfa are good. In rice this grass has
become a very serious pest. Chas. E. Chambliss^ says:

"During the past three years this grass has taken complete pos-
session of more than 2,000 acres of rice land in Sacramento valley,
and is now present in alarming quantities on a considerable acreage,
which will soon be rendered unprofitable for rice growing unless
active steps are taken for its complete eradication or control."

The seed germinates at the same time as the rice and the plants grow
to maturity in about sixty-five days. If this first crop is allowed to go
to seed a second crop will develop before the rice is ready to harvest.

Control. — To prevent the further spread of this grass sow clean
seed. It would be well if this could be an absolute command to the
prospective rice planter. Have seed tested by the county horticultural
commissioner or the farm adviser, and if it is not clean seed do not
buy it.

When water grass is present, prevent it from going to seed if pos-
sible. Individual plants will produce as many as 40.000 seeds.

Plow, harrow and irrigate land in the fall. This will tend to germ-
inate weed seeds and leave the land clean for spring sowing. In bad
cases crop rotation Avill be necessary, using, if possible, some hoe crop.
Summer fallowing is also practiced with good results.

^U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmer.s' Bui. 6SS.
2— 215S2

56 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Ditch banks should be kept clean as well as levees in the field. For
cleaning the banks a strong solution of sodium arsenite should be used,
4 pounds to 100 gallons of water. It is better to purchase this material
already made up, if possible, as it is very poisonous and hard on the
eyes and skin.

Screens should be placed in the headgates, using a very fine mesh
screen for the inner gates. They should be cleaned very frequenth^ so
as not to obstruct the flow of the water.

The following warning to rice growers has just been issued by the
Sacramento Valley Development Association :

WARNING TO RICE GROWERS.*

To Rice Growers aud Owners of Rice Lands —

Look out for water grass and other dangerous weed pests.

If your land is free of these, keep them out.

If your land is slightly infested, eradicate at once.

If your land is badly infested, take drastic measures with two purposes in view —
first to prevent their spread, second to eradicate or control therp

Soic clean seed — this is most important.

Use clean water — screen it if necessary.

Pull the grass out of your fields : it is lighter green than rice. Use a spud and
cut below the crown of the plants.

If it is too thick to pull, grow cultivated crops and cultivate well. A later
bulletin will tell how to do this.

If your land is foul, don't plant rice this year. You will get a light crop and a
low price and your weed problem will be worse next yeai'. Clean your land and
clean it now. This will be most economical. Urge your neighbor to clean his at
the same time.

Remember rice is a profitable crop — the most profitable that can be grown on much
of the rice lands — and that it will continue profitable provided only these weeds are
kept under conti'ol.

Water grass seed in your rice means a lower price for your crop.

Water grass seed on your land means no rice in the near future.

Don't underestimate the importance of the rice weed problem. The profits of the
industry depend upon its being solved, and it must be solved right away.

Don't imagine you can kill these weeds by growing barley. You can't. To kill
them after they are well set is a big job and will cost money.

Don't be afraid to spend money when they first appear. This is the time to kill
them, the time when eradication is easiest and cheapest.

Land owners leasing lands for rice culture should REQUIRE lessees to keep
fields, borders aud ditches clear of these weeds. Put it in the lease and enforce it.
Reserve the right to do it at the expense of lessee — then do it at the right time if
he does not.

Ditch companies should keep their ditches absolutely free of these weed pests.
County roads must be kept clean.

These things can all be done. They will pay. They must be done.

Every farmer should study the above, and follow the advice given.

Morning Glory (Convolvulus arvensis). — There are three methods
employed against this weed, all of which are effective and of value in
their place.

Smothering has been practised on small patches of morning glory,
Canada thistle, creeping malva, and others with considerable success.
It has been tried especially where the pest had not become scattered,

♦Bulletin No. 1, issued by the Rice Committee of the Sacramento Valley Develop-
ment Association.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 57

and found to be ('fHeiont. It iniisl he rciiiciiilx'i-cd thai a iiiucli laryer
area than that inuuodiately occupied by the plants )imst be covered,
otherwise sprouts will be found springing up Ix'voiid the covering.
Straw, manure, boards, tar paper, and old sacks have been used. The
object is to exclude the light as much as possible.

Morning glory can also be absolutely eradicated by constant cutting.
Experiments by the University of California and the State Commis-
sioner of Horticulture have demonstrated this beyond a doubt. Plow-
ing is not the best method of cutting this weed. Use a horizontal blade
weed cutter and set the knife to pass about six inches below the surface
of the ground. Repeat the cutting every six or ten days, according to
the rapidity of growth. Keep all green leaves down. If the green
leaves are allowed to appear they begin to manufacture more food for
the underground rootstoeks, and the work expended is wasted. Irri-
gate the land where possible, as this stimulates the dormant roots and
hastens their final exhaustion.

Under this method if the morning glory is in the field it is possible
to grow a crop before the weed cutting begins. Plow in the .spring and
sow to grain. After harvest plow again and then commence to use the
weed cutter.

CHEMICALS.

Experiments with chemical weed killers have demonstrated that
morning glory and many other weeds can be controlled. "We hope
before long to complete experiments which will prove that morning
glory and Johnson grass can be completely eradicated by the use of
chemical sprays.

Spray with iron sulphate, 100 pounds to 50 gallons of water, or use
arsenite of soda, 1 part to 60 parts of water. The time to spray morning
glory is in the dry season, when the plants will absorb the spray readily.
Experiments tried in 1915 by Geo. P. Gray, of the University of Cali-
fornia, showed killing of the roots to the depth of three feet. Arsenite
of soda was used in this test. A high pressure sprayer should be used,
preferabl,y a power machine.

Wild Mustard. (Brassica arvensis). — Spraying with iron sulphate is
the most practical and economical method of ridding large farms of
mustard and other weeds. Experiments have been conducted at several
agricultural experiment stations, to determine the practicability of
sprays as a means of weed control, and the results have amply justified
the work. Thousands of dollars can be saved the large grain grower by.
eradicating weeds from his fields. Iron sulphate Avill kill or control
mustard, cocklebur, ragweed, dandelion, daisies, wild lettuce, morning
glory, thistles, kinghead and many other broad leaved plants, without
harming the grain in the least.

The method of preparing the solution and the application are taken
from Bulletin 179. University of Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment
Station, entitled ''Eradication of Weeds with Iron Sulphate."

Empty 100 pounds iron sulphate into a 52 gallon cask and fill with
Avater. Kerosene and vinegar barrels are usually gauged at 52 gallons.
If tank of unknown size is used, put in ^ iron sulphate to f water by
Aveight. One hundred pounds of iron sulphate is sufficient to make
enough solution to treat one acre, and the sprayer should be so regulated

58 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

that it will cover an acre with 52 gallons. No harm will be done if the
solution is put on heavier but the cost of material will be more.

Spray with a power sprayer, special types of which have been devel-
oped for this work. The time to spray is when mustard is about 8 to 10
inches high, that is, when nearly all the seeds have sprouted. Spray on
a sunshiny day to get best results.

The ordinary orchard spraying machine can be converted into a field
sprayer by connecting a cross pipe, fitted with several spray nozzles, to
the outlets. The object of this is to cover a larger area. The spray
should issue as a mist, and not in drops as from a sprinkler. The force
is used to penetrate the hairy or waxy coating of the weed leaves and
reach the vital parts of the plant.

Johnson Grass (Sorghum halapense). — Where Johnson grass does not
occur, the thing to do is to keep it out. Sow Clean Seed ! The method
of procuring clean seed has already been given. There is great danger
that sowing Sudan grass will spread Johnson grass, and the State Com-
mission of Horticulture has investigated the possibility of procuring
pure Sudan grass seed. The most satisfactory information we received
came from the United States Department of Agriculture, and is given
below :

"There are no varieties of Sudan grass seed recognized at the
present time, though there is some difference in regard to seed.
This is mainly due to hybridizing influences. The Texas station
has attempted to differentiate between pure and mixed or hybrid-
ized seed by indicating the former as 'cream hull,' or that which
has a decidedly golden cream color. Seed with darker glumes or
that tending to a reddish color, or even black, is more likely to be a
mixture or hybrid seed. This can not, however, always be de-
pended upon. The only safe method of procedure is to purchase
seed that is grown in districts free from Johnson grass.

The letter supplied the names of growers of Sudan grass seed which
could be guaranteed practically free from Johnson grass. AVe would
advise those intending to plant Sudan grass to communicate with Mr.
Roland ]McKee of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, or with this Commission.

The Johnson grass problem in California is already a very serious
one. Thousands of dollars have been spent in its attempted control and
still it remains one *of our worst weed pests. Hundreds of acres have
•been completely abandoned to it. If the most rigid care is not taken by
prospective grain planters and seed men, still greater areas will be
ruined. AA^itness the misfortune of the rice growers and take warning.

The only practical method of eradicating Johnson grass, so far recom-
mended, is thorough plowing, raking and burning. Turn hogs into the
field and they will root out large quantities of the rootstocks. Rotate
crops, using hoc crops wherever possible.

Keep ditch banks, roadsides and other waste places free of the weed.
Do not allow it to go to seed. Screens in the headgates and ditchgates
will keep out large quantities of the seed. Johnson grass and other
w^eeds growing along the ditch banks are a serious means of spreading
weed seed.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 59

Do not ^('t the idea from what lias l)een said a))Out Jolmson grass that
it cannot be controlled. Although sometimes it may seem impossible,
we know it can be done, because it has been done. It requires time and
perserverance, and it costs money. There is no easy road to eradication.
There is much land from which it will not pay to eradicate Johnson
grass by our present methods. We are now working on chemical sprays
as a possible means of reducing the expense and increasing the efficiency
of eradication methods. These sprays have not yet been sufficiently
tested to be recommended.

I want to include here a statement made by County Horticultural
Commissioner William Wood, at the California State Fruit Growers'
Convention, held at Visalia in November, 1915 :

''Some may think from the statement I have given about Johnson
grass and morning glory that it is a hopeless task to destroy or
control them. Not so ! Wherever we find a good farmer there is
no Johnson grass, even though he is located under the most adverse
conditions. It is the farmer who has made one or two half-hearted
attempts to destroy these weeds and given it up, who says it can't
be done.

' ' I have known men who have let the Johnson grass and morning
glory became established over most of their farm, and then have
sold their property for less than half what it w^ould have brought
if free from these weeds. I have also known a man who bought
100 acres covered with Johnson grass. This man destroyed every
root on the 100 acres in one year. So you will see the difference is
in the man more than the unfavorable conditions under which he
has to work * * *."

This statement is quite true. I have heard it from all sides, and
ahvays from good hard-headed successful business men. The weed
problem is a vital one, and it i.s one we must constantly watch. We
must have laws to help us protect those wdio are endangered by the
carelessness of others. We must have a seed law which will be leak
proof. We have a horticultural law which can be enforced and we
must see that it is enforced to the fullest extent possible.

60 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

EELWORM PARASITES OF PLANTS.*

By Peter Frandsen, Professor of Biology, University of Nevada.

Earth, rich in decaying organic matter, sometimes swarms with
microscopic cylindrical worms, which, because of their wriggling move-
ments, are known as eelworms. The most of these feed upon decaying
substances and are probably beneficial in hastening the disintegration
of animal and vegetable matter so that it may again be available for
plant food. Certain forms have, however, acquired the habit of entering
the tissues of living plants, where they live as parasites, causing more
or less injury to their hosts. The parasitic species are distinguished
from the nonparasitic by the possession of a minute spear which can be
protruded from the mouth opening and enables the animal to make its
way into the roots and through the tissues of the plant.

Among the parasitic forms the one known as Hcterodera radicicola is
becoming of increasing importance in this western country, because of its
wide distribution and the number of different kinds of cultivated plants
that it attacks. We now have records of some 500 species of plants
whi(3h are attacked, and these include the majority of truck garden
crops, alfalfa, clovers, some grains, a number of fruit trees and a host
of weeds. The presence of the parasite is indicated by the formation of
swellings on the roots and underground stems, which somew^hat resemble
the root bacteria nodules but are more irregular in shape and size, and
stand out less sharply from the rest of the root. A heavily infested
potato presents a characteristic appearance, one hard to describe but
readily recognized with experience. Its surface is marked by numerous
pimples, small warts, creases and ridges. On cutting across the tuber
one can see the mature females somewhat pear-shaped or circular in
cross section, about 1-25 inch in diameter, of a grayish white color, and
marked off from the tissues of the potato by a brownish ring. The
appearance of a heavily infested potato is not attractive to the house-
keeper and diminishes its selling value. There is considerable loss of
substance in paring, as the worms may penetrate to a depth of a quarter
of an inch, and the keeping qualities appear to be lessened.

Each mature female is little more than a sac containing from 300 to
500 eggs, w^hich may undergo development inside her body. As the
eggs enlarge some of them are extruded. In from 20 to 28 days the
eggs hatch and the minute larvae, 1-70 inch long, emerge and, aided by
the decay of the tuber or roots in the soil, eventually make their way
into the ground and move about until they find a suitable root which is
entered, as a rule, from the tip. We have found that they also enter
the young potato tubers by way of the lenticels or breathing pores.
Several worms usually enter the same spot. After repeated moultings
the larvaB transform into mature males and females. The former are
elongated and cylindrical in shape while the latter become pear-shaped.
Mating occurs within the plant substance and the male then dies. It
requires about a month for the larvae to mature and the whole life
history' occupies from seven to eight weeks.

♦Address before State Fruit Growrrs" Convention, Palo Alto, California, July 30,
1915.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 61

The worms are distrihiitetl from one section to another by infeeted
seed potatoes, transplanted seedlings, nursery stock and the like. Irri-
gation is, one of the most important methods of carrying the worm from
one Held to another, and one of the most difficult to control. Farming
imi)lements may transfer Avorms by means of the adhering soil, but
our experiments show that if the soil is thoroughly dried out all the
worms are killed so there is probably very little danger from the drift-
ing of soil by the wind. Some experiments were carried on to test
the possibility of spreading the parasite by means of the manure of
animals fed upon infested plants, and it was found that all eggs and
larvas were destroyed in the stomach by the gastric juice.

The eggs and larvas are quite resistant to frost, but freezing tempera-
tures for a sufficient length of time will kill them. The long cold
winters of the northern and eastern states are probably the chief cause
for the absence of any eelworm problem outside of the greenhouses.
The character and consistency of the soil plays some part in the degree
of resistance to frost. We are now at work to determine the depth to
which the worms may penetrate different soils.

It has been suggested that fields might be rid of the worms by flooding
them with water but our experiments indicate that at least three months
submersion would be necessary to make this method effective.

On the other hand we have found a surprising lack of resistance to
drying. Eggs and larvse placed on a glass slide and allowed to dry out
for a few minutes fail to show any signs of further development, and if
infected roots and tubers are allowed to thoroughly dry out all the
contained eggs and larva? are killed.

There is also very little resistance to heat. Some eggs and larvae
were placed in an incubator at a temperature of 40° C. with the idea
of hastening their development. While development was greatly
accelerated in the first few hours, to the extent that some of the eggs
began hatching before the embryos had reached the proper stage of
development, at the end of 18 hours every egg and larvee was dead.
Infested potato tubers were likewise placed in the incubator at various
temperatures for different periods of time, and it was found that
23 hours was sufficient to destroy the parasites without apparently
interfering with the germinating power of the potato. A longer period
of exposure than this impaired or destroyed the germinating power.
Since it is difficult to be sure of one's seed if it comes from an eelworm
locality, because a slight infestation may easily escape even careful
inspection, it is possible that such seed may be made innocuous by
placing it in an oven for 24 hours at a temperature of 40° C. before
planting. We are now testing this out.

A question frequently ssked by the farmer is, '^ Can't we treat the
seed and soil with some chemical substance which will rid them of the
worms?" Previous investigators have found that liberal treatment of
the soil with alkaline fertilizers seems to be unfavorable to the worms
but cannot be counted upon to exterminate them. One Nevada rancher
claimed that he liad a method of applying bluestone which kept the
eelworms from bothering him. We treated worms and infested plants
with various strengths of copper sulphate solution and found that even
a one per cent solution, which is distinctly poisonous to vegetation, act-
ing for two days directly on the worm, failed to destroy a single egg.

62 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The formaliu treatment for scab had no appreciable effect on the vitality
of the worms in the tubers. We are now carrying on experiments with
other substances, but so far have found nothing which appears feasible
as an exterminator.

The practical farmer is not so much interested in the scientific details
of our studies on the effects of the parasite on its host, or the peculiarities
of its life history and habits, as he is in remedial measures. In the
light of our present knowledge these, with special reference to the
potato, may be summarized as follows :

1. Selection of potato seed from localities known to be free from the
parasite.

2. Planting potato crops in noninfested ground.

3. Summer fallowing of infested ground, keeping it free from weeds.
It is not yet known exactly how long the worms can live in soil kept
free from food plants but the indications are that one season will
starve them out.

4. Deep plowing, preceding a period of hot dry weather, so that the
soil is well exposed to the heat of the sun and becomes thoroughly dried
out.

5. Rotation of crops. The following plants are recommended by men
in the United States Department of Agriculture for use in crop rotation
as immune, or only slightly susceptible to the eelworms : barley, beggar-
weed, Brabham cowpea, broomcorn millet, corn, crabgrass, iron cowpea,
peanut, pearl millet, redtop, rye, sorghum, timothy, velvet bean, wheat,
winter oats. We have succeeded in getting a marked infestation of
corn and oats but even if these crops are not wholly immune they may
serve the purpose of greatly reducing the number of worms.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

63

m *

Fig. 27. — Potatoes showing the work of the common nematode or potato eelworm.
The section shows the colonies of the eelworms in the tuber. (After Essig, Inj. and
Ben. Insects of Cal., Cal. Hort. Com.)

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harrt S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of July 16, 1S94.

A Suggestion^Think It Over and Talk About It. — During the
Fruit Growers' Convention held at Visalia in November, 1915, a move-
ment was inaugurated and the machinery provided for a general reor-
ganization of the Horticultural Statutes of the State of California. In
consonance with the principles of this movement we offer the following
rough draft of a suggested change in the methods at present employed
in executing the provisions of the State Quarantine Law at terminal
points tliroughout the State, hoping that the same will elicit criticisms
and further suggestions which may tend to ultimately perfect and make
the plan workable.

Under the present system our functions are confined to putting into
execution the provisions of this law at the maritime ports of entry, and
as a result of pursuing a definite, fixed policy of administration and a
uniform system of operations we are generall.y credited Avith having
obtained a fair measure of success in the undertaking. These results
we believe could be duplicated in connection with all horticultural
imports arriving by rail if interior ports of entry or clearing houses
for such material were established. The geography of the situation
lends itself favorably to the consummation of this plan. The present
routes of the six interstate railroads entering California are such that
but two ports of entry would be needed to meet these requirements.
Practically the first distributing point for the Shasta Route, the Ogden
Route and the Western Pacific after entering the State is at Sacramento.
The same applies to the Southern Pacific, the Santa Fe and the Salt
Lake at San Bernardino. With a regulation that all imports of plant
products coming by rail were to be held at these points, with inspection
stations established at these same places, operated by state inspectors
under the same policy and procedure as obtains at the maritime ports,
many vexatious problems would be permanently solved and the entire
s.vstem of inspection and control of horticultural imports simplified.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 65

made imiform and perhaps improved. With a full knowledge of the
statistics involved the expense of maintaining such a system would be
negligible as compared witli the one at present in vogue. The method
of control as outlined would not conflict in any way with material com-
ing in bond. Such could be routed through to destination as inspection
stations are already established and in full operation at all points
where customs duties are paid and collected, and further, it is possible
that once such inspection stations were established and in good working
order, the Federal Government might see its way clear to establish a
depot in each one for the inspection and disposition under post-office
regulations of all plant products coming in by mail. — Frederick
Maskew.

Concerning the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. — Considering the following
record worthy the attention of the fruit growers of California and with
a desire to make the same readily available for reference purposes, this
transcript from the original Italian, published in the Review of Applied
Entomology, Vol. 3, Series A, Part 12, is herewith reproduced.

Savastano (L.). La mosca delle arance e la frutticoltura merid-
ionale. (The Mediterranean Fruit fly and fruitgrowing in
South Italy.) — E. Staz. Speriment. Agrumic. Fruttic, Acireale,
Boll. no. 14, October, 1914, 8 pp. (Received 26th October, 1915.)

This bulletin deals briefly with the influence of Geratitis cajyitata
Wied., (^Mediterranean Fruit fly) on fruit growing in South Italy. In
November, 1913, oranges and mandarins began to be attacked; the infes-
tation increased in December, 1913, and diminished in January, 1914.
From February to May, larv^ were found in the oranges and mandarins
both stored and on the trees. In June, the adult flies which emerged
from oranges attacked others, as well as peaches and the flower clusters
of figs; the injury to them increased in July, while apricots, figs and
prickly pears were then also attacked. Damage to the last three fruits
continued during August, in which month Neapolitan medlars began to
be attacked. In September, the attack on peaches, figs, prickly pears
and Neapolitan medlars continued, but with rapidly diminishing inten-
sity. In October, injury to figs had practically ceased. This makes
clear the means by which C. capitata is able to maintain its existence
throughout the year.

Reviewing the practically continuous period of ripening of fruits
in California, any comment or attempt at local application of the fore-
going scientific findings and record would be superfluous. — F. M.

A Tribute. — The following tribute by Mr. Frederick ^Taskew. Chief
Deputy Quarantine Officer, San Francisco, was written for the "United
States Customs and Kindred Services." We feel certain that all who
know of ]\[r. Compere's unswerving integrity, sterling honesty and
untiring fidelity in the service of the State appreciate his great work in
safeguarding the fruit interests against the ravacvs of fungous and
insect pests. — A. J. C.

66 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

GEORGE COMPERE.

He know's 'em by their looks,

But he didn't learn from books
Or from reading of their histories in tomes;

Be it bug or caterpillar,

Coecid, fly or little miller,
He has made them all a visit at their homes.

"With passengers and ships,

In stream or at the slips.
He's a way of doing business that commends,

With officers and crew,

And many others too,
And his common sense has made a host of friends.

A lover of plant life.

No passenger meets strife
Should they bring with them from foreign lands a tree ;

If of bugs its leaves are clean

And no fungi can be seen
And if Compere finds its roots from soil are free.

But when it comes to fruit,

Trade shipments or just loot,
He's a knowledge of locations that's uncanny;

Hand bag or box or trunk.

Gallery, locker, hold or bunk.
For of voyages himself has made a many.

Herein the danger lies,

Of bringing in fruit flies.
And from this search he never takes a rest ;

From all of those who know,

He can the best proofs show,
Of most intimate acquaintance with this pest.

Here's to his methods straight.

May never ships or freight
Fail to undergo his thorough supervision ;

Here's to his honest self,

His disregard of pelf.
He's a credit to the Quarantine Division.

Note. — Frederick Maskew in "United States Customs and Kindred Services" San
Francisco, December, 1915.

THE MON'IIII.V BULLETIX.

67

COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS'

DEPARTMENT.

THE MEALY BUG OF THE MUSCAT GRAPE.

By Fred K. Howard, Horticultural Commissioner, Hanford, Cal.

Althouo'h llic mealy bug, probably Pseudococcus hakeri Essig, has
been known to infest table and wine grapes, in some of the grape grow-
ing sections of the San Joaqnin Valley, to a limited extent for several
years, it was not nntil 1914 that the infestation became economically
important in those districts. To my knowledge this insect had never
been found on raisin grapes until taken by the writer in an old muscat
vineyard north of Armona. Kings County, about the middle of Sep-
tember, 1915, although, no doubt, the pest existed in parts of the raisin
growing district of this county for some years prior to that date.

Fig. 2 8. — Grapes infested with mealy bugs. (Original.)

The casual observer will probably first become aware of the presence
of the insect by the globules of crystal clear honeydew which it exudes
in large quantities upon the clusters of fruit. Closer observation will
reveal the insect, which is easily distinguished by the white, waxy cover-
ing, and the anal filaments which are usually about one half as long as
the body of the insect, although in some individuals they are much
longer and might easily be taken for the long tailed mealy bug P. longis-
pinus (Targ.). They may u.sually be found on the berry at or near the
stem end, although are often found, especially in cases of severe infesta-
tion, on the leaves and tender canes, the usual place being at the base
of the leaf stalk.

68 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The egg laying season is at its height when the grapes are ready to
be picked and placed on trays for drying. The loose cotton}' masses
which contain numerous small light yellow eggs, are easily seen as they
adhere to the grape cluster, and combined with the stick}' exudation of
the insect make a very disgusting spectacle. After the fruit is placed
on the drying trays, it soon becomes too warm on the surface for the
insects, and they make their way to cooler quarters, beneath the fruit
next to the tray, and are little noticed until the trays are turned to
complete the drying.

Apparently the humid conditions foimd by the insect in the spaces
between the fruit and the tray, are ideal. It is here that one of the
most detrimental features of its work is accomplished. The work is so
concentrated, and honey dew is exuded in such large amounts, that
under those conditions it quickly attracts a smut fungus, which I believe
was the cause of a greater part of the rotting on the trays during the
past season, in this section. To this damage may be added the appear-
ance of the white, cottony egg sacks, and the dust and dirt of all kinds
which readily adheres to the sticky clusters, as well as a great amount
of shattering, caused no doubt, by the insect working at the stem end of
the berries. In the worst infestations much of the fruit is ruined
entirely, and a greater portion is rendered untit for cluster or fancy
packs. At the present time no observations have been made to deter-
mine how serious the weakening effect will be on the vine, as the damage
to ripening and drying fruit is at this time of major importance.

Experiments were started hoping to determine, if possible, if young
insects would survive, or eggs hatch, after the raisins were packed, and
if so, to determine the amount of possible damage. Owing to the rush
at the packing houses in handling the enormous crop which was pro-
duced this season, the experiments were necessarily abandoned until
next year.

At this writing no satisfactory control measures have been worked
out. It is evident that this work should be done during the dormant
season, because at this time the insect is not half grown, and is not
protected by the waxy covering in such large quantities as in the adult
stage, when a spray of sufficient killing strength would no doubt greatly
injure the vine. However, many difficulties must be overcome to secure
satisfactory results even when the vine is dormant, as the insect spends
the winter feeding on the tender bark, in cracks and crevices, often so
protected by layers of old, rough bark that to reach them with a spray
seems impossible. It will, no doubt, be necessary to use a very penetrat-
ing contact spray, under heav}' pressure and applied very thoroughly,
to kill a satisfactory percentage of the insects.

Exhaustive experiments with various spray materials and fumigants
are being planned for the coming season, and satisfactory results are
anticipated.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

69

THE WHEAT STRAW WORM.

{Isosoma giaiidc Kiloy.)
By R. W. DoANE, Stanford University.

California grain fields are not yieldino; as nuicli wheat per acre as tliey
used to yield. The principal reason for this is usually, and probably
rightly, ascribed to the fact that the soil is becoming depleted by being
used for the same crop year after year, often without being plowed
deeply enough to ])i'eak up the hard stratum that forms just below the
soil that is reached by tlie plow when the field is plowed in the usual
way.

Studies made during the past two years, particularly in the wheat
fields in northern California, have shown that another very important
factor, and one that has been quite overlooked here, is contributing its

Fig. 29. — Young wheat showing the effects of the work
of the larvEe of Isosoma (jrande. In the middle stalk is
an adult just ready to issue. (Original.)

part toward decreasing the wheat yield. It has long been known that
the wheat straw worm, Isosoma grande, occurs in California, but few,
if any, have realized its importance here. The insect works in such a
way that, even when very abundant and destructive, its presence may
readily be overlooked and the damage that it does may be ascribed to
other causes. In some fields actual count of hundreds of wheat stems

70 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

showed that more than 84 per cent were infested with one or more
larv£e or pupa3 of this insect ; and it was not known that the insect
occurred in that part of the state.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE INSECT.

The life history of this insect in California is, briefly, as follows :
During the summer and fall the small whitish larvaj may be found in
the wheat stems, usually close to or actually in one of the joints. Any
part of the stem may be infested but the larvae are most commonly found
near the third joint. As early as September some of these larvge change
to the pupal stage but many remain in the larval stage until January
or February. In January, however, most of the insects will be found
to be in the pupal stage.

About February 1st the first generation of adults begins to appear.
These are small, black, wingless insects, looking so much like ants that
the ordinary observer would readily believe them to be ants. They
soon deposit eggs in the young plants of winter wheat, placing them,
with remarkable accuracy, close to the young wheat head which at this
time is just beginning to develop in the heart of the plant. The larvae
that hatch from these eggs work within the short stem of the plant and
in a short time destroy the most vital parts, including the embryonic
head. The larvae soon become full grown, pass quickly through the
pupal stage and very early in the spring — late in February or early in
March — the adults of the second generation begin to appear.

The adults of the second generation are winged and scatter over the
field or into near-by fields. The females often select the largest, most
vigorous plants in which to lay the eggs that are to produce the larvae
which will live through the summer, and change to the over-wintering
pup^e in the fall or early winter.

CHARACTER AND EXTENT OF THE INJURY.

The larvae of the first generation usually do the most damage, as they
attack the wheat when it is very small, often killing the whole plant.
If the plant is not killed, the earliest, strongest central stalk is destroyed
and the plant stools excessively. The crop that develops must come
from these stools, which develop weaker and later stems than are found
on the uninjured plants. If the stand is already poor the loss of many
plants due to the attacks of this insect may be serious ; or the loss of time
due to the fact that the stalks which develop from the stools mature
later than the others, may be important, especially in a dry season.

If the adults of the second generation lay their eggs in very young
wheat, the effect of the work of the larvas wall be much the same as that
described for the larvae of the first generation. The small plants will
seem to grow well for a while, the lower leaves being especially strong
and vigorous, but the stem remains short and the whole plant may die or
stool excessively. If the wheat is older, the effect of the presence of the
larvae in the stems is not apt to be as serious — at least it is not as
apparent. The infested plants may form heads which may or may not
become well-developed. Usually the presence of a larva in a stem
causes more or less thickening of the walls of the stem and the upper
part of the plant is not well nourished. The heads that form on such
plants are usually small, or the kernels do not fill out well and a light
crop, or a crop of small, shrunken grain, is the result.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

71

The following generalizations in regard to the injury done bj^ the
larvte of the second generation may be made :

Infestation of very young plants may kill them or cause them to stool
excessively.

Infested stems are usually, but not always, shorter and have smaller
heads than stems that are not infested.

Early infestation, particularly in the lower joints, affects the height
and size of the stem and the size of the head, usually making the head
small or verv small.

Fig. 30. — Wheat straws that have
been badly injured by the larvae of
Isosoma grande. (Original.)

An early infestation of the highest or next to highest joint affects the
size of the head but does not appreciably affect the height of the stem.

Infestation of the third joint does not seem to affect the plant as
seriously as infestations higher or lower, made at approximately the
same time.

A very late infestation may occur in one, or even in two or three
joints, without seriously affecting the stem or the head.

CONTROL.

As the insect passes so much of its life in the straw or stubble that is
usually left on the field, and as the adults of the first generation are
wingless, simple eft'ective remedies are at once suggested. If all of the
straw and stubble can be burned, the over-wintering larvaj and pupa^
will be quickly destroyed, or if the fields are carefully plowed so that
all of the stubble is deeply buried, few of the insects will survive. It

72

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

will be seen. too. that, as the adults of the first generation are wingless,
a rotation of crops would be effective, for if wheat is planted in a field
that was in some other crop the year before, there will be no source of
infection except the light infestation that may come from nearby fields
when the second generation of adults appears.

THE SOFT BAMBOO SCALE.

{Asterolecanium hamiusce Boisduval).
By E. O. EssiG, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.

This coccid has been repeatedly taken at quarantine by state horti-
cultural officials for many years, but was not known to have become
established in California and the United States until March 1, 1914,

Fig. 3L — The soft bamboo scale, Asterole-
canium bambusw Bdv. on bamboo stalks.
Enlarged twice. (Original.)

when it was taken on growing bamboo in a private garden at Ventura
by S. H. Essig, horticultural inspector. It was again reported from
Sierra Madre by E. J. ]5ranigan^ in 1915.

iMthly. Bui., Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. IV, p. 4S4, 191.5.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 73

The insect has a soft, unprotected body which is regulai'ly oval,
decidedly tiattened and with the surface slightly convex. The color
varies from pale yellow to amber or grayish-black. The surface is
smooth and shiny. The length of the mature forms averages about
2 mm. and the width about 1.5 mm. The accompanying photograph
(Fig. 31) will aid in distinguishing it. Only one other representative
of the same genus occurs in California, the pit-making oak scale {Aster-
olecaniuni variolosuin Eatzeburg), which is also an introduced species
occurring at Stockton and Palo Alto.-

The soft bamboo scale has quite a wide foreign distribution, having
l)een reported from the following localities^ : Algeria, Grenada, Mauri-
tius, Ceylon, Brazil, "West Indies and Mexico.

As it does not produce any considerable amount of honey dew, causes
little smutting and does not seem to injure the hosts to any marked
degree, it may be considered of very minor importance as an economic
insect.

=Inj. and Ben. Ins. Cal. 2d edit., Cal. Hort. Com., p. 113, 1915.
^Fernald. Mr.s. M. E., Catalogue Coccidaj, p. 49, 1903.

7-4 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE hs ^mk S DIVISION

Report for the Month of December, 1915.

By Frederick Maskew.

AYith this report ends the record of perhaps the busiest year of the
State Horticultural Quarantine Service since the date of its inception.
From all stations of the Division came reports of an increased volume
of imports and of diligent endeavors to maintain a proper supervision
over the health and cleanliness of the same. Official investigation of
the methods and policies in force at the southern stations shows system
and economy in the work, supplemented by adequate office facilities and
a general desire to maintain the traditions of the service. State, Quar-
antine Guardians at interior points of delivery functioned with sagacity,
and as a rule were prompt with reports of their findings and dispositions
of imported plant products. At the central quarantine office in San
Francisco every day of 1915 was replete with action. Horticultural
imports increased, passenger traffic multiplied, quarantine regulations
were augmented, conferences became common, yet the numerical
strength of the inspection and clerical force remained the same. The
many episodes attendant upon our share of the work connected with
exhibits of plant products at the Exposition were varied and novel.
At times the situation was difficult but never impossible. Our course
under the statute Avas clear ; we held the fort ; each unit of the service
rose to the occasion and our records show that we executed all the pro-
visions of the quarantine regulations with impartiality to the importers,
with safety to the State and perhaps a small measure of credit to the
service. For all of which we were paid in full and the account stands
balanced up to date.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Sliips inspected 79

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 3,835

Horticultural imports — - Parcels

I'assed ;is free from pests 153,148

Fumigated 4,817

Refused admittance 245

Contraband destroyed 22

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 158,232

Pests Intercepted.
From Acapulco —

Lepidosaphes gloverU on limes.

From Balboa —

Ps( udornccus sp. on crotons.
Coccid on palm.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 75

From Belgium —

Ah urodi.s si>. on azaleas.

From Brazil —

Cerataphis latankr on orchids.

From China —

Lepidupterous lame in garlic.
Melanose on pomelos.

From Greece — Patras —

i<aissctia oka and Parlatoria caUantiiina un olives.

From Hawaii —

Chrysouiphalus aurantii on orchids.

Trypetid larvae in red peppers.

Psendococcits hromeliw and Diaspis hromeliw on pineapples.

Coccus lonffuhis on betel leaves.

Ilevtichionaspis sp. on air plant.

Lecanium sp., Pseuduonidia sp., and Asuidiotus sp. on unknown plants.

From Holland —

Lepidosaphes ulini on boxwood.

From Japan —

Larva; of AVeevil in chestnuts.

Parlatoria sp. and Hcmichionaspis aspidistra: on maples.

Fungus on tangerine oranges and lemons.

Calandra sp. in wheat.

Aleyrodes sp. on gardenias.

From Philippine Islands —

Pseudococcus sp. on pot plants.

From Samoa —

Morganclla maskelli on oranges.

From Sydney —

Chrysomphalus aurantii on Kentia palm.

From Tahiti —

MorganeUa maskcUi on limes.

From Washington —

Crown gall on apple tree.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 46

Horticultural imports — Parcels

Passed as free from pests 117,4S4J

Fumigated 54

Refused admittance 110

Contraband destroyed 30*

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 117,679

Pests Intercepted.
From Belgium —

Aspidiotus brittanicus and Coccus hespcridum on bays.

From Central America —

Aspidiotus cydoniw and Chrysomphalus scutiformis on bananas.

From Florida —

Phomopsis citri on grapefruit.

From Holland — •

Lepidosaphes iihui on boxwoods.

From Idaho —

Rhizoctonia on potatoes.

76 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

From Japan —

Chionaspis citri, AsjjidiotHs sp., Chrysomphalus aurantii, Pseudococcus nipcB,
Parhitoria sp., Lepidosaphes gloverii, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Cladosporium
citri and Leptothyrium pomi on oranges.

From Nevada —

Heterodera radicicola on potatoes.

From Oregon —

Coccus hesperidum on holly.
Aspidiotus perniciosus on rose.

From Texas —

Alcyrodes sp. on Cape Jessamine.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Ships inspected 25

Fish boats inspected 48

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 59

Horticultural imports — Parcels

Passed as free from pests 19,218J

Fumigated 1

Refused admittance 3 J

Contraband destroyed --_-_ 1

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 19,224

Pests Intercepted.

From Nebraska and Iowa —

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Louisiana —

Chrysomphalus sp. on grapefruit.

From Mexico—

Lepidosaphes beckii on lemons.

From Texas —

Root knot on deciduous stock.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Ships inspected 0

Horticultural imports —

Plants
Passed as free from pests 28,650

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

No horticultural imports.

COUHTIES HAVING HORTICULTURAL C0>aa3310N>aS, WITH THE RESPECT1V2

CITIES IN WHICH THE CUiMlSSIOHffiS RESIDE.

County

^r /r.,/.

Alamnda

Butt*

Coluaa

Contra Costa

Zl dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Inperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

LftBHen

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendooino

Ueroed

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

City
•
Oakland
OrovUle
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
Willows
Eureka
El Centre
Bishop
Bakersfield
Hanford
Kelseyville
Susanvllle
Los Angeles
Hadora
Dklah
"erced
Alturaa
Aromas
Hapa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Uateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Crux

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Santa Ana

Bowman

Riverside

Sacramento

HolllBter

San Bernardino

San Diego

Stockton

Redwood City

Santa Barbara

Snn Jose

Watsonvillo

Anderson

Yreka

Santa Rosa

llodesto

Yuba City

Red Bluff

Vlsalla

Ventura

Woodland

KarysvUle

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

Bi. J. VOSLER Secretary

MISS MAUDE HIETT '- Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN lAssistant

INSECTARY DIVISION,

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CJjAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN ^ Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographei

HAROLD COMPERE - Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTI, Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Office*

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART "CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY , Quarajitine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG : Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court (House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

California

State Printing Office

191fi

VOLUME V

No. 3

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

(

■■R^^** ' > ■ m- 1

x^ifjiiiMjl

.•■s»- «**»■ W r ; '^ ,

-iiaH

■I

An economical way of watering young trees.
(Photo by W. W. Fitzgerald.)

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CAUFORNIA

MARCH, 1916

CONTENTS.

""^ — rr»

> ■■ ■ Page.

WALNUT CULTURE IX THE LOWER SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

^ W. AV. Fitzgerald 77

AN OPEN SEASON FOR THE MONGOOSE Frederick Maskew 95

RENEWING OLD LEMON TREES ^ J. D. Culbertson 97

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS—

The Acreage of Fruits. Bearing and Non-bearing, by Counties, in

1915 Geo. P. Wcldon 103

GENERAL NOTES—

Oregon Quarantine Against California Potatoes lOG

The California Peach Borer E. O. Essir/ 107

Report of the Resolutions Committee^Forty-eighth State Fruit

Growers' Convention , • lOS

COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT—

County Horticultural Commissioners, Their Deputies and In-
spectors . 110

THE DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIA INSECTS. I E. O. EssiG 113

QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for January Frederick Maskeu- 12;(^

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.
Vol. V. March, 1916. No. 3.

WALNUT CULTURE IN THE LOWER SAN JOAQUIN

VALLEY.*

By W. "W. Fitzgerald^ Stockton, Cal.

There are imported into the United States from Europe annually about
16,U0U tons of walnuts, principally from France. California produces
more walnuts than any other country except France, and when the recent
plantings in the different parts of the State come into bearing it will take
first place. At present most of the nuts are grown in Southern Cali-
fornia and mostly from seedling trees. The California Walnut Growers'
Association this year made a price of 13.6 cents for No. 1 soft-shelled
nuts, and 17 cents for budded walnuts. Budded nuts mean those from
a budded or grafted tree, supposed to be typical varieties.

Last week the California Walnut Growers' Association advanced No. 1
soft-shell nuts to 14 cents a pound and budded nuts to 17^ cents. As
there are practically no walnuts left outside of what the Association has,
and not many of these, the return to the growers, as estimated by Mr.
C. Thorpe, manager of the California AValnut Growers' Association, will
amount to nearly $4,000,000. This is mostly from seedling trees. We
must not overlook the fact, however, that if France is careful in grading
her nuts, she can put a good many tons in competition with our best
nuts. The time is rapidly coming when quality is what will be
demanded in the walnut.

Today no one thinks of planting seedling trees, as seedling walnuts do
not come true any more than does the peach, plum, apple or any other
fruit. It is true that we get new varieties from these seedlings, but
commercially we are growing them for profit and not for experiment.
For this reason the San Joaquin Valley is being planted to budded and
grafted trees and the walnuts will all be of typical varieties, will com-
mand the highest prices and, with the acreage that is being planted, it
is safe to say that it will not be many years before this part of the State
will be the district which is noted for walnuts, because they will all be
typical varieties.

SOILS FOR THE WALNUT.

The walnut does best in a deep, fairly rich, heavy soil with good mois-
ture conditions, but well drained. It is not fastidious, ])ut responds
quickly to proper conditions, so one should not consider the cheapness of
land for growing walnuts, but how good it can be obtained for that pur-
pose. AValnuts should not be planted on shallow soil underlaid with
hard-pan, unless the hard-pan is not thick and is underlaid with good

♦Address before the State Pruit Growers' Convention, Visalia, California, 1915.
22110

78

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

soil, then the hard-pan may be broken, np by blasting and walnuts grown
successfully.

Although the walnut is deep rooted and is considerably resistant to
drought when grown on proper roots, plenty of soil moisture is necessary.
One should not wait luitil the tree shows lack of moisture before irrigat-
ing. The time of irrigation depends somewhat on the rainy season, but
those who have the best results and the largest crops of well-filled nuts
are those who begin irrigation early — say in ]\Iay — and irrigate three or
four times, three or four weeks apart, giving a thorough cultivation after
each irrigation and not allowing the trees to check up in their growth.
Of course different soils will require more or less deviation from this
rule. AA-'alnuts are sometimes grown without irrigation, but unless
planted upon soil on which it is easy to retain moisture by cultivation,

Fig. 32. — Comparison in tne nursery of
of first summer's growth of first genera-
tion iiybrid with trees that are not hybrids,
but all grown from nuts of the same tree.
The slieet used as a background is 7 feet
high, showing the height of the hybrid trees.

These hybrids were procured by hand
poUenizing. The smaller trees are from nuts
that were not pollenized. About 60 per cent
of these are hybrids.

more or less irrigation is always beneficial and profitable. Where the
trees do fairly well without irrigation, they grow much more rapidly,
come into bearing earlier and give much largei- crops with water.

On the other hand, if you do not have good drainage or there is a
great amount of moisture constantly standing near the surface, the trees
will not do well. It is hazardous to grow walnuts on land where the

THE MONTUfiY liULLETlN.

79

water level is less than eight feet and where it is lia])le to rise and stand
for a month or two after tlie trees are planted. Alkali land also is not
suital)le for walnnts. Here the seleetion of roots makes a great ditfer-
enee with the nioistnre conditions. The English root is very fastidious
and will not stand too much moisture. The California Black will stand
more wliile the Eastern and the Royal IIyl)i'i(l — wliich is a cross ])etween
the California l^lack and the Eastern Black — will stand a great amount
of excessive moisture.

ROOT STOCK.

The selection of stock is just as important as varieties, soil, or any
other consideration. The stock we use for grafting purposes is the
Northern California Black, the Southern California Black, the Eastern
or American Black, the Royal Hybrid root, and the Paradox Hybrid,

Fig. 33. — First year'.s growth of Eureka
grafted on first generation hybrid root,
sliowing where tree was cut off about
12 inclies above the ground wlien trans-
planted and new shoot tliat is to malie tlie
butt of the future tree. (Original.)

which is a cross between the English walnut and the California Black.
The Southern Black makes a goocl root for the south, but my experience
with it in the northern part of the State, especially on heavy, moist soil,
is that it does not do well, the roots being very susceptible to moisture.
The Eastern or American Black is a good root, but it is too slow a
grower, taking many years to mature. The Northern California Black
makes a very fair root and it is on this root that most of the walnuts are

80

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

grafted. When I speak of the Royal Hybrid root I mean a first genera-
tion cross between the Eastern Black and the California Black, not a
cross of a Royal Hybrid and a California Black. These nuts are best
procured by hand pollenizing. Occasionally an accidental hybrid occurs,
the pollen being carried perhaps by bees, or a great distance by the wind,
but this is rare, as different varieties pollenize at different times. This
is Nature's method of keeping varieties distinct, otherwise we would
have a conglomeration of all forms of hybrids.

ik^'^^m^^-

Fig. 34. — Same tree as shown in Fig. 33,
showing the method of staking and tying up
the tree during tlie first year's growtli and
also the shal^e nailed on the south side of
the stake to shade butt of the tree during
the hot summer. (Original.)

One could graft part of a tree of one type with that of another type
by choosing individual trees that blossom at somewhere near the same
time ; but types have to be selected for cross pollenizing that will produce
vigorous trees for, as with cattle and other animals, certain trees do not
reproduce well.

To obtain these hybrids in any quanitity I use trees that have been
proven to produce vigorous young trees, by crossing with certain other
trees and by gathering the catkins of the California Black just as the
pods are ready to burst and expel the pollen. I place them on large
sheets of paper in the sun in some protected place where the wind will
not blow the pollen away. Care nnist be taken that this pollen does not
become damp, or tlie catkins allowed to lie on the paper too long, as the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 81

moisture from them will destroy the pollen. Then, after separating the
pollen from the refuse of the catkins and stems, I dry it thoroughly and
place it in dry pasteboard boxes and keep it in a dark, dry place until
the pistillate blossoms of the Eastern Black, which I have selected,
come out three or four weeks later, and are ready to receive the pollen —
having previously removed the catkins from the Eastern Blacks. Then
I place a quantity of pollen in several folded thicknesses of gauze, tie
this to the end of a long bamboo fishing pole and by this means I can
dust the pollen over the surface of the Eastern Black walnut trees, so
as to pollenize the pistillate blossoms. If I watch carefully and pollenize
at the proper time, I will have most of the nuts pollenized without the
trouble of removing the catkins from the Eastern Black, but, of course,
I will not get them all. Then after these nuts mature in the fall, I
gather them, sprout them in the spring, and plant them in the nursery.
These are first generation hybrids. Now, if I allowed one of these nuts
to grow and produce a tree, the nuts which that tree produced would be
a second generation hybrid. Again the nut from that tree, if allowed
to grow and produce a nut, would be a third generation and so on. Of
course, a few nuts may be pollenized from the catkins on the same tree
or from treas in the neighborhood, and these will have to be rejected
'when they come up in the nursery row in the spring. Indeed, I have
attempted to pollenize a tree and failed to have one hybrid — due to my
not doing the work at the proper time. After they grow a short time
in the nursery, it is easy to tell by the character of the leaves and the
rapidity of their growth which are hybrids and which are not. The first
generation of the Paradox hybrid may be procured in the same way, by
using pollen from the English walnut trees on California Blacks. I
have often heard people say that a hybrid tree was not as good as, or no
better, than the straight California Black; this is due to their using a
second, third or more generation nut. The most skeptical are convinced
when they see the first generation hybrids grow in the nursery along
side of straight California Blacks or second or third generation trees.
These hybrids grow at least one-third faster, produce a tree earlier and
give larger crops, due to the increased size and vigor of the tree. The
Royal hybrid root is the best all around root. It does well in heavy
soil and stands lots of moisture. The Paradox hybrid root is just as
vigorous a grower, but having the English walnut strain in it, w^ill not
stand as much moisture as the Royal hybrid root. It is a better root
for light and dry soils.

Another thing which affects the Paradox hybrid root is the oak root
fungus, which originated in the roots of oak trees and affects most
deciduous fruit trees. I have known it to kill Avalnut trees on English
walnut roots. I know of no case in which it has affected the Paradox
root. I have had Paradox hybrid roots planted in spots where the
English was killed for the past three years and they have not been
affected as yet. If I should plant a walnut grove on land that had
previously been covered with oak trees, I would hesitate about planting
the Paradox hybrid, as it is too serious a matter to take a chance of
having them killed in ten or twelve years when the Royal hybrid root
can be planted and there will be no trouble.

It is just as important to select your buds as it is to choose the proper
roots. The buds should be selected not only from the most thrifty and

82

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

heavy bearing trees, but from individual linil),s on those trees that are
good producers. While a majority of limbs will produce true there are
limbs that will produce irregular and inferior nuts, and also vary as to
the amount and the time they will come into bearing. I know of groves
that bore fair crops the fourth year after planting, and other groves
planted eight years that produced scarcely a nut. It is unfortunate for
the industry that many people in planting walnut groves think of how
cheap they can get the land and the trees. The first cost of choice land
and the best trees is one of the most profitable investments you can make,
as the income per acre under these conditions is two to four times as

Fig. 35. — Eureka on first generation
hybrid root cut back when transplanted.
Throush neglect all shoots were allowed to
grow instead of choosing one shoot to make
the butt of tlie future tree and having all of
the growtli thrown into it. (Original.)

great as under improper conditions, whik' the cost of planting and the
care, the taxes and iiilci-est on the investment would be the same yearly,
in each ease.

VARIETIES.

The first thing to be considered in judging the different varieties of
walnuts is their producing qualities. 1 do not mean by tliis a large pro-
ducer of an inferior nut. Init a heavy bearer of a good (juality nut. A
tree that produces only a few very fancy nuts is not to be considered
commercially. A fancy variety may bring a few cents a pound more,
and make up what it would lack in the number of pounds produced.

THE IMOXTlIT.y lU'I.LKTIN'.

83

providing it was not too shy a bcai-cr. The relation between llic (iii;ility
of nuts and the quantity i)rodii('ed sliould be carefully considered in
ehoosinp- a variety. esp(>c'ially as the demand is increasing for fancy stock.
One should not .judge a variety by the tine appearance of picked
samples of nuts without considering the quantity in which they are
produced. The best variety is one that will ])f()duce annually a large
ci-op of the most desirable type of nut. Unfortunately, we do not have
all the good (lualities in any one variety. We have to choose a heavy
producer wnth a good quality of nut. One important point is that young
trees often produce fair sized nuts, but as the trees grow older the nuts

Fig. .36. — Grafted tree wlikli wa.s cut off
at time of tran.splanting and siiekering was
neglected. Notice tlie growtli of suckers
and stunted top as a consequence. (Orig-
inal.)

become smaller, so one should judge nuts only from trees that have been
bearing for a few years. We should also consider the age in which the
tree comes into bearing, as great differences exi.st in varieties as to the
age they begin bearing. The next important consideration is the size
and weight of the nut. The commercial No. 1 grade walnuts, as
graded by the California Walnut Growers' Association, are those which
will not pass through a one aiul one-sixteenth inch opening in the
screen; while those above one and three-sixteenths inch, if smooth and of
regular shape and not abnoi-nudly large, are considered as budded nuts,
which bring considerably more per i)ound, and the demand is growing
for this quality of nuts. Those that pass through the one and one-six-

84

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

teeuth inch opening are called No. 2, and are generally cracked for
marketing.

The weight of the nut is equally important, since this varies widely in
nuts of the same size. Some of the largest varieties are considerably
lighter in weight than others in which the nuts are smaller. A desirable
nut should be well filled with the plump white meat without too much air
space between the shell and the meat. A comparatively heavy shell is
more clasirable than a very light one, since the nut is better protected
from being crushed in handling and less susceptible to perforation
disease, which is one of the most serious troubles of the walnut grower

4

'-|»«E>«*riC»«ip

.&

,>:-'

Fig. 37. — Third season's growth of trans-
planted tree — Eureka on first generation
hybrid root. As Mr. Shamel says : Indi-
vidual tree records can be compared with
tlie Babcock test for dairy cows and trap
nests for laying fowls. (Original.)

in recent years. This consists of a non-development of the outer hard
layer of the shell. The hard shell is not actually perforated, but rather
fails to develop. This disease has become more prevalent in the last few
years and affects principally the M^alnut with very thin soft shells, the
ones with harder shells not being affected. Nuts that are prone to crack
easily and have a fine light shell are more or less injured in handling,
thus contaminating the nut. A variety in which the nuts are decidedly
uniform is easily distinguished and recognized even by the consumer,
and has a marked advantage over one in which the nuts are of all sorts
of shapes, so that only an expert could distinguish the variety from
others.

THE .MONTHLY IJUrXETIlsr. 85

The color of the shell is not important, as the trade demands bleached
nuts even though they may have an attractive appearance without
bleaching. Bleaching brings tliem all to about the same color. The
quality of the meat is of considerable importance, however, as nuts with
the lightest colored meats are considerably more desirable, while those
that ai'c dark, even though plump ami of good Havor, are discriminated
against. There is no doubt that the dark meated varieties will become
more objectionable as more of the lighter colored ones are produced.
The flavor of the meat varies considerably in the different varieties and
is of much importance in a high class fancy trade. Commercially there
is not nuu'h importance placed on their flavor, except when they are
bitter. This is the most undesirable quality and should be guarded
against in choosing the variety and to formulate an idea of what will
constitute an ideal walnut.

Fig. 38. — Economical way of watering young trees. Wiien the tree
receives enougli water the end of the liose is pulled up hig'her than the tank
by the rope over the pulley on the end of the upright — then the wagon is
taken to the next tree. (Original.)

The most important qualifications in a variety from a strictly com-
mercial standpoint are that it should be a uniformly large producer of
nuts, the majority of which will not pass through a one and three-six-
teenth inch mesh, well sealed even though hard shelled, and should be
uniformly well filled with meat of light yellowish brown color, or not
darker than light brown or amber. For a fancy trade the nut should be
of an attractive uniform shape and color, with a fairly smooth surface,
agreeably flavored meat, and no bitterness.

The next important consideration is the choosing of a variety that is
resistant to blight, a bacterial disease which affects the young growth
when it first puts out in the spring and requires for its development
moist weather conditions. Blight is not as yet very prevalent in
northern and central California, on account of the drier atmosphere,
and also because the groves are young and have not as yet been infected

2—22110

86 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

with, the blight. For many years there was no blight in southern Cali-
fornia, but it is sure to come into an}' locality in time. AVhile not very
prevalent in northern and central California as yet, still in localities
where the infection has been introduced, varieties such as the seedling
trees have considerable blight ; the seedling groves in the southern part
of the State did not become infected with blight until about 1891 and
netted very profitable returns, but in the next decade it spread through
the southern groves to such an extent as to cause serious alarm. Al-
though we have little blight as yet, it behooves a planter to give due and
timely consideration to walnut blight in selecting a variety.

The varieties that do best in the lower San Joaquin Valley are the
Eureka, Franquette, Payne's Seedling, ]\Ieylan, ]\[ayette, Parisienne,
Concord and the Willson Wonder, in the order in which they are named,
I am not sure that the Placentia Perfection may not prove itself a good
nut for this locality.

Eureka.

The Eureka heads the list when we consider all the qualities. While
it is not quite as ideal a nut a.s the Franquette or Mayette, it is almost
as good and bears with me about twice as heavily. It is a vigorous
grower and coming out late in the spring renders it the most blight
resisting tree we have. The original Eureka tree in southern Cali-
fornia has stood all these years closely suri-oiuided by seedling trees
which are badly infected by blight, but it is a rare thing to find a nut
on the Eureka tree infected with blight. Being late, it also avoids the
late frosts and going dormant early in the fall, ripens its nuts earlier
than the Franquette and hardens its foliage so that it is not affected by
the late fall frosts. It has an abimdant foliage and has the habit of
growing its nuts in and under the leaves, thus protecting them from the
hot sun. Being a vigorous grower and heavy producer, it must be
planted in a good deep soil, with good moisture conditions to support
the vigorous growth and fill the nuts.

Franquette.

The Franquette is the best nut that we produce today, although it is
not a heavy enough producer to be the big money maker, as the nuts
will not bring any more than the Eureka, Mayette or Placentia Perfec-
tion. In the fall the Franquette ripens its nuts the last of all — often
during the rainy season — and going dormant so late sometimes gets
caught by the early fall frosts. It comes out late in the spring and
avoids the spring frosts and is not subject to blight here.

Payne's Seedling.

Considering the bearing qualities, it is a question if the Payne's Seed-
ling will not prove a better nut for this section than the Franquette. It
was originated by George Payne near San Jose. It is shaped very much
like the Franquette, but the shell is much rougher and it does not have
the salmon color of the Fran(|nette. It is well filled witli white meat,
is very precocious and produces well, coming into bearing as early as, if
not earlier, than the Eureka. It comes out early in the spring, making
it liable to be caught by the early spring frosts, and subject to blight.
Under blight conditions it blights very bndly. On the older trees the
nut has a tendency to be a little small.

TJIK MONTHLY BULLETIN, 87

Meylan.

The INIi'ylan is a Prciich variciy oi" the Mayette type, coiniiii^ out late
ill the spring. It is a beautiful nut, well filled with light colored meat
of good flavor. It bears in this vieinity a little better than the Mayette
but does not bcuiii to coinpare with the Eureka or Payne's Seedling.

Mayette.

The IMayette, strictly siieaking, is of the Grenoble type and is the
leatling walnut on th(> world's market. It comes out the same time in
the spring as the Eureka and ripens its nuts at the same time. The
Mayette is a more shy bearer than the Franquette.

Parisienne.

The Parisienne is one of the French varieties, and is a very good nut.
It is rather long and i)ointed somewhat like the Franquette, but is
broader in the center-. The shell is not salmon colored like the Fran-
quette, Mayette and iMeylan, but is lighter. It is fairly well filled with
white meat of good flavor and comes out very late in the spring. In
this valley it is a shy bearer, being about the same as the Mayette.

Concord.

The Concord is a seedling of the Cluster variety originated by Felix
Gillet. It comes out about three weeks earlier than the Franquette and
does not blight in this vicinity. It l)ears fairly heavy and is filled with
plump white meat. It comes- into bearing early, but the nut is small
and consequently will not bring the same price as the Eureka, Fran-
quette or Mayette.

Willson Wonder.

This nut is a Bijou seedling. The nuts are very large and much
smoother and better filled than the Bijou. The tree makes a dwarf
growth here, is extremely precocious and bears well. On account of its
very large size and rough shell it is not considered by the trade as a
commercial nut.

There are many varieties that do fairly well here, but those I have
mentioned are the leading commercial varieties. The men from the
universities of California, Oregon and Washingt(m, as well as from the
Pomological Department at Washington, and many individual growers
have been for years searching high and low for new varieties. I recently
traveled through the walnut districts in Oregon and Washington, hoping
to find something new among the many French seedlings that have been
l)]aiited in those states, but failed to find anything better than we have.
It will be several years before anything is developed.

PREPARATION FOR PLANTING.

Marking.

Measuring wire is pcrliaps the best means of marking wliere each tree
should be planted. This is made of ainiealed steel wire about one-eighth
inch in diameter, the length according to the wish of the user. Some use
a wire as long as .300 feet, while others in smaller plantings make the
wire just the length of the piece of land they have. At each end of the
wire is fixed a strong iron ring about li inches in diameter, to be
slipped over an iron stake. After driving one stake into the ground, the

88 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

wire is pulled tight, then the sharp end of the stake on the other end
is driven into the ground a little ways, the top pulled back to make the
wire more taut and the stake driven firmly in the ground. Along this
wire patches of solder are placed where the trees should be planted, and
at this point a stake is driven. In using a measuring wire for laying
out the trees on the square it is necessary to get one corner true ; then a
field of good size can be marked out accurately. Select the side of the
field which is to serve as a base of the square, stretch the wire along
that and allow sufficient distance from the fence to give the teams room
to turn in cultivation. When the wire is thus stretched parallel to the
boundary of the field, place a stake at each patch of solder on the wire.
This stake will represent the first row of trees.

Begin at the starting point and measure for 60 feet along this row
with a tape line and put a temporary stake. Then from the starting
point measure off 80 feet as nearly at right angles from the first as can
be judged with the eye. If the distance between these stakes is 100
feet, then the corner is at right angles. If it is not, you can vary your
second stake a little one way or the other until you have it at right
angles. Once having the outside lines started at right angles to each
other, and the stakes driven at each patch of solder as the wire is
stretched on each line, one can proceed with the measuring wire and lay
off his measurements in rows, if care be taken to have each line parallel
with the last, and to put stakes at the patch of solder on the wire. Of
course, if the land is hill}', measurements will have to be made from tree
to tree.

Definite instructions in marking off. as well as many other points, can
be gotten in "California Fruits and How to Grow Them," by Professor
E. J. Wickson of the University of California. In fact, this is a book
that every one who is interested in horticulture in California should
have.

After having staked where each tree should be planted, a marker
should be made about seven feet long, having a notch in the middle of
one side and at each end. By placing this marker longitudinally in the
row with the notch in the middle of the marker over the permanent
stake where the tree is to be planted, then placing a stake in the notch
at each end of the marker, you can dig your holes where the permanent
stake is, or bore a hole and use dynamite to blow it up.

BLASTING.

Blasting should always be done in the fall when the ground is dry,
never when the ground is moist, for it will compact the moist earth and
make a regular flower pot, which will be difficult for the roots to pene-
trate ; but blasting done in the summer when the ground is dry, loosens
it up thoroughly. Blasting loosens up heavy clay sub-soil or dense
stratas of hard-pan underlaid by free soil, so that it takes water well
and gives the roots a chance to permeate the ground easily. In many
loose soils, I think there is no advantage in blasting. Full directions in
regard to dynamiting can be had by writing to the numerous powder
companies.

I have seen trees planted in blasted holes that showed no advantages
over trees that were planted in holes without blasting, in the same field
and planted at the same time in loose soils. On the other hand, in heavy

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

89

cla}' sub-soil or wliere there is plow sole or hard-pan, I have seen trees
planted in blasted lioles tliat made two or three times the p^rowth of the
trees planted in non-blasted holes. By allowing? these holes to remain
open, sun and air permeate into the earth and by planting time the
chunks of earth blown out by blasting will be in a finely pulverized
condition. The first r;iins get deeply into the earth and settle the soil
which has been loosened up by blasting. If ])lasting is not done, the
hole should be dug at least 2 feet by 2 feet by 2^ feet deep.

PLOWING.

Before planting a walnut grove attention should be paid to leveling
the ground. Any little high places should be scraped off and all sags
filled in. The groimd should be graded so that in irrigating there will

Fig. 39. — A seven-year-old Eureka grove.
(Original.)

be an equal distribution of water. Drainage should also be considered
in preparing the soil, as after the orchard is planted it is inconvenient
and sometimes impossible to put the land in shape.

Having chosen your soil, it should be plowed deeply and harrowed
imtil it is in a fine state of cultivation. It is well to plow under a good
heavy cover crop the spring previous and allow the ground to lie fallow
during the summer; but as time is one of the elements in producing a
walnut grove, one can not always do this.

90 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

PROPAGATION.

The best way to produce a paying orchard of walnuts is to plant nur-
sery grafted trees. A few years ago it was thought the proper way was
to plant three or four nuts in the spots which the trees were to occupy
in the orchard, pick out the most vigorous tree that started from these
nuts and graft to the desired variety of English walnut later on. Theo-
retically this sounds very well. However, I know of no instance in
which this method proved satisfactory, as in some places there would be
no trees developed and in others each nut would produce a good tree.
Another method which is better, but yet unsatisfactory, is planting the
Black walnut seedlings in orchard form and top grafting later. The
disadvantage of this method is one common with that of planting the nuts
in place, namely, that it is impossible to obtain a uniform stand by graft-
ing the first year, and it will probably take three or four years before all
the trees have good tops, thus making your orchard uneven. Then,
too. with top grafting on vigorous roots the grafts grow very rapidly
and thriftily, making them top heavy and easily blown off by the winds,
adding considerable expense and much work to keep your grafts from
blowing out. The best way to top graft in the fields is to let the trees
grow a few years until they attain considerable size, then graft about
one-third of the tree each year. It will take three years to work your
trees over, but you will not have the trouble of their blowing off and will
not shock your tree. It is not nmch of a shock to a one-year-old tree to
cut it off and graft it, but the older the tree the more shock it produces
to cut off all the top by grafting. "When you figure the time and expense
of top working your trees in the field you will find that they are much
more expensive than planting nursery grafted trees. Then, too, the
scientific nurseryman does not graft any but his best trees, and if they
do not make a good growth after being grafted in the nursery they are
rejected. T know of several besides myself who have tried top grafting
in the field, as well as planting nursery grafted trees, and I have yet to
find the man who has tried this on any large scale who would plant any-
thing but nursery grafted trees. Of course, a small percentage of
nursery grafted trees that are transplanted will fail to grow and will
have to be replaced the following season. These failures are so few
under proper conditions that they are not noticeable in the orchards.

PLANTING.

After choosing your variety on the proper root stock, have them
shipped to their destination, obtain and heel them in as soon as possible
after their arrival, even if you do not intend to plant them at once.

To heel your trees in, dig a trench deep enough to receive the entire
root, so that they may be covered thoroughly at the same height they
stood in the nursery. Remove all i)acking and lay the tops all one way.
Cover thoroughly with moist dirt and pour water over them to settle the
dirt between the roots. Then pul more earth on top. Trees should not
be left lying around witli the roots exposed.

DIGGING.

If possible, tlic holes should be dug just ahead of your planters. If
this is not possible, the sides of the holes should always be freshly pared
off before the trees are put in. and the soil in the bottom of the hole

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 91

thoroiitrhly Inosonod up with a sliovi'l. In (li<j:j;infj; the holes, the top soil
should be phieecl to one side and the dirt from the bottom of the hole
plaeed on the other side. Replace the marker on its end pegs.

The notch in the middle of tlie marker will be the proper position for
the tre(\ Cut back all bruised roots to a sound place with a sharp knife
and make a fresh, clean. slantinf>r cut on the under side of each root.
Place the tree in the hole with the trunk resting in the center of the
notch of the tree nuirker. Spread the roots out in their natural position
in the hole in which they are to be planted. The tree should be placed
with the same side towards the sun as it stood in the nursery. Let one
man hold the tree with the stem in the center of the notch, while the
other man slowly shovels in tirst the top earth, and then that taken
from the bottom of th(> hole, being careful not to place any straw or
manure around the roots, as this will leave air spaces and is death to
the tree. The earth should be tramped thoroughly, being careful not
to bruise the roots with your boots. The top six inches should not be
tramped but should be tilled in a few inches higher than the surface of
the gi'ound, so that when the rains settle the dirt, the tree will not be
in a hole a few inches below the surface.

Previous to planting, the top should be cut off to about 12 inches above
the ground, according to the number of buds on the lower trunk of the
trees, and the cut waxed. I prefer to do this myself before shipping
the trees as it lessens the bulk and the cut is waxed, a thing the planter
is apt to neglect. After these buds make a growth of 4 to 6 inches, I
select the most thrifty one to make the butt of the future tree and pinch
off the others. This tree will probably make a growth of 4 to 12 feet
the first season and should be tied loosely with baling rope to a stake
as it grows. For this purpose I use a 2x3 Oregon pine, 10 feet long,
with the lower end sharpened, then dipped in a drum of boiling crude
oil for a few moments, using an old oil drum from which I have cut out
one of the heads for this purpose. This prevents the Oregon pine stake
from rotting and also prevents evaporation of moisture up through the
stake. Oregon pine so treated will last three or four years, which is as
long as you will re(|uire it, and it is much cheaper than redwood.

If the trees are planted late it is well to adcT ten to twenty gallons of
water to settle the earth around the roots. The top six inches of the
surface .should always be left pulverized and not tramped. Tji planting,
if your soil is too wet, stop until it is in pro])er condition. It is all right
to keep your trees heeled in until the soil is in proper condition for plant-
ing, for if they are planted in mud, it will surely bake and they will not
do well.

It is useless to plant dui-ing the cold months of the winter, as the roots
will not start to grow and are liable to become sour from the cold, damp
earth, but iii the spring when the ground begins to get warm, it is
natural for plant growth to put forth. Roots should be about 18 to 20
inches long. If too long, they rot. due to soil being too cold and wet
below that depth.

CARE OF YOUNG TREES.

The next and most important thing in hot climates is to nail a shake
on the south side of the Oregon pine stake to shade the tree from the hot
sun during the middle of the day, the edge extending out beyond the

92 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

tree. The stake is driven on the west side of the tree on account of our
prevailing winds coming from that quarter. By having the tree cut
back to about 12 inches above the ground, you equalize the top and the
roots, which have also been cut off, and avoid having the tall top draw
more moisture than your limited root system can supply, making the
circulation of sap sluggish.

The thrifty new shoot which you select to make the butt of the future
tree will have an active sap supply and will not sunburn. This treat-
ment of the newly planted tree in hot climates is most important, for
though they may not show it to the naked eye, one that is headed high —
say 4 or 5 feet from the ground — without any protection, will be more or
less sunburned and the tree does not fully recover from it for a long time.

Cutting back the top makes the tree prone to sucker badly. These
suckers and limbs should be kept cut off, except the one selected to make
the butt of the future tree. This suckering should be done after the buds
begin to swell and repeated every ten days at least three or four times
until the suckers stop coming. If allowed to grow these suckers get the
first sap and limit the growth of the top buds or stop its growth
altogether. At the time of suckering the tree should be hoed around,
as it is necessary to dig down 4 or 5 inches below the surface of the
ground to reach all the suckers. These should be cut off with a little
of the bark of the old roots in order to get all the blind eyes that are
surrounding the sucker. If they are only broken off or the blind buds
are not removed they will immediately start to grow.

If you wish j^our trees to make the best growth possible, another
important point is that trees thus transplanted should have an irrigation
of 10 to 12 gallons of water about every three weeks during the first
summer, according to the moisture conditions. The cheapest way to do
this is to have a large tank on a wagon with a large hose 1-| inches in
diameter connected with the bottom of the tank, which is used to run
the water around the tree. The end of this hose can be pulled up above
the top of the tank by a string over a pulley on the end of a stake which
is higher than the tank and extending out from the wagon bed. Then
when you are along beside the tree, lower the end of the hose until the
proper amount of water runs out ; then raise the end of the hose by
pulling on your string and drive to the next tree. By having a gasoline
engine to fill your wagon tank, one man can water a great many trees in
a day. One man should go ahead and dig a little ditch around each
tree to receive the water, after which the dirt should be hoed loosely
around the tree, or, what is better, one can place a mulch of straw about
6 inches deep for several feet around the tree. In this way you avoid
the hoeing and conserve the water that is applied to the tree much
better. By following the detail I have just described one will be well
repaid with the amount of growth that the tree will make.

INTERPLANTI.NG.

When walnut trees are planted at such wide intervals as 50 to 60 feet
and are somewhat slow in coming into bearing as compared with some
other trees, it is generally advisable to interplant with some tree, or
plant some crop to get revenue while the nuts are coming into bearing.
This is not especially objectionable, as the walnut is a deep rooted tree,
provided you do not grow your crop too close to the walnut tree. It
is aji admirable plan to replace vineyards and unprofitable orchards

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 93

by iuterplaiiting with walimts. One slioukl not by any means grow
anything within 6 or 8 feet of a walnut tree, and as it gets larger it
should be given more room each year. I do not advise strongly, how-
ever, to interplant walnuts with other fruit trees, as by the time that
both come into bearing it is too nnicli of a drain on the soil and moisture
cojiditions and the development of the walnut grove is delayed. It is
much better to grow some annual crop, such as beans, sugar beets,
berries, alfalfa, or corn. Of course, when one interplants one must be
prepared to furnish that nnich extra irrigation or the walnut trees will
be starved to that extent. Perhaps the most remunerative intercrop is
alfalfa, if you have the capital to stock your place with either hogs,
sheep or cattle. In this way you get full value of your alfalfa. Hogs
are the best as they do not injure the young trees, and if you can raise
corn on a portion of your orchard to fatten your hogs in the fall you
will get ideal results. Sheep are apt to gnaw young walnut trees and
cattle will brush and rub against them. Another very good way is to
interplant your walnuts with an early fruiting variety. If you have
your permanent crop of Eureka, Franquette, or Mayette, you can inter-
plant with Placentia, Ware's Prolific or Neff's Prolific, which are
varieties that come into bearing very early and can be cut out after
your permanent crop comes into full bearing. In this way you have
your planting 30x60 feet. The interplanted walnuts will bear about
as soon as peaches and give larger returns, although they are nuts that
do not bring as good prices as the later varieties in this district.

PLOWING AND CULTIVATION.

The general practice is to plow a grove deeply once a year during the
spring if possible, plowing under a cover crop of burr clover or Melilotus
indica, which will make a good winter growth if sowed in September and
irrigated at the start of each season. The September irrigation is also
an advantage in helping the hulls to crack open and the nuts to drop.
The ground should be thoroughly cultivated and a good mulch produced
after each irrigation.

PRUNING.

As a rule the second year the trees will not make so much growth in
height but will throw out side branches. If they fail to do this they
should be topped about 7 feet above the ground. This will force out the
side branches. Any limbs that are too low and that cross each other
should be cut off. When the tree has a tendency to grow away from
the wind the limbs on that side should have about one-third of their
length cut off. This will force the tree to grow up against the wind.
By topping back one-third of their length on trees that are old enough
to bear, but have a tendency to grow too much wood, you can encourage
them to throw out fruit spurs. The center of older trees should be kept
open to allow the sun and air to go through the trees.

HARVESTING AND MARKETING.

Under proper conditions when the nuts are mature the hulls crack
and the nuts fall on the ground. In dry localities it is often advisable
to give an irrigation about the time the hulls should crack. The mois-
ture from the irrigation hastens the cracking. This irrigation also pre-
3—22110

94 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

pares the ground for the seeding of your cover crop if you desire one.
If a few of the nuts do not drop they are easily removed by shaking the
limbs with a hook attached to a long pole. Then they are picked up and
put in sacks, and spread on trays in a shed or in the shade to dry. Then
they can be bleached, dried again, and sacked for market.

The demand for fancy grade walnuts in this valley is so great that
the local trade takes more than we can produce, even at higher prices
than the California "Walnut Growers' Association pays for better nuts.
It will be only a short time, however, until our production will be of
sufficient quantity to affiliate with advantage with the California Walnut
Growers' Association, for no one with intelligence and sufficient finances
to produce a bearing walnut grove will be so blind as not to take
advantage of such an opportunity.

The California Walnut Growers' Association has been most successful
through the efforts of its President, Mr. C. C. Teague, and its Secretary,
Mr. A. C. Thorpe, who are men of long and large experience in citrus
as well as walnut marketing. With 75 per cent of the walnut growers
behind the association, it is enabled to guarantee every requisite de-
manded by the trade. We must profit by the experience of others.
Look at the condition of the peach and grape growers without organi-
zation ! On the other hand look at the citrus and raisin growers with
their organization. Eight or nine years ago wholesale jobbers were
afraid to buy raisins more than twenty-four hours ahead at one time.
There was no organization. It was every fellow for himself. But now,
due to the Kaisin Association, these buyers purchase a year's supply at
one time. They have profited by the experience of others. This year
the California AValnut Growers' Association handled about 75 per cent
of the crop of the State. Last year they handled 65 per cent of the crop
at a total cost to the growers of about 3 per cent, including advertising,
salaries, etc. They have made standard grades and pack, and sell
entirely through brokers' connections, of which they have more than
one hundred in the United States. They have more than twenty local
associations affiliated with them. I hope it will not be long before the
San Joaquin Valley affiliates with them. These associations are located
in the different producing sections. The local growers are members
of the local association and the local association has representatives in
the councils of the head association. The association owns and supplies
its own graders, buys bags, twine, etc.. at a minimum price for the local
association, thus assuring absolute uniformity in gracling and packing.
They make immediate payments to the local association of 90 per cent
of each shipment as soon as shipped, the K) per cent being held back
to pay the expense of advertising, sales, and possible loss, also to equalize
the pools — the sum which each shipper gets in case there is a carry over.
Under this system favoritism is impossible. Besides this they have
their representatives in Europe as well as in the different sections of
the United States, are thonmghly familiar with all walnut conditions,
and conseciuently are in a position to handle their product to the best
advantage. How different from many perishable crops which you raise,
and then sit idly by and allow youi- income to be decimated by un-
organized market conditions. This, witli the fact that a properly cared
for walnut grove of the right vtirieties in full bearing aiut under proper
conditions should easily net $300 per acre, makes walnut culture in the
lower San Joaquin Valley look most promising.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 95

AN OPEN SEASON FOR THE MONGOOSE.

By Kkeuehick Maskew.

The illustration af'ooinpaiiyin<r this article is a plioto^raph of a mon-
goose. To the best of our personal knowledf^e antl belief it is the only
mongoose in California, and much to our comfort it is dead; also, it is
stuffed, which is still better for purposes of observation and photog-
raphy. Tlie object of this article is partly educational and partly to
complete the records of the Horticultural Quarantine Division. The
educational feature will be accomplished if the impression made upon
the retina of those who look ujxin this illustration remains fixed and
available for reference and comparison at such times as they feel im-
pelled to give i)ublicity to theii' illusions that a mongoose is loose in
California, and start the quarantine inspectors out on a wildgoose
rather than a mongoose chase. The mongoose has often — in other
countries — been indirectly connected with pui-poses of horticulture, but
in this instance it wjis directly connected with the same in that the
horticultural statutes of the State provide for its exclusion. The
quarantine inspectors, to whom the language of the statute is both the
law and the gospel, upon hearing that a mongoose was loose, followed

Fig. 40. — The Mongoose iHeiyestes munuo). (Photo by L. A. Whitney.)

the matter to a conclusion. As no ju-ovision is made in the official
reports of the division for such occurrences, the same not being horti-
cultural imports, this article is necessary to comi)lete the record of the
transactions.

Through the courtesy of Professor Warren T. Clark we received a
letter signed by i\Ir. Eugene Pence, dated January 27, 1915, calling
attention to an article published in a San Francisco newspaper of the
same date, which set forth that a mongoose had escaped from its owner
in Fruitvale and was at liberty in California. The letter dwelt at
length on the disastrous results that had invariably followed the intro-
duction of the mongoose into other countries, and with a clear knowledge
of these facts ourselves we desire to herewith officially thank ]\[r. Pence

96 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

for the prompt interest he took in this matter. Such applied interest is
capable co-operation, and as executive head of the Quarantine Service
I most earnestly wish there were more citizens of this same calibre.
However, the gist of this paragraph is this : Despite our most diligent
endeavors we could not establish a fact nor advance this story one step
beyond the shadowland of a myth or the standpoint of a hoax.

On May 13, 1915, the newspapers again reported that a mongoose had
passed through the quarantine lines, and worse still had escaped from
its owner. No mistake this time, the exact location was given — a hotel

on street. However, there was a ray of hope; the animal

was reported to be throwing bed clothes out of the window. Those who
know the mongoose best and have seen it on its native heath, or rather
"Dungaree Green," of a Sunday afternoon engaged in bringing to an
abrupt close certain forms of serpentine life, are entitled to entertain
serious doubts of its ability to perform any such feats as above reported.
Nevertheless, as in duty bound, we pursued this clue to the end and
located the animal in charge of the proper official at the San Francisco
pound. A harmless little Kinka jou from Mexico ! No wonder it had
passed the quarantine lines. "The poor little beast is in a tight place;
may all good fortune attend him; he is outside our jurisdiction," I said
to my deputy, George Compere, and the incident was closed.

The foregoing stories went the rounds of the press and created some
apprehension, to judge from the correspondence we received on the
matter; also, the same was justified. The establishment of the mon-
goose in California would mean ultimately the annihilation of our
groimd-nesting birds and serious interference with the poultry industry.
This is not a supposition. It is a fact that has followed in its fullness
and entirety the introduction of this animal into the West Indian and
the Hawaiian Islands. The following excerpt taken from the Year
Book, United States Department of Agriculture, 1898, page 94, cor-
roborates the above statement :

"Still the mongoose increased, and its omnivorous habits became
more and more apparent as the rats diminished. It destroyed
young pigs, kids, lambs, kittens, puppies, the native 'coney,' or
capromys, poultry, game, birds which nested on or near the ground,
eggs, snakes, ground lizards, frogs, turtles' eggs, and land crabs.
It was also kno^vn to eat ripe bananas, pineapples, young corn,
avocado pears, sweet potatoes, cocoanuts, and other fruits. Toward
the close of the second decade the mongoose, originally considered
very beneficial, came to be regarded as the greatest pest ever intro-
duced into the island. Poultry and domesticated animals suffered
from its depredations, and the short-tailed capromys {Capromys
hrachyurus) , which was formerly numerous, became almost extinct
except in some of the mountainous districts. The ground dove
(Columbigallina passerina) and the quail dove (Geotrygon mon-
tana) became rare, and the introduced bobwhite, or quail, was
almost exterminated. The peculiar Jamaica petrel (Aestrelata
caribhcea), which nested in the mountains of the island, likewise
became almost exterminated. Snakes, represented by at least five
species, all harmless, and lizards, including about twenty species,
were greatly diminished in numbers. The same thing was true of
the land and fresh-water tortoises and the marine turtle {Chelone

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 97

viridis), which formerly laid its e^cjs in abundance in the loose sand
on the noi-th coast. The destruction of insectivorous birds, snakes,
and lizards was followed by an increase in several injurious insects,
particularly ticks, which became a serious pest, and a Coccid moth,
the larva? of which bore into the pimento trees. In 1890 a com-
mission was appointed by the government to consider whether
measures slioidd be taken to reduce the number of the animals, and
the evidence collected showed conclusively that the evil results of
the introduction of the mongoose far outweighed the benefits
rendered to the sugar and coffee plantations."

For the peace of mind of those to whom this article is particularly
addressed — the crop producers of the State of California — their Horti-
cultui-al Quarantine Division assures them that there is not a living
mongoose in the State today, neither is there going to be as long as the
Quarantine Service is master of the situation at the maritime ports of
entry in California ; and over and superior to this assurance is the fact
that the Federal Government maintains an exclusion against this pest
through its Bureau of Animal Industry, and this long capable arm ex-
tends to and controls every port of entry in the United States.

RENEWING OLD LEMON TREES.*

By J. D. CuLBERTSONj Limoneira Company, Santa Paula, California.

The announced subject of this paper is "Renewing Old Lemon Trees,"
but we shall attempt nothing more than a discussion of heavy pruning
in its relation thereto. Though ordinarily subordinate to the four indis-
pensable needs of irrigation, handling of the soil, pest control and food
supply, the pruning problem may in some cases and at certain times in
the life of a tree be of pre-eminent importance. This is not an attempt
to tell just how to renew a declining orchard — we would not be so pre-
sumptuous as to try to tell others how to do what we ourselves do not
know how to do. Rather, we bring you only a few fragments of data
gathered from a pruning experiment on the Limoneira Ranch at Santa
Paula, an experiment conceived and suggested by its manager, Mr. C. C.
Teague.

First Ave enumerate somewhat in detail the symptoms of decline in a
lemon orchard as we have observed them, not all of which, however,
appear simultaneously in each and every tree in a given orchard.

Perhaps the most common symptom, be the crop large or small, is the
tendency to produce a high percentage of fruit Miiieh habitually matures
undersize, despite generous fertilization, resulting in an undue pro-
portion of ripes, and small sizes overabundant, not only in the ripes
but in all of the better grades as well. This forces a larger proportion
of the fruit to sell at a discount — some of it possibly not at all — besides
causing greater expense in handling and packing, and loss due to heavier
decay.

To this poorer quality is often added the loss from greatly reduced
yield. Frequently many lemons hang far out on the ends of rather

•Address before Hie State Fruit Growers' Convention, San Bernardino, California.
1916.

98 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,

l()n£? attenuated fruit spurs. These are always of poor quality, irregu-
lar shape, and disfigured by sun and wind sears.

The foliage is usually more or less dwarfed, sparse and of poor color.

Many leafless fruit spurs may be found in all parts of the tree, both
inside and out, bearing little or no fruit.

Cheeking and cracking of the bark of the main trunk often takes
place, frequently extending from bud line upward and well out on the
main branches. Later this flakes off, exposing a new bark underneath.
]\rany trees appear to be in great distress during this process — a trouble
not thoroughly understood, but thought by some to occur earlier on trees
that have been consistently heavy producers.

The above symptoms of decline are given with reference to trees
supposedly well cared for in every way, and on first-class soil. A very
different class of trees, showing many of the .same symptoms, consists
of trees whose inability to produce fruit of quality has been due to : lack
of adequate water ; soil impoverished for want of organic matter, result-
ing in poor physical condition; lack of nutrition, apparently in most
cases because of an inadequate supply of nitrogen in proper form;
shallow soil underlaid with sand and gravel, incapable of the capillary
power necessary to bring back moisture and soluble plant food that have
passed through to lower levels during winter rains and irrigation; loss
of part of the root system, through injury or disease, or, perhaps more
frequently, a similar loss of bark on the main trunk.

Mature fruit trees of all kinds belonging to this latter class have long
been known to be greatly aided toward profitable production by liberal
pruning, even if the other disadvantages are not removed. Indeed, it
w^as largely from object lessons obtained by pruning trees with such
special disabilities that the conviction came to us that, if heavy pruning
Avould so conspicuously improve them, how much more fully might this
be realized in a tree not thus handicapped.

Another matchless object lesson was the heavy freeze of January,
1913. A fifteen-acre block of our twenty-year-old trees that had begun
to show many of the symptoms of decline was frozen just enough to kill
probably 80 per cent of the fruit wood, and many of the larger exposed
branches were so injured that the outer portion of the main structure
was reduced at least 30 per cent. All cross limbs and unnecessary
loaders were removed. It need not be told how these trees ''came back."
Nearly every community has been a witness to a similar rejuvenation of
at least a few lemon trees of mature years. That year's crop was zero,
of course, and even during the second twelve months after the freeze
we gathered less than two field boxes per tree, though of superb quality.
The third year, however, the crop was 10 per cent above any prior yield,
and again of highest quality. The present year promises an even greater
production, with quality still unimpaired.

One more object lesson may be alluded to. Thirty years ago Mr.
Nathan W. Blanchard. of Santa Paula, the well known pioneer in lemon
growing, was shipping one hundred packed boxes of lemons per acre
from an Eureka orchard planted in the '70s. The trees were allowed to
grow very much like seedling orange trees until twenty-six or twenty-
eight years old. By that time the symptoms of decline, as we know them
today, were very evident, both in the orchard and on the balance sheet
in the office. Low heading of leiiinu 1rees was being vigorously agitated
throughout the lemon growing sections. These considerations led to

TIIK l\ION'niI,N' RIUJjKTIN. 99

a iiidsl scNci'c 1(i|» pniiiiiii:'. so li('av.\' in I'act Itial the cin)]) was cul 1o
45 per cent of normal. The second year i1 rose only to 80 per cent, but
tlie Hiird year tlie yield was 1(!S per cent oP nor-nial (|nantity, and of
such a superioi' (|ualily that i1 was pi'obahly e(|ual to l")!) [X'l* cent of the
previous normal value. The jx-oduction has sleadilx increased to
125 per cent of the original average crop; but now, after an interval of
thirteen years since prunins:. the fruit sijces are growinf; smaller an<l
the percentage of ripe.s increasing — premonitions of the day when
another heavy pruning may be necessary.

In the spring of 1914 the performance of much of the Limoneira
orchard was so unsatisfactory, with small sizes, ripes, and other evi-
dences of decadence, all calling for correction, that we undertook care-
fully to investigate the merits of heavy pruning as a last resort, and to
determine in relation to it: when it may be done with least sacrifice to
present crop; when with least sacrifice to the following year's crop;
what effect it might have on the percentage of ripes and small sizes;
whether one can prune at such a season that the first succeeding crop
Avill mature its fruit for the summer market, thereby compensating
for loss in quantity by increased value ; what type of cuts should be
necessary and best suited to the purpose, and also how much cutting to
do ; what the expense would be, and how difficult the task of training
men for it ; and what precautions to observe in an orchard-wide policy
of heavy pruning, should this seem advisable later.

In brief, our method was to reduce the mean radius of the tree very
little, but to remove all cross limbs, superfluous leaders and out-hanging
corners, and relieve top-heavy boughs by heavy concealed cuts, avoiding
as much as possible "heading" and the leaving of "holes" in the sides
of the tree. The result was a sacrifice of perhaps 60 per cent of the
foliage and 30 to 40 per cent of the fruit spurs — wood less than one-half
inch in diameter. For the experiment we selected the block of Lisbon
orchard most in need of rejuvenation. All rows were picked just before
pruning. Row" 1 was reserved as a check to be given our customary
prunings; row- 2 was pruned in May; row 3 in June; row 4, a check;
then July and August and another check, and so on : one row for each
month for twelve successive months, with eight check rows so arranged
that each pruned row had a check on one side of it.

Eecords of production w^ere kept beginning January 1, 1914. showing
monthly yields from each of the twenty rows to be included in the
experiment. Taking the calendar year a.s the crop year, the accompany-
ing chart shows the percentage of crop harvested from each row dui'ing
the year when the pruning w^as done. It also illustrates graphically the
percentages of crop harvested during the next crop year. To obtain
these percentages all yields were compared with the corresponding year's
average yield from all check rows taken together as the noi-mal 100 per
cent yield, and reduced to the basis of pounds per bearing tree. By
arranging the first year's record at the left of the chart and the second
year's record at the right we see at a glance the blank areas which, taken
together, show the combined percentage of crop lost during the two crop
years.

To be complete, these data should extend over a three to four year
period in order to include at lea.st one full crop following the years of
sacrifice. But without this complete data some tentative conclusions
may be drawn as to the season avIkii heavy pruning may be done with

100

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

PRUNED-

1915-

LOSS-
1914-

ROW

JAN-

(Jf/S)

FEB-

(tflS)

MAR-

APL-

MAY

JUN

JULY

AUG

SEP-

OCT

NOy-

DEC-

4-3% 1

6SZ I

'"' 9Z%

5

00
(0

^4-%

72%

"" 84-%

50%

] Ho'y.

\"" 70%

6S%

7i^%

r ' 60%

91% 1 -^^

VA 1 66%

9^% |ir;

\ 8/Z

9S% 3?

'z 1 e8%

99'/o ^

i£% 1 S6Z

9r^^ 1 J^

12 %\ er/o

99Z 4

ISZ S6%

39% <

58 Z J4L3Z

99% i i

s^-z \^rz

mcHs

/oo% 1

fOO'/o

1'"JG. '11. — Chart showing records of production of lemons. (Original.)

THE MONTHLY BULLKTIN. 101

the least .saeriliee in (luantity of fruit. It is fairly evident that it
should 1)0 iiiidprtjikrn ;is soon as ))«ssil)lo after from 70 to SO per cent
of the crop have been harvested. In our section this would enable us to
begin late in May or early June, extending through July, and possibly
August. It appears that the heaviest sacrifice results from winter and
early spring prunino' during the six months from November to April,
a season when the trees are laden with a full crop all but ready to gather.
In this connection it may be said that while the data as to seasonal
yields following priming are too incomplete for analysis, yet there are
strong indications that the heavy sacrifice of yield resulting from the
winter and early spring pruning may be quite largely offset by a goodly
production of high quality summer fruit.

A comparison of the ripes reveals the fact that during the second
crop year fruit from the check rows graded 80.5 per cent ripe, as against
only 16.6 per cent from the first four pruned rows — a ratio of practically
2 to 1.

As to the type of pruning and amount of it, we do not feel that we
could improve materially on the general method employed and already
described.

Where heavy pruning is undertaken we learned that whitewash should
be used freely and promptly to prevent serious sunburn of large limbs
and trunk. This is very important. Paint with asphaltum all large
cuts, fumigate cautiously when the new growth has just begun, and
spray Avith great care.

Aside from the temporary sacrifice of fruit involved, the expense of
such a pruning is considerable. A good man will hardly prune more
than eight or ten trees per day, and the cost of hauling out the brush,
or cutting it. amounts to several cents per tree, while the cost of painting
the large cuts and whitewashing adds at least another five cents.

Trees pruned later than July or early August are apt to put out a
short growth that does not have time to fully mature before cold weather
comes. As a consequence, it yellows considerably during the winter
months, but with the awakening of spring it soon regains a normal
color, or disappears beneath the out-pushing free growth of early
summer.

From our experience to date, no further pruning will be needed for
about a year. Heavy pruning in early summer may, in some localities,
call for the removal of a few suckers and Ions: fruit spurs of doubtful
value the following winter, if other growers feel, as we do, that the citrus
tree, like the deciduous tree, is probably best served by receiving its
principal annual pruning during the dormant winter months.

In considering a general policy of attempting tree removal by heavy
pruning, or even a small experiment — and the small experiment should
always be undertaken first, and in every locality at an early date — the
grower should be as sure as he can be that the trees do not need food,
better or less cultivation, pest control, less water or more. It is doubtful
if even the heaviest production Avill bring a tree to the point of decline
before the age of sixteen or eighteen years, if it has been well treated
and fed. A possible error Avith rather young trees may arise through
the impression that if a vigorous lemon tree has not borne fruit in
abundance by the time it is six or seven years old it never Avill. There
appears to be a strong groAving strain of lemon tree, of a variety per-
haps not definitely placed, Avhich. though late in commencing, yet in the

102 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

end becomes a heavy producer. It may not be a desirable type to propa-
gate and plant henceforth, but he who has such an orchard just on the
point of profitable production, should hesitate before deciding that it
must be ''renewed" with pruning shears. IMore likely it needs ferti-
lizers and organic matter.

Our conclusions, based on the evidences and data thus far, have led
us to prune first a ten-acre block in June, 1914, and some forty acres
more in the summer of 1915. When an old orchard grows like a young
orchard, it produces fruit like a young orchard — and truly, the trees
pruned now almost two years ago are growing like young trees.

Undoubtedly the most desirable means of renewing lemon trees would
be a thoroughly understood method of regular annual or more frequent
pruning by which the tendency of trees to fall into slothful and
enervated performance would be steadily counteracted. Perhaps there
are growers who fully believe this can be done, and there are orchards
at the present time twenty to thirty years old which may appear to be
strong examples in support of such a belief. However, variations in
soil, cultural methods, fertilization, quality, quantity and method of
application of irrigation water, location as regards protection from or
exposure to frost, winds and sun, adaptability of varieties, variations in
tree types due to source of buds or stock — all of these factors are as yet
inseparably involved in the study of every orchard. Only after reliable
demonstrations under each and all of these varying conditions, and cov-
ering a period extending well into the next generation, will it be possible
for any one to say whether or not the annual pruning could be so done
that trees will not become superannuated.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 103

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

THE ACREAGE OF FRUITS, BEARING AND NONBEARING, BY

COUNTIES, IN 1915.

By Geo. P. Wkldon.

Jii the Dcceinher luiitibor of Thc^ Monthly IJullctiii for 1IJ14, a tahh;
showing the acreage of fruit trees l)y counties was puljlished. This was
the first comprehensive table of the kind that was ever compiled by the
oilfice of State Commission of Horticulture, and it was with a realizatiim
of the fact that such a table could not be perfect that it was published.
Subsequently a series of maps were made fi-om this table, which showed
graphically the counties producing each kind of fruit and the relative
importance of each county. These maps were exhibited at the Worhl's
Panama-Pacific International Exposition, in the Palace of Horticulture,
as a part of the exhibit of the State Commission of Horticulture.

As expected, there was some criticism of the figures in a very few
cases, but on the whole much less than was expected. A searching
investigation in cases of the most severe criticism revealed the fact
that the parties taking exception to the figures had nothing better to
offer, and consequently very few changes were found to be necessary.

With the 1914 table as a basis for future estimates, the county
horticultural commissioners, who have done splendid service in this
work, carefully revised the figures for 1915, that are given in the table
which folloAvs. This table we believe is the most complete and accurate
table of the kind that has ever been printed. In a few cases it has not
been possible to get as accurate statistics as we had hoped might be
available. For example, Fresno County, with a very large acreage of
fruit and a tremendous amount of work for a county commissioner,
was not able with the limited help and time to make a careful census
in 1915, and the figures which appear in the table were in most cases
compiled by the Raisin Exchange in 1914. Solano County, one of the
important fruit growing counties of the State, is very unfortunately at
present without a county horticultural commissioner, and although
repeated efforts have been made to get figures from other sources, they
have been of no avail and former Commissioner M(d^ride's estimates
of acreage, bearing and non-bearing, for 1914, are used again this year.

In general the figures given can be depended upon as fairly accurate.
This statement is made after a careful investigation into the methods
employed by the vai'ious county horticultui-al connnissioners in doing
the work. It was found that in many counties an actual tree count
has been made. This in each case has been reduced to an acreage basis
by estinuiting so many trees per acre. This, of course, may bring about
a slight discrepancy, as the acreage will depend on the numlier of esti-
mated trees per acre, but in all cases a fair average has been taken and
there should be no bad errors. Hasty publication has been avoided,
and all doubtful figures lu-ought to our attention have been carefully
investigated.

104

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CROP STATISTICS

Almonds

Apples

Apricots

Berries

Cherries

Figs

County

a
»
S.
a

o
a

k

a.

K

1
1

a

05

1
o

o"
a
»

a

3
IF)

I

W

a'

a
cr

a

0
(n
1

1

P

-I

1

a

cr

CD

a

1

to

a

!2!
0
a

cr
a

a

3

td

n
p

a"

0
a

k

1

Alameda -

385
2,000

300
1,750

1,50C

130

500

400

5,333

85

30

500

980
20
15

250

95

80

1,000
85

160
35

Butte - -

155
20

20

80

Colusa - - -

2,500
1,000

Contra Costa _ -

160

96
225

30
145
450

20

20

200
80

88
40

8

El Dorado

350

250

78

1,100

Fresno -

2,137
200

613

270

2,919
15

Glenn

200

1,720

355

Humboldt --

Imperial !

110

20

230

2,118

31

1,472

200

25

230

335

25

225

52

113

Inyo --

800
100

1,200
1,957

Kern

130

14

57

Kings -

Lake - -- -

285

437

50

25

450

182

19

410

242
927
200
450
70
265

3,000
400

l.EOO
150
450
817
400
400

1.258

1.110
20
345
400
342
15,500
228
650

10
650

665
37
335
1,150
120
250
230

2,522
100

2

441

45
110

20

4,296

15

10

10

84

150

20

500

3

Los Angeles —

69

Madera

125

Mendocino -

50

7

25

10

25

Merced -

Modoc

60

540

Monterey

10

35

800

160

15

1,600

42

2,688

60O

90

5

160

3,323

75

1,000

830

98

150
59
50

200

500

23

2,000

300

12
10

10
350

75

5

125

20

Napa . - .

50
20

6

Nevada

Orange

25

5

Placer

Riverside —

250

979

1,060

200

""85

2,000

150

" 426
750
100

21
1,000
1,895

350

29

370

100

43

8

1,800

334

200

25

80

10

700

45

7
10

16

San Benito ..

25: 2,500
6,550 1.652

San Bernardino .

San Diego

221

70

50

100

407

1,100

114

345

lis

1,000

117

150

8,434

1,200

10

15

1,300

582

388

20

600

325

2,016

1,900

80

10
80

16

San Joaquin

25

San Luis Obispo

240
170

388
1,000

7

150

23

217

Santa Barbara

160

1,876

150

6

45

700

655

S3

42

125

986

200

7

30

300

589

27

27

Santa Clara

238

75

46

28

Santa Cruz --

500

110

80

Shasta

35

5

1,000

106

-

415
17

10

5

Siskiyou

Solano -.

Sonoma

5,007
119
157
500
375

3,7n
5

20

50

155

l,i;00
85

102
346
179
100
325

Stanislaus

912 1.109

37

Sutter -- -

1,500

500

SO

998
400
220

Tehama

50

350

2,421

25

25

Tulare

15

20

10

20

685

Ventura

role

3,500
135

1,100
50

30
430

"75

260

SOO
120

15

Tuba

50

50

25

25

200

Totals ..

18,602

16,073

?8,410

22,430

40,898

14,553

10,468

112

8,269

4,193

5,709

2,413

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

105

BY COUNTIES.

Lemons

Olives

Oranges

Peaches

Fears

Plums

Prunes

Walnuts

a
□

o
a

k

CO

5i

0

i

1

p

■-,

0

OS

a

a
3.

dQ
1

1
1
1
1

1

•a
0

□

1

W
n>
P
•-,

1"

k

so

a

1

w

at
p

1

1

i

1

5!

0
a

i
1*

p
a

Z
0
0

k
p

a

1

ta

n

P

m

t

1

I
1

2!

0
a

k
p

1

1

0
a

k

p

1

4

25

30

800

6

50
1,900

2,100

10

2,000

40

13

"iio

300
5

40
3,000
300
600
300
35,000
150

"'775
200

290
25

437

400

30

800

500

250

20

917

1,000

125

100

100
300
343

20

125
20
51

550

1,704
2,000
1,000
1,100

250
2,000
3,000

330

100
20
40
30
10

159

5

30

40
50

5

143

18

502

42

5
15

230

1,300
30

■ 75

320

1,788
75

2,830

981
210

" 820

58

2,750

25

593

170

450

13

9

52

143

73

198

32

450

660

7,183

150

2,922

550

37

5,000

198
150
410

37
250
190

103
250
992

18
50
50

25

75

100

40

525
360

208

690

7

70

450

1,222

200

1,109

833

229

75

335

40

400

100

45

2,100

175

10
194

2

24.407
10

8,742
t

51

3,614
900
145

1.121

1,460
311

15
255

85

1,000
2,388

491

295
45

44

183
21

288
8,901

304

3,694

4,965

6,240
47

725
79

35
42

275

170

10
35

14

10

49

40

185

100

500

350

50

7.000

1.837

1,880

700

6,703

503

7,000

50

82

300

1.000

1.057
950
200

2,712
255

6,000
500

80
425
600

100

235

1,200

40

3,000

110

25
1,200

5

160

20

12,000

15

12

28

200
5
386
320
1,559
720

50S
740

20

10

9,806

350

16,363

950

23

6,500

3,112
800

100

110

25

5,500

30

1,350

24
240

90
50

3,000

1,550

1,900

1,500

310

3,000

350

115

118

800

75

20

1,400

50

100

40

1,000

1,097

138

221

350

45

638

2,000

100

319

67

1,500

3,285

2,586
15

2,368
20

39
600

490

690

3,000

48

600

50

125

500

1,000

85

54

1,500

279

410
30

1,592
150
150

2,602
3,016

2,335

1,664

20

350
15
60

572
1,500
600
40
450
135

652

74

300

105

52

33,390

1,262

20

7

5

18

1

5

7,717

114

50

2
11

1
3

42

17
500

31

37

1,000

649| 1,407
116 216
200 2,000
106 60

900

4,800 800

20
15

5,463
100
324
175

4,200
700
3,754
2.352
3.500
7.845

375
100
454
25
600
419
399

2.756
600

1,500

185
325

15

10
230
554

65
109
100

30

2,915

162

54,200

300

760

15

4,206

563 196

140

250

25

65

2,521

102

14

80

100

450

150

50

1,520

45

75

3

250

130
5

37 40

2 12

20
2
2

20

700

74

50

1,500

800

212

450

350

45

25

450

3,050

6

75

900

10
106
105

225

19,750

1,386

60

160

20
15
50

75

22,550

862

15

30

4,345i 1.8(X)

8
7

7,687

52

787

1,200

2,550

3,004
146
888
500

1,450

328 278
20 379
15 239

"775
2,879

S2
1,713

10 250
5,064 1,412

25

1.950
765

100
300

900
500

125
390

600
260

150
100

1,450
280

225

200

40 10
250 j 200

18,442

18,228

15,854

11,580

112,9:6

55,527

113.725 31,163

17,779

19.649

16,410

5,751

91,470

24,774

34.453

20,302

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletina
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harrt S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of July 16, 1894.

Oregon Quarantines Against California Potatoes. — Oregon has
placed a quarantine against California potatoes because of the potato
tuber moth which is widespread in California and which does not
occur in Oregon, at least not to any extent. Potatoes are admitted
into Oregon under certain conditions, which are given in the quaran-
tine which follows:

OREGON STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

Notice of Quarantine, No. 3.

The fact has been determined by the president of the Oregon State Board of
Horticulture that a daugerous insect pest, injurious to the commou potato, which
is commonly known as the potato tuber worm {Phthorimoca operculella, Zell.), new
to and not heretofore prevalent or widely distributed within and tliroughout the
State of Oregon, exists and is widespread in the State of California, and that, to
prevent the introduction and siiroad of said pest in the State of Oregon, it is neces-
sary to forbid the importation of potatoes from California except under the condi-
tions hereinafter set forth :

Now, therefore, I, Chas. A. J';nk. president of the Oregon State Board of
Horticulture, under tlie authority conferred by section 1 of chai^ter 24(5 of the
General Laws of Oregon of ]!)L'>, and section 4 of chapter ',i4'2 of the General Laws
of Oregon of 1915, do hereby proliiliit the importation of any common potato or
I)o(atoes from (he State of California into (he State of Oregon, exce))t under the
conditions hereinafter specified, and from and after the ])ul)Iication of this notice
in three newspapers published in (he State of Oregon it shall be unlawful for any
person, firm or corporation (o transport or bring any common po(a(oes from the
State of California into the S(a(e of Oregon except under (he following con<liti<)ns :

1. Every shipment of common potatoes from the Stale of California to the State
of Oregon must be accompanied by a certificate of inspection signed by a county
horticultural commissioner or other duly authorized horticultural inspector of said
State of California, certifying that he has inspected the potatoes in said shipment
and found them free from the ])olato tuber modi, its larva or pupa. Such certificate
shall be signed in writing and shall specify the locality where .said potatoes are
grown, the date of inspection, and the nunii)er of sacks, boxes or odier containers
included in the shipment inspected.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 107

2. Evi'ry sliiiiinciit of potntcx's ^rown in Ciilifoi'iiia wliicli is hroii^^lil into OroKoii
must be brouslU to the c'i(.v of rortlaiul. iuid nnisL he licld ut tlu! wharf, dock, rail-
road yards, froislit depot or express company's depot or olHce of the common carrier
lirin^inir such potatoes into the state until said potatoes ha\-e hoen inspected by the
state inspector of the Ore^'on State P.oanl of llorticulluro or by some other duly
authorized inspector workinj; uiuh-r direct ion of the said State Board of Horticulture,
and iKM'mission has been Riven by the inspector makins: such ins])(^ction to deliver the
potatoes. The conunon carrier, i)erson, firm or cori)Oration bring:in.i; ])otatoes into
Oregon which are grown in California must notify the State Board of Horticulture
or the State Inspector of said P.oard of the arri\al in I'ortland of sucii potatoes and
hold the shipment as hereinbefore provided.

3. If. upon inspection, any of the potatoes in any shipment arc found to be
infested with the potato tuber moth, its larva or luipa, or show indications that they
have been so infested, the person, firm or corporation who has brought said shipment
of potatoes from California to this state must take said shipment of potatoes back
to California within four days from the date of inspection of said potatoes in I'ort-
land, provided that if the infestation shall be in such condition that the inspector
believes there would be danger of escape of the potato tuber moth from the shipment
in course of transit througli the State, the person, firm or corporation bringing the
shipment into the state will be required to destroy the shipment, including the
containers, by burning up the same.

Done at Salem. Oi-egon. this twentieth day of January, 1016.

CIIAS. A. PARK.
President of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture.
I, James Withycombe, Governor of the State of Oregon,
do hereby approve the foregoing promulgation.

JAMES WITHYCOMBE,
Governor of the State of Oregon.

