Py S. 240 ve f E My 7 of ¢ ar f - : * ' =" { At « ' “~ \ - . Le ( ne > = . “9 ~ ‘ , hae — af A ro J be - ~ ' d 4 df at : : i = 1 - a Fy 4 7 _— gtd ; ; ~ ' Pus va tle Me Pi a Se yt ‘¥ » ; a) PE a ih | i - 4 | = A ms yee ue wes on -_ “a aD , | ees ae , f : f it. in 7 ey te Kae way: ; b i 7° Ee i nea a ae bane . a ¥ me MAGA OR, THE MONTHLY — ay & ct, ie al ZINE; a ae bd w XY om ‘i wilt | BRITISH REGISTER: INCLUDING MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS FROM CORRESPONDENTS, ON ALL SUBJECTS OF LITERATURE AND! SCIENCE. BIOGRAPHY, AND REMAINS. OF EMINENT PERSONS. CORNUCOPIA. COLLECTIONS FROM AMERICAN LITE- RATURE, ORIGINAL LETTERS, &c. IN THE BRI- TISH MUSEUM. POETRY. ACCOUNT OF NEW PATENTS. PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. REVIEW OF THE NEW MUSIC. LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTEL- LIGENCE. ¥ . & PIPL PIPLII OL IL GID LIOS é VOL. XLIL: fs PEOPLE LEOL PL COLLIS OP PART IL. LIST OF NEW BOOKS, WITH A CRITICAL PROEMIUM. REGISTER OF THE PROGRESS OF BRI- TISH LEGISLATION. REPORT OF DISEASES IN LONDON. REPORT OF CHEMISTRY, &c. REPORT OF THE STATE OF COMMERCE, LIST OF BANKRUPTCIES AND DIVIDENDS. REPORT OF THE WEATHER. REPORT OF AGRICULTURE, &e. RETROSPECT OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS. MARRIAGES, DEATHS, &c, ; BIOGRAPHIANA. _ DOMESTIC OCCURRENCES, CLASSED AND ARRANGED IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER OF THE COUNTIES. + ey “oh, GENERAL # \ | “3. JUL 1981 | FOR 1816) - LIBRARY * 3h / / Af f London: PRINTED For SiR RICHARD PHILLIPS, By whom Communications (Post-paid) are thankfully received. — (Price Sixteen Shillings, half-bound.) . RY T- ADLARD, Printer, 23, Bartholomew Clue aod 39, Duke Street, Smithfield, aes rg: we, — . menue 9 Ba ear oe s 4 Le a sath sy tasigtins rhe Su . Sa ; , ke eu 5 oS i aah seers oi saet hac “aie: ‘att THE . MONTHLY MAGAZINE. No. 287.] AUGUST 1, 1816. [L of Vol. 42. M 1 agazine was firsr planned, two leading ideas occupied the minds of those who undertook to cone Tr hace te ee bei was, pee er esa before the Public various objects of information and discussion, botk amusing and inetructive; the second was that of lending aid to the prupagation of those liberal principles ree Spectiug some of the most important concerns of mankind, which have heen either deserted or virulently ope posed by other Periodical Miscellanies ; but upon the manly and rational support of which the Fame and Fate of the age must ultimately depend. Preface to Montbly Mag. Vol. Iu Jong as those who write are ambitious of making Conyerts, and of giving their Opinions a Maximum of In~ ~ Wuitate and Celebrity, the most extensively circulated Miscellany will repay, with the greatest Effect, the Cusiosity of those who read, whether it be for Amusement or for Fustructiona——-JOHNSON, ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SiR, ee call you are in the habit of ; making upon your readers for in- formation of local improvements, and partieularly as to the adoption in diffe- rent disivicts of those improvements in dhe arts of life, which science is continu- affy furnishing, induces me to hope that the following account of the Preston Gaslight Some find a ready in- sertion in your valuable miscellany. In the suminer of 1815, an Act having been obtained for lighting, watchmg, and ee regulating the town, a fa- vourable opportunity was thereby open- ed for introduciug the methed pursued with so much adyantare in the metrepo- lis, of lighting by méans of carburetted- hydrogen gas. With this view a com- pay was formed with shares of 101. each, and a capital was speedily raiser which was deemed sufficient to carry the plan-into effect in the central parts of the town as an experiment. The whole of the work thus projected has, for. some months, been,completed, under the able superinteridatice of Mr. Grafton, the engineer. ‘The length of main, pipes (which are of-sufficicnt capacity to serve the whole of the town, includtig several extensive factories) already, laid is 1,000 yards, and in this space it is estimated that more than 900 lights, emitting fame equal to 4,600 mould candles, of six in the pound, wiil be attached 10 the mains in the ensuing winter. The undertaking has so far succeeded to the satisfaction of the proprietors, tliat a further exten- sion of the works was agreed upon at a public meeting held on the 16th ult. and’ 2 capital is rapidly forming, which, when completed, will enable the trustees to lay down 2,800 yards more of main pipe, equal to supply the place of 10,000 mould caudles, of six in the pound. The pure state in whieh the gas is intro- MOonruLY MAG. No 28%, - duced into the shops, houses, and manu- factories, prevents the possibility of of- fence, and is unaccompanied by the most trifling stain or soil. Itrequires none of the atiention necessarily bestowed upon oil or candles, to refresh or increase the rays of light ; but, from the moment of ignifion, continues to burn with one un- diminished regular and consiant flame, until checked by intercepting the supply of gas, which is instantaneously effected by means of a stop-cock, and without any of the offensive and disagreeable ex halations whieh oil and candle emit on being extinguished, The plan whichvhas before been pro- jected of lighting a considerable space ‘by means of a single burner, placed in an elevated situation, has, we believe, for the first time, been carried into effect by the able engineer of the Pres- ton Company. In the centre of the market place, which is of considerable area, there happened, very appropriate- ly, to be a handsome Gothic column, thirty-six feet in height; on the top of this the engineer has placed a glass vase, in whieh the burner is fixed; and it thus hecomes the substitute of about twenty- five common oil lamps; but with an ef- fect which could not he equalled by more than double that number, placed nts most adyantageous situations. The light, indeed, which it affords is more easily comparable to the splendour of the solar rays, than to the miserable glimmerings we usually find in parish lamps where oil is used. The success which has attended the Preston concern (the first, we believe, after those in London, that has been suc- cessfully established,) gives reason to an- ticipate that the time is not far distant when most of our large towns will be adorned with brilliant lights produced by chemical art. Preston, Lancaster ; J. W. June 13th, 1816. : qo @ American Mail-coaches.— Population of the East Riding. (Aug. 1, - To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, elie a of your correspondents have very properly animadverted upon the danger and inconvenience of travelling in or upon our stage-coaches ; but, besides the many dreadful accidents to which travellers of this description are liable, many contract incurable dis- eases by exposure to the extremes of the weather in this variable climate. J have several times, in my life, been a great sufferer, and that, too, in the sum- ser months, from cold during the night, aud heat in the day. Ihave heard of a number of instances of madness which commenced while travelling in this manuer, occasioned, no doubt, by cold, watchfulness, and the excitement of terror. I have lately had two cases under my own care, who were both seized while riding on the outside in the middle of the night,-in severe weather ; and [had lately a friend who was seized with a fatal apoplexy while in a like situation. A remedy might, 1 think, be found for the evils complained of in the en- terprising spirit of coach proprietors, and the good sense of the public, who would, of course, give a preference to vehicles of a more safe and comfortable con- struction. The form of the American mail-coaches may furnish a useful hint: the body of the coach should be set for- warder, indeed nearer to the horses than the coach-box is in those on the present plan, a place for the driver's seat being made out of the body of the eoach; and behind it all the seats should be fixed for the outside passengers, with a light frame-work over them, upon which an awning, impervious to the wet, should be drawn or undrawn at pleasure, no seat being permitted, or any luggage to be placed higher than the wheels. .The coaches now in use seem only calculated to frighten the timid, and endanger the bold. Tuos. BAKEWELL. Spring Vale, Staffordshire 5 May 6, 1816. — fering his own children to starve, sup- ports 1816.] ports his neighbour's? Should we cali this benevolence? L should term it, zn- justice? For my own part, I cannot conceive how any persons can conscientiously raise such large sums for foreign pur- poses, while thousands of their country- men, many of whom have large families to support, are absolutely obliged to work at the slavish rate of eighteen pence per day, and many as low as sia pence or eight pence; and, while the work- houses are crammed to such an excess, that their inhabitants are forced, in many of them, to occupy the beds alter- nately. Such cases as these, which can be proved, cali loudly for relief; and, as I Know you are a friend to the people, I trust you will take an early opportunity of inserting this. The Bible societies, doubtless, are of great benefit; and, though the Bible teaches patience un- der afiliction, it is a hard lesson, and hu- man nature is such, that very few can Jearn it. I would propose to the Bible Society, that, instead of supplying fo- yeigners with the Scriptures, which we will allow to be a great and noble design, they would, for a year or two we will say, devote that portion of their funds, hitherto made use of for foreign purposes, to the temporal necessities of their own poor; then I am persuaded that the spiritual instruction would be better received, and the community more benefitted, by so laudable a design. I would also suggest, that in every parish a fund be raised to supply the necessitous with the common necessa- ries of life, at a very reduced rate, say at half, or two-thirds, the present price ; and, though abuses might creep in, I am of opinion great-good would be derived in the aggregate. | _ London; PHILODEMUS. May 13, 1816. —_——_ To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. sIR, LLOW me once again to address you on the subject of the Wake- field Asylum, as I find I stand misre- esented in your last number: it was to the building solely that £ alluded, not to the system of treatment or keep. I hold, from the tenor of Mr. Higgins’s first letter, that must come under ano- ther head, and not included in his esti- mate of 28,0001. that sum being for the harbour only, except the purchasc- money for the twenty-three acres of ground, which I suppose will form the The new Wakefield Asylum. 21 scite of the premises. Mr. Higgins supe poses I am misinformed respecting the particulars of the institution: so far from that, I do assure him, I never heard any thing respecting it but through the channel of the Monthly Magazine, ex- cept that a professional man once ‘old me, “they had chosen the most expen- sive plot of ground they couid find for the purpose.” Now, I beg leave, with all due deference to those magistrates who voted for this new crection, to ask, why the old Asylum at York” was neglected? Had not those magisirates the same power over the oid one:that they will have over the new? I am inclined to think they had, aud should have so far reprehended the system of: treatment at the old Asylum, as to have brought some of its managers under the lash of the law for their conduct towards such poor mortals, rather than in the first instance have been the means of such large pub- lic expenditure at such a calamitous era as the present,—an era, in short, in which, what with paupers of one de- scription or other, industry in this coun- try is not encouraged or rewarded, not- withstanding nothing cai arise or is produced without it. These are facts, Mr. Editor: Ruin stares the agriculturist in the face: this township, about thirty years ago, paid but 34/. per annum for the maintenance of its poor; if now costs upwards of 6007. and corn not 5s. the quarter different in price at the two periods,—to say nothing of other out- payments. Such is our landed interest —really the hand of retributive justice hath at length overtaken our guilty con- tinenital interference. We may now com- pare our own condition to that of a neighbouring nation previous to the year 1789. Thereiore, asto the necessity of this nation’s guilt as concomitant of folly, I will readily so far grant that a Panper Lunatic Asylum at Wakefield is cer- tainly a project more necessary and just, both on the seore of policy and huma- nity; and were it even to cost the whole amount of the national debt;—but I must desist, or [ shall again come under the charge of irrelevancy, notwithstanding L hold all public measures and expe- dients to be of a political nature; and, with respect to the county-rate, it may well be (agreeably to the order of the day,) progressively and rapidly on the in- crease—(I understand its annual amount to be 31,000/. for this Riding)—since the rate-payers are to see their moncy thus lavishly expended upon a building, , whick 22 which appears, from all who have writ- ten upon the subject of insanity, to be of no real publie utility, however ab- surd the sum I proposed might appear to éhose who calculate but little how even that sum will be raised. However, my absurdity is not likely to be perpetuated for ages in a monument of stone and mortar; therefore, may the authors of the late Lunatie Act let that grand and immutable principle —Justice, always preponderate and govern their actions, rather than thirst for arbitrary power. April 25, 1816. W.S. P. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR We may adopt as a general prin- ciple, incapable of subversion, that, “ General practice cannot change athe nature of things; or can universal error alter the properties of truth” "The philosophy of the universe will still continue the same, and eternal ve- rity wiil remain inviolate; though all the powers of mischief were to be brought into unity of action with wicked ingrate men, in one body, at the same instant, and in a joint effort essay to at- tack the sacred order of things, and the holy divinity of trath. 1 was led to these reflections and to adopt the preceding position or axiom, on reflecting upon the yarions and in- consistent follies by which even some sensible people suffer themselves to be directed ;—among which, mental depra- vities are various traditional swpersti- tions, and vulgal apothegms now re- ecived as universal truths. The learned physician Sir Thomas Browne successfully combatted. many of these, in his erudite work Pseudodoxia Epidemica, published in 1672. Should it ever be my fate to re-edite that valu- able work, at some future period, as I haye contemplated; I shall find a great many other obstructions to remove ;— and I cannot refuse myself the consola- tion of selfapproval, on anticipating that every labour tending to remove errors, is to be considered nearly equally serviceable with those exertions which -suecessfully elicit truth. It is truly shocking to behold the multifarious effects, distressing in the extreme, under which the human mind suffers; and when we observe minds so well cultivated as the learned and pious Dr. Johnson's was, victims to this extravagant folly; at the time their dis- dress commands our grief; (for minds ander its influence feel equally with Removal of popular Errors and Superstitions. 7 [Ausg. 1, those who suffer positive calamity ;) te them it is the same—we must experi- ence the honest indignant resentment arising from a wish to anvihilate it, and at least to banish the remembrance from all rational socicty. The doctor, (if re- port be true,) althongh a pious Chris- tian, was, perhaps without suspecting. it, a dupe to the grossest errors of Pa- ganism. As such may be regarded his Ambulomancy, and many other foolish observances. Independent of such imbecile prae- tices, in which al! the privileged follies of the ancients consisted, as rabdomaney, ophiomaney, auspicium, augury, and divination, for many of which they, the ancients, had public professors; the doc- tor’s very ingenious contrivance appears to have been an improvement, at least, upon ancient madness. Many common apothegms now view- ed by society as truths, which most pro- verbs are said to have for foundation, doubtless had their origin from speciat or particular circumstances ; therefore, they should not be now considered as general or universal in their applica- tion. Among stich, it is to be presumed, should be regarded the vulgar observa- tion, that “ Dhe nearer the church, the farther from God.” Now, this, being founded upon the class of circumstances last mentioned, should nothave the liberal construction given to if, as it is gene= rally bestowed upon pure local considera- tions. I think I am warranted, from in- stances repeatedly seen among our reve- rend officers of the holy altar, in pre- suming that it is somewhat more than probable this proverb had its origin from the infamous conduct of some in- dividual of that body, eminent, perhaps, for licentious debauchery:—as Milton, in his enumeration of the inhabitants of Pandemomium, takes oceasion to com- ment upon the scriptural text, which describes the defection of Ext’s sons, where he says, Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love Vice for itself: to him no temple stood Or altar smoak’d; yet who more oft than he In temples, and at altars, when the priest Turns atheist? as did Eli’s sons, who fil’d With lust and violence the house of God. Par. Lost, b. 1. That this is the construction which ought to be put upon this common ex- pression, [ submit to your opinion, and that of a liberal public. PHILO-ANTIQUARIUS. Te 1816.] To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, WAS a little surprised at the doubt raised by your learned correspondent E. M. respecting the execution of the Maid of Orleans. But, though I by no means intend formally to enter the lists with a man of such great talents, yet I must be permitted to have my doubts concerning the justness of his opinion, and that of Kotzebue; for, Ist. How is it to be accounted for, that a circumstance so well known at Metz, as the appearance of Joan of Arc there, is represented by Lather Vignier to have been, should have escaped the notice of ali the historians of that age? They cither never heard of it, which I think goes very far towards refuting the testimony of father V—; or, if they did, they rejected it as altogether frivo- lous, which I should consider a still greater proof of its improbability: and the same arguments will, I conceive, hold good respecting Hume, the extent of whose knowledge and the soundness of whose judgment, none of your rea- ders, Tam sure, will ever eall in ques- tion. But, 2dly. Even allowing the possibility of these men being mistaken, surcly the evidence on which we reject an opmion, so long received conxsensione omnium, ought to be very strong, and to bring conviction home to us at once; but can so much be said for that of Father V—? I conceive, quite the contrary; for it is mot direct and positive evidence, but rests on the authentivity of a Jetter written by Father V—’s brother, and of 2 narrative of one Father Dachery, who writes the Life of Father V—, who says he saw a manuscript at Metz, which I believe no one else has ever mentioned, and which Kotzebue himself thinks “ would have gained hut little credence with father V—,” had not another cir- cumstance occurred, which he seems to think very important; according to my ideas, if any importance is to be attach- ed to it, it must be in refuting his own argument; for, is it at ali to be credited, that a lord of Armoise should have been Hineally descended from so great a per- sonage as Joan of Arc, and that there should not be some tradition of it carried down in his family for the short space of two centuries? [ think, certainly not.— Morcover, might not the said holy father be tempted to propagate such a story with a view of profit; perbaps employed by that very same lord of Armoise, who “ manifested no aie joy at the honor Joan of Arc.—Teaching the Classics by Translations. 23 which thus accrued to him;” or for many other reasons? Besides, where are ail these manuscripts which he mentions? It is very remarkable that they should all be ost. As to the answers which Kotzebue prepares for those who may object te his opinion, they are certainly ingeni- ous, but in my opinion they do not carry even a shadow of proof with them; and, upon the whole, it is my humble opinion, drawn from the foregoing ar- guments, that all which has been writ- ten by ihose holy fathers, and even the opinions cf Kotzebue and E. M. which alone can give the testimony of the others any degree of weight, ought not to be admitted as sufficient evidence to overturn the long received and univer- sally believed opinion of Joan’s execu- tion. W. H. —— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE manner of attempting, or pre- tending, to teach the Classics to boys, ky the help of translation, bas appeared to me, lu some instances, as a species of imposition. 1 know that Eng- lish translatious have been recommended to the Latin student by certain persons, and admit that they may have been of utility to those who have not had the advantage of a teacher; but surely the general introduction of them into a school can only have arisen from the iguorance of the master; and the obvi- ous effect is to retard, instead of pro- moting, the advanecment of the pupil. It may be perceived, without any great degree of discernment, that a lad who cannot learn a language without such helps, can never make any desirable proficiency in it; and that a boy who can learn at all, would eventually learn without them, what he now acquires with less intellectual exertion, and con- sequently less real advantage; for every difficulty is smoothed for him: there is little exertion of mgennity to discover the construction, and as little exercise. of memory to discover the root, of any word which he may be required ta parse; for, if it be not presented to his miud, yet, by observing in his book the corresponding English word, and turn- ing to it in his dictionary, he finds the word he is in quest of, without tracing its derivation in his mind. But, admit- ting translations of zxtéiatory authors to be useful or even necessary, still what plea can a master have for putting into a boy’s hands such au author as Virgil, y, accompanied 24 accompanied with a translation? In the former case, it might be alleged, with some appearance of reason, that a boy js discouraged by having to recur to his dictionary for every word: but, when a Jad euters upon such an author as Virgil, he ought to be acquainted with most of the common words in the lahguage, and have Jess occasion to refer to his dic- tionary. Here then I think it is fair to infer, that the master is either culpably negligent, or ignorant of what he pro- fesses to teach. A lad who had been some time at a school where classical learning was professed to be taught, and had gone through several books of Virgil, was quite put to a stand when required to construe a single line of easy Latin: if I had been belore surprised at -what I had heard of his rapid progress, you may be sure [ was now much more surprised at his present incapacity: but my wonder ceased, when I found tbat he had read Virgil with a translation; and Twas convinced that he would not run on classic ground, till he had Jibe- rated himself from his leadingsstrings. ven in learning Greek, J think it would be better for boys not to be ac- customed to the use of Latin interpre- tations, (notwithstanding the pompous assurance I once received from one of these classical teachers, “ that there is no learning Greek without them:”) there is, I acknowledge, something to be said for them, when we consider how im- perfect the common lexicons are; but i think it would be better for a lad in any difficulty of this kind, to apply for explanation to his instructor; who, if he were equal to his office, would be more likely to direct him aright, by pointing out the reot and inflexions of the word, than the interpretation. I “think we necd not be surprised at the practice or extent of what I have en- deavoured to expose, when we look at the number of boarding-schools that have started up of lute years; hence we may reasonably infer, that many send their children to them who have not had a good education themselves, and are consequently ill qualified to judge of their children’s progress, or their teach- ers’ abilities: how clse are we to account for the prosperous state of some of the school-keeping gentry, who advertise, as taught in their academies, a list of items so long and sounding, as to im- press the illiterate with wonder and ad- iniration, whilst the faith of sensible persons is staggered at the vastuess of their pretensions? Improvements in Steam-boats. [Aug. 4, I avail myself of this opportunity of expressing a wish, that the public will encourage the editor of those cheap and useful Latin works, so Well adapted for schools, that have beeu printed at the press of A. J. Valpy, to extend his Ja- bors to the publication of similar works in the Greek language. LS. Pp. S. I was surprised to find an error in punctuation in the common editions of Virgil, not correeted in the edition pub- lished by Valpy. The passage is the fol- lowing, from the fourth book of the Zneis, usually pointed thus :— aor Vivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta Jam sua. Here sua by an ungrammatical construc- tion, acquires the sense of vestra, as the author of the Latin Primer justly observes; whereas vivite is intended to be used in the same manner as in the eighth Eclogue, Vivite, sylve. Tt should stand thus :— Vivite. Felices quibus est fortuna peracta Jam sua. —— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, i, Saawebe the varions improvements now making in the construction of sieam-boats, the following may be suggested. Let the steam-engine and fuel be placed in a small compact vessel, built on purpose to contain nothing else, ex- cept accommodation for two men; and jet the goods and passengers be placed in another vessel, which is to be dragged by tho steam-boat. The advantages of this method are obvious. Ist. Danger to the passengers from the bursting of the boiler, &c. is pre- vented. 2d. It will remedy the loss and in- conyenience of the engine shaking the vessel; especially if large; from this cause, the steam-boats, accurding to pre- sent construction, will not last above ihree years. It will also remedy the dis- agreeable heat of the furnace and noise of the engine. 3d. fhe engine, &e. at present occu- pies. the principal or most useful part of the vessel, on its removal the vessel can take more passengers or goods. 4th. If the vessel containing the pas- sengérs or goods, be of the usual or old construction, and provided with rigging and sails, and finds that she can go faster (with a favourable wind) with sails than being dragged, let her throw off the steam tower or draggers, which may follow, and take up the vessel if wind and iide fails, In case of a storm or 1816.] or a very high sea, the vessel is able to stand it, or run into a port, which the present steam-boats, from their flimsy and open construction, cannot do with- out risk. If they should happen to ship asea, they must either founder, or the sea, by extinguishing the fire, will reduce the vessel to a helpless log. I may be told, that the experiment of steam-boats sailing (or rather steaming) on the seca has been successfully tried; it has been so under favourable circumstances, but f am afraid they would make a poor figure ina gale of wind going through Portland Race, or some parts of the Eng- lish Channel. 5th. The vessel containing the engine, (which we shall call a steam-dragger,) acting like a team of horses on the water, may be hired out and employed in dragging ships or lighters of any size, up and down rivers, out of harbours, and out of bays, when land-locked. It may be objected, that any vessel dragged in this manner, will not sail so expedi- tiously as if she had the engine on board. ‘Vhis may partly be remedied ‘by having the engine in the dragger ofa very strong power; instead of having an engine of twenty-four horses power in the steam-boat, which is thought to be sufficient for the largest (at present in use), let the engine in the dragger be of thirty or thirty-six horses power: this foree I humbly conceive is sufficient to tow a line-of-battle ship against wind or tide. It must be understood, that the ves- sel containing the engine, &c. being built ou purpose, nay be sufficiently strong to resist the action or working of the most powerful engine; and, if this im- provement be acted upon, an engine may be set afloat of suflicicnt force to tow a fleet all at the same time; I shall con- elude with a case in point. A large ship, heavy laden, and bound for the East Indies, was wind bound, about two months ago, in a port in Scot- land, and might have been kept there for several weeks; but, upon taking the assistance of a steam-boat, (which had gone to the port by accident wiih pas- sengers,) she was towed expeditiously into a situation where she could pro- secute her voyage. If she had employ- ed boats in the old or usual way for the purpose of towing, it would have taken a certain number of days; this steam- boat, of moderate power, and without the smallest exertion of manual labour, performed the task in the same number MontHty Mad. No. 287, Improved Steam- Boats.— Lotteries. 25 of hours. Your inserting this in your valuable miscellany, will oblige your constant reader. B. N. B. The writer had an opportunity o£ observing the progress of a well construct- ed steam-boat. It lasted only two years, being shaken to pieces by the engine in the centre. Glasgow ; June 28, 1816. —=—Sie To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine, SIR, if is impossible to preserve the mo-= rals of a people where lotteries abound, because they call into action the worst passions of human nature; they not only excite false hopes, but discourage industry, prudence, and vir- tue; and exhibit the unfairness of go- vernment, whose utility consists in af- fording equal protection to all, at play against the simple, with the most un- equal chances. As they are the most silly that hazard their gains against such fearful odds, docs it not behoye every one to caution and guard them from being entrapped by the snares that are so impolitically laid in their way: under the hopes of getting rich by a dash, the last farthing is occasionally at stake. Here, then, is a powerfut cause of suicide, robbery, beggaries, and riot; for every thing that tends to fix in the mind the desire to gain without labour, leads to the dissolution of civik society: for the same reason as money gained without labour is expended. without care, so the sudden possession of these ill-bestowed riches occasion drunkenness, disorder, and indigence, But this is not all, for the evil is aggra- vated by exciting others to pursue the same deadly track. The argument, that men are inclined to game, to live by hazard, is not true; thousands do not do so; besides, were it so, would it not be . wise to check so miserable a propensity instead of encouraging it: in truth, the evils it engenders are impolitic to en- courage in any point of view; and, if narrowly looked into, would be found, in respect to revenue, to be unproduc- tive, because the adventurers are sure to withdraw a portion of time from their ordinary pursuits, exactly equal to the hopes it excites in their mind. Thus it restrains industry, which, added to the money expended for the thing expected to bring them the phantom, reduces them lower in the scale of society, and they are Icft with diminished means to expend in the necessaries of life, E Those 26 These reflections occurred to me on being presented with the following ac- counts of a sale of lottery tickets during the last eighteen months: two hun- dred and nine tickets, value 372/. 12s. produced in prizes 46. 4s. 10$d., being nearly one-eighth of the cost. There is a saying, that ‘“ experience makes fools wise.” Never was folly, to say the least of it, more compleat than this—to lay out 372/. 12s. to gain 461. 4s. 104d. If any of these people should be eutraped again, though the next lottery may be said to be more inviting than any of the preceding, I hope they will never Jaugh at any of the antics of the Hottentots, or the natives of the back settlements of America, or the heathen gods or wooden devils of the Catholics. W. GoopMAN. Market-place, Warwich ; June 10, 1816. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, ROPOSALS have been circulated for establishing in the metropolis, a day-school, in which an example may be set of the application of the improved methods of teaching to the higher branches of education. ' - Those of Dr. Bell, Mr. Lancaster, and Mr. Bentham, are specified; and it may he supposed, that the equally effective, though not equally well puffed, INTERRO- GATIVE System, will hold a principal place in the establishment of such a course. It is presumed that the extraordinary expedition, cheapness, and accuracy, with which the elements of instruction have been conveyed to the children of the poor, excite a well-grounded hope, that important results will follow the application of the new methods to supe- rior branches of education. It is the plau to erect an octagonal building, to serve as a school-room, for the largest mimber (say 600), to which, by the new methods, and the principle of central inspection, combined, the su- erinfevdance of one master can be effectually applied, to put in practice the most efficacious modes of inition, and to atlopt a course of instruction which shall ocenpy the space from se- ven years of age, or under, to fourteen or sixteen, with the acquisition of such branches of knowledge as are most snb- servient to the ordinary business of life, and to the improvement of the human nind. A delineation of the course of instiuc- Mr. Bentham’s Plan of Education. [Aug. 1, tion which is best adapted to the species of institution in view, was a dificult, but, at the same time, an indispensable, preliminary. ‘Chat service has been rendered by the pen of Mi. Bentham, and a sclreme of instruction, drawn up, say the projectors, by that distinguished philosopher, for the use of the institu- tion, has been printed, under the title of “ Chrestomathia.” Phe stages of struction (in number, six) have been arranged entirely upon the principle of facility in the order of acquirement—precedence being given to those particulars for which it was sup- posed the mind of the learner would be first prepared. The first stage is elementary and pre- paratory, including reading, writing, and the first elements of arithmetic ; which, however, may in general be ex- pected to be acquired at a preparatory school. In the second stage, the pupils will re- ecive arranged and systematic instruc- tien, with regard to the more obvious and familiar properties of external ob- jects; under their three great divisions, of the mineral, the vegetable, and the animal, kingdoms; the sciences relating to which are respectively denominated, mineralogy, botany, and zoology. Geo- metrical figures will be rendered fami- liar by diagrams and models, and the elementary propositions of geometry, without the demonstrations, will be lodged in the memory; the mind will be stored with historical, chronological, and geographical facts; and the pupils will begin to practise such of the ope- rations of the art of drawing as are of most importance to common life.* In the third stage, the pupils will be in- structed in mechanics and chemistry. he former will comprehend, as far as it can be given without mathematical demor- stration, the doctrine of the mechanical powers—the lever, the pulley, the wedge, &e. ; the equilibrium of fluids ; acoustics; and optics. The latter will include the simple and ejementary parts of mineral chemistry, vegetable chemistry, animal cheinistry, and meteorology, or atmos- pherical chemistry. Under both, con- jointly, are included the branches of science called, magnetism, clectricity, * See the Appendix to Blair’s Universal Precepior, or the preface to his ‘Tutoi’s ‘Key, where a similar course is described and recommended, and has long heen adopted in several hundred independant schools in town and country, 1 galvanism, 1816.] galvanism, projectiles, &c. And, at this stage, will commence the impor- tant business of grammatical exercises, applied to English, Latin, Greek, l'rench, and other languages, in conjunction. At the fourth stage will be taught, the application of the physical know- ledge thus acquired to the useful arts: the arts, for example, of husbandry and gardening, of manufacturing in its most general departments, of mining, of do- mestic economy, kc. The branch of instruction, commenced at the fifth stage, relates to that most im- portant subject, the economy of health, including the articles of knowledge which are of the greatest importance in qualifying a man to avoid the causes of disease, and, as far as possible, to ob- viate their effects, both in the human body and in the different species of ani- mals useful to man. The sixth stage ascends to the higher branches of reasoning applicable to phy- sical objects, viz. arithmetic in its more difficult operations; algcbra; geome- try, with the demonstrations; and the two branches ef astronomy. ‘The more general principles and relations of arts and manufactures will here be explain- ed. Book-keeping, both commercial and general, or the art of recordation at large, will now be taught; and lastly, note-taking, or the art of writing down the substance of a discourse, practised in the case of recapitulatory lectures, delivered on any of the subjects which enter into this scheme of instruction, _ History; biography; geometry, with its practical branches — mensuration, surveying, navigation, &c. ; graphic imi- dation; grammatical exercises, inclu- ding, in an eminent degree, the correct use of the English tongue, with lan- guage-learning in general, will be regu- larly continued, from the time when they were commenced, through all the inter- vening stages, to the end, Tt is computed that the sum of 5,0001. will be amply sufficient to erect and fur- nish the school with all its appurte- nances, and to defray its expences for one year, The annual expenditure, according to these terms, will stand as follows :— Interest on 5,000]. at 5 per cent £250 SIIITADICK nf 5 links ity 200 PEE UENCIS: co. «210 1, 0 9 210 Rent and taxes . . . «. » ~ 60 BETO he tie rate b's! 0), 0 Cleaning the school, &e, . . . 50 810 New School for liberal Education. 27 It is proposed, that each scholar shall pay for his education the sam of 5l. 5s. per annum. Upon the estimate that only 400 scholars shall attend, the in- come will be as follows :— 400 scholars Bal DSan 4d eal, e200 Annual! expenses asaboye £810 il. more to the master on - voQscholars . . . . 200 7s. 6d. more for three MISDEMS ost te gs telts lane) Go TORS 1st calculation, Annual surplus . £1015 —s If 500 scholars... . . . . «. 9696 il. more to the master on : Psvg scholars... eo. S00 7s. 6d. more for three ushers 113 Annual expenses. . . . 810——1993 Annual surplus ; £1402 The pecuniary and other management of the school, wiil, it has been supposed be most advantageously conducted by a combination of the following descriptions of persons :— : Public men, whose names, universally known, will afford to the public security for the faithful application of the funds: Men of science and literature, ac- 2d calculation. ~ quainted with the field of instruction: Men of the principal diversities of re- ligious belief, for the satisfaction, in that respect, of parents of all religious deno- minations : , Men of business and activity, on whom the burthen of detail may rest: : ‘Tradesmen, as representatives of the parents, from whom the principal por- tion of the scholars inay-be expected to proceed. The following are the names of the persons who, upon the conditions herein described, have agreed to accept the cha.ge of erecting and managing the school :— The Duke of Sussex | Henry Brougham, Sir John Swia- esq. MP, burne, bart. Jos. Hume, esq. Sir Samuel Romil- | John Herbert Koe, ly, MP. esq. Sir James Mackinz | James Mill, esq. tosh, MP. Mr. Francis Place, The Hon. H. Grey | D. Ricardo, esq. Bennet, MP. E. Wakefield, esq. Mr. Wm, Allen, Josiah Wedgwood, My. S&S. Brooks. €5(). The managers have appointed Mr. Francis Place secretary, and Mr. Wm. Allen treasurer, to the Lustitution — Subscriptions received by any of the managers must be paid fetigwith to the E2 easures 2s Mr. Playfair on the State treasurer, Mr. Allen, or to his account, at Messrs. Hoare’s, bankers, Fleet- strect. \ The great object proposed to be ac- complished by this example is, to shew that the erecting and conducting of schools of similar perfections may be rendered a source of reasonable gain— thus securing the propagation of them on the best of all foundations, the inte- rest of those who may undertake them. i To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, a* your last Magazine you gave a .W@ very gloomy, but a very true, return of our finances ; yet I think it would be still better to consider what must be the result? Want of foresight has brought us to where we are, and want of fore- sight may soon take us to a situation from which we never can extricate our- selves. I, for my part, cannot conceive the great apparent ignorance or indifference of all parties, with regard to what is evidently awaiting us. Ministers said “They must have the Income Tax, and they would stand or fall by the measure.” ‘They lost it, and they continued in place; what can they expect but disgrace and failure? Opposition made a bold and manly stand to refuse the Income Tax; but by that Act they were bound to withstand a lavish expenditure that required ihe Income Tax. What can they expect but bankruptcy? ‘They have sanctioned an expendituré of 28 millions 4 year, when the free revenue at best is not amore than one-third of that sum! What do Isay? The free revenue? Sir, it is ynore than probable, I believe it is cer- tain, that the taxes will so fall off as to Jeave no free revenue at all. In round numbers, and to be distinct and intelligible, I state the matter as follows, for accuracy is not necessary when the evil is so great. Ordinary revenue . . . £42,000,000 Portion of war taxes continued BEE yy ket ow i's, 0003000 Total revenue this year arising from fixed taxes . . . 50,000,000 Interest of funded j and unfunded debt .. . Sinking Fund . 30,000,000 12,000,000 ——-——— 42,000,000 8,010,000 ——S eee Free revenue . . [Aug. 1, Last year the total income of the na~ tion was at least 300,000,0002. as under: Expended by government in 1815) 640 ie ahs) «esd ONO 00e. Rent ofland . . . . . ~- 40,000,000 Income of farmers, one-half more thanrent . . . . 60,000,000 Men in trade, professions, ar- tists, labourers, &c. equal to farmer and landlord . 100,000,000 Total individual revenue 319,000,000 Now, as this produced of standing taxes fifty millions, or about one-sixth, say 3s. 8d. in the pound, let us see what may be expected this year :— Expended by government in ABUG 2 Nee valicl ye BEL 56 70;000;008) Land rents, some reduced, others in arrear, one-third . Farmers’ incomes,reduced two- INOS cco). stcy opiate tees Trade, professions, &c. reduced one-fifth; 9). ete). pales 27,000,000 £9,000,000 80,000,000 —— Say . . 190,000,000 Thus, reckoning very moderately for the defalcations of rent, trade, &e. sup- posing the complaints made to be true, the income of the contributors will be reduced to less than two-thirds of what it was last year; but, to give every ad- vantage to the other side of the question, let us suppose it only two-thirds, then the revenue would be reduced from fifty millions to thirty-four millions ; but, sup- posing it only to fall off. one-fifth instead of one-third, we shall have but forty mil- lions, which is not quite equal to the in- terest of the debt and the Sinking Fund. The Income Tax renewed, and a far- ther appropriation of the Sinking Fund to the necessities of the year, may be resources to a certain amount, and eco- nomy niay, and probably from necessity will, be the means used for covering the deficit ; and Jet us see how it will be then— The Sinking Fund is twelve millions ; if one-half is taken, thatiwillbe™. ). “este A modified Income Tax . . Economy to be practised. 6,000,000 8,000,000 + 4,000,000 18,000,000 Revenue of 1817. . 40,000,000 58,000,000 Expenditure . . . 70,000,000 Deficit still . . . 