The California peach borer, 3Jfirria o})a1p.9crn<^. II. E(hv. — In contra-
diction of the general belief and publislied statements that the .Myro-
balan stock is comparatively resistant to the attacks of the California
peach borer, Deputy Horticultural Conunissioner D. P. T. McDonald
and Horticultural Inspector 11. R. Hunt of Alameda County report
very severe infestation to this stock at Niles, California. The observa-
tions made by these officials are of much importance in that Myrobalan
stock has been recommended for localities where this insect occurs.

It is also of interest tliat Horticultural Conniiissi(in(>r A. A. Broek.
of Ventura County, has found this insect in the orchards of the Bards-
dale district across the river from Fillmore in liis county. — E. O. Essig.

REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE FORTY-EIGHTH
STATE FRUIT GROWERS' CONVENTION.

WiiERE.vs, There has been rendered at the Forty-eighth Fruit (irowers' Con-
vention an extremely interesting and profitable program; be it

Risohcd, By the Forty-iMghth California State Fruit (Jrowers" Convention in
convention assembled, that we hereby express our thanks to Dr. A. J. Cook. State
Commissioner of Horticulture, for his preparation of the splendid program presented
for our benefit, and for his energetic and successful efforts in carrying it to its
fulfillment.

Whkrkas, Every possible provision has been made for th(> comfort and convenience
of the members of this convention, for pleasant quarters for its various gatherings ;
be it

Resolved, That we express to the directors of the National Orange Show, the
city and county of San Bernardino, and to all others who have aided in its success.
our sincere gratitude.

108 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Whereas, The State Commission Market, through the able director, Colonel
Harris Weinstock, is endeavoring to evolve a plan by which the citrus crop of Cali-
fornia will be properly distributed so as to give each market all the fruit that cau be
used without glutting said market and so as to issue a fair return to the grower;
and

Whereas, The convention recognizes the need of some such better distribution for
the industry as a whole and appreciates the efforts of the state administration and
particularly of the State Market Director, Colonel Weinstock, in his eliorts lo secure
a better distribution of the citrus crops of California, which would result in a better
return to the grower; and 1

Whereas, The State Market Dii'ector proposes to call upon the shippers, buyers,
shipping companies and growers' associations to co-operate with him in bringing
about a more even distribution of the citrus crop ; and

Whereas, Gluts and famines mean to the grower at times abnormally low prices
and at times high prices ; and

Whereas, It is in the interest of the consumer that supplies shall bo regular and
steady, which means to him fair, average prices, instead of abnormally high and
abnormally low prices ; and

Whereas, Gluts mean to the producer great wastage, to his serious loss, and
injury ; and

Whereas, The State Market Director will, in the interest of producer and con-
sumer, strive to prevent gluts and famines in our eastern markets ; be it, therefore,

Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed by the State Horticultural
Commissioner to confer with the State Market Director for the purpose of evolving
a plan whereby the shippers may legally co-operate with the State to accomplish
this desired result and that this committee shall report to the next State Convention
of Fruit Growers, or at a special convention to be called by the State Horticultural
Commissioner on the joint request of the State Market Director and a majority of
said special committee.

Whereas, Dr. A. J. Cook, our State Horticultural Commissioner, has for over a
quarter of a century rendered valuable service to the fruit industry of California ; and

Whereas, During this period in which the industry has experienced its most
marked development, Dr. Cook, as a citizen, as professor of Pomona College, as
director of Farmers' Institutes under the University of California, and as Horticul-
tural Commissioner of the State, has labored with untiring zeal and unselfish devotion
in the interests of the fruit growers, making a contribution to the industry worthy of
the admiration and gratitude of every fruit grower in the State ; therefore be it

Resolved, By the fruit growers assembled in this Forty-eighth State Fruit
Growers' Convention, that we hereby express to Dr. Cook our grateful appreciation
for his long, faithful and intelligent service in the interest of the fruit industry of
California ; be it further

Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to send a copy of these resolutions to
Dr. Cook.

Whereas, The Commissioner of Horticulture, Dr. A. J. Cook, has announced his
retirement from office in the near future ; and

Whereas, It is of the greatest importance to the horticultural interests of the
State that a successor be appointed who has a wide knowledge of the horticultural
and agricultural industries, who appreciates the necessity of preventing the entrance
of insect and fungous pests into the State, and their spread within its borders, and
who will maintain the same high standard of practical and scientific efficiency which
has characterized the administration of Commissioner Cook ; therefore be it

Resolved, That the State Fruit Growers' Convention urge the Governor of Cali-
fornia, the Honorable Hiram W. Johnson, to appoint Frederick Maskew. now Chief
Quarantine Officer of the State Horticultural Commission, as State Horticultural
Commissioner, believing that his long and efficient service through which he has
filled temporarily every position in the State Horticultural Commission, his practical

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 109

and sciontific qualitications, his power of executive ability, his wide knowl('d'j;o of
the horticultural interests and the universal esteem in which he is hold eminently
fit him for this position.

We desire to incorporate in our report the following resolution :

WliERKAS. Our State Commissioner of Horticulture, Dr. A. J. Cook, deems it
imperative, owing: to the precarious condition of his health, to relinquish the arduous
duties of his office; and

Whereas. He has publicly announced his determination to resign his commission
in the near future and retire from his present official position to secure a much-
n(>edod rest ; therefore be it

Rcsolrcd, That we, the members of the State Association of County Horticultural
Commissioners in attendance at the Forty-eighth California State Fruit Growers'
Convention in San Bernardino. Februai*y 19, 1916, do hereby express our sincere
regret at the retirement of an official head who has always been characterized by his
painstaking and conscientious efforts to serve the horticultural interests of this State,
in the best possible manner, and who has sacrificed health and comfort in his loyalty
to those interests ; and be it further

Resolved, That we extend to Dr. Cook our heartfelt sympathy and earnest hope
that he will soon be restored to his usual health and vigor and long be spared to
assist us by his wise counsel.

Charles F. Cousins, C. W. Beers,

Kent S. Knowlton, H. M. Armitage,

KoY K. Bisuop, D. D. Sharp,

William Wood.

Whereas, The Resolutions Committee of the Forty-seventh California State
Fruit Growers' Convention held in Visalia in November, 1915, recommended the
adoption of a resolution in respect to the appointment of a committee relating to
the revision of the horticultural laws through a misunderstanding of the situation ;
and

Whereas, Said resolution was passed by said convention : and
Whereas, The resolution as passed was not in the exact form desired; therefore,
be it

Resolved. That said resolution be and the same is hereby rescinded ; and
Further Resolved, That Dr. A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture, be
and is hereby requested to appoint a committee of three, including himself, and that
said committee of three add to their number, thereby creating a larger committee
to act as a standing committee to consider the points embraced in a paper ijre-
sented by G. H. Hecke to the State Association of County Horticultural Commis-
sioners, relating to a revision of the horticultural laws of the State of California,
at a meeting held in Visalia on November 17, 1915, said standing committee to pre-
sent its report to the Annual Fall Fruit Growers" Convention, and to the Annual
Convention of the State Association of County Horticultural Commissioners in 1916.
Signed,

P. F. Cogswell, (Chalnnan) , C. W. Beers,

C. C. Chapman, G. H. Powell,

C. C. Teague, F. S. Jerome,

C. F. Collins.

110

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT.

COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS, THEIR
DEPUTIES AND INSPECTORS.-

ALAMEDA.

Commissioner:

Seulberger, Fred__418 14th st., Oakland

Deputy Commissioner:

Macdonald, D. P. T., 717 Santa Ray st.,
Oakland.

Inspectors:

Acker, C. H Livermore

Hunt, H. R Niles

Petersen, Edlif Hay ward

Tyson, W. H Niles

BUTTE.
Commissioner:

Mills, Earl Oroville

Deputy Commissioner:

Stile, T. J Chico

Inspectors:

Burleson, W. D Gridley

Pense, W. M Paradise

Reppert, B. F Thermalito

Sargeant, R. S Biggs

COLUSA.

Commissioner:

Boedefeld, L. R Colusa

Inspectors:

Fouch, Ira Williams

Gilliam, F. B Princeton

Hall, Geo. Maxwell

Peart, F. A College City

CONTRA COSTA.

Commissioner:

Swett, Frank T Martinez

Inspectors:

Sellers, Geo. Oakley

Stevens, V. G Walnut Creek

EL DORADO.

Commissioner:

Hassler, J. E Placerville

FRESNO.

Commissioner:

Roullard, Fred P Fresno

Inspectors:

Hurst, Harry Orange Cove

Kaufman, E. E Kerman

Oliver, O. Sanger

GLENN.

Commissioner:
Ley, Carl J Willows

HUMBOLDT.

Commissioner:

Weatherby, Geo. B Eureka

Inspector:

Vorrah, B. D Eureka

IMPERIAL.

Commissioner:

Waite, F. W El Centre

Inspectors:

Henson, W. E Bard

Phelan, Fred El Centro

'Corrected to March 1, 1916.

INYO,

Commissioner:

Nordyke, E. M Bishop

KERN.

Commissioner:

Knowlton, Kent S Bakersfleld

Inspectors:

Haupt, L. O Bakersfleld

Joos, Harry E Inyokern

Kanstein, L. J Tehachapi

Layers, Laurence Wasco

Pitts, D. W Tehachapi

Schultz, Norman P Delano

Williams, Paul Bakersfleld

KINGS.
Commissioner:
Howard, Fred K Hanford

LAKE.

Commissioner:

Stokes, Fred G Kelseyville

LASSEN.
Commissioner :

Taylor, A. H Susanville

Deputy Commissioner:

Boggs, L. W Susanville

Inspectors:

Mauer, W. R Brockman

Montgomery, E. Adin

LOS ANGELES.
Commissioner:

Wood, William__Hall of Records, L. A.
Deputy Commissioner:

Jones, B. R Hall of Records, L. A.

Inspectors:

Alderman, L. R 950 Aliso st., L. A.

Bowles, B. R San Fernando

Chidester, A. M., 446 S. Painter st.,

Whittier.

Dougherty, W. E Azusa

Edouart, Percival E., 446 W. Santa

Barbara av., Los Angeles.

Ferguson, Frank Duarte

Fleury, A. C. — 216 Blanche av., Tropico

Fry, I. W Rivera

Gary, A. T 200 W. 47th st., L. A.

Helmstadter, Geo. A., 1028 E. Adams

St., Los Angeles.

Hodges, J. R Covina

Hyans, Jos. R RFD 2. Whittier

Johns, Wm., 316 W. Colorado blvd..

Eagle Rock.

Kell. D 161 W. 6th st., Claremont

Landon. Wm. E San Dimas

Langford, E. S.-RFD, box 313, Glendora
Luxton, Wilbur F.. 59 S. Wilson av.,

PO box 561, Station B., Pasadena.
Marleau, John B.— 327 E. Pico st, L. A.
Mashmeyer, J. W._PO box 412, Pomona
May, Louis E., 195 S. Roosevelt st..

Pasadena.
Mayet. L. H., 1323 Gardner st., Holly-
wood.

Merlau, F. H 636 W. 16th st., L. A.

McMullin, W. G La Cafiada

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Ill

Montagrue, N. S.— 122 E. 28th St., L. A.
I'hillipson, W. M., 329 Linwood St.,

Monrovia.

Rabe. Wm. Lancaster

lloiuKls, Marvin B., RFD 1, box 27,

Moiu'ovia.
R\an. H. J. -789 Mapnolia av., Pasadena
Sliepherd, M.— 2941 Raymond av., L. A.
Smith, A. G.-152 S. Lalie av., Pasadena

Spencer. S. L Covina

Sweigart, M. W RFD 2, Wliittier

Thorndike, Jos RFD 1, Pasadena

Turner, Bruce, 250 Cypress av., I'asa-

dena.

MADERA.
Commissioner:

Marchbank, Goo. Madera

MENDOCINO.

Commissioner:

Van Dyke, Claude Ukiali

Inspectors:

Brooks, S. E Hopland

Brungrus. John Point Arena

Cotton, J. S Fort Bragg

Herbert, E. R Albion

Hughes, Nilas Ukiah

Whitney, Frank Willits

MERCED.

Commissioner:

Beers, Artliur E Merced

Inspectors:

Hitchcock, J. L. E Livingston

Smith, Jesse Los Banos

MODOC.

Commissioner:
Foss, Harry M Alturas

MONTEREY.

Commissioner :

Hickman, J. B Aromas

Inspectors:

Abbott, E. K Monterey

Sayler, J. B Pleyto

Silliman, W Pacific Grove

Tylor, A. R.-l King City

NAPA.

Commissioner:
Fox, John J Napa

Inspectors:

Gebhart, W. V Napa

Gibbs, H. L Calistoga

Spear, E. C St. Helena

NEVADA.

Commissioner:

Norton. D. F Grass Valley

Inspectors:

Beaser. P. M Chicago Park

Reed, Charles Grass Valley

Walters, Clarence Nevada City

ORANGE.

Cominissioner:

Bishop, Roy K Santa Ana

Inspectors:

Paddock, E. H Orange

Pickering, M. J La Habra

Quigley. F. J Torba Linda

Schneider, .1. J Anaheim

Vanderlip. Edgar Santa Ana

Warden, Geo Huntington Beach

PLACER.

Commissioner:
Turner, C. K..

Inspector:
Crook, E. W..

—Auburn
—Lincoln

RIVERSIDE.

t'ommissioner:
Sharp, D. D Riverside

Inspectors:

Babel, Frank West Riverside

Bover, Bruce S Thermal

Corlett, W. G Arlington

Clendennen, H. Riverside

Ellis, O. D Hemet

Fergu.son, W. A Banning

Gardner, Asa Blythe

Knight, Hugh Elsinore

Mclntyre, Wm. Riverside

Mills, Charles _ Perris

Smith, H. K.— --San Jacinto

Tuthill. E. G Corona

Wilson, G. R Corona

SACRAMENTO.

Commissioner:

Kercheval, Howard G., Court House,
Sacramento.

Deputy Commissioner:

Brosius, Fred C Sacramento

Inspectors:

Aiken, Jesse Sacramento

Chase, Elmore Fair Oaks

Gibbons, Robert Orangevale

Gage, Stanley Elk Grove

SAN BENITO.

Commissioner:
Day, Leonard H Hollister

SAN BERNARDINO.

Commissioner:

Coy, John P., Court House, San Ber-
nardino.

Inspectors:

Bolser. S. J Rialto

Donnelly, Charles Etiwanda

Fletcher, F. A Victorville

Fox, AV. R Colton

Hadley, Walter B Redlands

Howell, Sam Chino

Hundley, J. B Yucaipa

INIotsinger. Charles Cucamonga

Nelson, Charles A Bryn Mawr

Paine, Charles T Crafton

Perrin, Charles A Upland

Roddick, David Highland

Spies, H. A Ontario

SAN DIEGO.

t^ommissioner:

Armitage, H. M., Court House, San
Diego.

Inspectors:

Dodd. T. V Oceanside

Evans, E. W Escondido

McLean, R. R San Diego

Swain, A. F El Cajon

SAN FRANCISCO.

Commissioner:

Moulton, Dudley. Board of Supervisors,
Clerk's Office. San Francisco.

112

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SAN JOAQUIN.

Commissioner:

Ladd, Harry H. --Court House, Stockton

Inspectors:

Tubbs. R. C Lodi

Visher, D. Stockton

Welty, E. E Ripon

SAN LUIS OBISPO.

Commissioner:

Nichols, Carl San Luis Obispo

Inspectors:

Heaton, Guy E Atascadero

Henry, T. W Paso Robles

Routzahn, Paul R Arroyo Grande

SAN MATEO.

Commissioner:

Peck, Newton San Mateo

SANTA BARBARA.

Commissioner:

Beers, C. W Santa Barbara

Inspectors:

Bodie, Geo. N Santa Barbara

Cruickshank, J. I Santa Barbara

Olney, A. D Carpinteria

Ross, William Santa Barbara

Wylie, R. C Santa Maria

SANTA CLARA.

Commissioner:

Morris, Earl L San Jose

Inspector:

Cody, L. R San Jose

SANTA CRUZ.

Commissioner:

Volck, W. H Santa Cruz

Inspectors:

Hitchings, F. W Santa Cruz

Hopkins, H. B Watsonville

SHASTA.

Commissioner:
Lamiman, Geo. A Anderson

SISKIYOU.

Commissioner:

Kleaver, W. L Yreka

Inspector:

Callick, Richard Dunsmuir

SONOMA.

Commissioner:

Bremner, O. E Santa Rosa

Deputy Commissioner:

Galloway, A. R Healdsburg

Inspectors:

Dickson, J. B Petaluma

Johnson, Thomas Glen Ellen

Shelly, "VV. N Sebastopol

Sutherland, R. L Santa Rosa

STANISLAUS.

Commissioner:

Rutherford, A. L Modesto

Inspectors:

Gray, P. C Newman

Steward, C. E Ceres

Wheeler, W. F Oakdale

SUTTER.

Commissioner:
Stabler, H. P Yuba City

TEHAMA.
Commissioner:
Weeks, Chas. B Red Bluff

Inspector:
Hoag, G. A Corning

TULARE.

Commissioner:

Collins, Chas. P Visalia

Inspectors:

Bates, W. A Dinuba

(Inspects shipments also at Cutler,
Seville and Sultana.)

Doyle, C. H Porterville

(Inspects shipments also at Strath-
more.)

Dungan, J. S Lemon Cove

Fisher, Roy Angiola

Klindera, P. J Tipton

Marr, R. W Pixley

Miller, H. S Richgrove

Mitchell, M Ducor

Clark, Burt Goshen

Newhouse, Oliver H Exeter

(Inspects shipments also at Farmers-
ville.)

Boeder, J. H Terra Bella

Shirk, J. H Tulare

Smith, Earl E Lindsay

Webb, Steve Woodlake

Williams, C. H Springville

VENTURA.

Commissioner:
Brock, A. A Ventura

Inspectors:

Essig, S. H Ventura

French, J. N Oxnard

Rolls, James T Santa Paula

Trimble. F. M Moorpark

Wiklund, A. G Fillmore

YOLO, .

Commissioner:

Hecke, Geo. H Woodland

Inspectors:

Bray, James Dunnigan

Fisk, A. Esparto

Gould, William Woodland

James, August Rumsey

Lamme, J. W Winters

Muller, Joseph Yolo

Parks, Oliver Davis

Van Tassel, Harold, PC box 199, Sacra-
mento.

YUBA.

Commissioner:
Harney, G. W Marysville

•Corrected to March 1, l:>lfi.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 113

THE DISTRII5UTI0N OF CALIFORNIA INSECTS. I.

E. O. EssiG, University of Califoriii;i, Berkeley, California.

Uuder the above heading the writer desires to present from time to
time a series of maps showing as accurately as possible the known
distril)ution of soiiu^ of the coinnion cconninic insects of this State. In
considering the subject from this viewpoint the economic insects may
be placed into two large groups. In the first group might be included
the native insects which are abundant throughout the State, such as
the western 12-spotted cucumber beetle, Diahrotica soror Lee, the alfalfa
semi-looper, Fhytometra calif ornica (Speyer), the muck or carrot beetle,
Ligyrus gibhosus DeGeer, etc., and those introduced insects which have
become widely distributed and persist in large numbers, like the black
scale, Saissetia olece (Bern.), the woolly apple aphis, Eriosoma lanigera
(Hausm.), the imported cabbage worm, Fontia rapce (Linn.), the San
Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., etc. The common occurrence
of such insects is so generally known that it is not thought necessary to
include this group at all. In the second group might be placed the
native insects which are limited in their distribution to more or less
definite areas, and have become quite serious pests in those districts,
like the California peach borer, jEgeria opalescens H. Edw., the pear
thrips, Tceniothnps pijri (Daniel), the California oak moth. Phryganidia
calif ornica Pack., etc., and those introduced insects which, because of
prevention, lack of time or some other reasons, are still confined to small
or scattered areas, such as the citrus white fly, Dialeurodes citri (R. &
H. ) , which has been persistently fought to blot out the infested districts
and to prevent further spread; the purple scale, Lepidosaphes heckii
(Newm.), which likewise has been constantly fought; the Argentine ant,
Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr, which will probably continue to spread as
rapidly in the future as in the past if let alone, etc. Much of the state
and county horticultural legislation has been concerned with the mem-
bers of this group and it is also this group that the writer wishes
to include in this series of distribution maps. In doing this he realizes
the difficulty of securing complete and exact data, and takes this oppor-
tunity to invite the most rigid criticism in the form of corrections and
additions. In some cases quite large areas may be marked on the maps,
when in reality the infestation consists of a number of small places,
and it has been impossible to definitely ascertain all of the individual
localities. In all cases the idea is to give the general infested area
rather than the numerous small isolated places, so as to conform with
the custom of quarantine regulations covering such situations.

The data has been compiled from many sources, including observa-
tions and printed matter from the officials of the State Commission of
Horticulture, the University of California, the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, the County Horticultural Commissioners and
others, as well as the observations of the writer.

114

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE EUROPEAN ELM SCALE.

Gossyparia iihiii (Linnseus).

As the common name indicates, this insect is of European origin and
was brought across the United States to California. It probably existed
here for some years before it was discovered, inasmuch as it was found
in practically all of the present known areas at nearly the same time
when a search Avas made for it. The distribution has not changed
during the past year and still remains as follows ■} Colusa, Colusa

IT

Map showing the dis-
tribution of the Europ-
ean elm scale, Gossyparia
ulmi (Linn.), in California,
January, I916.

Eeslg

Fig. 42. — Showing' the distribution of the
European elm scale, Gossyparia ulmi, in Cali-
fornia. (Original.)

Coiuity ; Ukiah, Mendocino County ; San Rafael, Marin Coimty ; Stock-
ton, San Joaquin County; Modesto, Stanislaus County; Palo Alto,
Santa Clara and San Jose, Santa Clara County.

The insect can be distributed only on branches or trees, and by care-
fully inspecting all new plantings of elm trees it should be possible to
prevent a rapid distribution of the pest and to hold it to its present
confines for many years.

THE PURPLE SCALE.

Lepidosaphes hcckii (Newman).

The purple scale is one of the serious pests of citrus trees and has
been consistently fought by the fruit growers and horticultural officials
since its first appearance in the State in 1888 or 1889. To this strenuous
effort might be credited the comparatively limited distri])ution of the
insect. While it has quite a wide range there are large areas of citrus
orchards still clean and even entire counties have succeeded in keeping
it out. Tlie present known distribution- is as follows:

In the city of Sacramento tlie insect has been present a number of
years, but is confined to only a few trees, there being no commercial

'Essig, E. O.. In.i. & Ben. Tiis. Cal. 2d. edit., Cal. Hort. Com., p. 119, 1915.
=Quayle, H. .1., Bnl. 226, Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta., p. 321, 1912.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

115

orchards in tlio vicinity of the city. Tliis is ]>r()l)ably llic only record
north oi' the Tehcchapi, tliouj4li an unconlirnied report records it in the
San Joaquin YaHey.^

In tlie soutliern j^art of the State tlie infested area is hii-£jely confined
to a I'atliei- nai-row sti'ip alonij llic coast fi'om Santa liar1)ai-a to the

Map Bhowing the dle-
tributlon of the pur-
ple scale.LepidosapheB
beckll (Hewn.), in Cal-
ifornia, January 1916.

Eseig

Fig. 43. — Showing the distribution of tlie pur-
ple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii, in California.
(Original.)

southern extremity of San Diego Bay. In this region the chief points
of infestation are given for each county.

Santa Barbara — From the city of Santa Barbara to Carpinteria.

Ventura — A small infestation at Santa Paula and another at
Ventura. I^oth of these have been practically exterminated and
every means has been taken to prevent further distribution.

Los Angeles — The infestation here occupies an area in the central
part of the county and extends southward to Orange County.
It may be roughly bounded by the cities of Los Angeles, Pasa-
dena, Monrovia, Azusa, San Dimas, Covina, San Gabriel and
Whittier.

Orange — The district in Orange County is also C(>ntrally located
and may be indicated by the cities of Anaheim, Orange, Tustin
and Santa Ana.

San Diego — In this county the scale is present in practically all of
the citrus districts, including Fallbrook, Escondido, Bostonia,
El Cajon. San Diego. National Citv. Bonita, Chula Vista and
Otay.

=Essig, E. O.. Inj. & Ben. Ins. Cal., 2d edit, Cal. Ilort. Com., p. 1S6, 1915.

116

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE CITRUS WHITE FLY.

Dialeurodes citri (Riley and Howard).

The citrus white fly was undoubtedly imported into California before
the quarantine against this insect was declared in 1906, and evidently
became established in at least four places before that time. These
places are Oroville, Marysville, Sacramento and Bakersfield.* A report
which has not been verified also listed Visalia as once having an infested
tree, but this was evidently a mistake, as repeated efforts have failed
to locate it there. In 1907 the first infestation was discovered at
Marysville and a campaign of extermination was begim b}^ the State
Commissioner of Horticulture, who succeeded in stamping it out at
Oroville, Sacramento and Bakersfield. Other attempts were made in

Map showing the dis-
tribution of the citrus
white fly, Dialeurodes
citri (R.& H.), in Cal-
ifornia, January I916.
Circles show where
insect formally
occurred.

Essig

Fig. 44. — Showing the distribution of the
citrus write fly, Dialeurodes citri, in California.
(Original.)

recent years to finish the work of extermination at Marysville, but
resulted only in the reduction of the infested area and failed to accom-
plish the desired end. However, adequate steps have been taken by the
State Commissioner of Horticulture to prevent further distribution
from this center.

■■The white fly at Baker.sfield was not the citrus white fly, but another citrus infe-st-
ing species, Dialrurodes citrifolH (Morgan), known as Aleyrodcs nubifera Berger in
Florida (Inj. & Ben. Tns. CaL, 2d edit., Cal. Hort. Com., p. 195, 1915).

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

117

THE PEAR THRIPS.
Twniothrips pyri (Dauiel).

The distril)uti()n of the pear thrips is chiefly confined to a rather
small district cxtondino: from the San Francisco Bay region up the
Sacramento and San -loacinin valleys for short distances. The area
is well known and fairly constant and the additional discoveries have

F tL OOIWOOJ

Map showing the dis-
tribution of the peur
thripe ,Tae niothripa
pyri (Daniel), in Cal-
ifornia, January 1V16.

O'/

>^\^...

5AN BERNARD

ESSlg

Fig. 45. — Showing the distribution of tlie pear
thrips, Tftniothrips pyri, in California. (Orig-
inal.)

only enlarged the boundaries. The following counties are partially
or entirely included in the district : San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa
Clara. iMonterey, San Benito, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin,
Sacramento, Yolo. Solano, Napa, Sonoma and Marin.

THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER.*

JEgeria opalescens (H. Edwards).

The economic significance of this insect is very interesting. Though
the adults are reported to have been repeatedly taken by collectors in
the Sierra Nevada mountains, the insect has become a serious pest in
only a few small and well-defined areas. So far as known at the
present time there are only three such areas within the State, and they
are quite widely separated. In the State of Oregon there are also
such infestations, with a very large stretch of country between those in

*NoTE. — A species of peacli borer has also been taken from Napa County. As the
insects were still in the larval stage it could not be determined at that time whether
this was the C^alifornia peach borer, JEgcria opalescens, or the eastern peach borer,
.^yeria exitiosa. — Editor.

118

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

California, apparently free from any attacks. Until within a few years'*
the California peach tree borer was thought to exist only in this State
and as a pest in only one district. The two recently discovered infesta-
tions show that there are possibilities of finding it elsewhere in the
future. The first known and the largest infestation occurs in the
region of the Santa Clara Valley and extends from Santa Clara County
to Alameda, San IMateo, Santa Cruz and San Benito counties. The
newer infestations w^ere both located in the southern part of the State
and are confined to small districts in two counties. The first was noted
in the l-pper O.jai Valley. Ventura County. Just last year County

MODOC

L'ap showing the dis-
tribution of the Cal-
ifornia peach borer,
M geria opalescens H.
Edw., in California.
Jan. 1916.

Esslg

Fig. 46. — Showing the distribution of the CaU-
fornia peach borer, Aigeriu opalescens, in CaU-
fornia. (Original.)

Commissioner A. A. Brock reported another small district at Bardsdale,
across the Santa Clara River from Fillmore. A small infestation at
Banning and another at Beaumont, Riverside County, comprise addi-
tional infestations in the south.

The peach tree borer, JEgeria exitiosa Say, of the eastern states was
discovered at Dehesa, San Diego County, by H. A. AVeinland" on a few
peach trees which were destroyed, and it is believed that tlie infestation
was entirely exterminated by the drastic measures taken. Strange to
say, this is the only authentic report of the occurrence of this insect
in California, and is a ti-ibutc to the thoroughness of the horticultural
cjuarantine service.

^Essig, E. O.. Inj. & Ben. Ins. C'al. 2.1 ((lit., ("al. Ilort. Com., p. 424, 1915.
"Essig, E. O., In.i. & Ben. Ins. Cal., 2d edit., Cal. Hort. Com., p. 421, 1915.

THE MONTHLY BTTLT.ETIN.

119

THE ARGENTINE ANT.

I riiloiii i/niK r liiiiiillis (.Miiyr).

• Tlu' Arjj;('iitin(' ;nit is a ncwcoiiici" whicli lias s[)r('a(I raj)i(lly Ihruugh-
but certain parts of the Stati' and. imfoi'liinatc as it is. there is little
hope of keeping it confined to its present distribntion. It is not known
just where oi- when the insect first o'aini'd m foothold in ralifornia, hut
it was first collected in the southern part in the year 1007'. The first
definite recoi'ds. however, are from the San PVaneiseo Hay re<^ion,
where the lai'ji'est colonies ai'e to be found and whci-c the insect was
pi'obabl\' first estal)lish('d.

Our present knowledge of its distribution is. of course, only i'viv^-
nientarv and leads ns to believe that other areas are still unknown.

if

MODOC

Map showing the dis-
tribution of the Ar-
gentine ant .Iridomyr-
mex humlllB Uayr, in
California, Jan.l9l6.

Essig

Fig. 47. — Showing the distribution of the
Argentine ant, Iridomyrinex hnmiUs, in Cali-
Fornia. (Original.)

This belief is based upon the fact that there have l)een located so many
small and scattered colonies throughout the State, without attempting
a thorough survey. The known records by counties are as follows :

Alameda — All of the city of Alameda is infested; the eastern half
of Oakland and also all of Fruitvale, a small corner of Emery-
ville, one-fourth of Piedmont, one-half of Elmhurst and scattered
portions of JNIelrose ; a third of the eastern part and a few yards
in the western part of Berkeley are infested. In this county
the insect has become very troublesome and three cities —
Oakland, Piedmont and Berkeley — have conducted "ant cam-
paigns" to reduce the numbei's.

Contra Costa — There are small colonies at Stcge and Martinez and
several acres infested at B.yron Hot Springs.

^Woodworth, C. W., Circ. No. 38, Cal. Agrcl. E\p. vSta., pp. 1-2, Aug., 1908.

120 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

San Joaquin — A very large colony occupies about a third of the

city of Stockton.
San Francisco — The infestation is scattered throughout the city.
San Mateo — Practically all of San Mateo and Burlingame are

infested.
Santa Clara — About one-half of the territory occupied by San

Jose, College Park and Santa Clara is infested. Small colonies

also occur at Cupertino and Campbell.

* Santa Barbara — The extent of the infestation in the city of Santa

Barbara is not knowoi. There is a small spotted infestation at

Montecito.
Los Angeles — About one-third of the city of Los Angeles is infested

and small colonies are to be found at Monrovia, Azusa and

Claremont.

San Bernardino — Only a small colony has been located at Upland.

Riverside — Scattered colonies are to be found in the city of River-
side and in Arlington, but much of the infestation in this dis-
trict occurs in the citrus orchards surrounding the city. At
Corona there is a small infestation.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 121

QUARANTINE h2 ;»: S DIVISION

Report for the Month of January, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

Contimied concentration of the mind on the pursuit of any particular
uiidorlaking has, beyond question, a tendency to unduly exalt the
importance of the same in the opinion of those entrusted with the
management and direction of its details; yet we believe that a careful
analysis and digestion of the statistics which appear in this simple
record of the findings of the Quarantine Division of the State Com-
mission of Horticulture on imports of plant material during the month
of January, will bring out in strong relief items of real importance,
and add a measure of value to the protective purpose of the service.
The pertinence of these statements and a proper sense of proportions
of the value of the findings as enumerated, can easily be obtained by
comparing the same with the sums of money which the present con-
gress is being asked to appropriate for further attempts to control
insect pests and plant diseases that have gained an entrance and are
ravaging the crops in other states of the United States, and which so
far have been kept from entering and becoming established in the
State of California.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Ships inspected 64

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 2,247

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 155,195

Fumigated 1,949

Refused admittance 185

Contraband destroyed 24

Total parcels liorticultural imports for the month 157,353

Pests Intercepted.
From China (Hongkong) —

Fungus on pomeloes.

From Cuba —

Howardta biclavis on gardenia.

From Florida —

Phoiiiopsis citri on grapefruit.

From Hawaii —

Pseudococcus hormeUw and Diaspis bromelifr on pineapples.

Coccus lonpidus on betel leaves.

Chrysomphahis aonidum and Hetnichionaspis minor on palm.

122 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

From Holland —

Lepidosaphes nhni on boxwood.
Phj/toiiu/.-a aquifolii on hollies.

From Iowa —

Eriosoma lanic/cra on crabapple.
Larvse of peach-root borer in almonds.

From Italy —

Aspidiotus hederw on olive trees.

From Japan —

Psyllid on aralia.

Pungxis on wi-staria.

Cicada eggs on wistaria and persimmon.

Larvae of weevil in sweet potatoes.

Larvfe of weevil in chestnuts.

t^ingus on pomeloes.

Fungus on oranges.

Heviichionaspis aspidistrw on aspidistra.

Hemichionaspis minor on Dracena sp.

From Manila —

Lepidopterous larvae in beans (in pod).

From Mexico —

Lr])idnsaphes (jloverU on limes.

From Tahiti —

Lepidosaphes beckii on limes.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 34

Horticultural imports —

Paioels.

Passed as free from pests 80,604i^

Fumigated ■ : 12

Refused admittance 3

Contraband destroyed 5%

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 80,625

Pests intercepted.

From Central America —

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Aspidiotus cydoniw, Pseiidoccoccus sp., and Sciissetia hemis-
pharica on bananas.

From Florida —

Fhovtopsis cit7-i on grapefruit.

Lepidosaphes beckii and Parlatoria pcrgandii on oranges.

From Idaho —

Rhizoctonia on potatoes.

From Japan —

Afjromy^a xoehsteri on wistaria.

Pseudaonidiu puoniw on azaleas.

Pseudaonidia paoniw and Lepidosaphes lasianthi on camellia.

Mantis and Cicada eggs on persimmon.

Hcniichionasjns aspidistra- on Aspidistra lurida.

Lepidosaphes newsteadii on umbrella pines.

From Mexico —

('hio)iaspis sp. on cocoanuts.

From Oregon —

Rliizoctonia on potatoes.
Phylloxera vustatrix on grapevines.

From Texas —

Parlatoria pergandii on grapefruit.

From Virginia —

Pseiidococcus sp. on rose plants.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 123

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

!>hips iiiKpoi-tt'd 28

Fish boats inspected 3ii

Passfiiui'is airixint; from fniit (1\' poits 106

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free from pests : 5,755

Fumisated : : 20

Ri'fuscil admittance 5

Contraband destroyed 5

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 5,785

Pests Intercepted.

From Belgium —

Aspidiotus brittanicus and Coccus hcsperidnm on bay trees.

From Mexico —

Lcpidosaplics beckii on limes and cocoanuts.
Chrysoniyhalus sp. on cocoanuts.

From Oregon —

Root Ivnot on ^rape and plum stock.

Crown sail on peach, apricot, plum and rose stock.

Woolly aphis on Bartlett and Winter Nelis pear stock.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Ships insperted 6

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free froin pests 315

Destroyed 6

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 321

Pests Intercepted.
From Holland —

Phytomyza aquifoUi and Lccanium sp. on hollies.

From Japan —

Kgg masses of Porthctria dispar on cedars.
Thyridopteryx sp. on azaleas.
Lepidopterous larvse on Thuya.
Mantis eggs on azalea and Thuya.

SANTA BARBARA STATION.
(No report.)

C0UHT1E3 HAVIKO HORTICULTURAi C0l0US310N>mS, WITH THE RESPECTIVH
Ut.fu^ ^c,f,.c^_ CITIES IN WHICH THE CUiailSSlOHERS RESIDE.

•^2' N

^^f of /&m.

Z,r/^,/,

County

Alamoda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Oonta

21 Dorado

fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Lassen

Lob Angeles

Madera

Uendooino

Heroed

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

City

•
Oakland
OroviUe
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
flrillowB
Eureka
El Centro
Bishop
Bakersfield
Hanford
Kelseyvllle
Susanville
Los Anfjeles
Vladora
Dkiah
Merced
Alturas
Aromas
Hapa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacranento

San Benito

San Bernardino

Sac Diego

San Joaquin

San Uatso

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Crux

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehau

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Santa Ana

Bowman

Riverside

Sacramento

HolliBter

San Bernardino

San Diego

Stockton ''' '''J""

Redwood City /?.<i,v:s^

Santa Barbara

San Jose

Vatsonville

Anderson

Yreka

Santa Rosa

llodesto

Yuba City

Red Bluff

VI sal la

Ventura

Woodland

Marysvllle

S3' N _

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON i Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MIBS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

H A RRT S. SMITH Superintendent

C, P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTI, Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreigrn Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Office*

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angelas Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

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Caufornia

State Printing Office

1916

t"

VOLUME V

No. 4

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

Florida grapefruit infected with Phomoijsis citri. taken by the
quarantine officers at Los Angreles, February JH, 1916. Note
method of padding. (Photo by C. H. Vary. »

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO. CAUFORNIA

APRIL, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page,
THE AOT RELATING TO THE STANDARDIZATION OF FRUIT

PACKING Geo. P. Weldon 125

THE MUTUAL INDEBTEDNESS OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE
John M. Coultee 128

HERBICIDE INVESTIGATIONS .Geo. P. Gray 133

THE POMEGRANATE Robert W. Hodgson 140

GENERAL NOTES—

Olive Quabantine 148

A Matter of Interest to Fruit Growers Avery 8. Hoyt 148

Citrus Canker 1 150

Crop Report Errata Geo. P. Weldon 151

YELLOW CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY FRUIT FLY__L. A. Whitney 152
QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for February j. Frederick Maskeio 158

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. April, 1916. No. 4

THE ACT RELATING TO THE STANDARDIZATION OF

FRUIT PACKING.

By Geo. P. "Weldon.

The necessity for standardization of fruit packing received timely
recognition by the last legislature, and at the hands of the Governor,
who signed two bills which went into effect on August 9, 1915, viz, the
Apple Standardization Act and the Fruit Standardization Act. The
former was given a thorough trial at Watsonville last season and proved
to be a worthy measure, as it brought a premium of at least 10 cents per
box to those who packed according to its provisions. The latter act
went into effect after apricots, peaches, cherries, plums and a large
part of the pears and berries were packed, consequently its value in
the case of these fruits was not tested. In the case of grapes results
were highly gratifying, and the table grape growers can testify to its
efficiency because of an increase in prices beyond all expectations, and
the best season that these growers have experienced for some time.

Because of the fact that all fruits included in this act will be packed
as specified, during the coming season, the law in full is being printed
herewith, so that as many fruit growers as possible may become familiar
with its provisions.

The enforcement of the fruit standardization laAv is in the hands of
the county horticultural commissioners in counties where these officials
are hired, and fruit inspectors are appointed by the supervisors upon
petition of twenty-five bona fide resident fruit growers in counties
having no horticultural commissioner. As the purpose of the law is to
benefit the growers directly, there should be little trouble in its enforce-
ment, and the horticultural commissioners and inspectors should have
the united support of every one interested in the permanent betterment
of the fruit industry.

The absolute impossibility of inspectors examining every packed box
of fruit is apparent to all, and no matter how conscientious and
capable these officials may be, the greatest good can be accomplished
only when the fruit growers, packers and shippers themselves are in
sympathy with the work and are willing to co-operate with the inspec-
tors in making their packages of fruit conform to the specifications. It
was this co-operation of growers, packers and shippers with county
horticultural commissioners in San Joaquin, Fresno, Sacramento and
other counties growing tal)le grapes, that made efficiency possible last
season in the case of standardized packing of grapes, which resulted
in splendid prices.

22640

126 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

It is of interest to note that in San Joaquin County the late Horti-
cultural Commissioner, William Garden, with the aid of two field
inspectors, was able to look after the work in the entire county. The
closest co-operation was secured through a series of meetings held in
various parts of the county, previous to the packing season. The law
was printed in several languages, so that even the foreign element
had little excuse for not knowing of its provisions. As a consequence
of this preliminary work no trouble whatever was experienced in the
enforcement of the law\

STANDARDIZATION OF FRUIT PACKING.

An act to establish a standard for the packing in the State of
California of the kinds of fresh fruits specified in this act,
for sale or for transportation for sale, for interstate and
foreign shipment, and to prevent deception in the packing;
also to establish a system of inspection for the same.

Chapter 659, A. B. 851, 1915.
[Approved June 10, 1915. In effect August 9, 1915.]

The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

Section 1. There is hereby created and established a standard
for the packing of fresh fruits, for interstate and foreign ship-
ment, of the kinds specified in this act.

Sec. 2. Any box, basket, package or container of fresh fruit
of the kinds specified in this act, which shall be packed and offered
for sale or for transportation for sale, shall be packed in accord-
ance with the specifications herein made.

Sec. 3. All deciduous fruits of the kinds specified in this act
when packed shall be practically free from insects and fungous
diseases.

Sec. 4. All fresh fruit of the kind specified in this act which
shall be sold in bulk or loose in the box without packing, shall be
exempt from the provisions of this act.

Sec. 5. All cherries packed in boxes or packages shall contain
fruit of practically uniform quality and maturity and one variety
only, excepting that such boxes or packages may contain more
than one variety if such fact be plainly stamped on the outside of
the box or package with the words "Mixed Varieties" with letters
one-half inch high. Each box or package shall be stamped on the
outside with the minimum weight of contents, and name of variety
or varieties.

Sec. 6. Peaches, apricots, pears, plums and prunes, shall be
of practically uniform size, quality and maturity. When packed
in crates, packages or containers made up of two or more sub-
containers having sloping sides, for the purpose of ventilation of
the fruit therein, the fruit shall not vary in size more than ten
per cent and no layer below the top layer shall contain a greater
numerical count than the top layer. Each box, crate, package,
container or sub-container shall be stamped upon the outside with
the minimum weight of its contents. Each box, crate, package or
container, except sub-containers, shall bear in plain letters the
name of the variety contained therein. When packed in a box,

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 127

paekae:e or container having perpendicular sides and ends, each
box shall contain approximately the same numerical count in each
layer; provided, that when peaches are packed in boxes, packages
or containers, having perpendicular sides, the box, package or
container shall also be marked upon the outside of the end thereof
in plain figures with the approximate number of peaches in the
box, which shall be within four peaches of the true count.

Sec. 7. Grapes packed for table use shall be of uniform quality
and maturity and shall be well matured and show a sugar content
of not less than seventeen per cent Balling's scale, except Emperor,
which shall show not less than sixteen per cent Balling's scale.
Each crate or other package and containers therein shall bear in
plain figures the minimum weight of contents. Each crate or pack-
age except sub-containers shall be stamped in plain letters with the
name of the variety.

Sec. 8. Berries shall be packed in uniform packages of dry
quart containing an interior capacity of 67.2 cubic inches, or dry
pint containing an interior capacity of 33.6 cubic inches and shall
be reasonably uniform in size, quality and maturity throughout
the package or container.

Sec. 9. Cantaloupes shall be placed in standard crates
12 X 12 X 23| inches containing forty-five cantaloupes of uniform
size and maturity. Pony crates 11 x 11 x 23| inches containing
forty-five cantaloupes of uniform size and maturity. Jumbo
crates 4| x 13| x 23^ inches containing twelve cantaloupes of
uniform size and maturity or containing fifteen cantaloupes of
uniform size and maturity.

Sec. 10. All boxes, crates, packages or containers of deciduous
fruits of the kinds specified in this act, except sub-containers,
when packed and offered for sale, or for transportation for sale,
shall bear upon them in plain sight, and plain letters on the out-
side the name of the orchard, if any, and the name and post office
address of the person, firm, company, corporation or organization,
who shall have first packed or authorized the packing of the same,
also the name of the locality where the fruit is grown.

Sec. 11. In counties having a county horticultural commis-
sioner it shall be his duty (and the duty of his deputies) acting
as inspectors, which office is hereby created, to enforce the pro-
visions of this act. Additional inspectors shall be appointed by
the county horticultural commissioner, upon petition of like nature
and at the same pay as provided in section twelve of this act;
provided, that any county, having and enforcing a standard higher
than the standard in this act shall be exempt from the provisions
of this act upon declaration to such efi^ect by the state horticultural
commissioner.

Sec. 12. In a city and county or in counties having no county
horticultural commissioner, or deputy, it shall be the duty of the
county board of supervisors, upon petition filed with them to
appoint inspectors. Said petition shall be signed by at least
twenty-five bona fide fruit growers residing in that county, or
city and county. The inspectors shall receive for their services
the sum of three and one half dollars per day to be paid monthly

128 THE MONTHL~£ BULLETIN.

upon warrants drawn npon the county treasurer. Upon the
petition of twenty-five resident freeholders who are fruit growers
or shippers of fruit, the county horticultural commissioner, or
board of supervisors, where there is no county horticultural com-
mission, shall immediately remove said inspector for neglect of
duty, malfeasance in office, or general unfitness for office. In case
of such removal the office shall immediately be filled.

Sec. 13. Any person, firm, company, corporation, or organiza-
tion, who shall knowingly pack, or cause to be packed, fruit of the
kinds specified herein, in boxes, crates, packages, containers, or
sub-containers, to be offered for sale or for transportation for
sale, in wilful violation of this act, shall be guilty of a mis-
demeanor.

Sec. 14. All laws in conflict with this act or any part thereof
are hereby repealed.

Sec. 15. If any section, sub-section, sentence, clause or phrase
of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional such
decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of
this act. The legislature hereby declares that it would have passed
this act, and each section, sub-section, sentence, clause and phrase
thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections,
sub-sections, sentences, clauses or phrases be declared uncon-
stitutional.

THE MUTUAL INDEBTEDNESS OF SCIENCE AND

AGRICULTURE.

By John M. Coulter, Professor of Botany, University of Cliicago.

The subject suggested to me was "Agriculture's Debt to Science";
but this seems one-sided, for science is also indebted to agriculture.
Therefore, I wish to consider briefly how these two great fields of work
are indebted to one another.

It would be presumptuous for a mere botanist to address a group of
experts in agriculture (using the large application of that term as
meaning the practical handling of plants) upon what botany, as a
science, has done for agriculture, especially as my own special field of
research seems to be about as far removed from any possible practical
application as can be imagined.

Men who spend their lives in universities, especially the older ones,
are apt to develop certain unfortunate peculiarities. These peculiarities
may not make them less happy, or less useful to their professional
students. l)ut they diminish the appreciation of the communit}^ at large.
In the life of such an instructor or investigator there is a peculiar kind
of isolation that is bound to react. It is partly the isolation of a sub-
ject which seems more or less separate from general human interests,
at least in the aspects he is cultivating. It is also an isolation of
authority, which comes from the mastery of a subject and association
with students who recognize this mastery. To speak with authority in
intellectual matters, to give the deciding word, to meet a constant suc-
cession of inferiors, is apt to affect any man's outlook on the Avorld of

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 129

practical affairs. Either lie l)ecomes dogmatic in expression, or he
must hold himself in check with an effort.

There is much honest effort to break down this barrier between the
scholars who represent universities and the great host of men who
represent the community. These men are not so isolated, but they are
just as dogmatic in their own wa.y, and they are immensely influential.
Plere are two groups of men, the scientific and llic practical, both
powerfully equipped, who should be mutually stimulating in all that
makes for progress.

Men engaged in research are looked upon in general as inoffensive
but curious and useless members of the social order. If an investi-
gator touches now and then upon something that the public regards
as useful, he is singled out as a glaring exception. If an investigation
lends itself to announcement in exceedingly sensational form, as if it
were uncovering deep mysteries, the investigator becomes a marked
man, and his lightest utterance is treated as an oracle. The fact is
that the great body of investigators who are doing the substantial work
that makes for scientific and practical progress are unknown to the
public.

There is a conventional application of the term science which I wish
to use for convenience. Thus applied, there has arisen a classification
of science into two phases, called pure science and applied science.
An attempt to define these two kinds of science reveals the fact that
the distinction is a general impression rather than a clear statement.
If the impression be analyzed, it seems that pure science is of no
material service to mankind: and that applied science has to do with
the mechanism of our civilization. The distinction, therefore, is based
upon material output. In other words, pure science only knows things,
while applied science knows how" to do things. This impression has
been unfortunate in several w^ays. The public, as represented by the
modern American community, believes in doing things ; and therefore
to them pure science seems useless, and its devotees appear as orna-
mental, rather than as vital members of human society, to be admired
rather than used. On the other hand, the universities, as represented
by their investigators, believe in knowing things ; and therefore to them
applied science seems to be a waste of investigative energy, and its
devotees appear to be very unscientific.

In this atmosphere of mutual misunderstanding, the public and the
investigators have continued to exist and make progress, all the time
acknowledging their interdependence by mutual service. In recent
years, however, the spirit of mutual service has become more dominant ;
and investigators are beginning to recognize their greatest mission in
contributing assistance in solving the problems that confront com-
munity life.

I wish to indicate the real relation that exists between what has been
called pure science and applied science. As an introductory illustra-
tion, there may be outlined the usual steps that botanical science has
taken in the material service of agriculture. An investigator, stimu-
lated onl}' by what has been called "the delirious but divine desire to
know^, " is attracted by a problem. No thought of its usefulness in a
material way is in his mind; he wishes simply to make a contribution
to knowledge. The investigator succeeds in solving his problem, and

is satisfied. Later — perhaps many years later — some other scientific
2—22640

130 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN".

man discovers that the results of the former investigation may be used
to revolutionize some empirical formula of agriculture. The applica-
tion is made and the world applauds; but the applause is chiefly for
the second man, the practical man. Any analysis of the situation,
however, shows that to the practical result both men were of great
material service. The ratio that exists between these two types of
scientific men is unknown, but the first is much the more rare.

Another illustration is needed as a corollary. In this case an investi-
gator, stimulated by the desire to serve the community, is attracted
by a problem. He succeeds in solving his problem, perhaps makes his
own application, and is satisfied. Later, some other scientific man dis-
covers that the results of the former may be used to revolutionize
certain fundamental conceptions of science. His statement is made
and the scientific world applauds; and this time the applaiLse is chiefly
for the second man, the pure scientist. The analysis of this case shows,
however, that to the scientific result both men contributed, and that
both men were of large scientific service.

A third illustration is needed to complete the real historical picture
of progress in scientific knowledge and its practical applications to
agriculture. A practical man, not trained as an investigator, faces
the problem of obtaining some new and useful result with plants. His
only method is to apply empirically certain formulae that have been
developed by science, but with ingenuity and patience he succeeds,
although he is not able to analyze his results. And yet, his procedure
reveals to a trained investigator a method or certain data that lead to
a scientific synthesis of the first order.

These illustrations represent the actual historical situation of the
mutual influence of botany as a science and agriculture. Now what
are the conclusions?

It is evident that responsibility for the practical results of the science
of botany to agriculture is to be shared by those engaged in pure
science, those engaged in applied science, and those not trained in
science at all. The only distinction is not in the result, therefore, but
in the intent. In other words, the difference between pure science and
applied science, in their practical aspects, resolves itself into the differ-
ence between murder and manslaughter; it lies in the intention. So
long as the world gets the results of science, it is not likely to trouble
itself about the intention.

Another conclusion is that all application must have something to
apply, and that application alone would presently result in sterility.
There must be perennial contributions to knowledge, with or Avithout
immediately useful intent, that application may possess a wide and
fertile field for cultivation.

A final conclusion may be that all science is one ; that pure science
is often immensely practical; that applied science is often very pure
science ; and that between the two there is no dividing line.

I wish to illustrate these general statements concerning pure science'
and applied science, represented in our interests by botany and agricul-
ture, by some more specific statements concerning their mutual
interests.

The science of botany has had a remarkable history. Beginning with
the investigation of plants for what were called their medicinal virtues,
it developed with various progressions and retrogressions, until the

TITF, :\rONTTTT,V BULLETIN. 131

botanist came to be rej^arded as about the most useless intelligent mem-
l)cr of society. His chief concern seemed to remove him so far from
the general human interest that he was regarded as a harmless crank,
at best a man of only ephemeral interest. No such opinion could have
developed unless there had been some basis for it. The most unfortunate
result of this public estimation of botany was that it lingered much
longer than it was deserved ; and consequently, when the other so-called
sciences had won public esteem, either through their services or their
appeal to the wonder-instinct, botany lagged behind in public recog-
nition, and in most educational institutions was the latest born into the
family of sciences. But, finally, it also began to render signal service
and the appeal to the wonder-instinct.

This is not the occasion for me to give an account of the wonderful
recent development of several phases of botanical activity, phasas which
deal with the fundamentals of plant activity of all kinds. Among
them, however, there is no one attracting more attention at this time,
both in its scientific and in its practical aspects, than plant-breeding.
It is not my purpose to recite the notable achievements that are to be
grouped under this title, for they are familiar to all who are interested
in the handling of plants, either for practical or scientific reasons.
Especially is it unnecessary to give the details to this audience, repre-
senting as it does an experience in the results of plant-breeding that is
probably more extensive and varied than in any region of our country.
But in passing, allow me to say that plant-breeding in its practical
possibilities is in its infancy, and that the immediate future has in
store for us achievements which we did not dream of until scientific
plant-breeding made them possible. Without going into details, there-
fore, I simply wish to use plant-breeding as an illustration of my
general thesis.

The practical aspect of plant-breeding, in a certain sense, is as old
as the culture of plants. Long experience in the practical handling of
plants slowly developed a kind of knowledge that became formulated
in empirical practice ; that is, practice whose meaning was not under-
stood, but whose result experience assured. The general purpose was
to improve old forms and to develop new ones. The improvements
were numerous, and apparently were possible in any direction deter-
mined by the need or taste of man. It was learned that improvements
must be kept improved; in other words, that they would not remain
constant if left freely to nature. This was a laborious but profitable
method of plant-breeding, the method known in general as mass culture
or mass selection. The most desirable individuals were selected and
guarded through a series of generations, until the desired character
was built up sufficiently for commercial purposes. This is the oldest
and still the most widely used method of practical plant-breeding,
begun by unconscious selection and merging into intelligent selection.

During all this period of plant improvement by mass culture and
continuous selection, the so-called science of botany was cultivating a
singularly distant field. In short, botany was not practical, and plant-
breeding was not scientific. Therefore, botanists on the one hand, and
agriculturists, horticulturists, floriculturists, etc., on the otlier hand,
were as distinct from one another as if they had nothing in common. It

132 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SO happened that botanists were dealing with very superficial problems
in a scientific wa}^ and that plant-breeders were dealing with the most
fundamental problems in an empirical way.

As in any other practice, plant-breeding developed now and then an
nmisually successful practitioner, who made distinct contributions in
the form of important results; but this represented no more of an
advance than does the fact that one cook can surpass another cook in
the art of making bread. This caution is necessary, for the results
obtained empirically by skillful plant-breeders are too often ascribed
to unusual scientific insight. The result is important enough, without
reading into it what it does not contain.

What may be called the second period of plant-breeding was ushered
in when organic evolution began to be put upon an experimental basis.
Plant-breeding had been practical, but with no scientific basis; now a
new plant-breeding was established, which was scientific, and with no
practical motive. The new motive was the accumulation of data bear-
ing upon the problems of inheritance and the origin of species.

The third phase of plant-breeding can hardly be called a third period,
for it is practically synchronous with the second. As a by-product of
the work on inheritance and evolution, some of the scientific results
have been applied to practical plant-breeding, and the result has been
an expansion of its possibilities that may well be called marvellous. In
short, practical plant-breeding is now on a scientific basis ; and botany
has at last attacked the fundamental problems and may be of some
practical service, for it includes plant-breeding.

Perhaps it may not be out of place to remind you of the large impor-
tance of this combination, for it underlies the welfare of human society.
It is a combination of scientific research and its practical application
in maintaining an ever-increasing food supply over ever-extending
areas. If it is the function of medical research and its application to
provide for the welfare of a certain per cent of the population, it is
one of the functions of botanical research and its application to agri-
culture to provide for the welfare of the tvhole population. Nor is
scientific plant-breeding, in its restricted definition, the sole contributor
to this end, but bound up with it are plant physiology, ecology, pathol-
ogy, soil investigations, and the whole round of interests that touch
living plants. In short, there is now possible, for the first time, such
a co-operation of scientific results towards a definite end as to make
rapid progress possible. For example, it is now possible to secure

(1) Races of maximum yield for every area, so that the yield of
this country shall not be an average between minimum and maximum,
but maximum everywhere.

(2) Drought-resistant races, so that crops not only can be insured
against drought where they are now grown, but also can be enormously
extended in area.

(3) Disease-resistant races, so that cultivated plants shall be immune
and the loss from diseases eliminated.

When these possibilities are realized, food production can easily keep
pace with increasing population; at present it is lagging far behind.

In presenting this fleeting glimpse of the problems and accomplish-
ments of plant-breeding, I have intended to emphasize not only its
fundamental importance to both botanical science and agricultural
practice, but also the inextricable entanglement of the two. An}^ result

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 133

of scientific plant-breeding, representing as it must additional knowl-
edge of the processes of evolution and heredity, may become of practi-
cal service; and any result of practical plant-breeding, involving as it
does extensive experiments with plants, may prove to be of great scien-
tific importance. They are mutually stimulating, and both are neces-
sary to the most rapid development of knowledge.

It is the proper balance between the two that must be mainlaim-d.
The physical needs of man, great as they may be, must never obscure
the intellectual needs of man ; especially as the trained intellect is the
speediest agent in meeting pliysical need. On the other liand. the intel-
lectual needs of man, noble as they may be, must never lose sight of
the fact that the speediest results are obtained by the enormous increase
of experimental work under the pressure of physical necessity.

The motto of botany and of agriculture, therefore, is the same : A
practice based on science, and a science that extends and illuminates
practice.

HERBICIDE INVESTIGATIONS.

By Geo. P. Gray, Insecticide Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Cal.

The State Agricultural Experiment Station is conducting an investi-
gation to determine the most suitable chemical for use in the destruction
of weeds. Tests are being made of the various chemicals which have
been suggested for this purpose and some new- compounds are being
tried out. Analyses are also being made of the commercial prepara-
tions which are sold as weed destroyers.

The proper strength of the chemical to be used, the time of year to
obtain the best results, and the effect on the soil are all questions of
great importance and are under investigation. These questions should
be answered by conducting carefully planned experiments before the
general use of any chemical as an herbicide should be either condemned
or recommended.

Recommendations for the use of arsenic in destroying weeds are so
frequently made in the papers, and proprietary weed killers are being
so widely advertised that it seems a word of warning should be issued
against their indiscriminate use. In many instances weed destroyers
of unknown composition and home-made preparations of arsenic and
other chemicals are carelessly handled with little thought of the danger
of poisoning persons and animals, and of possible ill effects on the soil
if used too liberally.

DANGER IN USING ARSENIC FOR DESTRUCTION OF WEEDS.

The arsenical herbicides are usually made by dissolving commercial
white arsenic (arsenic trioxide) in caustic soda, or sal soda, and
Avater. When dissolved in this manner, a corrosive chemical is formed,
known as sodium arsenite, which is even more poisonous than the orig-
inal white arsenic. This is not only poisonous to the higher animals
and insects, but also acts as a violent poison to practically all plant life.

Harmless Appearance: When pure sodium arsenite is dissolved
in water, it makes a colorless and oderless solution, having only a

134 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

slight taste. This harmless appearance greatly adds to the danger of
accidental poisoning.

Danger to Live Stock: Forage plants, when sprayed with arsen-
icals, seem to be especially attractive to live stock. Cattle, horses and
even poultry have been poisoned by eating Johnson grass which had
been sprayed with an arsenical weed killer. Areas which are to be
treated with a poisonous herbicide should, therefore, be carefully fenced
to avoid the possible loss of valuable live stock.

Arsenic Carried by Smoke: When a rank growth of vegetation
has been destroyed with a heavy arsenical application, considerable
caution must be used if it is desired to burn the brush. The arsenic
would be very readily volatilized in this manner and would be carried
in the smoke. Persons should, therefore, be extremely cautious about
inhaling the smoke, for it is thought that a poisonous dose of arsenic
could be easily inhaled in this way.

Poisonous to Crops: The action of sodium arsenite is more severe
on broad-leafed plants than on grasses, although a violent poison to
practically all plants. In using it for the destruction of weeds, it is,
therefore, usually necessary to avoid getting it on trees and cultivated
crops.

Effect on the Soil: The Experiment Station is observing the
effect of arsenic and other chemicals upon the soil. It has been found
elsewhere that arsenic is accumulated in the top layer of the soil and is
not easily washed out by rains, so that it should be rather sparingly
used on this account.

Notwithstanding its poisonous nature, however, it may be proven
that arsenic will be a valuable aid to the farmers of the State in the
control of some of the most troublesome weeds, if used with discretion.

UNQUALIFIED ENDORSEMENT OF ARSENIC NOT GIVEN.

The writer has received many requests for a formula for the prepara-
tion of soluble arsenic for use in weed control. He has usually
hesitated to give a formula, thinking that by so doing an endorsement
of the general use of arsenic as a weed killer might be implied. The
experiments have now been conducted for a sufficient length of time,
however, to justify the recommendation of formulas for the benefit of
those who wish to conduct independent experiments on weed control.

The uncompleted state of the experiments now in progress does not
warrant recommendations for their use except in an experimental way,
and in the preparation of a spray to prevent the maturing of seeds as
indicated in statement " 6 " at the close of the article. The writer does
not assume any responsibility for their use other than noted above.

SOURCE OF ARSENIC.

The raw material used for the preparation of all compounds of
arsenic is the white arsenic of commerce, chemically known as arsenic
trioxide. This substance is recovered as a by-product from the smoke
of some of the smelters of the western states. According to the United
States Geological Survey, some three thousand tons are annually
produced in this country and a much larger amount is imported under
normal conditions.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 135

SOLVENTS FOR ARSENIC.

"White arsenic is not very soluble in water, although sufficiently so
to prohibit its use on plants as an insecticide. In order to make a
strong solution of arsenic, it is customary to dissolve white arsenic in
water with either sal soda, soda ash, caustic soda, or concentrated lye.
Similar potash or amuionia compounds could also be used, but they are
more expensive and would be no better than the soda compounds,
except for special purposes.

The following table may be of use in indicating the approximate
weights of the commoner solvents required for the solution of white
arsenic (arsenic trioxide) :

Solvent

Solvent parts
by weight

Arsenic tri-
oxide parts
by weight

Sal soda or washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) (crystallized sodium
carbonate)

Soda ash (XazCOs and impurities) (crude sodium carbonate)

Caustic soda (NaOH) (sodium hydroxide).

Concentrated lye (mixture of NaOH and NasCOs) (may also contain
similar potash compounds)

If sal soda or soda ash is used, it is necessary to boil the mixture
to dissolve the arsenic. If caustic soda is used, little or no boiling is
required. In either case, however, a corrosive chemical is formed,
known as sodium arsenite (or arsenite of soda), which is readily
soluble in water and is even more poisonous than the original white
arsenic.

COMMERCIAL SODIUM ARSENITE.

Sodium arsenite may be purchased ready made as a white powder.
The chemistry of arsenites is rather complex, and there are many
recognized forms of sodium arsenite, among which may be mentioned
by way of illustration, the ortho, meta, and pyro, and both neutral and
acid types, each one normally containing a different percentage of
arsenic. The commercial article frequently has a large excess of
sodium carbonate and other impurities. So far as known, the poison-
ous quality of a soluble arsenite is dependent solely upon the amount
of arsenic which it contains, the soda, potash, or ammonia serving only
as a solvent for the arsenic. Quite variable results are, therefore, to
be expected from the use of commercial sodium arsenite. It can not
be recommended as a dependable material on account of the great
variation in the percentage of arsenic as found by analyses made in
the insecticide and fungicide laboratory. It appears, however, that the
purity of the white arsenic of commerce can be depended upon. Many
samples have been analyzed and in no case was a sample found to be
much less than 99 per cent pure. It is recommended, therefore, that
the soluble arsenicals be made up with white arsenic whose purity may
be depended upon with reasonable certainty, or that sodium arsenite
be purchased from a reliable firm with a definite guarantee of the
amount of arsenic which it contains.

*A soluble arsenical can also be made by using one part of caustic soda to four
parts of arsenic trioxide.

136 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

DISSOLVING ARSENIC.

The handling of arsenic and corrosive substances by one unfamiliar
with the behavior of chemicals and the bringing of poisons into the
kitchen are practices to be avoided if possible. The preparation of
small quantities of poison is troublesome and the saving usually does
not warrant giving the necessary time and attention. It would be
preferable to buy the poison ready to use, provided the price is reason-
able and a true statement of its composition is made by the dealer.
The use of secret preparations is discouraged for the reasons given
in Circular 141 of the California Agricultural Experiment Station,
Under certain conditions it may be desirable to prepare small quan-
tities of sodium arsenite on the kitchen stove. The preparation of
larger amounts presents no great difficulties or dangers, if adequate
facilities are available out of doors and the operator is at all familiar
with the handling of chemicals. Extra precautions, however, should
be observed at all times in the manipulation of arsenic.

Sal soda (also known as washing soda or crystallized sodium carbon-
ate) is preferable for dissolving small quantities in the kitchen. It
can be obtained at any pharmacy or grocery store and is not nearly so
caustic as caustic soda or concentrated lye.

FORMULA 1.

Sal soda 2 ounces

White arsenic 1 ounce

Water (one cup), about S ounces

Put all the ingredients together in an iron or granite-ware kettle
(do not use aluminum) of at least one quart capacity and boil until
clear. Considerable foam is produced by this combination, and the
kettle is apt to boil over unless a large one is used, particularly if the
kettle is not perfectly clean. Should any of the liquid be spilled upon
the stove, the fumes should not be inhaled. Do not inhale any of the
steam, as some of the arsenic may be carried over mechanically in the
vapor.

For the preparation of larger quantities in the same manner, the
formula should read:

FORMULA 2.

Sal soda 2 pounds

White arsenic 1 pound

Water 1 gallon

Soda ash may be substituted for sal soda in the above formulas.
This chemical costs about one third more than sal soda, but only one-
half as much is reciuired, so that its use would be somewhat more
economical.

SUGGESTED FORMULA.

Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or a good grade of concentrated
lye is much more active in dissolving arsenic than either sal soda or
soda ash and much less is required, although the cost is greater per
pound. Very little heat is required in the preparation of sodium
arsenite by means of these materials. If made in large quantities, the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 137

use of heat is unnecessary. The preparation of a very concentrated
stock solution is a very simple matter if caustic soda is used. The
chief advantages in its use as a solvent are as given above. The chief
objection to its use is on account of its causticity. Great care must
be exercised in its handling, as its action on the skin is very severe.
A spray made up with an excess of caustic soda is more disagreeable to
use than one made up with an excess of either soda ash or sal soda.

A convenient stock solution of sodium arsenite may be made up in
accordance with the following formula:

FORMULAS.

Granulated caustic soda (9S per cent) 10 pounds

White arsenic (arsenic trioxide 99 per cent) 20 pounds

Water, to make 5 sallons

Mr. R. M. Chapin of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry
has proposed that arsenic be dissolved in caustic soda solution by heat
of chemical reaction and refers to such a preparation as self-boiled
arsenic solution, or S-B cattle dip. Solution may be made as follows :

Dissolve the caustic soda in two gallons of water in a metal or wooden
vessel (preferably iron) and while still hot, add the dry arsenic tri-
oxide in a fine stream at a sufficient rate so that the solution is just
at the point of boiling, but does not actually boil. Considerable heat
is produced by dissolving the caustic soda. Additional heat is fur-
nished by the chemical reaction when the caustic soda unites with the
arsenic to form sodium arsenite. If the arsenic is added just at the
right rate, no extra heating will be necessary'. After the arsenic is all
dissolved, let the solution cool and add water to make five gallons.

Caution! Do not add cold water to the hot solution, as an explosion
may result for the reason that the solution is considerably hotter than
the boiling point of water.

If for any reason the arsenic fails to dissolve without the use of
heat, the materials have not been wasted, as a solution can then be made
by Avarming the mixture slightly, unless the chemicals are of low grade.
If hard water is used, there will be some insoluble matter in the solu-
tion, but it may be disregarded unless in very large amount.

This makes a convenient stock solution for diluting to any desired
strength ; that is, each gallon contains four pounds of arsenic trioxide ;
a quart, one pound; each fluid ounce contains one-half an ounce of
arsenic trioxide,

SUGGESTED DILUTIONS FOR EXPERIMENTS.

As previously stated, the proper strength of chemical to be used has
not yet been determined. For those who wish to conduct independent
experiments on this point, the following dilutions may be tried out:
Formula 1 diluted to 1 or 1^ gallons.
Formula 2 diluted to 20 or 25 gallons.
Two fluid ounces of Formula 3 diluted to 1 or 1| gallons.
One quart of Formula 3 diluted to 20 or 25 gallons.
One gallon of Formula 3 diluted to 80 or 100 gallons.
For use on agricultural lands the arsenical should be applied by
means of an efficient hand or power sprayer in preference to a sprinkler.
Neither the amount of arsenic which can be tolerated by the soil nor
3—22640

138 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

the amount necessary to permanently sterilize the soil along roadways,
etc., has been determined, but is under study. A liberal application
of Formula 3 diluted one to ten or one to twenty might be tried where
injury to the soil is of no consideration.

"DONT'S."

Don't handle or use arsenicals or corrosive chemicals without first
familiarizing yourself with their properties and behavior.

Don't purchase arsenicals without a reliable guarantee of the per-
centage of arsenic.

Don't be fooled by secret preparations or use them without knowl-
edge of their composition.

Don't use too small a vessel for dissolving arsenic.

Don't inhale the steam from boiling arsenicals.

Don't breathe any of the fumes if any arsenical is accidently spilled
upon a hot stove or into a fire.

Don't boil water, sugar, and white arsenic with any of the solvents
for arsenic.

Don't breathe any of the dust caused by handling powdered arsen-
icals or caustic soda.

Don 't make large quantities of stock solution in a closed room.

Don't splash the solutions.

Don't spray forage plants with poisons without taking j)recautions
that they will not be eaten by live stock.

Don't breathe the smoke when burning brush which has been treated
with a heavy application of arsenicals.

Don't put any soluble arsenical upon the foliage or roots of trees
or cultivated crops.

Don't use arsenic too liberally.

SOME RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS.

Sufficient progress has been made in the experiments to w^arrant the
following statements:

1. Under certain conditions the leaves and stems of plants are able
10 absorb enough poison from a single spraying to kill their roots to a
depth of several feet.

2. Arsenical herbicides as generally used in California have been too
concentrated to produce the best results.

3. Strong arsenicals liberally sprinkled upon agricultural land are
apt to injure the soil. Two experimental plots of one square yard each,
heavily infested with morning-glory, were each uniformly sprinkled
with a solution made by diluting one fluid ounce of the stock solution
as given in Formula 3 to one gallon. Each plot, therefore, received
one-half ounce of arsenic trioxide. From the time of treatment to the
present writing, a period of five months, all plant growth has been
prevented, with the exception of a few morning-glory plants, notwith-
standing the washing effect of the heavy winter rains. The growth
of the- morning-glory and native weeds and grasses, however, is lux-
uriant in the adjoining untreated field. The soil in these experiments
was apparently injured by the application of one-half ounce of arsenic
trioxide per square yard.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 139

4. Spraying is nsually more economical than sprinkling, and the
effect on the soil is apt to be less injurious, as much less poison is
required.

5. Morning-glory and many other plants can be killed to the ground
without apparent injury to the soil by spraying with a solution of one
gallon of the stock solution given in Formula 3 diluted to one hundred
gallons. In some of the experiments the roots also of the morning-
glory have been killed to a depth of over four feet by this treatment,
but the roots are not always affected. The conditions necessary to kill
the root system of morning-glory by the spray method are still unknown,
but ail attempt is being made to determine them.

6. It seems evident that the maturing of seeds on noxious weeds can
be economically prevented by the spray method, provided the condi-
tions are such that the spray can be applied without injury to culti-
vated crops. Weeds growing along canals, roadways, and fences, or
other places where cultivation is difficult or impossible, would not be
such a menace to the fields if the tops were killed to the ground
at sufficiently frequent intervals to prevent their maturing and scat-
tering seeds.

For this purpose a spray of sodium arsenite is recommended, equiva-
lent to 4 pounds of arsenic trioxide per 100 gallons of water, to be
applied to the foliage as a fine mist by means of an efficient hand or
power sprayer.

A spray of practically the above concentration may be made as
follows :

Formula 1, diluted to 1^ gallons.

Formula 2, diluted to 25 gallons.

Two fluid ounces of Formula 3 diluted to 1^ gallons.

One quart of Formula 3 diluted to 25 gallons.

One gallon of Formula 3 diluted to 100 gallons.
The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of ]\Ir. William
Wood, Horticultural Commissioner of Los Angeles County; Mr. Fred
Seulberger, Horticultural Commissioner of Alameda County; his chief
deputy, Mr. D. P. T. McDonald; Horticultural Inspector Mr. W. H.
Tyson; Mr. A. A. Brock, Horticultural Commissioner of Ventura
County; ]\Ir. C. W. Beers, Horticultural Commissioner of Santa Bar-
bara County ; Mr. F. W. Waite, Horticultural Commissioner of Imperial
County; Mr. Fred Lowrie and Mr. George Lowrie of Centerville. who
have facilitated the experimental work in various ways through encour-
agement, offering transportation when needed, furnishing land for the
experiments, and conducting independent experiments; and of their
assistant, Mr. C. C. Barnum, who has been of invaluable aid in the
planning and execution of the experiments.

140

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE POMEGRANATE.

By Robert W. Hodgson^ University of California, Berlieley.

HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION.

The pomegranate is among the fruits of the greatest antiquity. Long
before the almond, apricot, peach or nectarine had been disseminated
from Persia westward to Asia Minor, the pomegranate was cultivated
there and very highly esteemed. At an early date it was taken by the
Phoenicians to Northern Africa. In later years the Carthaginians took
it to Rome and it received its Latin name. Malum punicum, from this

Fig. 4S. — A poor type of pomegranate. Note the
amount of rag, the thick skin and protruding calyx. The
flavor is poor and the seeds are large, bony and inedible.
(Original.)

fact. It undoubtedly was early introduced into Greece, as Theophrastus
described it 300 years before the Christian era. The pomegranate is
mentioned several times in the Old Testament and was evidently held
in high esteem, for Solomon sings of "An orchard of pomegranates with
pleasant fruits." The Israelites had become familiar with it in Egypt,
for in the wilderness they murmured for "the fruits of Egypt, the fig,
the vine, and the pomegranate." Many localities in Palestine took their

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 141

names from the shrub. The fruit and flowers entered largely into the
religious rites of the Phoenicians. There is the myth that the goddess
Aphrodite herself ])lanted it in the Isle of Cyprus, wliieh implies that it
was not indigenous there. It has always been grown in China as a
cultivated plant, having been introduced about 150 B. C. The fruit is
often mentioned by Roman authors; Pliny considered it a most valuable
fruit and declared that the best fruits came from Carthage. The pome-
granate wa.s probably carried westward by the Komans to France and
Spain and also by the Arabs to Northern Africa and thence across into
Southern Europe. Granada in Spain owes its name to the far-spread
fame of its pomegranates, the fruit reaching a high degree of perfection
in its gentle climate. The first mention of the pomegranate in England
is during the reign of Henry VIII. At that time the fruit w^as intro-
duced and was highly prized as an ornamental, but did not mature in
the open. It is now a common greenhouse plant there. In 1829 it is
mentioned as having grown and fruited in Versailles, France, for more
than two centuries.

At the present time the pomegranate is a common fruit in the Medi-
terranean countries and its culture has reached a high state of per-
fection in favored localities. The fruit is grown to some commercial
extent in Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, the Balkan States,
Southern Russia, Palestine, Persia, India, China, the Malayan States,
Northern Africa, IMexico, and Southern United States, mainly Arizona
and California. The fruit was brought by the Spanish to ]\Iexico very
early and was introduced into California by the mission fathers at the
founding of their oldest mission, Mission San Diego, in 1769. It is
grown to a small extent through the East and North as a hothouse
plant in tubs. The plant blossoms but rai'ely fruits as far north as
Raleigh, North Carolina.

From the old missions the pomegranate has spread widely through
California under the common name of mission pomegranate. Varieties
have been imported, mainly from Mediterranean countries, but
also from China. Most of the plantings up to a recent date were
seedlings, so that the collection is large and varied and furnishes excel-
lent material for selection of good varieties, several of which have
appeared as seedlings. The plant flourishes from one end of California
to the other, doing especially well in the warm interior valleys. Here
the fruit reaches the highest perfection, attaining a large size, brilliant
color, and rich, sprightly flavor. It is an early and abundant bearer.
The largest plantings are in the San Joaquin, Imperial, and Coachella
valleys.

BOTANY AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The generic name Piinica is derived from the Latin name Malum
punicuni; tlie specific name granatum refers to the grain-like seeds or
kernels.

The plant is a large shrub, bushy in growth, usuallj' deciduous,
though some of the tropical varieties, notably one from Porto Rico,
hold their leaves till spring. The leaves are mostly opposite, lanceolate,
long, or obovate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, red-veined, and bright glossy
green. The branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, somewhat
thorny, the new growth being four-angled. The flowers are axillary,

142

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

solitary, or in small clusters, with a stifif tubular, sliowy, orange or
red calyx, lobes five to seven, crowned, with bright scarlet, or white
crumpled petals, lanceolate to obovate, equal in number to the sepals
and inserted between them. The stamens are numerous and are
inserted on the inner wall of the calyx tube. The ovary is embedded in
the calyx tube or receptacle and consists of seven to fifteen loeules in
two series, one above the other, ripening into a large, many-seeded
pome-like berry, crowned with a large persistent calyx. The flowers
are from one to one and one-half inches in length and the fruits
vary from three to six inches in diameter. The external portion of the
seedcoat becomes succulent, forming an arillus, and the arils comprise
the edible portion of the fruit. These range in color from white to a
bright crimson and are arranged in very irregular loculi, which are

Fig. 49. — A, a good type of light fleshed pomegranate, a paper-shelled variety. The
rag is small in amount, the skin thin, and the seeds moderately large but soft and
edible.

B, a good type of pomegranate. This fruit was cut open twenty-four days before
the photo was taken. Note the fresli appearance. The pomegranate is a remarkable
keeper. (Original.)

separated by a thin astringent membrane. The rind of the fruit is
tough and leathery and varies in color from pale yellow to deep
purplish red.

The plant is well adapted for hedges, having a strong tendency to
sucker from the roots and crown of the tree. By careful and persistent
pruning it may be trained into a small tree, sometimes reaching a height
of twenty feet.

It is essentially a desert plant and is well adapted to standing long
periods of drought, but fruits little under these conditions. It may be
found still alive, not growing, but holding its own. on old abandoned
homesteads in the deserts of southern California and Arizona and, on

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 143

the application of water, will quickly recover and fruit again. On
accouut of its drought resistance it would seem that more general
planting of the better varieties would be justified. For the proper
maturing of the fruit a large number of heat units is necessary, and
for this reason the pomegranate is most successful in the hot interior
valleys. It seldom ripens well near the coast, usually remaining very
sour and tart, and poorly colored. The plant will stand almost any
amount of heat but is injured by temperatures of eight to fifteen
degrees Fahrenheit, and frozen to the ground by zero temperatures. It
is not hardy above thirty-four degrees of latitude. It blooms late, in
April and May, and so escapes danger from spring frosts. The fruit
ripens from October to December.

CULTURE AND PROPAGATION.

Investigations by the California Station during 1894 and 1895 in
regard to alkali resistance showed that the pomegranate is one of the
most resistant plants, all varieties being apparently equally resistant.
It is growTi very successfully throughout the State and elsewhere on
widely different soil types and has not proven to be particular in regard
to soils. Heavy soils, especially those with plenty of lime, seem to give
the best results. For healthy, vigorous fruiting moderate irrigation is
required.

The pomegranate is very easily propagated by hardw^ood cuttings,
either calloused in sand over winter and set out in the spring, or planted
immediately. A very high percentage of cuttings will grow. Seeds
germinate readily but should not be used, as they do not come true to
type. In a study of variation in seedling pomegranates made last year
by the writer, it was found that the normal range of variation is very
wide. Every degree of color in fruit and flesh from pale yellow to
deep crimson was observed. Widely varying lengths of calyx tube and
sepals, thicknesses of rind, hardnesses of seed, amounts of pulp and
flesh were found. Propagation should always be by cuttings from a
plant of known desirable type.

The plant is most commonly grown in hedge form or as border trees,
though a few plantings are made on the square system at a distance of
fifteen to twenty feet each way. In hedge form the trees may be as
close as eight feet. Clean summer tillage is practiced where any culti-
vation is given. A system of straw mulching should serve the same
purpose better and w'ould probably be cheaper.

Practically no pruning is done, other than cutting out interfering
branches and dead wood. An occasional thinning out to encourage new
w^ood formation should be given the tree, though care must be taken
not to remove too much, as the fruit is borne on short spurs on old
wood. Fruit should be clipped from the tree, as the spur is firmly
attached to the rind and if pulled off the fruit is usually injured. The
pomegranate is a remarkable keeper and if handled carefully may be
kept in good condition three or four months and in many cases even
longer. The rind shrivels and becomes hard and tough but the interior
remains fresh and juicy. I have broken a fruit open, placed the halves
in a paper bag and six weeks later the arils were as fresh and plump
as the day the fruit was cut. and no decay whatsoever had set in where
the arils themselves had not been broken.

144 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,

MARKETING AND PROFITS.

The pomegranate is marketed for consumption fresh and for deco-
rative purposes. There is a considerable demand for the fruit for use
in decorating other fruit packages, banquet tables, peddlers' carts, and
the like. The market demand is quite small, however, and the market
is easily flooded. The usual package is the half orange box, containing
from thirty to thirty-five pounds. Orange wrappers are commonly
used and the fruit is packed much the same as oranges. The prices
quoted for these half boxes range from 65 cents to $1.50 during the
season on the San Francisco market, the average price being about
75 cents. The fruit retails early in the season at three for 25 cents,
later at five cents, and rarely gets below three for 10 cents in the
San Francisco Bay region. Individual trees are known which regu-
larly produce ten to fifteen such boxes. Some growers testify that they
make more from their pomegranates than from their oranges. For
eastern shipment a few boxes of the fruit in a carload of oranges are
usually sent, as the demand is small. A few growers are making big
profits on their pomegranates in this way.

USES.

From ancient times the Mediterranean peoples have used the pulp
of the pomegranate in the making of acescent and cooling drinks. The
juice is particularly satisfying during dry hot weather. The people
of Southern Russia and Armenia make a commercial drink from the
juice. It is called ''Nosharab," and is said to be very pleasant to the
taste. In France the juice is mixed in certain proportions with grape
juice and wine, and a wine is made which is highly esteemed.

The fruits are commonly eaten out of hand and are much liked by
those who are accustomed to them. There is a knack in opening the
fruit and shelling out the ''berries," or grains, which the novice only
acquires with practice, but at which the Mexicans and Southern Euro-
peans are very dexterous. The less acid varieties have a rich, sprightly
flavor which is much relished. The pulp is often recommended as a
tonic by physicians and the bark of the root furnishes a well known
astringent used in treating dysentery. The rind of the fruit furnishes
a jet-black ink and an extract from it is used as a remedy for t^eniasis
or tapeworm. A dye is extracted from the bark which is used in stain-
ing leather. The juice is much used as a coloring fluid employed in
confectionery, mixing drinks, and making punch. When sterilized and
put up in bottles similar to grape juice it is excellent and preferred to
the grape juice by some. A fair grade of claret can be made from it.
Grenadine syrup as sold in this country today contains no pomegranate
juice. Very good jelly can be made if the rind of an orange or lemon
is added to furnish the pectins.

An analysis by the California Station in 1903 shows: Water, 76.8;
protein, 1.5; fat, 1.6; sugar, starch, etc., 16.8; crude fiber, 2.7; ash, .6.

VARIETIES.

There are two general types of pomegranates found today in Cali-
fornia, differing but little in tree characteristics but widely different
as to fruit.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

145

White-Flowered Type.

The white-flowered type has been iiitrodueed within the last fifteen
or twenty years. Some of the varieties under this type are deciduous,
and some are evergreen. The fruit is either round, oblate or obovate
in form, according to variety. It is always a pale lemon yellow or fawn
color; the rind is invariably thick and soft; the pulp or rag is medium
to large in amount ; the arils are large, pale white, translucent, and the
seeds are large to very large, with thick, bony coats which render them
absolutely inedible and difficult to chew. The fruit from this type is
very poor in appearance, keeps poorly as compared to the other type,
and the flavor is flat and insipid, lacking the acid element. The fruits
are easily bruised and the bruises show up very quickly as ugly brown
blotches which detract greatly from the appearance of the fruit. This
type is undesirable.

Fig. 50. — The wonderful pomegranate. This is tlie best commercial variety
now grown in California. It combines a rich flavor with dark-colored flesh
and juice and small edible seeds. It is an excellent keeper and shipper.
(Original.)

Pink or Red-Flowered Type.

The pink or red-flowered type includes the varieties commonly
found, and all the desirable varieties belong to this type. The leaves
always fall before Christmas. The fruit is round, oblate or obovate in
form, according to variety ; the rind varies from thick to very thin ; the
pulp or rag is small to large in amount ; the arils are small to large,
pale pink to bright crimson in color, and the seeds are small to medium,
ranging in hardness from the so-called seedless varieties in which the
seed is edible, to very hard and bony. The fruits vary in color from
a pale lemon yellow washed in light pink to a bright crimson with a
deep purplish tinge.

146 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The Requirements of a Good Commercial Fruit.

1. It should be medium to large in size, pink to bright red in color,
with a high degree of reflection.

2. The calyx-tube should be medium to short, lobes reflexed or in-
flexed.

3. The rind should be thin to medium, tough, and well adapted to
shipping.

4. The flesh should preferably be bright red or crimson, and large
in amount.

5. The pulp or rag should be small in amount.

6. The seeds should be small in proportion to the aril, and should be
tender and readily edible.

7. The juice should be dark colored and plentiful.

8. The flavor should be rich, sprightly, and subacid.

A complete list of varieties would be long but there are only five
important varieties commonly found on the market. Of these, the
Wonderful, a seedling originating on Mr. Barss' place at Porterville
is by far the most promising.

Wonderful. Large and attractive; deep purple red, glossy; flesh
deep crimson, juice abundant, deep crimson, flavor excellent, rich and
sprightly ; seeds fairly tender ; calyx medium. A good shipper.

Paper Shell. Large, attractive ; pale yellow washed in pink, glossy ;
flesh bright red, juice abundant, bright red, flavor good; seeds fairly
tender ; rind very thin ; calyx small. Good for home use.

Spanish Ruby. Large, attractive ; bright red, glossy ; flesh deep
crimson, juice abundant, flavor sweet and aromatic ; seeds fairly tender ;
rind medium; calyx medium. Good shipper.

Sweet Fruited. Medium; pale yellow, lightly striped in pink; flesh
pale pink, juice moderate in amount, flavor sweet and aromatic ; seeds
fairly tender ; rind medium ; calyx medium.

Sul) Acid. Medium ; pale yellow washed in pink ; flesh clear red,
juice moderate in amount, very tart and sour; seeds not edible but
readily chewed ; rind thin ; calyx large.

Other varieties found to some extent are the Radinar, Dessia, and
Sin Pepitas. The last is the so-called seedless variety. There is no
such thing as a seedless pomegranate; the seed coats of some, however,
are very soft and readily edible.

DISEASES.

Sterigmatocystis castanea, or heart rot. This disease shows itself
only when the fruit is broken open and its worst feature lies in the fact
that its presence can not (for a time) be detected from the exterior of
the fruit. The pomegranate looks perfectly normal, highly colored
and firm, but when opened is found to be a black mass of decayed
material discharging myriads of black spores. In some cases only one
or two locul&s will be infected but the remaining arils will be flat,
insipid and pale colored. How this disease is introduced into the fruit
has not been determined. At the present time the disease is confined
to small areas in the Imperial Valley but if it ever becomes wide-
spread the industry may be seriously injured. The sensation one ex-
periences on opening a beautiful fruit only to find a nauseating mass

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 147

of decay is not soon forgotten, or conducive to further purchase.
Careful investigation and study of this disease is needed.

Alternaria. This disease begins at the blossom or stylar end of the
fruit and is introduced into the fruit while it is quite small and im-
mature. The presence of the disease can not be detected from the
external appearance, but is revealed on opening the fruit. There is a
breaking down of the arils, a loss of color and flavor, and finally a
slimy decaying mass results which is quite nauseating to view. For-
tunately this disease is as yet quite rare.

Splitting. The pomegranate is very subject to splitting at the ripen-
ing period. The degree of splitting varies much with localities,
varieties, and individual trees. In some localities splitting is un-
common, in others some varieties are very prone to split, while in
still other localities some do and others do not split. This splitting
may be very bad on one tree and not present on the ad.joining tree.
The fruit splits open, disclosing the arils to view. As the fruit matures
the split widens and the arils are dehisced much as peas from the pod.
This trouble is thought to be due to sudden fluctuations in moisture
content of the soil and air, caused by lack of irrigation at proper
intervals, or dry north winds followed by heavy irrigation. Any con-
dition causing these sudden fluctuations may cause splitting. This
trouble is quite serious in some sections, but the causes are not yet
understood.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harrt S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of July 16, 1894.

Olive Quarantine. — Arizona has issued the following quarantine
against the importation of olive trees from other states. This quar-
antine became effective April 1, 1916 :

Arizona Commission of Agriculture axd Horticulture.

phoenix, arizona.

quarantine order no. 12,

Olive Quarantine.
In order to protect the olive indiisti-y of Arizona against the introduction into
the olive orchards of the state of the several insect pests and plant diseases known
to exist in other olive growing districts, it is hereby ordered and declared :

That the further importation of olive trees, nursery stock and rooted cuttings
from other states and from foreign countries is prohibited.

That unrooted olive cuttings may hereafter be imported into the state and pro-
visionally released only under quarantine, and all such imported cuttings are subject
to final release if found free from pests by Arizona inspectors only after the expira-
tion of one year from time of importation.

That all persons, corporations and common carriers are hereby prohibited from
having possession of, transporting, selling or giving away rooted olive cuttings or
olive trees grown in or shipped from other states or foreign countries except as
provided herein, and that this order is hereby declared effective April 1, 1916.
Adopted March 1, 1916.

A Matter of Interest to Fruit Growers. — For more than thirty-three
years horticultural quarantine has been an established institution in
California. During this period the quarantine -officers of the State
by and with the support of the fruit growers have employed every
means in their power to improve and perfect the service. The end
always in view has been an institution which would provide the maxi-
mum degree of protection to the horticultural and agricultural interests
of the State. In looking over the records of horticultural quarantine a

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

149

point ■\vorlliy of note is the very small niniibci- coiii])aratively of the
shipments of horticultural material coming into California which show,
by any of the conditions of packing, marking or billing, that an attempt
had been made to evade the horticultural regulations.

One such case which came recently to the attention of the quarantine
officers operating in Los Angeles possesses, in the mind of the writer,
such interest and importance as to justify the publication of the same

Fig. 51. — Florida grapefruit infected witli Phoviopsis citri. taken by
tlie quarantine officers at Los Angeles, February 24, 1916. Note
method of packing. (Plioto by C. H. Vary.)

with the recommendation that it receive the careful consideration of
every reader of the ]\Ionthly Bulletin who is interested in the fruit
industry of the State.

Billed as apples from Salt Lake City, Utah, the barrel herewith
illustrated contained two layers of apples at top and bottom respec-
tively, the remaining space being filled with Florida grapefruit badly
atfected with the fungous disease known as ]Melanose (Phumopsis citri),
protected from the possible intrusion of the inspector on the sides by
layer after layer of apples carefully packed between the grapefruit and

150 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

the barrel staves. Moreover the apples contained in this barrel were of
a grade so inferior as to give rise to the suspicion that they were used
because they were the cheapest obtainable for the purpose in view.
The accompanying photograph, taken just prior to the destruction of
this shipment, endeavors to represent the method of packing by sub-
stituting the first layer of grapefruit surrounded by apples for the two
top layers of apples. Close examination of this illustration shows the
word "apples" in heavy black pencil on the head of the barrel, and
over a shipping tag of the Utah Vegetable Company, Salt Lake City,
Utah, had been pasted a printed label as follows : ' ' American Express
Company, D. H. Frank No. 3844 From Douglas White General Indus-
trial Agent Salt Lake Route to Douglas White, Pacific Electric Bldg.,
Los Angeles, Cal. " — Avery S. Hoyt.

Citrus Canker. — In order to further acquaint the citrus growers of
California with the deadly character of citrus canker we are publish-
ing herewith a letter from Professor Wilmon Newell, Commissioner of
the Florida Plant Board. Citrus canker does not exist in California,
and it is one of our sincerest hopes that it never will :

State Plant Board of Flobida.

Gainesville, Florida, February 24, 191G.
Mr. a. R. Gregory,

Care Hon. James Ralph, Jr.,
Mayor's Office,

San Francisco, California.

Dear Sir: I have your favor of February 15th, from which I note that you are
desirous of testing a carbon sulphur solution as a remedy for citrus canker, and

also that advised you to come to Florida to see whether you could

make tests of this kind upon citrus canker in this State. It is very difficult for a
person who has not had actual experience with extremely dangerous and infectious
diseases, such as bubonic plague, foot-and-mouth diseases, etc., to understand what
thorough precautions must be taken in dealing with citrus canker.

I note from your letter that you would like to have, say, three one-acre blocks of
canker infected trees upon which to conduct your experiments. We could no more
think of permitting three acres of canker-infected trees to remain standing for
experimental purposes than we could of blowing up our State Capitol with dyna-
mite. The disease is so deadly and so infectious that every infected tree is destroyed,
as soon as discovered, with a burning oil spray without any person or anything
being allowed to come in contact with the tree or nearer to it then absolutely
necessary for its destruction with the burning spray.

I do not know of a single canker-infected tree standing in the groves or nurseries
of Florida today, and if we did know of anything of the kind it would not be standing
tomorrow. It is out of the question for us to permit any experiments with citrus
canker except under the direct personal supervision of our own Plant Pathologist,
and all of his experiments are conducted in very strong doubly screened cages where
the most thorough precautions imaginable are taken in the way of disinfection.
Even the Plant Pathologist himself, after being in a compartment where there is a
cankei'-infected tree or an inoculated tree, disinfects his person and his clothing when
leaving. Our inspectors also, when seeking for canker in the groves, wear special
inspection suits covering their entire clothing, and when leaving a property
thoroughly disinfect these suits, their hands, face, hat, and shoes with corrosive sub-
limate solution, regardless of whether they have found canker or not.

For your information I will say that practically everything which has ever been
found successful against a plant disease has been tried against citrus canker, abso-
lutely without success. In fact, sprayings with the very strongest fungicides that
can be used on growing plants have only resulted in spreading the disease. We are

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 151

very anxious to have some control measure for citrus canker, and we are working
in this direction ourselves as rapidly as ijossible ; but it must be admitted that the
chances for a successful cure or remedy are extremely remote. The chances of
anything being accomplished along this line are so very small that we would not be
justified in permitting any canker-infected trees to stand for a minute longer than
necessary, even for experimental purposes.

It is even necessary to put under quarantine for many months the properties in
which canker-infected trees have been found, and no one is allowed to go into such
properties except under the supervision of our inspectors and with the practice of
very rigid disinfecting precautions. The only w'ay that we could consider any test
of your treatment would be for you to submit the material to us with a statement as
to its nature and have it tested by our Plant Pathologist in our special laboratory.
As the number of supposed remedies offered for our consideration run into the
hundreds, we can not even consent to test this preparation unless after a careful
examination of your claims we can see that they possess some promise of possessing
hope or merit. It has been found absolutely necessary to prohibit people with
canker cures, as well as other parties, from visiting infected properties in Florida,
and we have to prosecute without favor any one who disobeys our rules in this
regard.

We would not be in position to offer you any sum whatever for your formula, or
in any way obligate the State Plant Board or the State of Florida to pay for it. I
will say, however, that from your general statement I infer that your preparation
is one intended for soil treatment, and if this is the case, I can assure you that there
is absolutely no possibility of its being of any use in connection with citrus canker.
Very truly yours,

WiLMON Newell, Plant Commissioner.

CROP REPORT ERRATA.

Volume V, No. 3, p. 104.

Total bearing acreage of apples, 39,210 instead of 38,410.
Total non-bearing acreage of apples, 23,630 instead of 22,430.
Total bearing acreage of apricots, 40,918 instead of 40,898.
Total non-bearing acreage of apricots, 14,578 instead of 14,553.

Volume V, No. 3, p. 105.

Bearing acreage of lemons in Tulare County, 625 instead of 62.

First column, under olives should be bearing instead of non-bearing, and second

column non-bearing instead of bearing.
Total bearing acreage of olives, 16,054 instead of 15,854.
Total bearing acreage of peaches, 114,175 instead of 113.725.
Total non-bearing acreage of peaches 31.313 instead of 31,163.
Total bearing acreage of pears, 18,029 instead of 17,779.
Total non-bearing acreage of pears, 19,899 instead of 19,649.
Total bearing acreage of plums, 16,460 instead of 16,410.
Total non-bearing acreage of plums, 5,826 instead of 5,751.

152 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE YELLOW CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY FRUIT-FLY.

Epochra canadensis (Lcew).

Order — Diptera. Family — Trypetidse.

By L. A. Whitney, San Francisco.

Although the currant and gooseberry industry of the State is not as
extensive as some of the other branches of horticulture, those who are
familiar with the conditions that obtain in most sections where these
fruits are grown will understand why section five of the State Quar-
antine Law is so rigidly enforced. While the insect referred to in this
paper attacks only currants and gooseberries, it is closely related to
various eastern and European forms, some of wdiich take a much
greater variety of diet than the one under consideration, and a study

Fig. 52. — The larva of the yellow cur-
rant and gooseberry fruit fly, Epochra
canadensis. Greatly enlarged. (Original.)

under natural conditions of this particular one will give an idea of
the condition to be expected of some of our other fruits should quar-
antine regulations be withdrawn.

This fly is generally distributed throughout the currant and goose-
berry growing districts of the United States and Canada, and is
responsible for the unmarketable condition of much of the fruit in many
localities.

The control of this family of insects is difficult indeed, as the manner
of attack precludes all possibility of poisoning the larvfe, as successfully
employed for certain otlier pests, of which the codling moth is a typical
example. Sweet, poisoned baits seem to be the only hopeful solution
of the problem, and if results similar to those obtained against the
apple and cherry fruit-flies in New York State can be secured, the trial
will certainly be worth the effort.

Following is a general description of the egg, larva and puparium
from original observations, a description of the adult by Loew from the
Monographs of the Diptera of North America, and a resume of the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

153

results obtained at the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station against
the cherry fruit-fly :

THE EGG.

The eggs are oblong, shiny white, and are deposited in the fruit through a punc-
ture in the skiu which the female makes with the ovipositor, beyond the reach of
all arsenicals and poisons. As the maggot develops a dark sunken area is formed
around this puncture, which makes the infestation quite evident.

THE LARVA.

The larva (Fig. 52) is of the typical dipterous form, conical, white to cream
colored and about one-fourth of an inch in length when fully matured. When this
stage is reached the fruit usually drops and the maggot escapes and enters the
ground to the depth of about one inch and pupates. Only one generation occurs each
year.

THE PUPARIUM.

The puparium (Fig. 53) is oval, straw colored, plainly segmented, and is a
trifle over three-sixteenths of an inch in length. This stage may be found any time
during the fall and winter months in the soil around infested plants.

Fig. 53. — The puparium of the yellow
currant and gooseberry fruit fly, Epochra
canadensis. Greatly enlarged. (Original.)

THE ADULT (Figs. 55 and 56).

Pale clay-yellowish, with a brown crossband on the third and fourth abdominal
segments, stature short and somewhat broad ; ovipositor of medium length, broad
and broadly truncate ; wings with narrow pale brownish rivulets and with a fourth
longitudinal vein which is not curved forward at the tip.

The head resembles that of Trypeta fratria in shape, only the front is somewhat
broader, the vertical diameter of the eye is a little smaller ; and the anterior edge
of the mouth is more projecting. On the border of the front the described specimen
bears, on each side, three long but rather weak black bristles. The antennae are of
a more saturate yellow, not reaching the edge of the mouth ; their third joint is
rounded at the tip ; arista blackish, yellow toward the basis, with a very short
pubescence. Rostrum and palpi are pale yellow, the latter not reaching beyond
the anterior edge of the oral opening. Thoracic dorsum is of a very thin, whitish
bloom, only the double middle stripe and the narrow lateral stripes not pollinose,
rather shining and somewhat darker than their surroundings. The posterior end
of the thoracic dorsum and the scutellum is likewise without pollen, shining, very
pale yellow ; a not very broad yellowish stripe runs from the humeral corner to the
root of the wings. The scutellum is convex and not vei'y large ; in my specimen it

154

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

has three bristles on one side and only two on the other, so that I can not say
whether the normal number of bristles of the scutellum is six or four. The bristles
of the thorax and of the scutellum, as well as the short pile of the thoracic dorsum,
are black ; metathorax distinctly infuscated on its superior margin and its middle
line.

The abdomen is shining, with short black pile ; the third and fourth segments
have, each at its basis, a chestnut crossband, interrupted upon its middle, while upon
the second segment only a lateral beginning of such a stripe is indicated by a chestnut
brown spot. The very broad ovipositor is flat, almost as long as the three last
abdominal segments taken together, very broadly truncate and infuscated at the end.
The front femora are sparsely beset with bristles on the upper and under side ; the
middle femora are entirely without bristles ; upon the hind femora, likewise, there are
only a few bristlelike hairs before the end of the upper side ; the upper side of the hind
tibia is merely beset with exceedingly short bristlelike hairs. Wings are of the usual
shape, hyaline, with a pale brown picture ; it consists : 1, in an oblique half ci'oss-
band running from the humeral cross-vein to the basis of the second basal cell ;

Fig. 54. — Showing the work of the yellow currant
and gooseberry fruit fly, Epochra canadensis. (Orig-
inal.)

2, of a crossband parallel to the first, abbreviated behind, which begins at the
stigma, near the anterior margin, and runs across the basis of the submarginal cell,
as well as across the cross-veins, which close the second and third basal cells, and
thus reaches the sixth longitudinal vein ; 3, of a rivulet which begins above the
posterior cross-vein, near the third longitudinal vein, runs from it across the
posterior cross-vein as far as the posterior margin, and is continued along this
margin inside of the third posterior cell, but, before reaching the sixth longitudinal
vein, is suddenly turned upwards, running parallel to the band which begins at the
stigma, crossing the small cross-vein, and thus reaching the anterior margin, where,
gradually expanding, it forms a border ending a little beyond the tip of the fourth
cross-vein.

The tAvo crossbands, as well as the rivulet, are of moderate breadth only ; the latter
has, in the described specimen, the following faded spots, which in more fully colored
specimens are probably less apparent or altogether absent : 1, a rounded spot in the
marginal cell, above the origin of the rivulet ; 2, upon the longitudinal axis of the
submarginal cell an indentation in the inner margin of the section bordering the apex
of the wing ; 3, upon the longitudinal axis of the first posterior cell an interruption
of the rivulet at its origin and an indentation in the inner margin of the portion
bordering the apex of the wing ; 4, upon the longitudinal axis of the discal cell a
narrow interruption of the section, running again toward the anterior margin ;
5, the spot upon the posterior margin connects the first, descending portion, with the
second, which rises again upward. The first and third longitudinal veins are bristly ;

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

155

the third and fourth are parallel towards their end, both very gently curved back-
wards ; the section of the fourth vein preceding the discal cell is gently, but rather
distinctly arcuated backward, so that the shape of the discal cell somewhat reminds
of that of the species of Rivcllia; the cross-veins are comparatively rather long,
moderately approximated, their distance being about equal to the length of the
Tjosterior cross-vein ; the latter is rather steep, however, perceptibly approximated
to the apex with its anterior end. more than with the posterior ; the posterior corner
of the anal cell is very much drawn out in a point.

Fig. 55. — The male of the yellow currant and goose-
berry fruit fly, Epochra canadensis. Enlarged. (Orig-
inal.)

DISTRIBUTION.

In California this insect is apparently confined to the central and
northern parts of the State. It is also distributed throughout the
northern and eastern states and Canada.

CONTROL.

[The following is adapted from Bulletin 325, Cornell University Agricultural
Experiment Station, "Cherry Fruit Flies and How to Control Them."]

* * * The block of Montmorency trees that was chosen for the
experiment was so badly infested the previous year that the fruit was
not picked at all.

The spray was not applied until the flies appeared, since, according
to observations on apple flies, it was thought that the eggs would be
about two weeks or more in developing after the flies emerged. The
cherries were more than half grown and some of them were turning
red when the first flies appeared. June 8. * * *

The orchard was four rows wide and sixteen long. The plan decided
on was to divide it, spraying eleven of the short rows and leaving the
last five rows for a check. Since so little of the sweetened arsenate is

156

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

required, a Ijrass syringe, holding just a pint, was found to be the most
satisfactory implement for applying the poison. * * * The first
spraying was done on June 10th, the bait being made as follows :

Arsenate of lead 3 ounces or 5 pounds

Cheap molasses 1 pint or 3 gallons

Water 4 gallons or 100 gallons

No heavy rains followed, which was favorable to the experiment.
No flies were found on the sprayed trees after a few days, and even
on the check trees they became very scarce by the 24th of June, when
the first females were observed ovipositing. * * *

Although no flies could be found on the sprayed trees, a second treat-
ment was given on June 24th in order to insure safety. No flies could
be found even on the check trees after June 30th, and it was feared
that all the flies had succumbed to the treatment before they had

Fig. 56. — The female of the yellow currant and
gooseberry fruit fly, Epochra canadensis. En-
larged. (Original.)

deposited enough eggs in the checks to give results. By July Sth, how-
ever, numerous half- grown maggots were discovered in the last row of
the checks. The fruit on rows 12, 13 and 14 appeared to be fairly free
of infestation. The brown rot developing in most of the cherries that
contained maggots made it an easy matter to find them. A slight
infestation showed on the last two rows (10 and 11) of the sprayed
trees, but the others were remarkably perfect. There was also very
noticeable lessening of brown rot and curculio injury on the sprayed
fruit.

Two crates (sixty-four quarts) of apparently perfect fruit were
picked on July 12th from the two middle trees of the first sprayed
row. All this fruit was opened in order to determine whether any
maggots were in it. The first crate, most of which was picked from
the top of a rather tall tree, developed seventeen maggots, Avhile the
second crate had only two. A careful estimate of the number of
cherries in the two crates Avas 12.800, making an average of about 674
perfect cherries to one cherry that contained a maggot. A careful
estimate was made also by picking about a crate of fruit from the
check trees. This fruit was so badly affected by the brown rot and
curculio that it was hard to get a correct record. Fully one-third of

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 157

the fruit on the sixteenth row eontainerl niap:,£?ots; the other check
rows showed less and less infestation, the nearer they were to the
sprayed trees. The fruit from the last sprayed row (11) was almost
equally infested with that of the first check row (12).

All the evidence, therefore, appears to show that the flies are easily
poisoned, and that they travel about from tree to tree for a considerable
distance from the place where they first emerge. Flies from the check
trees evidently went over to the sprayed section and deposited a few
eggs before they finally succumbed to the poison. This seems to be the
only way of accounting for the greater infestation of the last sprayed
row.

SUMMARY.

From the foregoing it would appear that the cherry fly can be con-
trolled successfully, but as some insects are more easily attracted by
sweet substances than others, it is doubtful if this remedy would apply
in all cases. However, with the insect under consideration, specimens
reared in confinement have proven very easily attracted by sugar water
placed in the breeding jar. Whether this would hold good under field
conditions I am unable to say, but at least it should prove a very
interesting and inexpensive experiment for some one who is properly
situated.

The records at this office show that adults emerged, under laboratory
conditions, from February 23d to March 11th, but emergence under
field conditions would undoubtedlv be later than this.

158 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE 2 Mk^ S DIVISION

Report for the Month of February, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Ships inspected 71

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 2,249

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 159,454

Fumigated 904

Refused admittance 106

Contraband destroyed 40

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 160,504

Pests Intercepted.
From China —

Chionaspis citri, Chrysomphalus sp., Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Lepidosaphes
gloverii, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria sisiphus, and fungus on pomeloes.
Fungus on oranges.

From Florida —

Phomopsis citri, Lepidosaphes beckii and Parlatoria sp. on grapefruit.

From Hawaii —

Pscudococcus bromeliw and Diaspis bromelice on pineapples.

Coccus longulus on betel leaves.

Heinichionaspis minor and Chrysomphalus aonidum on cocoanuts.

Pscudococcus sp., Parlatoria sp., and Lepidosaphes sp. on croton cuttings.

Pseudaonidia sp. on Hibiscus cuttings.

From Holland —

Lepidosaphes ulmi on boxwood.

From Japan —

Eggs of Cicada sp. on persimmons.
Phomopsis citri on Japanese oranges.
Pscudococcus sp. on wistaria.

Antonina crawi and Leucaspis bambusce on bamboo.
Aleyrodes sp. on gardenia.
Larvae of weevil in chestnuts.
Fungus on cherry.
Fungus on maple.

Larvae of weevil in sweet potatoes.

Pscudococcus sp. and Lepidopterous larvae on azaleas.
Pseudococcus sp. on Taomaba.
Fungus on lemon tree.

From Mexico —

Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.
Larvae of weevil in tamarinds.

From Tahiti —

Pseudococcus nipcc on cocoanut plants.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 159

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 34

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 74,2573

Fumigated 7

Refused admittance 58

Contraband destroyed IS

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 74,3403

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America —

Aspidiotus cyanoiJhyUi and Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Colorado —

Flionioiisis citri and Lepidosaphes beckii on grapefruit.

From Cuba —

Pseudococcus sp. on tomatoes.

From Illinois —

Aleyrodes citri and Chrysomphalus aonidum on citrus.
Aleyrodes citri on citrus plant.

From Mexico —

Chriisomphalus aonidum and Chrysomphalus aurantii on rose cuttings.
Parlatoria pergandii and Parlatoria sp. on ornamental tree cuttings.
Chrysomphalus sp. on cocoanut.

From New York —

Aspidiotus perniciosus on lilac bush.

From Ohio —

Aleyrodes citri on Cape jessamine.

From Oregon —

Root knot and hairy root on apple tree.

From Texas —

Parlatoria pergandii on grapefruit.

From Utah —

Pho))iopsis citri and Lepidosaphes beckii on grapefruit.

From Washington, D. C.

Phomopsis citri, Leptothyriuvi pomi and Lepidosaphes beckii on grapefruit.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Ships inspected 30

Fisli boats inspected 20

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 126

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 3,357i

Fumigated 2

Refused admittance 143

Contraband destroyed 5

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 3,379

Pests Intercepted.

From Chile —

Unidentified larvae in potatoes (very destructive).

From Florida —

Lepidosaphes sp. and Chrysomphalus sp. on grapefruit.

From Maryland —

Root knot on Lonicera sp.

160 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

From Mexico —

Lepidosaphes sp. and Chrysomphalus sp. on lemons.

From Missouri —

Larvae of borei's in peach stock.

From New York —

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Ohio —

Aleyrodes sps. on ornamental plants.

From Oregon —

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Texas —

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection —

Sliips inspected 2

Horticultural imports —

Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 162

Fumigated 5

Refused admittance 1

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 16S

Pests Intercepted.
From France —

Monarthropalpus huxi on boxwood.

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

No report.

COUBTIES HAVING HOHTICULTURAX, C0iaQS310N>2lS, WITH TKE R2SPECT1VB

Latitu^ ,f Uf/>t G^ _

CITIES IN WHICH THK CUKMISSIOHESS

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liarys villa

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MIBS MAUDE HIETT _■ Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN : Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographei

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTL Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Office*

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY , Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY ; Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

\

Califoknia

State Printing Office

1916

VOLUME V

No. 5

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

A gardenia plant infested with the live larvae
of the citrus white My and shipped by a florist
from Georgia to Orange, California. Under
the new parcel post regulations the plant was
delivered to the State Quarantine Guardian, of
Orange County, Mr. Roy K. Bishop, for inspec-
tion. The plant was found to be infested
beyond treatment and was eventually sent to
the Central Quarantine Station for final de-
struction. (Photo by L. A. Whitney.)

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

MAY, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page.
OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF CITRUS FERTILIZATION

H. J. Webber 161

CERTIFIED— SIGNED— SEALED Feederick Maskew l&i

A PROMISING NEW PEAR STOCK F. C. Reimer 166

SOAPS AND MISCIBLE OILS E. Ralph de Ong 172

LESSONS GATHERED FROM THE YEAtl 1915 C. C. Teague 176

CULTIVATION AND COVER CROPS : W. M. Mertz 178

CROP REPORT AND STATIvSTICS Geo. P. Weldon 1S4

GENERAL NOTES—.

Alfalfa Weevil Quarantine Conference Geo. P. Weldon 186

Thistles : O. W. Neicman 187

Protecting Tree Trunks from the Sun E. J. Voslcr 188

Alfalfa Weevil Inspection E. J. Vosler ISS

NOTES ON THE TOMATO PSYLLA Harold Compere 189

TWO NEWLY-ESTABLISHED SCALE INSECTS E. O. EssiG 192

QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for MABcn_^ Frederick Maskew 198

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. May, 1916. No. 5

OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF CITRUS
FERTILIZATION.*

By H. J. WebbeRj Director of the Citrus Experiment Station, University of

California, Riverside, Cal.

In continuing this discussion I can not clo better probably than to
summarize shortly our present knowledge of the methods of fertilization
in order to get the ciuestion before you in its entirety.

The citrus grower in determining the best method of fertilization to
use in his grove is confronted by a maze of contradicting so-called facts
and theories. It is at present impossible to decide on any particular
system of fertilization that can be said to be the best or that can even
be recommended unhesitatingly as good. The whole subject is being
investigated through the combined efforts of growers and the scientists
of the College of Agriculture and of the United States Department of
Agriculture. Information is accumulating, from which in a few years
a more rational method of fertilization of citrus orchards can undoubt-
edly be formulated. In the mean time orchards must continue to be
fertilized. Can any suggestions of value be derived from the various
experiments at the present time? The following disconnected com-
ments on the results of various experiments may be of some value as
throwing light on certain problems:

The factor that seems to stand out most prominently in various
experiments and in the experience of good growers is the great import-
ance of adding organic matter to the soil. The great majority of our
desert soils are apparently lacking in humus. The most satisfactory
methods of increasing the organic matter in the soil is apparentlj^
through the growth of leguminous cover crops, such as bitter clover
{Melilotits indica) and purple vetch {Vicia atropurpurea) , and by the
use of such materials for fertilizers as stable manure, alfalfa hay, bean
straw, and the like. Our understanding of the reasons for this beneficial
action of organic matter is as yet very imperfect. Organic matter is
known to open up the soil, render it lighter, and better the tilth. Such
soils are more porous and take the irrigation water better, and do not
seem so prone to form a plow sole. An abundance of organic matter
in the soil also favors the development of the bacterial flora of the soil
that are known to be of such importance in breaking down and trans-
forming the various manurial elements into forms soluble and available
to the plant.

The evidence available regarding the use of cover crops points strongly
to the greater value of using leguminous plants instead of cereals or
other nonlegumes, primarily because the legume not only adds organic

I> *Address before the Special Citrus Convention, San Bernardino, Cal., Febru-

ary 19. 1916.
23219

162 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

matter but also nitrogen, and furthermore, because the experience in
growing legumes in orchards and with other crops indicates that there
is no detrimental effect produced by associating these plants together.

Doth Doctors Kelley and McBetli have emphasized the great import-
ance of cover crops. When we have a good thing, we must continue to
emphasize it. I find some people opposed to cover crops, and here and
there one meets a grower who has failed to get a good crop with the
Melilotus clover. It is our experience that wherever a man knows how
to plant and use the Melilotus, he is very certain to get good results, and
when a man comes to me and says, "It is impossible on my soil to grow
a crop of Melilotus," I can not but feel that he has not used the right
method and possibly that we might help him to find the correct one.
Certainly, it is a fact that in the great majority of soils Melilotus can be
grown very successfully.

It is true that Melilotus at the present time is not altogether what we
want, although it is the best thing we have. We really want something
better than INIelilotus. and this is one problem for the plant breeder.
Melilotus is slow growing in the fall and winter, and it is only when the
spring opens that it makes a good rapid growth. It may be possible,
and probably will be, for us to breed a type of this clover that will grow
more rapidly in the early winter season, thus producing a considerable
crop in the early part of the season. This would make it a very much
better winter cover crop than it now is.

Aside from Melilotus clover, we have emphasized purple vetch to be
very good, and you may see samples of it at the Orange Show in con-
nection with our Station exhibit. We are not certain that purple vetch
is superior, or even equal, to the bitter clover or Melilotus, but it is a
rapid grower in the fall and early winter and gets ahead of the weeds.
It is a cover crop that should be tried out very thoroughly here and
there all over the State.

In considering the use of winter cover crops, we should remember a
point brought out by Doctor McBeth in regard to their fixing and hold-
ing the nitrogen until the spring months come and the danger of leach-
ing away is past. This is another of the fundamental reasons for using
winter cover crops of this kind.

Of the various plant food elements that are usually applied as fertil-
izers, nitrogen in California soils is by far the most important. From
what source the nitrogen should be taken at present would seem largely
to be a question of economy only. The one exception to be made to this
statement at present is in the use of nitrate of soda. The experiments
at the Citrus Experiment Station that have been under way for nine
years show clearly an accumulating injury from the continued use of
this material. Plats fertilized with nitrate of soda for several years
gave excellent results but later became badly mottled and began to fail.
After nine years their condition has become serious, no fruit of any
value being produced. It may be that the use of certain other materials
along Avith the nitrate of soda would have retarded this injury, but in
a region where the soils are practically all in some degree alkaline, it
would not seem a wise policy to add continually still larger quantities
of sodium. As nitrate of soda contains a dangerous element, its use in
the fertilization of citrus trees in California should be discontinued,
particularly as many other sources of nitrogen are available at as reason-
able a cost, such as dried blood, tankage, sulphate of ammonia, and

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 163

nitrate of lime, and no question oi' injury from the use of these has yet
been raised.

A factor of great practical importance is found in the pos-sihility of
nsing sneli liome e'rown products as alfalfa hay, ])ean straw, and the like.
These materials are rich in nitrogen, and in usinj? them the grower is
also adding large quantities of organic matter as well as small quantities
of phosphorus, i)otash, and other desirable elements in about the pro-
portion usually lUH'ded by plants. When such materials can be obtained
at a fairly reasonable price, the value of the nitrogen in them alone
Avonld justify their use. As an illustration, alfalfa hay, air-dried,
usually contains about 2.25 per cent of nitrogen, so that at $8.00 per
ton one would pay but $3.55 per unit of nitrogen, which is much
cheaper than it can be obtained from most sources. The same is also
true of bean straw.

Now, you may ask as to the availability of alfalfa hay when used
as a manure. AVhat I can say regarding this, I take entirely second-
hand from Doctors Kelley and McBeth, but nevertheless they will
pardon me. I understand from these gentlemen that when hay of
this kind is plowed under it becomes available very quickly, beginning
to be available ordinarily within two or three weeks after the time of
plowing under, and certain it is that it becomes available very shortly,
as is shown by the increased growth of weeds and cover crops.

No special statement need be made regarding the use of all stable
manure available. There is apparently no better material to use in an
orange grove in California. Those of us who have come from Florida
would question the advisability of using stable manure because in
Florida stable manure produces die-back, and we have seen it thrown
away rather than made use of on an orange grove. However, when it
comes to California, we know by long experience that the best trees
are produced near the stables, and apparently we can not get too much
stable manure to give good results. It goes without saying here, so
far as stable manure is concerned, that there is nothing better. The
only difficulty is that there is not enough produced to serve our pur-
poses.

The general use of home-produced materials, such as the above, will
add greatly to the wealth of California products, and where they give
equally good results their use is certainly to be encouraged. Doubtless
millions of dollars have been expended for imported materials that
might more profitably have been expended for home products and have
assisted in building up our own industries.

Phosphoric acid, which is a principal ingredient in all of our fertil-
izers, has in some experiments given indication of increasing the yields
slightly, but its importance is not so clearly evident as that of nitrogen.
It would seem, however, that the application of some phosphorus will
prove of practical value. The coinparative value of raw rock pho.sphate
and superphosphate has not yet been fully determined.

In times past large quantities of potash have been used in fertilizing
orange groves, the sulphate of potash being almost universally used.
In the experiments at the Citrus Experiment Station three plats treated
with potash for nine years have given an average yield little, if any,
larger than three similar plats to which no fertilizer was added. The
indications at present are that the addition of potash as a fertilizer is
of doubtful value.

164

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CERTIFIED— SIGNED— SEALED.

By Frederick Maskew.

As a result of their direful, almost calamitous, experience in attempt-
ing to control the cottony-cushion and San Jose scales, the crop pro-
ducers of California became convinced that protection from further
invasions of a similar nature depended solely on the control and careful
inspection of all importations of plants and plant products at the point
of delivery. Fortunately, they also became wide-awake in time to the
important fact that personal attempts to introduce an occasional so-
called acquisition to our flora
constituted as great, if not a
greater, danger of introduc-
ing new and dangerous in-
sects— as proven by the two
cases cited above — than did
the commercial shipments of
standard nursery stock; that
exceptions to the rule would
ultimately bring their best
efforts to naught and that all
imports of plants should be
subject to the same super-
vision, if complete control is
to be maintained. So firmly
fixed in this State is the com-
mon belief in this policy that
from its inception, stead-
fastly, consistently, at all
times, against all objections
and at great expense the sys-
tem has been adhered to, de-
veloped and extended until
the mail, the last open avenue
of unrestricted entrance for
plants and pests — the former
hcte noire of the diligent
quarantine officer — has been
subjected to control and the
circuit of protection com-
pleted.

The above illustration cor-
roborates our long contention
that the mail furnished a
facile entrance into California for insect pests of our orchard trees.
The cut portrays a gardenia plant shipped by Wachendorff Bros.,
florists, Atlanta, Georgia, to Mrs. J. L. Hunter, Orange, California,
through the medium of the parcel post. Under the new post office
regulations this plant was delivered to the horticultural quarantine
inspectors for examination, declared infested beyond treatment and
eventually sent to the Central Quarantine Station by Mr. Roy K.

Fig. 57. — A gardenia plant infested with live
Dialeurodes citri, the citrus white fly. (Photo
by L. A. 'WTiitney.)

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

165

Bishop, llu' State Quarantine (iii;ii(li;iii ol" Orange ('oimly, California,
for determination of the Aleyrodes infcstinjjj its foliage and for final
destruction. There were 108 leaves on this gardenia plant. Twentj'-
nine leaves taken at random were found by actual count to l)e carrying
1,282 larva? of Dialeurodcs cilri, an average of 4-t to the leaf. This
plant infested with these citrus white flies was shipped to and delivered
at a point in the very heart of California's citrus industry. The con-
signee is the owner of an orange grove, and the plant, had it not been
lor the present postal regulations and the diligence of the horticultui-al
inspectors, would in all probability have been planted in the consignee's
yard imnu^diately adjoining the orange grove. It would be superfluous
to connncnt on Mr. Bislioi)'s terse statement: "I am wondering what
would have ultimately happened had the plant been set out in the
yard." The citrus white fly is a winged insect; the city of Orange
is contiguous to many square miles planted to citrus trees, and seriously
considering all the potential factors of the situation the county of
Orange was remunerated in this instance for all the money it has
expended in nmintaining an inspection of imports of plant products
seeking an entrance into its territory.

(

Ofscrgia State Board of Entomology

O »■ K I i: I 4 L C K B T I ri C ii T B S* ■»

.T» Whoffl It May Conearn:

. .-. I^*? •• •" cni'T Ihut la «cc»r<leiM» wfth «■ Act e( AtMaiMr (pprond
!>«. 21>, ISStK, thr nuiwrv ..f ' f -r

Wachcndorfl Srot., at Atlanta, Qa.,

« a* ln«|K^t<Nj <« deut. 3. 19ir.. and Ihi- mock grown In raid nnrscry foainl l[.pitr-
»ntly Jree from S»n Irme Scale aod all otbfr Inwcte and dtwasas of a a^rlooal} Injo-
noQB oature and thnt eald nurwry Is properly equipped for fomlg&Ung.

This certlflrate i» to cot«t only stock grown in the abore
nnnied nurwry. and beromcs loTalld twelve months after

dale of Inspection.

Oc7<^ OC^fJ>i?/<^l^

State Entomologist.

Fig. 5S.— An official certificate of insjiection found attached to a gardenia plant.
Leaves taken from the same plant showing infestation of live Dialeurodcs citri.
(Photo by L. A. Whitney.)

This illustration is so graphic as to dispense with the need of descrip-
tive text. It is simply auothin- unit to the thousands of items in our
records proving the unreliability of such certificates as representing a
statement of known facts. To us the sole value of certificates iasued
2—23219

166 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

under such a system consists in apprising the inspector of the point
from which the material wa.s shipped. Experience has tanght ns never
to accept them as passports. The blame in such instances as the present
one should not lay upon the official who signed and issued the certifi-
cate, but upon the system which obliged him to so do. The certificate
in question is beyond doubt but one of hundreds similar in nature
placed in the possession of the nurseryman by the operation of the
system, and which permits the unscrupulous dealer to attach the same
to plants the inspector never even saw.

Exception may be taken to the foregoing that under the regulations
in force at point of origin the infested plant in question did not come
under the classification of nursery stock, but such a distinction is not
a general safeguard, and just so long as such a system is in vogue and
permits the attachment of certificates of inspection to infested plants,
Californians should adhere more firmly than ever to the principle
established in this State of inspecting all imported plants and plant
products at point of delivery.

A PROMISING NEW PEAR STOCK.

By F. C. Reimer, Superintendent, Southern Oregon Experiment Station,

Talent, Oregon.

In the Monthly Bulletin of the California State Commission of
Horticulture for July, 1915, appeared an article on "Blight-Resistant
Pear Stocks," written by Mr. George Compere. This article was
prompted by an article written by myself and published in the Monthly
Bulletin for March, 1915. In my article I recorded the fact that the
Southern Oregon Experiment Station was doing extensive work on the
problem of blight resistance, and that the Chinese sand pear, Pyriis
sinensis, had shown far greater resistance to blight than the French
pear, Pyrus communis. In his article Mr. Compere records the fact
that while he was collecting useful insects in China in 1908, he was
impressed with the healthy appearance and vigor of the wild pear
trees even under very trying conditions. He collected seeds of this
wild pear which were sent to California, and some of these were planted
by Mr. B. B. Whitney at Oroville, California, and the trees which
resulted from this planting have shown no signs of pear blight and have
been remarkably free from the woolly aphis.

I wish to record the fact that when Mr. Compere sent these seeds
he performed a far greater service to Pacific coast horticulture than
his article indicates, or than he has probably realized heretofore. The
Chinese sand pear, commonly known as Pyrus sinotsis, was introduced
into the United States many years ago, and has been known to horticul-
turists in this country for at least seventy years. Hence, if Mr. Com-
pere had sent seeds of the Chinese sand pear to this country on that
occasion, it would be a matter of strictly secondary importance. This,
howev( r, is not the case.

Mr. Compere's article, fortunately, was illustrated. One of these
illustrations convinced me that this pear was not the Chinese sand
pear. For this reason I had leaves find iiniiinture fruit from these

THE MONTHLY BUIiLETIN. 167

trees sejit to me, and later, while in ( 'alii'ornia, 1 made; a careful exam-
ination of these trees, which at once showed that this species was very
distinct from the Chinese sand pear. For this reason 1 collected fruit,
leaves and ln"tnehes whieli f took with me while on an extensiv(j trip
through the eastern states investigating pears. During this trip I
made an exhaustive study of the splendid collection of wild Chinese
pears in the herbarium of the Arnold arboretum. I found that the
specimens which I had collected at ()i"oville corresponded very closely
with herbarium specimens labelled Punts callerymui, Decaisne, which
had been collected and identified by Dr. C. S. Sargent while at the
Botanic (ilarden, Hongkong, China, in 1903. Pyrns calleryana was
described in 1872 by J. Decaisne, the French pomologist, in his "Le
Jardin Fruitier du Museum," from herbarium material collected in
China by Gallery. Hence this pear could be very appropriately desig-
nated the Callery pear.

Pyrus caHeryana is very widely distributed in China, and, conse-
quently, varies considerably, especially in leaf characters. For
example, one type from southeastern China, to which the Oroville
trees belong, possesses leaves with a strongly wedge-shaped base.
C. K. Schneider, the Austrian botanist, studied material of this form,
and in 1906 designated it as Pyrus koehnei in his book "Illustriertes
Haudbuch der Lauhliolzkunde." I do not believe that this form
differs sufficiently from Pyrus calleryana to be designated as a distinct
species. Schneider, himself, is not at all certain that this form should
be separated from Pyrus calleryana. For instance, in speaking of this
and other species of Pyrus in ^'Repertorium novaruni specierum" for
October 15, 1906, he states "Perhaps koehnei, kolupana, and calleryana
are only geographical varieties of one species." Mr. E. H. Wilson,
of the Arnold arboretum, who has spent many years collecting plants
in China, and who has given special attention to the wild species of
Chinese pears, told me in a personal interview that he regarded Pyrus
koehnei as a form of Pyrus calleryana.

After a careful study of these two types I have concluded that the
type at Oroville, California, is simply a form of Pyrus calleryana.

PYRUS CALLERYANA AND PYRUS SINENSIS.

Recent studies of the grouj), Pyrus sinensis, show that what has
commonly been considered as Pyrus sinensis, Liudl., is in reality a
group of several closely related species. This group of species, how-
ever, is very distinct from Pyrus calleryana and its related forms, the
difference being especially marked in the leaf characters. The leaves
of the Chinese sand pear, commonly grown by nurserymen, are long,
comparatively narrow, with a truncate or rounded base, and with
sharply toothed or bristle-like margins. The leaves of Pyrus calleryana
are short, comparatively broad, with a rounded or broad, wedge-shaped
base, and with the teeth on the nuirgins markedl}' rounded or crenate.
The leaves are generally very glossy and shiny. The fruit is small,
about the size of a large garden pea, l)rownish, and with a deciduous
calvx.

168

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Pynis calleryana iisiially has throe or four pistils, rarely two or
five. Pyrus sinensis iisuall}- eoutains five pistils, rarely three or four.

The difference between the leaves of the two species, especially the
form and the nature of the leaf margins, is so noticeable that two species

Fig. 59. — Leaves of two specie.s of Pyrus. The long slender leaf with sharp
serrations is Pyrus sinensis. The other two are types of Pyrus calleryana.
The one in the center is from a tree at Oroville, Cal. About one-lialf natural
size. (Original.)

never need be confused. Even in the nursery row any nurseryman
can readily distinguish them.

BLIGHT RESISTANCE.

Mr. Compere in his article called attention to the fact that the trees
at Oroville had never shown any signs of blight. During the past
winter the writer carried on inoculation experiments on three-year old
trees of the type from Oroville and other forms of Pyrus calleryana
in the greenhouse. These inoculations have shown that this species,
while not absolutely immune to pear blight, is very resistant to this
disease. While the disease developed in the one-year old branches, it
would never progress into the two and three-year old wood. Inocula-
tions made on the tips of vigorous growing shoots produced the disease
readily, and on several branches it extended down these young slender
shoots for a distance of from two to three feet. As soon as the disease
reached the older, harder wood it would stop. In no case did it develop
in branches more than one-half inch in diarr.eter. The three-year old
trunk of one tree of the Oroville type has been thoroughly inoculated
at various times without producing the disease. For example, the

TIIK MONTlll-V liULLETIN.

Ki

Fig. 60. — Twig of Pyrus calleryana from Oroville, California, sliowing ripe fruit.
Tliis is an extremely prolific species and hence will produce large quantities of
seeds for seedlings. Natural size. (Original.)

170 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

truDk was inoculated with pear blight in twenty-five places on three
diflt'erent dates. This same tree has been inoculated at forty points
on the tap-root and main branch roots on four different occasions.
These inoculations have never developed the slightest trace of the
disease. Check trees of Bartlett, Forelle, Pynm pashia, and French
pear seedling, inoculated on the same dates, with the same lots of
bacteria, developed the disease readily, and part of them are already
dead.

A two-year old tree of another type of Pyrus calleryana has been
repeatedly inoculated in the tips of tender, vigorous shoots and on the
trunk, but it has never shown a trace of the disease on the trunk.
The inoculations on the young tender shoots developed the disease
readily, which extended down these shoots until it reached the hard
one-year old wood, where it stopped.

Whether the seedlings from the trees at Oroville will show this same
degree of resistance remains to be determined. If the blossoms are
not cross-fertilized with pollen from some other species, these seedlings
will undoubtedl.y show as great resistance as the parent trees. We
have a large number of seedlings of this species growing at this station,
and as soon as the trees are large enough inoculation experiments will
be started.

HABITAT.

Pyrus calleryana is a widely distributed species in China, and is
found in the southern, eastern, central, and western parts. It grows
at elevations of from a few feet above sea level to a height of 5,000 feet,
being especially abundant at elevations of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet.

The Oroville type of this species is especially abundant in south-
eastern and eastern China. Mr. Compere found it abundant along the
rivers and in the swamps between Hongkong and Canton, sometimes
growing vigorously under the most adverse conditions. Since the type
at Oroville came from near Hongkong, which has a tropical climate, it
is possible that it will not prove hardy in cold climates. This, however,
is not necessarily true, but it should be tested in cold regions before it
is extensively planted. The trees are perfectly hardy at Oroville, Cali-
fornia, and appear to be hardy in southwestern Oregon. Pyrus cal-
leryana, collected in central China, is hardy at Boston, Massachusetts.

VALUE AS A STOCK FOR OUR CULTIVATED VARIETIES.

This species, so far as I can ascertain, has not been thoroughly
tested as a stock for our cultivated varieties of pears. There is nothing
to indicate that it will prove unsatisfactory.

This station has a two-year old tree of Pyrus caUcrj/aua, which was
grafted on the common French seedling, Pyrus co))n}iunis, and this is
growing especially well on this stock. We also have the Oroville type
and other types of this species growing on some of the common varieties
of Pyrus communis and also on the Chinese sand pear. In all cases
they appear to make a satisfactory union. As soon as our set^llings of
Pyrus calleryana have reached the proper size, a large number of them
will be budded with Bartlett and other varieties.

Tiii<; Mt)i\'iiii,v nri.MOTix. 171

Sinf'P ri/rus calh rijana lins shown \cvy marked rcsistnnfe to peai
hlight, and, as it is widely distributed in China, has been found grow-
ing on a great diversity of soils, and is extremely vigorous, it may
prove very valuable as a stock for our cultivated varieties of pears.
Also, since the type found nf Oroville appears to be perfectly at home
in the swamps of China, it ought to prove valuable on wet soils,
especially on soils along rivers such as those of the great pear region
along the Sacramento River, California. This type also appears at
home on dry soils. At Oi'oville the trees are growing splendidly on
high, dry soil where the drainage is perfect at all seasons of the year.

The trees at Oroville now belong to Mrs. Leonora Williams, 1334
Danielson avenue, through whose courtesy our material of this type
was ol)tained.

The other forms of Pyn(s callcrycnta were obtained through the kind-
ness of Dr. C. S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold arboretum, Jamaica
Plain, Massachusetts. These forms of this species were collected in
central China and introduced into this country in 1908 by ]\Ir. E. H.
Wilson of tlie Arnold arboretum. It is of interest to note that Mr.
Compere and Mr. Wilson introduced these types of the same species
during the same year, although collected in very widely separated
localities of China.

CONCLUSIONS.

In conclusion I must state that the Southern Oregon Experiment
Station has perhaps the largest collecticn of species of Pyrus in the
world. In our inoculation experiments most of these have proved
quite susceptible to pear blight, while a few have shown marked resist-
ance. As I have already called attention to these species in another
report,* it is not necessary to discuss them here. I wi-ih to state, how-
ever, that we have not found a single species up to the present time,
even of the most blight resistant, which is absolutely immune to the
disease. In all cases we have been able to produce the disease in the
young, vigorous, growing shoots. However, we have at least three
species in which we have never l)een able to produce the disease in wood
more than one year old. It should also be noted that all of the resistant
species found up to the present time have come from China, except one
from northern India.

It is probable that for very cold regions some of the blight resistant
forms of the Chinase sand pear, such as the Japan pear seedlings, and
others of this type, will prove most desirable as stocks. For the
warmer regions Pj/nis calh rijana and its various sub-types appear very
promising and should be thoroughly tested.

Throughout this article the term pear blight has been used to desig-
nate the disease commoidy known to American horticulturists as pear
blight and seienlificaljy known as Bacillus amylovorus (Bur.) De Toni.

♦Proceedings of tlio .Ann^rican Pomological Society, Tliirty-fourtli Biennial Session.

172 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SOAPS AND MISCIBLE OILS.

By E. Ralph de Ong,* Eiitomologi-st, LTniversity of California Farm Scliool,

Davis, California.

The use of soap for insecticidal purposes received its first official
recognition in 1840. For many years soap was a popular remedy for
plant lice and has been used against the cottony-cushion and other
scale insects, especially in their immature stages. In 1885 extensive
experiments with soaps were besfun by Coquillett and continued the
following years by Albert Koebele, in an attempt to control the cottony-
cushion scale {Icerya jmrchasi), and the red scale (Aspidiotus
aurantii). which were then sweeping over southern California. In
the published report^ of this work we have a very complete record of
formula for insecticidal soaps of that time and but slight improvement
has been made since, for soon afterwards oil emulsions, together Avith
tobacco extracts, supplanted soap to a large extent as a spray in field
work; but for the garden and small orchard fish oil soap still holds a
place. To meet the demand for a soap that would be more readily
soluble in water than the ordinary soap of commerce, several liquid
soaps have been put on the market. These differ from the hard soap,
chiefly in the water content, this being from 50 to 70 per cent, while a
good hard fish oil soap will contain 20 to 30 per cent of water. Liquid
soaps when well made mix readily with water, making a very easily
prepared spray.

Aside from the use of soap for its insecticidal value its chief use now
is in connection with other spray materials. Nearly all of our home-
made oil emulsions are based upon fish oil soap as the emulsifying
agent.- Tobacco extract, the second great rival of soap as an insecti-
cide, is more satisfactory when used with soap, as spray solutions made
from tobacco alone have a tendency to gather in drops on the leaves,
but spreads much better when used with soap at the rate of 4-8 pounds
to 200 gallons of spray, depending on the hardness of the water.

WATER SOFTENING.

When it is necessary to use hard water in making emulsions, and the
common methods of softening water have failed, the use of fish oil
soap at the rate of one to three pounds of soap to 50 gallons of water
in addition to the soap used for other purposes, has given good satis-
faction. The soap when dissolved unites with the lime, magnesia and
many other salts found in water, to form an insoluble soap, thus remov-
ing many elements that would have a tendency to break down the
emulsion.

SOAP MATERIALS.

The fish oil soap of commerce — or whale oil soap as it is frequently

termed — is generally made of fish oil or "Menhaden oil," the latter

being applied to a certain grade of fish oil obtained largely on the

*I am indebtfd to Mr. George P. Gray, of the University of California, for chem-
ical advice in mv work on soap.s.

'U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Report for ISSfi.

=Mr. E. L. Morri.s, County Horticultural Commissioner of Santa Claia County,
recommends the use of rosin laundry soap as a cheaper emulsifier than wliale oil
soap.

TiiK MoN'riii.v li^l.I,K■^IN^ 17:-5

oasteni coa.sl. X'cry litllc ^cimiiic \\li;ilc oil is now used in .soap
inakiiiii-. The [ji'iiicipal sources of our lish oil ai'c the waste from fisli
canneries and fertilizer factories, the oil bein<i- i)ressed out of the cooked
fish, then heated to drive off the water and purified, if a high grade
oil is desired. Fish oil generally sells at 26 to 30 cents a gallon whole-
sale.

Tallow or any waste fat may be substituti'd wJioUy or in part for
oil. This makes a harder soap than oil but is not considered as valuable
for insecticidal purposes.

Kosin has the same jiroperties as the fats of uniting with alkalies to
form a soluble soap, which is darker in color but lathers more freely
and is supposed to have good penetrating qualities. By reason of the
cheapness of rosin its use will decrease the cost of the soap materially,
and if desired it may be substituted up to one-third or more of the oil
or fat used. Rosin soap is considered more active as an insecticide, but
should be used with care on delicate plants.

Insecticidal soaps are usually soft soaps, but may vary in consistency
from a hard cake slowly soluble in cold water to a liquid which dis-
solves almost instantly. It is possible to make soft soaps from soda
but potash is most frequently employed. By the latter method the
waste lye and other impurities are retained in the soap, making it more
caustic. If soda is used, a caustic liquid containing waste lye and
crude glycerine settles to the bottom, the soap rising to the surface.
For this reason the soda soap is harder and less alkaline, as it has been
largely freed from the waste alkali and glycerine. Besides, the potash
soaps absorb water while the soda soap gives off moisture when exposed
to the air, as is shown by the salt^ crystallizing on the surface of the
soap.

The caustic form of potash or soda is generally used in soap-making,
although the carbonate form may be used by boiling longer. During
the process of boiling the alkali combines with the oil or fat to form
soap, or "saponifies" the fat. as it is called. By the action of the
alkali on the oil the latter is broken down into a fatty acid and
glycerine, the acid combining with the alkali, the glycerine being a
waste product. Caustic soda may be readily obtained in the form of
"concentrated lye," but this, if exposed to the air, will absorb enough
water to dissolve itself, being partially converted into the less caustic
carbonate form, as will also caustic potash, hence these chemicals should
be left in the original package until ready to use. Potash is not as
easy to obtain as soda and is more, expensive ; much of the so-called
potash lye is mostly soda and is unsuited for making soft soaps.
Laundry supply houses generally carry good grades of crude caustic
potash, which retails in snuill amounts for eight or ten cents a pound.
Potash will not saponify as much oil or fat as soda, the proportion being
about five to seven.

It is possil)le to substitute soda for potash up to one-fourth or one-
fifth the amount of alkali, but this should only be attempted after
careful experimenting.

Hard water used in soaj) making has the same effect as when making
up a spray solution or snap suds; the lime and magnesia salts ])rese]it
in the water In-eak down the soluble potash soap and form an insoluble

^Florida Report for 1911-12.
3—23219

174 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

lime soap that floats on the surface of the water as a sticky, greasy
mass. In soap making this insoluble matter mixes with the soluble
part, making- a poor grade of soap.

Hardness of water may be either "temporary" or permanent. The
former is generally applied to the presence of bicarbonate of lime in
solution in the water, while "permanent" hardness is due to the pres-
ence of mineral salts in the water, which can not be removed by boiling
or a simple chemical treatment.

Boiling the water will overcome temporary hardness as will also the
addition of (juick lime (calcium oxide). By either method the soluble
bicarbonate is converted into the normal carbonate, which is insoluble.
The insoluble lime settles out and the clear water may be poured off.

The permanent hardness of water is not affected by boiling but must
be treated with some chemical that will unite with the minerals held in
solution in the water, and cause them to settle out ; afterwards the
clear water may be poured off. The ordinary lye of commerce, or lime,
may be used, but with lime it is believed that a slightly soluble salt
(calcium hydroxide) is formed, which would also give trouble. Car-
bonate of soda (sal soda) is preferable, as this forms an insoluble salt
that is precipitated out ; but even this form would be of no avail in
the treatment of alkali water. Soda ash phosphate may give better
satisfaction than sal soda (carbonate of soda) as it will dissolve in
water much quicker than the carbonate form.

If there is any doubt as to the quality of the water used it is best to
have a chemical determination made as a guide to further work.

MANUFACTURE OF SOAP.

Soap making is an art rather than a science, and proficiency comes
only through long practice. Soft soap is considered easier to make than
the hard, but even with this form the varying factors of water, oil and
alkali are often difficult to adjust. On a large scale steam may be used,
but as the cooking period is not long and a very high temperature is
unnecessary except in cresol mixtures, elaborate preparation is unneces-
sary.

Fish Oil Soap.

FORMULA.

Fish oil ,1 gallons

Caustic potash 4 pounds

Water 8 gallons

This soap, used at the rate of one pound to eight gallons of water,
gives good results against aphids (plant lice). Use a large kettle that
will allow^ for frothing during the boiling. In this dissolve the caustic
potash in hot water, then add the oil and boil until the soap is formed,
which is shown by a light brown color. This stage is usually reached
within a few minutes. The mixture should now be somewhat stringy
when dipped up with the paddle; dropped into cold water a clear
solution with no globules of oil floating on the surface results. A little
of the melted soap may be dropped on a clean piece of glass and
allowed to harden ; when cold it should be almost clear, with no free oil
or grease. After this stage has been reached it simply remains to boil
the soap down to the proper consistency. If there is any free oil after
the soap is formed a little more alkali dissolved in water should be

TUE MONTHLY lUII-LETIN. 175

juUlcd (a slijilit cxc&ss of allcali is better than to have free oil). Too
imicli nlkiili will izivo a frothy npixmrinico to llic soap in eookinf^; to
DVi'rcouie this more oil may he; added and the cookinj^ continued a short
time. If a dark brown liquid settles out durinj? the cooking with a
layer of soap floating on the surface, the alkali used was largely soda
and a hnrd snap lias i-esulted. A little soap left in the kettle will assist
the sapouiiyiiig action of the next soap making.

MISCIBLE OILS.

Oil and water are very incompatible and, in order that a uniform
mixture or emulsion may be made, a third substance must be employed,
such as soap, which will dissolve in oil and in this way prepare the two
for mixing. Ordinary soap is but slightly solu])le in petroleum oils,
but the presence of cresylic acid adds very greatly to the solubility of
the soap in oil, so that cresylic acid, in the form of cresol soap, has
become one of the most important emulsifiers of petroleum oils.

The chief use of cresol soap is in making miscible oils, or for making
petroleum oil emulsions, instead of by means of fish oil soap or other
emulsifiers. The commercial form of cresolated oil emulsions may con-
tain 85 to 90 per cent petroleum oil, w^liile other forms of commercial
oil emulsions generally contain about 60 per cent of petroleum oils.

Cresol Soap.

FORMULA.

Fish oil 1 gallon (Heat to 290 or 300 degrees

Cresylic acid 1-5 gallon - Fahrenheit and then add

Caustic soda 0.5 pound ( kerosene and water.

Kerosene 3 gallons

"Water 2 gallons

(Petroleum oil, either kerosene or distillate or crude oil, to be added
to the above soap when spray solution is wanted.)

Place the soda and the oil in the kettle and heat until the alkali is
dissolved ; if desired a little water may be used for dissolving the
potash, then add the cresylic acid^ and heat the mixture to 290 or 300
degrees Fahrenheit. When this point is reached the boiling slakens
and a quantity of very heavy dark fumes is given off; the mixture
should now be removed from the fire ; while still warm — but at a dis-
tance from the fire — add the kerosene and afterwards add tw^o gallons
of water. If this is added before the kerosene an explosion may re^sult.

Liquid cresol soap may be kept indefinitely without breaking down,
but not after making into a miscible oil. The soap is mixed cold with
distillate or crude oil ; the volume of oil used can only be determined
by experiment, but will probably vary from five to ten times the volume
of soap. This combination of soap and oil is called a miscible oil, and
upon the addition of water should give a good emulsion with no free oil.
If free oil is present an insufficient quantity of soap was used or else
the preparation was not mixed well. The soap and oil may be com-
bined at any time to form the miscible oil, but if the latter stands
after the mixing it should be stirred well before being used for making
emulsions. When water is added to the miscible oil it should be done

'Delaware Bui. No. 75. In tliis bulletin several formulae are given for cresol
emulsifiers, but instead of cresylic acid, the grade of carbolic acid known as "straw
color," 100 per cent pure, is recommended.

17() THE MONl'HLY BULLETIN.

very slowly at first and with strong a.oitation to insure a thorough
mixture of oil and water. The proportions for spray mixtures may
be calculated from the total amount of oil in the miscible form. If
the cresol soap is dissolved in six times its volume of oil the resulting
mixture contains 93.4 per cent of oil to make a 7 per cent oil emulsion
7.5 gallons of the miscible oil would be added to 92.5 gallons of water.

The first combination of cresylic acid, fish oil and soda is the real
soap or emulsifier, as it is spoken of in eastern literature, the kerosene
and water being added to prevent it from hardening. At this stage
it is a very dark colored liquid which forms a beautiful emulsion by
the addition of water. It may be used as a disinfectant for poultry
houses, but is too strong and besides too expensive for spraying plants
or trees.

Miscible oils are the ideal form for making emulsions and merit more
attention from the manufacturer and the user than they have received.
If well made they are as permanent in structure as the commercial
emulsions, if not more so, containing all the active ingredients of the
latter, their only difference being in the amount of water contained.
They make as good a spray as emulsions made in any other way, if not
a better, require less storage space with a corresponding saving in
freight, and place in the hands of the user a concentrated article,
convenient to handle, less liable to revert with long standing, and
ready at an instant's notice for use. The emulsions from miscible oils
are, however, more expensive than some of the other emulsions, and in
some eastern publications are reported as more dangerous to foliage
and even to dormant trees than those made with soap or mechanical
mixtures.

LESSONS GATHERED FROM THE YEAR 1915.*

By C. C. Teague, General Manager. Linioneira Orchard Company,

Santa Paula, California.

The year 1915 has gone on record as the most disastrous in the
history of the lemon business, the California lemon crop having been
marketed at a loss of approximately thirty cents per packed box to
the grower. The bad results obtained were due to several causes.

The reduction of the protective tariff from one and one-half cents
per pound to one-half cent per pound permitted the importation of
heavy supplies of foreign lemons during the spring and early summer
months in the face of the largest California crop that the State had
ever produced. Competition thus forced prices to a ruinously low
level in the early spring, and the summer following was the coldest
known in history all over the United States. A heavy supply of stored
fruit, much of which was aged and in bad condition, was forced on to
the mai'kot w^hen there was little demand. The result was an almost
completely demoralized market condition.

Post-mortems are usually held, not for the benefit of the dead, but for
the living. Adversity, tribulation and even death often result in

♦Address before Uie Special Citrus Convention, February lilth, San r.ernardino,
California.

THE .MONTHLY BULLETIN. 177

benefit to the living. Let us hope that the lemon business will, in the
long run, iK'ncfit fro)n tlie experiences of the past year.
Some of the benefits that I shall hope for are:

First. An increase in the protective tariff on lemons. Surely, it
should be easy now to demonstrate that our industry should have a
duty that will protect against our markets' being flooded with elicap
poor quality foreign lemons, produced by cheap labor, and shipped Ijy
cheap water transportation.

Second. The bad results of the past year will make the growers and
I)ackers scrutinize more carefully their cost sheets and endeavor in
every way to lower these as much as possible, and, at the same time,
increase the quality and quantity of their production.

Third. The excessive amount of decay reported in many cars on
arrival in eastern markets and the object lessons of how this decay
affects values will certainly cause growers and packers to bend every
effort to seek the causes. Nothing detracts from good results in the
lemon business so seriously as excessive decay, and the good or bad
reputation of any brand and its ability to command the highest market
price in any market depend largely on the record that that brand has
made for good keeping quality.

Appreciating the importance of this, the California Fruit Growers'
Exchange, through which is shipped eighty per cent of all of the
lemons of the State, has permanently added to its force a field man,
or supervisor of all of its lemon packing houses. Mr. G. W. Hosford,
one of the ablest and most experienced lemon men of the State, has
been employed in this capacity and is making regular rounds of the
Exchange houses, studying the records of these houses and pointing
out to the managers the weak places in their methods of picking,
handling, grading and packing. To my mind this is one of the most
important steps in advance taken by the Exchange within my knowl-
edge. Hitherto the Exchange said to the local association, "We will
take your fruit and market it to the best of our ability, leaving it
entirely to your judgment as to how that fruit shall be handled and
packed." The result of this naturally was that good association man-
agement got good results and bad management bad results, and the
figures gotten by bad association management were used to discredit
the Exchange system of marketing by those interested in so doing.
This field department will undoubtedly result in greatly improving
the quality of the pack from the Exchange houses. Even this early,
improvement is noticeable in the standardization of grades and in less
decay by reason of better handling and by the proper classification of
green, light green, and ripe fruit at the washing machines, which means
that much of the ripe fruit which has been allowed to be packed under
extra choice and choice brands at the expense of good keeping quality,
will not, in the future, be packed under those brands, but will be packed
under ripe brands and sold on its merits.

Out of all of the grief of the past year, therefore, have come better
business methods on the part of the grower, packer and seller, which
are resulting, and will result more and more as time goes on, in placing
in the markets of America a better California lemon, which undoubt-
edly is the best lemon that the world produces when it is handled
properly, and when this fact is generally recognized among the jobbers,

178 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

retailers and consumers of the countr}-, as it will speedily be through
the Exchange system of national advertising, with a reasonable tariff
there should be no difficulty as the California crop increases in gradu-
ally forcing the foreign lemon out of American markets, resulting in
an American grown crop supplying an American market, which will be
as it should be.

CULTIVATION AND COVER CROPS.*

By W. M. Mertz, Superintendent of Cultivations, Citrus Experiment Station,
University of California, Riverside, California.

Cultivation, meaning the stirring of a soil to accomplish aeration
and to prevent evaporation, is a practice which has been in vogue
among agriculturists since the beginning of agriculture. Under the
semiarid conditions of the southwest, cultivation has assumed a more
important role than in most of the sections of this country. Water
has, in reality, been the limiting factor with most of the cultivated land.
Thus certain cultivation was necessary to conserve this valuable ele-
ment. Investigations carried on some little time ago showed that cul-
tivations to a depth of four to six inches materially lessened the evap-
oration of soil moisture and in this regard were much superior to
shallow cultivation, such as is adapted to eastern humid conditions.

Cultivation, in that it aerates the soil, tends to increase the oxidation
of organic material. The high temperatures met with during the sum-
mer months in this State also make for the increase in the oxidation
process. Thus, in the conservation of water the excessive cultivation
has caused a considerable loss of organic material in many of our soils.
In fact, there are many who believe that the loss of organic material by
such frequent cultivation, is more serious than the loss of water caused
by systems employing less frequent cultivations. As with all things,
we usually find a happy medium, which is better than going to either
extreme. Too frequent cultivation is extremely exhaustive of organic
material; too infrequent is just as exhaustive of the irrigation water.
The type of soil, the location and the crop will all have a bearing on
the frequence and depth of cultivation. In the heavier types of soil,
cultivations are usually more frecfuent while the lighter soils are fre-
quently well protected from evaporation by a single cultivation after
each irrigation.

As can readily be seen, cultivation and irrigation are two factors of
our orchard management w^hich are practically inseparable. Thus, on
soils which require irrigation every three weeks, cultivations as frequent
as this are demanded. On heavy clays irrigations are frequently made
at as long intervals as every ten or twelve weeks. This interim is
usually too long to expect one cultivation to maintain a reasonably
efficient mulch. Again, the clay soils do not crumble and make as
good a mulch in one cultivation as the sandier soils. It has seemed
good practice on such heavy soils to cultivate two or three ways as soon
as the land is in proper shape to work. Again, another cultivation or
possibly two, is often advisable before the land is again irrigated

* Address before special apple meeting, San Bernardino, Cal., February 19, 1916.

THE MON'I'III.V Uri.MI'l'IX. ]7!)

This is done in order to break \\[) the eapilhirity of the surface soil
which gradually becomes established as the soil settles, even though it
be dry. One of the most important items connected with the cultiva-
tion of irrigated land is that regarding the condition of the soil when
cultivated. A soil containing any large proportion of clay can be
puddled and put in bad physical condition by working it when too
wet. Soils once worked in this condition will frecjuently require from
one to two years to get them back to as good a physical condition as
existed before this maltreatment.

One of our greatest troubles in this semiarid region, is due to the
formation of an irrigation plow sole. This word is used advisedly,
as it really is a combination of two terms, "irrigation hardpan" and
''plow sole." Irrigation and cultivation are two very important fac-
tors in the formation of this compact layer of soil. Irrigation in
furrows tends to stratify the soil, thus concentrating the finer clay par-
ticles in a layer which, when dry, becomes so hard as to be almost imper-
vious to water. Under most of our cultivation systems an attempt is
made to stir up and distribute these stratified layers of soil under the
furrow. Difficulty arises in the fact that the bottom of the furrow is
often quite wet when the first cultivation is made after the irrigation.
The rest of the soil between the furrows may be in a shape to work,
while that in the furrow is so wet as to puddle to an extent such as to
make the condition much worse than it would have been without any
disturbance at all. Again, many do not plow the soil, and constant
cultivation at a relatively uniform depth will tend toward this con-
dition even though the soil is not often too wet for cultivation. Con--
sidering the value of land in this part of the State, it is well to study
the optimum conditions for cultivation after every irrigation. Tem-
perature conditions will cause each cultivation to be somewhat different
from the one preceding and no set rule can be given even for a single
soil type regarding the time which should elapse between irrigation
and cultivation.

It is becoming common knowledge that working the soil too wet is
a bad practice, but few seem to recognise the fact that the same results
can be obtained by over working dry soil. In stirring air dry soil, the
individual soil particles tend to become separated and a fine dust is
formed. This dust, upon being wet by irrigation, forms a puddle
very similar to that rasulting from stirring a soil saturated with water.
For this reason cultivations after the soil mulch has become dry
should be as few as are consistent with the maintenance of a proper
moisture content in the soil.

Along the line of cultivation it may not l)e out of place to briefly
discuss this subject from the broader standpoint of methods of soil
handling. In brief, there are four common methods of handling soil
in this part of the State. The most common method is that which calls
for cultivation throughout the entire twelve months of the year.
During the winter, cultivations are not as frequent as during the
irrigation season, but the land is not permitted to really rest during
any period of the year. In this way weeds are nevt^r jiermitted to
seed and the land may be kept in a practically clean condition. Little
work is required to keep the land in a tidy condition under the trees,
and for a time very good results are often obtained.

180 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

That this method can not be expected to maintain the fertility of
the soil indefinitely is becoming more and more evident. The soil, as
well as everything else, requires a period of rest. The soil contains
innumerable organisms essentially connected with the process of trans-
forming the raw materials into available plant food.

The second most important method takes into consideration a period
of summer cultivation and a period of soil rest during which time the
growth of some crop to be used as green manure is permitted. This
system is growing in favor each year. The organic content is better
maintained by this method whereby yearly additions are made to the
soil from the winter crop. The physical condition of the soil is also
improved when this bulky material is turned under. Cultivation,
high temperature and irrigation all tend to break up this material and
supply it to the trees in soluble form. This system is giving very
good results at Riverside where citrus trees under this treatment are
showing excellent growth and yield. Under the clean cultivated con-
ditions adjacent, the physical condition has become so bad that water
penetrates the soil with difficulty and the beneficial effect of the fertil-
izers applied is becoming less marked.

The next most important system is that which does away with most
of the cultivation and carries with it the growing of both a summer
and winter cover crop. This system has been tried to quite an extent
in this part of the State. Opinions as to its value vary, but in general
this practice is extremely questionable with orchards where the trees
are in full bearing. The main advantage of this system is its adapta-
tion to young orchards where only a fraction of the land is actually
occupied by the tree roots. As most of our virgin soils are very low
in organic material, it is highly advisable to grow all the organic
material possible during the early life of the tree. This is accom-
plished by not only growing a winter crop but by keeping the ground
constantly occupied by a crop which may be used as green manure.
With orchards of mature age there is frequently insufficient water and
plant food in the soil during the summer to permit of the optimum
conditions for the tree when in competition with a vigorously growing
cover crop. Some of the advantages of this system, however, are that
it tends to keep the soil cooler and cuts down the cost of cultivation.
There is no question but that these advantages exist, but it remains
to be determined whether they are sufficient to overbalance the losses
resulting from the competition of the cover crop.

Another system is that in which a mulch of organic material is
employed to prevent evaporation and keep the soil cool, furni.sh organic
material and incidentally do away with cultivation. Theoretically,
this system is the ideal one, and if all conditions are ideal, success is
practically assured. We are, however, dealing with many conditions
Avhich are not ideal and which are practically impossible to change.
For instance, the temperature and the low Inunidity during the summer
months are factors which can not be controlled. It has not seemed
practicable to api)ly water in the natural and ideal method, such as
might be done l)y an overhead spray. Thus with certain uncon-
trollable factors, it is often necessary to do away with other ideal fac-
tors because of the changed conditions. In the first place the cost of
the material necessary to properly mulch the surface is very high.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 181

Again, in-i^ation is madr iiuiro difTiciilt by this l)ulky material on the
surface. The fire risk from a iiiuleh of dry material during the .summer
is an item not to be overlooked. With orchard.s which have been cul-
tivated deeply and in which the roots of the trees have penetrated to
considerable depth, the change from this deep cultivation to no cul-
tivation will und(nibtedly cause a temporary derangement in the feed-
ing of Die tree. This has been evidenced by certain work already done
at Riverside.

Although there is much, in tlieory at least, which points to the value
of this system, caution should be ased in not putting in too large an
area to this system of mulching until more information is available.
It is as yet entirely in the experimental stage and should be considered
as such until definite experiments of some duration have been com-
pleted. Tliese are now under way at the station at Riverside and as
soon as definite infoi'mation is obtained published results of the same
will be available.

To sum up these four systems, that system which employs a winter
cover crop and cultivation during the summer is the most likely to suit
all conditions of any of the systems discussed. The experiments now
under way certainly point to this method as one which makes for the
maintenance of the permanent fertility of our soil.

This subject leads directly to a discussion of cover crops, since the
growth of such a crop during the winter is an important part of one
of the most promising systems of cultivation. A cover crop may be
used for several purposes. Winter cover crops were originally used
to prevent the washing of the soil by the winter rains and in many
cases these were made up of volunteer crops of bur clover, alfilaria
and mustard. As these crops were plowed under earlier and earlier,
the seed was not permitted to ripen and in a few years voluntary
crops became sparse and of little value. Thus it was necassary to
plant certain crops during the fall months which would be of rapid
growth and protect the surface of the soil during the winter rains.
The cereal crops were w^ell adapted for this purpose and were the first
cover crops planted in this State. They are, how^ever, heavy con-
sumers of water and in many cases it was impossible to get these crops
turned under quick enough to prevent the land drying out to such an
extent that plowing was practically impossible. Experience in the
eastern states demonstrated that clovers ahvays left the land richer
for the crops which followed and many who had had experience along
this line began experimenting with various leguminous crops to deter-
mine their adaptability to winter conditions.

Growers gradually came to use leguminous crops and of these, com-
mon spring vetch and Canada field peas were most popular. The seed
of both these crops was relatively cheap and tlu> supply large. In
time, however, these crops began to fall off in yield and to become
quite uncertain, due in part at least to the serious attacks of the green
pea aphis, together with certain fungi which seemed to follow in the
wake of this pest. This decline in the value of these two plants led
many growers to go back to rye or barley as the winter cover crop.
That this was a step backward seemed evident to man.\ . aiul for the last
six years the station at Riverside has been attempting to find a cover

182 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

crop of a leguminous nature which would be superior to the varieties
in use.

A test of a number of possible legumes brought out the fact that the
native yellow flowering sweet clover, Melilohi$ indica, was well adapted
to our winter conditions. After seven years' experience with this
clover there has been no crop which has been as uniformly satisfactory
under our winter conditions. It is not adapted to all conditions, as
no one plant ever is, but observations seem to show that this clover is
doing better in most parts of the State than vetch or peas.

A new vetch which gives great promise, the purple vetch, is a recent
introduction of the Department of Agriculture. It is very much more
vigorous than the common vetch and for the lighter soils where a good
stand of clover is difficult to obtain, this vetch will probably be superior
to anything we have had in the past. At present the seed is not
available, although the growing of this vetch for seed has recently been
taken up by the Oregon growers. It is hoped that seed will be avail-
able to a limited extent this coming fall and that in a year or two a
supply will be on hand sufficient to satisfy the demands.

These two crops, McUlotus indica and purple vetch, give more
l^romise in the way of leguminous cover crops than any of the other
varieties so far tested. In the absence of seed of the purple vetch, the
use of Melilotus clover is recommended on all soils, provided there is
sufficient water to germinate the seed in the fall. As the supply of
purple vetch increases, it will probably prove superior to Melilotus
clover on the sandier soils.

In regard to the adaptation of this work to apple growers, it may
be said that any work which is taken up at an experiment station can
only get at the principles involved and never be able to give prescrip-
tions or formulas of practice, since it is impossible to duplicate soil
and climatic conditions at one or a dozen places for every section and
every ranch in the State. Certain experiments have been started in
the apple growing sections in this vicinity and it is hoped that more
definite information will be available regarding the varieties of legumes
which will be most suited to these conditions. In the interim it is
suggested that purple vetch be planted as soon as seed is available.
If this vetch is planted early in September and given sufficient irriga-
tion water to get it well started, it should have made considerable of
a cover by Thanksgiving, when the weather becomes too cold for any
rapid growth. The crop will, under ordinary conditions, winter with-
out difficulty and make a very rapid development after the first of
February. Melilotus clover is a crop which should be tried, although
it will not make the early development which some other more rapidly
growing plants evidence. If one is enabled to leave the land until
April before plowing, IMelilotus clover will make a satisfactory crop
if planted not later than October.

A test of winter vetch, Vicia villosa, should be made also, since this
crop has given such excellent results in the apple sections of Oregon.
A mixture of this winter vetch with a thin seeding of oats seems to
have given the best results under their conditions. Canada field peas
gave good results in some sections when planted early, but did not
seem to withstand the winter temperatures as satisfactorily as the
vetches and clovers.

TJIK MONT 1 1 1, Y BULLETIN. 183

Til t'onc'lu.sioii, eiiltivalioii slioiihl iicvci' he allciiiptcil wlicii Uio land
is too wet, as more injury is apt to occur than can be ovei'come in a
year's work. Cultivations should be made as frequently as is con-
sistent with the maintenance of a proper moisture content in the soil.
The soil type will of necessity determine the frequency and depth of
cultivation. The .system of cultivation which permits of a rest during
the winter and the growth during this period of a winter cover crop,
gives evidence of being the most satisfactory method in vogue at this
time. Tlie winter cover crop should be of a leguminous nature in
order that nitrogen as well as organic material may be added through
its incorporation in the soil. The practical adaptation of any principle
will of necessity require individual study, since conditions of soil,
climate and humidity vary within relatively short distances.

In short, the grower who will benefit by the work of the experiment
station is the one who studies the principles evolved through the work
of such a station, and uses judgment and common sense in the appli-
cation of its principles to his own conditions.

184

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.
(May 1, 1916.)

By Geo. P. Weldon.
Compiled from the reports of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

Counties

Alameda ' 65

Butte 20

Colusa

Contra Costa 50

El Dorado #

Fresno 100

Glenn

Humboldt #

Imperial #

Inyo

Kern #

Kings #

Lake 50

Los Angeles —

Madera 35

Mendocino 100

Merced 100

Modoc tt

Monterey —

Napa .- #

Nevada EO

Orange —

Placer 25

Riverside 100

Sacramento 65

San Benito lOO

San Bernardino .._ #

San Diego 70

San Joaquin 40

San Luis Obispo.-. 100

Santa Barbara #

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz #

Shasta [ #

Siskiyou I 20

Solano*

Sonoma 25

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama .
Tulare ...
Ventura .

Yolo

Yuba ....

60
75

100

#

65
60

#

50

—

#

100

50

80

#

#

25

100

#

#

80

.

75

#

50

100

50

100

50

#

35

100

50

#

50

95

100

75

35

90

15

100

90

100

0

75

30

90

85

100

40

50

30

40

60

80

25

90

50

100

50

70

50

80

40

80

5

75

20

75

75

30

80

#

75

50

—

30

#

40

#

40

90

40

>=)

90

#

#
100

100

#

#

100

100

#

100
100
90
100
100
100

#

100

#

100

#
#
#

75
60
90

100

100

#

50

#

90

10
50

40
60

#

100

#

#

50

#

#

100

#

65
25
30
40

33
50
85
50
75
20
25

#

100

15

25

5
80

35
50

#
#
#
#

100

«
#

100

#

100
100

#

75
50

#

#

100

#
#
#

100

#

#
#

#
#
#
#
tt

75

tt

tt
50

a

ro c

2S

CD -/•

90

#

#

100

#
#
#

#

#

100

#

100

#

100
100

#
#

100

#
#
#
#

#
#

100

#

#
#

100

#
#
#
#
#
#
#

100
100

tt

100
75

#

100

#
#
#

tt

tt

90

#
100

»

70

80

#
#
#

lOO

100

#

80

100

#

#

100

#
#

100

#

100

90

tt

#

100

#
tt

lOO

#

100

tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt

110
100

tt
ino

100

#
#

100

tt
#
#

90

#
30

60
85
50

85
90
75

100
85
80
55

100
90
60
90
75
75
80
75
85
60
80
75
90
#

75
60
50

100
70
65
65
90
#
75
60

80

60
60

100
100

#
75
80

tt
85

80
50
£0
60

75
50
70
100
50
20
80
80
#
60
30
25
75

80

100

50

75

tt

tt

80

70

35

80

60

#

#
#

90
#
#

30

#

tt

tt

ICO

50
100

40
ICO

80
#

75
#

80

60

#
tt

30
30
50
40
60
#

#
#

100

100

75

#

85

100
#

100
50
40
40

tt
75
60
50
80

75
95
tt
50
25

63

75

75

50

50

35

00

ICO

75

—

75

90

100

#

—

90

50

75

60

#

#

80

100

#
#

#

3a

loo

#

50

100

#

90

100

#

100

#
tt

it

tt
00

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.
—Horticultural commissioner has insufficient information for a report.
#Not grown commercially.
*No horticultural commissioner.
Report on apricots and prunes for San Benito and Santa Clara counties, and prunes for Colusa
and Solano counties, copied from California Prune and Apricot Growers' Information Bureau
Report of April 24, 1916.

THE MON'Tlll.V BI'M.I'rnM.

185

STATISTICS.

Kstiinatcil imt cent of the total crop of the piiiuipal ( iilifoniia fruits grown in each of the
main producing counties during a season of normal proiluction. Compiled from the reports of
the county horticultural commissioners.

Counties

Alameda

Butte -—

Colusa

Contra Costa -.

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino _

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo-
Santa Barbara --

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

12

4

11

12

11

12

51

16

1 3

14

4
7

*
6
4

*

3 25

21

2

•26

2

10
9

53

^1

n o
-« 3

31

16

13
10

5
15

2=-

14

!

»

3

*

•

14

2o

2

*

*

10

«

11

14

5

*

7

31

5

*

4

2

*

5

«

*

n

*

6

13

2

3

3

•

^3
* 3

£0

38

7

39

*

*

18

8

*

*

•

3

4

*

»

9

18

55

*

«

*

6

16

4

10

«

*

2

«

2

9

4

«

«

12

♦
4

2

2j

'Less than 2 per cent of State's normal crop grown in county.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon . Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harry S. Smith ^-Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post ofHce at Sacramento,
California, under the act of July 16, 1894.

Alfalfa Weevil Quarantine Conference. — An important conference
of quarantine representatives of seven western states was held in Salt
Lake City, Utah, April 20th and 21st.

This conference was called by Governor William Spry of Utah who,
through the governors of other states, invited quarantine officials to
attend. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the alfalfa weevil
and, if possible, agree on uniform quarantine regulations governing the
entrance of products or commodities liable to carry the weevil from
the infested to the noninfested states.

The conference brought out the fact that there is grave danger of
the weevil gaining entrance in sacks of potatoes, because of the fact
that green alfalfa is often used to cover the potatoes, as tules are used
in California. In Montana, a number of weevils have been taken in
potato cars. It was the opinion of those present tliat some restrictions
should, therefore, be placed on the shipping of potatoes from Utah
into other states, and that such restrictions should compel the screen-
ing of all potatoes before shipment, and transference to clean sacks,
the State Inspector of Utah to certify under oath to this work being
done.

Emigrants moving fi-om an alfalfa weevil state are apt to use hay,
or other material containing alfalfa weevils, in packing goods or cars,
h(>nf'e the seeming necessity for restrictive (luarautinc measures in this

THE Mu^■'nll.^ iuij.letin.

187

case. It was the oj)iiii()ii of lliose prcsml th.it I lie Stnic llortitaiUiiral

Inspectoi" of Utah sliould ccrliiy, under oatli, that
every eai'load of eniifjiviiit iiiova])les was free from
material liable to cai-ry alfalfa weevil, before it could
leave the state.

No good reason could l)e given by anyone present
for a quarantine on alfalfa seed, or bees.

Every state except Utah favored an absolute (luai*-
antine on hay and cereal straw.

The conference was characterized by a spirit of
faii'ness throughout, and the practically unanimous
action of those present indicates the possibilit\' of
more uniform regulations in the western states.

Following is a copy of a ballot giving the result
, S'^'- ^^•~T-'^^"i'^ f}' of a vote taken by states, during the conference.

falfa weevil Greatly •' . . ,. , •

enlarged. (After This vote shows the Unanimity 01 sentiment among
^'*'Agri"c.)^'' ^' ^^^^' the representatives of the states in attendance.

1

Ariz.

Cal.

Colo.

Idaho

Mont.

rest.

none

yes

yes

none

rest.

rest.

none

rest.

rest.

rest.

Utah

none
none

none
none
rest,
rest,
none
none
rest,
rest.

Wyo.

Fruits

Alfalfa seed

Hay

Straw, cereal

Bees in hives _ -- .- --

yes

none

yes

yes

none

rest.

rest.

none

none

rest.

rest.

none

none

yes

yes

none

rest.

rest.

none

none

rest.

rest.

none
none
yes
yes
none
-est.
■ rest,
none
none
rest,
rest.

none

none

yes

yes

none

rest.

rest.

none

none

rest.

rest.

none

none

yes

yes

none

Agricultural emigrant movables .

Live stock -_ .- -

rest,
rest.

Grain - -

none

Vegetables - - - - -

none

Potatoes -- . -

rest.

Nursery stock.

rest.

Yes— Absolute quarantine.
None— No quarantine.
Rest.— Restrictive quarantine.

G. P. W.

Thistles. — A great deal has been said lately about the eradication of
noxious weeds, but apparently it is necessary to keep the warning in
constant motion that the sins of the careless may not live to do damage
to those who try to keep their lands clean.

Last year Butte County had a serious fight with yellow star thistle,
and there was some talk of olitaining State action to enforce eradi-
cation. The rice growers of the State are facing an ever increasing
menace in the shape of weeds such as water grass, red rice and sedge.
Thoughtlessness in regard to these weeds has already forced many
enthusiastic rice growers to the wall.

At the present writing all the grain has been sown. It is now up to
thfe farmer to get the maximum crop. Due to the lack of rain some
are not going to get a crop this year. Exceptional care, therefore,
should be taken to keep clown the weeds. In the absence of the
cultivated crop the thistles will grow abundantly. Keep them down —
clean them out — so that next season when crop conditions are better
they will not be there to reduce the value of the land and the crop.

188 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The time to cut bull thistles, yellow star, sow thistle, milk tliistle
and others is NOW. Don't let it go until the heads are ripe and the
wind has scattered the seeds over the whole country.

It might be well to say that the country is not the only region infested
with thistles or the only source of infestation. Many city lots provide
as excellent a source of infestation for the surrounding country as can
be imagined. There is a law providing for the eradication of weeds in
the cities, and the owners of clean or cleared land should make it their
duty to see that this law is enforced.

Every man should be his brother's keeper where thistles are con-
cerned, for he can not keep his harvest at home. The wind will trans-
port the seeds for miles and untold damage may be done to some other
farmer as the result of the failure of each property owner doing his
part this year. It is only through co-operation that we can expect to
eradicate our serious weed pests. A State law will help, but unless
the farmers wake up to the importance of j)ure seed and clean land,
and realize that it will make a big difference in their annual income,
such a law will only amount to series of words and phrases. If we
did not believe what we are saying we would not waste our time writing
and studying these same pests. Experience in other states has taught
us that what we say is absolutely true and the sooner the farmers of
the State of California realize it the better will be their chances for
success. — 0. W. Newman.

Protecting Tree Trunks from the Sun. — Whitewashing the trunks of
fruit trees, young or old, to prevent sunburn, is commonly practiced
in California. A good formula for whitewash is the following :

Quicklime 30 pounds

Tallow 4 pounds

Salt 5 pounds

Water enough to make the mixture flow well

— E. J. V.

Alfalfa Weevil Inspection. — The annual inspection of the alfalfa
fields along the Salt Lake Route in San Bernardino County was made
in April. The territory from Kouns to Victorville was carefully
examined, and fortunately for California alfalfa growers, no weevils
were found. As has been previously written, the Salt Lake route
traversing the alfalfa districts of Utah where the alfalfa weevil is most
destructive, may become a factor in the distribution of this insect.
About the same number of acres — 740 — is reported this year as last.
While some plantings were made since the last inspection, the floods of
last winter were responsible for the washing away of parts of fields
adjacent to the Mojave River. — E. J. V,

'I'llE MONTHLY BDLT.KTIN.

189

NOTES ON THE TOMATO PSYLLA.

By riARoi.D Compere.

Specimens of Paratrioza cockerelli Siilc, a .small Ilemipterous insect
belonging to the family Psyllida?, were confined in the Insectary for
the jMirpose of rearing their parasites. Incidentally, a few observa-
tions on tlieir habits were made which are noteworthy.

Psyllids are intermediate in form, between the scales and plant lice
on the one hand and cicadas and larger plant bngs on the other. The
adults have gained the name of jumping })lant lice because of tlicir
habit of springing ({uickly into the air by means of their powerful
hind legs. When once in the air flight is maintained by the wings,
although they seldom fly more than a few feet.

The specimens were determined by D. L. Crawford, who, in his
monograph of the Psyllidie of the world, gives the distribution of this
species as covering the entire southwestern part of the United States,
and lists the following eight hosts, although all of these may not be
true food plants: pepper (Capsicum anuum), tomato [Solanum
nigrum), jootato {lSola)iU:m tuberosum), Pursliia sp., arbor vitae {Thuja
occidentalis), spruce (Picca sp.), pine {Pinus monophylla), alfalfa
(Medicago sativa). Crawford says that this insect is often found in
great numbers, sometimes becoming a pest to cultivated plants. Our
specimens were found in the Capitol Park infesting the Jerusalem
cherry {Solanum capsicastrum) . In Golden Gate Park. San Fran-
cisco, the solanums that were infested with this Psylla were rendered
worthless.

THE ADULT.

The adult is a small, active, clear-winged insect greatly resembling
a miniature cicada or harvest fly. Like the latter, the wings are held
roof-like over the back. The color is variable, but this species can
easily be distinguished by the striking coloration of the body. The
ground color is usually dark, the markings varying from white to
gray in color.

Feeding Hahiis. — The feeding habits of the adult are about the same
as those of the nymph, except that the adult shows more activity. The

Fig. 62. — Adult of Para-
trioza cockerelli Sulc. En-
larged about 12 time.s.
(Original.)

Fig. 63. — Egg of Para-
trioza cockerelli S u 1 c .
Greatly enlarged. (Orig-
inal.)

adults are present at all seasons and easily located. Wiu-ii approached
they try to conceal themselves among the stems and leaves before
In cajitivily they lived more than one month.

taking flight

190 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Copulaiion and Oviposition. — Three days after the adults were seen
mating, egg laying began and continued three days. When about
to deposit an egg the female lowers the abdomen and extrudes the
ovipositor which comes in contact with the plant. She remains in
this position for several minutes, during which the egg stalk passes
into position and is firmly cemented to the plant. When the cement
has set the female quickly withdraws her ovipositor, leaving the egg
and stalk in an upright position. After the egg is placed the Psylla
walks away and usually begins feeding.

THE EGG.

The egg is minute, smooth and shiny, aliout 1/80-incli in length and
1/200-inch in width, obtusely rounded at one end, somewhat tapering
at the other. The dorsal surface is slightly concave. The egg is sup-
ported in an upright position by a short pedicle. When first laid it
is of a light yellow color, but darkens posteriorly as the embryo d(,'velops.
In advanced stages the two red eyes of the immature insect are visible
through the transparent eggshell. Eggs are deposited singly on all
surfaces of the leaves and young growth. The number deposited by
three females under observation averaged thirty-six. Egg laying began
three days after mating and continued three days. The incubation
period in a hothouse was fifteen days.

The Hatch hig Process — After the shell is split the nymph propels
itself forward by body movements until the legs are free, after which
it rests for several minutes. When work is resumed the nymph frees
itself from the shell, but remains head downward clasping the empty
shell and stalk for about fifteen minutes, after which it descends to
the plant, clasping the pedicle for support. Usually the newly hatched
nymph immediately crawls to the under side of a leaf, inserts its beak
into the tissues and begins feeding.

THE NYMPHS,

When first hatched a nymph is minute, only slightly larger than the
ego". The body is flattened and oval in shape, semi-transparent, the
abdomen being partly yellowish. The eyes are red and conspicuous.
The margin of the body is fringed with numerous wax glands which
give rise to glandular hairs. These hairs are cast with each moult.
The glands about the anus cover the liquid excrement with a layer of
wax as it passes out, so that it is slowly and gradually discharged in
tiny white pellets which, if undisturbed, gather in large quantities,
ffiving the plant the appearance of having been sprinkled with sugar.
The nymphs are usually content to remain quietly feeding, only occa-
sionally moving to more favorable locations.

Later the color markings are variable. Usually brownish, orange
or greenish markings appear on the body a7id head a short time after
the first moult, and wing pads appear as lateral buds. In the advanced
nymph the hinder segments of the abdomen appear to be fused together,
the traces of segmentation being obliterated. The great wing pads are
the most conspicuous featnre. Tlic nymph i)asses througli five instars.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

191

the durtitioti oi' tlu'se vnryirif; from tliroe to ten days. The time
oeeupiecl from the first hatched n\ inph to the adult averages about
thirty days.

In Sacramento liic broods are continuous throughout the year, all
stages of Ihe insect being present. During January the death rate of
the newly hatched young was high, about one-half dying, this probably
being caused by the unusually cold weather.

CONTROL.

A strong stream of water played on the infested plants that were
under observation sufficed to destroy the insects. If this can not
readily be done, spraying mnst be resorted to. On tender ornamentals,

Fig. 64. — Nymphs showing the comparative
size of tlie different instars. Greatly enlarged.
(Original.)

Black Leaf 40, at a strength of 1 to 1.500, is recommended. On hardy,
resistant plants kerosene emulsion can safely be used. For this i)ur-
pose a stock solution of one part of kerosene to two parts of water
should be used at the rate of one gallon of the emulsion to twenty
gallons of water.

192 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

TWO NEWLY-ESTABLISHED SCALE INSECTS.

Order — Hemiptera. Family — Coccidae.

By E. O. EssiG, Department of Entomology, University of California,

Berkeley, California.

Among the insects which have been imported into this State from
other countries are a number of scale insects (CoccidiE), and several
of these are now the most serious pests to be found in the orchards.
Recently two more of these insects have been found within the State
and are established in small colonies in limited districts. These are
the camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood) and the dictyo-
spermmn scale, Chrysompl\ahis diciyoapcrmi fjNIor'j.an).

THE CAMELLIA SCALE.

Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood).

Coccus floccifera W^estwood, Garden Chronicles, p. 308, 1870.

(Figs. 65, 66. 67.)

This scale has been taken in quarantine at the ports of entry for many
years and is at the present time established only in one locality, San
Jose, California, where it was taken last year by Horticultural Com-
missioner Earl Morris and Horticultural Inspector K. L. Cody, of
Santa Clara County. The specimens received by the writer from
these collectors were forwarded to Mr. Geo. B. King, Lawrence, Massa-
chusetts, who gave the above determination and who further stated
that the insect had previously been listed from this State by officials
as Pulvinaria camelicola Sign., which name is synonymous with and
replaced by the older Pulvinaria floccifera (Westw.). A published
description of the insect appears first in California literature in the
"Annual Report of the State Board of Horticulture," pp. 191-192,
1890, but no mention of its occurrence in the State is made. Among
the insects taken in quarantine at San Francisco, i\Ir. Alexander Craw,
on December 30, 1892, lists Pulvinaria CAimelicola Sign, from Japan.^
In 1909, Mr. R. S. Woglum lists this as a California insect, but no
further data were given at the time.^ Again, in 1912, l\Tr. B. B. Whit-
ney published another record of its being taken in quarantine at San
Francisco from Japan.^

The mature females (Figs. 65 and 66) are very conspicuous because
of the long, narrow pure white egg-sacs at the posterior ends Avliich are
three or four times as long as the bodies and which are very noticeable
on the dark green leaves of the camellia plants. The bodies are yellow
or pale amber-brown and soon after egg-laying dry up, become detached
and drop from the plants so that it is a common thing to find only the
old egg-sacs on the leaves and stems. The antenna^ (Fig. 67A) are
8-jointed and sparsely covered with long spine-like hairs. The breath-
ing spines (Fig. 67C) are in groups of three, one long and two less
than half as long. The bodies are covered witli rather long, simple and

'Insect Life, Vol. V. pp. 281-282. 1893.

=Baker and Essig, P. Jr. Rnt.. Vol. I, No. 2. p. .56, June, 1!)09; Monthly Bui. Cal.
Hort. Com., Vol. I. No. 10. n. 74.'), Sept.. 1912.

^Monthly Bui. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. I, p. 739, 1912,

TIJE MONTHLY lUJLLKTIX.

193

bi-anclu'cl si)iii('-lik(' li;iii's (Fij;. (>7E). Tlic leg, tarsus jiiid aiuil valves,
ai-c sliowii ill tlu> di'awin^' (F\v:. (iTH, 1), F).

The young arc; pale, yi'llowisli-greeii, or amber and resemble in shape
and color the soft, brown scale, Coccus hesperidum Linn.

Fig. 65. — Branch of camellia showing females of the camellia
scale, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westw. ). In most cases the bodies
have dropped off leaving onlv the white egg-sacs. Natural size.
Original. (Photo by Dept. of Sci. Illust., Univ. of Cal.)

In California this species is known to l)e established only at San Jose.
as previously stated. It is a cosmopolitan insect, occurring in most
temperate regions and has been taken in the southern and eastern parts
of the United States and in Canada.

As the common name implies, the preferred host plant is the camellia
and especially the Japanese species, Camellia japonica. Other food
plants listed are: Euonj/iniis sp.. Oncidium papilio, Calanihc naialensk,
Auguloa cloivesii, Ljjcastc .^tkiiineri, Acahiplia sp., Brassia rrrnicosa.
Phaius maculatus,^ coffee,^ and Euomjmus alata.^

^Catalogue Coccidse, pp. 130, 132, 1903.
■^Insect Life. Vol. VI, p. 334, 1894.
"Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 275, 1910.

194

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Fig. 66. — The camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westw. ). The three specimens
together are intact, while in the other two the bodies have dropped from the leaf
leaving only the egg-sacs. Enlarged. (Original. Photo by Dept. of Sci. Illust.,
•Univ. of Cal.)

Fig. 67. — Anatomical details of the camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera
(Westw.). a, antenna; b, tarsus; c, breathing spines along the margin of the
body ; d, leg ; e, simple and branched spine-like hairs on the body ; f, anal-valves
and spines. Enlarged. (Original.)

So far control measures hav3 never been found necessary. Oil
emulsions and miscible oils will readily kill the immature forms during
the winter months, and in cases of severe infestations should be used at
that time.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 395

THE DICTYOSPERMUM SCALE.

Chri/soiiiphdlKs dictyospermi ( Morgan ) .
Aspidiotus dittiiiisixriui Morgan, lOnt. Mon. Maj;., VoL XXV, p. 352, 188'J.

(Figs. 68, 69, 70.)

This scale has a very wide distribulioii througliout the tropical and
subtr()i)ical world and occurs in greenhouses in many parts of the
tempei-ate regions. It has been foun.d in many places in the United
States and has a limited distribution in California, but only in green-
houses or very mild and protected places. It was first reported bj^ the
United States Department of Agriculture (Bureau of Entomology) in
this State in 1909.' A variety, (JJirijsouiiihaluH dicti/ospermi arecm
(Newstead) was taken by Mr. B. B. Whitney on orchids in Golden Gate
Park, San Francisco, in 1913.** In 1915, County Horticultural Com-
missioner A. A. Brock took the species on a few kentia palms in Ven-
tura,** and the plants were destroyed at the time. The writer finds it
abundant now on kentia palms in the greenhouse on the campus of
the University of California at Berkeley.

The writer has also received specimens taken on kentia palms taken
at Marysville by G. W. Harney (November 1, 1915), and at San Diego
(November 19, 1915). There are specimens in the collection of the
University on avocado taken at the University greenhouse.

The scales of the females (Fig. 68) vary from light grayish-white
to reddish or amber-brown, and are circular or slightly elongated, with
the exuviae central or subcentral, depressed or nipple-like and from
light-yellow to reddish-brown in color. The exuviae may or may not
be surrounded by a depression or ring-like ridge.

The bodies of the females (Fig. 69) are oval, or somewhat tapering
towards the posteiior end, especially in the immature forms. There
are three pairs of distinct lobes on the pygidium (Fig. 70), as follows:
the median pair large with a notch on the outside margin near the
middle; second pair nearly as large, with notch on the outer margin
near the middle ; third pair much smaller, with one or two notches on
the outer margin. There are two divided plates, or pectinte, between
the median lobes, two between the median and second pairs, three
between the second and third pairs, and foUovring the third pair there
are three very large conspicuous ones with enlarged bases, which
greatly aid in distinguishing the species. There are four prominent
dark linear areas, or paraphyses, at the bases of the lobes as shown in
illustration (Fig. 70). The posterior circumgenital pores consist of
from two to three in each group and the anterior from three to four.

The recorded food plants in this State are kentia palms,^" orchids"
and Calofujuc crislnte.^- It has also been taken on avocado in the
TTni versify greenhouse, as already stated. In other regions it has been
found to attack the following plants as well as those already listed:

'Baker and Essig, P. Jr. Ent., Vol. I, pp. 58, 61, 1909; also Monthly Bui. Cal. Hort.
Com., Vol. I, No. 10, pp. 747, 751, 1912.

*Monthlv Hul. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. II. p. 58:5, 1913.

''Monthly Bui. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. IV, p. 116, 1915.

"Baker and Essig. P. Jr. Ent., Vol. I, p. 61. 1909.

"'Whitney, B. B., Monthly Bui. Cal. Hort. Com., Vol. II, p. 5S.3, VMZ.

»2Baker and Essig, P. Jr. Ent., Vol. I, p. 58, 1909.

19G

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Diciyospcrnuim album, EnjUirina indica, sago palm {Cycas sp.),
Latania sp., palms, mango, crotoii rose, Pandanus graminifolius, Areca
iriandra, Cypripcndium sp., Dendrobium sp., Anthurium sp., Aloe
zeyheri, tea,^^ india rubber (Ficus sp.).^* Both AVoglurn^^ and Quayle^*'
report this insect as a serious enemy of citrus trees in Spain, Italy and
Sicily. It attacks mainly the leaves and fruit, but is also found on the
twigs. This aspect of the insect is a serious one for California and one
Miat sliould increase our vigilance in keeping it from gaining a foothold.

Fig. 68. — The dictyospermum scale, Chrysomphalus dic-
tyospermi (Morgan) on kentia palm leaf received' from
A. A. Brock, Ventura, California. Enlarged slightly.
(Original. Photo by Dept. of Sci. lUust., Univ. of Cal.)

Control measures have never been resorted to in this State, except
to completely destroy infested plants, and this is tlie sure means of pre-
venting it from becoming established. If the insect does become an
orchard pest, it will probably be necessary to resort to the same methods
as used for the red scale, Chrysomphahis aurantii (Mask.), which is a
very close relative.

'^Fernald, Mrs. M. E.. Cat. Coccidse, p. 290, 1903.

'*Herrick, Prof. G. W., Tech. Bui. No. 2, Mis.s. Agrcl. Exp. Sta., p. 11, Feb., 1911.
"^Woglum, R. S., Bui. No. 120, Bur. Ent.. U. S. Dept. Agric. pp. 49, 50, Feb. 28, 1913.
'OQuavle, Prof. H. J., Bui. No. 134 (Prof. Paper), U. S. Dept. Agric, pp. 15-17,
Oct. 7, 1914.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

lf)7

Fig. 69. — The dictyospermum scale, Chrysomphaliis dictyospermi (Morgan).
Body of mature female showing general anatomical characters. Greatly enlarged.
(Original.)

Fig. 70. — The dictyospermum scale, Chrusomphalus dicti/ospermi (Morgan).
Pygidium of mature female. Greatly enlarged. (Original.)

]98 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE h2 MK S DIVISION

REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH, 1916,

By Frederick Maskew.

In the proper place in this itemized record of the work of the month
appear a few figures in the following sequence : 4,167. This represents
the number of passengers arriving at the port of San Francisco during
the month of March from points outside Continental United States.
The personal belongings of all these passengers were opened and the
contents examined, by and with the authority of certain federal regula-
tions, for the presence of dutiable or contraband articles. Out of the
4,167 passengers, 1,562 came direct from the Territory of Hawaii,
and under United States Customs regulations their belongings were
exempt from inspection. Under Plant Quarantine regulations the
examination of the baggage of these one thousand five hundred and
sixty-two, which amounted to 3,353 separate pieces, devolved entirely
upon the six horticultural quarantine officers stationed at this port. It
is difficult to grasp the volume of work represented by these four simple
numerals, or to appreciate the amount of tact required to accomplish the
same without friction, yet such work is done regularly and systematic-
ally each week in the year. The searching for contraband fruit and
plant products in the personal belongings of all passengers on the
domestic ships arriving from Hawaiian ports is the most delicate task
assigned to the Quarantine Division. It is also considered by far the
most important of its multifarious duties, and no efforts have been
spared in developing and perfecting the details of this work. The
thoroughness and celerity with which the same is carried out on each
occasion vouch for the value and success of the educational features of
a system which advises and prepares the passengers in advance for this
ordeal, as also for the courtesy and dexterity of the inspectors in the
actual performance of this unpleasant duty.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected

Passengers arrivin;

Horticultural imports

Ships inspected 71

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 4,167

Parcels

Passed as free from pests 162,033

Fumigated 2,074

Refused admittance 165

Contraband destroyed 50

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 164,322

THE MONTJILY HTLLETIN. 199

Pests Intercepted.
From China:

Chio7iaspis sp. on unknown plant.

From Hawaii:

J'scuducDccHS hromeliw and Diaspis bromeiiw on pineapples.

Coccus longulus on betel leaves.

Lepidosaphcs bcckii, Lvvaniuvi sp. 7sc7maspis longirostris, Morganella maskelli,

Hoicardia biclavis, Parlatoria pergandii and Chionaspis .sp. on plants and

cuttings.
Coleopterous larvse in melon seeds.
Hemichionaspis minor on green cocoanuts.
Chionaspis sp. on air plant.

From Japan:

Pscttdaonidia duplex and Pseudococcus sp. on azaleas.
Larvfp of leaf roller on pines.
Weevil in chestnuts.
Antoninu craxci on bamboos.

From Massachusetts:

Heliothrips Jiainorrhoidalis on citri trees.

From Mexico:

Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.
Weevil in beans.

From Oregon:

Lepidosaphes ulmi on unknown species of deciduous tree.

From Papeete:

Carpophilus hemtpterus and Lepidopterous larvae in avocado seed.
Coleopterous borer in palm seed.

From Samoa:

Fungus on oranges.

From Valparaiso:

Lepidopterous larvas in potatoes.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 34

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 104,9S0i

Fumigated 218

Refused admittance 25i

Contraband destroyed 18

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 105,242

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Icerya sp., and Aspidiotus cydonicr on bananas.

From Hawaii:

Howardia biclavis on Hibiscus cuttings.

Diaspis broniPliw and Pstudococcus bromelia; on pineapples.

Pseudococcus sp. and Hoivardia biclavis on guava roots.

From Idaho:

Rhizoctonia on potatoes.

From Iowa:

Eriosoma lanigera on Mains scheideckeri.

From Japan:

Ccroplastes ceriferus, Pseudaonidia pwoniw and Lepidosaphes lasianthi on camel-
lias.
Hemichionaspis aspidistra; and Chrysomphalns ficus on Aspidistra lurida.
Lepidosaphes neiosteadi on umbrella pines.

From Louisiana:

Alcj/rodcs sp. on cape jessamine.
Lepidosaphes lasianthi on camellia.

200 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

From Mexico:

Acanthoscelides obtectus in beans.

Chrysomphalus aoniduni and Aspidiotus sp. on cocoanuts.

From Ohio:

Aleyrodes sp. on lemon plant.

From Oregon:

Rhizoctonia on potatoes.

From Utah:

Lepidosaphes beckii and Phomopsis citri on grapefruit.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected * 29

Pish boats inspected 33

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 200

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 9,275J

Fumigated 1

Refused admittance 3

Contraband destroyed 8i

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 9,288

Pests Intercepted.

From Florida (via Chicago, Illinois):

Lepidosaphes sp. on oranges and grapefruit.
Melanose fungus on grapefruit.

From Illinois:

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Iowa:

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Nebraska:

Woolly aphis, root knot and crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Texas:

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 7

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 171

Fumigated

Contraband

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 171

SANTA BARBARA STATION.
(No report.)

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MIBS MAUDE HIBTT Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NETWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSBTTI. Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION,

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Offlcei

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine InspectOT

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.

A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. "VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

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State Feinting Office

1916

VOLUME V

No. 6

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

Crown gall, natural infection In a root of Royal
Hybrid walnut two years after planting from seed
in a nursery where the soil was artificially inocu-
lated with minced galls. (Original.)

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

JUNE, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page.
CROWN GALL OR PLAXT CANCER Clayton O. Smith 201

CALIFORNIA CERTIFIED SEED POTATOES- W. Y. Sheab 211

THE CAUSE OF UNNECESSARY DECAY IN LEMONS— R. L. Willits 213

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS George P. Weldon 217

GENERAL NOTES.

Northwestern Fruit Exchange to Use Its Influence Toward Pre-
venting THE Shipment of AVorjit and Scabby Apples Into . Cali-
fornia This Fall l George P. Weldon 220

Expert Advice Harry **?. Smith 222

Report of the Forty-seventh Convention of Fruit Growers

E. J. Vosler 223

Paint Large Pruning Cuts i •/. B. Hundley 224

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS DEPARTMENT.

Wireworm Control J. N. French 225

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

Report for Month of Aprti ^ Frederick MasJxCw 23G

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. June, 1916. No. 6

CROWN GALL OR PLANT CANCER.

By Clayton O. Smith, Instructor in Plant Pathology, Citrus Experiment Station,

University of California.

The disease called crown gall, black knot, plant tumor, or plant
cancer, has for manj^ years been well known to the horticulturist and
the plant pathologist. It is only within a few years that the cause of
the trouble has been thoroughly investigated by Dr. Erwin F. Smith
and his associates of the United States Department of Agriculture, and
their bulletins are available to any who may be especially interested in
this trouble.

Crown gall is nearly world-wide in its distribution, being found in all
parts of the United States, in Canada, South Africa, Asia, the countries
of Europe, New Zealand, Australia, Mexico and probably also in South
America.

The malady is a serious one on many of our orchard trees, as it not
only decreases their vigor and productiveness, but also at length is a
frequent cause of their death. A large number of different species of
trees are susceptible. In fact, the organism causing the disease is
almost omnivorous as to its choice of a host, but it is especially severe
on the more important economic trees, such as the apple, almond,
apricot, cherry, grape, peach, plum, prune and walnut.

GALLS OR KNOTS.

The disease, when once seen, is easy to identify, as it is characterized
by an enlargement or growth of soft, spongy tissue of a more or less
spherical shape. These growths are usually situated just below the
surface of the ground on the trunk or body of the tree, often extending
downward some distance on the larger roots, and may be found on them
at some distance from the trunk. The galls continue to increase in size
from year to year until a large excrescence may be formed. The tissue
produced is abnormal and easily decays, making an especially favorable
place for wood-destroying fungi to gain an entrance to the tree. While
the galls are usually below the ground, occasionally aerial ones are
formed on the trunk and large branches. These are hard and cause
little or no serious effects on the tree, except when they may be numerous
as on grapes of the Vinifera varieties.

Trees affected with the disease may not die for some years, indeed
will not until the trunk is entirely surrounded with diseased gall tissue.
The affected trees usually do not make as rapid growth as healthy ones,
but for a time produce a large amount of fruit. The cause of the abnor-
mal amount of fruit is the same as in twigs that have been ringed to make
them productive. The root of the tree suffers most and soon ceases to
23950

202

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

make further growth because of the lack of ela])orated food supplied it
from the leaves. Severely diseased trees may show improper developed
trunks, in that they are flattened or have deep grooves directly above
the galls. In our study of crown gall, we have found these two charac-
teristics an indication of its presence.

Fig. 71. — Crown gall, natural infection in a root of Royal Hybrid walnut two years
after planting from seed in a nursery where the soil was artificially inoculated with
minced galls. (Original.)

GROWTHS RESEMBLING CROWN GALL.

All abnormal growths of trees are not caused by crown gall.

(1) Some of these other sorts of enlargements are caused by insect
stings or by their placing their eggs in the plant tissue. (2) Some of
the galls in the roots are caused by small worms called nematode worms.
These closely resemble small crown galls and are found on tlie roots of
trees and vegetables. (3) Certain species of fungi are capable of caus-
ing galls, one fine example of this is the galls produced on citrus twigs
in Cuba and Porto Rico by a fungus called Spliceropsis tumefaciens.
(4 ) Tubercles are found on many leguminous plants. (5) A gall
caused by a different species of bacteria from that of crown gall is

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 203

foimd on ssuj^ar heels. (6) Tlie knot or liall oL" tlie oJive is caused \)y a
distinct species of bacteria. In addition to these there are other aerial
galls on the twigs of several different kinds of trees, the cause of which
is not yet fully understood. Citrus trees occasionally have these aerial
galls, also eucalyptus seedlings have small knots that never causes any
serious injury. The galls of quince are not very well understood and
do not seriously harm the affected trees. There are also natural galls on
certain varieties of olives that should not be confused with that of
crown gall. Locust trees sometimes have large galls on the trunk which
probably are not the same as crown gall.

BACTERIAL NATURE OF DISEASE.

The cause of crown gall has been fully demonstrated to be a species
of bacteria by the name of Bacterium lumcfaciens, a tumor-forming
organism. The germs are extremely small and may live in the soil or
organic matter as sa])rophytes, and from there enter into the tissue of
living plants through some injury in the bark. Artificial galls have
been repeatedly made to develop by simply pricking the healthy bark
with a steel needle previously touched to a pure culture of the causal
organism. In the gall or tumor tissue comparatively few viable bac-
teria are present, and the microscope does not conclusively demonstrate
the cause of the trouble under ordinary histological methods. The
germs live inside the cells of the host, and, by the products produced
during their development, cause new cells to be formed with unusual
rapidity and in increased numbers. The abnormal tissue thus formed
shows cells with very thin walls and it is at first soft and often with no
well defined bark or epidermis. The germs can often spread through
the plant by the developing of a narrow portion of tissue into a tumor
strand. This strand is invisible externally, but from it secondary
tumors often develop.

Strong evidence has been presented by Dr. Erwin F. Smith showing
many similar characteristics to exist between human tumors and those
of plants, but to present these would be outside the scope of this paper.
All attempts, however, to produce tumors on the lower animals, fishes,
frogs, by inoculating them with crown gall organism have been failures,
or at least uncertain in their results. It is, therefore, safe to conclude
that the organism causing plant gall tumors can not produce tumore in
animals.

VIRULENCE OF THE ORGANISM.

The crown gall organism, however, is a virulent i)lant parasite, and
is capable of producing galls in a large number of plants when placed in
their tissue by artificial inoculations. Galls have thus been produced
artificially en several kinds of trees upon which they have never been
found to occur naturally. The most interesting of these are the dif-
ferent species of citrus, as the orange, lemon and lime. Negative results
have always been secured from inoculating the avocado and the olive.
The fig and loquat are infected "only with difficulty. Often the inocula-
tions when made do not at once show positive gall formation, but may,
as in the quince, remain in a dormant condition. In our quince inocula-
tions the injury made by the puncture inoculations healed, and it was
nearly a year before the small gall-like formations appeared. These
eventually, however, grew into large galls. The condition of the tree

204 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

growth affects the rapidity of gall formation. If there is no growth of
tree there is little or no development of gall. Iiioculation late in
the fall often ivill not develop until active growth the following spring.
May not this retarded development of the disease account for the large
amount of gall that sometimes develops on young orchard trees from
stock that was carefully inspected and appeared to be perfectly free
from crown gall?

AVENUES OF ENTRANCE.

Crown gall infection must start from soil containing the disease-
producing organism. There can be little doubt but that the soils of
California are often naturally infected with crown gall. This is
especially true of those that were formerly wooded or have previously
grown stone fruits, especially if the latter were on peach roots that
were infected with gall.

Little is actually known as to how actively the disease spreads under
nursery irrigation. The fact that irrigation increases the amount of
crown gall would suggest that the disease is possibly spread in this way.

On vigorous growing seedlings like almonds, there is often a scar
directly beneath w^here the seed is attached that would be a most favor-
able place for gall infections. Almond seedlings also sometimes show
small checks or cracks in the surface bark. The gall usually appears at
the crown and very close to where the seed was formerly attached.
Some experimental work is in progress in treating pits before planting
with a thick paste of Bordeaux mixture with the hopes that possibly
this wdll sterilize a small area of soil immediately surrounding the pit
and so possibly prevent this early infection of the tree. These experi-
ments, however, did not lessen the amount of gall as compared with
other check trees.

Any injury to the trunk or root in the nursery or in digging the trees
would be a favorable point for infection. The organism is entirely a
wound parasite and could gain entrance in any mechanical injury,
animal or insect bites.

HOSTS.

The following is a list of plants upon which crown gall has been found
to occur naturally: Apple, apricot, almond, Arbutus unedo, alfalfa,
beet, clematis (wild), clover (red), cherry, chestnut, cotton, daisy
(Paris) or marguerite, grape, hop, honeysuckle, loganberry, peach,
pepper tree, plum, prune, pear, parsnip, pecan, quince, raspberry, rose,
salsify, stereulia, Victoria bottle tree, turnip, willow, English walnut,
California black walnut, eastern walnut.

Galls have been artificially produced on the following in addition to
those named above : Catalina cherry, eucalyptus, citrus, sweet orange,
sour orange, lemon, lime. Anglers quince, Japanese walnut, butternut,
a large number of different species of cultivated and wild plums, includ-
ing the following : Primus cerasifera, P. Americana, P. triflora, P. domes-
tica (some of these varieties are quite resistant) ; P. amygdalus,
P. Armenica, P. avium, P. davidiana, P. hortnlaita (wild goose),
P. Allegheniensis, P. Simonii, P. platycarpa, P. myra, P. eriogyna.

THE MONTHLY BULlETIN. 205

DISEASE IN THE NURSERY.

The disease is extremely common in the nursery. Peach on almond
rootstock is largely used, as the pits are easily and cheaply secured and
the root is well adapted to the various stone fruits. The amount of the
disease varies from year to year, being sometimes as great as 75 per
cent. The iMyrobalau plum is also a very popular stock on the Pacific
coast and is freer from gall in the nursery than the peach or almond.
There is no doubt that much of the disease among orchard trees has
its origin in the nursery, from which it is di.stril)uted over a great
range of territory. In California and other states where there is
rigid inspection of trees and plants, any showing these galls are rejected,
but often the infection has already taken place, but has not sufficiently
developed to show, and so passes inspection only to develop on the young
growing trees.

The injurious effects of the disease vary on the different kinds of
trees, some readily succumbing to the disease, while others are more
resistant and may live and be quite productive for years.

INFECTION AMONG ORCHARD TREES.

Apple trees are quite subject to crown gall, especially at the point
w'here they have been bench-grafted. Here a gall often develops to con-
siderable size in addition to the healing callous. The infection enters
the injury from the soil. Budded or field-grafted trees, although more
expensive, are much superior for planting, as they are always freer
from crown gall. The hard and the soft forms of galls in apples have
a similar cause. The hard form is of slower growth and probably not
so injurious. Another form of apple disease supposed to have a cause
similar to crown gall is the hairy root disease. This disease is char-
acterized by an increased and abnormal production of fine roots that
differ from the normal fibrous ones. These abnormal roots can usually
be traced back to an irregular swelling or knot on the root. Prom these
w^arty knots a rapid-growing succulent root develops that by intricate
branching develops into a great mass of fine roots. Sometimes there is
a broom-like formation of fine roots that occurs at the end of a side
root that otherwise seems to be healthy. In general, the hairy roots
are more fleshy and numerous than normal roots. Some stages of the
disease are not accompanied by typical galls on the roots, but have
small enlargements of the tissue at the base of the clustered hair}- roots.
While this form of gall differs manifestly from the other one described,
it has been found to be caused by a bacterial organism closely allied
if not identical with the one causing the spherical galls. There is some
difference of opinion as to the seriousness of crown gall on apple, some
authorities claiming it does not injure the bearing properties, while
others claim a stunted and short-lived tree.

Pears are occasionally diseased with crown gall and the pear stock in
common use, Primus communis, as well as the varieties so far tested,
readily take the disease. Not much is known as to how common or
serious the disease is in pears.

Cherry stock is somewhat more resistant than peach or roots of the
other stone fruits. The jMazzard and Mahaleb roots when tested became
infected, yet the former variety showed considerable resistance. The

2—23950

206

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

disease only rarely caused serious trouble in the cherry orchards,
although a few cases have been observed where the disease was especially
virulent.

Plums, peaches, almonds and apricots are often severely diseased.
Different varieties of peaches, Muir, Salway and Lovell, have been arti-

FiG. 72. — Peach limb artificially inoculated with the
crown gall organism February 15, 1912. Photo-
graphed February, 1916. (Original.)

ficially infected, as well as the different varieties of almond that are
used as rootstocks. Much more resistance is shown among plums,
especially the German prune and Damson, while the Myrobalan, whicli
is a popular rootstoek, is more readily infected. Orchards of peach and
almond often show a high percentage of diseased trees, and there is
little chance of a badly infected tree outgrowing the disease.

The English walnut is susceptible to the disease when on English
roots, as much as 50 per cent of nursery trees being sometimes affected.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 207

Galls are not so often found on tlio black root, Juglans califoDiica,
wiiieli is now used as a rootstoek for tlie grafted varietias of English
walnut. The disease on the walnut first causes the formation of a gall,
which later decays and leaves the tree with the appearance of being
eaten off at or below the surface of the ground. Black walnuts and
English walnuts have been artificially inoculated.

The pecan has been found having the crown gall and has been arti-
ficially inoculated from pure cultures. Just how serious the disease
may be in the pecan is not known as the tree is not connnercially grown
in California.

Quinces as grown in California have an aerial form of the gall,
called black knot. This has been proven by Dr. Erwin F. Smith to be
caused by a bacterial organism that is probably identical with that of
crown gall as found on other trees. The disease, in most cases, does
not seriously affect tlie tree, although hardly a quince tree in California
is free from it.

CONTROL.

The control of crown gall will be briefly considered under the fol-
lowing: (1) Resistant stock as shown by artificial inoculation experi-
ments on different species and varieties of Pninus; (2) Careful inspec-
tion of the tree before planting, followed up for a time by yearly
inspection; (3) Sterilization of roots of small trees l)efore planting
with a germicide; (4) Tree surgery.

Stock Resistance.

Grow, if possible, stock having some natural resistance to crown gall.
Grape stocks are often diseased. The European varieties are more
susceptible than the American species. It has been shown by Dr. Geo.
G. Hedgcock^ that the Rupestris St. George variety shows resistance to
crown gall as well as resistance to phylloxera. He also shows certain
varieties of apples, such as Northern Spy, Ben Davis and Yellow Bell-
flower, to be strongly resistant to crown gall and hairy root disease.

Much attention has been given to the study of resistance in stocks that
should be adapted to the various stone fruits. The plan has been to
actuall}^ inoculate the various sorts of stock under experimentation with
pure culture of the crown gall organism. At the end of the growing
season a record was made of the percentage of gall that developed.
While one season was usually sufficient, it was occasionally necessary to
make another observation the following year.

The following paragraphs summarize this work and show the per-
centage of successful infections on several of the different species and
varieties studied :

Degree of Resistance.

Apricots: Prunus Armenica (Mikado), 27 per cent; P. dasycarpa
(purple), 40 per cent; P. Mandschurica (Chinese), 42 per cent;
P. Mume (Japanese), 91 per cent; P. Armenica (Royal), 07 per cent;
miscellaneous (California varieties), 60 to 90 per cent.

'Field .studies of the crown gall and hairy root of the apple, Bulletin 186, Bureau
of Plant Industry: Field Studies of the crown sail of the grape, Bulletin 1S3, Bureau
of Plant Indu.stry, United States Department of Agricultuie.

208 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Peaches: Prunus Mira (Wild Chinese), 10 per cent; P. Persica
(Muir), 85 per cent; Salway, 90 per cent; Elberta, Oi per cent.

Almonds: Amygdalus communis (bitter), 85 per cent; A. davidiana
(Chinese), 88 per cent; A. communis (sweet), 95 per cent; miscel-
laneous (sweet varieties), 80 to 90 per cent.

Plums: Prunus pumila (sand plum), 0 per cent; P. domestica
(Italian prune), 7 per cent; P, insiiitia (Purple Duane stock), 7 per
cent; P. domestica (German prune), 10 per cent; P. insititia (Damson),
10 per cent; P. domestica (Green Gage), 25 per cent; P. cerasifera
(hybrid) (Mariana), 85 per cent; P. triflora (Burbank), 90 per cent;
P. munsoniana (Wild Goose), 92 per cent; P. cerasifera (Myrobalan),
95 per cent; P. triflora (hybrid) (Wickson), 98 per cent; P. Simonii
(Simon), 99 per cent.

Other Stocks.

A large number of native species of plum are to be found in the
United States, many of which are suitable for stock of the stone fruits.
Among these are several types of hybrids that are vigorous and have
been used in certain sections as stock. There are also European,
Chinese and Siberian species of Prunus that may be excellent for stone
fruits. In California there are three or four wild species of Prunus
that may be adapted for certain sections and certain fruits. One of
these is the California wild plum, Prunus suhcordata, var., Kelloggii or
Sisson plum, found growing near ]\It. Shasta. Then there is the desert
apricot, P. eriogyna, growing on the very edge of the desert. This is
a bush, rarely a tree, from 6 to 12 feet high. The seedlings resemble
the cultivated apricot somew^hat in appearance of leaf. The pits ger-
minate quickl}^, 10 to 15 days, and if sown early in the spring they
would not require layering. In general appearance and size the pits
are quite similar to those of Myrobalan. A strong growing tap root is
quickly developed. It is not known whether this species will easily
transplant or how well it is adapted to the various stone fruits. It is
closely related botanically to the apricot and apricots have been
successfully grafted on it.

The desert almond, P. fascicMlata, is native over a considerable area of
southern California. It is a small, slightly thorny shrub, 3 to 6 feet
high. Pits small, irregular in shape, thin walled, smooth with sharp
ridges.