12,000,000 Twelve millions will still be wanting, even after encroaching on the Sinking Fund, so as to greatly injure public cre- dit, and renewing the Property 'T'ax, so as 1816.] as to displease the whole nation ; that is to say, after using the whole resources in our power, the deficit will still be enor- mous. I do not think that the basis of this calculation will be objected to; I only take the rate of taxation at 3s. 8d. in the pound, a sum not nearly so great as is generally supposed. And, as to the diminution of the incomes of individuals, I think I have underrated it, if the ge- neral complaints are near the truth. Tt will. be answered to all this, that twenty years ago the ruin of the state, through excess of debt, was anticipated the same as now, and that in reality those are only the gloomy predictions of the discontented. Ladmit, that for many years the alarm on account of the national debt was much greater than was warranted, and that the power of the nation to bear taxation has greatly exceeded the ex- pectations of the most sanguine calcu- lators; but, unfortunately, those serve only to prove the more completely our present danger. The premature alarm has been in this case, as it always is, succeeded by incredulity ; the incredulity as to danger gives a confidence, that nothing but the real arrival of danger will destroy; and, as for the capacity of the nation to sus- tain burthens far beyond what was ima- gined, that arose from two causes, now ceasing to exist—the increase of riches aud the diminution of the value of money. In 1792 all our taxes amounted to 16,600,000; in 1815 to 66,000,000, or, as near as possible, to four times as much; but, during that period, the value of money had diminished at least one half; and, in the latter year, government expended 120,000,000; when, in the former, it only expended 16,600,000, being something more than 100 millions of excess; and the rate of taxation at 3s. 8d. in the pound, would make those who received this excess contribute 17 millions: so that, though the amount of taxes bas quadrupled, the rate of taxation to individuals was not even doubled as things stood last year; but now, that money is coming back to its former value, and the expenditure of government is reduced 50 millions, the pressure will be felt in a most severe manfer. There is no analogy, no comparison, between this and any former period. We never before had peace without being able to make our resources mect and Prospects of the Finances. 29 < our expences; and we ought not to be supine or ineredulous on account of the false terrors of former calculators. The proofs of our inability to square our expenditure with our income, consist now of physical facts. Formerly, opi- nions were formed and were the ground of apprehension ; and, therefore, we are not, in judging of our present situation, to pay any attention to what have been the mistakes at any former period. W. PLAyYraiR. P.S. It is evident that taxation will not fall off in the same proportidn with in- dividual income, because reduction falls chiefly on luxuries, and taxes fall chiefly onnecessaries, Salt, shoes, soap, and most exciseable articles, are the last to feel re- trenchment. For this reason I have made great reduction of the proportion. The reduction is, however, certain, though it can only be guessed at; I should think, out of 45 millions, the deficiency will be from 7 to 10, leaving about 37,000,000 per- manent revenue. —<= To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, HE yarious philological papers which haye recently appeared in your valuable publication, afforded me great pleasure, as viewiny this kind of investigation to be, at length, advancing towards a regular system, worthy of Maintaining a rank among other esta- blished sciences. From my peculiar pursuits, and having the ancient Jauguage of Britain for my mother tongue, £ have ascertained some important facts, connected with this, to me interesting, subject, upon which it was my intention to form an extensive work; but obstacles to the acquirement of the necessary materials, for the pur- pose of rendermg it so complete as I - wished it to be, have caused a delay of such length ef years, that I now lock upon the task as inypracticable. How- ever, being reluctant that the know- ledge of those facts, with their intrinsic characteristics should be entirely lost, and presuming that they might afford useful hints for the further illustration of language; with your permission, Mr, Editor, L shall here offer to the notice of your readers a general outline, or the conclusions to be drawn from them; intending, also, at convenient intervals, to produce examples and explanations of the most prominent parts of a system, to which, in my mind, they give a beau- tiful and consistent form. 1. Mankind had an original language, which uuderwent a confusion, cither suddenly 30 suddenly or progressively; and that, at a period, beyond the scope ofall history, excepting what is recorded in the Bible to have occurred at Babel. 2. All subsequent languages are formed out of the materials, or ruins, of the original onc, as can be demonstrated by tracing those ruins in their con- struction. 3. There are some ancient Janguages, which, by not having undergone any very violent revolutions, are formed of more entire masses, as it were, of these yuins, than others; so that, by combining together the masses so found in their structure, the leading characteristics of ihe venerable original may be traced out; but those languages, of more mo- dexn date, which have arisen out of the intermixture of nations, or which have been polished, as it is called, are so irregular, and their basis so defaced, that their afiinity to their parent could scarcely be identified without the aid of the former, which have escaped such accidents. 4, By the data already mentioned, that first language of mankind can be demonstrated to have been more sys- tematic, copicus, and expressive, than all others, formed out of its ruins; and even far superior to any thing hypothe- tically conceived by philosophers to be the perfection of speech. 5. It had for its basis all the radical and simple sounds, or articulations, within the compass of the human voice, amounting to the number of nearly three hundred; which being the signs of so many simple, abstract ideas, they formed a scale, probably as perfect in its application as that of music; out of which arese all the possible combina- tions necessary for representing every idea, whether simple or complex. 6. Radical aad simple sounds are such elementary words, as consist of one or two vowels, or of a vowel joined to - one consonant; as for example, a, ao, ab, al, en, ci, da, fo, ma, ty, to, and the like. 7. So long as the primitive language existed in a perfect state, every articu- lation of the human voice was signifi- cant of some meaning or idea therein, equally determined as any note in the musical scale; so that no sound could have been uttered, without conveying an idea thereby; and a combination of any number of sounds gave so many ideas, in the like state of combination. To illustrate this, the word ex-com-mu- ni-ca-ti-on may suffice, which ought, Comparison of Ancient and Modern Languages. [Aug. 1, agreeably to the foregoing principle, to” impress on the mind seven simple ideas combined; whereas it gives us only one idea; and its seven component parts separately mean nothing. 8. In that perfect state, also, the ori- ginal language could be represented by those symbols, termed hieroglyphics, so as to be read with equal facility as the symbols of numbers; because that, as every elementary sound was significant of a simple and abstract idea, it also became the name of the thing, which obviously had its predominant charac- teristic described thereby. Thus the word fo, meaning, abstractedly, what is out, over, exterior, or covering, would be, and is, the appropriate name for a roof, and its aggregate plural form of ty would mean a /ouse: and it is a curious circumstance, that the form of its ori-~ ginal symbol, and also its name, are eyen preserved by our alphabet writing, in the letier T, however it may be mo- dified. 9. In some of the ancient languages, already alluded to, there are preserved, conjointly, about one-half of all the ele- mentary sounds, significant of the like number of abstract ideas. The Arabic has 100 as nouns, and 48 as prepositions, &e. The Persian has 81 as nouns, and 4k as prepositions, &e. ; The Welsh has 78 as nouns, and 135 as prepositions, Ke. The Hebrew has 35 as nouns, and 36 as prepositions, &c, With respect to the Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew, I am aware of drawing results from imperfect premises; that is, merely from lexicons; but, were I as- sisted by individuals, who had those languages for their mother tongues, and had made similar researches therein, with what I have done with respect ie the Welsh, and no one else would be competent, Lam of opinion, that consi- derable additions coujd- thus be made, so a5 io render my system more perfect. 10. None of the modern languages preserve those elementary sownds, with their abstract significations, or signs of ideas, in the strict form before alluded to; and, indeed, in any state, they have preserved only a very few of them, as may be scen in the subjoined table; and that, merely, as absolute names of things, Without any clue being afforded to find the reason for their being so applied. Nevertheless, by examining the con- struction of ihese languages, we clearly disceyer that such clements, as before deseribed, 1816.] described, contribute largely, if not al- together, to the structure of all of them. The English has 7 as nouns, and 31 as prepositions, &c. - The drench has 6 as nouns, and 33 as prepositions, &c. The Latin has 5 as nouns, and 40 as prepositions, &c. The German has 4 as nouns, and 21 as prepositions, &e. dil. The Hebrew has 83 of its ele- ments, out of the whole number of 65, which agree in identity of sound, signi- fication, and functioys, with those in the Welsh; the Arabic has 63, and the Per- stan has 61, which, in like maniuer, agree with siinilar elements in the Welsh: and this is the most important of the facts by which the feregoiag inferences are to he proved, as it clearly demon- strates those languages to have had a common origiv. Lest the reader should not see the bearing of these points, as intended, it may be necessary to exem- plify it by one or two instances. Aw, in Welsh, implies, abstraciedly, what es endued with motion, a flow, a fiuid ; and then, as the name of what most obyi- ously possesses this principle, it signitics water ; and it means the same thing in Persian, and in the ancient German ; so we find it also ia the French, in the word eau, though disguised under different symbols. én is a compound of two elements, and, in Welsh, signifies ab- stractediy, accumulated, as to being, ener- gy, or intellect; and, in its common accep- tation, it means old, or ancient; and it is of the same import in the Armenian, the Burman, and the Sanserit ; and, in the Latin and the Irish, the same word is found joined to a prefix of very ex- tensive use, represented in these tongues by the symbol s, and is the pareut of a multitude of derivatives. | 12. By having a thorough knowledge of those elementary sounds, we possess the keys, by which the hitherto hidden arcana of languages may be opened; eyen those that lave undergone every kind of commixion, such as the French and the Liglish, their intricacies may be, in a great measure, unfolded, though impenetrable by any other known meavs; aud most of the mythological wnigmas, veiled in the fables of the Grecks, Romans, and other nations, may also be thus rationally explained. he foregoing tvelve heads are given as an outline of the system, which, at future opporiunitics, 1 intend to illus- trate, by ditailing aud exemplifying its Anecdotes of Dr. Young’. $1 different parts, if you, Mr. Editor, shontd not consider your pages wanted for more interesting ebjects. July ue 1816. Merrion. —_— ; To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, i THINK it right to acquaint you with afew errors in the statement I have met with in your Magazine of Jast mouth, respecting the late Dr. Young,—hbaving been born within a mile of Welwyn, and never having resided more than five miles distant from that place, and my father was acquainted with the Doctor. Question.—Did he keep much com- pany. Anewer.—He was acquainted with the Fleyshams, of Stagenhoe; and not ishams, of Stagsden ;—Dr. Yarborough, of Jewin; not of Digsall;—Dr. Smith, of Datchworth, was never esteemed a very rich man, for this good reason—he never was a rich man. The square pedestal was erected by the present rector of Welwyn, the Rey. Samucl Johns Knight. The legacy for building a new parson- age-house was not left by Dr. Smith, but by Dr. Ralph Freeman, then rector of Ayott St, Peters, and who lived the latter part of his life on his large estate at Hammels, having given the living of Ayoti St. Peters to the Rey. Charles Chauncy, his relation. Dr. Young had a summer-house and bathing-house in his garden, having some lines from Horace written on the outside, which is but just now pulled down. Likewise the charity-school he founded in the year 1760, at the north- end of the church-yard, for the educa- tion of sixteen poor boys, of the parish of Welwyn, and endowed it with 15002. South-sea stock, to afford a salary of 20/. per annum to a master for ever, and to clothe the sixteen boys in biue uniform. "This stock was to have been sold out as soon as possible, and lands purchased with the money; but at present it has not been done, to the great loss of the charity, and much inconvenience and trouble to the present trustees. The sum of 10s, is also allowed yearly to the rector of Welwyn, for a charity- sermon for the good of the school, and 30s, for an annual dinner to entertain the trustees at their general meeting, Also, an altar-piece, put up in the chureh, worked on crimson velyet, by Lady Beify Young, sister to the Earl of 32 of Litchfield, and the wife of Dr. Young, with a table-cloth aud cushions to match, and a gold cup and plate given at the same time. yt M2 July 2, 1816. VERITAS. re For the Monthly Magazine. PARISIAN ANECDOTES of 1815—16. ALMIGHTY LOVE. UCH was the aversion of the royal- b9 ists in 1815 to the violet, that all those who dared to wear it were arrested and imprisoned, as the friends of Napo- leon. Mademoiselle Mars, the first co- mic actress in France, has never con- cealed her predilection for Napoleon le Grand; and not only displays, in her sumptuous apartments, his bust, his portrait, but also in every bouquet the obnoxious violet. The Minister of Po- lice, M. de C , falling passionately in love with her, paid her a visit at her own house; and, though his eyes met every where the insignia of the ex-em- peror, to testify his displeasure, was im- possible, but he thought it would be considered singular if he did not allude to it in some way; he said, “ Ah! how sweet it must be, madam, to repose on a bed of violets.” “* Monsicur,” Mademoi- selle Mars instantly replied, “the time is not come that is prophesied of in Scrip- ture; when the Jion and the lamb shall lie down together, and the lily and vio- let mingle their sweets.” “Oh yes, (he exclaimed, imprinting a burning kiss upon her hand,) it is arrived ; it must, it shall, be so.” “Agreed,” said Mad. Mars, instantly taking a violet from the bouquet, and sticking it in the same but- ton-hole to which was attached the Or- der of the Lily. Gallantry would not permit him to remove it, and therefore be wore it the whole evening. Such is the force of mighty love! SNUFF OF THE GRAND DIGNITARIES. Napoleon is a great snufl-taker, and the manufacture of tobacco and snuff has been always in the hands of govern- ment, for a period long anterior to the revolution. As the Emperor was a great epicure in the article of snuff, various attempts were made to hit his taste, aud they at length succeeded ; he gave the mixture the name of, 7oebae des grands dignitaires ; and it was prohibited to sell it to any person without especial licence from government, and then only in quan- tities not less than twenty pounds, What should we think in England of such a regulation? Modern Parisian Anecdotes. [Aug. 1, ABOLITION OF TITLES. The gardeners, to keep pace with the other bodies of the state in the abolition of all titles during the revolution, changed the names of their fruits ; as, for example, Prune de Monsiewr (our Or- leans plum), they called, Prune du Ci- toyen ; and the Prune de la Reine Claude was denominated, Prune de la Citoyenne Claude. TRANSLATIONS FROM THE ENGLISH. The editor of a work called, “‘the Pa- norama de Angleterre,” who styles him- self Professor of English, has made a wonderful discovery of mice, six feet high, adorned with antlers, and whose speed outstripped the wind! In trans- lating a description of the Moose Deer, he had recourse to his dictionary ; and, not finding Moose, but Mouse, he very readily concluded the word Moose to be wrongly printed forMouse ( Souris ); and, as these Souris were described to be six feet high, he very properly translated Moose Deer, by Grands Souris! The same learned translator has very justly been excessively severe on the shameless indecency of the editors of the English newspapers, who blush not, he says, publicly to print the most ob- scene expressions. As, for instance, they call an action for adultery an action for Crim. Con.; and what, he wisely ex- claims, can more effectually mark the dreadful depravity of English manners, than print in a public journal a word which no woman can read without blushing, the obscene expression Crim, Con. ! MAGNANIMITY OF THE EMPEROR POLEON. On the arrival of the Emperor from Elba, M. fournicr, prefect of the depart- ment of the Isere, issued at Grenoble several proclamations, to excite the in- habitants to repel “ the adventurer, the rebel, who had disembarked auew on the coast of Frejus.” The advance of the emperor compelled Fournicr to fly, and he took refuge at Lyons. On Na- poleon being informed of the fact at Lyons, he sent for M. Fournier. “M. Fournier (said he), the first time ‘the. ad- venturer’ landed on these shores it was to dethrone anarchy, aud this time he has landed only to dethrone despotism ; and he beholds with pleasure the learned and enlightened M. Fournier, who accompanied General Bonaparie to Egypt; and he feels that he cannot better avenge himself for the proclama~- tions of the prefect of the Isere, or bet- ter NA- * bad lost a limb.” 1816.] ter testify his affection for the Liyonnese, than in calling to perform the functions of the prefect of the Rhone, the worthy and virtuous magistrate whom he had never ceased to remember with esteem.” LA TOUR D’AUVERGNE. This hero, called, by way of proud distinction, “The first grenadier of France,” was covered with wounds, but never would go into an hospital, ‘ which (he said) should only receive those who His company fre- quently lost half} and sometimes three- fourths, of its number in one engage- ment, but the next day it was sure to be compleied to its full complement; for such was the reputation that it had ac- quired, that for every vacancy after an engagement, at least ten soldiers volun- teered to fill it, and several who were refused admittance shot themselves from disappointment. In consequence, the company was allowed to be 180 strong ; and, during the time La 'l'osr D’Au- vergne commanded it, it lost 2,480 killed in baitle. BONAPARTE’S RETURN FROM EGYPT has been cried out against as an act of cowardly desertion. The archives, found since the return of the Bour- bons, discover that the expedition to Egypt was only planned by the direc- tory to get rid of Botaparte, who had become too formidable. He was not aware of it, but his friends communi- cated the fact to him after his depar- ture; and the nation were prepared to expect his return several months before he arrived, by paragraphs in the journals, and papers cried in the street, stating that he had landed in Italy, &e. &e. The whole was, therefore, only a strug- gle for the ascendancy between the di- rectory and the general, who, in appear- ing to obey, actually outwitted them. THE CLIMATE UNDER QUARANTINE, The present season in Paris bas been very Unsettled weather, and the climate, in fact, perfectly English. Asking a re- speotable old lady what she thought was the reason of it, she replied, she thought it was owing to the vast influx of Eng- lish, who had undoubtedly brought the climate with them into F'rance, and ought to be put under quarantine ! THE DUKE OF ORLEANS. Why is there no more-said about the Duke of Orleans in France than if he really did not exist? And why, when the engravers grouped his head with the rest of the royal family, they were ebliged to take it out? And why is the Mownrunry Mag. No 287, Modern Parisian ‘Anecdotes. 35 large and elegant portrait of him, re- cently engraved in Paris, prohibited from being published ? THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, In the commencement of the revolu- tion, when it was only recognized by America and the republic of Geneva, the committee of Public Safety thought of creating a Minister for L'oreign Af- fairs, and selected the celebrated Scipio count du Roure for the minister— “What (said the count) do we want with a minister for foreign affairs? With whom have we to negotiate? With te powers of the north, and at the point of the sword! Instead of a minister send a legation of 300,000 men to Austria, 300,000 to Prussia, aud to every hostile power in proportion to its dignity. Let these legations negotiate for us, and I will answer for the result.” The count’s suggestion was adopted with acclama- tions, and the instant the object was known, a million volunteers offered their services in the space of a fortnight, JURIES. In the commencement of the revo- lution, the civil and political institu- tions of England fixed the attention of France; amongst others, the jury, by which they simply understand ihe un- biased decision of twelve men, sworn to declare the truth. Every thing was now decided by a jury :—wasa nostrum proposed, a jury pronounced on its merits ;—was a statue to be erected, a jury prescribed the conditions. Juries sat on all cases, civil, criminal, political, and philosophical; but their verdict was decided by majorities which varied ac- cording to the cases, -and sometimes ac- cording to the special determination of the court; but, after all, the duties of jurors are ill understood in France, The Act of Accusation, which answers to our indictment, is merely a partial ground of the process; it may be totally abandoned, and fresh charges opened for the first time in court; the prisoner neyer knows the extent of the charges till the moment they are made on his trial, and these charges may be made by letter from persons absent, not sworn; hearsay evidence, too, is ad- mitted; and, to crown the injustice, the witnesses are examined in the absence of the prisoner, and he is then submitted to interrogatories resulting from these ex-parte examinations, in order that he may criminate himself; when the whole is concluded, the jury is dirceted to find. on eyery distinct point of accusation. EF Aud 34 -And fhis the French were: taught to believe was English law, till Sir Richard Phillips's admirable work on Juries found its way to France. It is now ‘translating by one of the most celebrated French lawyers, who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies; and we may ex- pect, in the course of the next session, ‘that this palladium of our rights, the trial by jury, will be properly known and acted upon in France also. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, : N these times of almost licenced im- morality, it has become a crime in itself to auimadvert with due severity on any measures that, however at vari- auce with the strict rules of honour and integrity, are connected with the acqui- ‘sition of wealth; and a host of hireling scriblers are ever at the command of their employers to deal out their artful ‘and plausible invectives against any well meant endeavours to put the un- wary on their guard. Something too much of this kind of argument, if it deserve such a term, seems, of late, to have occupied the pages of your valu- able Miscellany, in attempts to palliate the conduct of bankrupt bankers, gam- bling farmers, and extortionate Jand- Jords; to whom, in connexion with some other circumstances, that it is not ne- cessary, or even prudent, to enlarge on, the country is almost exclusively in- debted for the very awful and uncertain predicament in which it is placed. The manly castigation that your truly honest and excellent correspondent, Mr. Pren- dergast, had inflicted on one of the above classes, has excited some ill-timed re- marks on the part of one of your cor- respondents, who might, indeed, have contented himself with distinguishing the bankers of real honour, of tried and established integrity, and of solid pro- perty, 2s all persons should be to whom money is entrusted for safe custody, from the jobbers of land and commercial spe- culators with other men’s property; who have, of late years, been enabled to mo- nopolize estates, and contributed, among other causes, to adyauce land ‘to an oppressive and unnatural value. The facilities, likewise, by means of these notes, 2 mode of coining money by in- dividuals that no legislatureshonld tolerate where it can be preveiited, which“fiave been obtained by ‘farmers and otfiér dealers in the necessaries of life, have enabled them to.keep up the prices of grain aud esétle, for the pur- Rule for walking in crowded Streets. [Aug. 1, pose of making good the payment of increased and excessive rents to the owners of the soil; and which, other- wise, could not have been maintained to the consequent and enormous aug- mentation of national evils, influencing the price of labour, and eventually de teriorating commerce of every kind, both at home and abroad. Had the people acted with due wisdom, and pe~ netrated the motives and the conse quence of these measures, they would, probably, have adopted the remedy that was actually in their own hands, and which no Corn-Bills, or other attempts to support enormous rents, could have prevented : and this was to have stopped the circulation of the unreal moriey of these speculating banks, by refusing it in payment. Unfortunately, the conduct and continuation of the late unhappy and truly afllicting war, were involved in these matters. The eyes of all begin now to be opened, but the mischief is accomplished. July 10, 1816. C.F, — To the Editor of the Monthly Magarine, SIR, \N my arrival in this great fown,; after an absence of several years, I was surprised, and somewhat con- cerned, to observe that, an old and usefut rule, or rather tacit convention, among pedestrians in the streets, has almost be- come obsolete, and at a time when its observance, from the increased popu- lation, has become the more necessary. I mean that of taking the right hand side of the path, or foot-way, in the same manner as the drivers of carriages take the left of the road. There seems to be some reason for the custom in both cases. In that of the person on foot, it leaves his right arm, carrying his stick, umbrella, &c. at full liberty, without incommoding himself or the person he meets: in that of a carriage, the driver has the reins: in his left hand, which is thereby kept frec, and, the whip being in his right, it is easier in passing another carriage to aid the off horse with the lash, and thus be sure of clearing the hind wheels; but the practice has, probably, ori- ginated with the drivers of carts and waggons who are on foot, to the left or near side of their horses, and could not pass another vehicle on the contrary side without personal danger. From 'Temple-bar, indeed, and in some of the narrow parts of the Strand; as far as Cornhill, the majority of the passcngers, 9816.] ° passengers, each way, still seem com- pelled to keep the right side of the path; even there, you frequently see females and children creeping close to the shopsand obstructing the file: but in the western part of the town, Piccadilly, Bond-street, and Oxford-street, though often crowded, the multitude seem so entirely ignorant of the existence of any such rule, that you are under the neces- Cornucopia. 35 sity, in walking, of keeping constant watch to avoid being jostled, and of making a zig-zag cruise from one end of the street to the other, Ifyou think these remarks are likely to be attended, to, and induce the walkers of the metro- polis to the observance of a rule so evi- dently condusive to their own conve= nience, pray insert them in your next Number, x. CORNUCOPIA. — Wnder this superscription it is intended to scatter detached flowers and fruits of literature, similar to those depostéied in the first forty volumes of the Monthly Mugazine, with the title Port-folio.— Ovid tells us, in his Fasti, that the she-gout which suckled Jupiter broke off one horn against a tree ; that his nurse Amalthea picked it up, wreathed it with gar- lands, filled it with grapes and oranges, and thus presented it to young Jove, who made it ' his favourite pluy-thing. When he was grown up, and had acquired the dominion of the heavens, he remembered his horn of sweetmeats, made a constellation in memory of it, and promoted Amatthea to be the goddess of plenty, or fortune, whose symbol it became, This horn is called CORNUCOPIA, and is feigned by the mythologists incessuntly to shed u va- _ riety of good things. = NEPHELOLOGY. HE classers of clouds adopt three main divisions. Some vapours, they observe, float in a solvent: atmos- phere, and tend to disappear. ‘These are called cirrous clouds, from the hair- like pointed form of their extremities. Some vapours float in a saturated atmos- — and tend to preserve their volume. ‘hese are called exmaulous clouds, from the enduring heaps they form; they ex- hibit circular contours. Other vapours float in an atmosphere overcharged with moisture, and tend to precipitation. These are called. stratous clouds, from their sinking quashed appearance. The cirrous clouds have a bristly, the cumulous a fleecy, look ; the stratous have a likeness to combed wool. The cirrous affect a straw colour, the stra- tous a gray, and the cumulous a garish mixture of both hues. It sometimes happens that clouds are floating between two currents of air, or layers of atmosphere, of unequal tem- perature, and solvent power. In this ease, the upper surface of a cloud may tend to solution, and to a cirrous ap- pearance ; while the under surface tends to precipitation, and to a stratous ap- pearance. Such clouds are aptly called eirro-stratous. But the reverse may be true; the upper surface may tend to precipitation, and the lower to solution. And here the received nomenclature is deficient; such clouds should be called srato-cirreus: the first half ef the com- pound epithet describing the state of jhe upper surface. SUPERFICIALITY OF ADDISON. The example of Quadratus, observes. Mr. Gibbon, may give us an idea of the. blind, or, perhaps, artful credulity, with which Mr. Addison composed his ad- mired litile treatise of the Christian religion. He describes this apologist as afamous philosopher, a convert, and a martyr. See Addison’s works, vol. iii. p- 290. Dr. Cave (Hist. Lit. p. 32,) was not half so well acquainted with him. I do not find the least trace of his conversion. His martyrdom is founded only on the modern martyrology of the Greeks, There is no other proof of his philosophy than his being an Athenian. Mr. Addison boldly asserts, (p. 301,) that there never was a single martyr among the primitive heretics, and even draws inferences from this assumed fact, in favour of the truth of orthodox chris- tianity. To connect different degrees of persuasion with different modes of opinion, appeared to me (adds Mr. Gib- bon,) highly unphilosophical ; however, I consulted Dr. Middleton, who had placed the Christian Martyrs (works vol. i. p, 162—173,) in his Pree Inquiry, under a new and curious light. He im- mediately informed me, from the au- thority of all history, and partioularly that of Eusebius, (Hist. Eccles. v. 16,) that the heretics had their martyrs as well aa the orthodox. Upon verifying ¥2 the. . 36 Cornucopia: ihe quotation, I even found that the sectaries boasted of the great number of their martyrs, and that their antago- nists did not pretend to deny the fact. There is scarce a prejudice, or a Jegend, which this once popular writer has not condescended to adopt, as the strongest argument. FINANCIAL COMPARISONS. The revenues of the Post-office in 1715 were alone equal to the whole revenues of the kingdom at the restoration in 1662. The revenues of Excise in 1815, were 27,206,000 ; which is more than six times the whole of the revenue previous to the seven years war, and to three times our yevenue in 1778, only forty-two ycarsago! . The whole revenue in 1815 was sixty- millions, which is more than twelve times what our revenues were previous to the seven years war, that is, in 1754; and about thirty times what they were at the time King William founded the Bank of England, and began the nati- onal debt. While things have gone on so in Bri- tain, nations on the coutinent of Europe, making allowance for the general in- crease of wealth, and the depreciation of money, are nearly in the same situ- ation with respect to revenue and ex- penditure, that they were half a century ago. National debt, and possessions in the East and West Indies, are the chief features that distinguish Britain from what other nations are now, or what she herself was formerly, GOOSE. Diodorus Siculus (ii. 3,) mentions the goose as a regular and favourite dish of Jégyptian kings. On several monu- ments constructed by them, priests are represented offering’ the goose in sa- crifice. Athenzeus (xiv. 74,) records the fond- ness of Lacedzemonians for the goose. The Greeks fatted their geese with figs, which much enlarged the dimen- sions of the liver; such livers, called ovxura, were greatly esteemed. The Romans not only valued the goose as a good dish, but kept holy geese, at the public expense, in honour of those which saved the capitol. A something of vulgarity became attached, in imperial times, to eating goose. Pe- dronius says; “ At albus anser, Et pictis anas enotata pennis, Plebeium sapit.” According to Lampridius, (Geta 5,) the Emperor Geta had given orders to kis cook to serve bis. dinners in alpha- [Aug. 1, betic order. To-day every dish was to begin with an a, and to-morrow with a 6. Under him the anser had the honor of ushering in every cyclus of repasts. i Alexander Severus (Lampr. 37,) com- monly dined on chicken, but added a goose On solémn occasions, such as the birth-day of those worthies whom he honoured with a select veneration. Pliny awards to Messalinus Cotta the honor of inventing a dish, consisting of goose’s fect grilled. Sed quod constat, Messalinus Cotta, Messale oratoris filius, palmas pedum ex jis torrere, aique pa- tinis eum gallinaceorum cristis condire reperit. In modern times, the goose has be- come cousecrated to St. Martin, and medals have been struck, representing on one side a goose; on the reverse, the word Martinalia. Whence this singular association of idea? The festival of Saint Martin, of Tours, is indicated in the Catholic calendars to be held on the 11th November. ‘This bishop was once so popular in France, that his feast had an octave, that is, was celebrated a second time the week fol- lowing. And it was a rule among his devotees to roast a goose for the family- dinner on the day of his anniversary. This festival falls exactly when geese are in season; and it was always cele- brated with a voracity the more eager, as it occurs on the eve of the petit caréme, when fowls could no longer be presented on the tables of a religious age. Martin Schoock, a Flemish monk, had made it a case of conscience, whe- ther, even on the eve of the little lent, it be allowable to eat goose. An liceat Martinalibus anserem comedere. Exerc. xvii. p. 205. But, after diving into the weedy pool of casuistic argument, the delighted devotee emerged with the per- mission to roast his goose. And thus the goose came to be a standing dish on the continent at Martinmas, as in En- gland at Michaelmas. Geese formed at one time so impor- fant an object of rural economy, that the first poulterers in France were called oyers. Charlemagne had con- tributed to give them a vogue by his fondness for the dish, and for the animal which peopled the ponds of his various residences. Geese are rarely boiled; they are -usually roasted. They are eaten young, mnder the name of green geese, with sorrel sauce, or with apple sauce, or with gooseberries, They are eaten adult, under 1816:] under the name of stubble geese; in which state they were stuffed by the Romans with white meats, and by the Germans with chesnuts. According to the laureat’s sonnet they are very fine: Seasoned with sage, and onions, and port wile. In Gascony, goose-hams are prepared in great numbers for exportation. The legs are cut off, salted, and half cooked Original Letter from Lord Bolingbroke to Pope. » 37 in goose fat, in which state they keep very long, and are eaten, boiled, with sour-krout. In a giblet-pie, the gizzard of a green-goose, the liver of a siubble- goose is preferred. Goose-dripping is esteemed the best sauce to a Norfolk dumpling. To celebrate the goose, the idler and the author should conspire, the one in gratitude for his feather-bed, and the other for his pen. COLLECTIONS FROM AMERICAN LITERATURE, —— ORIGINAL LETTER from LORD BOLING- . BROKE ¢o POPE. From thePORT-FOLIO of PHILADELPHIA. Dear Pope, #E DO not know how it is, but the air of Twickenham agrees with me con- siderably better than a residence in town; and I find a greater share of sa- tisfaction at the bottom of your little garden, than ever I experienced in the bustle of a court. Possibly this may proceed from a proper estimation of your worth, anda just opinion of all the am- bitious coronets or fawning sycophants i was once surrounded with. Certain it is, however, the dignity of human na- ture lessens my notions of things, ac- cording to the knowledge I have of mankind; and the more intimate I be- come. with the generality of people, the greater occasion I have to despise them: The felon at the bar, and the judge upon the bench, are stimulated by the same motives, though they act in different ca- pacities ; for the one but piunders through ahope of gain; and let me ask, if the other would take any pains in the administra- tion of justice without a reasonable gra- tuity for his Jabour. . This, you will say, may be carrying things too far, and possibly it may be so —yet, though a particular instance or two may be brought to contradict an » observation of this kind, they can by no means be produced as arguments against universal depravity. I am_ greatly pleased with a remark which Swift made a few days ago in.a conversation which we had on this subject, 1 need not tell you how sour the dean is in his sentiments of the world—but 1 think the following declaration is not more distinguished for its severity than sup- d by its justice ;—* Were we (said ) to make # nice examination into the actions of every man, we should find one half of the world 10 be rogues, and ‘the other half t be blockheads, The latter half may be divided into two classes—the good-natured blockhead, aud the sensible; the one, through an easiness of temper, is always liable to be ill-used; the other, through ay execss of yanity, is frequently exposed to be wretched. Mutual confidence and real friendship are very pretty words, but seldom carry any meaning ; no man will entertain an opinion of another which is opposite to his own interest ; and a nod froma great man, or a smile from a strumpet, will seta couple of blockheads by the ears, who, a moment before, would have ventured their lives for each other’s reputation !” Lord Peterborough dined with me yesterday. I have a high idea of the goodness of this nobleman’s heart, though it may be brought as a proof against my favourite system; but he is of a turn so excessively romantic, that I cannot be equally prejudiced in fa- your of his understanding. I have no notion of a man’s perpetually exposing himself to unnecessary dangers for the mere sake of being talked of; or, iirough a ridiculous thirst for military glory, venturing a life which should be pre- served for the service of his prince and the interest of his country. My. motive for saying this is neither founded upon pique, nor directed by ill-pature.. My lord is a man for whom I have a most perfect regard, and my esteem alone is the reason why I may be so extremely sensible of his errors. I saw Addison this morning—Some- how or other, Pope, I can by no means think that man an excellent poct; his prose is very good—but there is a heavi- ness about his versification which is to- tally inconsistent with elegance and spirit, and which, though it may, jn the thoughis of some people, carry much judgment, is, in my opinion, a proof of very little genins. IT am far, you know, from being fond of eternal epithets in poetry, “38 poetry, or endless endeavours at subli- mity of expression; but [ would have it exalted a little above prose in the most humble species, and carry an air of some dignity and imporiance. ‘Trivial as the remark may appear, it is very well for a boy of fourteen, who was reading Cato, and coming to that part which is so highly celebrated by some of the author's friends, “So the pure limpid stream when foul with stains;”’ the lad burst into a fit of langhing, and eried, here is a bull—whoever thought that the stream could be pure and lim- pid, yet at the same time foul with stains? J could not help joining the Jaugh at the archness of the boy’s ob- servation, though the criticism might seem too low for judgments of more experience and maturity. But why do I entertain a fellow of your abilities in this manner, who are so greatly a supe- rior master of the subject. I am some- how fond of scribbling, and become tri- fling for the sake of spinning out a let- ter.—If possible, I shall take an airing down your way on Saturday, and pray let me have a little leg of Jamb, with some spinnach and plain butter, to re- gale on. Where I dine in town, they starve me with luxury; and I have sat at many a table where I had not a bit of any thing to eat, because I had too much of every thing. You and I can go down to the bottom of the garden, and manage a botile or two of that ex- cellent ale after dinner, and enjoy what you are good-naturedly pleased to call «The feast of reason, and the flow of soul.” Farewell, dear Pope, and believe me to be your own Bo ineBRoKE. INDIAN ELOQUENCE. #7om the sume. The following speech of the chief Big Elk, is worthy of preservation in the history of aboriginal Amcrican elo- _quence. For the high-minded feeling and compass of intellect which it ex- hibits, we doubt if it be surpassed by any morsel of the kind that has been placed on record—the celebrated speech of Logan not excepted. - On the night of the 14th July, the Black Buffaloc, principal chief of the Teton tribe of Indians, departed this life at Portage Des Sioux. The suc- eeeding day he was solemnly interred with the honours of war. Robert Wash, esq, secretary to the commissioners, has furnished the following speech, delivered over the grave by the Big Elk, Maha ehief. It is truly eloquent, and is li- terally given.”—Ledit, West Journal. Big Elk’s Speech.—Speech of Logan. Aug. 1,” Big Elk’s Speech. Do not grieve. Misfortunes will hap- pen to the wisest and best men. Death will come, and always comes out of season. Itis the command ofthe Great Spirit, and all nations and people must obey. Whatis past and cannot be pre- vented, should not be grieved for. Be not discouraged or displeased, then, that in Visiting your father here you have lost your chief. A misfortune of this kind May never again befall you; but this would have attended you, perhaps, at your own village. Five times have I visited this land and never returned with sorrow or pain. Misfortunes do not flourish particularly in our path. They grow every whiere. (Addressing himself to governor Edwards and Col. Miller.) What a misforiune for me that I could not have died this day, in- stead of the chief tbat lies before us: The trifling loss my nation would have sustained in my death, would have been doubly paid for by the honours of my burial, ‘They would have wiped off every thing like regret. Instead of be- ing covered with a cloud of sorrow, my warriors would have felt the sunshine of joy in their hearts. To me it would have been a most glorious occurrence. ’ Hereafter, when I die at home, instead of a noble graye and a grand procession, the rolling music and the thundering eannon, with a flag waving at my head. —I shall be wrapped in a robe, (an old robe perhaps,) and hoisted on a slender scaffold to the whistling winds, soon to be blown to the earth—my flesh to be devoured by the wolves, and my bones rattled on the plain by the wild beasts, (Addresses himself to Col. Miller.) Chief of the Soldiers, ; Your labours haye not been in vain. Your attention shall not be forgotten. My nation shail know the respect that is paid over the dead.—When f return. I will echo the sound of your guns. Speech of Logan. I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan’s cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat: if ever he eame cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love fer the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, *‘ Logan is the friend of white men.’ I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, im cold blood, and unprovoked, murs dered, 1816.] Original Letters between Dr. Young and Mr. Richardson. @ered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. ‘This ealled on me for tevenge. J have sought it: I have killed many: I have fully glutted my vengeance: for my country 39, I rejoice at the beams of peace.» But do not harbour a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? —Not one. Onze HuNDRED AND FIFTY ORIGINAL LETTERS between Dr. EDWARD YOUNG, Author of Night Thoughts, and Mu. SAMUEL * RICHARDSON, Author of Clarissa, Grandison, &c. a LETTER XCV. London, Feb. 21, 1786. OW could my dear Miss Colborn imagine I should think her trou- blesome! What aslender opinion must she have entertained of her friend. Most heartily do E wish I had it in my power to serve you, or any one of your riends. Can your honoured papa, or you, put me in the way of doing it, with regard to the resignation, or in any thing else? What are the steps to be taken in such a case? I am sorry that Mr. Forester, as your friend, has met with any disappointment im his secular affairs. Pity that true love for a worthy object should have been the occasion of it. 1 am much concerned at the heavy indisposition that your good papa la- boured under at the time of your wri- ting, which hindered him from writing to his friend Dr. Young, on the subject of the resignation. I am of opinion that the doctor could do much in it, by his intimacy with the Duke and Duchess of Portland. I hope your papa is reco- Yered: my best respects and wishes ai- tend him. T hope with you, that next summer I may be fayoured with an interview with my good Miss Colborn and her papa. ’ You gaye me great pleasure by ac- uainting me that you are in tolerable ealth; how much more will you give me if you can inform me that you are perfectly well, and that your good fa- ther is quite recovered. I am, madam, with the greatest sincerity, * Your affectionate and faithful friend, and humble servant, S. RicHarpson. T ought to have apologized for not Writing before: but, as indisposition was at some times the reason, engagement in business at others, [ know you Will ex- euse me. It could not possibly be ow- iitig to a want of affection or of a dac ute. 4s . ; i LETTER XCVI. __. London, April 23, 1756. Dear and Rev. Sir, The daughter of your much esteemed friend, Mr. Cotborn; and her father, have a very valuable young clergyman, Mr.’ Vorester, for whom they have great re- gard. Miss Colborn wishes me to write a line to her papa’s dear Dr. Young, in both their names, requesting his interest with some of his good and great friends, to procure for the said young gentleman a chaplainship of a regiment, either in England or Ireland. J could not refuse writing to you, sir, on this subject, and hope you'll excuse the trouble. I wish it were in my power to serve Mr. Fo- rester, for the sake of his character, and for the sakes of his recommenders. How do you, my dear sir? How does Mrs. Hallows? And pray, sir, how are your teeth? Mine are leaving me apace. O this Galeni! Yet time of life was against himand me. Yow much did £ suffer; and at what expence of time as well as money: but regulars seldom recommend quacks. It was our good friend Mr. Watson that drew me in— with a good intention [am sure. But why do these same regulars of the diffe- rent tribes of physic, leave to empirics our teeth and our eyes? as if such es- sentials to mortal felicity were beneath the attention of these solemn and superb prescribers? But may not this be owing to their own moderation? Conteut with the mischiefs each of the branches may do in his particular way, they leave to an under-set of operators to pull out our teeth and put out our eyes. You, I hope, can give a more favour- able account of the success of the ope- ration you underwent in Salisbury- court. Tam remoyed ; but be pleased to re- member, that we have equal conve~ niences to those we had before for the accommodating a dear friend on his coming to town. My wife and girls taal odabh eos - Inost . 40 Original Letters between Dr. Young and Mr. Richardson. [Aug, 1, most cordially join prayers and wishes for your health, and in respects to Mrs. Hallows, with, sir, Your affectionate and faithful servant, S. RICHARDSON. LETTER XCVII. Wellwyn, July 11, 1756. Being bleoded in my right arm last night, I am obliged, dear sir, to borrow Mrs. Hallows’ hand to let you know, that my friend Colborn is not yet with me; as soon ashe is you shal! know it; and my hopes of your good company is 2 cordial to me under my present small indisposition. That all indispositions may keep at a distance from your door, is the cordial wish of, Your truly affectionate debtor, . and humble servant, E. Youne. Mrs. Hallows begs her best compli- ments may be acceptable to Mr. Ri- chardson, Mrs. Richardson, and the young ladies. LETTER XCVIM. My dear Sir, July 6, 1756. Pardon my ambition, fain would I see under my roof together, two persons whose virtues I honour. A man of high moral merit no pen can better draw than your’s, and such, perhaps, you have rarely seen. If I mistake not, I can shew you one in my friend Colborn. Such a sight, in such a world, how much to be desired! Especially by one who is supposed to have drawn human excel- lence beyond the life. Come and soe in him a justification of your pen, Mr. Shotbolt told me you had some such thoughts; dear sir, do not drop them, but continue that indulgence to one who, under the due sense of your many, many indulgencies, is, Your truly affectionate, and very much obliged, humble servant, E, Young. Tf you brought good Mrs. Richardson with you, how truly welcome to Mrs. Hallows and to me. LETTER XCIX. Sept. 12, 1756. I cannot, my dear sir, invite you to see my dear friend Colborn, for I grieve to say that sickness detains him from me: but can invite you to see one who longs to see you as much as Greenland - longs to see the sun. It has been above, a half year's night with me. My love, service, and best wishes, to all under your wing, and may your wing be long extended over them ; late, very late, may you take your flight. A late illness has put such thoughts in my head: but I bless God I ain now very © well. But you may make me better whenever you please. Iam, dear sir, — Your most obliged, and truly affectionate, humble servant, I must add, and admirer, for Sir Charles Grandison is on my table, E. Young, Mrs. Hallows is most your's. LETTER C. Jovember 4, 1756. Rev. and dear Sir, I deferred rendering you my sincere thanks and those of my wife, as 1 now do, for your kind entertainment of us last week, till I could acquaint you with my having ordered to the carrier the books of which I desired your’s and Mrs, Hallows’ acceptance. You will be so good as to allow the larger set a place in some obscure corner of your library. The pocket volumes, perhaps, will be more acceptable to the lady. | I send also, as I promised, Mr. She- ridan’s Treatise on Education (of which, when perused, I desire the return), and with it a copy of the translation of the German verses you wished to have. . Iam, sir, with equal gratitude and re- spect, and kindest compliments to Mrs, Hallows, my wife’s to both included, Your most faithful and afiectionate humble seryant, S. RICHARDSON, LETTER CI. November 9, 1756. I could not be at peace, dearest sir, till I had sit down to thank, you. for your monstrous present. Is it not enough ta oblige us with your goodness, but must you fright us too? I love, honor, and envy you, and would do more if I could; and, perhaps, I do more, to your satis-. faction, by assuring you, that-I shall. ever greatly enjoy what you haye sent me. I borrow another hand for this, my own being out of order; but it is written with my own heart, which is, as it ought to be, dear sir, . Truly your’s, £. Youne. _ Good Sir, I am vastly surprized, and infinitely thankful. Mary Hattows, Our love and best service to Mrs. 1 Richardson, 1316.] Richardson, and our heartiest good “wishes to those whom you both hold most dear. LETTER CII. My dear Sir, Dee, 21, 1756. I know not the merit or demerit of what I send ; if it has merit I beg you give it more. How much does the Centaur owe to you? If it has no merit, keep the secret, and all is well. Ihave no copy but what I send; I wish it was fairer, but writing pains me, therefore pardon this copy. When ‘you have read it favour me with a line. You know how much we both are ebliged to you, think then with what sincere love’and esteem we are, Dear Sir, _ Your affectionate humble servants, E. Youne. I have read Sheridan with improve- ment and pleasure, and thank you for him. Our humble service and best wishes te Mrs. Richardson. LETTER CII. Rey. and dear Sir, What honour do youdo me! How shall I bear it? Yet, have been able, from an hurry of appointments which are beginning to take place, to glance enly on the first page, and to read your kind letter; what a sweet repast for the retired part of this evening will your subject be! Your servant gives me not so favourable an account of your health as I wish for. It is a bad season of the year, I find it so at Par- son’s Green, to which place my females are confined at present (later than usual Original Papers in the British Museum. 41 in the season) by rheumatic complaints; and the dangerous indisposition of two valuable friends, who are with us as guests; one a Salisbury-court neigh- bour, (Miss Dutton;) the other, good Mr. Edwards, author of the Canons of Criticism. May all your complaints, good and dear Sir, speedily vanish; they will, I doubt not, on better weather, and with the free exercise you are accus- tomed to take. Mrs, Hallows’ tender care must be efficacious to the recovery of a friend so invaluable. My best wishes and respects, and all happiness of the approaching season attend you both, I am, dear Sir, Your most affectionate and obliged humble servant, S. RIcHARDsON. LETTER CIV. Dear Sir, I hope in God that this will find you and your’s, especially the invalids men- tiened in your last, in good health. Ihave added to the letter I sent you, if you have perused it, I will send for it on to-morrow se’nnight; not before, in hopes that, in the mean time, you may favour it with some strokes of your pen.. Under great sense of gratitude for the many friendships, I am, Dear Sir, Your most affectionate and humble servant, Sunday. E. Youne. P.S. On second thoughts, you possibly have not tad leisure to look over it as you would. I will not, therefore, send for it till Ihave the favour of a line from you. Many, many years to you all; and as happy as earth admits. THE BRITISH MUSEUM, Consisting of Original Papers in that National Depository. —— ix. The Character of Justices of the Peace for the County of York, deseri- \ bed by Edwyn Sandys, the Archbishop, in a Letter to Lord Burleigh. My honorable good Lord, W WAVE considered of yorlres, and willanswer yo request w" all faith- fullness. J haye made one gentleman onely acquainted w™ the matter, a man of great integrity and good skill. In all his actions governed w™ an upright conscience, and a man, qui potest tacere, Sit. E.P. [have noted, in a paper here inclosed, such as in myne opinion may be well put out of comission, and giyen Montury Mae. No. 287, some reasons why; as also, such as are fitt to be put in the comission again, of late put out. Herein I am not over- ruled w™ partial affection, but direeted by a good conscience for the good of the comonwealth, referring the whole to yo" wim and: honorable consideration. In myne opinion, such as are put out are well put out; and worthely savinge only three,w*" T have noted in my paper. I deale wt no knightes, lest I should be noted to follow affection. But I assure you, some of them be of the baddest sort, unworthie to goyerne, being so far out of ordre themselves. One G man 42 man hathe brought in the most parte, who will be offended if any be brought ia wout him. And, to speak the irueth, although there be many gentle- men in Yorkeshire, yet very hard choise of fitt men for that purpose. lWVam omnes q“uerunt que sua sunt, non gue spectant ad bonum Reip. And if none should be in comission but such as are 201, in subsidie, you should pnt out halfe of those that be in as J suppose. And thus I comend yo" good Lordship to the good direction of God’s holy spit. Yor L. most bounden, FE. Esor. Bishopthropes this 23d of Septemb. 1587. Straher, the promoter, tried at these assizes at Yorke, and there adjudged to the pillorye, for composition contrary fo the statute, affirmed there, in open court, that he had brought in one sit- tinge to the counselle at York, 80d. and odd mony. If thas much by one pro- moter, how much by all the rest; and, if thus much at one sittinge, how much at all siltinges. Yorkshire (West Riding) Justices of Peace at present in Comission. Robert Lee—He is a notable open adulterer, one that giveth great offence, and will not be reformed. He useth his authoritie as well to worke private dis- pleasure, as to serve other men’s tournes; a verie bad man, and one that docth noe good: better put out than kept in. Peter Stanley—A man noted to be a great fornicator, of smail wisdome, and lesse skill; one that is little in subsidie booke, brought in onelie to serve tournes; he hangeth on the erie at all times and in all thinges, even at comaundment ; wtout further respect, a man of none accompte. Thomas Wentworth—A_ verie sense- Jess blockhead, ever wringing and wrong- inge his pore neighboures. Being a great graine man of himself, he bought in the beginning of the last yere, in everie markett, so much as he could, and heaped it up in his houses to sell again at the dearest. He dependeth wholly upon him that brought him in, and will serve all tournes. If you loke into the subsidy-buoke, your L. shail find him hittle there. James Rither—This man is noted to he a soure sudtill Papist, and brought into comission in respect thereof; readie to hinder anic matier that shall touche anie Papist. He dependeth upon St Thomas Farefax to make good his evill causes: 2 man unprofitable for the eomonwealib, and full of contention. Original Papers in the British Museum. [Aug. 1, George Woodrof.—His wife is an obs stinate recusant, and of Jonge time hath: bene one that doeth verie much hurt; an argument that he is not well affected himself. Such men as have such wifes, are thought verie unfitt to serve in these, our tymes. J Brian Stapleton.—This man is noted to be a great Papist, and so is his eldest sonne: he maketh small abode in this contrie. He lieth at London, and keep- eth company with S' Robert Stapleton: he keepeth no house, having no wife. East Riding. Henry Constable—He is Sheriff of the Shire this yere, but was in comis~ sion before, and looketh for to be in again: his wife is a moste obstinat re+ cusant, and will not be reformed by any persuasion, or yet by coertion: her ex- ample is very hurtfull. Francis Afforde.— This man lieth much at London, and hathe no wife; a man of very small living, of lesse skill, of no countenance, and one that may be very well spared. ; _ Nottinghamshire. Brian Lascells.—He is a man full of quarrells and contention, one that mak- eth division, manteininge evill causes, boulstring out evill matters even in lawe, and one that onelie seeketh to live by other men’s losses. Such as are fitt to be called into Comis- sion again. Gervase Nevill, John Lewis, and Wal- ter Jobsen.— All these are wise, up- right, skilifell, and painfull in that office. I no just cause why they should be re- moved out of the comission of peace, so far as can he here knowne. ; W. S.—Wiiliam Sutton, of Aram, iz Nottinghamshire, as he is a man of good Jiving and of an aunciente house, so he is a verie honest upright gentleman, and verie fitt to be put in comission of peace. Eansdown, 52. Lx, Letter of Sir John Haryngton to Lady Dowager Russel, on his new Book called the Metamorphosis of Ajax; copied from the Original in the Lansdown MS. Vol. 82. Right honorable and my speciall good Lady, Having written, not long siace, this — fantasticall treatise, and. putting yt to the print under a covert name, the first too leaves of it (wherein is almost nothing but all skurrill and toying mat- ter) was shou’d my Liglipeoteas by my illhapp as I count it, if his good- nesse and honorable disposition doe not ihe better interpret yt, which makes ime nove : ‘ 1816.] now thus bould to intreate your honor to send his Lordshipe the rest of it, wT have before now, for the most art of it, read unto you ; humbly pray- ing you to delyver your favorable cen- sure of it, at least so farr that it is pleasant and harmless. - And, for the devyse itselfe, IT knowe my Lord would not leave yt yf yt were at Tiballs (as I say merely in the book, the 118 page) for 1000/. ; and, to doe his Lordship service, I will ryde thither and entruste his workmen to do yt for lesse than a thousand pence. _ And, that I may confesse trewly and frankly to you (my best Lady, that have even from my childhood ever so spe- cially favored me,) I was the willinger to write such a toye as this, because I had Jayne me thought almost buryed in the éountry these 3 or four yeares, and [ thought this would give some occasion fo have me thought of, and talked of, not as he that bummed the ‘Temple of Diana to make him famous, nor as Ab- solom that burned Joab’s corne to make him come to speech w* him; but rather as Sophocles, to save himself from a writt of dotage, show’d the work he Was presently in hand with. - I observe this, that in all common- wealthes, the gown and the sword rule all; and, that the pen is above the sword, they that wear plumes above their hellmetts doe therein (although they know yt not) confesse accordynge to the saying, Cedant armatoge. My education hath »in suche, and [ truste my limmes and spirit both are suche, as neither shall be defectyve to y* ser- _ Yice of my prince and country, whether it be with wryting or weapon; only my desire is, my service may be aceepted, and I doubt not but it shall be accep- table, to the which his Lo? good con- ‘ceyt of me, I count would be a good stepp, and io that good conceyt your honor’s commendation I perswade mee would be a good meanes. So I humbly “take my leave, this 14% of August, 1596. Your honor’s most bound, JOHN HARYNGTON. To the Right Honorable Lady Russel, Dowager _ of the Lord John Russel. xiv. The Drivelling Sycophants, called Poet Laureats. The industrious Anthony Wood tells ‘us, that the drivelling sycophants called Poet Laureats, possessed an University Degree-equal to that of Bachelor of Arts ; and be instances the case of one fobert Whytington, an eminent gram- Original Papers in the British Museum. — 43 marian in the beginning of the 16 century. At that time grammar and rhetoric were held in so estimable re- pute, that the Universities, in order to encourage these studies, gaye degrees in each of them. ‘Thus Robt Why- tington, of Oxford, making a consider- able progress in logic and philosophy, and being esteemed excellent in the teaching of youth, “in 1513 supplicated the venerable congregation of Regents, under the name and title of Reb* Wihy- tington, a secular Chaplain, and a scholur of the Art of Rhetoric; that whereas he had spent 14 years in the study of the said Art, and 12 years in the informing of Boys, it might be sufficient for him that he be Laureated. This supplication being granted, he was (after he had composed 100 verses, which were stuck up in public places, especially on the door or doors of S* Mary’s Church,) very solemnly crowned, or his temples | adorned with a wreath of laurel; that is, doctorated in the Arts of Grammar and Rhetoric, July 4, the same year. At the same time he was admitted also to the reading of any of the Logical Books of Aristotle, that is, to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, which was then es- teemed equal with the degree of Gram- mar or Rhetoric.”* After this ceremony he always stiled himself Protovages Angle, and Poet Laureat. 'Thus, in some of his grammatical tracts, he ad- dresses himself to the reader in this manner, Fobertus Whitentonus, Lich- fieldiensis,Grammatices Magister in Flo- rentissima Academia Laureatus, Lectori- bus Salutem dicit, §c.; and, in his trans- Jation of a Tract of Erasmus, in 1532, he thus stiles himself, Robert Whyting= ton, Laureate-Poete; and, in the same manner, in the preface of Caxton’s trans- lation of the neid, printed in 1490, there is mention of Mayster John Shel- ton, lute created Poet Laureate in the Universitye of Oxenforde. Vrom what has been said, Dr. Knight draws this inference :—* This,” says he, “may dis- cover the error of some, who not consi- dering the crown of laurel as the ensign of a degree, have been apt to think that a poet laureat of old, as weil as of late, had that, title and pension with it from the Prince, when it came from the Uni- versity in commencing the degree of Doctor of Grammar ; as it came thus to Bernard Andreas, tutor to Prince Arthur; ee eee * Wood’s Athenze Oxoniensis, vol. i, p- 24; Kdit, Lond. 1721, 3 t» 44 Original Papers in the British Museum. to John Skelton, tutor to Prince Henry, &c ;” to whom may be added also, to our George Tolbery, tutor to Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond. Cole, xix. 227. Lxv. Extracts from Original Letters of the Princess Anne of Denmark, to her sister, the Princess of Orange. “ Cockpit, Dec. 9, 1687. “Jam sorry people have taken such pains to give you so ill a character of uady Churchill; I believe there is no- body in the world has better notions of religion thanshe has. It is true she is not so strict as some are, nor does not keep up such a bustle about religion; which I confess I thivk is never the worse, for one sees so many saints turn devils, that if one be a good Christian, the less show one makes it is the better in my opinion. ‘Then, as for moral principles, it is impossible to have bet- ter; and, without that, all the lifting’ up of hands and eyes, and going often to church, will prove but a very lame de- votion. One thing more I must say, for which is, that she has a true sense of the doctrine of our church, and ab- hors all the principles of the church of Rome; so that, as to this particular, I can assure you, she will never change, The same thing I will venture, now I am on this subject, to say for her Lord, for tho’ he isa very faithful servaut of the king, and that the king is very kind to him, and I believe he will always obey the K. in all things that are con- sistent with religion, yet rather than change that, I dare say he will lose all his places and ali that be has.” “ January 31, 1682. “JY am sorry the King encourages the Papists so mach, and I think it is very much to be feared that the desire the King has to take off the Test, and all other laws against them, is only a pre- tence to bring in Popery. “T am sorry the King relies so much upon Lord Sunderland and Lord Gedol- phin, for every body knows that once they were as great enemies as any he had, and their own hearts can only tell what converts they are; as for the first of them, by all outward appearance, he roust be a great knave, (if I may use that expression of a minister,) for he goes on fiercely for the interests of the Papists, aud yet goes to no church, and has made no public declaration of his religion* whatever it is; I fear, he has not much of any, All we can do in these matters is, to pray to God to open the King’s cyes, and to order all things fAug. }, for the best, that this poor nation may not be overthrown by Popery.” “ March 13, 168%. “This letter going by some hands, £ will now venture to write my mind very freely to you. “You may remember I have once before ventured to tell you, that I thought Lord Sunderland a very ill man, and I ant more confirmed ever day in that opinion. Every body knows how often this man turned backwards and forwards in the late king’s time; aud now, to complete his virtues, he is. working with all his might to bring in Popery. He is perpetually with the priests, and stirs up the king to do things faster than I believe he would of himself’ Things are come to that pass now, that if they go on so much longer, I believe in a little while na Protestants will be able to live here. “The I. has never said a word to me ab‘ religion since that time I told you of, but I expect it every minute, and am resolved to undergo any thing rather than change my religion; nay if it should come to such extremities, I will choose to live on alms rather than change. “This worthy Lord [Sunderland] does not go publicly to mass, but le has it privatcly at a priest’s chamber, aud never Jets ary body be there but a ser- vant of his. His lady is as extraordi- nary in her kind, for she is a flattering, dissembling, false, woman; but she has so fawning and endearing a way, that she will deceive any bedy at first, and it is not possible to find out all her ways in a little time. She cares not at what rate she lives, but never pays any body. She will cheat, tho’ it be but for a little. ‘Then she has had her gallants, tho’ may be not so many as some ladys here ; and, with all these good qualitics, she is a constant churchweman, so that to outward appearance one would think her a saint, and to hear her talk you would think she were a very good Pro- testant, but she is as much the one as the other, for it is certain her lerd does nothing without her. “One thing there is which I forgot to tell you about this noble lord; which is, that it js thought if every thing does not go as he wonid have it, that be will pick a quarrel with ihe court, and so retire ; and, by that means, it is possible he will think to make his court to you. “There is one thing about yourself which I cant help giving my opinion in, which is, that if the King shou!d desire you 1816.] Original Poetry. 45. you and the Pr. of Orange to come over cant help being afraid. If cither of to make him a visit, I think it would you should come I should be very glad be better (if you can make any hand- to see you; but really, if you or the some excuse) not to do it, for tho’ I Prince should come, I should be fright- dare swear the K. could have no thought ened out of my wits for fear any harm against either of you, yet since people should happen to either of you.” €an say one thing and do another, one Bibl, Birch, 4163. ORIGINAL POETRY. — ADDRESSED When all the golden harps were strung, - TO MISS A. H., MASKED ASANOLD Woman. 24 all the heights empyreal rung ; . : When rapture fir?d the tuneful throng, OUTH, lady, is a summer’s morn, And form’d the sweetly soothing seng 5 Where Beauty’s sweetest flowers are To one bright theme the lay was given, born, The child of light, the Son of heaven ; And zephyr breezes play } To him that, urg’d by thee alone, A shooting star, a meteor bright, Descended from the dazzling throne ; That flashes o’er the face of night, ‘To him that ventur’d to dety - Then falls and dies away, Pain, want, disgrace, and calumny ; For with no loitering step, nor slow, To him that once to every ill resign’d, Does Time’s unstopping chariot go, Bled for the countless crimes, the follies, of ' But swift as lightning’s glare ; ' mankind, He dims the eye, or jet, or blue, And lo! o’er yonder glittering height, He draws the teeth of pearliest hue, Array’d in robes of heav'nly hue, And grays the auburn hair. Just glimmering on the anxious sight, Then why, since Beauty blooms and flies, Methinks thy form I view, And Pleasure only shines and dies, And flocking fast around thee there, Attempt this thankless task ; With solemn step, and easy air, When youth might charm, and grace engage, And eye compos’d, and aspect clear, Assume the voice and air of age, Thine earliest votaries throng ; Ang cheat us with a mask? Thy sacred course with joy they trace, They share the smiles that deck thy face, And catch the hallow’d words of grace That tremble from thy tongue. And still the earth retracing round Each gloomy walk you tread, Where, drench’d in misery profound, Pale Sorrow hangs her head ; Continue, lady, to delight, While yet the summer-sun shines brights Nor murder hours like these ; But when the winter comes in truth, Dhen wear a mask, and look like youth, And cheat us if you please. Hackney. James Epmeston. Where Hunger hovers o’er the place, —— Or pallid Sickness shews her face, ODE TO CHARITY ; In gloomy garb array’d ; By Tuomas Furtonc, oF BELLon- bdibies conscious Guilt is thrill’d with fear, , STREET, DUPRLIN. here stern Remorse, or dark Despair, ; . ‘ The parting soul pervade. H Charity ! the bliss be mine, | Yes! there arous’d, at thy command, To teel thy thrilling touch divine ; Beside the couch attentive stand To own thy pure unbroken reign, _ A pure selected train: And mark the forms that fill thy train ; They speak—they wipe the moisten’d eye— To see Compassion bending low, They check the pang—they sooth the sigh— And weeping for another’s woe ; And soften every pain. To trace the pang, the parting sigh, Far thence they drive each idle fear, » The look, the voice, of Sympathy, They shew the sufferer how to die, The mind that moves at Pity’s call, They open wide the long career And the warm heart that feels for all, To realms beyond the sky- Eternal power! thy sacred sway Or, led by thee, let Fancy seek Fill’d the Almighty mind, When over chaos unconfin’d Beam’d the first streak of day; When starting from a dead repose, The countless forms of life arose, With lasting charms endued; When plenty smil’d on every plain, And peace and piety serene, Hach morn their rites renew’d, The hospitable door, Where Fity, form’d with aspect meek, Smiles sweetly on the poor; Where drooping Age may freely Stay}. And lull each care, each pain, away 5 Where lingering pale Disease may lie, And, blest with peace, prepare to dic ; Where, free from toil, tatigue, and sirife, Far from the busy scenes of life, What mortal hand shall sketch the scene, The wretched may repose ; What pencil paint the hour? Where the clear opening mind of Youth, When freely flow’d the sacred strain The fruits of knowledge or of eruth, That hail’d thee in the pride of power, May gather or disclose. Oh 46 @h who shall speak the sense of joy To thy fair followers given, When, warm’d with zeal and transport high, They sce the sons of poverty Direct the glowing ardent eye With gratitude to heaven ? >Tig their’s to taste the bliss refin’d, "Phe conscious self-approving mind, ‘The peace that still from Virtue flows, Fhe charm that steady Hope bestows, ‘The soul resign’d, each turn of fate to bear, And all that mortals know of happiness sincere. : —_— THE CHURCH YARD. bs peed he the shades of darkness hang, O’er the still sullen house of death 5 Nature is hush’d ; no zephyr’s breath Disturbs the dul] and heavy scene. The moon appears, the light returns, But not the cheering light of day 5 *Tis a cold light of transient stay, No warmth the borrow’d moon-ray yields. Its silver beams rest on the tombs, But enter not the grave’s confines ; ‘There neither sun nor moonlight shines, But blackest night for ever dwells. The joy and grief of ages past, The father’s hope, the widow’s stay, The fears and hopes of former day, Are mingled in one common mass- Why are the dead reserv’d with care ? I see each narrow house confin’d Or with the briar or willow bind, Or marble monument inscrib’d ? *Tis the bright hope the Bible gives, That Death shall render back his slain, And all the dead shall live again, That teaches thus to guard their dust. Fhis storehouse of the dead shall ope, And all that sleep in cust shall wake 5 When th’ archangel’s trump shall shake The deep foundations of the earth. Danisx Corsey. Braintree; Dfay 29, 1816. ——— A TOYMAN’s ADDRESS. 3N THE STYLE OF MODERN POETRY. 1 MILING girls, rosy boys, Here—come buy my little toys. Mighty men of gingerbread Crowd my stall, with faces red ; And meliing maidens you behold Lic about them, al! in gold ; And see, the sun shincs passing fair, And breezes wanton with their hair. Smiling’ girls, rosy boys, Hasten—buy my little toys. ~ Here are babies ripe for play 5 Pipes to warble care away ; Blouses to be shifted hence ; And trunks to fill with weekly pence; And plumed horses all a-row; Was ever seen so fair a shew? Smiling girls, rosy boys, Biasien—buy my liule toys. Original Poetry. (Aug. I, Now a windmill strikes your views Whose sails do split the air intwo, And go so gaily round and round, The scene resembles fairy ground ! And lo! lie panting in the sun My troop of warriors, every one 5 Rise men of might! behold they rise And wave their weapons in the skies & Smiling girls, rosy boys, Hasten—buy my little toys. Raised on high, above the rest, See the eagle in his nest ; Among the stars—you see them shine— He builds his residence divine! Oft his flaming eyes he raises Where the sun obliquely blazes ; So bright they beam, I ween their ray Outvies the splendour of theday; Now your languid eye reposes On beds of artificial roses ; Streamy hues of red and white, Laugh about them—feast your sight. And smiling girls, and rosy boys, Hasten—buy my little toys. All my toys are not told o’er, 1 could number thousands more $ See, lie sprinkled here and there, Helmet, gaberdine, and Spear ; And, swift as sunny sparkles, lo ! Armed horsemen round them go. It seems a3 ifa fight had been To dignify the mimic scene! Here’s agun, that, with a spring, Shoots bloodless bullets—pretty thing £ And boist’rous drum, and dulcet lute, Are spread about, but they are mute. Buy them! lertheir mingling sound Cleave the air, and shake the ground? Now in coaches you behold, Ladies bright and barons bold. See, the coachman waves his whip, O’er each steed’s far-spreading hip— It seems a snake, that coils about, Or smoke, from chimney dancing out, It crackles o’er them, now, like thunder} And fierce they plunge in senseless wonder* 5 Here are kings, high heaven raises, Trumpets, too, to sound their praises. Smiling girls, and rosy boys, Hasten—buy my liule toys. Cotes Parkes. G.N. —=P~ THE CAPTIVE. From the French, ‘By Saran CAnvDLER. hy he roams, in ev’ty land, The life of man with trouble teems 5 But, exil’d on a foreign strand, He learns what real sorrow meanse _ If e’er in peaceful sleep deceived, Gay Fancy paints his native shore, Awaking, all his soul is grieved ‘To find his native land no more, * A late lexicographer has said, ‘ Wor- der is the effect of novelty upon igno~ sance,’? And 1816.] And, when in future visions bright His present illsa moment fly, ‘The captive’s chains his thought excite, And bring his country’s image nigh. Patents lately Enrolled. 47 If e’er some generous being glows With soothing thoughts his breast to fill, His heart an instant pleasure knows, But ah, he isan exile still! Sa SS, PATENTS LATELY ENROLLED. —s——— Zo Joun Enpwarns, of Canterbury Buildings, Lambeth, Surrey; for a Method or Means of preventing Leak- age in Ships’ Boats and other Vessels. —August 15, 1815. R. Epwarps lays strips of coarse brown paper, or canvas, soaked in tar or in water, proof cement, made of glue and linseed oil boiled together, over the seams in the inside of the ship; and then places battens or narrow planks of wood, of about four inches broad, and about one inch, or one inch and a half, thick, over the seams also, , and nails them tight down with ragged nails. If (says Mr. E.) the planks in the inside of the ship were to be fastencd to the timbers with ragged bolts, instead of treenails, this method would prevent any force of water, between the outside and inside of the ship, from floating the in- side planks from off the timber; and would not only prevent leakage, but, by being so firmly combined together, would doubiless prevent a ship going to pieces when stranded; though, in this case the outside of the ship might re- ceive damage, but the inside would not be injured. ‘This being admitted, the ship, cargo, crew, and passengers would be saved. Should this method be ob- jected to on account of rat-holes, the inside of a ship may be fined with any sheet metal, such as copper, iron, lead, &e. in the following- manner: nail the sheets of metal close, edge to edge, or edge over edge, and solder the seams; thereby effectually preventing rats from materially injuring the ship. Mr. Ed- wards also recommends the fastening the inside planks to the timbers with ragged bolts. RI To Jean Freperic Marquis pr Cna- BANNES, for a Method of conducting Air, and regulating the Temperature, in Houses and other Buildings, and warming: and cooling either Air or Li- nids.—Dec. 5, 1816. he Marquis de Chabannes declares that his method of conducting the air, and regulating the temperature, in houses and other buildings, is by producing a current of air in flues or chimnies, or Ques, or other apertures, which is ef- fected by means of an air-pump or pnet- matic machine, forcing a current of air through every wirding, or evcn througla liquids, and also by means ofa ventilator, to be placed on the summit of the flue or chimney, which by its peculiar form, when the wind blows upon it, causes # draught upwards in the flue or chimney, more or less powerful, according to the action or strength of the wind, but most powerful when the wind acts strongest. No other method has hitherto been suggested for producing a current im chimnies than that whichis caused by the rarefaction of the air in its passage through the fire; the advantages of which method are not only limited, but a current so produced is subject to va- riation as often as a change happens ia the direction or force of the wind, or in the temperature or density of the atmos- phere ; Lut the patentee says his method is not subject to these aceidents, and is invariable in its effects, as the flues of chimnies or of ventilators are made to terminate in a reservoir, on which he fixes an air-pump or pneumatic ma- chine; by working of which a draught of air is produced in any proportion re- quired, without being liable to variation, either from the state of the atmosphere or the wind; and lofty chimnies, whick are made so ouly for the purpose of pro- curing or increasing a draught, are ren- dered unnecessary, as this apparatus may be fixed either above or below, or upon a level, with the fire. In ‘order to annihilate every nuisance or ill effect arising from smoke, he places, in connec- tion with the air-pump or. pneumatic machine employed for furnaces, or any kind of fire-places, a cistern of water, through which the smoke, being forced by the action of the pump, becomes washed, and denosits in the water all the sooty and noxious particles usually car- ried into the atmosphere. The principle of his ventilator is appli- cable to the ventilation of churches, pri- sons, hospitals, dwelling-houses, stables, and other description of buildings re- quiring pure air. Another purpose to which his air- pump, and method of warming and con- ducting air, may be applied, is the heat- 4 ing bey -| 4s u ing of ovens, by surrounding them with jiues, acted upon by the apparatus. It may also be used for heating drying yooms, manufactories, green-houses, and hot-louses. The ventilator, without the air-pump or pneumatic machine, is a cure for smoky chimnies, and is formed of a tube of metal, burnt earth, or other suitable material ; its opening or diameter is pro- portioned to the dimensions of ihe chim- ney, and it may be fixed in the usual method of placing a common chimney- pot ; or where there is a pot already fix- ed, it may be placed on the top of the pot, around and close adjoining to the edge of the tube. Upon its summit there isa plane of between forty and filty degrees of inelination, so that the air striking upon it from any quarter of the wind, is carried off in an oblique direc- tion over the opening, by which means the pressure of the atmosphere being re- moved from off the column of air in the flue er chimney, a current of air is drawn through the flue or chimney into the epen air. A similar inclined plaue, but elosed at the top, is fixed at a convenient distance above the first, which, termi- nating in the form of a cone, prevents any eddy winds from counteracting the effect of the lower plane. This upper plane may be placed or not, as circum- stances or situation may require; and the distance between the two planes, when both shall be used, is also to be deter- mined by the Iccality ; when there is a range of flucs in one stack of chimnies, two or more of those flues may be united in the same ventilator. His method of avarming air or liquids, which is particu- larly applicable to the purpose of evapo- ration, in order speedily to obtain the re- siduum, or the crystallization of any matter suspended in liquids, and which admits of the use of various sorts of ma- terials for boilers, as wood, brick, or me- tal, is, by means of a moveable or fixed apparatus, either with or without the ap- plication of the uir-pump or pneumatic machine, and, by the application of the reversed flame, immersed in the liquid. he furnace which he employs, for heating boilers of all descriptions, as well as for warming air in churches, pri- sons, hospitals, dwelling-houses, &e. is another application of the reversed fiame, and is deseribed as follows :—The fuel is lodged on a heap of fire-bricks, disposed jn such a manner, in a flue of the same or other suitable materials, as to sulfer the air to pass freely between thei. Bencath these bricks is placed a small Patents lately Enrolled. [Aug. f, grate, for the purpose of receiving and consuming any part of the fuel which might fall through the space leit between the bricks. This grate is furnished with an opening, for the purpose of cleaning the ash-hole or lighting the fire, in case the air-pump be not used. This opeh- ing is also calculated to admit fresh air, to consume what may remain of the fuel, as well as to burn the gas, which may have escaped combustion in its de- scent through the mass of bricks, which are placed upon an open arch of the same or other proper materials, so as to support the fuel on their summut. When the-air-pump or pneumatic machine is used for the purpose of forcing a cur- reut, the superfices of the object to be heated may be augmented to any ex- tent, and the whole of the caloric pro- duced by the fuel may be employed either on the liquid or on the air to be heated, as part of it being wanted to form a current in the flues or chimnies. His method of cooling air is by means of the air-pump and ventilator before de- scribed, cither jointly or separately, causing the air to pass through a cool medium. Other Patents lately granted, of which we solicit the Specifications. Wirtram Lewis, of Brimscomb, Glou- cestershire, dyer; for a machine for ful- ling woollen or other cloths, that require such process.—April 5. JosepH TuRNER, of Layton, Yorkshire, mechanic; for an improved rotatory engine, and application thereof, with or without other machinery, to useful purposes.— April 8. Jonn Woopnovusr, of Bromsgrove, Woicestershire, civil engineer; for a me- thod of forming the ground for roads and pavements, and also for paving and repair- ing old pavements and roads.—April 9. Wiritam ATuinson, of Bentinck-street, architect; for a method or methods of torming blocks with bricks and cement in the form of ashlar stone, for building, so as to bave the appearance of stone.— April 9. WiitiiM Srenson, of Coleford, Gloue cestershire, engineer ; for an improved en- gine, to be worked by steam, or any other power.—April 9. Witsiam Lassatie, of Bristol, apo- thecary; fora method or contrivance for an improvement in the construction of a gig, and of cards, so called iv the clothing and other manufactories, or other ma- chines or instruments used and employed in such manufactories for the same or similar purposes, a contrivance never bes fore put in practice.—April 23, NEW : ¥816.] Eso NEW PUBLICATIONS IN JULY. — ARCHAIOLOGY. ONASTIC and Baronial Remains, with other interestg Fragments of Antiquity, in England, Wales, and Scot- Tand; by G. J. Parkyns, esq. 2 vols. royal 8vo. illustrated with upwards of 100 plates, 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY. J Simco’s Catalogne for 1816, 1s, J. Watchard’s Catalogue of his Books, both Ancient and Modern; including His- tory, Law, Divinity, Miscellanies, &c. 2s. BIOGRAPHY. Memoirs of the late Andrew Fuller ; by Dr, Ryland. 1 vol. 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Manuel du Voyageur en Suisse, gros vol. 12mo. figures. 14s. 6d, > PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. — FRENCH INSTITUTE, ACCOUNT of the STATE of the NEW MA- NUFACTURES tm FRANCE, especially as ~ relates to SUGAR, its CLARIFICATION, &c.; by M. le Comte Cuartat, late Minister of the Interior. 4 hype last five and twenty years will form a memorable epocha in the annals of French industry. Most of the extraordinary events that have succeed- ed each other have concurred to favour its progress. France, deprived of her colonies, blockaded at all her frontiers, found herself reduced to rely on her own internal strength ; and by raising a contribution of the knowledge of her in- habitants, and of the productions of her soil, she has been enabled to satisfy all her wants, to create arts which before had no existence, to improve those that ‘ were known, and to render herself inde- pendant of foreign countries for the greatest part of the articles of her con- sumption.