The Texas almond, P. minutiflora, maximum growth about 12 feet,
is found entirely in Texas and is often badly infected with crown
gall. Then there is a Mexican almond, P. microphylla, which closely
resembles the Texas almond. These would doubtless be adapted to the
peach and almond but might not show much advantage over those we
already grow. They have strong developed tap roots and are found
wild in desert localities.

Field Inspection.

Carefully discard all diseased trees, even if some have to be sacrificed
that have only small galls present. If the inspector does not throw out
the diseased trees the grower should do so. The following spring the
young trees should be carefully examined by digging away the earth
about the crown down to the roots. If the trunk shows any evidence of
gall formation, the tree should be mai-ked, either to be replaced by a

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 209

new tree or treated. Do not try to treat badly infected small trees. It
is more expensive than to purchase a healthy tree. A tree after the
end of the first year is not so likely ever to contract gall, although it
would be well to again inspect the trees at the end of the second
season. When a tree is replanted where one has been diseased, care
should be taken to use fresh earth in filling in around the tree.

The treated tree should be marked and examined again, for often the
first treatment is not entirely effective and the galls may again begin
to appear at the treated margins. If such is the case, the tree should
be again treated. The individual judgment of the operator must be
used as to whether the small tree had best be replanted or treated. If
one begins with the small orchard and is willing to give careful atten-
tion to this trouble there should be no difficulty in keeping the crown of
the tree free from gall. The root one can not expect to treat. It
would be better not to take too much risk in treating badly-galled trees
of one year's growth in the orchard, as it is very questionable if such
will ever become profitable commercial trees.

Use Clean Ground.

If resistant stock can be secured, it should be used in preference to
equally as good but susceptible stock. The importance of growing
nursery stock in soil free from crown gall infection is becoming more
and more recognized by nurserymen. The growers also are demanding
such stock and sometimes going to considerable trouble and expense to
find nurseries free from gall infection. At present there is no way of
easily locating such nurseries except by a personal visit at tree digging
time.

Next in importance to having clean stock is to plant in ground free
from natural infection. There is good reason to think that certain of
our native trees and shrubs may be sometimes diseased with crown gall.
If this is the case, these abnormal growths can often be detected when
the land is cleared. Old orchards of stone fruit trees are sometimes
removed and again replanted to stone fruits. There is always danger
of these old trees being infected.

It would be safer to wait for two or three years before replanting
stone fruit trees in soil recently cleared from diseased trees. Citrus,
the olive, or other resistant trees could be planted at once. In cbe
meanwhile, the ground could be used for any of the annual crops, but
not for alfalfa, as this plant is susceptible to crown gall and woidd
probably further infect the soil.

Germicides.
The experiments in using germicides on peach roots have not given
satisfactory results. The amount of gall lessened by the treatment
was not sufficient to justify its use. There was always injury to the
trees Avhen the germicide was of sufficient strength to protect riie tree
from infection. In the experiments, Bordeaux paste, as recommended
for lemon gummosis, was used, also Bordeaux mixture of the following
strengths: 4-6-50, 12-15-50. Concentrated Ortho lime-sulphur and ihe
two following strengths of 1-10 and 1-20 were tested. The concentrated
solution killed all treated trees, the weaker strengths did not so mark-
edly injure the tree as did the Bordeaux solutions, but their bendicial
effects were slight. At present there is no chemical solution that can
be recommended.

210

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Surgery.

Tree surgery has been occasionally successfully used in treating
orchard trees. Its use is, however, limited to the crown and upper
roots of the tree. The work requires considerable care to be efficient.
The discouraging part of the work is that the gall sometimes grows
again at the margin of the treated area, when a second treatment is
necessary. A good germicide should be used on the treated surface.
A commercial preparation known as Warnock tree paint has been used
with good results on large trees. It can not be safely used on young

Fig. 73. — Tools useful in tree surgery. These can be
used in removing the dirt from the base of the tree and in
cutting out the infected tissue. (Original.)

trees without injury, nor is it advisable to apply it to any large area
of the bark of the treated tree. A good germicide to use in tree surgery
work is Bordeaux paste which, as recommended by Professor II. S.
Fawcett, is made as follows :

Bordeaux Paste: Twelve pounds of bluestone (copper sulphate)
dissolved in 8 gallons of water in a wooden, earthen or glass vessel ; and
24 pounds of quick lime slaked in 8 gallons of water. When the lime
is cool, stir together about equal parts by volume of each for making
enough mixture to last for one day only. The bluestone is easiest dis-
solved by suspending it in a sack at the top of the water overnight. If
the bluestone is pulverized and suspended in warm water it dissolves
rapidly. Good lime that is not air-slaked should be used, and after

Tllb: MONTHLY lUJLLETIN. 211

slaking- it witli tlir watci- it slioulil he allowt'd to cool Ix'l'oi'c; hciiiK used
ill iiiakiiifj;' paste IT covcri'd to avoid ovaporation, each ingri'dicnt will
keep indetinitcly, bul, ni'lvv mixing-, the paste slowly deteriorates.
Where it is lieing: used over a nuinher of days or weeks, just enou.u:]i of
the wet slaked lime and the hluestone solution should he mixed to make
})aste eiiougli to last for one day, leaving the remainder unmixed in
separate vessels. It may be applied with large brushes, as is whitewash.

Conclusions.

The control of crown gall may be summarized as follows :

(1 ) Resistant stock is the most satisfactory treatment for this trouble.
The ex[)(M-imental work at jn-esent is of necessity incomplete, but certain
of the more resistant stocks will doubtless soon ])e available. These will
be found for the most part among the Domestica and Damson plums.
P. pumila has not been sufficiently tested to know its real merits as a
stock, but it will doubtless dwarf the tree more or less and should only
be grown in an experimental way for the i)resent. The so-called
Duane Purple stock has been grown in commercial orchards and should
be farther tested under various soil and climatic conditions.

(2) Inspection of trees before and after planting is important and
should be rigidly employed. Clean stock planted in ground free from
infection is to be strongly recommended.

(3) Tree surgery will never be of general application, as it is
expensive in time, labor and patience and will not appeal to the
average grower.

CALIFORNIA CERTIFIED SEED POTATOES.

By W. V. Shear, Secretary of the West Coast Potato Association and A.ssistant
Horticulturist, United States Department of Agriculture.

Last year certified seed potatoes were grown for the first time in
California. Between 2,000 and 3,000 sacks were produced and will
be planted the coming season, mostly to grow more certified seed.
Besides these, several cars of certified seed potatoes have come into
the state from other states. The movement for the production of good
seed potatoes in California is, therefore, well under way. Owing to
the necessary care in the production of this stock, last year a marked
improvement was made over the seed stock previously grown in this
state, and it has elicited much praise from those Avho have been able
to secure a portion of it for this season's planting. However, since the
methods of production of certified seed are comparatively little known,
as yet, throughout the state, and since there is naturally considerable
misunderstanding regarding its production in different localities and
its value under all circumstances, it may be well to mention a few of
the important phases of this industry.

The certified seed law is a standardizaiioih law — it estal)lishes a
standard for this product and determines what qualifications potatoes
must have to be sold as California certified seed. It therefore has
little to say al)cut hmr these potatoes shall be grown, but says con-
siderable about what they must be after they are grown. It does not
state what kind or what quality of potatoes shall be used for seed to

212 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,

grow certified stock; it does not say how they shall be planted, or irri-
gated, or cultivated or fertilized. It deals with results of production
rather than methods of production. Howe"\?er, the law was established
because of the demand for good seed and the necessity for having it
in order to grow good crops. It is very desirable, therefore, that those
who wish to produce certified seed should plant that kind of seed if
it can be obtained. If it can not be obtained, then the grower must
do the best he can with what he is able to get. At this late season of
the year there is very little, if any, certified seed to be obtained.

While there is no command in the law to dip seed for scab and
rhizoctonia, with the majority of seed stocks this is a very important
procedure if these diseases are to be kept in check sufficiently to pro-
duce stock that will pass for certified seed. Since these diseases are
so very common, the law permits a light infection of these diseases
in certified seed; and where certified seed is used it may be desirable
to treat it with corrosive sublimate or formaldehyde solution. The very
high cost of corrosive sublimate at the present time may make it almost
prohibitive, and where the rhizoctonia infection is very slight the
formaldehyde solution may be substituted.

INSPECTION.

In order that potatoes may measure up to the standard of certified
seed, it is not sufficient to inspect them after they have been harvested
and ready for shipment. The old adage that "you can not tell from
the looks of a frog how far it can jump" applies in this case. Three
inspections of the crop are necessary: when the plants are in bloom
to determine mixture and disease infection ; when they are almost
mature to determine disease infection and productiveness ; and after
harvest to determine disease infection, uniformity and grading. The
cost of these inspections is put upon the grower and may vary from
three to ten dollars per acre, depending upon the acreage in any par-
ticular locality.

VARIATIONS IN CERTIFIED SEED.

Certain small amounts of the most common fungous diseases are
permissible. Not over 5 per cent light infection of scab or 10 per
cent light infection of rhizoctonia, or 8 per cent light infection of wilt
disease may be permitted. These diseases are so common and difficult
to eradicate entirely that it would be very difficult to secure much, if
any, seed without some infection of one or more of these diseases, and
under the circumstances this is a high standard. It is evidently impos-
sible for the inspector to supervise the grading of every sack of certified
seed. It therefore becomes incumbent upon the grower, after being
informed as to just what the standard is. to see that his pack is kept up to
this standard, and he becomes responsible for any infringement of
the law.

RELATIVE SEED VALUES IN CERTIFIED SEED POTATOES.

It may seem to many that all certified seed potatoes must have th i
same value for seed purposes regardless of where they are grown or
where they are planted. However, this is by no means the case. The
State of California comprises a very great variety of soil and climatic
conditions — as varied as that of the whole Atlantic coast. AVe have

THfi MONTIJLY BUliLETIN. 213

localities conipai-al)le U) the climate of Florida and also to that of
northern ]\Iaine, and it is a well known fact that seed potatoes from
Florida differ in value from seed potatoas grown in northern IMaine.
This is evidenced from tlie fact that seed stock from nortliern Maine
is shipped to points throughout the Atlantic seaboard and even into
Texas. Potatoes normally thrive best in cool, short season, temperate
climates ; and seed stocks taken from such localities will grow faster
and produce earlier crops than seed grown in localities where the
climate is warmer. Therefore, where earliness is a factor in securing
better prices for the crop, as is usually the case in early potato-growing
sections, it is advisable to use for part of the crop seed which has been
grown far north or at a high altitude. It is a common belief that
potatoes will "run out" when planted year after year in the same
locality. This is doubtless true where no attempt is made at selection
of the best hills, and is especially true in warm localities where it is
difficult to carry potatoes over from one year to the next. Potatoes will
retain their vigor for a greater number of years in a cold, rigorous
climate than in a mild or warm climate.

Seed potatoes also require quite a long period of rest or dormancy
after being harvested before they will naturally germinate and produce
a new crop. It is because of this fact that growers who desire to pro-
duce two crops in a single year often have difficulty in securing a
stand by planting early-crop seed for a fall crop. Not only does a con-
siderable portion of the seed fail to germinate, but the yield from the
plants which do grow is usually considerably smaller than where the
seed has had an opportunity to "rest" for several months.

People who use certified seed potatoes must, therefore, understand
their local conditions and secure such seed as will meet the require-
ments of their own peculiar circumstances to best advantage. It miLst
not be taken for granted that, because seed potatoes are "certified,"
no further thought need be taken to secure such stocks as will meet the
particular needs of a particular locality.

THE CAUSES OF UNNECESSARY DECAY IN LEMONS,*

By R. L. WiLLiTS of Corona, California.

The work wherein the causes of unnecessary decay in the lemon may
occur can be divided into three heads : the growing, picking and packing.
No one can hope to establish a reputation in the markets of this
country for firm, good-keeping lemons if there be lack of care in any of
the three branches of this work. It has been fully demonstrated to the
satisfaction of the shippers of the packs that bring full prices that the
trade is willing to pay a good price for careful, intelligent and con-
sistent work, and it has also been demonstrated to the dissatisfaction
perhaps of the careless ones that poor work will be discounted, so that
it is more expensive in the end than good, careful work.

When all the operations employed in the growing, picking and pack-
ing of lemons are organized, and checking methods put into practice so
.that the responsibility for every part of the work is definitely fixed, the

*Address before State Fruit Growers' Convention, San Bernardino, California,
February, 1916.

3— 23t)u0

214 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

results show that careful work is usually done cheaper than where less
careful work is permitted. The fact that careful work is usually
cheaper is accounted foi* hy reason of better organization, each emploj^ee
feeling a certain responsibility for the work he is performing.

The cultural problems that confront the grower who is trying to
produce good-keeping lemons are more numerous and harder to solve,
perhaps, than those that are met in the other two departments. No one
has demonstrated that all lemons can be grown up to size while they are
still green, but intelligent effort to come as near as possible to this
optimum is well paid for. Cultural methods that will keep the foliage
dark green and the trees growing and free from gum disease, scale and
other parasites will produce the largest proportion of green lemons that
are up to size, and any grower who fails to do whatever is necessary to
maintain this condition is increasing the per cent of decay by neglecting
his part of the work, as well as the foreman who permits rough handling.

Brown rot was at one time one of the most alarming causes of decay,
but Math the help of the State University and some of the most progres-
sive growers well defined methods for the prevention of this loss have
been worked out; for instance, the covering of the ground under the
tree and out beyond the drip of the branches with some kind of a
mulch, or the spraying of the lower branches and the ground with
Bordeaux. The latter method is considered the most effectual, and if
the trunk of the tree is wet with the spray at the same time, tliis will
help protect against possi))le infection of the bark by brown rot which
causes gum disease. The Bordeaux dries on the fruit and leaves a
coating, which .protects against infection. The comparatively small
amount of Bordeaux that is sprayed on the ground would have little
eff'ect in killing all the brown rot that is pr^^sent in the soil of badly
infested orchards, as it has lieen found scattered through the soil to a
depth of four feet ; but when the brown rot attempts to grow to the
surface of the ground, a very large part of it is killed by coming in
contact Avith the Bordeaux.

A good cover crop also acts as a check to the spread of the brown rot
spores, in that it forms a covering over the ground, and the spores are
not so apt to rise up through a thick growing crop and get on the trees.
However, a heavy cover crop creates an ideal condition in wet weather
for the propagation of another form of decay, commonly known as
"cottony rot" or "white mould." This fungus is carried over from
one wet season to another in the soil by the selerotia, or small black
bodies that develop in the cottony growth. During wet periods the
selerotia send a growth to the surface of the ground which produce
cup-shaped discs in which the spores are produced in microscopic sacs.
At the end of the sacs the growth upon drying breaks apart, and the
spores are ejected into the air. The sacs are so sensitive that ev(>n
blowing the ])reath over them will cause the outer end to break and a
cloud of spores to rise into the air.

I have seen trees where a large part of the young lemons and bloom
was destroyed by cottony rot. It does not often attack the larger
fruit, but when this form of decay gets started in a box of lemons, it
soon takes all the fruit in the box, if not discovered in time. There are
some l\inds of cover crop in which it seems to thrive better than others.
It can he found more abundant, perhaps, in vetch than in any other

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 215

cover crop in coiiiiiKni use, wliile Mclilotus indica, beinw an upright
growiiiii' plant, offers less oppdrtuiiity for the growth of this fungus.

I\rr. C. 0. Smith of the State l^ithologieal Laboratory at Whittier
has done a great deal of work investigating this lorni of decay, and has
prepared a bulletin on the subject, which will, no doubt, be available
soon, and whieh I am sure will be of interest to all lemon growers.

Brown centers, so called, have caused a great deal of loss, cspeeially
dui'ing the last two seasons, and so far we have been unable to place
this loss in tlie avoidable decay column, but Dr. Webber and his assist-
ants are at work on this problem, and we expect to know more about
the cause and control of this decay soon.

A great deal has been said about the different classes of labor
employed in picking, and no doubt the good or bad standing the dif-
ferent classes of pickers have is very largely due to the kind of super-
vision exercised. The right picking foreman will get good results from
almost any of the different classes of help that are available. If a
regular inspection of each picker's W'Ork is maintained, any poor work
is soon discovered, and if the inspections are properly followed up,
decay that results from long stems, clipper cuts, and scratches from
thoi-ns and dead brush Can be gi'catly reduced, but the responsibility for
the work must be definitely fixed in order to get best results.

The damage caused by rough handling in the field is not easily
detected by inspecting the fruit in the packing house, unless a very
careful and minute examination is made of each lemon. Rough hand-
ling should 1)6 guarded against by the foreman on the ground, and he,
in turn, should be regularly checked up. It is very important that
great care should be exercised in the handling of lemons. They should
never be dropped any distance at all, not even an inch. The importance
of this may be demonstrated by taking a lemon and dropping it about
two inches onto a dry board, and if it is dropped so that it falls on the
point, a moist spot will appear on the boarcl. showing the lemon has
been damaged.

The picking bag should not be too large. A bag that will hold about
twenty-five pounds of fruit is used by some of the most careful concerns,
and the opening in the bag should be so arranged that the picker's hand
\v\\\ have to put the lemon in the bag, instead of dropping it into the
opening. A wide, open-topped bag .will catch more small bits of dead
branches and the short pieces of stem that come from making the second
cut.

The clippers should be carefully gone over to make sure they are
sharp enough to make a clean cut. Sometimes the blades get sprung
apart so that they leave a small sliver of the woody part of the stem.
This will cause more damage than a long stem, as it is so sharp that it
cuts into every lemon it touches.

Great loss by decay has been caused by permitting picked lemons to
remain in the grove during a rain where the soil is badly infested with
brown or cottony rot.

One of the most common mistakes in handling the boxes on and off
the wagons is to allow a box to drop off the cleat at one end of the box
below and come down on the lemons, and then be pulled across before
being picked up.

216 THE MONTHLY BULLETHST.

We use low, narrow wagons that are easily loaded and can be taken
into the groves with little damage to the trees, and the lemons are taken
directly to the packing house on these wagons, with but the one handling.

It is very important that the picking should be done at the right
time, and the interval between pickings should be varied to suit the
weather conditions at different times of the year. During the time of
year when rains are apt to occur a special effort should be made to
have the picking closely kept up.

Some growers have an idea that it pays to let the lemons grow large
in order to get greater ciuantity, but this is usually an economic waste,
both in the growing and marketing, for the energy of the tree is
expended in growing fruit that is of poorer keeping quality than that
which is picked when the proper size, and it is also an off size that is
not wanted, being sold at a discount. Pooling arrangements should
pass this loss on to the grower who is responsible.

It is a mistake to leave small yellow ripe lemons on the tree, trying to
force them up to the regular size at the expense of keeping quality ; a
small lemon that will keep may be worth something, but a full-sized
lemon that wall not is a liability.

I want to again emphasize the fact that all parts of the work should
be so organized, that if anything occurs that tends to increase the decay
of the fruit the blame can be immediately placed where it belongs.

TIIK MONTHLY BULLETIN.

217

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

(June 3, 1916.)

By Geo. P. Weldon.
Compiled from the reports of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

County

5-S

a

Ul

o

(6

„«

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Kern --

Kings

Lake

Lassen

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito*

San Bernardino

San Diego

San .Joaquin

San Luis Obispo..
Santa Barbara ...

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solanot

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Tuba „.

65

20

75

60

#

100

75

U

#

#

50

#
80
35
60
90

#
50

#
50

#

25

90

65

100

#

70

40

100

#

#

20

0

#

25

80

#
90

tt
90
65

n

50
90

#
60

#
50

5
100

100

#

60

65

80

100

100

100

75

90

100

50

25

80

90

100

60

80

80

10

tt

75

75

75

100

100

23

#

100

65

#

70

90

10
75
45

#
25
75

tt
60
75
SO
25

0

40
20
85
40
15
10
25
50
50
50
25
5
0
25

?0
30
50
SO
40
40
40

90
#
tt
tt
tt
lOO
100

80
tt
tt
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75

50

30 I lOO
#
50
100

30
50
50
10
30 I 50
25 j 100
90 50
0 100

65
100

50
100

70

90

#

100

#

100

#
#
tt

75
50
50

10

50

tt

20

30

#

75

90

#

#

#

50

0

#

#

80

#

10

25

30

40

35

50

85

50

90

0

25

100

lOO

10

25

5

5

25
100
100

75

#
#

60

#

100

it

tt
tt

50

90

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tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
75
#

50
100

tt

tt

75

tt

—

tt

— "

tt

tt

it

100

#

50

100

tt

tt

tt

100

#

#

#

50

#

#

#

50

100

#
#
tt
tt

tt

tt
tt

100

#

100

100
100

#
#

100

#
#

ft o

#
#

#

100
100

#
#
#
#
#
#

lOO

#

#

#
#
#

lOO
90

#

95

75

tt

tt

100

#

80

#
tt
tt

tt \ 100

100
100

#

100

#
#

80
100

#

100

#
#
#

100

i 80

; 100
tt

80
100

#

#

100

#
tt

100

90

— 100

# : #

100 100

75
60

60

#
100

100

tt
tt

100

tt
tt
tt

100

tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt

no

90
75

tt

lOO
100

tt

tt

100

#
#
#
#

#
#

90

#

100

-'

1 ^

tt

80

25

—

75

75

80

65

70

40

50

tt

90 100
— i 90

# !--

85

90

50

0

100

80

75

70

10

75

60
100

75

75

80

70

85

50

80

75

90
#

75

75

60
5

60

tt
25

0
50

#
30

tt
25
50
50
60

75
40
68
100
50
20
50

80
85
85
65
90
tt
75
60

•1 03

35
tt

70
40

tt

#

90

tt

tt

0

30

tt

tt
10
25
80
40
100
80

#
65

tt
80
25
75

80

#

90

#

50

—

50

—

25

50

5

5

75

75

80

50

80

100

50

75

75

—

tt

75

tt

tt

80

90

75

75

30
35
75
50
30
#
70

tt

10(1

100

25

0

tt

85

75

#

10

40
40

tt
75
50
50
80
20
50
95

#

50
40
60

5

75
35
100
75
75
95

50
60

tt

tt

100

100

#

u
tr

85

tt

tt

tt

50

U

70
«
tt
#
tt
tt
tt

20

100

tt

50

tt

tt

100

75
80
50

#
tt

75
0
tt

90
tt
tt
tt
#

65
tt
tt

Piguros in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.
— Horticultural commissioner has insufiScIent information for a report.

# Not grown commercially.

t No commi.ssioner in county. Report received from Farm Adviser.

* No report received since May 1st.

218

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Grapes.

County

S »

•-i ^
3 !

t3 is
I 3

County

•a W

rD I

a I

r-t- I

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa
El Dorado ...

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt ---

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings .-

Lake

Los Angeles .

Madera

Mendocino .^-

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

50
75

#

100
90

100
100

#

100
100

100

#

50 n

75 j #
— I 70

100

85

#

100

100
100

#

100

#

#

100

#

20

100 30O
100 ' ICO

100

100

35

90 i 90

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino _

I San Diego

' San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo.
Santa Barbara ._

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz ._

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano*

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Volo

Yuba

33

#
25

33

90
25

33
90
2")

100 100 lOO
100 100 , 100
70

#
. #

50

75

50

50

#

100

#

80
75

#

70

#

n

#

#

#

#

#

50

75

75

0

#

#

00

100

#

#

#

80

80

75

75

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.
— Horticultural commissioner has insutHcient information for a report.

# Not grown commercially.

* No horticultural commissioner.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

219

STATISTICS.

Kstiiiiiitcd iit'i- cent of tlu' total crop of tlic princijuil California fruits fe'rowii in cacli of the
main prodiiciiifj counties during a season of normal production. Compiled from the reports of
the county liorlicultural commissioners.

Comity

-I 3 I
3

CO

o
a

a

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa ._.

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Mereed

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

(Grange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino ..

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo,.
Santa Barbara ._-

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter .._.

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

12

11

12

>
\3.

51

16

14

6

4 I

iS

31

7

10

■^

18

10

23

*

2

#

26

«

2

•»

6

6

11

5

^ .f

«

2

5
15

14
■2

11
5

11
G

3
3

14

9fi

2=-

29

10

f)

14

*

*

*

*

31

5

13

9

2

2

*

«

A CO

7
18

39

18

16

30

38

10

55

4
12

*

1

• 1

2

4

i

2 i

*

20

*Less than 2 per cent of State's normal crop grown in county.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER^ Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harry S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief DepCty Quarantine GiBcer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at' the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of July 16, 1894.

Northwestern Fruit Exchange to use its influence toward prevent-
ing the shipment of wormy and scabby apples into California this
fall. — The market for California apples packed by the Watsonville
Apple Distributors last season, under the Standardization Act of 1915,
was seriously crippled because of the shipment into this state of very
poor grade, scabby, and almost worthless apples from Oregon and
Washington. Because of this fact the following letter was sent to
Mr. H. G. Fletcher, Manager of the Northwestern Fl-uit Exchange
at Seattle, Washington :

NOBTHWESTEKN FbUIT EXCHANGE,

Stuart Building, Seattle, Washington.

Gentlemen: I wish to call your attention to the fact that the marketing of
California apples, packed under a standardization act passed by the 1915 session of
the legislature, was greatly injured by the shipment into California of exceedingly
poor grade, scabby fruit from the Northwest last season. The Watsonville Apple
Distributors, representing 80 per cent of the growers of a section which produces
more than l")0 per cent of the entire state's output of apples, packed all their best
apples under state label, in accordance with the terms of the act. To them your
shipments have meant little short of disaster, and if, each season, the Northwest
were allowed to unload this kind of stuff onto us, our standardization law, which
promises so much, would be of little value. That your people recognize the detri-
mental effect upon their own market, and the disastrous lowering of a standard
which they have tried so hard to maintain, and that they do not countenance the
practice of shipping scabby, worthless fruit, is indicated in the resolutions adopted
by the North Yakima Association, a copy of which I am enclosing.

THE MONTHLY BULT>ETIN. 221

Can you not give us some assurance that the class of fruit allowed to come into
California last season will be kept out in the future? Unless you can, California
will be compelled to deal with the situation in a drastic manner, in order to protect
the hiph standards of the legislative act of 1915.

Hoping to hear from you soon, and that you may be able to meet the situation
there, so that action on the part of this state will not be necessary, I am,

Very truly yours,

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE,
By (Sgd.) Geo. P. Weldon, Chief Deputy and

Acting State Commissioner of Horticulture.

In repl}' to the above, ^Ir, Fletcher wrote as follows:

Portland, Oregon, May 23, 1916.
Mr. Geo. P. Weldon,

Acting State Commissioner of Horticulture,
Capitol Building, Sacramento, California.

Dear Sir : Beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor under date of May 18th. I
am attaching hereto copy of a bulletin which we have issued today to all of the
shippers in the Northwest affiliated with the Northwestern Fruit Exchange. I am
quite confident that it will not be necessary for j-ou to take any drastic action on
shipments made by those affiliated with this Exchange. Also, I am sure that our
shippers in the different districts will be very glad to assist you and the growers
of your state in any way possible to keep the apple markets of your state in the
very best possible condition, and we realize that the only way this can be done
is by placing on those markets fruits of marketable quality.

We feel confident that you intend to be thorough in your policing of these ship-
ments, and that no partiality will be possible. It would work a serious hardship
on our shippers if they are not permitted to make shipments of these scabby apples,
especially to California markets, when some of their competitors are exercising this
privilege.

Last season there were some experiments conducted by shipping wormy apples
in crates. These experiments proved disastrous for the growers, shippers and everj--
body else, and there is no possibility that there will be a repetition of this experi-
ment. I think the only fruit that the California authorities will have to watch
for carefully will be scabby apples from some of the Oregon districts. The
growers in the Hood River and Medford sections are making an heroic effort to
eliminate this scab, and we are hopeful that they will be successful this season, but
due to recent rains, just at the time when they should have been applying another
spray for the scab, there is some possibility that they have not been able to check
this disease entirely. We are trying to negotiate satisfactory disposition of any
scabby fruit coming into the hands of our shippers for sale to by-products plants.
We trust what we have done in answering your request for assistance is satisfactory.
If you have any other suggestions to offer, we will appreciate them.

Very truly yours,

NORTHWESTERN FRUIT EXCHANGE,
By H. G. Fletcher, Sales Manager.

In tlfe bulletin which i\Ir. Fletcher mentions in his letter as being
sent to the members of the Exchange, the following statement is
made :

*'We do not anticipate that it will be necessary for the Cali-
fornia Horticultnral Commission to draft any state laws pro-
hibiting the sale of such frnit in the California markets on
account of any action by the shippers atfiliated with the North-
western Fruit Exchange in refusing to honor this request, but

222 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

that assistance will be rendered to the California commission
and the shippers of that state by this Exchansfe and its affilia-
tions in supporting the effort, which effort is certainly a worthy
one."— G.P.W.

Expert Advice. — One occasionally sees, in our various journals and
newspapers, paragraphs devoted to the above topic, usually written
in a vein of ridicule. Not that these reflect the attitude of the editors
themselves, for there are no more ardent supporters of experimenta-
tion and research than these same papers. They do, however, reflect
the opinions of a rapidly decreasing but still far too large proportion
of our farmers. These paragraphs referred to usually appear in the
shape of a letter and are presumably published with the idea of
leavening somew^hat the heavier and more profound portions of the
journal. To the farmer who had the complaint to make, however,
the difficulty was a real one, and it may safely be assumed that he had
no intention of contributing anything humorous to the paper.

It is only too frequently true that the application of expert advice
to specific farm problems by the farmers themselves fails to bring
the desired result, but such failure should not by any means always
be laid at the door of the expert. There are two sides to the question.
As a general rule the expert can only get at the main principles,
leaving the farmer to apply the information to his specific problem
in the way which in his own judgment is best fitted to solve it. It must
be remembered that in at least 90 .per cent of the cases such advice
is given from a distance by mail. Both for financial reasons and
from lack of time it is impossible for the expert to investigate the
problem in person. It is necessary to make his diagnosis and recom-
mendation from a distance and to depend entirely upon the farmer's
accuracy and completeness of observation for his data. No one would
expect a reputable physician to prescribe for a case he has not exam-
ined personally, yet that is what the expert must nearly always do.
Accurate data covering symptoms is just as important in the one case
as in the other, the only difference being in the degree of danger
should a mistake be made. It is quite as difficult to diagnose
pathological troubles in plants as it is in human beings.

The success of the expert's recommendation is also entirely depend-
ent upon the faithfulness with which the farmer carries out instruc-
tions. Frequently slack methods are emploj^ed in putting the remedy
into practice, and it is usually these careless ones who are the first
to complain of the failure of expert advice. This slackness is par-
ticularly evident in the application of remedies in the form of sprays
for insects and fungous troubles. Sometimes poor ingredients are
used or the emulsions improperly made. Sometimes the spray tank
is left standing until the ingredients have settled, and as a -conse-
quence part of the material is used at many times its correct strength
with resultant burning of foliage. Naturally the remedy fails, aad
away goes the farmer's confidence in experts.

Contrary to the opinion of many, experts are usually practiciil
men. Success for them de])ends entirely upon their ability to make
reeonnnendations effective from a practical standpoint. Growers can
safely depend upon it that when applying for expert advice a pre-
scription w^ill be given w^iich is correct only in so far as the data

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 223

sn1)inittod by them is aeeiirate and complete, and tlic success of the
irniedy will bo in proportion to the accuracy and completeness oi:
the data, together with the faithfulness with which the recommenda-
tions are carried out. — II. S. S.

Report of the Forty-seventh Convention of Fruit Growers — Owing to

unavoidable eircumstaiiccs, the report of the b^orty-seventh Convention
of Fruit Growers, which was promised us by a Los Angeles printing
company early in IMay, has not been receivecl, but should be ready for
distribution before this bulletin goes to press. This and other reports
are free to all citizens of the State of California and can be obtained by
writing to the State Connnission of Horticulture, Sacramento, or by
calling at the office of your County Horticultural Commissioner, who will
have a supply of the reports. That this report contains much valuable
horticultural material is evidenced by the table of contents which follows.

Report Forty-seventh Convention of Fruit Growers.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME - — _— A. R. Orr 7

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OV WELCOME -A. J. Cook 9

FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING FROM THE CANNERS" STAND-
POINT Vernon Campbell 15

THE PROPOSED ORGANIZATION OF PEACH GROWERS Wm. Glass 25

RELATIONSHIP OF AN AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE TO THE CALI-
FORNIA FRUIT INDUSTRY Isidor Jacobs 35

MARKETING OF CITRUS FRLHTS Hobart Webster 37

HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE CONSUMPTION OF OUR FRUITS

James Madison 41

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION 49

THE STANDARDIZATION OF THE ORANGE W. L. Crowe 63

STANDARDIZATION H. C. Carr 66

WOMEN'S SESSION:

Scientific Jelly Making Hilda B. Nielsen 70

RURAL CREDITS AND CO-OPERATION Sheridan W. Baker 74

ATTITUDE OF THE BORROWER TOW^ARD RURAL CREDITS.E. J. WiCKSOX 77

RURAL CREDIT SYSTEMS-- Harris W^einstock 81

PAST AND PRESENT OF THE PRUNE INDUSTRY Geo. A. Fleming 96

WALNUT CULTURE IN THE LOWER SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

W. W. Fitzgerald 100

WALNUT VARIETIES AND CULTURAL METHODS L. D. Batchelor 122

THE FUTURE OP THE OLIVE B. B. Meek 130

WORK OF THE EMPLOYMENT DIVISION OF THE UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR A Caminetti 13S

CONTROL OF OIDIUM OR VINE MILDEW Frederic T. Bioletti 147

THE TRACTOR IN ORCHARD WORK Geo. H. Heckb 154

METHODS FOR SECURING IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF THE WASHING-
TON NAVEL ORANGE A. D. Shamel 158

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS 176

THE NEW FRESH FRUIT STAND.\RDIZ.ATION LAW GEO. W. ASHLEY 179

FRESH DECIDUOUS FRUIT — THE STANDARDIZATION LAW AS AFFECT-
ING MARKETING H. E. Butler 1S4

THE STANDARD APPLE ACT OF 1915 FRANKLIN S. Jerome 188

RICE CULTURE IN THE SACR.\MENTO VALLEY G. P. Rixford 194

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE ASSOCIATION OF

COUNTY HORTICTTLTUR.'\L COMMISSIONERS 203

FUMIG.-VTION for THE CiTRICOLA SCALE IN TULARE COUNTY C. F. CoUhlS 205

The Oak-Fungus Disease op Fruit Trees W. T. Home 208

Discussion of Certain Plant Diseases J- T. Barrett 21fi

SCALE Control on Citrus Trees . H. J. Quayle 222

Fumigation Versus Spraying for Scale Control on Citrus Trees

Frederick Maskew 230

County Owned Equipment for Fumigation and Spraying John P. Coi/ 232

Repeated Examinations After One Has Been Passed D. D. Sharp 234

The County Horticultural Commissioner's Connection With the New

Fruit Inspection Law A. J. Cook 239

The Citricola Scale Delaconrt Kelt 244

The Control of the Gray Scale (Coccus citricola) in the San Joaquin

Valley R- P- Cundiff 248

Diseases of Deciduous Fruit Trees Ralph E. Smith 257

The New Fresh Fruit Standardization Law F. B. McKevitt 264

Mealy Bugs and Their Control C^- -P- C"'""^?." ^(2

Noxious "Weeds — Eradication and Control F. W. Watte ..7b

Noxious Weeds as We Find Them Growing in Los Angeles County--__--

, W!7/i«m Wood 2S0

Horticultural Legislation Geo. H. Hecke 2S9

— E. J. V.

224 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Paint Large Pruning Cuts. — In nearly all of the old orchards we
see many large trees which should be in their prime but unfortunately
are nearly dead. If the pruning cuts of years ago had been made with-
out leaving stubs, and properly cared for, many of these trees would now
be yielding large crops. A closer examination will show the hearts of
the large limbs and even the trunks decaying. This is caused by rot
fungi which enter through large cuts left unprotected from the weather.

Every book on the culture of the apple, pear or other deciduous trees,
recommends the painting of all large wounds. Authorities differ in
the main as to the time of application and the material to be used.
There are some very good men who recommend painting as soon as the
cut is made. It is because many have followed this and have seen the
effects that we hear so much talk of the evils of painting, and see
examples on every hand of trees with large unhealed cuts left unpro-
tected. If the owners of these trees would visit some nearby old orchard
and notice the number of limbs and trunks with the hearts rotting out, I
believe more interest would be sho-woi in protecting our orchards from
such conditions.

If a cut is painted at once after pruning, the sap will be held on the
surface and will sour, often running from the wound and killing the
bark for inches down. Of course this is worse than if the wound had
not been painted. However, if the cut had been left exposed to the air
for a few months, the wood would have become hardened by exposure
and could safely have been painted without danger of the above men-
tioned undesirable result. This later painting will prevent any dry
rot fungi from entering the limb. It seems most desirable to paint in
May or June all cuts larger than a twenty-five cent piece, as by this
time the wood is hard and as yet has not started to decay.

In painting pruning cuts it is not best to use a m.aterial that will
become hard and chip off with the growth of the tree, for this reason
never use white lead or paint as they are only temporary. Grafting
wax is probably the best material to use. Roofing compound, asphaltum
or even paraffine may be used quite successfully. In painting do not
apply the wax or other material too thickly. All that is necessary is a
thin film to keep the air from the wood. If it is put on too thick very
often in the heat of summer it will run, injuring the bark.

The following is an excellent formula for grafting wax:

Resin 6 pounds

Beeswax 1 pound

Linseed oil 1 pint

Melt together and apply at a temperature of 180 degrees. — J. B.
HuNDLEY; County Horticultural Inspector, Yucaipa.

^Hfe MONTI 1 1. V BULLETIN. 225

COUNTY HORTICULTURAL COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT.

WIREWORM CONTROL.*

By J. N. French, County Horticultural Inspector, Oxnard, California.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Wireworm injury in the Oxnard district from a commercial stand-
point is confined almost entirely to the beet and bean crops. Of these
two the bean crop injury is the one that is causing any great anxiety
among the farmers. The fact that nearly all the beets are planted
early, thereby allowing them to get started before the worms commence
working in the spring, accounts for this. Wireworm injury to beans,
however, is a very serious matter. It is very hard to give any definite
figures on injury, owing to the fact that most of this wireworm injury
consists in the stunting of vines with the corresponding decrease in
yield, rather than in taking the stand or in killing the young vines
outright. One hundred thousand dollars is thought to be a conserva-
tive estimate on the damage done during the season of 1914. During
the season of 1915, due to the warm weather which prevailed during
the growing season and to the control work which was done, the injury
was cut down 50 per cent, or about $50,000.00.

This wireworm injury was done for the most part by one species,
Limonius calif ornicus, although at least three other species were found
associated with this one in some instances. The percentage of these
other species, however, was very small.

Nothing can be more erratic, apparently, than the actions of the wire-
worm larvae. In some cases they clean out the same place year after
year ; in other cases the infested area may move from one side of a field
to the other or into another field, and in some instances the infestation
seems to be bad in a certain field every other year. According to
J. E. Graf (see Bureau of Entomology Bulletin 123), the worms stay
in the ground approximately three years before changing to beetles.
The first year they are so small they do practically no commercial
damage ; the second year they cause considerable trouble, and the third
year they are at their worst. In the first case there are constantly
recurring generations in the same place, in the second the worms hatch
out in one place and the beetles, in search of the most suitable places to
lay their eggs, go elsewhere. This explanation does not cover the third
case, however. It is possible that this damage is done by some other
species of wireworm with a shorter life cycle.

That old bean settings and fields which have been covered with manure
are more subject to wireworm infestations is explained by the fact
that they provide more suitable places for the beetles to hibernate and
lay their eggs. The food scent of bean settings also has a tendency to
attract worms from a considerable distance. The resulting concen-

♦The following is a report on wireworm control work carried on in the Oxnard
district during the past two years. It is lioped tliat tlie report may prove of value to
tlie beet and bean farmers, as well as to tlie members of the commission.

The writer wishes to express appreciation for the many privileges extended to him
and the encouragement given to tliis experimental work by Mr. A. A. Brock, Ventura
County Horticultural Commissioner.

Mr. James Leonard, Donlon Bros, and Johnson Bros, are named as colaborers with
the writer in this work, and the results as stated may properly be termed the results
of their collective labors. — J. N. F.

226

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

tration very often means a bad wireworm infestation. During the last
two years which were unusually wet, the centers of infestation by
wire worms seemed to move from the low country near the ocean to
higher ground, in places where there was a choice. Before that, the
centers of infestation had usually been in the low areas. If these
observations are correct, we should look for the centers of infestation
(m the higher ground this j^ear.

There seems to be considerable variation in the time the worms
become active in the spring in the different types of soil and in different
localities. During the spring of 1914, which was very cold and foggy,
the w^orms did considerable damage in the Camarillo district and even
as far inland as Somis. During the spring of 1915, which was unusu-
ally warm and sunshiny, practically no damage was done in the
Camarillo and Somis sections, and considerably less damage than usual
in the Oxnard district. On cold sandy ground, in some instances,

•

r'iii

^^

^^

f ' '

''■^^'■

1

-; i-;

^

M

\

/

^^m

i

•*i /

^^^^1^*^

- , j^»- '

\ ^M

•^

K;

^

*

1

Fig. 74. — Wireworms, the larvse of click-beetles, in a
potato. Slightly enlarged. (After Kssig, Inj. and Ben.
Insects of Cal., p. 232, State Hort. Com.)

catch-crops failed to show any worms, but the beans were riddled when
planted. In another instance the beans germinated and grew for
several weeks before the worms became active. Soil temperature and
to some extent the moisture content are undoubtedly the controlling
factors in these cases. In fact, the worms seem to be very sensitive to
heat. They will live indefinitely in cold water, or may live half an
hour in pure distillate, but they are killed in five or ten minutes when
exposed to the warm sunshine or placed in lukewarm water, and drop-
})ing them througli raw steam kills them instantly.

These different conditions are confusing and lead to a vast number
of erroneous ideas and conclusions on the part of the farmer. Many a
farmer has been led to believe that he has controlled the worms through

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

227

some treatment or speci^il ('iiltiii;il method employed, when in reality
the disappearance of the worms was due solely to some natural influence.
It is not only difficult to devise conti-ol measures that will prove effective
in every case, but it is also iiard sometimes to check up work and know
that results are being obtained.

WORK AGAINST THE LARVAL STAGE.

Poisoned Baits and Deterrents. — Work with poisoned baits proved
entirely unsatisfaelory. The worms either ate the poisoned bait with
no ill effects, or the bait proved distasteful and was not touched.
Prominent among the first group are strychnine, bichloride of mercury,
carbide, nicotine sulphate, tobacco extract, and several forms of arsenic.
Paris green and sodium cyanide seem to have some value as deterrents,
but have l)een discarded beeause they injure the germination of the bean.
However, in these experiments it was found that sodium cyanide has
other values, which will be considered next under tlie head of soil
fumieation.

Fig. 75. — Adults of the su^ar beet wire-
worm, Limonius calif orniciis Mann. Natural
size. (After Essig-, Inj. and Ben. Insects of
Cal., p. 233, State Hort. Com.)

Soil Fumigation. — During the spring of 1914, under the direction
of Mr. R. S. Vaile and Mr. J. E. Graf, carbon bisul])hide was used by
means of a small pressure tank rigged up on a walking plow so as to
throw a stream into the bottom of the furrow. In this way it was
immediately covered up and a crosskill was then used to pack the top of
the ground. The results of this experiment were entirely negative, and
further experiments were given up on account of the cost of the
material and the apparent lack of effectiveness. Cyanide was also used,
being put in with a fertilizer drill at the rate of i|^25.00 per acre. This
experiment was discontinued at the same time as the carbon bisulphide
experiment and for similar reasons.

In experimenting with sodium cyanide (128-130 per cent) as a
poisoned bait during the spring of 1915, it was noted that in every case
the worms were dead, although apparently not having touched the bait.
This led to the conclusion that they were killed by the action of the gas.
A little additional work proved such to be the ease. The writer then
took the matter up with Donlon Bros., and they agreed to finance a
trial in the field. In order to find the least amount of cyanide necessary

228

THE MONTHLY BULLfiTlM.

to kill, considerable preliminary work was done, first in cans, then in
tubs and later in 2 by 5-foot plots in the open field. It was found that a
very small dose of cyanide would do the work, provided it was put in
the soil below the worms and the top of the ground packed to hold the
gas. The kill in every case was slow, requiring from 3 to 7 days. In
each case the cyanide was put in 8 inches deep in a single row in the
center, running lengthwise with the plot, the ground being thoroughly
tramped on top to hold the gas. In every case the only worms found
alive were those along the outer edges of the plot and below the action
of the cyanide. To get the percentages given below, all the worms
found in a space 1 by 2 by 5 feet were counted. The following table
summarizes the results obtained on the 2 by 5-foot plots in the open
field:

Formula Alive

r>ea<l

Per cent

No. 1 — 1 oz. cyanide to 1 qt. water (10 cu. ft.)-.

15

200
623
1,^30
570
593
558 .
636

93

No. 2 — 2 oz. cyanide to 1 qt. water (10 cu. ft.)--- - --- - --

45
84

52

16

20

4

92

No. 3 — 3 oz. cyanide to 1 qt. water (10 cu. ft.) - _ --

94

No. 4—1 oz. powd. cyanide mixed witli 1 qt. dry dirt (10 cu. ft.)
No. 5— 2J oz. powd. cyanide mixed with 1 qt. dry dirt (10 cu. ft.)
No. 6—5 oz. powd. cyanide mixed with 1 qt. dry dirt (10 cu. ft.)
No. 7— i oz. powd. cyanide mixed with 1 qt. dry dirt (10 cu. ft.)

93
97
96
99

It will be noticed that there is practically no difference in the action
of cyanide in solution and that used in the powdered form. At this
point the liquid solution was discarded on account of presenting more
difficulty in applying. There is comparatively little difference between
the results obtained with the stronger doses and with the weaker ones.
Experiment 7 was put in after the results of the first six were known,
and the good results obtained were attributed to the fact that the
ground was more thoroughly packed. All the preliminary experiments
were carried on in a medium loam.

The following diagram will give an idea as to the killing range of
cyanide gas :

xop of groimd

1 ft.

8 in.

\

cyanide
4 in. /

1 ft,

Fig. 76. — Dia^am showing killing range of cyanide gas. (Original.)

Nine-tenths of the live worms were found in the corners. It will be
noticed from the diagram that there is a considerable killing area below
where the cyanide was actually placed.

As the season was growing late, these experiments were discontinued,
and a trial in the field given. The soil picked for this was very light
and sandy. Owing to the difficulty in packing, it was thought that this
soil would furnish as severe a test as it would be possible to give.
Through the work with the potato catch-crop it was learned that worms
could be attracted considerable distance to bait, so split beans were

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 229

drillod into tlie ground with the two outer holes of a bean planter.
This threw the rows 7^ feet apart. After leaving tiie bait iu the ground
for about two weeks in order to accumulate the worms in the rows of
splits, an ordinary fertilizer drill was obtained and powdered cyanide
thoroughly mixed with dry sand was drilled in on each side of the bean
row and four inches awa}'. In this experiment, covering exactly one
acre, most of the cyanide was put in at the rate of one-tenth of one
ounce of cyanide to each running foot, costing approximately $10.00
per acre. Two short strips were also put in, one at the rate of approxi-
mately $15.00 per acre and the other at the rate of approximately $5.00
per acre. Unfortunately, it was impossible to get the drill used into
the ground more than 4 inches. The packing of the ground was done
with a light hand roller tied behind the drill, and was far from satis-
factory. Under the circumstances the results obtained were better than
anticipated. The $5.00 strength gave a 35 per cent killing, the $10.00
a 50 per cent, and the $15.00 an 80 per cent. To obtain these per-
centages all of the worms found within one foot of the row on each side
and to a depth of 8 inches were counted. It would be more desirable to
leave the splits in the ground three or four weeks, not only to attract
more worms into the rows, but also to allow the splits to rot or be
devoured, as the cyanide fumes will not penetrate to worms inside the
beans. After the worms get into the row there is little chance of their
leaving, even though there is no food, as the natural tendency is to follow
doM^n the rows along the lines of least resistance. It is to be regretted
that we were unable to give this method a more exhaustive test under
more favorable conditions. With a drill capable of putting the cyanide
down 8 inches and following with a erosskill and a heavy roller, excellent
results could undoubtedly be obtained, using on sandy ground a $15.00
strength, on medium loamy ground a $10.00 strength, and on heaw
adobe ground a $5.00 strength. Possibly these strengths could be
lessened. It may also be possible to widen the distance between rows
considerably as was done with the potato catch-crop. The rows of splits
can also be examined ahead of the drill, and the ground treated only
where there are worms. This method has the same disadvantage as the
potato catch-crop, in that the worms may not be attracted to the bait in
every case. Cyanide placed in the ground in a granulated condition
gradually decomposes. This decomposition is practically complete
within two weeks, so that beans can l}e planted with no ill effects.

Catch-crops. — To Mr. James Leonard of the Colonia district belongs
the honor of being the first man in this section to use catch-crops with
success. During the spring of 1914 the writer succeeded in interesting
Mr. Leonard in trying to control the wireworms which were making ver^'
heavy yearly inroads on his bean crop. The previous year, 1913, the
Avorms had been especially bad. practically cleaning up one 50-acre
field and badly damaging others. At the writer's suggestion he decided
to try out potatoes as a catch-crop. The first work done Avas quite
crude, but as the experiment gave promise of success, better methods
were Avorked out. The first work was done entirely by hand. The
potatoes were cut up into pieces about one-half of an ounce to one ounce
in weight; a wire M'ith a white cloth attached to it Avas hooked through
the potato to serve as a location mark, and the potato Avas then planted
with a hoe or shovel. One acre w^s laid out in the field, and potatoes

230 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

were planted about seven feet apart each way. Upon piekino- them over
a week later over 1,600 worms were taken out. In all, this acre was
picked over five times during the season, and approximately 4,000
worms were taken out. The results of this first picking were so encour-
aging that it was decided to work on a large scale. Some preliminary
work was done, planting rows 60 feet apart, then planting a row half
way between after a few days to see if it caught worms, to determine
the proper distance apart between the rows of potatoes. In this way
the distance was narrowed down until no more worms were caught, and
we had an approximate idea how far apart the rows should lie. In the
meantime a potato planter was rigged up by taking an old, two-hole
bean planter and splitting the back of the feed pipes so as to allow
the wires attached to the potatoes to slip through. Other labor saving
improvements were made, such as using only straight wire that could
be cut and handled nuich quicker and dipping the ends of the wires in
whitewash to serve as indicators instead of tying on a cloth. AI)Out
three weeks were spent in this preliminary work, and active work on a
large scale was carried on some three weeks longer, or until planting
time, about the 20th of May. In all, approximately 100 acres were
worked over with potatoes planted two rows at a time 5 feet apart and
about 6 to 10 feet apart in the row. A space of about 20 feet was left
between the double rows. The potatoes were picked over every three
or four days on an average. About 20 acres of the ground received five
pickings, another 20 acres four pickings, still another 20 acres two
pickings and about 40 acres three pickings. The total expense of the
work amounted to a little less than $350.00, or an average of $3.50 per
acre. In checking up the results it was possible to follow the work
right straight through. The land picked over five times showed no
worm damage at all. The land picked over four times showed a trace
of worm damage, but was considered entirely satisfactory. The land
picked over three times showed some w^orm damage, but on the whole
was satisfactory. The land picked over two times showed the most
worm damage and was not considered quite satisfactory. Some of the
beans on land not worked over at all were severely damaged. On the
whole the work done at Mr. Leonard's in 1914 was as good as could be
asked for, but there was still some doubt as to whether the potato catch-
crop would work as well in other places under different soil conditions.
In a way these doubts were confirmed to some extent ])y the results
obtained in 1915, but everything considered the potato catch-crop
method proved quite satisfactory.

The first work done in 1915 in co-operation with Donlon Bros, was
to determine the relative values of lima beans, beets, corn and potatoes
as catch-crops. It was found that beets were not at all attractive to the
worms. Very little preference was shown between lima beans, corn,
scalded and raw potatoes. Raw potatoes were given the preference on
account of being more suitable to use under field conditions. Another
point brought out was the fact that the worms became more and more
active as the ground warmed up. Potatoes were used continuously
from the first of January until the Ix'ans were planted the latter part
of May. While some worms were taken throughout this time, the con-
clusion reached was that it would not pay to start active trapping
before the first of April in most cases.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 231

Tn ;ill about .'^BO acres of hoan land were worked over witli pdlatoes
during Uie spring- of ]!)15. This was divided as follows: James
Leonard, 100 acres ; Donlon Bros., 220 acres; Johnson Bros., 40 acres.

James Leonard fonnd that land which had been worked over thor-
oughly the year before showed V(>ry few worms, and finally confined his
experiments to one field which had not been gone over entirely the year
before. The results were practically perfect stands of beans on all
his holdings. The total cost for potato work done in 1915 was
approximately $100.00.

Donlon Bros, went over about 220 acres with rows of location potatoes
placed 150 feet apart. They then concentrated on the spots that showed
the most worms. These spots (about 100 acres) were gone over with
potatoes in rows 20 to 80 feet apart, dropping the potatoes 6 to 9 feet
apart in each row. These potatoes were all put in with a single-hole
planter of their own manufacture. Unfortunately, they only had time
to make three pickings, which were not sufficient to get rid of the worms
in some places where the infestations were extremely heavy. Several
small spots were noted where the worms had been missed, apparently on
account of having had the location row^s too far apart. One 40-acre
piece of sandy land was worked over with the location rows of potatoes
A\dthout disclosing any worms, but the beans were very severely dam-
aged after they had been up several weeks. In all. Donlon Bros, spent
$220.23 in their potato work, divided as follows : cost of potatoes, $16.75 ;
wiring and planting, $58.39 ; picking, $145.09.

Johnson Bros, worked over a 40-acre field with potatoes put 50 feet
apart each way. In this way they were able to locate ycry definitely the
area of infestation, amounting to about 15 acres. They then concen-
trated on this area, putting rows 15 feet apart and potatoes 6 feet apart
in the row. They did all of their planting by hand and used little red-
wood stakes as location iiiarks. When the potatoes were jiicked over,
each man carried a little bag of potatoes and replaced any which were
rotten or eaten by the w'orms. This ground proved to be very wormy.
One piece of ground in the garden consisting of less than an acre showed
a severe infestation. As high as' 95 worms were taken from inside and.
around one piece of potato. Numbers running from 50 to 75 were not
unusual. It is estimated that they took fully 25,000 worms out of this
piece of ground in the six times it was picked over. Even then the work
was not entirely satisfactory. In the main field it is estimated that they
took out 100,000 worms in five pickings. The expenses of this work were
as follows :

3 sacks of potatoes at $2.25 - $0 7.">

Hired labor 21 00

Own labor 35 00

$62 75

This makes an average cost of $4.20 per acre for the 15 acres directly
concerned. The main field showed just one small infestation, less than
50 feet across. Otherwise they had nearly a perfect stand.

In this work in order to secure the best results it was found necessary
to place the potatoes, each with at least one cut surface, well down into
the moisture. It Avas also found that good sound, high-grade potatoes
were more economical than culls, fcr the reason that there was less loss

232

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

through decay, and the good potatoes were much more palatable to the
worms. It also pays to pick over the ground immediately around the
potato. Very often there will be more there than in the potato itself.
In order to secure definite cost data for all operations concerned, one
acre was put in on the Donlon ranch in a badly infested field, and the
exact cost of each operation noted. The picking was done partly by the
writer and partly by Armenians. The rows were put in 15 feet apart
and potatoes 6 feet apart in the row. It is thought that these figures will
more than cover the average expense of treatment under average field
conditions and with an average degree of infestation.

Cutting potatoes and affixing wires, 1 man li hours at 20 cents $0 80

Planting (with a 1-hole planter), 2 men and team f hour

Cost of potatoes (including replants), 12 lbs. at 2 cents

April 26. picking, 1 man 4 hours 1,038 worms-

April 30, picking. 1 man IJ hours 1,556 worms-

May 3, picking, 1 man 4^ hours 788 worms-

May 10, picking, 1 man 4J hours 877 worms.

May 15, picking, 1 man 4 hours . 1,072 worms-

Total worms - 5,331

Total cost-

no
25

SO
90
85
85
SO

$5 25

In checking over the results obtained on this one-acre plot, carefvd
examination failed to show one single bean that had been injured by
the worms.

After the beans were up and definite wireworm spots had been
formed, the potato catch-crop was used in several instances in an
effort to limit the size of the spot. The worms apparently will not
leave the bean to feed on the potato ; neither will they leave the potato
to feed on the bean. By placing the potatoes around the outer edges
of the spot and in the row with the beans, we were able to catch large
numbers of worms, and Ave believe that we limited the size of these
spots materially in this way. Efforts to catch the w^orms in the centers
of these spots were not so successful, possibly because the worms had
already relieved their hunger to a large extent from feeding on the
beans.

It is impossible to set any definite figures on the amount saved
through this potato work, owing to the fact that there was no pos-
sible way of establishing definite checks. The writer has ventured
to insert the following table for consideration. These figures, while
authentic, should not be misunderstood. Variations in the seasons and
other factors enter in, but it is believed that a good substantial por-
tion of the increase in yield shown w^as due to the control of the wire-
worms :

Name

Acre-
age

Acre-
age
treated I

Before

treatment.
100-11).
sacks

After

treatment.

100-lb.

sacks

Differ-

Differ-

Cost of

ence.

ence per

treat-

total.

acre.

ment

100-lb.

100-lb.

sacks

sacks

Money
value

Johnson Bros. .
Donlon Bros. -
James Leonard
James Leonard

40
580
250

220
*100
tl'.'O

*540
*7,759
14,02 t.

t870
+?.258
*6,199
t6,639

$62 75
220 23

*350 00
tlOO 00

330

599

♦2,175

t2,615

8 25

1 03

*8 70

tlO 46

$732 98

$1,485 00
2,695 50

♦9,787 50
til. 767 50

J 1913. *1914. tl915,

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 233

In both the potato and cyanide methods tlic two- and three-year-old
worms are eliminated, as well as large numbers of one-year-old worms.
Therefore, if work is done very thoronyhly one year, it should not be
necessary to treat tiie following year. In figuring out the l)enefits to
be derived from wireworm control Avork this point should not be
overlooked.

WORK AGAINST THE PUPAL STAGE.

Fall plowing has been advocated to some extent as a means of
destroying the worm in the pupal stage, a time when it is very
sensitive to disturbance of any kind. It is the writer's opinion that
this has little value when applied to bean fields in this section, OAving
to the fact that it is usually about the first of November before the
beans are off the ground and the land available for plowing. By this
time a large majority of the pupas have transformed into the beetle
stage and would be influenced yery little by plowing. If this plowing
could be done earlier, it would undoubtedly be of considerable value.

WORK AGAINST THE ADULT.

When the wireworm beetles hatch from the pupjB during the early
fall months, they usually lie in the old pupal cells in a dormant con-
dition until the cold weather commences to dissipate in the spring.
There is then a period of several weeks in which the beetles gradually
emerge and seek any shelter available, such as weeds, old bean straw,
old beets, or crevasses in the ground, where they stay for some time.
This is termed the secondary hibernation period. There is always a
percentage of these beetles which has been disturbed by plowing
which goes into secondary hibernation, and this continues for a period
of several weeks. Any warm simshiny day thereafter the beetles may
be seen walking around over the ground or in flight. If the weather
turns cold, they all seek shelter and remain until the warm days
return, and as the weather warms up the beetles increase their
activities. The beetles are very strong fliers, some being noted to
fly across a 200-acre field. Hundreds may be seen in the air at once
at this time, and active mating begins soon after. The females com-
mence laying eggs about the middle of April.

Last year when the beetles commenced to emerge from the ground
in numbers, about the 5th of March, an attempt was made to collect
them under small piles of bean straw. The writer obtained this idea
from finding large numbers of beetles collected in bean straw used
as a mulch around young lemon trees. These piles of straw were
placed 150 feet apart in a field on the 8th of March. Examination on
the 15th day of March of ten piles of straw selected at random in the
field showed an average of 50 beetles to each pile. The least number
of beetles collected under any pile was 23 and the most 80. As the
beetles were becoming quite active, it was feared that they would
emerge from these piles, so the piles were burned with the exception
of one. These piles of straw burned up clean in every case, and not

234 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

a beetle was noted to escape. This pile remaining continued to col-
lect beetles for ten days more, the record being as follows :

Beetles collected.

March lOlli :._ : ^ 80

March 19th _____^ ^^^ : 15

March 26th 70

Total 1 165

Allowing three piles of straw to the acre and assuming that half of
these beetles were females and each female lays an average of 100
eggs, and one-half of these eggs develop into worms, this would repre-
sent an infestation of approximately 12,375 worms to the acre, which
is probably considerably more than the average infestation. By
placing these piles of straw in the fields about the first of March and
burning them at the proper time, these worms could all be eliminated
at a cost of less than 25 cents per acre. It w^as interesting to note
that the piles of straw which were wet and soggy did not harbor any
beetles. This would necessitate the turning over of the straw piles
in case of rain. These experiments were carried on in a field which
had not been worked up after the rains. We would anticipate some
decrease in effectiveness on land which had been worked up after the
rains, as some of the beetles would undoubtedly take refuge among
the clods. However, it is thought that this cletraction would not
seriously impair the success of the undertaking, provided the piles of
straw are placed at the proper time. While it takes two and three
years to realize any benefit whatever from this method, it strikes at
the root of the worm trouble in the cheapest and most direct way pos-
sible. It is the writer's opinion that a district-wide campaign along
the lines outlined above and continued each spring for a period of
three years would show Avonclerful results in lessening the amount of
worm damage.

CULTURAL METHODS OF USE.

Occasionally a farmer is met who believes he can control wireworms
by some special cultural method, such as packing the ground with a
crosskill, deep or shallow^ plowing, etc. Excepting fall plowing men-
tioned elsewhere, the writer does not believe these methods are of any
practical value.

One field on the Donlon ranch which was badly infested with wire-
worms in 1914 was planted to barley in the fall, with the intention
of turning it under as a cover crop in the spring of 1915. This barley
was about 18 inches high when it was turned under in March, and the
land was planted to beans in May. It was interesting to note that
these beans suffered very little from wireworm attack, although it is
believed that there were large numbers of worms in the ground. The
supposition is that the worms had already satisfied their hunger to a
large extent through feeding on the barley, or possibly they preferred
the tender barley shoots to the beans. However, it would take obser-
vations extending over a series of years to proi)erly determine the
value of such methods.

Another common practice working along the same principle is to
plant 100 pounds of seed instead of the customary 50 or 60 pounds,

THE ^MONTHLY nUIJiETIN. 235

in llic hope tlint Ihc worms will leave enougli seed for a .stjiiid. 'I'liis
method cci-tainly has sonic \alii(', as (he writei; is williii<;' to bear wit-
ness. He liad two small plols ol' experimental beans ])lanted at the
i-ate oi' 40 pounds to the aei-e. These two exi)efimeiital plots were
very severely damaged, while the surrounding ground showed a fair
stand of beans.

CONCLUSIONS.

Of the eontrol methods mentioned above, it is the writer's opinion
that the straw method of eatching the beetles is the most promising
from the sland[)oint of permanent success. In working against the
worms, the potato eatch-ero]) method is recommended in prel'ei'ence to
the cyanide method because it is much cheaper and has also been more
thoroughly worked out and tested on a much larger scale. A com-
])iiuition of the straws-trap method working against the beetles and
the potato eateh-erop method working against the worms should be espe-
cially effective.

AVhile it is believed that these methods, if followed out in a thorough
maimer, are capable of solving the wireworm problem satisfactorily,
it would be very desirable to have remedies which are not so com-
I)licated, especially against the w^orm stage. With this end in view,
ex])eri mental work should be continued until the desired results have
been obtained.

236 THE MONTHLY BtfLLETlN.

QUARANTINE (t2(J|jlfe) Si DIVISION

Report for the Month of April, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected . 76

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 3,920

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests — ^ 144,793

Fumigated 1,575

Refused admittance 107

Contraband destroyed 27

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 146,502

Pests Intercepted.
From China:

LarvEe of weevil in sweet potatoes.

From Florida:

Eudiagogus pulcher in celery.

From Hawaii:

Larvae of weevil in seed pods.

Diaspis bromeliw and Pseudococciis hromeliiv on pineapples.

Coccus longulus and Aphis sp. on betel leaves.

Howardkt, biclavis, Lepidosaphes beckii and Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis on

hibiscus cuttings.
Larvae of Trypetid in string beans, cucumbers and squash.

From Japan:

Phomopsis citri and Coccid on Japanese oranges

Larv£e of weevil in chestnuts.

Pseudaonidia duplex on camellias.

Egg cluster, Porthetria dispar, on wistaria.

Fungus on lemons.

From Missouri:

Coccus hesperidwn, Ceroplastes sp., Pseudococcus sp., and Pseudischnaspis bowreyi
on Agave sp.

From Tahiti:

Morganella maskelli and Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges.

Fungus on limes.

Larvae of weevil in sweet potatoes.

Lepidopterous larvae in seed.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 38

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 134,695J

Fumigated : 39

Refused admittance 9J

Contraband destroyed 17

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 134,761

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 237

Pests Intercepted.
From Arizona:

Lepidopterous larvse and Chloridea obsoleta on tomatoes.

From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophyUi and Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Japan:

Diaporthe parasitica on chestnuts.

From Louisiana:

Lcpidosaphcs bcckii and Phomopsis citi'i on grapefruit.

From Manila, P. I.:

Pseudococcus sp. and Diaspis hoisduvalii on orchids.

From Mexico:

Chloridea obsoleta, larvte and adults, on tomatoes.

From New Jersey:

Lenidosanhcs nlmi on cottonwood cuttings.

Diaspis boisduvalii, Aspidiotus cyanophylU, Pulvinaria sp., Coccus longulus and
Chrysoviphahis dictyospermi on orchids.

From Pennsylvania:

Cerataphis lataniw on Cocos weddelliana.
Coccus hesperidum on Anthurium scherzerianum.
Pseudococcus longispinus on Dracaena palm.
Unidentified Coccid on Anthurium sp.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Sliips Inspected 28

Fish boats inspected 22

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 218

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 5,20SS

Fumigated 3"

Refused admittance 51

Contraband destroyed 2"

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 5,219

Pests Intercepted.
From Florida:

Phomopsis citri and Lepidosaphes sp. on grapefruit.

From Maryland:

Crown gall on berry plants.

From Mexico:

Fiorinia fioriniw on cocoanuts.

From Nevada:

Crown gall on berry plants.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 6

Horticultural imports: Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 23

Fumigated

Contraband

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 23

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

(No report.)

COUHTIES HAVING HORTICULTURAl C0H1USS10N>31S, WITH THE RESPECTIVE

CITIES IN WHICH THE CUMM13SI0HEKS RESIDE.

County

/sf /r.,/.r.

S«J FWHCISa>

Alamfida

Butt*

Colusa

Contra Coata

21 Dorado

Jresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Lassen

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendooino

Meroed

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

City
•
Oakland
Oroville
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
Willows
Eureka
El Centre
Bishop
Bakersf ield
Han ford
Kelseyvllle
Suaanville
Los Anpeles
Madera
Ukiah
Kercod
Alturas
Aromas
Napa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Biego

San Joaquin

San Uateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Crua

Shasta

SlBklyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehaoa

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

City

•
Santa Ana
Bowman
Riverside
Saoraraento
Hollister
San Bernardino
San Diego
Stockton ''' ""j^-"
Redwood City
Santa Barbara
San Jose
Watsonville
Anderson
Yreka
Santa Rosa
Uodesto
Yuba City
Red Bluff
Visalia
Ventura
IToodland
Karysvllle

^-ar O'cr/^sfln. 5 C

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A J COOK ' - Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner.

E. J. VOSLER -— Secretary

MIBS MAUDE HIETT ~- Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.
Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAnL Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTI, Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officei

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

California

State Pbintinq Office

1916

n

VOLUME V

No. 7

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

JULY, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page

CALIFORNIA GRAPEFRUIT i A. D. Shamel 239

PRUNING AND TRAINING A YOUNG LEMON ORCHARD__W. H. Fleet 250

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS Geo. P. Weldon 263

GENERAL NOTES—

FARiiERs' Short Courses at the University of California_jE7. J. Vosler 265

Seventh National Orange Show E. J. Vosler 265

Citrus Experiment Station : 265

Wheat in California 265

Citrus Canker E. J. Vosler 266

National Agricultural Society 266

QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for May Frederick Maskew 270

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. July, 1916. No. 7

CALIFORNIA GRAPEFRUIT.*

By A. D. ShameLj Physiologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Riverside, Cal.

The poor reputation of California grapefruit as a whole, particularly
in many eastern markets, has led many people to doubt the advisability
of any attempt to grow, or, at any rate, extend the culture of this crop
commercially in California. Amongst the causes for this condition,
three of special importance may be mentioned : first, the planting of
inferior varieties or those not suitable for California conditions ; second,
the planting of graptfruit trees on soils and under otlier conditions
not adapted to the production of the best quality of fruit; and, third,
the attempt to market the fruit before it is ripe.

The early plantings of grapefruit in California, were of Florida
varieties which were selected without much knowledge of their adapta-
bility to California conditions. It is only in recent years that any real
knowledge has been developed of the comparative value of several
varieties for this state. Of the varieties fruited so far, one, the Marsh
Seedless, stands out clearly as particularly adapted for California con-
ditions and is of genuine commercial value.

It is becoming more and more evident that the grapefruit trees
planted on rather light, porous and sandy soils produce fruit of superior

Fig. 76. — Blossom end and side view of standard type of Marsli Seedless grape-
fruit. Reduced. (Original.)

commercial quality, color, and texture of rind to those planted on the
heavier clay soils. That there is a relation between the character of
soil and the commercial quality of the fruit can hardly be doubted.

•Address before the Special Citrus Convention, San Bernardino, Cal., February,
1916.

24526

240 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Many of the older grapefruit orchards were planted on the lower valley
and heavier soils, while most of the more recent plantings have been
made either on higher lands having lighter soils or on soils possessing
the desirable characters of texture and other conditions found by
experience to be best for the production of this fruit.

A part of the California grapefruit crop is usually picked green or
before it has fully ripened, and, as a result, its quality and flavor are
frequently poor. An early variety is needed, producing fruit which
will ripen from October until February for California markets, and this
is one of the achievements worthy of the serious attention of citrus
breeders and propagators. As a rule, the California grapefruit crop
of the established valuable variety ripens from May until July, and
some of the fruit can usually be held on the trees until September.
Under proper conditions, this late fruit can usually be held in storage
safely until about the last of November with constantly improving
flavor and little loss of weight from shrinkage. These conditions are:
first, a uniform, cool temperature ; and, second, a uniform condition of
humidity of about 90 per cent. The uniformity of humidity can be
secured by ventilation and the use of proper humidifiers. The condi-
tion of humidity in the storage rooms should be carefully determined
by means of the sling psychrometer two or three times each day. Natu-
rally, the fruit for storage must be picked with the best of care in order
to eliminate so far as possible all mechanical injuries which are likely
to result in decay, the development of which is particularly favored
by the high humidity necessary for successful storage conditions.

NAME.

A few years ago, about the time when grapefruit became recognized
as a valuable citrus fruit, an extended discussion of the proper name
for this fruit was carried on by several horticultural associations. The
American Pomological Society, various state horticultural associations,
and other similar organizations, agreed upon and adopted the name
pomelo. Considerable confusion has existed as to the proper scientific
name of the grapefruit. Hume^ gives both the pomelo and the shad-
dock under Citrus decumana L. More recently Swingle places them
in another species. Citrus grandis.

The name pomelo has never been accepted by the fruit trade or pub-
lic generally. It does not seem likely that it will ever come into com-
mon use. For this reason, when the writer began six years ago some
systematic studies of one variety commercially important in southern
California, the name grapefruit instead of pomelo was adopted for per-
formance record aiid other investigations. Later, such authorities as
Webber and others have agreed upon the desirability of using the name
grapefruit for all purposes, so that it has seemed wise in this paper
and in our work as a whole to accept this commercial and almost uni-
versally used name. Hume- quotes Eisso and Porteau in their "His-
tory and Culture of Oranges," published in 1872, as follows:

"The author of the Flora of the Antilles has equally observed
the pomelo cultivated in Jamaica, where the inhabitants call it
grapefruit. * * * The fruits are gathered in cluster-s of from
15 to 18 on the branch, each of the size of the fist, spherical, firm,
with a slightly rough skin of sulphurish yellow."

^Citrus Fruits and Their Culture, p. 17.

"Florida Elxperiment Station. Bulletin No. 58, p. 387.

TTTR MONTHLY BULLETIN. 241

The name ^n-apefruit, therefore, it would seem from this account, has
been used i'oi- many years. The writ(>r can see no real ol)jeetinn to its
use. Jt seems a nuitter of relatively little importance as to which name
is used, except that a uniform one is preferable in order to avoid mis-
understanding. Grapefruit, beino' more commonly used than pomelo
and better established in the pul)lie mind, is now, in the opinion of the
writer, a more logical one than pomelo.

VARIETIES.

Of the Florida varieties of grapefruit planted in California, the ones
most frequently tried have been the Triumpli, Duncan and Marsh
Seedless. The writer has been shown individual trees of other varieties
in several southern California orchards, ))ut knows of no commercial
plantings in bearing of other varieties than those named above. Trees
of so-called seedling origin or of unconmion and probably comparatively
recent introductions have also been found in fruit in a few places. As
a matter of fact, the writer knows of no careful and adequate compara-
tive trial of grapefruit varieties in California. The extensive propaga-
tion and planting of a carefully selected and extensive collection of
types and varieties undertaken by the Citrus Experiment Station, at
Riverside, will undoubtedly give us much needed and reliable informa-
tion as to the comparative merit of the established varieties from Florida
and other grapefruit districts in this country and abroad for California
conditiotis.

The Triumph grapefruit trees in southern California observed by the
writer produce large yields of rather small fruit, containing many seeds,
usually from 25 to 50 in each fruit. This character bars this variety
from serious consideration for commercial planting in California.

The Duncan grapefruit trees observed in southern CaliTornia tend to
produce rather large, round fruit, usuallj^ containing more than the
number of seeds desired for market purposes. The fruit observed has
had a thick rind as a rule, the quality of the juice was somewhat in-
ferior, and the rag was coarse in texture and very bitter. The last
characteristic may have been due to local conditions, as no comparison
was made with other varieties of grapefruit grown under the same
conditions.

The Imperial, Colton Terrace Seedling, Aurantium, Commercial and
Blood varieties and types of grapefruit and the Sampson tangeio have
also been propagated and planted to some extent in California. The
results of these plantings have not as yet demon.st rated them to be a
commercial success in Califoi-nia. Similar isolated plantings of related
and other varieties of grapefruit are still in the experimental stage so
far as California is concerned, and need not be considered further in
this discussion.

The iMarsh Seedless, or INTarsh, variety of grapefruit h;is been found
to be the best of all the varieties grown in California and in districts
having similar conditions. If all of the plantings in California of
varieties other than IMarsh Seedless from which fruit is marketed Avere
re])l;ieed by Marsh Seedless, either by replautins' or rebuilding 1 he
established trees, the writer is strongly of the opinion that the result
would be very beneficial to the indtistry as a whole.

According to Hume,'* the j\Iarsh Seedless variety was introduced in
Florida by C. ]\I. jMarsh, of Lakeland, Florida. The original tree was

-'Citrus Fruits and Their Culture, p. 120.
2—24526

242 THE monthijY bulletin.

said to be a seedling, but the writer wishes to point out the fact that
nearly every fruit grower upon finding an unusual tree in his orchard
has called it a seedling. This universal custom is responsible for much
misinformation concerning the origin of fruit varieties. The writer
would like to suggest to citrus fruit growers and others that unless it
is definitely known whether or not a tree originated from a seed or a
bud, the origin of the tree be left in doubt and a simple statement of
the facts concerning the finding of the tree be made and recorded.
There is no longer any reason or excuse for any one's .jumping to the
conclusion that an odd or unusual tree must of necessity be of seedling
origin.

In connection with the history of the origin of this variety, the further
statement is made that "this pomelo has not the distinct, pronounced
flavor of the typical fruit, but the quality is good, and the fact that it
is so nearly seedless is a very desirable feature." This statement con-
cerns Florida-grown grapefruit and is a comparison of the Marsh Seed-
less with other Florida-grown varieties. It is an illustration of the
fact that the behavior of a variety jn one section of the country is not
a reliable criterion of its behavior in other districts having different
climatic, soil, and cultural conditions.

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTINGS.

According to Vaile,* in his discussion of the "Outlook for the Po-
melo," 600 acres of grapefruit trees are in bearing in California (1915),
from which 250 carloads of fruit will be shipped and marketed this

Fig. 77. — Cross section and stem end views of standard type Marsh Seedless

grapefruit. Reduced. (Original.)

season. One thousand one hundred additional acres of trees are under
five years of age, from which it is estimated the California output will
be more than doubled in the coming five years.

Further, Vaile states in this report that Florida has some 16,000 acres
of full-bearing grapefruit trees, from which this season about 8,000
carloads of fruit will be shipped. In addition to this large planting,

^Monthly Bulletin, California Commission of Horticulture, for November, 1915,
p. 509.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 243

Florida has about 45,000 acres of grapefruit trees between the ages of
one and five years, which in the next five years should produce a crop of
about 35,000 carloads.

Porto Rico,^ in 1913, exported to the United States 216,216 boxes of
grapefruit, or about 500 carloads, estimating 400 boxes to the car.
Cuba, in 1912, exported to the United States the equivalent of about
250 carloads of grapefruit. In both Cuba and Porto Rico there are
reported to be large new plantings of grapefruit trees, so that the ex-
port of this fruit to the United States and elsewhere is likely to increase
greatly over the past records. A comparatively small but rapidly
increasing export of grapefruit to the United States from Jamaica and
some other foreign grapefruit growing sections is evident from the
observations and figures available for study.

Vaile*' offers the following comment on the grapefruit situation in
California in consideration of the conditions in other grapefruit dis-
tricts which compete with the California product :

" * * * ijij^g grapefruit situation in California is on a rea-"
sonable and sound basis at present. It may be expected that the
industry will be as profitable as any for a period of years. * * *
We would strongly suggest that future plantings be very con-
servative. We hesitate to recognize the wisdom of seeking new
acres adapted to this crop, and we sincerely deplore the commercial
boosting of large tracts of new lands for grapefruit culture."

At least two facts must be remembered in considering this discussion,
first, that Florida or foreign grapefruit is no longer admitted into
California on account of the danger of the introduction of insect pests
and fungous diseases through this means. No doubt other western
states where grapefruit is being grown will sooner or later adopt similar
protective measures, so that the population of these states and their
eastern or other visitors will have to be supplied with home-grown
grapefruit; second, the period of ripening of California Marsh Seed-
less grapefruit is during the summer months when no other known
district has a ripe crop available to supply the great eastern markets.
For these and other reasons California has an opportunity to develop
a strong grapefruit industry, in the opinion of the writer, provided
only the best possible grade of grapefruit is produced and the fruit is
allowed to ripen before picking. The green, bitter, and strongly acid
fruit often found on the market under present conditions offers a strong
argument for the establishment of a standard of ripeness for grapefruit
by the growers, as has been done for the orange. For their self-protec-
tion growers should look into this matter carefully from an unpreju-
diced point of view and squarely face the consequences to the future of
the industry of a continuation of the present unfortunate and uncon-
trolled system of marketing California grapefruit.

RELATION OF COMPOSITION AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS TO

QUALITY.

The Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, through the laboratory of by-products, located in Los Angeles,
has been making some chemical studies of the composition of grapefruit

•'Wallschlaeger, Bulletin No. 11, Citrus Protective League of California, p. 51.
^Monthly Bulletin No. 11, California Commission of Horticulture, November, 1915,
p. 510.

244

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

for the purpose of establishing more definite and intelligent knowledge
to be used in the consideration of the comparative degrees of ripeness of
this fruit and the time of picking. The results of these experiments to
date are of vital interest and importance to grapefruit growers from
the standpoint of an intelligent consideration of the problem of market-
ing this crop and the establishment of a good reputation for it. The
success of the California grapefruit industry, in the opinion of the
writer, will largely depend upon an unprejudiced study by the growers
of the condition of ripeness, the value of grapefruit when picked at
different times during the season, and the adoption of intelligent and
fair standards of maturity and ripeness for marketing.

In this connection the following analysis, furnished by Mr. E. M.
Chace in charge of the Citrus By-products Laboratory, Bureau of Chem-
istry, Los Angeles, California, of California grapefruit, made during
December, 1915, and of Florida grapefruit, made in November and
December, 1912, are of special interest.

Analysis of Florida and California Grapefruit.

(Analyses of California fruit made during December, 1915, and of the Florida fruit

in November and December, 1912.)

Description

Date
analyzed

Total
solids

Total
sugar

Acid

Acid

solids.

ratio

California No. 1

Dee. 22
Dec. 20
Dec. 21
Dec. 21
Dec. 16
Dec. 16
Dec. 18
Dec. 13
Dec. 20
Dec. 20
Dec. 17
Dec. 3
Dec. 24
Dec. 29
Dec. 27
Dec. 30

10.30
10.10
11.18
12.41
12.03
9.37
11.22
10.73
10.42

6.25
5.90
7.20
7.80
7.01
5.39
6.87
6.57
6.33
6.30
7.14
7.88
6.29
8.41
8.29
7.07

2.07

2.22
2.04
2.42
2.63
2.09
2.31
2.24
2.09
1.26
1.48
.90
1.34
1.58
1.53
1.16

5.0

California No. 2 . _ _

4.5

California No. 3 -

5.5

California No. 4 .

5.1

California No. 5 . _

4.6

California No. 6. _

4.5

California No. 7

4.9

California No. 8__

4.8

California No. 9 _

4.8

Florida No. 1. . .

8.0

Florida No. 2 -

7.0

Florida No. 3 . . _

12.5

Florida No. 4 . .. _

6.8

Florida No. 5

Florida No. 6

Florida No. 7

7.6
7.7
8.7

Note. — Acid solids ratios on Florida grapefruit are estimated, as no soluble solids
were determined. Tlie acid sugar ratio is considered as 70% of the acid solid ratio.

While these analyses are net meant to be comparative, they do bring
out some facts worthy of our most careful consideration from the stand-
point of the best interests of the California industry. A careful studj^
of this table will make it self-explanatory, so that no further comment
at this time is necessary.

The composition and acid solids ratios of samples of standard, rough,
seeded and smooth types of Marsh Seedless grapefruit from one of the
best groves in southern California are shown in the following table,
prepared by Mr. E. M. Chace. The samples were picked at the begin-
ning of the ripe period. It is to be hoped that during this coming season
samples picked at regular intervals throughout the entire picking period
will be analyzed for the benefit of the growers of grapefruit. Further
studies along this line are necessary in order to secure necessary reliable
information for consideration in solving satisfactorily the marketing
problem for grapefruit.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

245

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246 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

VARIABILITY OF MARSH SEEDLESS VARIETY.

In one of the first groves of Marsh Seedless grapefruit observed by the
writer in southern California it was found that out of a total of 500
trees, 123 habitually produced fruit containing from 50 to 100 seeds
each. In some cases this heavily seeded characteristic was found to be
correlated with a rough, thick rind and an undesirable shape of fruit.
This type has since been proven to have originated from bud mutations.
It has been unintentionally propagated through the absence of any care-
ful system of bud selection based on individual tree performance

Fig. 78. — Side view of coarse, thick-skinned type of Marsh Seedless
grapefruit. Reduced. (Original.)

records. To illustrate the importance of this condition, it can be said
that the owner of the grove referred to above has lost thousands of
dollars in the past through the unwelcome presence of this poor type of
trees. Fortunately, the trees belonging to this poor type are light
bearers of fruit, as a rule, so that the loss resulting from the mixture of
an inferior type of fruit has been less than otherwise would have been
the case.

The important types of Marsh Seedless trees and fruit found so far
in our performance record work are as follows :

1. Standard. The trees of this type produce a large and regular
crop. The fruit has characteristically a slightly flattened shape. The
ripe fruit representative samples of which are shown in Figs. 76 and 77
has a very smooth, satin-like skin of ivory white color, thin rind and
from none to ten seeds each, being commercially seedless. The rag is

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 247

tender, having a slightly bitter taste which is pleasant and agreeable.
The fruit has an ubundanee of juice that spurts when the fruit is cut.
The juice possesses the desired and typical grapefruit quality, a highly
developed pleasing flavor that is only equalled among California citrus
fruits, in the opinion of the writer, by the fine flavor of the Washington
Navel orange. Tiiis type is worthy of a separate varietal name in that
it has been successfully isolated in California by bud selection and is
being extensively propagated by California citrus growers.

2. Seeded. The trees of this type differ but little in appearance or
fruiting behavior from those of the standard type. The fruit is very
similar in appearance to the standard type fruit and can hardly be
sorted out from that of the standard type by even the most experienced
workers. The fruit is usually heavily seeded, averaging about 75 seeds
eacli. Otherwise the characteristic quality of the fruit is as satisfactory
as that of the standard type.

3. FlaUened and wrinJded. The trees of this type usually have a
more upright habit of growth than that of standard type trees. The
fruit has but few seeds, but frequently is lacking in juice, which is
likely to lack flavor, and is comparatively poor quality. The rag is
usually rather coarse and bitter. The wrinkled appearance around the
stem of the fruit detracts from its attractiveness for commercial pur-
poses. This type is distinctly inferior to the standard type. It
occasionally occurs as limb sports in standard trees, in which case it can
be eliminated by pruning.

4. Corrugated. The trees of this type are similar in appearance to
those of the standard type. The fruit is usually globular in shape.
The rind is ribbed, so as to give a ridged or corrugated appearance to
the fruit and is usually thick. The color of the rind is likely to be
yellowish green and it never assumes the highly desired clean ivory-
white appearance. The rag is tough and very bitter, and the juice is
of inferior quality. This type also appears as limb sports in standard
type trees, in which ease it can be removed by pruning.

5. Bell-shaped. The bell-shaped type trees are usually dwarfed in
appearance and have a drooping habit of growth. The fruit has a char-
acteristic bell, or pear-like, shape, resembling somewhat the shape of
typical shaddocks. The rind is usually very thick and the skin possesses
a yellowish cast. The rag is usually coarse and tough and the juice
of poor quality. The trees of this type are usually light bearers as
compared with trees of the standard type.

6. Rough. The trees of this type are likely to have a dwarfed appear-
ance and produce but a light crop except at infrequent intervals. The
fruit, a representative sample of which is shown in Plates 3 and 4, is
usually globular in shape, unattractive in appearance, has a thick rind,
tough rag, an inferior quality of juice and many seeds.

SPORTS.

Aside from the types listed above we have occasionally found navel
grapefruit sports, fruit having raised or lowered sections, some resem-
bling closely in size, sliape, appearance and somewhat in flavor typical
Valencia or other oranges, and many minor variations of little import-
ance from a commercial standpoint. From the breeding viewpoint these
variations, or fluctuations from the standard and other types, are of
interest and possible importance.

248

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

In this connection we can not help but mention the peculiar so-called
off-bloom fruit occurring more or less on trees of all grapefruit types.
This fruit is frequently misshapen, having a thick rind, ancl is as a whole
of inferior quality, even when ripe. The writer has no suggestion at
present to offer as to the causes for this condition or a remedy for it.
The number of these offbloom fruits seems to vary with seasonal con-
ditions.

ISOLATION OF THE STANDARD TYPE.

Enough work ha.s been done to prove that the standard and valuable
type of the Marsh Seedless variety can be isolated in propagation by bud
selection based on individual tree performance records. A method for
securing and using these records was presented at the meeting of the

Fig. Ty. — do.ss .section of coarse, thick-skinned type of Marsh Seedless
grapefruit. Reduced. (Original.)

California Fruit Growers' Convention at Visalia in November, and need
not be repeated here. There is ho doubt in the writer's mind but that
the standard type can he further improved by intelligent l)ud selection,
both as regarrls the ({uantity and quality of ])r()duction.

ELIMINATION OF POOR TREES IN ESTABLISHED ORCHARDS.

Perfor-mance rceords of indivi(hud l)earing trees will locate those of
inferior type in the estal)lished orchards. These trees can be topworked
successfully, using for this purpose select fruit-bearing budwood from
the best trees of the standard type.

•II li; MONTHLY BUIJiETIN. 249

PRUNING.

The prim-iple ui' [)niniii^' grapcri nit trees is nut i'uUy settled. So far
as the writer's ol)servalioiis have gone, the best method of prnning for
\()uiig trees is to lay the foundation for strong tops by careful heading,
not allowing' all of the main branches to arise at one point, and ])y some
careful thinning of the new growth from time to time. It is probably a
good plan to cut out most of the distinctly marked sucker growth and
when necessary to remove the dead branches. When the period of
maximum production liegins to wane, it now seems probable that it may
l)e best to cut otf the old tops and grow new ones; in other words, renew
the trees. If the type of tree and fruit are not exactly desirable, the
time of tree renewal is the proper period for topworking by rebudding,
so Dial llie new tops will l)e produced from buds instead of Cr-oiii sprouts.

OUTLOOK.

As a whole it appears to the writer that there is cstal)lished a good
foundation for the development of an important California grapefruit
industry. If the crop as a whole can be brought to a uniform standard
of I'ipi'iiess and quality before marketing, it is pro])al)le that a superior
reputation for quality can be established for this fruit in many markets.
The Avriter believes that the best type of California jMarsh Seedless
grapefruit, grown on suitable soil and under proper climatic and cul-
tural conditions, is of the highest quality and value. Without exception
so far, all visitors from many parts of the world who have tested the
fully ripened fruit in our performance record plots from the standard
type ]Marsli Seedless trees, have expressed their opinion that no better
grapefruit is grown or has been tried in their experience.

In Vergil's' time citrus fruits were called citrons. The curative
powers of these fruits for asthma and poisons were celebrated by him
two thousand years ago as follows :

"The Median fields rich citron fruits produce,

The' harsh the taste, and clammy be the juice;

Blest antidote ! which when in evil hour.

The step-dame mixes herbs of pois'nous power,

And crowns the bowl with many a mutter 'd spell.

Will from the veins the direful draught expel.

Large is the trunk, and laurel-like its frame.

And 'twere a laurel, were its scent the same:

Its lasting leaf each roaring blast defies,

Tenacious of the stem its flow 'rets rise ;

Hence a more wholesome breath the Medes receive.

And of their sires the lab 'ring lungs relieve."

'Vergil, Georgic, lb. ii-v. 126-135.

-24526

250

THE MONTHLY BUI^LETIN.

PRUNING AND TRAINING A YOUNG LEMON ORCHARD .

By W. H. Fleet, Sespe, California.

It is not my intention in presenting this subject, "Pruning and Train-
ing a Young Lemon Orchard, ' ' to ridicule or to condemn other methods,
but rather to give you some of the results of my long experience in
growing lemon trees, and to tell you of a method of pruning which the
Rancho Sespe has followed for six years, and up to the present time
has found no reason for changing. I do not know of anything that con-
cerns the lemon grower more today than the pruning and training of
his lemon trees.

Fig. 80. — Young lemon tree ready for the
first pruning. (Original.)

Almost twenty-eight years ago when I began my citrus experience in
the east end of Ventura County, I soon realized there was no uniform
method of pruning or training young lemon trees. Men were going
through the country calling themselves expert pruners. They did not
own an orchard and had never paid much attention to the fruiting
qualifications of the tree, as they never pruned an orchard more than
once a year. These men were employed to do the general spring prun-

♦Adilress before the Special Citrus Convention, San Bernardino, Cal.
1916.

February,

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

251

iug, and as a general rule the owner of tlie orchard did not realize that
it was necessary to follow up this one pruning with a thinning out and
adjusting of linil)s in the tree which had been started by the first
vigorous pruning, cutting back those limbs which had grown in proper
places to add to the framework of the tree, of which I will speak later.
These expert pruners seemed to have but one idea, and that was to
prune for shape, cutting off lower limbs so as to enable one to cultivate
under the tree. Some of them held that their method of pruning would
make the tree bear its fruit inside, which would have been the ease, if
the cuts had been made right and the growth properly adjusted in the

Fig. 81. — Young lemon tree cut back to
32 inches, ready for crowning. (Original.)

tree. They also advised cutting the side limbs to keep the teams from
rubbing against and breaking the tree. Shape seemed to be the pre-
dominating idea, vase shape, goblet shape — a shape with hollowed center,
called the Borneo system. I would rather take a bright intelligent
j^oung man who could not tell a lemon tree from an orange tree and
teach him to prune than to employ any of these so-called experts.

After more than twenty-seven years' experience with the lemon tree
I have observed this : that it is a case of building. The lemon tree has
to be watched closely and built up, year by year, and deck by deck. It
is almost impossible to tell any one how to prune unless there is some

252

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

way to demonstrate just how the pruning should be done. If I had this
audience up on the Raneho Sespe where there are lemon trees from
nine months to seven years old, I could speak more intelligently on my
subject. I would begin with a tree just planted and show the method
of pruning which has been practiced on this ranch. As it is out of the
question to take you to the grove, I have In-ought a part of the grove
with me and some pictures showing the method.

Fig. 82. — Lemon tree one year from bud,
ready to be cut back at proper points to be
planted in the orchard. (Original.)

This system can be followed up to the age of five or six years with
the Lisbon lemon, wuth the exception of a little more thinning; that is,
the Lisbon tree is more inclined to grow thicker than the Eureka.

The first and most important thing to consider is the building of the
framework of the tree which must carry a heavy load of fruit and which
should be strong enough at bearing age to support this weight without
breaking. When preparing to build one naturally considers first the
materials to be used. Therefore, I want to consider the material neces-
sary in the construction of a lemon tree, of which three kinds are
needed : building wood to construct the frame, fruit limbs and spurs to
bear fruit. How may these different kinds of growth, or material, be
distinguished? Building wood is that part of the growth that is

THE MONTI ILV BULLETIN.

253

incliiT-Hl to ui-()\v straight up, or vertical, and when a ti'ee is young,
sometimes out ward at an angle. Fruit limbs grow from one foot to
2-^' feet long and are distinguished l)y their position on the frame of
the tree and by the end of tlie limb, which shows matured leaves and
indication.s of buds forming at the tip. Sometimes a blo.ssom occurs
and often a little cluster of lemons. Fruit spurs are the growths
that come on these fruit limbs, as also on the framework of the tree, if
the tree is of a fruiting nature.

. I

^-^

"T^

Fig. 83. — Showing lemon tree one year
in the nursery, cut back ready to plant in
orchard form. (Original. )

There is another growth of the lemon tree about which thei'e is a good
deal of discussion, suclicrs or sucker wood. A growth, oi- sprout, is only
a sucker when it grows on that part of a tree already developed where
it can not be used. The question has been raised, AVlien is a sucker not
a sucker? I would answer it this way: when something unexpectedly
happens to some part of the tree so that the sucker can be used, not for
a fruit limb, but as a part of the tree. Several times I have had this
experience. A large limb has si)lit off one side of a tree, just above it
being a sucker from one foot to sixteen inches long. The split limb was
taken off entirely and the abrasion smoothed off and painted. The
sucker Avas tied to the main part of the tree to prevent its breaking off

254

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

until it was large enough to cut back at a proper point to make it
branch and spread to fill in that part of the tree where the broken limb
was taken out. In this ease this sprout was a sucker when it could not
be used, but when circumstances permitted its use it was no longer a
sucker.

This building of a lemon tree is accomplished by a systematic cutting
out and back. This does not necessarily mean that the tree should not
be expected or allowed to bear fruit during the building of the frame.
More and better fruit will be produced at an earlier date than if the

Fig. S4. — Showing appearance of a two-
year-old lemon tree before pruning in the
spring. (Original.)

tree had been allowed to follow its natural propensities, as the fruit
limbs and fruit spurs will develop each year in the part of the frame
which has been built the year or years previous. It must be remem-
bered while building the framework of the tree that fruit limbs and
fruit spurs are being developed also, and care must be exercised during
the building process not to trim out these fruit limbs or fruit spurs
except where they are too thick. Never crop off the ends of the fruit
lini])s or fruit spurs.

The question Avhen to begin to build or train a lemon tree is an
important one. Just as soon as the bud grown from the seedling stock

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

255

has reached a heitrht in the nursery so that it may be cut oft' at a point
where tliere is matured wood, 32 to 34 inches from the ground, this is
the time when the beginning of the training and developing of the tree
should be considered.

Figure 80 shows a bal)y tree ready to be cut back and enter its child-
hood. I call it a ''baby tree" because it has been up to this date
nursed, held up by stakes, and given every care, not having been trusted
one minute to its own propensities. Now, it is to be cut back, and on

Fig. 85. — Same tree as shown in Fig. 84
pruned ready to begin its spring growth.
(Original.)

the little stick or stem will be built a crown as a foundation of the tree
that hereafter must carry hundreds or even thousands of pounds of
weight.

Figure 81 shows the baby tree cut back to 32 inches, ready for crown-
ing, as I have mentioned before. Of course, the height of cutting back
to begin the crown or framew^ork is a matter of choice with the nursery-
man or orchardist for whom the nurseryman is growing the trees. I
prefer a crown started within 32 to 34 inches of the top of the ground.

Figure 82 shows the tree one year from bud. ready to be cut back at
proper points to be planted in the orchard. I want to call your atten-
tion to one important thing Avhich I have tried to show in this picture,

256

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

the spacing of the crown limbs. You will notice that there are four
branches or cro-wii limbs that have been allowed to grow out from the
stem referred to in Figure 81. These crown limbs have grown out at
different points on this stem, no one being opposite another. It is not
always possible to carry out this particular ])lan in the crowning of the
tree, but in most cases the limbs can be spaced so as not to allow one
to come exactly opposite another, this to avoid too much strain at that
point which may result in the limbs splittina- off. I would prefer to

Fig. 86. — Tree same age as that shown
in Fig. 85, pruned but larger. (Original.)

have only two limbs with the center stem, if it were not possible
to grow four without having one opposite another. Three crown
limbs are enough and four are plenty. The tree in Figure 82 is fairly
well spaced, but if the crown limbs were a little farther apart, it would
be better.

Figure 88 shows the same tree one year in the nursery cut back ready
to plant in orchard form. You will notice that it has been cut back
i-hort. It is dangerous to make the cuts too long the first two or three
years, as long cuts mean small limbs and weak frames. If this tree is
planted early and makes a good growth, the first pruning may be neces-
sary in August or September. Tliis will be the thinning out of the top

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

257

branches aii(i ciittiii'i' back i-atlici" slinrt tliusc liiiilis wliicli arc needed
to make j)art oi" llic I'l'aiiicwdi'k. liy first pruning 1 am not alluding to
suckering or rubbing oif the water sprouts, etc. It is very important
to kiH'p tiie tree free from suckers, especially the trunk. A young tree
should be watched very closely the first two or three years. W it f(trms
tlie habit of suckering, especially on its trunk, there will be trouble in
starting the .sap in full flow through the limbs and foliage of the tree.
Also allo\\ing the suckers to grow stunts the growth of the tree. There
fore, the suckers should be taken off when they are so tender that they

^■k^''. 'W

4%

Fig. S7. — Lemon tree three years okl before
pruning in the spring. (Original.)

can Ijc rubbed off with the hand. Kubbing them off when they are very
tender prevents knots from forming on the trunk or limbs of the tree,
which I believe retards the free flow of the sap, and the suckers will not
have yet formed any fibre or hardwood to connect them with the woody
part of the trunk of the tree. 1 l)elieve that every time a knot is formed
on the trunk of the tree it become.s to some extent an obstruction in the
flow of the sap. The smoother the surface of the channel through which
the sap has to flow, the freer the circulation through the limbs, twigs,
and foliage of the tree.

In pruning a lemon tree planted nine months in the orchard the tall
branches are cut back very short for the next deck or framework.

258

THE MONTHLY BULIiETIN.

This close cutting is done to develop strength in the crown of the tree
before a heavy top growth is developed. Although this tree is only
nine months old, some short, healthy wood has been allowed to remain
in the crown which was developed in the nursery and in the crown
now being developed. These are little fruit limbs which have formed
and will during the second year of growth blossom and set some fruit.
I have been asked many times if it is best to pick off these blossoms
or cut off this fruit. I say no. Let us consider from now on the
matter of leaving the fruit spurs and fruit limbs in the crown of
the tree which has been developed so that they may grow and produce

Via. SS. — Same tree as shown in Fig. 87
pruned. (Original.)

lemons in limited quantities while the tree is young. Do not be
alarmed if the young trees, one or two years old, begin to show an
inclination to bear and develop some fruit. Let them get the habit
while they are young. A lemon tree, properly trained and pruned,
should bear quite a few lemons when it is three years old. The little
limbs will first blossom on the end, bearing from one to three lemons,
and then on the limb, back toward the trunk of the tree, fruit spurs
Avill develop and set fruit.

Figure 84 shows a two-year tree before pruning in the spring. The
tall limbs should be cut back to from six to twelve inches, depending

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

259

upon the fruit line. Tlie fruit line, or deck, is a vertical growth of fruit
limbs that will blossom and set fruit on the ends, then bend downward,
causing fruit spurs to come on these limbs and bear fruit. P]ach year
a new deck of fruit wood or limbs is developed, and as before stated,
this growth should only be cut when it becomes too thick.

Figure 85 shows the same tree two years old pruned ready to begin its
spring growth. It is important to go over the two-year trees at least
twice during the year, taking out all suckers and cutting back the limbs
that have grown out of proportion to the other part of the tree to a

Fig. 89.— Three-year-old lemon tree pruned
three times during 1915. (Original.)

point where the growth is round and not smaller than a lead pencil;
larger would be better. Never cut angular wood. In some cases it will
be necessary to take out entire limbs if they have grown too thick, and
also to cut those back that have grown in the right place to add to the
framework of the tree. Twenty-one limbs were taken from this tree,
twelve being too thick, and nine were cut back for building.

Figure 86 is a tree the same age as that in Figure 85 pruned, but
larger. It has more of the feathery growth and a well-defined fruiting
line.

260

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN,

Figure 87 shows a tree three years old before pruning in the spring.
These pictures were taken in January. While the trees are called one,
two and three years of age, they lack about three months of being that
age. Most trees are coming two or three years old. These trees were
pruned three times last year.

Figure 88 shows the same tree pruned. It has been reduced in
height consideralily, which was done to strengthen the frame. Some
growth was taken out of the center where it was too thick.

Figure 89 shows a tree three years old, pruned three times during
1915, or last year. The tree lias made some tender growth after the
late fall pruning. This picture was taken January 22d, before the
tree began its spring growth. It shows a developed fruit line as it

Fig. 90. — Thirteen-year-old lemon tree unpruned. (Original.)

enters its fourth year. Some of the tender growth will commenee to
develop rapidly early in the spring and so will have to be gone over at
least three times to thin out and cut back at proper points, just as was
necessary with the two-year tree. A lemon tree at this age, properly
pruned and trained, should show a well-cletined fruit line.

Figure 90 shows a thirteen-year-old tree unpruned. It was pruned
three times the previous year, and the vertical growth showing above
the feathery or fruiting line is that which developed from about
October to January 22d the following year, or in a])out three months.

When the same tree Avas pruned, forty-three of these limbs were
taken out and seven were cut back because they grew where more
fruit bearing wood could be produced. When a lemon tree reaches
this age very little cutting back is necessary. IMost all of the vertical

THE MONTlir.Y HDLl.ETIN.

2G1

urowlli should lie tiikcii (uil. A Iitc piopci'ly pniiii'd from its iiil'ancy
is 1)1"()u,l;'1iI to this a.uc without i.-irtre stuhhy linilis near the top (jf the
treo. 'JMiis iiictliod of pruning' ;nid ti'ainiiiL;' ol' a youiij; Iciiiou oi-chai'd
will bring' the ti'ees to full beai'ing age without any long l)ai'e limbs,
devoid of fruit limbs and fruit spui's on the frame of the tree. Great
care should be taken not to allow the growth to become too thick.
SouK'tiiiies it may be necessary to take out a whole limb and open the

Fig. 91.- — Showing a tree pruned once
late in the spring and the pruning not fol-
lowed up during the summer. (Original.)

tree a little to let in the air and light so that the fruit-bearing wood in
the interior of the tree will bear fruit.

Figure 91 shows a tree pruned once late in the spring and the prun-
ing not followed up during the summer. !Mueh of the gi-owth is
wasted b}^ allowing too much of it to become woody. This will have
to be taken out. Therefore, time will be lost in the proper building
of the frame of the tree and in tlie development of fruit bearing wood.

262 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SOME GOOD RULES TO FOLLOW IN TRAINING AND PRUNING YOUNG

LEMON TREES.

First. — Use good sharp shears so as to make a smooth cut.

Second. — Never cut off a limb over f-inch thick with the shears.
Use a sharp saw, smooth with a knife, and then wax. Every limb
which is cut |-inch and over should be waxed, especially in the train-
ing and pruning of a tree up to five or six years of age.

Third.— In cutting out limbs entirely, cut close and smooth, then
wax. Do not leave stubs in the tree.

Fourth. — Never cut angular wood. Where a cut is made the wood
should be round, no smaller than a lead pencil, and a little larger would
be better.

Fifth. — Never crop or shear off ends of fruit limbs. Never shear
the tree under any circumstances.

Sixth. — Keep the trees free of water sprouts, especially the trunks
of the young trees.

Seventh. — When in douht leave it. That is, when in doubt whether
a limb ought to be cut out or cut off, leave it until next time. It can
be taken out in the future, if it is necessary, but if cut off, it can
never be put back. It is necessary to go over the orchard at least
three times a year with the pruning shears.

Eighth. — Never cut out the little fruit limbs which grow in the
framework of the tree which has been developed, only where they are
too thick.

A very important point which should not be overlooked is the soil.
Unless the soil is kept in a good physical condition, manufacturing
food for the tree, one can not expect good results. The framework of
the tree has been built. On it hangs thousands of fruit limbs, fruit
spurs have set, thousands of buds are ready to produce more fruit
limbs and spurs, more fruit limbs are continually coming into bearing,
and unless the tree is properly and regularly fed one can not expect
prolific and continuous fruiting. A lemon tree is very much like a
potato in the comparison of the fruit buds with the eyes of the potato.
Every bud on the lemon tree is capable of growing fruit limbs and
fruit spurs, even down on its trunk to the top of the ground. Keep
the food factory in good running order, furnishing the proper diet for
the tree. With the proper handling of the soil and the proper train-
ing and pruning of the lemon tree, one can develop a tree which will
always and indefinitelj^ be a prolific bearer and a profit to its owner.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

263

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.
(July 1, 1916.)

By Geo. P. Weldon.
Compiled from the repprts of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

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75
70

90

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100
100

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70

100
100

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25
75
85

80
35
75
65

35

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Colusa

70
55

75

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100

El Dorado .

#

100

75

«
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65

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50

80

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80

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80

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70

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85

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50

80

85
60

#

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90

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80

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60
85
90

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85

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75

tt

90

#

#

30

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100

90

25

#

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Kern

#

Kings

#

Lake

50

Los Angeles

70

Madera -

35
60
90
75

100

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65

b
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b
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#
50

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40

#
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65

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100

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#
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80

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85
75
70
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85
75

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25

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Mendocino

85

Merced -

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Monterey -

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Napa - .

80
100
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100

60
90
75

50
60

80

40

100

40
40

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Nevada

50

20

Orange

100

Placer

25

100

b

90

b

90

#

100

—

90

75

75

75

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Riverside

90

80

h

#

h

tt

100

90

80

75

80

40

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75

60

Sacramento

65

90

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100

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100

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95

70

68

65

50

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San Benito

100

100

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100

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San Bernardino

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70

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50

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80

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San Diego

70

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—

100

75

100

100

80

20

25

20

100

San Joaquin

40

80

b

#

b

#

#

tt

75

#

75

50

75

50

75

San Luis Obispo

100

90

h

i

b"

#

#

tt

#

#

90

80

#

95

80

Santa Barbara

#

100

b

tt

h

#

100

100

100

100

tt

90

tt

#

80

Santa Clara

#

60

b

—

b

#

#

#

tt

#

75

50

—

55

tt

Santa Cruz

«

80

b

75

h

tt

#

80

it

#

75

50

—

40

tt

Shasta

20

75

b

50

b

75

#

#

25

#

60

30

50

50

75

Siskiyou -

#

10

#

40

b

#

#

#

#

#

5

5

5

5

tt

Solanot

Sonoma

25

100

h

75

h

tt

#

#

—

tt

80

80

75

40

100

Stanislaus

80

75

100

it

75
100

25
100

#

b

b
h
h
b

b

100
50
h

h
b
h

#

50
100

95

tt

#
tt
tt

95

100

#
#

90
100

100
60

100

#

85
90

85
75
65
88
#

75
50
75

tt
tt

100
75

75

100
75
75
95

#

Sutter .

75

Tehama - _

#

Tulare . .

tt

Ventura

65

Yolo —

65

It

b

—

tt

—

#

#

—

tt

75

80

90

50

#

Yuba

70

100

b

90

b

90

#

90

60

90

60

no

100

90

60

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.
— Horticultural commissioner has insufflclcut information for a report.
tt Not grown commercially,
t No commissioner in county,
h Harvested.

264

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

STATISTICS.

Estimated per cent of the total crop of the principal California fniits grown in each of the
main producing counties during a season of normal production. Compiled from the reports of
the county horticultural commissioners.

County

-I 3

(0 »

3

^ Ctl
(6

f I

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa .

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento i

San Benito j

San Bernardino ._

San Diego ._

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo-.
Santa Barbara ..-

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano I

Sonoma i

Stanislaus

Sutter I

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

12

4
11

12

11

12

*

3

51

16

14

•21
&

3

*

5

*
*

23

2

26

2

IP
o

o3

31

7
16

13

1.0

5
15

14

14
2

11
5

7

4

2

11
6

9fi

10

14

*

31

13

2

29

7

it

18

39

8

3D

38

18

£5

*

*

16

4

*

12

*

* 1

»

*

2

4

4

2 1

*

i

10

20

"Less than 2 per cent of State's normal crop grown in county.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletin.?
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissionor

Hakrt S. Smith ; , Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew »_■ . Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento.
California, under the act of July 16, 1S94.

Farmers' Short Courses at the University of California. — The Uni-
versity of California announces that short courses will he given at the
Univer.sity Farm at Davis from October 2d to November 10th. There
will lie short courses in Agriculture. Horticulture and Poultry IIu.s-
bandi-y. During the last three weeks of the short course in Horti-
culture there will be special courses in citrus and semitropical fruits,
viticulture and olives. A course in farm tractors from November IHth
to 24th has also been announced. For particulars write to the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Universitv of California, Berkeh^y. —
E. J. V.

Seventh National Orange Show. — The dates for the Seventh
National Oi-ange Show to l)e held at San Bernardino have l)een given
by the directors of the Show as February 20 to 28, 1917. The othcers
of the Orange Show are as follows: President, Ben AV. Campton ; vice-
president, Joseph Ingersoll ; treasurer, Joseph Strawser ; general man-
ager. F. M. Peufro.— E. J. V.

Citrus Experiment Station. — The contract for th(> building of the
new citrus experiment station of the University of California at River-
side was let on June 1.3th to the Cresmer Contracting Company.

Wheat in California. — California, once an important wheat state
and noted for large bonanza wheat farms, is no longer classed as a
wheat-producing state. TAventy years ago it produced 45,000,000
bushels of wheat, shipping much of it to Europe. This year its pro-
duction will probably be not much more than 4.000.000 bushels, and it
will need to ship in from other states 10,000,000 bushels or more to
meet its own food requirements. — June Crop Report, V. S. Dcpt. of
Agric.

266 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Citrus Canker. — The Louisiana State University has just issued a
circular — Circular No. 15 — on citrus canker. No doubt California
Citrus Growers desiring information on this destructive disease may
be able to procure copies of this circular by writing to the Experiment
Station at Baton Rouge. — E. J. V.

The National Agricultural Society. — Some of the best known men
in the country met April 27th at the Hotel Biltmore, New York City,
bringing to a head an important movement for the improvement of
agricultural conditions throughout the country by completing the
organization of The National Agricultural Society.

James Wilson of Iowa, formerly Secretary of Agriculture in the
Cabinets of Presidents McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft, was made presi-
dent, and Theodore N. Vail of New York, was elected vice president.
Mr. Vail is largely interested in agriculture, having founded an agri-
cultural school for boys on his farm in Vermont, w-hich he recently
turned over to the state. He has always been interested in agricul-
tural problems and particularly in the education and development of
the farm boy.

G. lioward Davison was elected chairman of the Executive Commit-
tee. Mr. Davison was one of the founders of the International Live-
stock Exposition, and is a member of many agricultural and livestock
associations. He was until recently president of the American Dairy
Shorthorn Cattle Club, and for years was a director of the New York
State Fair. He was appointed to the Board of Control of the Geneva
Experiment Station on which he served for a number of years.

The directors elected, in addition to Messrs. Wilson, Vail and
Davison, are : T. Coleman du Pont of Delaware, John A. Spoor of
Chicago, R. V. Lindabury of New Jersey, William H. Moore of New
York, Governor Henry C. Stuart of Virginia, Senator James W. Wads-
worth of New York, Robert A. Pairbairn of New Jersey, Samuel Tnsull
of Chicago, Charles A. Otis of Cleveland, N. H. Gentry of Missouri,
Peter Jansen of Nebraska, Fairfax Harrison of Virginia, Walter A.
Johnson of New York and P. C. Long of New York.

Mr. Johnson was also elected treasurer and Mr. Long secretary.

Among others who have been instrumental in organizing the Society
were the late James J. Hill of St. Paul, W. K. Vanderbilt of New
York, J. H. Wade of Cleveland, Frank 0. Lowden of Illinois, Mortimer
L. Schiff of New York, William du Pont of Virginia, Ex-senator C. W.
Watson of Maryland, V. Everit Macy and W. Averill Harriman of
New York.

The following committees were also elected : Executive Committee,
Messrs. G. Howard Davison, chairman. Vail, Spoor, Lindabury, Fair-
bairn and Wilson ; Finance Committee, Messrs. Harrison, Insull and
du Pont; Auditing Committee, Messrs. Moore, Otis and Wadsworth;
Nominating Committee, Messrs. Spoor, Stuart, Jansen, Gentry and
Davison ; Publication Committee, Messrs. Moore, Vail and Fairbairn.

The society will have in' addition to these officers a strong advisory
board composed of the deans of some of the leading agricultural col-
leges, heads of the. agricultural experiment stations, department of
agriculture men, leading editors of agricultural papers and others.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 267

Permanent headquarters for the society will eventually be established
at Washington, D. C. At present offices have been taken at 2 West
45th street, New York City, and from this point the work of organiza-
tion will be directed. President James Wilson and the other active
officials of the organization will therefore be located at the New York
offices for the present.

With these men seriously concerned in the organization, and believ-
ing that the great problem of the United States today is that of agri-
culture, the society hopes to become in time an important factor in
the national welfare.

There has not been in this country heretofore a really national asso-
ciation of this character. In England and the continent there are
several organizations of this kind, among them being the well-known
Royal Agricultural Society of Great Britain and the International of
Italy. These institutions have accomplished a vast amount of good,
but up to this time American agricultural associations have confined
themselves to local problems.

It is felt by those responsible for the founding of The National

Agricultural Society that there should be in this country a national

organization, to which the farmers could look for help and guidance

which will be their mouthpiece in agricultural matters of national

concern.

ITS PLAN AND PURPOSE.

The National Agricultural Society has been organized for the general
advancement of the agriculture of the United States, to promote and
encourage those things which are essential to a successful agriculture.

It has been founded to "nationalize American agriculture," and its
chief function is to serve as a medium for the concentration and expres-
sion of those opinions, experiences and methods resulting from agri-
cultural research, which have been proved by practical experience to be
of benefit to the agriculturist.

MEMBERSHIP.

The society makes no restrictions on membership and anyone with a
sincere interest in agricultural betterment is made welcome.

Membership classes are divided into annual members, for whom the

annual dues are $2, and sustaining members, founders, patrons and

benefactors, who support the society in larger amounts. All classes of

members are entitled to all of the publications of the society without

further charge.

ITS PLATFORM.

It is the intention of The National Agricultural Society to serve as
a clearing house of agricultural problems, and a record of agricultural
progress, and to act as a nonpartisan sponsor for all national move-
ments leading forward in rural affairs.

It desires to encourage a more intimate relationship between the
farmer, the stockman, the agricultural college profession, the agricul-
tural college graduate, and the staffs of the various United States
experiment stations.

268 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The first step of the society will be to secure a representative mem-
bership, the eampaig-n for which has already been inaugurated.

Through its president, directors, advisory board, and members, the
soeiet}^ Avill keep in touch with agricultural progress and will w^ork
through many widely separated agencies. In this work the entire
country eventually will be subdivided and as a result of reporting back
to headquarters a vast amount of practical and useful information will
be secured.

This and other information will be disseminated to all of the society's
members throughout the country and the society will be an authorita-
tive source of information on matters within its scope.

The society will send out from time to time communications to its
members by which it hopes to make each member an agent for the
common good. Under the present plan conventions will be held in
various localities which will bring together the best local influences.

The National Agricultural Society recognizes that agricultural pro-
gress is becoming more rapid each year, owing to the research and
experimental work of The Federal Department of Agriculture and
that of the various agricultural colleges and experiment stations of the
country. It believes that this work should be made available to the
farmers and agricultural students of the United States promptly and
in usable form. It has, therefore, projected The Agricultural Digest
to act as the register and interpreter of this work, as well as the mouth-
piece of the agricultural industry of the United States, and the organ
of the society.

THE AGRICULTURAL DIGEST.

The Digest will:

(1) Report the essentials of the experiment station publications and
the research work of the Department of Agriculture, the agricultural
colleges and other institutions investigating agricultural problems.

(2) Digest the important articles appearing in the various agri-
cultural papers of the country.

(3) Present instructive feature articles covering all of the import-
ant agricultural movements of the country, such as conservation of
soils, co-operation, rural credits, and similar matters of national
importance.

(4) Support all wise and useful legislation tending to better the
condition of the agricultural classes and bring about a closer and more
intimate relation between the producer and consumer.

(5) Teach the application of the best modern methods, based on
economic principles and practical experience, to agricultural labor;
thereby increasing the product of labor without increasing the cost to
the consumer.

TJie Agricvltvral Digest Avill be national in its scope and character
and will lend its support to all measures making for agricultural pro-
gress. It will be in no wise a competitor or antagonist, of any local,
sectional or other farm paper, l)ut, instead, will co-operate with them
for the common good.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 269

ITS CONSTITUTION.

Tlic ohjccts oi' The National A,L;rii'iilliiral fSociety as sd J'orth in its
formal constitution are as follows:

Article II.

The olijects of this society sliall l)c as follows :

(a) To cil'ect an organization, nonpartisan and nonpolitical, which
shall atit'ord a common mouthpiece for the varied and diversified agri-
cultural interests of the country on matters of national concern.

{})) To promote the cause of agriculture and its advancement; the
maintenance of soil fertility; the breeding of better livestock and the;
prosperity of rural industries throughout the United States by the
mutual self help and fraternity of its members and the encouragement
of a coimnunity spirit.

(e) To co-operate with and a.ssist the public authorities, regularly
organized societies, associations and individuals in agricultural matters.

(d) To consider systems of rural credits to the end that owners of
agricultural lands may secure some of the financial benefits now
accorded other industries.

(e) To co-operate with legislatures of the various states with the
object of securing uniform agricultural legislation non-partisan in
character throughout the states.

(/) To promote an interest in agriculture and rural activities as
the basic industry of the country in the congested centers of population.

(g) To co-operate with and assist organized societies, associations,
and individuals in matters affecting conservation of natural resources.

(/t) To encourage co-operation among farmers and to aid in estab-
lishing better methods for the marketing and distribution of farm
products.

(i) To appoint delegates and committees to appear before congress
and the state legislatures in support of agricultural interests.

(j) To appoint commissions for the investigation of agricultural
conditions both in this country and abroad for the common benefit of
agriculturalists throughout the country.

(A-) To own and lease any and all property, real or personal, neces-
sary, convenient or useful for the purpose of this society.

(I) To publish such bulletins, magazines, and other literature as the
society may deem necessary in the furtherance of its work. — Agricul-
tural Digest for June, 1916.

270 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE 2 »; S DI V I S I O N.

Report for the Month of May, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

Four years have elapsed since we first commenced to publish a
monthly record of the work and findings of the Quarantine Division of
the State Commission of Horticulture. We realized at the outset that
it would be an undertaking of dimensions to continue the task of deter-
mining the pests intercepted and compile the statistics for this report
each month in addition to the rapidly growing volume of routine work
at the station ; however, we had a definite purpose in mind in so doing,
and our persistence has advanced us a long way toward the ultimate
goal of this purview. Pertinent among the several reasons that
influenced our original decision, was the hope that a reiterated official
record of the insect pests and plant diseases we were intercepting
would eventually attract the attention of plant inspectors in other
countries to the condition of the plant products their counrymen were
exporting, and elicit their interest in an attempt to clean up these
exports at the point of origin. In this particular direction we have
succeeded beyond our most sanguine expectations. Eeported findings
bred inquiries, inquiries resulted in acquaintance and acquaintance
soon established confidence. Adverse criticisms of our methods have
practically ceased ; our system of procedure is being widely copied
and adopted; imports of plant products arrive in much better, cleaner
condition, are handled with far greater dispatch and the percentage
of rejections is lower than ever before.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 76

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports-- 3,562

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 105,900

Fumigated 2,628

Refused admittance 101

Contraband destroyed 30

Total parcels horticultural Imports for tlie month 108,659

Pests Intercepted.
From Australia:

Coccid on Kentia palm.

From Azores:

Ijcpidosaphes beckii, Pscndorocnt.i sp., and fungus on lemons.

From British Columbia:

Chionaspis pinifoUw on conifer.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 271

From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Aspidiotus palmw and Pseudococcua sp. on bananas.

From China:

Photnopsis citri on pomelos.

Larvae of Weevil in sweet potatoes.

Aulacaspis rosw on unknown plant.

From Hawaii:

Diaspis broniclur, Pscndncocciis h^'omeliw and Saissetia sp. on pineapples.
Coccus longulus on betel leaves.
Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes.
Trypetid larvae in mangoes.

From Japan:

Larvae of Weevil In sweet potatoes.
Ceroplastes rubens on Camellia.

From New Jersey:

Cerataphis lataniw on palms.

From Oregon:

Larvaj of Epochra canadensis in gooseberries.

From Tahiti:

Fungus on oranges.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 28

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 74,9561

Fumigated 313

Refused admittance 5J

Contraband destroyed 4

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 75,279

Pests Intercepted.
From Alabama:

Pseudococcus sp. on Coleus.

From Arizona:

Weevil larvae in acorns.

From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophi/Ui, Chrysomphalus scittiforuiis and Pseudocorcits sp. on
bananas.

From Cuba:

Pseudococcus hromelia; on pineapples.

From Illinois:

Pseudococcus sp. on Coleus.

From Massachusetts:

Euthrips sp. on lemon trees.

From Mexico:

Chloridca obsoleta on tomatoes.

From New York:

Pseudococcus sp. and Aphides on gardenias.

From Ohio:

Orthezia insignis on Strobilanthus dyerianus.
Pseudococcus sp. and Saissetia hemisphwrica on crotons.

From Pennsylvania:

Aphides on Chrysanthemum plants.
Pseudococcus sp. on rose plants.
Chrysomphalus aonidum on Lilies.

272 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected . 27

Fish boats inspected 29

Passengers arriving from fruit I1y ports 191

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 4,1603

Fumigated G

Refused admittance li

Contraband destroyed 2

Total parcels horticultural imports for tlic mouth 4,170

Pests Intercepted.
From Mexico:

Lepidosaphes ffloverii on oranges.

From New Jersey:

PsriulucoccHs sp., J'lilvinaria sp., Chri/.sinn ii]t((iHS ((onidtiiii and Ai)ipeloghypter
sp. on orchids.

From Ohio:

Sdift.'ietiu heviisphwricd and Coccus licsperidum on crotons.

From Oregon:

Aleyrodes sp. on ornamental plants.

From Wisconsin:

Pseudococcus lunyispinus and Coccus hcspcriduni on crotons.

EUREKA STATION,

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Sliips inspected ^^ 5

Horticultural Imports: Parcels.

Passed as free from pests : __: 43

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

(No report.)

COUKTIES HAVING HORTICULTURAL COJOU3S10N>31S. WITH THK RESPRCTIVS
CITIES IN WHICH THK CUMHSSIOHIUS RESIDE.

^t./r.tf^.

County

Alnmflda

Biitt<»

Colusa

Contra Coata

21 Porado

i^resno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lnkfi

Lassen

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendoolno

lleroed

Modoc

Konterey

Napa

Nevada

City
•
Oakland
Orovllle
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
Willows
Eureka
El Centre
Bishop
Bakcrsf ield
Han ford
Kelseyville
Susanvlllo
Loe Anfjeles
Madora
Ukiah
"ercod
Alturas
Aromas
Napa
Grass Valley

Comity

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

3an Benito

San Bernardino

Sail Diego

San Joaquin

San Uateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehasia

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

City

•
Santa Ana

Bonrnan

Riverside

Sacranento

HolliBter

San Bernardino

San Diego

Stockton ''' ""1--"

Redwood City /;.j,<,^";5r

Santa Barbara

San Jose

Watsonville

Anderson

Yreka

Santa Rosa

Modesto

Yuba City

Red Bluff

Vlsalla

Ventura

Woodland

Karyeville

i~er O'CrUsftn. -5 C

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MIgS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

B. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTI, Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R. E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

L. A. WHITNEY ^ Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeies Office: Room 326, Union League Building.

A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. v. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

Caufoenia

State Pbinting Office

1916

VOLUME V

No. 8

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

J

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA

AUGUST, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page

PIPING SYSTEM FOR ORCHARD SPRAYING George P. Weldon 273

THE IMPORTANCE AND PREVENTION OF WOOD DECAY IN FRUIT

TREES W. T. HORNE 278

THE CAROB C. W. Beers 282

BALLING DEGREE OF FRUIT JUICES W. V. Cruess 286

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS, MONTH OF AUGUST :__

George P. Weldon 290

GENERAL NOTES—

Weeds Along the State Highway O. W. Newman 293

Planting Potatoes on New Land E. J. Vosler 294

Marin County Appoints a Horticultural Commissioner E. J. V&sler 294

Statistics on the Cost of Bringing Orchards Into Bearing

E. J. Vosler 294

Community Buying E. J. Vosler 294

Certified Seed Potatoes E. J. Vosler 294

Forty-Ninth State Fruit Growers' Convention E. J. Vosler 295

Apple Standardization E. J. Vosler 295

Beet Leaf-Hopper Parasites H. S. Smith 299

Publications of the Department of Agriculture E. J. Vosler 299

RussE3LL D. Stephens, an Obituary 303

A SATISFACTORY METHOD OF REARING MEALY BUGS FOR USE

IN PARASITE WORK E. J. Branigan 304

A SUBLABORATORY OF THE INSECTARY IN THE SOUTH

H. S. Smith 306

QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report fob the Month of June Frederick Maskew 307

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. August, 1916. ' No. 8

PIPING SYSTEM FOR ORCHARD SPRAYING. ^^^^

By George P. Weldon. Qami

Promptness and thorons'lmcss are the two most important requisites
of spraying. The satisfactory control of a serious insect pest or fungous
disease can not be accomplished unless the spraying is done at the
opportune time, which sometimes arrives when, on account of wet
weather, the ground is so soft that the spray truck can not be moved
about through the orchard. Such • a condition as this has interfered
with spraying for scab of pears and apples as well as diseases and
insect pests of other trees, practically every spring, in some of our
orchards. The solution of this problem is found in the piping system
of spraying which enables the fruit grower to treat his trees at any
time during the season when rain is not falling.

The cost of installing the piping system is quite heavy and is the
factor that prevents its general use. After installation the expense of
operation is much less than that of the commonly used gasoline power
outfit. Some figures for comparison may be of interest in this connec-
tion. Ordinarily three men are required to operate the gasoline power
sprayer, two nozzlemen and a man to attend to the team, pump and out-
fit in general. The usual capacity of a tank is 200 gallons. By worldng
steadily with water handy for tilling tanks, 10 tanks or 2,000 gallons
per day may be applied. It often requires, for thorough work, 10 gal-
lons of spray for every average sized bearing tree, thus the services of
three men are required to spray 200 trees per day, or an average of
66| trees per man. In the E. A. Gammon orchard, which is piped as
described later, it is not difficult to force 1,000 gallons of spray per day
through each lead of hose. It is stated by ]\Ir. Gammon that 10,400 gal-
lons were applied from 10 leads of hose in one day. To apply the same
amount of spray with power sprayers it would require the use of five
ordinary machines and at least 15 men to operate them. Counting on
an average of 10 gallons per tree, each man holding a hose in the
Gammon system would spray approximately 100 trees on an average
per day. If quicker service than this was desired an additional number
of hose connections could be provided. The amount of spray applied
per tree is often less than 10 gallons and depends very largely on the
spray being applied, and the pest that it is expected to control.

In order that readers of this article may have as many specific details
as possible regarding the piping system of spraying, two systems in use
in Sacramento River pear orchards will be described. The first system
that was installed, as far as the writer has been able to learn, is that
in the Hayward Reed orchard, close to Sacramento, in Yolo County.

24940

274

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

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Fig. 92. — Map of underground spraying system in the E. A. Gammon pear orchard
at Hood, Sacramento County. A. Ij"xlj"x3" T with S.C. 1*" U. B. lj"xli''
cross S-br. IJ" V- IJ" U. N-br. IJ" V. IJ" U. E-br. l"-l^""bush. 1" V-1" U.
C. 15"xl" cross W-br. 1" V-1" U.E-br. I"xl"x3" T & S.C. 1" V-1" U. N-tar.
1-i" V. i" U. D. lj"xl" Cross E & W br. 1" V-1" U. br. li" V-U. E. l|"xl" cross
E & W br. 1"V-1"U. N-br. l"xlj" bush. 1" V-1" U. F. 1" T E. br. ^"-1" bush,
5" T & S.C. r' U W br. 1" V 1" U. G. lj"xl" T E. br. 1" V-1" U. W br. §"-
1" bush. 3" V-3" U. H. l"xl"xr' T & S,C, 1" U. I. g" T & S.C.-3" U. J. l"x
l"xa" T. & S.C. |"-1" bush. 3" U. K. r' Ell & S.C. M. 1" Ell-g" to 1" bush.
& S.C. N. i" T-3" IT in br. P. l"xl"xi" T-J" U in br. R. 3" Ell-f" U.
S. 3"x3"xl" TEW. br. 3" U. T. 1" T-1" U in br. Symbols. — N — North; S —
South; E — East; W-^West ; V — Valve; U — Union; SC — Service cock; br. — branch.
(Copy by O. W. Newman.)

HAYWARD REED SYSTEM.

Like many others among the pear growers, Mr. Reed experienced
great difficulty in getting his orchard sprayed at the right time each
spring, because of late rains and wet soil. The dread disease, scab, which

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 275

requires an early spray for its control, often played havoc willi the
fruit crop because of the impossibility of spraying early. Being a man
of a progressive nature, Mr. Keecl conceived the idea, seven years ago,
of laying pipes throughout his orchard through which the spray could
be forced from a central pumping plant, and spraying could be done
at any time that men could walk among the trees. Since that time he
has demonstrated that such a system is practical, efficient and econom-
ical in its operation, and as the gasoline power outfit has superseded
the old hand pump, so it is safe to predict that in the larger orchards at
least, the piping system will supersede the gasoline power outfit.

At present the Kced cquipnicnt consists of a "Bean Giant" 4-cylin-
der pump located in the center of liis orchard, and run by an
electric motor. From the pump a J-inch pipe is laid 18 inches deep,
and extends throughout the entire length of the orchard in an easterly
and westerly direction. Every fourteen rows apart and at right angles
to the main pipe other 4 -inch pipes with service cocks every fourteenth
tree extend in a northerly and southerly direction across the orchard.
These pipes are laid midway between the tree rows, and are deep enough
so that there is no danger of a plow disturbing them. The rows of trees
are 174 feet apart and the trees in rows 20 feet so that a 200-foot lead
of hose attached to a service cock will reach and handily spray 196 trees.
Two men are required to handle each hose and herein lies a possible
weakness in the Reed system which can be remedied by laying the
pipes closer together and providing more service cocks. In the Gammon
system, a description of which follows, this difficulty has been overcome,
and only one man is required to handle a single lead of hose, which is
only 75 feet.

GAMMON SYSTEM.

Fig. 92 is an accurate map of the underground spraying system in
E. A. Gammon's orchard, as it was originally planned. A slight'
modification of this system was finally adopted and will be explained
later.

The heavy lines in map indicate the pipe lines extending throughout
the 100 acre orchard, and the light lines represent tree rows. The
pumping plant is located in tlie extreme southwestern corner of the
picture. A "Bean Giant" 4-cylinder pump (Fig. 93c) is used to force
the spray throughout the system, the power for running the machinery
being derived from an electric motor. Water is raised from the river
with a 1^-inch centrifugal pump through the pipe D into the tank A.
The dilute insecticide or fungicide flows by gravity through pipe E
into delivery tank B, which is equipped with a powerful agitator that
keeps the spray well mixed. From tank B the liquid is pumped into
the system at a pressure of 350 pounds at the pump. This pressure
is sufficient to give a strong spraying pressure at nozzles at the points
farthest away from the pumping plant, as illustrated in Fig. 94,
which shows cherry trees being sprayed at a distance of approximately
one-half mile from the pump. As the specifications do not show clearly
in the cut they are printed underneath. From these it will be seen that
the pipe running from the i)ump to point B is 1^ inches in diameter.
From this point it is reduced to 1|- inch, later from 1 j to 1 inch, and
% inch at extremities, all service cocks being ^ inch.

In the figure it will be seen that the original plan was to have pipes
laid every twelve rows in an easterly and westerly direction throughout

276

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

277

the orchard, these pipes branching from a main lead in the center of
the orchard, extending througliout its length in a northerly and
southerly direction from point B in main lead from warehouse. Serv-
ice cocks were to have been placed every 10 rows apart. This plan
required the use of 125-foot leads of hose which were found to be too
long for one man to handle. In order that this difficulty might be
overcome the pipes Avere laid 8 rows or 8 rods apart with hose connec-
tions every 5 rows, so that 40 trees are now sprayed from each lead
which is only 75 feet and which can be readily handled by one man.
The depth of pipes is about 18 inches.

Fig. 94. — Spraying cherry trees one-half mile from the pumping station. (Orig-
inal.)

COST OF INSTALLATION.

Mr. Gammon states that the cost of his system, exclusive of the motor,
was about $5,000. This cost may seem prohibitive to some, but when
the permanence of the system, the saving in cost of spraying, the saving
in time and material, and general efficiency are considered, it is prob-
able that any paying orchard of 50 acres or more will justify the
installation.

Mr. Gammon has pointed out only one difficulty that he has encoun-
tered since beginning operations with his plant last spring, and that is
leakage in the valves which are rapidly damaged by the grinding of a
sulphur spray forced through the pipes under high pressure. The
atomic sulphur was used extensively by Mr. Gammon in spraying for
the control of scab, and its use resulted in the damage as described.
No doubt arsenate of lead or any other granular spray held in sus-
pension would have the same tendency, which will undoubtedly be
remedied in time by specially constructed valves.

2—24940

278 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE IMPORTANCE AND PREVENTION OF WOOD
DECAY IN FRUIT TREES.

By W. T. HoRNE,
Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley.

In large forest trees the decay and disappearance of wood in the
center give us the well-known hollow trees. Such trees may live for
many years but are liable to be broken down or blown over. In our
orchards also wood decay is common. Decayed orchard trees may live
for some years and bear reasonable crops, but usually a heavy load of
fruit breaks off one limb after another and the tree becomes a worthless
stub. Peaches are especially subject to rapid loss in this way, but the
present discussion applies to all our fruit trees. The decays considered
in this paper are those which start from some surface of dead bark or
wood and spread through the center of trunk and limbs without affect-
ing, at least for some time, the bark and cambium.

This kind of decay should not be confused with the oak fungus dis-
ease which affects primarily the roots but may spread up some little
distance into the trunk. It affects perfectly sound and healthy roots
and kills the bark, causing it to decay in a characteristic manner, and
then spreads into the wood causing a soft, light-colored decay. In
contrast with the oak fungus disease, the common wood decays do not
attack perfectly sound healthy trees with unbroken bark, but the rot
starts from some exposed wood and then works up and down through
the center of the tree.

IMPORTANCE OF WOOD DECAYS.

Fruit trees with decayed centers may bear heavily but usually such
trees rapidly become cripples. Not only is the carrying strength reduced
but there is good evidence that many of the dead limbs seen in orchards
are due to wood decay which has worked outward to the bark. Mr.
C. J. Rodgers, of Watsonville, working in our laboratory, has shown that
the so-called sappy bark disease of apples is due to one of these fungi.
That such decays are conunon is generally conceded, but no definite
data have been available. Accordingly jMr. W. W. Thomas made care-
ful counts in representative orchards in three regions — coast valley,
interior valley, and foothills. "While the results secured may not be
at all final, they clearly show several facts with respect to stone fruits.
First, contrary to anticipation, wood decays are more prevalent in the
hot interior valleys and foothills than in the cooler and more humid
coast valleys. The winter moisture in the three regions is not very
different, while the more frequent sunburn and wider cracking of large
pruning wounds doubtless account for the facts found. Also in the
orchards examined there had been less grafting over of bearing trees in
the coast region. Second, it appears that more than half the stone
fruit trees of bearing size in California are certainly affected with
wood decay. Third, not much more than 2 per cent of stone fruit
trees are free from sunburn or large Avounds. Fourth, by far the
largest part of infection comes from sunburn, large pruning wounds,
or grafting over stubs. Fifth, fully two-thirds of the decay is caused
by the common oyster shell fungus, Polystictis versicolor. A dozen

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

279

Fig. 95. — Orchard tree in last stages of decay caused by infection by fungi in
large pruning wounds. (Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta.)

280 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

other fungi will probably include nearly all of the common wood decay
forms in orchards.

We believe wood decay is a trouble of stupendous importance to the
California fruit industry. Professor Wickson says: "There are
instances in the earliest-settled parts of the state, where peach trees
above fifty years old are still vigorous and productive. * * * Some
trees have, in fact, gone along in thrift * * * because they have
never been allowed to sunburn, * * * have never been pruned with
an axe, and have never lost a limb nor had a wound into which decay
could penetrate and descend to the root."

CAUSE OF WOOD DECAY.

Wood decay does not set in because a tree is old or because it is
weakened by lack of food or water. Neither is it a natural process
necessarily following exposure to air and moisture. Serious wood decay
is due to infection by any one of several fungi which gain entrance at
some point where the wood is exposed or where the bark is dead. The
fungus grows in the wood, digests it and uses it up, finally leaving only
a little ash. This process of digestion constitutes decay. Infection
must take place from spores which fall on dead bark or into cracks of
wounds. These spores are formed on definite bodies, of which the
brackets or oystershell-like structures are examples. The spore-bearing
brackets grow almost entirely during winter, so spores will not be
scattered during the dry summer. The spores must lodge in a moist
crevice in order to grow and establish the fungus in the wood.

TREATMENTS.

Prevention of ordinary wood decay depends wholly on protecting
exposed wood from infection by spores of these fungi. Abundant
moisture is doubtless also necessary.

Measures will vary according to the kind of trees to be dealt with.

First, for small trees just planted the greatest importance attaches
to shaping the tree so that later there will be no need to remove large
limbs — in other words, get a simple framework. The tree should also
be shaped for strength — so that neither the load of fruit nor orchard
operations will be likely to break off large limbs. Wounds should be
treated as recommended below, but it appears that wounds which heal
over in one year rarely become infected.

Second, trees of some size which have wounds and are liable to infec-
tion but are still apparently sound. According to our studies this will
include a little less than half our bearing stone fruit trees. All horti-
cultural procedure which I have seen recommended is inadequate for
protecting these trees and I take the liberty of suggesting a method on
the basis of our present information.

A. When a cut or wound is made exposing the wood of a tree it
should be wet with a germicide. This should be done immediately or
as soon as the surface has dried and before cracks have formed.

B. Irmnediately after disinfection, as soon as dry enough, the wood
should be covered with some sealing paint to prevent cracking as far
as possible.

C. This process must be repeated for all wounds every year until
they are healed over. The reason for this is that no sealing material
can be trusted to last more than one season.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

281

Fig. 96. — Orchard tree with spore-bearing bodies or brackets of the fungus, Poly-
stictis versicolor. Infection at cuts marked with tag. (Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta.)

282 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

D. This operation should be done in late summer or fall in California.
The reason for this is that cracks at this time will be at their widest
and some spores may have gotten in. These must be killed and the
places for entrance of others closed.

For the disinfectant (A) I recommend corrosive sublimate, one part
to 1,000 of water by weight. Corrosive sublimate is a poison and must
be ^^sed carefully; it must not be put into a metal bucket nor come in
contact with any metal or the solution will be spoiled. Wooden
buckets or enameled ware without breaks may be used.

For the sealing paint (B) I recommend asphaltum softened with
benzine to make a rather thick paint. This preparation is said to
make a covering material which does not become brittle on drying but
becomes plastic in hot weather. Hot asphaltum may also be used
applied as a paint.

Third, trees already infected with decay are not to be cured by the
above method. They are subjects for tree surgerj^, which is entirely
too large a topic for this paper. Tree surgery in the orchards may
.sometimes pay if wisely done. I can not refrain from calling attention
to three points: (a) wood decays are greatly favored by excessive
moisture, therefore make all cavities so that they will drain perfectly
and remain as dry as possible; (h) where decayed wood is removed
use disinfectant freely on the wood surfaces and paint as recommended
for wounds; (c) use cement only for support, never for sealing up a
cavity. There will, rarely be any occasion for its use in orchard trees ;
(d) the principal measures with decayed orchard trees should be the
placing of strong supports to prevent breaking down. If strcmg devices
not injurious to the tree are chosen, decayed trees may possibly be kept
in profitable bearing for a considerable number of years.

THE CAROB.

( Cerafon ia fiUiqua. )
By C. W. BeerSj County HortieiiUural Commis.'iioner, Santa Barliara, Cal.

For several years the writer has been attempting to interest the
farmers of California in the above forage tree, and the demand for
some available literature on the matter luis led to the preparation of this
paper.

WHAT IT IS.

The carob is an evergreen tree, growing from 25 to 30 feet in height,
and old trees are reported as forty inches in diameter. The tree is
long lived, comes readily from seed and grows with little care after it
is once estal)lished. Tn Santa Barbara there are a number of trees
planted eighteen years ago, that are from 15 to 18 feet high. They are
]5 feet apart in the row and the branches are interlocking. One tree
from the same lot of seedlings has a spread of over 20 feet and is 80 feet
in height. The carob belongs to the Leguminosfe and besides yielding a
large amount of highly nutritious forage it enriches the soil by storing
up nitrogen through the roots.

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 283

ADAPTABILITY.

The cn'ol) will grow wliere other plants make a very poor sliowing.
On high, dry, i-ocky points, by i-oadsides, along drives, bordering water-
courses, anywhere where vacant spots are to be found, there this beau-
tifid glossy foliage tree may be grown, adding to the landscape
attractions and every year bearing an abundance of high grad(> forage.
It will endure neglect after once established, and can be planted 60 to
100 to the acre where soil conditions are moderately favorable. A
recent visitor to Algeria tells me he saw the earob everywliere. In
the lower fertile lands were found fruit trees and crops; on the next
higher lands grapes were carefully tended, but on the high dry places
the carobs were planted and made a splendid growth.

G. P. Rixford has a record of a carob that grew in a rock crevice at
Campo Seco, Calaveras County. Me says: "It had l)id dehance for
many years to the sulphur fumes from the neighboring copper smelter
which liad killed every vestige of vegetation in the vicinity, except the
poison oak — RJius divcrsiloha. It finally succumbed, not to the acid
fumes, but from lack of moisture after the little soil in the crevice had
been washed out by rains, leaving the roots bare."

Tliousands of acres of our own pasture lands, now averaging less
than a ton of indifferent forage, can ho made to produce upwards to
fiv(; tons of earob pods.

PRODUCTIVITY.

Dr. Aaronshon, of Palestine, who attended the Fresno convention in
3912, said that seedling trees will produce an average of 350 to
500 pounds per tree. Twenty trees to the acre will thus produce three
and a half to five tons each year. He reports grafted trees, eighteen
years old, bearing 900 to 1,100 pounds each. When one reflects that
the carob is easily grafted, the possibilities of a pasture of carobs makes
the industry quite worth trying out.

NUTRITIVE CONTENT.

Pods from six seedling trees now growing in Santa Barbara Avere
sent to the United States Department of Agriculture, AVashington, and
the following analyses were reported :

A B C

(;illos]»ic 27.14 l.'i.TS C.U.9-1;

(iould, No. 38 24.82 ir>.02 80.5>S

Gould, No. 27 23.39 lo.Cj 1)2.28

Gould, No. 24 30.20 IS.IC. 01.84

Gould, No. 18 32.58 12.57 00.24

(Jould, No. 0 30.34 14.31 02.00

A — Sucrcse per cent.

B — Reducing sugars per cent.

C — Dry substance per cent.

In this report, No. 18 shows a sugar content of 45.15 per cent.
No. 9, 44.65 per cent sugar. No. 24, 43.36 per cent, and the Gillespie
tree gave 40.92 per cent. The poorest of them is a very rich forage
product. Dr. Aaronshon says the pods carry, in addition to the sugar
content, a protein supply of 7 to 8 per cent, and in the experiment
station record No. 10, for June, 1905, will be found the analysis of a

284 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

carob pod that yielded 43.57 per cent sugar and 15.22 per cent protein ;
but allowing only an 8 per cent of protein and 45 per cent sugar and
we have the following most interesting and remarkable series of com-
parisons.

COMPARISONS.

Wheat is a rich ration, running higher than the carob, pound for
pound, but to equal 5 tons per acre of carob pods, wheat must yield
three tons of grain to the acre, which is out of the question.

Alfalfa is a splendid feeding product, and stores up nitrogen in the
soil while producing the hay. Compared with the carob at 45 per cent
sugar and 8 per cent protein, the ground must produce 5 tons per acre,
and that on rocky, hilly places, without irrigation and without culti-
vation. Besides, the carob is one of those trees whose rootlets store up
nitrogen in the soil.

We Californians feed quantities of barley, both as a grain ration and
as hay, and to make a crop we require good soil, good seasonal condi-
tions, and when threshed, to equal five tons of carob pods, each acre
must yield 3| tons of sweet, dry, first-class barley.

Bean straw is carefully husbanded, baled and housed, and sold at a
price that brings good returns ; but to equal 5 tons of carob pods each
acre must yield 6 tons of bean straw.

It requires 30 tons of carrots to provide the same elements found
in 5 tons of carob pods. Corn and cob ground requires 3 tons to the
acre to equal the product of an acre of carobs. Com meal must weigh
2^ tons to equal in food product 5 tons of carobs.

Oats are found to be a great ration for milch cows, but if the crop
is to keep pace with carobs, there must be delivered at the sacking
shoot three tons of grain per acre or of good clean oat hay the land
must yield four tons.

Men pay good prices for beet tops to sugar factory people, but to
equal the acreage of the carob each acre of beets must furnish 38 tons
of tops. It is difficult to realize the economic importance of such a
product. It requires 3^ tons of cottonseed meal to equal the acre
product of carobs. For human food, it is richer than cow's milk, pound
for pound.

FEEDING.

Horses, cattle, sheep and hogs take readily to the pods, and turkeys
soon learn to fly into the tree, tear off the pods, break them and eat
them. Chickens will readily feed on the pods when broken up. The
Arabs feed the pods to their fine horses. The carob is the main forage
for the English cavalry horses in Malta and for the tram horses in
Naples^ while it is a common sight to see the London cabby give his
horse a feed of the brown pods while waiting for a customer. The
island of Cyprus grows large quantities of this forage and it consti-
tutes its largest export.

The carob is a splendid avenue tree and hundreds of California
farmers could add very materially to their forage supply by planting
these trees where shade and ornamental trees are desired.

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 285

FEEDING VALUE.

Dr. F, W. Woll, Professor of Animal Nutrition, University of Cali-
fornia, at the Davis Farm, carried on a feeding test with calves. One
bunch of calves received as their grain portion, ground milo and ground
barley, half and half; the other bunch receiving an equal amount of
crushed carob pods and ground milo, half and half. This experiment
extended over a period of thirteen weeks, and at the close of the period,
those fed on milo and barley had averaged a gain of 1.70 pounds per
day; while those fed on the carob pods and milo averaged 1.81 pounds.
Those fed carobs required more hay than the others, so, taking it
altogether, the carob showed values equal to ground barley. This test
was made with pods from seedling trees, the sugar test being no higher
than those mentioned above, and probably, much below that average.

PROPAGATION.

The seeds come readily. By planting the seed pods on edge, close
together, in a sprouting-box, with a slight covering of soil, there will
be a succession of seedlings, covering two or three years. This method
seems to protect the young seedling from the damping-off fungus, that
otherwise causes great loss of the young plants. There seems to be a
ferment in the pod that protects the early growth. Seeds stripped from
the pod and treated with hot water come quickly, but these young
plants are very susceptible to the damping-off fungi.

I. L. Knudson, in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, shows that
tannic acid is toxic to a large number of fungi. In the early ripening
period of the carob, tannic acid is present in large proportions, making
the pod very bitter and astringent, and this suggests to my mind that
this tannin may remain in the pod to an extent sufficient to inhibit the
deadly action of the damping-off fungi on the young seedlings, when
the pod itself is planted. In the Journal American Chemical Society,
F, M. McClenahan has shown that in the young walnut a very thin
seed coat separates the tannic acid, so abundant in the walnut shell,
from the fatty substance of the walnut meat ; doubtless placed there to
protect the fats from the action of the fungi that would destroy them.
It has been shown that the tannic acid of the date, persimmon, banana
and olive, is not removed by the ripening process, but is sealed up in
some manner that renders it insoluble during the process of mastication,
so that although the fruits are delicious to the taste, the tannin remains
in the fruits. While the role that fats and tannin play with reference
to each other may not be known, is there not a suggestion in the findings
of Knudson and McClenahan that, possibly, one relation between them
]s the inhibition of fungus action of fats and sugare during the forma-
tive periods? and, then, later, the destruction of damping-off' fungi
at the period of germination?

Possibly this may account for the fact that seedlings grown from
planting the entire seed pod are immune from damping-off fungi, while
those from cleaned seeds are very apt to be destroj-ed by them.

GRAFTING AND BUDDING.

The tree is easily budded or grafted and the union appears very
intimate. Grafted and budded trees bear earlier than seedlings and
produce heavier crops. Only by this method can the nutritive content

3—24940

286 MONTHLY BULLETIN,

be determined beforehand, as seedlings do not come true to product.
Also the carob is dioecious and in seedling trees there is an excess of
staminate trees, and by budding or grafting this can be controlled. It
has been found that by liudding a single branch of a pistillate tree to a
staminate bud, there will result an abundance of pollen to fertilize
all the balance of the tree, thus making every tree a fruit bearer.

TEMPERATURE RANGE.

Eighteen degrees of frost does not injure the carob to any extent.
Frost conditions that did marked damage to citrus trees made no
impression on carobs growing within a few feet of them.

CONCLUSION.

And what more shall be said? Do we advocate planting carobs
instead of grains? Shall we plow up our alfalfa and put out this
thrifty tree? Are we proposing to revolutionize present good systems
of farm procedure? Not at all. But we do urge and expect that the
good sense of those who may read this will induce some of them to
make a respectable planting of this tree in places where now there is
small return, and watch the development.

BALLING DEGREE OF FRUIT JUICES.

By W. V. Cruess,
Assistant Professor of Zymology, University of California, Berkeley.

The fruit standardization law requires that grapes for interstate ship-
ment should show 17° Balling (16° in the case of Emperor). The
"Balling degree" represents the pounds of solids in one hundred
pounds of clear juice. As this is nearly all sugar, it is often called the
"Sugar degree or percentage."

This degree is very easily determined by means of an instrument
called variously a Balling saccharometer, a sugar spindle, or a liydro-
meter. The juice of a representative sample is obtained by crushing
the fruit ancl straining through cheesecloth. This strained juice is
placed in a tall glass or metal cylinder and the saccharometer inserted.
The Balling degree is then read off the scale on the stem of the floating
instrument. If the liquid is dense, that is, contains much sugar, a
large part of the stem of the instrument will be above the surface ; if
light, that is, containing less sugar, the instrument will sink lower.
The position of the saccharometer in the cylinder of juice is shown in
the figure.

In order that the test shall be reasonablj^ accurate, certain precau-
tions are necessary.

PRECAUTIONS.

The cylinder used to hold the juice should be wide enough so that
the Balling saccharometer will float freely. If too narrow, the bulb
will be attracted by the walls and the test will not be accurate. For the
ordinary saccharometer, a cylinder one and one-half inches in diameter
by twelve inches in height is a suitable size.

The saccharometer should be cleaned thoroughly and dried with a
soft cloth before using. Grease or sugar on the stem will spoil the
accuracy of the test.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

287

The sample of juice should be relatively free from coar.se particles
of pulp. If it is carefully straiued throui^h cheesecloth, it will he
sufficiently clear.

In order that the divisions of the scale may be read shari)ly, the sur-
face should not carry foam or bubbles. A clean, smooth surface is
easily obtained by filling the cylinder to overflowing and then pouring
out an inch of the juice.

The reading of the scale is made at the general level of tlie surface
of the liquid and not at the top of the film of liquid which tends to
climb up the sides of the stem. Consult the accompanying figure.

Read the saccharometer along the line "a . . . a."

The reading of the saccharometer is aifected to an important degree
by temperatures above or below 60° P. Roughly, for every three
degrees Fahrenheit above 60° F. a correction of .1° Balling must be
added, and coiiversely, for every three degrees Fahrenheit below 60° F.,
a correction of .1° Balling must be subtracted. The accompanying
table gives the corrections to be made for temperature.

The temperature of the juice is taken by inserting a chemical Fahren-
heit thermometer. It requires about one minute for the tlicrinometer
to show the correct temperature.

\y

Fig. 97. — Reading the Balling saccharometer. (Cal. Agrcl. Exp. Sta.)

288

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

TEMPERATURE CORRECTIONS FOR BALLING SACCHAROMETER.

Temperature
Fahrenheit

Degree Balling

degrees

5»

lO"

IS*

20°

25°

SO"

i-i m --hrt-LS

CD CD 'Ij >-l 1?
EO 1-i o p O

50

.20

22

.24

.26

.28

.30

S:;gB«g-

52

.18

.19

.21

.22

.23

.24

54

.15

.16

.17

.18

.18

.19

7 g.

»

56

.09

.10

.11

.11

.11

.12

58

.05

.06

.07

.07

.07

.07

60

}

62

.08

.08

.09

.09

.09

.09

64

.14

.15

.17

.17

.17

.17

66

.20

.22

.24

.24

.24

.24

68

.26

.29

.81

.31

.31

.31

H

o

70

.32

.35

.37

.38

.38

.39

CB

72

.38

.42

.44

.44

.44

.44

P

74

.46

.50

.51

.52

.52

.53

a

76

.53

.57

.60

.62

.62

.64

Pi
CD

78

.60

.64

.66

.68

.68

.70

Oi

O

80

.68

.72

.74

.76

.76

.78

o

82

.76

.78

.82

.84

.84

.86

O"

84

.86

.87

.92

.94

.94

.96

CD

3

86

.96

.99

1.08

1.05

1.05

1.07

88

1.06

1.11

1.13

1.17

1.17

1.19

a

H

90

1.17

1.22

1.24

1.30

1.30

1.32

CD
SO

92

1.26

1.32

1.84

1.40

1.41

1.43

&

94

1.36

1.42

1.45

1.49

1.50

1.52

5

orq

96

1.46

1.52

1.55

1.58

1.58

1.60

98

1.56

1.62

1.65

1.68 ■

1.68

1.70

100

1.66

1.72

1.77

1.79

1.80

1.82

•

102

1.76

1.82

1.87

1.92

1.92

1.95

The necessary correction is found in the column showing the Balling
degrees nearest to that observed and on the line opposite the observed
temperature. Corrections below 60° are subtracted ; those above, added.

Example of Temperature Above 60° F.

Temperature of juice 88° F.

Balling of juice 23°

Twenty-five degrees Balling in the table is the figure nearest the
indicated test of 23°. Therefore, under column 25° B. of the table and
opposite 88° F. will be found the figure 1.17°. Add this to 23° and
24.17° B. will be the true Balling degree of the juice.

In tabular form, the method of correcting is

Indicated Balling 23.00°

Temperature — 88.00° F,

Correction to be added 1.17° B.

Corrected reading 23.0 + 1.17 = 24.17° Balling

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 289

Example of Temperature Below 60" F.

Temperature of juice - 56° F.

Balling of juice 18'

Under column 20° B. and opposite 56° F. is found .11°. Subtract
this from 18° and the corrected reading will be 17.89° B.

Equipment.

The Balling saccharometcr should be one that is standardized at 60° F.
and should have a scale reading from 0° to 30° B. in tenths of a degree.
A Fahrenheit chemical thermometer graduated from 0° to 212° F. is a
convenient type for testing the temperature of the juice. A metal or
glass cylinder approximately 1^ inches by 12 inches is suitable for hold-
ing the sample to be tested. The instruments and the glass cylinder
can be obtained from any large chemical supply firm in San Francisco
or Los Angeles direct, or through a local clruggist. A tin or brass
cylinder can be made by any tinsmith or plumber, and because of its
greater durability is preferable to a glass cylinder.

290

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

(August 1, 1916.)

By Geo. P. Weldon.
Compiled from the reports of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

County

>

>

>

td

o

*^

c

r

^

^t3

cS

^tra

-S

•a n.

t3 '^

tJ CO

•a«

^s

™ ST

n> Q

%^

Sf!f=

a

3

p

s

s

B

D **■

B

—'

o

•t3
2 3

2

CD B
n CO

n

Cb

a 3

s

►1 C

65

15

75

70

#

100

100

#
#

#

50
80
35
#
60
90

75

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa*

El Dorado ._--

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Inyo

Kern _.

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Marin

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino _.

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo—
Santa Barbara ..-

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta j 20

Si.skiyou #

Solanot -I

Sonoma j 25

Stanislaus 80

Sutter i 75

Tehama j 100

I'ulare #

Ventura ' 100

Yolo* I 65

Yuba 70

50

#

25

90

65

100

#

70

50

100

#

#

#

#

h

90

90

h

n

h

#

100

h

#

65

#

#

#

h

h

100

h

100

80

#

90

95

#

#

60

h

#

#

h

#

!:o

h

50

100

h

100

50

h

#

25

h

100

100

h

h

#

h

h

45

0

80

65

h

50

80

h

100

100

h

50

100

h

h

100

h

90

75

h

#

90

h

100

100

h

50

h

n

25

h

100

80

h

h

90

h

#

100

h

#

60

h

—

85

h

75

75

h

h

10

#

40

100

h

75

75

#

#

100

h

100

25

h

50

100

h
h
h

h

#

100

h

h

#

100
lOO

#
#

100

80

#

#

100

#

50

60

60

#

#

90
#
#

50

#
#

#
#

#

n
#

75
#

h I #
# ! 100
h 100
h
#
h

n

h

95

#

90

#
100

#
#
#
#

100

#
#
#

#

100

#
#
#
#

#

100

#

100
100

#

75

100

#

100

#

#
#
#
#

95

#

#
100

#
#
#

100
100

#
#
#
#
#

90

#

#

#

100

100

90

100

#

90

75

#

#

100

#

SO

#
#

#

100

#

90

100

#

90

#

25

#

70

#

100

lOO

#
#

100

#

tt

90

#

#

75

75

80

#

70

100

75

#

lOO

#

20

#

#
100
100

it
#

80
100

#

100

#

90

#

#

tt

tt

tt

100

100

90

75

95

tt

95

100

tt

tt

100

#
#
#

100

60
85

#
100

#

60

85

100

tt

90

#
30
75
85
80
60
100
90
60
85
90
50
80
85
30
75
70

0
50
60
90
75
75
80
70
80
60
80
75
90

it
75
80
60

5

80
85
75
65
80

75
60

80
70
75
65
60

#

100

80

90

25

#
33
75

tt

100

30

a

0

50
50
60

70
40
68
100
50
20
70
85
90
50
70
30
5

80
85
50
75
#

80

110

30
85

#
70
40

#

#
80

tt
90

#

#
30

#
100

#
it

0
25

80
40
h
75

n

65

#
80
25
75

#
#

50
5

75

100

75

75

90
100

30
35
65
55

40

#

100

90

s

90

90

25

#

85

100

85

#

0

25

40

40

#
75
50
60
80
20
50
95

it

55

50

50

5

40
lOO
75
75
95

50

90

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.

— Horticultural commissioner has insufficient information for a report.

tt Not grown commercially.

* No report since July 1st.

+ No commissioner in county at present.

h Harvested.

90

#

75

100

n

tt

100

90

tt

tt

tt

75

70

#

#

85
#

#

90

25

100

#
60

#
90
100
75
90
80

#

#
75

tt

100

100

75

U

it

65

#

60

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

291

STATISTICS.

Estimated per cent of the total crop of the principal California fruits grown in each of the
main producing counties during a season of normal production. Compiled from the reports of
the county horticultural commissioners.

County

>

n

B

■n

3

n

Qi

n

r*

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa ...

El r>orado

Eresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino ..

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo..
Santa Barbara ...

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

12

4
11

11

12

12

*

3

51

16

a

U

21
3

3

«

5

*

*

25

2

26

2

10
S

o3

31

7
16

13
10

5
15

14

14
2

11

■a 3
5 w

9/5

10

14

5

«

7

31

5

*

4

2

•

5

♦

•

1

«

6

13

2

3

3

»

2''
2 J'

29

n CO

7

*

18

"I

39
8

3

6

•

6

3

♦

2

■H-

•

2

9

2

9

«

•

18
16

*
*

2
4

1 c

a

30

38

55

4
12

10

20

•Less than 2 per cent of State's normal crop grown in county.

292

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Grape Report.

County

I Si

Alameda #

Butte 1 70

Colusa 75

Contra Costa - #

El Dorado ; #

Fresno .. — i 100

Glenn 80

County

Humboldt .-

Inyo --

Kern ..

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Marin

Mendocino ..

Merced

Modoc

Monterey --

Napa

Nevada

100
100
#
100
100

n

70

75
80
40

100

80

#

75

100

100
#

100
80

100

100 100

it

50

90

25

#

S

80

40

100

#

100

#

25
100
110
100

75
lOO

it

50
35
90

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Bernardino .

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo.
Santa Barbara ..

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma -—

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo ..

Yuba

-a

s-.l

25 j
100
100 i

#
#
#

75

100
35
90
25

50

#

#

#

50

75

15

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.
— Horticultural commissioner has insufficient information for a report.
U Not grown commercially.

St

90
25

100 100
100 100

125

125

90

100

#

#

100

lOO

#

—

80

80

100

100

70

50

75

#

70

125

100

#

100

80
100

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL

REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycologlcal
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harry S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of June 6, 1900.

Weeds Along the State Highway. — The problem of eradicatino' the
noxious weeds along the publie roads has been a difficult one for a
good many years. It is not right to order a farmer to eradicate nox-
ious pests from his land when the neighboring roads are allowed to
go uncleaned. The county commissioners have realized this and have
done their best to force the county supervisors to do their duty. They
have continued, and I believe rightly, to enforce the law on the farmer
and orehardist believing that half a job is better than no job at all.

With the advent of the state highways the question of weed eradi-
cation was again brought up. The Highway Commission has shown a
great interest and a willingness to co-operate in every way with the
clean-up work. During the summer they have kept men busy cutting
the noxious growth and burning trash. They have recently taken up
the problem of complete eradication of certain of the most noxious
weeds, such as morning glory and the thistles. The first experiment
along this line is now beinsr tried in Orange County, and crude oil or
petroleum is being used. We will watch the results with a great deal
of interest, as any means of eradication which will be efficient and at
the same time economical, will be of value to the whole state.

We do not believe that all weeds along the roads should be killed.
In the spring they are good to look at and also their roots serve to hold
the soil of embankments in place. We believe, however, that all w^eeds
should be cut during the summer to remove their unsightly appearance,
and especially that all noxious weeds should be absolutely eradicated.
We wish to express our thanks to the State Highway Commission for
the readiness they have shown to co-operate in this work. — 0. W. New-
man.

294 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Planting Potatoes on New Land. — In the Journal of Apjrieultnral
Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Vol. VI. No. 15,
issued July 10, 1916, there is an article by 0. A. Pratt, Assistant
Pathologist of the Bureau of Plant Industry, on experiments with clean
seed potatoes on new land in South Dakota. The writer of the article
states that it has been generally assumed by plant pathologists that if
disease-free potatoes were planted on new land the resulting potatoes
would be free from disease. Pathologists and potato growers believed
that in these new lands just reclaimed from the desert there would lie
a wonderful opportunity for the production of disease-free potatoes.
It is found, after an investigation lasting one year, that planting clean
potatoes on new land did not guarantee a disease-free production, and
second, that a smaller percentage of disease might appear in the produc-
tion when clean seed was planted on alfalfa or grain land, than when
similar seed was planted on virgin or raw desert land.

In these experiments all precautions were taken against planting
diseased seed, and after cutting, the tubers were disinfected for one
and one-half hours in a solution of mercury bichloride. — E. J. V.

Marin County Appoints a Horticultural Commissioner, — The Super-
visors of Marin County have appointed Mr. Thomas P. Redmayne as
Horticultural Commissioner. Like forty-four other counties of Cali-
fornia, Marin County has awakened to the advantages to be derived
from such an officer. We wonder when the growers of Solano County,
one of the most important fruit districts in California, will rub the
sleep from their eves, and demand the appointment of a horticultural
officer.— E. J. V. '

Statistics on the Cost of Bringing Orchards Into Bearing. — There
is a decided demand for statistics on the cost of bringing orchards into
bearing. Such figures are extremely rare, and their value is unques-
tioned, particularly to the prospective planter with a very limited
capital and very limited knowledge. If one who is contemplating the
planting of an orchard could know just what it would cost, many a
failure would be averted. If any of our readers have such figures,
or know of any one who has just started an orchard and who is keeping
a set of books, he will certainly confer a great favor on the editor by
informing him of that fact. — E. J. V.

Community Buying. — In these days of organization of the farmers
into units which are known in certain counties in California as "Farm
Bureaus," we can see how efficiency on the farm and in the orchard
may be increased by the community purchase of farming implements
such as tractors and trucks. Taken individually, the groAvers can not
afford to purchase a truck or tractor for the small amount of plowing,
cultivating or hauling they would have to do, but if they can secure
for comparatively small outlay, the use of a tractor or truck for a few
days each month, a considerable amount of time and money would be
saved. — E. J. V,

Certified Seed Potatoes. — We are receiving numerous requests
from potato growers who are contemplating growing certified seed
under the Certified Seed Potato Act, for an inspection to be made
of their fields, and the Commissioner of Horticulture has arranged for
this in.spection to be done by Mr. W. V. Shear, Secretary of the West

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 295

Coast Potato Association, ami wlio formerly was an expert with the
United States Department of Aijrienltnre. Details as to the cost of
inspection can be secured by writing to the State Commission of Horti-
culture, Sacramento. The first inspection must be made at bloominf,'
time in order to determine whether the lields are free from mixture of
varieties. So in many cases an immediate request for the inspector will
be necessary. — E. J. V.

Forty-ninth State Fruit Growers' Convention. — The next State
Fruit Growers' Convention—the forty-ninth — will be held at Napa,
California, some time in November, the exact date to be announced
later. Arrangements are being made for an industrial exhibit of farm
Iractoi-s and farm machinery. Every fruit grower in the state should
be making arrangements to attend this convention. It will be without
doubt the best ever held in the state. Suggestions as to subjects to be
discussed at the convention will be heartily welcomed by us, and should
be in our hands before the first of October. The program will be pub-
lished in the Bulletin in some later issue.

The Napa Valley is one of the most beautiful fruit growing districts,
and a tour of this valley coupled with the convention will make the trip
doubly profitable. — E. J. V.

Apple Standardization. — We are again printing herein the act
relating to the standardization of apples. The Watsonville Apple
Distributors are again contemplating packing apples under this act,
as last year they had such remarkable success from so doing. The
growers netted approximately ten cents a box over their competitors
who did not pack under this law. Approximately 600,000 boxes were
inspected by the inspectors provided by the Commission of Horti-
culture, and stamped with the state seal. — E. J. V.

Assembly Bill No. 243.

CHAPTER 712.

An act to estaUish a standard for the pacUng and marketing of apples,
fixing penalties for the violation of its provisioius, and providing for
its enforcement and malting an appropriation to carry into effect
the provisions hereof.

[Approved June 10, 1915.]

The people of the State of Ccdifornia do enact as follows:

Section 1. This act shall be known, and for any and all purposes
may be referred to, as "The standard apple act of 1015."

Sec. 2. The pro^^sions of this act shall be applicable to all apples
packed, shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for sale or sold in the
State of California, in any container upon which or the label of which
the word ''standard" is used as the brand or label or any part thereof,
or as qualifying the pack, container, or the contents of the container,
and to such container.

Sec. 3. No apples shall be packed, shipped, delivered for shipment,
offered for sale or sold, in the State of California, in any container
upon which or the label of which the word "standard' is used as the

296 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

brand or label or any part thereof, or as qualifying the pack, container
or the contents of the container, unless such apples and such container
shall comply with all of the requirements of this act.

Sec. 4. The following standards for apple boxes and for the pack-
ing, labeling and branding of apple boxes to which this act is made
applicable, are hereby established :

(a) The standard container shall be a box of the following dimen-
sions, inside measurements, when measured without distention of its
parts :

Depth of end, ten and one-half inches ; width of end eleven and one-
half inches; length of box, eighteen inches; and having a cubical
content of as nearly as possible, two thousand one hundred seventy-
three and one-half cubic inches; provided, that a smaller box may be
used if plainly marked, on one side and on the labeled or branded end
with the words "short box."

(6) No statement, design, or device, appearing upon any box within
which apples are contained, or upon the brand, or lining thereof, or
upon the wrapper of any apple, or upon any sign, or placard used in
connection therewith, and having reference to or regarding the box or
the apples contained therein, shall be false or misleading in any
particular.

(c) Every box, within which apples are contained, shall bear upon
the outside of one or both ends thereof, in plain words or figures, and
in the English language, the following statement : the number of apples
in the box ; the style of pack used ; the variety of the apples contained,
unless the variety be unknown to the packer, in which case the variety
shall be stated as * ' unknowTi ' ' ; the name and business address of the
person, firm, company, organization or corporation, who first packed or
caused the same to be packed, and, if re-packed, the name and address
of the person, firm, company, organization, or corporation who
re-packed, or caused the same to be re-packed ; the name of the locality
where said apples were grown; the date when such apples were first
packed ; if the apples have been re-packed, the date of re-packing ; and
the stamp hereinafter provided for, canceled as required by the state
commissioner of horticulture of California. A variation of three
apples more, or less, than the number stated, shall be allowed.

{d) The apples contained within each box shall be well grown speci-
mens of one variety, hand picked, well colored for the variety, reason-
ably uniform in size, properly matured, well packed, and practically
free from dirt; and shall be free from insect pests, diseases, rot, insect
bites, bruises and other defects, except such bruises and defects as are
necessarily caused in the operation of packing; provided, however, that
a variation from the standard as to insect pests, diseases, rot, insect
bites, bruises, and other defects, shall be allowed, not to exceed ten per
cent total such defects, nor to exceed three per cent of any one such
defect.

Sec. 5. The state commissioner of horticulture of California shall
be charged with the enforcement of the provisions of this act, and for
that purpose shall have power:

(a) To enter and to inspect every place within the State of California
where apples are packed, shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for
sale or sold, and to inspect all apples and apple boxes found in any such
place.

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 297

(&) To design, and cause to be printed or lithographed, suitable
uniform stamps to be used on apple boxes, as required by section 4 of
this act, to sell the same as hereinafter provided, and to prescribe tlie
method of canceling the same.

(c) To appoint, superintend, control, and discharge, such inspectors,
in accordance with the provisions of the civil service law of the state,
for the special purpose of enforcing the provisions of this act, as in
his discretion may be deemed to be necessary, and in conjunction with
the board of control, to fix their compensation, provided that no
inspector shall be paid more than five dollars per day.

(d) Personally, or through any deputy or any such inspector, to
seize and retain possession of, any apples or apple boxes packed,
shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for sale or sold, in violation of
any of the provisions of this act.

(e) In the name of the people of the State of California to cause to
be instituted and to prosecute, in the superior court of any county or
city and county of the State of California, in w^hich apples packed,
shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for sale or sold, in violation of
any of the provisions of this act, may be found, an action or actions for
the condemnation of apples as provided in section 11, of this act.

Sec. 6. The stamps designed and provided by the state commissioner
of horticulture of California, as provided by section 5 of this act, by
him shall be placed on sale and sold to any person who may apply there-
for, at the price of one-half cent each. All moneys received by him from
the sale of such stamps shall be paid over to the treasurer of the State
of California, who shall deposit the same to the credit of a fund to be
used exclusively for the payment of the expenses of enforcing the pro-
visions of this act, and to be paid out only upon claims approved by the
state commissioner of horticulture of California and by the board of
control.

Sec. 7. One such stamp, canceled as required by the state commis-
sioner of horticulture, shall be attached by the packer to the labeled or
branded end of every box of apples to which this act is made applicable ;
and no box to which such stamp is attached shall be used as the con-
tainer of any apples, other than those originally packed therein, until
such stamp has been removed therefrom ; provided, that where a single
lot of not to exceed one carload of six hundred forty boxes of apples,
the containers of which bear such stamps, are re-packed without the
addition of new stock, the same boxes may be used without removing
the stamps.

Sec. 8. The inspectors appointed by the state commissioner of horti-
culture of California, as in section 5 hereof provided, shall be citizens
of the United States, and of the State of California, not less than
twenty-one years of age, shall be skilled in the inspection of apples, and
have a thorough knowledge of insect pests and diseases commonly prey-
ing upon such fruit; they shall have power to enter and to inspect
every place within the State of California where apples are packed,
shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for sale or sold, and to inspect
all apples and apple boxes found in any such place ; and shall perform
such duties as may be prescribed by the state commissioner of horti-
culture of California, or by law.

298 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The said commissioner shall assign such inspectors to such territory,
within the state, as he may see fit ; provided, that when the stamps pur-
chased for any year by packers in any town, city or district, shall yield
a sum of money sufficient to pay the expense thereof, such commissioner
shall assign one inspector or more for special duty in such town, city or
district, during the packing season of that year.

Sec. 9. No person, firm, company, organization or corporation, shall
refuse to permit the state commissioner of horticulture of California,
or any of his duly appointed deputies, or any inspector duly appointed
by said commissioner under the provisions of this act, to enter or to
inspect any place within the State of California where apples are
packed, shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for sale or sold, or to
inspect any apples or apple boxes found there.

Sec. 10. Any person, firm, company, organization or corporation,
who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be punishable
by a fine of not less than fifty dollars nor more than five hundred dol-
lars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not more
than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

Sec. 11. Any apples packed, shipped, delivered for shipment, offered
for sale or sold, in violation of any of the provisions of this act, and
the boxes within which they are contained, shall be deemed to be a
public nuisance, may be seized and by order of the superior court of
the county or city and county within which the same may be found,
shall be condemned and destroyed or released upon such conditions as
the court in its discretion may impose to insure that they will not be
packed, shipped, delivered for shipment, offered for sale or sold in
violation of any of the provisions of this act.

Sec. 12. No person, firm, company, organization or corporation,
shall be convicted of a violation of any provision of this act, if he shall
establish a guaranty, signed by the person, firm, company, organization,
or corporation, residing or lawfully engaged in business in the State of
California, by or for whom the apples in question, were originally
packed, or re-packed, to the effect that the apples, box, brand and label
in question comply in all respects with the provisions of this act, and,
in addition, shall establish that the same are in substantially the same
condition, in every respect, as they were when they were delivered out
of the possession of such packer, and that the accused was not aware
that such apples, box, brand or label, were or was in any respect in
violation of any provision of this act. The signature to such guaranty
may be printed, when done by the authority of the signer.

To afford protection, such guaranty, in form and substance, must be
substantially as follows:

"The undersigned guarantees that (this box of apples or the boxes
of apples mentioned in this, or the attached invoice, or all boxes of
apples packed or re-packed by the undersigned, and bearing the word
'standard,' as the case may be) comply, in all respects with the standard
apple act of 1915. (Signature of the packer, with statement as to
whether packer is firm, company, organization or corporation and busi-
ness address.) "

Where the guaranty is used on each separate box, it may consist of
the legend, "guaranteed by the packer, under the standard apple act
of 1915," printed, stamped or written on the labeled or branded end of
the box.

MONTHLY BULLETIN. -!)0

Sec. 13. It shall be the duty of the district attorney of the county,
or city and county, in wliicli any violation of this act may occur, to
prosecute the person, firm, company, or^'anization or corporation accused
of such violation, and also, at the request of the state commissioner of
horticulture, to institute and prosecute such actions for condemnation
as may be authorized under the provisions of this act.

Sec. 14. No act which is made unlawful by any provision of an act
of the legislature of the State of California, entitled, "An act for
preventing the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated, mis-
labeled or misbranded foods and liquors and regulating the traffic
therein, providing penalties, establishing a state laboratory for foods,
liquors and drugs and making an appropriation therefor," approved
March 11, 1907, or any amendment thereto, shall be deemed lawful by
reason of any provision of this act; nor shall this act be construed in
any respect to limit the powers of the state board of health.

Sec. 15. The sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) is hereby
appropriated out of any money in the state treasury, not otherwise
appropriated, for the payment of the cost of printing, stationery,
stamps, clerical assistance, traveling expenses, and salaries of inspectors,
incurred by the state commissioner of horticulture in the enforcement
of this act during the fiscal year commencing Julj^ 1, 1915. The state
controller is hereby authorized to draw his warrants for the sum herein
appropriated in favor of said commissioner and the state treasurer is
hereby directed to pay the same.

Beet Leaf -hopper Parasites. — The state insectary has ,iust received
from the Haw^aiian Islands, through the kindness of Mr. 0. H. Sw^ezey
of the Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, a remarkable colony of
parasites for use against the sugar beet leaf-hopper. The parasite,
technically known as Ootetrastichus heatus, is a very important enemy
of the leaf -hopper of the sugar-cane in the Islands, and has been
of immeasurable value to the sugar industry there. While the para-
site has never been recorded from the beet leaf-hopper, it breeds
upon other Jassids, and it is not too much to hope that tlie beet leaf-
hopper will be attacked. In 1914 it was estimated that one sugar
company alone in California lost nearly a million dollars through the
ravages of this pest. Since no remedy has ever been discovered, any
possibility of assistance to be had through the introduction of para-
sites should be taken advantage of. — H. S. S.

Publications of the Department of Agriculture. — To secure the
monthly list of publications of the United States Department of
Agriculture, write to the Chief of the Division of Publications,
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The
farmers' bulletins may be obtained free upon application to the
Editor of the Division of Publications. The foUowdng farmers'
bulletins were issued during June :

300 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

FARMERS' BULLETINS— FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.

No price is quoted for Farmers' Bulletins for the reason that the depart-
ment's supply of the current numbers is ordinarily sufiicient to make it possible
to send them free to all applicants.

Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products. By Wilbur R. Mattoon and Wil-
liam B. Barrows, Forest Examiners. Pp. 48, figs. 13. Contribution from
the Forest Service. June 29, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 715.)

Suitable for general distribution, and will be helpful to farmers in selling
woodlot products.

Management of Sandy-Land Farms in Northern Indiana and Southern
Michigan. By J. A. Drake, Agriculturist, Office of Farm Management. Pp.
28, figs. 3. Contribution from the Office of Farm Management, Office of
the Secretary. June 9, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 716.)

This bulletin, while applying particularly to areas where sandy lands
occur in southern Michigan, northern Indiana and a part of northwestern
Ohio, should prove of interest to farmers occupying sandy lands in other
portions of the country not too far north to permit of maturing the crops
recommended.

Prevention of Losses of Live Stock from Plant Poisoning. By C. Dwight
Marsh, Physiologist in Poisonous-Plant Investigations, Pathological
Division. Pp. 11. Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry.
June 2, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 720.)

Of especial interest to western ranchers and stock raisers. Supersedes
Farmers' Bulletin 536 on Stock Poisoning Due to Scarcity of Food.

The Feeding of Grain Sorghums to Live Stock. By George A. Scott, Scientific
Assistant, Animal Husbandry Division. Pp. 15, figs. 5. Contribution from
the Bureau of Animal Industry. June 7, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 724.)

This bulletin will be of interest to cattle feeders and farmers generally in
the semiarid regions where grain sorghums do better than corn.

Natal Grass: A Southern Perennial Hay Crop. By S. M. Tracy, Agronomist,
Forage Crop Investigations. Pp. 16, figs. 4. Contribution from the Bureau
of Plant Industry. June 8, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 726.)

Suitable for distribution in South Atlantic and Gulf States and south-
w'estern California and New Mexico.

Growing Fruit for Home Use in the Great Plains Area. By H. P. Gould, Pom-
ologist in Charge of Fruit-Production Investigations, Office of Horticultural
and Pomological Investigations, and Oliver J. Grace. Supterintendent,
Akron Field Station, Dry-Land Agi'iculture Investigations. Pp. 40, figs.
25. Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry. June 30, 1916.
(Farmers' Bulletin 727.)

Is intended especially for those in the Great Plains area who are in-
terested in growing fruit for home use, but some parts of it, especially the
discussion about pruning and shaping trees, are of general interest to
people living in other sections of the country.

Dewberry Culture. Bj' George M. Darrow, Scientific Assistant, Office of Horti-
cultural and Pomological Investigations. Pp. 19, figs. 12. Contribution from
the Bureau of Plant Industry. June 12, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 728.)
For general distribution.

Button Clover. By Roland McKee, Assistant Agrostologist, Forage-Crop In-
vestigations. Pp. 11, figs. 3. Contribution from the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry. June 2, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 730.)

Suitable for distribution in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and the
Pacific Coast States.

MONTIIIiY BULLETIN. 301

The Corn and Cotton Wireworm in Its Relation to Cereal and Forage Crops,
with Control Measures. By Edmund H. Gibson, Scientific Assistant, Cereal
and I'orage Insect Investigations. Pp. 8, figs. 3. Contribution from the
Bureau of Entomology. June 9, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 73.3.)

The object of this bulletin is to set forth in a popular form what is
known of the habits of the destructive corn and cotton wireworm, in order
that farmers and planters may more effectively carry out control measures
and be able better to handle infested areas that the injury may be reduced
to a minimum.

Flytraps and Their Operation. By F. C. Bishopp, Entomological As.sistant.
Pp. 14, fig. 7. Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology. June 10.
1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 734.)

Is intended to give directions for the use of a supplementary means of
controlling flies; it is adapted to all parts of the United States.

The Red Spider on Cotton and How to Control It. By E. A. McGregor, Entomo-
logical Assistant, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations. Pp. 12, figs.
10. Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology. June 12, 1916.
(Farmers' Bulletin 735.)
For distribution in cotton growing states.

The Clover Leafhopper and Its Control in the Central States. By Edmund H.
Gibson, Scientific Assistant, Cer.?al and Forage Insect Investigations. Pp.
8. figs. 5. Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology. June 26, 1916.
(Farmers' Bulletin 737.)

It is the purpose of this bulletin to set forth such facts as will familiarize
the farmer with the various stages in the development of the clover leaf-
hopper, its habits, and mode of attack, together with detailed information
as to the coutrol of outbreaks in alfalfa and clover fields.

Cereal Crops in the Panhandle of Texas. By John F. Ross, Farm Superin-
tendent, Office of Cereal Investigations. Pp. 16, figs. 5. Contribution from
the Bureau of Plant Industry. June 15, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 738.)

Of interest to farmers and prospective settlers in the Texas Panhandle
country.

Cutworms and Their Control in Corn and Other Cereal Crops. Ey W. R. Wal-
ton and J. J. Davis. Entomological Assistants, Cereal and Forage Insect
Investigations. Pp. 4, fig. 1. Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology.
June 1, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 739.)
Suitable for general distribution.

The White-Pine Blister Rust. By' Perley Spaulding, Pathologist, Office of In-
vestigations in Forest Pathology. Pp. 15, pi. 1, fig. 4. Contribution from
the Bureau of Plant Industry. June 9, 1916. (Farmers' Bulletin 742.)
Suitable for general distribution.

302

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Russell D. Stephens

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 303

RUSSELL D. STEPHENS.

In the death of Russell D. Stephens of Sacramento,
the California fruit industry has suffered an irrepar-
able loss. He was one of the most prominent figures
in the State Fruit Growers' conventions, being for a
number of years chairman of the Transportation Com-
mittee. He was also chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee of the State Board of Horticulture before the
law relating to the State Horticultural Commissioner
was passed.

Mr. Stephens was born in April, 1837, at Canton,
Illinois, and came to California in 1849. His parents
located at Mayhew, California, in 1850. He was con-
cerned principally with the grape industry, shipping
very largely Tokay grapes, which developed for him a
wide reputation in the eastern markets.

Death came on July 15th, at his home in Sacra-
mento. He is survived by a widow, a daughter and
a son.

304

MONTHLY BULLETIN,

A SATISFACTORY METHOD OF REARING MEALY BUGS
FOR USE IN PARASITE WORK.*

By E. J. Branigan.

Owing to the scarcity of room at the state insectary for growing
plants upon which to raise mealy bugs for parasite use, and to the
relative slowness with which they multiplied on these plants alone,
experiments were carried out in rearing them on potato sprouts. Many
other host plants have been tried out, but all have been discarded for
this method which has proved to be most excellent.

Fig. 98. — This cage contains twenty trays of mealy bug-infested potatoes,
inal.)

(Orig-

*The mealy bugs affecting citrus and grapes (Pseudococcus citri. P. hnkeri. P.
citrophilus and others) are among the most serious of California pests. Since they
are very difficult to control by artificial means, such as spraying and fumigation, we
have devoted and are devoting a considerable part of our time to the securing of
new natural enemies as an aid to their repression. For the propagation of the new
enemies introduced from foreign countries, large quantities of mealy bugs are needed.
Mr. Branigan has been very successful in producing these insects in large numbers
by the method outlined here, and I have asked him to prepare this article, feeling sure
that it will be of much benefit to others engaged in similar work. We have already
made excellent use of it in transporting enemies of mealy bugs from Japan to Cali-
fornia.— Harry S. Smith.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

305

Common potatoes were spread on the lioor of the greenhouse, under
the benches, on April 1st. On April 9th they commenced to sprout.
They were then placed in box trays 3 inches deep and of a standard
size so as to fit the cages in which they were to be used. The cages hold
four trays, one above the other when filled, and are operated as follows :
One tray of infested potato sprouts is placed in the cage, together with
the ladybirds or parasites. "When the supply of mealy bugs in this tray
is exhausted it will of course contain a large "number of immature forms
of ladybirds or parasites as the case may be. This tray is then shifted
to the bottom of the cage and a fresh tray filled with mealy bug-infested
potato sprouts placed immediately above it. This gives an opportunity
for the ladybird larvae to crawl up where there is plenty of food avail-
able. This procedure is continued until all four trays are in the cage.

The bottom of the tray is filled with sand about one inch deep and
the potatoes fitted in closely and moistened. The trays are then
placed in a large cupboard-like cage, holding about 20 trays. This
cage is darkened by means of a heavy canvas curtain and kept in a

Fig. 99. — Showing potato sprouts heavily infested with mealy bugs. (Original.)

warm greenhouse. (See Fig. 98.) The sprouts grow very rapidly and
are stocked by placing in each tray a number of lemons or potato
sprouts infested with young mealy bugs. In this particular instance the
sprouts Avere 10 to 12 inches long by May 14, and very heavily infested
with young mealy bugs. (See Fig. 99.) The infested sprouts may be
cut off if desired for feed, since they will keep fresh for 10 or 12 days

306 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

even in a dry cage. The sprouts remaining on the potatoes will branch
in a few days and grow very rapidly, with the mealy bug infestation
increasing. In this way the potatoes will produce three or four times
as many sprouts as they do without pruning.

The propagation of mealy bugs by this method will no doubt be of
great value in the transportation of their enemies acro.ss the continent,
as it is very difficult to get infested plants to hold up long enough for
such a voyage. In the trays, after sprouting, the potatoes will form a
new crop of young tubers in the sand and in time these too will sprout,
keeping the food supply continuous for a long period.

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 307

A SUBLABORATORY OF THE INSECTARY IN THE

SOUTH.

By Harry S. Smith.

The culture of suljtropifiil fruits in tliis state, as is well known, liad
its orisjjin in the region south of tlie Teliachapi Mountains. The major
portion of these fruits is still grown in that part of the state, althougli
there is a great extension of the industry to tlie north at the present
time. As a general proposition, work with parasitic and predaccous
insects is of promise only in connection with pests introduced from
foreign countries. It happens that most of the serious pests of sub-
tropical fruits in this state are introduced forms, probably for the
reason that no plants closely related to citrus or olives are indigenous
to California, so that few of our native insects have adapted themselves
to any serious extent to these exotic fruits. By reason of these facts
a large part of the activities of the insectary have been and will
continue to be with the insect pests of subtropical fruits. There is no
denying the fact that the work of the insectary has been greatly handi-
capped in the past by its location in Sacramento, since for financial
reasons much traveling back and forth has been impossible, and the
sending of delicate parasites by mail has never been satisfactory.
Furthermore, the proper colonization of parasites in the orchard is
of first importance, and it has not in the past been possible to do this,
since it meant depending upon persons who, though willing and
anxious to do all in their power to assist in the work, had not the inti-
mate knowledge of the parasites which is a requisite to their proper
handling. It is also of utmost importance to follow closely the
progress of the new introductions in the orchard, and this has not been
possible under conditions as they have been. For these reasons we
have established during the past month a sublaboratory of the insectary,
located for the present at Pasadena, and in charge of Mr. E. J.
Branigan. Our entire breeding stock of Paraleptomastix ahnormis,
the promising new mealy bug parasite from Sicily, has been transferred
to Pasadena, and Mr. Branigan will occupy himself largely for the
present with the colonization of this parasite and other new ones which
we are receiving from time to time from IMr. Clausen, who is now in
the Orient collecting beneficial insects. All new insects Avill, of course,
as heretofore, come first to Sacramento where they can be studied in
insect-proof rooms and any dangerous forms eliminated. After their
life histories have been thoroughl>' worked out, any promising species
of value to subtropical fruits will be forwarded to the sublaboratory
for breeding and colonization. This arrangement will also enable us
to keep much closer track of suitable localities for parasite colonies.

It is greatly to be hoped that this sublaboratory can be continued
indefinitely, either through still closer co-operation with the Bureau of
Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture, or
tlirough a slightly increased appropriation by the next legislature.

308 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE h2 Jig: S DI V I S I O N.

REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected : 69

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports ^ 2,901

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 67,835

Fumigated 2,750

Refused admittance 66

Contraband destroyed 29

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 70,680

Pests Intercepted.
From China:

Chrysomphalus rossl on boxwood.

From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Selenaspidus articulatus, and Psendococcus sp. on

bananas.

From Hawaii:

Diaspis hrovieliw and Pseudococcus hromclia; on pineapples.

Coccus lonrjulus on betel leaves.

Chrpsoinphalus aoniduni on green cocoanuts

Lepidosaphcs sp.. Parlatoria sp., Pseudococcus sp., Howardi biclavis, Pseu-
dococcus longispinus, Chrysomphalus sp., Orthezia sp., Eucalymnatus per-
foratus. Coccus longulus, Hemichionaspis muior and Thrips sp. on unknown
plants.

From Japan:

Larvfe of weevil in sweet potatoes.

L,cpidofifiphes hcckii, Pseudaonidia trilohififormis and Parlatoria pcrgaiulii on

lemons.
Coccid on bamboo.
Fungus on lemons.

Lepidopterous larvse in dried persimmons.
Larvse of borer in roots of berry.
Pseudococcus sp., Phytomysa sp., Thrips sp. and Tipulid larvse in soil on iris

plants.

From Mexico:

Lepidosaphcs beckii on limes.
Lepidopterous larvae in corn on cob.

From Tahiti:

Morganella maskelli and Lepidosaphcs beckii on oranges.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 25

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 33,119

Fumigated 8

Refused admittance 4

Contraband destroyed 3

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 33,134

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 809

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylU and Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Pennsylvania:

Ccratapliis Jataniw on Kentia palms.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 26

Fish boats inspected 26

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 138

Horticultural imports: , Parcels

Passed as free from pests 2,1452

Fumigated 5

Refused admittance 84

Contraband destroyed 9

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 2,168

Pests Intercepted.
From Florida:

LepidosapJies sp. and Melanose on grapefruit.
Pseudococcus sp. on pineapples.

From Mexico: •

Trypeta ludens larvae in mangoes.

From New Jersey:

Pseudococcus sp. and Coccus hesperidum on Cocoloba pubescens.

From Pennsylvania:

Dialeurodes citri on gardenia plants

Hemichionaspis aspidistrw and Saissetia hemisphcerica on ferns.

EUREKA STATION.

Ships inspected 6

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 19

Fumigated

Contraband

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 19

Pests Intercepted.
From Victoria, B. C:

Chionaspis pinifolicB on Baga Hookeriana.

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

(No report.)

C0UKT1B3 HAVING HORTICULTURAL C0MM13

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OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. N. MITCHELL, Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRT S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographei

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

GIUSEPPE ROSSETTI, Portici, Italy Foreign Collector

R E. GARDNER, Foochow, China Foreign Collector

QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francltco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKBW Chief Deputy Quarantine Offlcei

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.

A, S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

Certified Potato Seed Inspection.
W. V. Shear, Stockton Potato Inspector

Apple Inspection Under the Standard Apple Act of 1915.

A. W. Tate, Watsonville Chief Apple Inspector

G. H. Buhrman, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. R. Davis, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. B. Hopkins, Watsonville Apple Inspector

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Statb Pbinting Office

VOLUME V

No. 9

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

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OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO. CALIFORNIA

SEPTEMBER, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page
HOW THE QUARANTINE DIVISION rilOTECTS THE COTTON

PRODUCER Frederick Maskew 311

A COMPARISON OF SOME CITRUS CONDITIONS IN FLORIDA,

CUBA AND CALIFORNIA Howard S. Fawcett 321

LAWNS OR WEEDS O. AV. Newman 337

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS Geo. P. Weldox 343

GENERAL NOTES:

NAPA COXVENTIOiS^ 346

CO-OPERATIOX DETWEEX state AXD county OFFICIALS 346

MOTTLE-LEAF 347

HORTICULTURAL LAWS 348

PROGRESS OF THE SICILIAN MEALYBUG PARASITE 349

RECENT LADYBIRD INTRODUCTIONS 350

QUARANTINE DIVISION:

REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF JULY ^ FREDERICK MaSKEW 351

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

Vol. V.

Septemljei, 1916.

No. 9

HOW THE QUARANTINE DIVISION PROTECTS THE

COTTON PRODUCER.

By Frederick Maskew.

Probably no one crop grown in the United States is more continu-
ously in the mind's eye of the general public than that of cotton and
possibly no one crop so particularly concerns the ultimate necessities
of our 100,000.000 population as does that of cotton in some of its
manufactured stages. No matter what our individual predilections

Fig. 100. — Cotton seed in raw cotton found in the baggage of passengers,
by L. A. Whitney.)

(Plioto

may be as to meat, bread, fruit or sugar, convention compels us all to
Avear stockings and use handkerchiefs. To protect the primal domestic
source of these and numerous other daily necessities, many regulations
have been promulgated and put into practice, and the purpose of this
article is to give publicity to those now in force in our state to prevent
the introduction and establishment of the Boll Weevil and the Pink
Boll Worm into the cotton fields of California. The extent to which

253S0

312 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

these regulations are carried — under legal sanction — is but little real-
ized by the general public, or even by those most vitally concerned, the
actual growers of cotton.

It is generally recognized that the principal source of introduction
from one widely separated country to another of these major insect
pests of growing cotton is through the medium of cotton seed. Foreign
countries, particularly Egypt, have demonstrated the truth of this
theory, and, profiting by their unfortunate experience, the United
States Department of Agriculture, in an effort to keep out the Pink
Boll Worm, Gelechia gossypiella, prohibits by Notice of Quarantine,
the importation into the United States of cotton seed and cotton seed
hulls, and the activities of the inspectors in executing the provisions
of this regulation prevents the entrance of the same.

Fig. 100 is an example of some of the.se activities and illustrates cot-
ton found in the baggage of passengers arriving at San Francisco from
foreign ports. Cotton seed — as may be plainly seen — was associated
with this cotton and as a consequence of violating regulations the whole
was confiscated and burnt. The cotton shown in the photograph was
collected in small amounts from the different pieces of baggage arriving
in one vessel, and is typical of similar findings.

The importation of cotton into the United States for any purpose
whatsoever is controlled by stringent regulations issued by the United
States Department of Agriculture, and these regulations are at all
times enforced by the United States Customs and the horticultural
inspectors. Raw or unmanufactured cotton lint, either baled or unbaled,
including all cotton which has not been woven or spun or otherwise
manufactured, such as all forms of cotton waste, including thread waste,
card strips, willowed fly, willowed picker, picker or blowings, and chum
and cotton waste in any other form arriving from countries that do
not maintain an official system of cotton inspection must be fumigated
before being distril)uted from port of entry. This procedure is made
necessary by the presence of cotton seed in such material. Special ports
of entry have been assigned for this purpose and all foreign cotton
seeking an entrance into the United States is admitted only through
such ports. San Francisco is the only port open to imports of cotton
on the Pacific Coast of continental United States.

Fig. 101 illustrates the apparatus used for fumigating foreign cot-
ton seeking an entrance into the United States through the port of San
Francisco. This consists of a boiler plate cylinder 29 feet long and 8
feet in diameter, reinforced with channel iron on the interior side and
so constructed that it will support a 25-ineh vacuum for not less than
15 miimtes ; provided with two vacuum gauges to register pressure,
and steam pipes for raising the temperature if necessary. In the center
of the picture can be seen the acid proof generator in which are brought
together the cyanide, acid and water used for fumigation and where the
hydrocyanic-acid gas is generated before being admitted into the cham-
ber. On the extreme left is the pump run by electric power which
exhausts the air and creates the vacuum.

Fig, 102 shows the method of loading the chamber with cotton pre-
paratory to fumigation. A rail track runs the entire length of the
chamber and small cars fitted to use these tracks are loaded outside.
Fifteen bales of cotton is an average load for a car and the chamber

MO^"|■Ill,^• mij.K'i'iN'.

313

2 — 2338S

314 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

has a working capacity cf 5 cars or 75 l)ales of cotton. Fumigation is
conducted as follows: When the charge of cotton is in the chamber the
doors are closed and clamped and the air is exhausted until the gauge
registers 25 inches. At this stage the gas is generated by introducing
into the generator the chemicals in the following order : water, acid
and cyanide in solution. The cyanide solution is run into the generator
at a rate that will require from 8 to 10 minutes for all of the solution
to be introduced. At the expiration of 15 minutes air is permitted to
pass through the generator for 5 minutes to wash out all gas that may
be in the generator and then the valve between the generator and the
chamber is closed. At this stage the air is admitted into the chamber
until the vacuum gauge on the same falls to 5 inches. -The cotton is
held in the presence of the gas for one hour and 25 minutes additional,
making the complete exposure one hour and 45 minutes. The formula
for fumigating cotton is 6 ounces avoirdupois sodium cyanide, 6 fluid
ounces of sulphuric acid and 6 fluid ounces of water for each 100 cubic
feet of chamber space. For all grades of cotton waste as specified the
formula is 9 ounces avoirdupois of sodium cyanide to each 100 cubic
feet of chamber space. All imported cotton, even to broker's samples,
goes through this drastic disinfection process before being permitted
to leave the port of entry for distribution in the United States.

The foregoing regulations and operations were promulgated and
devised in an effort to keep out of the United States insects known to
work injury to growing cotton in foreign countries, but there are
insects very injurious to growing cotton that are widely distributed
in the older cotton growing states of the United States, and to keep
these (nit cf the state of California is one of the duties of the Quarantine
Division of the State Commission of Horticulture. The Mexican Boll
Weevil, Anthonomus grandis, is the particular one against which the
provisions of Quarantine Order No. 26 are directed. What this insect
has cost and is costing the cotton growers of our southern states can not
be comprehended by simply printing an array of numerals indicating
dollars lost or expended. Congress made the first appropriation of
$250,000 in 1904 to commence the fight against the ravages of this pest.
Both the campaign and the appropriations have continued throughout
the past 12 years and the battle and the appropriations are still going
on as is made evident by the introduction of the bill, H. R. 7536, asking
the present Congress for $1,000,000 to continue the fight against the
I\lexican Boll Weevil. This specific sum asked for the purpose of
fighting a single species of insect pest would maintain the Horticul-
lural Quarantine Division of this state on its present basis for a term
of 50 years. Prevention is better than cure, and the members of the
quarantine service are making a concerted effort to prevent the neces-
sity of appropriating such sums of money to fight the Mexican Boll
Weevil in California, and herewith are recorded and portrayed some
of the methods employed to accomplish this purpose.

Fig. 103 represents the Mexican Boll Weevil and the cotton boll in
which it was found and also illustrates the point that while the pro-
visions of Quarantine Order No. 26 issued by the State Commissioner
of Horticulture prohibits the entrance into California for any purpose
whatsoever of cotton seed grown in any locality where the boll weevil
is known to exist, the same does not prevent attempts to bring in such

.AI().\•|•1I1.^ I'.l'hLETIN.

:ur>

316 MONTHLY KLLLETIN.

seed. Prfvention takes place when a diligent quarantine inspector
armed with authority intercepts the shipment and executes the pro-
visions of the order. The Boll Weevil in the illustration was found in
a shipment of cotton seed sent into California for planting purposes,
intercepted and examined by the cinarantine inspectors and as a result
of the findings returned to the point of shipment.

Fig. 104 shows cotton seed that came into California in the form of
a very unique and interesting advertising device, through the medium of
the United States mail. Enclcsed in an artistic carton was placed a
well filled bell of cotton in which were found the seven cotton seeds
shown at the lower edge of the photograph, and on the carton was
printed directions for planting tlie seed. A cotton boll that has been
attacked by the Boll Weevil would not develop sufficiently well to meet

Fig. 103. — -The Mexican Boll V.'cevil "oind in a shipment of cotton seed sent
to Califoirja for planting. Enlarged. (Photo by L. A. Whitney.)

Ihe recjuirements of this advertising scheme, and perhaps but little
danger need be apprehended cf introducing the Boll Weevil by su' h a
method, yet the quarantine regnlaticns — as a means of control — make it
mandatory upon all persons bringing cotton seed into California to first
obtain a permit from the State Commissicner cf Horticulture to do
so. These regulations apply to such material coming thro^igh the
mails, after the postal service has delivered the same to the addressee.
The applieaticn of these regulations at all times and places is the
prime purpose fcr wdiich the quarantine service is maintained and
proof of the diligent appliance of the same is furnished by the
photograph.

In drafting the provisions of Quarantine Order No. 26, cognizance
was taken of the various ways in which cotton seed was being brnua-ht
into the state other than for purposes cf planting cr manufacturing.
The prcfclem of railroad cars that had been used for hauling cotton
lint and cottcn seed to and from the fields, gins and warehouses in the
south( rn statics and ]at(n^ used frr Vringing transcontinental freight

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

317

into the state of California was provided for in Regulation 4 of that

order, to wit:

Regrulation 4. Railroad cars that have been used for the
transportation of cotton, cotton lint or cotton seed must
immediately upon arrival at California points be thorouj?hly
cleaned of all cotton seed, and such cotton seed shall be
burned Avhon removed from the car. All such cars found at
any point in California containing cotton seed in or upon
any parts thereof shall be amenable to all the regulations of
this order, and shall be placed in quarantine by the State
Commissioner of Horticulture until said cotton seed is
destroyed and the car passed as clean by a state quarantine
officer.

The officials of the railroad companies promptly recognized the
nature of the situation, and with a knowledge of how the Boll "Weevil

Fig. 104. — Cotton seed sent into
California by mail. (Photo by A. C
Chatterley.)

can reduce freight tonnage in an infected cotton growing district,
expressed themselves as in sympathy with the purpose of the regula-
tions and protfered their full co-operation in the matter. In this
instance the problem was to find a practical method of carrying out
the regulations in detail. At first divers mechanical means were
employed to clean the cars of cotton seeds. All such, while so expen-
sive as to become burdensome, almost prohibitive, were by no means
complete, and the outlook for the continuance of the same was not
promising. Eventually the writer suggested the use of live steam for
this work at the Oakland vards of the Southern Pacific Company,

3 — 25380

318

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

and the development of this idea is shown in the illustrations that
follow :

Fig. 105 shows the preparations made by the Southern Pacific
Company at their Oakland yards in California to enable them to
comply with the regulations of Quarantine Order No. 26 in the matter
of cars found' to contain cotton seed, by using live steam as a dis-
infectant. A spur track was set apart on which are jilaced all cars
in or upon which is found any cotton seed. At the head of this track
is stationed a steam boiler capable of maintaining 80 pounds pressure
of steam. From the boiler a service pipe runs parallel with the track,
with connections for introducing the steam supplied by the boiler
into the cars that are in need of disinfection. In the picture this
service pipe can be located as the one on which the inspector has
placed his foot.

Fig. 106 shows a car during disinfection for cotton seed and the
possible presence of insects and diseases of the cotton plant. The

Fig. 105. — Spur track and steam pipe line used for
disinfecting cotton cars. (Photo by L. A. Whitney.)

connection from the service pipe up through the floor of the car can
l)e scon as also the steam issuing through the crevices and joints
surrounding the doors. This method of using steam as a disinfectant
for this purpose has solved the problem both from the standpoint of
economy and efficiency. The volume of steam searches out every
crack, niche and cranny, under the floor and l)ehind the lining; all
cotton seed in or upon the car is cooked until it is soft, and as a
result of a temperature high enough to accomplish this, all forms
of insect life that may be present are destroyed. Eight cars can be

M()N1'IIL\- Hl'LLETIN.

319

(lisiiiiVt'tc'd by the pin'sciil iilaiit at oiu; time. Tlie Icjintli of treatment
needed to secure results is fi'ovei-ned by the number of cars being
treated. For one car, one and one-half hours would be sufficient;
for six cars, three hours is re([uired. This difference in time of
treatment is due to the varying volume of steam consumed and the
corresponding fluctuation of pressure at the boiler.

Fig. 107 represents a similar method of disinfecting cotton cars at
the AVestern Pacific railroad yards at Oaklaiul. The y)rocess here is
the same, but the steam is obtained from a permanent pipe line
maintained for other purposes, and the pressure as shown in the
photo is much greater. In both instances the method has proven
satisfactoi'y. and has become a part of the routine work of the yards

Fig. 106. — A car in which cotton seed was found being disinfected witli
steam. (Photo by L. A. Whitney.)

and goes on as regularly and as thoroughly as does any other phase of
the railroad business.

There is yet another feature of this cleaning of railroad cars, and
is concerned with what is known as "Reefers." In this type of car
the sides and ends are sided with smooth ceiling material up to the roof
of the car, and in such cars cotton seed can be swept, collected and
burned with satisfactory results. In the effort to comply with horti-
cultural (|uarantine regulations, and in an endeavor to keep the Boll
Weevil out of California, the several railroad companies co-operate to
the extent of cleaning by the different methods einimerated an average
of 200 cars a month in the Bay regions around San Francisco. This
is both capable and expensive co-operation and is worthy of thoughtful
consideration by the cotton growers of the state.

In reviewing what I have written on this matter of the regulations
of the federal and state governments in their eft'orts to protect the

320

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

cotton producers by keeping the Boll Weevil and the Pink Boll Worm
out of their fields, with a peculiarly intimate knowledge of the pains-
taking work of the inspectors detailed to enforce these regulations at
all times and under all conditions, together with the support and
co-operation received from the transportation companies, I feel that

Fig. 107. — Volume of steam used for disinfecting cotton cars. (Photo
by L. A. Wliitney.)

if the cotton growers themselves universally manifest a similar spirit
and interest in these protective measures and co-operate with the quar-
antine inspectors in maintaining, upholding and enforcing the same,
the advent of either of these cotton pests into the Imperial Valley will
be relegated to a far distant date.

■MONTI 1 1 ^■ iui,i,i:'i"ix. ^^21

A COMPARISON OF SOME CITRUS CONDITIONS IN
FLORIDA, CUBA AND CALIFORNIA.

By Howard S. Fawcett, Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Citrus Experiment

Station, Riverside, Cal.

INTRODUCTION.

It is the purpose of this article to compare briefly, without going
into a scientific discussion, some of tlie differences in horticultural con-
ditions and practices in California, Florida and Cuba, in special refer-
ence to citrus culture. It is fully realized b}' the author, that .some of
the conditions and many of the practices are changing so rapidly and
are so varied that any general statements about them made from obser-
vations two or three years old. mtiy even now be open to serious
criticism. A comparison of citrus disease conditions has already been
made in Bulletin 262 of the California Agricultural Experiment Station,
published in 1915.

FLORIDA AND CALIFORNIA.
Geography and Climate.

Florida with an area of 54,240 square miles, is a little more than
one-third that of California with 156,170 square miles, and in popula-
tion in 1910 with 762,600 inhabitants, Florida had a little less than
one-third that of California with 2,377,500. In total amount of citrus
fruit raised, according to census of 1910, Florida with 5,970,000 boxes
in round numbers, had slightlv above one-third that of California with
17,300,000 boxes.

Florida, because of the nature of its geological formation, is a com-
paratively low country, the highest point being a little over 300 feet
above sea level. The topography is concisely described by E. H. Sellards
in the Fourth Annual Report of the State Geologist as follows: "Not-
withstanding that Florida, the second largest state east of the Mississippi
River, is extensive in area, no point within the state is distant from the
coast more than 75 miles, ancl no elevations are found exceeding 300
to 310 feet above sea level. Originally, doubtless, the topography was
comparatively simple, the rise in elevation being with minor exceptions,
gradual from the coast inland. However, as the result of differential
erosion and other factors, well marked topographic types have developed,
and at the present time the topography is varied. The key to the
topography of the state is obtained by observing the distribution of the
limestone and the nonlimestone formations. The importance of lime-
stone formation upon the topography is due to the fact that the lime-
stone is more soluble and more readily eroded than most other
formations, and those sections of the state that are underlaid at no
considerable depth by limestones have been more radically affected by
erosion than the nonlimestone sections, and have been affected in a
different manner. The limestones erode chiefly by underground solu-
tion, as a result of which sinks, valleys and basins form, giving rise to a
cliai-acteristic topography. Although limestone formations underlie the
state throughout, it is only in limited sections of the state that they
are sufficiently near the surface to affect the topography." California, in
strong contrast, is a country of extreme differences of elevation inter-
sected and cut up by many mountain chains. To a citrus grower the

322

MONTHLY BULT>ETIN.

MiSSOURj

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Fig. 108. — Map showing California transcribed upon eastern United States in
the same latitude, but its 120th mpridian drawn to coincide with the 85tli meridian
of eastern United States and Florida. Dotted portions show roughly the citrus
regions of California, Florida and Cuba. (Original.)

MONTHLY i5tI;I>ETIN. 323

variations in i^'lofida ini^lil be siiiinncd up in llic woivls, (lat woods, low
and liiiih luinniiociv lands, rolling' pine woods and hills; in California,
in the words: alluvial beds, valleys, mesas, foothills, canyons, and
mountains.

Florida's ])rineipal rainfall (40 to 60 inches) comes largely in the
summer and early fall months. In contrast to this California's prin-
cipal rainfall (10 to 25 inches) is in the winter oi- early spi'in<i' months.
This is why citrus may be jjrown in Florida in great part without
irrigation, and in California almost entirely dependent upon irrigation.
This also accounts for the gi'cater summer humidity of Floi'ida, which
makes coiulitions especially suitable for the development of certain
types of fungous diseases which are absent or of minor consecpience in
California.

Location of Citrus Regions.

In latitude the principal citrus regions of Florida lie between about
25 and ;}0 degrees north, the sanu' as the middle half of the peninsula
of lower California ; while the citrus regions of California lie between
32-i and 394 degrees north, the same as the states between Washington,
D.C. and (Miarleston, South Carolina. (Fig. 108.) In P'lorida. the tem-
perature (allowing for inilueuces of lakes, rivers and nearness to the
ocean varies between localities largely according to the latitude, in Cali-
fornia the latitude is a small factor, and altitude, location of mountain
ranges and air drainage determine largely the temperature variations
between localities. Thus, in Florida, the common expression "south
below the frost line" is replaced in California by "on the foothills or
mesas above the frost line."

Citrus Soils.

A comparison of soils is not so easily made because of the great
variations within both states. Generally speaking, the soils in Florida
are quite deficient in plant food as compared to those of California.
As water is a prime necessity in California, fertilizers are a prime
necessity in almost all types of soils in Florida. On the other hand,
hunms, rather expensive and difficult to keep up in California, is
retained cheaply and rather easily in most conditions in Florida. More
will be said of this later.

While the soils in Florida vary greatly, a majority of the citrus
groves of the state are on land that would be classed as sandy loam
to decidedly sandy soils. Some of these are underlaid with deeper layers
of sand, some with clay subsoils and others with limestone. Tlie lands
of Florida are usually distinguished by the citrus growers in terms
of the vegetation upon them at the time they are cleared. The general
terms are : hammocks, pine woods, tlat woods, prairies, muck and swamp
lands.

Hannnock is a term usually api)licd to land having a heavy growth
of trees or shrubs among which the deciduous or hardwood trees or
cabbage palmetto predominate. Various modifying terms, as clay and
calcareous hammocks, high and low hammocks, shell hammocks and
cabbage palmetto hammocks are used for further designation of varia-
tions. The thick native hardwood hammocks where oak, magnolia and
other trees grow are perhaps the best lands in Florida for citrus grow-
ing. In certain parts of the state, these hammocks were found by the
early pioneers in citrus culture to contain a thick undergrowth of

324

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

wild sour orange trees. The early settlers in clearing out these thickets
left a part of the sour orange trees as near as possible in rows and
budded the sweet orange into these stocks just where they stood in
the hammocks.

Pig. 109. — Orange trees budded on wild sour orange stocks as they were found
in a hammock near Orange Lake, Boardman, Florida. (Original.)

For example, Mr. Sampson of Boardman, Florida, one of the early
growers, told the writer that about 1874 when he first cleared the land
for his grove, bordering what is known as Orange Lake, he found large
stumps of sour orange trees that had been killed back years before,
probably in the severe freeze of 1835.

Fig. 110. — A typical hammock of cabbage palmetto and hardwood trees near
the east coast of Florida being cleared for a citrus grove. Citrus seed-beds in rows
in foreground. (Original.)

MOXTTTLY BULLETIN.

325

In addition to 1he.se hardwood hammocks, there are also what are
known as cabbaiic palmetto and shell hammocks, terras that somewhat
overlaj) in their meaninfj. The eal)ha,2:e palmetto hammocks (Fi?. 110),
usnally rather low and flooded during the rainy season, when properly
drained, make excellent land for citrns groves. The shell hammocks,
so called becanse of the large amount of shells in the soil, are common
to the east and west coasts and are often palmetto hammocks as well.
Groves on these shell hammocks grow excellent fruit but have to be
handled with considerable care, as they are quite subject to Exanthema
or dieback.

Fig. 111. — Typical rolling pine land of Lake County, showing orange grove to
left and long leaved pine to the right, their straight upright growth indicating a
good subsoil for citrus. (Original.)