* ‘Thus we have successively seen improved the arts of refining salt- petre ; the manufacture of arms and of powder ; of tanning leather ; of spinning cotton, wool, and flax ; of weaving gene- rally, and the execution of several other arts to which we were strangers ; such as the decomposition of sea-salt for the ex- traction of soda; the formation of alum pee EE * As Count Chaptal writes this under the Bourbons, he is, of course, unable to name the foreign authors of these priva- tions. This entire paragraph merits pre. servation, however, to encourage other nations to make similar exertions when. ever they may be exposed to similar conte. deracies from the same causes, H2 and 52 and copperas; the fixing upoén woven goods several colors which had been previously considered as fugitive; the substitution of the sugar of beet-root for that of the sugar cane; of woad in the place of the indigo plant, and of madder for the scarlet of cochineal. When France began to experience the want of sugar, we at first sought for the means of supplying it in the syrups of ceriain fruits, especially the grape, and this manufacture has been singularly improved. Large establishments were formed in several parts of the kingdom for the extraction of syrup, and they haye been productive of two important results, equally advantageous; first, of causing the consumption of a, great quantity of syrup in the place of sugar for several domestic purposes, and ex- elusively in the hospitals; secondly, of giving a value to our grapes which at that period had scarcely any. A little time afterwards a method was found of extracting a farinaceous and solid sugar from the grape, and this product was more similar to the cane sugar than the syrup; it was like the cane sugar in having no smell, and could be employed instead of it in every way, by using two or three times its weight to produce the same effect. ‘This sugar is not suscep- tible of crystallization. Nearly at the same time, chemistry furnished the meansvrof decolouring honey and de- priving it of smell, so that it could be employed in the infusions of tea and coffee, as well as the best syrup of sugar. All these processes were become do- mestic operations, and very little pri- vation was suffered from the scarcity of cane sugar ; but it was reserved for Che- mistry to produce in our climate the actual sugar of the colonies, and this was not long in coming to pass. Already the analyses of Margraff, and the im- portant labours of Achard had put us in the way; all now to be done was to improve the processes, and form a sufii- cient number of establishments to sup- ply the demand. To effect this, the encouragement was prodigious, and in a single year we saw more than a hun- dred and fifty manufactories arise, some of which have proceeded with great success, and have poured into the mar- ket several million pounds of excellent sugar. On the Culture end Preservation of the Beet-root.—li should be sown to- wards the end of March or in April, when there is no longer any fear of frost. Proceedings of Public Societies. [Aug. 1, The most proper soil for the cultiva- tion of the beet-root, is that which is both light and rich, and of a good depth, Poor, dry, and sandy soils are not at all suitable, for the beet comes up in such ground quite small and dry. Neither is stiff argillaceous soil proper for it, The seed comes up badly, especially if soon after il is sown a heavy rain hap- pen to fall. Meadows newly ploughed and alluvial earths manured, and for a long time used, are very proper for the culture of this root. Good ground wiil furnish a hundred thousand of beet per hectare; I have even gathered as many as a hundred and twenty from a mca- dow newly ploughed; but the meai product is from forty to fifty thousand, Beet-root during its Vegetation.— Perhaps there is no plant that suffers more from the vicinity of others than the beet-root; it remains small and without vigour if the ground be not carefuily cleared of all the pleats that spring up beside it. In general the beet is gathered in the beginning of October, and the operation is terminated towards the fifteenth. The time of gathering is not a matter of. indifference; but every one knows that, in the course of vegetation, there is formed a snecession of different products which replace each other; so that the crystallizable sugar is contained in the beet-root only at a certain period of its vegetation, and this period is the time that must be chosen to gather it. It appears, that, when the beet has terminated its saccharine vegetation, if I may so express myself, it forms nitrate of potash, at the expense of the con- stituent principles of the sugar: and this formation takes place in the ground, when it is assisted by the heat, just the same as it does in the store-houses. As the beet-roots are pulled up, the leaves should be stripped off and Icft on the ground for manure, when there is not enough of them for the consumption of caitle. In order to keep beet in a proper state, it should be stored in a dry place, of a temperature a few degrees above zero of the thermometer. It must not be stored up when wet; and, if the wea- ther will permit, it is very desirable that it should be left for a few days in the fields to dry. It must not be covered up until frost is expected, and must be uncovered and left so as long as the tem- perature is a few degrees above freezing, provided it does not rain. It should he often examined, and if it appears to bes — €ome 1816.] come heated, or decayed, or germinates, the heap must be opened, the injured roots separated from it, and then made up again. On the Extraction of Sugar—The most economical mode of washing is to put from 100 to 140lbs, into a cylinder composed of thick iron wire, half the cylinder being immersed in water con- tained in a trough under it; the cylinder is kept constantly turning round. In a little time the bect is treed from the dirt, the cylinder is then raised above the trough, a door which it contains is opened, and the beet slides down an in- clined plane, which carries it beyond the trough. I have no washing in my establish- ment; but I have the top and radicles cut off, and the surface of the roots, cleaned, all with a knife. This opera- tion is executed with facility by women, and costs twelve sous, or sixty centimes per thousand. The sugar is extracted by two succes- sive operations. Ist. The beet is re- duced to a pulp by means of graters: the best of these graters cousist of cylinders, furnished on the surface with indented lates; these cylinders may be moved so rapidly, by means of wheels, that they will make 400 revolutions in a minute, and will tear and reduce the beet toa pulp in an instant, Two of these gra- ters, put in motion by the same ma- chinery, and attended by three women and two children are sufficient to grate daily 10,000 weight of beet, hy working oly four hours a day, two honrs at a time; it is very rare that half an hour more is necessary. In order that the pulp may be of a good quality it must have the appear- ance of a soft paste, without any lumps; for the press, however powerful, can ex- tract buta very small proportion of juice from fragments of beet that have not been torn. When it is only crushed be- tween mill-stones, in the manner that is practised for making cider and perry, the juice obtained from the press is not more than 30 or 40 per cent. whereas, when it is torn by the graters, from 65 to 75 per cent. is extracted. 2dly. As fast as the pulp is formed it is submitted to pressure, in order to extract the juice, J begin by putting it into small lever resses at first, and afterwards removing it to others more powerful, so as to ex- tract from 65 to 75 per cent. of juice. ‘The operation is perfect when the mare or dregs are so dry, that on squeezing French Institute. 53 it hard with the hands it does not wet them. ‘To diminish the expense of ma- nual labour, I place the graters and presses on a stage, in such a manner that the juice falls of itself, through leaden canals, into the boilers, which are placed on the ground. It is neces- sary that the pulp should be expressed as fast as it forms, or else it blackens, and a degree of fermentation com- mences, which renders the extraction of the sugar more difficult. The juice marks from five to eleven devrees, and commonly from seven to eight, by Beanmé’s areometer. I have before mentioned, that the juices run immediately out of the presses into a boiler, which I call a depurator, in relation to its use. Supposing two operations to be effected in a day, and that 5000 weight of beet-root is ope- rated upon each time, this boiler, which is round, should be five feet and a half wide, and three feet eight inches deep; of these dimensions it will contain the whole product of one operation. As soon as the boiler is one-third, or half fuli, the fire is lighted. By the time that the juice has ceased running from the presses, it will already have acquired from forty to fifty degrees of heat, which is suffered to increase to sixty-five or sixty-six degrees; and the moment it has attained this heat, the fire is*smo- thered by covering it with wet coals, Lime, slaked with warm water, is then thrown into the boiler, in the proportion of two grammes and a half (about forty- eight grains) to a litre of juice, being careful to vary the proportion according to the consistence of the juice. The liquid mass must be well stirred, in all directions, for some minutes, and then the fire is revived, in order to raise the heat to eighty degrees; that is, to the degree nearcst approaching to ebullition. The fire is then taken out of the fire- place, and as the liquor cools a coat forms on its surface, which in half an hour has acquired a degree of consis- tence; which, at the end of three-quar- ters of an hour, is carefully taken off with the skim. As soon as it is skimmed, a cock is turned, which is fixed about a foot from the boitom of the boiler, and the liquor runs out into a square boiler ; afterwards a second cock is opened, which is quite at the bottom of the boiler, in order to empty it entirely, and the liquor is made to fall upon a filter, through which it also runs into the square boiler. The 54 The instant the liquor begins to boil, sulphuric acid, diluted with twenty paris of water, is poured into it, ia the proportion of a tenth part of the lime employed; the whole must be well stirred, that it may be completely mix- ed: in order to ascertain that there is no excess of lime or of acid in the liquor, it may be tried upon paper coloured with tarnsol or curcnma. It is hest to suffer the excess of lime to remain, and to employ no more of the acid, the mo- ment that it gives to the curcuma paper a tint of a pale brick or deep white-wine eolour. After this operation, three per esnt. of animal charcoal, well pounded to an impalpable powder, is mixed with the liquor, and immediately afterwards is added half of the charcoal that was used the evening hefore. After the last addition of charcoal the Jiquid is evaporated, till it has acquired the consistence of from 18 to 20 de- grees; it is then male to run into a smaller and deeper boiler, and is left at rest till the next day, when the boiling. of the syrup is effected. The Boiling and Refining.—The cpe- ration of boiling the syrup is the most delicate of any, but it has been rendered extremely easy by the improvements that have taken place in the preparatory operations, especially since the use of animal charcoal has been introduced, Many manufacturers have failed in boiling the syrup; and that which should be attributed to a bad manipulation, has generally been supposed to be ow- ing sometimes to the non-existence of sugar in the beet, and sometimes to the almost insurmountable difficulty of ex- tracting it. Now, this operation is be- come so easy that skim rises; it never burns during the boiling, and requires very little more care on the part of the workman who conducts it. Previous to the boiling, the concentrated juice made the evening before, and which still retains some degree of heat, is fil- tered through a coarse piece of woollen cloth; it is then poured into a round boiler, two feet in diameter and eighteen inches deep, till it is one-third full, and is then heated to ebullition, which is kept up to the end of the operation. If it chance to burn, it is perceived by puffs of white smoke, which come fyom the bottom of the boiler, and burst through the surface of the liquid, spreading a pungent smell; the fire must be slack- ened, the liquor stirred, and the opera- tion more carefully attended to. ‘The means of judging that the operation is Proceedings of Public Societies. [Aug. 1, going on well are, when it boils dry and with noise; when the syrup detaches. itself from the skimmer without drawing into threads, and without adhesion; when on striking the boiling mass with the back of the skimmer, the blow sounds dry, as if it struck upon silk; when it produces very little skim ; when, on taking up some of the froth, or the bubbles eut of the boil, with the skim- mer, the bubbles disappear directly and resolve into liquid: this latter charaeter distinguishes the bubbles of the boil from those of the skim; and, lastly; we may be satisfied that the operation hag proceeded well, if no traces of black can be perceived at the bottom of the boiler, and the surfaec appears clean. The time proper to terminate the boil- ing of the syrup may be known by working a drop between the fore-finger and thumb, till it has acquired the tem- perature of the skin, and separating the finger and thumb rapidly: when it be- gius to form a thread the operation is far advaneed, and the experiment must be frequently repeated. The boiling must be discontinued the mement that the thread breaks dry. As soon as it is ascertained that the operation of boiling the syrup is completed, the fire is smo- thered, and a few minutes afterwards it is poured into the cooler, taking care to pour it high, that it may be mixed with air, for it is observed that this facilitates the crystallization. In the evening, when the whole is collected in the cooler, the forms which are denominated bastardes are filled ; the crystallization of the sugar immediately begins, and is almost always complete the next day; so that, in 24 or 48 hours after, it is put into the forms; these forms may, without inconvenience, be placed upon the pots for the melasses to run out, i To refine with alcohol, the operation must be commenced immediately as the melasses begins to run; for if any time is allowed for the sugar to dry, the me- lasses which moistens the crystals thick- ens, and forms a very hard coat upon the surface of the sugar, which the al- cohol detackes with great difficulty: accordingly, the moment that the me- Jasses begins to run, the surface of the sugar-loaf contained in the form is to be scraped, and a litre of alcohol at 36 degrees of commerce, poured by degrees over the whole surface, the little orifice of the form being stopped; the base of the form is then carefully covered ta prevent the evaporation of the aleohol. dn y816.] In two hours the orifice of the form is opened, and the alechol runs into the pot, charged with a great proportion of the colouring principle; the operation may be repeated with half the quantity of fresh alcohol, and the sugar is then equal in whiteness to the clayed or fine powder sugar. The sugar is then meited and put into the boiler with bullock’s blood. The operation is terminated by either claying or alcoholising it again; but it has been observed, that the last mentioned gives the sugar a more heavy Jvok than the other, and renders it a hittie more friable; for this reason I use alcohol for the first operation, and clay- ing for the second. It is necessary to employ aicohol concentrated to 36 de- grees; when it is weaker it dissolves a portion of sugar. Expences and Product of a Manu- Sactory.—The expences are comprised in the price of the beet, the manual fabour for the extraction of the sugar, the interest of the sums spent in forming the establishment, the maintenance of the machines, the purchase of fuel, ani- mal charcoal, and other less consider- able articles. The produce of ten thousand weight of beet-root is composed of three dis- tinct parts—the sugar, the residuum or marc of the beet, and the melasses. In general, the beet furnishes from three to four per cent. of raw sugar, and some- times even from four to five. The Review of New Musical Publications. 58 quantity varies according to the state of the weather and the expertness of these who work in the establishment. Besides the produce of the sugar, there is an- other whieh deserves consideration ; this is the cuttings and the residuum of the beet after the juice is expressed from it, The residuum or marc, is a very valuable food for horned cattle and pigs. The melasses is a third product not to be overlooked ; a thousand weight of beet will produce nearly 240 pounds, which may be fermented and distilled in order to extract the alcohol. ‘This alcohol has the peculiarity of being in- finitely nore pungent than any other at the samie degree of concentration. General Iemarks, — Experience has also taught us, that the manufactories of sugar from beet-root can only prosper in the hands of proprietors who cultivate the plant themsclves, and consume the residue upon their own demesne: in- deed, it is only necessary to take a view of the advantages which this manufae- ture affords, when connected with a large farm, to he convinced of the great dufterence in the two cases. This branch of industry, therefore, must be established on extensive pro- perty; for, independent of the advan- tages of situation, the erections neces- sarily depending on a large farm will mostly suffice, without any further ex- pence, for the purposes of the new ma-) bufacture, San REVIEW OF NEW MUSICAL PUBLICATIONS. —=; inches. The diameter of {he small lens is 64 inclies. Tis focal distanee, 1 foot 54 inches, Both glasses are fixed in a wooden frame, which turus on a pivet and slides on a brass bow, aid ean be meved with ease horizontally or perpendicularly, The smaller lens is placed at sach a distance from the large one, as that the diameter of a cone of rays falling on the small lens, is equal to the diameter of the small lens. Substances fused, with their weight and time of fusion. Farcnlieit’s thermometer at eighty-six degrees in the sun, and seveuty-four degrees in the shade. Silver—7 gr. melted in two seconds. Copper—22 gr. melted in thirty se- conds. Bar iron—18 gr. partly melted in five minutes, Antimony—25 neously. Flint glass—5 seconds. Green glass—6 five seconds. Farenheit’s thermometer at one hun- dred and oue dbgrees ia the sun, eizlity~ six in the shade. ‘Crystal of limestone—in four minutes partly reduced to lime. Glass colcared by gold—in thirty se- conds ran into a beautiful globule of variewated colours. Blue clay from Jersey—6 gr. in one minute melted aud ran into a globule. Asbestos — became instantancously red hat, but not otherwise aifected. Clay and lime—in equal proportions instantaneously melted into a_ glass globule. Lime and quartz—3 gr. each, melted in thirfy seconds. Clay, quarty, and lime—3 gr. each, in thirty-five seconds melted into a glass, Mica—in ten seconds partly melted, Precious serpeutine—in two minutes changed in colour and reduced in weight, Platina gr. melted instants- gr. melted in forty gr. melted in thirty- . 64 Platina in grains —in five minutes ayggtutinated into a mass. fron filings—in three scconds partly melted. ted Icad and charcoal—in ten seconds the lead reduced to its metallic state. Pyrites or sulphate of iron—the sul- phur driven off and the iron reduced to the metallic state, which was proved by the magnet attracting it. Poreclainclay from Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, in five minutes, partly changed iis colour. A cork, suspended in a decanter of clear water, was slightly chared. All the above substances were placed on charceal when exposed to the lens. Some time ago, Dr. Mitchell exhi- bited to the New York Philosophical Socicty a specimen of American elastic marble, measuring four feet im length, fhree inches in breadth, and one inch in thickness. ‘Fhe slab was of a snowy whiteness, of a grained structure, and of remarkable flexibility. He had received at from the quarry in Pittsfield, Massacha- setts. Since the reecipt of this extra- ordinary sample, another one, of far more considerable size, has been procured by Mr. Mcyher, from Stockbridge. This he is preparisg for a place in Dr. Mit- chell’s cabinet of mineralogy. The di- mensions of this stone are as follow: breadth one foot and ten inches, length fice fect, and thickness two inches; mak- ing a mass of two thousand six hun- dred and forty cubic inches of elastic marble. This stab, when shaken, undu- fates sensibly backwards and forwards ; when supported at the two extremitics, the middJe forms a curve of about two mcehes from a horizontal line ; aad when qurned over recovers itself, and fuclines Progress of the British Legislation in 1816. [Aug. }, as much the other way. It-has many other curious Agree By an article of Mr. R. Prae’s, in Epe’s elegant Journal published at Philadelphia, under the title of “Tur Portico,” wecollectthatJuDGE CooPER (formerly of Manchester,) has taken much pains to introduce gas-lights into the United States; and, it appears, with success. But, as Coals are dearinAmerica and as an incorrect notion appears to he formed that coal-gas is unavoidably of- Jensive in its smell}, Dr. KuGLer, of Phi- ladelphia, has manufactured gas from pitch, “an article which can, in Ame- rica, be every where procured; and from which, by ~ simple apparatus, easily managed, without any thing of- fensive in the operation, he prepares a gas at once cheaper and more brilliant than that prepared from coal.” Piteh, rosin, and even oil of turpentine, are said to answer equally well. In Dr. Kugler’s apparatus, ‘“ the oil condensed in the receiver, immersed in water for ~ the purpose, is afterwards employed to dissolve the pifch, which thus dissolved, descends in a liquid form through an aperture, revulated by a stop-cock, down to the hottest part of the red-hot retort, and is there decomposed and ascends into the gas-holder, after. escaping from the condensing receiver. In this way the gas requires no washing ‘in lime- water, and wo noxious vapour is pro- duced.” There can be no doubt that the mode of procuring light and heat from coal, piteh, wood, pine-knots, &e. will soon be common to the whole ci- vilized world, in spife of the opposition of our greet chemists, and the tardy patronage of governments. BRITISH LEGISLATION. —— ACTS PASSED ix the 46th YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE THIRD, on mm the - FOURTH SESSION of” the, FIFTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM. —>—— AP. XXI. To revive and continue, 4 until two Years after the expiration of the Restrictions upon Payments-in Cash by the Bank of England, an Act for sus- pending the Operation of an Act of the 17th year of his present Majesty, for re- straining the Negociation of Pronnssery Notes and Bills of Exchange under a limited Sum, in England.—A vil i) ss Cap. MXIE. For the more effectual. ly detaining in Custody Napoleon Boxa- parte.—April LL. Whereas it is necessary, for the preser- vation of the tranquillity of Europe, and for the general safety, that Napoleon Bo- naparte should be detained and kept in custody as is herein after provided; be it therefore enacted, and it is hereby enacted, by the-Kiny’s most execilent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords spiritual and temporal, and Com- mons, in tts present parliament assembled,” and by the authority of the same, that it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty, his heirs, and successors, to detain and keep: — the said Napoleon Bonaparte in the cus~ tody of such person or persons, in such place: 1816.] places within his Majesty’s dominions, and under such restrictions, during the plea- sure of his Majesty; his heirs, and suc- eessors, as to his Majesty, his heirs, and ee shall from tithe to time seem t. See. II. appoints persons to lave the custody ; to change the place; and to re- move him.—For calling in assistance. ’ IIL. Persons attempting a rescue or an escape shall, upon being convicted thereof, be adjudged guilty of felony, and shall sniffer death as in cases of felony, without benefit of clergy. IV. For preventing the further escape. V. Prohibiting any assistance of escape upon the high seas, Cap. XXIII. For regulating the Intercourse with the Island of St. Hele- na, during the time Napoleon Bonaparte shall be detained there ; and for indemni- Sying Persons in the Cases therein men- troned.—A pril 11. ‘During the time Bonaparte shall be in custody in St. Helena, no communication to be permitted. j Persons offending may he seized, and brought to England to await their trial. Persons landing (other than officers and acameu belonging to ships of war) shall re- turn to the ship when ordered, or be taken into custody. For preventing vessels (except vessels belonging to the company, &c.) from trae ding or touching at St. Helena. Provision in case of vessels driven by ttress of weather into St. Helena. Indemnifying persons acting in detaining Bonaparte in custody. - Not to extend to prejudice the right of the East-India Company to trade with St. _ Helena. Cap. XXIV. For better enabling his Majesty to make Provision for the Establishment of the Princess Charlotte Augusta, and ae George Frede- rich, prince of Cobourg of Saalfeld— April 11. Cap, XXV. For charging certain Duties on the Importation of Butter— April 30. . Imported in a British-built ship, ets se ee EL OKO Imported in a Foreign-built ship, RRBs tS ples ladies iF. O — Cap. X XVI. For charging certain ies on the Importation of Cheese,— rted in a British-built ship, CWE, we 0) odie £0.10 6 ted in a Foreign-built ship, cwt, . . . ,. * . . 0 1370 Cap. XVI. To amend several relative to the Transportation of Monturr Mas, Ne. 287, Progress of the British Legislation in 1816. 66. Offenders; to continue in force until the 1st of May, 1821.—April 30. Cap. XXVIII. To enable the Com- missioners of his Majesty’s Treasury to issue Exchequer Bills, on the Credit of such Aids or Supplies as have been or shall be granted by Parliament for the Service of Great Britain, for the Year 1816.—May 21. Cap. XXIX. To make perpetual certain Temporary or War Duties of Customs, on the Importation into Great Britain of Goods, Wares, and Mer chan= dize, and to repeal so much of several Acts passed in the 47th, 49th, and 51st years of the Reign of his present Majes- ty, as charge any Louns made for the Ser- vice of the Years 1807, 1809, and 1811, upon the War Duties of Customs or Ex- cise, and to charge such Loans on the Duties of Customs made perpetual— May 21. : Cap. XXX. For indemnifying the Commissioners of Excise in Scotland, and all Persons who may have acted un- der their Authority, in relation to certain Orders issued and Things done relative to certain Acts regarding the Distilleriee in Scotland.—May 21. Cap. XX XI. For transferring all Contracts and Securities entered into with or given to the Commissioners for Transports, to the Commissioners of the Navy and Victualling.—May 21. Cap. XXXII. For fixing the Rates of Subsistence to be puid to Innkeepers and others on quartering Soldiers.— May 2). Cap. XXXIII. To indemnify such Persons in the United Kingdom as have omitted to qualify themselves for Offices and Employments, and for extending the Time limited for those Purposes respec- tively, until the 25th duy of March, 1817; and to permit such Persons in Great Britain as have omitted to make and file Affidavits of the Execution of Indenture of Clerks to Attornies and Solicitors to make and file the same on or before the Jjirst Day of Hilary Term, 1817.— May 21. Cap. XXXIV. To charge an addia tional Duty on Corks, ready made, ime ported into Great Britain.—May 21. Cap. XXXV. For the more speedy and effectual Collection of the Tonnage Duty upon Ships inwards; for empowers ing the Lords of the Treasury to re- gulate the Hours of Officers’ Attend- ance in the Port of London; and for permitting Siips to commence and come pleat ther leading of Coals before the a Melivery 66 Delivery of the Fitters’ Certificates.— May 21. Cap. XXXVI. To repeal two Acts passed in the Reigns of King Edward the Fourth and King Richard the Third, which prohibit the Importation of Wrought Goods, and certain other Arti- cles.—May 21. Cap. XXXVII. To permit the Im- portation of Prunes the Produce of Ger- ‘Monthly Report of Diseases. fAug. 1, Majesty to suspend the Ballot or Enrol ment for the Local Militia.—May 21. Cap. XX XIX. Toreduce the Num- ber of Days of Muster or Exercise of Yeomanry and Volunteer Cavalry.— May 21. Cap. XL. For further continuing, until the 5th of July, 1818, an Act of the 44th Year of his present Majesty, to con- tinue the Restrictions contained in the se- veral Acts of his present Majesty, on Pay- ments of Cash by the Bank of England. —May 21. many.—May 21. Cap. XXXVIII. To empower his MONTHLY REPORT OF DISEASES 1n N.W. LONDON; From June 24 to July 24, 1816. ——— O variation has been remarked in the state of acute disease, as might reasonably be expected, from a comparison of the atmospheric phenomena of the present with those of the preceding month. ‘Two such summer months of rain and cold have not before occurred within my recollection. Rheumatism, and scarlet fever, of an inflammatory kind, have more frequently ar- rested our attention in the metropolis; the latter has generally been accompanied by unusual distress in the throat, with great constitutional irritation, and in some has proved fatal, especially among the poor, when neglected at the commencement. It is deserving of remark, that where this disease prevails in families and schools, it mot un- frequently happens that a part of those attacked have the affection of the throat alone, without the scarlet appearance upoy the skin ; when the disease is better known by the term Cynanche Tousillaris, and, I believe, in this form its inflammatory nature has never been disputed. The treatment is the same in both species, and I more particue larly otice the fact, to make evident the propriety of bleeding. But there is yet a more speedy, and almost infallible, remedy, which at once removes the peculiar distress of the throat, and the constitutional irritation, viz. a transverse incision, with a scalpel, through the dense membrane of the swollen tonsils. ‘The rationale of this practice will be sufficieutly evident to the practitioner who has witnessed the irritation and fever of a whitlow removed by a similar incision through the integuments of the affected part down to the bone; if the operation is dexterously performed, the relief is instantane- ous: the pain abates, the power of deglutition returns, and, as the source of the irrita- tion is destroyed, the febrile symptoms abate also. In some few cases of unusual perti- nacity, it may be necessary to repeat the operation, in consequence of the closure of the incision. Where the severity of the symptoms is not such as to warrant the proposal of aremedy a0 formidable in appearance, the plan of treatment I have found most successful is that which is calculated to remove inflammation, Bleeding, general or local, is commonly serviceable, but this must be regulated by circumstances. I prefer local bleeding, where I think blood encugh can be obtained from the part: hence leeches, applied in’ sufficient number, on each side of the posterior part of the lower jar, are of great ser- vice ; and still further benefit may be derived from the fomentations of hot water usually employed for the purpose of increasing the flow of blood : poultices applied to the same parts are also efficacious, by relaxing the integuments, and taking off pressure from the inflamed tonsils within the fauces. Among the cases of rheumatism, many have been attacked on one side only, the dis- ease putting on an appearance of a paralytic affection, Sciatica, in one instance, was accompanied with great force of arterial action, and required repeated bleeding for its removal ; relief was afforded from the commencement by this practice, and the cure was ultimately compleated by its continuance: the blood was found excessively inflamed, The case of Rhenmatic Phthisis noticed in our last, has, contrary to all expectation,» terminated in recovery. Within this month I have seen two other patients, apparently affecied with incurable consumption, who fiave been perfectly restored by nature alone; one of the cases was the consequence of measles, and the other of inflamed bronchiz, The medicines administered were mere palliatives of congh,-and eould have had no share in effecting the cure. é J. Want, d 12, North Crescent, Bedford Square. late Surgeon to the Nerthern Dispensary, , = 1816.] [67 ] , REPORT OF CHEMISTRY, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, &e. Sees Sonal a colour of blood is generally supposed to depend on iron; but some experiments by Vauquelin have demonstrated the erroneous nature of this opinion, and proved, that a colouring matter may be drawn from the blood, in which the most delicate test cannot discover the smallest trace of iron. The blood, according to Vanquelin’s expe- riments, is composed of—1. albumen; 2. fibrine ; 3. colouring matter; 4, a fat and mild oil ; the constant presence of which, however, in the blood of man requires the au- thority of further experiments, On the 3d of October, 1815, in the commune of Chassigny, a village four leagnes to the south-east of Langres, at half past eight in the morning, the sky being clear and se- rene, and a gentle east wind prevailing, a rumbling noise was heard, like the discharge of musketry and artillery. This noise, which seemed to come from the north-east, and from a cloud which hung over the horizon, of an indeterminate form, and a gray colour, had lasted a few minutes, when a man at work in a vineyard at some distance from the village, and who had his eyes fixed on this cloud, hearing a whistling like that of a can- non ball, saw an opaque body fall a few paces from him, and which emitted a dense smoke. Running to the spot, he saw a deep hole in the ground, and around it were fragments of stone of a peculiar kind, which he found as hot as if they had been long exposed to astrong sun. Some persons in the village of Chassigny, and parts adjacent, who happened to be sitting on the ground, thought they felt the shock of an earthquake during the detonation; but the peasant who saw the stone fall experienced no such sensation. Account of the above Aérolite, by M. Vauquelin. 1. Colour: brown externally, pearl gray internally. 2. Contexture: grainy, and broken in every direction. 5. Solidity : very slight, crumbling with the greatest facility. 4. Aspect: shining, and as if varnished, 5. Sound: none. Although it appears to have been roasted, it has not the dryness nor the hardness of glass when it is broken; it seems, on the contrary, to be soft under ‘the pestle, which soon pounds it. 6. It has no action on the magnetic needle, and yet the crust with which it is covered has a slight effect; this announces that it contains iron in the state of oxide. i 7. It forms a jelly with the acids. Hence it must be concluded that the silex is therein combined with some principle. Ten grammes contained as follows :— Silex , ° pr tie Stree 3.39 gr. Oxidated iron onl 9 - 3.10 Magnesia . . . a SD Metallic chrome . Fass eae It contained, therefore, neither sulphur nor nickel, and the iron in it is entirely oxidated ; whereas, all other aérolites contain those two snbstances, and the iron has always been in the metallic state, at least for the most part. A part of the silex contained in the stone is only in the state of mixture in the sandy form; and _ another more abundant portion than the first is entirely combined with the magnesia, and probably with the iron, since it is dissolved at the same time with those two bodies in the sulphuric acid. There is, in the present stone, twice as much magnesia as in ‘those which have been hitherto analysed; perliaps its softness was owing to this cause. And lastly, the chrome is found init in the metallic state, which announces that it must have resisted the oxidating action which burnt the iron, The quantity of this metal is also more considerable than usual. : F. Daniet, esq. has read to the Royat Society, an experimental Inquiry into the Process of Crystallization, and the Effects of Solution on the Structure of Crystals, The author’s object was to verify, if possible, the hypothesis of the sphericity of mole- cules. He began by making solutions of alum, nitrates of copper and of potash, &c. ‘These solutions took two or three weeks to yield regular crystals; they began by de. positing a sediment which gradually assumed octohedral, rhomboidal, &c. forms, Ex. periments of this nature he varied with great indastry and ingenuity, and detailed mi- nutely the results. His next object was to observe the changes which took place in €rystals during solution, He weighed certain crystals, immersed them in a given por- tion of water, left them to remain in the fluid so many hours, then withdrew them, _ wiped them dry with blotting paper, ascertained what weight they had Jost, and what Were the modifications produced on their crystalline structure ; io again immersed them ~~ 2 in 68 Monthly Commercial Report. fAug. I, in water for a limited time, and repeated his observations. This process he continued some days, always carefully noting the changes evinced on the exterior form of the crys- tals, the modulations or changes of their angles, the operations of the solvent on their faces, sides or summits, the parts which disappeared entirely or became truncated, &e. These results were illustrated by figures, without which it would not have been possible to render them intelligible. A considerable diversity occurred in the changes which tlie different crystals experienced; but all were more or less truncated, at least one side or other. Mr. D. then entered into a somewhat elaborate inquiry into the differences which should have phe had the primitive molecules of crystals been cubes and not spheres; and some of his facts he admitted were favourable to the former hypothesis, but moreto the latter. In observing that the crystalline masses formed at the bottom of the vessels by spontaneous evaporation often presented very different geometric figures, and totally dissimilar to the forms usually ascribed to such salts by mineralo- gists, he was induced to consider the effects of mechanical agency in the product of such anomalies. Notwithstanding these and some other discrepancies, he is however inclined to consider Dr. Wollaston’s theory of molecular sphericity as perfectly satis- factory, and the best adapted to explain the phanomena of nature. ———— MONTHLY COMMERCIAL REPORT. —a— HAT decay of commerce, and of all commercial enterprize, which we have had occasion to lament in late numbers, continues without abatement. It is proved by the paucity of transactions at the Custom-House, by the multitude of empty houses in all the trading streets of the metropolis, by the still greater number of “ Stocrs selling off under prime cost,” and by the mability of thousands and tens of thousands of clerks, shopmen, artizans, labourers, and youths, to find any productive employment. The current quarter of the revenue, compared with the similar quarter of last year, has fallen off above two millions and a quarter—at a time too, when the fixed revenue was not eqtial in amount to the interest of the funded and unfunded debt! Yet Pav- Jiament is not sitting, and all classes of traders and persons of property are still expect- ed, by law and custom, to meet to the full amount their time engagements, rack-rents, &e. &c. Wares of which the importation is prohibited in Russia by the new Tariff, for the period of twelve years.—All works in gold, silver, and bronze ; cotton stuffs woven with gold and silver, and dyed; also chintzes; body-linen (except for travellers); rectified liquors and brandies; articles of jewellery and hardware, except such as are permitted. Mustard ; wrought wood; small shot; bullets and wrought iron ; looking-glasses, plate glass, and all wares in glass; all the gold instruments which serve for needle-work ; gold, silver, and gilt fustage ; journal books and post paper; indigo of Jamaica; and jndigo in bales ; quilts, in which gold and silver are wrough, besides those of silk, with- out exception; all kinds of beer, except porter; all cast-off clothes ; all sorts of gal- loon; all kinds of linen stuff, except cambric ; gunpowder; bed-hangings; buttons; tobacco-pipes; all that belongs to female attire ; vinegar, except wine-vinegar ; fruits reserved in sugar; tea; chocolate; silk'stuffs, except those permitted; all needles works, of whatever stuff; baizes; hats; equipages, except those of travellers; gin; yum, until the ist of January, 1819. 3 The quantity of Sheep and Lambs’ Wool imported into Great Britain, from the 5th of January, 1815, to the 5th of April following :— a Countries from whence Quarter Countries from whence Quarter Imported. ending a pril 5. Imported. ending April 5, Se lbs, Russia = ; ° - 17,028 Brought forward . . 3,253,952 Iceland and Ferr M4 - 2,784 Turkey 4 F . s) 25508: Prussia . . ‘ « %,099 Treland, and Isle of Man Germany > A “ 316,947 (Produce) a Py 194,433 Heligoland ° - . 3,557 Island of Guernsey E ~ 746 Holland 7 ° e 162,031 New Holland . - . 25,266.» Flanders . . . 17,779 Cape of Good Hope . ° 5,334 France ‘ ¢ ° - 888,778 Buenos Ayres . e <> 2,574 Portugal, &e. ° . 663,136 —_—. Spain, &e. 9. +e 1,630,898 3,491,918 Tialy > ° « ei@jton Quantity imported into Gralla hay eee 46,094 Scotland . . 132,47 Carried forward . . 3,253,252 Total . Ibs, 3,624,395 WOOLLSR Monthly Commercial Report. ts WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES Exported in the Year ending 5th Jan. 1815. WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES Exported in the Year ending 5th Jan. 1813, COUNTRIES TO WHICH EX- PORTED. Woollen and Worsted Quanti- ties en- Woollen and Worsted Stockings, Woollens entered at Value. Woollens enter- ed at Value. Doz. Pr. ported. L£ 225 340 342 6,158 2,437 2,929 542 183 o| 30,497 60 433 80 91 54,077 17,029 437 201 — 13 10 1,436 5 6 0 7 0 8 5117613 Russia Sweden Norway Denmark . Iceland and Ferro 0} Poland and Prussia Germany and He- - ligoland . 0} . Holland . - Flanders . Portugal, 1] . and Madeira . O{Spain and Canaries 6| . Gibraltar . Oo}. . Malta .. 6]. . Italy .-. Turkey and Levant Ireland, and Isle 10} . of Man . Guernsey, Jersey, QO}. and Alderney . East Indies and Ob. hier) China,t 6. 2. 0}. New Holland . Ohara AfeiCas 7. United States o 1} . America -. Provinces in North 10, . America . West Indies (Bri- Bh cosh SISA) Sabre 4 W. I. (Conquered) . W.I. (Foreign) . |Foreign Colonies in 0, r America A « Honduras , 0}. . « Total is. The number of pieces in the first year were 681,419, and in the last 641,285. 5,968 9,990 2,460 4,724 7,575 110,540 123,293 90,179 9,331 19,413 415,104 258,483 8,830 31,760 5,000 247 894 '2,389, 705 4,817 12,010 1,818 8,317 91,869 69,644 60,227 63,887 11,572 95,872 151,153 21,086 19,063 30,499 3,868 152,483 131,361 58,295 18,143 9,610 53,278 103 1023,065 19 1011429136 ¢ The woollen and worsted yarns in the first 11,235¢, and in the last 7960¢, Account of duty paid to government by the London Fire-offices, for one year, end- ing Lady-day, 1816. give «s £110,666. 3-5 Eagle istere+ sc RUMIINN cv 6 0. 0. og, 22d, O.8 Hope vi.) 6° oyal Exchange , . 50, 911:19..2 Westminster Imperial. . . . « 36,525 610 Hand in Hand Globe se 6 8 © 28,752 10 Atlas lie Xs County...» » 24,075 14 6 London .. British. 5 « » ~ » 17,614.17. 3 WaiODi ie 0. ix Albion . « 5 » + 47,614 3 4% ni eh AGS. PART silat 6,255) bau . . 13,223 15 8 © wig AQO2T oad » « 12,168 4.38 bes 09540) dO 8 err = det py 449,556 10 4 A statement 70 Monthly Commercial Report. fAug. 1, A statement of the quantity of Porter brewed in London, by the twelve first houses, from the 5th of July, 1815, Barclay, Perkins and co. Meux, Reid andco. . . Tyuman andco. . . - Whitbread andco. . . Henry Meux andco. . Combeand co. .. . to the Sth of July, 1816. + 330,200 Calvertandco.. « « « « 85,926 + 189,020 | Goodwyn and co. » « « « 77,249 . 185,044 Taylor andco. . « « « « 30,033 ° 168,855 Elliott and CO, «etter 4ae @ 46,567 - 114,277 Cocks and Campbell . . « 46,101 100,665 Hollingsworth . . . - 34,273 A statement. of the quantity of Ale brewed in London, by the seven first houses, from the 5th of July, 1815, to the 5th of July, 1816. Strettonandco. . . - Wyattandco. . . . Charrington andco. . . Goding, Thos. and James Cocoa, West India . 3 Coffee, W. India, ordinary 2 —,fine . 4 ———., Mocha ° 6 Cotton, W.I.common 0 -———, Demerara . 0 Currants ° ° 4 Figs, Turkey . 2 Flax, Riga . - 60 Hemp, Riga Rhine 45 Hops, new, Pockets 5 —-, Bays .« ¢ lron, British, Bars 41 ’ 9 Rigs te (8 Oil, salad . . 15 —, Galipoli . « 90 Rags, Hamburgh a 2 » Italian, fine Be ae) Raisins, bloom or jar, new 6 Rice, Carolina,new . 0 » East India «, 16 Silk, China : . 1 —,Bengal,skem . 0 Spices, Cinnamon «) 40 ; Cloves ae NO ——, Nutmegs eri) ———, Pepper, black 0 ——., +, White 0 Spirits, Brandy, Cognac 0 ———, Geneva Hollands 0 ———, Rum, Jamaica 0 Sagar, Jamaiea, brown 3 —, ——,fine . 4 » East India ee: | ——, lump, fine - 6 ‘Tallow, town-melted 2 , Russia, yellow 2 ‘fea, Bohea a CRN -—, Hyson, fine < 0 Wine, Madeira,old» . 90 ——, Port, old «0 480 -——, Sherry . 110 - 26,122 Hale and co. .) §' 40. %s « 9,875 « 18,497 Ball and.co. « dc 6°). -B;796 2 hap lz Thorpe andco. « « .« + « 5,816 A729 PRICES or MERCHANDIZE. June 211 July 26. 5 0 to 410 O 3 5 0 to 410 O perecwt, 13 O— 3 6 O 213 0— 3 6 O ditto. 10 0— 510 0 410 0— 510-0 ditto, 15 OG =< 2.0, 40 615 0— 7 0 O ditto, 00o0— 00 0 0-1 7— 0 1 8 perlb 111— 0 2 @ 0 110— O 2 O ditto. 0 O0O— 410 0 4 00-— 410 Oper cwt, 146 O— 3 0 0 216 09— 3 0 0 ditto. 0 0 —,% 0.0 60 0 0 — O O O per ton, 0o— 000 45 0 0— 0 0 OVO ditto. 12 O—ii 0 O 512 0-—il O Operewt. 15 0— 8 0 0 415 0,— 8 O 0 ditto. 0: 0. — OL ao 11 0 0— O O O per ton. 109 O— 8 O 9 710 0— 6 O O ditto, 0 0—16 0 0 15 0 0 = 16 O Operjar. 0o0o-— 0 0*0 75 0 0— 0 O O per ton, 7 0— 000 24 0— 0 O Oper cwt, oo— 0 00 00 0— 0 0 O ditto. 00o— 060 06 6 0 0— 0 0 O ditto, 00o-— 00 0 00 C— 0 0 0 ditto, 18 O— 10 0 018 O— 1 0 @ ditto 3 0— 15 0 13 0— A 5 0 perlb. 145 0— 1 00 015 0— i 0 0 ditto. 10 0 —~— 010 9 010 0 — 010 Q. ditto. 5 0— 083 6 03 0— 0 3 6 ditto, 40— 06 2 0 40— 0 6 2 ditto. 0 7%— 0 0 8 0 0 71— O 0 82 ditto. 13— 01 4 01353— 01 4 ditto. 4 8— 0 410 0 4 0— 0 4 Spergalk 28— 0 210 023— 0 2 8 ditto, 30> 0 4 90 0 210 — 0 4 0 ditto. a1 O— 315 0 3 7 0 — 311 Oper cwt. 8 O0O— 413 @6 4 0 0— 410 0 ditto. 18 0— 3 3 0 114 0— 3 0 O ditto, i0 0 — 614 Aa 610 0— 614 0O ditto, is O— 00 0 213 0— 0 0 O ditto. 12 6— 0900 29 0— 0 0 O ditto. 111i—- 0 2 5 0 1113— O 2 5 perlb, De OP Ole ar ee 0 5 0— 0 5 8 ditto, 0 0 —120 0 0 90 0 O0—120 O Oper pipe. 0 0O—125 0 0 120 0 0—125 0 O ditto. 0 O0—120 0 0 110 0 O0—120 O Oper butt. Premiums of Insurance at New Lloyd’s Coffee House-—Guernsey or Jersey, 14 g.