The pine lands may be divided roughly into three kinds: (a) the
rolling, well-drained pine land, where the long-leaf pine, Finns palustris,
is usually the predominating growth (Fig. Ill) ; (&) the second grade
pine land, also somewhat rolling, where there is an undergrowth of
scrub oaks, and where the soil is frequently poorer; (c) the spruce
pine lands, which are composed of white sand containing an extremely
small amount of organic matter. A great many of the best groves in
Florida are grown upon the rolling pine lands. The second grade pine
lands are looked on with some suspicion, and groves are successfully
grown upon spruce pine land only with great care and expense.

Flat woods means land that is more or less level and is usually
underlaid with elaj', harclpan or rock, and is likely to be temporarily
flooded during a part cf the rainy season. This land is apt to contain
a sparse growth of pines with an undergrowth of saw palmettos
(Sercnoa serrulala) and gallberry bushes {Ilex glahra) (Fig. 112).
Flat woods lands with clay subsoil are successfully used for citrus
groves, those with hardpan are usually avoided.

4 — 253S0

326

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Prairies or savannahs are level lands ^^sually without trees. These
vary greatly in character of soil. ]\Iany of them are flooded during a
part of the year, especially during the season of summer rains. They
are not as extensive nor as important as many of the other lands in the
development of citrus groves.

Fig. 112 — A flat wood.s scene, the Irregular flat topped growth of some of the
pines indicating a subsoil of hardpan unsuitable for citrus. (Original.)

The muck lands are formed hy the accumulation of the vegetation
that falls into the water and is thus protected from complete decay.
The fresh water marshes which are overflowed lands with a heavy
growth of coarse grasses frefjuently are underlaid with muck. E. H.
Sellards, State Geologist, in his Fourth Annual Report, says: "The

Fig. 113. — Canal approach to Lake Okeechobee through the muck lands from
the headwaters of the Caloosahatchee River. (Original.)

MoNi'iiiA' i{ii.i.i:-i'ix. 827

imu'k ;iiid fresh watei- nuii'sli hinds of Florida are extoiisivc. af^'^roj^ating
not less than 5,()()() s(|uare miles. The everglades of southern Florida
(Fisr. 118) inchide the most ext(Misive single area of iiinck lands,
altlK)ii,L;li many smaller areas oeeur throughout the state."" Tin' inuek
lands when drained make perhaps the most fertile soils in the state.
Citrus trees will grow well in them, hut the fruit is usually coarse,
thiek-skinned and inferior in (|uality in comparison to fruit ui'own in
other soils.

The California citrus soils var}' fr-om the alluvial sandy loam of
the lower valleys through a heavy clay and adobe to decomposed
granite of higher altitudes; this la.st varying in amount of decomposi-
tion from tine soil to a point where boulders of considerable size have
to be removed from the surface before trees are planted.

Citrus Localities.

With the exception of some groves of Satsuma oranges in northern
Florida and a few groves in ])rotected regions along the St. Johns
River and in the proximity of lakes, the great majority of all com-
mercial citrus growing in Florida is now carried on in the southern
half of the state (the southern half by area and the southern two-
thirds by latitude). Before the freeze of 1894-95, however, the center
of citrus growing in Florida was 75 to 100 miles farther north than
it now is. In the vicinity of some towns in northern Florida which
before this date were the largest shipping points for citrus fruit in
the state, there can now be found only a few orange trees which have
come up from the old roots. This is about the only outward evidence
of some of the earliest important citrus growing communities. These
same lands, however, are now being profitably employed in the raising
of vegetables, sugar cane, corn, sweet potatoes and other crops.

In southern Florida the various citrus sections or regions are not
so widely separated in actual distances as those represented by the
citrus regions of Butte County, Tulare County and the southern Cali-
fornia counties in this state, yet even in Florida, citrus growing, though
generally scattered, is apt to become centered and often concentrated
somewhat about certain important cities or towns. This is best indi-
cated by mentioning some of the main regions and representative cities.
There is first the Lake and Orange county region, an old section with
many old seedling orange groves as well as budded varieties, and con-
siderable grapefruit. Representative cities are Eustis and Orlando.
Then there is the Polk and nilll)orougli county section a little farther
south, ditfering little from the last, except i)erhaps in the larger per-
centage of grapefruit groves. In this section representative cities are
Lakeland, F"lorence Villa and Tampa. The Pinellas Peninsula and the
Manatee River regions near the west coast are two similar regions
both well ])rote(;ted from frost by large bodies of water and they now
grow large amounts of both grapefruit and oranges. In these sections
lemons at one time were successfully grown. Representative cities are
Clearwater and Bradentown. Desoto and Lee county sections, repre-
sented by Arcadia and Fort ^Nlyers, are still farthei- south, the last named
being the most southern section on the west coast. These grow large
amounts of both oranges and grapefruit. Then there is the famous
Indian River or East Coast section, reaching from above Daytona at
the north through AVest Palm Beach to below ^liami on the south.

328 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The oranges in this region have the reputation of being sweeter, thinner
skinned and superior in flavor to oranges grown in any other section
in Florida. Although oranges predominate in the northern part of
this section, grapefruits predominate in the southernmost portion about
Miami. This region contains a large amount of calcareous hammock
land. In the southernmost region there is much cochina rock and the
trees tend to show Chlorosis unless large amounts of organic matter are
added to the soil.

In Florida within every local section, with few exceptions, the indi-
vidual groves are scattered and not in continuous, almost solidly
planted areas as is so commonly seen in California. Five to 20 acre
orchards are scattered here and there, separated by pine woods or
stretches of hammock or flat woods. One reason for this scattered
condition within a good citrus region, is that since irrigation is not
generally practiced, there is no need for close co-operation in the for-
mation of irrigation districts, and the most favorable spots are first
picked out for planting. Then again, large tracts between groves are
often held by railroad, lumber, turpentine or phosphate companies, who
hinder their development.

Fertilization of Citrus Trees.

Generally speaking, fertilizer is to the Florida grower, what water
is to the California grower, the first and prime necessity for the pro-
duction of profitable crop^. The summer rains usually furnish the
water, but to the majority of the Florida citrus soils, plant food must be
added in liberal quantities. A great variety of fertilizer practice pre-
vails, but perhaps the most common is to apply a "complete" fertilizer
containing the three elements : nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid.
This is usually put on in from two to four applications. Where three
applications are used (w^hich practice is perhaps most common), the
first is put on in the early spring; the second in late spring, and the
third in the fall. A large proportion of nitrogen is generally used in
the spring, and this is reduced somewhat in the summer and fall.

Cultivation Practices.

It would be difficult to make a statement of a method or practice in
cultivation of citrus soils prevailing in Florida or California that would
not be open to serious cpiestion, since the details are varied perhaps
more b}" growers than any other operation of citrus culture. There are,
however, certain practices that are more or less common. In Florida,
with few exceptions, cultivation is entirely discontinued during the
heavy rains of the summer and fall, and resumed after the rains are
over. During the dryer part of the year, in winter and early spring,
the cultivation on most soils is very shallow. Some growers use a
definite summer cover crop, while others leave whatever grass and weeds
happen to come up, to grow during the rains. If these get too high and
rank, as they sometimes do, they are mowed down and usually left
upon the ground. In certain soils where there is an overamount of
organic matter already in the soil, this vegetable matter is sometimes
removed. It has been found by experience that on many of the Florida
soils, cultivation during the rainy season is very injurious to the trees.
On soils subject to Exanthema (dieback), this trouble is greatl.y
aggravated by such practice.

MONTIIIA' BULLETIN.

329

Perhaps the most (oiiiukii Miniincf cover ero[) vised ;it llie present
time in Florida is Beggarweed {Meihomia tortuosum) a native legume.
This usually reseeds itself each year and does not ref|uire resovving
after it is once Avell established. Velvet beans (Mucu)ia uiilis) and
cowpeas (Vigna catjang) are also sometimes used, l)ut tiu; former is not
liked by the growers because of the tendency of the vines to grow into
and over the trees. On some of the lower hammock lands, no cultiva-
tion is practiced the year around aside from merely hoeing the weeds
that come up under the spread of the trees. Many groves grown in
such situations without any cultivation are thrifty and profitable (Fig.
115). Professor P. H. Rolfs, Director of the Florida Experiment
Station, says: "Some of the be-t groves in the state are heavily sodded

Fig. 114. — Cover ci'op of beggarweeds and sandspurs between rows of four-year-
old citrus trees on rolling pine land. (Original.)

to Bermuda grass and are not cultivated." This is quite different in
many respects from the general cultivation practice in California
where in the summer th(» ground is prepared for irrigation every 30
to 80 days and then worked down again to conserve the moisture. Then,
unless water is abundant, instead of a cover crop being grown in
California in summer, it is usually grown in winter during the period
of rains. Most of the cultivation of the soil, therefore, in Florida is
in late fall, winter and early spring (a comparatively dry period)
while in California, during this same time, cover crops are grown and
practically no cultivation is done.

Varieties of Citrus.

The varieties of citrus fruits generally preferred differ greatly in
the two places. In Florida, there are probably 20 to 30 or more dif-
ferent standard varieties of oranges, but in California, there are only

330

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

three or four. While in California nearly all oranges are classified
nnder the three names. Navel, Valencia and Seedlings, in Florida a
much larger number of varieties are grown and manj^ names are in
use, as Parson Brown, Boone's Early, Hart's Late, Valencia, Pineapple
Orange, Homosassa, Jaffa, Majorca, Indian River, Seedlings, etc.
There are. however, in Florida as in California, a few varieties that
are most preferred and more generally planted than others. This will
probably result in time in the adoption of three or four standard

Fig. 115. — A low cabbage palmetto hammock of the east coast
where orange trees, are grown successfully without cultivation.
(Original.)

varieties. Professor II. II. Hume, of the Glen Saint jNIar}^ Nursery
Company, expressed to the writer the opinion that in the case of
oranges, about three or four of the present varieties would survive, for
example, the Parson Brown for early, the Pineapple orange for medium,
and Hart's Late (nearly identical with the Valencia) for a late orange,
and the new Lue Gim Gong for an all season orange.

The Parson Brown is a very early orange, which is often quite good
to eat even in October, though it may still be quite green on the

MONTH I. V HI 1, 1. 171' IN. 331

cxtcfioi- at tliat time. If allowed 1o rciiiain nn tlto tree too ]nnpr. say
iinlil Fchi'uai'v, it bceonics inferior in (|nalily.

The l'ineapi)le orange is a smootli, thin-skinned fruit, which is some-
what later in its time of matui'ity. This is now l)pinfr planted exten-
sively- in many seetions of the state. Tn the section wliere it oi-itrinated,
it has a flavor sli-ilitly suiiyesting- that of tlie pineapple, but when
grown in some of the other sections, it seems to lose this characteristic.
The Hart's Late is thought by many to be practically the same as
Valencia. The two varieties pass in California under the name of
Valencia. The Valencia is being planted to a considerable extent in
Florida as a late orange, but its average time of ripening is at least
four to eight weeks earlier than in California.

A new orange that is creating considerable interest in Fh)rida. l)ut
which has not yet had time to become of much connnercial importance,
is the Lue Gim Gong. It was developed by a Chinaman of that name,
at De Land. Florida. It is said to be a cross between Hart's Late and
^Mediterranean Sweet. It is a late orange, somewhat like the Valencia,
but even later in maturing and has the peculiar quality of keeping
good and palatable when left on the tree two, three and even four years.
The fruit itself is also said to have stood a lower degree of freezing than
the Valencia or other ordinary sweet oranges.

The Washington Navel has apparently never become a successful
variety in Florida, though it has been tried repeatedly. Usually the
Navel trees in Florida do not bear well and the fruit tends to become
too large and in most locations to be lacking in juice.

Besides the ordinary sweet oranges, a considerable number of tan-
gerine and Satsuma oranges are raised. The latter is a rather hardy
orange and does best in northern Florida, when budded on Citrus
trifoliata root stocks.

AVhat has been said as to the large number of standard varieties of
oranges cultivated in Florida, is also true in regard to grapefruit
or pomelo varieties. Commercially speaking, grapefruits are to Florida
what lemons are to California. Perhaps at present nearly half of all
the new plantings of citrus fruits in Florida are to grapefruit. Some
of the most important varieties of grapefruit are the Duncan, Hall's
Silver Cluster. AValters, Pernamluico and ^Marsh Seedless. The ]\Iarsh
Seedless is the principal variety now planted in California. The
quality of the ]\Iarsh Seedless in Florida, however, is not considered
hy many so good as some of the varieties with seeds. It is not con-
sidered to have so good a flavor there except when held \Qry late in the
season.

Lemon growing is commercially nonexistent in Florida. The last
commercial orchard, one of forty acres, located on the shore of Tampa
Ba>-. was budded ovei- to grapefruit about 1911. and with it the lemon
inciustry died completely in the state. Although nearly every grower
has a lemon tree or two in his yard for his own use, the writer could
not find in the whole state even a half acre of lemons in one body. There
are proliably several reasons why lemon growing was discontinued in
Florida. Professor P. II. Rolfs says the main reason was that the fruit
grew too large. Another reason was that lemons in Florida are severely
attacked by the rust mite and by scab, both of which have to be fought
continually in order to keep the fruit bright.

332 MUXTHLY BULLETIN.

Some limes are being raised commercially in the southern part of the
state, especially on the islands composing the Florida Keys, where
natural thickets of lime trees grow. The withertip fungus (Gloeos-
porium Ihnetiicolum) . however, interferes greatly with the crop as well
as with the growth of the trees in these places.

Stocks.

The four citrus stocks most used in Florida at the present time appear
to be sour orange, rough lemon. Citrus trifoliata and grapefruit ; in
California, the principal stocks used are sweet and sour orange. Sour
orange in Florida is probably used more than any other, and grape-
fruit appears to be used less than formerly. The sour orange stock,
now being used extensively in California because of its great resistance
to the gum diseases, has for years been u^ed in Florida to replace the
sweet orange stock because of its resistance also to the gum disease
known as foot rot or Mai di gomma there. Sour orange is especially
desirable on low moist hammock soils, where there is most danger from
this disease. California growers have, until recently, used more sweet
orange stock than any other. In Florida, the rough lemon is preferred
by some for rather high, loose sandy land, because it appears to push
the growth of the tree faster during the first few years. It is also
said to be a more vigorous feeder and to stand more drought than other
stocks. The objections that have been raised against the rough lemon
stock is that it appears in many cases to cause the fruit (oranges
especially) for the first few years to be coarse, pithy and dry. The
Citrus trifoliata stock is used extensively for the Satsuma orange, a
hardy variety planted in northern Florida and the other Gulf states
because of its resistance to frost. This stock appears to liave the
influence of somewhat dwarfing most varieties of citrus trees.

CITRUS CONDITIONS IN CUBA.

According to statistics published in 1913 by the Cuba Neivs of
Havana, there were at that time less than 20,000 acres of citrus growing
commercially in Cuba and the Isle of Pines, most of it under 12 years
of age. This did not include the older scattered citrus trees throughout
the islands. In round numbers, about 14,000 acres of this were in
grapefruit, 5,000 acres were in oranges and 800 acres in lemons. IMost
attention is being paid in Cuba to grapefruit for shipping, oranges
being grown principally for local consumption, and little attention is
now being paid to lemons. With a few exceptions, the lemon orchards
are considered unprofitable and are mostly being neglected or budded
over to other citrus varieties. It would seem, however, that with proper
care, lemon growing could be made profitable in Cuba. Several growers
who have taken pains with their crop are reported to have received
good returns. The Cubans themselves eat very little grapefruit, but
are very fond of what we would term over-sweet, insipid oranges. It
was estimated by a large fruit buj^er that the city of Havana consumed
an average of 100,000 such oranges daily the year around. These
oranges for local consumption are not picked until they are quite sweet
and are shipped from the outlying provinces in bulk in the ears without
being put in boxes and are handled in a very rough manner.

In climatic conditions, Cuba and the Isle of Pines are similar in many
respects to southern Florida. The rainy season occurs in summer and

MONTHIiY BULLETIN. 333

the drier period in winter the same as in Florida. Cuba and the Isle
of Pines being between 20 and 23 degrees north latitude, have one
great advantage over most of the citrus regions of Florida and Cali-
fornia, and that is the total freedom from frost injury. The most
tender varieties of citrus and tropical fruits may be raised without
danger from such injury.

Soils.

Although there are some citrus soils in Cuba of the sandy type, like
those of the most of Florida, the soils in general are much richer in
plant food, and in that respect appear to compare more nearly with
those of California. They are extremely variable and hard to classify.
This variableness is indicated by the following list of ten types of soil
given the writer by Professor F. S. Earle :

1. Beep sandy pine lands. — Almost pure sand for at least four feet,
then mixed with clay.

2. Gravelly pine lands. — Four to ten inches. Subsoil reddish clay
with some admixture of sand.

3. Paratejo Sahanas. — Open grass lands, often with cabbage palms.
Surface soil much like No. 2, but usually rather stiffer and the subsoil
decidedly stiffer.

4. Royal Palm Sahanas (Tobacco Lands). — Surface reddish or
brownish loam, 6 to 12 inches. Subsoil reddish or yellowish clay, usually
overlying limestone, usually more or less fragmentary and permeable.

5. TJie Red Lands. — One of the best types of cane land. Made by
the weathering of coral rock. Texture of the loess soils but stitfer.
No subsoil. Extending down unchanged to the coral bed rock. Perfect
natural underdrainage.

6. Heavy hlack soils with rotten limestone subsoils. These soils give
trouble if subsoil is too near the surface.

7. Heavy hlack soils with stiff clay subsoil. Require care as to
drainage, but sometimes give good results.

8. Black rather heavy loam underlaid with fragmentary serpentine
rock.

9. Iron gravel soils. — Deep deposits of red iron gravel. These often
carry 20 to 25 per cent of iron.

10. Mulatto Lands.— ^tiE brownish soils made from decomposing
shales.

Professor Earle adds: "This list could be considerablj'- extended
and each heading could be subdivided, since our soils are extremely
variable in character."

The lands on which most of the citrus is planted would perhaps go
roughly into about four classes as follows :

1. Heavy clay soils, grey to black in color, underlaid with clay or
marl or sometimes rock, rather rich in plant food, and hard to work.

2. The red clay soils varying in depth but some of it very deep,
underlaid usually with coral or limestone, easier to work than the
last and perhaps one of the best for citrus.

3. Sandy loam underlaid with clay at varying distances.

4. Sandy soils containing a small amount of organic matter, some-
times very deep, often underlaid with permeable clay at varying
distances.

334

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The last two classes correspond most nearly to the averajje citrus lands
in Florida.

Cultivation and Noncultivation.

The method of cultivation varies a great deal from clean cultivation
the entire year to no cultivation at all, and these extremes vary with
ditferent degrees to mulching and growing of cover grops. The writer
was much impressed M'ith the effects of a heavy vegetable mulch over
the soil in several places where this had been continued for a number
of years in succession.

At Herradura, Professor F. S. Earle showed the writer a grapefruit
grove on clay loam soil underlaid with stiff clay where part of the grove
had been mulched all over the ground. The soil in this orchard was
uniform and the trees were all of the same age — seven years. Part of
the rows had been heavily mulched all over the ground with vegetable

Fig. 116. — Grapefruit grove ten years old at Santiago de las Vegas on heavy
red soil. The ground has been covered with a thick vegetable mulch for the past
five years, during which time no cultivation has been carried on. (Original.)

matter, grass and weeds for three years, part of it for two years, part
for one and a half years, and another part for nine months only. A
few rows in the middle of the orchard had not been mulched at all,
but had been plowed and cultivated to conserve moisture during the
dry season, during the whole period of seven years. The difference
between the mulched and unmulched trees Avas very marked and almost
beyond belief. The trees mulched for three years past without cultiva-
tion had foliage of good color, were vigorous, comparatively free from
scale insects, bearing a large amount of smooth skinned, bright fruit,
and the trees were two to four times as large in diameter of trunk and
two to four times as large in spread of l)ranches. The trees were also
free from Chlorosis. On the unmiilclied tract the trees were small,
stunted, with small yellow, starved looking leaves, with limbs dying

JMOXI'IILV JilLLIJTJX.

8::5;1

back and willi only a very few JTuits, these being russeted and inferior
in ((iiality. Tliere was at least four to six times as iiincli fiaiit on tlie
mulched as on the uiuiiulehed. Tlie trees miilclied for two years instead
of tliree also showed a proportional im[)rovement. p]ven the trees
mnlehed for only nine months showed marked improvement in eolor
and the amount of the last new growth. The improvement in this
orchard was in definite proportion to the length of time the soil had
been covered with vegetable nuilch. Professor F. S. Earle is of the
opinion that the secret of the success of mulching lies largely in the
shading of the soil. He believes that in hot wi^ather thi^ sini interferes
with work of the soil bactei-ia, and the normal formation of humus.
Wherever direct comparison could be made, it seemed to the writer that
the system of mulching or keeping the soil shaded in some way had a
great advantage over clean cultivation for keeping trees in good healthy
condition as well as helping to keep the fruit bright under the con-
ditions existing in that country.

Fig. 111. — A large citrus planting in Cuba on a dark heavy clay loam soil.
Trees set about five years. (Photo by H. O. Neville.)

At Santiago de las Vegas on heavy, red, sticky soil, ^Fr. II. A. Van
Herman had been mulching heavily all over the soil for the last five
years, and had stopped cultivating entirely during that time. Previous
to that he had practiced deep and frecpient cultivation and the trees
were said to have gone back rather than gone forward. Since beginning
this heavy mulching, the trees have grown rapidly, are healthy and
green in ai)pearance, and have on them a large crop of fruit. ]\Ir.
Van Herman was one of the first to advocate heavy mulcliing all over
the ground as a general practice in Cuba. He is convinced that it is
the proper practice for most soils in a climatic condition like that of
Cuba.

Some excellent groves were seen, however, on red clay soils, and also
on deep clay loam soils where a system of nearly clean cultivation was
used plowing in large amounts of organic matter and fertilizing liber-
ally with commercial fertilizer. ^Nlany growers were jilacing vegetable

336 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

mulch directly under the trees, but cultivating and raising summer
cover crops between the rows. One of the most interesting cover crops
seen was the pigeon pea (Cajamis indicus), which grows very tall and
woody. This crop appeared to give excellent results when grown
between the rows of young trees so as to both shade them and serve as
a partial windbreak.

Fertilization.

In Cuba as in Florida there is a great diversity of fertilizer practice.
A considerable amount of commercial fertilizer was being used on the
poorer soils with apparently excellent results.

The effect of the addition of organic nitrogenous fertilizer at Her-
radura on a clay loam soil was also of much interest. It is well known
that in Florida on most citrus soils the addition of large quantities of
such fertilizer is likely to bring on Exanthema or dieback. On this
place there were certain grapefruit trees where chickens had been roost-
ing and large amounts of droppings had gone on to the soil. These
trees, contrary to what one would expect from Florida experience, were
much healthier and more vigorous than those not receiving these
droppings, and not the slightest indication of Exanthema was apparent.
The fruit w^as more abundant and brighter than that in the other part
of the orchard. Another set of trees had been growing inside of a pen
where hogs had been kept for some time. Some months had elapsed
since the pen had been discontinued. The trees showed a distinct
evidence of benefit also from this treatment. On most soils in Florida,
either the constant droppings from the chickens or the hog penning
would have been almost certain to have brought on Exanthema and
caused a large amount of injury to the trees. In this connection, it
may be of interest to note that not a single case of Exanthema (dieback)
was seen on the Island of Cuba, and Professor F. S. Earle tells me he
has never seen it there. Only one case of Exanthema was seen on the
Isle of Pines and that was where the subsoil was stiff clay and where
the drainage was very poor. In several places in Cuba where the
drainage was also poor and where one would expect to find Exanthema,

none could be found.

SUMMARY.

To sum up briefly some of the principal differences between citrus
conditions and practices in Florida and California :

1. Florida's citrus regions lie between about 25 to 30 degrees north
latitude with 40 to 60 inches of rainfall during late spring, summer
and early fall. California's citrus regions lie between 32^ and 39^
degrees with 10 to 20 inches of rainfall during late fall, winter and early
spring.

2. Florida, therefore, has a moist, humid atmosphere during most
of the growing season, making it possible to grow citrus fruits without
irrigation, while California, during this same season, has a dry atmos-
phere without rains, making it necessary to practice irrigation.

3. In Florida, cultivation is usually discontinued throughout the
rainy season of summer, and in California is usually kept up during
the summer because of the necessity of frequent irrigations and the
conservation of moisture in the soil.

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 337

4. In Florida cover crops of BecTErarweed, cowpeas, velvet beans, etc.,
are groAXTi in summer, while in California, unless irrigation water is
plentiful, summer cover crops give way to winter cover crops of vetr-h,
Melilotus, etc.

5. In Florida the soils are generallj'^ light and sandy and require large
amounts of plant food for the best growth of citrus fruits, while in
California, although the citrus soils are much more variable, they
average much heavier with a greater amount of clay, therefore, much
richer in plant food.

6. The large number of standard varieties of both oranges and grape-
fruit in Florida give way to only a few standard varieties of oranges
and one standard variety (Marsh Seedless) of grapefruit in California.

7. Lemons, not now grown commercially in Florida, are a very
important crop in California, while grapefruit, on the other hand, is
a very important crop in Florida and is of only secondary importance
in California.

8. What is said in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 in regard to Florida, is
true for the most part as regards Cuba, except that Cuba lies between
about 19 and 22 degrees north latitude, and that the application to the
soil of a continuous cover of vegetable mulch is practiced more exten-
sively.

9. The average soil of Cuba is heavier and richer in plant food than
in Florida. Lemons not grown in Florida are grown commercially to
a small extent in Cuba, and grapefruit occupies three-fourths of the
commercial plantings.

LAWNS OR WEEDS.

By O. W. Newman.

There are probably as many questions propounded each year asking
how to eradicate weeds from lawns and flower gardens, as come from
most other lines of agriculture combined. This evident desire on the
part of many individuals to keep their grounds clean and presentable
at all times deserves more serious consideration than it has been
receiving.

Without doubt one of the most difficult problems in California is to
keep lawns in good condition. A great deal of money is spent each
year in replacing lawns overrun with weeds of one kind or another. A
considerable amount of this expense could be averted, however, if the
underlying causes of said expense were known. Four-fifths of the
trouble from weed pests in our gardens and lawns could easily be
saved if we devoted care beforehand to see that we started right. More
care should be taken in the selection of lawn and other grass seeds than
with any other class of seeds. Some seed houses make a specialty of
lawn mixtures, and many of these are no doubt of high quality, but on
the whole grass seed is handled as a side issue and as a result is apt
to contain impurities of almost any nature. Before making a purchase,
therefore, the greatest care should be taken; samples should be sent
to the state university for test of both cleanness and germinating
quality. Clean seed is not of much value unless a good per cent of
it will germinate. The best seed is none too good; never buy cheap

338 MONTHLY BriJ.ETIX.

seed. To illustrate this, let me quote from ]\Ir. Gilbert H. Hicks, for-
merly Assistant Botanist of United States Department of Agriculture :

'A sample of Canada blue grass offered to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture contained eleven kinds of foreign seeds, principally
weeds. Of seventeen samples of this species examined, fifteen con-
tained seeds of Canada thistle or the spines, indicating the probable
presence of this pest. Meadow foxtail from Germany, offered for 30
cents a pound, contained only a little more than one-quarter (27.5 per
cent) pure seed, the balance being about evenly divided between chaff
and foreign seeds, principally English rye grass worth about 10 cents
a pound.

"Red top seed offered as 'fancy' at 18 cents a pound contained
foreign seeds at the rate of 283.000 to the pound. A sample of Rhode
Island bent contained 2 per cent of that species, 70 per cent being
chaff, and 21 per cent another species of bent, while the balance (7 per
cent) was dirt and weed seeds. Another sample of Rhode Island bent
contained none of this species whatever, but consisted of 57 per cent
of another species. -lO per cent chaff and dirt, and 3 per cent weed
seed, including twelve kinds.

"Some of the so-called 'lawn mixtures' upon the market arc the
veriest frauds, consisting of a lot of inferior grass seeds mixed with
chaff and various impurities, practically the sweepings of the seed
merchant, but invariably sold at the price of high-grade grass seed.
A sample of lawn mixture purchased in a nearby market contained
45 per cent impurities, principally chaff and dirt. Among the w^eed
seeds present were sorrel, pigweed, three kinds of plantain, pepper
grass and stink grass. In general it is better for the buyer to make his
own lawn mixture after consulting a reliable person as to the most
suitable varieties for his case, and the proper proportions in which
they should be used."

We have on file in this office reports of a similar nature from the
state university and from various county horticultural commissioners
in the state which prove that California is no exception to the rule.

There is another source of trouble to the lawn maker in the city and
that is the neighbors. There is constant danger of migratory weeds
coming from the neighboring yards. This, of course, can not be helped
unless one can prove that the adjoining property is a nuisance and have
it condemned as such. Most of the trouble of this sort, however, comes
from vacant lots and waste places which have been allowed to run
wild. ]\Iost weeds found in the cities are what are known as migratory
weeds. That is, by their very nature they are spread rapidly. They
come to the city in straw packing, in hay, grain and manure, in rail-
road cars, and in the hair of stock. They find their way into the vacant
lots of the city and from there proceed to inhabit the surrounding lands.
It is interesting to note that many of the weeds recently reported from
the western states have come first to the cities, and from there have been
transported into the country. Canada thistle has made periodical
migrations westward arriving first in the cities and thence taking per-
manent residence in the neighborhood. The Russian thistle, prickly
lettuce, sneezeweed and star thistle have all been traced to the large
cities in each state as the source of distribution.

MONTI II, \ liLLl.ETlX.

339

The above facts place great responsibility on the city governments
which onuiit to b(^ recognized. Tt has bc(Mi said that the Illinois law
against Canada Ihistle would absolutely control tiiat pest were it not
for reinfestation by seeds blown and transported from the city of
Chicago and other large t(nvns in that state. The pul)lic welfare
demands that every city awaken to its responsibility and start an
annual cleanup campaign. The agricultural interests of the state
should demand that a general policy of cleanness be inaugurated and
carried out.

This can lie and has been accomplished l)y many cities by turning
its vacant lots over to the public, as parks and playgrounds, as free
agricultural plots, as places for school gardens and the like. Where
large areas are going to waste the city park commission should pasture

u,il'i

I

lilliilllU.ih'f'

iJ|j4iii

Fig. lis. — A set of 100 weed seeds found in agrieuUurul seed. This can be
obtained from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, at a cost of $1.75. (Original.)

sheep and goats. This has been tried in many large eastern parks
and found of great value economically. JNIuuicipal legislation should
establish park and street superintendents, and it should be their duty
to keep the streets and lots clean to the best of their ability.

WALKS AND STREETS.

It is an easy matter to keep walks and streets free from weeds.
Here the soil is of no value and chemicals can be applied which will
sterilize and thus prevent all growth. In the city of Sacramento
street cleaners spend hours digging and hacking at Bermuda grass
patches which could be ivmoved in five minutes by the apitlication
of a little di.stillate. Such chemicals as distillate, eopper sulphate
6 per cent solution, salt or any strong soil-killing chemical will remove
all weed growths from walks and drives for a period of several months.
Material should be sprinkled on with an ordinary sprinkling pot to
get the best results.

3J:0 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

LAWNS.

As a general rule if there is good soil and good drainage and good
seed used in starting the lawn there will be little trouble from weeds
or other pests. Here let me say that every gardener and every
prospective lawn maker should have a copy of Farmers Bulletin 494,
published by the United States Department of Agriculture.

According to the law of the survival of the fittest, plants will settle
and thrive where the struggle for existence is such that they can enter
into it and prosper. A good stand of grass will leave no room for
weeds. Before planting a lawn see that there is plenty of well-rotted
manure spaded into the plot. Test the soil and see that it is not acid.
If it is, add some lime and look well to the drainage. Then always
use the best seed. Cheap seed is throwing money away. Use plenty
of seed and plenty of water. As soon as the first weeds appear pull
them out. If any thin spots appear rake them over and sprinkle a
little more seed around and roll it down.

In old lawns there is often a great variety of weeds, many of which
could be eliminated by pulling. However, care must be taken to see
that too much disturbance to the grass is not made in pulling out
the weeds. Crab grass, foxtail and small pig weeds can be extracted
easly if not too numerous. As soon, however, as the roots become too
large, they should be cut with a knife or spud, a tool like a chisel with
a long handle, M'ith which the root can be severed just below the
crown. Crab grass and other wild grasses sometimes become quite
serious pests in lawns. They turn brown at the first touch of frost
and leave large patches in the law^n. Bermuda grass has the same
characteristic of turning brown at the approach of winter. Such
patches should be marked and in the spring worked over, fertilized and
reseeded. It is best to keep a lawn cut short all the time to prevent
foreign grasses and weeds from going to seed.

So much for the general condition of lawns in their resistance to
weed pests. There are, however, several weeds which, if once started,
are more difficult to eradicate than foxtail and ordinary pigweeds,
for example, crab grass, plantain, dandelion, sedge, Bermuda grass,
prostrate pigweed and joint grass. These, the writer intends to take
up indiviclually as space and time permit.

CRAB GRASS.
Digitaria sanguinale.

Crab grass is an annual, very widely distributed throughout the
United States. It is found in great abundance in the Sacramento
and San Joaquin valleys. It grows from a thick spreading root,
sending up a quantity of leafy stems which finally fall over and take
root at the nodes. It is especially abundant in moist places, and is
most rapid of growth during the warm season. At the first approach
of frost it turns a yellowish brown. Crab grass is recognizable by its
pale green color, its long stems with swollen nodes and the usual
accompaniment of small roots, and by its long finger-like panicle or
floral head. It grows so readily from seed that it frequently gets
the best of blue grass or clover, especially where these are a little
thin, and causes very unsightly patches in the lawn.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

341

Eradication.

Crab grass can not be killed out of a lawn l)y mowing, as it imme-
diately sprouts from the crown. The first principle in such eases is
to pull eaeli plant by hand, thouofh tliis is often a very tedious method.
In a blue grass lawn thorough use of a fine toothed garden rake will
eliminate a large per cent of such weeds without materially injuring
the lawn. After raking, seed down the infested areas with more grass
seed, put on a dressing of well pulverized manure or fertilizer, tamp
the soil down smooth and water. If the infestation is very heavy the
best method of eradication is to turn the sod under and reseed.

Fig. 119. — Common plaintain, Plantago major, showing
the character of the plant and root as it appears in the
lawn. Note the spread of the roots. (Original.)

COMMON PLANTAIN.
Plantago major.

Common plantain is a perennial growing from a short, thick root-
stock. The leaves are round-ovate, averaging 3 to 6 inches long,
wath very strongly marked longitudinal ribs. The leaves form a
rosette at the surface of. the ground, there being practically no stem.
The flowers are in a close whorl along a spike about 2 inches long at
the top of a long slender leafless scape 6 to 8 inches in length. The
roots are long, fibrous and tough. The color of the plant is a deep
sea green. Jepson, in his "Flora of Western and Middle California,"
describes the migratory habit of plantain as follows: "Probably intro-
duced from Europe. Called by the Indians 'White Man's Foot,' since
it has closely followed the advance of civilization, springing up about
the earliest frontier settlements."

Eradication.

Plantain seed is very common in all grass seed and great care should
be taken to see that seed for lawns is the best and cleanest on the
market. Cheap seed is never a bargain. The seed is much smaller
than clover seed and can easily be removed from it.

Plantain will push its way into any kind of a lawn, even into
Bermuda grass. When an old lawn becomes infested with this weed
the best method of removing it is with a spud. Sever thi' upper
portion of the plant from the roots just below the surface of the

342

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

ground. This method is very rapid and a considerable area can be
covered in a few hours. Rake all plants together and burn. Burning
is necessary because the seed frequently matures sufficiently in drying
to fall from the head. Such seed is just as viable as fully-matured
seed.

It is not advisable to pull up plantains by hand, as the root system
is so large that considerable damage will be done to the surrounding
grass. In cases of very serious infestation it may ])e advisable to
resort to spraying. For this the most commonly used material is iron
sulphate, 40 pounds to 25 gallons of water. Spray with a small hand
sprayer, using as much force as possible.

Fig. 120 — A tout pump of greai eiliL-iency.
Such a pump is better operated Ijy two persons
to get the best results. (Commission of Horti-
culture.)

There have been several other chemical remedies recommended wliich
might prove equally as satisfactory, such as bluestone, 2 pounds to
9 gallons of water. A teaspoonful of common salt applied to each
plant is a very effective remedy and does not materially affect the
grass.

If spraying is tried the lawns should not be watered for at least
24 hours. The best time to spray is in the morning. The grass will
probably turn a little brown, especially if the work is thoroughly done,
but this will do no harm. Follow the spraying, after 24 to 48 hours,
with a good raking, and then apply a light dressing of fertilizer.
The lawn will respond with renewed vigor and will be free from weeds.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

343

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

(September 1, 1916.)

By Geo. P. Weldon.
Compiled from the reports of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

>

>

>

ta

n

•^

O

r"

ol

o

•13

y

T)

TJ

33

County

fi

3

■a

a

If

'3 CO

— K

■a CO

a

•a 13
ro ft)

si.

3 >»

li

III

i

r

?!

O CO

n

3

I

3

fi

3

■3 =
3

Alameda -

65
15
75

90

#

h
h
h

90

#

h
h

#

100
100

#

100

#

100

#

25

100
100

30
75

80
70
75

30
35

30
35
65

90

Butte . -

Colusa

75

Contra Costa

70

100

h

#

h

#

#

#

70

#

&>

65

70

55

100

El Dorado .— -

#

65

#

#

h

#

#

#

#

#

80

60

40

40

#

Fresno

100

#

h

h

#

100

#

100

100

80

60

#

#

»

«

Glenn -

100

100

h

100

#

80

100

100

100

100

100

100

#

100

100

Humboldt -- --

#

80
95

#

h

#

#

n

#

#

#

60

90

10

r-1

—

Inyo

#

Kern -

#

60

h
h

#

#

100

#

#
#

100

lOO

90

25

90

80
90

#

Kings

#

Lake

75

50

#

#

#

#

#

#

100

#

50

40

#

25

75

Los Angeles

80

100

h

100

#

60

100

90

80

90

85

75

30

»

70

Madera -

35

60

h

#

#

60

#

#

90

#

85

#

#

90

#

Marin

#

25

h

—

h

#

#

#

—

#

50

100

100

100

#

Mendocino _ --

60
90

100

n

h
h

50
h

h
h

90

#
#

#

#
90

#
#

75
70

30

#

#
#

75

#

85

Merced

#

Modoe -- -

20
65

0
h

100
50

0
h

#

#
#

#

#

0
50

0
50

0
25

#
30

#

Monterey

75

#

Napa .-

80
lOO
100
lOO

h
h
h
h

h
h
90

h
h

h

#
60

90

#

100

#

#

lOO

lOO

#

75
70

#

100

100

90

60
60
h
75

70
65

h
40
h
h

40
40

90

Nevada -- -

50

#
25

2)

Orange -- - - - -

100

Placer _.

#

Rivcr.<idt' .

90
100

75
100

h
h

#

h
h

n
n

100

#

90

#

60

#

80

#

80
85

40
h

#

75
60

60

San Benito ..

—

Sacramento

65

90
50

h
h

100

#

h
h

#
#

100
75

100
90

80
70

95
95

70
60

60
50

65
80

50
80

#

San Bernardino

90

San Diego

70
50

25
h

h
h

h
h

0
h

#

lOO

n

75

100
75

100

#

h

75

20
h

25
h

20
60

100

San Joaquin __

75

San Luis Obispo

100

90

h

#

#

#

«

#

M

#

90

85

»

95

90

Santa Barbara

#

100

h

#

h

#

100

90

100

#

#

100

#

«

65

Santa Clara

#

60

h

#

h

#

#

#

#

#

75

50

—

55

#

Santa Cruz

#

85

h

75

h

#

#

80

#

#

80

70

—

50

#

Shasta

20
#

75
10

h

n

h
40

h
h

75

#

#
#

10
«

#
«

h
6

li
5

h
5

50
6

75

Siskiyou

#

Sonoma -- -.

25

80

75

100

100
75

100
25

h
h
h
h

75

h

100

50

h
h
h
h

#

90

100

#
#

#
lOO

100
60

100

80
h
75
65

80
h
50
75

75
h
75

45

100

75

75

80

Stanislaus --

100

Sutter

75

Tehama - -

n

Tulare

#

#

65

70

100
100

li
h
h
h

h
li

"h"

#
#

h

95

#

95

#

95

100

#

90

85

"eo"

85
100

#
90

85

#

75

60

#

#

80

110

1

85

90
h

95

50
90

n

Ventura

65

#

Yuba

60

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.

— Horticultural commissioner has insuJliclent information for a report.

# Not grown commercially.

t No commissioner in county at present.

h Harvested.

344

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

STATISTICS.

Estimated per cent of the total crop of the principal California fruits grown in each of the
main producing counties during a season of normal production. Compiled from the reports of
tie eountv horticultural commissioners.

the county horticultural commissioners.

County

Almon
(per

>
-* OS

>

n 2.

O

3

a

p

3

11

— pi

*v

T ;

a

<t> tfi

a Si

o

S

3

a a
" c

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa ...

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa ..

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino ..

San Diego ..

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo..
Santa Barbara ...

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter --

Tehama

Tulare -..

Ventura

Yolo

Vuba ..-

12

4
11

12

*

3

12

11

14

i3

31

3

7

•

*

5

6

•

4

»

7
16

13
10

25

•

«

2

«

♦

21

26

♦

51

3

2

«

»

-S

10

16

*

9

»

*

*

5
8

•

«

«

5
15

14

14
2

11
5

7

B,
4

11
6

3
3

9R

10
14

31

13
2

2

1
*

3

2

*

«

*

*

R

•

*

3

♦

29

*

•

«

•

*

«

«

8

4

*

3

«

•

3

«

•

4

*

•

•

•

6

7

39

*

«-

«

18

8

*

*

•

5

•

8

4

•

5

9

18

•

*

•

S

6

16

*

6

*

3

*

2

#

«

•

2

•

9

2

2

9

4

«

»

•

30

38

10

55

4

12

20

*l,ess than 2 per cent of State's normal crop grown in county.

MONTHLY BULLETIN.

345

Grape Report.

County

« s
ai

•-'1

si

County

3 ;

if

Alameda .-

It

70
75

#

ft

100

80

#

tt

70

75

80

40

100

80

tt

75

100

100

tt

100
90
95
50

100

tt

50

2.3

#

tt

8U

40

100

#

#

lOO

tt

23
100
110
100

100

tt

50

35

90

Orange -- ..

tt

25

100

100

#
tt
tt

tt

60

#

70

125

90

#

100

#

80
100

100 —

Butte --

Colusa

Placer

Riverside - -- ...

25 ....

90 90

Contra Costa ..

Sacramento -- ..

25 23

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn . --

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Joaquin .

100 100

100 100

50 70

Humbolrit .

San Luis Obispo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara -. —

50 80

Inyo

# #

Kern

100
100

it
100

no

tt

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma ..- ---

50 50
60 60
10 j tt
70 ' 7«

Marin -

Stanislaus

Sutter

Teliama - ... ..-

110 125
100 100

Merced

100

tt
tt

# #

Monterey

Tulare

Ventura . .. . — . ..

100 100

— #

Tolo

Yuba

80 sn

Nevada

tt

90

100

100

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.
— Horticultural commissioner has insufficient information for a report.
tt Not grown commercially.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E3. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harry S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of June 6, 1900.

Napa Convention. — The Forty-ninth Annual State Fruit Growers'
C(;nvention. will lie held on the 15th, 16th, and 17th of Xoveniber.
On the 13th and 14th — the two days preceding — the regular conven-
tion of the State Association of County Horticultural Commissioners
will meet.

It is expected that most of the time of the convention will be given
over to the discussion of marketing and allied topics. Contemplated
horticultural legislation will also be discussed fully, and a report will
be made by a large committee of prominent fruit growers, shippers,
nurserymen and others, who have been giving this matter the most
careful attention.

A special feature of the convention will be an extensive exhibit of
farm tractors, tools, spray machinery, etc. Twenty-five acres of land
have been secured for tractor demonstration purposes, and it is
expected that the leading makes of farm tractors will be on exhibition.
An effort is being made to secure a Henry Ford tractor wliieh is at
present in an experimental stage.

An important feature will be a basket picnic under the direction
of the County Farm Bureau. This will take place at noon during
one day of the convention, and will be attended by farmers and their
invited guests from all parts of the county.

County Horticultural Commissioner Fox, of Napa, is working hard
to make the convention the best that has ever been held in the state,
and it seems probable that his efforts will be rewarded. — G. P. W.

Co-operation Between State and County Officials. — In connection
with tlie State inspection of apples under the Standardization Act
of 1915, and the inspection of potatoes under the Certified Seed
Potato Act of the same year, there is need for the closest co-operation
with the countv horticultural commissioners and their inspectors, and

M()^■'l'lll,^ iu:i.!jEtix. 347

all apples or potatoes wliich pass state inspection it is expected will
be of sneh a liiii:h s^-rade that inspection by comity officials will not
be necessary. For example, ai)plcs being shipped into the markets
of San Francisco. Los Angeles or San Diego, which beai- <iii llie boxes
a state standard label indicating that tliey have been packed according
to the high standards of the act, should be exempt from fiirther
inspection. It is doubtful if the exceedingly careful grading and the
high standard tiiat is being compelled, under the direction of the state
inspectors at Watsonville, is being maintained in many of rhi' sections
of this state or elsewhere, and recognition of the state label, as some-
thing that bears testimony to a splendid class of goods within the box
is something that is expected of the county horticultural commis-
sioners, and that their co-operation in this respect will l)e given is
not doubted.

In the case of certified seed potatoes going into any county there
should be the same exemption from further inspection. Tliis com-
mission has hired the best potato expert that it is possible to find
in the state to pass upon certified seed, and nothing of a dangerous
character will be certified. There will, of course, be certified seed
that will need treatment with corrosive sublimate before plantiiiir, as
a small amount of Rhizoctonia, scab, or Fusarium does not prevent
certification. So certification of seed will not necessarily mean that
the seed need not be treated, but it will mean much more than that.
It will mean that the variety is pure, and that the inherent tendency
to bear a big crop as well as a good crop is present in the seed. St-ab,
Rhizoctonia and Fusarium, to a certain extent, can be controlled by
seed treatment, but no treatment can be given which will eliminate
a poor bearing tendency and a mixture of varieties, or a poor strain
of a variety. Hence, the important thing is not. after all. to be able
to secure seed that is absolutely free from controllable diseases, but
to be able to secure seed that possesses vitality and purity. The
presence of these qualities can be determined only in the field while
the potatoes are growing and when they are being dug, and not when
sacked or stored in the cellar after cligging. The care with which
certified seed is inspected and handled by a state inspector, should
exempt it from further inspection in the counties, and. again, the
co-o])erati()n of the countv horticultural commissioners is solicited. —
G. P. W.

Mottle-Leaf.— "Mottle-leaf of Citrus Trees in Relation to Soil
Conditions" is the title of an article by Lyman J. Briggs. C. A. Jensen
and J. W. :\IcLane, of the United States Department of Agriculture,
appearing in the Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. VI, Xo. 19.
This article is summarized as follows:

"Mottle-leaf of citrus trees is characterized by the disapiiearaiice of chlorophyll
fniiii parts of the leaf. I lie purl ions fjirtliest removed from tiie niidrih aiui larger
veins heiiisr tirst affected. As the disturliaiue progresses, the ytdlowish spots increase
in size until the only remaiuing- chloroi)hyll is confined to narrow areas along the
midrib and the larger veins. The advanced stages are accompanied by a marked
decrease in the size, quality, and yield of fruit. No organism has yet been proved
to be casually associated with mottle-leaf, but the citrus-root nematode has been
found by Thomas to be widely distributed in mottled districts.

Mottle-leaf is found in most citrus fruit sections of California, but is more
prevalent in some districts than in others. All the citrus fruits grown in California

348 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

are affected, including tlie Washington Navel, Thompson Improved Xavel, and
Valencia orange, grapefruit, tangerine and lemon.

The conclusions of the present paper are based upon a field and laboratory study
of 130 orange groves and 45 lemon groves, located mainly in Riverside and San
Bernardino counties, California. The percentage of mottled leaves was determined
by examining 10 to 12 typical trees in each grove. A soil sample 3 feet in depth
was taken near each tree, each foot sample being kept separately. These samples
were analyzed for humus, organic carbon, mineral carbonates, and total nitrogen.

During the earlier stages of mottling no serious reduction in yield was observed.
The fruit yield was apparently not seriously reduced on either orange or lemon
trees which had about 20 per cent of their leaves mottled. Sour-orange stock was
found to induce more severe mottling in orange trees than sweet orange stock, other
conditions being the same. A mixed grove of Washington Navel and Valencia
oranges showed no difference in the amount of mottling of these two varieties.

Badly-mottled orange trees cut back and rebudded on the stumps produce badly-
mottled new top growth ; and unless the soil treatment of such groves is changed, the
mottling persists.

There was no noticeable difference in the amount of leaf mottling in groves on
different soil types, other conditions being the same.

Orchards fertilized with organic substances, such as stable manure or cover crops,
plowed under, usually showed less mottling that groves supplied principally with
commercial fertilizers. Groves which for some years had received only the "complete"
fertilizers in general use in the areas studied were badly mottled in all cases, so
far as observed in these studies. This was also the case where sodium nitrate was
used alone or as the principal fertilizer for some years.

The results of the soil analyses show in the case of oranges a marked inverse
correlation between the humus content of the soil and the percentage of mottling, the
Jatter tending to diminish as the humus content increases. An impartial statistical
study of the data from the individual orange groves shows that approximately one-
half the mottling can be accounted for by the low humus content of the soil.

The humus content of the lemon soils studied is much below that of most of the
orange soils, averaging less than 0.1 per cent. This amount of humus is apparently
too low to produce a normal foliage growth, all of the lemon groves being badly
mottled.

No correlation was found between the mineral carbonates of the soil and the
mottling of orange trees. In lemons the mottling decreased slightly as the mineral
carbonates increased, but the correlation is low. The lime content of nearly all the
citrus soils studied, is low, and the effect of heavy applications of lime can only be
determined by suitably controlled field experiments. The present study indicates
that the application of lime would be more likely to benefit lemon trees than orange
trees.

The percentage of mottled leaves on orange trees is definitely correlated with the
increase of the ratio of organic carbon to humus, indicating the importance of the
organic matter in the soil being well decomposed.

No relation was found between the i>ercentage of leaves mottled and the total
nitrogen content of the soil in either the orange groves or the lemon groves studied.

The principal conclusion of this investigation is that the mottling of orange trees
in the areas studied is definitely correlated with the low humus content of the soil,
the mottling diminishing as the humus content increases. A study of the data by
statistical methods shows that approximately one-half of the mottling can be accounted
for on this basis. The incorporation of organic matter with the soil in such a manner
as to be accessible to the roots during its decomposition is indicated as a promising
treatment for mottle-leaf.

Horticultural Laws. — The movement to amend some of the existing
horticultural statutes, thereby strengthening them in places where they
have been found weak, is commendable, and will no doubt receive the
support of all wide-awake horticulturists, fruit growers, nurserymen

MONTHLY BULLETIN. lUO

and other interested parties. It has been necessary for the county
horticultural commissioners to operate under county ordinances because
of limitations of the law creating their office. Such ordinances, while
they have served as a means towards a good end, have made much
trouble ; uniformity of inspection throughout the state has been impos-
sible and much difficulty has resulted because of a multiplicity of
ordinances. The contemplated change in the county horticultural com-
missioner law, which will give commissioners all powers now carried by
county ordinances, and which will make such powers uniform in every
county of the state, is a step in the right direction.

The .state of Calfnrnia is blessed with some excellent horticultural
laws, and there is probably little need of more laws, but of strengthening
and co-ordinating those that already exist. Certain weaknesses in the
standardization laws should be eliminated, and, if possible, regulations
governing standardization of all deciduous fruits, at least, should be
included in one law. This should mean the co-ordination of the Apple
Act with the Deciduous Fruit Standardization Act. Inspection under
both acts has proved of much value, and the standards are unquestion-
ably much higher than ever before. The fund created by the sale of
standard stamps under the Apple Act has been ample to cover the cost
of inspection, and the system has worked perfectly. The idea of using
the state label as a guarantee of the contents of a box of fruit is good,
and while it now applies only to apples, it should be extended to all
fruits.

The most careful consideration of all the details of our horticultural
statutes, by those who have tested them practically and who have given
them the closest study and attention, is necessary, and it is hoped that
any future legislation will be aimed toward greater uniformity- as well
as efficiency. — G. P. W.

Progress of the Sicilian Mealybug Parasite. — In the November
(1915) number of the Monthly Bulletin the writer recorded the suc-
cessful breeding, linder natural conditions in the orchard, of Faralep-
tomastix ahjiormis, the Sicilian mealybug parasite. The observations
recorded at that time covered the period known as the summer months
and the colonies examined were planted during the spring of the same
season. The crucial test of an introduced species' ability to establish
itself in new surroundings usually takes place during the winter when
all insect life is in a more or less dormant state. It is very gratifying
to be able to record now, nearly a year since the publication of the
above mentioned notes, that on a trip of inspection of the parasite
colonies in the South during August, Paraleptomastix was found breed-
ing abundantly in practically every orchard where they had been liber-
ated the summer before. All had passed the winter successfully and
many of the colonies had survived fumigation and spraying as well.
One colony, that in the Shaw orchard at San Diego, had withstood two
fumigations, one only two weeks previous to the recent tour of inspec-
tion, and yet the parasite occurred commonly in the mealybug-infested
trees.

There is no longer any doubt as to the ability of this species to live
and thrive in California, and it is certain to become a valuable aid in
the control of the citrus mealybug. Time is necessary for a new parasite
to become sufficiently abundant to be of practical value in the control

350 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

of pests, due to the fact that any surplus of parasites is taken up in
the spread of the species. Once the insect is thoroughly distributed
over the region it is to inhabit, it will increase rapidly in abundance
of individuals at any particular point, and then, and not until then,
will it become of practical importance. The period of time necessary
to wait can be greatly shortened by artificially spreading the parasite
and this work the Insectary is engaged in at the present time. — H. S. S.

Recent Ladybird Introductions. — During the past two months two
species of ladybirds, one a scale feeder and one an aphis feeder, have
been colonized in California. These were received from Mr. Clausen,
assistant superintendent of the Insectary, who is at present in the
Orient, searching for beneficial insects. Both species were collected
in Japan. The scale-feeding ladybird is Chilocorus simiJis, the same
species which was introduced several years ago by the United States
Department of Agriculture, but which apparently failed to become
established. Its principal food is said to be the San Jose scale, but it
feeds upon practically all Coecids, preferring however the armored
scales or Diaspinfe. The aphis feeder has been determined as Ptychan-
atis oxyridis and is an extremely variable species. It is of large size
and is generally black with a large reddish spot on each wing-cover,
although it is frequently yellowish with numerous black spots. It feeds
voraciously on most aphids and should be of value in their control.
Both ladybirds were colonized in Capitol Park, Sacramento. — H. S. S.

MONTIIKV BULLETIN. 351

QUARANTINE h2 h» S DIVISION

Report for the Month of July, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

The planting of a eonmiereial oroliard, a vineyard, or even an orna-
mental tree in California, is an undertaking freighted witli many
consequences, and every endeavor should be made to determine the
nature and condition of all material imported into the state for such
purposes before a permanent establishment is granted. In considering
this problem the fact should not be lost sight of that when a person
plants an orchard he is not performing some act of a transient nature,
but making a permanent investment that is expected to endure and
yield a profit the length of his natural lifetime; further, the results
of such a planting are destined to concern in a marked manner, not
alone himself and his immediate neighbors, but in a measure the entire
community. The planter is assuming, knowingly or not,' the burden of
care and attention demanded by a large number of living, growing
organisms for an indefinite period, and it is well both for himself and
the community to determine at this time that each individual unit of
the company is clean and sound, and physically fit to endure to the end.
Negligence or failure upon his part to take such precautions may not
alone prove disastrous to the success of his personal venture, but evil
conditions, if introduced, will eventually affect the revenues of his
neighboi-s, and ultimately those of the entire industry.

It was with a clear conception of this phase of the situation — the prol)-
lem of community protection from the calamitous results sure to follow
the carelessness, ignorance or indifference on the part of the individual
planter — that public sentiment expressed itself in concrete form through
an act of the legislature providing for control on arrival, and furnishing
competent official inspection in every instance at point of delivery, of
all imports of plants and plant products as recorded each month in this
report.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 76

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 2,Hd

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 47,716

Fumigated 2.605

Refused admittance -- 76

Contraband destroyed •?

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 50,40.5

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America:

Pseiidococcits sp. and Aspidiotus cyanophyUi on bananas.

352 MONTHLY BULLETIN.

From China:

Larvpe of weevil in sweet potatoes.

Lepldopterous larvae in walnuts.

Pseudococcus sp., and red spiders on Litchi trees.

From Honolulu:

Asterolecanium sp., Pseudococcus sp., Icerya sp., and larvae of Tlirips sp. on

unknown plants.
Larv;* of weevil in Tamarind seeds.

Diaspis bromeliw and Pseudococcus bromelicB on pineapples.
Coccus longulus on betel leaves.

From Japan:

Fungias on oranges.
From Mexico:

Weevils in avocado seeds.
Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.

From New Jersey:

Cerataphis sp., and Aspidiotus sp., on orchids.
From New York:

Diaspis boisduvalii, Isosoma orchidearum and Lepldopterous pupae on orcliids.
From Ohio:

Dialeiirodes citri on lemon trees.
From Papeete:

Morganella maskelli on oranges.

Dipterous larvae in cocoanut buds.

From Pennsylvania:

Pseudococcus sp., Chrysomphalus aonidum, Aspidiotus sp., and Cerataphis
lataniw on palms.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 28

Horticultural imports: ParceLs

Passed as free from pests 41,282

Fumigated 16

Refused admittance 6

Contraband destroyed 6

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 41,310

Pests Intercepted.
From Brazil:

Diaspis boisduvalii on orchids.
From Central America:

Pseudococcus sp.. As'iidiotus cyanophylU, Saissetia hemisphurica, Aspidiotus
cydonia' and Chryssntphalus scutiforviis on bananas.

From Colombia:

Cattleya fly and Diaspis boisduvalii on orchids.
From Colorado:

Pseudococcus sp. on begonias.
From Mexico:

Calandra sp. on Tamarinds.

From Pennsylvania:

Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Aspidiotus cyanophylU and Chrysoniphalus aonidum on

Robelinia palms.
Pseudococcus sp.. Coccus longulus and unidentified Coccid on Crotons.
Pseudococcus sp. on Dieffenbacliias.
Unidentified Coccid on Aralias.
Cerataphis lataniar, Aspidiotus latanicc, Chrysoniphalus aonidum and Chrysom-

phalus aurantii on Kentia palms.

From Texas:

CUidosporium carpophilum on Peaches.
From Venezuela:

Cattleya fly and Diaspis boisduvalii on Orchitis.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 34

Pish boats inspected 39

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 721

MONTHLY BULLETIN. 353

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 1,792

Fumigated 1

Refused admittance 2

Contraband destroyed 8

Total parcels horticultural Imports for the month 1,803

Pests Intercepted.
From Japan:

Unidentified insect mass on branch of arbor vitae.
From Mexico:

Unidentified Lepidopterous or Coleopterous larva in plum.

EUREKA STATION.
Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships Inspected 6

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 8

SANTA BARBARA STATION.
(No report.)

COmiTlBS aAYlBG HORTICULTURAL C0111USSX0N>KS, WITM THE BESPBCTIVS

-^2' N

CITIES IN WHICH TH£ CUUII3SI0B£»S R£SID£.

County

^r./r„/.„<id'.ra s«i rwicisco

Alamnda

Butt*

Colusa

Contra Costa

Zl Dorado

Fresno

Glann

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Las Ren

Loa Angeles

Madera

llendoolno

Ueroed

Modoc

Monterey

Kapa

Kevada

City
•
OKlcland
Oroville
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
Willows
Eureka
El Centre
Bishop
BaJcersfield
Hanford
Kelseyville
Susanvllle
Los Anfjeles
Vladera
Ukiah
Merced
Alturas
Aromas
Napa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacraiaento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Mateo

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Crux

Sbaeta

Siskiyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Santa Ana

Bowman

Riverside

Sacramento

Hollister

San Bernardino

San Diego

Stockton ''' ""i^'''

Redwood City /?,i.rv.

Santa Barbara

San Jose

Vatsonvilla

Anderson

Yreka

Santa Rosa

Modesto

Yuba City

Red Bluff

Vlsalia

Ventura

iToodland

HarysvUl*

»3' ^ _

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

A. J. COOK Commissioner

GEO. P. WBLDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. CARA BYRNE Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerli

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

Certified Potato Seed Inspection.
W. V. Shear, Stockton Potato Inspector

Apple Inspection Under the Standard Apple Act of 1915.

A. W. Tate, Watsonville Chief Apple Inspector

G. H. Buhrman, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. R. Davis, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. B. Hopkins, Watsonville Apple Inspector

C. C. Wittiur, Watsonville Apple Inspector

California

State Printing Office

1916

VOLUME V

No. 10

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

OCTOBER, 1916

ALBERT JOHN COOK.

ALBERT JOHN COOK.

The announcement of the death of Dr. A. J. Cook, on
September 29th, while not unexpected, came as a shock to
his host of California friends, and it is with the greatest
reverence and respect for the man who so faithfully and
conscientiously conducted the affairs of the office of State
Commissioner of Horticulture, that we pay this little tribute
to his memory.

AVe who have been so closely associated with Dr. Cook in
the daily work of the office have lost a true friend, and in his
departure from this life there has gone from among us a
great potential force which has ever directed us toward renewed
activities and greater service. His life was devoted to work,
and few men had a greater capacity for work than he. The
sluggard got no sympathy from him, but the man who made
an earnest, honest effort could always be assured of a helping
hand. Dr. Cook was a staunch advocate of a clean, pure life,
and for years young men in the college classroom were made
better because of his influence over them. Today there are
scores of these men in prominent positions which they are
filling creditably, who are alwaj^s eager to testify to the bene-
fits of the personal touch of the man who, as college professor,
took an interest in them, and who devoted his tremendous
energy not only toward impressing upon their minds the lessons
from books, but also the greater lessons of morality and
service.

As State Commissioner of Horticulture, Dr. Cook has done
a work for which he will long be remembered. No matter
what difficulties arose during his term of office he was always
optimistic. He undertook each task with energy and enthusi-
asm, and the record of his accomplishments in state-wide
service places his name among those of California's honored
dead, who have made worthy contributions toward the advance-
ment of the great horticultural industry.

Dr. Cook was born in Owosso, Michigan, on August 30, 1842.
He took his bachelor of science degree at the Michigan Agricul-
tural College in 1862, and the degree of master of science in
1865 at the same institution. He studied at Harvard during
the years 1867 and 1868. He was professor of zoology and
entomology in the Michigan Agricultural College from 1869
to 1893. He was curator of the General Museum from 1875 to
1893. From 1888 to 1891 Dr. Cook was entomologist at the
experiment station, and in 1893 he moved to California,
taking the position as professor of biology at Pomona College,
which position he left in 1911 to become State Commissioner
of Horticulture. From 1895 to 1905 he was conductor of the
university of extension work in agriculture. He was the
author of the Manual of the Apiary, Injurious Insects of ]Michi-
gan, Silo and Silage, i\Iaple Sugar and the Sugar Bush, Birds
of Michigan, and California Citrus Fruits, 1913.

:5sy;

CON TENTS.

Page

LOGANBERRY CULTURE IN THE NORTHWEST C. I. Lewis 357

THE PERSIMMON IN CALIFORNIA Sumito Fujii 362

SOME FIGURES ON THE COST OF BRINGING ORCHARDS INTO

BEARING 3GS

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS:

MONTH OF OCTOBER, 191G GeO. P. WeLDON 372

GENERAL NOTES :

new citeus quarantine, quarantine order NO. 28 ; 374

THE CITROPHILUS OR UPLAND MEALY BUG 370

THE AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF IMPERMEABLE SEEDS 377

PROGRAM FORTY-NINTH STATE FRUIT GROWERS' CONVENTION 379

TENTATIVE PROGRAM CONVENTION STATE ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY HORTI-
CULTURAL COMMISSIONERS . 381

PROGRAM FOURTH SEMIANNUAL MEETING AND EXHIBIT OF THE CALIFORNIA

AVOCADO ASSOCIATION 382

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LESTOPHONUS, A DIPTEROUS PARASITE
OF THE COTTONY CUSHION SCALE

Harry S. Smith and Harold Compere 384
QUARANTINE DIVISION :

REPORT FOR MONTH OF AUGUST FREDERICK MaSKEW 301

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. October, 1916. No. 10

LOGANBERRY CULTURE IN THE NORTHWEST.

By C. L. Lewis, Chief, Division of Horticulture, Oregon Agricultural College,

Corvallis, Oregon.

No phase of northwest horticulture has attracted more attention
during the past few years than that of loganberry growing. There has
been a wonderful development during this period. Tliousands of
acres have been planted and the industry now seems to be pretty well
established.

About four or five years ago there was a considerable slump in logan-
berry growing. At that time the yield had reached considerable pro-
portions and there was no market for the product. They would not
ship very far, canning was unsuccessful, no one had attempted the
evaporation of the fruit and the juices had not been tried out. Con-
sequently the market was very limited and was easily overstocked.
The use of the berries through many new channels the last few years
has greatly stimulated the planting and development of the industry.
However, during the past year there has been very little planting owing
to the fact that many people feared the industry was being overdone.

CULTURAL RANGE.

The principal cultural range in the Pacific Northwest runs from the
Cascade ^lountains to the ocean, including a long strip of land in
western Washington and western Oregon. The loganberry will thrive
where the atmospheric conditions are not too dry, where the heat is not
too excessive and where very cold winter temperatures do not exist.
LTnless these conditions can be complied with, loganberry culture is
not very profitable.

SITES AND SOILS.

The berry is not particular as to the soil in which it grows. It grows
from the alluvial river bottoms to the red clay hills. It only demands
a soil of fair depth and of good drainage. However, it yields the best
in rich mellow loams.

PROPAGATION.

The plants are very easily propagated by tips. There is a belief by
some men that while the plants can be propagated by cuttings that
those plants propagated in this way are not as long lived as those which
come from good rooted li])s.

TILLAGE.

The tillage is very much the same as that which is adapted to other
small fruits. However, the larger growers are lieginning to feel that
there is danger in too much disking, and if disks are used in the patches,

358 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

they must be used sparingly and very carefully. One of the largest
growers in the state plows the ground toward the plants in the fall and
plows it away in the spring. He uses a gang plow and by going down
the row twice he can turn all the soil. He then follows with light
harrowing until the ground is level.

COVER CROPS.

A few of the growers are beginning to use cover crops. The main
objection to using cover crops, however, is that they become quite rank
in the spring and a little hard to handle. However, if they are plowed
under before they become too high, and if the proper precautions are
taken, they may be handled quite nicely.

FERTILIZERS.

At the present date very few fertilizers have been used in the logan-
berry patches. We are conducting experiments at the Oregon Experi-
ment Station, and have been conducting these experiments on the use
of fertilizers in loganberry production. We will give a report on the
same in the very near future.

IRRIGATION.

At the present time very few loganberry patches have been irrigated
as the loganberry is grown in a country where irrigation is rarely
practiced. Most irrigated districts have too severe winters and also
are subjected to considerable heat in the summer — more than the
loganberry desires. However, in some of the irrigated countries, logan-
berries are being grown to a limited extent.

PRUNING.

There is considerable difference of opinion as to the best method of
pruning and training. The majority of the growers are coming to
believe, however, that it is a good practice to cut out the fruiting canes
just as soon as the fruit has borne. We are urging this very strongly
at the experiment station because anthracnose, which is the worst
disease that attacks this plant, can be somewhat controlled \dy cutting
out the old canes and burning them promptly as soon as the fruit is
harvested.

The question as to the proper time of training up the young plants is
also open to difference of opinion. i\Iost growers practice kicking in
the young shoots close to the vine during the early summer. They
sometimes put down little stakes every few feet in order to keep the
plants away from the cultivators and out of the way of the feet of the
pickers. Some growers practice, as soon as the old canes are taken out
in midsummer, putting the new shoots up on the wires and interwinding
them and spreading them at different times during the summer. Other
growers prefer to M^ait until fall and do the work at that time, while
still others maintain that the spring is the best time to put up the new
plants, believing that if they are left down all winter they are pro-
tected against excessive cold, should it occur. Some growers, however,
contend that if this is done, the yield is not so good, while others main-
tain that the yield is better. We are conducting experiments, however,
to prove such points. Some growers advocate spreading the vines out

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 359

fnn-shaped; others believe in having them wonnd around in rather
thick clusters, claiming that the plants are stronger this way; that
there is more shade; that they thrive better in the shade than they do
in the sun. Some growers keep thinning out the weaker shoots and cut
back the fruiting canes that will be left to about eight or ten feet in
length, claiming that unless this is done the berries are small and not
as good results are secured as can be secured through good pruning.

PLANTING DISTANCE.

The rows are generally put about eight feet apart and the plants
eight to twelve feet apart in the row, according to the soil.

AGE OF BEARING.

The berries will give some fruit by the third year, and succeeding
years bear very heavily.

DURATION OF PLANTATION.

We have plantations now in the state of Oregon that are fifteen years
old and are still very fruitful.

YIELDS AND PRICES.

The yields vary somewhat according to soil and care. It ranges
from three to six tons, from four and one-half to five tons being a very
fair average.

The prices range from two and a half to three and a half cents a
pound. ]\Iost of the contracts this year are in the neighborhood of
three cents. At this price there is a very good profit. In fact, logan-
berry growers have been among the most prosperous fruit men in the
entire Pacific coast during the past three years.

INSECTS AND DISEASES.

The principal disease which one has to contend with is the cane
anthracnose. This is similar to the anthracnose that attacks the rasp-
berries. To control this we advocate : first, the cutting out of the old
canes just as soon as the crop has been harvested ; second, if the attack
is very bad, spray with Burgundy mixture soon after the fruit has set ;
after the fruit has been picked, give a summer Bordeaux spray of
5-5-50 strength.

The principal insect we have to watch out for is the cane borer.

TIME OF HARVESTING.

The time of harvesting and methods employed depend upon what you
are going to do with the fruit. We recently conducted some investiga-
tions at the experiment station which are being published now in the
form of a bulletin.

If the berries are to be evaporated, they should be picked when they
are firm, yet ripe. Soft berries are not desirable for such purposes.
The fruit should also be picked, preferably, by 10 o'clock in the morn-
ing. It should not be picked in the afternoon. It should be rushed
to shady sheds, or into a building soon after it has been picked. The
berry is very soft and melts down very rapidly during warm summer

2—25897

360 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

days, and if allowed to melt, it runs, and caramels and burns, and does
not make a very good evaporated product.

If the berries are to be used for juice purposes they should be allowed
to become ripe ; it was found by chemical tests that if the berries were
allowed to become very ripe the sugar content was very materially
increased and the acid content was very materially reduced. Where
large quantities of juice are to be manufactured it is unwise to allow
the berries to become extremely ripe, since in that condition they easily
mould and ferment.

Where berries are being picked for the cannery they should be
allowed to get ripe and the pickers can work all day. The berries must
be handled very carefully or they will arrive at the cannery in a very
poor condition.

Where berries are to be shipped any distance to cannery or evapo-
rator, some of the growers employ cattle cars for such purposes and
ship the berries at night. These open cattle cars allow for greater
ventilation than is possible to obtain in box cars and save the expense
required if refrigerator cars are used.

MARKETING.

Up to five years ago the berries had to be marketed in the fresh state
in our local city markets and were generally a drug on the market ; the
prices received were far from satisfactory; but with the advent of
canneries, the evaporation and juice manufacture, most of the berries
are being turned into these channels and very few are being sent to
the markets in the fresh condition. However, loganberries have been
shipped from local coast points to middle western points in fairly good
shape. Some have been sent to the Atlantic seaboard in good condition,
but the cost is so great that the price becomes prohibitive.

In order that the loganberry may become properly advertised; and
the berry's products may be properly standardized; and that a good
market may be found for the output, the Oregon Loganberry Juice
Manufacturers Association has recently been organized, and is now at
work. In all probability this association will do a great deal of good
in bringing this splendid product before the American people. Single
firms are spending themselves in advertising, one firm alone on July
29th, using a full page adv. in the Saturday Evening Post.

EVAPORATING.

During the past two or three years much interest has been shown in
the evaporated product. There is a limited demand for dried berries
at a fair price, but a large sum of money is required to introduce them
to the trade. The berries should be evaporated in a building. While
they can be dried in the sun, the sun-dried product is not as attractive
as that evaporated by artificial heat.

If the tunnels of the dry kiln are properly constructed and not
allowed to become too long, and if the heat is moved rapidly over the
fruit, the berries can be dried in from 12 to 16 hours. If this is done,
however, it will be necessary to start the temperature at about 130° F.
and finish at about 160° F. Many of the growers start at from 80° F.
to 100° F. and require sometimes nearly 40 hours to dry the fruit.
This we feel is a great mistake, and that it is impossible to turn out as

TriE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 361

good n product by such methods. ■ After the berries are dried, they
shouhl be sweated in a room until tliey are in uniform condition. They
shoidd also, during \ho night time, keep away any light, as there is a
night-flying moth whieli will hi\- eggs in the fruit and cause it to become
wormy.

The fruit is put in sacks, boxes or cartons, according to the demand.

MANUFACTURING THE JUICE.

This year there is a great deal of interest shown in the juice. We
find by test that the berry contains at least 75 per cent juice which can
be extracted by simple means. Presses, sugar, carbonizers and bottling
machines are needed for this juice. It can be prepared in many ways,
heated or unheated, and with varying amounts of sugar. A circular
letter on the subject can be obtained from the Oregon Agricultural
College. Nearly every one who samples loganberry juice states that it
is preferable to grape juice. It is certainly attractive in appearance
and has a splendid acid taste which leaves a pleasant after effect in the
mouth. I can see no reason why this beverage should not become fully
as popular as the famous AVelch's grape juice.

Some of the berries are being shipped East, put in paraffin-lined
barrels, mixed with sugar and shipped in refrigerator cars. There is
a certain demand which has been satisfied with the product in this form.

CANNING.

The canneries are taking the product in ever increasing quantities.
In the early years they found that the acid ate the tin very badly, but
when they used the enameled tin they overcame this difficulty. In some
markets the loganberry has not yet met wdth a very hearty reception
in cans. This is due to the fact that some of the cannerymen have
filled the cans nearly full of the fruit and since the berry has a solid
core there is very little air space left for the juice and sirup to fill in
the can. Also the sirup which they have been using was of low sugar
content, and the berries consequently were very tart — so tart, in fact,
as to injure the sale. This year the cannerymen of the Northwest have
taken steps to use a heavy sirup and are not to fill the cans quite so full
of fruit. This will undoubtedly turn out a much more attractive
product.

USE OF PRODUCTS.

The berry has a great many uses. As an evaporated product, it can
be shipped all over the world, can be used for sauces, pies, etc. It
makes a splendid jell and a very rich jam. Its juice is excellent for
beverage purposes. It makes a very acceptable wine, a good vinegar,
and is unexcelled in flavorings, for ice creams, sherbets, etc.

All in all, we feel that the loganberry is going to become one of the
greatest horticultural assets of the Pacific Northwest, and it is only a
question of a very short time before this fruit will command a leading
position. It has been estimated that Oregon alone this year will manu-
facture 2,000,000 gallons of juice, and we are predicting that in the
near future $2,000,000 -worth of loganberry products will l)e shipped
annuall.y from Oregon. Salem alone has invested half a million dollars
in juice plants.

362

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE PERSIMMON IN CALIFORNIA.

By SuMiTO FuJii, University of California.

The Japanese persimmon, one of the most delicious commercial fruits,
has met with many obstacles and difficulties on its way into the horti-
cultural industry of the United States. For nearly half a century after
its first introduction into this country the persimmon not only did
not receive due appreciation, but in many instances rather created a
prejudice against itself among the general public. This was due of
course to the lack of knowledge about this fruit on the part of the
introducers and growers. The persimmon is very attractive in appear-
ance, with its bright orange or tomato red color. It is very delicious
and is liked by every one if eaten properly. It is much higher in nutri-
tive value than any other fruit of like use, such as peaches, pears,
apples, oranges, plums, etc. It is a very good keeper if handled
correctly, grows very thriftly and bears prolifically if proper varieties
are chosen and the trees well cared for. In order to appreciate this
excellent fruit to its fullest extent the grower should exercise great

Tiie Jiro persimmon. (Original.)

care in the selection of varieties, in planting and growing the trees, and
in handling the crop and supplying the consuming public with fruit in
proper condition. The failure in the past was chiefly due to the lack
of knowledge and proper care among the introducers and growers.

During the last ten years or so the general public has been educated
to a certain extent and growers have become more interested in plant-
ing persimmons in this state. This fact, together with the rapidly
increasing demand for persimmons in eastern markets, promises greater
prosperity for persimmon growers in the future. However, the writer,
who has been studying this fruit for several years, both in this country
and in Japan, and who made an extensive trip last fall through the
persimmon districts of Japan, studying the varieties, has been greatly
impressed with the lack of knowledge still existing among growers
regarding varieties. Great emphasis shovild be placed on the fact that
the selection of right varieties is the corner stone in the industry of
fruit growing. Unfortunately enough, the early importations of per-
simmon trees which became the main source of the knowledge in this

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

363

country, sceiu to have bcon made through nurseries whieli could only
furnish local varieties under local names. Accordingly, many varieties
mentioned in the early reports are of inferior quality, and not known
even in Japan in commercial planting and some of them are given
entirely wrong names. The difficulty of entangled nomenclature lias
been greatly increased by recent importations of grafted trees through
nurseries, which under the present conditions can never guarantee them
for the variety. Considerable money is being expended every year on
these unreliable trees and worthless varieties.

•Of those grown in this state there are among the astringent varieties,
the so-called Hachiya, Tanenashi, Yemon and some others of minor
importance, and among the sweet varieties, Hyakume and Gosho.
Fuyu has also been recently imported. The commercial planting in
California is still based largely on astringent varieties, simply on
account of lack of knowledge regarding the merit of the best sweet
varieties. Astringent varieties should undergo some artificial process,
which greatly impairs the keeping quality, or should be stored until

Fig. 122 — The Hanagosho persimmon. (Original.)

soft in order to be fit for use; while some of the best sweet varieties
may be kept after they are picked for three to four months if properly
handled, and then shipped thousands of miles and arrive in good con-
dition and ready for use. ^loreover they are brighter in color and far
better in flavor than astringent varieties, at the same time being
thrifty growers and heavy bearers. "Why should not, then, choice sweet
varieties be the standard of commercial planting?

Considering the quality of the fruit, thriftiness and bearing habit of
the tree, the writer is inclined to recommend the following varieties for
commercial planting: Among sweet varieties, Jiro, Hanagosho, Fu;\ai,
Tenjingosho, and possibly Gosho, Shogatsu, and a few others. Among
astringent series. Yokono, Hachiya (Dojo-Hachiyo), Fuji, and probably
Yemon, Saijo, Giombo, INIino, and a few others. Descriptions of only
the very best may be given here. The name Gosho stands for a variety
which originated at the village of Gosho. Thus the ending attached
to persimmon names may indicate their origin and type. Gosho is
roughly equivalent to the term "pippin" in American apple nomen-
clature.

364

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN-

Jiro (Name of a man). See Fig. 121.

Fruit: Size large, about two-thirds pound; shape oblate, the trans-
verse cross section strictly quadrangular, the apex and the calyx slightly
depressed ; four shallow furrows appear on the side ; color, deep orange
to vermilion, adding deep red when full ripe ; flesh light yellow with
very few dark specks, tender, very sweet and juicy, excellent quality;
skin rather tough which insures very good keeping and shipping
quality ; seeds few or none. The tree is a very thrifty grower and very
prolific, and undoubtedly this is one of the very best varieties.

Hanag'osho (Flower-gosho). See Fig. 122.

Fruit: Size large; shape dull conical, the transverse cross section
considerably quadrangular, apex flat, base wide with deep cavity, very
plump; color deep orange to vermilion, adding deep red and lustrous-
ness when full ripe, often with black russet or cracks around the apex:

Fig. 123. — The Fuyu persimmon. (Original.)

flesh, deep orange, no dark specks at all, fine texture, very sweet, highly
agreeable flavor, quality excellent; seeds few or none. The tree is a
thrifty grower and prolific. The fruit ripens between October and
November. It is a verj^ good keeper and is one of the very best
varieties.

Fuyu (Wealthy). See Fig. 123.

Fruit : Size large, one-half to two-thirds pound ; shape oblate, round-
ish, plump, developing very smoothly, apex flat ; color deep red and
very beautiful when fully ripe; flesh with very few dark specks, tender,
juic}^ and sweet, quality excellent; seeds few. The tree is very thrifty
and prolific. One of the most promising varieties.

Tenjing-Qsho (The God Tenjin's gosho). See Fig. 124.

Fruit: Large, about one-half pound; shape closely related to Fuyu
but apex is much liigher and slightly pointed, form rather a conical
shape ; color most beautiful deep tomato red ; flesh light yellow with
very few dark specks, juicy, tender and very sweet, quality very good ;
seeds few. The tree is a thrifty grower and is very promising.

TllK MONTlllA' BULLETIN.

365

Yokono (Name of village). An astringent variety. See Fig. 125.

Fruit: Size large, about two-tliirds pound; sliape rather quad-
rangular, apex sliglitly depressed with four prominent grooves running
outward from it; color liglit to reddish orange and very lustrous; flesh
light yellow with no dark dots, tender, very astringent; when procassed,
very sweet and juicy, quality excellent; usually seedless.

The tree is exeeptionnlly thrifty and very prolific, bearing heavily
every year. This is probably the best variety among astringent series.

Hachiya (The beekeeper). Also called Dojo-Ilachiya. See Fig. 12(1.
Fruit: Size large, usually over one-half pound; shape oblong with
well stretched shoulders and being rather quadrangular; apex slightly
pointed; transverse cross section somewhat quadrangular, cavity none
and calyx rather protruded ; color rather light ; flesh tender, fine. This

Fig. 124. — The Tenjingosho persimmon. (Original.)

is best suited for drying purposes as it loses very little volume when
cured ; seeds one or two, often none.

The tree is very thrifty and prolific and is one of the most highly
recommended. Hachiya is very often confused with other varieties,
especially with Mino and Fuji. Those so-called Hachiya in California
are in most cases either Fuji or Mino.

Fuji (Name of the most beautiful mountain). See Fig. 127.

This is often confused with Hachiya and many nurseries sell this
under the latter name.

Fruit: Size larger than Hachiya, usually two-thirds pound, and
sometimes over one pound ; shape oblong-conic, dropping off rather
abruptly to a point, cavity deep ; color yellowish orange, deeper toward
the apex; often marked with dark spots and lines near the apex; flesh
light orange in color, seedless in most cases, quality fairly good when
dried, very sweet and juicy when soft ripe.

The tree is quite thrifty and erect grower and fairly prolific. Season
November. This is also a very promising variety.

The greatest difficulty in obtaining right varieties lies in the fact, as
many growers have already experienced, that trees imported through
nurseries are unreliable. The writer's investigation of the reliabilitj^

366

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

of the variety furnished by the nurseryman resulted in great dis-
couragement. Before the trees reach the exporter they usually go
through the hands of men who have little knowledge of the variety. In
many cases these trees are collected from local nurseries, where different
names may be given to the same variety as well as different varieties
grown under the same name. Thus Hachiya trees collected from three
districts may very probably contain Mino, Fuji and Hachiya.

Fig. 125. — The Yokono persimmon. (Original.)

Fig. 126. — The Hachiya persimmon. (Original.)

Serious mistakes are occasionally made by careless nurserymen as
in the case of the following example : The Fuyu became known very
recently, and when first described as a superb variety the demand for
the grafted trees increased so suddenly that the original tree could no
longer furnish scions, and some nurserymen used scions from some

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

367

inferior variety of the same general type of fruit. Some of those
defective trees, of course, reached the Jiands of other nurserymen, who,
in turn, propagated from them under the name Fuyu. Satisfactory
results can only be accomplished by a specialist who can go through

Fig. 127. — The Fuji persimmon. (Original.)

the local nurseries in persimmon districts and examine the trees from
which the scions have been taken and thus select only right trees.
This would be an exceedingly laborious task, yet it should be insisted
upon by intelligent growers for the sake of the future prosperity of
the persimmon industry.

3—25897

368 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

SOME FIGURES ON THE COST OF BRINGING
ORCHARDS INTO BEARING.

We have had a generous response to our request in a recent issue
of The Monthly Bulletin for data on the cost of bringing orchards into
bearing and so we are presenting these figures for the benefit of those
who are contemplating the planting of an orchard. To the growers
who have submitted these statistics the State Commission of Horti-
culture wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness. We hope that those
who have kept similar records will send them to us for publication in
future issues.

COST OF DEVELOPING A FIVE ACRE ORCHARD OF PEACHES AND

PLUMS, LAND CONSISTING LARGELY OF HARDPAN

CLAY SOIL, ORANGEVALE, CAL.

(Orchard of Mr. E. Hoffner.)

This land has been idle for several years, and when planted was
practically virgin soil. Planting was started the latter part of March
of this year. In giving the cost of planting and cultivating this land,
personal labor has been charged at same rates paid to hired labor.
Land that does not require blasting can be planted cheaper than this.
This land is not piped or irrigated. The additional cost for piping
and irrigating would be approximately $100 for the first year, after
that $25 a year for water and distributing it.

Cost of land at $125 per acre $625 00

Cost of planting land —

Plowing 5 acres $11 00

Cultivating 6 times 12 50

Blasting 200 holes 20 00

43 50

Cost of planting trees —

Cost of peach trees (324 trees) $32 40

Cost of Climax plums (112 trees) 11 00

Cost of Santa Rosa plums (112 trees) 11 (X)

Hauling trees 2 50

Planting trees 100 55

Pruning back to 2 feet 2 00

159 48

Total cost, including cost of land $827 93

Estimated cost for piping and irrigating first year 100 00

Total, with irrigation facilities $927 93

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 369

COST OF DEVELOPING A TEN ACRE PRUNE ORCHARD IN

BUTTE COUNTY.

Cost of land $2,2uO 00

19U.

Plowing $28 50

Trees (805 at 13 cents) 104 G5

Planting 59 71

Cultivating (4 times during season) 39 30

1,000 tree protectors 8 25

Pumpkin seed 75

Cultivating and planting pumpkin seed 12 90

Sulphur (140 pounds) 4 25

Sulphuring (2 times during season) 2 00

Digging Johnson grass (4 different times) 11 OO

Hoeing trees and sulphuring 4 00

Hoeing trees and spading Johnson grass 4 (X)

Taxes 15 00

Pruning 5 00

■ 299 31

$2,549 31
Receipts from pumpkins, which were planted between the trees 45 00

Total $2,504 31

1915.

Trees to reset $22 25

Resetting trees — 13 30

Burning brush 2 00

Plowing 33 00

Hoeing trees (2 times) 10 00

Cultivating (6 times during season) 47 00

Whitewashing trees 8 64

Sulphuring and digging Johnson grass 7 00

Gopher traps 2 40

Trapping gophers through summer 7 00

Picking caterpillars from trees 2 75

Taxes (first installment) 10 98

1G6 32

1916.

Pruning l— $7 50

Burning brush 3 OO

Trees to reset — 3 00

Resetting trees 4 00

Plowing 31 50

Hoeing (2 times during season) 11 00

Cultivating (8 times over during season) 32 00

Cutting Johnson grass and thistles on county road 1 OO

Whitewashing trees 10 00

Taxes (second installment) 8 37

Ill 37

Total $2,781 20

Cost of land 2,250 00

Total, less cost of land at end of third year $532 OO

370 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

COST OF DEVELOPING A TWENTY ACRE ORCHARD OF PEARS AND
APPLES, ON GOOD FOOTHILL SOIL IN BUTTE COUNTY.

(Orchard of Mr. E. Meriam, Paradise.)

The land when purchased was rough land. Nearly the entire work
was done by hired men and teams, day work, often not immediately
superintended. The wages were usually $2 for nine hours labor, and
$4 for man and team. Not much personal time was given to the work,
so no account was kept of it. However, it would be fair to add 10 per
cent to the cost for personal labor. (If any one should use these figures
as a basis for his own operation, if he intends to do his own work, he
should deduct 10 per cent because an owner usually works more
intelligently and harder than an employee.)

The land was covered as follows : Ten acres in native forest of fairly
heavy growth oak, pine and manzanita, and ten acres in stumps and
logs with a second growth manzanita, which required mattocks to remove.
The removal of rocks was not an important item of expense, possibly
$50. In the spring of 1913, as many men were employed as possible
to clean the land quickly, and especially to cut the marketable wood,
with the expectation that the wood would pay in large part for the
clearing. This worked out very satisfactorily.

By June, 1914, the rough land was sufficiently cleared to permit plow
ing half of it and the setting of 1,000 trees. The next year, in January,
1915, the remainder of the 20 acres was planted. There are now on the
place 850 pear trees, 850 apples and 100 border trees of cherry and
walnut. These trees are vigorous and of good size for their age. The
items of expense which remain until trees come into bearing consist of
cultivation and plowing. For this $200 a year will undoubtedly be
sufficient. The actual expenditures to date (March, 1913 — August,
1916), are as follows:

Cost of land at $50 per acre $1,000 00

Blasting powder $49 90

Tools for clearing 9 60

Wood cutting and clearing 717 30

Wood hauling to market 371 90

Incidentals in clearing 2 60

1,151 30

$2,151 30
Planting the orchard :

Rabbitproof fence and construction . , $121 15

Orchard tools 15 20

Cost of trees (best of their kind) 218 35

Tree planting (entire process) 261 45

016 15

Care of orchard :

Plowing and cultivating $211 50

Lime for whitewash, etc 3 00

Pruning (largely done by self) 1 5 75

220 25

Total cost including land $3,987 70

Received for wood 90() 10

Net expense, exclusive of personal service $3,081 00

THE MOiNTllLY BULLETIN. 371

COST OF DEVELOPING A SIXTY-FOUR ACRE OLIVE AND ORANGE
ORCHARD NEAR RIO LINDA, CALIFORNIA.

(In charge of Mr. John Hoefling.)

The land wliieh is set out to trees is composed of seven blocks, ranging
in size i'roui eight to ten acres, with a total of sixty-four acres. The
seven individuals who own these small tracts, for the sake of economy,
placed Mv. John Hoefling, one of the owners, in charge of the whole
proposition, and agreed to liavc the work done in common and to have
one irrigating plant centrally located. The water is delivered to each
block by underground pipe lines. Expenses are defrayed by each pay-
ing a pro rata on all permanent improvements and on all work done
on the place.

The cost of this proposition for the first three years is as follows :

Cost of land at $22-5 per acre .$14,400 OO

Labor (total of all farms) .$3,139 00

Trees (direct from nurserj-) 1,425 50

Irrigating- plant complete 1,496 50

Blasting material 412 OO

Distillate and oil 86 OO

Total operating cost 6,559 OO

Total cost of 64 acres including land $20,959 00

This is an average, at the end of three years, of $327.50 per acre.

The trees consist chiefly of olives and oranges. Their total number
is 4,233, or approximately 66 trees per acre. They were planted as
follows :

Spring of 1914 728

Spring of 1915 2,420

Spring of 1916 1,085

The material for the irrigating plant consists of engine, pump, tank,
lumber, cement and approximately 2,000 feet of iron pipe. Labor
includes all work in building pumping plant, leveling, blasting, plant-
ing, irrigation and cultivation.

372

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

(October 1, 1916.)

By Geo. P. Weldon.
Compiled from the reports of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

County

Grapefruit

Lemons

Olives

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of ICO normal.

# Crop not gro\\Ti cominercially.

—Horticultural Commissioner has insufficient information for report.

Oranges

Alameda

tt
tt
#
#
#
tt
tt
tt
tt
#
#
tt
100

{

#
#
tt
tt

tt

lOO

#

lOO

lOO

#

SO
100

tt

tt

#
#
#
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt

95
tt
tt
tt

tt
tt

it

tt
tt

lOO

#
tt
tt
it
tt
tt

90
#
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt

100

#

90
100

#

90

75

#

85

#

#

tt

tt

tt

it

it

tt

tt

95

lOO

tt

tt

tt
40
#
#
#
100

#
tt
tt

100

tt

tt

80
lOO
#
90
tt
tt
tt
tt

75

70

60

80

tt

75

100

75

100

#
#

10

#

tt
#

75
90
60
90

60
60

tt

Butte

Colusa -

100

#

Contra Costa ._ _- __ _ _ _- -

#

El Dorado

#

Fresno -- - - -- - -_ _ _^ . _. ..

90

(ilenn

tt

Humboldt

It

Imperial -_ --

tt

Kern — . - .-

109

Kings -

tt

Lake _- _- - .-

tt

Los Angeles -

90

Madera _ -

tt

Mendocino -- _-

tt

Merced - -

tt

Modoc - -- - - - -- —

tt

Monterey _. ..

tt

Nana

tt

Nevada _ _ _ .

tt

Orange . - -

lOO

Placer __ - __ . _ _ .

#

Riverside -- -

SO

Sacramento .- -_

95

San Benito _ -----

#

San Bernardino -- _ -_ -

95

100

San Joaouin -

tt

tt

Santa Clara

tt

tt

Shasta --

tt

tt

Solano -- - -

tt

tt

Sonoma - - —

tt

90

Tehama -- - - -

tt

90

Ventura __ -

100

tt

Yuba - -

#

Tlir; .MON'I'IILN IMI.LETIN.

373

STATISTICS.

Estimated per cent of the total crop of the principal California fruits grown in each of the
main producing counties during a season of normal production. Compiled from the reports of
the county horticultural commissioners.

County

>

■a-a

>

"^

tr

O

O

^

^

o2

oS

■C 3

^s

aS

J5»

o2

!^l

C3

p

S

p

0

fi
1 »

"^ c

t3

Alameda

Butte —

Colusa

Contra Costa ..

El Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo -

Kern _

Kings

Lake

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino -

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Luis Obispo.
Santa Barbara ..

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano -

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

12

4
11

12

12

51

16

11

14

21
3

.■53

25

«

2

26

*

2

10

9

*

#

5

:.

8

«

6

e

2

2

*

14

•

3

«
*
•

2

*

a

3

It

3

*

29

«

•

*

6

•

•

8

31

14
2

•

9/5

4

*

3

•
•

•

•
•

\

7

10

•

6

7

16

11

14

«

»

5

•

*
*

18

•

13

7

31

5

10

5

m

*

4

8

4

«

2

5

*

9

•

•
3

•
6

5

»

6

•

3

*

«

2

*

11

«

•

2

5

6

13

9

15

2

3

2

9

3

•

•

•

30

38

39
8

10

18

16

55

4
12

20

*Less than 2 per cent of state's normal crop grown in county.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

G. H. Hecke, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLERj Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harry S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of June 6, 1900.

New Citrus Quarantine. — Quarantine Order No. 28, which became
effective on September 21st, gives the California citrus growers the
be.st possible protection against the dread canker disease which at pres-
ent occurs in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Texas and
Georgia. An absolute quarantine against the importation of all citrus
fruits and citrus trees, including buds and scions, from any state or
territory of the Union is now maintained under this order. While
these provisions may seem somewhat drastic to those who are not in
close touch with the situation, they could not be made any less drastic
and give to our greatest fruit industry the protection which it should
have. Before the passage of the order, Florida was the only state
which could not send either citrus trees or citrus fruits into California.
Now not only Florida and other states where citrus canker is known
to exist, but all other states and territories of the Union, must not ship
into this state. It was considered necessary to include all states and
territories, not because citrus trees or fruits are grown in them, but
because of the possibility of fruit being shipped from one state to
another and then reshipped to California. Now that every avenue is
closed California citrus growers should feel reasonably safe as far as
citrus canker is concerned, and it is hoped that this action will result
in absolute protection. — G. P. "W.

QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 28.

September 21, 1916.
Canker of Citrus Fruits and Citrus Trees

The fact has been determined by the State Commissioner of Horti-
culture that a contagious disease, in^iurious to citrus fruits and citrus
trees, known as Citrus Canker {Psendomonas citri), new to and not
heretofore prevalent or distributed in the state of California, exists in
several states of the United States, and that the nature of this disease

THE MONTULY BULLETIN. 375

is so virulent ns to onnse the TTjiitcd Stat(\s Dopnrtmont of Afjrif-nltnre
to issue a quarautine against the iiitroduetiou ol" citrus nursery stock
of every variety from all foreign countries.

Now, Therefore, it is declared necessary, in order to prevent the
introduction of Citrus Canker into the state of California, that a horti-
cultural quarantine be and the same is liereby established at the
boundaries of the state of California, in accordance with the provisions
of section 23196 of the Political Code of the state of California, against
all citrus fruits and citrus trees of every variety, including buds and
scions, imported or brought from any state or territory of the United
States; and no such citrus fruits or citrus trees shall be permitted to
pass over the said quarantine lines so hereby established and proclaimed.

Hereafter, and Until Further Notice, all citrus fruits and citrus
trees, including buds and scions, from the aforementioned states and
territories are denied admittance into the state of California ; and upon
the arrival of any such fruits or trees as quarantined against in this
order, the same shall be immediately sent out of the state, or destroyed,
at the option and expense of the owner, consignee or agent. All
deputies of the State Commissioner of Horticulture, and State Quar-
antine Guardians are hereby empowered to carry out the provisions of
this order.

The foregoing regulations do not apply to the experiments of the
United States Department of Agriculture in the state of California.

GEO. P. WELDON,

Acting State Commissioner of Horticulture.

Approved :

HIRAM W. JOHNSON,

Governor of the State of California.

Standing- Committee on the Revision of Horticultural Laws. — In

appointing the standing committee which is to be entrusted with the
exceedingly important task of revising our horticultural statutes, the
temporary committee delegated with this power, has tried to give fair
representation to the growers and shippers of both citrus and deciduous
fruits. In addition, the State Association of County Horticultural
Commissioners, the State Commission Market, the State Viticultural
Commission and the State Agricultural Society, are each represented.
The personnel of the committee is such that there will necessarily be
a wide variance of opinion regarding many matters which are brought
before it for discussion. There could be no better place than in a
meeting composed of representative men from the different interests,
to exchange ideas and if possible finally agree on a program which can
be supported by all. If there are interests not represented which
should be, it is only because the appointing committee has overlooked
these interests. Certainly it is their intention to slight no one, and
all appointments have been made with the greatest of care and in a
spirit of fairness toward all.

Already individual members of this committee are known to be
working hard in order that their ideas on certain phases of legislation
may assume definite form for presentation and discussion at the
meetings.

376 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

Following is a complete list of the members of the standing committee :

W. W. Hinsey, Fairoaks Fruit Company, California Olive Association ; J. J. Bren-
nan, California Fruit Exchange ; E. W. Lewis, W. O. Davies, Florin, California ;
J. W. Jeffrey, State Viticultural Commission ; A. W. Tate, Watsonville Apple Dis-
tributers, Corralitos Fruit Association ; A. L. Wisker, Colfax Fruit Association of
Placer and Nevada Counties ; C. F. Collins, State Association of Horticultural Com-
missioners ; A. J. Sturtevant, California Peach Association ; Frederick Maskew,
State Horticultural Quarantine Service ; O. E. Bromner, State Association of Hoili-
cultural Commissioners ; S. A. Lines, Earl Fruit Company ; Geo. P. Weldon, E. J.
Wickson, Geo. H. Hecke, temporary committee ; F. B. McKevitt, California Fruit
Distributors ; C. C. Teague, California Fruit Growers Exchange ; Geo. C. Roediug,
State Agricultural Society ; Harry Chase, Riverside, California ; C. C. Chapman,
Fullerton, California ; James Mills, Willows, California ; Col. Harris Weinstock,
director. State Commission Market; Chas. W. Paine, secretary. State Agricultural
Society ; E. N. Richmond, San Jose, California ; E. A. Gammon, Hood, California ;
John E. Gardiner, Watsonville, California ; W. A. Yerxa, Princetown, California ;
Carlyle Thorpe, manager, California Walnut Growers' Exchange ; Geo. W. Pierce,
Davis, California ; W. D. Russell, Davis, California ; James Madison, California
Associated Raisin Company ; Hon. B. B. Meek, Oroville, California ; D. D. Sharp,
County Horticultural Commissioner, Riverside, California ; Roy K. Bishop, County
Horticultural Commissioner, Santa Ana, California ; William Wood, County Horti-
cultural Commissioner, Los Angeles, California ; L. M. Speighl, Washington and
Davis streets, San Francisco, represents San Francisco commission men ; J. Nagle,
California Fruit Exchange ; C. E. Virden, California Fruit Distributors ; G. H.
Powell, California Fruit Growers Exchange; E. H. White, 392 Washington st., San
Francisco ; H. E. Butler, Penryn, California ; John E. Boal, National City, Cali-
fornia.—G. P. W.

The Citrophilus or Upland Mealy Bug. — The eitrophilns or so-called
"Upland"* mealy bug, Pscudococcus citrophilus Clausen, is unusually
abundant in the San Francisco Bay region, attacking a large number
of plants. In greenhouses it is apparently as severe as the citrus
mealy bug, P. citri (Risso).

At the Mission San Jose this insect has become very abundant in the
small citrus orchards of that section. In all from ten to fifteen acres
are infested and the infestation is as severe as any infestation of the
citrus species the writer has ever seen. The fruit, leaves, limbs and
trunks of oranges and lemons alike are festooned with the egg masses
and colonies of insects.

This is an important observation, for one of the questions which arose
at the Ontario Convention was whether or not this insect would be as
serious as the citrus species. At that time no one knew the real status
of the particular mealy bug in question, and I am inclined to feel that
we are still very much in the dark as to its origin and identity, but
since the convention a great deal has been learned about its distribution
and food plants and the observations of the writer thoroughly convince
him that so far as seriousness is concerned it ranks with the regular
species, especially if the infestation at the above mentioned place is to
be taken as typical.

Dr. A. G. Smith has also reported a number of cases of infestation
at Pasadena, indicating, with the other known records, that this insect
is quite generally spread throughout the state.

♦References to this species as the Ontario mealy bus are misleading, as it does not
occur at that place. The name arose from the convention held there to discuss this
and other mealy bugs.

THE MONTHLY lill.LKTIN. 377

All the information at hand, then, would indicate that this species is
as severe as the citrus mealy bug and should be handled, from a legis-
lative standpoint, and treated in much the same way, wiien established
in a district. — E. 0. Essig, Department of Entomology, University of
California.

The Agricultural Value of Impermeable Seeds. — The Journal of
Agricultural Research, issued August 14, 1916, contains an article by
George T. Harrington on "The Agricuiltural Value of Impermeable
Seeds." There is so much of interest in this article to the farmer that
the writer is giving a short summary of it here, largely in the words of
the text, with a few notes and conclusions, in the hope that it will be
of assistance to the farmers of this state:

"By 'impermeable seeds' is meant those seeds all parts of whose
seed coats are impermeable to water at temperatures favorable for
germination.

"It is impossible to distinguish between impermeable and permeable
seeds except by testing their ability to absorb water at a temperature
favorable for germination.

"The production of impermeable seeds is particularly characteristic
of the Leguminosge, but it occurs also in many other plant families.

* ' Impermeable seeds frequently retain their vitality for many years,
sometimes for as many as eighty years.

"Fresh impermeable seeds germinate promptly when the seed coat
is broken or becomes permeable.^

"The viability- of fresh impermeable seeds is frequently greater than
the viability of fresh seeds of the same species which are permeable.

"Seeds of the common clovers, alfalfa and hairy vetch, which are
impermeable at the end of three or five years under laboratory condi-
tions of storage, retain their vitality apparently unimpaired up to that
time. The viability of the permeable seeds in the same lots decreases
slightly in the second and third year and more in subsequent years.

"In dry storage nearly all impermeable alsike clover, white clover
and sweet clover seeds remain impermeable until at least two or three
years old. Impermeable red-clover seeds become permeable gradually
in dry storage, but from one-third to two-thirds of them may still be
impermeable after four years. The majority of impermeable alfalfa and
hairy vetch seeds become permeable before they are two years old.
Okra seeds become less permeable as their age increases.

"Impermeable clover seeds which were thoroughly matured before
harvesting soften and germinate more slowly under conditions favor-
able for germination than do impermeable seeds of the same species
which were less well matured ; they also become permeable more slowly
in dry storage.

"It is impossible to estimate even approximately in advance the
proportion of the impermeable seeds in any given lot which will germi-
nate in any given length of time under ordinary germination conditions.

^This end Is sometimes accomplished by scratching the seeds in a macliine before
planting.

^Viability means germinating properties.

378 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

RESULTS FROM SOWING HARD SEEDS.

"Within ordinary limits neither the depth of planting nor the firm-
ness of the soil affects the germination of impermeable clover and
alfalfa seeds under greenhouse conditions. These factors may affect
the stand secured by preventing some of the seedlings from reaching
the surface, and even under the most favorable conditions only a small
proportion of impermeable red clover, alsike clover, white clover and
white sweet clover seeds produce seedlings promptly in the soil when
sowed in warm weather.

"Impermeable seeds of red clover, alsike clover, white clover and
white sweet clover will pass the winter in the soil in a freezing climate
without injury. At least 50 to 60 per cent of them may be expected
to germinate in the soil the following spring unless a part of them
germinate during the warm weather in the winter. If this occurs, the
seedlings produced in the winter are liable to be killed by subsequent
freezing. Frequently a large proportion of impermeable alfalfa, crim-
son clover, okra and hairy vetch seeds will germinate in the soil during
the first few months after planting, some of them early enough to be of
importance to the crop. Nearly all alfalfa and okra seeds, even if they
are impermeable in the fall, are killed when they pass the winter in the
soil or on the plants out of doors in a freezing climate. A small pro-
portion of the impermeable alfalfa seeds survive with their vitality
unimpaired. Some of the okra seeds remain impermeable during the
winter, but the majority even of those which remain impermeable are
killed by the winter's exposure."^

VALUE OF HARD SEEDS.

The value to the farmer of impermeable seeds occurring in any lot
of seed will vary according to the kind of seed, the germinating capacity,
the percentage of impermeable seeds in the lot of seed under considera-
tion, the age of the seed, and the time of sowing the seed. Imper-
meable alfalfa seed sowed late in the spring is of more value to the
crop than impermeable sweet clover seed sowed at the same time.

If the percentage of impermeable seed in a given lot is small (10 per
cent or less), and the rest of the lot consists of strong, germinable
seeds, the impermeable seeds are of little importance both because of
their fewness in comparison with the seeds which germinate readily,
and because of the varying quantities of seed which are sowed accord-
ing to common practice. It is when the impermeable seeds constitute
a large percentage of the seed in a given lot that their real value
becomes a question of agricultural importance.

In seed that is several years old the viability of the permeable seeds
may have become so low that the impermeable seeds, which lose their
vitality more slowly, are relatively much more important than in lots
of fresh, new seeds.

^The winter temperatures referred to in this article are those of the Eastern States.
Our California winters are rarely cold enough to kill seeds planted in the fall.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 379

Impermeable clover seed sowed early in the spring is of more value
than the same seed sowed later, when the weather has become settled
and warm, because many of the permeable seeds may possibly be
killed by the early spring weather.

Assuming that all seeds have been tested for germinating capacity
and percentage of impermeable (hard) seeds, calculate the amount of
seed to sow as follows :

Red clover, alsike clover, white clover and white sweet clover.
"When seed is to be sowed in late spring or summer, calculate one-tenth
of the impermeable seed as good. Add one-tenth of the percentage of
impermeable seed to the percentage of germination. Calculate from
this sum the quantity of seed of the given lot necessary to give the
desired quantity of good germinable seed. For example :

Required : 15 pounds of viable seed to acre, none of which is hard
seed.