— Cork, Dublin, or Belfast, 1g a 13. — Hambro’, 15s. — Madeira, 20s,—Jamaica, 40s. —Newfoundiand, 25s.—Southern Fishery, out and home, —I. * Course of Exchange, July 26.—Amsterdam, 40 6 B 2U.—Hamburgh, 36 10 24 U.— Paris, 25 60.—Leghorn, 47.—Lisbon, 56.— Dublin, 15 per cent. At Messrs. Wolfe and Edmonds’ Canal Office, Change Alley, Cornhill; Grand Junction Canat shares sell for 1201—Grand Union, 351.—Leicestershire and Northamptonshire Union, —. — Lancaster, 191. — Worcester and Birmingham, 251. — Leeds’and Liver. _ pool, 2301—London Dock —East London WatER-Wo , 27121. per share.—West India, 145].—East India, 13621. RKs, 581.—West Middlesex, 211. 10s.—London Institution, shee 1816.] Alphabetical List ef Bankruptcies. 71 401.—Surry, 101. 10s.—Russell, 151. 15s.—Imperial InsuRANCE Orrice, 491,—Albion, 241.— Gas Ligut Company, at par. Gold in bars 31. 19s. per 0z.—New doubloons 3]. 14s. 6d.—Silver in bars 58. The 3 per cent, red. on the 26th, were 643; 4 per cent. 79S. ae ALPHABETICAL List of Bankruptcies and DiviDENDS, announced between the 20th of June and the 20th of July, 1816, extracted from the London Gazettes, BANKRUPTCIES. [This Month 192. ] [Tie Solicitors’ Names are between Parentheses.] ADAMs T.P. Rood Jane, merchant. (Haynes, London Acton C. Litchfield, blackfmith. (Debary, London Arnold T. Rochefter. grocer, (Wilde, London Aruold W, J. Great Tower ftreet, wine merchant. (Druce aud Sone London 5 Adair A. and D, Cunningham, Winchefter ftreet, mere Chants. (Keartay and Spurr, London Arnold G. Broughton, Lancafhire, manufacturer. (Edge, Manchefter Ainge T. Sutton at Hone, Kent, baker. (Benton, Le Afpinell J. and J. Afpinell, Liverpool, bankers. (Avifon and Wheeler Astram J. Southampton, butcher. (Murrett Armftroneg J. Addie ftreet, desier, (Chapman and co. Bennett J. Manchefter, woollen cord manufacturer. (Ellisy London 7 : Bloore S. Birmingham, cabinet maker, (Smith, Kid- (Tuxford, Botton dermintter F Balding W. Grainthorpe, Lincolnihire, enury J. Chatham. cabinet maker. (Ne:fon, London att W, Shepton Mallet, woolftapler. (Higgins Bayfield 8, Mark lane, wine and fpirit broker. (Burnley, Le Butt J. Warminfier, grocer. (Few aud co. London Barrow J. and J- Haigh, Mold green, Yorkfhire, mers chants, (Walker, London Boulton W. jun, Glouceftery grocers Butler H, Leamington Priors, butcher. Bowder, London (King, London (Baxter and Bland F. 8. Torkington, Chefhire, calico printer, (Edge and Parker, London . Buckley W. Farnley, Yorkshire, manufacturer. (High- moor, London Blanthard G, jun. Bermondfey, butcher. Bell N. Boreham Park, Herts, hay jobbers Batten J, Bath, laceman. (Seymour Barwick J. tury St. Edmunds, builder, Bentley J. Hanley, Staffordthire, potter. Booth W. Hauley, Stattordfhire, potters _, Catile under Lyne Bimop s. Colchefter, Effex, coach maker. (Hunt, London Beaumont G. late of Crowle, Liuculn, woollen oreflere (Eade and co. (Bromley (Dent, Stone (Wilfon, New= (Capes Bugeland, Johnfon T, Liverpool, printer, (Statham €arter G, Wheathamitead, Hertfordthire. (Smith, L. Carpenter J. P. and J, Webber, Wellington, Somerfet- fhire, dealers. (Pearfon, London Carpenter J. and J. P. Wellington, Somerfethhire, bankers, (Pearfon, London Carvelly J. Vellingham, Cambridgethire, dealer. cock, Cambridge Clark R. st. Mary hill, ship broker. _ (Atchefon, London Capewell T. Uttoxeter, grocer. (Flint Chandler W. Birmingham, grocer (Mole raven james, Heaton. and Thomas Craven, Orley, Yorke thire, worfted fpinners. —(Crofley, Brandford Cole Robert, Great Yarmouth, Jinendraper. (Boyce and Deacon, Norwich Z Caldas j. V- Great Winchefter ftreet, merchant. (Swaine and co. London Calvert A. Sydenham, Kent, ship owner. (Pea. (Matterman, Le 1D. Wolverhampton, Stafford, cursicr. (Apitice and Wright, London Cooke J. Coxboe, Durham, banker. (Law, Sunderland CryeR. Liverpool, jolucr. (Murrow @attel s, J. paventry, Northampton, carpenter. (Lange . ton, London Carter J, late of Wet Penmed, Sumerfet, jobber, (Evardy Shepton Maliet Cradocke J. Downing ftreet. picture dealer. (Rigby Loughty J, Leacenham, Lincolnthire, jobber. (Lambert, London Daws W. Uiverfton, ironmouger. (Dickenfon Dyer J. Wootten under Edge, Gloucefter, machine meker, (Highm or, London Durhain >. Harlow, Effex, innkeeper, Bartlett, Londun = J. Bath, perfumer, (Fielder and (Hannam, London wion G. Red Crofs fyuare, merchant. (Al ingham Dalrymple J. Liverpool, corn merchaut. (Clarke and _ Richards, Loudon Davies W. Argoed, Monmouth, dealer. (King, London epee }- ¥.and J. H, Manley, Cateaton fireet, ware- Boutemen, (Galj and Sun, London Evane &. Vefficld, Derbyihire, maltter. (Savage, L- Efcudier J. rulteney Hotel, Piccadillyy wise merchant, (Dawfon and Wrattiflaw Porher W. st. Martin's lane, Gilverfmith. Porfer W. Liverpool, grocer. (Garnett ‘Way J- Upper George ttrect, Portman fquare, child bed Jinen maoufactuser, (Williams, London | K. B. lateof Southampton place, New road, wine (Stokes, L. merchant. (Edwards and 50n * W. Goat milisy Cumberland, flax dreilcrs (Steely Cockermeu ° od ] Fal(iaw John, Wakefield, grocer. (Robinfon France W. Jate of New town, Montgomerythire, linea draper. {Bisberton, >hrewibury Gowan J. Mark lane. wone broker. (Burnley, Loneon Gill B. Manchefter, draper (Adlingtun and Gregory, Le Green T. Birmingham, upholder, (Pearfon, London Gafkill J. and J}, Minories, merchants. (Nind, London Gordon T. Ironmonger’s lane, Queen’s dock, merchants Hackett, London Gammon W. N, Eerjamin,g and J. Berthorne, Aufio Friars, merchants. (Swain and co, Longon Garts W, Graffingtun, York, grocer. { Beverley, Londum Gilbee N. Denton, Kent, coal merchant. (Abbotr, L. Gorde J. Leicelter, hofier. (Mafon, Leigh,and Houfeman,L. Hart R. Grmfkirk, cotton manufacturer, (Hurdand co. Le Hood W. Crofby fquares and S, Grove, Taunton, merchantgs (Shawe and co, London Harrifon J. Sheffield, grocer. (Battye, London Henry J. Liverpoul, draper. (Meadowcroft, London Hopkinfon W. Chifwell treet, merchant. (Courteenand Robinfun, London ‘ A Hayes C. Cooper's row, Tower hill, wine merchant. (Haynes, Landon ‘ Herbert W, fen. Lianidloesy Montgomeryshire, flannel mae nufadturer. (Bigg, London Harvey J. Stoughton, Somerfecthirey miller. (Walker, Axbridge Hill W. B. Coventry, watch manufacturer. (Alexander, £4 Hall J. and W.R. Afpinall, Harp Jane, wine merchants, (Bellamy. Lon.or Hornfey M. York, wine merchant. liamfon, London Marker G. Shafteibury place, Alderfgate freet, ttraw hat manufaéturer. {Mangnail, london Hancock job, and Thomas Sheldon, late of Burflem, pote ters. { Wilfon, Newcaftle under Lyne Hatton Te Warrington, butcher. (Rowlinfoo Hanfen L. Liverpool, broker. {Ascrofr (Marton and Wile Hobbes R. Stratfurd upon Avon, money fcrivener. (Ades lington and Gregory, London Jackfon A. Weft Leigh, Lancathire, thopkeeper, (Ent~- wiftle, Manchefter Jackfun Jj. Dean ftreet, Canterbury fquare, Southwark} coal merchant. (Bell and Brodrick, lordon Johnfon J, late of Whitrlefey. lle of Ely, Cambridge, farmer. _(Jackfon, Wilbeach — Jacobs J. and J. Hayward, Woodbridge, Suffolk, mere chants. (Jackfon 7 Kent J. Abingdon, Berks, common carrier. (Nelfon, L. Kay T. Yates, Patrick Kilgour and J. Yates, Manckelter, calico printers. (Johnfon Kay W. Barnard caftle, woollen draper. (Battye L, Lord J. and R, Halliwell, Lancathire, cotton {pioners, (Meadowcroft, Lendon P Labrow V. St. John ftreet, druggilt. (Addington an€ Gregory, London Landale J. Manchetter, merchant. (Alfted and Aiofworte Loe J. Northairpton, hatter. (Jeys Lowndes T. Mitre court, Cheapfide, warehoufemane (James saree W, Whitby, filk mercer. (Milne and Berry, Ly Lowe A. Berkeley ftreet, Clerkenwell, working jeweller, (Charter Lancafter J. Michael’s (Rooke and Coe Lawrence J. Houndfditch, drapere (Knight and Freee man, London Lawfon J. Sheffield, mercer. (Taylor, London Mofeley Ward J. Portfea, glafs merchang, (Naylor, Ee Meéchin S. Lincoln, milliner. (Wiltthire and Bolton, L. Molory M, City road. coach maker. (Allen Muncatter J, Lancafter, watch maftere (Baldwin an Thompfon Maffey J. Heaton Norris, Lancathire, grocer. Stockport Meljar Ralph, Oldham, Laucafhire, grocers (Johnfon an€ Lonfvale, 1 ancafter Matting y W. W. Kent, and B. Kent, Wantage and Abinge dun, bankers. (Beckett, Wantage Madden J. Lioyd’s Coffee Houfe, infurance broker. (Tempe Jer and Glynes Mofs ‘1. Blanaford treet, Manchefter fquare, linen drapere (Webfter and Son Meefiuin £. Highworth, Wilts. grove, Brompton, merchant. (Walteray (Hede and Jones, L. Nicholls James, King’s Lynn, linen draper. (Kings Swaffham Newham William, King’s Lynn, merchant, (Jarvis Newman W. J. Norton, Gloucetterhhire, horfe dealers (Griffirh and co, Gloucefter North 1. shefficid, merchant, (Wilfon, London Olcring H, >ibbon, Suffolk, tanner, (Alexander, London Oakley W. Stroud, trowowner. (Tarrant and co. L. Quke E, and M. Gakey Plymouth, milliners. [Reardon @nd Cu, london ” OgdenS. Keigh'ey, Yorkfhire, money fcrivener, (Evans, London Oliphanc J. and Je Saxon, Barge yard, Buckleribury, merchaats, (FPulisn, London . Oliver 7? Alphabetical List of Bankruptcies and Dividends. @liver Toun, Lutterworths cotton manvfa&urer. Bond, Leicefter , Potts E. Hilton ferry, Durham, fhip builder. ([Bl=kis- ton, London = suit? M. Hofer lane; Welt Smithfield, leather dreffer. 4 Carter Pope R. Cherhill, Wilthirey maliters CTilby, Devizes Pryce E. Crown freet, cheefemmonger. [ Allifton, Hun- dleby, and Poynron Porle J: E. Newcaftle upon Tyne, firaw hat manvfacurer. L wilde, london i Powis B. Tettenhall, Staffordthires malfter. LAnftice ahd {Mafon, london Wright, london Phillpin W, Bread fireet, merchant. Pearce R, and A+ Marrack, Penzance, merchants. C£dmonds 2 Purvis J. late of Bithopfgate ftreet, cordwainer. C{Redit, L. Fidgeon P. and W. Pidgeon, late of the Stock Exchange Coffee Houfe. [Allifton, Hundleby, and Poynton, Le Reid J, Newcaftle upon Tyne. faduler. [Fentley, london Robinfon W. Grays, Effex, victualler. Evitt and Rixong jondon Rothery J. Whitebaven, mercer ({Clonnell, london Randall R. Coleman ftreet, Blackwell-hall factor. (Wef- ton and Teasdale, london . Richardfon Re North Shields, ship ownere Bainbridge Richardfon T. Newcaftle upoh Tyne, houfe carpenters ead i r and J. Weftmorcland, Liverpovl,houfe builders Spencer J. Belper, Derby, nail manufacturer. ridye, london {Pownall ané Fairthorne F Scott J. Salford, burcher, [Clarke and Richards, london Thom fon J. C, Osborne, and J. Weftmoreland, Billire® quare [ Betridge, L. tley (Bere Shutt Ji Paternofter row, tea dealers Tyler P. Hoddenham, Bucks, malfter. [Rofe and co. Le Tantum W. Derby, orange merchant. GAG: us Bifhopwearmouth, maft maker. [Biakiltom, jondon Tennant G. Wapping ftreet, thip chandler, [Templerand Glynes, london Tidbury K. Woodford mills, Northampton, paper mane fatturere (Allen, Higham Ferrers 5 Thompfon J. Broad ftreet buildings, merehante (Noy ahd Harditone Taylor G. and G. Jarmin, Fenchurch treet, fall cloth meré chantss [Swainand co. Tubay £. Haftings, ironmonger. Toter W. Crediron, fadiler- ({ Andros and co. london Vife W. Spalding, furgeon. [ Gaunt, london Ven J. Witheridge, Dorferthire. farmer. (Berry, Creditum Worley C. Woadyats, Dorfetthire, innkeeper. (Hay- C{ Wilfon, london ward, london Wyche H. New Sarum, wine merchant. { Bainbridge Roberts W. jun. Deal. merchant. Ritchie W. Finsbury fquere, merchant. Ritchie J.Jun, Finsbury fguare, merchant. {Parterfon, Le [ Davey, london Redman J. Oxford (treet. grocer. Roberts J. Alfreton, Derbyfhire, fellmonger. ( Robinfon and Hine, L. Ray J- Ratcliffe layer jeweller. Robinfon S. Sculcuates, York, fhip chandler. fon, Hull Scott B. Morncaftle, merchant. Stocks J. Alderfyate freet, falefman. Pritchard and Draper Stewart W. Deptford, victuallers { Weft, london Smith J. Sedgley, Staffordfhire, iron matter. C{Whitaker, Le CHurd and co, london Smith J. Manchefter, taylor. Smith R. Birmingham, «ater guilders Stone J. Blackwater, Surr-y, tailor. Shepard S. Wellington, Salop, bauker. andrews C. Burnham Anderfon A. Philpot lane Arnall G. andj. Birmingham Atkinfor T. Dorfet @reet, Satifbury uare Afficek a Berwick upon Tweed Anfley J. Star court, Bread fircet Brown a and T. H. Scott, St, Mary nil Bovker J. Tarporley Burtenthaw S. Brighton Brazier T, Oxtedy Surrey Bromer D. Threadneedle ftreet Blachford D. and R. Lombard ftreet Brewre J. Sandford, Devonshire Bowtell T. Bury St. Edmunds Broomhead W. Coventry ftreet__ Barker C. Haninghaw, Lancafhire Rotibal M. H. Wood freet, Cheapfide Barnes G. Ewell, Surrey Baxter R. Talbot Inn yard, Southwark Brown J. and a. Goldic, Deptford BRosward J. Worcefter Beaficy R. G. Auftin Friars y Befwick J. Leventhulme, Lancafhire Cook W. Liverpoul Carfon R. and W. Diftell, Liverpool Cooke HU. and D, Prince, Coleman ftreet Cox J. Woolwich x Chie H. Glafgow and Carliffe Cox J. Liverpool : Cnefhire J. and J. Johnfon, Birming- ham Curtis G. Garden row, Lambeth walk Cooke J. Gravefend Cohen B. George ftreet, Minories Coan F, Newmarket Cuff G. Leadcnhali treet Clamp J. and J. Moore, Litth New- port ftreet, Soho Carter J, avd G. Rasby, Skinner ftreet Conftable M, and J. Shad, Thimes Collins T. Witney Corby J. Bengeo, Hertfordihire Chriliian H. J. C- Clarke, and C. Bowen, College hil} Dinfter H. Bride court. Fleet freet Del Campo M. Tokenhoufe yard Dillicar We Pickering, Yorkihire Downend S. Sheffield Refchamps A. Howara’s place, Clerk- enwell z Zikington J. Buckingham Ellis J. Swinton ficet, Gray’s Ton 1 ape ‘s »Ulkins ). and V. May, Liverpool Frof R K-. Launcelton Fayerman A. T, Norwich Jroeman W. Liacala {Reek and Webfter, L. (Spencer, london CRobinfon, london Scort J. Taylor’s buildings, Chandos ftreet, biacking makers {ParkerC. and Re fimfon F. Globe ftreet, St. George's Ealt, cabinet makers [ Parton, london { Patterfon, L. innkeeper. CHeelis, La (Ander Wood G, and printers. (Griffiths i Blanford, london LBige, london Londou DIVIDENDS. Yorbes F. Greenwich Fox R. Coningby, Lincolnfhire Fofter J. New Malton, Yorkthire Glyde J. Chard, Somerfethire Gilerei B. Row Jane Geicew2 Angel court, Throgmortos reet Gaisford T. Eat Grinftend, Wiltfhire Goodchild J. fen, Low Palllon, Dure ham, J. and W. Jackfon. Dow- gate wharf, J, Goodchild, jun, High Pailion, Durharhy J. Jack- fn. Eppleton, Durham, and T. Jones, fen. Greencroft, Durham Grefiwell R. Burgh in the Marfli, Line colnfhire Gore S, V. Bithopfgate ftreet Gordon A-and C. Church @reet, Soho Gyde T.and R. Baintwick Greaves J. Fith Greet hill ; Holcroft R. jun, and J. Pickering, Warrington Header G. Torquay, Devonhhire Hammett T. Weftham, Effex Harrifon B. Bucklersbuty, and Tes Campion, Winchetter Rreet Halficad C. and J. Mattershead, Healy- wood, Lancahhire Horton T, Shrewfbury Mutchins 1, Chariton, Hants Hardy W, and R. Gardiner, Cheapfide Hall G. Newton, Lancafhire Huffham C. and W. Limehoufe Marrifon J. and EB, Jones, Newport, Monmouthfhire Holt R W, Green Lettuce lane Humble W. Great St. Thomas Apottle Hill E. and C. and A. H. Althens, Union row, Little Tower hill Harvey M. B, Witham. Effex, and J. W. Harvey, Hadleigh hall, Efex Harris 8. Northwarnborough, Hants Hiflop A, and J. Sadler. Bow lane Hodfon E. and H. Hodfon, Crofs treet, Hatton garden Ivis T. Gayden, Warwickthire Iilingworth A, Stockport Jenkins J. and T. Parions, Viceadifly Kennion J. fen, and J. Kennion, jun. Nicholas lane King C. Grapes public houfe, Tower ftreez, seven Vials Ke@erven J. and T. Kefterven, York ftreet, Covent garden Lindner J. J. Broad ftrect. Radcliffe Lewis T. Great Tower hill Levy e and G, Childers, Eaft Smith- eld Lavegber A. Birmingham Bucey J. Britgt White G. Limehoufe hold ftairs, shipwright and Robinfon, london Wheeler W. Broadwaters Inn, Wolverley, Worcefterthires (Leigh and co. london Wright J- Birmingham, ink ftand manufacturers and Richards, london White F. Mark lane, merchant. Wheeldon T. Derby, iron founder. Wight C. Birmingham, plater. Wilfon J. Manchefter, warehoufeman, Wells J. Keyntham, §Somerfetthire, victuallers CEmly, london [Courtecn (Clarke {Monfley and Motley (Blandford, london J. Jackfon, Broughton, Lancafbire, calice (Hatfield, Manchefter - Watfon J. Foggethorpe, York, corn dealer. and Butterfield, london Wooler W. El!andy York. corn merchant. Walker 8. late of Mark lané, thip broker. Ward D. and S. Smith, Liverpool, earthenware dealerts (Longailt (Williams, Ly { Gaines, lL. (Willis and co, Le (Young, Laurence H, Liverpool Lingford T. Cranboun ftreet Martin H, Crefcent Mills R. London Miller W, Rye Mitchinfon Ps Gateshead, Durham M‘Mater W, J. Red Lion lircot 4 Clerkenwell Mills R. Gofwell hreet Morris R. Great Grimiby Mercer T, Billinghurit, suffex Martin P. Oxford ftreet Maitland D. New Bridge ftreet Mall S. Mile End road Mitchell D, Grange roady Bermondfey Moore W, Little Smeaton, York Newil! J. and S, Stoke, Statiordfiire Newham Ry jun, Stockton Noble R, Chipping Ongar : Nottage G, Stanfted Mountfitchets Effex Owtram F, Workfop, Nottinghamfhire Oakley W, W, Overerd, and Wy Sy Oakley, Church ftreet, Boroug® Orton T, Liverpool Ofwin R, Upper Norton ftreet Palmer J, Thavies Inn Piper R. Bushell’s rents, Wapping Parfuns G. Edgeware road staat J, and Ty Brook ftreet, Hole orn Potts J, H. Cooke, and R, Potts, Color man ftreet Pritchard P. Elle(mere Price: R, and W, Crofss Briftol Potts R, Coleman ftrect Payne H, W. Warwick fquare Rufle'l T, Revericy Recve W, Clapham Revis T, Cambridge Read A, Mount-ftreet Coffee Hoult, Grofvenor fquare Reed Ty, Jung Crofs fireet, Hattug garden 4 Bidley J, Lencafter Rite W, Loughborough Ring T, 8riftol Roche R, I. dey Jy Perring and H, Ly S, R, Rocas, Lime ftreet Ridfdale F. Leeds Reeve W, Clapham Sargeant B, Kington upou Thames aegis: J. and £»y Baker, Whitcom® rect Smith §. Deptford Sawrell G, Hriéol ; Stratton R, M, Stow on the Woldy _ __Gloucefterthire Sinnot: eT ae grcen Jang, Cicer cawe. ~ Smith. mith T, Aufin Friars Sandeman A. M, Lothbur: Smith, Leeds Saint J, Lymington ‘Tage J, Nether Knutsford, Chefhire ‘Turner R. Kineton wpon Hull ‘Tro. D Old Change ‘Tuewell G, Tenterden, Kent Taylor J. Worfhip ftreet Wreford R, V, Briftol Gcott W, F, L, Nicholfun, and G, Warner H. and Co, Briftol Williams .B, and Hy, Crakenthorp, St, Swithin’s lane Wek J, and T, J. Culliford, great Winchefter {treet Watfun T, Margaret ftreet, Cavendifh fquare Waghorn T, Chatham Welth J, and T, Carter, Great St, Tho- mas Apoftle Williams T, Bethnal green: 1816.) Meteorological Report.—Monthly Agricultural Report, °73 Waters B. Birchin lane Whatcly W, Lawrence Pountney hill Wilfon E, H, and J, Weftmereland, Liverpool Ward J; jun, Bermondfey Witts R, Chath place Whittington R, Neath Young A, Briftol Ratan = Holywell ftreet, Shor¢e ite Young A, Stamford METEOROLOGICAL REPORT. —=>— Thermometer. Highest 80°. July 20. Wind 8. Mean barometrical pressure of the 24 : hours, 29.75. Lowest 39°. July 5, Wind E. Mean barometrical pressure of the 24 hours, 29.78. This variation oc- feurred between the evening of the 20th inst. and the same Barometer. Highest 30.16. June 21, Wind W. Mean temperature of the 24 hours, 54.6. Lowest 29.47. July 18, Wind S.W. Mean temperature of the 24 hours, 57. The mercury was on the 29th Greatest) 48-hun- jult. at 30.13, and Greatest : variation ng dredths of x on the next day, wazationn 22°.4 ae a RR = i ¢ > 24 hours, an inch, oat pe se 24 hours, day the thermometer Peg Mo We 8 standing at 72 Fah- { renheit, and on the following day at 50. Aw unusual quantity of rain has fallen within the month, there being few clear hours, aud the fall lasting frequently for six or eight hours, without intermission. The total has been about four inches; or nearly two inches more than in the same period. last year. The average temperature for the period is 53.7 of Fahrenheit ; the average height of the barometer is 29.82: The winds have been chiefly from the easterly points. Covent Garden. —«=€_[—¥—«—«<————_—_——_——>—>—>—>> MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL REPORT. —<<—— HE present. hay-harvest has been unusually late, difficult, and expensive; and, the distresses ef the poor itenerant haymakers, that most usefal class of labourers, have, we trust; been generally felt and relieved. Hundreds of them, in a body, have received charitable assistance. Great part of the crop will be essentially damaged. he turnips may be expected an average crop, although, in various parts, the first sow- ings have been destroyed. A timely cessation of the rains will afford the prospect ofan abundant growth of potatoes. The variable spring seasons, and late successive rains, have been this year common to both Europe and America, and the corn crops are pro- bable, in consequence, to be universally affected. Much of the wheat in Poland has en destroyed, and great part of Germany and Belgium devastated by floods and storms, France the crops have escaped more favourably. So backward a season has not been experienced in this country since the year.1770. But few ears of wheat had appeared in the beginning of the present month, The wheat is large and luxuriant on weil tilled and fertile soils, but, on cold and poor lands, thin and unhealthy,- Large breadtis of the best wheat are blighted in some districts, and unusuaily filled with smut,—Reports om the spring corn are eatremely variable, but it is probable that the crops of barley d oats will be below an average, generally unhoed and foul; the clovers also having an. lL effect upon them as a rainy season. It is impossible but that a want of the genial | effect of the solar heat, together with constant moisture, must be injurious to the qua- | lity and bulk of the wheats, the only remedy for which, if only, can consist in warm and diy weather before harvest; as great a length of time, therefore should be given to the corn before cutting as possible, since, after such continued rains, a favourably latter season may be reasonably expected. The wireworm in the spring, and the slug since the continued rains, have done considerable mischief to the corn. Wool, particularly | fine, is still a very dull market, probably from causes out of the power of the legislature toremedy. Live stock gradually falling in price. The price of corn has been kept up by the state of the weather, otherwise the decline before this time must have been con- | NTHLY Mac. No, 287, L siderable, 3 74 State of Public Affairs in July. fAug. 1, siderable. The London market has been supplied of late with great quantities of wheat from the North, evincing the considerable increase of growth in those parts. Generally the farmers of inferior property have disposed of the whole, or greater part, of their corn, and will be extremely distressed for the means of getting in their harvest; but a better state of things may be looked for, when the reductions of rent amd taxes shalt have had time to operate, Vast and unequal difference still subsists between the retaik prices of butchers’ meat in the country, where lamb and veal of the best quality have been } 1 means overstocked with supplies. long sold at fonr pence per Ib, and in the capital, proving the latter to be by no Smithtield: Beef 4s. to 5s. 4d.—Mutton 4s. to 5s. 6d.—Veal 5s. to 6s.—Lamb 6s. to 7s. 6d.—Pork 4s. 4d. to 5s. 4d.—English bacon 4s, to 5s.—Irish do. 4s.—Oil- cake 91. 9s. to 101. per thousand.—Fat 4s.— Potatoes 11. 10s. (chats) to 61. Corn Exchange: Wheat 60s. to 8&s.—Barley 28s. to 54s.—Oats 20s. to 31s.—Quar- tern loaf in London, 4lb. 5£0z. from 104d. to 15d.—Old hay 41. 10s. to 6l, 10s. per load, —Clover do. 5l. 10s. to 71. 7s.—Straw 11. 15s. to Sl. Coals in the pool, 11. 14s. to 21. Gs. per chaldron. Middlesex ; July 26. POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN JULY. Containing official Papers and Authentie Documents. —_—p GREAT BRITAIN, N the 2d of Jaly the Session of Par- liament was closed byaspeech from the throne, and hy a complimentary ad- dress from Mr. Abbot, the Speaker. We have subjoined both; but we con- fess we doubt the utility of this novel practice of addressing the throne by one, whom the forms of good breeding oblige to use the language of adu- lation. It appears to us, that the re- resentatives of the people ought not to te thus committed by the private views of any Speaker; and that, if the Speaker is to beallowed to continue such gra- tuifous eulogiums on the executive, his orations ought at least to be previously submitted to the house. No man is personally more respectable than Mr. Abbot ; but it cannot be denied that he is of the Pitt-party, and that he approved of the late wars; while being on such occasions merely the organ of the House of Commons at large, he ought not offi- cially to address the throne with senti- ments growing out of his personal feel- ings, unless in known concordance with those of every individual member. “ May it pleuse es Royal Highness, “ At the close of a laborious session, we, his Majesty’s most faithful Commons, attend upon your Royal Highness with our concluding Bill of Supply. “¢ During the course of our deliberations, we have, in obedience to your Royal High- ness’s commands, examined the various treaties and conventions which have been laid before us. We have there seen the tranquillity of Europe re-established upon a basis of legitimate government, by the ‘same presiding counsels which planned the bold, provident, and comprehensive mea- ‘sures commenced in the negociations at Chaumont, matured in the Congress at Vienna, and completed by the Peace of Paris. We have also seen the wise and generous policy of the Allied Powers in disclaiming all projects of dismembering the great and ancient monarchy of France ; have been contented to adopt such pre- cautionary measures as might effectually protect the world from a renewai of its former sufferings; and we have rejoiced more especially that this important charge has been confided, by common consent, to the same victorious commander, whose triumphs have so mainly contributed to the glory of their country, and the general happiness of mankind. “Tn our domestic concerns, the great and sudden transition from a state of ex. tended warfare to our present situation, has necessarily produced many serious evils and difficulties, to which we have not failed to apply our most anxious attention, To the distresses of the agricultural inte- rest we have rendered ‘such immediate relief as could be devised, hoping also that they may. daily decrease, and trusting much to the healing influence of time. For the benefit of commerce, and the general convenience of all ranks of his Majesty’s subjects, a new coinage has been provided ; and in varions ways, by positive enactments or preparatory inqui- ries, we have devoted much of our labours to the general improvement of the condi- tion of the people, their relief, and their instruction, In settling our financial ar- rangements, the expenditure of the ser- vices of our civil and military establish- ments has been considered with reference to the pecuniary resources of the year ; and amongst the most important of our — measures, as affecting the joint interests of Great Britain and Ireland, is the law which we have passed for consolidating the revenues of both portions of the United Kingdom. : “But, 1816.) “ But, Sir, in the midst of all our various 2nd important concerns, domestic and fereign, there are none in which the nation ever takes a deeper interest than those which regard the splendour and dignity of the throne which reigns over us. Im- pressed with these sentiments, we have éndeavonred, by a new arrangement of the Civil List, to separate those revennes which are specially assigned to the sup- port of the royal state, placing them henceforth beyond the reach of any con- tingent charges, which more properly be- Jong to other and different branches of the public service. And in the same spirit of loyal and affectionate attachment we ave hailed, with heartfelt satisfaction, the auspicious marriage by which the paternal choice of your Royal Highness has gra- tified the universal wishes of the nation, and kas adopted into the family of our sove- reign an illustrious Prince, whose high ualities have already endeared him to the Etals amongst whom he has fixed the future destinies of his life. “These, Sir, are the objects to which our thoughts and labours have been chiefly directed; and, for completing the grants which it is our special duty and privilege to provide, we now present to your Royal Highness a Bill, entituled, ‘¢ An Act for granting to his Majesty a certain Sum out of the Consolidated Fund of Great Britain, and for applying certain monies therein mentioned for the Service of the year 1816, and farther appropriating the Sup- plies granted in the Session of Parliament;” to which bill, with all humility, we intreat his Majesty’s royal assent.” His Royal Highness the Prince Regent then delivered the following Speech from the throne :— “ My Lords and Gentlemen, “T cannot close this session of Pavlia- ment without again expressing my deep regret at the continuance of his Majesty’s lamented indispositian. “Phe cordia! interest which you have manifested ia the happy.event of the mar- riage of my daughter, the Princess Char- lotte, with the Prince of Saxe Coburg, aud the liberal provision which yeu have made for their establishment, afford an additional proof of your affectionate at- tachment to his Majesty’s person and family, and demand my warmest ackuow- ledgments. “Thave the pleasure to acquaint you, that [have given the royal consent to a marriage between his Majesty’s daughter, the Princess Mary, and the Duke of Gloucester; and Iam persuaded that this event will be highly gratifying to all his Majesty’s subjects. “Tlie assurances which I have received of the pacific and friendly disposition of the powers engaged in the late war, and of their resolution to execute inyidlably Regent’s Speech. 75 the terms of the Treaties which I an- nounced to you at the opening of the session, promise the continuance of that peace so essential to the interests of all the nations of the world.” ‘* Gentlemen of the House of Commons, “‘T thank you for the supplies which you have granted for the service of the year; and I am sensible of the beneficial effects which may be expected to result from the salutary system of making pro- vision for them in a way calculated te uphold public credit. “The arrangements which you have adopted for discharging the incumbrances of the Civil List, and for rendering its future income adequate to its expenditure, by relieving itfrom a part of the charge to which it was subject, are in the highest degree gratifying and satisfactory to me; and you may be assured that nothing shall be wanting on my part to give full effect to those arrangements. * The provision you have made for con- solidating the revenues of Great Britain and Ireland, will, I doubt not, be produc- tive of the happiest consequences in ce- menting and advancing the interests of the Ungited Kingdom; and must afford an additional proof of the constant dis- position of Parliament to relieve the difficulties and promote the welfare of Treland.” “* My Lords and Gentlemen, “The measures to which I have been under the necessity of resorting, for the suppression of those tumults and disorders which had unfortunately occurred in some parts of the kingdom, have been produc- tive of the most salutary effects. “‘T deeply lament the continuance of that pressure and distress which the cir. cumstances of the couutry, at the close of so long a war, have unayoidably entailed ou many classes of his Majesty's subjects. “T feel fully persuaded, however, that after the many severe trials which they have undergone in the course of the ardu- ous contest in which we have been engaged, and the ultimate suecess which has attend. ed their glorious and persevering exertions, I may rely with perfect confidence on their public spirit and fortitude in sustain- ing those difficulties which will, I trust, be found to have arisen from canses of a temporary nature, and which cannot fail to be materially relieved by the progres. sive improvement of public credit, and by the reduction which has already takea place in the burthens of the people.” A crusade of above twenty years against the sacred and eternal principles of liberty is, we grieve to say, now work- ing those effects which we, and thou- sands of other patriots, have long feared and publicly anticipated. The wealth and resources which had been accumu- lating in these islands since the reign of Le denry 76 Henry the Seventh, under a series of princes and statesmen, who never made war but to support the definite interests of Britain, have thus: been exhausted ; and the lands, houses, and goods, of the people have been virtually taken from them by public debts, equal, or nearly equal, to the fee simple, and by an an- nual interest approaching in amount to the annual rentals and profits. _Of course a people so burthened is able to exert fey of those energies which create the Wealth and superiority of nations—yet this obvious truth our statesmen have still to learn, or the par- Jiament would not have been adjourned without some effectual remedy, or reme- dies, being applied to relieve the dis- tresses of the nation; nor would any public establishments or expences be kept up greater than existed under the Stuarts, when there was no debt, when no artificial resources were created, and when the interests of England were not identified with the unceasing disputes of the European Continent. England is still great in her soil, her position, her climate, her natural pro- ducts, and in all the essential means of promoting the true happiness of a nu- merous, industrious, invincible, and in- genious population—but her recent. fo- reign policy having disabled her from continuing to mix herself as a principal in the quarrels of other states, and her commerce being cut off, or rivalled, her population must be encouraged to return to agriculture, by build- ing farm-houses, and subdividing farms —her commerce must be considered mercly as an auxiliary—ber public debts must be liquidated by compromising with her public creditors—her paper ynoney must be controlled by specie— her government must concede kiadly and liberally to the starving masses of her population—and her foreign policy must become pacific and defensive, like that of James and George the First. In ihese alternatives, Benevolence has, however, nothing to regret—though Patriotism has much to perform—and Pride has something to endure. “Yet, where are the Statesmen to be found who are wise and benevolent enough to perfor m the great duties whieh existing and urgent circum- stances demand of them—or where are the Senators who are public-spirited enough to propose and support the sa- crifices which | their country requires as the consequences of twenty years wars, origivating in false policy, and State of Public Affairs in July. {Aug. 1 carried on in the spirit of bravado and senseless acclamation—amid the riot of the passions, and the huzzas of yictory and imaginary glory. Nevertheless, we have, on this occa- sion, as on many others, done our duty. —the dangers of the country are unde- niable—and the crisis of its fortunes is at hand—but the remedies are plain —though it is not so plain that sufficient of public virtue exists to guide the pending changes to a salutary end. The following comparative receipt for the quarters ending July 5, 1815 aud 1816, has been published, and. is a practical commentary on the pre- ceeding observations :— Excise—July 5, 1815,£4,486,140 1816, 3,838,802 ———— 647,348 Customs——July 5, 1815, 1,016,576 1816, 767,847 248,529. Incidents—July5,1815, 3,381,370 1816, 3,020,305 ——— 361,065 Stamps—July 5, 1815, 2,040,283 1816, 1,042,397 997,386 Total deficiency for a quarter 2,954,398 The following is a list of articles, from: which, in 1815, more than £50,000 was collected in duties of Customs ;— Coffee . . . . « £176,772 Currants . . . . . 278,991 Hemp™ o.°05° 2". © 2.) 285,050 Indigo® hor 2s 986,049 Txon Bar. \. #2 Sake? Keaaas Linens, Foreign. . . 74,540 Pepper’) 2 Coes os sz, 449 Piece goods of India . 115,197 Raisins . . . . . 1¥7,481 Silk)? «> 2.0 Qab eaawan Brandy 20 .*. Ss) 68,558 Rimi. 4) Were ea see Sugar’... « We Pegs T 40s: "Tallow (0) 3) Sete 488,108 ‘Teal |: torched rea? ‘Pohaeco wey ui 650, 598 Wires ®s% 10 Sere sera, Deals 2.) oa de) 746548 Mahogany . - . . °69,718 Oak Planks . f . 4) 71,504 Staves. G27 )o0 i. Ses) M96ia59 Firtimber) 2). 3)... 472,003 Cotton Wool. , - 760,561 Tonnage of Shipping - 99,4147 Making on these TWENTY-FOUR arti+ cles a total of NINE MILLIONS, and lea- ving but a miliion and a half for one hundred and seventy other articles named, and perhaps one hundred un- named. How mach vexation, and how great an injury our national irade suffers, therefore, from the collection of a pal- try million and a half on nearly 300 arti; 3 eles, peg 7816.] cles, or of 50001., on the average, per ar- ticle. - Under these existing circumstances the government are supported. by the voice of the country in fitting out a for- midable expedition to check the atroci- ties of the Algerines, a nest of pirates whose crimes have for two centuries ealled for some exertion of paramount power. Lord Exmouth has the com- mand of the expedition, and we hope that it is strong enough to effect its pur- pose, by its imposing appearance, with- out bloodshed. The possession of some of the forts commanding the harbour of Algiers seems to be the species of security which the civilized world ought to receive from these barbarians. The following documents explain some recent events connected with this subject ; and it since appears that these ignorant fanatics have declared war, not only against England, but against most of the powers in the Mediterranean. Translation of « Copy of an Italian Letter, addressed ly the English Vice-Consul at Trapani to the British Vice-Consul ué Palermo :— I am truly afflicted at having to an- nounce to you the arrival in this port yes- terday, and continued arrival to-day, of several coral fishing-boats, which have had the good fortune to escape from Bona, bringing the dreadful news of the tragedy which has occurred in that barbarous country. Seventy-nine vessels had assem- bled on the one part, and 280 on the other, consisting of Neapolitans, as well as those from Corsica and St. Marguerite, under the English flag, for the purpose of carrying on the coral fishery, allowed them by the British establishment at Bona, as well as by passports from Mr. O'Donnell, the British Consul-General at Algiers, or from Mr. B. Escudero, your Consul at Bona, appointed by the English Consul, each boat paying 200 crowns to the establishment for that fishery. Having personally examiued several of the boat-masters, in order the better to ascertain the circumstances connected with the events, I communicate the sub- stance of the information I have collected. All the masters, having immediately on their arrival at Bona, paid the daties and obtained the passports mentioned above, landed and proceeded to take from the Magazines of the British Consulate, where supplies are stored, such provisions as were necessary for six months, as well as all fticles used in the coral fishery. They ad tranquilly begun to fish, and to de- osit in their magazines what coral they Had collected, _ On the 23d, the Feast of the Ascension ef our Lord, at one us the morning, when Expedition against Algiers. 77 the crews of all the boats were preparing to hear Mass, a gun was fired from the castle, and, at the same moment, there appeared abont 2090 infantry and cavalry, consisting of Turks, Levanters, and Moors, One part of these troops proceeded to- wards the country, and immediately ano- ther band advanced on the river where the fishing-boats were lying, at greater or less distances from the sea, and fired, as did also the forts, on the unfortunate fish- ers, who were partly on board their boats, and partly on land, and massacred the whole of them. ‘They took their English flazs and tore them in pieces, trampled them under their feet, and dragged them along the ground as in triumph. Those who happencd to be in the coun. try, saved themselves by flight. They declare that they saw the troops pillage the house of the English Consul, and the Magazines containing the provisions, and the coral which had been fished. Mr, Francis Escudero, the brother of the Con- sul, after seeing that unfortunate gentle- man bound in the midst of the banditti, escaped with one of cur boat-masters, and afterwards set out for the isle of Galeta, proceeding by the way of Sardinia. Three other vessels have this moment arrived.—The master of the first relates, that on the arrival of a conrier hostilities were suspended; that the Vice-Consul, who still survived, was set at liberty, but was not permitted to leave the town; that several masters and seamen, who, daring the massacre had taken refuge in a maga- zine, were also set at liberty, and that the Vice-Consul had advised them to put to sea with their boats, which were with- out crews. ‘The same master, who speaks Turkish, having esked a Turk the reason of these hostilities, the latter replied, that the Dey of Algiers had declared war against the English, because the Admiral had made a demand tending to burn the Algerine fleet. Letter from an Officer of the British Fleet which lately visited Algiers, The fleet proceeded fromTanis toTripoli. At both these places the Deys appeared fully disposed to accede to any terms that Lord Exmouth should propose. His Lora- ship was induced to propose, first at Tu- nis, and then at ‘Tripoli, that a Treaty should be signed, for prohibitmg the making of Christian Slaves ;—such prisoners as may be taken in war, only to be considered as prisoners of war. The Deys readily agreed, and treaties were signed. The fleet then returned to Algiers, and Lord Exmouth proposed to the Dey a Treaty similar to that made at Tunis and Tripoli, for doing away slavery altogether; but the Dey made a firm and resolute stand, He represented that it was impossible entirely to abolish the system that had so long sube sisted—that it was part of the sauces v) 78 of the country, and that a change so detri- mental to the interests of every Turk and Moor, would require considerable time. The Divan and the Military, he was per- suaded, wonld never renounce the trade. Lord Exmouth having urged his demands, with his wonted energy and perseverance, in vain, departed from the interview with a defermimation to commence hostilities. The Dey, therefore, ordvred the British Consul to be confined, and all the English wessels at Oran to be seized. The nextday the squadron got under way, for the pur- pose of going into the Mole, to destroy the Algerine naval forcee—but a violent gale eame oa,which continued until four o’clock in the afternoon, and then it would have been too late to take a favourable position alongside the batteries. The ships an- ehored again. His Lordship then dis- patched a letter to the Dey, demanding that the Consul should be released, and sent off to the fleet. The Dey refused to give him up, saying, he owed him 500,000 dollars—when the sum was paid he should depart. The Dey, when he parted from Lord Exmouth, said, that though he should be prepared for hostilities, he would not fire the first shot. Upon the whole, as far as the question bore upon bis own feelings and interests, he appeared disposed to do away with slavery. ‘The next day the Dey sent off to Lord Exmouth a proposal, that he was willing to conclude a perpetual peace with the King- dom of Hanover ;—but that part of the negociation which referred to the abolition of slayery should stand over for six months, that he might be enabled to obtain the ad- vice and sanction of the Grand Signior upon the question. Lord Exmouth agreed, ex- cepting that the time of suspension should be three, instead of six months. This being mutually decided, the Tagus frigate, Cap- tain Deans Dundas, was appointed to take the Dey’s Ambassador to Constantinople, The use of that ship bad, at the first visit, been granted to the Dey, to convey his pre- sents to the Grand Signior—as he had not sent any since he was chosen to the Re- gency. Lord Exmouth then exchanged the usual civilities with the Dey, and de- parted with his fleet for England. FRANCE The Commander-in-chief of the fo- reign troops stationed in Pranee Jately left Paris unexpectedly on the plea of ill-heaith; but, as is generally believed, ja consequence of a personal notifica- tion of Louis the Lighteenth, that France js found incapable of paying these de- liverers, according to the Treaty between the Bourbons and the Confederates. It is said that Russia proposes that Eng- Jand shall pay them— but this we in Eng- land know to be impossible—All the State of Public Affairs in July. [Aug. 1, plans of the Congress of Vicmia seem therefore to be in danger of being dis- turbed; and France, when left to herself, is not unlikely to recover her liberties, and resume her proper rank among in- dependant nations. If such should be the issue of the frightful contest which has so long covered the world with blood, what a lesson will the result af- ford to prinecs and wicked ministers of the folly of opposing the mareh of immu- table Truth, and making war on the mo- ral sense of mankind. ‘The same lesson has often been given, and is confirmed by all the details of history ; but cause and effect were never so clearly and in- structively connected as they will be, if the palpable exhaustion of the moral and physical force of the enemies of liberty should prove the only means by which its establishment in L’rance could haye been peaceably secured. “Clouds and darkness (says an intel- ligent Paris correspondent) continue to cover the political hemisphere of France ; neither processions nor fétes can enliven a people sunk into a gloomy stupor, who are naturaily so gay. ‘The image of Na- poleon, or rather, perhaps, the glory of their country, is interwoven with their arteries; to destroy it, life itself must be destroyed. We have, say they, Jost many battles, but we always retrieved our losses; we were never humiliated ; and under Napoleon no power dared to dictate to us the terms of peace. No hostile band dared to approach the sa- cred limits of the empire: but, by a suc- cession of treasons, we have lost him, and with him lost all. We have indeed got the aneient house restored to the throne; but in what quality? As the viceroy of foreign powers.” “ En the case of twenty-eight indivi- duals lately tried, every established form was violated, Courts of jadicature are to be open, that, whiie the judges and jury determine the fate of the criminal, the public may jadge them, and observe whether they proceed according to law, for the majesty of the people is the judge in the dernier resort, ‘The court would not permit the proclamation, forming the basis, and the Act of Accusation, to be read: the public know not what it is, and consequently the prisoncrs were, not according to law, condemned.” SOUTH AMERICA. We learn, with much satisfaction, that the military agents of Ferdinand have been deleated in Venezuela, that the independant cause triumphs alone that 1816.] that coast, and that the independance of Mexico may yet be caleulated upon in spite of the past massacres of the pa- triots by the Spanish generals. Several Incidents and Marriages in and near London. 