Test of seed bought 50 per cent germination, 40 per cent hard seed:
50-|-'*%o equals 54, the total per cent of seed which will germinate from
each pound of tested seed. To get the number of pounds of such seed
necessary to sow per acre to equal 15 pounds viable seed, divide 15 by
54 per cent, which equals 27.8, the number of pounds of seed required
per acre.

For alfalfa and crimson clover consider two-thirds of the percentage
of "hard seeds" as good, and proceed as above.

For hairy vetch consider one-half the impermeable seed as good and
proceed as under red clover.

As a general rule it can be said that hard seeds are of doubtful
value. In California the winters are so mild that seed sown in the fall
readily germinates with the first rains. Under such conditions the per-
meable or soft seeds start first — the seedlings quickly shade the ground
and the hard seeds never develop. It is probable that the many poor
stands of alfalfa and clover in California are due to the low germinating
quality of the seed. We take this opportunity to suggest again that
samples of all agricultural seed should be sent to the university for
testing before making any purchase. We know that better crops will
more than pay for the trouble. — 0. W. Nev^man.

Program Forty-ninth State Fruit Growers' Convention. — The

following is the completed program of the Forty-ninth State Fruit
Growers' Convention which is to be held at Napa, November 15th,
16th and 17th. Just a glance at the program will convince the fruit
groover that this convention will be one of the best ever held in the
state and that he can not afford to miss it. The program of the
convention of the State Association of the County Horticultural
Commissioners is also included in this issue, and to our mind is a
remarkably good one.

380 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

PROGRAM.

FORTY-NINTH STATE FRUIT GROWERS' CONVENTION.
Wednesday, November 15, 10 a.m.

Address of Welcome. E. J. DrussEl, Mayor of Napa.

Response. G. H. HeckE, State Commissioner of Horticulture, Sacramento.

Report of Committee on Legislation.

The Dried Pear Industry.

FrEd. G. Stokes, Horticultural Commissioner, Lake Count}'.

Discussion. F. T. SwEET, Horticultural Commissioner, Contra Costa County.
Wednesday, November 15, 2 p.m.

Weaknesses in Our Fresh Fruit Standardization Law.

F. B. McKevitt, President California Fruit Distributors, Sacramento.

Discussion.

Practical Application of the Law with Grapes.

Fred p. Rouelard, Horticultural Commissioner, Fresno County.

Practical Application of the Law with Deciduous Fruits.

H. E. ButlEr, Manager, Penryn Fruit Company, Penryn.

The Future of the Wine Grape Industry in California.

E. M. ShEEhan, Secretary, State Viticultural Commission.

The Future of the Raisin Industry.

James Madison, Manager, The California Associated Raisin Company, Fresno.

Thursday, November 16, 10 a.m.

The Prune and Apricot Growers' Information Bureau.

G. H. Bone, President of the Prune and Apricot Growers' Information Bureau,
San Jose.

Discussion. Harry Dunlap, Napa ; J. C. Shinn, Niles.

Standardization of the Apple Under the Act of 1915.

F. S. Jerome, President Watsonville Apple Distributors, Watsonville.

Thursday, November 16, 2 p.m.

Scientific Distribution of Fruit.

ColonEe Harris Weinstock, Director State Commission Market.

General Discussion.

The New Peach Growers' Organization and What it Means to the Peach Grower.

J. C. RordEn, Director, California Peach Growers' Association, Fresno.

Thursday, November 16, 7:30 p.m.

The California Farmer and the College of Agriculture.
Dr. T. F. Hunt, Dean, College of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley.

Friday, November 17, 10 a.m.

Disposition of Fruit Below the EstabHshcd Standard.

H. C. RoweEy, Publisher California Fruit News, San Francisco.

Improvement of Nursery Stock.

A. L. WiskEr, Loma Rica Nurseries, Grass Valley.

Y^- ■ \ George C. RoEding, Fancher Creek Nurseries, Fresno,

discussion. -j Ljjqjj^pp Coates, Leonard Coates Nurseries, Morganhill.

Friday, November 17, 2 p.m.

Marketing Through the Medium of the Parcel Post.

S. Glenn Andrus, Secretary of the Sacramento Chamber of Commerce.

Rural Credits.
Dr. Ei-wood Mead, Professor of Rural Institutions, University of California,
Berkeley.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 381

TENTATIVE PROGRAM.

CONVENTION STATE ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY HORTICUL-
TURAL COMMISSIONERS.
NAPA, CALIFORNIA.

Chas. F. Coijjns, President. Howard G. KerchEvaIv, Secretary.

Monday, November 13, 10:30 a.m.

Beneficial Insects of Most Economic Value. Harry S. Smith.

Injurious Insects and Their Control. E. O. Essie.

The Mealy Bug in Vinevard and Orchard. \ Sr ^" N^"^,^,'^^'^-

J <= ■ ( Wir.tiAM Woorx

Monday, November 13, 1:30 p.m.

Pear Thrips. J. W. Mills.

Some Aspects of Citrus Pest Control. H. J. QuaylE.

Cover Crops in Deciduous Orchards. W. M. Mertz.

Monday, November 13, 7:30 p.m.

Fungous Diseases of Deciduous Fruits. Ralph E. Smith.

The Little Leaf Disease of the Vine. Frederic T. BiolEtti.

Tuesday, November 14, 9 a.m.

A State-wide Campaign Against Weeds. J. B. Hickman.

Report of the Legislative Committee on Proposed Amendments

to the Horticultural Laws. O E BrEmner.

Tuesday, November 14, 1 :30 p.m.

How Our Horticultural Laws Afifect Fruit and Produce

Merchants. Dudley Moulton.

Application of the Standardization Law and j Hon. Geo. W. AshlEy.

Suggestions for its Improvement. ] C. K. Turner.

Tuesday, November 14, 7:30 p.m.

Discussion of Any Subjects of Interest.

In Charge of Vice President, D. D. Sharp.

OFFICERS OF THE CONVENTION.

G. H. HeckE, State Commissioner of Horticulture President.

E. J. VosLER, Secretary, State Commission of Horticulture Secretary.

Information Bureau.

The Napa Chamher of Conuncrce will conduct an Information Bureau for
the benefit of those attending the convention.

Railroad Rates.

The usual one and one-tiiird rate on the receipt certificate plan has been
secured for the convention providing fifty people take advantage of this rate.
Secure a one-way ticket from your local ticket agent and ask for a receipt
certificate. This when properly endorsed by the secretary of the convention
and presented to the ticket agent at Napa will insure a one-third rate home.

Tractor Demonstrations.

Twenty-five acres have been secured for the tractor demonstrations. All of
the best known makes of tractors will participate.

Industrial Exhibit.

An extensive industrial exhibit has been arranged for. This will be held in
the Exhibition Hall at Napa.

The Convention will be held in the Opera House of Napa.

382 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

All Avocado Growers Are Urged to Be Present

THE FOURTH SEMIANNUAL MEETING AND EXHIBIT

of the

CALIFORNIA AVOCADO ASSOCIATION

Is to be held in the Maryland Hotel, San Diego, California,
October 30 and 31, 1916.

Exhibit of Fruits, Nursery Stock, Etc.

Special emphasis is to be placed on the exhibit of fruits. In previous meetings
the exhibits of fruit have attracted great interest, and is one of the most valuable
features of the Association meetings. It is expected that the exhibit at this
meeting, which is to be placed in a special exhibit room, will be the largest and
best ever held. The Directors have decided that the exhibit shall be educational
only and non-competitive. All growers of avocados are urged to make a special
effort to install good exhibits of their fruits, as it is highly important in this
early stage of the industry to extend the knowledge of varieties and of the
possibilities of the industry.

Exhibits of nursery stock, diseases, etc., will also be welcome additions.
Exhibits of nursery stock are limited to 6 trees from a single individual or
company.

AH exhibits are expected to be in place by 6 p.m., October 30th, before the
evening reception. All correspondence and questions with reference to exhibits
should be addressed to Mr. T. U. Barber, 518 Van Nuys Building, Los Angeles,
California.

Material forwarded for exhibition should be addressed to California Avocado
Association, Maryland Hotel, San Diego, California.

Evening Reception,

An evening reception open to all members of the Association and to invited
guests is to be held at the Maryland Hotel, October 30th, at 8 p.m.

Regular Meeting.

To convene at 9 a.m., October 31st, at the ]\Iaryland Hotel, San Diego, Cali-
lornia.

The program at this session will include papers from well known men in Cali-
fornia and from various parts of the world where avocados are grown.

The following are some of the papers that will be presented :

The Avocado Industry and the Avocado Association. Presidential Address —
Dr. H. J. Webber, Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California.

The Growing of Avocados in Hawaii — Prof. J. H. Higgins, Horticulturist Govern-
ment Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Avocado Growing in Porto Rico — Tracy Bartholomew, Garrochales, Porto Rico.
The Production and Consumption of Avocados — Thomas H. Shedden, Monrovia,
California.

The Avocado in Mexico — R. V. Price, Upland, California.

Fruiting Habits of Budded Trees of the Different Avocado Varieties — T. U.
Barber, Los Angeles, California.

Methods of Propagating the Avocado — F. O. PopEnoE, Altadena, California.

Has the Mexican Type of Avocado a Permanent Place in the Industry? — E. S.
Thacher, Nordhoff, California.

Methods of Avocado Growing in the Tropics Applicable to California — E. E.
Knight, Yorba Linda, California.

Marketing From the Florida Viewpoint — Lloyd S. Tenny, Miami, Florida.

THE MONTllLV BULLETIN. 383

A Rark Disease of Avocado Trees — Proi". IT. S. FawcETT, Citrus Experiment
Station, Riverside, California.

Our Experience in Growing the Avocado — W. G. Eraser, Manager Riverside
Orange Coinpau}', Riverside, California.

Experiences with Avocado Varieties and Necessity of Co-operation — Chas. D.
Adams, Upland, California.

What About the Avocado?— C. E. Urr, Tustin, California.

The History and Performance of Avocado Varieties in California — Prof. I. J.
CoNDiT, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, California.
It is expected that demonstrations will be given during the meeting of methods

of preparing and serving the avocado. All will be given an opportunity to test
the various preparations.

Inquiries regarding rooms and general arrangements for the meeting should
be addressed to the Chairman of the Local Entertainment Committee, Mr. W. H.
Sallmon, 401 Southern Title Building, San Diego, California.

All avocado growers, whether members or not, are urged to attend.

CALIFORNIA AVOCADO ASSOCIATION.
General Office at Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, Cal.

384

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LESTOPHONUS, A DIPTEROUS
PARASITE OF THE COTTONY CUSHION SCALE.^

By Harry S. Smith and Harold Compere.

The function of the state insectary, as is generally well known
throughout California, is the importation and colonization of parasites
and predaceous insects which appear to be of value in controlling the
injurious forms in foreign countries and which give promise of effective
work here. In order to conduct such work intelligently and to carry
it on without danger to agricultural interests, a considerable amount of
research work in life histories and habits of parasitic and predaceous
insects is required. Further than that, a broad knowledge of the habits
of such insects in general is a necessity in problems of this kind. It

Fig. 128. — Drawing of the adult Lestophonus, greatly enlarged.

(Original.)

was mainly the idea of thus broadening our knowledge of insect parasit-
ism in general that led us to make the observations on the Lestophonus-
recorded on the following pages, and the hope of helping others who
are carrying on similar lines of work leads us to publish them.

The discovery, importation and successful establishment of the Lesto-
phonus in California as an adjunct in the control of the Cottony
Cushion scale forms a chapter in economic entomology hardly less
fascinating than that of the famed Vedalia, and if the facts were known
we Avould probably find that to this parasite is due at least a portion
of the good work for which Yedalia receives credit.

'Occasional contributions from tlie California State Insectary No. 3.

==As explained later on in the article, the technical name of this parasite is Crypto-
chwtum vionophlebi (Skuse), but since the insect is popularly known as the Lesto-
phonus in California we prefer to use this name in the title.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

38:5

IDENTITY OF THE SPECIES.

All insect wliicli was originally su{)])ose(l to be tlie same as the one
under discussion was described ])y Doctor S. W. Williston from material
collected in Australia by Mr. Fraser S. Crawford in 1888 and sent to
the United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. "Williston was
unable to place the insect in any known genus, this necessitating the
erection of a new genus which he called Lestophoiius, naming the species
iccrycn after its host. Practically all the notes published on this para-
site appear in the literature nnder the name of Lestophoiius iccryce
Williston. Soon thereafter Skuse described a second species of Lesto-
phoiius from Australia which he called monophlchi. It has recently
been determined by Mr. Frederick Knab of the United States National
Museum that the species we have in California, or at least the material
which he studied from California, is the monophlehi of Sku.se and not
the iccryce as described by Dr. AVilliston. "While it is possible that both
species were successfully introduced into California it is hardly likely,

Fig. 129. — -Lestophous ovipositing in an immature cottony
cushion scale. Enlarged. (Original.)

and at any rate the species studied at the insectary is according to
Mr. Knab's table for determination of the species monophlehi Skuse.
Dr. Williston wrote later that in his search for a genus for this parasite
he had overlooked the genus Cryptochastum erected by Rondani for the
European species grandicorne in 1875, and which is congeneric with
the species under discussion. The name of this parasite then, accord-
ing to the best information available, should be CryptochcBtum mono-
phlehi (Skuse).

DISCOVERY AND INTRODUCTION INTO CALIFORNIA.

So far as we are able to learn from the literature the first mention
of this parasite was the original description by Dr. Williston in July,
1888. At that time the Cottony Cushion scale had reached the climax
in its abundance and the citrus growers were appealing to Washington
for relief. Dr. L. 0. Howard, then first assistant in the Division of
Entomology under Dr. C. V. Kiley, had been making some investiga-
tions through correspondence into the Australian enemies of Icerya
with the object in view of attempting the introduction into California
of any promising forms discovered. As a result of his correspondence
Mr. Frazer S. Crawford of Adelaide, Australia, sent to the department
specimens of the parasite. This discovery was the beginning of the

386 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

movement which finally resulted in sending Mr. Koebele to Australia
under the joint auspices of the United States Department of Agri-
culture and the California State Board of Horticulture, and in the
subsequent discovery and introduction of Vedalia, the success of which
is known to all. It is interesting to note that it was this Dipterous
parasite now known as Cryptochcetum monoplilehi and not the Vedalia
that was the objective of Mr. Koebele 's mission to Australia, and that
the discovery of Vedalia was incidental to the search for and shipment
of Cryptochastum. It is a pleasure to record here that Dr. Riley was
correct in his statement made in 1889, that "the Lestophonus for the
present has been overshadowed by the Vedalia, but its importance has
not yet been appreciated."

On receipt of the specimens of Cryptochaetum from Mr. Crawford,
through Miss Ormerod, the English entomologist, the officials of the
United States Division of Entomology immediately wrote to that gentle-
man, making the request that he send living material to the division
agent in Los Angeles, Mr. D. W. Coquillet, in order to attempt the
introduction of the species. Mr. Crawford generously had collected
and sent to Mr. Coquillet a quantity of Icerya infested with the para-
site. Material was also sent to Mr. Koebele at the same time. The
scales were placed in cages enclosing infested orange trees and the
parasites w^ere seen to issue, but oviposition was not observed and it
is not known whether the parasite was successfully established at this
time.

It being evident to Dr. Riley that the chance for success would be
much greater if larger colonies of the parasite could be had, the move-
ment was then started which resulted in sending Mr. Koebele to Aus-
tralia for the purpose of securing large quantities of the parasite
material. In this he was very successful and 12,000 specimens were
forwarded to Mr. Coquillet in Los Angeles, who succeeded in getting
them established in the open.

DV. Riley wrote in his report for 1888:

"We fully expect to learn of the increase and rapid spread of
this new introduction as well as some of the predaceous species
which have been introduced, and to find that in a comparatively
few years the orange groves of southern California will be kept
measurably freed from the pernicious Fluted Scale without so
great an effort on the part of the growers or so great expense in
destroying it. That nature will, with the new conditions induced
by these new importations, come to the relief of the fruit grower
and that this interesting experiment will result in the ultimate
saving of untold millions to the people of the Pacific coast is our
sincere belief which we hope to live to see verified. ' '

Koebele continued the shipment of parasites from time to time and
large numbers were liberated in the orange groves from his sendings.
From these original colonies the parasites spread to various sections of
the state.

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IN CALIFORNIA.

While no extensive observations have been conducted on the distri-
bution of this parasite, it is known to occur in most of the citrus sections
inhabited by Icerya. It is common in Los Angeles, Orange, San

THE MONTHLY BULLt;TIN.

387

Diego, Santa Barbara and Sacramento counties and is said to be fairly
common in Santa Clara. While llie paivisite is by nature perhaps more
erratic than \^edalia, it at times becomes very abundant. We occa-
sionally find 90 per cent or more of the scale infested. For some
unknown reason it seems to be more abundant on acacias tlian on
citrus trees, at least so far as our observations have gone. There is no
doubt but that in some eases it has been a more important factor in
the control of the Icerya than has Vedalia, although this would by no
means be true taking the state as a whole.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT FLY.

Small files witli a metallic dark blue luster; abdomen usually more shining and
with a sreonisli tiuge ; antenuip blackish; legs black with lighter colored tarsi; wings
broad hyaline ; length averages 1.5 mm.

Head. Fi-ons broad ; center triangle shining ; orbital triangles opaque and some-
what variable in size; front punctured with numerous short coarse hairs. Eyes large
with miscroscopic black hairs. Antennae with tirst and second joints small ; third
joint large and with an obtuse point, sometimes having a weak angulation almost
imperceptible, usually with dense brown pubescence.

Thmax. Mesonotum close hairy, without bristle. Scutellum large, triangular,
with a sharp edge and two apical bristles but slightly differentiated from the close-
set hairs.

Legs. liegs black, the tarsi obscurely yellowish, and with a longitudinal series of
short black hairs ; no spurs or bristles.

Wings. Wings short : first vein distinctly angulate ; auxiliary vein parallel with
first vein ; the costa twice broken ; second and third veins divergent ; second basal
fused with the discal cell ; anterior cross vein usually before end of first vein ; pos-
terior cross vein distinctly arcuate, the convexity toward the first posterior cell.

OVIPOSITION AND HABITS OF ADULT.

The adult flies are rather slow-moving and deliberate for Dipterous,
although when confined in glass vials they become nervous and violent.

They frequently kill themselves by dashing
against the sides of the cage. The flies feed
to some extent upon sweetened water and in
this way we have succeeded in keeping them
alive for a period of ten days, although as a
rule they are not so long-lived in confinement.
When ready to oviposit the female crawls
slowly over the body of the scale insect, pre-
ferably about half grown, feeling the host
more or less with its antennae. The actual
act of oviposition is accomplished very

Fig. 130. — Cottony cush-
ion scale showing tlie
exit holes of Lesto-
phonus. (Original.)

quickly, the fly simply lowering
the tip of the abdomen, inserting
the short ovipositor and placing
the egg in the body cavity of the
host scale. A single female some- pj^ 131.— Lateral view of the last ab-

times deposits several eggs in the dominal segment and extended ovi-

, f; °° positor of Lestophonus. Greatly en-

Same host. larged. (Original.)

388

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE EGG.

The egg of Cryptochaetuiii is very minute, averaging about .3 mm. in
length. It is oblong oval in shape, slightly wider at one end than at

the other, pearly white in color and without
visible sculpture. Owing to the difficulty of
getting the flies to oviposit in confinement we
have been unable to ascertain just how long the
egg stage lasts, but indications are that it
hatches in about four or five days. The eggs
are quite numerous and it is probable that a
single female deposits as high as 200 eggs. On
the dissection of the adult insect we frequently
find as high as 120 mature eggs in the ovarian
tubes.

Fig. 132.— The egg.
Greatly enlarged.
(Original.)

THE YOUNG LARVA.

The young larva is a very curious creature, as will be seen by the
accompanying illustration. It is found swimming about freely in the
body cavity and at this stage apparently does not inconvenience its
host in the least. The most conspicuous anatomical feature consists
of the two long tails which are sometimes twice the length of the
body. The larva is semitransparent with a conspicuous black mouth-

'^^^^

\

Fig. 133. — The young larva. Greatly enlarged. (Original.)

hook. This mouth-hook consists of three pieces, as will be seen in the
accompanying figure. The large posterior section, provided with two
dorsal projections, is apparently useful in the main as a place for mus-
cular attachment. The two "jaws" just anterior to this function in
the taking in of food, and since in this stage no tissue of the host is
destroyed, they probably serve to produce a current of the juices of
the host toward the interior of the parasite. In living larvae they are
continually opening and closing like a pair of jaws. The anterior
half of the larva is smooth, with sutures visible,
however. The posterior half has a very curious
integument, each segment being provided with a
ring of cilia-like projections, broad at the base but
terminating in a point and soft and flexible in fig. 134.— Mouth-hook

. , rni • 1 J.1 .• 1 J of the larva of Lesto-

structure. Ihey are m length sometimes equal to phonus. Greatly en-
the widtli of the larva, although usually hardly so '^''S'^*^- (o^sin^i.)
long as that. The larva, as seen in the illustration, usually holds itself
in the shape of a modified S. Usually there is but one larva to a scale,
but at times as many as half a dozen are found.

THE iMUNTlllA 151 I.LEThV.

389

THE MATURE LARVA.

The full-fed larva presents a quite ditfereiit appearance from the
young form. It is now no longer S-shaped, but is more properly
described as pear-shaped. The two tails have become enormously
lengthened, sometimes as much as three-fourths of an inch, and this is
contained within a host which is frequently not more than 2 mm. in
length. The mouth parts have undergone a considerable change, being
relatively much shorter and stouter. The larva in this stage begins
rapidly to destroy the tissues of the host, the latter now taking on a
peculiar convex appearance which renders it easy to recognize the

^-

Fig. 135. — The mature larva of Lestophonus. (Original.)

parasitized individuals at a glance. The tracheal system is conspicu-
ous, the anterior branches ending in a pair of horn-like projections
which later penetrate the scale of the host and extend to the outside,
apparently for the purpose of supplying the parasite with air. On
the dorso-posterior part of the larva appears a pair of curious claw-
like hooks, which apparently aid the larva in its feeding by giving it
a secure base from which to work with its powerful mouth-hooks. The
larva now becomes opaque reddish within, due to the tissues of the
host which are contained in its intestines.

THE PUPARIUM.

The pupa is enclosed within the hardened contracted larval skin
which forms the puparium in which the transformation takes place.

Fig. 136. — Puparia of Lestophonus. Enhirged. (Original.)

This is soft and yellowish at first, but soon hardens and changes to a
reddish brown color. It is long oval, averaging 2 mm. in length and
a little more than one-half that in width, tapering about equally at the
two ends. Ten segments are readily visible, three of these being

390 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

included in the operculum which is shown anteriorly on the ventral
surface as a flattened area. This is torn off when the fly escapes,
leaving a large circular opening. The cephalic spiracles protrude over
the front margin as two divergent horn-like structures, and the two
dorso-posterior hooks described in the mature larva persist in the
puparium. The long pair of tails also remains attached as in the
mature larva. In the observed cases several days were required before
the pupa formed inside the larval skin.

GENERATIONS PER YEAR.

There are apparently five or six generations of this parasite during
the season, the number depending upon the climatic conditions.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 391

QUARANTINE [^(JlllJc) DIVISION.

Report for the Month of August, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

During the past month, in addition to the regular routine work of
the division, it was our fortune to be drafted on a committee appointed
for the purpose of preparing a proposed amendment to the present
horticultural laws, with a view to providing for a uniform system of
intercepting, inspecting and treating all intercounty shipments of
plant products for propagation at points of delivery in California.
Heretofore our efforts along these lines have been entirely directed to
imports of similar material seeking an entrance into the state from the
outside world. Whatever measure of success we may have met with
in this venture in the past we attribute more to the sanity, clarity and
equity of the provisions of the state quarantine law, than to our own
acumen in interpreting and putting the same into execution. Our
experience — on the committee — in considering the new horizon, has
been illuminating, and as a result we are still more convinced that the
present state quarantine law, the statutory authority for our actions
and which produces the findings recorded in this report each month, is
a proper and complete instrument for the purpose for which it was
enacted; that it should be held inviolate for that particular purpose
and that its desirable and workable qualities should not be placed in
jeopardy by any attempt to change, amend or make its provisions apply
to domestic situations or contingencies.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 70

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 2,525

Horticultural imports: „

'^ Parcels.

Passed as free from pests ; 85,333

Fumigated 1,508

Refused admittance 75

Contraband destroyed 30

Total parcels liorticultural imports for the month 86,946

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America:

Lepidopterous larvae in chili peppers.
Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Florida:

Lecaniinn mangifcrw on mango.

From Hawaii:

Asterolecanium sp., Cocciis sp. and Chrysomphalus sp. on Hibiscus and oleander

cuttings.
DiasiJis bromeliw and Pseiidococcus hromeliw on pineapplos.
Hemichionaspis minor and Chiiso)nphahis aonidum on green cocoanuts.
Weevils in bean pods.

392 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

From Japan:

Aphis sp. on lotus plants.
Larvse of borer, in dry plant roots.
Calandra oryzw in rice flour.
Mites in bulbs.

From New York:

Aphis sp. on chrysanthemums.

From Philadelphia:

Didlein-ddes citri, Aphis sp. and Pseiidococcus sp. on gardenias.

From Tahiti:

Lcpidosaphes heckii on limes.

From Venezuela:

Isosoma orchidearum on orchids.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 21

Horticultural import: Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 28,964

Fumigated 7

Refused admittance 4

Contraband destroyed 10

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 28,985

Pests Intercepted.

From Central America:

Aspidiotus cydoniw, Saissetia hemispharica, Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Chrysom-
phalus scutiformis and Pseiidococcus sp. on bananas.

From Mexico:

Chrysomphahis aonidnm and Chrysnmphalus anraiitii on cocoanuts
LTnidentifled Lepidopterous larvse and pupse on unknown fruit.

From New Jersey:

Diaspis hoisduvalii and Coccus hesperidum on orchids.

From Oregon:

Chrysomphahis mn-antii on rubber tree.

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships Inspected 33

Fish boats inspected 38

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 143

Horticultural imports: Parcels.

Passed as free from pests ■^'^^i

Fumigated 5

Refused admittance 1

Contraband destroyed 36

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 2,014

Pests Intercepted.

From Central America:

Aspiilidtus cjjanophylli and Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Mexico:

Phthorima'o, operculella in potatoes.
Chloridiu obsoleta in corn.

From New York:

Diaspis hoisduvalii and Aspidiotus brittanicus on orchids.

EUREKA STATION

Steamship and baggage inspection:

.Ships inspected 5

Horticultural imports: Parcels.

Passed as free from pests 3

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

(No Report.)

^O^ ©/■ /ji>f77£ \DCL NOKTC

C0UBT1E3 HAVING HOHTICULTURAl C0i!M13S10H>2iS, WITH THE RESPECTIVS

CITIES IN WHICH THE CUHM13S10BEHS RESIDE.

County

^r /r., /. « V /& =*" ™»f ' 5""

Alameda

Butt«

Colusa

Contra Coata

21 Dorado

Fresno

Glann

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Klnga

Lake

Lassen

Loa Angeles

Madera

Mendoolno

Uerofid

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

City

•
Oakland
Oro7iUe
Colusa
Martinez
Placerville
Fresno
Willows
Eureka
El Centre
Bishop
Bakersf ield
Hanford
Kelseyvllle
Susanvllle
Lob Angeles
I'adora
Oklah
Kerced
Alturas
Aromas
Hapa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Joaquin

San Uatso

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Crua

Shasta

SlBklyoa

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehama

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Santa Ana

Bowman

Riverside

Sacramento

Hollister

San Bernardino

San Diego

Stockton ^' "T-'"

Redwood City /Jis*^

Santa Barbara

San Jose

Watsonville

Anderson

Yreka

Santa Rosa

Uodeato

Yuba City

Red Bluff

Vlsalia

Ventura

Woodland

Karysvill©

SS' N _
i~or (JiQr/<sft.n, Z C

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

G. H. Hecke CiimmissiDinT

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. CARA BYRNE Stenographer

O. W. NETWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

Certified Potato Seed Inspection.
W. V. Shear, Stockton Potato Inspector

Apple Inspection Under the Standard Apple Act of 1915.

A. W. Tate, Watsonville Chief Apple Inspector

G. H. Buhrman, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. R. Davis, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. B. Hopkins, Watsonville Apple Inspector

C. C. Wittner, Watsonville Apple Inspector

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State Printing Office

191G

VOLUME V

No. 1 1

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CAUFORNIA

NOVEMBER, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page

PUKE SEED LEGISLATION George P. Weluon 393

CITRUS OBSEPVATIONS IX P.KAZIL A. D. Shamel 30(i

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS E. J. Vosi.er 4(1!)

(iEXERAL NOTES—

To THE Fkuit Growers oe California 431

Nurserymen's Sixth Annual Convention : 412

Conference of Cotton I'roducers and Importers 413

Second Meeting of the Committee on Horticultural Legislation 413

Mysterious Vine Disease 41!!

The IIassler Bartlett I'ear 417

Southern Horticultural Commissioners Discuss Horticultural

Legislation 417

CAr.iiouNiA Fruit Growers' Exchange to Cooperate with the State

Commissioner of Horticui-ture 417

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT—

Coui.iXG INIoTir Spraying in Yucaipa, lOK! ./. /'. J/uikIIc// 41s

SOME WEATHERPROOF P.AXDS ACJAINST ANTS J. R. IIouton 41!)

(,»UARANTL\K DIVISION—

Report for iiik Moniii of Septemp.er Frederic]: Ma-skeir 422

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. November, 1916. No. 11

PURE SEED LEGISLATION.*

By George P. Weldon.

It was with considerable hesitancy on my part that a decision was
finally reached, to discuss the matter of a pure seed law for California
at this meeting. This hesitancy was not because of a lack of interest,
for you will no doubt agree with me that the subject is one worthy of
the most careful consideration, but because of the fact that we are not
certain that we have been able thus far to draft a bill that is worthy of
the support of both the seedmen and the farmer who is interested in
getting the best seed that can be produced.

Several states in the Union have laws relating to the inspection and
certification of seeds. Maine, INIichigan and North Dakota furnish us
with examples of laws which no doubt have had a beneficial effect upon
the seed business in those states. A legislative committee appointed by
the Association of Seed Analysts of North America, met in June, 1915,
and drafted a uniform State Seed Law, with the idea of having it or a
similar law adopted in as many of the states as possible. Mr. J. P.
Helyar, of the New Jersey Experiment Station at New Brunswick, was
chairman of this committee. Many good ideas are embodied in this law,
but in some respects it does not meet the greatest needs of the business.

In California pure seed legislation has already begun in the Certified
Seed Potato Act which was passed by the legislature in 1915. You are
no doubt all more or less familiar with the provisions of this act, and
it is not necessary to enter into a detailed discussion regarding it here.
"While this is only the second season that this act had been in operation,
its great value already seems assured. This year we hope there will be
more than 300 acres certified. Two fields of 100 acres each are being
inspected for certification with every indication of a large amount of
seed being worthy of a state certified seed label.

If the idea of certification is good with potatoes it should also be
good with other crops used for seed, and it is my firm belief that the
greatest good will result not from inspection of seed in the package to
determine the freedom from weed seed and other impurities, but from
the inspection of growing crops and the encouraging of seed selection
and seed breeding by certifying through a state label that which is
found by such inspection to be worthy. There must, of course, be some
purity standards to prevent the wholesale dissemination of weeds, and
there is also need for germination standards. These, however, while
important, should not furnish the entire basis of legislation. To be
more specific, alfalfa seed may be perfectly free from weed seeds and
foreign matter of every description; it may show a high percentage of
germination, and yet may not be of a good variety or a heavy producing
strain.

♦Address before the California Nurserymen's Association, Santa Barbara, Octo-
ber 26, 1916.
26498

394 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

If a pure seed law is passed by our legislature it should be a law with
which it would be possible to comply strictly. No fixed standards
which could be complied with in one case and not in another should be
established. In fact it is doubtful if prohibitory legislation along this
line is desirable ; that is legislation which would compel a grower or
salesman to abide by difficult specifications in a law. It would in my
judgment be better to provide certain standards which, when complied
with would entitle the use of a state label, thereby placing a premium
on good seed, and offering an incentive to a man to grow the best.

Mr. 0. W. Newman, assistant secretary of the State Horticultural
Commission, has been greatly interested in a pure seed law. Since
taking up his work with the commission he has specialized in a study of
weeds. More than a year ago Mr. Newman began work on a law embody-
ing his ideas relating to weed control and better seed. This tentative
law has been revised a number of times to meet new ideas and new
problems that arose during its discussion. Some time ago copies of
Mr. Newman's proposed bill were sent to a number of the county horti-
cultural commissioners, seedmen and other interested parties. At that
time its provisions were quite drastic, but the changes that have since
been made have done away with most of the undesirable features until
now we believe it is worthy of your consideration. However, we are
not at all sure that it will be possible to get such a bill in shape for
introduction at the coming session of the legislature. With your
permission I will read it as it now stands in order that your ideas may
be expressed in a discussion which it is hoped will follow.

AN ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL SEED,
TO ESTABLISH STANDARDS AND TO PROVIDE UNIFORM
LABELS AND CERTIFICATES.

Enforcement. Section 1. The enforcement of the act shall be entrusted to the
State Commissioner of Horticulture who shall appoint a State Seed Commissioner.

The salary of said State Seed Commissioner shall be The State Seed

Commissioner shall have power to appoint such deputies, inspectors and assistants

as may be necessary to enforce the act. The salary of a deputy shall be

The salary of an inspector shall be The salary of an assistant shall

be The State Seed Commissioner or his duly authorized agents shall

have power to enter any place where agricultural seeds are stored, offered or exposed
for sale, and to take for analysis, paying the reasonable purchase price, a fair sample
from any lot of agricultural seed found therein.

Definition. Section 2. The term "Agricultural Seed" as used in this act shall
mean and include all economic seeds, bulbs and potatoes used for sowing or seeding
purposes within the state.

Labeling. Section 3. Agricultural seed shall not be sold, offered or exposed for
sale within this state unless there be securely attached to the container of each lot,
parcel or package of said seed, weighing ten pounds or more, a label, stamp or tag
plainly written or printed in the English language, stating :

(A) In the case of grains, grasses, vegetable and other seeds:

(1) The commonly accepted name of the kind and variety of seed.

(2) The percentage of purity with a list of the kinds and amounts of weed

seeds, foreign seeds, and inert matter.

(3) The percentage of germination and date when last test was made.

(4) The name and address of the person, firm or corporation selling or

offering the seed for sale within the state.

(5) The locality where seed was grown.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 395

(B) In the case of bulbs, tubers, etc.

(1) The commonly accepted name of the kind and variety of seed.

(2) The name and address of the person, firm or corporation selling or

offering the seed for sale within the state.

(3) The place where seed was grown.

Mixtures. Section 4. Mixtures of agricultural seeds, prepared for special pur-
poses, for example, special lawn mixtures, shall be plainly marked with the word
"mixture" on the label. This shall not, however, exempt the vendor from section 3
of this act.

Exemptions. Section 5. Agricultural seeds, also seeds to be used for manufac-
turing purposes, or seeds in transit, shall be exempt from the provisions of this act,
when plainly marked on the outside of the container "not cleaned seed" or "not
tested seed."

Purity Tests. Section 6. The percentage of purity and viability of agricultural
seeds required under section 2 of this act shall be based upon analysis and test
conducted by the State Seed Commissioner. Any person may guarantee the approxi-
mate percentage of purity and viability of any brand of seed that he may place upon
the market, but if the actual purity is found to vary more than a reasonable amount
below the guarantee, or if the viability is found to fall ten per cent (10%) below the
percentage guaranteed, the seed shall be deemed misbranded.

Certified Seeds. Section 7. Upon the passage of this act the State Seed Com-
missioner, by order of the State Commissioner of Horticulture, shall cause to be
examined the crop of stock or seed of all persons within the state of California who
claim to be holders or growers of pedigreed or improved seeds of any variety of agri-
cultural seed, provided that he is requested to do so. He shall, under such rules as
he may prescribe, issue to each grower a certificate bearing the state seal and
showing the grade and viability of the crops or seeds examined, and each certificate
shall also show the amount of seed which can be sold under same. Every package
of such certified seed, if sold for seeding purposes, shall have the aforementioned
certificate attached, and must conform to all requirements of the law. The State
Seed Commissioner may for cause, upon due notification, revoke any certificate so
issued, and no new certificate shall be issued to said holder during the period of one
full year following the date of cancellation of his certificate.

Certification Charges. Section 8. The State Commissioner of Horticulture is
hereby authorized to fix a charge per acre for the inspection of all crops or stocks
of seed which are to be certified. Such charge shall be only suflicient to cover the
cost of inspection. Moneys received from all fees shall be paid into the treasury
of the state at the end of each month, to be accredited to the funds provided for the
enforcement of the act.

Publications. Section 9. The State Commissioner of Horticulture shall publish
the results of such general analysis and tests as the State Seed Commissioner shall
suggest, together with comments and recommendations. There shall be kept in the
oflSce of the State Commissioner of Horticulture a record of all growers or sellers of
certified seeds of any variety of agricultural seed. Such list may be published at his
discretion.

Funds. Section 10. There is hereby set apart out of the funds of the state

treasury not already appropriated, the sum of , to be expended for the

equipment and maintenance of a seed testing laboratory at Sacramento, and all
expenses incident to carrying out the provisions of the act.

Laws in Conflict. Section 11. All laws in conflict with this act are hereby
repealed. The certified potato seed act is hereby declared to be annulled to come
under this act.

Definitions. Section 12. All terms used in this act shall be defined by the
State Seed Commissioner in conjunction with the State Commissioner of Horticulture.

396 ■ THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CITRUS OBSERVATIONS IN BRAZIL.

By A. D. Shamel,
Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.

The Washington navel orange is the most important of any of the
tropical or subtropical fruits grown in the United States. The parent
trees from which the great variety sprung, were sent to Riverside,
California, in about 1875 by the United States Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, D. C. The Department of Agriculture in 1868
learned from a lady correspondent in Brazil of the superior character
of the oranges grown at Bahia. Through the American Consul at Bahia,
a supply of trees of this variety was sent to Washington, D. C, and from
these trees several living buds were secured for budding seedling orange
trees grown in a greenhouse specially for this purpose. The resultant
trees were distributed in Florida and California by the department.

Of the California trees two were planted by Mrs. L. C. Tibbets at
Riverside. When these trees reached a bearing age, the fruits were
found to be seedless, possessed navels, and were of superior quality,
attracting the attention generally of fruit growers and nurserymen
throughout California. As a result of this interest extensive propaga-
tions from the two trees was begun, so that the variety rapidly became
widely disseminated. Further tests of the value of the navel orange in
California confirmed the judgment of the early experimenters and led
to large planting of this variety.

The two Tibbets parent navel orange trees are still living and produc-
ing crops of fruit at Riverside and have been given into the custody of
the city for preservation. Here, then, we have a great industry based on
a single horticultural variety which has developed within a period of
forty years, from known parentage, and which has had an important
influence in promoting the marvelous agricultural development of this
western commonwealth.

The facts relative to the introduction of the navel orange from Bahia
into the United States are well established. The behavior of the variety
under California conditions has become the subject of careful study.
It has been established that many variations of type due to bud varia-
tions, or more commonly called bud sports, exist in California navel
orange orchards. It has been found that these variations are much more
common and important than heretofore was thought to be the case.
The diverse types originating from bud sports have been found to have
a direct bearing on the production and quality of the navel orange crops.
In considering the comparative behavior of these types, their origin,
perpetuation and significance, it became desirable that all available
information of the origin of this navel variety, its condition and charac-
teristics in its native home, and all available facts relative to the
development of the variety, be brought together for consideration.

OBJECT OF EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL.

The object of the agricultural expedition to southern Brazil by the
United States Department of Agriculture in 1913 and 1914 was to
collect all available information concerning the navel orange, particu-
larly at Bahia from which point the parent Washington navel trees

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 397

were sent to the United States, and at such other points in Brazil as
mi^ht be fonnd advisable to visit. Naturally the work of the expedition
included the colleclion of information concerning other citrus and a'^n-i-
cultural crops, supplies of seeds, bud wood and specimens of Brazilian
plants that might be thought worthy of introduction and trial in this
country. The expedition was organized cooperatively by the offices of
Seed and Plant Introduction and Horticulture and Pomology of the
Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agri-
culture. The personnel of the expedition consisted of Mr. P. H. Dorsett,
expert plant introducer; Mr. F. W. Popenoe, agricultural explorer, and
the Avriter. Arrangements were made for the cooperation of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce of Brazil in the work of
the expedition. Through the courtesy of this department the equip-
ment of the expedition was admitted dvity free into Brazil, expert
assistants, interpreters and guides furnished, and one of the leading
agriculturists of Brazil, Dr. V. A. Argollo-Ferrao, assigned to cooperate
with the expedition.

EQUIPMENT.

The equipment for the expedition consisted in part of materials for
preserving and shipping seeds, budwood and plants, and arrangements
for collecting, preserving and shipping specimen plants, insect enemies
of citrus and other plants, and samples of fungous diseases for identifi-
cation and study. Four cameras were taken to Brazil, together with a
large quantity of camera supplies including films, plates and a complete
developing outfit. All films and plates were developed as soon as practi-
cable after exposure, this work being done usually at night. Two
microscopes, one dissecting and one high-power instrument, a soil auger,
suitable clothing, notebooks, maps of Brazil, were included in the equip-
ment. Such necessary articles as were overlooked in preparation for the
expedition were purchased in Brazil. The equipment was packed and
shipped in small trunks. These trunks when empty Avere used for
sending collections from Brazil to the United States. Preparations
were made for the prompt passing of these collections through the
New York Custom House, their inspection in Washington and distribu-
tion to proper places for use.

VOYAGE.

The Lamport and Holt Steamship line have inaugurated a regular
service between New York and Brazil of one vessel every two weeks.
The steamship Vandyek on which our expedition sailed for Brazil left
New York October 4, 1913, arrived at the first stop, the Island of Barba-
does, October 10th, and reached Bahia. the second stop, October 18th.
During the stop of the Vandyek at Bahia our party visited Cabnlla, a
suburb of Bahia, in order to visit a famous orange grove at that place
and determine the exact time of ripeninsr of navel fruits in this district.
"We found that the navel trees in Bahia have different habits of produc-
ing ripe fruits; one kind developing ripe fruits mainly in November,
December and January, the spring and summer crop commonly called
the December crop ; another type bearing ripe fruits mainly in June,
July and August, the winter crop ; and still another type producing
ripe oranges at more or less regular intervals during the entire year.

398 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

As the rainfall in Bahia in 1913 was unusually heavy, we were told that
the December crop of this j^ear was unusually large and of superior
quality.

In order to study the December crop under favorable conditions we
found it necessary to postpone an interior trip down the San Francisco
River, and after visiting Rio de Janeiro, where final arrangements were
made for our work, we decided to return to Bahia.

We arrived at Rio de Janeiro October 21st, so that the voyage to this
point covered a period of eighteen days. During the voyage our expedi-
tion became acquainted with the Roosevelt expedition to South America.
Arrangements were made with Colonel Roosevelt so that members of his
party would collect information, seeds and plant specimens of any food
plants for the Department of Agriculture, that might be found in the
course of the work of their explorations.

A serious effort was made to interest the passengers aboard the Van-
dyck in the work of the expedition and to point out the desirability of
all travelers observing food plants and their products in foreign coun-
tries. The introduction of the navel orange is an illustration of the
value of such efforts. One of our acquaintances on the Vandyck,
Dr. Wycliffe Rose, as a result of observations of this character some
months afterward discovered a very promising new citrus fruit in the
Island of Grenada and secured a supply of fruits and seeds of this
variety for the Department.

OBSERVATIONS AT RIO DE JANEIRO.

We found at Rio de Janeiro two commonly grown varieties of oranges :
Citrus depressum Risso, common name Laranja selecta; and C. pyri-
forme Risso, common name Laranja pera. The selecta variety produces
ripe fruits usually during the fall and winter seasons. The fruits are
large with comparatively thick skin, few seeds and of about the same
quality as the Bahian navel orange. We found on selecta trees frequent
navel fruits and in some cases entire limbs bearing typical navel
oranges. The pera variety produces ripe fruits usually in the spring
and summer months. The fruits have thin rinds, more seeds than the
selecta fruits, much juice and with a very sweet taste. Many of our
friends in Rio de Janeiro expressed a decided preference for the selecta
fruits. We foiind a total of about 100 acres of selecta trees and about
100 acres of pera trees. The methods of propagation, planting and
culture practiced in these orchards are very similar to those followed at
Bahia, which will be briefly described in the following pages. As a rule
the citrus trees near Rio de Janeiro are planted in the valleys at such
distance from the city markets that return trips can be made by the
growers to and from the markets in one day. The soils in the citrus
groves we found to be as a rule of a sandy loam character, the surface
soil frequently having a high content of fine sand, laid upon a rather
heavy clay soil of granite origin.

In addition to the two varieties mentioned we found occasional trees
in the orange groves of many other citrus varieties. Among these the
following might be mentioned: Citrus aurantium L., common name
Laranja da China, a very thorny tree, with round fruits having a fine
thin rind and sweet taste. There are trees of this variety in Brazil said
to be more than 120 years old. The seeds of this variety are used for
raising stocks in some cases we were informed by several orange growers.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 399

C. vulgaris Risso, common name Laranja da Terra. The trees of this
variety were large and very thorny, the petioles of the leaves were
usually very large and winged, the fruits possess a thick coarse rind, the
flesh is of reddish color, and the juice is scanty, having a very sour and
bitter taste. This variety is sometimes called the Brazilian sour orange.
The fruits have many seeds, and are frequently used for making marma-
lade and other like products. It is the most universally used variety for
stocks, as it is claimed to be hardy and resistant to some diseases. The
trees that we saw were very productive, ripening fruits in November,
December and January, the spring season in Brazil.

C. deliciosa Risso, common name Laranja cravo, a variety of the
mandarin group, having small trees with slender branches, many spines,
small leaves and smooth, very thin rind fruits. The fruits are very
aromatic and have the strongly developed well known tangerine aroma
and flavor. An acid lime, C. limetta Risso; a sweet lime, C. himia
Willd; an acid lemon, C. limonum, and a sweet variety of lemon
commonly called Limao doce, were commonly found growing in citrus
plantings in one or two tree lots. Another citrus fruit similar to the
sweet lemon called Limao gallejo, C. medico Risso was found at several
places and seemed to be highly esteemed for household purposes.

The Bahian navel orange was found planted at only one or two
places in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. In all cases where it was
possible to trace the history of these trees we found that they had been
secured from the Bahia district or had been propagated from buds
obtained in Bahia. In Rio de Janeiro we found a large plant propagat-
ing company called Eickhofif, Carneiro Leao & Co. In the citrus nursery
of this establishment we found a complete assortment of the citrus
varieties grown in Brazil.

BAHIA AND THE HISTORY OF THE BAHIAN NAVEL ORANGE.

After two weeks spent in making observations, securing photographs,
seeds and plant material of the citrus and other tropical fruits found in
the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, our expedition returned to Bahia.

The site of the city of Bahia was flrst visited by Amerigo Vespucci, an
Italian, who conducted expeditions to the coast of South America on the
invitation of king of Portugal first in 1501 and again in 1502. The
first expedition landed about 5 degrees south of the equator near the
present city of Pernambuco, but was repulsed by the natives. The
second expedition landed at All Saints Bay or Bahia, about 12 degrees
south of the equator, where they remained five months in friendly inter-
course with the natives. This was the first settlement in Brazil. When
the expedition returned to Europe they took with them a supply of
Brazil wood, from which circumstance the name Brazil became applied
to the country as a whole. Bahia is one of the oldest settlements in
America and for a long period was the capital of Brazil. The history
of the settlement of Bahia is filled with stirring incidents and exciting
adventures.

At the present time the city has a population of about 300.000. The
common language of the people is Portuguese, and the architecture of
the buildings is modeled after the Portuguese style. The city consists
of two parts, one near the level of the bay, largely of business and
commercial character, and an upper city, built on a high precipitous

400 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

bluff, perhaps from two to three hundred feet above the lower city, made
up largely of residences, churches, schools and administrative buildings.
Bahia is the capital of the state of Bahia which has a population of
about 2,000,000. It is also one of the leading centers of art, education
and letters of Brazil.

At an early date in the history of Bahia citrus fruits were introduced
by the Portuguese immigrants. Among the citrus introductions was
the Larmija selecta variety. According to Bahian history a Portuguese,
the first man to propagate by budding in Bahia, originated the navel
orange by propagating a navel bud sport of the Laranja selecta variety
about 1820. The navel orange is called Laranja selecta de umbigo, or
the select orange with a navel. The superior quality of the navel soon
became recognized by the fruit growers in Bahia, who propagated it
exclusively. At the present time it is the only commercial variety of
orange grown in this district, it having supplanted the parent selecta
and all other varieties except Laranja de Terra which is grown for
stock purposes.

PLAN OF STUDY.

On our arrival at Bahia we were met by Dr. ArgoUo-Ferrao who
accompanied us in our visits to the citrus orchards and assisted us in
making our detailed observations during the entire period of our stay.

The mayor of the municipality of Bahia, the governor of the state of
Bahia, and the representatives of the federal government stationed at
Bahia, cooperated in making our visit pleasant and profitable. In return
for the hospitality extended us we gave them such information as we
could as to methods of citrus culture and marketing in California. We
found that the Bahians take great pride in the fact that they gave to
California and the woHd the navel orange variety. Not only was this
true but every facility was given us for securing other Brazilian food
plants for trial in the United States. After consulting with various
local men w^e decided to make, first, a general survey of the citrus dis-
tricts of Bahia, and then with information thus obtained, select several
typical navel orange groves for more detailed study and observation.

GENERAL STUDY OF BAHIAN ORANGE DISTRICTS.

The municipality of Bahia includes not only the city proper, but also
about 30,000 acres of land suitable for orange culture, and a large
amount of land adapted for the cultivation of other crops. All of the
established commercial orchards are located in the municipality and are
centered about eight principal districts, Cabulla, Cruz do Cosme, S. Gon-
calo, Retiro, Matatu, Brotas, Barra and Eio Vermellio. These districts
are reached for the most part by electric car lines. The groves are
usually located on the higher lands, hilltops or hillsides. In the valleys
forage crops, vegetable gardens and fruits other than citrus are grown.

The typical orange soil is a sandy loam .surface soil laid upon a heavy
red clay subsoil of granite origin. In several cases we observed excava-
tions showing the surface soil from about ten to twenty inches in depth,
and the subsoil from twenty to thirty-five feet in depth resting on a
solid granite rock. In many cases on the hillsides the surface sandy
loam soil had been washed off, leaving the clay soil as the surface soil.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 401

The average annual rainfall in tliis i-cgion is about fifty inches, the
heaviest rainfall occurring during their winter season, although more
or less rain falls during every month of the year. The maximum
temperature is about 105 degrees F. and the minimum 68 degrees F.,
no frost ever having been reported at any time. Wet and dry series of
years have occurred in this region according to the older inhabitants.
The wet years, we were told, were coincident with the most productive
orange seasons. Occa.sional floods have been experienced, causing much
damage to the orange orchards, due to soil erosions.

We found a total of about 76,000 navel orange trees at Bahia of
which about one-third are in full bearing, one-third just beginning to
bear fruits, and one-third recently set out. As the trees are planted
at the average rate of about 100 to the acre, there are about 760 acres
of navel oranges all told. The city and state of Bahia are encouraging
the planting of navel orange trees so there is likely to be a considerable
increase in the area devoted to orange culture during the near future.
A municipal farm is maintained for supplying trees to planters and for
the purpose of furnishing field demon-strations and information, and
expert advice by the director for prospective growers.

]\[ost of the orange groves are more or less interplanted with other
fruit trees, as for instance mangos in the highest lands, avocados on the
lower levels, and with cocoanuts, coffee, caju, sapodillas, jack fruits,
mangibera, papaya, banana and other tropical fruits. Many of the
orchards are fenced with the pitanga, the fruits of which are highly
prized and the leaves and branches most extensively used for decorative
purposes. Usually a few lime, lemon and sour orange trees are found
in every orchard.

The individual orange plantations vary in number of orange trees
from a few to more than twelve thousand. The plantation buildings
are usually built of adobe bricks covered with plaster, have red tile
roofs and cement or wooden floors. Freciuently the dooryards are filled
with tropical flowers and plants. In some cases wonderful orchid collec-
tions are maintained by some of the orange growers. Usually every
planter has a grape arbor. As a whole the orange growers' homes and
surroundings showed the most signs of prosperity of any of the planta-
ticms that we saw in this region.

DETAILED STUDY OF NAVEL ORANGE ORCHARDS.

Five typical orange orchards were selected for careful and detailed
study. The owners and locations of these groves were as follows :
Dr. Fortunato da Silva, Col. Lago, Col. Baretto, all of Cabulla;
Col. Demetrio of Cruz de Cosme ; and Col. Fredrico da Costa of Matatu.
In these orchards plots of 50 or 100 trees each were selected for our
record purposes. These trees w-ere numbered in a similar manner to
the tree numbers in our regular tree performance record work.
Arrangements were made by Dr. Argollo-Ferrao to continue the tree
records for several seasons for further information as to the tree
behavior. Our records included a description of the individual tree
based on measurements, the amount and character of production, insect
enemies and fungous diseases, the lay of the land, characteristics of the
soil, methods of culture and all available items of interest bearing on the
tree condition and performance. In addition to these systematic notes,

26498—2

402 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

photographs of fruits from select trees and of typical trees were
obtained. A large number of oranges from the select trees were scored
with the aid of a score card worked out for this special purpose. In
the individual orange scoring the weight, circumference and diameter
of the fruits, thickness of rind, number of seeds, core diameter, amount
of juice, size of navel and navel opening, number of sections were
measured, and other important characteristics described. Soil samples
were taken in all the plots for future analyses and study. Samples of the
natural growth of plants in the orchards were prepared for identifica-
tion. Collections of insects and fungi were made. In other words, as
complete records, data, photographs and material were secured as was
possible for us to collect during this study. Seven weelcs were devoted
to this work and very little time was lost from climatic or other causes.

PROPAGATION.

The universal stock used in Bahia for the propagation of the navel
orange is Laranja da Terra or commonly called the Brazilian sour
orange. The seed is sowed in seed beds much like the practice in Cali-
fornia nurseries. Two methods of transplanting the seedlings are
practiced; in one case the seedlings are transplanted in the common
nursery rows, and the other plan is to transplant the seedlings directly
to their permanent places in the orchard. The latter plan, we were told,
is becoming the more popular one from the fact that it tends to produce
more hardy trees.

The seedlings are budded when about two years old, at which age they
reach a size of from one-half to one inch in diameter. Shield buds are
commonly used, and are cut from bud stocks of about the same size as
the seedlings. These buds are inserted in the seedlings at from ten to
twenty inches above the ground, high budding being the rule. The buds
are wrapped with nieori palm tiers, which are removed when the buds
have united with the seedlings, usually a matter of from ten to twenty
days. After the buds have united properly, the seedlings are cut off
about two inches above the buds. In about one year, u.sually, the budded
trees are ready for transplanting to the orchard from the nursery,
except where the seedlings have been budded in place in the grove. The
spring months are considered best for budding as a rule. Colonel Demet-
rio, the leading propagator of Bahia, advises to ''always bud with the
increase and full of the moon, best in the full of the moon." If the
budded trees are taken up for transplanting the earth is ''balled" about
the roots and set in special fibre baskets. The tops are cut back
severely, only some small branches with their leaves being left on the
trees. The trees are usually headed in from two to three feet of the
ground. We saw budded navel trees offered for sale in the public
market of Bahia at from 50 cents to $1.00 each.

PREPARATION OF LAND.

The value of orange land not planted near the city of Bahia is
said to be from $10 to $100 per acre. Further removed lands within
the municipality or around the bay are valued at from $3 to $15 per
acre. Orange lands with bearing trees convenient to the city are said
to sell at from $300 to $500 per acre. In preparing the land for
planting the bush is cut off and either sold directly or charcoal is

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN". 403

made of it. The cost of clearing an acre is estimated at from $2 to
$4. The ant colonies on the cleared land are destroyed by fumigation,
using sulphur and arsenic. Mandioea is planted on the land thus pre-
pared. The cost of planting the mandioea crop is estimated to be about
$10 per acre, and three cultivations of this crop costs about $6 to $10
per acre. The mandioea crop requires about one year for reaching
maturity and is said to have a value of about $30 to $45 per acre. In
some cases the orange lands are planted to sweet potatoes, or yams,
peanuts, corn, peas or pineapple instead of mandioea. The crops raised
on the orange lands are said to pay the expenses of clearing the land
and planting the orange trees, in addition to maintaining a proper
condition of the soil for the trees during the first year.

PLANTING.

Navel orange trees are planted at Bahia during all months of the
year, although the spring season is usually preferred by the growers.

The trees are arranged usually in squares and are set about twenty
feet apart, making an average planting of about one hundred trees per
acre. We did not see any terraces or contouring of the land on the
hillsides.

The trees are set in the ground so that the ball of roots is covered.
In dry seasons we were told that the individual trees are watered for
some time after setting. "We did not see any manure, fertilizer or any
other treatment of the soil in w^hich the trees were set.

CULTURE.

All cultivation is done by hand labor wdth a heavy hoe called enchada.
The weeds and other natural growth in the orchards are scraped off the
surface of the soil from one to three times yearly. The work is fre-
quently contracted for at the rate of about $3 per acre.

Manure is almost universally used for fertilizing the soil. AU of the
leading orange growers with whom we came in contact maintained
dairies in order to secure manure for use in the orange orchards. The
groves we saw w^here manure had not been used, were almost wholly
unproductive, while the most productive groves were those in which we
were told the largest quantities of manure had been used.

The milk from the dairies is sold in the city or neighboring villages,
little butter or cheese being made. The dairy cattle are commonly
hybrids of the Turino and Zebu breeds, fairly good milkers and resistant
to tropical diseases.

The most healthy and productive of any grove of similar age that we
saw at Bahia, was growing in a field of Para grass. The orange trees
had been set in the grass field w^liich formed a permanent cover crop.
In this grove, which adjoined a dairy, the manure was distributed daily
over the stubble after the grass had been cut for the day's use in the
dairy. In other orchards the manure is buried in a shallow basin
between the trees. In still other cases we found manure distributed
in long piles between the rows of trees, in these cases affording a
considerable mulch.

The liberal use of manure is regarded as absolutely essential to profit-
able orange production by all the growers whom we met. In one large
orchard we found that in addition to manure, the refuse from the

404 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

municipal abattoir was used. "We did not learn of the use of any kind
of commercial fertilizer in the orange groves, except in the municipal
experimental farm where some tests of artificial fertilizer were being
tried. Under the system of little and shallow cultivation we found that
the fine root system was distributed in the soil from the surface to a
depth of about twenty inches. Most of the small roots were found near
the surface, this tendency being particularly marked in the heavier soils.

CARE OF TREES.

The pruning of the orange trees is mostly confined to the occasional
removal of dead branches. "We did not observe any particular method
in this matter.

Tree renewal, by cutting off the main limbs of dead or dying trees,
near the tree trunk, or by cutting back the entire tree to a point just
above the original bud insertion, is universally practiced. New tops
are successfully grown by this method which in three or four years bear
profitable crops. "Where the entire tree is cut off, the stump is frequently
covered with trash, leaves or branches in order to protect the young
sprouts. No other care of cut-back trees was observed. We were told
that the fruits borne by the renewed trees is of superior quality to that
borne by trees not so treated. We could not confirm this opinion. The
orange orchards are not made up of uniform trees such as we frequently
find in California, but are somewhat irregular in appearance due to the
common tree renewal practice.

Another method observed for replacing poor trees is to set a new tree
two or three feet from the older tree. As soon as the new tree begins
bearing fruit the other one is removed. Still another method of effecting
this result is to alloAv a root sprout to grow near the undesirable tree.
This sprout is budded at the proper age and as soon as this bud develops
to a productive size the other tree is cut out.

TREE PESTS.

The navel orange trees, as well as other citrus trees, we found to be
attacked by many kinds of scale, the white fly, several kinds of ants and
other insect enemies. All of the insects attacking the citrus trees in
California with which the members of the expedition were familiar, as
well as other unknown kinds, were found in the Bahia district. Samples
of all kinds were collected for identification by the United States Bureau
of Entomology. Ladybirds were also very commonly found, and in
some cases observed feeding on various scales. As fumigation, spraying
or other methods of artificial insect control are not practiced, except in
the treatment of any colonies, it is evident that the ladybirds and other
natural parasites perform an important function in the control of
certain of the insect enemies of the orange trees. The most serious
damage due to insects seemed to be the defoliation of the trees by the
Brazilian ants. We found that certain men have adopted the profession
of any colony extermination which is effected in several ways such as by
fumigation, destruction of the colonies by digging, and by burning.

Of the many fungous diseases attacking the navel orange trees, the
most destructive kinds are the group of diseases included under the
heads of gummosis, scaly bark and dieback. When the orange trees
become unproductive from any of these causes, the tree renewal or

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

405

severe ciittiug back method is practiced. Spraying or meaas of fungus
control is not used.

We found that in some orchards the lichens, moss and other plant
parasites Avere removed from the trunks and main limbs of the trees by-
plastering them with a heavy coating of clay. One of the aerial plant
parasites, called Ilcrva do Passarinho, is removed by pulling the vines
from the trees and burning them. Little clear cut evidence of resistance
to fungous diseases by individual trees in the orchards was observed.

Chlorosis or mottle leaf was found in most orchards. The liberal use
of manure is the method used for controlling this condition, and
sufficient reliable evidence was observed to prove that this method has
been and is effective.

Our observations of the behavior of insect enemies and fungous dis-
eases led us to believe that the region of Bahia particularly is a fertile
field for study by entomologists and pathologists interested in the
investigation of the citrus enemies and parasites.

PICKING.

The color of the ripe navel oranges at Bahia is yellowish green. After
picking, during storage, the green color fades out and the fruits assume
a yellowish appearance. They do not have the typical orange or reddish
orange color of the California navels. When ripe the Bahian navels are
larger than the California navels, the skin is of smooth texture, the
fruits have a thin rind, coarse rag, and are very juicy. The juice is
lacking in acid and is comparatively insipid in quality.

A comparison of some of the factors in a typical Bahian and a Cali-
fornia navel fruit is as follows :

Weight,
grains

Peel,
per cent

Pulp,
per cent

Solid
(sugar),
per cent

Acid or

citric.

per cent

Specific
gravity

Bahian navel

385
210.5

23.6
31.2

76.4
68.8

8.57
11.56

.25 1.0343
1 01 ■■ n^s?L

California navel

The time of picking varies with the type of tree, one crop ripening in
November, December and January, the larger normal year crop ripening
in June, July and August, while on some trees the fruits ripen more or
less regularly during the entire year.

The picking is usually done by pulling or breaking the fruits from the
trees. The oranges are allowed to drop to the ground as they are
picked. After picking the fruits are usuall}^ collected into central piles
by throwing them together. They are then thrown into saclcs carried
over the shoulder or by mule back to the farm house where they are
dumped out on the ground or stone paving. Here the fruits are assorted
into two si^^es, large and small grades. They are then counted and the
grower receives his money on the spot.

Careful handling was unknown and no precautions were taken to
prevent mechanical injuries. A large percentage of the picked fruits
had long stems, the fruits showed much bruisincr and many injuries due
to gravel punctures and abrasions due to methods of handling. Natu-
rally we observed much decay in picked fruits in the markets and other
places, due to blue mold, brown rot and other diseases developed in the
fruits through mechanical injuries.

406 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

MARKETING.

Bahian navels are largely consumed locally. A small proportion of
the crop is sold to steamships calling at Bahia, for table use. Some
seasons a small amount of fruit is sent to Rio de Janeiro or other nearby
markets. In an experimental shipment of carefully handled oranges
from Bahia to "Washington, D. C, taking three weeks, we found less
than one per cent decay. There is no doubt but that with careful
handling and proper conditions during transit, the Bahian navels can
be exported to any markets reached bj^ established steamship lines.

The average price secured by the growers for the navel oranges is
two cents each. The average price at which these fruits are sold in the
market is three cents apiece. The buyers load the fruits in baskets
called cassuas, arranged for attaching to either side of crosstree saddles
called cangalhas. The saddles fit the mules or horses and the baskets
hang on both sides, thus balancing the load. Each basket holds about
one hundred fruits. In other cases we frequently observed men and
women carrying baskets of oranges on their heads from the orchards to
the markets in the city, in some cases a distance of several miles. The
fruits are usually picked in the early morning, and sold during the day.
The fruits are sold in the markets, and are peddled about the residential
streets by the natives. From early in the morning until late in the
evening in Bahia we heard the familiar cry of these men, "Laranja
Selecta de Umhigo Mucha Doce," or very sAveet select oranges with
navels.

BUD VARIATIONS.

Remarkable bud variations were observed in citrus and other plants
in Brazil. One orange called Citrus, verticelliata has astonishing varia-
tions in leaf structure, forms, habits of growth, fruits and other
characters. The tendency for the production of navel fruits was found
to be common with all varieties of citrus fruits observed. The so-called
Australian navel orange was observed as limb sports in otherwise stand-
ard type trees, as individual fruit sports in such trees, and as individual
trees in navel orchards. The interesting segregation of different types
in sections was frequently found. The character of the navel, the size,
shape, and other character of the fruits varied markedly in some cases
in the same tree. The origin of the navel variety is an instance of the
importance of citrus bud sports in the development of citrus fruits in
Brazil.

SUMMARY.

All available evidence proves that the navel orange of Bahia origi-
nated about 1820 as a bud sport from the selecta variety, and was first
propagated by a Portuguese, the first man to use this method of plant
propagation in Brazil.

The Washington navel orange was introduced into the United States
by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1870 from Bahia,
Brazil. The first trees sent to California by the department were
planted on the L. C. Tibbets ranch at Riverside about 1875, and these
two trees are still living, the property of the city.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

407

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o

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408 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The navel orange groves of trees of our west and of several foreign
countries are directly descended from the Tibbets trees. The great
commercial success of the navel orange industry in California is the
foundation upon which the successful citrus industry of this state as a
whole has been built.

The oldest navel orange trees found in Brazil were more than forty
years of age. They are now producing the largest and best crops of any
trees found in that district.

The method of tree renewal for treating diseased trees in Bahia is a
success. The replacing of diseased trees by growing a new top is univer-
sally practiced in that region.

The use of manure in maintaining the citrus trees in productive condi-
tion and improving the quality of the fruit is an established and
successful practice. The liberal use of manure is considered to be
absolutely essential to profitable citrus production. The average annual
production is about one hundred navel oranges per tree.

Scale and other insect enemies of the citrus are evidently controlled
by natural parasites.

The Bahian navel fruits are very different in appearance, quality and
other commercial characteristics from California fruit. For this reason
we may safely conclude that no one can foretell exactly the behavior of
plants under new environmental conditions. Consequently all food
plants introduced should have a wide and careful trial, and in our
opinion all foreign food plants should be tried without too fixed ideas
as to their probable behavior in anj' particular region.

The shipment of bud wood or trees from Brazil is attended with both
difficulty and danger. Great care must be used in packing and condi-
tion of storage and shipment in order to preserve the buds in living
condition. The bud wood should be inspected with the greatest possible
care in Brazil and in the United States in order to prevent the introduc-
tion of insect enemies, fungous diseases or other parasitic pests.

The discovery of the Bahia navel orange by a traveler in Brazil is a
good illustration of the importance of careful observation of food plants
in foreign countries by all travelers. All information about new food
plants found in this way is likely to prove of value. Through the office
of Seed and Plant Introduction of the United States Department of
Agriculture, such information can be followed up, and if desirable,
supplies of bud wood or seed be obtained for trial in this country.

We found a total of about 76,000 navel orange trees near Bahia. The
orchards are located on hilltops or hillsides. The orange growers are
prosperous and an effort is being made by the local government to
extend the culture of this variety.

A permanent cover crop of Para grass in connection with the liberal
use of cow manure was the most successful method of culture observed,
under the conditions of an average annual rainfall of about fifty inches.

Citrus bud sports are common in the orchards observed. The origin
of the navel orange from this cause is proof of the importance of this
condition in the improvement of citrus fruits.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

409

CROP REPORT AND STATISTICS.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

(November 1, 1916.)

By E. J. VosLER.
Compiled from the reports of the County Horticultural Commissioners.

County

Grapefruit

Lemons

Olives

Oranges

»

#

#

K

tt

#

40

]i(i

»

#

#

9

#

#

#

it

»

#

#

tt

#

100

100

i(ii»

#

§

tt

tt

#

tt

it

tt

tt

tt

it

tt

tt

tt

100

10 1

tt

it

#

#

tt

tt

#

tt

100

100

60

100

tt

#

100

tt

tt

#

#

it

tt

#

90

it

tt

#

#

tt

it

#

#

S

#

#

#

it

#

#

#

tt

100

100

75

100

#

#

70

90

90

90

CO

8;)

100

100

80

95

#

#

tt

#

£0

90

75

95

100

75

100

100

#

#

75

tt

#

85

100

tt

#

tt

tt

if

#

tt

#

it

tt

tt

10

a

it

tt

#

it

tt

tt

#

tt

it

#

#

tt

tt

tt

75

tt

tt

n

95

90

tt

tt

60

tt

95

95

95

91)

tt

100

—

100

tt

tt

60

#

tt

tt

68

tt

Alameda

Butte

Colusa

Contra Costa -.

ILl Dorado

Fresno

Glenn

Humboldt

Imperial

Kern*

Kings

Lake

Lo? Angeles __.

Madera

Mendocino

Merced

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Nevada

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

San Benito

San Bernardino

San Diego

San Joaauin ...
Santa Barbara .

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz

Shasta

Siskiyou

Solano

Sutter

Sonoma

.Stanislaus

Teharaa

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo*

Yuba

•No reports since October 1, 1916.

tt Crop not grown commercially.

—Horticultural Commissioner has insufficient information for report.

Figures in table indicate condition of crop in per cent, on the basis of 100 as normal.

410

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

STATISTICS.

Estimated per cent of the total crop of the principal California fruits grown In each ol the
main producing counties during a season of normal production. Compiled from the reports of
the county horticultural commissioners.

County

a

35

a

2^

a

^

o

o

13

^

n3

■tJ

ai

— p

o

ft

si

O 3

•a o

SB

a M

n to

o«

o

rt

O

<0

3

3

a

O

3

3

3

'^

^-'

^-^

'— '

"-'

<t 3

Alameda *

Butte 12

Colusa - 4

Contra Costa ...' 11

El Dorado —

Fresno

Glenn •

Humboldt .-

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings — -

Lake *

Los Angeles 2

Madera *

Mendocino

Merced *

Modoc

Monterey *

Napa I *

Nevada

Orange

Placer ♦

Riverside 3

Sacramento 6

San Benito *

San Bernardino —

San Diego *

San Joaquin 12

San Luis Obispo.. *
Santa Barbara ...

Santa Clara *

Santa Cruz

Shasta *

Siskiyou

Solano 6

Sonoma ' •

Stanislaus i 6

Sutter - 9

Tehama *

Tulare •

Ventura —

Yolo 11

Yuba I

12

2

«

*

«

«

3

*

4

*

•

3

*

7

*

• '

5

6

«

4

■ 4 '

«'

51

16

14

6

5 i

o3

31

25

*

2

21

26

3

2

7
16

10

5
15

14

14
2

11
5

?fi

10
14

5

•

•

11

•

6

18

2

13

7

31

5

10

s,

*

«

4

8

•

2

5

*

•

*

2

•

2

«

•

A

•

3

•

• 18

• i .

39

18
16

*

2
4

55

4
12

30

38

10

•Less than 2 per cent of state's normal crop grown in county.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered In exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

G. H. Hecke, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Harrt S. Smith Superintendent State Insectary

Frederick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,
California, under the act of June 6, 1900.

To the Fruit Growers of California. — My appointment as State
Horticultural Commissioner is accepted with the full knowledge of the
grave responsibility that is assumed. In the future development of
our greatest industry the State Commission of Horticulture must play
an important part. As fruit grower, County Horticultural Commis-
sioner and Farm Adviser, my whole energy has been devoted to
horticultural affairs, and while it is with a full recognition of the
arduous duties ahead that I enter the broader field, yet if California
horticulture is advanced even in the smallest way, the labor itself will
be a sufficient reward.

There is much constructive work to be done in legislation. As was
pointed out at the Visalia Fruit Growers' Convention, while the majority
of our laws are in themselves strong and effective, still in their relation
to each other they are often weak and inconsistent, showing the lament-
able effects of patchwork legislation. Our horticultural statutes must
be standardized and coordinated, and yet great care must be exercised
to see that we "hold fast that which is good." We have reached a criti-
cal point in our horticultural affairs and the usefulness of the Horticul-
tural Commission in the future will largely depend upon the intelligence
and energy with which this matter of legislation is handled. Certainly
all will agree with me, after reading the names of the fruit men w^ho
compose the legislative committee, th^t the intelligence and energy will
not be found wanting. The enforcement of our horticultural laws is
centered in the County Horticultural Commissioner. With each fruit
county having such an officer working in closest harmony with the State
Horticultural Commission we can achieve many things which in the past
have been difficult if not impossible. In the State Horticultural Com-
mission the County Horticultural Commissioner expects to find a clear-
ing house of horticultural information and it is very much to be desired
that we meet with these expectations.

412 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The state commission should cooperate to the fullest extent with the
other state institutions which are also serving California horticulture :
the State University, the State Agricultural Society, the State Com-
mission Market, the State Viticultural Commission, and others.

The protection of our orchards and farms against the introduction of
insect pests and plant diseases from foreign countries by quarantine
measures has already received most careful attention from my predeces-
sors, and the fruit growers of. California may rest assured that this
important work shall not only be continued in all its present effective-
ness, but shall be expanded in every possible way.

The scientific work of the State Insectary has my fullest sympathy.
When we can obtain, by the expenditure of a few hundred dollars,
parasitic and predaceous insects which will be working for the growers
not only this year and next, but for all time, no argument is needed to
convince us of the desirability of further efforts along this line.

The Monthly Bulletin has made a place for itself in the library of the
California horticulturist and with a few minor changes will be continued
as before. We hope that the County Horticultural Commissioners and
other horticultural officials will feel free to use this organ to discuss
their many problems.

In the retention of the entire staff from the administration of my
predecessor the services of a wide-awake, earnest and loyal corps of
assistants have been obtained. And it is with a feeling of self-
congratulation that this announcement is made public, for with an
experienced corps of workers behind the Conunissioner, he can expect
to give his own time to the constructive work which of necessity must
be done.

With an experienced office force, with the loyal cooperation of the
coimty horticultural commissioners, and with the active support of the
fruit growers themselves we can accomplish much. Let us recognize the
good work of previous years, and let us forget our mistakes of the past,
excepting in so far as they may help us to avoid their repetition. It is
only by unified, concerted action that we can give California horti-
culture its due. — G. H. Hecke.

Nurserymen's Sixth Annual Convention. — The Sixth Annual Con-
vention of the California Association of Nurserymen was held in Santa
Barbara on October 26, 27 and 28, 1916. A fairly good attendance and
an interesting program resulted. There seemed to be general disappoint-
ment over the fact that a large number of nurserymen did not respond
to the invitation to attend this meeting. The nurserymen's problems
are many, and united effort is needed in order that their business may be
conducted in the most satisfactory manner. The writer had the pleasure
of meeting with those in attendance at Santa Barbara and throughout
their deliberations was impressed with the great service that is being
done by the California nurserymen. Without the interest and help
which they have shown in the introduction and development of new
varieties of trees and plants, and the improvement of those already
existing within our state, there Avould not have been the progress which
has been so marked in the plant world. The Association deserves the
patronage of every reputable nurseryman in the state of California.

It is worthy of note that Mr. Chas. W. Ward, president of the Cottage
Garden Nurseries, Long Island, N. Y,, now heavily interested in the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 413

Holland l)ii]l) business in California, was in attendance at the meeting.
Mr. Ward has recognized the possibilities in growing wholesale quan-
tities of })ulbs which have in the past been imported from Holland. He
has chosen Humboldt County for his field of operations and is now
developing a business of considerable magnitude. Some excellent speci-
mens of California grown Holland bulbs were exhibited during the
convention and it is already safe to predict that a large share of the
bulb business that Holland has been doing with the nurserymen of
California will soon come to this state. — G. P. W.

Conference of Cotton Producers and Importers. — A meeting of the
cotton producers of the Imperial Valley, the State Commissioner of
Horticulture, the Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer and representatives
of the cotton seed importers was held at Calexico October 26th to con-
sider the importation of cotton seed into California from Mexico. As a
result of the conference the Horticultural Commissioner of Imperial
County, Mr. F. W. "Waite, was appointed by the writer as special
inspector to supervise the incoming shipments of cotton seed from
Mexico, and to prevent the use of imported seed for purposes other than
manufacturing. This arrangement will safeguard the regulations laid
dovm in quarantine order No. 26 of the State Commissioner of Horti-
culture.— G. H. Hecke.

Second Meeting of the Committee on Horticultural Legislation. —

The second meeting of the standing committee on Horticultural Legisla-
tion was held on October 14th at the State Capitol. Those present were
C. C. Teague, W. W. Hinsey, J. J. Brennan, E. W. Lewis, J. W. Jeffrey,
A. W. Tate, A. L. Wisker, C. F. Collins, Frederick Maskew, G. P. Wel-
don, G. H. Hecke, F. B. McKevitt, Geo. C. Roeding, Harry Chace, James
Mills, Col. Harris Weinstock (represented by Edgar Allen Forbes),
E. A. Gammon, John E. Gardner, L. M. Spiegl, C. E. Virden, H. E.
Butler (represented by Geo. E. Kellogg) , and H. C. Rowley. Mr. C. C.
Teague of the Limoneira Company of Santa Paula was selected to fill
the vacancy on the original committee of three, appointed by the Visalia
Fruit Convention (which vacancy was caused by the appointment of
Mr. G. H. Hecke as State Commissioner), this committee now consisting
of Messrs. Hecke, Wickson and Teague. This committee was given
power by the standing committee to add to the membership of the
general committee, and to act as the governing body of the general
committee. Further discussion of the proposed amendments to the act
relating to the County Commissioner of Horticulture took place. The
Standardization of Fresh Fruit Packing Law, chapter 659, Laws of
1915, was discussed and the following changes in this law proposed and
endorsed by the standing committee.

In section 1 of the act to eliminate the clause "For interstate and
foreign shipment."

It Avas decided to eliminate section 4 of the act entirely.

Section 6 was changed so as to read, ' ' The fruit shall not vary in size
in each layer more than 10 per cent."

Section 7 was amended to read "Grapes shall show a sugar content of
not less than 18 per cent Balling's scale, except Emperors and Corni-
chons, which shall show not less than 17 per cent Balling's scale."

414 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

It was decided to introduce a clause into the standardization laws
permitting the shipment of scabby or otherwise defective fruit to can-
neries and by-product factories, etc. This clause was necessary because
of the fact that in section 1 the phrase "For interstate and foreign
shipment" was eliminated. In the past the poorer fruit has been
shipped to local markets, and to provide an outlet for this class of fruit
this clause was necessary.

In order that the reader may intelligently understand these amend-
ments we are printing again the Standardization Law.

STANDARDIZATION OF FRUIT PACKING.

An act to establish a standard for the packing in the state of California
of the kinds of fresh fruits specified in this act, for sale or for trans-
portation for sale, for interstate and foreign shipment, and to
prevent deception in the packing; also to establish a system of
inspection for the same.

Chapter 659, A. B. 851, 1915.
[Approved June 10, 1915. In eifect August 9, 1915.]

The people of the state of California do enact as follows:

Section 1. There is hereby created and established a standard for
the packing of fresh fruits, for interstate and foreign shipment, of the
kinds specified in this act.

Sec. 2. Any box, basket, package or container of fresh fruit of the
kinds specified in this act, which shall be packed and offered for sale or
for transportation for sale, shall be packed in accordance with the
specifications herein made.

Sec. 3. All deciduous fruits of the kinds specified in this act when
packed shall be practically free from insects and fungous diseases.

Sec. 4. All fresh fruit of the kind specified in this act which shall be
sold in bulk or loose in the box without packing, shall be exempt from
the provisions of this act.

Sec. 5. All cherries packed in boxes or packages shall contain fruit
of practically uniform quality and maturity and one variety only,
excepting that such boxes or packages may contain more than one
variety if such fact be plainly stamped on the outside of the box or
package with the words "Mixed Varieties" with letters one-half inch
high. Each box or package shall be stamped on the outside with the
minimum weight of contents, and name of variety or varieties.

Sec. 6. Peaches, apricots, pears, plums and prunes, shall be of prac-
tically uniform size, quality and maturity. When packed in crates,
packages or containers made up of two or more sub-containers having
sloping sides, for the purpose of ventilation of the fruit therein, the
fruit shall not vary in size more than ten per cent and no layer below
the top layer shall contain a greater numerical count than the top layer.
Each box, crate, package, container or sub-container shall be stamped
upon the outside with the minimum weight of its contents. Each box,
crate, package or container, except sub-containers, shall bear in plain
letters the name of the variety contained therein. When packed in a
box, package or container having perpendicular sides and ends, each
box shall contain approximately the same numerical count in each layer ;

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 415

provided, that when peaches are packed in boxes, packages or containers,
having perpendicular sides the box, package or container shall also be
marked upon the ontside of the end thereof in plain figures with the
approximate number of peaches in the box, which shall be within four
peaches of the true count.

Sec. 7. Grapes packed for table use shall be of uniform quality and
maturity and shall be well matured and show a sugar content of not less
than seventeen per cent Balling's scale, except Emperor, which shall
show not less than sixteen per cent Balling's scale. Each crate or other
package and containers therein shall bear in plain figures the minimum
weight of contents. Each crate or package except sub-containers shall
be stamped in plain letters, with the name of the variety.

Sec. 8. Berries shall be packed in uniform packages of dry quart
containing an interior capacity of 67.2 cubic inches, or dry pint contain-
ing an interior capacity of 33.6 cubic inches and shall be reasonably
uniform in size, quality and maturity throughout the package or
container.

Sec. 9. Cantaloupes shall be placed in standard crates 12 x 12 x 23|
inches containing forty-five cantaloupes of uniform size and maturity.
Pony crates 11 x 11 x 23^ inches containing forty-five cantaloupes of
uniform size and maturity. Jumbo crates 4^ x 13| x 23-J inches con-
taining twelve cantaloupes of uniform size and maturity or containing
fifteen cantaloupes of uniform size and maturity.

Sec. 10. All boxes, crates, packages or containers of deciduous fruits
of the kinds specified in this act, except sub-containers, when packed
and offered for sale, or for transportation for sale, shall bear upon them
in plain sight and plain letters on the outside the name of the orchard,
if any, and the name and post-office address of the person, firm, com-
pany, corporation or organization, who shall have first packed or
authorized the packing of the same, also the name of the locality where
the fruit is grown.

Sec. 11. In counties having a county horticultural commissioner it
shall be his duty (and the duty of his deputies) acting as inspectors,
which office is hereby created, to enforce the provisions of this act.
Additional inspectors shall be appointed by the county horticultural
commissioner, upon petition of like nature and at the same pay as
provided in section twelve of this act ; provided, that any county having
and enforcing a standard higher than the standard in this act shall be
exempt from the provisions of this act upon declaration to such effect
by the state horticultural commissioner.

Sec. 12. In a city and county or in counties having no county horti-
cultural commissioner, or deput3'', it shall be the duty of tlie county
board of supervisors, upon petition filed with them to appoint inspectors.
Said petition shall be signed by at least twenty-five bona fide fruit
growers residing in that county, or city and county. The inspectors
shall receive for their services the sum of three and one-half dollars per
day to be paid monthly upon warrants drawn upon the county treasurer.
Upon the petition of twenty-five resident freeholders who are fruit
growers or shippers of fruit, the county horticultural commissioner, or
board of supervisors, where there is no county hortiL-ultural commission,
shall immediately remove said inspector for neglect of duty, malfeasance

416 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

in office, or general unfitness for office. In case of such removal the
office shall immediately be filled.

Sec. 13. Any person, firm, company, corporation, or organization,
who shall knowingly pack, or cause to be packed, fruit of the kinds
specified herein, in boxes, crates, packages, containers, or subcontainers,
to be offered for sale or for transportation for sale, in wilful violation of
this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Sec. 14. All laws in conflict with this act or any part thereof are
hereby repealed.

Sec. 15. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this
act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional such decision shall not
affect the validity of the remaining portions of this act. The legislature
hereby declares that it would have passed this act, and each section,
subsection, sentence, clause and phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact
that any one or more other sections, subsections, sentences, clauses or
phrases be declared unconstitutional. — E. J. V.

Mysterious Vine Disease. — The State Board of Viticultural Commis-
sioners, through its executive officer, E. M. Sheehan, is undertaking an
investigation of a peculiar vine trouble that has appeared in the Tulare-
Fresno grape districts and possibly elsewhere during the last three
seasons. The vineyards of these two counties as a whole were never
more vigorous nor abundantly fruitful than they were this year, and in
strong contrast are the few spots of diseased or failing vines found in
scores of vineyards, ranging from a few plants to more than an acre in
the worst cases. It does not appear that a thorough examination of this
malady has ever been made, but experts have determined that the cause
is not Phylloxera, Anaheim disease, fungus or bacteria. These elimina-
tions have rendered the attack somewhat mysterious, yet the ravages will
go on unchecked if some means of preventing them can not be discovered.

Early in October the Horticultural Commissioner of Tulare County
invited the writer to visit the affected localities, and this survey justified
the Viticultural Commission in looking more closely into the trouble. A
Aveek later Mr. Sheehan conducted a party of viticultural experts
through the districts affected, and later he induced an expert from
Washington to examine the vines. Of course, these gentlemen could not
locate the cause of the disease or condition without a serious examina-
tion, and thus far no funds seem available to make the long series of
experiments so necessary in cases of this kind. But the Viticultural
Commission, in cooperation with the university and the State Horticul-
tural Commission, is determined to see the matter through, and is now
casting about for the means with which to do it. Further information
will be given if developments follow, as the same trouble may appear in
other localities not heretofore affected.

An outbreak in the large vineyards near Dinuba is typical of many
others, and affects the plants in the following manner: The stricken
vines begin the season's growth with normal vigor, with a full develop-
ment of the canes, and for several weeks no unusual appearance can be
detected. About midsummer the full-grown canes lose all their leaves,
and shortly a small, sickly leaf appears at each axil, remaining till late
in the fall. Meantime, the fruit has failed to mature and withered away.
The second season the malady has sickened the vines and during this

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 417

year or the next, many of them die. No variety is immune, spots having
been located amonp: the Emperor, Malaga, Muscat, Zinfandel, Tliomp-
son's, Mission, and some other varieties. So far a.s has been determined
the trouble is not confined to particular soils, nor influenced by irriga-
tion, though in all vines removed the roots give evidence of decay
preceding the final death of the plants. — J. W. Jeffrey.

The Hassler Bartlett Pear. — For the past three years the writer has
been interested in a study of a new variety of pears which is growing
in the orchard of J. E. Hassler at Placerville. Mr. Hassler states that
the tree is a seedling which grew up in a chicken yard after a fire. It
resembles both the Bartlett and Winter Nelis varieties; the general
shape and appearance being like that of the former variety, while the
curved, rather long slender branches, are characteristic of the Winter
Nelis. Blooming takes place from ten days to two weeks later than the
Bartlett and the fruit ripens with the Winter Nelis. This season it was
ready to pick on October 15th. Many specimens are shaped exactly like
Bartlett, others resemble Winter Nelis.

The flavor of the fruit is like that of the Bartlett, if anything a little
sweeter and a little finer. The grain is coarse and herein lies the
only undesirable characteristic that the fruit has developed so far.

The tree has borne well each season since it came into bearing and
promises to be something that is well worth propagating. A full descrip-
tion and photographs of both the tree and fruit will be published in
"Pear Culture in California" which will be ready for distribution
within the next year. — G. P. W.

Southern Horticultural Commissioners Discuss Horticultural Legis-
lation.— A meeting of the Horticultural Commissioners of southern
California counties with the State Commission of Horticulture and his
deputies was held on October 25th, in the office of the quarantine officer
in Los Angeles. The proposed amendments to the act relating to the
County Commissioner of Horticulture, as contemplated by the standing
committee on horticultural legislation, were approved in the main by
the commissioners. Those in attendance were Frederick Maskew, A. S.
Hovt, Roy K. Bishop, C. W. Beers, William Wood, H. ]\I. Armitage,
D. "d. Sharp, F. W. Waite, J. P. Coy, B. R. Jones and the writer.—
G. H. Hecke.

California Fruit Growers' Exchange to Cooperate with the State
Commissioner of Horticulture. — The writer and Chief Deputy Quaran-
tine Officer, ]\Ir. Frederick Maskew, had the pleasure of addressing a
recent meeting of the board of directors of the California Fruit
Growers Exchange held in Los Angeles. It was indeed gratifying to
have the directors of this Fruit Exchange express, in no uncertain terms,
their desire to continue their cooperation, as in the past, with the State
Commissioner of Horticulture. The policies of the conmiission as out-
lined were endorsed.- — G. H. Hecke.

418

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT.

CODLING MOTH SPRAYING IN YUCAIPA, 1916.

By J. B. Hundley.

Orchard
number

Date of

blossom

spray

Date of
second
spray

Date of

Date of

Result,

third

fourth

per cent

spray

spray

wormy

Kind
lead arsenate

I Pressure
Paste 1 from
or dry | power
sprayer

200 lbs.
250 lbs.
200 lbs.
250 lbs.
200 lbs.
200 lbs.
175 lbs.
20O lbs.
225 lbs.
200 lbs.
175 lbs.
200 lbs.
275 lbs.

April 4
April 19
April 4
April 3

and 24

and 23
and 18

._-! April 8 and 26

7 i April 28

8 I April 9 and 24

*9 I April 31

10 !

11 —

12 ...

13 ...

Mar. 25
Mar. 28
April 20

May 12
May 15
May 12
June 24
May 11

May 7

May 18

May 11

May 22

July 11

July 18

July 11

July 22

July 17

Sept.
Sept.

July 17

July 11

July 17

July 21

July 15
July 23

4
2
1
25
15
60
15
20

.1

25
45
40
50

Swift & Corona. Both

Corona Dry

Swift & Corona.; Both

Corona Dry

Corona j Dry

Swift 1 Paste

Corona j Dry

Corona j Dry

Corona \ Dry

Corona Dry

Corona [ Dry

Corona ' Dry

Swift Paste

*Sprayed under supervision of J. B. Hundley.
Nos. 11 and 12 pear trees.

Note. — It is not generally known in northern California that in 1916 there were
over 1,200 acres of apples in bearing in the Yucaipa and Victorville sections of San
Bernardino County and over 6,000 acres which had not yet come into bearing. A
large part of this 6,000 acres reported as nonbearing will be bearing in 1917. Owing
to the fact that a few older orchards in the Yucaipa section have been trovibled with
codling moth for years the newer orchards as they came into bearing had consider-
able of their fruit injured by this pest. Realizing that careful spraying would be
necessary for the proper control, Mr. J. B. Hundley, County Horticultural Inspector
for San Bernardino County, at Yucaipa, not only urged the growers to adopt the best
known methods of spraying but undertook the personal supervision of the work in
as many orchards as it was possible for him to give the proper attention with the
limited time at his disposal. The results of the efforts of Mr. Hundley were exceed-
ingly gratifying, as a study of the foregoing table will plainly show. The orchards In
which spraying was done under his supervision, at the right time, and in the most
careful manner, had respectively 4 per cent, 2 per cent, 1 per cent and .1 per cent of
wormy apples, while orchards not sprayed according to his directions, but in which
he made careful observations had respectively 25 per cent, 15 per cent, 60 per cent,
15 per cent, 20 per cent, 25 per cent, 45 per cent, 40 per cent and 50 per cent of their
fruit wormy.

In the case of the orchard in which only .1 per cent of the apples were wormy, the
fruit was of an early variety and was picked on August 25th. Mr. Hundley accounts
for the exceedingly low percentage of worms in this case by the fact that picking was
done early and as a consequence the fruit escaped late worms which in orchards of
later varieties entered commonly in September and which were thought to be larvae of
a third brood which ravaged the crop late in the season.

The results of Mr. Hundley's work are very interesting and add additional testimony
to the fact that codling moth is not easily controlled and that it is only through the
most careful spraying at the most opportune time that the best results can be attained
during seasons when the pest is abundant. — G. P. W.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 419

SOME WEATHERPROOF BANDS FOR USE AGAINST

ANTS.*

By J. R. HoRTON, Scientific Assistant,
Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture.

The use of sticky or other materials applied in a band about the trunks
of trees, the legs of tables and refrigerators where food is kept, stands
supporting beehives, etc., to prevent invasion by ants, and in some eases
by other crawling insects, has become quite general in the United States.
The object of this circular is to give the best formulas for preparing
lasting banding mixtures developed in the course of a long series of
experiments in which some twenty combinations were tested.

Ant repellent bands are u.sually of two types. The adhesive type of
band, which is most generally used, is dependent for its effectiveness
upon the viscosity or stickiness of the ingredients; the second, or dry
type, owes its effectiveness to the presence of chemicals which emit a
poisonous emanation or a disagreeable odor which is repellent to the
insects. Both kinds are found in the market, the first in the form of
bulk tree-sticky, the second as ant tapes or as liquids to be applied with
a brush.

The objectionable features of the various banding preparations which
it was the purpose of the experiments mentioned to overcome are their
shortness of life and inability to withstand changes in the weather with-
out losing their effectiveness. The adhesive type of band, which is the
most practicable for use on a large scale out of doors, suffers a loss of
effectiveness in one or more of the following ways : Eain or fog causes a
slight hardening of the surface of the band over which ants can pass;
exposure to the sun at first softens them but later causes hardening;
cool weather usually has an even more decided hardening effect upon the
.surface, and if this defect is overcome by increasing the proportion of
the more fluid ingredients the bands are apt to run and be too rapidly
absorbed in hot weather.

"While great improvement can be made in the adhesive bands by vary-
ing their consistency so as to keep them soft in all kinds of weather in
which the ants are active, the fact remains that they will gradually
collect bits of trash and dust until they become ineffective. It appeared
that if the banding material could be made to retain its softness indefi-
nitely under all conditions, and at the same time be given a strongly
repellent effect to overbalance the collection of trash, the result would
be a band which would keep out ants for several months, without atten-
tion. As corrosive sublimate, or mercuric chloride, is known to have a
definitely repellent effect upon certain species of ants, a mixture of this
poison and commercial tree-sticky was tried. This mixture was a success
in that no ants crossed it and no spreading or renewal was needed for
about three months. It was found that one part of the powdered corro-
sive sublimate to six parts of the tree-sticky gave the best consistency.
When the ants finally did begin crossing the band on the collected trash,
they were only able to cross very slowly, and plainly showed effects of

*Published in The Monthly Bulletin by permission of Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the
Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture.

420 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

poisoning from the mercuric salt. This material is, however, extremely
injurious to the bark of trees wherever it comes into contact with it,
and would also be too expensive to use on a large scale. Furthermore,
the effectiveness of ihis band seemed in large part due to its greater
softness resulting from the addition of the powder.

The softness of the mercuric tree-sticky band w^as equally well main-
tained by substituting for the mercuric salt flowers of sulphur in the
following proportion :

Finely pulverized flowers of sulphur 1 part by weight.

Commercial tree-sticky 6 parts by weight.

When the sulphur is finely powdered and all lumps broken, the two
ingredients should be thoroughly mixed together, without heat, with a
wooden paddle. This mixture is recommended as one which will remain
effective in rainy, foggy or exceptionally dry weather and at all
temperatures in which the ants will work for periods of from three to
five months. The mixture appears to have a slightly repellent effect
upon the ants in addition to its more lasting viscosity. It must not be
applied directly to the bark of trees as it will be absorbed to some extent
and may in time injure the trees. The trunk should first be wound with
tire or hose-mending tape, or with paraffined or other moisture-proof
cloth to which the banding material should then be applied. The bands
should be from four to six inches wide and nearly one-fourth inch thick.
If properly applied no attention will need to be paid to these bands for
several months.

Another fairly satisfactory mixture developed in the course of these
experiments is composed of one part by weight of ordinary black axle
grease added to two or three parts of commercial tree-sticky thoroughly
rubbed together with a wooden paddle until a uniform mixture results.
Tree bands of this material applied in the same manner as recommended
for the sulphur bands have excluded ants under conditions as trying as
will usually be encountered, without renewing or respreading, for about
two months. The material should not be allowed to come into direct
contact with the bark for long periods of time.

The dry type of ant band is usually made by soaking strips of cotton
cloth in a saturated water solution of corrosive sublimate. These strips
are allowed to dry and then rolled into balls, constituting the "ant tape"
of commerce. The repellent liquids used for banding purposes are
usually water or alcoholic solutions of corrosive sublimate, to be applied
around table legs, etc., with a paint brush. These bands are useless out
of doors because they can not withstand moisture. They are more or less
dangerous to use in the house because after application the extremely
poisonous crystals of corrosive sublimate are more or less exposed to
children and domestic pets.

In the formula here given a method has been devised of binding up
the corrosive sublimate so that it is impervious to rain and can be used
in the household without running the risk of causing poisoning. The
formula is as follows :

Corrosive sublimate 20 gm.

Ethyl alcohol 60 cc.

Orange (or white) shellac 31 gm.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 421

The mercuric salt should be dissolved in the alcohol in a wide-mouthed
bottle. The shellac should then be added and the bottle shaken from
time to time until it is thoroughly liquified. The varnish may be made
to match light or dark furniture as desired by using white or orange
shellac respectively. It should be applied with a paint brush to table or
refrigerator legs where food is kept, or to the supports for beehives, etc.,
in a band from six to eight inches wide, thoroughly covering the surface
where applied. It dries perfectly hard in a few minutes and is abso-
lutely waterproof. It is strongly recommended for use in the household
where, if properly made and applied while fresh, it will remain effective
for more than one year without renewal. It is much more rapidly
exhausted when used on metal, such as stove legs, galvanized iron gar-
bage cans, unpainted metal bedposts, etc., than when painted on wood.
It is advisable to have such articles resting on wooden blocks previously
painted with the banding mixture, rather than paint it directly on to
the metal.

The practicability of using this varnish to protect trees from invasion
by ants must await further experiment. In the few tests so far made
with it as a tree band ants were prevented, except for a few persistent
stragglers, from crossing for about two months. Ants which succeeded
in crossing became sick and many of them died. The band evidently
gives off a distinctly poisonous emanation. These tests were conducted
under the most severe conditions. Large numbers of ants were left in
the trees above the bands, and under such conditions the imprisoned
ants constantly attract, perhaps by stridulation, numbers of others from
below who then make extra efforts to get into the tree.

Painting the mixture directly on to the trees resulted disastrously to
the bark, killing it clear through in a very short time. This injury, or
at least a great part of it, can probably be overcome by soaking strips
of heaA^ cloth in the varnish, allowing to dry, and applying like ordi-
nary ant tape. Considering the cost of alcohol and corrosive sublimate,
however, it is improbable that this band will ever be used to a large
extent on trees. Methyl alcohol is much cheaper than ethyl and will
dissolve a much larger proportion of mercuric chloride, but experiments
have shown that the repellent effect of the mercuric salt is in some way
destroyed by this alcohol which can not, therefore, be substituted.

422 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

QUARANTINE t2 imk S D I V I S I ON.

Report for the Month of September, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.
SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Ships inspected 71

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 3,370

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected _^
Passengers arrivinj

Horticultural imports: „

T-> J ^ r ^ Parcels

Passed as free from pests 56,877

Fumigated 1,341

Refused admittance 56

Contraband destroyed 12

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 58,286

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylU on bananas.

From China:

Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes.

From Hawaii:

Diaspis hromeliw and Pseudococcus hromeliw on pineapples.
Coccus longulus on betel leaves.

From Japan:

Coccid on pears (fruit).
Cladosporium citri on lemons.
Pseudococcus sp. on pot plant.

From Mexico:

Pseudococcus sp. on green cocoanuts.

From Nevada:

Phorbia planipalpis in vegetable resembling mustard plant.

From Tahiti:

Morganella maskelli and Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges and limes.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 23

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 33,285

Fumigated 1

Refused admittance 2

Contraband destroyed 2

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 33,290

Pests Intercepted.
From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylU and Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From New York:

Pseudococcus sp. on rose plant.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 423

SAN DIEGO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 24

Fish boats inspected 35

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 272

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 1,4713

Fumigated 3

Refused admittance 6J

Contraband destroyed 4

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 1,485

Pests Intercepted.

From Canada:

Thistle seeds (shipment by mail).

From Mexico:

Chionaspis sp. on cocoanuts.
Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.

From Michigan:

Cydia pomonella in apples.

From Ohio:

Undetermined scale on ornamental plants.

From Pennsylvania:

Pseudococcus nipw on rose.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 5

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

(No report.)

COUHTim HAVIHG HORTICULTURAL C0miS310H>ES, WITH THE R2SPECTIVS

CITIES IN WHICH THK COUIlSSlOHHiS RESIDE.

County

^r /r.. /C«V >& 5«i nwncisoj

Alamnda

Butta

Colusa

Contra Coflta

Zl Dorado

Fresno

Glann

Humboldt

Imperial

Inyo

Kern

Kings

Lake

Las sen

Los Angeles

Madera

Mendooino

Keroed

Modoc

Monterey

Napa

Kevada

City

•
Oakland
Oroville
Colusa
Martinez
Plftcerville
Fresno
Willows
Eureka
El Centro
Bishop
Bakersf leld
Hanford
Kelseyville
Susanvllle
Los Angeles
Madera
Ukiah
Uerced
Alturas
Aromas
Napa
Grass Valley

County

Orange

Placer

Riverside

Sacramento

3an Benito

San Bernardino

San Biego

San Joaquin

San Matao

Santa Barbara

Santa Clara

Santa Crux

Shasta

Siskiyou

Sonoma

Stanislaus

Sutter

Tehaiaa

Tulare

Ventura

Yolo

Yuba

Santa Ana

Bowman

Rivernide

Sacramento

Hollieter

San Bernardino

San Diego

Stockton ''' '^'5-^'''

Redwood City

Santa Barbara

San Jose

Vfatsonville

Anderson

Yreka

Santa Rosa

Modesto

Yuba City

Red Bluff

Visalia

Ventura

tToodland

Marys V 11 1«

S3' M _
/-»/ O'CrUsftiy. -5 C

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

G. H. Hecke Commisaioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLBR Secretary

MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. CARA BYRNE Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRS. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

QUARANTINE DIVISION.
San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine OfUcei

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court (House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

Certified Potato Seed inspection.
W. V. Shear, Stockton Potato Inspector

Apple inspection Under the Standard Apple Act of 1915.

A. W. Tate, Watsonville Chief Apple Inspector

G. H. Buhrman, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. R. Davis, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. B. Hopkins, Watsonville Apple Inspector

C. H. Wittuer. Watsonville Apple Inspector

•'3

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Califorma

State Printing Office

191G

VOLUME V

No. 12

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

OF

STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

DECEMBER, 1916

CONTENTS.

Page
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RIPENING OF BARTLETT

PEARS W. Y. Cruess and P. M. Stone 425

THE IMPROVEMENT OF NURSERY STOCK A. L. Wiskeb 430

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFIT IN HORTICULTURE

Myrtle Shepard Francis 434

GENERAL NOTES—

Concerning the Monthly Bulletin 438

The Chestnut Bark Disease 438

The Sugar Beet Leaf-hoppeu 440

The Sicilian Mealybug Parasite at Marysville 440

The Forty-ninth Fkuit Growers' Convention at Napa 440

Amendment to Quarantine Order No. 28 , 443

The Eight to One I'^st in Fresno County , 444

Report of the Committee on Resolutions, Forty-ninth State Fruit

Growers' Convention , 445

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT—

CONIUM Maculatum •/. B. Hickman 447

Revision in the List of Horticultural Commissioners 447

ON DELPHASTUS CATALIN^, A VALUABLE LADYBIRD ENEMY

OF THE WHITE FLIES Harry S. Smith and E. J. Branigan 448

QUARANTINE DIVISION—

Report for the Month of October Frederick Maskeiv 451

ERRATA, VOLUME V 453

INDEX, VOLUME V 454

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE
Vol. V. December, 1916. No. 12

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RIPENING OF

BARTLETT PEARS.

By W. V. Cruess and P. M. Stone, Zymology Laboratory, University of California,

Experiment Station, Berkeley.

Bartlett pears for shipment to Eastern markets are picked while still
hard and green in order that they will not spoil in transit. The pears,
ii" not picked too soon, ripen satisfactorily en route or after reaching
their destination. There is, however, a minimum degree of ripeness
below which the pears will not mature properly. In cooperation with
the State Horticultural Commission, preliminary tests were made
during the past season to ascertain if a simple chemical test could be
used to determine when the fruit is ripe enough for shipping purposes.
Unfortunately, the experiment was not started early enough in the
season to obtain the results desired, but the data accumulated seem of
sufficient interest to justify publication. In carrying out the tests
during another season, the samples should be taken at least four to
six weeks earlier than was the case during the past season.

PLAN.

One box samples of Bartlett pears were taken during the shipping
season under the direction of the State Horticultural Commission in
Sacramento, Placer and Contra Costa counties. These were shipped to
the Zymology Laboratory and held at 20 degrees Centigrade or 6S
degrees Fahrenheit until ripe. In addition to this routine method
of ripening, a few lots were ripened under special conditions, some
being placed in a refrigerator, some in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide,
and others in a dessicator; the effects of temperature, carbon dioxide,
and lack of air, respectively, upon the manner and rapidity of ripening
being observed. Disappearance of starch was noted by halving the
pears horizontals and longitudinally and applying a weak solution of
iodin to the cut surface. As soon as the pears were received, the
specific gravity and acid of the juice were obtained for comparison
with similar data to be taken on the ripe and overripe pear juice later.
Samples of the pulp of the green and ripe fruit were retained for
further observation in respect to starch, sugar, and acid. The color,
average size, and weight of the pears from each box were also noted.

27100

426

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

OBSERVATIONS.

Daily observations were then made on the pears as to color, texture,
flavor, starch, etc., and were recorded somewhat as follows:

TABLE I.

Sample No. 1 From Sacramento. Received July 1.

Date

Observations

July 1

July

3

July

i

July

5

July

6

July

7

July

S

July

10

July

11

July

12

July 13

July 14

July 15

July 17

July 2-2

Texture: very hard.

Color: green.

Flavor: no pear flavor; not sweet.

Seeds: white.

Size of pears: 2 3/16" to 2 9/16" in diameter.

Analysis of juice:

Specific gravity l.Oi'O

Acid as malic .341

Balling degree 11.60

Average weight of pears: 5.1 oz. each.

Same in every respect as on July 1.

Same in every respect as on July 1.

Color has become a little lighter. Texture still hard. Starch test shows disappear-
ance of starch around core but still gives starch test near outer edge; this indicates
that the fruit ripens from the core outward.

About same as on July 5, but a little softer. Seems to be a little pear flavor
developing.

Yellowish green color. Texture softer, but "gritty." Slight pear flavor. All but
about outer 1/4" to 3/8" free from starch.

About same as on July 7.

Color light yellow. Texture moderately soft. Fairly ripe. Good pear flavor. Only
small area at base of pears shows remaining starch with iodin test.

Fully ripe. Shows no remaining starch.

Aroma and flavor fully developed. Fully ripe.

Analysis of juice:

Specific gravity 1.053

Balling degree of juice 13.1

Acidity .29

Flavor good but texture getting soft.

Very soft.

Very soft.

"Mushy"— too soft to eat.

Specific gravity 1.049

Balling 12.1

Acid „ .27

Turm'ng brown.

Specific gravity of juice 1.047

Balling of juice 11.6

Acid of juice .— 21

The following table summarizes the data taken on the weights and diameters of
the samples :

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

427

TABLE II.
Average Weights and Diameters of Samples.