79 experienced French generals, and, among others, Humbert, of Irish me- mory, are said to have obtained com- mands among the republicans. INCIDENTS, MARRIAGES, anp DEATHS, 1n AnD NEAR LONDON; With Biographical Memoirs of distinguished Characters reeently deceased. — a emigrations from England to France continue to be alarming. As the produce of the taxes on domestic con- sumption falls off, the consumers diminish ; and thus the deficiency increases in an ac- celerated ratio. In Paris there were, by the Jast accounts, 29,000 English: though 10,000 had left that city for Switzerland. Geneva was so full, that those who wished to send their children thither for education, could not find a family to place them in where there were not other English boarders. Boulogne has 1,200 English, aud lodgings cannot be procured for more. A meeting of the inhabitants of Wal- thamstow and Leyton has been held, for the purpose of promoting in those parishes fhe general use of machines to cleanse chimneys, instead of employing children to climb up them. Printed notices of the meeting, signed—-Edward Conyers, vicar ; Wn. Sparrow, curate; Charles Laprimau- daye, vicar of Leyton; were posted up, and also otherwise distributed: Rev. Geo. Hughes in the chair. The first resolution passed was—That, in consideration of the Various complicated miseries to which chil- dren are liable who ate employed to sweep chimneys, it is the opinion of this meeting that such practice should be abolished ; and that it is expedient measures should be immediately taken in the parishes of Walthamstow and Leyton to promote the use of machines for that purpose.—The meeting was attended by several heads of families of the neighbourhood, and the re- sult was very favourable to the object for which it was called. Official Returns to an order of the House _ of Commons, state, that 339 prisoners were _ the greatest number confined in the Fleet Prison, at any one time, between the 24th of June, 1815, and the 24th of June, 1816 —in the King’s Bench, 755—in the Mar- shalsea, 99. % A meeting of the Hampden Club was Aately heid at Freemasons’ Hall, Sir Fran- cis Burdett in the Chair, to promote a Re- form in Parliament. A declaration ex- pressive of the abuses which grew out of € corruption of Parliament, and calling for meetings on the subject throughout the kingdom, was unanimously agreed to. _ Therespectable banking house of Messrs. Bruce, Simpson, Freer, and Mackenzie, Stopped payment, within the month. Messrs, Bruce being connected with twen- ty-six country-banks,and seventy-two mem- bers of the Stock Exchange keeping ac- counts with them, great confusion has arisen in consequence, The river Thames Jately presented a dreary aspect :—not fifty foreien sail were to be seenin it. The London Docks which employed 1500 men, do not now. employ 500. A French house in the €ity lately stop- ped, whose engagements are said to ex- ceed half a million sterling. Several other houses of minor importance also sus- pended their payments, and the greatest commercial distrust prevails throughout the metropolis, At the last Old Bailey Sessions, thirty- three prisoners, including three boys, re- ceived sentence of death; 17 of transpor- tation for life, 5 for 14 years, and 13 for 7 years. MARRIED. The Duke of Gloucester, to his cousin the Prineess Mary. John Wausey, jun. esq. of Camberwell, to Miss Emma Decoy, of Balham-hill, Clapham. Charles Burmester, esq. barrister, to Miss Garden, of Whitehall-place. At Mary-le-bone church, Capt. H. B. Collier, R. N. to Miss Harriet Nicholas, of Aston Keynes, Dr. Haworth, of Red Lion-square, to Mrs. Deacon, of Great Queen street. At St. Mary’s, Islington, Joshua Smith, esq. to Miss Prince. Capt. Doherty, of the 13th Light Dra- goons, to Miss Mary Eliza Hincksman, of New Burlington-street. The Earl of Kenmare, to Miss Augusta Wilmot, of Ormaston. : At Mary-le-bone Church, Capt. Henry Bowyer Lane, of the Artillery, to Miss Lacey. At Mary-le-bone Church, Robt. Hibbert, jun. esq. of Birtle’s-hall, to Miss Letitia Cath. Leicester. At Clapham, Tho. Foster Barham, esq. of Penzance, to Miss Sarah Garratt, of London. ° Tho. Styan, jun. esq. of Clapham, to Miss Eliz. Smith, of Pentonville. Chas. Augustus Cooke, esq. of Belle- vieu-house, Walthamstow, to Miss Rachel Mayers, of Lambeth. John Collibree Horton, esq. of St. James’s-street, to Miss Eliza Edington, of Old Palace-yard. At St. George's, Hanover-sqnare, Rear- Adm. the Hon. Sir Henry Hotham, K.C.B. to the Hon. F, A, Juliana Rous, Mr, 80 Mr. Rob. Matt, Imeson, to Anne, eldest daughter of Mr. Wm. Smith, of Wittam’s- buildings, Old-street-road. John Allen Shuter, esq. of Southwark, to Miss Cheminant, of Greenwich. In London, the Count Jules de Polig- pac, to Miss Campbell. At St. Mary-le-bone church, Alex. Ni- choll, esq. of Baliol college, Oxtord, to Miss Johanna Feldborg, of Copenhagen, who is since dead. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Lieut.- Col. Brownrigg, to Miss Emma Nesbitt. Robt. Milligans, esq. capt. of the 25th regt. of foot, to Miss Elizabeth Margaret Baillie. At St. George’s, Hanover-square, Capt. Hawker, R.N. to Miss Jeanne Maria Poore. } William Thwaites, esq. of Fenchurch- street, to Miss A. Hook, of Northainpton- square. : Andrew Allen Hardy, esq. of Sheffield, to Miss Mary Hookey, of Hackney. At Paddington-church, Thomas Cotton, esq. to Miss Richards, of Harrow-road. R. Parker, esq. of Hareden, to Miss Sarah Cundale, of Hart-street, Bloomsbury. The Rev. Rieliard Lloyd, vicar of St. Dunstan's, to Miss Brett. Mr. E. Hawks, of Rotherhithe, to Miss Susanna Brewman Spence, of Hertford. Wm. Owen, esq. to Miss Eliza Brewer, of Clapham. Mr. L. W. Williams, of Stratford-green, to Miss Mary Buck, of Arundel-street. DIED. At Ham, suddenly, 327. John Fisher, for- merly of Swallow-street. At Stockwell con:mon, 78, Mrs. Eliz. Doughty. In London, Putriek Bannerman, esq. of Lloyd’s Co‘¥ee-house. In Prince’s-street, Leicester-square, Jus. Wilson, esq. late surgeon to the African Corps, much lamented, In Upper Wimpole-street, the Hon. Mrs. Clive. In Southampton street, Covent-garden, the widow of Mr. Wm. Giles. Tn Verulam-buildings, Gray’s-inn, James Flemyng’, esq. In Portugal-street, Lady Diana Fleming. At Morden-hail, 76, Sir Robert Burnett, formerly sheriff of London, and a consi- derable distiller. In Throgmorton-street, the wife of Alex. Chalmers, esq. editor of the English Es- sayists, Poets, &c. In Bryanstone-street, 26, Miss Caroline Smith, greatly regretted. At Weybridge, Mrs, Maria Barwell. In Vauxhall-walk, 86, Richard Ber- ridge, eSq. In Leicester-square, 76, Dr. Bland, an eminent physician. iy. Brompton-row, the widow of Joseph Harding, esq. At West-Dean, 68, the Right Hon. John Marriages and Deaths in and near London. [Aug. 1, Lord Selsey : he is succeeded by his son the Hon, Capt. Peachey, R.N. At Ham-common, Mrs. Caroline Grifith. At Kentish Town, 66, the Rev. Abrahant Austin, greatly regretted. In High-street, Mary-le-bone, 27, Miss Eliza Weston. In Little James-street, Bedford-row, 55, Mrs. Mary White. In Sloane-street, 31, Elizabeth, wife of Francis Lovell, esq. At Bromley, 24, Geo. Hodgson, esq. Tn Devonshire-street, 77, Francis Towne, esq. an artist of great eminence as a land- scape-painter. At Blackheath, Mrs. Eliz. Litchfield. At Woolwich, Sir John Dyer, licut.-col, in the Artillery. : In Compton-street, Brunswick-square, Eleanor, wife of Richard Addison, esq. of Staples’-inn, At Church-hill-house, Walthamstow, the widow of Charles James Sims, esq. of Jay maica. In Saville-row, 65, Richard Brinsley Sher ridan, esq. oue of the most distinguished characters of the age in which he lived, and of whom detailed memoirs will be given in the next, or next following, number. — In Upper Baker-street, Mrs. Royall. At Mitcham-grove, the wife of Henry Hoare, esq. ty In Norfolk-street, Strand, 73, Mr. John Francillon. At Woolwich, Harriet, the wife of Col. G. W. Dixon, of the Artillery. Tn Hunter-street, Brunswick-street, Miss Margaret Hamilton. In Felix-place, 36, Mrs. Amy Hart. In Blackman-street, Southwark, Mr, Henry Bates. In Queen Ann-street, Lady Mary Parker. At Aldgate, Dirs. Mary Higgins. In Berners-street, the Rev, Cooper Wil- lyams, rector of Kingston. At Nottingham-place, 63, Vice-Admiral Sir Wm, Essington, K.C.B. At his seat, Calgarth Park, Westmor- land, at a very advanced age, the Itight Rev. Richard Watsun, D.D. lord bishop of Landaff, Regius Professor of Divinity in the, university of Cambridge, and arch, deacon of Ely. He proceeded to the de- gree of A. B, 1759, A. M. 1762, and D. D, 1271 a prelate no less distinguished for his theological than chemical know edge, and one of the greatest ornaments of the episcopal bench. _The Bishop of Lan- datf was one of those, who, to the credit_ of the state, reach the episcopal bench — solely by their talents and virtues. Being the son of a poor clergyman in Westmor- land, he began kis course as a-servitor in Trinity College, Cambiidge, where he lodged over the gicat gate. His: talents carried him rapidly up to ali academical honow's ; and the peculia ability with which he presided in the Divinity Sechaols parked Lim out for the dignity and au- thority 1816.]. thority of a bishop. His appearance in those schools, during the fullness of his corporeal and intellectual strength was in- deed so impressive, that strangers came to view him as a venerable spectacle. His person was uncommonly dignified, and his Voice distinguished by the union of a pure, unaffected modulation with a- degree of power, which absolutely astonished the hearer, on its first reaching him. With as ‘mucl: fluency as could be consistent with ‘the weight of his subject, and with the au- thority of a professor, he spoke Latin and quoted Greek. A spectator, who knew nothing of either, might have seen a tes- timony of his powers in the countenances of his admiring audience. The high esteem in which Dr. Watson was held by the uni- versity of Cambridge appears from the in- duigence granted him during his latter “years, of delegating the duties of his profes- sorship fo a deputy, which we believe to be the only instance of non-residence ever permitted to the divinity professor. His principal writings are his Tracts, Apology forthe Bible, popular essays on Chemistry, in 5 vols, with a variety of political pam- philets, which were read with avidity at the time of their publication. At Holloway, 6 years and 9 months, Augusta, fifth daughter of Sir Richard Phillips. This lovely and interesting child fell a sacrifice to an accidental scald from boiling water, rendered fatal by the vague ‘state of medical science and practice. The immediate inflammation was reduced by co!d applications of goulard-water, vinegar and water, and water, within three hours; but an irretrievable indifference to the state of the stomach and bowels, and €rroneous assurances of perfect safety, Ted, in a subject of previous florid health, to the commencement of convulsions in eighteen hours, which, the means applied not conquering, terminated fatally in forty- _ eight hours from the time of the accident. Abating those solemn considerations which grow out of the profound afflictions of ilies on the occasion of such domestic tragedies, we cannot avoid an expression of our astonishment, that, although the Col- " leges of Physicians and Surgeons have now existed two hundred years, no certain and Unquestionable practice appears yet to be established in regard to a mere affection of the skin from a scald; and no chart of va- _ Fious accidents, explaining those means of prompt and instantaneous relief which they generally require, has yet been issued by _ either of those learned bodies, or even by any accredited members of them, As a _ tribute to the public, arising out of much subsequent enquiry, we feel it our duty to make it known, that, in gencral, in cases of seals and burns, renewed applications _ of 4 spirituous nature are to be preferred _ © aqueons fluids; thus, ether, spirita of Montury Mag. No. 287, Augusta Phillips.—The late David Williams: $1 wine, brandy, hollands, gin, or turpene tine, ought respectively to be preferred to more inert liquids, while the tendency to convulsions, produced by the peculiar effects of a scald or burn on the cuticle, renders it necessary to avoid the use of Opiates, and to administer active purga- tives. We feel it more incumbent on us to make these observations, because, with- in a few days, a fine boy has fallena victim to asimilar accident in the same village. At the house of the Literary Fund, in Gerard-street, 78, David Williams, esq. The biography of this celebrated literary character must be exceedingly interesting ; and itis fortunate that it may be expected from the able pen of Mr. Yates, his exe- cutor, to whom all the papers were left by Mr. Williams. These are, perhaps, numee rous; but it is known that the author de- stroyed a considerable number a short time before his death. Of so eventful a life, the public must wait for the full hise tory from the gentleman possessed of the materials. At present it may, however, be some little gratification of curiosity to state, that Mr. Williams was born at a village in Glamorganshire, and was brought up by a dissenting clergyman, who, as he used to say, rendered religion uninviting by unwarrantable austerity. This circum- stance, perhaps, gave a bias, and was the occasion of an attempt by Mr. Williams, after he became a clergyman, to intro- duce (above 40 years ago) a new system of religious devotion, which was eagerly adopted and adhered to by some very dis- tinguished men, but in a short time was abandoned. ‘The chapel, for this purpose, we have been informed, still remains in Margaret-street, Cavendish-square. Mr. W. was the author of many works om moral, religious, and political subjects. Among these were his Sermons; Lectures on Education; Letters toa Prince ; Claims of Literature; Preparatory Stndies for Politicians, and others, which we hope to see duly noticed by the able biographer above mentioned. But the most impor- tant of the works of Mr. W. was the esta- blishment of the Literary Fund, The sufferings of Otway, and the heart-rending termination in fatal despair of Chatterton, had not yet excited any person to form an institution for unfortunate and unsuccess= ful men of letters :— -——. “ Where suffering talents find relief, From the heart’s malady—internal grief.”"* This benevolent design was executed to its present extent by Mr. W. The Lite- rary Fund has been established, we be- lieve, at least twenty-five years, during iso BO ia a es * Fitzgerald’s poem, recited at the last anniversary of the Literary Fund, May 1616, M which 2 83 which period it has administered relief, perhaps rescued ‘ from a timeless grave,” scores of worthy men of letters. ‘This suc- cour, too, has been afforded in such a man- ner, as not to wound the feelings of the ir- ritable minds of men of taste-~and learning, The Literary Fund has a dowhle claim of ‘support, and its late founder a double claim to honor. As a charitable institution it is inferior to none in relief to distressed ersons; and, when the attainments and energies of literature are contemplated, the political importance of it to the empire must be clearly seen, The names and ‘deeds of the most mighty men-killers, and of the most crafty statesmen of the pre- sent times, will have only a perishable re- cord ; but the name of David Williams will live, and the Literary Fund will flonrish till the British people cease to culti- vate letters and relapse into barbarism. ‘About the year. 1775, being resident at Chelsea, he brought forward his plan of education, founded on the outlme given by ‘Commenius, when he was invited here to reform the English schools, but whose de- sign was frustrated by the civil wars. Mr, Williams distinguished himself on this oc- casion in such a manner, that, although he was a stranger in the neighbourhood, and his religious tenets lay under some imputa- tion among the orthodox, yet he met with greatencouragement. At Chelsea, he pob- lished a Treatise on Edtication, in a duo- decimo volume; which contains some un- eommonly acute and judicious remarks, and discloses his sentiments with respect to re- vealed religion. Here the celebrated Dr. Franklin, with whom he was intimate, took refuge in his house, from the storm he ap- prehended would follow Mr. Wedder- burne’s unwarranted attack on him at the Council-board; an event which is said to have had more effect towards the crisis which soon after followed, than can be easily imagined. And here it was that the philosopher of Pennsylvania concerted » with his friend the plan of a deistical and philosophical lecture, This scheme was carried into practice ; Mr, Williams opened a chapel in Margaret:street, Cavendish- Square, in which he was supported by per- sons of consequence and fortune; but the complexion of his discourses was neither “yelished by churchmen nor dissenters ; ac- cordingly, although many went to hear lim, few enrolled their names asmembers. He published, while officiating in this capacity, the Inauguration Sermen, two volumes of Lectures on the Universal Principles of Re- ligion and Morality, and a Liturgy for the Chapel. Notwithstanding a variety of ob- stacles, he continued his labours, during a peviod of nearly four years; but, as the sub- scribers did not increase, he removed to a private room, where he delivered his , opinions before those who supported the institution, His society was, indeed, 2 Account of the late Mr. David Wiiltiams. [Aug. 1, snail; but it was as respectable as any in England. Mr. Williams’s other publications consist of a pamphlet on “The Nature and Extent of Intellectual Liberty ;” “a Plan of Association, on Constitutional Principles,” a tract written at the time of the riots in London; ‘ Letters on Political Liberty,” ‘occasioned by the county meet- ings and associations, in 1782; “ Lectures on Political Principles,” ‘‘Lectures on Edueation;” and, a ‘History of Mon- moutlishire,” in one volume, 4to. Several anonymous works have been erroneously a(tributed to Mr. Williams; among them, *¢ Royal Recollections ;” but this is so in- finitely beneath his abilities, that no one of his friends can allow it to be his. The ‘Lessons to a Young Prinee,” and ‘An Apology for professing the Religion of Na- ture in the eighteenth century,” may pos- sibly have come from his pen, and they are not unworthy of it, Some of the above works possess a large share of intrinsic merit, and shew that Mr. W. had early turned his thoughts to political enqniries; and these seemed to have been first sugges- ted to his mind, in consequence of haying previously given assistance in some par- liamentary transactions. His religions and known political opinions connected him in- timately with the popular party in this country, and his celebrity recommended him to the notice of the Girondists in France, who invited him over to assist them in the formation of the Constitution. He was intimately acquainted with Brissot while in England; and the journey, which introduced him to the friendship of all the great political leaders of the day, was not withont some personal danger: for, as he recommended mercy to the king, the Ja- cobins branded him with the title of royal- ist, and le was actually denounced such in _ their club. Mr. Williams saw so clearly the designs of this faction, aud was so cer- tain of the result, that he foretold to their opponents, that, if they did not destroy the Jacobins, the Jacobins would soon destroy them! The celebrated Madame Roland speaks highly of the political talents of Mr. Williams, in many parts of her very ani- mated work, ‘ Paine,” says she, ‘is bet- ter calculated to produce a revolution, than to assist in the formation of a constitution, He seizes, he establishes, those grand prin- ciples, the exposition of which strikes every one at first sight, ravishes a club, and pro- duees enthusiasm at a tavern; but for the cool discussion of a committee, for the con- nected labours of the legislator, I consider David Williams as infinitely more proper.” On his return from Franee, Mr. W. re- sided at Brompton, and there planned the Society of the Literary Fund, of which he became the resideat conductor, —He was buried in the vault of St. Anne’s church, on Saturday, July 7, Agveeably to his order, the funeral was quite private, being 1816.] Account of Joseph Fox, esq.—Mr. Edmund Calamy. 83 ‘being attended only by his niece, Miss Watkins, (to whom he has bequeathed his property,) his friend and physician, Dr. Pearson, the two executors, most intimate friends, the Rev. Mr. Yates, and Mr. Whit- tingham, and two or three other persons. Mr. Williams was. seized with a kind of paralytic affection of the organs of speech while addressing the assembly at the anni- versary of the Literary Fond, about seven years ago; and, after that occurrence, he was several times attacked in a similar way. His mental faculties became gra- dually more and more impaired, so that he died of that state which is produced in the human constitution by mere age. ingly, many of the principai blood-vessels of the head were found ossified,and the brain much diseased, from apoplectic attacks. [Joseph fox, esq. late secretary to the British and Foreign School Society. The: Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at Guy's Hospital, in his Lec- ture at the conclusion of the course on the 7th of May, 1816, having adverted to those Sentiments which an attentive considera- tion of the works of Omnipotence ought to inspire, paid the following tribute to the memory of the Jate Joseph Fox, esq. Se- eretary to the British aud Foreign School Society. “These were also the feelings of @ person with whom many of you were ac- guainted, and whose .death may he con- sidered a great public loss. Itis not be- cause my feelings are powerfully affected by being deprived of so dear and intimate a friend; it is not because we were both educated at these hospitals, and that he Was a public teaclier in this very theatre, that I am desirous of recalling him to your remembrance, but it is because his useful ‘aud exemplary life, and the peaceful close of it, will afford a highly instructive lesson tous all. Of his skill in that part of the profession to which he attached himself, I ‘shall only say that it is well known and ac- knowledged: the road to affluence was open before him, but he valued riches only as they were the means of enabling him to perform acts of signal bencficence ; his ca- ‘Yeer, though bounded to the comparatively ‘short period of about 40 years, was marked by the most disinterested and unremitted exertions for the good of mankind, and to ‘these he was mainly excited by a firm be- lief in Divine revelation and the great truths of the Christian religion :—while lie Zealously promoted the best interests of his Own country he soared above the character of the patriot, and embraced the whole hu- ‘man family in the range of his un- bounded benevolence, Yes—the poor chil- firen of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, will have~ occasion to bless the memory of Joseph Fox; for it is y late worthy friend, as an instrument “jn the hands of Divine Providence, that 7 we owe the preservation of that liberal and Accord-: efficient system for educating the poor, which was oviginally practised by Joseph Lancaster. It ought ever to be rememe- bered, that in the year 1808, when the founder of the system and his plans were comparatively but little known—when but few of the schools were established—when the subscriptions for training masters were reduced to little more than those of the King and Royal Family—when the Founder was in debt between 4 and 50001. and was harrassed by law suits—when the whole was upon the brink of utter ruin, it was then that Joseph Fox, with a degree of courage, which has perhaps never been paralleled, advanced about ¥000). out of his own private fortune, and made himself res- ponsible for as much more as was requisite to settle in full with all the creditors. From that period he never relaxed his ex-,; ertions in the great cause of universal edu- cation upon liberal prmciples—undismayed by opposition, aud proof against the foul- est ingratitude, he kept the even tenor of his way, and expressed thankfulness in his latest hours that hé had been permitted to sce the object of his cares and solicitude in a fair way of being permaneutly esta- blished : he reviewed his past labours with the greatest satisfaction—he felt that his day’s work was accomplished; and, humbly relying ov redeeming love, he enjoyed in the prospect of leaving this world that sweet peace of mind, which was doubtless an anticipation of his eternal reward. ] [Edmund Calamy. The gentleman who is the subject of this memoir, and who was lineally descended from the eminent non-conformist of that name, was bred to the profession of the law, and was in early life called to the bar; and, after having, as a counsel, attended the courts in Westminster-hall for several years, he at length quitted his residence in the metro- polis, and sought and found, in the retire- ment of the country, that tranquillity and quietude which were suited to the habits of his mind. In private and domestic life his conduct exhibited a pattern of those mild virtues of humanity which are best calculated to render it amiable, useful, and happy. His native urbanity and kindness, his obliging temper, and accom. modating manners, together with the ge nuine humility, candour, courtesy, and be- nevolence, which marked his general de- portment, rendered him beloved and re. spected by all those who were best ace quainted with his character and the virtues of his heart ; as they will ever endear his memory to an amiable family, who are de- ploving hisloss. Mr. Calamy was for many years, during his residence in London, a highly respected member of most of the principal public trusts amongst the Dis. senters ; as he was also concerned in the execution of several private trusts, which were committed to him in consequence of M2 we &4 the high estimation in which he was justly held, by a numerous circle of friends, for uprightness, integrity, and honour. Hav- ing been in a declining state of health for some time past, he finished his course on Sunday, the 12th of May ; and was interred in a family-vault, in the burial ground at- tached to the Protestant Dissenting Chia- pel at Gulliford, near Lympston, in Devon- shire, his funeral being attended by several respectable friends.—June 22. J. Joyce.]} ECCLESIASTICAL PROMOTIONS. Rev. Dr. Barton, to the Deanery of Bocking. Rev. SAMUEL BENNETT, M.A. appoint- ed Chaplain to the London and Middle- sex Penitentiary. Rey. WILLIAM WEATHERHEAD, M.A. to the Rectory of Wolforton. Rey. Witttam Srapeack, M.A, to the Rectory of St. Stephen's, Exeter. Rev. HERBERT OAKELEY,to a Prebend in Lichfield Cathedral. ’ Rev. E, Foster, LL.B. to be one of the Duke of Cambridge’s Domestic Chap- Jains, Rev. J. D. Crorts, B.A. elected Chap- Jain to the House of Correction, Little Walsingham. Rev. T. Mitts, to be Chaplain in ordi- nary to his Majesty. The Rev. Dr. STANSER, to be bishop of Nova Scotia, Northumberland and Durham. [Aug. 1, Rev. BensamIn RICHINGS, M.A. to the Living of Mansetter, with the Chapelry of Atherstone. Rev. Cuar.es Kexewscu, B.A. to the perpetual cure of Linton and Countisbury. Rev. JAMES BEEBEE, to the valuable living of Presteign. Rey. Mr. Nott, to the rectory of Week. Rev. Joun Orman, M.A. Head Master of Beverley Grammar-School. Rev. SAmMvEL Turner, M.A. to the vicarage of Tealby. Rey. H. Hucnes, to the vicarage of Wolvey. Rey. T. MAstTIN, to the three augmented perpetual curacies of Idbury, Swinbrook, and Fifield. Rev. THomAs Brooke, LL.D. to the rectory of Avening. Rev. James Crapocke, LL.B. to the rectory of Hilgay. Rev. Cutugert Hen ey, B.A. to the rectory of Rendlesham. The Rev. Cuartes Jounsen, to the valuable prebend of White Lackington. The Rev. AuGustes MusGRAVE, to the rectory of Chinnor. Rev. Dr. GoppARD, to the valuable living of Kensington. The Hon. and Rev. Hucu Psrcy, a prebendary of Canterbury Cathedral. Rev. Joun Tuomson, M.A, to the vi- carage of Meopham. PROVINCIAL OCCURRENC ES, With all the Marriages and Deaths. a ¥ NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM. LATE Newcastle Paper stated that there never were such dull appear- ances as at their last races :—the company was exceedingly trifling, no extra business in the shops, nor any assemblage of car- ziages.— Want of money was the cause. Most of the publicans in North Shields and Tynemouth have lately had their ale and spirit measures seized for being de- ficient, and paid fines, some of them to a considerable amount. ‘The measures of several of the venders of milk, oatmeal, &e. have also been seized. Distressing accounts have been received of the state of business at Sunderland. The failure of Cooke and Co. has paralysed all industry. Nearly the whole of the ship- Carpenters are discharged, and several ves- sels have gone round to Newcastle to load coals, which they could not procure at Sun- -derland. Credit is completely destroyed ; since the failure of the above Bank, not a single bill has been paid. Never were the ruinous effects of a sudden deprivation of capital so strikingly exemplified. We leava, bya letter from Dr. Trotter, that the natural small-pox, has recently made its appearance at Newcastle; hut an address to which he alludes is not to be found in our copies of the Tyne Mercury. Married.) Mr. Michael Kutherford, to Miss Jane Falcus.—Mr. John Moffitt, to Miss Isabella Bruce.—Mr. P. Richard- son, to Mrs. Fleck :, all of Newcastle.— Mr. George Dixon, of Newcastle, to Miss Wallace, of Pallisburn-House.x—Mr. Jo- seph Graiam, to Miss Isabella Jackson, both of Durham.—Mr. Lancelot Hudson, vf Bishopwearmouth, to Miss Sarah Joyce, of Monkwearmouth.— Mr. Jordison Davie, to Miss Sarah Nesbitt, both of Sunderland. —Mr. Matthew Gibson, to Miss Riddle, both of Hexham.-—Mr. Nathaniel Plewes, to Miss Jane Ridsdale, both of Darlington, —At Alnwick, Adam Atkinson, jun. esq. of Thropton Spittal, to Miss Ellen Davi- son.— Mr. Joseph Rodham, to Miss Eliza- beth Smith, both of Stanhope.—Mr. W. Muse, of Shotley-field, to Miss Archer, of Waskerley-cottage.—Mr, William Fowler, _ of North Shields, to Miss Isabella Sibbald, of ‘'ynemouth.—Mr. Young, of South Shields, to Miss Taylor, of North Shields.— Mr. John Scott, of Milburn Place, North Shields, to Miss Isabella Pattison, of Car- lisle.—At Bishopwearmouth, Lient. Kirt- ley, R.N. to Miss Row, of Newbaules- : : Te 3 1816.} Mr. Robert Tate, of Sunderland, to Miss Waugh, of Bishopwearmouth.—Mr. H. Denham, to Miss Isabella Miller, both of Tweedmouth. Died.] At Newcastle, Mr. John Lee.— Miss Mary Amn Hardy, of Bell’s Close.— 34, Mr. Joseph Philip Robson.— In Gates- head, 66, Mr. Robert Rickerby.—32, Miss Margaret Gale.—Mrs. Joseph Mawbey.— fas Bartholomew Atkinson, of Drury- ane. At North Shields, 45, Mrs. Mary Blythe. —64, Mr. E. Sanderson.—70, Mr. T. Motiley.—79, Mrs. Elizabeth Watson.— 68, Mr. William Andrvew.—Mr. Robert Robson.—41, Mr. William Snowball.—41, Mrs. Ann Cook. At South Shields, 64, Mr. Thomas Wilson.—76, the wife of Mr. Robert Downey. At Barnard-castle, 61, Mr. William Bailey.— 60, Mrs, Smith.—The wife of Mr. Thomas Pearson. At Hexham, Mrs. Brown. At Bishopwearmouth, 36, Miss Eliza- beth Oliver.—88, the widow of Mr. Chris- topher Craggs, of Sunderland.—66, Mr, Edward Jolmson.—42, Mr. Ralph Vaux.— 29, Mr. Thomas Watson. At Darlington, 38, the wife of Mr. Jo- seph Hopper, much respected.—80, Mrs. Elizabeth Robson.—386, Mr. William Tu- tin.—47, Mr. William Usher.—53, Adam Yarker, better known by the name of Blind Adam, having been blind from his birth. He possessed a strong memory, which he particularly applied to register- ing the number of deaths, &c. which cc- curred for upwards of the last forty years at Darlington. Without hesitating a mo- ment, he could tell how many deaths had een in any given month or year, the exact day when the individual! died, to whom they were related, &c. At Tynemonth, 68, Mr. Thomas Tart. At Wolsingham, 45, Mr. William Col- linson.—68, Mr. Richard Minnikin.—At East Rainton, Miss Catherine Legge. At Lionel Mills, Mr. Thomas Hall. At Upperby, 28, Mrs. Elizabeth Bell. At Thrunton, 54, Mr. Robert Witham, much respected.—At Horton, 87, Mr. Jotn Dial, many years mathematical mas- ter at Balmbro’-castle; he taught more navigators than any other man in the North ef England.—At Cowslip Hill, 84, Mr, Jolm Hogg.—At Standeford-Stone, Mr. Cuthbert Brown, much respected.—At Cornforth, 76, Mrs. Jane Bell.—At White- hill point, 70, Mr. Andrew Gibson. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND. The armoury of the castle at Carlisle was lately struck by lightning, and consi- ‘derabie damage doue. The herring fishery at Whitehaven is un- commonly productive this season; 188 smacks arrived in one day. Married.) Mr, William Norman, to Miss Yorkshire, 85 Catherine Ferguson.—Mr, John Milburn, to Miss Elizabeth Smith.—Mr. James Campbell, to Miss Ann #orster.—Mr. Wil- liam Sic Cle!lan, to Miss Ann Bell: al) of Carlisle—Mr. William Watson, of Care lisle, to Miss Jane Richardson, of Dalston. —Mr. William Addison, to Miss Mary Barns.—Mr. George Marchal, to Miss Mary Whitelock.—Mr. Joseph Thompson, to Miss Sarah Johnstone : all of Penrith.— Peter Taylor, esq. of Belfield, to Miss Margaret Leuthwaite, of Whitehaven.— Mr. Hewson, of Brough Abbey, to Miss Elizabeth Barwise, of 'Tariggmoor.—Mr. John Scott, of Tarnside, to Miss Jane Cape, of Wigton.—Mr. William Tordalf, of Pow, to Miss [sabella Robinson, of Scouter- field.—Mr. Robert Allen, of Norton, to Miss Benson, of Stockton. ‘Died.| At Carlisle, very suddenly, Mrs. Sarah Hetherington.—Mrs. Mary Creighe ton.—49, Mr. John Jefferson.—s5, Mrs. Dinah Little, one of the Society of Friends. —In Fisher-street, very suddenly, 35, Mr. James Routledge. At Whitehaven, Mr. G. Cowell. At Penrith, 63, Mrs. Mary Croan.—57, Mr. Cail Birbeck.—60, Mrs Mary Care rick.—63, Mrs. ary Gaskin. At Brampton, 43, Mr, Potts.—Mr. Taye lor, at an advanced age. At Appleby, 66, the Rev. William Phil- lips, M.A. vicar of that parish. At Rocke litf, 30, Mr. William Hewitt. At Newbiggen, 76, Mr. John Mounsey. —At Cliburn, 88, Mr. Henry Coulson.— At Gamblesby, 88, Mr. Joseph Stoddart. —At Carleton-Hall, Cuthbert Atkinson, esq. several years principal steward to the late and present Lords Muneaster.—At Leversdale, Mr. Richard Bowman.—At Knockupworth, 51, Mr. Thomas Graham. —At Waverton, advanced in years, Mrs. Twentyman. YORKSHIRE. Considerable damage was done to the houses of Leeds, during a late violent thunder-storm. The Alexauder coach, which runs be- tween Leeds and Sheffield, was lately overturned ;—an outside passenger wag so much injured as to occasion his death, Messrs. Benjamin and Joshua Ingham, bankers, of Huddersfield, recently sus- pended their payments. Marricd.) Mr. J. Pape, to Mrs. Mary Johnson.—Mr. S. B. Fleming, to Miss Ann Hallewell: all of Hull.—Mr. Robert Em. mett, of Hull, to the widow of —— Paine, esq. of Richmond, Surry.—Mr. W, Hare- wood, of Leeds, to Miss Calvert, of Head- ingley.—Mr. William Wood, of Leeds, to Miss Catherine Bywater, of Tadcaster,— Capt. Best, to Miss Mary Fewson.—Mr, Robert Curtis, to Miss Ann Wood: all of Partington,—Mr, Jonathan Harrison, of North Frodingham, to Miss Stables, of Pocklington.—Mr. J, M. Bowman, to the 36 the daughter of the late alderman Pearson, et Rippon.—The Rev. J. Heslop, of Skel- ton, to Miss Smith. of Cottingham.—The Rev, Frederick Dodsworth, D. D. of Thornton-lall, to Miss F. A. Pulleyn Moseley. —~ Mr. T. Oxley, alderman of Pontefraet, to Miss Swabey, from the West Indies.—Mr. B. Stead, of Hudders- »ficld, te Miss Eleanor Jave Carr, of Barns- ley.—Mr. G. H. Body, jun. of Northal- lerton, to Miss Margaret Isabella Lamp- ton, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.—The Rev. Joseph Wardle, of Gildersome, to Miss Eydie Jane Loveday, late of Cross-hall, Morley.—Mr. Scott, of Pontefract, to Miss Kobson, ef Cotham.—Mr. George Charlesworth, of Wakefield, to Miss Mary Metealf, ot Leeds.—Mr. Edward Parker, of Selby, to Miss Ellen Barcroft, of Park- heuse, Colue.—Mr. Empson, to Miss Jolson, of Newsham. Biel} At York, 76, Mrs. Mary Har- Jand.—52, Mr. Fryar.—79, the widow of My. John Hicks. At Hall, 21, Mr. R. Rose, much re- spected.—&4, Mrs. Shotton.—69, Mrs. Abieail Dawning, of West-street.—42, Mr. Andrew Gilry.—79, the widow of Mr. Marmaduke Clarke, At Leeds, the wife of Mr. Benjamin Storey.—_Mrs. Holmes.—75, Mr. Henry Bound.—74, Mrs. Bracken, of Timble Bridge.—Mr. Samuel White.—41, the wife of Mr. John Mann. At Halifax, the widow of Thomas Strat- ton, esq. greatly and deservedly lamented. —67, Mr. G. Hutchinson, regretted. At Wakefield, 96, Miss Waugh,—68, the wife of Mr. John Denton.—Mr, Jona- than Haigh.—Mr. George Copley. At Doncaster, the widow of Samuel Buck, esq. late recorder of Leeds. At ‘Knaresborough, -the widow of Mr. William Clowe. At Bradford, the Rev. John Cross, the evenorable vicar of that parish, He was zealous in the discharge of his duty, and will be long regretted by his parishioners. At Bradiington ‘Quay, 65, Mr. William Agar. At Howden, 21, Mr. John Denton Jef- forson. At Ripon, 69, the widow of alderman J. Rawson. At Pontefract, 27, Mr. Henry Holme. At Keltield, 83, Mrs. Akam, a liberal henetactress to the poor.—At Lockholme, 21, Miss Ann Fewson.—At Halbeck, the wife of George Eddison, esq. one of the Society of Friends—At Roos, 40, -the Rev. Thomas ‘Lowthicn, he pesformed his duties for seventeen-years with scrupulous pimetuality.—At Hormsea, 60, Mrs. Ann Brown.— At Braniingham, .60, Isaac Broadley, .esq.—At Rawden, Sarah Wil- son, late of Leeds, ene of the Society of Friends.—At Welton, 69, Mr, Watson Lancashire. [Aug. 1,. Stickney, much and deservedly respected. —At Hessle, 66, Mr. William Appleton. —The wife of Mr. Richard Margison, LANCASHIRE. The late Liverpool election is said to have cost the friends of Mr. Canning up- wards of 10,0001. Medals are to be struck, and presented to the 738 burgesses who voted for Mr. Leyland. Messrs. James Aspinall and Son, of Liverpool, bankers, have stopped pay- ment, _ Marvied.| Mr. Robert Birdsall, to Miss Carpenter.— Mr. J. Forrest, to Miss Ellen Hurst.—Mr. John Tute, to Miss Mary Ann Barrow: all of Manchester.—Mr. J. Allen, of Manchester, to Miss Mary Bate- man, of Hanmer.—Mr. James Leech, to Miss Elizabeth Laylard, both of Salford. —Mr, William Hunter, of Mancliester, to Miss Mary Hankinson, of Salford.—Mr, John Wright, to Miss Dutton.—Mr. Wall- worth, solicitor, to Miss Parquott.—The Rey. T. S. Bristow, to Miss Jane Fleming, —Mr. Thomas Jackson, merchant, to Mrs, Ashton: all of Liverpool.—Isaac Oldhan Bold, esq. to Miss Elizabeth Gregson, of Everton.—Mr. Henry Hallewell, to Miss Mary Mallalieu, both of Copster-hill — Mr. Jolm Taylor, of Agecroft, to Miss . Mary Ann Medhurst, of Salford—Mr, Joseph Willoughby, of Cheetwood, to Miss Lees, of Saifoid.—Christopher Ben- tham, of Gaythorn, to Alice Waddington, of Corlton-row, Manchester, both of the - Society of Friends.—The Rev. John Stud- dard, to Miss Elizabeth Hardman, both of Whitworth. At Bolton, Mr. Thomas Livesly, of Chorley, to Miss Butler. Dicd,] At Manchester, 73, Mr. Isaac Clarke, an eminent bookseller, and a man whose general intvegrity of character, and whose accuracy and punctuality in busi- ness, had Jong gained hum the high respect of numerous friends.—In Hatter-lane, Mr. Joseph Thomas —Mr. William Whitaker, —In Old Bridge-street, Mrs. Ann Bar. row. — Mrs. Sarah Unthank.— Mr. J, Johnson, twenty-five years librarian to Broom-street library.—72,- Mrs. Mary Mitchell.—In Long Mill-gate, Mr. Bird, respected.—Mr B. Joel, greatly respect- ed.—In Hanging Ditch, 34, Mr. John Lawson.—At Salford, 45, Mr. Robert Goring, of Aldred-street.—67, Mr. John Smith. 4 At Liverpool, in Seel-street, 44, the Rey. Wm. Tarleton, Catholic priest.— In WV hitechapel, 20, Miss Estes Briscoe. —95, Mr. Rowe.—8s, Mrs. Martha Hin- ton,—Mr.- William Harley.—69, Mrs. Pen- nington.—55, Jane, the wife of Edward Rowland, esq.—43, Mrs. Ellen Banner- man.—In Harford-street, 41, Mr. John Banks.—In Great George-street, 40, Mrs, Betty Watson.—35, Mr. William Town- ley, merchant,~Lhe wife of Mr. Hicks, e nw ee) IRE % a SRL AR 1816 ] | Cheshire—Derbyshire—Nottingham—Lincolnshire, &c. Hicks.—In Dale-street, 55, Mr. R. Rid- diough.—46, Mr. W. Young.—23, Mr. Peter Millatt. At Wigan, Mr. Richard Fairbrother.— Mr. Elias Wood. At Warrington, 47, Mr. James Milnes. At Kirkham, 72, Mrs. Frances Shep= herd. At Ince hall, 69, Mrs. Anderton. At Atherston, the widow of Richard Milnes, esq. of Sandy-brook-house.— At Elienbrook, 59, Mr. Richard Newton.— At Cheetham-hill, Mrs. Catherine Craw- shaw, much lamented.—At Hollinwood, ‘by a fall from his gig; Mr. Wrce, of the firm of Wroe and Duncuft, of Manchester. —-Near Blakrod,: Mr. Samnel Makinson, ef Wigan.—At Wavertree, Elizabeth, wife ofthe Rev. R. H. Rongsedge, rector of “Liverpool, a conspicuous example of feli- gious and mora! virtue. : 4 CHESHIRE, Cheshire is in a convulsed state, in con- sequence of a great portion of the labour. ing classes being ont of employment. A letter from a Magistate states,—“ that all the workmen at the great salt-works, at ‘Northwich, Windford, &c. are out of em- ployment, as well as the bargemen on the river Weaver, who convey the salt from thence to Liverpool, Manchester, &c. and, ‘having assembled in large bodies, are de- manding relief throughout the county. Upwards of 400 colliers from Rhuabon, in Denbighshire, drawing wagyens laden with coals, were met by the magistrates ‘within two miles of Chester, and 20/. were given them to disperse. " Married.| William Tristam, esq. of Nor- ley Bank, to Miss Eliza Bower, of Liver- *pool.—Mr. Henry Shaw, of Lowton, to iss Derbyshire, of Scarisbrick.—At Bow- “den, Mr. W. Atherton, of Liverpool, to ‘Miss Daine, of Carrington—At Neston, Samuel Woodhouse, esq. of Bronte, to "Miss Martha Gordon, of Parkgate. ' Died.] At Chester, on the City-walls, “70, Mrs. Lowe. At Sandway, 59, the wife of Joln Okell, esq. oN DERPYSHIRE. Married.) Mr, William Tatlow, to Miss Bowter. At Chesterfield, Mr. R. Walker, of Hol- brook, to Miss Ann Stansby, of Morley.— Mr. Ralph Adderley, jun. of Hams-hall, to Miss Sm iaernicitid Mills, of the Grove, Ashbourne.—Mr. R. Spencer, of Fissing- ~ ton, to Miss Hardin, of Bury-hall. ~ Died.] At Derby, 56, the widow of | ‘Mr. Samuel Smith. _ At Risley, at an advanced age, the wife of Mr. John Salt.—At Etwall, 65, Mr. ‘Hall.—At Ireton, Wood, 62, Mrs. Mary Breward,—At Heanor, the wife of Mr. * William Woodcock, much esteemed. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, Accounts lately received from Notting- 8y ham state, that, although frame-breakirg has ccased for the moment, there is yes vreat discontent... The workmen and their families are going in groupes daily inta the workhonses, for want. of employment. The mannfacturers refuse to assist their wants a3 they formerly did, from their late misconduet iv breaking machinery. Marvied.] Mr, Robert Armson, of Not- tingham, to Miss Fowler, of Mansfield. Mr. John Leeson, of Nottingham, to Miss Sarah Thorn, of Oxford-street, London, —The Rev. Jolin Hardolph Eyre, to Miss Harrietta Hardolph Eyre, of Grove.—Mr. Giibert Scott; of Nottingham, to Miss Harriet Clark, of Bedford, Died] At Nottingham, 65, Mr. G. Pickering, of Long-row.—40, Mr. Shef- field, of 'Toll-lrouse-hill. At Newark, g2, Mr. John Shee,—75, the widow of the Rev. James Andrew Milnes, L.L. D. At Mausfield, 67, Mr. William Hinde. At Whatton, 84, Mrs.. Hooper— had 96 Account of the late Dr. Win. Hunter, had not tlioce means of furnishing himself with such various condiments as counte- ract the otherwise poor fare he puts up with ‘while on-board ship; and which in many ships occasioned a mortality of two-thirds of their crews. Dr. Hunter, as surgeon also of the Marines, from 1794 to 1806, had frequent occasions to report on this dis- ease, and the credit of recommending the means, that have since been successfully adopted, of remedying its horrid ravages, ‘This work, making a large o¢tavo volume, was published in Calcutta, 1804, dedicated to MarquisWellesley; and two hundred and fifty copies sent for sate in the Hope annual pacquet of that year for England ; but Ad- miral Lindis captured her; and a work on this subject has since appeared in France, dedicated to Bonaparte. Dr. Hunter was an excellent Persian, Arabic, and Hindus- tanee scholar; which for twelve years of his life so eminently qualitied him as a mode- ‘ator and jadge on the annual examina- tions of the students of the Calcutta col- lege, and in the distribution of the liberal presents bestowed on those literary compe- titions. In natural history, experimental and moral philosophy, mathematies, alge- bra, and all their connected branches of science, he had that knowledge which a Scotch wiiversity furnishes; and which, though not so profound in the dead lan- guages of Etrope as to afford what Dr. Johnson calls a belly-full, gives such a ready mouthful, as to enable the young Caledonian adventurer to make himself always useful, and often profoundly skil- ful, in whatever departments his fortune afterwards throws him; and the English Spstitutes, which, thongha French name, are close copies of those colleges, will soon enable the middling classes in England, wlio cannot afford an Oxford and Cam- bridge education, to rival in philosophy their long-envied northern neighbours and fellow subjects, In 1775-6 the writer of this article can recollect, as his and Wm. Hunter's fellow students in the Tertian Class of the Marshall College of Aberdeen, James Stephen, at present a Master in Chancery, and an old @istingnished mem- ber of Parlianient, and political writer; Alexander Chalmers, the no less renowned writer of the Piefacés, and elegant editor of the British Classics, and accomplished continuator of British Biography; Dr. Alex. Gray, long a eminent physician in Bengal; and Dr. Helerus Scott, equally ioe BH) ee much esteemed as the head of his profes- tion at Bombay; when Patrick Coptand, the first season of his professorship, was, owing to the rude behaviour of one of the students, so much put ont in his demonstra- tion of the Problem of the Cycloid, that he was obliged to give it up for that day, and on the next, instead of doing it him- self, he called out young Hunter, whe finished his task with such an address, as to be cumplimented by the professor’s sayiny, that he had really done it better than he could himself, prepared as he had come for the undertaking. And, if every class at that and the King’s College of Aber- deen was half as prolific of useful. and ac- complished scholars, they might, with their mouthfuls of practical philosophy, vie of themselves with the belly-fulls of the Greek and Latin of Oxford, and the stomach- fulls of the mathematics of Cambridge ! Wm. Hunter was a native of Montrose, and, with a competency of Latin, entitled himself to a bursary of 41. a year, in 1773-4, at the Marshall College of Aber- deen, where he took his degree of A.M. in April 1777. In the mean time he was studying physic under a master who, in those days, was a physician, surgeon, and apothecary ; and, after an apprenticeship of four years, got a situation on board an Indiaman; from which service he was trans- ferred, in 1781, into that of Bengal, where his genius and learning had an ample field, and from which his industry has produced an abundant harvest. But, though his en- gagements were always respectable, they were never lucrative; for, till he went to Java, he held no situation that could ena- ble him to save much money, and what lit- tle he had saved was expended in the edu- eation of a large family of both illegitimate and legitimate children. For thirty years the writer of this article was his annual cor- respondent, and his last letter was dated only a few wecks before his death. After an absence of thirty-eight years, he hoped to meet him and some other class-fellows this summer at Aberdeen; but what are the resolves and expectations of man? He had at last secured himself the means, and was preparth: to return home, and enjoy that otium cum dignitate, for which he was so well qualified, when he was seized with a fever, which, after an uninterrupted ser- vice of thirty-five years in India, soon put an end to his life.—J. R. TO CORRESPONDENTS. Our Supplementary Number to the Forty-first Volume is published with this - Magazine, with which it ought to be delivered by the Booksellers. Fate The domestic éalaniity noticed at page 81, col. 1, having for some days diminished the Editor’s power of reading some of the proof-sheets, he feels it due to himself te apologize for col. 1, lias been allowed to speak of lis Work ON Juries. That Correspon the terms in which Ins friendly Parisian Correspondent, st page 34, t, like many other literary men, writes so illegible a hand, that it is often dificult to read what he has written till it has passed through the press. MONTHLY THE be | MAGAZINE. a rr ET No. 288.} SH PTEMBER 1, 1816. [2of Vol. 42, When the Moothly Magazine was first planed, two leading ideas occupied the minds of those who undertook to con» duct it. The first was, that of laying before the Public various objects of information and discussion, both a@musing and instructive: the second was that of lending aid to the propagation of chuse liberal principles ree @pecting some of the must important concerns of mankind, which have been either deserted or yirulently Cpe by other Periudical Miscellanies ; but uponszhe manly and rational support of which the Fame and Fate of the age must ultimately depend. Preface to Montdly ag. Vol. Ie &s long as those who write are ambitious of making Converts, and of giving their Opinioné 2 Maximum of In- fluence and Celebrity, the most extensively circulated Miscellany will revay, with the greatest Effect, the + Curiosity of those who read, whether it be for Amusement or for Instructiou.— JOHNSON, “* » ORIGINAL. COMMUNICATIONS. To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. ; SIR, r _ four years ago, when the price ofall sorts of foreign timber vliecamie so’ enormously.high, in conse- quence of the great demand, of our trade to the Baltic’ being in a great measure eehecked; and of the price of freight being enhanced ; it became a_matter of - anumber of specimens of trees that I shad lately Cut down; Wlrich were of twenty years’ growth ; but none seemed *to engage his attention so mueb asa yecies of Canada poplar; which had growing nineteen years, and cut wos _ Circumference at the ground. . . \ At thrée feet from ditto ~. ’ - Atsix feetfromditte.. .. . At the fixst branch, 8 feet 4 in. oe SR Boaml , _ Circumference at the gromd . . . “At three feét above the ground. . , Pmtwafeetditte ~. 2. . At6 fect sin. from ditto . . 2. _ Bhe lower branches were cut from the stem two years ago, and the trunk is bare for the Jength of twelve feet, and at this height the cireum- ve. ference at thatlengthis . . . % ~~ Thave been induced to trouble you this account for the information of who wish to plant for profit; and that they may know how to choose sorts of timber for ihe purpose. ly it may be the means of stimu- others.of your readers to wansimit, the sane purpose, similar observa- _~ Montury Mas. No, 288... es ee ‘ aud from the gro und Admeasurement taken this Day, July 15, 1816. * “into boards 12 feet long, and 11 iiiches at the smallest end, and 13 inches at the butt. These I had, at the time, con- verted into the floor of one of the lodges belonging to the entrance of this garden, covering a space of 24 feet by 12— 288 feet; which, reckoning at the then price of deal, in boards alone, was worth upwards of fourteen pounds. These boards are now perfectly sound, and, to all appearance, are likely to continue so for many years to come. ' The above circumstance led the same gentleman to measure the contents: of -a young tree, grown from a cutting of the above, in order to ascertain its progress inbulk ; and, this gentleman having lately _transmitted.té me the measurement as ‘he, at the time, found it, I have, agree- ‘ably to his request, measured it now, and find the dimensions, at both periods, to be as follows, viz. July 27, 1812,—medswred. a Cunade, Poplar, in the Botanic Garden, Sloane-street, eet when it was jive Years and a half old. Ft. In. ic ia 2 gt Medium eirth, es . .e qa - ee el Wh cane eS Bier ess Mean diameter, «0+ BE SW Hic Sh SN ae ; POSE bata ene tls Wo Et a tal Bete Re Medium girth, ree Seon 2 a Mean diameter, 0 8% _s - O9 Birt 4 ee RS tions on this and other kinds; which ‘would prove a valuable piece of infor- mation to many persons in this country, particularly at’ period wlicn a great portion of land has been so much ex~ hausted during. the high price of corn, that it will answer uo otiier good pur- pore to the ca than to plant ; : ent 98 it with such trees, &c. as aré of casy culture. The species of poplar is the Monili- fera of Linnzeus, and it is described in the “Botanist’s Companion,” a ‘small work which I have Jately published for the use of my pupils, and others who are engaged in pursuits of botany, farming, &e. W. SALISBURY. Botanic-garden, Sloane-street. — The Canada Poplar.— Mr. Lofft on Plans of Reform. [Sept. 1, _ To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine SIR, T this most awful and unexam- pled crisis of debilitation and dis- tress fo Britain, I wish once more to lay before you, somewhat extended and developed, the principal plans of such Reform as appear to me capable of being efficacious :-— “The Prinewpal Plans for Reform in the Election and Duration of the Commons ‘House of Parliament. Majsor Cart- Sir FRANcIs The Hon. Mr. Grey, in My own, accord- WRIGHT'S, BURvETT’s. 1797 ; now Lor» Grey. ing to the best consideration I have been able to give. I. i. I. Iv. 4. Annual Elec- 1. Annual Elec- 1. Triennial election. 1. Election by tion. tion. vacating one- third annually, bnt so as to be re-eligible. 2. Universal suf- 2. Election by 9% Evercise of suffrage for 2. Universal suf- suffrage of all firage. y directly taxed. 8. Poll by. dis- 3. Asin the pre- trict to be be- ceding. gun and ended the sume day. 4. Exclusion of 4, Ditto. 4, ministers of state from vote in the House of Commons. &. Exclusion of holders of sine- cures, pe nsioners at pleasure, and cont: acioré. 6,° Major Cart- wright former- ly intimated an idea like ihat of 6. No. ¥il. Whether electian by open voice or by baliot would be preferable, seems a mat- ter of detail or regulation, which might safely be Jeft to experience, and ihe wis- dom and fidelity of a freely and fully elected House of Commons. Not having their planus before me, Z cannot here state Mr. Pitt’s or Mr. Wyvell’s improvement on it, or Mr. BPaitley’s: but they all went on re- trenching the most confined and cerrupt part of the borough representation, and transferring it to great unrepresented towns, or extending it to the surrounding district; leaving the larger, which are calied open boroughs, as at present. =~ counties to be extended to copyholders and leuse- holders for a certain term. Sad stead of 92—diff. 21. - 400 members for bo- roughs to be returned by householders, 5. I believe as Major &c. each county to be divided into two, and to chuse one member each, frage, but ad- mitting, as an approximation, 2. ot No. 11. 13 county members in- 3, As in No. 111. 4. To vacate their seats, as at present, on ap- pointment; but to be re-eligible, 5. This exclusion Cartwright’s. adopted as in the preceding plans. - 6 To prevent compromise, 6. Election of two represen- tatives for each elective dis- trict, as at pre« sent. My reasons for my plan are as fol- low. I regard it as the most simple and most practicable, with respect te suffrage ; the most just in principle; and I believe, it would be tound perfectly safe and beneficial in practice. But, if the public sentiment should at present go no farther than to extend the exer- cise of suffrage to all directly taxed, I could concur in this as an important approximation. _ With respect to annual election, I do not see that strict right, and the princt- ples of freedom, go tarther than this— that re-election should take place at the shortest period, that, under all these cir- cuimstances,, 1816:] Mr. Lofft.o Reform—Mr. Bakewell on Lunatie Asylums. eumstances, may appear beneficially practicable ; wether this be annual, bien- nial, or hy vacating the seats of one-third annually, by rotation. It appears to me that men who are to be formed to such functions as those of representing Great Britain and Treland in pariiament, are likely to be better quatified for their duty by haying an undisturbed conti- nuance in the exercise of it for a mode- raie period; that the return of the dele- gated power to the appointment of the people would be adequately secured, and the danger of ministerial influence suffi- ciently obviated, by giving the constant epportunity of changing, should their constituents so please, so large a portion ‘as one-third annually, and two-thirds of the whole by the end of two years. . The nation thus would have always before her eye the full and free exercise of the elective suffrage annually, over one-third of the island. And the -vigi- Jant exercise of this most important power would, probably, be ever quick- ened, and rendered more effectual, by the rotation proposed, than if it were an- -nually exercised throughout the island. _ At the same iime, I think a delegated representation for three years simply, without annual re-election of any part, (except merely on occasional vacancies) a longer delegation than appears neces- sary, expedient, or altogether safe for constitutional freedom. The reasons for taking the poll in dif- ferent places at once, for each elective district; and throughout the whole dis- trict of rotation, on the same day, are obvious. It would be the most efiec- % al preventive of drunkenness, riot, in- lolence, corruption, and saye the bringing non-resident voters from a distance. ach district might be named from the provincial town within it. I think, with a radical reform, the ex- clusion of ministers of state from seat (dl vote in the house, if their constitu- ents should choose to re-elect them, ‘ould be, instead of a necessary seve- rity, a very material evil. Their opi- un and advice is unquestionably ne- essary ; and their number bears so small proportion to the whole representa- , that it is not that, or their direct wote, ut their indirect influence, which is great evil. The right of election d not be unnecessarily restricted. the same reason, and because in Practice itis evasive and illusory, { dis- ree of the pecuniary qualifications quired for cities and boroughs. L object to the election of one repre- — Bentative, instead of two, by each dis- 99 trict; thinking compromise not to be feared if reform were radical, and ap-. prehensive of the reduction of one-half of, the voters, which must follow in’ each elective district, by doubling the number of such districts, I am for no strict exclusion or limita- tion of the right either of electing or be- ing elected to parliament, which is not - clearly necessary. Some have been for excluding officers of the army or navy, and barristers ; exe cept that they would allow the greater inns of court, as a legal university, to choose two members: I am not for the exclusion even of the clergy from the possibility of being elected, any more than from seats in the House of Lords. How far, if officers of the army or navy have been absent an entire year from the house, it should open an oppor-- tunity for a mew election, is a particular question of detail; not so general or ur- gent as to require being included in the great.outline of reform. With all my respect for Mr. Wyvell and for the late Mr. Battley, I do not think their plans would go so far as suf- ficiently and permanently to identity the House of Commons with its constituents, the Commons of the reaim. At the same time, even these approximations would be greatly preferable to the pre- sent unequal, defective, and corrupt representation, Among the simple plans stated, it would surely not be difiicnlt for the people in counties, cities, and great towns, to make such a choice, by a constitutional expression of their sen- timents in public meetings, as should, . at all events, greatly improve the se- curity of their freedom. CapgeL Lorrt. — To the Editor of the Monthly Magazime, SIR, UBLIC attention having been so much and so laudably attracted by the many discussions that have late- ly taken place on the treatment of those afflicted with mental diseases, I am not under the necessity of offering any apology for again wishing to occupy a small space in your widely circulated miscellany, with thoughis that arise out of Mr. Tuke’s communication inserted in your last number. { hope it was never understood that I meant to depreciate the merits of the institution called :the Retreat; on the contrary, I think it most excellent, as far as the system of it will admit; and, finding (what L had vot thought was the case before) that it is intended solely for 100 the reception of those who are of the So- ciety of Friends, I do not see how it could well have been different. But this does not prevent me from thinking, that a public institution, of the same extent, under a diflerent system, micht be productive of four times the good ; contending, as I do, and must do, that recovery from the discase of insa- nity is the only positive good that re- sults from the treatment of it in large public institutions. ’ My opinion is clearly this, that the very best means of recovery are ouly at- tainable in hospitals properly instituted solely for the purposes of cure ; and into which none should he admitted that were not thought curable, and none kept after being pronounced incurable. ‘Tt is not sufficient to convince me, were it proved, that, in asylums under the prevailing system, the best means of recovery may be practised; it is quite enough for my purpose to be assured, as Lam, that the best means never will be practised in these institutions; and, in new public establishments, where a pub- lic purse may be used, there is no neces- sity for uniting the keeping those known to be incurable, and the attempt to cure. The best means of recovery require the individual attention of those who under- take it: it includes, and indeed secures, the best comforts of the patients; but it must be a life of active exertion, and of varied efforts: the mere keeping of incu- rables may be a picce of still life, in which day may succeed day — week, week—and year, year—in one unvaried round of placid existence. -'Enose arguments that T have ad- vanced, in some former Magazines, up- on this interesting topic, remain entirely unanswered ; and, in an appeal to the stxjement of facts, the advocates for the present system have every advantage they can wish, by a comparison of what E know may be dene with what has been done at the Retreat; for none of the public institutions, adhering to the samc system, can, I think, pretend to vie with it in the practice of that system. f have repeatedly said, both in public and private, that the chance of ultimate yecovery for patients at the Retreat stands very fair; but, in a space of time out of all measure of necessity. Et ap- pears that the time taken for the cure is, on an average of all the cases recovered at ihe Reireat, upwards of two years; and the average of the recent casts, se- lected from the others, upwards of eighteen months. I canuot but consi- dey seven or eight months for the former, Mr. Bakewell on the Treatment of Insanity. [Sept. 1, and four, or at most five, months for the latter, as fully sufficient for the average time of cure: and what a prodigious dif- ference it must make in the economy of domestic life, to lose one of its members for eighteen months, when only four were necessary. I know aman, who has now becn quite wel! for four years, that has been six times afflicted with maduess, in dificrent periods of his life: from the estimate of time necessary for recovery at the Retreat, nine years might have been dedueted from a life of industry and usefulness to his family; but the whole of these paroxysms have not caused at most more than eighteen months; facis are stubborn things; and, whatever may be considered as defective at the Retreat. should, I think, be eharged upon the system, and not upon the prac- tice, as far as that system goes: in truth, it is asystem of careful keeping and cx- celient moral treatment; but does not admit of the most speedy and most ef- feetual means of recovery. The utmost stretch that my ambitious views have ever carried me as an earth- ly wish, was to be resident master (with proper medical assistants,) of an msti- tution for the eure of insanity, agree- able to my own plan, which should be nearly a copy of that at Saragossa in Spain, and to receive no remuneration for my trouble but what arose from the cure, T. BAKEWELL. Spring Vale, Stone, Staffordshire ; July 4, 1826. P. 8. While writing the above, I was in- terrupted by a sight novel as it was dis- tressing, namely, that of a number of men drawing a waggon loaded with coals, Lt appears that these men are a small part of a number of colliers who have been quite out of employ since March, and they had been dragging about these coals to excite compassion, and that they had procured a little more than what it had taken to main- tain them: their motto was—‘* We had rather work than beg.” —— To the Editor of the Monthiy Magazine. SIR, \7 OUR insertion of the following in : your widely-cireulated and valua- ble publication, will render a great pub- lic service, by preventing the unwary from imposition, in being induced to be- Jieve that the stipulation of assessed or liquidated damages, which is generally supposed te imply the fall penalty of the bond, has any real signification. aon oe oF a Benca. he Highgate Archway Company against he Mr. Jelss Nosh Pano This was an action of yery great ims" 7 portance 1816.} Liguidated Damages.—Mr. Bellamy.— Dr. Plumptre. portance to the public; it was brought against the defendant, an architect of extensive. practice and patronage, who had contracted to make a certain excavation on the Highgate-archway road, and to build a bridge across the same, agreeably to his own plans, and upon terms even exceeding his own esti- mate. The action was brought to re- cover the sum of 20,0001., stipulated by the. contractor as, and for, assessed or liquidated damages, in case of non-per- formance of contract, and for which sum distinct bonds had been given. ~ Mr. Topping, council for the plain- tiffs, in opening the case, stated, that va- rious breaches had been made in the contract, one of which alone would take upwards of 60001. to complete ; and that various other defaleations would, in the present state of the works, require an additional expenditure nearly equal to the sum of 23,0001. stipulated to be paid under the contract. - Fhe Attorney-General, as council for the defendant, admitted a defaication in the contract, and that a verdict for 20,0001, should be recorded against his client ; but.contended that the plaintiils ought not to recover more than the da- mage they had actually sustained, which was acceded to on behalf of the plaintifls ; and the matter was of course referred to a barrister to ascertain the amount of damage. Kentish Town ; July i3. RR. Varig. — Fo the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR ¥ > #5 the readers of your miscellany 42% will nataraily expect me to an- swer the Bishop of St. David's reasons, &e, published in your number for July ; in justice to them, as well as to myself, I beg to inform them that my answer is inserted in the 26th number of the Clas- sical Journal, published on the first of July. T. Bevuamy. Te To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, B™ UTIFUL as Mr. James’s poem of The Beacon is, § never had any intention of appropriating it as my own; and, as I am not acquainted with the circumstances of the contro- versy, if such it may be called, I will take the liberty of stating a few facts, whieh, as far as I am concerned, will, I trast, excuse me of any intended “ plagi- arism.” I metwith the poem of The Bea- con in a newspaper (I think the Courier), without any name annexed to it; and, ‘supposing jt to be public property, I in- 101 serted itin my “ Letters to Dr. Aikin on Vocal Poetry,” published in the year 1811, amongst the ‘ Moral and Miiscel- laneous Songs,” page 148, where there is no name or signature amexed to it. Those songs which I have given as my own have J. P. at the end, and a refer- ence is given to them, under my name, in the index of authors; and all the songs which were original, whether written by myself or others, have an O annexed to them in the table of contents, and. there is no O after The Beacon, in p.5. 4 Your number containing Mr. Wm. Hornby’s letter I have not seen; but this statement will, I trust, be satisfac- tory, as far as I am concerned, to Mr. James, and to your readers; and I re- quest the favour of you to insert this in your Magazine for next month, that the denial may be as public as the im- putation of the supposed literary theft. JAMES PLUMPTRE. Great Gransden Vicarage, near Caxton ; July 9. SE To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, T the close of an arduous and in- glorious conflict, which has re- duced many once-respectable families to the greatest imaginable distress, and made every class of society experience “the hard unfeeling grasp of iron Po- verty,” it becomes every real friend te his country to endeavour, by every pos= sible means, to alleviate the general dis- tress, and stem the violence of that rapid eurrent which is fast hurrying the nation into\ misery and wretchedness. ladi- vidual exertions, it is true, must ever be inadequate to remove the cause of so ge- nerally prevailing a calamity; but much, it appears to me, may be done, to di- minish the baneful effects which that cause produces. In the present situation of things, the lower classes of the community feel dou- bly the effects of the national distress. Few among them are able to procure food for themselves and families, and by far the greatest number are reduced to the wretched necessity of throwing them-= selves on that bounty which the buma~ nity of our ancestors has provided as the last resousee of poverty and impotence. Ht appears to me, therefore, that in no channel could the disinterested exer- tionsof the philanthopist be better spent, nor in any would they be more produc~ tive of immediate relief to the lower or- ders of socfety, than in a proper atten- tion to the duties required from those persons who, from their situation and of+ lice, 102 fice, have, in a particular measure, the oversight of the poor. The two great objects, the statute of Elizabeth (which first appointed over- seers of the poor,) had in view, seem to have been, tst. To relieve the impotent poor, and them only; and 2ndly. To find employment for such as are able to work, and principally (as a late judicious author has observed in treating on the subject), by providing stocks of raw ma- terials to be worked up at their separate homes, instead of accumulating all the poor in ove common workhouse; a prac- tice which puts the sober and diligent upon a level (in point of earnings) with those who are dissolute and idle, depres- ses the landable emulation of domestic industry and neatness, and destroys all endearing family connections, the only felicity of the indigent. Whereas, if none were relicved but those who are incapable to get their living, and that in proportion to iheir incapacity; ifno cbil- dren were removed from their parents but such as are brought up in rags and idleness ; and, if every poor man and his family were regularly furnished with em- ployment, and allowed the whole profits of their labour ; a spirit of busy cheerful- ness would soon diffuse itself through every cottage; work would become easy and habitual, when absolutely necessary for daily subsistence; and the peasant would go through his work without a murmur, if assured that he and his chil- dren (when incapable of work through infancy, age, or infirmity,) would then, and then only, be entitled to support from his opulent neighbours. I was pleased to observe in the Pro- vincial Occurrences-ef a late number of wour valuable Miscellany (under the head of Leicestershire,) that a society had been formed, carrying into effect (though by different means) the object of this communication. It is observed, that the opulent part of the inhabitants of the town of Hinckley had agreed to advance a sum of money, for the pur- pose of buying materials, to be worked up by each person out of employment; the goods, when manufactured, to be dis- posed of at prime cost; the parish gua- ranteeing the subscribers against all loss. Might not such a planas this be, with- eut difficulty, carried into execution by the parishes themselves? Why, instead of affording the distressed pauper an oc- easional pecuniary relief, or throwing him with the common vagrant into one common workhouse, might not a stock ef raw materials be fusnished to each? ° Relief the Poor.—The tate War. ” [Sept. 1,: the loss sustained by the parish, after: manufacturing which, must (if any) falb. far short of the expence incurred by the present system of relieving the poor. - I cannot but think, that, if sucha plan: were followed, it would tend toremoyve, in a great degree, the misery of the labour-. ing classes, without increasing the bur-- thens of those to whose share it now falls to relieve the poor and impotent. Evesham; July 15. LW.

jmit me to sec. a small part of the object of my adoration, which emerges from behind that mountain; but, in general, like other idolators, I worship in the dark, . To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. _ SIR, ‘B WISH to notice, through the me- i dium of your excellent miscellany, a remarkable oversight in Dr. Col- Dr. Colquhoun.—Lord Byron’s Giaour. © 11% quhoun’s Treatise on the Wealth, &e. of the British Empire. j In p. 368 of his second edition, he says, speaking of the island of St. Lue cia, “This island is ascertained. to be larger than Martinique.” : In his Statistical Tables, p. 382, et seq. he gives the number of acres cultivated and uncultivated in those islands, as follows :— ; Land Uncultivated. Cultivated. ’ Total, — * Martinique . . . 216,000 acres. 700,000 ac. 916,000 ac. La ae 35,000 60,000 95,000 F St. Vincent 50,000 54,000 104,000 __ From whence it appears, that, though St. Lucia is ascertained to be larger ‘than Martinique, yet: Martinique con- tains nearly ten times as many acres as St. Lucia. The latter island is even re- ‘presented as less than the small island of St. Vincent, . How such gross errors could slip into a work supposed to be written with great care, and where we expect correct information, I am ata loss to imagine. Some of your readers -May perhaps be able to communicate More.correct information. W. - July 12,1816. °” 4 oe —=a—— . To the Editor of the Monthly Magazing. SIR, - ‘ HE qualities which are requisite to -# form a good POhy are so various and so rare, that it is not surprising that we so seldom see Patch ep judgment, iaste, originality, and the di- ficult art of versification. These excel- lencies,: too, must. be possessed by him ‘in the highest state of perfection, if he expects to.interest deeply, or to please Jong. Mediocrity, as Horace has justly remarked, may be endured in any other character except that of the poet; it is “not suflicient that his productions be beautiful, they are of no value unless they be exquisitely beautiful. Non satis est pulchra esse poemata; dul- cia sunto. Ars Poctica, Notwithstanding, however, the diffi- ‘guilty of moving in this exalted sphere, : are found to attempt it than any ‘department of literature ; a trath that was never more strongly exempli- ‘than at present. In the last tew or years, more than four times the of poetry has been published was ever before during an equal x; and several pieces have been favorably reccived than any of our elassics, on their first publica- ONTHLY MsG, No, 289. - tion ; for which, I am apt to think, they have been more indebted to the capri- cious dominion of fashion than to their superior merit. I particularly noticed one called the Giaour, by Lord Byron, a strange jumble of affectation and com- mon-place; the author’s only ambition being to write what he thinks is. fine poctry, but he is no wise solicitous about what is natural, instructive, or pleasing. The sale of this poem was, I believe, un- paralleled: im the course of a few montis about twelve editions were published, and the book was then entirely thrown aside. Sudden and. tumultuous appro- bation is no proof of real,merit, but, ge- nerally, the contrary, The simple and dignified charms of nature are never ob- vious to the multitude ; but, by those by whom they are discerned, they make an impression which time, instead of oblite- rating, every day more and more con- firms. Had the Giaour possessed intrin- ‘sic worth, as the subject was of a general nature, and not addressed to accidental and temporary passions or prejudices, it would have continued to. be equally acceptable as on its first appearance.* . Iam not in the practice of reading those long poetical narratives with which we have been lately. deluged; but, from the copious extracts which meet with in the critical journals, I can » perceive that their authors do not use the public extremely well for its azeommon * When the ferment in favor of this poem was at its height, [ sent to the editer of the Monthly Magazine a few obserya- tions on it ; in which, from a consideration of some admirable passages, selected by the Edinburgh Reviewers, I attempted to point out its demerits. These, however, have never made their appearance ; and they may now, perhaps, be deemed unné« eessary. Fugitive poetry must be speedily attacked, partiality 114 Lord Byron’s Poetical partiality to them. In all their succes- sive publications little novelty or variety appears. ‘The last which I have secn is a poem, by Lord Byron, entiticd, the Siege of Corinth, which, in its essential characters, seems a copy of all its pre- dlecessors. We perceive the same senti- ments and images perpetually recurring dn a very narrow range ; and that affect- ed kind of gloomy sublimity, which is conspicuous in all this author’s other productions, also predominates in this. The principal personage in this poem exactly resembles those in the preceding ones: dark, resolute, and highly subli- mated with passion; but, as no traits of humanity are discernible, it is impossible to form any rational conception of them. "They are all alike infuriated with a ter- rific vengeful kind of loye, in which there is abundance of heroism and pretended ‘sublimity, but no tincture of nature. It ‘is described as a lunatic sort of passion, ‘which rages, not, as is usual, in the heart, but in the brain: the turban of ‘the lover is said to be pressed on his hot ‘brow, and his head grows fevered. It ‘is to be lamented that poets, instead of ‘continually straining their imagination ‘after what they suppose to be sublime ‘description, did not rather scarch for ‘truth, by consulting the feelings of their own breast: love, surely, neyer exhibit- “ed such phenomena, unless, perhaps, in cases of actual madness. The heroines ‘also of Lord Byron, like his heroes, are not less remarkable for their absurdity ‘than their uniformity. They are all sup- posed to be, in general, beautiful, but say or do nothing to mark their charac- ter. Far from being distinguished by sentimental graces, we are not efen pre- sented with any definite idea“of their personal accomplishments. F shall not secupy the room of your more useful matter by any minute display of. this ¥ poet’s constant repetitions. If in» his: -eapital figures he has not taken the! trouble to study variety, we may be- ‘lieve, without any particular proofs, J that, in the auxiliary cireumstancés, he; ~bas heen still more regardless. It must be allowed, however, th Lord Byron is not always engaged ji stringing and re-stringing his own poeti- eal pearls: he is sometimes at the pains to turn aside and pilfer a few from others’ stores.. Of this kind I observe two very brilliant ones in the passages before me; _alihough, undoubiedly, their lustre is auch tarnished by his handling of them. One is from-Qssian’s description “of Crugal’s Ghost, which Dr. Blair Character examined, [Sept. 1, thinks is not outdone hy the highest exertions of any epic or tragic poet whatever. That excellent critic parti- cularty admires the circumstance of the stars being beheld “dim twinkling through his form,” as wonderfully pictu- resque, and conveying the most lively impression of his thin and shadowy sub- stance. Our poet, ambitious of equal fame, attempts the same idea; but he degrades it, and produces a ludicrous — figure. At the same time, he forgets that bodies do not acquire their trans- parency from their external hue. “ Once she raised her hand on high, It was so wan and transparent of hue, You might have seen the moon shine through.” : This noble author possesses so little of — the conscious pride of genius, as to arro- gate to himself one of the most striking and well-known sentiments of late times. Every one knows that the eloquent Mr. — Burke contemplated with peculiar in- dignation the outrages committed against the late queen of France, and observed, that in an age of chivalry ten thousand swords would have leaped from their scabbards to avenge her wrongs. To the meanness of borrowing, the poet has added the folly of supposing that a gene- rous sympathy could exist for a secluded female in an eastern court, where such chivalrous netions are not only wholly unknown, but would be esteemed highly criminal. ; “Had her eye in sorrow wept, A thousand warriors forth had leapt, A thousand swords had sheathless shone.” Criticism, it is allowed, does not insist on a rigid exclusion of foreign ideas from an author’s compositions. As the con- stitution of the human mind, and the appearances and operations of nature, the fountain of all knowledge, are uni- form itt every age and country, the same reflections will often occur unconsci- - ously to different persons; and well- known sentiments, too, may appear oc~ casionally in the pages of the best writers, without any indecorum, when it is evident that they are capable of pro- ducing those which are equally good; but, if they adopt as their own such conspicuous and resplendent passages, they will unavoidably incur ridicule and contempt. He, it may also be observed, who communicates to trite ideas all the freshness and graces of originality, by reducing them to their elements, and viewing them, like the first inventor, as they existed in nature, cannot be thought a plagiarist, Much less do such poets as Pope or Gray deserve this reproachfal 1 name, - 1816.) _ Mr. Evans on the Pretensions of the Bibliomaniacs, pame, although they have often availed themselves of the labours of others; for, rine passed them through the power- l alembic of their genius, they have had the advantage of not only being purged of all their baser qualities, but of appear- ing with renovated splendor and dignity. | Bedford Row ; June 24. W.N. ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, BEG to inform you, that the para- graph which you copied from a Bristol paper into your widely circu- lated and much-valued Magazine (page 90), respecting this place, is wholly un- founded, except as to the military hay- ing been sent to Newport and Caerleon. So far from the situation of the work- len being “frightfully distressed,” if ere is one place in this island more’ ighly favoured than others, I hesitate ot to say it is Merthyr Tydfil; the jron-works are catried on by their opu- lent and spirited proprietors to their ut- most extent; the men get good wages, and are regularly paid; the market is abundantly supplied, and at very reason- able prices. How men in such a situa- tion can be ealled “ frightfully distress- ed,” I am at a loss to conjecture. The tention of sending the military to the above-named towns was entirely un- atl to the iron-masters, or any one here; notice of a reduction in their wages was given to part of the men; this Was no sooner known in the neighbour- ing towns, than some admirers of mili- : government (for to nothing else can attribute the steps they took), laid it down as inevitable, that, unless soldiers re immediately sent for, the most ul riots must ensue, the iron- works be destroyed, and the houses pil- laged! Never was any thing more im- ble, never were men more grossly Tibelted. They knew the extreme de- ssion in the price of iron, and, seeing he justice, as well as ipa) of ae measure, quietly went to work at the reduced eae This is a plain state- ment of facts, known to every one in this vicinity; and, I trust, a desire of ing you correct information may be ‘ sidered some excuse for the trouble given oy Oy E. T. Merthyr Tydfil; Aug. 10. 7 ——— To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, _f# BSURD as were many of the pur- suits of the bibliomaniacs in the o1) we 1k5 last century, they fell short of the ludi- crous pranks they have indulged in, since the eyer-memorable Roxburghe sale. At that sale the Decamerone of Boccaccio was purchased by a noble- man for 2,2601.; being, as the historian truly observes, “the largest sum ever given for a single volume!” and he might have added, with equal truth, a greater sum than even the copynght has pros duced of many of those works which re- flect so much lustre on the genius of our country. Let it be noted down, as a pe culiar feature of this new literary era, that a greater sum was given for a single. volume, in itself perfectly useless, than was ever bestowed to assist the strug. glings of genius to produce. such works as the Decamerone, or even to defray the expences of procuring information for a great national undertaking, But what have bibliomaniacs to do with authors, except as they furnish em- ployment to their favourites, printers and bookbinders? The support of the latter is of more importance, in their opinion, than the protection of Chatterton, or the erection of a monument to the memory of Locke ; for it is well known that ona of the most promising poetical geniuses this country has produced was refused protection by a bibliomaniac, and_ pe~- rished a few years ago, through the neg- lect of the literary world to patronize his talents; and, but a few months be- fore the purchase of the Decamcrone, a subscription for erecting a statue to Locke commenced, and obiained the sanction of some eminent literary. cha- racters, but was so limited in its encou- ragement, that the money was insufli- cient to carry it into effect, and the de- sign was dropped. Had there, indeed, been a proposal to erect a monument to Caxton, Wynkyn de Worde, or the ele- gant binder of Edward the Fourth’s days, we should have found the biblio- maniacs foremost in the subscription, and a splendid piece of Gothic architec- ture would haye been raised to perpe- tuate the memory of these useful “stainers of paper.” But what is Chat- terton to Pinson, or Locke to Valdarfer? Did the classifier of ideas merit so much honour as the arranger of types? or the man who unfolded the intricacies of the human understanding deserve comme- moration equal to the folder of the am- ple-margined sheets of Julian Notary? Most unquestionably not: their patros nizing the one, while they were neglect- ing the other, demonstrates that they felt Q2 ~ ineré , 116 more anxious for the purchase of black- létter books, than to erect a monument to a man who ranks so high among the ornaments of his country.* -* Tt mighthave been expected, however, that, when the bibliomaniacs had leisure #6 reflect on the extrayagance they had been euilty of at the Roxburghe sale, they wotild have felt some degree of shame at their folly, and have agreed to behave more discreetly in future; but those who indulged in this expectation know but little of the extent of this ma- nia. So far from doing this, they perpe- tuated the remembrance of their mis- déeds by enrolling themselves into a so- ciety, bearing the title of “the Rox- Burghe Club,” and celebrated the anni- Versary of the sale of the Decamerone by a dinner at the St. Alban’s Tavern, where toasts to the memory of the illus- frious black-letter printers were briskly circulated, preceded by the important sentiment, “'The cause of bibliomania all over the world!” That these thirty- ene noblemen and gentlemen have an andoubted right so to employ them- Selves, can be no question: that their ec- éentric companions, the members of the Whip Club, have an equal right to spend their money in horses and equipage, is €qually indisputable. But, when the éne party arrogate to themselves that they are upholding the national spirit, and the other honour themselves with the title of patrons of literature, they give up the vindication of their actions on the mere matter of right, and trust it to the more important considerations of Wisdom and utility. Indeed, whenever any person is driven to the plea of bis .