Locality

Average

weight in

ounces

.\veracp
minimum
diameter
In incties

.^verape
ma.\lniura
diameter
in Indies

Total

number

of samples

from each

locality

Sacramento

5.88

2.37

2.81

12

Auburn —

5.54

2.25

2.69

5

Martine/. - -- -

5.44

2.34

2.72

5

TABLE III.
Observations on Balling, Acid, and Time to Ripen.
A. Pears from Sacramento.

Date received, 191C

Balling*

when
received

Acid i Balling
when \ when
received j ripe

A cid
when
ripe

Balling

when
overripe

Acid
when

Days to

ripen at

20° C. or

fi8° F.

July

1

July

2

July

10

July

13

July

19

July

24

July

27

July

31

Aug.

3

Aug.

12

Aug.

14

Aug.

17

Average

11.60
10.20
11.00
10.20
11.39
11.90
12.10

12.10

13.30
11.00

14.50

.34
.27
.27
.27
.31
.25
.25

.35
.35
.37
.28

12.02

.30

13.1
11.6
13.3
13.1
11.6
13.1
H.4
13.3
12.8
14.7
13.6
13.6

12.9S

.29
.25
.33
.33
.32
.32
.31
.30
.35
.28
.23
.34

.29

11.6
12.4
12.8
11.4

.21
.22
.23
.26

12.05

.23

11
11
11
13

12
9
9
8
9

10

10

Increase in Balling during ripening .91

Decrease in acid during ripening .01

B.

Pears from Auburn.

July 7

14.3

.45 i 13.6
.41 14.3
.43 1 14.7
.43 15.2
.37 , 15.2

.33
.47
.34
.43
.45

15.0

3'' 10

July 7

; 11.4

12

July 12

13.1

. - — -i 15.0

13

July 14

12

July 22 .

13.8

13

Average

13..52

.42 14.60

.40

I''

Increase in Balling during ripening l.OS

Decrease in acid during ripening .02

C. Pears from Martinez.

July
July
July
July
July

8
10

18
22

26.

Average

11.9

13.3
12.8
12.8
13.3

12.8

.26

.32
.27
.31
.26

12.1
13.5
13.S
13.5
14.0

.24

.28
.30
.28
.35

.29

13.3

.29

12.6
12.6

12.6

.18
.19

.185

11
10
12
10
12

11

Increase in Balling during ripening .50

Increase in acid during ripening .00

♦Bailing means the per cent of sugar, etc., in the .iuice, and is determined in the same way that
the "sugar test" is made in grape juice. (See the Monthly Bulletin for August, 191C, pp. 20.3-29C.)

428

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

General quality as affected by date of picking.

The first pears from Martinez on July 8 retained an astringent taste
after ripening. The succeeding samples developed agreeable flavors
and aromas, indicating that the first sample was near the minimum
degree of ripeness.

The samples from all three localities developed a more agreeable flavor
and aroma as the season progressed, those gathered near the end of the
season being of considerably better quality than those at the beginning
of the series. The texture of the last samples was perceptibly coarser
than that of pears gathered earlier in the season.

Comparison of tree ripened and artificially ripened pears.

The commonly recognized fact that the quality of pears ripened off
the tree is superior to that of tree ripened fruit was noted. The tree
ripened fruit was coarser in texture than the artificially ripened pears
and the flavor and aroma were more pronounced.

Effect of locality on composition.

The pears from Auburn contained more sugar than those from Sacra-
mento or Martinez; the Sacramento pears were lower than those from
the other two localities in this constituent. The average Balling and
acid of the samples as received were as follows. It will be noted that
the differences in composition are not great.

Locality

Average Balling Average acid
when received when received

Sacramento —

12.02 .30
13.52 .42
12.80 .29

Auburn . _. .

Martinez . -. --

Effect of temperature.

Pears were stored at 20 degrees Centigrade and in an ice chest, respec-
tively. The pears at 20 degrees Centigrade ripened in thirteen days;
those in the refrigerator, in twenty-one days. The quality of the pears
after ripening was good in both instances.

Effect of air.

Pears stored in air at room temperature ripened in ten days. Pears
from the same lot stored in carbon dioxide showed practically no ripen-
ing after two months storage at room temperature. Pears stored in a
closed dessicator ripened very slightly in two weeks ; in this case, the
supply of air was small. These tests indicate that oxygen is necessary
for pear ripening. This point is interesting both from the chemical
and practical standpoints and merits further investigation.

Changes in Balling and acid during ripening.

There was a slight increase in Balling, .5 to 1.08 per cent, during
artificial ripening of pears, and practically no change in acid.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 429

Disappearance of starch.

lodiii tests applied to freshly cut halves during ripening indicated
disappearance as the pear became ripe. The disappearance was grad-
ual and not complete until the pears were practically ripe. The starch
disappeared more rapidly from the region around the core than it did
from the outer portion of the fruit.

Effect of date of picking on starch test.

Pears picked at end of the tests gave practically as strong a starch
reaction with iodin as did those picked at the beginning of the season.
Therefore this criterion can not be used in judging ripeness.

SUMMARY.

1. Relation of Balling and acid to suitability of pears for shipping purposes.

The pears picked on or after July 1, with one exception, ripened very
satisfactorily, although the fruit near the end of the season developed
more satisfactorily as regards flavor and aroma than that at the begin-
ning of the season. The sample which did not develop satisfactorily
was 11.9 Balling and .26 per cent acid, a composition not differing
greatly from that of pears which ripened satisfactorily.

The tests should be started earlier in the season to obtain results of
more value on the above point. The Balling and acid tests or a starch
test by iodin do not seem to be of much value in judging the proper
stage of maturity to pick pears for shipment.

2. Increase in Balling of pears on tree during period of tests.

The Balling degree increased between the first and last samples as fol-
lows: Sacramento pears, 2.9 per cent; Auburn, .5 per cent; Martinez,
1.4 per cent. The length of time represented is three to six weeks. The
rate of increase is slow, and it is very doubtful if this test will prove of
much value.

3. Size.

Probably a minimum size will be of more value than a chemical test
in deciding the time of picking. Pears used in the above tests averaged
from 2.25 to 2.81 inches in diameter and 5.69 ounces in weight. From
the data at hand it seems safe to say that pears of this or greater weight
will ripen satisfactorily. For estimation of the size of the pears, prob-
ably either the diameter or weight could be used as a criterion. The
diameter can, however, be more quickly obtained than the weight.

SUGGESTIONS.

1. Determine whether there is any relation between the size of pear
and suitability for shipping purposes.

2. Determine w^hether there is any relation between the specific
gravity of pears, as determined by floating in salt solutions of different
specific gravities, and the suitability for shipping purposes.

3. Determine w^hether there is any relation between "coarseness of
grain" of pulp or color of seeds and suitability for shipping purposes.

2—27106

430 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF NURSERY STOCK.*

By A. L. WiSKBR, Loma Rica Nursery, Grass Valley, California.

Among the several subjects that are of practical importance to the
orchardist today, the improvement of nursery stock is one that never
fails to interest i»oth the man who plants the tree or vine and the man
who propagates it. On the proposition that the improvement of nursery
stock is in every sense desirable, if we are to progress toward perfection
in our horticultural endeavors, orchardist and nurseryman alike find at
least one point upon which they are in complete accord.

While the orchardist can, and does, directly contribute toward this
improvement his opportunities are to some degree limited, and it is
rarely that he actually calls into existence a new variety or improves
an old one. His contribution to our progress must largely consist in
observing the behavior of the hundreds of thousands of seedlings, and
the mutations and bud-sports — Nature's own chance-children — that are
continually coming under his notice. In the past most of our acquisi-
tions in the way of new varieties may be credited to observant orchard-
ists the world over, and while these men were often humble and obscure
they have placed us in their everlasting debt.

In these latter years another class of men has added immeasurably
to our horticultural wealth. These are the plant breeders, who, with
more or less definite plan and an intelligent purpose, have scored a
remarkable advance over Mother Nature's haphazard ways of plant
improvement. We here find the names of such men as Hansen, Munson,
Burbank, Etter, Sharpe and others, all of whom command our admira-
tion when we contemplate their patient industry and perseverance.

Still another factor in the improvement of our orchards and nurseries
has been the work of both scientific and lay investigators in assembling
from the far corners of the earth desirable varieties and new species.
To such institutions as the Arnold Arboretum and to such men as
Gillet, Rock, Roeding, Meyer and Coates, we owe much for accomplish-
ments in this direction.

Of no less importance is the progress made by that body of scientists
attached to the Department of Agriculture and to the several state
universities and experiment stations. These men now have under way
many experiments dealing with such matters as improvements in root-
stocks, designed to meet every condition of soil, moisture and the
underground attacks of insects and plant diseases. Naturally such
experiments must usually be carried on for a considerable period before
wholly conclusive results are accomplished. One of these experiments

♦Address before the Forty-Ninth State Fruit Growers Convention, Napa, Cal.,
November, 1916.

Note. — In view of the fact that the subject of proper root stocks for our fruit trees
is of so great importance, we are publishing this exceedingly interesting article by
Mr. A. L. Wisker, of Grass Valley, who has long been identified with those progres-
sive nurserymen and fruit growers who have been endeavoring to accomplish some-
thing in this field of research. The inembers of the fruit growers' convention wliich
was recently held in Napa recognizing the necessity of further investigation passed a
resolution asking the State Commissioner of Horticulture to appoint a committee of
five to take up the matter of importing root stocks with the United States Department
of Agriculture and the University of California. In accordance with this resolution
I have appointed the following committee: C. W. Beers, A. L. Wisker, B. B. Meek,
James Mills and Harry P. Stabler. — G. H. HECKB.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 431

that lias been in progress long enough to permit definite conclusions
is that of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, where Professor
Reimer has been working for some years with many species of pears
in an endeavor to find a stock that would be free from the disadvantages
of the French seedling.

As is well known to most orchardists, the French root is subject to
great injury from attacks of the pear-root aphis and is particularly
susceptible to pear blight. As it suckers readily and these suckers
often carry blight to the underground parts of the tree, the use of the
French root not only adds to any system of blight control the heavy
expense of eradicating blight from the root, but it at the same time
constitutes an added and needless menace to the life of the tree,

Reimer 's work has been most systematic and has demonstrated that
great improvement in nursery stock will result from discarding the
French seedling and substituting the Japanese or Chinese seedling,
sometimes called the sand pear. For years this was known to botanists
as "Pyrus sinensis," but Rehder, of the Arnold Arboretum, has
recently determined that "Pyrus serotina" is the correct name of the
species generally used by nurserymen under the names "Japan seed-
ling" or "Chinese seedling." This species is quite resistant to attacks
of the woolly aphis of the pear and remarkably resistant to blight.
Reimer repeatedly inoculated the roots of this species with blight
without producing a single case of the disease. At the same time he
made similar inoculations with the same culture in the roots of French
seedlings in adjoining rows, killing 100 per cent with blight.

This species produces a tree of great vigor when used as a stock
for our commercial varieties and makes a perfect union. Although
in satisfactory use in the eastern and southern states for over fifty
years its use on the Pacific Coast dates back less than ten, but its
desirable qualities are now so generally recognized here that it appears
destined to supplant the French root within a short time. Harry
Nicholson, a Tennessee nurseryman, is now using the Japan root in
an experiinental way as a stock for apples, to obtain a root that will
not be injured by the woolly apple aphis — a pest that makes apple
growing impractical in some nurseries.

Nurserymen will welcome the discovery of a stock for apples that
is aphis-proof and which will avoid the cumbersome method, now
practiced to a slight degree, of double-working on Northern Spy, a
variety somewhat resistant to aphis.

Plum growers realize that there is much room for improvement in
the stocks now in use for this fruit. Myrobalan, the stock usually used
for moist soils, is very susceptible to crown gall. The same is true of
the peach root, which is generally used in dry soils. Peach root has
the further disadvantage of making a most unsatisfactory union with
many plums, among them being Diamond, Grand Duke, Yellow Egg,
Robe de Sargent, and Sugar. A stock for plums that will give as
good results on dry soils as the peach, that will make as good a union
with all varieties as Myrobalan, and that will be as free from crown
gall as the Damson, without its tendency to sucker, would be of greatest
advantage to plum growers. Leonard Coates has been experimenting
with several new plum stocks, and as he is already responsible for the
introduction of a number of valuable varieties of different fruits, and

432 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

for the selection and propagation of certain desirable strains of other
varieties already known, it will only be in keeping with his past achieve-
ments if he should score another improvement in this direction.

A seedling peach from China, now the subject of an experiment by
the Bureau of Plant Industry at the Chico station, promises a stock
that is remarkably resistant to alkali. If present expectations are
realized it is probable that peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums and
almonds can be worked on this root and grown on soils now wholly
unsuited to their culture.

An interesting field for the improvement of nursery stock has been
opened up during the past few years by the work of various investi-
gators in propagating from selected strains within any given variety.
Shamel's work with citrus fruits is an example with which all Cali-
fornians are familiar. Authorities on plant-breeding recognize the
occasional occurrence of mutations or bud-sports within a variety that
lead to some modification of type characteristics. These modifications
may be so slight as not to be easily recognized as a departure from the
original type, or they may in truth constitute a sub-variety that rep-
resents a regrouping of varietal traits sufficiently striking to represent
a marked improvement on the original type. Probably many of our
so-called ' ' improved ' ' strains of certain varieties are merely bud-sports
closely resembling the parent type.

The propagation of trees from these mutations is one of the sources
for the improvement of nursery stock that is not yet fully appreciated,
and both nurserymen and orchardists should give greater attention to
the recognition of desirable bud-variants. At the same time, nursery-
men must recognize the fact that bud-sports are as apt to occur in the
descending as in the ascending scale, and should be extremely careful
to take wood for budding or grafting from trees that show the desirable
characteristics of the variety to be propagated. In deciduous fruits
there seems to be less of a tendency toward reversion to a less desirable
type than in citrus, but probably the general principle holds good
with both that an apprecialjle improvement in nursery stock will result
from careful bud selection.

However, it is probable that the hereditary influence of bud selection
merely creates a tendency toward certain results, and that this tendency
may be wholly nullified by unfavorable environment, at least so far as
color, size, or fruitfulness is concerned. These characteristics are vari-
able, often changing in the same tree from year to year, and are so
dependent upon climate, moisture, culture, plant food, and pollination
that it is wholly unlikely that they can be controlled by any improve-
ment or lack of improvement in nursery stock, although it is reasonable
to believe under similar conditions better results will be obtained in
the orchard from nursery stock propagated from trees representative
of the best strains of any given variety.

Although many of the best horticultural authorities of the nation do
not accept the theory that trees can be "pedigreed" in the same sense
as live stock, the evidence is certainly sufficient to indicate that careful
selection of budwood on the part of the nurseryman is a wholly desir-
able practice. In connection with a selection of the best rootstocks

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 433

available, it represents his most important contribution to the improve-
ment of nursery stock, since he is essentially a propagator and dis-
seminator but rarely the creator or even the discoverer of improved
varieties.

In order that nursery stock may be improved in the broadest sense
of the word, the orchardist must be continually on the alert to observe
all that is desirable among Nature's raw materials — the chance seedlings
and bud-sports ; the plant breeder must take the most desirable traits
from the best we have in each fruit and endeavor to combine them;
the scientific investigators of our experiment stations must enter the
practically neglected field of rootstock investigation and determine, not
only the affinity between stock and cion, but the root that is best
adapted to certain soil conditions and best adapted to resist insect
pests and plant diseases; while the nurseryman, profiting by all that
these have done, must get out of the rut of blind and thoughtless fol-
lowing of old horticultural trails that have naught but antiquity to
recommend them, and he must fully understand the great responsi-
bility resting upon him as counsellor and guide to many orchardi.sts.
He should never forget the cruel disappointment to someone that must
inevitably follow either his carelessness or his dishonesty if he should
allow stock to leave his hands other than that which his customer
desires. He must place his business on a higher plane than that of
mere buying and selling and must feel that it is his mission to be an
agent in helping Nature add to the welfare of mankind.

With this fourfold force in intelligent cooperation the improvement
of nursery stock will be greater than we can at this time imagine, and
its effect upon horticultural development will be so far-reaching that
we can not even attempt to estimate the results.

434 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFIT IN HORTICULTURE.

By Myrtle Shepherd Francis, Ventura, Cal.

Do not think that the word "profit" in the title of this paper means
wealth, for if you are to receive any message from me, it must come
from my enthusiasm, my love for my work, and not from my ability to
accumulate money. There is no "get rich quick scheme" in horti-
culture for men or for women, and while it is my hope that all Avomen
who walk the flowery or thorny pathway of horticulture may have a
wide margin of financial profits, I hope, too, that they will realize that
there are other than pecuniary profits ; that health of mind and body,
the joy of blue sky and fresh air, the feel of the good brown earth
to your body, the insight into the many forms of life heretofore
unknown, the friendships otherwise impossible and the freedom from
conventionality will aid them if, at the end of the year, the margin
narrows down and they find that expenses have eaten away the hoped-for
balance.

All sorts of problems confront us today, and women who have been
reaching out for political responsibilities must not shrink from the
physical labor that these responsibilities carry with them. For, with
all of these movements of "Back to the Land" comes the necessity for
the labor of women as well as men, and the time is not far distant when
a woman will drive her traction engine as easily as she drives her auto
today, nor will she feel it a greater hardship to hoe and spade than to
wash or scrub. "Will this woman be an American woman?

California offers greater opportunities for women who wish to pursue
horticulture as a means of earning a livelihood than other states. "We
are entering into a new era; our great Panama Canal is open, suffrage
has put women on an equal footing politically with her brothers and the
same opportunities are offered to her that are offered to them, with the
same hardships, responsibilities and risks that they have, plus home,
children and lack of business experience, quite often, to hamper her.

"What are some of these opportunities that horticulture offers women ?
"Wholesale seed and plant growing, nursery stock, vegetables, small
fruits, cut flowers, decorative work, nature study classes, garden super-
vision, teaching botany, teaching school gardening, landscape gardening,
hybridizing, plant pathology, and general farming; above all is the
opportunity to labor.

One of the most alluring of these occupations, and one that women,
by their finely developed senses, should be eminently fitted for, is land-
scape gardening. It is a field almost untrod by them, and California
gardening as an art is yet in its infancy, so the women who choose this
profession have opportunities undreamed of for pleasure and profit.

California is entering into a new era in more ways than one. The
enormous acreage of cultivated land, the great number of imported
plants, the climate so conducive to the growth of the higher forms of
plant life and also to the "rapid transit" of the lower forms has con-
fronted the growers with all sorts of problems.

There is comparatively little knowledge regarding the diseases that
every plant is host to. Speaking of this need not long ago to a promi-
nent plant pathologist, he answered that there are not enough young

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 435

men willing to give the requisite amount of time necessary to work out
these problems. After years of study there is not great compensation,
except in the results, attached to positions of this kind, which are almost
all governmental ; yet men make a living by them, so why could not
women ?

The day is not far distant when the private garden will be as regu-
larly inspected and treated as the orchard. Why should not women do
some of this work? As yet many of the subordinate inspectors are not
graduates of an agricultural college.

The laboratory holds out much more to interest and inspire, and
women have already distinguished themselves along these lines: Miss
Charles of the Agricultural Department at Washington, D. C, is the
expert on fungous diseases, and Miss Elizabeth Smith of the University
of California is well known for her original work.

Plant pathology is but one of the many ramifications of laboratory
work. Have you ever stopped to think whence comes this perfume — ■
what makes the violet blue — w^hat causes doubleness in certain flowers?
Do you know that you might be the one to find out, if you cared enough
about it? Two English women are working on the problems of color
and doubleness — Miss Muriel Wlieldale and Miss Edith Saunders of
Cambridge. Think of it! Could anything be more poetical than to
discover what causes that velvety red color in the petal of a rose? No,
it would be like any other laboratory work, messing with test tubes and
retorts, in a big apron, and thinking, thinking, thinking.

Many women have been successful in decorative work, which can often
be combined with some other business, and if one has taste, and above
all originality, she could build up a good business in any town of four
or five thousand inhabitants.

What is this mysterious operation called hybridizing, which in its
wider sense is known as plant-breeding ? Simply this, man reaching out
to assist Nature in her evolution of the vegetable kingdom to a more use-
ful and beautiful existence. The woman who enters this field should pre-
pare herself for it by a college course, if possible ; if not, there are books
to be studied asrain and yet aorain. Botany, of course, as a foundation,
then Darwin, Bailey, De Vries, Bateson, Punnett and many others.
Novels will cease to allure when once one becomes interested in this
fascinating work. All the world and his wife may go by but her eyes
will be fixed in the heart of a flower.

When we stop to think of all the marvclously beautiful cultivated
plants we wonder if there can possibly be room for improvement, but
here is where imagination soars and if your soul is receptive Nature will
whisper in your ear, and out of the Infinite, flower forms will float
before you, an ideal ^nll be fixed in your mind and a determination to
realize this ideal, for in the floral kingdom ideals may be realized.

Women Avith but small gardens may experiment and who loiows what
the results may be? Dr. De Vries in his "Species and Varieties"
encourages the owners of small places to be ever on the alert for muta-
tions that occasionally occur and may be of great benefit or beauty to
mankind. But they must remember that they are entering into a part-
nership with Nature, that experiments are costly and that success comes
only with a high ideal, patience and labor. They will gain only what
they give their work. If they put capital and good business judgment

436 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

into it, they will reap the rewards that accrue from them. If they put
love of their work, enthusiasm, perseverance, faith in their ability to
overcome their difficulties, they will reap the rewards these qualities give
a thousandfold. From every direction hands will be reached out to
help, unthought-of friendships will be formed, undreamed-of opportuni-
ties for work and more work and the realization will come that in this,
above all other occupations, it is the work that is important and not the
worker.

But I hear some one say: "You have not told how to make money in
these delightful occupations. " No, that is the individual woman's prob-
lem ; no one can tell her how to make money, it is something inherent in
the woman herself. The woman who has that power will not ask how
nor will she go to the successful woman and ask her what to grow, where
she markets her crops, what are her prices, and where to go into busi-
ness ; she will see her opportunity and grasp it.

So many women are still living in the pattern-borrowing and recipe-
exchanging age and still so ignorant of the ethics of business that it
never occurs to them that it is not just as legitimate to ask another
woman about her business affairs as to ask her whether she sets her
bread with potato or compressed yeast.

Before going into any branch of horticulture a woman should know
her own capabilities. She should know the needs of her locality and not
try to make people who want cabbages buy roses, even though the roses
do please her esthetic taste and cabbages offend it. "When she has
successfully filled the need for cabbages she may try the roses as an
experiment, but experiments are often disastrous affairs and it is just
such experiences that discourage and dishearten women. They do not
realize that their failures are generally due to lack of business experience
and judgment.

"Where are these opportunities? That is another question that women
must answer for themselves. Before they can succeed they must learn
to depend upon themselves.

"Women who go into horticulture can gain wealth and distinction in
one way only: by using the same methods men do who are successful
and giving the best the markets demand, whether it be a plan for a city
garden, a bouquet of orchids, or a crop of onions. The day is past when
we say: "That is well done — for a woman." Admitting that they are
handicapped in many ways they have just that much greater oppor-
tunity of proving what they are by the manner in which they overcome
their difficulties.

In this partnership with Nature are many disappointments in store,
and from the depths of our hearts we are often ready to believe her the
proverbial stepmother. She who enters this partnership must be a
philosopher indeed, for one constantly has to cope with conditions over
which one has no control. Unexpected winds, heat, cold, floods, combine
to reduce the profits each season, while fungi, bugs, thrips, worms and
scales of every description tend to destroy all illusions one ever had as to
the kindliness of Mother Nature until the Avoman who has never had to
cope with her is ready to cry hysterically: "Hail to the dishpan, the
mop, and the broom ; me for the city flat, the typewriter, the telephone !"
So here is the grand opportunity to acquire a chastened spirit and a
contrite heart.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 437

Doubtless some of you will be disappointed that no definite statement
concerning the financial profits of horticultural occupations has been
given in this paper and that there is more to discourage than to encour-
age women from going into them. While I have the utmost sympathy
for women who wish to lead out-of-door lives, I wish to emphasize the
fact that there is no ''light work and easy money" in any of them. Like
other businesses a living can be made, and from small beginnings wealth
is sometimes attained, but that is due to the individual rather than to
the occupation. The main difficulty, as in all other lines, is disposing
of the products, whether they be cut flowers, seeds or professional serv-
ices that are to be disposed of. I wish, too, to emphasize that it is
originality that counts. Try to do something that but few are doing and
tliat you feel you can excel in.

This paper would be unfinished did I not cite the experiences of one
woman whose life has been my chief inspiration. She was a house-
keeper, little children clung to her skirts, poverty stared her in the face,
ill health dogged her footsteps, her only assets were boundless enthu-
siasm, dauntless courage, an overwhelming love of plants and an abiding
confidence in herself. She was almost forty when she began her work
and at her death, twenty-five years later, she was known in two conti-
nents. I refer to my mother, the late Theodosia B. Shepherd. It may
be that you, too, are a housekeeper, that little children cling to your
.skirts, and that it is necessary for you to assist in making the living, too,
just so can you adjust outside work with that inside if the call is strong
enough. You, too, may labor in the burning sun, in cold winds and
damp fogs, with soiled clothing and a tired body ; you will have sorrows,
malice and envy seek to destroy you, friends prove faithless, disappoint-
ments rend your heart; but through it all like Chanticleer, you, too,
will have your work. So if your soul cries out to be free from the
pettiness of daily life, if you long for the blue sky above and the brown
earth beneath your feet and the flutter of a little flower calls you, slip
your hand in that of the Infinite Teacher and follow on.

3— 2710G

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

DEVOTED TO HORTICULTURE IN ITS BROADEST SENSE, WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PLANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND

THEIR CONTROL.

Sent free to all citizens of the State of California. Offered in exchange for bulletins
of the Federal Government and experiment stations, entomological and mycological
journals, agricultural and horticultural papers, botanical and other publications of a
similar nature.

G. H. Hecke, State Commissioner of Horticulture Censor

E. J. VosLER, Secretary State Commission of Horticulture Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

Geo. p. Weldon Chief Deputy Commissioner

Haert S. Smith Superintendent Stat© Insectary

Frbdhrick Maskew Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

Entered as second class matter December 29, 1911, at the post office at Sacramento,

California, under the act of .Tune 6, 1900.

The State Plant Board of Florida has recently issued a quarterly
bulletin which we believe will meet with the same appreciation by
Florida fruit growers as the fruit growers of the state of California
have shown the Monthly Bulletin. If the editor of this publication
continues to serve his readers with the good things he has given in the
first issue there will be no question of its success. It is with consider-
able pride and gratification that we are reprinting herewith a para-
graph taken from this quarterly bulletin. We hope that we have made
our publication of value as the editor of the Florida Bulletin says we
have. It will be our constant effort to keep this publication on a prac-
tical scientific basis.

''The Quarterly Bulletin. In presenting this, the first number
of the "Bulletin," to the farmers and growers of Florida, we
frankly confess to having modeled it after that most excellent
journal, "The Monthly Bulletin," published by the California
State Commission of Horticulture.

' ' For nearly five years the Monthly Bulletin has carried its mes-
sages to the fruit growers and citizens of California, keeping them
informed regarding the latest horticultural methods, the best means
of fighting insect pests and diseases and current information
regarding the efficient quarantine system which has kept so many
destructive insects and plant diseases out of that state. Its num-
bers are in demand wherever fruit is grown, both in the United
States and foreign countries, and it has attained the enviable
position of being one of the foremost publications devoted to the
practical application of scientific knowledge. In launching a
Florida publication intended to serve a somewhat similar purpose
we have elected to follow a good example rather than to try experi-
ments in the — to us— uncharted sea of 'journalism.' "

The Chestnut Bark Disease. — From various reliable sources informa-
tion has come to the California State Commissioner of Horticulture
that the eastern chestnut-growing districts are seriously afflicted with

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 439

the chestuut "blight" or bark disease, which usually results in the total
destructiou of the chestnut groves located in these districts. Tlie con-
stantly diminishing supply of the edible chestnut lias increased the
price to $10 per bushel in the New York market.

In view of the fact that large areas of California foothill lands are
particularly adapted to the cultivation of the chestnut, as indicated by
the remarkable health and bearing qualities of isolated trees, the state
commissioner has started an inquiry through the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture to determine the exact area through which the
disease has spread so far. A particularly virulent attack of the blight
is reported from Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia,
and it is extending rapidly northward through the New England states
as far as the chestnut will grow.

The following regulations and instructions have been sent to the
county horticultural commissioners, as quarantine guardians of the
state, for the purpose of calling their attention to this deadly disease, in
order that they may be on their guard and be especially careful in the
examination of any chestnut trees arriving in shipments of nursery stock
from the East.

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

QUARANTINE REGULATION NO. 6.
Chestnut Bark Disease.

The fact has been determined by the State Commissioner of Horti-
culture that a virulent disease of chestnut trees known as Chestnut
Bark Disease (Endothia parasitica Murr.), new to and not known to
exist in the state of California, is widely distributed in several states
of the United States, and that this disease can readily be transported
on nursery stock.

Therefore, all state quarantine guardians are hereby urged to be
especially diligent in examining chestnut trees imported into the state of
California.

The following description taken from the Year Book of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1912 is here quoted for guidance at time of
making inspection of imported chestnut trees :

"Nursery trees affected by the bark disease rarely show it prominently at the
time when they are shipped ; the threads of conidia or the yellow or orange
pustules are rarely present, and usually all the inspector can find is a small,
slightly depressed, dark-colored area of dead bark, usually near the ground,
which is easily overlooked or mistaken for some insignificant injury. Upon cut-
ting into such a spot the inner bark shows a most characteristic disorganized
"punky" appearance quite different from that of any other bark injury. Occa-
sionally a yellowish brown or reddish band or blotch, either girdling or partly
girdling the young tree, may be seen, which is very characteristic."

All state quarantine guardians are hereby requested to segregate and
hold any and all chestnut trees showing symptoms as described above,
and forward samples in tight containers to the Quarantine Office at
San Francisco for determination.

(Signed) G. H. Hecke,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.
Issued December 4, 1916. — G. H. H.

440 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The Sugar Beet Leaf -hopper. — Not many people in California realize
that in the insect which forms the subject of this paragraph we have a
pest which is one of the greatest drains upon our agricultural industry.
In the single season of 1914 one beet company experienced a total loss
of 7,000 acres of beets and a partial loss on several thousand more, a
loss which, computed in money value, amounted to $1,000,000. While
the leaf -hopper has reached its greatest destructiveness in the Salinas
Valley, it is pretty generally distributed through the northern part of
the state and during the season just passed became alarmingly abundant
in the lower San Joaquin Valley. The beet growers have suffered in
silence, probably because most of them do not yet fully appreciate the
fact that the curly-top disease is disseminated by this insect. The
United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Cali-
fornia are both at the present time actively engaged in a study of this
pest, but its control presents unusual difficulties. In a problem so
serious we should leave no stone unturned to obtain relief, and here the
question arises in regard to parasites and predaceous enemies. While
from the nature of things native insects are not as susceptible of control
by this means as are the introduced pests, still there are possibilities in
this direction which should be taken advantage of, especially in the
introduction of natural enemies of related leaf-hoppers. With the idea
in mind of ascertaining what the commission can do in this line for the
beet grower, the writer, in company with Mr. Smith of the Insectary,
has arranged for a meeting in the Salinas Valley early in December. —
G. H. H.

The Sicilian Mealybug Parasite at Marysville. — On January 21, 1916,
we liberated a small colony of 500 specimens of Paraleptomastix at
Marysville under conditions which were only fair for its establishment.
On November 28th an investigation was made of this colony, and some-
what to our surprise and very much to our gratification it was found
that the parasite had already thoroughly established itself. Many of the
mummified mealybugs were found on the leaves of the infested oleander
and these after being placed in a breeding cage in the Insectary pro-
duced numerous adults of the parasite. This is the northern limit of
the introduction so far, but it already proves that the parasite is well
adapted to our coldest citrus regions as well as to those regions which
have the hottest and driest summer months. This is more than can be
said of many of the introductions into California, most of which thrived
along the coast but failed inland. The past summer was fullj^ as hot
as, and drier than, the normal, and the colony has already passed
through two freezes. The adaptability of this parasite to our climate
seems to be all that could be desired. — H, S. S.

The Forty-ninth Fruit Growers' Convention at Napa. — Everyone
who attended the Napa convention seemed pleased, and a great many
remarked that it was the best convention that has been held in recent
years. From the standpoint of attendance it was above the average
fruit growers' convention, but still the program was one that should
have drawn a crowd five times as large.

Commenting upon the attendance. Editor C. B. Messenger of the
California Cultivator, states, "It was of the best so far as fruit
growers' conventions go, but in no sense equal to attendance at the

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

441

442

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 443

movies." We have no way of telling how many people directly
interested in fruit growing attended the movies instead of the con-
vention, but we do know there were hundreds of fruit growers in
Napa and the adjoining counties, who did not attend, who would
have been benefited had they heard the papers and discussions relating
to their business. We believe also that people not directly interested
in farming would be benefited from lectures by such men as Wein-
stock, Hunt, Mead and McKevitt. So Ave believe there is much food
for thought in the statement which Mr. Messenger makes, and which
means that people Avould rather pay something to be entertained
•with things foreign to their business, than to listen fo a carefully pre-
pared lecture on the things that would help them in their business.

Notwithstanding this criticism of fruit growers' conventions in gen-
eral, it is a fact that many of the best men in the orchard business
attend and benefit through the knowledge gained, and it is hoped that
indirectly such benefits are shared by the majority of the fruit growers.

The tractor demonstration proved a drawing card, and was of much
real practical value. Napa County fruit growers are interested in
orchard tractors, and those who witnessed the demonstrations by the
different makes were not there out of mere curiosity, but because they
expected to purchase tractors, which are rapidly becoming a necessary
part of orchard machinery. — G. P. W.

Amendment to Quarantine Order No. 28. — The following amend-
ment has been made to Quarantine Order No. 28 :

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
STATE COMMISSION OF HORTICULTURE.

AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO QUARANTINE ORDER NO. 28.

Citrus Canker.

The fact has been determined by the State Commissioner of Horti-
culture, that the state of Arizona has declared and is maintaining a
quarantine against the entrance into the state of Arizona of all host
fruits and host plants of the citrus canker, Pseudomonas citri, and
that the citrus canker does not exist in the state of Arizona.

Therefore it is declared that until further orders the state of Ari-
zona is exempted from the regulations of Quarantine Order No. 28.

Quarantine Order No. 28 is amended accordingly.

Gr. H. Hecke,
State Commissioner of Horticulture.

Approved November 28, 1916:
Hiram W. Johnson,
Governor of the State of California.

444 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The Eight to One Test in Fresno County. — The enforcement of the
eight to one standard law on oranges, passed by the board of super-
visitors in Fresno County last October, like the enforcement of the
grape standardization law, has shown that a certain amount of green
and unfit fruit has been shipped out of California. The inspectors
are required to turn down fruit every day that would undoubtedly
be shipped if inspection were not conducted. In nearly every case
the shippers made no protest when condemnation took place, admit-
ting that condemnations were necessary.

Nevertheless, the writer finds the eight to one test, as applied to
oranges in Fresno County, unsatisfactory for the following general
reasons : There are varieties of oranges that will not reach the eight
to one standard. The acreage of these varieties is not large, but the
growers should not be absolutely prevented from shipping until their
trees are grafted over to sweet varieties. Some localities do not
produce fruit that is sweet enough to reach the eight to one test, and
at the same time the oranges will be well colored, and apparently
mature. This condition is possibly due to lack of cultivation or
other unfavorable conditions.

The one month and a half campaign with the eight to one test in
Fresno County was such as to cause the writer to believe more strongly
in the standardization of fruits, and it emphasized the need of edu-
cating the growers in standardization, and to the necessity of packing,
honestly, only fruit that is fit for consumption. — Fred P. Roullard.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 445

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS, FORTY-NINTH
STATE FRUIT GROWERS' CONVENTION.

Be it resolved, That this convention extend its heartfelt thanks and appreciation
to the efficient and courteous Horticultural Commissioner of Napa County, J. J.
Fox, for his untiring efforts to make our stay both profitable and interesting.

To the Napa Chamber of Commerce for its progressive spirit and use of its
splendid building and especially to its courteous and helpful president, Mr. Frank L.
Hunt, whose efforts have materially added to the success of this gathering.

To the citizens of Napa who have thrown open their comfortable homes that we,
their state-wide guests, might be entertained in comfort and with satisfaction.

To the many manufacturers and agents of farm machinery whose splendid
demonstrations have done so much to make this convention valuable and instructive,
and

To all of us who have so cordially contributed to the splendid success of this
convention now closing.

Whereas, The State Commissioner of Horticulture, the Honorable G. H. Hecke,
has shown a deep and comprehensive grasp of the horticultural needs of the state;
therefore

Be it resolved, That we express our appreciation of his endeavors to improve and
foster the varied branches of the interests involved and pledge to him our cordial
and liberal support in his laudable efforts.

Whereas, The Central Stockmen's Association of California, in convention
assembled at Coalinga, California, November 4, 1916, pa.ssed the following reso-
lution ; and

Whereas, The modification of the law contemplated in this resolution will be
advantageous to the members of the California State Fruit Growers' Association ;
and

Whereas, A bill will be introduced at the next session of the legislature of the
state of California providing that all promissory notes secured by chattel mortgages
shall be negotiable instruments ; be it

Resolved, That this association favors the passage of a bill making notes secured
by chattel mortgage negotiable provided this can be done in a practical way.

Whereas, The acreage of prunes and apricots coming into bearing in California
is unprecedentedly great ; and

Whereas, We realize that only through a comprehensive organization of the
growers can the dried fruit markets of the world be exploited in the interests of
the growers ; therefore be it

Resolved, That this convention hereby endorses the principle of the formation
of the cooperative organization of the prune and apricot growers for the purpose
of marketing their products to the best possible advantage to the growers.

Whereas, The beet leaf-hopper is present in the sugar beet fields of California ;
and

Whereas, This insect pest is of such a .serious nature that in one section alone
of California a crop loss of approximately one million dollars was sustained in
1014 due to its ravages; and

Whereas, There is no known artificial remedy for the control of this pest; and

Whereas, The introduction of natural parasite enemies seems to offer the only
relief to the sugar beet growers of this state ; and

Whereas, The sugar cane leaf-hopper of Hawaii has been successfully controlled
by the introduction of parasites ; therefore be it

Resolved, That the fruit growers assembled in convention at Napa lend their
influence toward securing an appropriation during the next legislative session for

446 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

the purpose of sending a collector to foreign countries to search for beneficial insects
to aid in the control of this important pest, the direction of this work to be
entrusted to the State Commissioner of Horticulture.

Whereas, California's most important industry is the production of fruit and
fruit products — fresh, canned and dried — it needs certain help from the st:ate.

We, the fruit growers of California, call attention to the advisability of there
being established at Davis a fruit products laboratory and demonstration plant- —
to be equipped with appliances for investigation and improvement of present
methods, and with evaporators, dry trays, bleaching appliances and a small canning
plant.

We ask that the domestic science classes at Davis, as a part of their courses,
include the study of the proper utilization and cooking of our distinctively Cali-
fornia fruit products.

This matter to be taken up with Dean Hunt.

F. T. SWETT,

G. W. Pierce,

Committee.

Whereas, The Farmers' Protective League, an organization of farmers and
friends of agriculture, has been of great assistance to the rural industries of the
state, and especially helpful in opposing uncertain, hannful or vicious legislation
affecting the business of farming, therefore be it

Resolved, That this convention herewith endorse the work of this league in the
past, and approve of its strong support financially, and in every way that may
properly protect and advance the interests of California, and

Resolved, That the thanks of this convention be extended to the officers and
members of the league for the work accomplished during the two last years guarding
and conserving the welfare of the farmers of the state.

Whereas, Since our last meeting Providence has called our old friend, Russ D.
Stephens, a man who for a quarter of a century has led every fight for the freedom
of the California fruit grower from the dominance of powerful interests, and

Whereas, He was a man of warm heart and loyal friendships, whose courage
never faltered, whose energies and abilities were continually exerted through the
years for the common good ; therefore be it

Resolved, That the fruit growers of California will long remember the debt we
all owe the unconquerable soul of the man who was never afraid to stand up for
that which he believed to be just and right. May we never forget his brave
example. Be it further

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread on the minutes of this convention and
a copy be sent to the family of Mr. Stephens.

Whereas, In the death of Dr. A. J. Cook, State Commissioner of Horticulture,
the state has lost a conscientious and able official and the fruit growers and farmers
of the state one who has for many years devoted his life unselfishly to the upbuild-
ing and development of the agriculture of the state and nation ; therefore be it

Resolved, That this convention express its feeling of appreciation of the good
work that he accomplished during his long, useful life, and its feeling of great loss
in his departure. Be it further

Resolved, That this resolution be spread on the minutes and a copy sent to the
family of Di\ Cook,

A. L. WiSKER,

C. C. Teague,
C. W. Beers,
Roy K. Bishop.
Committee on Resolutions.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 447

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS' DEPARTMENT.
CONIUM MACULATUM.

By J. B. Hickman, Horticultural Commissioner, Monterey County.

Tlie "hemlock" of history and also called by such names as wild
parsnip, wild carrot, etc., locally in different places, is certainly
l)oisonous in all parts, though in varying degrees at different periods
of growth.

It grows luxuriantly along stream banks throughout the coast sec-
tions and in neglected lots and fence corners in every city in the state.
For lack of other materials it is frequently used for greens in bouquets
and tolerated everywhere from pure ignorance.

According to a circular issued by the United States Department of
Agriculture, it claimed as victims an average of four children per
year in Philadelphia, and it is more than probable that other cases
of mysterious deaths among human beings and animals were caused
by this plant.

A somewhat recent circular from the TTiiited States Department of
Agriculture inclines to the belief that the plant's poisonous properties
reside in its root stalk. "While this may be true, in cases under
observation the author has definite statements of at least six recent
cases with fatal results to pigs, goats and calves, and one of poisoning
among horses (which, however, recovered) and all were poisoned by
eating the young second growth of the plant's leaves.

Usually symptoms of poisoning by this plant are so obscure that
the patient is past help before serious danger is suspected.

The plant is a biennial and, cutting before seeding means a clean-up
in two or three seasons. It is needless to say that Conium macnlatum
should be eradicated.

REVISION IN THE LIST OF COUNTY HORTICULTURAL

COMMISSIONERS.

Since the publication of the list of county horticultural commission-
ers, their deputies and inspectors, in the March Monthly Bulletin of
this year, the following changes have been made in the staff of com-
mi.ssioners :

Humboldt County.

Commissioner J. F. Benton, Areata

Marin County.

Commissioner Thos. P. Redmayne, San Rafael

San Luis Obispo County.
Commissioner S. V. Christierson, San Luis Obispo

Yolo County.
Commissioner William Gould, Woodland

448 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

ON DELPHASTUS CATALIN^, A VALUABLE LADYBIRD
ENEMY OF THE WHITE FLIES.

By Harry S. Smith and E. J. Branigan.

During the summer of 1915 the junior author, while engaged in
colonizing the Sicilian mealybug parasite in the vicinity of Pasadena,
came upon a heavy infestation of the white fly, Aleyrodes helloggi, on
Catalina cherry. Close inspection revealed the fact that they were
preyed upon to a large extent by a tiny reddish-brown ladybird. These
were collected and forwarded to the senior author at Sacramento, who
had them identified as Delphastus catalince Horn. Although nothing
was found in entomological literature concerning the habits of this lady-
bird, further study in the field showed that while it fed upon other
species than Aleyrodes helloggi it was confined in its food habits to the
family known as the White Flies. The fact that it confined its attention
to the white flies, but still was sufficiently adaptable to enable it to
thrive on various species of that family, immediately suggested to us
the possibility of its usefulness in Florida as an enemy of the citrus
white fly, the worst insect pest of citrus fruit in that state. It being
at that time too late in the year to attempt collection of the ladybird for
shipment, it was necessary to i^ostpone any effort in that direction until
1916. Consequently during the present summer the insects were
watched for and while they were probably not so abundant as during
the previous year, a colony was obtained and sent to the Florida Agri-
cultural Experiment Station at Gainesville. The following letter was
received a few days later :

University of Florida,

College of Agricidture,

Gainesville, Fla., Sept. 6, 1916.

Dear Mr. Smith :

Your letter of the 31st ult. arrived this morning. The insects
arrived yesterday. Most of them were alive and happy. * * *
I at once supplied them with Dialeurodes citri and am delighted to
report that this morning they are taking to the new material with
avidity. They seem to be especially fond of the eggs. Just now
the white fly is largely in the egg stage. It is to be hoped that
they will like the larvae equally well. Both larvaB and adults have
largely deserted the material that you sent for the fresh. The
insect certainly looks promising and to say that we are delighted
would be expressing it mildly. * * *

You have placed us under a lasting debt of gratitude for your
kindness in this matter and I shall keep you fully informed as to
the progress of the colony.

Yours truly,

J. R. Watson,

Entomologist.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

449

Fig. 140. — The larva of
Delphastus catalinw.
Enlarged. (Original.)

A few weeks later Professor Watson wrote us that the ladybirds were

laying eggs and had already gone through a generation in his laboratory.

Just what will come in a practical way from the introduction of this

ladybird into Florida is a matter for conjec-
ture. As a general proposition not much can
be expected from natural enemies which are
not specific enemies of the pest to be con-
trolled. This is not so true, however, of
predators as of parasites, since they have no
close physiological interrelations with their
liost, and the fact as mentioned above, that the
ladybird under discussion feeds only upon
white flies but is still general enough in its
food habits to enable it to thrive on different
species of that family leads us to the belief
that the experiment is at least well worth
attempting.

There is another important consideration in
this connection and that is that so far as we
have been able to determine Delphastus will
become a new element in the faunal complex
of which the citrus white fly forms the
central part. We have seen no record of
similar species feeding upon the white fly
in Florida, although Mr. AVoglum found a
related form, Cryptognatha flavescens, feed-
ing upon the citrus white fly in India. In
general, the introduction of predators and
parasites which have counterparts in a new
region is of little value, while the introduction
of new species which form a new element
always has great possibilities. The reason for
this is that in the first case the introduced
insects merely replace a portion of the indi-
viduals of the local species, while in the second
case the local insects are not replaced, but the
effectiveness of the introduced species is sim-
ply added to the effectiveness of the species

which already occur in the region and which are of
different habits. This phenomenon is easily observed
in nature. Reasoning from this standpoint, the
introduction of Delphastus into Florida should prove
of value.

Delphastus catalince is a small chestnut-colored
ladybird about 1^- mm. in length. The 'legs are
bright yellow. The larva is white or yellowish white
and covered with rather long hairs. It pupates
within the larval skin, generally at the base of the
tree, on the bark or fallen leaves, frequently in large
clusters. Sometimes it crawls into porous soil. The

Fig. 141. — The adult of
Delphastus catalinw.
Enlarged. (Original.)

Fig. 142. — The egg
of Delphastus
catalina:. En-
larged. (Orig-
inal. )

pupa itself is white with black eyes.

450

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

The ladybird feeds principally upon eggs and newly hatched larvae

of white flies, both in the adult and larval
stages. It occasionally also feeds upon the
adult insects.

^Delphashis catalincB was originally
described by Dr. Geo. H. Horn, in the
Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society, Vol. 22, 1895, pp. 82-85, as
Cryptognatlia catalince, from a single
specimen captured on Catalina Island by
Professor H. C. Fall. Later Captain
Thomas L. Casey placed it in the new genus
Delphastus which he described in the
Journal of the New York Entomological

Fig. 143. — Pupal cases of Del- Cir,ni(^Ur Vnl 7 -nr, 111—119
phasus catalince on piece of 'J'J'-icLy, v ui. < , pp. -i-J-J- -lj-^.

bark. (OriginaL)

*We are indebted to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke of the University of California for look-
ing up literature wliich was inaccessible to us.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 451

QUARANTINE tJ^JS DIVISION

Report for the Month of October, 1916.

By Frederick Maskew.

SAN FRANCISCO STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 80

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports 2,379

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 108,866

Fumigated 1.002

Refused admittance 52

Contraband destroyed 18

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 109,938

Pests Intercepted.

From Central America:

Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas.
Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.

From China:

Lepidopterous larvae in walnuts.
Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes.
Weevils in chestnuts. ,

From Hawaii:

Diaspis bromeliw and Pseudococcus bromelicc on pineapples.

Coccus longulus on betel leaves.

Chrysomphahis aonidum, Lepidosaphes beckii and Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.

Chrysomphalus aoniduvi and Pseudococcus sp. on bananas.

From Holland:

Merodon equestris in bulbs.

From Japan:

Heterodera radicicola in Irish potatoes.
Pseudaonidia duplex on camellia,
Tribolium ferrugineum in ground rice.
Weevils in chestnuts.

From Massachusetts:

Lepidosaphes ulmi on twigs found in barrels of cranberries.

From Mexico:

Pseudococcus sp. on croton.
Chrysomphalus scutiformis on oranges.
Lepidosaphes gloverii on limes.
Calandra oryzw in canary seed.

From New Zealand:

Psyllids and Aphids on Brachyglottis plants.
Aspidiotus hederw on palm.
Chionaspis sp. on orchid.

From Pennsylvania:

Leaf miner in Japanese iris.

From Venezuela:

Diaspis boisduvalii and Isosoma orchidearum on orchid.

452 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN.

LOS ANGELES STATION.

Ships inspected 30

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 116,010J

Fumigated 24

Refused admittance 10|

Contraband destroyed "s

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 116,052

Pests Intercepted.
From Arizona:

Chrysomphalus aurantii on oranges.

From Arkansas:

Aleyrodes sp. on crape myrtle.

From Central America:

Pseudococcus sp. and Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas.

From Florida:

Aleyrodes sp. on unidentified shrubs in foliage.

From Kansas:

Cydia pomonella on apples.

From Mexico:

Calandra sp. on tamarinds.

Unidentified Dipterous and Lepidopterous larvje on dates.

From New Jersey:

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Diaspis hoisduvalU, Saissctia hemisphwrica and
Eucalymnatus perforatus on orchids.

From New York:

Aleyrodes sp. and Parlatoria pergandii on lemon plants.

From New Zealand:

Saissetia olecB and Aspidiotus camelUw on Diosma sp.
Psyllids on Brachyglottis sp.

From Oregon:

Rhizoctonia on potatoes.

Lepidosaphes uhni and Aspidiotus perniciosus on appies.

From Pennsylvania:

Aspidiotus hederw on kentia plants.

SAN DIEGO STATION.
Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 25

Fish boats inspected g^

Passengers arriving from fruit fly ports su

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 7,853i

Fumigated f ,

Refused admittance „^a

Contraband destroyed ^^

Total parcels horticultural imports for the month 7,883

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 453

Pests Intercepted.
From Iowa:

Crown gall on deciduous stock.

From Mexico:

Coleopterous larvae (undetermined) in dates.

From Michigan:

Unidentified weevils in ornamental plants.

From New York:

Aspidiotus sp. on orchids.

From Washington:

Common scab on potatoes.

EUREKA STATION.

Steamship and baggage inspection:

Ships inspected 7

Horticultural imports: Parcels

Passed as free from pests 326

SANTA BARBARA STATION.

(No report.)

ERRATA.

VOL. V.

No. 1.
Page 28. Should be Grubb instead of Grugg.

No. 3.

Page 104. Total bearing acreage of apples, 39,210 instead of 38,410.

Total nonbearing acreage of apples, 23,630 instead of 22,430.

Total bearing acreage of apricots, 40,918 instead of 40,898.

Total nonbearing acreage of apricots, 14,578 instead of 14,553.
Page 105. Bearing acreage of lemons in Tulare County, 625 instead of 62.

First column, under olives should be bearing instead of nonbearing, and
second column nonbearing instead of bearing.

Total bearing acreage of olives, 16,054 instead of 15,854.

Total bearing acreage of peaches, 114,175 instead of 113,725.

Total nonbearing acreage of peaches. 31,313 instead of 31,163.

Total bearing acreage of pears, 18,029 instead of 17,779.

Total nonbearing acreage of pears, 19,899 instead of 19,649.

Total bearing acreage of plums, 16,460 instead of 16,410.

Total nonbearing acreage of plums, 5,826 instead of 5,751.

No. 10.

Page 357. C. I. Lewis instead of C. L. Lewis.
Page 392. Chloridea instead of Chloridia.

454

INDEX.

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Aaronshon, 283

Acalypha sp., 193

Acanthoscelides obtectus, 200

Act relating to the standardization of fruit

packing, art. 125
Adams, R. L., 15
Mgeria exitiosa, 118

opalescens, 107, 113, 117
Agave sp., 236
Agriculture, Mutual indebtedness of science

and, art. 128
Agricultural Digest, 268

Society, 266
Agromysa websterl, 122
Aleyrodes,

citri, 159

kelloggii, 448

nubifera, 116

sp., 44, 45. 75, 76, 158, 160, 165, 199,
200, 272, 452.
Alfalfa, 55, 60, 93, 189, 204, 284

hay, 161

semilooper, 113

weevil inspection, 188

quarantine conference, 186
Alfllaria, 181

Almond, 37, 104, 140, 184, 204, 205, 206,
217, 263, 264, 290, 291, 343, 432.

Amygdalus communis, 208

bitter, 208

desert, 208

Mexican. 208

relative to crown gall, 208

sweet, 208

Texa.s, 208
Aloe seyheri, 196
Alternaria, 147

American Entomological Society. 4 50
American Pomological Society, 24 0
Ammonia compounds, 135
Ammonium sulphate. 25
Am.peloghypter sp., 272
Amundsen, Edw. I., 33
Amygdalus comm,unis, 208

davidiana, 208
Analysis of grapefruit, 244
Anglers quince, 204
Anjou pear, 52
Anona cherim,oya, 24
Anthonomus grandis, 314
Anthurium scherzianum, 237

sp., 196, 237
Antonina craioii, 158. 199
Ants, weatherproof bands for use against,

art. 419
Aphis, 174

green, 38

green pea, 181

pear root. 51, 431

purple, 38

root, 49

sp., 44, 236. 392

woolly apple, 113
Apple, 20, 50, 104, 149, 184, 204, 205, 217,
264, 290. 291, 343

Ben Davis, 207

Northern Spy, 4 8, 207

Northwestern Fruit Exchange to use
its influence against the shipping
of scabby fruit, 220

Standardization Act, 125

statistics on cost of production, 370

Yellow Bellflower, 207

Apricot, 15, 37, 65, 104, 125, 126, 140, 184,
204, 206, 217, 263, 264, 343, 414,
432

desert, 208

need of state-wide growers' associa-
tion, art. 15

Prunus Armenica, 207
dasycarpa, 207
Mahdschurica, 207
Miime, 207

relation to crown gall, 207

rust. 39
Arbor vitae, 189
Arbutus unedo, 204
Areca triandra, 196
Argentine ant, 113, 119
Argollo, Ferrao. V. A., 397, 400, 401
Armitage, H. M., 109, 417
Arnold arboretum, 167, 430
Arsenate of lead, 418
Arsenic, 133, 134, 136

trioxide, 134, 135, 137, 139
Arsenite of soda, 57
Asphaltum, 224, 282
Aspidiotus aurantii, 172

britannicus. 44, 75, 123, 392

camellicr, 452

cyanovhylH, 122. 15f». 199, 237, 270,
308, 351. 392, 422. 451

cvdoniw. 122, 199, 352, 392

dicti/ospermi. 195

heder(F, 45, 122, 451, 452

palmw. 271

perniciosus, 76, 113, 159, 452

sp., 44, 75, 200, 352
Asterolecanium. bambusw, 72

sp., 352, 391

variolosum. 73
Associations, Ahuacate Growers', 22

Cal. Fruit Growers' Exchange, 17

Cal. Raisin Growers' Exchange, 94,
103

"Walnut Growers', 17, 94

County Horticultural Commissioners,
109

Dried Apricot, 15
Anguloa clowesii, 193
Aulacaspis rosce, 271
Aurantium grapefruit, 241
Avocado, 20, 21, 195, 203. 401
Bacillus amylovorus, 48, 171
Bacteria, soil, 335
Bacterium, tumefaciens, 203
Baga hookeriana, 309
Bailey, L. H., 49, 435
Balling Degree of Fruit Juices, art. 286
Balling's scale, 127
Banana, 20, 401

Bands, weatherproof against ants, art. 409
Baretto, Col.. 401
Barley, 54. 55, 62, 284
Barnum, C. C, 139
Bartlett pear, 50. 52, 170

Preliminary observations on the
ripening of, art. 425
Bateson, 435
Beans, 55, 93, 230

injured by wireworms, 225

straw, 161, 2 84

velvet, 62
Beers, C. W., 109, 139. 417. 430, 446

The Carob, art. 282
Beeswax, 224

INDEX.

455

Beet. 55, 204, 230

Leaf Hopper parasites, editorial, 2!)!)
Ben Davla Apples, 207
Beggarweed, 62, 329
Benton, J. F., 447
Bermuda grass, 55, 329
Berries, 93. 104, 125, 127, 184, 217, 263,

290, 343, 415
Bicarbonate of lime, 174
Bichloride of mercury, 227
Biiou walnut, 87

Bishop, Rov K., 109, 165, 376, 417, 446
Bitter almond, 208
Bitter clover. 161, 162
Black Leaf "40," 29. 191
Black knot, 201, 207
Black scale, 113
Blanchard. Nathan W., 98
Blasting, 88
Blastophaga, 89

Blight, Resistant Roots, the first steps
toward pear blight control, art. 4 8
walnut. 85
Blood grapefruit, 241
Bluestone, 61
Boal. John E., 376
Boone's Early Orange. 330
Bordeaux Mixture, 204, 214

Paste. 209. 210
Borer, peach, 107. 113, 117

peachroot, 122
Brabham cowpea, 62
Brachii glottis, sp. 452
Branigan. E. J., 72. 307

Method for rearing mealy bugs. art.

304
Some notes on the Catalina cherry

moth. art. 35
and Harry Smith, Delphastns cata-
lina', a valuable ladvbird enemy
of the white flies, 448
Brassica arvensis, 57

verrucosa, 193
Bremner, O. E., 376
Brennan. J. J., 376. 413
Briggs, Lvman J., 347
Brock. A. A.. 107, 118, 139, 195, 225 '
Broomcorn, 62
Bruchus limbatus, 33

sp., 44
Brown mite, 43

rot. 39, 156. 214
Bull thistle, 188
Burbank. Luther. 430
Bur clover, 93, 181
Burgimdv mixture. 359
Butler. H. E.. 376
Butternut. 204

Cabbage worm, imported, 113
Cnjanus indicus, 336
Oaiu, 401
Calandra orvzw, 44. 392, 451

sp.. 45. 75, 352
Calanthe nntalensis, 193
Calcium oxide. 174
hydroxide. 174
Calendar of Insect Pests (see insect cal-
endar.)
California Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. 136. 321
Cultivator. 440

Fruit Growers' Exchange, 17, 177, 417
oak moth. 113

peach root borer, 107. 113. 117. 118
Raisin Growers' Association. 94. 103
"Walnut Growers' Association. 17. 94
Callcry pear, 167
Camellia japonica, 193

scale, 192
Compton. B. "W.. 265
Canad.a bluegrass. 338
thistle. 54. 56. 338
Canadian field peas. 181
Cantaloupes. 127. 415
Caprification, 8, 10
Capri figs, 5, 8, 10, 11
Mamme, 5
Markarian, No. 2, 5

Capri figs — Continued.

Milco. 5
Pseudocarica, 5
Roeding No. 3. 5
Capsicum annum, 189
Carbonate of soda, 174
Carbon bisulphide, 34, 227

sulphur solution, 150
Carbide, 227
Carica papaya, 24
Carob, The, art. 282
Gillespie, 283
Gould No. 9, 283
18, 283
24, 283
27, 283
38, 283
Carpophilus hemipterus, 199
Carrots, 284
Casey, Thomas L., 450
Catalina cherry, 204, 448

moth, art. 35
Caustic soda. 133, 135, 136. 137
Central Stockman's Association, 445
Cerataphis lataniw, 44, 75, 237, 271, 309,
352
sp., 352
Ceratitis capitata, 65
Ceratonia siliqua, 282
Ceroplastes ceriferus, 199

rubens, 271
Ceroplastes sp., 236
Certified, signed sealed, art. 164
Chace, E. M.. 244

Harry, 413, 376
Chambliss, Chas. E., 55
Chapin. R. M.. 137
Chapman. C. C, 376
Charles, Miss, 435
Chayote, 23
Cherimoya. 24

Cherry, 104. 125. 184. 204, 217, 263, 264,
290, 343, 414
Catalina, 35, 204. 448
fruit fly, 153. 157
Mahaleb, 205
Mazzard, 205
Chestnut. 204

bark disease, 439
Chilocorus similis, 350
Chinese sand pear, 166, 167, 170
Chionaspis citri, 44, 76, 158

pinifolice, 270. 309
Chionaspis sp., 122, 199, 423, 451
Chloridea obsoleta, 237, 271, 392
Clilorosis, 334, 405
Christierson, S. V., 447

Chrysomphalus aonidiim. 45. 121, 158, 200,
271. 308, 352, 391, 451
aurantii. 75, 159, 196, 452
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, 45, 192, 195,
237, 452
arceoe, 195
ficus, 199
rossi. 308

scutiformis. 45, 75. 271, 352. 392, 451
sp., 45, 76. 158, 398, 391
Cicada sp., 158
Citrophilus mealybug, 376
Citrus, 203, 204

aurantium, 398
bv-products laboratory. 244
canker. 31. 48, 150. 443

quarantine against, 374
comparison of conditions in Florida,

Cuba and California, art. 321
cultivation. 328, 334
decnmana, 240
dcliciosa, 399
depressnm, 398

Experiment Station, 162, 163, 241, 264
fertilization. 161, 328
Crandis, 240
limetta, 399
limonum, 399
lumia, 399
medico, 399
mottle-leaf, 347

456

INDEX.

Citrus — Continued.

observations in Brazil, 396
pruning in Brazil, 404
scab, 331
soils, 333
sour orange, 324
stocks, 332
sweet, 324
varieties, 329
verticelliata, 406
vulgaris, 399
whiite fly, 113, 116. 165
Cladosporium carpophilum, 352

citri, 422
Clark, W. T., 95
Clausen, C. P., 350
Clematis, 204
Click beetles, 225
Clover, 55, 60, 204
Melilotus, 162
bitter, 162
Coates, Leonard. 430, 431
Coccid, 44, 72, 74

Coccus, hesperidum. 45, 75, 123, 193, 236

272 309 392 '

longulus, 44,' 75. 121, 158, 199, 236

237, 271, 308, 352, 422, 451
sp., 391
Cocoanut, 401
Cocoloba pubescens, 309
Cocklebur, 57
Codling moth, 35, 45

spraying for, 418
Cody, R. L., 192
Ccelogyne cristate, 195
Coffee, 193
Cogswell. P. F., 109
Collins, Charles P., 109, 376, 413
Colton Terrace, seedling grapefruit, 241
Cornice pear, 52

Committee on Revision of Horticultural
Laws, 375
report of, on resolutions, 445
Compere, George, 65, 66, 96, 166, 168, 170

171
Compere, Harold (notes on the tomato
p.sylla). 189
and H. Smith

Observations on the Lestophonus
a dipterous parasite of the cot-
tony cushion scale, art. 384
Compounds, ammonia, 135

soda, 135
Concentrated lye. 135
Concerning the Mediterranean Fruit Fly,

65
Conrord walnut, 86. S7
Conference on alfalfa weevil quarantine,

186
Conium maculatum, 447
Convolvulus arvensis. 56
Convention, California Avocado Associa-
tion program, 4th semiannual
meeting. 382
47th State Fruit Growers', Visalia, 59

64. 109
48th State Fruit Growers', San Ber-
nardino, 109
Address on California Grapefruit,

239
Pruning and training young

lemon trees, 250
Renewing old lemon trees, 97
program of, after 46
report, committee on resolutions,
107
49th Fruit Growers', 44 6
address on

Improvement of nin-sery
stock. 430
annoimcement of, 346
program, 346

report of resolutions committee,
445
sixth annual convention of nursery-
men, 412
special potato, 28

State Association of county horticul-
tural commissioners, 381

Cook, A. J., 28, 107, 108, 109, 446
Interesting Experiments, 31
Law governing the shipment of plants

by parcel post, 28
Obituary of, 357
special potato convention, 28
timely bulletin, 31
tribute, 65

woolly aphis on pear, 29
Cooperation between state and county

officials, 346
Copper sulphate, 61, 339
Coquillett, D. W., 172, 386
Corn, 54, 55, 62, 93, 230. 284
Cornell Agr. exp. sta., 153
Corona arsenate of lead, 418
Corrosive sublimate, 43, 282, 347, 419
Costa, Fredrico da, 401
Cost of Bringing Orchards into Bearing,

art. 368
Cotton. 204

boll weevil, 311

worm, 311
Conference of producers and im-
porters, 413
How the quarantine division protects
the producer of. art. 311
Cottony cushion scale, 164, 172, 386

rot disease, 214
Coulter, John M., Mutual indebtedness of
Science and Agriculture, The, art.
128
County Horticultural Commissioners' Dept.,
67, 113, 125. 412
deputies and inspectors, 110, 225
revision in list of, 447
Cover crop, 89, 93, 94, 161, 162, 180, 181
Beggarweed, 328
cowpeas, 329
Melilotus, 337
pigeon pea, 336
velvet beans, 329
Cowpea, iron, 62
Brabham, 62
Coy, J. P., 417
Crabgrass, 62, 340
Craw, Alexander, 192
Crawford, D. L., 189

Subtropical Fruits for Cal., art. 20
Crawford, Fraser S., 385
Creeping malva, 56
Cresylic acid, 175
Crop Report and Statistics, 103, 185, 217,

263, 290, 343, 372, 409
Crop rotation, 27, 54, 62, 72
Croton rose, 196
Crown gall. 46. 75. 76, 123. 160, 200

or plant cancer, art. 201
Crude Oil Emulsion, 39
Cruess, W. v.. Balling Degree of Fruit
Juices, art. 286
and P. M. Stone, Preliminary observa-
tions on the ripening of Bartlett
Pears, art. 425
Cryptochwtnm grandicorne, 385

monophlehi. 384. 385
Crypotognatha catalinw, 450

flavenscens. 449
Culbertson, J. D., Renewing Old Lemon

Trees, art. 97
Cultivation, 54

and Cover Crops, art. 178
citrus, 328. 334
Walnuts, 93
Cydia pomonella. 45, 423, 452
Cylas formicarius, 271, 422, 451
Cypripendium sp., 196
Daisy, 57, 204
Damson plum, 206, 208, 431
Dandelion, 57
Darwin, 4 35
Date, 24

Davies. W. O., 376
Davison, G. Howard, 266
Decaisne, J., 167

Decay, wood in fruit trees, art. 278
Deciduous fruits, 127

INDEX.

457

DclpUastus vatalinw, valuable ladybird
enemy ol" tlie white Hies, art. 448
Demetrio, Col. 4 01
DendrobiuDi sp., 19G
DeOng, E. Ralph, Soaps and niisciblc oils,

art. 172
Desert Almond, 208
Desert Apricot, 208
Dessia pomegranate, 146
De Vries, 435
Diabrotica soror, 113

Dialeurodes, citri, 113, 116, 165, 309, 352,
392

citrifolii, 116
Diamond plum, 431
Diaporthe parasitica, 237
Diaspis boisduvalii, 44, 237, 352, 392, 451,
452

hromeUw, 44, 75, 121, 158, 199, 236,
271, 308. 352, 391, 422, 451
Dictyospermum album, 196

scale, 192, 195
Die-back, 163, 336
Digging, holes for trees, 90
Digitaria sanguinale, 340
Distillate, 339

emulsion, 29, 39
Distribution of Cal. Insects, 1, The, art.

113
Doane, R. W., Wheat Straw worm, the,

art. 69
Dockery, A. M., 28
Donlon Bros., 225, 227, 231
Dorsett, P. H., 397
Drainage, 89
Dried blood, 162
Drosophila sp., 46
Duncan Grapefruit, 241, 331
Du Pont, T. Coleman, 266

William, 266
Earle, F. S., 334
Echinochloa crus-galli, 55
Edible passion fruits, 24
Eel worm, 60

parasites of plants, art. 60 ,

Eight to one test for oranges, 444
Emperor Grape, 127, 417
English Walnut, 206 (See also walnut)
Endothia parasitica, 439
Entomosporium maculatum, 51
Epochra canadensis, 152, 271
Eradication of weeds, 54
Eriosoma lanigera, 113, 122, 199
Erythrina indica, 196
Essig, E. O., Cal. peach borer. The, 107

Citrophilus or upland mealy bug, 376

distribution of Cal. insects, 1, The, art.
113

soft bamboo scale, the, art. 72

two newly established scale insects,
art. 192

S. H., 72
Etter, 430
Eucalymnatus perforatus, 308, 452

tessellatus, 352
Eucalyptus, 2 04
Eudiogogus pulcher, 236
Euonymus alata, 193

sp., 193
Eureka lemon, 98

walnut, 86
European Asiatic Hybrid Pear, 50

elm scale, 114
Euthrips, sp., 271
Exanthema, 325, 336
Fairbairn, Robt. A., 266
Fall, H. C, 450
Fallowing, 54

Farmers' Protective League, 446
Fawcett, H. S., 30, 31, 210

Comparison of some citrus conditions
in Florida, Cuba and California,
art. 321
Feijoa, 21, 22

sellowiana, 22
Fertilization, citrus, 328

Fertilizers, alfalfa hay, 161

bean straw, 161

dried blood, 162

manure, 161, 403

nitrate of lime, 163

sulphate of ammonia, 162

tankage, 162
Fig, 65, 104, 184, 203, 217, 263, 264, 290,
343

Lob-Ingir, 5

Smyrna, 1, 3, 12

white Adriatic, 1, 12

wasp, 8
Fleet, W. H., Pruning and training a

young lemon orchard, art. 250
Fletcher, H. G., 220
Fla. Exp. Sta., 329

State Plant Board, 150, 438
Fiorinia fiorinice, 237
Forbes, Edgar Allen, 413
Forelle pear, 52, 170
Fox, J. J., 346, 445
Francis, Myrtle Shepherd, opportunities for

profit in horticulture, art. 4 34
Frandsen, Peter, eelworm parasites of

plants, art. 60
Franquette walnut, 86

French, J. N., wireworm control, art. 2 25
French pear seedling, 170
Fruit juices. Balling degree of, 286
Fruits, fresh, 126

deciduous, 126

inspectors, 125

standardization act, 125
Fuji persimmon, 365

Fujii Sumito, persimmon in Cal., art. 362
Fumigation, 29

of cotton, 314
Fungous diseases (See Plant Diseases)
Fusarium, 43, 347
FuYU persimmon, 364
Gallberry, 325

Gammon, E. A., 273, 376, 413
Garber pear, 50
Garden, William, 126
Gardner, John E., 376, 413
Gelechia gossypiella, 312
Gentry, N. H., 266
German Prune, 206, 208
Gillet, Felix, 87, 430
Gillespie carob, 283
Glaosporiuin limetticolum, 332
Gassy par ia ulmi, 114
Gould, carob. 283

P. H., 53

William, 447
Grand Duke plum, 431
Grape, 127, 204, 207, 401, 415, 416

crop report, 218, 292, 345

ci-own gall on, 201

Emperor, 127, 417

Malaga, 417

Mission, 417

Muscat, 417

raisin, 67

Rupestris St. George, 207

table, 67, 125

Thompson's seedless, 417

wine, 67

Zinfandel, 417
Grapefruit (See also Citrus), 48, 149, 184,
217, 263, 290, 327, 343, 373, 409

Aurantium, 241

blood, 241

Cal., art. 239

Colton Terrace Seedling, 241

Duncan, 241, 331

Florida, varieties of, 241

Hall's Silver Cluster, 331

Imperial, 241

Marsh Seedless, 239, 241, 246, 331

Pernambuco, 331

Triumph, 241

Walters, 331
Graf, J. E., 225. 227
Grafting Wax Formula, 224

458

INDEX.

Gray, Geo. P., 57 172 Herbicide Investiga-
tions, art. 133
Green Gage plum, 208

pea aphis, 181

spot of orange, 30
Gi-egory, A. R., 150
Grubb, Eugene, 28
Guava, 22

Lemon, 22

Strawberry, 22
Gummosis, 39
Gypsy moth, 31
Hachiya persimmon, 365
Hairy root disease, 159, 207
Hall's Silver Cluster grapefruit, 331
Hanagosho persimmon, 364
Hansen, 430
Hardpan, 1

Harmeling, Stephen, 50
Harney, G. W., 195
Harriman, W. Averill, 266
Harrington, Geo. T., 377

Robert E., Need of a state-wide dried
apricot growers' association, the,
art. 15
Harrison, Fairfax, 266
Harts' late orange, 330
Harvesting, Symrna figs, 13

Walnuts, 93
Hecke, G. H, 109, 376, 413, 430, 443, 445

Chestnut bark disease, 439

Cal. Fruit Growers' Exchange to co-
operate with the State Com. of
Horticulture, 417

Conference of Cotton Producers and
importers, 413

Sugar beet leaf hopper, 440

Southern Horticultural Commissioners
discuss legislation, 417

To the Fruit Growers of Cal. Editorial,
412
Hedgcock, Geo. T., 207
Hedrick, U. P., 53
Heliothrips hwmorrhoidalis, 199
Helyar, J. P., 393

HemicMonaspis, aspidistrw, 45, 75, 122,
199, 309

minor, 122, 158, 199, 308, 391
Hemlock, 447

Herbicide Investigations, art. 133
Heterodera radicicola, 60, 451
Hickman, J. B., Conium maculatum, art.

447
Hicks, Gilbert H., 338
Hill, James J., 266
Hinsey, W. TV., 376, 413
Hodgson, Robert W., Pomegranate, The,

art. 140
Hoefling, John, 371
Hoffner, E., 368
Homosassa Orange, 330
Honeysuckle, 204
Hop, 204
Home, W. T., Wood decay in fruit trees,

art. 278
Horn, Geo. H, 450
Horticultural Laws, 348
Horticulture, legislation, meeting of com-
mittee on, 413

opportunities for profit in, art. 434

Quarantine Division (See Quarantine
Div. Reports)

Standardization of fruit packing, 413

Standing committee on revision of, 375
Horton, J. R., weatherproof bands against

ants, art. 419
Hosford, G. W., 177
Howard, Fred K., Mealy bug of the muscat

grape, the, art. 67
Howard, L. O., 385

Hoioardia hiclavts, 45, 121, 199, 236, 308
Hoyt, Avery S., 417, Matter of Interest to

Fruit Growers, A, 148
Hume, H. H., 330
Humus, 25, 161

Hunt, H. R., 107

Frank L., 445

Thomas F., 26, 443
Hunter, Mrs. J. L., 164
Hundley, J. B., Codling moth ; spraying in
Yucaipa 1916, 418

Paint large pruning cuts, 224
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, 29
Hydrometer, sugar, 286
leery a purchasi, 11 Z

sp., 199, 352
Ilex glabra, 325
Imperial grapefruit, 241
Indian River Orange, 330
Ingersoll, Joseph, 265
Insect Calendar, 37
Inspectors, fruit, 125
Insull, Samuel, 266
Interplanting, 92
Iridomyrmex humilis, 113, 119
Irrigation, figs, 3

hardpan, 179

pomegranate, 143

walnut, 92, 93
Iron, 1

Iron cowpea, 62
Iron sulphate, 57
Ischnaspis longirostris, 199
Isosoma grandis 69

orchidearum, 352, 392, 451
Italian prune, 208
Jack fruit, 401
Jaffa oranges, 330
Jansen, Peter, 266
Japan pear, 50
Japan pear seedlings, 171
Japanese walnut, 204
Jeffrey, J. W., 376, 413

Mysterious Vine Disease, 416
Jensen, C. A., 347
Jepson, W. L., 341
Jerome, F. S., 109
Jerusalem Cherry, 189
Jiro persimmon, 364
Johnson Bros., 225, 231

Grass, 54, 57, 58, 59, 134

Hiram W., 108, 443

Walter A., 266
Jones. B. R., 417

Paul R., 38
Journal, of Agricultural Research, 294,
347, 377

of American Chem. Society, 285

of Biological Chemistry, 285
Juglans calif ornica, 207
Jumping plant lice, 189
Kelley, W. P., 162

Maintenance of soil fertility, the, art.
25
Kellogg, G. E., 413
Kentia palms, 195
Kerosene emulsion, 191
Kieffer pear, 50
Kings, Geo. B., 192
Kinghead, 57
Knab, Frederick, 385
Knowlton, Kent S., 109
Knudson, I. L., 285
Kcebele, Albert, 172
Ladj'bird enemies of white flies, 448

recent introductions of, 350
Lago, Col., 401
Latania sp., 196

Law Governing the Shipment of Plants
and Plant production by Parcel
Post, The, 28
Laws, Horticultural, 349 (See also horti-
cultural laws)

Committee on revision of, 375
Seed Law, proposed, 394
State Quarantine, 64
Lawns or weeds, art. 337
Leaf Hopper, Sugar beet, 440

sugar cane, 445

INDEX.

459

Lemon (See also Citrus). 20. 105, 184. 203
217. 263, 2a0. 331. 343, 372, 399,
409

causes of unnecessary decay in, art.
213

Eureka, 98

lessons gathered from the year 1915,
art. 176
Lisbon, 99

Pruning and training a young orchard,
art. 250

rough, 332
Leach, 126

Leaf bliglat fungus, 51
Leaf Roller, 199
Lecanium mangiferce, 391

sp., 75, 123, 199
Le Conte pear, 50
Leguminosse, 282
Leonard, James, 225, 227, 231
Lepidosaphes beckii, 46, 76, 122, 158, 199,
236, 270, 308, 392, 451

gloverii, 46, 74, 113, 122, 158, 199, 272,
352, 451
Lepidosaphes lasianthi, 122, 199

newsteadii, 122, 199

sp., 158, 200, 308

uhni, 45, 75, 122, 158, 199, 237, 451,
452
Leptothyrium po7ni, 159
Lessons gathered from the year 1915, art.

176
Lestophonus iceryw, 385

observations on the life history, art.
384
Lettuce, wild, 57
Leucaspis bambusw, 158
Lewis, C. I., 53

Loganberry Culture in the northwest,
art. 357

E. W., 376, 413
Ligyrus gibbosus, 113
Lime, 1, 204
Lime (Fruit), 332, 399
Lime, nitrate, 25

Limestone, 321 '

Lime-sulphur, 38, 39, 41, 209
Limoneira orchard, 99
Limonius californicus. 225
Lindabury, R. V., 266
Lines, S. A., 376
Linseed oil, 224
Lisbon lemon, 99
Lob Ingir fig, 5
Loganberry, 204

Culture in the Northwest, 357
Long, P. C, 266
Loquat, 203
Lovell Peach, 206
Lowden, Frank O., 266
Lowrie, Fred, 139

George, 139
Lue Gim Gong Orange, 330
Ly caste skinneri, 193
Macy, V. Everit, 266
'Madison, James, 18. 376
Mahaleb Cherry, 205

Maintenance of Soil Fertility, The, art. 25
Majorca orange, 330
Malaga grape, 417
Malum punicum, 140, 141
Malva, creeping, 56
Mamme caprifigs, 5, 8
Mammone caprifigs, 8, 9, 10
Mandarin, 65
Mandioca, 403
Mangibera, 401
Mango, 20, 22, 196
Manure, 403
Mariana Plum, 208
Marguerite, 204

Markarian, Henry, Smyrna Fig Growing
in California, art., 1
caprifig. No. 1, 10
No. 2, 5
Marketing, loganberry, 360
of pomegranate, 144
walnuts, 93

Marsh, C. M., 241

Marsh seedless grapefruit, 239, 241, 246,

331
Maskew, Frederick, 65, 108. 376, 417.

certified — signed — sealed, art. 164

concerning the Mediterranean Fruit
Fly, 65

George Compere, 66

How the quarantine division protects
the cotton producer, art. 311

Open season for the mongoose, an,
art 95

Report of quarantine division, 44, 74,
121, 158, 198, 236, 270, 308, 351,
391, 422, 451

Suggestion — think it over and talk
about it, a, 64

Will and the way, the, art. 47
Mayette walnut, 86, 87
Mazzard, cherry, 205
McBeth, L G., 162
McBride. C. R., 103
McClenahan, F. M., 285
McDonald. D. P. T., 107, 139
McKee, Roland, 58
McKevitt, F. B., 376, 413. 443
McLane, J. W.. 347
Mead, Elwood. 443
Meadow Fox Tail, 338
Mealy bug, 67

Citrophilus. 376 ^ nn.

Method used in rearmg, art, 304

of thp Muscat Grape, The, art. 6i

parasite, 349
Medicago sativa, 189
Mediterranean Fruit Fly, 65

sweet orange, 331
Medlars, Neapolitan, 65
Meek, B. B., 376, 430
Meibomia tortuosum, 329
Melanose, 31, 75, 149, 200
Melilotus clover, 55, 162, 337

indica, 93, 161, 182, 215
MeUissopus latiferreana, 35
Mercury bichloride, 294
Meriam, E., 370
Merodon equestris, 451
Mertz, W. M., cultivation and cover crops,

art. 178
Messenger, C. B., 440
Mexican Almond, 208
Mexican bean weevil, The, 33
Mexican walnut, 86, 87
Meyer, 430
Milco, Caprifig, 5
Milk thistle, 188
Millet, pearl, 62
Mills, James, 376, 413, 430
Miseible oils, 175
Mission Grape, 417
Monarthropalpus buxi, 160
Mongoose, open season for, art., 95
Moore, W. H., 266
Morganella maskelli, 44, 75, 159, 236,

308, 352, 422
Morning Glory, 54, 55, 56, 57, 139
Morris, E. L., 172, 192
Moth, 97

Cal. Oak, 113

Potato Tuber, 106
Mottle Leaf, 347, 405
Muck or carrot beetle, 113
Miicuna utilis, 329
Muir Peach, 206
Mulching, 26, 54. 143. 178, 180. 334

Munson, 430
Mustard, 181

wild, 57
Muscat Grape, 417
Myrobalan plum, 205, 206, 431
Nagle, J., 376
Napa Thistle, 53
National Agricultural Society, 266

Orange Show, 107. 162
Navel Orange, 330
Nectarine, 140, 432

460

INDEX.

Newell, Wilmon, 150
Newman, O. W., 394

Agricultural Value of Impermeable
seeds, 377

Lawns or Weeds, art. 337

Thistles, 188

Weeds along- State Highway, 293

Weed Eradication, art., 53
New York Entomological Society, 450
Nicholson, Harry, 431
Nicotine Sulphate, 227
Nitrate of Lime, 163

Soda, 162
Nitrogen, 25, 98, 162, 328
Northern Spy apple, 48. 207
Northwestern Fruit Exchange, 220
Notes on the tomato psylla, art. 189
Noxious weeds, 187

Nursery stock, improvement of, art. 430
Oak root fungus, 81
Oak Scale, pit-making, 73
Oats, 54, 284

winter, 62
O'Gara, P. J., 53

Olive, 105. 184, 203, 217, 264, 290, 343,
372, 409

Knot, 203

Quarantine, 148

statistics on cost of production, 371
Oncidiuni papilio, 193
Ootetrastichus beatus, 299
Orange, 20, 65, 105, 184, 203, 217, 263,
291, 328, 343, 372, 409 (see also
Citrus)

Boone's Early, 330

Eight to one test for, 444

Hart's Late, 330

Homosassa, 330

Indian River, 330

Jaffa, 330

Lue Gim Gong, 330

Majorca, 330

Mediterranean sweet, 331

Navel, 330

Observations on, in Brazil, 396

Parson Brown, 330

Pineapple, 330

Satsuma, 327

Show, Seventh National, 265

Sour, 204, 324, 327, 332, 401

Statistics on cost of production, 371

Sweet, 204, 337
stock, 324

Valencia, 330

Washington Navel, 331, 396
Orchids, 195

Oregon Quarantines Against California,
Potatoes, 106

State Board of Horticulture, 106
Ormerod, Miss, 386
Orthezia insignis, 271
Orthezia sp., 308
Otis, Charles A., 266
Oyster shell fungus, 278
Paine, Chas. W., 376
Palmetto. 325
Palms, 196

Pandaniis qraminifolius, 196
Papaya, 21, 24, 401
Paper shell pomegranate, 146
Paraffino, 224

Paraleptomastix abnormis, 307, 349, 440
Parlatoria pergandii, 452
Paratriosa cockerelli, 189
Paris green, 227
Parisienne walnut, 86, 87
Park, Chas. A., 106
Parker, William B., 19
Parlatoria calanthina, 75

pergandii. 46, 122, 158, 199, 308

sp., 76. 154, 308

ziziphus, 158
Parsnip, 204

Parson Brown Orange, 330
Payne, George, 86

Payne's Seedling Walnut, 86
Peach, 20, 65, 105, 125, 127, 140, 184, 205,
217, 264, 290, 343, 414, 432

Blight, 39, 41

Chinese, 208

Elberta, 208

Leaf Curl, 38, 39, 42

Lovell, 206

Muir, 206, 208

Prunus Mxra, 208

Relation to crown gall, 208

Root Borer, 122

Salway, 206, 208

Statistics on cost of production, 369

Twig Borer, 37
Pear, 105. 125. 184. 201, 204, 217, 264,
290, 343, 414

Anjou, 52

Aphis, 431

Bartlett, art. 124, 50, 52, 170
Hassler, 417

Blight, 48, 49, 166, 168, 170, 171, 431
Control, 49

Gallery, 167

Chinese Sand, 166, 167

Comice, 52

Dwarf, 50

Forelle, 52, 170

French Seedling, 170, 431

Garber, 50

Japanese Seedling, 431

Kieffer, 50

Leconte, 50

Prickly. 65

Pyrus pashia, 170

Root Aphis, 51

Scab. 274

Smith, 50

Statistics on cost of production, 370

Stock, 66

Thrips, 113, 117

Winter Nelis, 417
Pearson, T., 48
Pearson, Ryan & Co., 48
Pecan, 204, 207
Pence, Eugene, 95
Pepper, 189

grass, 338

tree, 204
Pernambuco grapefruit, 331
Per.simmon, Fuji, 365

Fuju, 364

Hachiya, 365

Hanagosho, 364

in California, art., 362

Jiro, 362

Tenjingosho, 364

Yokono, 365
Phaius maculatus, 193
Phomopsis citri, 48, 75, 149, 158, 200, 236,

271
Phorbia planipalpis. 422
Phosphoric acid, 163, 328
Phreaner, E. H.. 28
Pliryganidia calif arnica, 113
Phthorimua operculella, 392
Phylloxera, 207

vastatrix, 122
Phytomysa aquifolii, 122, 123

sp., 308
Phytometra calif arnica, 113
Picea sp., 189
Pierce, Geo. W., 376, 446
Pigeon pea, 336
Pigweed. 338
Pine. 189

long lea,fed, 325
Pineapple, 20

Orange, 330
Pink Boll worm, 311
Pinus vianaphylla, 189

palustris, 325
Pitanga, 401
Plant Breeding, 131
Placentia Perfection walnut, 86

INDEX.

461

Plantago major, 341
Plantain. 338, 341
Plant Diseases

Alternaria, 147

Apricot rust, 39

Bacterium tumefaciens, 203

Brown rot of stone fruits, 39

Brown rot, 156, 214

Chestnut bark, 439

Chlorosis, .'534. 405

Citrus canlver, 266, 374

Cottony Rot, 214

Crown gall or plant cancer, art. 2 01

Exanthema, 32.^, 336

Foot rot or Mai di Gomma, 332

Fiisarium, 347

Wilt of potato, 43

gummosis of citrus trees, 39

hairy root. 2 07

melanose. 149

mottle leaf. 347

oak root fungus, 81

peach blight. 39. 41, 42
Leaf Curl. 39

Pear Blight. 48, 431
Scab. 274

Polystictis versicolor, 278

Potato scab. 39. 43, 212, 347

rhizoctonia. 212, 347

root rot, 53

sappv bark disease. 278

Shot-hole fungus, 39

Smut fungus, 68

Snh(rropsis tumefaciens. 202

Steriomatacustis castanca, 146

withertip. 332
Plant lice. 38, 172, 174
Plowing. 89
Plow sole. 161. 179

Plum. 37. 105. 125, 126, 184. 204, 206. 217,
263. 264. 290, 343, 414, 432

Burbank. 208

California wild. 208

Damson. 208. 431

Diamond, 431

Green Gage, 208

Grand Duke. 431

Mariana. 208

Myrobalan, 206. 208

Prunns domestica. 208
cerasifera, 2 08
vnmila, 208
triflora, 208

Relation to Crown Gall, 208

Robe de Sargent, 431

Sand. 208

Simon. 208

Statistics on Cost of Production, 369

Sugar. 431

Wickson. 2 08

Yellow Egg. 431
Poisoned baits against wlreworms. 227
Poh/stictis versicolor. 278
Pomegranate, 141, 143, 144

art. 140

Dessia. 146

Paper Shell. 146

Radinar, 146

Sin Pepitas. 146

Spanish Rubv. 146

Sub Acid. 146

Sweet Fruited. 146

Wonderful, 14 6
Pomelo (see Grapefruit)
Pontia rapw (Linn). 113
Popenoe, F. W., 397
Porteau. 2 40

Porthetria clispar. 123, 236
Potash. 135, 328
Potassium. 1

C3'anide, 2 9

Potato, 55, 189

catch crop for wireworms, 229

certified. 294. art. 211

certified seed, act 1915, 346, 393

on new land, 294

scab, 39, 43, 212, 347

tuber moth. 106
Powell, G. Harold, 18, 109. 376
Pratt. O. A., 294

Preparation for planting walnuts. 87
Prickly lettuce. 338
Profichi caprifig, 8. 9, 10
Programs of conventions (see Conven-
tions)
Propagation of pomegranate, 143
Propagation of walnuts, 90
Protecting Tree Trunks from the Sun, 188
Prune, 105, 126. 184, 204, 217, 264, 290,
343. 414.

German. 206. 208

Statistics on cost of Production. 369
Pruning. Citrus in Brazil, 404

Lemon, 97. 250

Loganberry. 358

Pomegranate, 143

Smvrna Figs, 5, 8

"U^alnut, 93

Wounds. Painting of. 224
Primus AUeohenirnsis, 204

americana, 204

armenica. 204. 207

ami/ffdahis. 204

avium, 204

cerasifera. 204. 2 08

communis, 205

dasvcarpa, 207

davidiana, 204

domestica, 204. 208

eriogyna. 204. 208

fasicnlata, 2 08

hortulana, 204

insititia, 208

integrifolia. 35

mandschurica, 207

micro r>hj/lla, 208

minutiflora, 208

inume, 207

munsoniana, 208

Mira. 204. 208

Persica. 208

platycarpa. 2 04

vumila. 2 08

Simonii, 2 04

subcordata var. Kelloggi, 208

t7-i flora. 204, 208
Pseudaonidia duplex. 190, 236. 451

pa-oniw, 122. 199

sp., 75. 158

trilohitiformis, 26, 158. 236. 308
Pseudisclutaspis howreyi. 236
Pseudocarica caprifigs. 5
Pseudococcus bakeri. 67, 304
Pseudococcus bromeli(r, 44, 75. 121. 158,

199, 236, 271, 352, 391, 451
Pseudococcus citri, 304 376
Pseudococcus cit7-ophilus, 44, 304, 376
Pseudococcus longispinus, 46, 67, 237,

272, 308
Pseudococcus nipw, 75, 158, 423
Pseudococcus sp., 44, 75. 122, 158. 199,
236, 270. 271. 308, 351, 391, 422.
451
Pseudomonas citri. 443
Psylla sp., 44, 122
Psyllidas, 189

Phthorimaa operculella. 106
Pti/chanatis oxyridis, 350
Purlvinaria floccifera. 192
Pulvinaria sp., 237, 272
Punnett. 435
Purple Duane stock, 208

462

INDEX.

Purple scale, 113, 114

Purchia sp., 189

Purple vetch. 161, 162, 182

Pyrus calleryanu, 167, 168, 170, 171

communis, 49, 53, 166, 170

Kahnei, 167

pashia, 170

serotina, 431

sinensis, 50, 166. 16S, *ol
Quaintance, A. L.. 35
Quarantine Division

Protection of Cotton, art., 311

Reports, 44, 74. 121. 15S. 19S. 236,
270, 308, 351, 391. 422. 451

Order. No. 3, against California
Potatoes. 106
No. 28, 374, 443

Regulation No. 6, Cliestnut bark
disease. 439
Quavle, H. J.. 196
Quince, 50, 204. 207

Anglers, 204
Radinar pomegranate. 146
Ragweed, 57
Raspberry, 204
Raw Rock Pliosphate, 163
Redmavne, Tlios. P., 2 94, 447
Red Scale. 172, 196
Redtop, 62
Reed, Hay ward. 273
Reimer. F. C. 53. 430. 431

Promising New Pear Stock, A, art.
166
Renewing Old Lemon Trees, art., 97
Renfro, F. M., 2 65
Report

Resolutions committee — 4Sth fruit
growers' Convention, 107

Quarantine division (see quarantine
division)
Resin, 224

Rliizoctonia, 45. 75, 122, 199, 212, 347
Rhus, (Uversiloha, 283
Rice, 55. 187
Riclimond, E. N., 376
Riley. C. V.. 385
Rivellia, 155
Rixford, G. P., 283
Robe de Sargent plum, 431
Rodgers. C. J., 2 78
Roeding Caprifig, No. 3, 5

Geo. C 376, 413. 430
Rolfs. P. H.. 329. 331
Root knot, 123, 159, 200

rot, 53

Stock, Myrobolan, 107
Rose, 204

Wycliffe, 398
Rough lemon, 332
Roullard, Fred, P., S to 1 test in Fresno

County, 444
Rowley, H. C, 413
Rupestris St. George grape, 207
Russell. ^\'. D., 376
Russian thistle, 54
Rust mite. 331
Rye, 54, 55. 62

gras.s, 338
Saccharometer. Balling, 2 86
Saga Palm, 196

Saissetia hemisnharica, 45, 122, 271, 309,
352, 392, 452

olew, 75, 113, 452

sp., 271
Salsify, 204

Sal soda, 133, 133, 137, 174
Salway peach, 206
Sampson, 324
Sand Plum, 208
San Jose scale, 113, 164
Sapodilla, 401
Sapote, 20, 24
Sappy bark disease, 278
Sargent, C. S., 167, 171
Satsuma orange, 327

Saunders, Edith, 435
Scab, 45

citrus, 331

Pear, 2 74

Potato. 212, 347
Sehiff, Mortimer L.. 2 66
Schneider, C. K., 167
Sedge, 187
Seeds, Agricultural Value of Impermeable

seeds 377
Seed legislation, art. 393

Proposed law re sale of pure seed, 394
Selenaspiclis articulatus, 308
Sellards, E. H., 321, 32 6
Serenoa serrulata, 325
Seulberger, Fred, 139

CitrvTS observations in Brazil, art. 396
Shamel. A. D., Cal. grapefruit, art. 239,

432
Sharp, D. D., 109. 376. 417
Shear. W. V., 294
Sheehan, E. M., 416
Shot hole fungi, 39
Silva, Fortunato da, 401
Simon plum, 208
Sin Pepitas pomegranate, 146
Smith, A. G., 376
Smith. Clayton O., 215

Crown gall or Plant Canker, art. 2 01
Smith, Edwin F., 203, 207
Smith. Harry S., 304

Sicilian mealybug parasite, Marys-
ville, 440

Beet leaf-hopper parasite, 299

and E. .1. Branigan on Deluhastiis
catalinw, valuable ladybird enemy
of white fly. art. 44S;
Expert Advice, art. 222

Progress of the Sicilian Mealybug
parasite, 349

Recent Ladybird Introductions, 350

Sublaboratory for insectary in the
.south. 307

and Harold Compere, Oliservations on
the Lestophonus, Dipterous
parasite of the cottony cusliion
scale, art. 384
Smith pear, 50
Smut fungus, 68

Smyrna fig growing in California, art. 1
Sneezewood. 338
Soaps and miscible oils, art. 172
Soda ash, 135, 136. 137
Soda ash phosphate, 174
Soda compounds, 135
Sodium arsenite, 56, 133, 134. 136, 137, 139

carbonate, 135

cyanide. 29, 227, 314

hydroxide. 136

Soft Bamboo Scale, The, art. 72

Brown Scale. 193
Soils, 1, 161

bacteria, 335

citrus, 323, 333

flatwoods in Fla., 325

for Loganberry, 357

fumigation for wireworm, 227

hammock in Fla., 323

mulching, 334

orange soil in Bahia. 400

pine lands in Fla., 325 '

prairie. 3 2fi
Solanuni capsicastrum, 189

nigrum, 189

tuberosum, 189
Soryhwn 62

halapense, 58
Sorrel. 338

Sour Orange, 204, 324, 332, 401, 402
Southern Oregon Experiment Station, 166.
171, 431

Pacific Co., 317
Sow Thistle, 188
Spanish Rub.y pomegranate, 146
Special Potato Convention, 28

INDEX.

463

Si)huroi)sis tumefaciens, 202

SpieRl. L. M., 413

Spoor, John A., 266

Spraying Piping system for orchurtl, art.

273
Sprays, Arsenate of soda, 57

Bordeaux mixture, 204, 209. 214

Burgundy mixture, 3.59

Crude oil t-mulsion. 39

Distillate oil emulsion, 39

Iron sulphate, 57

Lime-sulphur, 38, 41, 209
Spruce, 189
Spry. William, 186
Stable Manure, 161
Stabler. H. P.. 32. 430
Standard Apple Act of 1915, 295
Standardization of Fruit Packing, 126, 346,

413
Star thistle. 33S
State Agricultural Experiment Station,

133
State Agricultural Society, 412

Fruit Growers' Conventions (See Con
ventions)

Insectary, 412

Market Commission, lOS, 412

Plant Board of Fla., 438

Viticultural Commission, 412, 416
Statistics, crop. 103. 185. 217. 263, 343, 409

distribution of Cal. insects, I., The,
art. 113

on carob, 284

on cost of bringing orchards into
bearing, 368

Grape. 218. 292. 345

Wheat, 2 65
Steam as a disinfectant, 320
Stem-end rot, 31

Stephens. Russell D., Obituary, 303, 446
Sterculia, 2 04

Sterir/matocystis castanea, 146
Stink grass. 338

Stone, P. M. and W. "V. Cruess, Prelimin-
ary observations on the ripening
of Bartlett pears, 425 ' '
Strawser. Joseph, 265
Sti-obilaiithiis dverianiis, 271
Stuart, Henry C., 266
Strychnine, 227
Sturtevant. A. .J., 376
Sub acid pomegranate, 146
Subtropical Fruits of California, art. 20
Sudan grass, 54, 58
Sugar beets, 93

beet leaf hopper, 443

beet wireworm, 22 5

cane leaf hopper, 445

Planters' Experiment Station, 299

Plum. 431
Suggestion — Think It Over and Talk

About It, A, 64
Sulphate of Ammonia. 162
Sulphate of Potash, 163
Sulphur. 420
Sulphuric acid, 29, 314
Superphosphate, 163
Sweet Almond. 208

Clover, 1S2

Fruited Pomegranate, 146

Orange, 204. 332
Swett. F. T., 446
Swozey, O. H.. 299
Swift. Arsenate of Lead, 418
Swingle, W. T.. 240
Twniothrips pvri, 113, 117
Tanglefoot traps, 31
Tankage, 162
Tate. A. W., 376, 413
Taylor. W. A., 53
Tea, 196
Teague, C. C, 94. 97, 376. 413. 446

Lessons Gathered from the Tear 1915
art. 176
Tenjingosho persimmon, 364
■Texas Almond, 208

Thistle. 1S7
Bull, 1.88

Canada, 54

Milk, 188

Napa, 53

Russian. 54
Sow. 188

Yellow Star, 53. 54, 55, 188
Thomas, W. W.. 27S
Thompson seedless grape, 417
Thorpe, C. A.. 94
Thorpe, Carlyle, 376
Thrlps, pear, 113, 117

sp., 44, 308, 352
Thuja occidentalis, 189
Thyridopterijx sp., 123
Tilibits. Mrs. L. C, 396, 406
Timothy, 62
Tobacco Extract, 227
Tomato, 54. 189
Triboliiim ferrugincum, 451
Triumph Grapefruit. 241
Trijpeta frntria. 153
Trypeta ludens, 309
Trypetidfe. 75, 236
Turnip. 204
Two Newly established scale insects, art.

192
Tyson, W. H.. 139

U. S. Dep. of Agr.. 58, 62, 96, 113. 243.
265, 268, 312, 338, 347, 406, 430,
440, 447

Farmers' Bulletins. 299

Bureau of Animal Industry, 137
of Chemistry, 243
of entomology, 307. 404
of Plant Industry. 397, 431

Geological Survey, 134
University of California, 113, 265, 412 440
University of La., 266
Upland mealybug, 3 76
Vaile, R. S., 227. 242
Vail. Theodore N., 2 66
Valencia orange, 330
Vanderbilt, W. K., 266
Van Dyke, E. C, 450
Van Herman, H. A., 335
Vedalia. 384
Velvet beans. '^29
Vetch, 55. 181
Vicia atropurpurea, 161
Vicia villosa, 182
Victoria bottle tree, 204
Viffna catjang, 329
Virden, C. E., 376, 413
Vosler, E. J., 30

alfalfa weevil inspection. 188

apple standardization, 295

calendar of insect pests and plant
diseases, 37

certified Seed Potatoes, 294

citrus canker, 2 66

community buying, 294

crop report and statistics, 409

farmers' short courses at the U. of
Cal., 265

forty-ninth State Fruit Growers Con-
vention. 295

Marin County appoints a Hort. Com-
missioner. 294

Planting Potatoes on new land. 294

protecting tree trunks from the sun.
188

report of the 47th Convention of
fruit growers, 223

second meeting of committee on Horti-
cultural legislation, 413

seventh National orange show, 265

statistics on the cost of bringing or-
chards into bearing, 294
Wade, .T. H., 266
Wadsworth. James W.. 266
Waite, F. W., 139. 417
Waite. M. B., 51, 53

Walnut. 17. 105. 184, 206, 217, 263. 264.
290, 343

464

INDEX.

"U'alnut Blight. S7
Walnut. Cal. Black, 204
Eastern, 2 04
English, 204
Japanese, 204
Juglans calif ornica, 207
Varieties,

Bijou, 87

Concord, 86

Eureka, 86, 93

Pranquette, 86, 93

Mevlan, 86

Mayette, 86, 93

Neff's prolific, 93

Payne's Seedling, 86

Parisienne, 86

Placentia Perfection, 86

Placentia, 93

Ware's Prolific, 93

Willson Wonder. 86
"U'alters grapefruit. 331
Warnock tree paint, 210
Washington Navel Orange. 331. 396
Water grass, 53. 54, 55, 187
Watson. C. W., 266

J. R.. 448
Watsonville Apple Distributors, 220, 295
Wachendorff Bros., 164
Webber. H. J.. 215, 240

Our present knowledge of citrus

fertilization, art. 161
Weeds. 133. 134

Alongside state highway, 293
Bermuda grass, 55
Canada thistle, 54, 56, 338
Cocklebur, 57
Conium maciilatum, 447
crabgrass, 340
creeping malva, 56
dandelion, 57
daisies, 57
destroyers, 339
eradication, art. 53
in lawn, art. 337
Johnson grass, 54, 55, 57
kinghead, 57

morning glory, 54, 55, 56, 57
mustard, 57
noxious, 139
peppergrass, 338
pigweed, 338
plantain, 338, 341
prickly lettuce, 338
ragweed, 57
Russian thistle, 54
sneezeweed, 338
sorrel. 33 8
star thistle, 338
stink grass, 338
thistles, 57
watergrass, 55
wild lettuce, 54, 57
vellow star thistle, 55
Weinland, H. A., 118
T\''einstock, Harris, 108, 376, 443
Weldon, Geo. P., 376, 413, 418

Alfalfa weevil quarantine conference,

186
Announcement of 49th State Fruit

Growers' convention, 346
Act relating to the standardization of

fruit packing, the, art. 125

Weldon, Geo. P. — Continued.

co-operation between state and county

officials, 346
crop report and statistics, 103, 217,

263. 290, 343, 372
forty-ninth state fruit growers' con-
vention, 442
green spot of orange, 30
Hassler Bartlett pear, 417
horticultural laws, 349
new citrus quarantine. 374
northwestern fruit exchange to use
its influence towards preventing
the shipment of wormy and
scabby apples, 220
nurserymen's sixth annual conven-
tion, 413
piping system for orchard spraying,

art. 273
pure seed legislation, art. 393.
standing committee on the revision of
horticultural laws, 375
Wells Fargo Express Cc . 48
West coast potato association. 294
Western Pacific Co.. 319
Western 12 spotted cucumber beetle, 113
Whale oil soap, 2 9

Wheat, 54, 62, 265, 284
Wheat straw worm. 'The, art. 69
Wheldale, Muriel, 435
White, E. H.. 376
White Adriatic figs. 1. 12
White arsenic, 133. 135
White flies, a ladybird enemy of, art. 448
Whitewash. 101, 188
Whitney, B. B., 166, 192. 195
Whitney, L. A., Yellow Currant and
Gooseberry Fruit Fly, The. art.
152
Wickson. E. J., 88. 280, 376, 413
■Wickson, plum, 2 08
Williams, Mrs. Leonora. 171
Williston. S. W.. 385

Willits. R. L., Causes of unnecessary de-
cay in lemons, art.. 213
Willson Wonder "Walnut, 86, 87
Wilson, E. H.. 167, 171
Wilson, James, 2 66
Winter Nelis Pear, 417
Wireworm control, art. 225
Wisker. A. L., 376. 413, 446

Blight resistant roots — the first step
toward pear blight control, art. 48
improvement of nurserv stock, art.
430
Withycombe, James, 107
Woglum, R. S.. 192. 196, 449
'Woll, F. W.. 285
Wonderful pomegranate, 146
"Wood, William, 59. 109, 139, 376. 417
"Wood decay in fruit trees, art. 278
Woolly aphis of apple, 29, 113, 123. 166,
200
on pear, the, 29
Yellow Bellflower, 2 07

Currant and Gooseberry fruit flv. the.

art. 152
Egg Plum, 431
Yellow star thistle, 53, 54, 55, 1S7, 188
Yerxa, W. A., 376
Yokono persimmon. 365
Zinfandel grape. 417

OFFICERS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE COMMISSION OF

HORTICULTURE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE.
Capitol Building, Sacramento.

G. H. HECKE Commissioner

GEO. P. WELDON Chief Deputy Commissioner

E. J. VOSLER Secretary

MISS MAUDE HIETT Clerk

MRS. CARA BYRNE Stenographer

O. W. NEWMAN Assistant

INSECTARY DIVISION.

Capitol Park, Sacramento.

HARRY S. SMITH Superintendent

C. P. CLAUSEN Assistant Superintendent

E. J. BRANIGAN Field Deputy

MRB. E. STEPHENS Stenographer

HAROLD COMPERE Assistant

QUARANTINE DIVISION.

San Francisco Office: Room 11, Ferry Building.

FREDERICK MASKEW Chief Deputy Quarantine Officer

GEO. COMPERE Chief Quarantine Inspector

B. B. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspectoi

L. A. WHITNEY Quarantine Inspector

ARCHIE CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

STEWART CHATTERLEY Quarantine Inspector

MISS CLARE DUTTON Stenographer and Clerk

Los Angeles Office: Room 326, Union League Building.
A. S. HOYT Deputy Quarantine Officer

C. H. VARY Quarantine Inspector

LEE A. STRONG Quarantine Inspector

MISS CAROLINE M. DELP Typist

San Diego Office: Court House.
H. V. M. HALL Quarantine Inspector

CERTIFIED POTATO SEED INSPECTION.
W. V. Shear, Stockton Potato Inspector

APPLE INSPECTION UNDER THE STANDARD APPLE ACT OF 1915.

A. W. Tate, Watsonville Chief Apple Inspector

G. H. Buhrman, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. R. Davis, Watsonville Apple Inspector

H. B. Hopkins, Watsonville Apple Inspector

C. H. Wittner, Watsonville Apple Inspector

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