* They are more strenuous about the means by which instruction is conveyed to the public, than the quality of the instruc- tion.. They would be more gratified to find a printed book from the press of Cax- ton, than a play of Shakspeare in manu- script; and would be infinitely more de- lighted to light on a drama anterior in date to Gammar Gurton’s Needle, than in dis- covering thie lost plays of Menander. Mr. Dibdin, “the Prince of Bibliomaniacs,” candidly 'télls us, that the discovery of a new Caxton is of as much importance to him as a fresh Comet is to Herschel. The knowledge. of an additional book, printed by.,our father of printing, interests his feelings as much as the discovery of an ir- regular body, so powerful in its effects, that,its neer approach to our system wou!d strike the earth to dust, and destroy its ou lected ¥lories and intellect im aw in-- stat Mr. Evans on the Pretensions of the Bibliomaniacs. [Sept. 1, right to do what he pleases with his mos ney, there is sure to be no other defence left for him; and the public possesses & right to form their opinion, whether it was sazely or uscfully bestowed, moré especially when the individual assameés praise for the employment of his wealth. Partial circulation of the productions of the press cannot but be injurious to all the objects designed to be promoted by that powerful engine; an engine, Lord Stanhope recently observed, he “was always friendly to; because it was so strong and powerful, that it never failed to knock down every bad thing it was fairly opposed to.” This mode of printing and publishing will gradually throw a monopoly of the means of in- struction into the hands of the wealthy, depriving the middling class of society of their proportion of knowledge by the difficulty of procuring it; because, in proportion as they lessen the number of copies, they must increase the price of each to defray the great expences of a limited impression, Every means should he devised to extend information, rather than to narrow and lessen it. The age has felt it to be one of the greatest improvements, tht a plan has been formed to educate the whole po- pulation at an expence within the power of all; and that “the man who is by any means deprived of opportunity of being instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic, has not had justice done him,” is the opinion of the son of our sovereign, which will ever reflect lustre eyen on his philanthropic life. Their selection of works generally, indeed, does as little credit to their judgment, as their limited numbers do to their regard for literature. But a system so selfish ought to be opposed in every shape. It will not rest with the mere re-priuting of scarce and obsolete works but will extend to new ones. Tlie gteat secret has at length been discovered, that; to make a book sell, it is only ne- cessary to print a small number; for a certain class of individuals, for the sake of having what cannot generally be pos- sessed, will purchase what otherwise they would have no desire for. _ tke. I have now before me Proposals, which will show the extent to which it is spreading. They are ‘entitled, “ Proposals for printing, by subseription,. a Treatise on Decorative Printing, with Specimens, in Colours, engraved Wood Blocks, &c.” “The price of the work will be five guineas, small papery and ten guineas, large paper.” “The number 1816.) number of the former is pledged to be 250, and of the latter 100; and’ these fumbers will not, on any account, be éxceeded!”* “At the end of the vo- Tunie, defaced impressions of all the en- $ravitigs will be given; and at the com- pletion of the work an announcement Will be issued to the subscribers, naming a day when the blocks will be de- stroyed; thus giving them the opportu- hity of witnessing a total demolition of them, so as to prevent the possibility of the book ever being re-printed !” I think it would be difficult to select an instance better adapted to display the itjurious effects of the system than these Proposals. Here is a work that “will comprize more practical infor- ination for the improvement of printing pee than any book on the art that jas preceded it; tending to prove, that any printer who possesses a good press and good types, may produce printing équal to the finest that has been ex- ecuted;” and yet the author thinks it necessary to limit the number to 350 copies, and of these the greater number will be purchased by persons who have pene io do with the art the work is designed to improve; for it becomes a matter of importance with many prin- fers, whether they can spare five or ten ance for a book, all the necessary in- struction of which might be comprized in a five-shilling volume. This limited yumber of a work of practical instruc- ton must be printed, that the book may be sought after as a rarity, and be placed in a museum of curiosities, rather than in a useful library. Mr. S. is going ven beyond the members of the Rox- * What a striking contrast is percep- tible in the different means made use of to recommend works for sale. On the one hand, “one hundred copies only will be ghinted 3” on the other, “ six editions, each onsisting of several thousand impressions, have been sold within a few months.” voy mode takes; but, as the design of all ¢ productions of the pressshould be to enlarge the bounds of knowledge, to cul- on the taste, to amend the manners, aiid increase the morals of the species, I Miust lean to the large circulation as pre- ferable recommendation, and side with cunaille, alias, the public. I cannot p thinking, that, if a book is worth any thing, it is worth general diffusion and extensive circulation ; and, therefore, en- aed some suspicions there are some trinesin these limited books very dan- gerous to be communicated to the public, gud fit only for peculiar classes of ‘society, Mr. Evans on the Pretenstons of the Bibliomaniacs. 117 burghe club; it was shutting out but little necessary knowledge from the rest of the community, when “ Hortensius,”* in the most spirited manner, “ offered to re-print thirty-one copies of Lord Surrey’s Virgil, with a margin of such proportionaie elegance as might compel Michael Le Noir to die of despair ;” they were harmlessly wasting their money. It was of no import to the public when Nivernois printed five co- pies only of his catalogue, they could be useful only to those who had an oppor- tunity of perusing his stores; but here is a treatise which professes to be useful to a most important profession, and yet it must be confined to 350 persons, and no possibility exist of it being re-printed. Mr. S. seems to be afraid there is not intrinsic merit enough in his work, and, therefore, he must make it sought after as a curiosity: it is worth little in itsclf. With regard to another important feature of the Proposals, the destruction of the cuts and oynaments, it appears ridiculous, unjust, and coinpletely un- satisfactory. After 350 impressions have been taken, ‘numerous engravings on wood, by the first artists,” will be de- stroyed, merely to prevent the possibi- lity of the work being re-printed, if the public should desire ii It is also uh- satisfactory, for it no way assures the philanthropic fecting that but 8450 im- pressions have been taken; for, notwith- * Vide Dibdin’s Bibliomania, (p. 176,) a work never to be re-printed, and of which the beantiful cuts have been utterly defaced. + Nothing can be more disgraceful than this proceeding. Wood-cuts, it is well known, will bear thousands of impressions withont mjury, and yet they are to be wantonly destroyed after so few have been taken; how unjust to the artists, how neg- lectful of the pnblic interest. It is a cus rions fact, that a work is now preparing for publication by Mr. Otley, which con- tains impressions from the beautiful blocks of Albert Durer, somewhat decayed, but still capable, after a lapse of centuries, to produce impressions, in many respects superior to those from modern cuts, The rapid improvement in this art of late years, which for some time had been retrograde, promises great advantages to. literature: for geometrical figures, diagrams, arms, and antiquarian vestiges, &c.; indeed, wherever there is a necessity for reference to the text of the work at tlie same time, they are infinitely preferable to copper. als in regard to utility; and, in shrub- jery and foliage, are at least cqual in point of beauty, standing 118 standing the pretty and novel appear- ance of defaced engravings at the end of the work, Mr. S. must inform the subscribers how they are to ascertain that only 350 impressions haye been taken: there will be no more signs of 350 than 3,500 having been printed. The only satisfaction they will produce is, that these exquisite cuts are de- stroyed, and no more can be printed from them. This is worse than the bar- barous nation who destroyed the old, when, in the opinion of the young, they had become useless to the state. Our author refines upon this; he is for de- stroying articles in the height of their perfection, merely to ensure a monopoly to a few, and produce the Christian-like feelings of “ coyeting and desiring other men’s goods.” J wonder, indeed, that some errant bibliomaniac does not print a work eniirely to himself, and have but one copy taken. This would, indeed, be a unique; and upon the decease of its fortunate possessor, would prove a for- tune to his heir when knocked down by the magic hammer of my namesake in Pall-Mall. The horrida bella, at the Roxburghe sale, as Mr. Dibdin terms it, would be calmness compared to this tumult; and many a fair manor would be mortgaged to raise a sum sufficient for the purchase. Such a treasure would be inestimable, and be one of those gems which the young Templar ef the famed club observed, would, “doubtless, prove an ample provision for a otherwise portionless child.” If a female, she would hold all the young bibliomaniacs in her chains, and might have her choice; for, who could resist the charms of a lady possessed of—a unique copy! Long accustomed to be considered a bookworm, and ranked even as a biblio- maniac, I have lately discovered that E have very little pretensions to these titles. My views have not been chiefly directed to the type, nor has the antique, or original, binding stopped any further examination of the work; the distinction of uncut copies, I would willingly ex- change for a ploughed and marble- sprinkled margin, for the former is diffi- eult to turn over, and the latter easy: black-letter I can searcely decypher, and with Gothic letters I am totally un- acquainted; an unique copy I am not aware that I possess, and should con- sider it a decisive proof it was not worth possessing, since no one conceived it worthy of re-printing: I have never been anxious to collect all the editions ef a Mr. Evans on the Pretensions of the Bibliomaniacs. [Sept. 1, work, but have: been content with the best, even though it has been improved by the original author, or a subsequent editor: I have looked to the Colophon seldomer than to the author’s name, and haye conceived it no recommendation of a work, that only ninety-nine persons, besides myself, could boast of a copy. In short, Sir, I have valued books for the matter of instruction they intrinsi- cally contain, rather than any extrinsic circumstances attached to them. Itis true, I have rummaged book-stalls, and col- lected books; but neither the date, type, nor even binding, has been my guide. If, therefore, I have any claims to the title of Bibliomaniac, they are different from the modern standard, and I hope to avoid being classed with them. That a passion so heneficial as the collecting and perusing of useful books should ever degenerate to the modern practice, is to be lamented; that men should boast of their folly, and celebrate their shame, is disgusting; but, when they proceed to the extremity of buming and destroying, narrowing and monopolizing, the pro- ductions of the press, they deserve to be branded as the enemies of literature aud science, rather than their friends and protectors; to be viewed as the harpies, who touch but to taint and corrupt. Like the plants which grow under the protection of some noble building, they gradually insinuate them- selves into the crevices of its walls, till they loosen the cement which connects them together, and reduce to a heap of ruins that edifice, without whose pro- tecting shade they would never have been enabled to crecp into notice or importance. £. Evans. tt To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, : AM much flattered by your polite insertion of some trifles of mine in your late Magazines: please point out the following errata :— In the account of the Society at Gree- nock for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences, in your number for May, p. 295, 1, 8, for friends read funds. In the account of the sacrifice of Rodee ric Mackenzie in 1746, second sentence, a comma is wanting after “dismal times.” In the directions for making the Welsh substitute for coals, p. 405, 1. 23 from the beginning of the paragraph, for ‘slime from the traces,” read, “slime from the Thames.”—N.B. This composition ought to be distributed instead of coal, by the. society in London for supplying the poor with fuel. We * A work es 1816.] _A work which laid the foundation of Six Joshua Reynold’s taste and eminence in hie art, ‘‘ Jesuit’s Perspective,” is now so rare, and so difficult to be got, as to be quite beyond the reach of students in geueral. An edition of it, at a moderate rice, isa very great desideratum in use- ul literature ;—and the work is so fa- mous, from the frequent mention made of it by the above great and amiable man, that the person who will favor the arts of his country so far as to publish it, would be repaid by a rapid and exten- sive sale. { think it right to mention to you, as you seem anxious for improving the po- Jice, that in Scotland the plan for pre- yenting the impositions and disputes of hackney-coachimen is simpler than here ; as, there, every coach has a printed list of fares and regulations in one of the pockets, on pain of forfeiting the fare altogether. Porters, chairmen, &e. are kept in check by the same means. In lifting the causeway stones in some of the old streets of Paris, the carbona- ceeous mud adhering to them, in the in- terstices betwixt stone and stone, was found so compact, and of so fine a black, as to be an excellent substitute for black- lead pencils. The Elizabeth, a well-known steam- hoat on the Clyde, has been lately bought by an enterprising set of young gentle- men, who have carried her round to Li- verpool, for the purpose of plying upon the Mersey. The state of the machi- “nery in these boats is still very imper- fect: the subject is worthy the attention of the first engineers in the kingdom. These boats on the Clyde have, during the whole of this summer, extended their voyages down the Firth, calling at _all the towns on the coast, so far as Ayr, at the island of Bute, and at Inverary ; which last place is one hundred miles from Glasgow. ‘The Dumbarton Castle steam-boat has made this voyage every Saturday during the season, regularly returning the following Monday, and of- ten conveying two hundred passengers. The fare is a guinea for the cabin, and alf price for the steerage. More mag- nificent scenery than is brouglit into view through the whole extent of this ‘voyage, Great Britain does not afford. It is said that a steam-boat, which car- fies the mail between Petersburgh and the interior of Russia, and whieh sails inst the tide at the rate of eight miles an hour, has her paddles so con- ‘structed, that they dip into the water, and rise out of it perpendicularly. Per- 7 Steam. Boats on the Clyde. 119 haps this slight hintmay suggest some im- prevement on the present mode of con- structing those employed in this coun- try. Asis Ne ihe — For the Monthly Magazine. EXTRACTS from the MINUTES of EYI- DENCE, taken before the ssLECT CoM- MITTEE, on the INSOLVENT DEBTORS’ Acts, illustrating’ the sTATE of the Laws between DEBTOR and CREDI- TOR.* Mr. Thomas Clark, clerk of the Insoluent Debtors’ Court, OU have laid a return before the Heuse of Commons, of the amount of the debtors’ debts, and their schedules? —I have. And of the money that the assignees have got in?—I have, What is the total amount of their debts, up to the Ist of February ?— 6,598,5741. 11s. 113d. [The witness delivered in a paper, which was read as follows :] The number of petitions pre- sented to the late and pre- sent commissioners, by debtors, to the 1st day of February last . . . . Of these were withdrawn, in consequence of the pass- ing of the Act of the 54 Geo. Ili. cap. 23, for Re- lief of Insolvent Debtors 7,509 1,419 6,098 Of the remaining 6,090 peti- : tions, there have been heard and determined by the commissioners, and discharges ordered . Remanded) isc 3 ek Petitions not finally deter- MICE, Sook casa ia votugis ae 5,497 186 407 6,090 Total gross amount of £ s.' ad debts stated in Sche- dules, iu all the peti- ) tions . . . . «5,598,574 11 11h Total gross amount of debts stated in Sche- dules, of petitions withdrawn . . Ditto of petitions re- MANE) oo: e's, Je Ditto of petitions not fi- nally determined . . Total amount of Sche- dules of debtors dis- charged. 6009" '.'%. Number of debtors, of whose effects assig- * The whole of this interesting body of evidence has been published by CLEMENT, in a thick octavo pamphlet, price 7s, aud it merits general circulation, . 1,132,171 12 108 220,699 7 3 279,081 4 4} 5,966,622 8 4} » mees 120 neces have been ap- pointed, abont . 500 Number of returns made by such assignees 65 Gross amount of pro- perty stated to have been got in by such assignees, and filed in this’courtec.0% Woets 1,499 4 0 Is there not a form in the schedule which renders that amount larger than it ought to be?— Yes. Explain what that form is?—It very often happens that accommodation bills haye been given; and, in order to pre- vent the party being arrested hereatter, he states the names of the different per- sons through whose hands the bills have passed, with the total amount of the bill to each name ; and sometimes it happens the same bill is stated four or five times over in the same schedule. Are you able to form any calculation as to the probable deduction that would be made from the 5,598,574/.?—I should think it would reduce it one-fourth of the whole. In the case of partners they present separate schedules, and the same debts are stated in each. Would that authorize an additional deduction from the gross amount of 5,598,574/. beyond that which you have already stated?—No; I take the whole to be about a fourth. It appears by the paper you have put in, that there have been only five hun- dred assignees appointed?— Yes. What is the reason that so small a portion of assignees have been appointed to so many petitions as are stated in that paper ?—It is owig to the creditors not applying to become assignees. Can you ascertain of what business the creditors appear to be ?—Mr. Ser- jeant Paliner used to notice, that tailors and shoemakers and coffee-house keep-~ ers were the principal suficrers. Do you know of.any instructions hay- ing been given to debtors to enable them to harrass their creditors by dila- tory proceedings whilst in prison?—I know of no instructions having been given; I haye a book which was deli- vered in by a prisoner, as his book of accewnt on discharge; wherein it is pointed out to debtors how to harass creditors. [The witness delivered in a book, from which the following extract was read :] Law Proceedings. When arrested and held to bail, and af- ter being served with a declaration, you may plead a general issue, which brings you to trial the sconer of any plea that you Committee on Debtors and Creditors. [Sept..1, q can put in; but, if yon want to vex your plaintiff, put in a special plea; and, if in custody, get your attorney to plead’ im your name, which will cost you 11. 1s. your plaintiff 5il. as expences. If you do not mean to try the cause,,you have no oc- easion to do so till your plaintiff gets judg- ment against you ; he must, in the term ter you putin a special plea, send what is termed the paper-book, which you must return with 7s. 6d. otherwise you will nd put him to half the expenses. When he proceeds, and has received final judg- ment against you, get your attorney to search the office appointed for that pur- pose in the Temple ; and, when he finds — that judgment is actually signed, he must give notice to the plaintiff’s attorney to at- tend the master to tax his costs, at which time your attorney must have a writ of er- ror ready, and give it to the plaintiff's at- torney before the master, which puts him to a very great expence, as he will have the same charges to go over again. The writ of error will cost you 4l. 48.; if you want to be further troublesome to your plaintiffs, make your writ of error returna- ble in parliament, which costs yon 81. 8s. and your plaintiff 100/.; should he have the courage to follow you through all your proceedings, then file a bill in the Exche- quer, which will cost about five or six pounds, and, if be answers it, it will cost him 80l. more; after this you may file a bill in Chancery, which will cost about 10/, and, if he does not answer this bill, you will get an injunction, and at the same time an attachment from the court against him, and may take his body for contempt of court in not answering your last bill; you may file your bil] in the Court of Chancery instead of the Exchequer, only the latter costs you the least. If you are atany time served with a copy of a writ, take no furs o ther notice of it than by keeping it. When you are declared against, do not fail to — put in a special plea immediately, and most likely you will hear no more of the business, as your plaintiff will probably not like to incur any further expence after ha- ving been at so much. ‘ Defendants’ Costs. & s. a. Common plea Ae Pe . 0 3 6 Special ditto ° . . 5 i Paperbook . . ° 0 7 6 Writ of error . . ° 4 4.0 Ditto returnable in Parliament 8 8 0 ~ Filing Bill in Exchequer ° 660 Dittoin Chancery .. 10 0 0 —_ 50 7 6 Plaintiff's Costs. a Answer to special plea % $0 0 0” Answer to writoferror . 100 0 Om Answer to Billin Exchequer 84 0 © Ditto dittoin Chancery . 100 0 0 has occasioned an 1816.] » ' As far as you can form any judgment from the examination of debtors, what appears to you to be their chief fault with Fegard to their creditors? Is it in con- tracting debts without ability to pay, or in squandering property after they have obtained credit?—In contracting debts that they have not ability to pay, I think. _ What class of persons did those ap- pear to be who contracted debts without ability to pay?—Generally persons who eall themselves gentlemen ; persons who have no means of getting a living. _ You do not know how long that paper you have just put in has been in existence ?—Some years. Mr. Nicholas Nixon. _ You are warden of the Fleet?—I am the deputy-warden of the Fleet. Do you know whether debtors in con- finement are more numerous since the passing of the General Insolvent Act than before?—More numerous. Perhaps a part of the augmentation of the numbers is to be attributed to the distress of the times?—I conceive so. Do you know any other cause that increase in their nombers?—The Insolvent Act itself. In what manner do you conceive it has increased the number of debtors? — My opinion is, that, when an act of par- Jiament limits the imprisonment of a prisoner to three months only, it is invi- ting persons to come to prison. Before the Insolyent Debtors Act d, were many persons confined for @ great length of time in gaol by their sreditors?—Not longer than usual ; there ‘Was not any marked distinction. I have debtors in custody that have been so with ‘me for upwards of twenty years, but they have not been longer confined than generaliy they were; and we have had, Mpon an average, a greater number of prisoners than we had before the General Act took place. Formerly, on the ru- ‘Mour going abroad of an intention to pass an Insolvent Act, the place filled fapidly: but, although the prison has filled more rapidly on that account, yet, when the debtors, so coming in, found ‘they were not included in that temporary act of insolvency, they discharged them- selves as quickly as they came in. Tn the cases of persons being confined twenty years, to what cause do you at- ‘tribute that length of confinement?— Holding, 1 suppose, property of their ‘own, which they were not disposed to give up under any act of parliament. _ Monty Maa. No, 288, State of Debtors and Creditors. | 123 Did those persons appear to live at their ease in prison?—I have some of them now; they appear to live in a de- gree of decency, but not extravayantly, _ Have you known any persons confined in prison for debt who have been either in a state of sickness or insanity for any length of time ?—Yes; I have an insane debtor now, who has been in my custody I believe fifteen years. _ What is the reason of his long deten- tion in prison?—He might have taken the benefit of several Insolyent A cts, but, having a property of his own, he never attempted it; and latterly, within these three years, he has gone out of hig mind. And therefore is unable to make the application?—Yes; he cannot take the oath, Mr, Bernard Emanuel Brooshooft cal- led in, and examined. What is your situation?—I act as deputy-marshal of the King’s Bench, Do you know whether debtors in cone finement are more numerous since the passing of the General Insolvent Act than hefore?—There are more persons committed to custody since. Perhaps a part of the augmentation of the nuniber is to be attributed to the dise tress of the times?—I should certainly think so. Lodging houses within your rules aré not expensive?—They can be had at from half-a-crown a week to two guie neas. Half-a-crown a week for an aparte ment?—Yes, _ How low are there any houses rented in your rules?—As low as five shillings a week. Houses?—Yes, with three rooms z they build them on a small construce tion. Before the Insolvent Debtors Act pase sed, were many persons confined for a great length of time in gaol by their creditors?—Previous to the acts of insol- vency which have lately taken place, they were certainly confined a long time, many of them. Have you known any remain during their whole life in prison?—There is one gentleman who has been there thirty years? butitis a voluntary thing now; because, in the different acts that have passed, he has been included: it would be his death to remove him. Does he live luxuriously?—No; quite humble. The Post Office have given him the office of post-master there, for R whicia 122 which he receives a little remuneration ; and he keeps a shop. Can you tell, generally speaking, from what motive those persons were kept in confinement?—Some from revenge, no doubt; it is impossible to tell any other motive. I have heard prisoners speak- ing of the resentment of their plaintiff; I have heard them say, They would pay them the sixpences as long as they could get money to doit; and those sort of threats. Have you known any persons, who were reputed honest, being so confined? —A great many. Some of the cases you think were really honest and unfortunate debtors?— No doubt of it. You think then that the creditors pushed their resentment too far in those eases, where they kept such persons in prison?— Yes. Are there any persons in confinement that are sick?—I have known them ill for three or four months; but I do not know of a sickness of longer duration, without its terminating their existence. They all have relief. I have seen per- “sons brought into custody in an ill state ef health, which shocked me. Were those persons, who came in in this anhappy state of illness, kept confined by their creditors any length of time?— 1 do not know of any one of them being discharged in consequence of that ill- ness, though we have applied in some instances for that purpose. What answer have you recetved?— ¥ do not think it has been complied with. The Lord Advocate of Scotland, a mem- ber of the commitice, examined. We understand that the principle of dhe Civil Law, Cessio bonorum, is the jaw of Scotland?—Yes; by the law of Scotland, after a person has becn in- earcerated and imprisoned for a month, he may raise a suitor process, called a process of Cessio bonorum, in the court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland; and he must cali all his credi- tors as defenders in that process. He is entitled, upon shewing to the satisfac- tion of the court that his losses have arisen from innocent misfortune, to ob- tain what is termed the “benefit of the Cessio; he granting all his subjects and effects, heritable and moveable, to his ereditors ; in consequence of which, the ourt may, if they shall see cause for doing so, direct him to be berated from prison. Does that liberation exonerate, oF Scotch Law of Cessio bonorum. [Sept. 1, not, his future estate and effects?—If he acquires any property of any descrip- tion after being so liberated, any of his creditors may attach that property for payment of their debts. ‘When the property is so attached, for the payment of the debts of a creditor, is its attachment for the benefit solely of that creditor who sues that process, or rateably among all the creditors ?—The property of the debtor is just in the same situation as the property of any other debtor, with this exception, that the court will allow him a sufficient annual sum, for his subsistence or maintenance. When your lordship said, that he must shew that he came into custody from in- nocent losses, dces your lordship mean to say, that the onus proband: of his inno- cence .must rest with the debtor?—I said, that he must shew that his insol- vency arose from innocent! misfortune ; and the common practice is, for the debtor to give in what is called a conde- scendence of losses, to which written paper the creditors commonly give in answers in writing, and the court then proceed either to allow a proof to both parties, or to take such other steps as ap- pear to them to be proper for ascertain- ing how the facts really stand. __- In Scotland, the person of a debtor cannot be arrested as in England, ex- cept he is in meditatione fug@, that is, unless the creditorswears that the debtor intends to leaye the kingdom, so as to be out of the jurisdiction of the courts in Scotland, and makes out a case before a magistrate to that effect; in that event, the debtor is obliged to find caution, as __ we call it, or surety judicio cesti, that is, © to appear in court; but he is not bound | to find security for payment of the al- ledged debt. In other cases, there must either be a sentence, or as it is termed a | decree, of a court ; or there must be re= gistration, which is held to be equivalent to a decree, asin thé case of a bill or bond, before a creditor ean arrest the person of his debtor: the creditor, how- ever, in Scotland jis entitled, not only to | due diligence against the subjects or ef- | fects of his debtor both heritable and | moyeable, but he is likewise, after he has obtained sentence, entitled to incar- cerate his debtor, Kirkman Finley, esy. « Member of the Committee, cvamined. What do you conceive to be the ope- | ration of the law of Cessio bonorum in | Scotland upon mercantile credit?—I am } not of opinion that the law of Cessio | bonorum in Scotland is at all injurious ta { 2 mercantile | 1816.] tercantile credit. I think that unfortu- nate debtors, by the operation of that law, by obtaining their own personal liberty, have it in their power to con- template, by their exertions, the pay- ment of their debts; and that the debts remaining always owing by them, and all their property being equally liable to the payment of the old and the new debts, no injury is hereby sustained in respect to mercantile credit. Mr. Bernard Emanuel Brooshooft again called in, and further examined. An Account of the Number of Petitions presented to the Insolvent Debtors’ Court, in the Years 1814, 1815, and 1816 ; distinguishing each Month. 1614.) 1815.) 1816. 261 475 400 January . 12 July August . 5 334 Septemher 273} 347 Gctober . 203 | 297 November 191 201 December 2,442 |3,326 | 1,136 An Aceount of the Number of Debters re- manded, and the Grounds of their Remand, ’ from the first operation of the Act to the _ present Time. 1 Sect.|/Remanded, not having ‘ been in actual custody ei three calendar months 2 1 Sect.|Remanded for collusion with plaintiffs... if 1 Sect,|Ditto, and also for fraud : Remanded, being out of . he FOES: oe o) ta 16 7 Sect.,Remanded, for not an- , sweriug all questions to the satisfaction of the GRD E 504s wel dh ee Ditto, and also for gross PEEMIPY, sala’), 642, D4 1 ® itto, and also for con- ‘ cealment of property, and setting up fictitious debt due to his sister 1 Ditto, as persons not enti- tledto benefit. . , a 43 Sect.'Prisoners’ discharges re- : voked, and re-commit- 4 . tedtoprison . . , 2 « , —- . ‘ a5 , wow Debtors in the King’s Bench Prison. Broughtup . 33 Sect.}Remanded, wantonly wast- ing effects in prison . 34 Sect.{|Remanded, for breach of trust and embezzlement, COG sa: petiahd va ian a 35 Sect./Remanded, for obtaining and 55.| goods, &c. by false pre- tences, and for debts contracted under fran- dulent circumstances, ra specially provided goods to prevent land- lord distraining for rent 36 Sect.|Remanded, suffering bail to become chargeable Remanded, for malicions TOFUCY | lof even sues 38 Sect.|Remanded, being bank- BSS rae Libs re) a 39 Sect.)Remanded, assigning pro- perty after imprison- ment, without just cause 41 Sect.|Remanded, undue prefe- VENCE ey ee tates ke Ditto, and fraud. . . Ditto, and concealwent of property. . .«''s Ditto, and wilfully remain- ingin prison . . . Ditto, and also for fraud and concealment of pro- DETy e-em yorteuare oie schedules, property, &c. Schedule imperfect and fraudulent . . . Concealment of property Jitto, undue preference Giving wilful and fraudu- lent accounts of pro- PROULY. 4) 104 oil :huin lores Not giving a just and trne account of property . 50 Sect.|Remanded, having been discharged within five MEATS ls: ss val eine We 53 Sect,|Remanded, being foreign- EPS: «Wo eset art ali yah) le Remanded, for frandulent- ly disposing, or wilfully concealing, property,and wilfully omitting book- debts, and fabricating books of accounts. Remanded, being in cns- tody tor contempt, in not answeting and not appearmg . . . , Remanded, for fraudulent- ly conveying his lifehold interest ina house and garden, and selling a 259 horse R2 124 Broughtup . |z59 horse and cart to his brother-in-law, to de- fraud his just creditors Remanded, generally, no reasonstated . . + Remanded, not being in execution, but only for want of an appearance and bail to answer an information filed against him on the Game Laws Remanded, for defective schedules . +. - + Remanded, for not giving an account of the dis- posing of his effects to the satisfaction of the COUN Sie eDiets Remanded, on writs of PRUE, te (eo aS Remanded, for attempting to impose on the court andcreditors . - + Ditto, for giving a false account of money paid toacreditor .. - Remanded, not being with- in the intent and mean- ing of the Act, being imprisoned upen esecu- tions out of the Courts of Conscience. « . Remanded until Schedules amended . « . + 55 Sect. oo a ee Ss ak ae Date of Commitments of Prisoners in the Custody of the Marshal of the King’s Bench Prison, previous to the Insolvent Act passed in 1813, who stili remain in Custody. 7th October +++eeeeseee+01785. 6th April -- anid aia a eine eee a aes Oth May -++reeeeeeeeee e+ 1799% 28th February++++++++++++1806. . Sist October ++-++-eeeee+1807. Sth November. +--+++-+++ +1808. 12th November «+++++++++1808. 15th February «+-++++++-+1809. 28th September ++-+++ +++1809. 14th April we vocneescesee 1810, 44th Mayess+ ese eee ee ++ 1810, 42th November «++++-.-+++1810. 15th November «-++++++++1810, Mr. Charles Harrison cailed in, and ; examined. Have you an opportunity of knowing what the expence, first of all, is of ob- daining the rules?7—It depends upon the amount of the sum for which the debtor is confined. For 100/.?—For 1000. it is eight gui- yeas and a half, and for every 100/. af- terwards itis four guineas. "That is paid to the marshal?—Yes; Insolvent Court—King’s Bench Rules. [Sept. 1, but the marshal very often takes much~ less. Sir Richard Phillips called in, and — examined. Give the committee any information which you think may be of service to them in this enquiry?—I have always observed, when I have been a creditor of any person, and a meeting of credi- tors has been called for the purpose of receiving some proposition for the ar- rangement of his affairs, that a difficulty has arisen, from the necessity which exists at present of every creditor assent- ing to the proposition, If any creditor at present holds out, and insists upon having twenty shillings in the pound, no wish, or will, or decision of the other creditors precludes that creditor from obtaining twenty shillings in the pound; and the determination of the other cre- ditors, not to allow one creditor to re~ ecive a larger dividend than they are to receive under the proposed arrangement, occasions the affairs of the debtor to be thrown into irretrievable confusion. He is generally obliged to go to prison, or, in some instances, to become.a bankrupt: in which cases his property is wasted, and the creditors obtain much less than they would have obtained if they had been able to make an arrangement with the debtor in the first instance. I have sometimes found that a single creditor has held out in this manner against a large body of creditors, and, as the body would not consent that his bad spirit should be gratified, by receiving twenty - shillings in the pound, to the prejudice of the estate, they would enter into no compromise with ithe debtor. It ap- pears then to me, that, if any law could be established, which should enable a certain proportion of the creditors to ar- range with the debtor, thereby com- promising the portion who do not, or. . cannot from circumstances, agree, that ercditors would make better terms with the debtor, and most of the difficulties which have arisen between debtors and creditors would be removed. I con- ceive that, previous to any meetings of creditors, and the making of any propo- sition, a debtor should be-bound to give notice to the whole of his creditors, that they should all be convened to the meet- ing, and that all other checks which are practicable should be introduced, to pre~ vent any fraudulent use being made of the proposed plan of arrangement. It appears to me, with reference to the court now existing, that that court would > 1316.] would be the proper alternative, in case a debtor found the state of his affairs so impracticable as that he could not ar- range with his creditors; and that it should only be considered as an alterna- tive in that case. I have stated the ge- nieral principle which I wished to submit to the committee. _ You think it would be desirable to make men agree with one another out of eourt, in order to save the expence of Jaw proceedings?—I mean to describe a privciple, which I am convinced is the cause of all the difficulties that exist, namely, the present impracticability of creditors settling with their debtors; because, though ninety-nine out of a hundred may agree, yet, if the hun- dredth resist, unless they choose to pay that hundredth man twenty shillings in the pound, which they will not do merely to gratify a bad spirit, or selfish conside- - gations, there is no alternative but the imprisonment of the debtor, the sale of his property at every disadvantage, or a commission of bankruptcy. Do you mean that the court should decide, whether the hundredth creditor should be compelled to agree with the ninety-nine?—No; my opinion is, that at the mecting appointed, of which the whole (whether the whole were present or not) should have had notice, two trus- tees or two assignees should he ap- pointed, who should complete the ar- rangement hetween the debtor and his ' €rediters. - Have you any thing to suggest re- specting the Insolvent Act?—Nothing, except that, in two or three cases where LT have been a creditor, I have found that, though I have lost every thing, I should not, apparently, have got any thing, if the party bad been detained in prison, the debtor appearing, in reality, to have no property. On a subject of the bill which was brought before the House of Commons in the last sessions by Mr. Serjeant Best, to compel deb- tors to surrender their property, a case occurred to myself of a person who is now in the King’s Bench, and who is ‘understood to possess considerable pro- _ perty, but refuses to make any arrange- ment with his creditors, He is an cl- derly man, and the reason he assigns is, ‘that he can end his days better in prison with property, than out of it without property. ' Then you seem to imagine that your plan would in many cases supersede a commission of bankruptey?— Doubtless M would; but, lest that should be made re Plan for amending Debtors’ Law. 125 an objection to my idea of giving to a certain proportion of creditors the power of settling with the debtor, I beg leave to state, that I conclude the House of Commons would provide the courts and other forms necessary to give eflect to the system.—My plan does not preclude the idea of a court under any forms that might be thought proper, or any restrictions or any penalties that might be imposed to prevent frauds. Charles Runnington, Serjeant at Law, his Majesty's Commissioner for Re- licf of Insolvent Debtors, called in, and examined, Have you any opportunity of know- ing whether persons, since the passing of this act, have been less cautious in con- tracting debts?—I do not know whether they have or not; but I should think that the effect of the act of parliament must be to prevent improper credit, and to caution people against granting it; if creditors will not be cautious, the fauif is ina great measure their own. Do you believe that the cause of men’s running in debt is more the result of the incautious credit given to them, than of their own dishonest intentions?—I think it is partly one and partly the other. As far as general opinion may go up- on so extensive a subject, I am one of those who think there are a great num- ber of fraudulent creditors in this me- tropolis, as well as fraudulent debtors. The act of parliament authorizing the liberation of a debtor after three months’ imprisonment on the terms provided by the act, do you think that that prospect of liberation occasions in the mind of the person about to contract a debt a less degree of apprehension of the conse- quences of his insolvency?—I do not know whether it does or not; and itis a subjectupon which no huinan being can, I think, give a correct answer ; but sure I am that the grand feature of the pre« sent law is of some itnportance to pee- ple in trade; that of making the future eflects at all times liable, an advantage which they by no means haye under the bankrupt laws in general, Do you uot think that discrimination ought to be made between a person who contracts debts knowing he cannot dis- charge them, and a person who by mis- fortune falls into insolvency?—I should agree in that opinion as a question of morals, but that is for higher authority than mine to determine. Is such a discrimination made?—I think there is; for instance, obtaining money under false pretences, Putting 126 Putting out of question the cases of fraud, is there any discrimination be- tween a person who contracts debts knowing he is unable to pay them, and a person who contracts them having a hope that he shall pay them, but who af- terwards is prevented by misfortune?— Wone that I know of. Do you think that, insound policy, and according to good morals, such a dis- crimination might be usefully adopted? —I should doubt it a good deal, but ihat is only the opinion of an individual. Have you an opportunity of knowing, from ihe cases which have come before you, whether credit has been obtained by a false appearance of opulence in the debtor, or by false representations ?—As to the former, I have no recollection of any; but, as tothe latter, many have been yemanded for misrepresentations. Perhaps the case of false appearanee in life did not come before you, on account of that not being a ground of objection within the meaning of the act?—That propably may be the case. As to mere false appearanees, much blame, under such circumstances, may be imputed to the creditor as well as to the debtor. What degree of blame, in such cases, do you suppose to be attributable to the erediter?—Not using due caution and making strict enquiry as to whom he trusts. I take it to have been the object df ihis act, to prevent that impru- dence im creditors. *,* These were the chief points of pud- Tic interest in this great volume of evidence, "The rest consists of invectives against the new law, or against particular debtors who bad defrauded the witnesses. — ~ ORIGINAL: or sections of}, ¥ 5» “ he 1816.] [ 145 J ORIGINAL POETRY. = SONG To my FRIEND. GREATLY love the calm retreat, Where, freed from noise and ruthless care, The ‘Muse can tread with hallow’d feet, And pour her tender breathings there. 1 love to stroll the groves among, And listen to the feather’d throng ; To pierce the gently winding dale, Where echo swells in ey’ry gale. I love to climb the mountain’s brow, Impending o’er the deeps below ; To watch the streamlet as it flaws, Where the uncultur’d strawb’rry grows. And, at first glimpse of purple dawn,« I love to seek the fragrant lawn ; Or with the moon a vigil keep» Whose pale beams quiver on the deep. _ Butcraggy, heights, nor verdant fields, With all the gifts kind Nature yields, Scarce half their varied charms display, Unblest by Friendship’s cheering tay- For ’tis participation gives Life to every joy that lives ; And in the swelling breast of grief Pours the mild balsam of relief. Come then, loy’d fay’ rite of my heart, This wreath of happinessimpart; _ Let these delights, which please awhile, Ee cherish’d by Affection’s smile, Then shady wood, ner fertile green, Shall spredd their blooming sweets unseen, Whenat the airy minstrel’s lay We join to welcome op’ning day ; Or, weary, court grey ev’ning’s breeze, Whose spirit whisper through the trees, In softest accent Seems to bear. This message to the list’ning ear :— Think not, that on terrestrial ground Pure, amaranthine bliss is found ; Transplanted is fair Eden’s prize ; Together seek it in the skies. Atvesham. Joun Mann.